The Herbicide
2,4-D
Environmental Protection Agency
May 1974
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Prepared for the Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental
Protection Agency by the:
Criteria and Evaluation Division
Special Working Group on 2,4-D
William V. Hartwell, Ph.D., Group Leader and Editor
Chapter I George E. Bagley
Chapter II Latnar B. Dale, Jr., Ph.D.
Chapter III Merle H. Markley -=-
Chapter IV Raymond E. Landolt
Chapter V Ralph Freund and James Uorst, Ph.D.
Staffs of Economic Research Service and
Agricultural Research Service USDA
Chapter VI Charles R. Lewis
Library Assistance Of:
Mr. Robert Ceder
Mrs. Claudia Lewis
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2,4-D
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Summary 3
Chapter I. Chemistry of 2,4-D 11
Chapter II. Toxlcity of 2,4-D and its Derivatives 34
Chapter III. Toxicity, Fate, and Significance of
2,4-D in the Environment 52
Chapter IV. Residues 104
Chapter V. Economic Summary of Production and use of 2,4-D . . 108
Chapter VI. Uses of 2,4-D 119
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INTRODUCTION
The term 2,4-D has been ascribed to 2,4-dlchlorophenoxyacetic
acid, it salts and esters which are used as herbicides. A simple
method for preparation of 2,4-1) was described lir 1941. At about
the same time, and analogue, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid,
had been produced commercially by Imperial Chemical Industries in
1945. The 2,4-D, apparently held under secrecy for military reasons,
was patented as a growth stimulant in 1943 and as a herbicide in
1945. Production which was started in 1944 by Amchem was more than
20 million pounds per year in 1949 and almost 100 million (acid
equivalents) by the late 1960's.
According to the U.S. Tariff Commission, major producers of
2,4-D are Dow Chemical Co., Monsanto Chemical Co., Rhodia
Corporation, Riverdale Chemical Co., Gordon Corporation, Thompson
Hayward Chemical Co., and Guth Chemical Co. A total of 1426 labels
are registered by 282 companies for the control of broadleaf plants
found in soil and water. Major uses are on corn, including pre-
emergence treatment, wheat and small grains, sorghum, pature and
rangeland, right-of-way and ditch banks, lawn and turf, and control
of aquatic broadleaf plants.
A maximum acceptable daily intake for 2,4-D and tolerances on
food and feed crops and water have been established.
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In 1969 the Secretary's Commission on Pesticides and Their
Relationship to the Environmental Health recommended re-examining
the registered uses of the materials and other relevant data of
possible teratogens and carcinogens in order to institute prudent
steps to minimize human exposure to these chemicals. 2,4-D was
included in the list of pesticides covered in this recommendation.
In a statement issued on March 18, 1971, the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency said that "Active internal
i
review is being initiated as to the registrations of products
containing . . . 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, its salts and
esters . . . and all others deemed necessary for review. The
«
function of these reviews is not to make another study of pesti-
cides, but to identify which, if any, of the presently registered
products presents a substantial questions of safety. Questions which
should trigger the administrative process of cancellation"
(Ruckelshaus, 1971).
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SUMMARY
The pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a member
of the phenoxyalkanoic acid family of herbicides which emerged from
wartime research in the early 1940's. Available forms include, esters,
acid salts and the free acid.
The United States Tariff Commission reports that 280 million pounds
of cyclic herbicides and plant hormones were sold in the U.S. in 1972.
Of this amount, less than 75 million pounds were sold as acid, salt or
esters of 2,4-D. Available information indicates that greatest amounts
of 2,4-D were used-during the middle and late 1960's. Amounts used in
1971 was less than one-naif the amount used in 1968. Since 1971 amounts
used have increased probably due to "restrictions placed on 2,4,5-T.
2,4-D is used to control broadleaf plants in soil and water'and
as a growth regulator on citrus and potatoes. According to USDA reports
approximately 95 percent of 2,4-D used in 1971 was applied to corn,
wheat, pasture and rangeland, other grains, sorghum and summer fallow.
Greatest amounts were used in the Northern Plains followed by the
Corn Belt, the Mountain States, the Lake States, the Pacific States,
Southern Plains and Appalachian region. Lesser amounts were used in
the Northeast, the Southeast, and the Delta States.
The fate of 2,4-D in soil is dependent on presence or organic matter
content, clay content, cation exchange capacity and moisture content.
Resident microorganisms hydrolyze their ether bond and convert the ring
structure to succinic -acid which is subsequently used by a source of
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carbon. Under favorable growing conditions, 2,4-D in soil is usually
broken down within 4-6 weeks. Residual phytotoxicity lasts approximately
one month.
Time for decay of one half the residual 2,4-D in water is about
one week; and trace amounts may be detected after one month. Esters
are usually hydrolyzed within 9 days, and ultraviolent light causes
decomposition. Microbial action of lake mud decomposes 2,4-D in sedi-
ments as rapidly as 80 percent in 24 hours.
Movement of 2,4-D in air has been indicated by adverse effects on
susceptible crops adjacent to sprayed areas caused by drift. Low
chain esters of 2,4-D are also volatile and drift from residual amounts
have caused adverse effects in adjacent nontarget crops.
2,4-D is a synthetic auxin which creates growth reactions much like
those from naturally occurring indole auxins. Indole auxins are
inactivated rapidly whereas 2,4-D is far more active and persists for
longer periods of time. Usually, the movement of 2,4-D is usually from
leaf to the stem. Depending on plant species and rate of application,
2,4-D may be used to accelerate or inhibit growth, RNase activity,
protein content and respiration rate. Its effects on the abscission
layer of young fruit may permit thinning by spray application while
effects on retardation of respiration can be used to prolong storage
of citrus fruits.
Three routes of metabolism have been demonstrated in resistant and
susceptible plants. These pathways are simple conjugation, conjugation
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and hydroxylation, and oxidation of the side chain. In hydroxylation,
the chlorine atom in the 4 position is shifted to the 3 or 5 position.
2,4-D may have adverse effects on selected beneficial insects but
amine salts and esters of 2,4-D are nontoxic to honeybees. Toxicity
attributed to other formulations may in part be caused by carriers
such as diesel oil. Greater numbers of bee kills have occurred
following application to plants which were in blossom rather than to
plants not in blossom. This observation and the detection of 2,4-D
in plant nectar suggest that the route of exposure to the honeybee is
not through surface and allows the conclusion that 2,4-D acts as a
stomach poison rather than a systemic. In Canadian fields not treated
with 2,4-D, coccinellid predators were found to be numerous and healthy.
Similar species from treated fields were less numerous and less vigorous
than those from untreated fields.
Toxicity of 2,4-D to domestic animals is low. Administration by
intubation of 2 grams of 2,4-D per day for 90 days to sheep starting
not
one day after breeding, didAcause congenital malformations in the
lambs. No clinical signs of poisoning occurred in the ewes during
the feeding period and none of the dams or lambs contained pathological
lesions on the internal organs.
2,4-D was detected in serum from cattled fed 5.5 grams per day
for 106 days. However, signs of poisoning were not observed and 2,4-D
was not detected in the cows milk at freshening. Other studies indicated
0.06 ppm in milk could be detected following daily ingestion of rations
containing 1,000 ppm. -Following ingestion, 2,4-D was detected in visceral
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content and in urine, but after three days only trace amounts were
detected in urine.
Laying hens were fed 2,4-D at rates equivalent to 50 and 150 ing/kg
diet between ages 28 and 48 weeks without decrease in egg production,
hatchability or growth, rate of progeny or decrease in eggshell thickness,
egg weight or yolk weight. It may be concluded from these observations
that the amount of 2,4-D consumed ao rccidue on pastures treated for
weed control would be injurious to cattle, sheep, or chickens.
The toxicity «* 2,4-D to wild birds and mammals is low. The LDjQ
reported for the mallard is greater than 1000 mg/kg. Under laboratory
conditions high dietary levels cause a reduction in egg production;
«
however, this effect has not been reported in bird populations resident
in areas of use.
Some repellent action to rabbits has been observed in areas treated
with 2,4-D. Observed reduction of gopher populations in treated areas
has been attributed to reduction in natural foods such as perennial
forbs and herbs. Treatment for brush control has caused improved
habitats for several species of mammals and game birds by improving
browse, cover, and food supply.
Most forms of 2,4-D are relatively nontoxic to fish, oysters, clams
and crabs. However, the acetamide and isopropyl derivatives are highly
toxic, and uses of these two materials are not allowed in areas where
possible contamination of water may result. Results of laboratory
studies indicate that oysters and mussels concentrate 2,4-D in their
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bodies up to 700 times the level in water, and application of 20 Ib.
per acre or more to surfaces of shallow lakes and ponds may cause
bubotantial mortality in some species. In large bodies of water or
under conditions 01 local or topical application, most species of fish
temporarily leave areas of treatment. Following aquatic treatment,
.,•
increases in resident species of rishes have been reported._
Acute oraj-'toxicities for 2,4-D and its various esters are
relatively low, range 375-800 mg/kg in rats. Dogs are more
sensitive, the LDjg being reported as 100 mg/kg. When 2,4-D was
studied in humans as a possible treatment for disseminated
coccidioidomycosis, patients tolerated intravenous doses up to
15 mg/kg for extended periods to time. However, an intravenous
dose .of 67 mg/kg produced mild symptoms. Suicidal ingestion of
a quantity of 2,4-D as a single dose known to be greater than
6500 mg (in excess of 90 mg/kg) was fatal.
Thyroid function is altered and renal resorption is disturbed
with high levels of 2,4-D, and following heavy repeated exposures,
central nervous symptoms and myotonia have been reported. A possible
explanation for muscle effect may be inhibition of phosphorylase
activity by large doses of 2,4-D.
The rate of absorption of salts, acids and esters of 2,4-D through
the gut is 10 times that of dermal absorptions. Esters are absorbed
somewhat more slowly and apparently are hydrolyzed totally during
absorption. 2,4-D is not stored in body fat. Distribution within
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the body is primarily intrdfcellular, and sometimes, particularly
/
the liver and kidney contain amounts of the same order as the plasma.
-- * &
Excretion as the^yunc^anged acid and small amounts of 2,4-dichloro-
if
phenols is rapid and nearly exclusively renal, half time for total
body clearance is within the order of 5-30 hours. <
No evidence has been found that implicates 2,4-D as a mutagen.
In the one study reported 2,4-D was found to be inactive in a test
designed to identify compounds capable of inducing point mutations.
Tumor induction has been studied in two hybrid strains of mice
by single subcutaneous injection or by continuous oral feeding for
••« months beginning with animals at 7 days of age. Tumors observed
principal ^ iiver^ lung and lymphoid orgin, but 2,4-D was not
found to cause an increase in _ incidence. However, three related
materials a-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) proplonic acid; u-(9.4,5-trichloro-
phenoxy) propionic acid; and 2,4-D isopropyl esters caused a slight
increase as compared with negative control. Small numbers of animals
the increasedincjArfice was of a low order of statistical
significance. The WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues concluded
in 1971 these data do not substantiate the veaw that 2,4-D is
carcinogenic..
In a three generation six-litter rat reproduction study, no
deleterious effects of dietary levels of 2,4-D at 100 or 500 ppm was
evident. In contrast when 500 ppm was fed to one, sow during the entire
pregnancy, one of the 15 piglets delivered was dead and nine more died
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within the first 24 hours. Fairly high concentrations of 2,4-D were
found In the tissues of the piglets.
Five teratogenic studies with 2,4-D have been reported, one each
in mice and hamsters and three in rats. The mouse study and one of
the rat studies must be discounted because 2,4-D was administered
with substances known to be teratogenic. Results of the Bionetics
Study indicated a significant increase number of abnormal fetuses
from dams receiving maximally tolerated doses of either the octyl,
butyl, or.isopropyl esters of 2,4-D administered subcutaneously in
dimethyl sulfoxide (JMSO).
An increase in incidence of cleft palate was observed in rat pups
from dams dosed orally with 60-120 mg/kg of a mixture of 2,4~D and
2,4,5-T. Since the dioxin content of the mixture was not given, no
weight can be given this study was an indication of the teratogenicity
of 2,4-D.
Dosage levels of 2,4-D up to 87.5 mg/kg/day (maximum tolerated
dose) given to pregnant rats on days 6-15 of gestation failed to
elicit teratogenic responses. At higher dosage levels, fetotoxic
responses were noticed and following single oral doses of 100-150
mg/kg on days 6-15 of gestation an increase in skeletal anomalies
was noted. Doses of 50 mg/kg of 2,4-D derivatives induced no apparent
effects. While no maternal toxicity was reported with these chemicals,
it is doubtful that 2,4-rD in the high dose range could have been with-
out toxic effects on the dams.
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Pregnant hamsters received dally oral doses of 2,4-D in levels
up to 100 rag/kg. Fused ribs were noted with doses of 60 ing/kg
(equivalent to about 600 ppm in diet) or more.
The danger of significant amounts of 2,4-D appearing in ground
water or drainage channels from areas receiving extensive treatment
of pesticides is slight. Following applications of 2,4-D at* the rate
of 100 Ib. per acre to TVA reservoirs for control of Eurasian water-
milfoil residues in bottom sediment was 0.24-58.8 ppm 10 months after
treatment. Maximum residues detected in water one hour after application
was 0.037 ppm; and more than 95 percent of this had disappeared after
8 hours.
Tolerances are allowed on selected food and feed commodities, and
FAO/WHO has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.3 mg/kg/day
(21 mg/day for aJ70 Kg man^. Estimated daily intake lias decreased from
0.15 mg/day in 1965 to less than 0.005 mg/day in 1970. In 1965, 4.5
percent of composite samples contained <0.001-0.14 ppm and in 1970 1.4
percent were contaminated.
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Chapter I
Chemistry of 2,4-D
The pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid£2-,4rD) belongs te-a-
family of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicid^s--vrfnch emerged from wartime
_>•
research in the early 1940's. An analogue, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy-
acetic acid (MCPA), discovered at about the same time, was apparently
used 1n England in 1941 - 1942 and was produced commercially by Imperial
Chemical Industries in 1945. The 2,4-D apparently held under secrecy
for military reasons, was patented as a growth stimulant in 1943 and as
a herbicide in 1945. Production which was started in 1944 by Amchem
was more than 20 million pounds in 1949 and over 100 million pounds
per year (acid equivalent of esters and salts) by the late 1960's
(Lawless, E. W., R. von Rumker and T. L. Ferguson, 1972). These herbi-
cides in the acid form are only slightly soluble in water and usually
are formulated for commercial uses as esters and salts.
I.A. Synthesis
Two methods of industrial importance used to prepare 2,4-D are
presented in Figure I.I. With Process I phenoxyacetic acid or its
esters are treated with chlorine in aqueous medium, organic solvents
or in a fusion (Melinkov, 1971). Chlorophenoxyacetic acids recovered
by this method are equivalent to 90 percent of the starting material,
but the quality of the product obtained contains greater amounts of
Isomers than that obtained with Process II described below.
Process II, Figure'1.1., is the preferred industrial procedure.
In the process of chlorinating phenol (Ila) several isomeric chloro-
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Process I
CHACON
phenoxy
acetic acid
.
HCI
C|
2,4-D (2,4-dlchlorophenoxy-
acetic acid)
Process II
phenol
>H
Cl
2,4-dichloro-
phenol
(6r
2,6-dichloro
phenol
Cl
H
Cl
Cl
2,4,6-trichloro-
phenol
CICHjCOH
.NO OH
Cl
Cl
O
-c,
HCI
2,4-D
Figure I.I. Chemical processes used for producing 2,4-D
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phenols may be formed, but by careful control of the conditions of
the reaction, a product 1s obtained which contains predominantly
2,4-dichlorophenol - the decreased product. To suppress formation of
the 2-6 dichloro isomeric chlorination of phenol is carried out at
temperatures slightly above 43°C. by chlorination of phenol in liquid
sulfur dioxide 2,4-dichlorophenol of 98 percent purity may be obtained.
At the boiling point of sulfurdioxide formation of the 2,6-isomer is
Inhibited and the formation of 2,4,6-dichlorophenol is inhibited. Under
these conditions a product containing 92 percent 2,4-dichlorophenol,
7.5 percent 2,6-dichlorophenol and 0.5 percent 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
(Dellne, 1972).
In the condensation step (IIt>),-monochloroacetic acid is reacted
with an excess of 2,4-dichlorophenol to prevent hydrolysis of mono-
chloroacetate. Following acidification (lie) and removal of the 2,4-D,
the excess 2,4-dichlorophenol may be distilled off with steam and reused.
With ratios of two moles of 2,4-dichlorophenol on one of monochloro-
acetate, yields of 2,4-D are 94 percent theoretical.
The condensation step (lib) is carried out under alkaline
conditions which favor formation of dioxlns. Dichlorodioxin at approxi-
mately 300 ppm has been detected in water products (Goulding, et al.,
1972). Toxlcity of this compound is relatively low as compared with
the tetrachlorodioxin.
The purity of technical 2,4-D has been examined by several
workers. The unpleasant odor of the technical product is attributed
to a small amount of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Wool son, e_t al_., (1972)
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examined 129 samples of 17 different pesticides derived from chloro-
phenols for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-d1oxins by EC-GC. They found
a detectable amount of hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HCDD) In one
2,4-D sample but suggested that since most samples were produced
before 1970 they may not represent current production methods. No
explanation was given for the occurrence of HCDD in one twenty-
eight samples examined. Hudson (1972) observed.three neutral
contaminants in production grade 2,4-D. The major component was
identified as b1s-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) methane by GLC retention time,
melting point, mass spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
The other two impurities were not isolated, however, their mass spectra
are virtually identical to the major component, suggesting that they
are positional isomers. Results of semiquantitative analysis of the
commercial sample of 2,4-D used in Houston's study indicated that the
contaminants were present at levels of 1, 10 and 30 ppm. The major
component has a retention time similar to that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-dioxin when several different columns and varied operating
conditions were employed. This Illustrates the need for caution by
the analyst who use GLC data as an indication of impurities In pesticides.
I.B. Chemical Properties of 2,4-D
2,4-D add 1s a white crystalline substance, m.p. 141°C, b.p.
160 °C at 0.4 mm. of Hg. Pure 2,4-D has practically ho odor; technical
grade 2,4-D almost always contains a small amount of 2,4-dichlorophenol
and as a result has an'unpleasant odor. According to International
standards the permissible impurity in technical 2,4-D is not more than
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0.3% dichlorophenol. At 20°C, 540 mg. of the acid dissolves In one
liter of water (Table I.B.I.). 2,4-D is highly soluble also in benzene,
carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and tetra - and pentachloroethanes. It
1s stable in storage both in solutions of different solvents and in the
crystalline state. When it is irradiated with ultraviolet light slight
decomposition may occur. The dissociation constant of 2,4-D is 23 x 10" .
With inorganic and organic bases it forms stable salts. The
/
properties of some salts of 2,4-D are shown in (Table I.B.2.). The
salts of the bivalent metals are poorly soluble in water, and conse-
quently whan 2,4-D is dissolved in hard water precipitates may separate
out. To avoid this, complexons (Trilon B) often are added to technical
preparations of 2,4-D.
The effectiveness of the esters of 2,4-D in controlling various
weeds is considerably higher than that of its salts and various other
derivatives. The lower alkyl esters of 2,4-D (ethyl, isopropyl, butyl,
etc.) are comparatively volatile and their vapors may damage crops
sensitive to 2,4-D that are located next to the treated plots. With
an Increase in molecular weight, the volatility of the esters decreases.
Jensen and Schall, 1966, using gas-liquid chromaiography determined
vapor pressures of 24 esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid) over the temperature range 170° to 300°C (Table
I.B.3.). These data were extrapolated to 25°C in order to provide
field temperature C25°C) data for use as a criterion of herbicide
volatility. The 25°C data support the previous gauge of volatility -
that a phenoxy ester with five or less carbons in the ester portion
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TABLE I.B.I.
Solubility of 2,4-D in Various Solvents
Solvent
Temperature °C
Solubility, g/lOOg Solvent
or Weight Percent
Ethyl alcohol
Ether
Toluene
n-Heptane
Water
Acetone
Carbon Tetrachloride
Xylene
Kerosene
25
25
25
25
20
19
26
25
31
25
130
24.3
0.67
0.11-
0.054a
85.0
0.25a
0.58
4.273
0.10 - 0.35
1
Melnlkov, N. N., 1971
'Herbicide Handbook, 197.0
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TABLE I.E.2.
n uyer uu:> ui od i ii> or ct4-aiciiiuropnenoxyaceiic MCIU
Solubility in Water
Salt
Allylamine
Ammonium
Benzyl ami ne
n-Butylamine
Di ally! ami ne
Di-n-butylamine
Dime thy 1 ami ne
Diethanolamine
Di ethyl ami ne
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Me thy! ami ne
Monoethanolamine
Morpholine
Sodium (Monohydrate)
..
. .,
-
Plperidine
Trlethanolamine
THethylamine
M.P.(°C)
106 -107
^ ^ x
138 - 139
93 - 94.5
•
107 - 109
85 - 87
94 - 94.5
129 - 131
, ,_„ ,_,
157 - 159
145 - 147
136 - 138
216 - 218
131 - 132
•^MM»M
g/100cj H20
1.2
3.5
1.6
1.8
710
1.2
Highly Sol.
480
>5025
7
0.025
0.17
450
>50%
220
27.5
33.5
50.6
74.59
230
440
340
Temp .
31.5
20
31.5
30.5
32
31.5
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
0
20
30
45
31
32
20
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TABLC I.B.3.
The Vapor Pressure of Esters of 2,4-D at Various Temperatures
(MM of Hg)
Temperature, °C
Ester
Methyl
Ethyl
Propyl
Butyl
Pentyl
Mexyl
Heptyl -
Octyl
2-Propyl
2-Butyl .
2-Pentyl
2-Hcxyl
4-Heptyl
2-Octyl
2-Ethylhexyl
Adapted from:
171 187
11.0 22
8.8 18
6.4 12
4.5 . 9.2
3.9 7.7
2.1 4.5
2.9
2.1
7.6 17
5.4 10
7.2
7.2
5.0
3.1 '
2.9
D. J. Jensen and
200
35
30
23
16
14
8.1 .
4.8.
3.9
28
18
13
13
8.9
5.4
5.3
E. D. Schall
225
82
70
55
41
32
22
16
11
65
44
32
28
23
15
15
, 1966.
250
170
150
120
89
75
52
40
. 31
140
100
75
66
56
40
37
275
340
290
230
180
160
no
89
71
270
200
160
141
120
91
85
300
580
510
410
340
300
220
180
140
480
370
300
270
240
180
170
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is highly volatile and/jubertLTiial the phenoxy-t-ype hcrbicid^i, willi
a "upor pressure greater than 1.5 x 10 mm. of Hg at 25°C should be
classified as "highly volatile". Baskin and Walker, 1903, working
with tomatoes, suggested that phonoxyacetic esters containing five
carbons or less in the alcohol porLion were "highly volatile", while
those containing more than five were "low volatile". This classi-
ficiition has been widely acceptf.d.
l.C. ts. : r h r ii
2,4-D acid reacts readily -..'ith a variety of alcohols to produce
e large selection of esters and with amines to produce amine salts.
A large number of alcohols well known for their practical interest
•
Ivve been synthetized and studied. Properties of some of these esters
arc presentee! in (Tdbl^ !.[?.<•".). Of the "large number of esters of 2,4-D
that have been studied, practical use has been made of the ethyl, isopropyi
butyl, einyl , heptyl , octyl and isooctyl, chlorocrotyl , polypropylene and
polyethylencr]lyrol esters,, and others. These esters of 2,4-D are produced
commercially by csterifi cation of the acid with the appropriate alcohols
or by chlorination of the ester-, of phcnoxyacetic acid, tsterification
usually ii carried out in the presence of acid catalysts, and the water
is distilled off as an azeotropic mixture with an organic solvent.
1 . U . Comnerclal Formulations of 2,4-D
The 2,4,5-1 compounds used in commercial formulations include
the acid, salts and a wide variety of esters. These active components
are formulated with a variety of ingredients, all designed to reach
the target pest in a form that will effect maximum control. The
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M"i: t.n.4.
Properties of Some Esters of 2,4-dichlorG|j!i' ^-^yacetic Acid
Formula of Starting Alcohol
Ch3 OH
C2 H5 OH
(CII3)2 CKOH
CH3 (CH2)2 CH2 OH
(CH3)2 Cll Cl!2 OH
CH3 (CH2)3 CII2 OH
(CH3)2 Cll CH2 Cli2 OH
CM, (CH0).. CH(C,Hr) CH0 OH
_ j i.
CH3 (CH2)6 CH? OH
CII3 (CH2)7 CH2 OH
CH3 C CL - CH CH2 Oil
2,4-Clo C, M, OCH, CIL OH
£ U vJ L. U
M.P.(°t)
43
15.2 - lb.4
24
9
17
15
-
12
-
43
33 - 34
88
(B.P.
119/1
149 -
183/1
146 -
133 -
160/2
136 -
173 •-
173 -
-
186 -
°C/rai.
150/1
8
14//I
134/1
138/1
174/O.J
174/1
188/1
Adopted from: Melnikov, 1971.
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o. ]'.op ropy 1
d. Butyl
c. Amyl
Esters, Low-volatile
a. Dutoxyethanol
b. Butoxyethoxypropanol
c. Ethoxyethoxypropanol
d. Isooclyl
o. Propyluic glycol ljutyl other
One formulation commonly uscn in Vietnam as a defoliant, usually
referred to as Orange, is a reddish brown Lo tan-colored liquid soluble
in diesel fuel and organic solvents, but insoluble in water. Oranne is
formulated to contain a 50:50 volume mixture of n-butyl esters of 2,4-D
end 2,4,5-T. Tht weiy'it percentages of the formulation are:
n-butyl ester of 2,4-D 45.5%
n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T 48.2%
inort ingredic'iits (e.g., related manufacturing
inpurities) 6.3%
Some of the physic?.! and chemicnl properties of Orange are:
Specific density (20°C) 1.205
Viscosity, Contiooise (23°C) 43
Weight of Formulation (Ibs/gal) 10.7
Vapor Pressure 1 mm. of l!g @ 35°C
I.E. Analytical Methods
2,4-D is routinely determined by gas liquid chromntoqraphy
(GLC) as the methyl ester using electron capture (FC) detection or
-------
micro couloiK'tnc detection cell, (Frank d!)d Conic:., 1967), (Zuilinski
and (Hshbein, 1967), (Yip, 1962), (Ketchersid. a n_l_., 1970),
(Richardson, 1966), (Woodhan, K al_., 1971), (Clark, e_t al_.,.. 1967),
(Crosby, D. G., 1964) and Schultz, 1973). Use of electron-capture
(EC) detection ha? tlr> advantage of high sensitivity ar.d thus pvoiriing
the necessity of handling relative large amounts of sample. However,
a vigorous clean-up procedure to prevent gross contamination of the
detector is necessary. Gas chromatography, although an extnniK.-ly
notful onulyticdl toolj does nul possess the specificity required,
especially for e.ivn uiiiiientul :,»ii|>lus. "Ihu use of several columns
of different polarity have been employed to enhance the reliability
of the method. Other methods used have included determinations by
coloriinetric methods, thin layer chromatocjraphy (TLC), an indirect
polarograprnc method for biological materials, and paper chrornatography.
A typical GC analysis usually includes several steps starting with
nacerdtion of sample (solids), ,i thorough mixing of liauids, solvent
extraction of acid dnd/or cstc-r, column chroi'iatoqropliy, esterification
(usually methyl fit ion) and qudiiti Uition by GC. This general procedure
is applicciblo Lo residues of ^!/l-IJ acid, esters or hound form in various
substrates. The methylation is accomplished eithri with diazoivethane
or boron trifluoride-methanol. Scogqins and Fitzgerald (1969) proposed
dimethyl sulfate as a rapid pielhylation agent for the chlorophenoxy-
acetic acid herbicides. They claim thai methylation v.'ith dimethyl
sulfate yields excellent qualit.ilive and rnorcs quantitative results
-------
limn thf oMd-i.ataly/f:d reacting,. /\1 though hv:hly toxic., dimetl-vl
•.ulfdte i', inexpensive, available in stock containers, has a long
shelf life, and is not explosive like diazoinehtane. The dimethyl
sulfate reagent approaches the quantitative metiiylation of diazomethane
and has the advantages listed jhovp.
Bjerke, e_L d_l_., (1972 determined residues of 2,4-U acid and i Ls
phenol moiety in milk and cream by electron capture or microcoulomelric
o
GC. The procedure was used to quantitato the chemicals down to 0.05
Pi-im, with over*-.II average recoveries rreater than 80 percent.
•
Mendricksn-i and iloaghcr (V.J69) unployed EC-bC to investigate
2,4-D and metabolites in "pineapple" orange peel. They observed
that a heat-labile fraction, not extracted with acetone, became the
predominate metabolite in a matter of weeks und showed the greatest
persistence. In this study 2,4-0 was recovered as four fractions:
free ecid, c-stcr acid, (hexane-soluble), conjugated acid (v.-ater-
soluble, hexane-insoluble), and a heat-labile conjugated acid (heat
rr.'1'.dsc-c). Previous publications by tieagher (19G(jfi, 1966b) described
a technique for isolating fractions of the total ?,4-D residue from
citrus peel. A sequence of extraction and heating divided the total
residue into four respective fractions that are converted to the free
acid, esterilied and then quentitdtt-d by GC, utilizing an EC detector.
Clark, et_ al_., (19G7) investigated the extraction efficiency of
several solvents including benzene, petroleum ether, acetone, diethyl
ether, sulfuric acid benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 0.05N
-------
Illl/jO.i, duo' 'Jjl', ethdnol. Tisr.ti" v/u'j fortified with a known amount of
'C- of 2,4-i) und trie recovery determined rndiometrically after hciiio-
gcnation with three IQQ-ml portions of the various solvents. Extraction
with hot 95 percent ethanol proved to be, by far, the most efficient of
the solvent system tested wiv!i Consistent recoveries of .ibove 96 percent.
Using the alcohol extraction procedure Clark, e_t cH_., (1957) determined
2,4-D rncidue in the body tissues of sheep. After extraction and cleanup,
the herbicide is hydrulyzcd to ?,4-dichlorophenol and further cleanup
is accomplished v/ith '..team distillation. Average recoveries of 82 percent
were obtained from tissues of sheep spiked with known amounts of herbi-
cide. The method will detect residues as small as 0.05 ppm.
Yip and Ney (1966), Klingrnc-.n, e_t al_., (1966), applied a micro-
coulomteric GC method to the determination of 2,^-D residue in milk
and forage. The authors obtained a sensitivity of 0.01 ppm. The
method detects 2,4-D as the acirl, ester and in bound form from a single
sample after alkaline hydrolysis.
Sears and Meehan (1971) reported detection limits for 2,4-D of
0.0005 ppn in water and 0.05 ppin in fish tissues usinq gas chromatography.
Recovery ral.es ranged from 8b to IU2 percent.
Larose crnd Chau (1973), usc'd retention indices to predict retention
time (RT) of the esters of chlorophenoxy acids. The total retention
index is divided into three additive components: the alcohol contri-
bution, the acid contribution, i.-nd the interaction contribution. They
found a linear relationship between the logarithm of the RT of a series
of esters o1 a particular chlorophenoxy acid and the number of carbon
-------
•ii.av, in Lhi- olcc-hol used lor o'.ti-rification, piovided tliaL the alcohols
were part of on homologous scries. This information may bo used to
predict the usefulness of a chromalographic system in separation of
particular esters.
Aldhous (1967) used paper chromatonraphy to determine 2,4-D
residues in water following aerial spraying in a Scottish forest;
recovery data and/or detection limits were not re-ported.
Yip (lOo-l) reported rc'-uM;:. oi paper chromcito'irapln'c. amilysis
of several chlnrophenoxy acids nnd osters in whoat. The cleaned up
sample could be subjected to GC analysis also. Recoveries of the
acid and esters ranged from 70-100 percent. 2,4-D applied to wheat
was detected at 0.01 ppm.
Fidelus ?iid 7ietek (1970) used an indirect nolaroqraphic method
for analysis of 2,4-D in blood ?nd urine samples. The results from
the analysis of human and rat blood and urine with known amounts of
2,-1-D added either directly or by intubation revealed that the polaro-
grophic method is sensitive to the b to 60-ng/ml range and has excellent
re^roducibilily.
\
I.F. Stability of 2,4-D
2,4-D is Liable in storage both in solutions of different solvents
and in the crystalline state. When it is irradiated with ultraviolet
light, slight de-composition may occur. The dissociation constant of
2,4-D is 23 X }Q~* (Melnikov, 1971).
Aly and Knust (1964) examined the effects of ultraviolet light
on aqueous solutions of 2,4-D salts arid esters and demonstrated the
-------
V
.1
•-->•
. t
/ tl
\. ..„
Figure I. 2.. Proposed mechanism of 2,<--D
photodeco'rrposition
-------
rapid d is-appearance of the hf-.-ri-icide and provided colorimctric evidence
for the presence of phenols in the irradiated solutions. Crosby and
Tutas (1%&) compared the effect of sunlight and laboratory ultraviolet
light on aqueous 2,4-D solutions and identified the major decomposition
products. 2,4-H acid dcco.iijH)i,ui rapidly in t!ic pro-.enc.e of water and
ultraviolet light. Products resulting from this decomposition were
2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-c.';terhol, 2-hydroxy-4-chlorphenoxyacetic
acid, 1,2,4-benzene triol, and finally, oolymeric hunric acids. The
decomposition products from ariifical licjht or sunlight were essentially
identical (Figure I.2.). Laboratory irradiations employed mercury
arc lamps which produced light principally at a wavelength of 254 nm.
Irradiations in sunlight were carried out in borosilicate glass baking
dishes or petri dishes. Each solution Wcis c.xposed for about 5 hours at
noon on each of 10 days in early October or late i"-1arch.
The over-all photodccompov,tion rate of 2,4-U soilium salt in
aqueous solution 1-5 fairly rcipi' (50 percent loss in E>0 minute? at
p!! 7.0), while 2,4-chchlorophcnol is even ir:ore phouilahile (50 p&rccnt
loss in 5 minutes at pH 7.0) (Aly and Faust, 1964).
Rodgers and Stalling (1972) used '^C-labeled butoxyethanol ester
of 2,4-U (!JEE of" 2,4-D) to study its rate of hydrolysis in water, its
uptake and elimination by fishes, and to determine its distribution in
1 /i
organs of several fishes. The C-labeled BITE of 2,4-D used in their
study was labeled in the carbonyl carbon. Hydrolysis of the BEE of
2,4-D in hard, nearly neutral water without fish was relatively slow
at 21°C . The hydrolysis rate of the BEE of 2,4-D was 50 percent/40
-------
hours. Howe'.'.v, in duplicate aquaria containing fish, 50 percent of
the; I3LE of 2,4-1) was liydrolyzed in only 3 hours, and 24 hours after
addition of the ester only 1 percent of the BEE of 2,4-D remained.
Aly and Faust (1964) studied the fate of 2,4-D and ester derivatives
in natural :,urf,v:e water:,. 2,4 '1 persisted up to 120 days in lake water:,
aerobically incubated in the laboratory. Esters of 2,4-D were hydroly?cd
biologically to the free acid ami corresoonding alcohol within 9 days,
as measured by inanometric techniques. Oxygen uptake data indicated that
only the alcohol moiety was oxidized. 2,4-D was decomposed biologically
by lake muds, 81 to 85 percent within 24 hours, but only after qxtensive
microbial adaptation techniques. i
The lake bottom mud and manornetr.ic studies indicate that 2,4-D
is biologically decomposed in a relatively short period of time with
adapted microorganisms. However, 2,4-D is applied usually once every
1 or ? years to a surface water (or aquatic plant control. Consequently,
the development of adapted microorganisms may take a relatively long
time under <.uch unfavorable anaerobic conditions that may develop when
deed aquatic plants decompose.
2,4-Dic.hloroi.ihenol, on the other hand, was biologically degraded
in the lake water indicating the presence of microorganisms capable
of decomposing this chemical in natural waters.
At least 10 different organisms are reported to decompose 2,4-D.
In these studies two pathways are described: (1) beta-oxidation of
the dlkanoic acid and (2) initial hydrolysis of the ether linkage
between the ring and the side chain. Step (1) proceeds by sequential
-------
reiv.ovel oi L\;;. carbon fragments from the functionr.l enci of the alkanoic
TTcT-r—--44*»_Ca-U> of the ring structure in soils has also been studied.
Detection of 2,4-dichlorophenol. 4 chloroaterhol. and chloromuconic
acid from either soil or pjjje-culture studies suggests a sequence uf
i-coc-l'ioni ih«r:/ing ring liydroxylalion and clocjvngc and further inotabulism
of the open structure to carbon dioxide (Uare and Roan, 1970).
-------
Aldliou:,, J. R. 2,4-D Residue's In Water Follov/ing /'."rial Spraying in a
Scottish Purest. 1,'ood Res. 7:^39-241, 1%7.
Aly, 0. M. and S. D. Paust. Studies on tlic Fate of 2,4-D Derivatives in
Natural .Surface Wa tors, Agr. and Food Chan, 1 2 (G):54 1-5-16, 1964.
Baskin, A. D. and E. A. Walker. The Responses of Tomato Plants to Vapours
of 2,'i [i uiici/or .'V.^-I Pon.:uL;tio.n.s at lion.ial and llici:;er Temperatures.
Weeds 2: 280-287, 1953.
Bjerke, F. I.., J. L. Herman, P. W. Miller, and J. H. Wetter. Residue Stud.
of Phcno/y Herbicides in Milk and Cream. 0. Agr. Food Chern. 20(5): 963-
967,
Clark, I). F.., P. C. UVight, i.iv.' L. M. Hunt Determination of 2^4-D Residue
in Aninidl Tissues. Agr. and load Cliem, 15(1): 171-173, 1967. '
Crosby, D. G., Metabolism of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) in
Bean Plants. Ag. and Food Chan* 12(1): 3-6, 1964.
Crosby, D. G. and H. 0. Tutass. Photodecomposition of 2,4-Dichlorophonoxy
acetic Acid. J. Agr. Food Chcm. 14: "596-599, 1966.
Deline, D. D. Manufacturing Presentation to IIAS/NRC Study Committee on Use
of Herbicides in Vietnam, Dow Ciiem. Co. Oct. 6, 1972.
Fidel us, J. and M. Zietek. An indirect Poldrographic Determi nation of '2,4
Dichlorophenoxyacotic Acid in Biological Materials. Mikrochim Acta No. 5,
1010-6, 1D70.
Frank, P. A. and R. D. Comes. Herbicidal Residues in Pond Water and
Hydrosoil. Weeds 15: 210-213, 1967.
Coring, C.A.I. Fx|jocted Fate of ?,4-D, 2,4,5-T and Piclorar.i in the Vietnas
Environment. NAS/i!liC Herbicide Review, Uow Chemical Co., Oct. 6, 1972.
Gouldinru R. L., M. L. Montgomery and W. S. Staton, Waste Pesticide
Marmijcn.ent, Interim Progress Report, Oregon State University, 26 January,
1972.
Hammond, H. Free Acid in Esters of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4,
Trichlorophenoxyacctic Acid and their Formulations, J. AOAC 56(3): 596-597
Hcndrickion, R. arid W. R. Mcaqher Spray Residues of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-lP in
"Pineapple" Orange Peel. J. Agr. Food Chcm. 17(3): 601-603, 1969.
Huston, C. L. Identification of Three Neutral Contaminants in Production
Grade 2,4-D, J. Agr. Food Chcm. 20(3): 724-727, 1972
-------
ivin, r. :;. ,iivJ J. !_". ra:ic;i, Sc-n- ili/cd PiinLcil'jcrv.p'.T i tu-n :<'ul f'!;:)1^-
:,cir, Hi. cr /VLivily of i'eGlici'.'u ChcMUdV- i • ; ov.-a to Nunlifjhl on Mli
lL-s. J. Ayr. Foo-i Clicia. 19(3}- ', lib-'', (.)'.:), l'J/1.
Omscn, D. J., and C. D. Scl.all, He termination of Vupor Pressures of Sor-.r
Piirnoxy.irelic Herbicides by Gas-Liquid Chru.iatography, J. Agr. Food Cho;n
14(2):' 123-126, 1906.
Kctchcrsid, H. L., 0. M. Fli-lcliall , P. W. Santolmann, and l-'erkle, !'. G.
Rosiclur-s in f>orchu,.i Fronted •„'! In the Iscoctyl T.slcr of 2,<1-D, Pest. I'.orrl 1
Jour. '',( J): Sll-llJ, i:i/0.
, D. L., C. II. Gordon, C>. Yip, duel I!. P. Burchficld. Kf>suluj?j, ir
the I'orc'.c,!.1 Tioaied and in \-\\\\\ fr(;.n Coi.'L drc/.iiig Toranc 1 reeled v.'ith \$:f
of 2,1-D. l.V-ods l-i: IC.-J-1G7, 1%G.
1'linrjT-Mi, D. I . -inci !•/. C. 5 1, :.'.:, Uc.inn PhrMso,,;/ !'?rln'cic!r'S E'ffcctivply,
icirn-err.1 i/jll.-Lin ,'io. 2183, US.;A, devised Jar.uary 1971.
, Fi. II. and Alfred S. Y. Ciiau lltTlx'citlo Analysis: Relationship P:-i
liolcculcir Structure ind P.ctfntion index. Jour AOAC 56(5): 1183-1187, I?/
Lawless, E. '!','., R. Von Riimkor, and T. L. Fcrcjuson. The Pollution f'otsnti
in -PestiF-iric- i-ianufacluring Fc^tic-ide Study Series - 5, EPA, Technical
Studies K,:-port: TS-OO-72-O'i, 1972.
licagher, !,'. R. A Meat- Labile Insoluble Cuiijjuatad Form o" 2,4-Did>lurop."fc
acetic Acid end 2-(2,4,y-rrichlorophenoxy)propionic Acid in Citrus Peel.
0. Ayr. Food Chem. 14(6): 593-501, 1965.
Ifcagher, W. R. Detnn.ii nation nf ?,4-Dichlorophcnoxyacctic Acid and ?.-'?/
Trichlorophenoxy) propionic Aci:i in Citrus by Electron Capture C;-s
Chro:r.atogrci|iMy. J. Agr. Food CMOM. 14(4): 3/4-377, 1S5G.
Melnikov, f!. H. Residue Reviews, Chemistry of Pesticides, 36: 163-168, 15
Plchardsori, L. A., Analyzing Shellfish for 2,4-D Residue Utilizing Electr
Capture r.ao riiro-.ialngraphy. Procpodings of the 19th Annual Nee ting of Li,
Southern l-.'ec-d Confc-rcnce, 19f>G.
Rodgcrs, C. A. and U. L. Stcilling, Dynamics of An Istcr of 2,4-D in Orga
Three Fir.h Ijiocies, Weed Science 20(1): 101-105, 197?.
Sclmltz, D. P. Dynamics of o Salt of (2,4-Dic'ilorophcnoxy)acelic Acid in
l.'dter, and Hydrosol, J. Agr. food Chem. 21(2): 186-19?, 1973. . . „
'' ' Sf','*1 M°°h?"' Sl'or>t-Tc™ Cffocts of 2,4-D on Aquatic
-------
-3-
IJ.sjf, fi. W. .UK! C. f. H-3fiSt l%«l.
Yip, G. and L. F. Ncy, Jr. Analysis of 2,4-D I'.esidues in liilk and Fora
Wucds 14: lf.7-170, 1956.
\
Ziclinr.ki, W. I.., Jr. and L. Fishbcin, Gas Chroiatoqraohic f-lRasurcmnts of
Disappearance Rotes ot 2,4-1) d ,d 2,4,5-T Acid and 2~,4-D Estprs in Mice,
J. Agr. hood Them. 15(5): li'M -844, 1967.
-------
Chapter II
Toxicology of 2,4-i) 500 to bOOO mt|/k(i). Jn plants this substance is a growth stimu-
lator; in sninals, it causes irritation of the gastrointestinal
tract, mirier irritation of tho kidney and liver, anorcxias weight
loss, inyotonici., and possible nwmrujoal irritation.
II,A. Acute Toxicity
Acute oral toxicity of 2,4-D and its derivatives to various
iininals is presented in Table I .A,
-------
T..M': i x
Suir.tancp
tested Species
,, «. ., ,
/\C!'J Ixulj
Mice
Guinc-a pigs
Chicks
»
DOC|3
*.i: .-'icia.,n'.:
Soil Chicks
Sodiu»i Rats
S'-l t Rats
G uin erf pigs
Pi i "i no.1 M "i fi c;
Mice
R ;i h h i 1 <;
ester Guinea pigs
Mice
Chicks
'lix-xl butyl Rats
Rubbits
",of.o- , di- , Mice
:.!";; ropyk'iic f.!i icks
fjlytol bulyl K
-------
Sifnr> of toxic.tty observed with these compounds include loss of
tilx-, loss oV weight, depress ion, roughness of coat, general
tensensoss. and muscular weakness particularly of the posterior quarters.
Post-mortem findings include irritation of the stomach of small animals
and of the .•.Lonc^i":) of ruminrnil.1', minor evidence of livr-r and kit'nr.y
injury and in SOMIO instances congestion of the lungs. The dogs appears
to be more susceptible to those materials and the chicks appears to be
more tolerant. The acute oral LDi.Q values for the rats, mouse, guinea
pig and rabbit arc in the range o-~ 300 to 1000 nig/kg.
The acute oral 1050 of 2,4-0 in dogs v/as reported at approximately
100 mg/kg. The initial signc of r.oxicity were observed after approxi-
mately six hours. These signs varied from mild ataxia and stiffness in
the hind legs to definite myotonia. Signs of irritation and pain when
the animal war. gasped at the bad* of the neck may indicate meningeal
irritation. Occasionally, sneezing, rubbing of the eyes, and diarrhea
were olr.erved, bui not vomiting. In many cases, death was apparently
due to pneumonia which followed tie development of anorexia, weinht
loss and myotonia. liecrosis and inflammation of the intestinal mucosa
\-zz reported (Drill, V. A., et a_l_., 1953).
A formulation containing 50£ 2,4-D and 50« 2,4,5-T vws administered
orally to a btecr dl 1000 mg/kn without any adverse effects reported.
However, when this, formulation was administered orally at 1000 mq/kg
for three successive days, general depression, decreased food and water
intake and decreased rumen motility and death v/ere observed following
the third dose (Rowe, V. K., ct al., 1954).
-------
YOUIKI adult I email} rut:-, received oral doses of ?,4-D in olive oil
at 0, 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 ing/kg five tines a week for four weeks.
No adverse effects were observed at the 30 mg/kg level and below. At
the 100 mq/kg levnl varyinn (Wroes of nristrcintpstinal irritriion,
slight cloudy swelling in the liver, and depressed growth rate were
observed. At the 300 mg/kg level, death accompanied by severe gastro-
intestinal irritation was observed (Uowe, V., ejt al_., 1954).
Dietary lev-Is of 2,4-D at 0, 100, 300, 1000, 3000 and 10,000 ppm
'.•'.•re Ve.i Lc youny auiiU ieiiidle rats for 113 days. No adverse effects
ware obseivcd at 100 and 300 pum levels. At the 1000 pp;.i level, depressed
growth rate, mortality, slightly increased liver weights and slightly
cloudy swelling of the liver was observed. Animals at the 3000 and
"iG.OOu |ip:n level wore ternvincted after twelve days. Increased organ
weights and pathological change's in the liver and kidneys v/nre reported
nt the two highest levels (Ro'.-o, V. K., e_L aj_., 1954).
2,4-L) '.;aL ad!-]mistered orei'iy in capsules to dogs at the dosage
levels of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg five days a week for 90 days. Three
of the four annrals rtcoiving W mg/kg dose of 2,4-D died within 18-49
days, one animal survived. Iho--.!.1 that died exhibited muscle tonus,
slight ataxii'i, difficulty in chc./ing and swallowing, and occasionally
bleeding gums. The surviving dninals did not show any significant change
in liemoglobin, Lotril blood count, or differential blood count. The three
dogs that dir-d during the study showed a definite decrease in tin; percentage
of lymphocytes in the peripheal Mood. Two animals, one at 5 mg/kg and the
-------
otl-t-r v-t ?.\) iiiq/!'f; (--xin'bited an oocdsional c.i'ca of toed necrosi", in the
liver, but i.'J3 ;i!' aoubtful su(:n Cicance (Diill, V. A., et_ a]., i9!53).
• I he hutoxy ethyl ester of 2/t-D VMS added to the chick mash and fed
to broiler chick:, jl levels of 0 to /500 mrj <.icid/k'j for 21 days. Levels
up to 1000 i-:cj/kf! hcic! nn advi rse '-ffnct'. on orov/th r?t.ps. At tf.c higher
dosaijf- levels ril ?000 ng/kg» thcrL- v/as d reduced food consumption end
yrowtli mti'. A'i the SO-'iO mj/ky level there were no deaths during thp
exposure period i^iiL j,v;ollen ki'Jiv.ys and mottled spleens were reported.
Ilistulotjic i;xaimurn.'.oil rove'! iud n^ssive distention of the medullary
rollTtinn 'j.jct s.\i' pirLs of i .c i.-'pliroii. f!o diffeivni,u in iiiarj.-iesiurii
concentration 01 the plasma v;ere reported Tor the 1000 or 5000 mcj/kq
levels tested. Pxediictions" in dnounts of calcium in plasma was associated
with the reduced ioyd consuiiiption. Chicks were able to tolerate 5000
ng/ko in tiieir ditt lor one \,'ecK and still resume normal groi/th rate
v/hen ri'Vjrr.'jd to uncontaminatac! Tood. Tlio birds wore able to discriminate
between contanvinalod and unr.on Lamina ted food when given, a choice
(1..1hiu.-!'ic.ii;, C. C., ft uj., 1471).
food intake of chicks fed dietary levels of 2,4-0 at 0, 500, 1000
find 2000 ppm for L.even days was reduced
-------
Oral Dosages that Cause Significant Signs of Toxicity in Cattle, Sheep
and Chickens
Herbicide
2 ,4-Dichl orophenoxyaceti c
acid (2,4-D) cilkanolamine
salts (of the c-Lhanol and
isopropanol series).
2,'i-Dichlorophcnoxydcetic
acid (2,4-D), uropylene
gij'ccl butyl cl:;jr ester
Dosage
rate
Mg/Kg
500
250
200
100
2GO
100
l.6t: S
Colt
1
25
86
3
I nu:nber of dosages for
le Sheep Chickens
•/
10
Q
2
10
10
10
Signs of poisoning for the 2,4-D alkanplarm'rie salt in cattle were anorexia,
ataxia and ulceraticn of oral mucous membranes with prolonged exposure.
jiieep exhibited depression and weight loss. At necropsy lesions in cattle
and sheep varied. Hemorrhages on surface of the epicardiun with excessive
pericardia! fluid were observed. Liver and kidneys were congested and
friable. There was ruinen stasis characterised by undigested food. The
lungs were generally engonjed with blood.
Signs of poisoning for the pro^ylene glycol butyl ether ester of
2,4-D in cattle and sheep include depression and anorexia followed by
prostration. At necropsy, the liver was soft and friable and the gall
bladder was distt;ru.!fcd with bile. The kidneys were congested and friable
and tlK're were ppt.er.hiae on the surface of the epicnrdiun and large vessels.
The lymph nodes in some animals were enlarged and hyperemic. The authors
conclude that application rates above 30 pounds actual per acre are
hazardous for caltle, sheep and chickens.
-------
j].(,. _(:!irci^K_jp_/_i_' ij.". of ?,4-!j
Dietary Icwel:, o1 0, 5, 25, I2f>, 625 or 1250 ppni of 2,4-D acid
fed to an equal number of male snd female weanling rats for two years
had no significant effect, on gro-./th or survival rate, organ weights or
heinatologic values, 'fui.ior incidence of the respective levels was 15,
14, 18, 20, 23 and 22. Tumor tyuos; were random and widely distributed
of a type associated with aging. "Ihe raw data support the pathological
!Mf,'.i-prr.t:Lic)n tli.it ii r^ re interne effect of 2,4-0 hr.s not been shorn
(Hansen, '•!. H., ft a_l., 1971).
Dietary levels 0, 10, 50, 100 or 500 ppm of 2,4-D acid were fed
to an equal number of mole and female, 6-8 month old dogs for 2 years.
Twenty-eight dogs surviving the 2 year'period were clinically normal,
u.id no 2,4-U relr.t.er' effects wen- notrd. Nunr- of the lesions seen
ir.icroscopically in the 30 dogs were believed due to toxic effect of
ingested 2,4-U (Hansen, H. H., c_t_ al_., 1971).
11. D. A_^oj-.Ltion_ and_£,:cre_tion t f 2 ./N)
Zielirisk'i, !/. L., c_t a_l_., (19C/) reported on the rate of disappearance1
of 2/r-l) orvJ 2/,-D butyl and isuoctyl esters as detornined by electron-
capture gas chroi'iotoyrupliy on extracted v/hole aninals. The herbicides
wuri: adiinnisLf.Tfd in DI1SO by eitl.c^r singular or repuaLod subcutdiieous
injections di: 100 ug/kg to an inbred strain of mice. The repeated pro-
tre.nnent of Lhe 2,4-D butyl and ir.ooctyl esters consisted of five
:-.uccessive daily injections of the herbicides. Ths last pretreatncrit
dose v;as nri-uinistored 24 hours pi ior to the test injection. The disap-
pearance r.Ur-5 for 2,4-D and 2,4-D butyl and isooctyl esters are cor.pared
in Table II.D.
-------
ciiir.o of i'Mcrs and Acich. of LV:--l) I rom Mic.f
Sorri fice
Time, Mr.
0
0.
1
•t
4
6
I
2
4
0
1
2
4
6
1C
2-',
Nonpretrerilcc
81.
64.
50.
23.
G.
4.
111.
64.
56.
36.
77.
[•4 .
WJ.
5ft.
61.
5.
3
1
3
2
6
9
B
0
8
5
5
0
1
2
3
3
+
+
+
+'
h
1
-i
+
+
4_
.!.
j_
J;_
J_
+_
_h_
3
11
11
7
6
3
3
2
2
1
1
4
2
6
4
7
.3
.[>
.b
.8
.1
.8
.0
.1
.4
.8
.8
.6
.6
.3
.8
.3
Recovery,
2,4-D Butyl Ester
Isoo' tyl
2,4-D Acid
Pretredird
84.9 + 3.9
56.4 l 6.9
33.4 _+ 13.8
16.4 + 6.3
71.4 : 7.0
55.3 t 7-3
55.6 ± 6.8
29.8 11.5
9.4 1 6.7
-------
:!if anihal'. pictreated vnih the !>utyl (,".,tc-r opnec'r ic eliminate tlii:
ester More rapifily t!ion the no.i ^retreated animals. Tl-n disappearance
rates of these herbicides in the extraclnd -./hole mice .showed ihe following:
butyl ester >isooctyl ester >?,/:• D acid. Comparable recoveries of the
herbicidus rro;ii in ICG pretreated with Ui'iSO indicated "that this vehicle did
not appear to influence the disappearance rates. No 2/t-dichlcrophenol vos
detected in the analysis of anvils injected v.'ith these herbicides.
Lci!jnl"d 7,/i-u friiMnister'c1 ntrpvpncusly sho'-.'pd a slight tendency
to a ecu 'Ulrite in the visor?.'! yolk sac and pass to the fetus in preqnant
mice, but v/ns eliminated rapirfiy (within U hours) from all tissues.
2,4-D uroved to be stable in thi body, no major metabolites being
found (LintKiuist, N. S., et_ ol_.., 1971").
h'hcn 2s'f-i) was ad.ninistered subcutt-neously to female rats at
100 mg/kg, peak levels of 73.0 ug 2,4-D/ml serum occurred at two hours.
Whole bloud was nnalyzsd for 2/;-D and it could all be ocounted for in
the serin. The auLhor conclude that thsir delta is in accord to those
findings roper led by Khanna, ct cij_., (1966) i.'ho stated ti.at moro than
i K. D., 1970).
Shrjfik, K. T.. 01 ol., (n/i) described an iinalyLical nietl.od for
ddterminiiuj tracr-
-------
unchanged in the urisic. Anol\i,is of urine from ocuipfitionally exposed
human:, revealed urinary level1 of 0.19 to 0.10 ppm for 2,4-D.
llolstein cov/s wore fed dioUry levels of 2,4-c!ichlorophenoxy3cetic
c'cid al ID, JO, luO, 300 HI'-- lu1. 14 days ^"d IMO p:.ir.: for 21 deys. Milk
samples wore collected on al U rnc'te days during the test period and
during the seven-day withdraw I period. No adverse effect due to
ingestion of the test, material' '/r-rc noted in any of th.** animals.
Residues of 2,4-U oi1 2,4-dichloro|>henol did not exceed 0.05 ppni for
the milk samples taken from animals fed 300 ppni or less. An average
ot 0.06 ppm of 2,4-D'and < C.Ob ppni of 2,4-dichloroplicnol was reported
in the milk at the 1000 ppm lovul . -These residue levels were reduced
to less than 0.05 ppm. on the first day after withdraw! of the test
material. Ho significant difference was found between residues in
milk or cream (Cjcrke, Leroy 1.., et a!., i972).
1I.E. MiKagpnic Studies of 2.-1-i)
d and Lon herbif.icei, were evaluated for their ability
to induce point mutations in one or more of four different microbidl
systems. The authors, conclude that they were unable to detect any
conclusive evidence of point mutations induced by any of the HO
herbicides (including 2,4-D) evaluated (Anderson, K. J., e t a I . ,
1972).
II. f. Rcproduc lion Study of 2,4-D
In a throe-gonorntion, six litter rat reproduction study no
deleterious effects attributed to the dietary levels of 2,4-U at
-------
100 ur 500 pp:-i W.MO evident. At IfiOt) p|mi levol of L.1-D there
appears to be no deleterious effecc on fertility of the male or
female rats or on average litter size. The 1500 ppm level did
reduce the percent of pups born that survived to 21 days and
dc;^iLSsed the 'eights of the:>G ween lings. Neither liver aliesterase
activity or liver acylamidase activity differed between test and
control rats of the F2b litter (Hanson, H. II., el a]_., 19/1).
11.'.. Teraloqpm'c Studies of 2.4-fJ
A statistically significant increase in the proportion of
abnormal fetuses v/as rcportc-d in mice receiving maximally tolerated
doscr, of either the isooctyl, isopropyl esters of ?,4-D at 130, 100,
and 94 ul/kg respectively, in DMSO administered subcutaneously. These
anomalies ware characterized l.y a total absence of the lower jaw. The
data suggest that the distribution of abnormal fetuses per litter was
statistically Iprx-sr in the DHSO control than it was in the untreated
cfjrurols (i'lrak, !.. M., with rrTnrenr.p to Uionetic:. lies, lab., 1069).
Pregnant rots were treated orully with 2,4-D dosage levels of
12. f,, 25, 50, 71; inid 87.5 rnn/kq/day (ridxirnum tolerated dose) or equi-
rnolar dose levels of propylene cjlycol butyl ether ester of 2,4-D up
to K-I.K nitj/krj/fhy or isooc'.yl e-.ter of 2,4-F) up to 131 mg/lai/cby on
days 6-15 of gestation. Fetotoxic responses were seen at the high
close levels, bul teratogcnic responses wore not scon at any dose level.
2,4-U and it<: cc.U-rs had little or no effect on fertility, gestation,
viability and lactation indices. There v/as no observable effect on
neonatol growth and development from these herbicides at those dosaqc
levels. The authors suggest thai the dose level essentially without
-------
'.'ffu.t is 2'j liirj/kq/duy fm 2,4-1) or the inolo-r equi vaunt of this
figure in the case of ils propylcne ylycol butyl ether and isooctyl
esters. Of the compounds that have the leas I. effect on embryonal
foetal and neonatal development, propylene glycol butyl ether had
trip least of fee i , follGv-_d by 2,;-l), with gpj.-ilcst effect noted witn
the isooctyl esters. The authors conclude that oral doses up to and
including the ii,fiximum tolerated dose level of 87.5 ing 2,4-D/l'S/day or
equircolar dose level of uro'-yluii" nlyrnl butyl oilier or i°ooctyl csre
associated with embryo and foeto.,oxir. ity but not teratononicity when
given to rats on days 6-15 of gcj.tc'.tion (Schwetz, B. A., et al_., 1971).
Prei.ntal scudies on 2..4-D induced fetopaLhy and an increased
incidence of skeletal anomalies following single oral doses of 100-15'J
ing/!:g to rats en clays G-15 of gestation. Increased frequency of skpl
defects was also observed in single trials with butyl, isooctyl, butoxy-
ethai-iol and dunothylarnine derivatives of 2»4-D. At the highest dose all
derivatives oi 2/f-D \-rre 3Siocial<;d v/ith a significantly increased
teri.tologic incidence; the butyl and isooctyl cst(-rs tended to depress
fetal i;eiglit. rh-.-re \/a-; no indication of any advurse effect 0:1 nu:;iber
of viable fetusL-r, cinrl only a slight suggestion of an increased fetal
iiiortality with siveral of the derivatives. At the lower level of
treatment (50 ing/kg), 2,4-D derivatives induced no apparent harmful
effect. The incidc-nce of visceral effects did not apoear to be dose
or compound related. The observcci skeletal defects did noL appear to
be incompatible with postnatal survival. Foil owing treatment of
-------
rlrTTj with 2,4-L) and its hutyl and isooctyl esters, M-e weiqht gain
and viability oi the offspring were within control linits. Hie
findings suggest that poc-tnatal parameters were unrelated to the
teratologic potential of the chemicdlr, (Khera, 1C. S., e_t a_l_., 1972).
Profjnsn! hainstcrs rou; i >'.jd 'i-iily nrnl i-Josi."; of coi.i.ii:rcidlly
available samples of 2,4-D fit 0, 20, 41, 60 and 100 rnq/ky on days
fi-10 of gestation. The vehicle used for these compounds consisted
of acetone, corn oil and carboxymethyl cellulose in a ratio of
l:rj.£i:10. Terai.a \/ere prodiicei' occasionally with 2,4-D arid the
fetal viability par litter decreased, but neither effect was clearly
dose-relateJ. Fused ribs were seen with the greatest frequency.
The lowest dose causing fetal anomalies with the three commercial
samples of 2,4-D was 60 nvj/kg, tiis would approximate 600 ppm in
the diet (Collins, T. F., el. al_., 1971).
11. G. 1. rcratonrnic Studies with J) jiic thy! Sulfoxi dc CPMSO)
Caujollc, F. H. E., e_L, al., (1967) reported that DMbO proved
to be a terdtoycnic agent when tested in 1owl and nannals. A 50*
solution of Df'iSO in physiological saline v/as used. The temtogenic
action of DMSO v/as observed in the Rhode Island chick embryo. The
Leghorn breed was olso studied and appeared to have the same sensitivity
to the toxic and teratogenic action of DMSO as the Rhode Island chick
embryo. The maximum number of malformations occurred when doses
approaching the LDr.o were employed. The cause of :i'0! t limb malformations
appear to be due to defects in vascularization resembling a hemorrhagic
cyst. The appearance of hemorrhagic cysts within 4 hours after injection
-------
ol DM>0 L-i.fjeosts tn.it a hemolylic action iniurei the proliferating vascular
system and this injury is the 01 gan of malfomations. Spontaneous wil-
fcrmation nay exist in the chick enhryo to en extent of about 2%. These
malformations consists of anophthalmia, crossed beak v/ith or without
••nn.cepiirilic., .".td c lo,m,,ia. !'..• lfnr,,vitiot::> o' the lii.lr. are ncvoi been.
T!ie teratotjr.'iiic action of 13I1SO i'i mai'Maliiui foetuses is discretely shown
Inn. only whni relative high and .-opcrtied doses were given. Mice ann
roLb v;ere treated v/it'i hO'/ DI1SO in physioloqicdl salinr-, given oral or
p'-ritorieally fro:.! t\\c Gih to I'/'iii day of gosLatiun. lio malformations
v.-jre noted in mice receiving UflSi) dL 5-12 qrain/kg by oral administration.
o
Hov.'sver, tho interperitoneal adi.iini strati on of DMSO at 5-12 gram/kg to
MI'CI resulted in malformation in 7/10Q foetuses. The author concluded
that these M-?!formation in m'c.j ;>re specifically related to the
influence of D!^0. Mr,l formation and aborted foetuses v/ere observed
irom both oral and interperi toner. 1 administr.-l.ion of DI130 aL 8 to 10
gi'fi::i/kg. '..'iiun rabbits received ' '.bO at 4-!) tjrarn/kq by eilher oral or
ss.iiji.utanpons ad^inis(.ration durinq the 6-1 /;t!i dfiy oT g^^totion, iiO
if-v-rkable difference was reported between the treated and control
animals.
11.H. Hunan Exposure to 2,4-D
Headaches and double vision were experienced by a young male
fitter spraying with 2,4-D. These symptoms occurred only at the
of days during which he had sprayed 2,4-D (Sare. W. 11., 1972).
t
The jccidentdl ingestion of the herbicide Knoxweed by a
-------
Iti-yenl-cld i'i?ed to 37 mg/kq. Following the
19lh and final dose of 67 mg/kq, the patient exhibited fibrillary
twitching of the mouth and both upper extremities, as well as general
-------
hyporcflcxiii. Durinn the subsequent two ivpeks, the not sent exhibited
marked muscular weakness and lethargy. Death which v.'t.s associated
vn'th the disease VMS reportec' 17 days after the lost infusion.
Nk'lson, K., £± aj_., (H6b) reported on the fatal poisoning of
a 23-yeor-old male from the suicidal ingestion of a single dose of 2,4-D.
This dose was estimated to Le in excess of 90 mg/kg. It was not possible
to estcibVr.h the lethal riosp, r>s n aood deal of the KrMcide \/'-.'•. vm'tc-M.
Ihe tissue i oncontration of 2,4-0 at auLofir.y v;os reported as 80 niu/kfi
With reference to Hie Report on 2,4,b-T, titled A Report of the
Panel on ijerbicides of the Prot-idc.n1-.'s___S_c_i;ince__Ad__yj_sory Committee, the
*-
panel suggest on page 42 that levels of 50 to 100 mg/kg of 2,4-D arc.
acutely toxic to humans.
Assouly, 1951 is reported to have taken 500 mg/kg of 2,4-D daily
for three wet-Its (approximately 8 nicj/kg body weight) without experiencing
i ny harm I i;l (.1 lects.
-------
Aii'krr -.on, !' J., I ciniiLy, L. <.-. and lakahjski ., M. T., Evaluation
of lii-rbiurL'-, for ;/.)£,i-ibitj miiUrii'iiic properties. J. Agri . Food
Che;n. Vol. 20 No. 3 p.M(J-G!>Gs
Assoulv, ;i., Evaluation of sc-. .: pesticide residues in food. The
Monographs, I'An/S.'liP p. 69.
ru-r.'ick, Plrilio. 2,4-dichlore nonoxyacetic r.cid poisoning in non.
J. ri'lA. Vol. 214 lio.f. p.lll4-m/, 1070.
LjcM-e, Leroy E, ILrni-^ii, J. L., Miller, P. W. and Metiers, J. II.
Residue siudy of phonoxy herinndes in milk and cream. J. Agr. Food
Chcm. Vol. HO i.'o. p.%3-967, lr;,2.
(.MHjollc:. I. '1. L., C-:iujollo, ,). li., Cros, S. 13. and Calvot, M. M. J.
I i-n'ts of t'):>. a. [ i- ?torrni! i.ol^rnncc oi di'-.^tlv/i sulioxioo .
Anna Is. ol the iicw York Academy ot Sciences Vol. 141 Abst. 1 p. 110-125-
19G7.
Collins, f. I-. X. and l.'illiains., (..H. Teratogenic studies with 2,4»5-T
and 2,4-D in Lho h.'i;isa:r. Rullf i.in Envirom.icntal Contamination and
Fo/.icology Vol. 6 Ho. 6 p.559-5'V/5 1971.
Cc'.-ctn^y. /, I?. ?,",b--T in thr ut: Excretion oattern scrun levels,
ijldcontdl fcfc.n'sporl and metaboliMii. Pesticides Symposia Seventh Conference
Miami, riorida, p. 277-203, Aimir^ 1Q70.
Drill, V. A. cinri Hirat/';d, T. Vn;;icity of 2,A-dichloror.!i:jnoxyacc:vic
cjcrj d'vJ 2.', ,:,-Lriciiloropheiif)xy<-i.-ctic acid. Archives of Industrial
listen? ^ii'l '•" f.L!|).ii ion... ! Kco'ichr /-Cl-G/, 19L-3.
lidnicn, '/I. II., M. L. OiMiic, R. I., Hdbenninn and 0. (•. Fitzhugh.
Ccrtiiic tny icjiy ni ?,4-d ichlon uhcnoxydccL ic. acid in rais. Toxi colony
onrl Ap|,hnl I'li.Tnnjculogy 20. l?2 129, 1971.
Kii'-ra, K. S., and McKinloy, W. I1. Pn; and po«,(nuVal studies on
/',/l>L"i-Lri(.liloroi.[>enoyy{iC"tic aci(:, 2/!-dicliloro|iliunoxyfKci. ic acid find
thfir (Jerivativ-, in rots, loxicol. and Applied. Pharm. 22, 14-28, l(J/2.
Mndquist, N. G., unH Ullbi-rg, S. Distribution of the herbicides 2,4,5-T
and 2,4-D in Mreqnant n.ire: AccuniNlation in tlio yolk ^ac epithelium.
Ixpcjricntia 27_ lio. 12 p. 1439-41, 1971.
f'rnk, r. M. Rr-port of the SecreL-.rys1 Coininission on P(;sLicides and
their Relalicnship to InvironmenLfil Health. U.S. Dent, of Health,
location and iiulfare p.GG5-675, 19G9.
-------
I! H I sen, i-., Kcjcinpe. I;., and JiM'.rn-llulin, .IPJIS. IYil<»' poLuning in i-i
!iy ?,4-d if.liluroiihciifj.xvjcotic oci.l (2,4-D); Outcinnnnl i.in of" Jio <"i and ?../\,\, T type herbicide', ana an evaluation of the1 hazard to
livestock OL.jCcii.ted with thc--h 'j';o. Am. J. Vet. Res. p. 622-629,
October V:'6A,.
SuK-, !.'. l-i. !!•" \/(-;odn~i(i( i',/l-li i.s (i rause of Iv.'-idachcs and diplupia.
L. lied. 0. 7'X'':/f():17"'; 1 /'' , 197?'.
Sealiury, J. H. Toxicity of 2,4 T for man and don. Arch. Environ, llodlth
7:202-9, H63.
Schwctz, B. A., G. L. Sparschu a. id P. J. Gtiring. The effect of
2/»-dichlorcphfMi')xyacet-ic acid (?../<-[)} and esters of 2,4-D on rat
embryonal, foc.'tsl and neonatal yroi'Lh and dGVGlopiiient . TO. Cosn:et.
Toxicol. VoT.
-------
111
icily, Fate did significance of ?,4-D in the tnvironinenl
1 1 1 . A . livtrp: jj' f ' ion
2,4-dic".loi ophenoxyocetic CM: id (£,4-D) its saltr, and ester deriva-
tives have.- LI.; n widely used 01 herbicides ann'iru.L broad! ear plants sincf
World i-'?"1 II. i i.e.1 seroLoniii-lif'.t.- f.f •; i vity caused in some species of
i. loi,.' i)1/ 2,4-1") .jcid ond oLh'-r j>!i Tioxy compounds arid the seniority in
el,' •! K.I;] sLp'cL'.'-p o' sci'i'i.j.i !;i_ (, ., jni.ial l;or. " ic . «.-nd .'J- :r- !')'nacy1. r
:t!>!, -i fjl:,-ii lic.-.oiie) f"(/r; i Vv> 1C';"7) hf.s CfTu^er1- co.icern that tim v/ic!o
use o.7 pheno>y ftfid herbicides uinhL inhibit survival of resident aninirO
specie:-, in crcas o." use. Kcs^lts of laboratory and field tesLi suqo?r.i.
«
ti'at hazards to non-target fiiiiial s;j:jcies is r.iininol. 2/!--l) is not
, -.': !: -.rst. "!r. tc./icity t'. {Ki:atif. pnn^l-: d'i i *.erroslrial s;f:ciss
is In1.'. It t'-.rr, not accumuliit'? biologically and UIP perent conoound
a. i'.1 ! • r, i.rlc ! on ii s arc exc.-f t--.'! rapidlv. The gr^^Lcsl hazard to
f. - •':. '. '.'j-'i ii . ;rr,:: the use ff i'hr-i:rixy^f..-tal fj l''jr!'icu!cs ?!>;•. j;'.rs> to
In- .. ri.'-roi. ion in i.he home riinfjc-.. In i.^ny instance:., however, tiie.'.e
n! 7 ':*M lions, h.ivi- ror;ulLed in c,n incic«'Se in the ouc:liv.y diici quantity
of ijrow^e and rovei1.
1 1 1 . J . To/J.c H y__ JQ Aciualif l.!i Icil iic?
II. C.I. Fish
1 1 1 . P. . 1 . a . Ac_u_lj,_^tudj cs_
Pesticide1 whose LC5Q voluus for fish equal 1 0 ppin or more are
generally cons-idr-rod safe for fish when concentrations in water doe:,
-------
IK"', e/'.ecfl Mos aiiiounl. l!c'3t r.-1-n lorniijliil iOM1; are :.,-L cr-Msi tiered
prirlicularlv toxic i.o fish. Orn.1 exception l\ui:)J !>y "nr-lu's (197"!)
\.-ds the butyl es. tcr v;hosc 93 hr I Cr^j value foi striped bo-jr, larvae
was 0.15 pp'-i but the tolerance of finqorl iiu]s increased to 3.0 ppm.
Lt... •.-.., ,ce (r;r.o} i spo. tc-ci 2.o pp of butyl •ji.cr :.:. oofc for L'iuc-gi II
ghes and H.TVIS (19f*7) gave HIP following M-hr Hm values for
r.-ijill sunfish: dimethyl ami no s-alt 188: lomj cliain tertiary aninp
s,-'H ?.9: diKl i:ooctyl ester 32' pn.n. In an earlier sluHy, llunhes
cj:,d usvis (ic,.ub) found ilidt qrai.ular fnrnuk. cions q: ncrri'l ly -;?re
le:>s toxic than the liquid fonnultitions and that toxiciLy} as s,hoi/n
r)
!>y isooctyl "osters in Table III. B.I varies widely among connarcial
prepan'tions.
.
o III. 8.1
TLm of Va'io-is 2/,-D rnr-ulatin.T; to
id
i;f ide ?4 fir. /1,'j hr. 2^ hr.
iiooclyl ester 8.8 C.R 113.0 IV..n
M II
II II
24.0 23.0
66.3 59.7 --1000
propylene glvcol butyl
Khcr ebtcr 2.1 2.1 CJ.3 0.3
butoxyethi.ro! i-sLur 2.1 , 2.1 ;• 3G.G* 3-1.5*
43.4+ /!!./! +
''Stored in clo:,ed container; i-storcd in open container
-------
-.i.M (n?0) r."r;nrifd lur '['f\ hr. Li.-/, il /O'', <;.-u\o ir,cpvsiu.,-J d]_., (l<<70) listc-d o 4,°. hr. f f,,^ for killih.sh nl a ?5/i-D-r../l>b-l
mixture o«, irritated c't 100 rn- . Uondur (1056) stated that 2,4 1)
(' u^yl) .. •, /. . ;. . c;i \-j. i . . r',.1 . ^n.
Inglis (ir'n/i) foijnd slisj'il fffccts o! \.'atcr horu.-fS^ on toxicliy
oT butoxyethanol p^tcr on sevor.il '.pccic-i. liluen'il'ls v/ers fesLfJ c-t
b^, 208 end 3f.r> niir!i li?rdness. liic 48 hr. I O.^ values v^rn 1.?, 1.'',,
and l.L) p;'1! respectively. In :>,r.iilcir tc^L' i.-ith hlocl; bullh'.-1-..'s iL
13, 52 and 3.VJ pprn hardness ciavu b hr. LCjjQ's 3s 11.2, 8.4 ai.d 10.6
,71.' v/il!i 'jcichn shincri in st«;:ic!-:rd v/otter (:•? ppm hardiicss) the 48-hr
1 053 wes 3.2 np-n.
Shii:i and :-.clf (lc)/2) ,;ot:"' t^£ cfFod/. cf 2,VD replication to
larvivirou'j fis'ies in Korean ncc 1icicis. fhe granular form used
',-"'L not (tuisi'j'.jvod hivrirduub n, r/n paddy- d.(fl I inn F'XTIPS wlvicli
coi'sirip ii'i.r;,ou'i uO larv^-j and piir. t>,>. Fish iir.rtDlity (.!jb n'.-fjlirjiolt- vrit.h
roru^Trnd"d o;-"1! icoLion rsl1 of ^ I I'.ct/h.i cv with l'f I"!/!.;? i'!,r:!. 'r.i.i£>ff!
recidues of Ifi.li ppMv/iLh 7% ri.i. qrcsnulc. Doubnti'-j t!i,-- raie to ?o
hp;i gave ir,)r1 al i Lies, of 5, 20 j-ic I'5 % at ^4, 4y and ",V-nr cxno^-uros.
Toxiciiy tosts hy Applp']ol'.\ ct al_., (!nD7) indie a Lrd th-t conr^n-
crrjtiop.'^ o.r 5 punt of ? butyl c^tcr or ?,4-f) v/crf letlid! to roinbo1/
trout (lll^o i!£iHriG_rj) and blue;;ill5 (l.qpc:1!]^ nacrqc'-uijs) after
12-hr cxio-urc:. ilcKoo and Uol f (lrJG3) reported 1 r-.nfi !> pprn of P.-V-I)
but./I ester produced Mortalities of 40 and 100% in finncrling blir-nills
-------
•:!"! Hi .'. fir 'jrjtii ••',... vliicli v-; •• i '• I'.ui.' ••! 'i.v I i'.h \'n d'i-.o MI:.(..">: J.'ir l.o
?.•'.- r Ijiii. wi r'j ,-n r- rf.-rj1 jn....; I > a iiiixlurc n[ in uj'V'.i.uc tjl^.'.'! uix!
l".l!.Vl CSlCTS Oi I'/I H.
i
ill.!'., i.b. ciii\' !;<'v'» • .CM i-'V.I !U"T> (1f.""''.) ;sf-;>r ti, a 7-unv
c.xi.s^vi.T' riunru1 viii.-l. Lhc t m.i.'.: \~<\\ in,, of J'jI-IJ \i.ii^ l,!"'t a I. <"; ! ixc'd
I'.-vc'l. Uncior iJn-.i. c-oivJii.if•!!•., t •• LC;,!) 1-.-v.-1 for M I I i'. Vjli \.";..
;-|:ii) '!•• ii'i-'jl '.:ly ^ fifj j.. ;,i; for ':.:•.n isii I ,'!:",[) iipir, iind fnp cai.fi'.!i. !'f".i
\v':i \<- -,.,'i\\' I: -...],....,ir, c.-f, i.. ' ': • !• '.:i1r ;;, ,iv:ri '•,;:'. of '•'.''.-I- .'if
Ki-i'lc I.M uciuriiiiin- Lh>: cflr-ci. fni !Vj»iv»'i:ic1, i"!i .JIK! ^riiv/Lli O'i f('ii.!if-n(i
1'ii nil'. '.••'.;. L/.pOMM-c: cnn1 inuou:-. ly .; 1. I/I!) Lhr- 06 fir n.i:i f'ic! no I: h..ii"i:'
(!-i their prowth or ri.proHuctio:1! (il.junl: itiid S'lcnhfiiij 1';(•/).
Some chronir: ::i rcctc Oi pni-iylen'.i yiyf/ii hul'.y'i cuicr csa:'r or
t.-T-1.) o-i Ilk l/i.;. ;;•!'! I wore yv.-Vj. l.cc! i-./ Co;-., cli .;!.. (l!!?0). 'fho
rich -'.ruJ !".nr.l c:1 virnmi.'-.'ni: \;r >•»• •'.iKiiei-'i fcr rivo hoiu.i.1... (Vu.: fi-rtli
o; !•'• ri:,h l.n-. • n .:». 10 |; .; Ji -. i.iii'in <: 'i.iy..1. i"-'n i .lii.y i.-cu.
nod I'if| il/lc: '•IIIIOIKJ l)li;c(ri 11r) '•xiifi./d to 1> pp'ii or 1'".••;.
^,'i-D iiii'iy ii'ii fiiivj « ciii'i'i! ii'i. ii'tincw '.-;'i t.h' <;ii f I1..1' is ri-l1." ;.[•
indivio'iial 1isli, hi.t vdWit-r n\\ f;c'locl 'ion, i'il:h i.e..-I. liiv i*1 i'i,i:i. i in1;
''.iii-'lK Iw-viflor, :, Uiw-fjrow'iiVj . isli. Tivi': ijhtrioinoiidn w;i1'. o!.\.i''Vixi \-r\ \.
2/!--iJ ''nd bUu^ii'l'li'. in Ol:leihri:rn,i ponds, wi Ui high h t iiti..c:nL rati'S
•I'r.-iil.urir.fi i:,i:iaTI nu-nlic-rs of rc'Kjl'.ivoly 1iir(|i: ur.li (unx-., 1'JCiL)).
-------
•'i I f. In'!'
/*:iuii" iisli ta!.r-n i:o:.: TVA trrv. luiPnt firm^, only the (irazincj t,nd
fil u.T-fcediii:' oi/iMrd s.lir.c! n'u one of its proriflorL.-larr'C11 1'julh InibS •
• i.u,. -' y '. !!> i. s';-'"J u-HvAiM v-'Oj I.UM.S, ci_ iii_. 5 i ')/'!}. Pi/7firci sliaci
I'^K'j'y, were ().f\, 0.1, 0.2? f,nci O.I inn/kti at /! ./«c!:«;, 2,3 and 6 month-.
tx'ji. li'i.-1. i.:.r!pni , » '.-"P'jcl ivr-ly. I-Rxinnin ' c-ritonl •fr,r Isrdf.v^U' h bnsr.. v,1'.:-.
0.1'.. Hl'i/i'fj |D ' I ! i'.,t'T'nl " l ' ' 'i«;t i» v: i 'lit. "•" •'••"'• ••• •-'•;'; f.-.l. f," \"\\.-
ciric..) Mimi'.i. di'i not ccf:i':,':i,,Lr liliA ? ,^ P. S-c-js, end U-rl.-n fl9"/l)
siufJi.d the- '.IrM'i. tc'p'i of it irs of /;/:-!) on nriuiuic orfjanisn-, in a
';0!i.,l!(\'r,1.C'i ii ;',l. .hi i/dit:i • iT"i . Si. .;)icj had concr-:'n'.rritioiis v:oil Liolow
L/:r: Icvt-l cj;;».{'i illy corn-, ic1"! ("d to be" 'lethal. Cohu suli.ion fry contr/incd
0.0 i.'.-i.! 3 dt\v«, i\\ci-.r sppdw inn.
/*
Uptake 0; 'C- uvX'leri l.uir. ( . Iff; l.ciurs. liixi -. n r"srJUij cenccntra
r...''ii r::rl wiihui '/ uour:-, V^lir1-:. in 'j-i/io fo-,1 Tcr' fish v;;
i1 h -3.h2. -ind hlni".;i I-K. .5r>; Tor fjr.L'vl clionncl c
i-nd uii"jf)il I •'/'•', .< * foil ..t ? i.'-irs). Aft"> , in>: \ <\\.\\ re .Idjc cu
\/orc ic-uciiod, k'/i-D fsnd/ur iROd.!ioliti's v/ero el inr!:intfid rapidly.
oinilh and J:o.:i (1967) invcv.t. iqel inrj cifrr/ct1-, ol larqe bC<'ilu jjpplic.i1 \^\ c.
of 2,/i U (l'-LL)s lound fJ s-M.^ic", oi fi.li (-", <;ncr.ir;f,) imiidtivc fo
Ono r.ii'.iplf- oi l-li.'-'iills, colhcted 1)0 doyi post trc.itmanL contsincjd
0.1!) iiq/hrj 2,1 n (liLE).
-------
',' Oi.li' i ' i.U'i H",
Usiinj (.-1 if, iron cHi'inily !iv, Cuu'iiwanii (md l.i'.k
(1 ?')'.,) dOTOi)Ltr.;tC'd the for.vrri.ifin of ^-(2/f--lJiI) herbicide to ?,4-D by
blue, cj ills. Conversion occurred only ir- tlie presence of fish ciiid not cis
o i_j-jiL 01 utln'1 LiiC.ni.^l CM i.,.i(;bi»i i>cLiViI."y ;;> L!"'Cj '. \ t.:.%r.
lio lites'iiUjrc references wrv IO;JIK! on resistance or biological
magnirication
rari'ici'" r:f fish tf, s»rl- '--'iLcr free of herbiri:!^s \MS sl.'.i'.iied by
ll;-nson (1970). /.voidance o. 10 npn. ^,4-D i.i(;y huvo heen f, reaction to
crystdl1'. of ttic posticides. liin-iows cyjosod sii'iuli^ncously to tv/o
o'ifrt.rciit coiicctUrfltiotib of 2.4-1) iiVf-uJod the hiulioot concentration
•j
tfj^Lfc! but did hot. disci in mule !)ctv.vr:ii tlvj othors.
I I J.!;.?. CriJS_L;::_:rfjTS_
Toxicities 01 some herbicides to .six species of freshwater crustice^ir,
shov/n in Tablo iU.B.2 were invt-«1 ioottd Iw SonJoii (1970). Tl'.pso r-.iiiiiia is
\,":rc selected ?(<•' 'nor.b'.ay^ uccc'J^t; tiiey reprfjpnf an inportdiit linl: in
li". ''.;-'J c'..-in of risli, ir-c-ii'-.e hlUt is knoi'n ; h'/ut toxic it;/ of Ir^bi-
c-;'t: to c'lijoLi' iiivtr;,'.-:.. i-oics , find bf-cnuse they \ nro rcrdily i Vt.il ob!;;
ar.d e-i-sily hf-.-lO or rcari'd under laboratory condi 1 icii.
-------
1,-il»lp Hi.!;.:'.
Vnluf". or r..'\-\) i'.' r--i,: r.if(/i'.. ci Fresl^Ml-.T
"
_48_ v, Tl_;/i for f':.1 ,i spori':s_r.;:
0.3^
8.0
1.8
'.f>
vi. o
L.9
3.2
100.0 100.0
3.2 1.4
TOO 0 f' '•
100.0 K'f.O
100.0 • 1.1
The ri^opj'ic'.v:1 g'lyco'i bi'iyl ether t.-l1 of 254-D shoved the ^
ie.::itf i.T i'.ixici'y to tJ'ie Ci'ustai.'-..,".,.. ranciitifj from no cr-iiiatriL efipct
•A !"'; ''•/! Tc: cray:>.!! to a -1'j ',; i -,Q \- "IUL- i»f O.iP. i.:'j/l Tor dc],,,!'!.!.
I I.'ret', o ,(.r,ous (.-/• UL.U-X- intc, Ml. on tiu.- sci'Oj G,--. .•••:•" I eiscun :ir-.,
in ll.t/i vrilues v;ero: for ?,<1-D (!•(:•-•.) - 4.1> ?.G, rind ?.i3- and tot
2t-'. b (D!i ) • (i.b, 5.f-', r"!iul ii.y i,L 2''i, 48 und % hour
rc",iit.'f tivr-ly.
-------
Survive ol J..hc tid'JI'?' crj!>, Ucf: pjjnu?. : 1!: 3r,nrij v::!^i- and
vt. illation coiil-jiiiinated w! I1; 2/*-U uc icl v/as sLu-J.-cd 'oy S'j-J.-.l: uiid Claft
(ICdO). 2,1-IJ ,11.1 d v/a, irarl" up in Irc-sh wo tar solutions oT ',,000, 2,bO'J,
cinci 5.,000 cUi'J 10,000 part", per MI I h on. I'iddl'jr crabs ('ib avq.) wore
iu U.K so c-u Lien of 1,000 pr-1"1.
Fifty I'f.-rLOM1- of I lie cniniuis eypor.cd for 12 hours to a concept, '-otioi
.£
oT 10.000 ppni \. -c r!,jcifj v/itln'n '/? hoors ai't*-r they -,,'ere rcniovt.-:! from t'l?.1
(O'l'-.-'inoLiX' I'-'1:. ins. liahlv pcr-~"i',!. %/CP.: doo'l fti'rr t-;o \'r'-'- . •'' ----- .•"•
lii-hour exposure 1o recoi:'.np|iilod snroy conconi rat ions [1,000 ppii) wss
i':'J'!i.'l fo 10 '?0'. c -F th: nin- . !s ''.'id'iiii L'/o v.roekr- .
!;.. .r or d \,'.-'l!.r:'j ap'.jc':.!. q:-) ,"i. s d :,-! Int iQ'.'i of •'.-.<: lodii!1;: sfH of
J'.'. h ficid. li." '.nxic.iiy LM i'iis co1. 'o:jnd "fir. tn-iir! ly !.-• «r'.. ter
Ihan 0.4 mq/qra:- hody '.r-ioht li. \;.iS corsrluciod 'son tnis r.iu^y that
^.l [i ucif' !!iny :••• tn/Ir to '.nii'!;:!^ wliiuii li'.'i- in ,!•"•> t iddi zoiij if
t'i'j horhicidf1 i". used duriny inv/ tide in hot. v/pyllifi's.
'Ilic dvoidcnvfj of posLi' if!iir> by (JIM:/; shriiiip i,,i.:"'; invest if a tod by
IKJII.UI, Pt_ •'!_[., (1373). Crus1,-.C'"i',nf. .;>'0 usuol ly i or? sen:. iLivo to
P"sf.icidcs, p.!} u'jularly iin,c'« i '^'\'\'-i . iluin aru lishr-s, hut little
if, k:icv;n abonl. ihcir ability to tivoid v.^ticiclo pollution, i'.oine
-------
C.MI ..void ccrt.ni. ;"*i-«-4u;-i ,.- vii-r. r,!ic« |j:.heH '.-innciw:. r/nrij'!idon_
y-iric'ii-l-u-., nvo«-i'-«l 2^-H and ::iov|Uito1 ish. ^Vil^.'.-i.' l>. c U.l'IV1 » ^';'^'!
2,4-U.
i iic ?/.-lir LC..D i'or qr?-.s '-• i inp ot 70':'. l;uto/ypt!idiicil ester shu-vc-d
no o'iect ill 1U '•"'. ('.-li'tic Inr- '/.-y). C, v.,s shrimp avoided 1.0 and
10.0 ;j».i oi- the l.i:i.(,:.y:'thar,ol iMor of 2,/i-0 by secMng wator 1 reo of
tliij, hPK--n:idL'. "Ilic: r-voi'lsri'''1 trsnonsc of L'.o fishos, shfiec-Jif-ad ininnov/s
.."sic
r.dily
.••"OT-i- ';. ! .'.'. i-i 1V,'\ i'L'o::r.o" • "TC- -tiV'irc ,:! I/ rr: rl k ! !ntcr free of toxicant.
In 10'.-.. t1." lcniic\,sco Vniioy A^lliorit" anplict! £.'.""'• Lonc. of ^0,"
^,4-D, buLi.xyoLi.uiiol ; . Lcr, yi-oinlar hprlncvlo to fi.OOO iicres of
Lnrdr.ii'in VMliTi.ii "i foil ()ri;wl;is is: r.ovcn yciJ.Lrvoirs, dt roles varyiiit!
from 1') to 100 II) of ?.*4~D lifid "nuivfllenl per acros ('-inith and Isoin.
lr)62). I, .l'nr ,ilmy on.'ily.es r3liT.;pd lif.t'lr-1 uplal.e of ?,1-i) by fish,
but soiiP by nus'-.cl1.. Tv/o GJ"!"!-:. of nussr'ls, held in cd
-------
: ' ' "'>'»• «• • •''-'. !'• 'r'Mtr'u in >.>'..••-•• to i'..iv '.:' Jl '•
;i.,i...-it-- UK I lioy concc"")- ! d 2,1-D.
Hi.!;.3. jyn'JjIfs.
PIP iiuvi". ,:-'jni: of |v ,-" Mianol c:.Uv ot ?X -!J ;--ci<, in shol h",-'i
'•'•I'- IT'P"1. l"r i . . i'" "I'fikl'"' • '• i . (TV1';. !; ••:• n- (' - ' " .''• "
•::,."!, i :sli i'vi-r -/ ope rat-Tin ,.: the Ch-.-sr-pcokt- l.a'/j infoti.'^uion on ti'L-
ujil,>(::.• ci.:ii :xi '.i'lO'i of L!' • Lv n.-yc1 li-'iioI rstcr of 2,4-0 a-.i(! !>y
c i:, i !. 1 c if. 11 v i";'fli i^'iii. :.!"•(•. K- o'" Liirl'iilLh hecr1'!0 >• pro row.. 11:- In
i!' • i'f'!i'. I.I"rdLT..,i 0'" L'iCJ . • • ' . i-(,f.i l';',r. QI this !v ri iv \i\c ir> cnsv i" i
. L' ' I ''. i. .• : ' i i ('• i i . '.i.i1. I ji ,i i U' i i7 i.i'J i.i.u^ j I-,, .>*•_) "i i.1'!'..'• f. i. , L
'. C1 -1 • ''.Mi-'J in o.Jj-3.7 ppi:i ("' ••• ',-r-, cxpor;«.'fJ 3 (J<'y. zl the ccsitcr of .;
l-ccrc plot ',,'hir!-! '^cl been I'ii'i ireoy.'d wi L!1 L!n: c:;in'vo"if:ril f f .''')
r-M'r.oi acirl pci c.tro.
r-ieici ou'jc1"1^n'cns UD • i -/-ci.firii:. dri.••?.'!«: e/!!.-^."1'' to 2/>-!J u'ero
.,.-io hy I.1.;: vu1 ^i. >.'-j.-> C1'- ') • »Jj"-^'^ ••, ti-"!>s ;ic"i-. ciiici ,i-p ;,._.', o
!i' ') i'l'.1 C"r,trJi M.'I o'lt".!'!' ''F •..'•-«. n« !,T:'.I-..J' r i iul:; of ' '. . -. _|_v-i !i ,
'-'.'. ii-.ii I'uriiy . d ti.ujr :,....: i L v/itli i!,c bu ',.•/:•;'• .'sol (',.r-r of
2,- ') './ere "jsci ,in.i ior fiv- '.-••.•'•.s «:1 Lc-r trct tn.'-i1 L rx^ui i.i- ,::.-J ic.c;Lc
I!: . , ,•,.] iCo'i;-:i. ut refers f l:-jh ^'. l^'j l.s. 'LI'' i-'UiVH'... ;.-_c oc.-.
-r;1 not fiiir;ctl\' lilh?l to Mi.- "ocod rini";cih,.
Tc:,ts './cr1. r.>,it!u(.Led l>y Mr,/en (i'IC2) on con .in I oF v:d tcr.nl foil
(:!•'.'._'_', ;!:'Jj-Ul'l .^'•Jj-i^L1'.) '-'i^' P'-'llfiLs! 20% 2,4--iJ (-' CM-uyl i:oxyl oster
for,,:), ili'j |jjr|j'i .'.• »;ac to di.-UTMinL1 its oificiicy on ni I foi I <.'i:d |jori.ii)li'
li.'im i;i nquutic t;iiii.ials in ', tin;1 tvlal cstuaric'b. Study iirc1,'!' v»fcrc li'n
tributnriiis of Llic lower Poti'Mfic Rivor in Virqini;i. '.Jire r.onr-c. rontoinin
bluo crahs, 1'i:.fi ontl oy;tcr:. V/CM-C plfiCfd in are^r. In be treat i.'!. Ih'ii'i.1
five iiorcon! 01 in'1 noxious pK'!,!.'> v/fro killpcJ. !o losses o1 r^qod ii'ii
-------
1 1 .'hi or ciy'jicis atlriliuU'Me Lo ?..<\-\> v,-r
.•' ''I ICdliOM.
A sr.ronci lost ir Miiilar !i('lnliil involved use of ?'>,". i. ••i
•fc^Ler of ? * D yt'rtriiiur. Lk'V'-n ipncies of hotlfJin faun-ij Hos
l.nii.'j Or •-• /.'i.; v'Jj i 1 .!'(" I'ii-l.LnL i.'.. !!:•.' LiCiii-tJ ill C'it L'tfiOTC ci;)|)] "ICC i. Tin i ..
a:'d 13 in the control plot. CM"!;/ 3 species of hcnthic or"<3irisms v.-ore
f! on Lno trcatciJ arcji rifu=r i/:isLrol. A dr'ar.i.ic reductio'i occu.rod
Io;je3 v/cri coii^iclprcj a^ iir!ircc\ Lreatnent fcih-ct. A;, Gi'arroMc lav^.'
of- flocnfii;jf):,c'c.l plant:, on ths hoi'to:.i cu!: off the 0x3 gen supply. Also lov.
of pli-nt cover iiicitle for.nr, suoh uo arophipods an-1! bonLhic oroanisnis \.'oro
inure vulnerable: Lo preclation L-y 1-Jsl' and c.-abs.
lUfi' ii.rjnt ruibjuCoiiin ccrtdin crtuorinr-
nnii.ia'is to a 2-^-D ester \.(ere f-rovided hy Rawls and Beavcn (1963).
N'ino one-acre olocs containing nearly «.olitl !ii'i'tis,ian '..'Ricnni Ifoil
(' -IlL'^iiV'J.lI'l1- '.J"Ll£^i'';l) 9''"'n-i'= in f souMicsn rlTylanrl iic'-i'./ntcv bay
of,' v. .-,._• ..iLor.iT.o River '."..r!1 LrecirJ ,'itli 20, ^0. o. GO li)s. a.o./Vi.
of i.! » 2 ethyl .v/yl tster (!,? ?.'! iJ. One 'jOi.-.i-' i.c in:.'-! plot si to,
Ire • ltd at f.n ll)r,. a.c./A., '.-ir, c'io'.c.n onlibt-r.. : c-lv ii; £,r pfl:crt Lo
ciculc1 aii'i' » ::liit condi Lioi'1'. t r'jul iiiiKj Iron i.-iil fui I dc'con;jusit ion in a
frjii fined urea. Ihrc-o |jart-itionerl ciigos, c-acli uintsin^nn soitsliell clam.,
y i_r'-in i_c_o) , Muo crah*.
.) ' dilL' I'UMiiititi ' -cd (].cnni]is riif^hosj's) , wore scatic-rcd
iic-tir fc'ich pluL center prinr to horljicido trecili ,i.-iiL. Scir.idnG ft on coiiu'ol
and 3D Ib/Ac, Irt.-jlcd tiri-dS were? tokon 3,7,21, c:n-^ 3b days from the d'lp
-------
0 -,f! :i !'!<• ..;•!.'ic.iliou .i': rv..'!':U.'-' i'u ?/; !J r<-',-\<\\i?i. I'm I imricMy
ii!;!/.,!1. ' ij.ii liifiic;.'' r! no 2/; i; re-1 idii'---. i.'urc 1oi.p;i'i. Of Liirj L'.'O pn.'V.Tlfiu
cl.. i'. r.rci-iri1 ; n^Un a !ly in .h."£.c jiloi.:.. liviii'i ;.j <-"'ii\ ii1'.'''.".1.':.'•<''re
plc.i'.i T!'! . v;iiilr liv? llaci) i- i,-]_l!,i_cd i/.-rc absent in Li.o 30 !';. c»nd
co.Li'.-i |'"ioi.ii inrL ,i,?sciv, r: i'ie 60 'h. nlol.
III.I1../i. fjipl>ili''j^.
Fc-iiilirci1 ?.' (.'-borat^ry con^'i Lie1.; in h cono iitraLio;:
n[ V ." i"i iri-. ';-. ,.-p th?r r' """ ,-•!-; Mr/, \'. •''."'!.•; .;,..• - ,. r. • -; -j"l;r,' t i.
ui 0.'./ .' ".'fl' •r,i.-mt '.'TS s'(••'•'•<• ccj, •nlr'1"'l\ [ •"'• ,:'.i\(.'* \' • ''"•'. «. r^\ .
in o fj.l'; soluLio.i (rccoiiuv.i': d spr<.y C':'.c:.-ntratinn) ciicl tlic-n l^nnsfcrrr-
Lo ir;:,!i \/GLc>r lialchod, bui J:-L' "mrvdiy v/urc snalic-r tl-.n nor::-al. Cccaus
of HIP 'Jiluticn. iluL spray ,•;>]• licaLioiv-. w.nild uiidrn;o "hen allied to
poncls. u!:os, .in1-! '..treats, iL ".iiiVl d|M(ji> lii'3^ r'-s^e r.ninal'j '..'OiilJ
pro!.-.ljly not be nffoctcd in ii.-U! ^tudic; (Llost'j aiid Hoth- ID^fi).
11.. (.. IC_:_X_,_CJ_Lv _tfij"pi.rr_5ljfj" L 1!' ? ^ HP
111. C.I. Acut!ur:-s
Ui'.; (.n',u'." {i:.-/'J; us shw-n 1:1 ipUo III.C.I.
111.C.?. l*cl>\ S;jLic!jes
['on feoflinq cxpcrimoriL'j o-. high Ir-vek, (1,0'in f-.r-.-i) hove shown livor
kidncy d.im../!;' Lo v.-.iterfdwl (Denver IMlill. IIc:^. Cc-ntcr, ir()?.).
-------
r '-,»-'..- ?-/
;:.., lercis ±/
:•'. !"l--irds (S.i.)
Pi; .-on-, -'•-''
(9F.1/1- coof'/l ii,.
Q.I w' iVin ' /'/''f*
0 1 . A i \ \J 1 " ' I / • *
• * i
o a o
0
0
fi
0 ft 0
0
0" j . .i. • 1 (U .'
3-5 , ". 2025
7 mo. POOD
0-11 r-o. '10'i-C'j'j
'; '-( , r r! n'rnl sodii1'1 S3 1 1 .'j( i»:"/! 4 Ib
-------
li: .,: L.I. I" ,i'h<'L,
I'Ti'Jt r.f,!1. (I' .'.f>) stU'Jii.'.! Liu rfi'i.t:. (.•' \:,o-'-'. M ec,'>r 'ifr say."-
brush control non- iiorlh f'nrk, Coloivoo on ccoid;-hr n?!i;:i-;i ii, and bird:-..
"liic- rollo^'iM) i'..indues as piM \,vre found in live ijr-H^ir.ons coll'CUM!
113 oc.ys arlc, .-.,- -1 ir.alion: nrrr1!-' s^irr--! r-->rr •:,' -C.G2, 1 .':' and ?.','.
cjroui'd f.fjuiiTfl viscera-0.;-." 1. /J .-.•.! C.G-'i; iiorn':.: lark (\'Iiolr) - O.^ii,
0.31 olid U.lf; I'i.-ck bi)H (-,;;,•)!-) - 0.1-"- di.d U.i1. owco'. ivlvl-) - ('.I'1-
fid'! ^.pc1! ro.r. {'i.ole) - 0.'/2. Fv.o ic.'l (i-holo) col'ieclcd ofttr 90-ri.:y3
-** r I O *" f »'f C f*
L)c.r-. of lict'1'ic irioi. cil Loi Li:( li-. jiUt ol SOMC ^ildlife for:1., and
judicious ^',o i.ia;/ bi1 bonef'ic-.1.i. Shrub species on we.ten. rnnqf." , notfib'i;'
sap'.:')rn';!i. hav.i km rniiovf-ij rili. hcrbiridr-s to ii!CivCc!r,e cjfoss nroduci icii
sr.1.! ^Lllc I'o.'oi.'-j. The me L'IOU if, cosv. i'lerod rlir i-o1.; bcnir;r:, !".-• s t!iy
IcdiL resici'Jr'l c-i'/ct, . rn1 v. f. r!> s.JLCil'ic in ; i:/i. rcsri-.riof (r.-vpt-. i:-i
and '.'IT! i::;i",, I0""'). The- sp"c i > ii'it" •••[ i.r : hicifi;. : u^'fcs.:-. i.',':ii'
;:o:.-' i.i'l H ,-,J;.T;.. "i ji.ino v;. ;..(..,•. inn ,.; provide i.,-i 1.^-ncfiti. for bvs
fj-:,i,i'\ l.yon and .I't^cigler (lyf-'Oi in h^ho, found rcduc.?d virinr or cio^Hi
in r.' '1,'O'vso MJ'-CI.-. ;,-i!^li n,. . :•, .•_-.; ^iJi'diil (jr-O'./l.'i in iiitijji.1, clilJ 1'iLLlc
cliiKi'ic in iuo othi.r i.pocin:,. Joimscn (19j'}. in i1;/.)1'1;:^;. roi'-nJ L!i.»L
ivhilc' LI:: i.Uiiiirjr ol •.riyc.'bi u^h j'luiLs dr-cro.".?'.! .
the rii'^bor of vi.iijk- seed liny., iind jrc:: of ren.-n'mi.o nve cru-./ri, ii
Chan'ji'ifj the rjrj" structure of 'iroi/sc sLond: may siuni iif.antly inorove
-------
'.'Mb', fl (l!:Vj) ff> Mii tint I-1,',-'1 fOlltr'.'i Oi LI-I .;....,:, ir-Il Illi llieii:.. '1
•—l.;t: i bui • f)i ; \\: on the f»rob '-'ci^r.' draiiio'j'j :M 'Jycvnii'j. Vecje. I'iti .'•'.•
'.ro. th began f-rriicr .i: < rioted •i;f.7;;. and dltruC'icd o!L, dipt dally iii
Uto -jjirin'i Ihorohy o.Tc-riim a r, OL'i-.-.l tool in :.;.rby. '.'..udicc. bv Klcoeno1./ (l'J/0)
i: ]i jli.'. -i'... '.. i!' Tal 1., iiC'i'I) i C i'.sL ' \\'i- (' ...V C flUOl.'-iX'f'
to a.croasa coiri / canu. it^ lor b-'on.'.-- rot!,or i.'iin tote My ol i:'ir.-it'inn
fji'ni!--'. Vour.cj birds :ii.'.y !i-,vc bt-..i iiioro susc %p'.i!)l: to prccititior; ond
i;;M?-r::.;;r,t \/eai.'i"r in i:|V.;;,0'i i.rf" .
)ii a 7-yr-j,']' slufly M i31rxi. '>\~i a Color.".'o >. ''-D !"'L!i.yl CL.t2r init,];:!.1/
i t-.JiiLC'd ID b ui;ii;:;:fsnLc < n;J ;jo,.kC" u.,:'iiir d'l'Jii-JuiKL ;jQ io '0,.'. Tho. v'cc.i :M,J
;;• '• ic'"'t tjo (' , i.U'ih:..', i;':,!.1! ' >i.i, c^Li/.ci !)> cJ i re c L C" -i ii:-i '.'t'c u t«xic:o.
i!i i...;. ' S'K'. !•--• •. J-. ti:1 in. ,!i,.\' I/- Mirvivc in ..• »i«; \;'-\ vo L!ICJ j-rc cr.-'-u
fcj'i (iLorbs) h.'u IJRCII oli1 :ii,t'.:' t1 (lioi..ien, t'L ?•]_... 1^57). \ si-ni'U'.r Lre. d
.-..', :.'jL.-.'d by lljh (19', i) HI rr.'\' Hi; .'.sin, J itl-t. "^i-f ov;.-i c SPI ;;y 1.,^
;orv,'' of irj y v., c;oflic.r Mnuii'J'i o. Li raced ;-lo;.- v/crp rc.i",:!1:; liy Oj,;.
(.<;,() ',;intcr ctlJi'. t// 1J-V/. ?r, cc'ip^r:.', tn unsprayed .rrrjr.i,. liansen and ILru
(l()f.G) found tiuu Lpreyiiin ri pti-r-pni;:! forb ranfe in Coloiado with 2,4-U
i-r..r:nr,,fi the cjori.or onnuK-tinn !.y H7/' the y--fir c'ilf," spr&yin'j.
Kreftin'j ami ll.irr.ei, (lf:G9) TOUM! that f.erial application-;, of ethyl
c.-ster of J','! I) IM I'linncsoto n?duiM.-l t!ic haxr:l .wl other lov/-pjeferciiice
-------
l/i i. .f. v,jr:ci"1. <,-h a fiiilj^f "iic'nl ni'.iv.ise in ".•' -.land o1 liro'-'so plants
vlik'i v.-c-re I>°U.'i1 ior 'hitc'l.t'ilc'I c'( o,\ The deer were attracted to
spivyod plots for v/intor hro'vT.ir: | and su:..n,er beddinrj.
[•rarblc ur,;J P.yrnes (1972) r>l.udko for I'.1 ycvrs the ga'i-e food and
cove*' jloncj a r.p'-ayed ul'lliLy ll-ic. rlg'^L-of-u'r'./ in a uixcci upland hard
\.ooo fores!' uf P-rinsylvania. A diversity of food plr.nts useful to v/ildlire
developed on UK right-or-v:-..y foilo'"iii(i spraying. It vas nerivily use:; by
•.''i (. >..It n ''"• . . r^b.MT, nr'iC'i ;,:^v - rnd \'il-J L-.'r-'cy. fi:.?1. use '.'j^
CTi ,'.l^nl- -.'-o ', .-.'•/ "in CM •-.c,', .,-.. i:,:!ic^Unt' .TtLr scl/! v rcod i-iv^ (.'\-;'
Uoc of ?/ i-1 on corn ir. rLitstio-i Vo avdil-jl-ility of ganr bird food
•./as stu'Jifea in ,'iuiiigan i/,' JoiVjson o>i'd '.Jiicelc-i1 (19r)l). Generally, 2/-U
s;j)\,y creaLiicn'1, vr.re not. f.s L,u<./:oss,tul in r-j'Juci1'1! v.'ecd sec-d producLiO'i
anci htncc '.vilclnlc; fuoc! t.s '-t \::-'c!:..,:! ci'l L, v^i.ioi..
Vfiruni (1W) -)oint'd oi'i li'".t '-.r-rayinn roadsides, crrcl: bonks, f.^ricc1
roi'i,, unused <;i.'lhcs, nnd Tic'i'J corners of the- Piilnuse. region of
Co".1!' 'osfi"rn '.'••'^'iivji.^i '/ii1. ? •'• 0 <. 11 iinsl^d :iipil-. of i!ic: nat'ivc lood
cr'-d '.o/er which V'r.s tbspnti-:! to rimj-ntckcd r-iifcj^ants, linncierir.n and
C .0-. ->r partri'.'•!'" , v.illoy <\.i.\\, ?iui rabMts.
llf.J. Toxicijy tf'_D^f;;> d!_io_ fit. '-'r__Ii''.f;cj:i,_
ConflicL- e/'i'it ainony rcfJOrL^ m toxicity o1 substitiucd phenc-xy
hrrl'-cidcs 1o hr^i'-yboc^ and bf.virh'c^l inriecLi.. !;rr.ults fron so.r.c
*. su^'ifst. Ilitit carrier:, or the herbicides nay be as toxic as the;
icicle.
111. B. 1. Fpxj M L^_ JpJJfjni-.yJ'.tos
Various (omul at ions (.['.'me s«iltr> and estcri) of 2,4-D v;cro nontoxic
to I-!1.'", when anjii ir-d in v/ttcr Ciirricrs. Uirscl oil sho\/t-d Lon?ii'Jcr.i!>lr
-------
U)/::T.y L!IJ i :•!•;,!. 'i-.iy a1"U-» vr.iyii!;) Dioc'il oil, •.•••>lc>- .Tiid du',-;l oi
•..•aici [".30 co ' ,,ii!t!op. caiiu' were less loxic l!.m Jiebel oil 'ml nc.i
to/v: tlrri vvif: • !c;.a. i'ri'l!.,- (lr//n) siaLed l!v< Lliu use ci" plant
!'.-••>.-- •••... rl,',-.,L ,!-. Mich ft:. 11 if .-.lid Us deriv?: iv.1'. r.f:red clp.-th
-..M^n" hc:!"y!3».-cs \/iir:ii used in c-ccnsMVi.- ,. .. ,-•„< or vliCii used u'l^-jr
utiMnL'. ;>]'• caiioiLio!!1" li'-i '.i "iv requiring fro"i il-c- u^e o. f'.'i-!>.
nay l>c cr-latrrj (,u tin- fl.-.i1 i" iiic Fcaf-on v.'lu-n the hf! 'icido is c.j.'rli^r!.
a... •' .-lii'j -..I - i ()"' '. . .i,1;1:" \> >\ ;ci.i \C.'. i' ;; ! ..•-; i.:. '.!.l.'i if
in hlr-,v, !-,-,•'-., - LI. ;:. (-0 , |,-, -:ii(!i , •,-.- unl. ii> '•":?• •.;.).!. i ;,(•-."
ohm v.-itir. i, i-i!'! Li •: f'otC'fLif!.i 01 ?j4-P in tiie j;A'\rr of pi arils Luyc'c-.-.-!.
li'Gi ti.c1 r: utc of oxptij-uro tc- iio hontyher- is thrui''!i tlie nectar and
not iiirr.'r-'i' surf a':.- concaci. \'!i,'!i ailov/i. !':u conci'.'sic-.i that ;i/r-U
rr:^ ". . •. Lc- ,.cl. •-.:•. i.on or, lio..^1, ^ _:, rilin.i trir.-i t,b a syitrj.,!'/.
i.'nv'-l""1'^'!! pt lp|iir° '""Inv, •• p.'^tLM"?.c. iil !!r.' '/r-^|?n.'J involV1-" COT ''.'
oT )\\cj,,i'-)i'.1 . Tlii' is oonc i\' i ; '^'/i-ici 3 1!r.,. of '•Oi,o!iyti"-:itccl r.odii.';i s;il.!
rii" ?/' [• -.•; l!> : ••'••••<-:\v -,"h, / iM.illzrr /,.'J:or :•• ,^i-1 1 i ;.>;-.l ic.-lic,, uf
1-iis :iix!i','i- iii i'/1 '••itori.'o u: • t'-ioa. c/'v'cr-al hi"!- v ••! tn'vp'i v/erc
sc'i"itij'-, I v . Iff..ic-(!. (.urr, ic'-i ir- l^-c; in i •!>!:.•" ri'/i ••, nl'.v! S;;1^--
f|U'j,Hly, .1 viiiildf rippl icai.:Di' • .. -, 'Mdc: in on P>OM i ;,'•:•, :,al orca. lliis
tdu'.fj cl:-. Lr'jS <-ii" an avorc-ne . ori'ality or over ^t) PI., cont in fit-Id
Lee'j hut no oclvrsr- effect wa^ o'jsrrved in llie snicry fron '.vhich the
field ljf,"'-s f..(:'i'v (1'iili-if r-Joii^L. .. '.'54).
III. I).?. [• ! ijji." 'j ori jj'.hcr In'.f. i;:
KC.-PO, t^ of dljhori'Ml number, of aphids on yrain \.vro widcsprccul
throunhouL ranarla in 1CI55. rn^ii', not trcr.led with pt-sticidcs r,fiO''?r|
-------
cv:cn'K ! I if! pf'-o i'.'jr.. In ii'.- , M • in'ii-in;;- U-cur,.! 1 id InrvcK; collected
1 I'Olil i id'!' il'f>:'';(! '.'i'ii ivr .< i f.,'k'S d I (.'•"! '.OOll ciftCV. W.'VTea1. !»Wi\"
Iro'i uni-jT li-'d iiolrl, i-urvivi.'!. f.uccim Ilifi locvtf of 3 '.pecif'O t-irl
6 d i fff.'i'. ni tfjc1 i'»'oiJi.'.. v.'crc i.ii.iul?ci vn'iii ^,'"-li aii-.in.. ,ind tlto:: Lonfincti
'. -j.uj. V . . ... '. .- . >',•>'( i iv;,> Ijrtu' i ;-i i Ciif'ti.^ I-:* jcrvt1. '•.'(•»•<;:
Morf'il i •' v l/di) iiiCi1?^ ',od frui i i •• s in oil ano 'jrnui)\ oi: i p^ciniii.k.1 co
piMr.iion iiicr'j'iScJ ih till i.r,- •.)oui"J eACupt fir.- "i-da.1 c»"i;: Ku .':••:.
Thus, it o. r-'vrccl li'.(-ly J!r.t 'I'-IH apulic: ..ii,v c*\\\< \:--• !•" i -
irJr.l l.iC'M to ls".ii i ifia I I'/.cci4..
jtafic l)ic-tiiS5.v". \/srp ex1' ' '.icU 'J to ci'iernlno I1:? rclativu cicutc
T.O/. ic i ti,", r. 1 L'-^mi no1".'.ici(i( :j Ln r-oidds oi" r.ioncfli;? (Sfp-L-r^ iT-i!
C-.-pG, TO.'-':). i!LLiii:-..!cfi iC v, ! u ;s " for PU 'qryr^y. Cd1" i foy_;n'f' iv i.•;••'-••>
c.!i Slif".:ii it: Ll.lIO J I I .!•. I.
: • - r ;.r. o
1 !(. ll.
'' '- i' Ij'll J/ , . o'l
t: L'jr (I .f. . -
Ji/i D (li.-Ji. I'.-.
',10 1
iJl.l'. I.
c.i 5:;*•..'
2/i in
f:.-.n
hi'. . 0
'..'J l*v
1 80
'r'l.U
'.'11 '!"
l.C1"*
! L- . (;
-------
lj< . "•'..;!/ /Vj.l '•-•
.": . If' I' ' ! } dtir' 11, !"/• (J i • f • •,
Tho i''1,1: •.[» il.MKj .r ,,'oc.i or S-crl-icicJo ••'.>;'. iiity in veterinary Mficliu'p*
is I!-,-: £p'.i:ni p.iiicil1.' of profo'•.,:, rro'.n their i".(j. licir-'-iciiJcs li;
1 .•.".•Loci; f'.:f!. Avai'i;1 lr- 'Jai-i ;:idir: ;-.c the low Loxicily cf chlorui-iL',:!
[•!.,"i r./vucf. IG .;".!'] co.-;'OUiid" 10 f-U!'. Chrjnic '.o;:ic"!V1 of 2/r--')
oli.'-.ifilaniiric Sails ;;o rotLl.': ',;<.<• iLuoi-'.d by r-t-l!'i:r (I'.'G.i). Sirjns of
l/j i'.(.in mn ocn;r,.i.l in r',c. rj;.1 ;i -^./ii/ dosed CI'CC;L (2L".0 ri.''/!.ii) afLor
!!.• I1 "I KT'r. ( GUJT. i':i •• ci } in conLrast ; n ?''•• troi'iL!1?!:!:. aL Ifi.i i,-;/ki-i
i\ '.0 :T;/k'i (In .,,1.. jii.d i". u;,.\.f 'n o,;-rl a.rr 11 : coy^
l!:t; tO'/i' olnny ol nlivL^I'O'' .:.i,i': n, ih^ei- \:as i;nc^i i-p Lt.-o Ijy IliV-.tiif1
.,.'.! /'.ivari/.u (i"/'i). c.,^-L! cid-Miiiisicrcu in a sinolc close of 125 and 1/S
!•!':/!'?) I'-ody \.".•!'!hi -..(is tapidly a'-i or!)jci and el iMii^cf"-!. i'.oxir.ia concc-iv
Litaions, obsct veil in tho fir?t hours following <':cV.nni strati on., w^rc
100 pr:';i in pldsi.-j, 300 and ^'KJ p; n in rui.icn coritontp-, anci frnn ?,000-
JjOr|"J p;>i!i in tli." urine.
'Jlien do:.cs> of 300, '.00 or1 LC'O :in of 2,4-1; per kn vprp fid'nm'stcr'.'d
ci'iily, amounts in urino .ivorayos 3,000 ppm. Viscera concentrations
fro.n 700 in 2,000
-------
I...- • I i: .1 r, • i ion 'if i' f 'i •:! '/n. 'Ji . i!,• c' • i '•;- c>'!)0' i .1 i-t 'J \>\.' IM
\'' • i^c-tj v;ri'~ oi "( t'vcd by i.,'.1 o! ,• i ., (K'o3). Ui Inr p! • ('uc iion t.r-<
lirr.t :-: d.j/:. •.:.. 4.U-J. l';..,j ,,i! 10.'X) l-.fj, i;it:i correspond,ry 2,1-15
Y(.' I'j'jei, Oi I/.C-, 1.0 c,.i! r). ! ,',ij,,,. loUl 2/--U r-l i,ii!n.--l'vj .us 35.:; r,;
i... . ' • • ' ., .» • I '•-' • ••> •'! >-:''- . '.'><.i«. 11' L i1 i -' J'.'i •, 01 i. !*•! i' ffJG \\i5
II."..i. :.yj -. ,'iil' ilitjt. i-.covrrcd -i: he urinp i^us 10" f,5 nr.. j i n-iy !>c
livL, \'iiiiin Li,'1 liin'lT, o" r y.vru :-.n..'il prior, !'/-!< is ol i M'jjtoa
Cf. . ilptol" n.i'i i! L?ct ";n i!,1 uri!:.1
iiiC (..l.iO." uild i (.') iii •"..,':,'! i C :f'vCL:. Oi i.^, 'i "CK1 to Gli'".''i ».'P'VJ
',C'.">,co !;;/ ...IP.'. r'J ?:id or) day .;r;ric'cis,
\
^tvri.-nr; on L': .• r^ay folio".'/- hef-fiig, dn no-. (.c'j',e any cor/:en!ui'l
[loisomnci in ciny o~i tnp c.-'c-s dun'nr1 !he feiHiti.;; [^nocls nor rny hir.to-
'ijL'u'ilo'jir.. 1 1; . if-r-b iii -.,,' !•, ihp inlo) IT or.- r of i!'j: r\'. r, or "!c'..:r,.
.' |j,3l 'id.l 10'. i'O ur-,i".li.' .'T '.', 0.1'i; rlM"'. c i " i;. '>:1 //'.". i. . o ,';•''••• .•
' '.•'•'.: -11, "I ' , ,1 •:'•). V. • '-..', i! ni:-..l- -:i r-.i!:-.. • -. f, . • .i!,-.. C\'i '.
1 .' .li"-n 'ii,•) ':•)". or in Lh. i il ion !(•••: tu « f.ov: r-i .lie .die1 o. L.d f|"r.i
•••.ii/ p; M'J'if "•! IT. «I;.IM^MI !>•,'.:''i ^rfvc1', •:. • • lnJ.M'ir •.; f.cn.'i ;"C.i.
i;: 'o./G cjrd/inf' c;i post lire •/, iii c.01.".. trcctcd wtih /,s-l) vice. o'os"rvi\l
fit i'j', i. i.o:-i(.iri 'vaiiin ;i io:i. cind /'.'I U ros no1; dfif^L^d iii L!:i iivoi ,
I: ifii'i-y or Uii'i •• i ir SUP.
IMC df-Lor.i ;;j:i of ?/'-! . l-y hi o'o" i ca I c^l.-y' in I. hi; 1-i'jO-i '.t-rur:
of ,) cow led I}.1' 'irv,:M (»r inr, iiritcnnl rlail.y ffi, If'O dayi, nvlicnlo:.
-------
lij.'l UK. ?,/!-'< ,11 (•'•..iMy in ,,i . 'i tr, •• r. ', < r-',oli;!i:< -c.tL. ii' ?,4-l;
\.\,' not '.('ii'i '.' 1'iifi t.t.0 nil1 no. '..'•!• 11 louiu! in >.'it: l)lofi.i •'-'('<. ]
(>'. •' (<*•]', iL-ii 1.1.': I! f'M I1." (C1: t'lii! rrroivpd ?..*•'•) MI hor if. i.ioi.
it 15, c-oncintl'H1 I;-on in fir u;-l i:!i.'l Jili:; c-nouiii c? 2,4-D mkjhr ba
con^u -.'J OL, iv KJi!°:-. on "-.-. •:: i;c s'j-^tvi v.'iili i.!ns i'^Lprir.1 io lull
\;cpJ': '..X'!,1! I M'.H 'io iiijt'rin,... 1 i co1.-:. ot cli' PO.
i;i: or.c'.'ft'".':: o: p!ir?',n / liL'i i)ir.i'A' 1:1 n'. i!; t.n--l croon1 "5s sLu.iii-1
'-t JijhM, (_:_!. :.l . , (T-'j/i) riiifl' ! iv. lie i, i PC! i!i3t nu'-"iLed php!i-..:v d-1., ou,"'-,
arf1 not i-rjfidii1' i rops Tcrrp-1 i-:: i.nlk. Posf1', of v.\i i(.u% co. IDPNU-JS
iii'unisl.'i oo ij-. iiy to indi'-K1."1 1 COI/L «it r.tte:. i jinvolnn-L to S pp.:!
or rccd ;...'r iinv ,or u'i tc i' •.'?.", i-vrri-jcc.-! ::p c: i -c'.-..'.1o residues in
Mill. «
Tiic l.j^.fc ci ?,4-D in Hr '!.•..-:•", i'cs studied c-tor E> pp:-i i.ir/u:! !ii
3 "l!J. Oi Hi 111 .1. •' 1< --n r* •' [' ,5 TiStsini .'j Hol'.L.'i'l ''Sifc-T. LlcVfs"!
-:' i.liiJ:. \ .'.'•. ' Cr.l • .1 C."l .. . ;.: ');' I'.'-i'c, [.jllow.1!1.;1 \< uilV]. i/.i^Uv.
1'v: r dro/p'''' >.'••.\ iii'ni.l. .'• '> • o O.'j i;v,; ov-r V f '<'$ i T'r1".. I'lVi'i-T; •; .,
njiy fifVO ii'-c-n rii1: Lo fliiui:- • till (!•• i nk i.i'i wwli.-)' i.!>. 3 Liu: !(..-l. i !io f c .".•
LO. of IK" :,o: '' -o.lo I.,.-- ;-. SH! rn'i oi Lhc n> ... .''.-l-!) -..'1 not
(!c-LOi.ij>n>p in ("HI ni'L i fir,'i'i i n."1! n It-..L (Cul/jnnanii, ri •'• I., TV1).
I-!--'.,ieUK.'S ii, f!|f> IOJ\";P iiiit! iti milk fro':i COV/G (;i'ii/iiic| lor,'.v;r trcMuti
wiui f'^i'-r-., oi c',/1-1) \/oro '.in.'.f.-f1 |w I'.i IM'" i^n, rt ,-•!., (lnft(.). I ow-
voluLik diiti !:TJ!I volrililc f'i'-r.s CM' ?/'i-l) acid VTU .-.prayi"' 0,1 scparnlc
-------
pastures at about double the us,ual rate. Milk cows grazing these
pastures contained from 0.01 to 0.09 ppm 2,4-D during the first 2 days
after spraying and lower amounts thereafter. Residues in milk from
cows put into the pastures 4 days after spraying were below 0.01 ppm,
tho practical limit of prccisiDr. of the ^etlioci used. Residues of 2,4-D,
in or on forage, declined rapidly during the experiment. Almost all the
2,4-D in or on forage Wtis hydrolyzed to the acid form in samples of
forage which were taken within one-half "lour after spraying with the
butyl ester of 2,4-D, and about 7b % aft.2r applying the 2-ethyl hexyl
tsler. Levels of 2,4-D in milk from cows maintained on rations containing
1,000 ppm was 0.06 ppn, and trace amounts we:-e detected in samples taken
seven days after withdrawal.
III.E.2. Toxlclty to Fowl
The effects of the alkanolam'ne salt of 2,4-D on White Rock Chicks
v/ere examined by Bjorn and Northen (1948). Oral dosages were at the
rates of 0.0, 0.28, 2.8, 23, and 280 ng/kg of body weight. The herbicide
was administered 3 times weekly on alternate days for a total of 12 doses.
Height differences after 12 closes were not significant at the 5% level
at the lower 3 dosage rates, and only barely significant for the 280 mo/kg
group. Lethal dose tests showed a group receiving 765 ir/i/kg died. There-
fore the acute oral LDsg is between these figures. 4 single dose of
765 mg killed whereas 3,360 administered over a 4-week period did not,
indicating that this form of 2,4-0 is not a cumulative poison.
The toxicity of 2,4-D to hens' eggs was assessed hy Dunachio and
Fletcher (1970) by the egg injection technique. All chlorinated
-------
phenoxy acids were toxic at 3QO pp;n but were not equally toxic at
200 ppm. The effect of 2,4-D on hatching of hens' eqgs expressed
y.
as percentage of the control were: at 200 ppm - 62%; 100 ppri - 71%;
50 ppm - 100%; and 10_J2P»^^^. No teratogenic effects were found
The effect of 2,4-D and diesel fuvl on egg hatchability was reported
by Kopischke (1972). Three groups of !J7 pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
eggs were each sprayed with water, 2,4-D solution, or diesel fuel to
•
assess the effects of these liquids on hatchability. Two groups of
C2 bantam chickens (Gallus donesticus) eggs were sprayed, one with
water and one with 2,4-D solution. Application of 2,4-D in the
concentration normally applied for-weed control did not adversely affect
hatchability of eggs, cause deformities in hatched chicks, or cause
death of the chicks. Application of diesel fuel to pheasant eggs
reduced hatchability to zero.
The effect of 2,4-D acid on laying hens was observed by Uhitehead
and Pettigrew (1972). Laying hens were fed 2,4-D, a herbicide (butoxy-
ethyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate in ethanol) at a rate equivalent to
50 and 150 mg/kg diet from ages 28 to 48 v/eeks. No adverse effects of the
treatments were observed upon rate of egg production, egg or yolk weight,
eggshell thickness, hatchability or growth rate of the progeny.
Dobson (1954) sprayed grassed chicken runs daily for 14 days with
2,4-D "at the normal recommended rate" and at 10 times this rate. Three
weeks after the start of the treatment, normal spraying had decreased
-------
egg production by 22%, whereas Ihe production of hens tn the pens treated
at 10 times the normal rate had decreased by 8%. During the experiment
all eggs were incubated; fertility and hatchability of the eggs and
growth rate of the chicks were not adversely affected by the treatment.
Bjorklund and Erne (1966) gave water containing 1000 mg 2,4-D arnine/1
to chicks from 3 day of age. During the first 2 months of lay, the
birds laid at about 70% of the rate of the controls; eggs fron the
treated birds v/ere also slightly lighter in weight.
III.F. Fate in Hater
The principal concern with this herbicide in water appears related
to its persistence, the residual contamination from direct application
for aquatic weed control and drift or runoff from terrestrial application.
Bartley (1970) and Bartley and Siatrup (197&) studied amounts of 2,4-D in
irrigation water following ditchbank treatment. Peak concentrations of
100 ppb or more occurred in only 2 of 19 canals, and these dissipated
rapidly as the v/ater moved downstream. Frank, e_t al_., (1970) found the
same type control produced 25 to 61 ppb of 2,4-D in water but that
concentrations v/ere negligible ?0 to 25 miles downstream. Morris,
e_t al_., (1965) studied on brush control on forested lands. He found
(in low amounts 0.2-70.0 ppb) which decreised below 0.2 ppb v/ithin a
few days. Rowe (1963) and Kram-ies and Willetts (19G4) observed 2,4-D
.runoff from a California watershed treatment. Rowe found no 2,4-D
residues, but traces of ether solubles; Krammes and l/illetts found
0.05 ppm 2,4-D in only-2 of 11 sa-iplcs, all within one month of
spraying. Averilt (1967) evaluated 2,4-D persistence from aquatic /
applications in Louisiana and reported that only trace amounts v/ere
-------
detected after one month. Douglas, et^ al_., (1969) found no 2,4-D
residues in water when a lO-foot strip on either side of the channel
was left unsprayed. Aly and Faust (1964) studied tne fate of 2,4-D
in natural surface waters. Insignificant amounts were sorbed on
various clays. 2,4-L) persisted up to 120 days in lake waters
aerobically incubated, but esters were hydrolyzed biologically within
9 days. Lake mud microbial action decomposed over 80% of 2,4-D in
24 hours. Ultraviolet light also decomposes 2,4-D. These data reveal
a short half life for 2,4-D, generally less than a week, and persistent
only in trace amounts after a month. These low concentrations likely
would not be hazardous to crops or animals.
III.G. .Fate in Soils
Sorption of 2,4-D on three clay surfaces ws found related to surface
area but not to temperature (.Haque, e_t aJL, 1968). Initial activity of
2,4-D was greater'on sandy than in clay soils. Herbicide adsorption
by soils increases with greater organic matter content, clay content,
cation exhange capacity, and surface area (Fanner, 1970). Also, increased
soil water content accelerates volatility losses. Remo"dl of 2,4-D
acid and its calcium salt by leaching in various soils was reported by
Hanks (1946). Leachates v/ere relatively nontoxic from peat after two
weeks and from all other except naturally alkaline soils after six weeks.
Friesen and Dew 0966) found that the soil moisture and air temperature
were conducive to maximum growth.
2,4-D breaks down from 4 to 6 weeks in soil under favorable growing
conditions. Residual phytotoxicity lasted one month (Mullison, 1972).
-------
Breakdown of 2,4-D in field plots treated initially was slower than
in those receiving annual treatments over 12 years (Hurle and Rademacher,
1970). Residues occurred in pond bottom nuds several weeks after
aquatic weed control application (Cope, 1965). A national soils
monitoring pro:j:%an, covering cropland in 43, and non-cropland in 11
states was summarized by Wiersi.ia, et^a_l_., (1970). Of 188 samples analyzed,
only 3 were positive with a range 0.01-0.03 ppm. Over 15% of the sites
sampled had been treated with 2.4-D. These data sunqest that 2,4-D
is relatively non-persistent in most soil types.
111. G. 1. ilicrofauna
Audus(1950) found that the biological detoxication of 2,4-D in soils
was due to the action of microorganisms of the "Bacterium globi forme
group". Colmer (1953) found that commonly use/-', application rates of
the triethanolamine salt of 2,4-D for weed control in sugar beets did
not harm the Azotobacter. A_. a_2ile. was more tolerant of 2,4-D than
the A_. cjvroococcujn.isolates.
Removal of liquid DMA ?,4-D from wat;;r by plankton that adsorb or
absorb the herbicide was an important form of loss of a/'olied material
(Mojtalik, et_al_., 1971). These organisms removed 24% within one hour
and a proportional amount during the next 7 hours, while the 2/-D
content of raw water was increasing 19 times. Microbiai degradation of
2,4-D in aqueous solution was reported by Schwartz (1967). Only a
small relative concentration of 2,4-D was degraded by a mixed microbial
population in a dilute mineral salt medium. For aqueous solutions
containing 0.1 and 1.0 mg/1 of 2,4-D, no nore than 3'/% of the acetic
acid moiety disappeared over a period of 3 to 6 months.
-------
Toxicological effects of 2.4-D on ruhcn function in vitro from a
sheep were observed by Kutchcs, et_al_., (1970). 2,4-D depressed j[n_
vitro dry matter disappearance beginning at 500 meg/ml and progressively
inhibited microbial activity as the pesticide concentration increased.
Ciliated protozoal nunbers also decreased at 100 and 1000 meg/ml levels.
Delayed lethal effect of 2,4-D acid on bacteria was investigated by
Lamartiniere, ,e_t al_., (1969). This effect has ecological implications
for soil in that serious effects on thr: nn'crofauna would not be noted
unless exogenous carbon sources were absent. Sensitivity of Bacillus
thuringiensis to 2,4-D was noted by Dougherty, et_al_., (1971). Relatively
poor inhibition (failure to inhibit at 10"^ m) was obtained.
•
Uptake of 2,4-D acid by Pseudomonas fluorescens was observed by
Wedemyer (1956) who concluded that uptake probably occurs by a two-step
process: sorption onto the cell wall followed by passive diffusion into
the cytoplasm. Ring-labeled 2,4-D acid was metabolized to succinic acid
by a soluble enzyme preparation obtained from Arthrobacter sp. (Tiedje,
ej: al_., 1969). Similar studies by Duxbury, e_t aj. 5 (1970) showed enzymes
from the same genus catalysing 2,4-D acid to chloromaleylacetic acid and
maleylacetic acid and subsequently to succinic acid.
Cleavage of the ether bond of phenylmethyl by enzymes of Arthrohacter
sp. was described by Raymond and Alexander (1972). R?cent investigations
have also shown cleavage of the ether linkage of 2,4-D and related
phenoxyacetates by Arthrobacter and pseudomonads (Tiedje and Alexander,
1969; Gamar and Gaunt,11971).
-------
III.G.2. Mlcroflora
Schroder, cjt al_., (1970) studied the effccls of 2,4-D on nucleic
acid biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa. Amounts of DNA were as much as
140% of the control at the highest culture concentration. Ando, et al.,
(1970) reported the isolatinti of 2,4»dic!iloror'ienol fron the soil brolli
of a PeniciIlium. The isolation of normal breakdown product of 2,4-D
from a living organism suggests that some derivatives of this herbicide
act as growth regulatory hormones in plants.
The nitrogen-fixing alga lolypothrix tenuis is recommended as a
substitute for some of the nitrogen fertilizers applied to rice fields.
Hamdi, e_t al_., (1970) found that dry weight and nitrogen fixation were
generally inhibited but that chlorophyll synthesis was stimulated by
low levels. On the other hand, Venkataraman and Rajyalakshmi (1971)
found that tolerance limits of most strains of five species of algae
exceeded amounts encountered with recommended application rates.
Effects of herbicides on unicellular narine algae (9 species) were
evaluated by Walsh, e_t al_., (1970). Photo, ynthetic rates of seven species
increased when exposed to treated attaclay carrier plus 2,4-D, and
standing crops of five species were greatei , as were these sa-.ie effects
/
from sea water extracts of attaclay. Purified 2,4-D did not alter the
rate of photosynthesis.
Aspergillus niger proliferation was reduced by 2,4-D acid at 10
and 50 ppm (Arnold, et_al_., 1966). However, this organism apparently
reduced the phytotoxicity of the herbicide and degraded the material.
Barber and Nagy (1971) determined in vitro affects of 2,4-D on rumen
microflora of the mule deer. A concentration of 1,000 ppm caused
-------
significant decreases in numl'ers of rumen hacteria. 2,4-D regained
inhibitory at 100 and 10 ppm levels. Protcolytic enzymes and cellu-
lolysis also were sensitive parameters.
Bacterial, fungal and acttnomycete populations in soil receiving
repeated applications of 2,4-D v/ere investigated by Breazeale end Camper
(1970). Compared with control plots, the fungal and actinomycete colony
count was the same, but the bacterial count was lower.
III.H. Fate in Air
Movement of 2,4-D in air has been knowi: because of drift hazard to
susceptible crous adjacent to sprayed rireas. Fit-Id sampling by Adains,
et_ al_., (1964) established the presence- of three esters of 2,4-D in the
atmosphere. Studies by U'eigle, et_al_., (1970) indicated the, amount of
2,4-D in the air which affected yields of Vruits and vegetables.
Sherwood, e^_ al_., (1970) studied effects of 2,4-D dispersal from a central
point as it affect growth of plants grown in a series of concentric
circles. Delayed, stunted or aborted growth attested to aerial movement
of herbicide from the central source. Ecolooical effects of herbicides,
particularly as related to volatility, were discussed by Mullison (1972).
Air currents may carry herbicides quite a distance fron the application
site. Effects of simulated rainfall on herbicides was observed by Bovey
and Diaz-Colon (1969). Oil soluble mixtures usually were less affected
by rainfall or washing than water-soluble formulations. The hazards
of aerial application or movement in ambient air to non-target areas
can be minimized by use of salts or low-volatile esters and by application
during atmospheric conditions which provide the least possibility of
volatilization or drift from the target area.
-------
II1.1. Fate in Plants
Chlorinated phenoxy acids their salts or esters conprise a group of
phytotoxic materials used as herbicides. They are growth regulators with
hormone-like activity and small amounts kill root systems of perennial
weeds by translocation from foliar application. At higher dosages, they
function as preemergence herbicides in soil, and as post emergence herbi-
cides in flooded rice (De Datta, et al_., 1971). Because broadleaf plants
are much more susceptible than grasses, 2,4-D can be used to control weeds
in cereal and grass crops. Depending on the plant species and rate of
application, 2,4-D may be used to accelerate or inhibit growth, RNase
activity, protein content and respiration rate. Its effects on the
abscission layer of young fruit may permit thinning by spray application,
while effects on retardation of respiration can be used to prolong
storage life of citrus fruits (Ashton and Crafts, 1973).
2,4-D is a synthetic auxin vhich creates growth reactions nuch like
those from naturally occurring ir.dole auxins. The major difference is
that 2,4-D is far more active and persists for a longer tine whereas
indole auxins are rapidly inactivated (Klambt, 1961).
Although plants maintain certain auxin levels in tissues particularly
in growing fruit and stems these are constantly charioing. These
fluctuating levels bring about ratio change between auxins and other
hormones such as kinins and gibbcrellins necessary for growth. Such
ratios determine the physiological fate of a tissue, i.e., cell
division, root or shoot growth, or dormancy (Skoog and Miller,
1957).
-------
Introduction of an artifical and more persistent auxin such as
2,4-D alter the auxin content of cells and prevenl the normal fluctuation
necessary for orderly, non.ial growth and differentiation (Van Overbeek,
1964).
I! 1. 1.1. Absorption
Site of uptake of soil-applied 2,4-D amine on corn and pea was
recorded by Prcndeville, £t
-------
in starch in roots 2 or 3 day; after treatsrjnt. No changes in soluble
sugars occurred, but protein increased by 3> and 80% in 2 and 3 days.
Foliar applications of 2,4-D acid to rn.irabu, a woody weed found in
Cuba, generally gave complete defoliation with varying amounts of stem
kill. Basal areas arid roots were rarsly da1-aged (Hay, 1955). Previously
Young and Fisher (1950) treated the distal loliage of mesquite branches
with 2,4-D while the proximal parts were shielded. Ten inches was the
Maximum extent of kill below the treated area. 01 air and Fuller (1952)
made foliage applications to the top 6 inches of mesquite seedlings with
2,4-D-I131. Less than 3% of the applied I13' moved below the treated
area. Best results with foliage applications to brush were obtained by
thorough coverage of the lower parts. This suggests that downward move-
ment is negligible (Res. Comm., 1952).
Uptake, trans!ocation, and fate of 2,4~i) were compared in night-
flowering catchfly and common lambsquarter, resistance and susceptible
species, respectively. Catchfly leaf sections absorbed more 2,4-D.
At 72 hr. post treatment catchfly released 2 .4-D through the roots into
the nutrient solution while lambsquarter continued to accumulate 2,4-D.
Catchfly metabolized 2,4-U while lambsquarter did not (Neidernyer and
Nalewaja, 1969).
The effect of 2,4-D on trans location of ^C-assimilates on grapes
was observed by Leonard, et_ al_., (1967). High concentrations interfered
with downward movement 1n field-grown vines. Trans'!ocation within the
treated shoots continued from the vegetative part to the clusters.
r>
.11
-------
Thompson Seedless rootings treated with 20,000 ppn 2,4-D transported
less C to roots than did the controls. Effects of 2,4-D on vegetative
development of "Tokay" grapevines was noted by Kasimatis, e_t al_., (1968),
Treatments at 1.0 to 10 ppm all showed residues of 2,4-D in whole shoots
after application by v.'hich ui,i>j 2,4-D at 10 pp:r: had caused the death of
shoot tips.
Translocation of labeled assimilates into and out of bean leaves
as affected by 2,4-D was examined by Leonard, et_al_., (1968). Uhen
a primary leaf on a bean plant /MS treated with 2,4-D it imported
^C-labeled assimilates from the opposite primary leaf; the greatest
import occurred when the treated leaf was darkened. Regardless of
the type of treatment, imported labe-led ass'imilates were confined
mainly to the leaf veins.
Uptake and movement of 2,4-D by bean petiole sections were studied
by Taylor and Warren 0970). Tissue orientation had little effect
on movement. Retention is likely the result of conjugation with
products in the cells or of physical binding in the cells. 2,4-D was
bound an accumulated in petiole sections and in rooi": of intact plants.
Shoot zone uptake of soil-applied 2,4-D was investigated by Prendeville
(1968). Placement of soil treatment with 2,4-D in the shoot zone of
*
maize after emergence did not significantly affect plant growth except
to cause swelling and distortion of the roots. Slight distortion of the
pea stem and curling of the leaves indicated below soil penetration of
?,4-D and translocation upward.
-------
Studies by Morris and ["rcvd (1966) were made on absorption and
trans location of 2,4-D in bigloaf maple. Their findings are included
in Table III.I.I.
Table III.I.I
The Absorption and Trans!ocation of formulations of 2,4-D
Translocation
No. of (% of absorbed activity found in) Herbicide
Treatment plants Absorption in roots
(replications) 00
2,4-D acid
2,4-D online
2,4-D ester
2
3
4
2.9
1.7
20.8
Treated
leaves
77.0
68.8
95.4
New
growth
10.0
17.4
2.6
Stem
8.1
9.7
1.4
(ug a.e.)
Roots
4.0
4.0
0.5
2.8
1.4
2.3
TSie data represent the absorption and distribution of C in bigleaf maple
72 hr after
formulations
treatment with acid, trietlianoldinine salt or 2-ethylhexly ester
of 2,4-D-l- 4C.
Comparative studies were made with labeled 2,4-D on woody plants
by Yamaguchi and Crafts (1959). The labeled material was applied to
the inner bark of manzanita, toyun and buckeye. 2,4-D was distinctive
in its downward nobility in all three species in spring and early
summer. Later an upward movement became prominent, esoecially in
manzanita and buckeye. Downward movement was in the phloem and upward
in the xylem.
III.1.2. Plant Metabolism
Norris and Freed 0966) studied the metabolism characteristics of
2,4-D 1n bigleaf maple. Decarboxylation of 2,4-D in maple foliage showed
-------
92% absorption (4 replications) and 0.46% of absorbed 14C (I4C02 liberation
72 hr. after treatment. The major metabolite in bean plants is 2,5-
dichloro-4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid, while 2,3-dichloro«4-hydroxyphenoxy-
acetic acid is a minor metabolite (Hamilton, c;t.al_., 1971).
Uptake and metabolism of 2,4-D ;;ci.d oy p-.:; root sequer.ts after
14C-labeled auxin application was observed by Andraea 0967). Growth
inhibition following 16 hrs. treatment was about as great as for only
3 hrs., being 45% and 36%, respectively, of control growth. Grain
sorghum was sprayed with propylene qlycol butyl ether ester and alkano-
lamine salt formulations of 2,4-D when 6 to 8 inches high (Liang, et al.,
1969). Pollen mother cells from all treated r.orghum revealed chromosomal
abberations, mostly at.euploidy and polypioidy. Added chromosomes were
not-always of the basic number.
Comparative metabolism in bean and corn plants was reported by
Montgomery, et_ al_., (1971). Three routes of metabolism were demon-
strated in resistant and susceptible nlants. These pathways were
siriple conjugation, conjugation and hydroxylation, and oxidation
of the side chain. In hydroxylation, the chlorine atom in the
4 position 1s shifted to the 3 or 5 position, primarily the latter.
Hydroxylation of several weed species was studied by Flecker and
Steen (1971). Uild buckwheat, leafy spurge, yellow foxtail and wild
oat hydroxylated in 7 days, 2 to 7% of the 2,4-D-l- C absorbed. Only
trace hydroxylation products were detected in wild mustard, sowthistle
and Kochia. Enhancement by 2,4-D of chromatin RNA polyroerase in soybean
hypocotyl tissue was examined by O'Drien, e_t al_., (1968). Chromatin from
control and 2,4-D acid-treated tissue incorporated labeled nucleoside
triphosphates into acid-insoluble RNA.
-------
Effect of metabolic iinhibitors on herbicide movement in plants
was reported by Taylor and Uarren (.1370). Pretreatnent of bean petiole
sections greatly stimulated the movement of 2,4-D acid. Absorption of
2,4-D by honeyvine milkweed was 7.2, 9.3 and 10.9% of the applied
herbicide at 1, 4 and 8 days aUcr treatment, respectively. Addition
of 1.0% v/v Tween 80 increased absorption to 55.8, 71.3, and 78.7%
at the same sampling dates (Coble, e_t al_., 1970).
2,4-D acid and auxin cataholism in barley and wheat was examined
by Fooz, et_ al_., (1966). Cffccb of 2,4-D on growth and IAA catabolism
(in vitro and vivo) in the dark showed increasing concentrations of
2,4-D inhibited germination and growth.
2,4-D metabolism in resistant grasses was studied by Hagin, et al.,
(1970). 3-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid was recovered from
bromegrass (70 ppm), and from timothy and orchard grass (20 ppm),
indicating it to be a major metabolite. Conversion of 2,4-D to
herbicidally inactive 3-(2..4-DP) may be a primary mechanism of resistance
of grass species to 2,4-D.
III. 1.3. Residues
lull is and Davis (1950) discussed the affect of supposedly persistent
2,4~D in plant tissue. They mention the injurious effect described by
Pridham (1947) upon bean seedlings grown from seeds of plants sprayed
while the pods were maturing and that described by Dunlap (1948) upon
cotton seedlings grown from seed borne by plants injured the previous
season by 2,4-D. However, Brown, et. aJL, (1948) reported no evidence
of injury on cotton plants grown from seeds, collected in fields affected
by 2,4-D.
-------
Studies by liatson 0940) on the bean, by Earces (1949) on Cyperus,
and by Tukey, e_t aj_., 0949) on Prunnus now show that injury is done
to developing buds at the tine of treatnent but that the effect is
evident only later when the buds develop. Injury is brief, not
continuing.
Residues in stored lemons were reported by Erickson, et^al_., (1963).
A 14C-label in the isopropyl group provided evidence that all of this
ester in the cells was hydrolyzed and that any ester-like residue was
synthesized in vivo. Erickson and Meld (1962) mentioned 2,4-D use in
citrus culture for preventing preharvest. fruit drop, increasing fruit
size, and increasing storage life. Oranges nicked from trees sprayed
with 20 ppm of 2,4-D showed an average of 0.1 ppm residue 1 day after
spraying. Lemons dipped in wax emulsion containing 500 ppm of 2,4-D
averaged 1.1 ppm 2,4-D residue 2 days after treatment.
An isooctyl ester of 2,4-D was applied to gra.in sorghum at a.e.
rate of 1.25 or 2.50 Ib/ac. to control broadleaf weeds. Growth stage
at treatnent varied from preeinergence to dough state. No 2,4-D residues
were deto.-cted in the grain. Residues in the forage ranned from < 0.2
to 5.25 ppm. Time interval between application and harvesting was the
critical factor (Ketchersid, ejlal_., 1970). Average residue found in
tubers of plants sprayed with the propylene glycol butyl esters of
2,4-D ranged from 15 to 110 pph varying with rate, year and time of
application at 8 oz/ac (92 g/ha), while the lowest (4 ppb) was from
plants sprayed with 2 oz/ac (23 g/ha) Nelson, et_al_., 1971).
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Residual effect of some herbicides on Medicauo sp. in the Victorian
flallee of Australia was studied by Wells (Ttf?). Cherrical fallowing
gave higher wheat yields but sometimes adversely affected under plantings
of lucerne or medic pasturage. Results of studies with 2,4-D, picloram
or mixtures of the two indicale that no damage occurred after 2,4-D
alone was used; however, harmful residues of picloram were detected.
III.I.4. Forestry aspects
Degradation of 2,4-D in forest litter was studied by Norm and
Greiner (1967) who reported that. 2,4-D was rapidly degraded in forest
litter and that the rate varied with litter type, herbicide formulation
and the presence.of DDT. Douglas fir, bi<]leaf and vine maple, Ceanothus
and red alder were sampled. Recovery of different formulations of
2,4-D from alder litter 15 days after 3 Ib/Ac had been applied was 65%
for IDE form and the solubilized acid, 62% for triethanol amine salt,
and 45% for 2,4-D acid. Variations among the 11 species were from 60 to
73%. Growth analysis was made of red maple atvl white ash seedlings
grown hydroponically with technical 2,4-D prepared as the triethylamine
salt. Root treatments with 2,4-D were more effective than shoot appli-
cation for white ash, but this was not true of red maple. For all
applications 2,4-D was less phytotoxic than either 2,4,5-T or picloram
(Perry and Upchurch, 1968).
Effect of pretreatment of red pine seeds with 2,4-D on germination
and growth of young seedlings was made by Sasaki, e_t al_., (.1968). At
500 and 1000 ppm, 2,4-D markedly inhibited both early and final germi-
nation. At 500 ppm, 2,4-4) began to kill young seedlings at 27 days.
-------
Marked morphogenic changes in seedlings were caused by pretreatment of
the seed. A similar study was conducted by Sasaki and Kozlowski in 1968.
At concentrations up to 4000 ppm, 2,4-D suppressed germination and
inhibited grov/th of young pine seedlings, particularly cotyledon
development.
Sasaki and Kozlowski (.1967) also examined effects of 2,4-D application
on carbon dioxide uptake by 3-year-old red pine seedlings. 2,4-D applied
at 20 Ib/Ac or at 4000 ppm inhibited absorption of C02 at a steady rate.
o
Depression of COg absorption closely paralleled development of toxicity
symptoms, especially chlorosis.
III.I.5. Aquatic use - runoff
Monitoring ecolog>ic£l condition^ associated with widescale application
•5>
of DMA 2,4-D on over 18,000 surface acres of TVA reservoirs was reported
by Wojtalik, etaJL, (1971). At application of 20 and 40 Ib/Ac excellent
control of Invading Eurasian interim'If oil was achieved within 3 to 4
weeks without serious affect on other' submersed aquatics, plankton,
benthic macroinvertebrates, or fish. The DMA salt of 2,4-D appears to
be a noncumulat.ive herbicide since only small amounts were translocated
through food chains. Plankton sorbed and retained 2,4-D for extended
periods. Weldon and Blackburn (1969) applied propylene glycol butyl
ether esters of 2,4-D acid to flooting alligatorweed and determined
carbohydrate levels in underwater stems. Application rates were 4
and 8 Ib/Ac during the growing season. One month after application,
the readily-hydrolizable carbohydrates had been depleted by 23.8% in
a tidal area and 14.5% in a non-flowning area.
-------
Barnett, et^al_., 0967) measured 2,4-D acid in washoff (water-soil
mixture) froin cultivated fallow sandy loarn soil. Formulations of isoocty
and propylene glycol butyl ether esters and an alkanolamfne salt of the
ethanol and isopropanol series were applied at 2.2 and 4.4 Ib/Ac. Simula
rainfall intensities and storiii durations were used to represent storm
frequencies of 1, 10, 80 and > 100 years. Isooctyl and butyl ether ester:
were far more easily removed in washoff than the amine salt. 2,4-D
concentrations in washoff were less than 1 ppm, whereas concentrations
as high as 4.2 ppm of 1;ooctyl ester v/ere measured. Butyl ether ester
and amine salt losses were 13 and 4% following a 1-year-frequency storn
and 26 and 5% following a 100-year frequency storm. Soil bioassays
showed that most of the 2,4-D remained in the surface 3 inches of soil.
The subacute toxicity of 2,4-D acid and 2,4,5-T acid to chicks v:?s
investigated by Whitehead and Pettigrew (197;1). Chicks tolerated large
dietary doses (250-600 mg/kg) of 2,4-D acid the only adverse effect being
a reduction in food consumption (ceased to eat or drink for 1-2 days)
and 10% in growth rate. A level of 5000 mg/ki of 2,4-D, while not
resulting in death, did cause histological changes (swollen kidneys
and mottled spleens). Chicks were able to tolerate these levels for
up to 1 week, however and resume normal growth rate when returned to
uncontaminated food. No specific effect of high dietary levels was
noted on plasma calcium or magnesium concentrations. Birds were able
to discriminate between contaminated and uncontaminated food; when given
a choice they rejected contaminated food and grew at a normal rate.
-------
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7:339-42, 1964.
Prerideville, G. Shoot-zone uptake of soil-applied herbicides. Weed lies.
B(2):106-n4, 1968.
Prendeville, G. I'l., Eshel* Y., Schrieber, M. M., and Warren, C. F. Site
of uptake, of soil-applied herhicides. Weed Res. 7(4):31 (i-322, 1967.
PMdham, A.M.S, Science 105:412, 1947.
Rawls, C. K., and Ueaven, G. l;. Results of a 1962 field experiment
subjecting certain estuarine animals to a 2,4-D ester. Nat. Resources
Inst.t Univ, of Md., Chesapeake Biol. Lab. Ref. No. 62-59. 2 pp.
(Presented at Southern Weed Conf., Mobile, Ala., Jon. 16-18, 1963.
Raymond, D, D., and Alexander, M. Cleavage of the ether bond of
pheny'lmethyl ethers by enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. Pestle. Blochem.
Physio!. 2(3):270-277, -1972.
M ,"
-------
Recommendations of Research. Ccimrittee, Proc. North Central Weed Control
Conference, p.114, 1352.
Rodgers, C. A., and Stalling, D. L. Dynamics of an ester of 2,4-D in
organs of three fish species. Heed ScT. 20(1):101-105, 1972.
Rowe, P. B. Strearnflow increases after removing woodland-riparian
vegetation from a southern California watershed. J. Forestry 61:365-
370, 1963.
Sanders, H. 0. Toxicities of some herbicides to six specfes of fresh
water crustaceans. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 42(8, part 1):I544-
1550, 1970.
Sanders, II. 0. Toxicity of pesticides to the crustacean Gamarus
lacustris. U.S.D.I. Hsh & l-.'ilcJl. Scrv. Teci:. Pap. 25: 18 pp.,"1969.
Sanders, H. 0., and Cope, 0. B. The relative toxicities of several
pesticides to naiads of three species of stoneflies. Limnol. Oceanogr.
13(1):112-117, 1968.
Sasaki, S., and Kozlowski. T. T. Effects of herbicides on carbon dioxide
uptake by pine seedlings. Canad. J. -Dot. 45(7):961-971, 1967.
,Sasaki, S., and Kozlowski, T. T. Effects of herbicides on seed germination
and ealy seedling development of Pinus resinosa. 6ot. Gaz. 129(3):238-
246, 1968.
Sasaki, S., Kozlowski, T. T., and Torrie, J. H. Effect of pretreatment
of pine seeds with herbicides on seed germination and growth of young
seedlings. Canad. J. Dot. 46(3):255-262, 1968.
Schroeder, Jr., 1., Meyer, Jr., M., and Muecke, Jr., D. The effect of
the herbicides, 2,4-D aniitrole, atrazine, chlorpropham and cMorflurenol
on nucleic acid biosynthesis in the ascomycete, Neurosnpra crassa,
Weed Res. 10,(2) :172-177, 1070.
Schwartz, Jr., l-l. G. Microbial degradation of pesticides in1 aqueous
solutions. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 39 (10 pt. 1 ):1701-1714, 1967.
Sears, H. S. and Meehan, W. R. Short-term effects of 2,4-D on aquatic
organisms in the Nakwasina River watershed, southeastern Alaska. Pest.
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Sherwood, C. H. lleigle, J. L., and Denisen, E. L. 2,4-D as an air pollutant:
effects on growth of representative horticultural plants. Hort. Science
5(4):211-213, 1970.
tM
-------
Slsim, J. C., e_t al_. To.xlci.U of agricultural chemicals to larvivorous
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Skoog, F., and Miller, C. 0. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 11:118, 1957.
Smith, G. E., and Isom, B. G. Investigation of effects of large-scale
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14th Ann. Meeting N.E. Heed Control Conf . :508-510, 1960.
Surber, Gene - Improving snort fishino by control of aquatic weeds.
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Taylor, T. D., and l/arrne, G. F. Movement of several herbicides through
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Taylor, T. D.> and Warrne, G. F. The effect of metabolic inhibitors on
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-------
UnlsK, G. E., Keltm'r, Or., J. '•!., and Mathcv;s, E. Lffects of herbicides
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Station, Fla., U.S. Fish A l/ildl. Sorv. Cir. //335, pp. 10-12, 1970.
Watson, D. P. Amer. J. Bot. 35:013, 1948.
Wedemeyer, G. Uptake of 2,4-dichlcrophenoxyaietic acid by Pseudomonas
fluoresccns. Appl. Nicrobiol. U(5):485-491, 1966.
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pollutant: effects on market quality of several horticultural crops.
Hort. Science 5(4}:213-214, 1970.
Wei don, L. W., and Blackburn, R. D. Herbicidal treatment on carbohydrate
levels of alligaLorweed. lieed Sci. 17(1 ):66-'.'9s 19G9.
Hells, G. J. Residual effect of some herbicides on Med_icaoo_ species
in the Victorian Mallee. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. 12:181-184, 1972.
VMersma, G. B., Tai, H., and Sand, P. F. Pesticide residue levels in
soils, FY 1969 - National Soils Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monit.
J. G(3):194-228, 1972. - %
WilUert, D. E. Some effects of chemical sagebrush control on elk
distribution. J. Range Mgt. 16:74-77, 19G3.
Vlojtalik, T. A., Hall, T. F., and Hill, L". 0. Monitoring ecological
conditions associated v/ith wide-scale applications of DMA 2,4-D to
aquatic environments. Pest. Monit. J. 4(4}:184-203, 1971.
Woolley, D. W. Probable evolutionary relationships of serotonin and
indoleacetic acid, and some practical consequences therefrom. Nature
180:630-633, 1957.
Yamaguchi, S., and Crafts, A. S. Comparative studies with labeled herbicides
on woody plants. Hilgardia 29(0:171-204, 1959.
Yocum, C. F. 2,4-D and its relationship to wildlife. The Murrelet: 3 pp.
Reorint from Jan. - Apr., 1954 issue.
Young, D. W., and Fisher, C. E. Toxicity and translocation of herbicides
in mesquite. Proc. North Central Weed Control Conf. p.95, 1950.
-------
Chapter IV
Residues
Use of the herbicide, 2,4-D for control of weeds in a wide variety
of situations have been increasing each year for the last two decodes.
It is not a loiit1-persistent pesticid? and its MSO ot recommended rates
of application results in residues which persi'.t for only a relatively
short time (about 1 month or less). Results of" studies by Ft'A of
pesticide chemical residues in total diet samples during the period
1954-1970 show residue levels which cannot be r"gardsd as presenting a
significant health hazard. (President's Science Advisory Connnittee-
1970).
2,4-D residues have been detected in foods of plant and animal
origin. Thirty composite samples of pach ?f 12 classes of food wore
analysed each year between 1964 and 1972. Between 1964 and 1970 only
5 of II classes of food have been found to be contaminated, and amounts
detected were < O.OP1-0.16 ppm. Residues ''ere foimd in 1.0 percent or
less of dairy products, oils fats and shoriening, and fruit, in 1.9
percent of leafy vegetables and in 22.1 pe.cent of sugar and adjuncts.
Of the total samples analyzed in 1971 only 3 leafy vegetable samples
were contaminated (range 0.01-0.02 ppm)» and no chlorophenoxy acid
residues were detected in 1972 (Private communication F.F. Cumberback).
The allowable daily intake for 2,4-D has been established by the
Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues of FAO/WIIO (1971) to be 0.3
-------
Average incident nd ^r'L/ i-ic.n'-.c nt 8 pr.nticido cli'-"n.icj?1.3
r =- '•O .-."31 n.-i
J:;DS
1964-1965
•ERCCN
•o?-; n
b/.'/v :
rin
71O
chlcr
xide
rvl
37.5
31.5
19.4
13.5
1J.3
13.4
7.4
! 4.2
T DAILY
VII 1UT/VL2
ITCS i C;G)
0.031
0.013
0.013
C.OC"i
O.GO-.
1965-1263
r:X(Jl":J
*-».-«• , T
. • . * 1 t
C'>. ' r
37.3
33.0
25.7
21.3
r+
!
0.002
0.15
O.°0j
12.0
2.7
3.0
A" I * » ' 1_"
i'LJ'CI "J
1966-1967
T D.\ LiA'
v ;,;-;; .'GSil E\T. Ilir.V'.V
urs 2 •/•;,, CJ:".T:;
I
O.C/-1 I 33. r,
0.028 i 31.1
0.018 i 23.9
Q.1C- ! 15,3
O.CC- ! 10.6
C.COJ 1 3.9
:. 0:3 i 1.1
j.°:-- i i 7
T.iE'.; J (.:".)
0.026
0.017
0.013
0.7C4
0.035
O.G01
O.C07
"•.':•' \
!
' :-,
i ,
i f -j
• CO
1
J
r
!
,
1
.
1
t
1
|
J k
1SG7-1903
\\ .: ;x D.'
r"nv~ i:
JSITZS -1 (
i,',.?. 0.
37.5 0.
31.1 0 .
:•?.* o
:.:•,: c.
1 ;• . 1 0 .
•"* Q O
t ' *J •
.LY
. .-.r.
*•« \
-: y
019
315
on
lS66-19c3
PERCL::T
rofTTTv:,
c; '^OCIT;
48.9
39.4
28.1
1 '? ' 25.2
, -. ; i j O ^
1
V.-02 1 12.2
I 0.3
l
1
, , '
DAI'..'
^ JL - . -
5 j ,- , . |
C.Clo
C . ' 11
0.005
O.I _• "
C.-IOl
C . >J - u
c.r,\'3
i
ot.cil* 1971)
-------
mg/kg/day, or 21 ing for a 70 kg man. Average incidence of contami-
nation and daily intake of DDT, DDE, ODD, ^ieldrin, lindane, heptachlor
epoxide, carbaryl and 2,4-0 reported annually between 1964 and 1969
are shown in Table IV A.
The1following tolerences have been allowed for 2,4-D: 5 ppm on
t
apples, asparagus, grapefruit, lemons, ora.iges, and pears; 0.5 ppm or
groins of barley, oatss rye and wliput; and 20 p]-m or grain forage.
-------
]JJbli.of;raphy
Duggan, R.E., Lipsominb G. , Cox, E.L. , He:ilthwol«, R.E. Klcnp,, R.C., (197]
Residues in Foods and Fei'd . J'est. Monit. J. 5-2 73-212.
Cumberbacl: , F. F. 1973. l'i ivato Comrcunir ition May 22, 1973
Pesuicide Residues In l''oud (197J). Report of the Joint Meeting of the
FAO working party oC cxporr:: on ^«£3tici<'c Kcsiclues and tho, IfflO expert
Committee on 1'nsLicide Kpsidue . Hovembcc 22-29, 1971.
President' K Science Advisory Cnui.irittee K-.-port on 2,4-D September 30>
-------
Chapter V
Economic luirc.sary of Production
and Use of 2,4-D
V. A. Introduction
Since their first use by fanners and lanchers in the mid 1940's,
Lie phcnoxy h:-rbiuc!es have U.cciii? an mcriasingly important tool in
weed control in the Unitod Stat-:s. Of all Lhe phenoxy herbicides,
2,4-D has bocorne the most widaly employed, whether this usage is
based on amount applied, on »creanc tr -ated or on type of crop for
which used. In general, 2,4-D is high.y selective, of medium term
persistency, is low in acute nmm?lian toxicity, and is effective at
low rates and volumes of application. In addition, its relatively
low cost suggests 'that the chemical could result in significant benefits
to users. This benefit is further indicated by the increased use of
2,4-D over the past 20 years.
While uics of 2,4-D include industrial and governmental as well
ds agricultural, only agricultural uses are examined in t/is paper.
Agricultural crop use currently recounts fO'A approximately half of
all 2,4-D sales. The major remaining i.->es
-------
use of 2,4-D indicates that no alternative will provide acceptable
control in all cases. Atrazine is currently used on over 45 million
acres of cornland, indicating that in many cases it is an acceptable
weed control technique.
V. B. Prnd'.iction and
Use of a,4-U
There are currently four basic domestic producers of 2,4-D.
These are BASF Wyandotte Corp., The Dow Chemical Company, Rhodis Inc.,
Chipman Division, and Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company.- As en
indication of the complex and rapidly changing nature of the chemical
pesticide Manufacturing industry, it should be noted that BASF Wyandotte
has commenced 2,4-D production since 1972, while such companies as
Monsanto, Riverdale, Gordon and Gutti have discontinued 2,4-D production
since that date.-' All. four basic domestic producers are large and well
diversified.
Dow manufactures a diversified line of organic and inorganic chemicals,
plastics, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and consumer products and metals.
Agricultural chemicals include weed, br^sh, (.nd grass killers, roil, space
and grain fumigants, disinfectants and insecticides. Sales in 1972 were
$2.4 billion. Dow has plants in many slates of the U.S., in Canada,
Latin America, Europe, and Australia.
Thompson-Hayward, a subsidiary of Pi-Pi Jnc. controlled by North
American Philips Corporation, is partially owned by Philips Incandescent
I/ Farm Chemical Handbook, 1974.
2/ Farm Chemical Handbook, 19/2.
-------
Ltinip Works Mid Holding Company of l.hf Netherlands. PEPI products sorvo
human, animal, and plant health needs as well as those of industrial
end users. Plant health products include fungicides, herbicides,
insecticides, rodenticides, and grain fumigants. Sales in 197?.
were $204 million.
Rhodia is a subsidiary of Rhone-Poulenc S.A. of Franco. Rhone-
Poulenc is a holding company with subsidiaries operating in France and
abroad. Products are cliemicals and Pharmaceuticals, man made fibers,
cellulose, plastic film, petrochemical intermediates, chlorine, soda,
etc. Sales in 1972 (converU-d from Frei-ch Franks) exceeded $2.4 oil lion.
The most recent production data av'ilabie refer to 1971. In that
year, sales !>y basic menu lectures i/ere 3.5 nil lion pounds, down from
the,1 1970 level of 59.7 millinti pounds. A d?i,vnufird trend in 2,4-D is
al'.>o indicated through examination of D'parti,snt of Agriculture infor-
mation. In this report, domestic di-sappearance at the producer level
(production less exports) is estimated to have decreased from 46.9 million
pounds in 1970 to 32.2 million pounds in 1971. l.'hile production and
use data are unavailable fax the post 1971 period, industrial sources
_'{_/ Production and Sales of Prr.ticidos and Related Products,
U.S. Tariff Commission, October, 1973.
2/ The Pesticide Review 1972. USDA, June, 1973
-------
indicate that production and use levels h?.ve ceased to decline and
may in fact have increased since 1971.
Most 2,4-D used in the United States is produced domestically
and most domestic production is consumed domestically. The last
year in which the Tariff Commission reported sizeable imports of
2,4-D was 1068 (2.5 million pounds). Tariff Commission data on
2,4-D exports are clouded due to the inclusion of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
in a single category. In recent years exports in this category
(primarily 2,4-D) have ranged fiom 7 to 11 mil lion pounds.
The most comprehensive c^tim-ite of agricultural use of 2,4-D
is that of the Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Survey (Tables
VI, V2 and V3). Data from the survey indid'-te that the acreage upon
which 2,4-D has been used remained relatively constant between 1966
and 1971 (56.'J million dcrus in 1966 to b'1.8 million acres in 1971).
The major discernable shift in ucaije, according to USDA data, is a
decreased use on corn with a corresponding increased use on wheat.
Th" trend in amount of 2,4-D u-.od is parallel to the trend in acreage
treated.
In summary, accounting for statistical error and unavailable
data, it appears that 50-60 million pounds of 2,4-D are produced
annually in the United States, that net exports (exports minus imports)
are in the vacinity of 5-10 million pounds, and that agricultural use
accounts for over 30 million pounds of the approximately 50 million
pounds available for domestic use. Thir. is consistent with all published
data except the USDA 1972 Pesticide* Review estimate of domestic availability
of 32 million pounds in 1971.- Previous analysis has indicated that this
I/ The Pesticide Review, 1972. USDA, p.34.
-------
TAB! E VI.- Crop Acres Treated with 2,4-D
Crop
Corn
Cotton
Whee'it
Sorghum
Rice
Other Grains
Soybeans
Peanuts
Other Field Crops
Alfalfa, Other Hay, and Forage
Pasture and ftangeland
Vegetables
Citrus
Apples
Other Fruits and Nuts
Summer Fallow
1966
(inon acres)
22,411
175
13,733
3,384
129
8,053
231
8
649
415
6,745
124
18
12
31
775
1971
(1000 acre:,)
16,626
5
19.2GG
3,395
162
7,504
336
11
438
266
5,983
52
19
74
69
632
TOTAL 56,893 54,845
Source: US DA - SRS - "1971 - farm Production expenditure Survey,"
and USD^ - i:i;3.
-------
TABLE V.?. - Crop Acrss Treated wiih 2,4-D by Reg-ions
I'.Cfjion
Northeast
Lake States
Corn belt
Northern Plains
Appalachian
Southeast
Delta States
Southern Plains
Mountain
Pacific
1 %G
(1000 acres)
898
5,274
I4,b92
19,116
1,609
304
520
2,417
7,664
4,4f:9
1971
(1000 acros)
944
4,568
10,346
19,637
1,040
859
836
3,385
9.172
4,058
TOTAL
56,893
54,845
Source: USDA - SRS - "1971 - Farm Production Expenditure Survey,"
and USDA - ERS.
-------
1/UJI.L V3. • Pounds 2,4-U Used uu 'Ji
Crop
Corn
Cotton
Wheat
SorghLii.i
''.ice
Other Grains
Soybeans
Peanuts
Diner field Crops
Alfalfa, Other Hay and Forage
Pasture and Range lend
Vegetables
Ci trus
/pples
Other Fruits and Nuts
Sum-lie r Fallow
Nursery and Greenhouse
1966
(1000 1!;.)
14,701
250
6,351
1 ,373
207
4,131
103
9
.<85
f)03
9J?2
,''.09
b
2G
64
074
1971
(1000 Ib.)
9,144
4
8,937
2,039
125
3,516
222
6
952
230
6,926
47
11
23
38
1,028
3
TOTAL 39,'-13 33,252
Source: USDA - SRS - "1971 - Farm Production expenditure Survey,"
and USDA - CIIS.
-------
estimated domestic disappearance for the plienoxy herbicide group may
be quite low, and that the 1969 and 1970 estimate of 50 million pounds
per year more accurately describes domestic availability of 2,4-D
than does the 32 million pounds estimated for 1971.
V. C. Cost of Restricting
Use of 2,4-D
The benefits derived from the agricultural use of 2S4-D can best
be examined through estimating the costs incurred if current users of
2,4-D must substitute alternative control insures. The only published
attempt at such an analysis was completed by the USDA in 1970, and
examines the Cost to Farmer; of Restricting tlie Use of Phenoxy Herbicides;-'
While this USDA analysis consiclars -the irrplicationc of restricting all
phenoxy herbicides, 2,4-D accounted for over 90 percent of all phenoxy
herbicide use during the period of analysis (p. 17). In addition to the
problem of aggregating all phenoxy herbicide*., the USDA research is based
on usage estimates for the ye^r 1966 arid on production, cost and alternative
information fir- the year 1969. i'inally, the USDA study assumes that weedL
must be controlled at the bass !>criod level; this nv>y or may riot be the
case. In spite of these limitations the study offers valuable insights
into the benefits derived from use of 2,4-D ..nd serves as the bf;si[, for
the estimated cost of phenoxy herbicide restriction herein presented.
The USDA Study estimated that production costs could increase by
as much as $290 million if existing commodity output is to be maintained
_]_/ Restrictinc] _the_U:-.e of Phenoxy Herbicides - Cost to. Farmers,
USDS" Agricu'lturaI EcorioiiiTc"K'pbr t No. 194, Novclnber, 1970.
-------
without the use of phenoxy herbicides. As Iv., previously IK.'UM mentioned,
2,4-D comprised over 90 percent of all phenoxy herbicides used during
the period of analysis. While it is not necessarily true Inat 2,4-D
restriction could increase producer costs by S2G1 million ($290 x 90
percent) it is oovious thai (':• vast majority of the estimated $290
million loss would be due to a restriction of 2,4-D.
In addition to these production cost increases, the USDA estimates
that 5.7 million additional acres would be needed to compensate for yield
losses associated with v/ocd coii'peti tion that would have IJPCM control I fja
with 2,4-D. Also, it is estnncied Lhat an aJdiLional 20 ml lion hoi'IT,
of family labor used for weed contiol would have been needed.
Thi.s $290 million increase in production costs constituted about
5 percent of the value oT crops produced on acres treated with phenoxy
herbicides. T!rib translates to a per acre cos1-, of approximately $4.t>4.
The primary burden of this loss would fall on corn (37 percent), v/heal:
(17 percent) oiid other siiiall fjrain (10 percent) producers. Table V.4
presents a complete brc-aktiown of projected increased costs by crop did
by cost category.
-------
Table V.4 Costs of restricting phcnoxy herbicides
by crop and cost category, 19G9
Crop
Costs of restrict in r: phenoxy herbicide use
Reduced
materials Substitute Acldi- Production Net
and herbicides tional on addi-
appli- and . cultural additional tional
cation application practices acres cos.ts_
Corn
Uheat
Other small
grain
Sorghum
Rice
Other crops
Pasture
Range
All crops
-37.0
-21.9
-14.6
-5.6
-0.4
-5.4
-10.4
-7.2
-102.5
122.5 21.2
15.3 12.1 45.0
10.9 9.1 23.1
14.5 2.4
• - — 1/6.4 1.6
21.3
43.3
43.1
163.2 137.6 91.0
106.7
50.5
28.5
11.3
7.6
15.9
32.9
35.9
289.3
]J Includes $2.2 million for lower income from loss in tju.ility.
Source: Restricting the Use of Phenoxy Herbicides, USDA, Jov., 1970
Several variables affect the magnitude of tins projected cost increase
all of which have changed since the 1970 completion of the USDA report.
First, new chemicals may have been developed, new cropping patterns
may have been established, or weed susceptibility to 2,4-D may have changed
All of these could alter the efficacy of 2,4-D relative to other chemical
pesticides.
-------
Second, chenical price-; have changed. For example, USDA's
assumed 2,1-U per acre treatment cost of approximately $.60 is
now approximately $.85. Dicamba treatment at the same rate has
increased in cost from $1.85 to approximately $3.80 per acre.
To the extent that alternative costs have increased faster than
2,4-D costs., estimated USDA cost estimates could have been'Tirider-
estimated.
Finally, the last two years have witnessed a rapid increase in
the farm price of many agricultural products. Nowhere has this increase
been more r<"ipid than in the grain sector of the agricultural economy.
This increased commodity price accentuates the problem of potential
yield losses due to chemical restriction. Because of these rapidly
changing market conditions, it is perhaps better to view increased
production costs in relative terms (five percent of the value of
affected crop production), rather than in absolute terms ($290 million).
-------
Chapter VI
A simple method for the preparation of 2,4-D was first described
by Pokorny (1941). Growth regulating effects were described by Zimmerman
(1942) and herbicidal effects by Marth, and Hamner (1944). Since these
first reports were published, the number of uses for the chemical have
increased greatly. Currently, approximately 142G 2,4-D products are
marketed by 282 companies. According to the U.S. Tariff Commission,
reports of the 280 million pouirJs of cyclic herbicides and plant hormones
sold during 1972, 75 million pounds were in the form of 2,4-D.
2,4-D is formulated as the free acid; sodium, lithium, and ammonium
salt; diethanol, triethanol, dimethyl, trimethyl and triethylaiiiine salts;
low volatile esters such as isooctyl, butoxyethyl, poly ethyl one glycol
bi-ty], prcpylfciic glycoT, tetrahydrofu-rfiiryl, ethoxy propyl. and hexyl
butoxy; and volatile esters such as amyl, butyl, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl,
octylainyl, and pentyl.
2,4-D is registered both for the control of broadleaf p'lctnt-s and as
a growth regulator. Crops for which 2,4-D is registered as a lic-rbicidc
include: asparagus, barley, blueberries, corn, cranberries, graphs, hay,
oats, pastures, pears, raiKjcland, rice, rye, sorghu;i, sugarcane, wheat,
and aquatic sites. Non-crop uses include: applications to fall owl and,
lawns and turf, reforestation projects, rights-of-way, fencerows, and
along roadyways.
As a growth regulator, 2,4-D is registered on citrus (grapefruit,
\
lemons, and oranges) to increase fruit size and reduce drop. anc! on
potatoes to intensify the red color and improve skin appearance.
-------
2
Of the crops and oiLci for which 2,4-D is registered, the major
uses ore for weed coivtr^T' in corn, whtai anil nther small grains, sorghum,
range!and, nglits-of-way, ditchbanks, aquatic-sites, and turf.
For broadleaf weed control 2,4~D is generally applied as either a
pre or post-emergent spray. However on site such as ponds or turf areas,
granular formulations may provide the best control and ease of application.
Any of the acid., salt, or ester forms may be utilized in the formulation
of granular products.
When treatment of woody plants is necessary, 2,4-D is sprayed as
either a foliar, basal hark, stump, or frill treatment. Foliar treatments
provide satisfactory results v;!ien brush is less than 8 feet tall and active!
growing. Rate per acre will vary with species and population density:
however, sufficient material must be apolied to thoroughly wci the leaves.
Basal bark treatments are most effect!VP on susceptible trees less than
6 inches breast height diameter. The Icwer 18 inches of the trunk
is sprayed with sufficient material to drench the ground at the
base. In order to prevent re-sprouting, at least one year is
allowed before cutting the treated tree.
Stump treatments reduce sprouting of trres larger than 2 inches at
the base. The most satisfactory result1, arc achieved when freshly
cut surfaces are treated. The 2,4-D is applied in sufficent quantities
to thoroughly wet the cut surface and bark.
Frill treatments stet kill of larger trees is desired. This method
involves making overlapping dxe cuts completely around the trunk as
as close to the base as possible. 2,4-u is then applied directly to
the injured area in sufficient quantities to thoroughly drench the
wounds.
-------
3
A listing of the pia-i^s-controlK-J by 2,4-D and the important
plants controlled on a chop/sjU^tasis is provided in Tables VI.A and
VLB respectively. Tables VI.C and VI.D lists the registered alternatives,
with application rates, for the crop and non-crop areas for which 2,4-D
is registered. This information has bcc,-i summarized in Table VI.E.,
Alternative Herbicides by Use. Table VI.F lists the important broadleaf
weeds controlled by each alternative.
From the information provided, one can see that 2,4-D can be
effectively utilized to control a wide range of both herbacious and
woody plants on a variety of crops and sites. Consequently, it is
rather difficult to find registered herbicides that fully substitute
for 2,4-D. In most instances, more than one alternative must be applied
in order to achieve the spectrum of control obtained from a single appli-
cation of 2,4-L). However, alternative herbicides do exist, on a plant-
by-plant basis, that provide satisfactory control for most of the woody
species and for a limited number of the herbacious species.
',
-------
Jjibl iogruphy
EPA .Summary o f KPJJJ_S L9£pA ^1' '""-"^ t"ffll Pesticide Cncmicjl
Volume 1 -_ Her I) jr. i tic-r>, _Dc 1 u 1 unifs, DC sic: can I :., P3nnt Regulators.
Environmental I'rotoction A{;cincy. Washington. 1). C.
Jix^Len_t_ami Cost. 01 Weed Coiij-^o.'-_ wJ.L'n herbici• ies and an Evaluation
of'jmpo'riant Weeds. USDA Pub." ARS-II-L," "Kovomber 1972.
Huuincr, G.L., II.E. Tukey. Bot.-.:n. Gaz. 106: 2'.2-245.
Herbicide Handbook of. the Weed Socioty of /Mnarica. Second Ed.
W.V. liiiinphrcy Trc.ss Inc. Cenov,', New York. 1970.
iKJn, G.C. Weed_Contrql :_ As _A_ .Jicierice_. John VJilcy and Sons, Inc.
;!t-.. You.. 19GG. "~ .........
Maith, P.C., and J.W. Mitchc-1] . Botan. Gaz. 106: 244-232. 1944.
Page, B.C. and W.T. Thomson. The. 1972 InsocEicidc, Herbicide, Funglcdde
Quick Guide. Thomson Pub] ica lion. Indianapolis, Indiana. 197.1.
Pokorny, K.J. Amer. Chem. SPC. 63: 1768. 1941.
Thomson. W. T. Agricultural Chemicals, Book £1 - Herbicides. Simmons
Publishing Company, Davis, Coi Lj-oinia. 1964.
Weed Con rrol MavniaJ .-ind^Jlerbi rjrlc Guide. Fa rm Technology/Agr . -
FipldmanT I?el7ruary"]973.
-------
Table VI.A.
Plants Controlled Hy 2,4-D
alder, arrowhead, artichoke, beech, begger tick, bindweed, bitterweed,
bitter winLrr cress, boxelcior, buckbrush, bull Lliistle, bulrush, burdock,
buttercup, Canada thistle, catnip, chaparral brush, chickweed, chickory,
coastal sage, cocklebur, cqffeobean, creeping jenny, curly indigo,
dandelion, dock dogwood, duckweed, elderberry, elm, goldenrod, ground
ivy, hazel, hawthorn, hoary cress, horseweud, honeysuckle, ironwecd,
jimson weed, knotweed, lambscjuate^s, leafy spurge, locust, maple,
mccartney rose, Mexican weed, milkweed, morningglory, mustard, nutgrass,
oak, parrot feather, pecan, penny wort, peppergrass, persimmon, pigweed,
plantain, poison ivy, pokeweed, poverty weed, prickly lettuce, puncturevine
purslane, rabbitbrush, ragweed, red .sorrel, rush, Russian thistle, sage-
brush, salt ceder, shepherd's, purse, shinncry oak, smartweed, sour dock,
sow thistle, stinkweed, sumac, sunflower, tie vine, Virginia creeper,
velvetleaf, water hyacinth, v/aler lily, water primose, wild buckwheat,
wild carrot, wild garlic, wild gr;ipe, wild lettuce, wild onion, wild
radish, willow, witchweed, yellow rocket, and certain other herbacious
and woody broadleaved weeds.
-------
TACI.L VLB.
MELDS COdTROLLD) IJY 2,4-D ON' A CROP/SITE.JASIIS
Apples and IVnrs
Asparagus
Barley, Onls,
Rye, Whoal
bindweed, Canada Ihistle, dandelion, dock, lambs-
quarters, iiioniiiig-'lory, piqweed, plantain,
poise.;! ivy, roijwc'id, suni lower, velvetieaf.
Blueberrit-r,
Corn and
Cranberries
Fdllowland
Grapes
Pasture and
Kangeland
Rice
Sugarcane
Aquatic site:.
(ponds and
lakes)
bindv/ced, chickwccd, horscnettle, lambsquarters,
morninqqlory, mustard, piyvt'ed, ragweed, thistle.
bindv.'poci, huttercup, chickv.'ced, cockle-bur, dock,
lambr-qudrtorb, mustard, pirn-sod, plantain, nrickly
Ictti'co, rno-x'Pd, Russian tl.istie, shepherds purse,
smartuL-e-l , sunfloi.er, wild buckwheat, wild garlic,
wi 1 d r«' J 1 1. h , y el 1 1. v/ rocket.
certain broadleaf weeds (registered labels do not
indicate the specific weeds that are controlled by
2,4-D).
bindv/eed, Canada thistle, horsenettle, jinisonweed,
lambsquarters, inoi ningglory, mustard, pigweed,
ragweed, sniaitwGec, suivriov.'t-i ,
certain ijroa'JIoaf weeds (lahels do not indicate
specific weeds controlled).
bindweed, Canada tnistle, hoary cress, horsenettle,
leafy :.|,urge, ragi;)ed, sow thistle.
bi ndv/eed
bindweed, bittcirwcsd, buckbrush, Canada thistle,
chickory, chaparral brush, cocklebur, curly dock,
dandelion, locov/ec-J, pigweed, rabbitbrush, ragweed,
Russiiin thistle, sagebrush, sow thistle.
coffeebean, curly indigo, bulrush, duckvyeed, red
stem, sniar tweed.
morninqglory, tie vine.
arrov/hcad, bulrush., duckweed, water hyacinth, water
lily, water primrose.
-------
T.ible VLB. continued
Lawns and Turf chickweed, c.uriy clock, dai.deI ion, ground ivy, iron
weed, knotwced, musta.'d, plantain, red sorrel,
wild garlic, wild onion.
Fencorows, alder, beecli, boxelde5', dcqwoocl, elderberry, elm,
Reforestation hazel, Iw./ti.orn, liunfc.'suci le, locust, maple, oak,
Righls-of-way, pecan, persimmon, poi'on ;vy, salt ceder, shinnery
Roadv;ays, and oak, sumac, Virginia creeper, willow.
Wasteland
-------
Table i/I.C.
USE TOLERANCE DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(pp-a) (lb. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE TC'.ERrVICE
CCSAGE
LIMITAT:C.\S
2,4-3 acic »-:
sol .^' '3 c "ir.e fc"-
riis'at'O'is. Arply
w.ncn '..eeds a?e yourg
end actively cro:irrg.
Do not allow spray to
cortact Tcovcs, rru-; •..
cr st-: s.
/.—jpur:
Su If a-, ate
Dichlobenil
n 1=5
Diphenamid
o.i
Diuron
!nfo--.?ti>p nb
r.Ti r
cf Rer--'<;t9r?d Arn cultural Pesticide Cherical l!sos,
--foc -T-.v- ? I_1 ,->nr' tfi-- -> 1 ^nv^ -3 H .,a^ = ^r. ^--.^-^-. i-,
.
gals, v.atr.-- a i.-stting sp^^y tc c:••£
ivy in fLll leaf. NCC."
spray off tres fen?.=3
ard fruit.
f.n
e.o
3.2
Apply flirecteJ sr-'2y •*.
sc '1 . Do r.oc =}-•"•>
witliin 4 \.ceNS af'.er t'
plor.tin. Co '•ot G--a-
nvestc:< c- trr;:c_. •-»•
Aaoly to c-'cherd ""c^r
after clean OJ!*T\ i-.:u.
Do not apply \ '-c'. f
C". t!'G tre: , rr . • t'-'r
90 days of hjrv-cst. C.
pot graze 1 i» :5"C': . GI
treated areas.
Apply directive spray t^
orchard floor during
Spring (Mar.-?;ay) on c
established at least 01
year. Avoid contact v. '
fol iagc cr ^rjit. ,c -
treat dwarf varic-'-'cs.
rot replant tredtcd i'
to any crop within 2 v
after application.
-or-
rop
h
*.
D-
s
irs
-------
DOSAGE
{lb. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
SUBSTITUTE TOLERANCE
(PP'O
DOSAGE
Apples
(cont.)
DNBP
1.9
LIMITATIONS
Use restricted to f-s Fer
l-.'cst. Apply as dire;:;:
spray to orc'—rd fcrr
don'ng './inter {Dec. - rso.;
on crop estaolishej at
least one yc-ar. Avoi-
contact with foliage.cr •
fruit. Do not trc-at c>-.=rf
varieties, E? rc-t <---=" i-t
treated arc?.s 10 ar;. cv:
v.i thin 2 yc^rs 'if cer
C p p l 1C u u 10 ~ •
Apply direct spray to .vesd
ground co\er. Keeo £?"-:-'
off frtiic and foliage. Co
not graze 1 ivestac1- ;.i
areas.
Paraquat
C.05
Simazine
0.25
4.0
Terbacil
3.2
Directed spray to e-.e'/ced
weeds. Do not allcw
spray to cor.toct fcn?ce,
fruit orst:~c. I: *:>.
allow 3ni:;2"lb to craze on
treated areas.
Apply to orchard floo"
before weeds emerge --r>3
trees are established
one or .Tiore years. Co
not £f-!y to fcl'.e.'ie or
fruit.
Single spring spray to
soil of orchards
established 3 c>- rc^c-
yoars. Do net » cr
-------
USE
Aspara- 5
gus (fro1?
DOSAGE
(Ib. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
salt of
2,4-D
only)
2.5
Pree^ergence appli-
cat-'on irnediately
a'ter discvjg on
established bod, or
after posthark-est
discing.
PosteTercence
applicacion.
Young seedlings.
During rjrvost.
Dot over f. o
applications
soaced 1 ir-o"th
apart. Post-
harvest applica-
tion. Use dror-
nozzles to keep
spray off plant.
SUBSTITUTE
Chloramben
TOLERANCE
(ppn)
NF
DOSAGE
Dluron
3.2
LIMITATIONS
Preemorgence appTic?.ti3p
to sesdbed ir-nc"
after seeding.
Use restricted to Vsh-
ington. Irrigated c»-cp.
Apply during Kite 'OI-E--
faer or December. Co rot
replant treated areas to
any crop within 2 y>?a.y'3
afcor applicatior.
Ncnirngated crop. Apply
4 weeks before spears
er.=rge or during early
cutting season end
iT.,-redi?toly after hrrvest.
Do net replant tteart:;
areas to any crop ii'thin
2 years after last
aps' icatior;.
-------
LIV'ITATIO.'JS
(ib. a/A.)
(COIL. }
SUBSTITUTE
Mor.uron
Paraquat
TCLERAf,CF.
(Pp.'1)
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
3.2 Apply once djrir.c pe-'ioi
from Cut*:--;
period or follov.ir2 last
cultivation. Secc-.J
application inrejiate1}1
after harvest. Tot?.?
'j^-'ye not to excee:
6 Ibs. per acre p2-
season.
within 18 i.:o»vtus b3fc.-re
harvest.
Petroleum
Solvent
Exempt
40
100
-or-
Preemergepce. Do not
apply within IS ticnths
before harvest
-or-
Pretransclant. Z'o "•: .
apply within 18 months
before harvest.
Pree:iergence.
PosteTercence. Apply as
directed spray to soil
when crop is in fsrn
stage. Keep spray off
fer-,s.
-------
T3LERVJCE
Asparagus
(co-it.)
DOSAGE
LIMITATIONS
(Ib.
SUBSTITUTE
Sesone
TOLEPJiNC
IF?")
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
5.5 PreeTergence aopHcatlon
or after cutting season
Simazine
10
4.0
Earley
0.5
(orain)
20
(forage)
Apoly at tiller to
boot siape. DC rot
apply ir seedling
or boot to nilk
stage. Do not
graze or feed
forage froii treated
• fieios within 2
v/eeks after treat-
ment.
Earban
0.1
Vomoxynil
Extended
Diallate
' 0.05
(grain,
forage,
straw)
.375
0.5
1.25
Apply in spring after
disking and before scesrs
and weeds emerge. Repeat.
after harvest and weed'
growth renoveri.
Aoply befo.-p the -J-le.-1'
st^ae of c'~cp cr'O \/."ei '•"•"•i
oats are i.- f-'euf
stcge- Do rot a i Ic1..1
livestock to graze
treated fields until
after harvest of crop.
Apply 1n fall or spring,
vvhen grain is from tr-o-
leaf to boot staga. !?c
not contar:in;te st,'2'"S,
lakes, and pon^s v."th this
material .
Preplant soil i
Apply in fall within
weeks of soil freeze-,^.
Plant in spring.
Preemergence soil incor
poration. Apnly befort
crop sprouts.
-------
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(Ib.
•"ley
cent.)
SUBSTITUTE
TOLERANCE
I PP.1-)
0.5
(gr:r;n
and
stra .)
Diuron
DNB"
(AS)
(alot',8 or under -
seeded to
leguTes)
Dr.BP
(EIS)
(aic'-e or under-
seeded to
lerunes)
DNB'1
(TS)
(alo-.e or under-
sec-J ad to
1 (grain)
2 (tey,
forage,
Extenc'ed
Extended
Exterclc-d
DOSAGE
0.094
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.25
LIMITATIC|,S
Poctemergence. At^pTy in
sr-,ing before j^rt sr:.g
Do not graze o- harvest
for aalry 'e- ?»".cr co
crcs T.aturit/. (Fell
Pcstemergerce. Apply at
2-:-ieaf ?.-ige. Co not
rv'-',;p or • .n/est fr>-
d1 r'v f'ji'j pricr '.•"> C'T5
U:c restricted to \ostern
Cregc1 and western '. ash-
Ir^tn. Preeirerger.ce. Do
not replant to any crop
WTL'in ore year after
a: '1 icaticn.
Apply
c< op is 3-6 inches Ul 1 .
"3 net craze livestock
on treated aro.is or Teid
trcitcd hay. within £0
dc»s after treatment.
Poste:nergence. Apply
when crop is 3-6
inches tall .
Fcstemergence. Apply
Wiien crop is 3-6 inches
tall. Do not graze
livestock en treated
or feed forage
-------
TCLE=A-,CE
arley
(cent.)
DOSAGE LIMITATION'S
(Ib. e/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
MCPA
Terbutryne
TOLCR.VICE
(r-0
Extended
0.1
(gra-n,
g"e;--.
foe:?-,
= r ;
Str; )
DOSAGE
1.5
0.5
1.8
LIMITATIONS
PcstefFerger-ce a:,:l:cst'or!
f'3T tiller to ;irly tcot
slags. Do not i.::-"..1
c Ti-g t7ot tc COJCT
s:ages.
PcsteTergence jo
from emergence to boot
stage.
L'so restnctea to 'is'.Tsh-
iiVj-on, Oregon, and !c=hc.
tcic.'ed ;!-.e 2-1caf si:ce
o.- in saving w.en t3r",^y
r=>.s no* n;ore th?n 1 or ?
tillers. Apply to v-.eecs
before rcscttes ?"2 2
J.:c.i9C ir r.ij.'etr-" cr
L'-iti! th-1;/ are ^ i-c-:i in
heirht. !?o pot use c- sar:
f :r2 I-.:- 3 -o "- - -.' -1 " : '•
c.op cycle.. Do ret plant
•seated fields to -i---'. crop
urtil pine r.-ort,'-r fcllo/1-
ir.g ajjpl icatioT. Co r.ct feed
green fo.-ace or g-ere *rea'.sd
areas to livestock fcr 6
rc",tns folio,.-ire acplicstisn.
-------
JS-
{==-•}
Excerc'ed
(Ib. a/A.)
•=s
LIMITATIONS
Aoply in fall after
blueboTy leaves
have f.-Tior and
befo-e a b'jrn.
Repeat fall
application in
2-3 years.
Apply on revolving
cloth covered c^ins
held oiove blue-
berry foliage during
June and July of
season preceding a
bjrn. Do not czply
within 2 years cf
berry harvest.
SUBSTITUTE TOLERANCE
Chloropropham Extended
DOSAGE
LIMITATIONS
12.0 Apply as a directed spre;y
fron Iste fall to esrly
£pr->.T w;en plor.rs are
dormant.
D^chTobenil
0.15
Oluron
DliBP
Extended
6.0 Apply directed spray
to soil. Do not a-ply
withi'p 4 weeks aft;'-
transplanting. Do not
graze 1ivestock en
treated areas.
3.2 Apply directed spray to
crop established at
least cna year. Co not
replant tc any crop wit1:'
2 years arler applicator
2.8 Apply directed spray to
v.socis in fall after har-
vest or in eirly soring
bsfc'-o tlcc1'.
-------
(ib. c/A.)
LIMITATIONS
,'r-_* \
\~- •>••.'
Er.tendsd
.5
(crain)
20
(foraae
ard fodder)
FreeTe-aencs appli?
1.5 cation." DC rot
use en light sandy
soil. Double
dosage en muck
soils.
.5 FoslCTergence
appl icat-.cn.
Erne* gence to
tasselirg. Do
r.o: apply fror1
tasselirg ~o
dcugn staqe.
Use drop nozzles
when corn is
over 10 inches
high.
SUBSTITUTE
Petroleum
solvents
Si.'azine
TOLER-ilCE DOSftSE
Exe.-pt
0.25
Alachlor
(fUld.
swaet,
hybird
seed)
O.CS
(fr-sh
cor-
keT.ol s
plus cob'
witp h^sk
0.2
(grain,
focr'sr,
and
forage)
ICO
4.0
3.5
4.0
LIMITATIONS
Apply while doi-rant, or as
a Directed s?ra/ to soil
bei/.esn crop rows. Keep
sc ~ay off croD ste"is.
Ap-ly in spring before
v.'s.cds energe and fruit
sc-,, or in fall after
h:. -vest. Do net acply
tc fcliago or v;hile frir't
IE, i: re-sent.
soil i"CC:pO'ra-
ti:n v.-ithir 7 days before
pUr.tir.g.
or
-------
USE TOLERANCE
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(Ib. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
TOLERANCE
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
Corn
(cert.)
Atrazine
0.25 (in or
c- frc-su
c?rr. 'ir.r.liiding
s-.-eet corn
[kernels plus
ccbs with
ii-jsks removed],
corn grain
[includes pop-
4.0
4.0 Preplanting broadest
fall or sowing. "3
plant treated at-Ji to
any crop except &rn
and sorghum LT-' the
follov,irg year
or
PVeeirergence Acply when
wards are le>: tna- 1 "i/2
inihos high Co r.:t c's^:
treated arcs tr c": r •:_
e/c^ct cotr -r<3 sc--^"--
until the cl'io..-:-; . f---
or
4.0 Postanerjence. Apply di-ect
spray 3 v-ee's after
tree:"ant.
-------
I?---.}
DC-SAG E
(Ib.'e/A.)
LI,'! I TAT IOKS
SUBSTITUTE
Ch'oramben
(f eld)
Cyanazine
Cyprozine
(field)
CDDA
(field, pop,
sweet)
TOLERHCE
(ppm)
0.1
(grain,
fodder
and
forage)
0.05
(grain)
0.05
(fresh,
including
s\.°cc
(kernels
plus cob
with husk
removed))
0.05
(fodder
and
forage)
0.1
(grain,
fodder,
ana
forage)
DOSAGE
4.0
2.0
0.05 5
(grain,
fodder,
forage, fresh
(kernels plus
ccc i.it'i
hi,s \.ec<.*'S zra lc.3c.
than "i.5 ncfioi ^a"l -".r.J
before crop reaches 5-1e?f
stage. Do not use on n-.-ck
or peat soils.
PosteT.ergence. Broadcast
aoplication before ccrT is
10 inches high, and veeJs
are 2-4 inQ'-es h'.gfi. Co
not plant treated srnas to
any crop except corn until
the following year. Do not
cut for feed and silage
v.ithin 30 days after
applic^t ion.
Preerergence.
-------
-5E TCL:-V:.CE CSSASE LIMITATIONS
(opr.) (lb. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
TOLERANCE
\r-t
LIMITATIONS
Corn
(cont.)
DCPA
(field,
sweet)
Dicamba
(field)
e.05
(grain)
0.05
(sv/eet
COT.
plus ccb
v/ith r-jsks
(forage
or
fodder)
0.5
(grain,
rodder
dfid
0.5
O.Z5
Preemergsnce.
Preerrergence. Do not
graze treated areas. DJ
not harvest for dairy £
feed prior to ensilage
- -1, „ * —^
Postemergence. Apply overall
spray before crop is 36
inches tall (15 days
before tassels appear).
Do not graze treated
areas. Do not her vast
for dairy animal feed
prior to ensilage
stage (psilk stage-).
-------
e: T:_E3.-':cE COS'-GE LIKITATIO-IS
(lb. e/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
TOLERA:JCE
(PP-)
DOSAGE
IMITATIONS
cm
(cent.)
Butyl ate
f^ieV, sweet
silage)
CDEC
(field,
sweet)
0.1
grain,
r'resn
ccrn
(kernels
P'I-J: cobs
'..--; th husk
fcrege
and
fodder
0.2
(cjr-In,
kernel s
plus cobs
with
husks
reriQvcd
4.C Preplant soil Incorpora-
tion.
-------
COS^C-E LI-IIT.-iTlCNS
{-b. a/A.)
Oats
(cent.)
SU3STITUTE
Diurop
(v.'inter -
alcr.c or
v; tn peas or
•.'••> fen)
DOSAGE
1.0
1.6
LI»-::TATIO:;S
-se restricted to casire1":!
Oregon, eastern V>3s'"-;.*:r.
?,r,d Ida'-.o. Fcsre";": :e
r,3-
1 j^r after l:st c:r"
cion.
1)30 restricted to i.tsrc
C ---.^r. crj. i-ester- !';r ;
irf::o-,. Prefer-':" :E
replant i'j ary c»-?r •.;::-.:-.
DNBP
AS)
clone or
urdcrseeded
(EIS)
(ulcne or
u-sdlerseeded)
DliBP
(TS)
(;: lone or
urde*"seoded
to legumes)
Extended
1.2
Extended
1.5
1.25
PosteTergencG. /op'y v\!-2
crop is 3-6 inc'.cs t;"il.
not graze .1 ivastcck o.^
treated e^eas oc .:c:c
treated nay i.it-in cO u£;.
after treatrer.t.
Do
crop is 2-5.
Tostemergence.
crop is 3-6 inches tall.
Do not graze livssto-'.
on treated fields or ^,1
forage within £C c?ys artar
tre-3OTe.it.
-------
TCLER-'.C
I or-)
DOSAGE
(ib. a/.\.)
LIMITATIONS
Icrp
(cent.)
SUBSTITUTE
Di'iron
(field)
Dillate
(field)
TOLFEAi'CE
(forage)
0.05
(grain,
forage,
feeder)
DOSAGE
0.8
0.3
1.5
LIMTATIOMS
'.se restricted to Delta
c.-ea. Freenergence. Do
rot replant treated areas
to any crop witn-n 6
. ort'ns aftrr appl -ic
Postererccnce. Apoly dire:
i.^d sora> to crop 20
'i-ches tall and '..eeds ar;
loss tear. 3 inc!r:3 tall .
L; net re^lu.'.L li ^....t:J
.'.••eas to aiy CTP o
-------
TOLEP-AVCE
(=r.)
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(Ib. a/A.)
Corn
(cent.)
SUBSTITUTE
Df.'BP
(EIS)
TOLERA'ICE
(C,PT)
Ixter.-lec
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
9.0 Freeniergence.
DKgP
(TS) •
'•field, pop,
iweet)
4.5 Posterurger.ce. Aoply
when ccrn is in tight
ro1! to tv.-o-leaf
siege.
Exts-'ied 6 Freerergence.
(12.4 granu-
lar)
D.NBP
0.1
(interim)
(grain,
fs-esh
ccrn
ipcludi ig
si set
corn
(kernel s
phis ccb
3 Postemergence. Apoly
when corn is in tic.'.t
roll to two-leaf st=c=.
1.0 Preeir.ergcnce application
to seedling
v/eeds, one or rcre
before crop e^e
re'.oved)
-------
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(ib. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
Corn
(cc--t.)
TOLERAMCE
(ppr;
0.1
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
4.0 Preplant soil incoroord-
tion, plant crop in 7-10
days. Do net use on tnilo,
sorghim, and hyc, id earn
grov.n for seed.
or
3.0 Pr22--orger.C2 soil ir.cc. -
11":o, scrrhL.n, hybrid ccrr
cro.n fcr seed.
Linuron
C.25
Crv--;-
13 • '".
D*~ c-:r)
1
3.0
Preer.iergence. Apply to
C.up pldHteU I 3/4 inCrC-5
deep. Co not f^ant trc^!
3'2?S tO 1tf.t- i-'.r ~'- t"'
.£..ei v.'itn.'. 'f r,''iitns -if
forego)
Oi-
l.S Posternerger4ce. Appl>
directed spray after cr
is 15 inches tal1. Do
plant treated areas to
crops r.:-t ci the label
•.nthir 4 norths after
treatment.
-------
•J3E TCLE'-'.CE CCS.^GE LI.'ilTATIOi'.'S
(lo. a/A.)
Corn
(cent.)
SJBSTITLTE
Paraquat
fpp-l
0.2
(grain,
Ecir, 'cdder,
••».nd
"orcge)
0.05
(grs ;r. ,
fresr
vegetable,
fodder &
forage)
Use restricted tc Ceni'-a'i
Eastern an: Sc-jfcr-
'Jnitcd Staf.s
Pree~erg? 'C£. C^ rr.t
use en cor- pl = -t:ci i -
deep furrows. DJ not LSS
on inbrc-u j..\ii:..L SC-CG cor:
Do ret use on TiqHt soil
o*- soil •*kir° rt-c,2nic
r. l-:ss t
.cr s
h":' than f:cld co-:i.
pcfcc-toes, ot iJ>L'r;-s
uith-!1-, 6 '-ortiis =ft--
appl icdtior.
Preplant application to
emerged '..'ceds. Free ..... -
gence app!1cctir>- +r
emerged v;eeds.
Petroleum
solvent
Exempt
100
Preemergence
-------
jSE TOLERA'.'CE
DOSA3E
(Ib. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
SUBSTITUTE
TOLEkV.CE
(pen)
DOSAGE
LIMITATIONS
'crn
Frjiretryne
0.25
grci-,
i-.g cop-
corn)
0.25
f '-.31-.
corr.
3.0 Preeiergence. Do not
p^nt to any crop except
c-.vn t^e following ysar.
Propachlor
(field)
3 -- I
c • r.
(l-.trr.e's
pljs COLS
wi th
removed)
C.?5
fr-age
fc todder
{ ii eluding
fiald.
sv.cet, L
popcorn)
C.I
(crain)
1.5
(forage)
Preenergencie.
Foste^erger.ce. Apply ju:-t
after crop emerges and
before weeds reach 2-1 ear
stdge.
-------
(lb. a/A.)
Sl'ESTITUTE
TOLE'1,- :XF.
DOSAGE
LIMITATIC.iS
3-t.)
Propachlo'
(swset)
0.-!
(kernels
Dins cobs
wi :n hus/5
re .•:•', cd)
1.5
(foraije;
Pree^ergence.
3,:tcr crcp
v just
Sinazina
(f-,sld,
FOP.
Sheet)
0.25
(fresh
corn,
st.eet
cc'-n
(• j-rals
an I cobs
v.'-^n husks
•-roved)
S -o 1 n,
f r Jacr
a-rJ
forage}}
4.0
plo\; land in sn.'ir.g jjsr
p*"icr to seedirg. _3 r:t
plant any crop sxcec* :.-?s^
specified on t'-.e Utol : -a
fol lowing year. Co rot
g-aze treated areas.
or
Prec-nergcnce. Co net L-" ,-t
any crop e?c-;-pt those L^.^ci-
fied 01 the label the
following year, do not on 73
treated areas. Pa r.ot cr-.j".y
r-jra t'lan 4.C Ib. ?.ct_'" :o
p IP ar.y or.e ^--»~.
-------
SE TOLEVXE
rar.- Extended
DOSaGE LIMITATIONS
It). e/Vi.)
1 Apply broadcast
over be.53 LP to
white b-jd stage.
Do r>ot apply after
first flovvers open.
0.25 Apply by swabbing
(in \veeas above crop
v;ater) any t1'1"^ uo -Q
end of blesses
pen'cd. T-o not
SUBSTITUTE TOLERANCE DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
or. crar.Lerry
plants.
Broadcast over bog
after drawing
down winter
flood or 01 ice
before soring
thaw while
cranberries
arc d
Chloropham Extended 20.0 Postharvest acnl icatic-. ip
Nov.-Dec. Repeat epclica-
tion in early spring while
crop is stil1 dorrant.
-------
USE TCLEVJCE C3SASE LIMITATIONS
.;=:•-} (Ib. a/A.)
Crar,-
beTies
(co-it.)
SUBSTITUTE
Dichlobenil
Ferrus
CU'.fitO
^cptchydrate
inPA •
NPA
(SS)
Petroleum
sol vent
Siniazine
TOLIKA'.CE DOSAGE
0.15 4.0
(granular)
Safe
- '
0.1
Exeirpt
0.25
6.0
(granuiarl
300
S.O
800
4.0
LIMITATIONS
Preblncin. Apply .in js
in sirgle cr sclit 3rrli-
cat-'o.- 3-t v.jcks ;. irt.
Do not graze treated ere.= 3.
or
Postharvest single applica
tion. Do r.'jL yraze
feared are^s.
Aoply to «rop betweer. Apwii
Dorrar.t app^icaticr 3*= £'-.
overall spray bef^'e r-J
break (April to f'sy) to
establish crop.
Use restricted to i'^33-
achjsetts. Con^arI
application ^3 an ovpr?1!
spray teforc c..d t-ea''.
(Acril 1 - ."jy -,C}.
Apply while dorr.i3p.t every
2 \.e«irs to cont/oi ru?.'cs
and sedge. Co rot aoply
after buds begin to sv.c-11.
Uf.e restricted to Nass-
ac.iusctts. '-poly in spring
before growth bee ins or in
fall after hardest.
-------
Fa Vow
land
NF
(lb. s/4.)
to >,.e3ds
activftl> grow-
ing. Do rot
plant tO fry
crop LT.I:! 3
ncnt'"S drter
treafcnt or
until che.'.ical
disappeared
fro.Ti soi'.
Exter.ced
SUDSTITUTE TO.ER-'
V i-r *
I PC
Chemical Fallow:
viand to be
"ceded to)
Alfalfa
Clovers
Flax
Peas
Clo/crs:
/.Is ike
CriT.son
Lidino
Rod
Subterranean
"irefoil
l.hite
DOSAGE
15.0
4.C
5.0
8.0
LIMITATIC'JS
Apply to well est^blishe:
grasses and w.->cds. Dis:
into soil several rorths
before plentT'ic.
disc into soil.
Preeiergence appl icaf-ic-..
Preplanting 3Dplic?t-,or.. C:i-
into soil prior co geiriraticn
of v.eeds and
or
clover has at
leaves.
L u.-reo ^r^E
f-CPA
or
Apply in fall or spring rr':r
ger.r.ination of annual veed?. c
w.uen crop hes t^ree or ror= '„
leaves.
Apply to v/ee'-'s active'ij
growing. Do not plant to
ary croo until 3
afle>- treat ."it cr
ch£'".iral hDs a'U-'
f»c..- soil.
-------
..-- J
:es rxtended
i.r::T.vrio:,s
Dormant season
aoplicaticn.
SUBSTITUTE
TOLER,.;::E
DOSAGE
LIHITATIC:.S
1.5
Apply Defovo or?^e
car.es rccch the
ground. Iso a nooa'ed
boom soray to
prevent am't to
grape fol ,agc.
inch v.'dc b^r.J
urder tre". 1 Is
of bea'-ir.c
vineyards, i;!-en
bind-./st— s:art
to bloom and
ttfore gi-^po-
1 •' rs ":" ~'~ ~'"~
ground. Koo? bar
off griiTC1. "ir.e s:'70ts.
Tr ••.-". of* cr?po
sheets rhat are OP
the ground.
Dic'nlobem'l
0.15
Diuron
6.0 Apply directed spray to
soil. Do r,ot apply «s-1t'°in
4 v.aeks after trar.splarti.-c
To net graze livestock en
treated"areas.
4.8 Use restricted to east of
Rocky fountains. A^oly
TT spring to crco
established at least 2
years. Co not replait
tro-jtec ctv.as to zny croc
i - rhin ? '.•-. jrs after
-------
C's. a/;.}
LIMITATIONS
SUBSTITUTE
DOSAGE
LIMITS IOIIS
Srapes
(cent.)
9.6 Use res'w-ictc-d to '.2- v? - -
a^d Penr.sylv 2 •;-.;.. S:ct
treatment. Ac ply i".
sprirg 3s z dT2-tG-- sp-=y
to crop est^.-jl i:r-cd ::
least 4 years on hcc^y
soils. Do not repeat
application within & ;'ears.
3.2 L'SP restr-T-.tco ti .-is: o-
repcat anr.ually with l.f
Ib./acre.
DNBP
(EIS)
ZPTC
Extended
0.1
1.6
10.5
3.0
or
Split application in l;te
Fall or early Spring. Ci
not rcplont created a>-£?.3
to any crop -."t'-in 2 „-:---•-
after apol icat-.o-i.
Directed sp.ray cc wesds
before bloom. !?3 r.at c-:ze
live-stock on treated C:-ES£.
Use rsstnc'.sj to ?:-crfic
N?rc',:c3c, Cal ifj'--i-.a a-j
Arisen?. Apsly to
estaolishod crop by rcter-'ro
into furrow or flood
tiCT v;3ter. To roc 2rr"
in "-'0 c^ys os^cfo
-------
T;L:F/%;CE
(Ft--.)
LIMITATIONS
apes
ccit.)
SUBSTITUTE
Konuron
Pa.-aquat
O'-KANCE
Petroleum
Solvent
Sircanine
Trifluralin
0.05
cXLiTj t
0.25
0.05
DOSAGE
3.2
LIHITATIC:.S
TOO
4.8
Jse in
(zt le?3t 3 :.c--rs o'4;.
Apply in spring sfter .;=y ":
Directed spray to e^i3r;o-
',.:ods. Do net allo* s:>-;y
to contact foliage,
r-jit cr ste"5. Co r.ct
allcv, 2r-:!-:.-.ls tc -."azo
en treaLo^ arc.'s.
••'f'^'iy dirc-.icc; it -a.. :;
V'n2>:.rd flee" .' cr, '.-.?-.?ds
(ji-fi 1-3 "'^c^'^s t?"'l.
"c=? S"r'ciy off crc^ s*:t~.
and fol iane.
''Pply to viney3»v. f^cor
fro^i late fall sfter
harvest to early s^i"-
before ', seds c •".•:, 2 :"
vineyards &rs
G5tcblichci 3 or rz-z
y.ars.
Use restricted to Western
States. Preolant soil
ir.co moral ion en new
plantings.
Use restricted to i.'estern
States. Use en estaclished
croo. Apply as directed
sp'-ay to sci": arc i':ccrp^.-?
Oo rot apsly i.-ithin 6C :'^j5
before har/est.
-------
T.II •'DI'
CCSAGE
(ib. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
apes
:or,t.)
ape- 5
rons
24 ppm To increase fruit
size, reduce fri.it
crop. Apcly
J'jie or -July.
Cc rot a-roiy to
trees less then. o
years c'c!, cr during
IT--jar fl-'E- cr "c:f
q^c.-'tn. c" .•-ii,u-"n
7 days of harvest.
Do not apply
corcentrcte-J
spray.
12 ppm To rc^-jce T"ri:it
drcs- ".cjly
during i;c.. cr
Dec. Co not
apply to trees
less than 6
years old, or
during rajor
flush of leaf
growth, or
i.ithin 7 d'ys
of harvest. Do
not apply
concentrated
SUBSTITUTE TGLLSAHCE DC3AGE LIMITATIO:,S
2 Use restricted to.Celi-
fcrnia. S^bs'.irfacs s?J1
c'?ep. Acp'y in srr'-sg -:
established
specie! blade.
-------
(Vc. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
S'JDSTITUTE
TO' FR.A?!CE
DOSAGE
LIMITATIONS
» ing erd ircroace
stor2ce "i ire.
Apply to harvested
fruit as -.,ax er -1-
sion or as water
soray bifcre
stc-ege.
C.5 .25 Aopiy at tille- co
(3*-;'!r) boc": slags. 3o
2C not appTy in
(forage) seednng or boot
to in Ik slacji?.
Do net g^azr or
feed forces fre-
treated fields
••/ithin 2 wcsks
after
Dica^nbe
I X
seeded)
(spring
seeded)
c.:
(griin
ar.d
str- :)
0.25 ^asf'ergpnco. Aro'y •"
spring before joiit st?-
Tr. not grczo or f>?r\est:
•>!• dairy feed r*"ic" to
c ~cp naturi ty.
0.125 F.-:steMorgenee. Apply at
2-5-1eaf stage. Do not
cvaze or harvest for
L.iry feed pr-or to crop
r itunty.
Diuron
(spring)
1.0
(grain)
2.0
(.Hay, fo.-are,
stra-;)
1.2 t!se restricted to eastern
C^ero1";, eastern '-ash*.net?n
c~d 1f.c.'"0. Prcs' t<"jc-rice
ci-ol icar-cn to d-"ill
planted oats.
or
-------
Cats
(cert.)
Frances
Pasture:
Clover
Grass
-*•»<•••- Pi"*Cr/*C
:•-- .UD. LLfbrtut
p-) (Ib. a/A.)
LIHITATIONS
Extended
1
{clover t>
alfalfa)
300
(grass)
24 PDT. To increase friiit
size and reduce
fruit dfCDi AD:,!}'
in fall c:s hm^-
wcsh tre:t;ror.t.
Do not •??""> to
trees loss t:>a.n. 5
years old, or
during trajor flush
of leaf growth
o>- within 7 ,-ia.yr
o-e U-i-. r - •• "* - -7^
spray.
6.0 l.'oody plants arc!
brush. Ipply v.^sri
grasses are we11
estaalis.-eJ and
woody plants grD 'ing
actively. Do not
apoly v.hc-n grass is
in eany booi: to
milk stage wr-ere grass
seed prod..ction is
dosirod. Do no:
apoly \.o r.ci/iy seeded
areas or after head-
ing renirs. Do p^t
On
SUBSTITUTE TOLERANCE
(opn)
DOSAGE
1.5
0.5
Captan
100
LIMITATIONS
Porterergence. Apply fro
fjll teller to bcot stEr?,
DJ not spray oats c^rirg
iLcot to dough stage.
o app1v:ati:ri
from emergence to toot
stage.
Increase fruit set. Ar^
as after bluon j[-'fy f> -~
i'e2rri€3 arp.-o
-------
f -2
Pasture:
(GCPt.)
u _ / •»
ib. if-.)
.75
LII'ITATICNS
Broad!caf wocds--
v.ceds ai-e acf'v.-iy gro-.-
ing. C? rot f-.1y
when gi-;sr. is i- c-rrly
boot tc nlk stj:j2
where grass seed
dr5i:cc. T: rot
3^-"'.. to' re:1/
S(;L^CC ;%-c"s or t
-.ot criz-: ti.-.:r-y
anvi.als en treatsd
erc-as within 7
days after
application.
die^f i.eods--
when '.vceds are
actively ^i-
cr.j -iear r - ste-;a.
Do •••it S'-y-y '.'"a-
grcss is ir acrly
boot to iMlk stac^ii
i/here gi ass seed
orc-Jjction is desired.
Oo not spc'.y to e
ne..1y si'c •.' •' arc-'.s or
afte>" hO'-id-!-^ L'f^-i'is.
Co not q»'a: e dairy
ani.'.als an treated
areas within 7 cay;
af i»r appi icatior.
S'JBSTITL'TE
DOSAGE
Li;--ITATIC\S
-------
'asture:
(cort.)
Hb. e/A.)
0.5
LIMITATIONS
Bent a1-;- S'-scor
grass r'=st'j>'e3. Co
not apply vhen
grass is in e?.'-1y
boot ro ~iilk stige
where grass seed
desired. Do net
p.poly to re.r'ly ;
seeced a"c?.s cr
SUCSTITUTE
DOSAGE
LIMITATIONS
are=s ..-'crir. 7
davs after app]ica-
tion.
1.0 Clovs*- end alfelfa
F?.s>-'-e?. "2 -o'
£ j_iy .. -.en gr-r-ss is
in earl.. bcoc to
r.i1 % str.ge \.l-e1 o
grass s~^d orcci.1:-
tion is aesirsd.
Co not epply to newly
sesaod arr-23 o:- rfter
heading bec-.rs. Do
not c'-aze dairy
anir-als en trsatrd
arecs w:tnin 7 c^ys
after eppl icaticr..
-------
Ob. a/P.}
-ass
Extended..
Li;-:iTAT!?NS
Tiller to beet stage
Do not s^^ay S32C-
ling oracses cr
hhen grass is -Troii
boot to r-ilk staoe.
SUBSTITUTE
Armom'um
sulfamate
fiF
DOSAGE
100 Ibs./ Treatment to be£pp1iea to
ICO oais. indivick" p";..;s. r^>- .
v.2ter control f '-:'.-'•• ^".3r:s,
Dicar.ba
(grass)
40
((grasses)
(pasture
ar,d
rangeland})
ha vi
O.C5
(in milk)
1?-'. 2S CT HOC CC] :: I"
fall.
8 ; ^osteniip'gence. App"'y ',. -.j"
(spr^y) w^eds rre active", y grov-i:-,
DD nov. graze irsat ar.'rs's
in *.~e3te:i fields -•'t'-r'
30 Jd/3 Locc-5 s"3.; -.v
D: mt U53 s?CJ *rc '
t (oated ciras; "?r -"::v c -
,f
DC rot graz_e da:ry a-:••••:". s
C'i treated areas wit1- -:
i days if :/2 IP. EOT: r'.A.
applic-d. 21 cc,-s r
Ib. actual/A is oip ied.
^0 days if 2 Ib. actyal/'x.-
Jis applied. 50 c=>s if
,'8 Ib. actual/A, -s arrl-Je-...
Co net hr.r.'ost cry ray T-OT t-e«i
e-'i-as as fei;: for a = irj e-i.~2l.'
.in: 37 days if 1/2 ID. 2:1.2?
ICG. 51 C5"s if " i=. ec~ ?"/
id. 70 -:.->s
-------
LI-IIIATIONS
SU1STITUTE
(lb. a/A.)
TOLERA-.CE
(ppr.i)
Picloram
Extended
80
(forage
grasses)
5
of""""
cattle,
sheep,
goats)
0.5
(liver of
c?tt:e
sheep,
0.2
i -. i
DOSAGE LIXITATIONS
10 roste^ercsrce. "Co lot
(are.™- cvazs TI£: L = v'-3*s v
la*-) t eateo fiel-'s *.ith-;.-. 30
d-:ys of slaughter. To
rot c.'J-.e, cut fcr r'cragc
o>- hay fr-r dairy amrsls
for 60 days after treat-
rert.
2 tables- 3p:-t trcat-erc
spoonful? CJ-.L.-J!. Ao.i'.v
of £j,i' ^ c.r'~ liros . C^ r. '-
pellets 2pply v,heii ground is
per rroiep.
square
-foot
2.0 Asply v.hen weeds are
actively growl?,g. '..hen
c'c/er ard a'>f^r~. ?"e
D"s!;ent, reduce rete t-;
0.25 PCJP.L.
0.5 L'se restricted to Te\as.
•Jse only es a package
mixture wi'th 2,^,5-1
anine salt. Aaplv in
fi'St green growth
epcco"3. 5-10 yc-•* cen-
tre! is BAprcted fro-i ona
appl icaticT, ho-e/ar, a
second treatment nay be
after 2 vo2vs if
DC rot coita-
v.'-ittr. L'o nat 7.ove
•:»""t2J ceil. Do no: use
-------
rCL£"; CE ZQSACE LIMITATIONS
(or-) (la. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
'SS
-nt.)
SHvex
2-4,5-T
(crass)
TOLE'Y-flCE
(poll)
fet, ar-rf
m-.-.t by-
products
o~!;2r
than kid-
ney a°cl
liver of
_
Ci- i.1. i j ,
sheep,
-g=-its)
C.C5
. i • '
V • , I r, i
DOSAGE
Extended
4.0
0.75
LIMITATIONS
Co not allow sor?v drift.
Susceptible fcrbs ~jy he
do-cged. Do -,3t cr^ce
cairy aii.ials en tfe^tsd
areas within 6 \seks after
application. DC net
graze meat ani.r.als on
t^'ted areas within 2 -
-•;eeks of slauahter.
'..'oody plor.ts and b»~ush.
Apply in latd seeing th^u
season -jntil 3 *eeks before
frost. To rot use on
or rarfjslenos.
f'esquite control . Ma' 2
weeks cf slai'gl.ter.
-------
COS/GE
Ob. a/A.)
2.0
SUGSTITUTE
TCLCR "-r.'C E
DOSAGE
2/-D :."d 5": oil
sol'jfcre f.nine fcr-
irulet-lcns. Apply
when -. cccs arc
your-g 3--d actively
grc'i.iiic. Do pot
alio1.; sr"?.y tc
coritac": TSJV?S. frylt,
or str"S
LIMIT«T!0;.S
Dichlobem'l
0.15
Diuron
1.0
stock on tre?.ted si-e-.s.
6.0 Apply directed s:rc - -?
soil. Do not a:.;:1:' -.-- ;
4 v.eeks after trc'-ir'a-
Do not graze livestoc';
on treated areas.
3.2 Acply directed s:-3y t:
orchard floor during
winter (Dec.-Feb.) or
sp- ing (.".dr.-liav) -~
croo established st
lecst or.s ycjr. A.-»*r
cc.-tect i.^th folia;.: :•
frj-:. DC r-ot; tf£:.:
d.-,a:-f var icties. TJ . :
replant treated if^~ '
- -^i- -
-------
(;---}
iL IMITATIONS
SUBSTITUTE
TOU'iANCE
DOSAGE
(Ib. a/A.)
DK3P
Extended
1.9
(EIS)
10.5
Paraquat
0.05
Petroleum
Solvent
Exempt
100
LIMITATIONS
'Jse
in wir.tsr and soring.
Total orsage shai'ld rot
axceec1 3.2 lb./;icre croo.
Avoid co^tdct with folia-j
or fr-jit. Do not treit
.•'...or* i;o'"ietirs. Do net
•.::•" :.r', t. cr .<„•*. J '-.. ' •-'
5-r1 CT.T i it ri'i J y:~r;
?.ftzr last 5p.il co'..a-11.
Apply dire:Lcd so;fly Lc
rs^s^c. L'J rot jrarp
livestock on treavju
areas.
Ac-ly directed sp*"ay t'j
'.-.•^•^ rro'j.-.d co.1:"" ••••ilf
cror.s =>'e 'Jjr:.--.-,t ;.*J
cieTn r. bloo T. .".c r :*
grszn 1 1\ =stc.ck on
treated
-------
Pears
(co-t.)
;=-.)
lb. c/A.)
Extended
.1
1.12 o:. /A. To intenslf, red
color ard
improve skin
SUBS\ITUTE TOLERANCE
0.23
DOSAGE LI.'lITATIO'iS
4.0 Apply to orchard fleer
befcra weeds e^s^ce cr.o
trees are establ '"sr.ed
one or rr.ore years. DJ
rot contact foliage cr
fruit with spray.
Extended
SCO
3.0
g-ass
Range-
la r.d
clearance
Ranges
6.0
pot" : -os are
ir, prebjd
st-joe (7-1C
inches high);
second
aoplicatlon
IC-l-i days
late-.
E'-oadlcef wscas.
Acply in
so." i " .,' ?r
growing
rap -dly.
V.'oody plants.
Apply -.-'ion
woody plants
are ac ;ucl j
grov.-i.n in
spring or foil .
Arjnon i um
Sulfamate
100 Ibs./ Treat-rent to be applied to
ICOgals. individual plants. Tor
v;ator the control o." wc^dy
plants, wet fc'page
thoroughly: Aoply after
brush reaches full lea'
stage until leaves cn-:.i ca
color in fall.
-------
TO1 -PA'IC^ DOSAGE LIKITATIO.'.S
(--} (Vo. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE TOLEH-VJCE
Rar.ge-
12--::
(;cnt.)
Dicarcba
((&.V3SSS)
ranr si and))
"
(grass
« "i ™
DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
Postenercerce. '"pi."
ing. £'C r.C". 9'" = rS ""-!
with'"! 30 days refore
slajghter. Do '-2t u'.-o
seed from treated g".3-
for fooo or fe;_ ?.rp.-;
Do pot grare dairy r-r-.-*:
on trr2tc-u are:.3 .,•*'. ,r
7 adys if 1/2 It. :c: .i i '
A. is oDpl led. 2"p .'a >
if 1 T*. e:cua1/A. i-
avrl'.cd. -C1 cays !•? 2 'b
actual/A, is :^r""eJ. 'C
days if 8 Ib. actual/ '• 7<;
applied.
Do not hardest ^y -'i.- "r:
tr?3t°d ?rt2: or f:-: •"::•
daTv ani-^' s . ; :'T."
3? ee:3 ir 1-2 n_. r--.:1,/
A. is ecpl 'cd. .". c i. 5
if 1 ib, acl-jcl/ti ^s
apolies. 7C da\s if ? ""b.
actJiVA is applied. JC.
oays 11" 3 Ib. act'-al/M is
i-:d.
-------
DDSAGE
C:b. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
SUBSTITUTE
DOSAGE
LIMITATIONS
-ge-
-*.
cont.)
2,4-DP
Fenuron
Picloram
Extended
GO
(forage
grasses)
5
10 Posie^ergence. *D r.ct
(granulc>-}=r'~:ze P'32t spirals ••-
treated fielcs ;iit.-1- 33
days of slaughter. D:
not graze, cut fcr forage
or hay for dciry d"--.-:ls
for 60 days efte- -reitr^'.i.
1 Use 1 in-'csd to Tsxas,
I'svi f est sts^e
of ect've src.,:l,.
2 table- Spot zrcat^ent fcr L.--5T
spoonfuls control. Apply tc-sc'il
of <:o/b iiiiijei L'lUii,. Do r.ct apply
pellets i.'hen ground is froze"!.
per
square
foot
o.:
of
C'.ttlC,
sheep,
goats)
0.5
(H.c- of
cattle,
shio,r. goets)
c.z
(•...."... fat,
32
Use onl^ as a cacka^e
mixture with ?,4,5-T a.iiine
salt. Apply in 53-1 -.5
40-90 dz-js after first
green growth appsdrs. 5-10
years control is excactG^
fro.r, cr-e epp' : cation;
ho-.-'cvsr, a sece".a trsst-
ment may be irade after 2
yei-" if recess?.'-,. . '-"
not co.-t.ii"ir.2Te .?t?~.
DC not .''eve tree!.=; ;;--;T.
PC rot use arc'jrtJ ti'2
sv.i.lar si tes. Do not
-------
>. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
SU3STITUTE
S'lvex
TOLERANCE
b>-prodjcts
c ihs"
and 'iiver
of cs'tle,
sheep,
goats}
0.05 (milk)
CxtenrfoJ
DOSAGE
4.0
LIrlTATIONS
allow soray drift. S'js-
ceotible forbs ^ay be
d-.--:ges-i . Co ret c,r£zo
dairy rni,T.als on rreated
areas within 6 weeks
after application. Do not
graze ii'eat anirsls o-.
treated areas within 2
\\eeI-3 cf
l.'acdy plants cr d brush.
App1^- in late spring
thrii se:scn ur.ti i 3
v.oks bffc.-t rtost. C'"
2,4,5-T
Ex.ter.d'jd
aoplication in late
spring when plants ,u£.pj
li—ves fui'
Apply ir spn'r.'i b_,
' '
90 dai3 af.ter '.eaves
unfold). Do ret ;.»".~2e
dai>-y an-i.ra's en trG2';ed
areas within 6 i.'celcc
after a^pl icatior:. Do not
grize r.tzt £ -!i,rsls en
treated areas -/ithin 2
v:eeKS of slaughter.
-------
'?:• rr
="•)"
xtended
.1
(IS. a/A.)
1.25
•1.7
Tiller to bcot.
If grarvj~.es ere
used, apply 3 Ibs.
when rice is 2
weeks old.
After flooding (3-
21 oays;. Cc not
apply after seed
stalks rave er.erged.
SUBSTITUTE
Ch'orprophem
(pc.ii)
DOSAGE L!K174TIO:.S
8.0 ""rcEfpergcr.ee erp" Ic3":': ..
Tice srcu'd b= $;:.-•- re*.
"ess than 1 inch ic:p.
/•'•Dply v.he'1 gr;ss ';s j-;st
t-erging, or :s "n fif?t
1eaf stoge.
MCPA
Moli nate
Extended
1.5
0.1 3.0
and strew)
Posterergence. Apply
whei rice is f1-1"!
tillered ard 6-3 inches
:bcve -rt;ijr f5'"-G5 c1-^,
a^ter 2 ; anting}. Cc ". '•:
spray sflsr r-ce is v.
boot stage.
"'replant acrl "cr"-'.?i. ••
-?tor-s:-:-d=G cro:. I1-' 10 1
-..•aters.
or
.:>nr3 ?rd r.o;t-
<"-?p~y •>'." ~c
;:nd ". ess tMdr. 3 •r.r-ie,- «\"!
rot ccr.t?^"i3ta doings*ic
7: '• C'" Z
-------
(lb. =/'..)
LI!!IT.-.TIO\'S
SUBSTITUTE
(dry seeded)
Prc&anil
Si1 vex
0-1
(yrain
ard
straw)
2.C
(nee)
75.0
(nee
i U I Ci i\ /
Extended
DOSAGE
3.0
6.0
1.5
LIMITATIONS
noste:nergence application.
Koter into irricafion
•,.'ater to e3tabli£hcG "ice
during the ertire irriga-
•;icr period. Deyflcv-'C'
~.'ist be co.-pTetc-l^
sjt.ierged and cjrnye^d-
grass 2/3 submerged arid
jider 5 inches tell. Do
not ccnta-iir:.te cic-.estv
1 3t?v'S.
Fostc-'ergencc- appl icaticp
•. ,-ier. grass ;s in 1-ieif to
c-arly tiller staye or.d
before nee is in late
tiller stage (45-50 days
after planting). Do not
use -nore tnar, 6 Ibs.
actual n-?r 5;'ic;le t.-eat-
i erst or a total of a Ibs.
actual per crop se?s:^.
Do not apply to s=:cind
cropaing is practical.
Treat 4-8 weeks after
e'Verger.ce of nee. If
flooded, treat 7-9 weeks
after seeding.
-------
(per.)
0.5
ir-aip)
20
(forage)
'...--. Lli'i. i^. U.i'*
' 1 b £ ''- )
..5 • Apoly at ti'T.er to
boor st=ge. -o ret
epoly in seeding
or boot EC v-.". k
stage. Dc1 i-ot
graze or fee^
forage from
treatoj fields
within 2 i-Mks
after
SUBSTITUTE
DI;EP
(AS)
(alone o*-
unc'ersesded
to
CCS-3E
1.2
L!''I7AT!f/3
.'•r-n crcc is 3-G •'•:~rs
livestcck on t^c^t;:
^••ras cr *c€'J t.-c-cf':-:
Dr!"P
(EISJ
1.5 Fostercrgence. Aan'y
-her c'-ap is 3-5 '-:-c3
1.25
*".r; ? 13 - •• : ••-
tall . Co Tt c> r-~: " -^ :
stock on t.-ea~=_ •••':'' :s
or food forcg; '..i:--.r
CO days after trsJt'"2-t
-------
Lir-TTATICKS
gr.u-
lo
1C
(-rain)
Preefr.ergence. Do
.5 not apoly on
lirht sandv so^.
SUBSTITUTE
MC?A
Atrazine
0.25
(arain)
15
(foracs
DOSAGE
1.5
4.0
LIKITATIC'.S
L-.cot stage. C' ".:t
cpply durir.g o:.-t to
dough stage.
Preplant. Broadcast
fall or s!»"«•*• ?- '
ar.y crop e'-'ept
cr cci~:-, urf;l ti
Poste^ergence.
_5 Emergence to
flowering. Use
drcp nozzles •••hs-i
Cr7-> -5 ever ".0
iricpes hirii. Do
rot -".pDlji cjr'pg
flover-,r,'. cr
es " i y ~- ^ j':' - s t "* ^_ s.
0.75 Use restricted to .
lit^i-. r. E.-'.t.
Poste~er:r-ce.
Overall spray frcn
d inches till
until tne SDC- head
is c incir-s hs^cw
tin of th-2 boot.
u 0 P ^ '- "^ "^ r* ' J"' *• ' ^ ' ^* y
fle..snrg ta c-er'iy
dough steres.
4.0
4.0
v.-eeds are less t'rar. ".1-2
inches high. Do nc* p'int
treated are;s tc 2-. c*-::
except corn ov- sc1' . •
until the fcT.:- i" .-:-: -.
or
r
Poste~ercoTicc. 'j.^l..
after crcp
net plart tre^t-.;: ersis
to any crop exc'jt ccrn
i t!15 fo"." :'.,!-;
year. Do r.o
areas cr feed t'e;tc-J
fori'73 tO "!lVC"3Cf. rC'-
2\ days after -crea j~e"ii
-------
S'JGSTITlfTE
;.-„",,-
, _ . r...
3.0
Posthar-es*. ?~
'-ci t.-'l
piar.t to -Ahsat. Dr r.c
graze t-'satrr r-p'S. o
"
CD.".".
o 9;
fqreln.
--race,1
c'oc ochc"- il-; . r; :
the ''c.'::-' i.i ti in K"
r.onth? ufrcr t:'-:at,-
. fieMs for z*1--
Dicaniba
3.0 (grain, 0.25 FosteTsrgencs. £:p"y 10-
fodder and 25 days after crop
forage) emerges and weeds are 2
•
-------
USE
[cont.J
CuSAGE LI.'-:i7ATIOi,S
{p«n} (Ib. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE TCLERAKCE DOSAGE LPilTATIC.'.S
0.25 -Jsa restricted to d's*. v-
ar.d Texas-. Foster .arc^r.ct.
Aoc'iy d'lrectod or o-3rtcp
"re." srf: dcuc" 5^173 cc
c-cp Lsrcil 30 risjs t;."c-e
r.srvest. Do r.ot g.-aze
treated areas or feed
i forage- cr silj.^e
i\-rer.t
fono-.,ir.c
rscn.erce."ce. :,T>
crop planted 1 1r.cn
Do not plant '.re-'ied
^re2s 1.3 cr.y c~c-. rot on
Ubel wit-.in 4 -:-.t>-s
c-fter t
-------
USE TOLERANCE DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(ppn) (Ib. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
TOLEslMJCE
DOSAGE
Norea
0.2
2.4
2.0
crop "•. ir:.-s« :-" :-
taller with airect=d
spray. Avoir! co-tact
with crop fc'i--rs. ~s
p'lir.t treo'.sc. ::-;is '.o
any crop net on lac?"1
within 4 r-rnt'-s &:":=••
fror. trestca ' -c'-.s
vn ::nr 9C iiys 2T"r:--
trec .""siit. Co '--C'C ;"i srt
t>"35ted areas tc ; .-
crop except so^rlv.'-1.
until the follc^-ir; >?>>-
,-C7ci g-;nce. r
after C'-o:, is E;:
a r.c! ', o- -. = "--••; : •
i.'ictos t^ll. L.-
• y
graze or ft53 f:r;:->
fro^i tref-tcd f-'euis
w'tnin PO days a*~to'
treatr.snt. Co r.Dt
plant treated a<"ea5 tc.
any cros except
SG^ahj"1. -jntil '.re
follc,:i."g >c-3.r.
-------
USE TOLERA'JCE DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(pp-n) (1b. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE 'OLER/'lCE DOSf.GF
(3~ '•)
o rc h jn1
Frcpachlor
?.25
(grain)
•• n
5.25
LIK!T/»T!0"S
Prci1. a r.; arpi"' c•:• • ••: -> to
£T"-r~pd li "^''cij • ^*"c ^" -^ *-
5 :d appl -,c:ticp t:.
graze- or T'CJ- scrcr."
i-'T'c; fo,-:i.c- c-- si'.:
" • . t. •:.=•!.:•- :"~c".c. '
Ct.-v.' :-- -"s.
C.I
(grain.)
- - r • . • .- ^ ? : -; • -.
.-.: -.ir /r ' ;••.- - .--; ;
• ;~. t) r" t c? ";"" , i
iTiO.-iL^is after cj?" ica;
Dr rot p1art tc i-\-- c
cri.- c -c.:; so'-; \ -
* I L. .1. • o i ^ * •- i"i - - -;
.- cc • "Ji-'ze. •.':• ~" * r"-
cvo.- G'.trged s:-'"y-~. i^-
not fiijkc- second aDoli^a-
tic" "o 4.H= s£:-£ cr:~.
Cc -iwo brcjociit C".
fiirrorf-plantec £•:>-,} ••.-
in T'j/.os, N?.1 f'e- i :> or
ml lets, z-jiar.-s.:'-:: '
hvbirds ard sorg;- .7
Lre3uing stoc1:. '• ^
•,;. -at i.-.y y= p'ai :c-
folio .'i--;, sc-'f-j.- *•-
Other cr:p3 ~av bs r
^rc> fell?' v; ;--;-c
i-ot graze c.r fee. ••";
-------
Ob. a/A.)
Extended 2.0
or
& i t . a ' .-'
ti.ro. :•• "•£/-.•/.
SUESTITdTE
Anetrvne
/.trazine
TOLE.V.'.:E
(?- •)
C.23
(cart., fodder,
?nd f err re)
0.25 (s'jgar-
crr.o)
C.Z5 (fodd'-
* nn }
' ~. -1
4.0
Lii:iT-\TiC';s
8.0 -"•---r.c^.-r'ice cr •*.'
1.2
C.6
4.0
Apply 1 or 2 Interl -re-
directed soravs bcrc"u
caie cl^s'ts '". '""3 "C"
S03ly .-.ore L' T !•: ", :-. .
".Zt'-o" "I". IfO". '.fi- :.' i •'
f.J, C -,J C>>1'.
1:2 restncc'.d to rlrr^co.
Foster -:,-,3£.iics iirc-ct;-; !-3
sp^a;- ; to t^s" of c.-.' 3t
30-c^i internals ii;.1:-. .•
"close- IP.". Avci-J crn-
tac: to fo] iaji.
Use li.incej to Flo;: •.
/'"plv ii-re'.tc" "j"-: • :o
" '
jppl ica '.ion at t'-rs of
r.T, or rat,'.o.n~' •;•.
4.0 DosT:ener:;s?r:cc. A-piy
broadcast over o".e'ced
car1:, '-t^!::-.'. vith 2
Iroi..i3. Do r.ot ap?"-v -'t.'.*
••-••--o--,-!."
-------
S.'CS'IT'JTE
TCL-- .:
-—\
cow
c.r?
I:-.IT;TI:-.=
t' ac»:y":-:c'
• •.-£ (_>•••' e ::
-------
{?=-.)
*• inCT'Ti -
i " •• u i r l 1 T - ' f. "' ~; "
ncr: a^cly rfftcr croo c"-c-;es
1 ;"•. "CCID Sri"- ' Zff -£ •"
1.6 "b. actua1 33 a
directed spra> •l1^'•
D- r>ct 'j^ply r :>r^ ~:! ;
t.-er.; .;'us :- '::.--. -
•' ' '-. set- f •"-' r
cycl°. L'o . 3t • ."" .
I-'.-"i^:'J eroiTS ic : -
, ^:iir 2 ,:i. ' r "tv
arpl 'icct-.'"1-.
5.4 Use r'jst«--;cv.ecl LC :-: :^
arc! Puerto Rico. ,"-•:". -
after o1anfng or : fte
herxest-'v cf .^le -t f
ra\;3 usi."T 3.2 lb. ;ct-.
chc'ical/acrc. Do rot
e-a^d 9.5 "ib. at*.;?"
c.'^nc:.' per crrp c..;";'.
Co r.ot repln.nc treue-
jfc-as Lc ar.y cr:r ,••;'•
2 ypa-'s af'-r. list
-------
LIKITAT IONS
SUBSTITUTE TO_E«A'.CE
DOSAGE
LJX.ITATIC.'.'S
Ferae
0.1 (frc-i
use of >:diuni
e-.1 d- --L ...1-
solts)
8.0
6.0
application to
csri?. ?%: rot
:._-asio i"cv- feed z-
'se restricted to Lcuis-
,; jr. ri"":;1 ^'•~,?l~r £
'c "* ? r'" ^ J c a n o r. c - t."». ' £. d
LagasG? for fucd or
forage.
3.6 'Jsc r??tr~,cccd tc
ication in
-all rla-.tr
Flo'.nGturon
(plant cane)
0.1 (cane)
0.2 (bagrssc)
before cf.i.«; ar.J •,.£-.: JG
{.-••jrge. Do -.^t ci\ r?
• •ivertock cr, trc»c t:J
fie'as. Do POT: plant
c-0^5 o'.f-f!- t'i?r, cij"nr-
c. "i o,- rctlrn -;icnin 1
j-i.ar after last
u^pl icatkn.
-------
DOSAGE
(=37.) (lb. a.'-..)
SUBSTITUTE
DOSAGE
LI'lITA'IO'o
cirecr^d, or c ---:.- :--
top iOrvy 1.,.Kc-n ;:-.; '.3
v.-,.£-J5 le-s i!••-.'. 2 ii:c
tail. Do •'ot apply \
-------
USE TCLE3A::CE
(ppra)
[cert.)
DOSAGE
(Ib. a/A.)
IMITATIONS
SUBSTITUTE
TOLERANCE
(ppm)
DOSAGE
Mor.uron
Norea
0.2
4.3
4.0
3.0
LIMITATIONS
livestock on treated
fields. Do rot p]e-z
cross other th3" s.-^r-
canc- cr cotton vritr.in 1
yerr r.ttc>" lest
af>o"' ica'.icn. Co rot
apply more than 8 IDS.
active per ycir.
"rply "r';ev -jlar-tiro.
cr after '-.:• /csrirg
cf dint c-r,p
ratoo". or ct-
Repeat .---.h t'..o
irterrov: directed
Do rot exceed 2 p^j"ds
between p'lantirg ana
har/ssting in r-:w3ii or
f-.B fCu.-ids in Flc*"-.e.
bM crop;
Tassel reJjction; arply
bet'-'c^n 3c?t^...^-jr 5-"! 5
to crop.; -Oe ~cc^ ?r
ratcor.sJ pr'-o>' to Jjly 1
of G3n!3 year.
Ma':e single application
in fall after planting
and before cane emerges;
or ir cpri ••rj c.f,t..'
yVav'1-^ and riff-^arrir?
before car.e erer.jcs, o.'
as directed spray if cane
has e-.orcied.
3.2 Use restricted to L'jis-
-------
•JSE
TOLERANCE
DCSAGE
(Ib. a/A.)
LIMITATIONS
SUBSTITUTE
TOLERA:;:E
(pp.ii}
?DSAGE LIMITATION'S
plant treated soils *
c^oos rot ci Icbrl •
5 mcntns after f:2t-
Petroleuro
Solvent
Si 1 vex
Exempt
2.4
50
1.5
.0
or
Use restricted to Louis-
iana and Puerto Rico.
Postsrergencc. Oo not
i^pl" i-"it!Mn b .:.ontns
before harvest. Do >"c :
crops r.ct on labo": vuh:n
5 irontlis aftr1' t1"**. c~t.
Apply as cirec:s-J sr-ay
beti.-een rows before close
in of crop.
Fostcr.'srcerce ^ror.1T:st
applicat:on. i"~ •• SCCD'.J
aoDlicatioi bp"ov'o cdfij is
3'1/2 fec-t '-all.
3.0 Use restricted to Lcuis-
iana.
to
plant cace or after
shaving and off-bcrring.
Use restricted to LOM-.S-
iane. Posto-iicrgcnce,
repeat if not applied
preeTerrcrco. C? rot
apply within 5 mo.-.tr-s
before harvest for food
and feed. Apply 2.-.}
tip.? to cane c:ro-.. -. for
-------
USE IDLER-VICE DOSAGE LIMITATIONS
(?p*) (Ifa. a/A.)
••cane
rt.)
SUBSTITUTE
TOLERANCE
Siniazine
0.25
DOSAGE LIMITATION
5.0 Use restricted to -Hfi
F- -^r-'orccncc a",1! Ic^tln
i "fidiecel./ 3f-:c-
planting or raioor.ing and
before csne c."e;'C3s.
5.0 L;e restricted to -.awaii.
Foste".ergence apnlicatic"
25 z airecle-.i spray tc
v.L-sds in inter! -r«
sr.ice. Do -ot s~"ay
C^:TP. To r.rf =-'>->l\. - : r?
t'on Ivice *D e"> c.-:- -,rcr..
4.0 F''5e~crgence. 'oirlv it cr
and before \.eeJs or cer.e
£. -erge. For ratcon crop,
e-ply i.r'"cdiote1y after
r.-'-vest, 3" tefore car?
emerges.
or
Postenierger.ee. Apply once
o\er cane or t'-o di-ecte.";
srrays betvion rc\
-------
(Ib. a/A.)
LIvi'ATIO:;S
SUBSTITUTE
Te-bacil
C.I
3.2
. .
: \rr-.-ij a -.: r.z c :: : f;
^"idri;e- c;r.e ^> f i- st
. ,-ca •;'••, i: •
'-se rost-Tc't.'j ii LCUI?-
• er:. Pi-c?c: .^fnLrco
;"!TC ocpl ic?! •.ci. 'J,"1"-
1 :~!f -Josags in fnl 1
•-,, s'.'Jato1-* afrc-r .-.iii-.tir-
'io j^oi" .if >"''
lest appl icitum.
2.0 Lss 1i:.itc--' lo :i.i.%2ii.
rrC "VrOr'TC S '! ."I.'-!
•ppl'cation t;- p'jfit ccro.
[:? s-or D^-fit .-i-.y Ci ;p
except S'jga»ca>-e or
•: :s\e for 2 >c;.-s.
-------
•V.
'". •*• :- ce. ;'. n"jr-
r •- • ' - r - -1 ~ ' - ' C c. •" C " "
rest
'..3
.5 A2?ly it t-.llo- to
boot sta^c. Do
r**— -I-"*! -t^ F-.«l
<--c-r.-1- i • - ^ ^ -
1 irg c- c:c"; tc
r.ii'< s!:c-r;o. Do not
c'-azs or -;cu
forage- f.-c .!--..'t.-3
fields /.it -:n 2
\ :i' s ^'"t^- trr-t-
rnt.
At^azine
0.25 ;rrEir,) 3.0
•0 t i v. . ,' **
poraf.cn in spring.
M^ri •"^}3~r~cJ"o\t * c ' . t"1
•" cf ~~ '" ? r t c „ ' T
£ —k'"^i"^i"i1'. ^o rlr't
-s- =• r^ •::": • ' " •.. -"
c-" -: I.:;.1 c'i 2 I-c -' .•
b'^fj-c-. , ro.'s r. ••: 2
-r-l - "1 '-,.,..
rt\ i ' i ' J i i
.
s-.n -r . f-flzr s.11. ' ''.
.-.r-,'L3;. "ii.'j-/? ^a^c.: c^
yc?r a-K; p". -:-rt '.: i'-;2
G :•" -..-. ,-f .--i 'i. ;.:-. .--
to -. • C»L- rr ::- . •
-------
CSE
DOSA2E LIMITATIONS
(Ib. e/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
.
COSA3E
L:":T;TIG:S
fallow)
2 years fallow
0.4
1.6
" li-.-tec! to ?o:"ir
r'rply to ».iV«cat s-._b".c
in f^Ti aftr*' vo'.j- :•;-.'
grair 5Dp=ars fol'ic.'r
ral"i rains ano DJI'° ~n.
Jcr,fjtjr> 1. L'^evo ftvli.
one _.icr and p"1^-:
'"'"itcr ' ,". ;^t i r. '"I'.
net crp.;n 1 i .'Cit.::'- c".
^roi.ir . . 'TEOc ',.1 '.}: -.• £
.r.onths after .vpl ica-.i'.
.•'csth.-r-ves;. ;-:'., ;:•
v.n=at st\jbb'e v. x" 1
after vc"! j.-.'uer :j :• •-,
appeals fcllOi'.'T"; fell
rains. Lea1, c fell en. for
2 yoirs arc p1ant to
To ret. 3'
Oii g.-ovlrg \..:ic-2t v;z-"i-
6 rorths a^tcr ccoiica-
-------
:•:.-) (••;. =/A.)
SLB3TITJTZ
n.'
Ert-cxynil
(fall seeded)
0.5 (grc-in
arJ stra.-)
LIMT/TICV:
.375 """y bcfo^a f*e '.-lc:f
-~T"'CO-' he •••/'•it of :'"•!.
0.5 --ply ir fe'l o^ s-.r'rn,
•. -. i;--s vt i: f;" • . •-
'; " .-_• •. ;i: :. • •
2.0 Lsc -estr-ic^ed to \j.-:h
Cer.'ral s-atcs. i-.'k?*?"
spot tre2t.T;-;rt. Ap^'/
3C arvs pririr vc r'v'-,;:.
cr cs ?--ei..-e':;-' :.- I-
''Ot plsnc crcs" c"..1.1,
pererin:?.' eric: G' • .
'caf c'~ops IT.": fa". :a ,
, peiis, co"jr.oes.
ccoti) .•!". ,1 2 \2i-3
jfter a;-.-! i:o'_" -.. I '-i:;-,
oats, cc'-r, so-r . •, f^j-'
er.d pc-rcr.Rial Ci-i:.s CICE"
".ay be- jrlaito-j tc ticai^f
-------
:L:RA\CE D:s:-2i
(cp-.J Ob. a/A.)
33*
DCS*" LI'-'ITAVTC:
5.0 Jr.1? r.'Cinc\.L^ .1
".cc cl'irt cr-"S
~r •* : ,~ >_ L •• ,~ J
(spring seeded)
0.25
./c-:-r3 s.cf j, r' ic: L-
33 r" :•/ » O'-^-T. c;v-n,
s: '•g,..-. r.f-i.ia1 an
oc-r^-' , • ' •.;•--•;& :r :rs
•^•i1 ':e pl:r. '. _j ~,o '.•-::
are-rs 1 year :ff.^'
•;pTl -,cJt jcr.
Co ri t c. err: c- .' T. :-'.-.
•fc>- dai-'y ."..?! cr-T" '.•:
crop r.iJ.ijr'1 iy.
0.125 Postc 'ergc-r.ce. /'r:o":- : ^
2-2-lec ' st3:e. .T: • ?'.
jjvi; or Is •-•.•'•>•,- •":-
c.2iry fciJ -ficr to f "."•
'•,'it.nty.
-------
b. a/A.)
SUSST:T'JTE
1.5 "•••:e-2.-;e-ce '
C.05 ;c"-in,
.- ~ - r • »
1.2
(G)
0' ••'Cf.'T.-1 t-'.'-j.
i-r?~(2r.t soil v,c:
ti'jr. -r fall i~:r -
planc-.nc. Co r:i
o?-;s nr.*c year, f
-------
(pc-n) (lb. a/a.)
,.- - \
SUBSTITUTE 7C1."' :
,•_ \
(alcre or
D.\'" (CIS)
(a"3-.3 0-
to
Exlcr.D
1.2
1 .5
LIIIIT^TIC'-S
t'-r-'t1:; :.-c; 3 c-- •:. :
trsatC'J ivv ' '.'•• ~ £3
day z filer t .•'.:.* =
croc ~s '.'-•.' •-:•".; :;"
::r>° (is)
(^or-c c-
n-Jcr seeded to
T.25 c- tr.'.-,.c.J f-i?-"d; ;••
feed f~v":7r.j •••!'.'•.•,!' :1
inter)
C.2!; -Vr-E-1)
" ^ ----*- p
'. . - - - o t_ ,
j. j'%r. . I •'.
v.'ir.in •-:.--.• • : i r-;.
triji"-:--.?;. f? •:-.
gre./= c,' ?<••: ! -• - -y
clar.ts *3 " • .'2:- '.c. .
or
-------
(CCT;
SUBSTITUTE
COS''."
1.75
Lli'ITAT" .3
-f
;, •• '. ! r:. .•.' ••--"< "^ -1
crcr, --JL :•, I'--"'
•.'.T'-'",I 6 • •:• :• : "t -r
i^o^'.''':.-^. Cj ret. : •".i
0.75
_
befo-p -T?OJ aro L1 •• .•:' '.-
tall. Co nc: "• .= r-_- •: •
fe?a "i"'aL.': ; ;".:.;? tr,
li-.-:3tock. Do '-'. t pl-v -
treolcJ crs'.s to , .j '.:TO
n:t or 'L.L.?: ..-1 J'." C
xnt.is af ti' .1".; .':•...
-------
-'» t -- — * f p
'. _~--^. C
(con)
«T« •••"•?, *vi"1
L! . I-.* . _' .-
T> r, -1 ~p
"(PF. i"
CCSAG:
1.5
.--,,,-- 5---^.
0.5 ?c?t£~error.c5 a^pl
Terb-'trvne
C1. "• : ^ —
f .'I-', '<".
2.2
fell
cr
_il afts • .. ,::t
2-i£3f ste:?. f.-
1-2 :<1 ilr s^.: --.
2 f L _ t~ 1 1" ": - " " " -. .
1 i . ?ST;:C:- for -*; : ?•- '.'3
3ft -T c.-fjc,-c-:t. :c "Ot
•: .e -•>•• j -' m •_' - - - ji -;'
Tn'fluralin
(\i inter)
0.05 fr^ai
c -\
1 J?3 i"?Suri:t-?<' T/J '..-"'5.
soil int0ivoraf.cn.
-------
L ,
for r?fi.
43.5
«-••- , . , :-- • ;:. s
e:t' •- 2~. •'
grci ^rc-
fen in sp'-T.g
brca::£57i -r <".-cni
h^a*- /*»- c^-*f"*-i^ -*
c."1 ice ir '.'"rr.s-.
7.2 r:r May t3 -..s?o •„--
•ir>-ac£!:: jr J •--. s
Dichlcbem'l
15.0 D":^,c?-5~ .: -.
bct-;r— :r :: ..-
tre? L^J -..ttS'' *o '
•-.--,'1^ . i.-r. or 'cr h>'
or 1 ivcstick rj : "
ilo i oc i: - .^
fee: 3- ':;:•.. •"
clivs e.fCC'- '.•;.' .'.
-------
.__ . .
{?-.-)
LIXIvTIC'.S
S'.TSTIT'JTE
I T • • r T '• '
3.?
!i. L'O IT-ii. J3£
', ~ , J'" fC " j
^ _ I r-
•,-,-: ••-, •
••'-,•,• j ' • •
E-Jothai
act./ ,;hc" v/cccs o1'? iiiv. il.-
'T^o- cro\ ":,'T. Uo r.ct 1 .-.•:".
foot '-C.-Q ".i-?". '/:G :•' ; - .--
dz o-i-j Li•••-. Ic • ot
(a~,inc js? fic-h fr^T -.rL-:--
salLs) . T'c-i1 for fr,-';'1 o< '•_:•
/i i • •. j :'•;', : '• -r
trc-:t ,'jr',.. ; .. .-:.. v,-e
t'^auf/J 3-•:.•" fo" ". ».i.
:1j-r, 1 TV-.' '.'^cr '^r •^-
tic r-.-^rcc.-; ,;i-hii. H
days after
-------
('.-. e/s.)
I *t|rT."T"~ii<;
L 4 I . I - V 1 J
SUBSTITUTE
DOSAGE
LI-'-'iI i A" 1C
3.5 I':-.; ,'.-.?! ; '-3 s. •';:: : -
a:t./ ;^c- *:••:.. :.- -
"iCf^- >.rrrJS 3r-; T4'. -"
foot of or:. T-.-. ?: --: ..:
,.-tc- t- ;h ;-- : - - -
(K, ;,'a \.,-'.e.' i"^r -"::_ . "
sal ts) vii-.i- 3 -.-1 - --"--'-
"
f-'i^.chite
11.C/ App'iv as a s'.'
150-25C1 d."--: ~a t.-? r-c
5 = 1 . ;r::5v,-. To r:
Sil vex
'"0 Ami v v,.-,-!-! L- '. •
(-r--j_ :.-_ jC--; •_
c-r ' t'.-f'.!-? "i . :;
S rrirv -.:•£ " :
("n'^uit} ~.~PJ -r 3"\ f-
DC no i co"i- -,-
-------
DOSAGE Li Ii-VTir.,5
(Ib. a/A.)
SUBSTITUTE
v ee-.s
•• s
o.' b:F -•: f.-c..- •- _: 'c
6 ib./ trcit ":-e '. "•> 1/2
acre f*. c -ca v- £••.• ..- •:
(1 leu: •'; -.(. ~ cc-:
: 'tc-J :d
g:l ./A.
!lp".V' f .. • 1 C" ' I'"- "
S'irjy. Do r.c •: r.-f •
si ':-_• fT" 5 r._ . : ^ ."
-------
//,-;> •
•in i I 'i\'\ . '..''V". i'
10" i-'r
2/. -U 2-il Ibs ap/ii
2. ':,[>-.' 2-16 I hi "C/a
/.a-i /; lu a^/a
n
: "1'v,,:', • •'. -. . -/,;
.''-U ' Uicjf,ba IM2 Us p.:/d
-Ml '- ?/ HP 8-30 Hi:, ae/a.
/,:nlrn:c :<--4 lhs/d
'V- oi'i; i su I fai-aU- i/i-f/j l
c. i . Ji" >, K:'.. •' "I ; ./•:>
C cu'-'r; rcid 3 P M.-./c!
bat!'
Fri'll
2./1-P 16 ll-s ac/100 rals. sol.
2.4,1' f 3-lfi Ibs ricv'in'' r!--!",. sol.
2,4-') ! 2,/i,5-T lf> 11^ a:j/iOO gals. sol.
2,4-i, : R^.'JP K'--lo T;s dc/100 gals. sol
2,4-n : i)u:.'iiba 4-12 l'-s nc/ino qals. sol
D-t«"-J". lf-32 ll-s. (-;r./i^O 'iais. sol.
r.-T.- . 1 ?° I'T./K'O ?,:•'«.. so!.
2,4 -D 4 Ihs ac un^iluL^1
?/•.>•! fi-ift Ihs c:/l'jrj nil:;, sol.
2 '--I. : 25'",.r;-l Ifi Ibs so/mo nals. scl.
t/r i- : 2,-'-!j!' 1?'-! i . :. ar/i')0 c,uls. r.ol
-ol .
L'lC" . ". iUa cU- ll, i '1 I"LL'.,
stu.ip
;•. ,4 . •: 4 1 i'S fi'v"i ' ' u : I :> . ?ol .
ii.-V-n Pitloran !:i
OiCi1...' :' 't Ihs QI. :j?.ui"luL..i
2.'l-ri in ibs dc/infj ruii',. -.ol.
?,4J. 1 I '1-16 11.-; , o/MVj njls. sol.
? 4 [• i 2/,5-T 10 llr, «.r./l-)0 gals. col.
r-,4 I) -: 2,/i-llP u'--'.'^ 11.-. cf./1'JO c;als. sol.
?,/--u i ?,", :-Hl 1. -1C II.; cr./lf!() pais. sol
2,4,1. 'ii' I1-1C. I'.--. d../l";) (jrils. sol.
Avi'ioii iH'i suli'niidLc f\ ilr./fiol. sol.
-------
!•• .ori-.!. • ':• . l-.i:-.-
j!-i.'i, ".• r. i '>,,rL. Inil
i-1."' Li "'.i-iir. - ;,o;:,'j ac
'•I .'••j'i-'-l1.1-JP.' i1"'"1'"!"' "-1 '"•-"' '-i"1- re a .,i:.o
I. ' is 'incj
\: / ,'. -;" /J-'1 1!)'. cie/
Z/ ;.' • ?.-': »''-'
X./'! A- 1 11 /' 3 il-s f\o/a
1.5-?:
2.-' " .r!J !!•:. ie/L
;:i .. ,: n. -/j
L'lj.u1.;! i.ic ld-2'.- ibi/a
DM1/1 !('-•:; !i;S/d
L'i; :•..; i:-.. i «! 10 lbs/a
ti!-!?:1' . i .5 lb'j/ci
2. -I,1 -,.1 .''L.--1 V's ae/a
* Ihf 'ic^h'Icu'os I'istp'i f-vc al'.'i iPni5:'iL-rori in variciis comb in \tion^ witn
-------
X-TIV V-T , i icf.-i?3 By Usf
;.!i.',o.nii,! ...'',,.- ..;i, 5 I):; •l'..-L,till Dijj'MtiuMid, Uu'iof:, L'li-ioP,
Si IPO rim3, Ur'oCli
^•p •>._<'
Clilorfl'.Muii! i'tu.x1,. ['.'!:."(.:!-., !\ ! •.-iiit/L, Poiroit'iif! Solvent., Sc->one»
Uarhjn, Crt'-i-cxyiiil, D'.illcitt, l»ic.:ri!ie.» Diuron, li::ilP, ilCPA, Terbutryiu«
C'-ilcroprciv..,!. DicMobv nil. Mii-niri', Dli'.iP, Petrclc-i'i.i Solvents. Ginia^ine
C(i f '•>.
Alarhlor, Aii&zino., I'M^'1 etc. CDLC, Ciilore-inbcn, r.yanazine, Cyprozine,
Cfi.V1,, ncr.1,. !" icilli'^r-, !J,c..: .,, Ijiiiioti, n::,7, L'i'-:'., !.inurons [-o'lorciiij
Paraquat, I'^Tolei .- Sfjiverii., Pri-jarry-ie, 1 P0|jf:cl,,or, Simazir.o
Ci .--ii! :rrii-s
.i;.'-. •• i)ir!'iioii-:r:i ! , r-'inr, SLi"l."ai.e, !.a|;',;, k'li, pi-t.ro fiu-i
Solvent, Siii'T/.iiic
_["-• i : v '._Lcmd.
IlCPA,
iJichlobeni ! 4 Diuron, D!J!
-------
I i. i i • V ' , • < < • ii • • •',
c: ,-. ."•.
Cii'j i riii
Ai-r.uiiiui;! Sul fcriuii., Dlcu. .-n, fuii.Ton, I1CPA, Picioreto, Si 1 vex, 2s'1|,ri-T
nidilf.jenil, DiiTori, D?jr;!J, P.r.'pqi-'at, Petroleum Solvent, Siiwzine
P-'-l.T' 1 iT.'
;.! Sin i. '.i no, U'iCun.Lc, ;-:/i-nP» lonuron, Pic lorain, Silvex,
plui'ii, !yiC!;A, fio! iiicii .!, Propanil, Cilvox
D1 ii 1 1 , \t r f, •(
i IL!| , i }v/i r t
Atrai'inc,
ne: x i nc , "I orliu ;.ryn«
n: Linuto;i, Norea, Psr-^qua-., Pron?cMors
.' "•t.r/.'.f--, Aii-.i/in". CT«
, •/"•.•".i .'.•)•!„.;, ijf'j' i-clci ii :A', ii",u, liilv.,j\. Ci i.a; in.'1, fcrlaci!-
Iriflurr'.liii
Atro/mR, RdrhuM, iiromoxyni I. Dicanba, IJiu^on, Didlldl.fi, DNUP, Linuron>
liC.f'A, i'cjrbuirync, Vril'luranr.
ibr-oiiiidt, frrlothai. MalacliiLe» SJlvc-x
-------
Am 1. roll-, /,: or, ii' ; T.ui i
I'islcir. llydro-'i'.i. » PicU,
'• -
-------
f'1! i.f' ''-'MMi'i. '' '•''. '-£;i.' >"1"'-'l' i, ^'' i i 'V'1., T'1 . ^ii'i i r!'C_[ i 'ijU
r-'l/ir f i' sb, Wt.ijr I.', rici:-.ii"i, i.Vi i JT.WOSC.
f ' ' •.-. fr.' ' !"'••.' • ''.. • • '•. ' ' tloiv'? "•, - i .. .-,
If -.IT. -ivr {err., :•,••» •i,rK';i'orv, r.r\- pc'no, ;;iTi"od, jn;r: loir ,
rvuvv".-;. smar- w1'"!, .c,"w l.nn.llo, Sijarmh r-e^dles, v.'lviic lc?df ,
wi Id riiif.tdrd.
/"•ivh-ynr f irpw'fl, Flnrv1-, ••.uphn.ish, Fluridf: pur.ley, pursl.MC.
fifi-j Ihr.ile, o|ifn" .I'lT.-fdlos.
,. binluaf I--.; !• , ir-ciiii., s.t I1': -f.
A1 : T'iri un1 ijii'vor -Jock, blu -, -fd, [jravblr-c,. hroor-r^d, ci'.iciu."-;?--!, cocklt^in
S'.i i ra'r. ,Lcj rifMfls.-Mi od, ho? v. C' , 1 , ji'iso:T.'?f'i'l lrn-bs'.'iijcir!:erss l-'ii i'.spi1--, lr. .\\
by-urfir, Tiilkwivdj !-'.r;"iniai re^'.^sd, po:soi", ivy, poison ne!;.
pmsor, siiinac, prir.:ly icttuca, si CDhsrd'spursc, aldir, cish,
birch, cf-'dar, eld'-- , eln, cju-n, hickory, Nianle, oak, p^Ccin, poplt
wi Mov.1.
Atrazioe I'.'1:)!-.;1.!- rters, n.nri!i>ncilory, nuii-trird, nightshade, pioweed,
purslane, roT,""T-i,, velvet leaf.
Marban dock, shicp sorrel, wild buciavliosc.
lionefin c.iri'lRsr1.01-!'1, c?r i""^r!, chickv: ;d. Florida n'jsl.^y. Knor'
'! f." ov.u • cL3rs , ') • ' ' i - Durs 1 ano , r?d;v? i ds .
f! <''-!;'C'-. -LV, V. j'r -.:^V'S, pIJTS'l c ,K.' , COdrC'H, i'TC.'O-ii, :;•"' llC25 0 '
pr.-ss:. ', •/'iviU'O;;.
coLUJC./c1"'.!, h^ci:!'1::11 v. , ''ifTj-1!?, onk, pcjlrv, roc: Uiid. :-\, •.->(•{, 'i,;-i.
\'i h! rii-.-i-ry \'i ] I , '."iinod f-li".
D!I' -jMtTi'. coi -; r.! .,,,T..i'ri lo, CM •: n »•;::<•••••> | i , r.ow r^..'!?, i"idd'>>
i,",!-:, Mold r.-ri:"-: , «-s, rireon : i^n ci'-cd, ni Oun-.'s.'1! , I'.r'.i'.iL.
kriru/c-l, Iciml souarirrr, , London rocket, iv^-'cr-d, pp!jper,.rricd,
o'l-.'ii.ci'd'i pi rr-.", -^I'Tilnof iiifli,",ha(i.1, Lu'cery !)i:' 'I'/iiEiit1 ,
ifi,ii-'c>-. i.i, liii'blc r:i.' i.ird, v.'i Id L-'icS'i.'hfiriL, K'tld ousii rd.
Rulylutr: lUiiinjl I'nrniri'i" lt.i-\ , fir-Id sftiKiinn1, Floridn pn^lf'/i laRil'ifiiidPLo
punilo i.ut'jf d'l-: , j'lu^laiie, redrooi pin1. -cud, yellov: nulcniis1,.
CHAA crjrflcnriwpfj, cnr\:- li-.'iri, purslcjn;-, )-0(!rr;o1. piqwcod, <;pii
p i • 'weed .
-------
i.;.|; ' J .! (.on I
Li i i 01 ..' 0*
raron
Chloro-
rv.' / in.
car: !<:s?./,_orl, r.i •!.•.-• n. '
r • -I'.TS , pmVI.';ii-?5
iHirMMl sn'ircie, Mil,.!., riifiiK'uidc. rdnv, ••-r-ti, coff-ctr^'d,
kidnfi. I,.,-, !)squ..i ,-ji '; , Ptim. siv.»'t /r"fJ, .ncivcecl, ITU My
sir!.' purslane, ivu.v :'.-d, '^iJi-jion 1'ii:,ik:, velvet! cvf, wi
muc,- '.v-r1.
si
muc,- '.v-r1.
1)1 &rk nv'I'uDhfidr', r r. rnv !:v.'oe,'! , cocUebur, rinrid«i pus "Icy,
Jiii.'.riiii'/ivfi, lapM-.ci'a.-Loi". , piqwCdc .. pric'Hy sida, pursldne,
rfiriwc'd, Mnartw/.-'d, ^/oiveclc.'F^^) wild mu'^iurd.
Ccirir-lwijod, corn sr''.i'-iy, clr'cl.v;e':ij, di'dJ.'r, false f'lox, field
sortx1!, krowcl . knrr "^'i. nurc- l-n. , sht-r'1 ^dspursf- . ^'"urt'j'-H!,
v/i i-J Lucf.viu-at.
•:-!i:i,1'1! b1,1. .'.-rcii;', .. .: •.: ! orci'vc:.: r^ , ; Mjal niorr.K.c.'ilor/, ai,..
SL'dn^1, hinck iniir.tiif.i, oisf felotLir, .ct p^t-.'^'-d, cockl'jbur, common
chii.-l'.>1.ifi?ri, co'nT^n f :c,' nd:,el , c?~rT'ci m?i I U •'.•.', coT.fiori rursltVi-:,
corn sf."j.'iy, curly r;. ••.!:, l-'lnro's |.- linthmsh, Florid.i pulley,
h^d'js mustard, ji'r--c !\>n'2d. kochiri. ladyf.uT..";'h, lanj!)sqi'2ru-:rs,
mgyv/ccd, Poiin. si.iurf1'.- :\\\ mnw^ed, pineopnlp-.^ed, pi ^" tain,
pocrioGj nrosrriiU: i.^ci'^'ced, prosli'-ata sps-irpe, raciv:ced. siif'JhH
nur'-."< sin '11 flov/or odhnsona, sui.iy sid;. , t.drwped. vf-i
v.'ild buckwheat, wild ir.jsrurd, wild r^-iisl:. vnld turnip.
hi::'.-!ock,
j'dqweca, siii.irLwfiod, surn' I'-wer, velvctleaf.
nnn-.j.-il i.-onnnoritor1", bill thistle, coM-.lriUM1, curlv fine's', hoiry
if1:-, -r, ii drif -: ..... 'ii, 'Ji-'juii'!1.
Cji 't..".' T'. . L'Xid;,!, (i, !',<•! (-rf ••.'!'•
let-'iic,', i ,inv;c'jJ, :,.. ,...M .J.^U'.
sfiiii: ,'.f(i, '>WI?L'I el'". ': (,;in'j>y ir
V/i Ui l:RJ.-5Ci'i U, Vi'i !t-: .'ir ..ip.
!M,,I .in, jjic.11,-.' '•'"', or
;i-. '•!• -'ds-MJrs'1, •.. .-riv/ .'i.
-Y1. \flvci. icvf, -.n !d 'y^i,
c.'.r::.. L/i,: \-iv chic!",:-. M. c'ld-Jpr, «'u.: , Flnr -I'M ;"js"iC'y, f.roup.dti ,v\v
lc;r,».. .':ii ii lors, iTi\, i,.,i •, rvii : ol r 'iv^'Cu M.t
', rcdruol
ClciVtti -. :![;:jill dfiij I". i>.'P'. COi.kl'-i-'lr . COli) ChdMOiTH If. . C7>r!'l COfjki1.'
Co:/ Lfi'.klc doq if-,.-.- \. i'.n'.n/el, i n-. Iv/c-r.-.i, kochia, I.,',:!; .owners.
morn i r/ir, ;ory-cn""',;'!> nil ?;iT.U'*l, i.'U^tinM. j.i-nny cre'vJ-1 ioi'L
pe|)! ^rvrc'!, UK",'c-cd-r.'drnuL rind •}.:j;i;t>lp. "oncjn^, pri'Str'nii. sour'.,
rdbbit bi'i;1-.!), ranw'f'd, >"fifl inrrr-i (r,hrr" f,nrrttl), c,i:iiri.vv«''""!-oni1!"1!
sew i.lns',.1:1, fipiiin',:i 'I'l'tlo, rij'i!'••••/co.. v/ilf.l i)uc.i'.wii"inl.: •,- • i'r, com.ro i I ft! .'. I i> r /
'.ucli ;,' : Mcdclc-r ;•>.•• IHI, hu ,'•! c Ir.'i-ir, i •> \>.\ v^x'd, chi( !"•»>', ••••O!',-,..
cn> h' ; •!'.• :i: --.c-, (.criscl, v.-iVii-M ,
-------
i-i'i ('.n:, :'ii ; ',''- << ns.'ici! i! • '• \ HI/.I : '. : i -^iriv < •'<•• e \-.^d^.- __
!;.•! I'inv i !", . .'.. : ,)'" i'.-!, f.l' ' i. •» •" .;.''"! !0'- l:u!' ii O'j,
•'•.'•i ;;•..• ••;!•'! i !, ' .'. '' Sj'O1 !"'! . ' f: ' iy. M-O-, |)':r-":inc, !
r.'H'1 of'. '•> •'" so1 •;'i.'jrl, :>;>, I i ," ' , tr'.rb'jJi. L.'"'l s I ''- -so.'.
onion; v,-. .ci • '>;•>,-• .-i Iv! ?l .'; "ii. <,,''- &uc!. ?.s: bhJv.v'Ci'O1. ijf
n.",h, col i. '•'"!,••: :.'ri
ti'ii-^f.lc-, '•-.- 'K.-frjH. oiiiT'Lis* :"!i',on ivy, r.?i>'. ine, sf!r:2.:r: ;.i
silv'?rlcri , i •iitr.i'.sf'e, si-'ori vc'ti-;- .nnnit'l , sn.'l'.ewt^c!,
stinqidr; nc-Lt'c, t.v^y mover;- ('••.liiuro) , 1.ruii:-CM. crec-i'T-r,
wood sow, 1 . Vilcl Ctrroc, >crro^; >'aupon: V'-veds cor.i rol "ic-c1
nl. ^-8 "'b,/<] • !'rr!strriw, L>. i .'cr^-c!;, blaci'htrr.", tlni.!;
. •. I-1.-, (.. ,: . .'ii'.,! !'> i1."1!" f'ci' -j '-•••. ').?rry . •":• i.'.1!1.
, '. 'ii' hi,.'!1.. ;fi, r T. ;•', .'i1- DdroVin i- •_ t\v ' i r> r • -
poison 0? !:. f ( '.oi.'C'-ii, kussu'i • r\; , i;;.'eci , so1,/ un £:.!•:•. su: .•.: .
t&iidf'lfix-i'r. i: -i ION, Luro!1-?! I?., v Lch, v/alc-rli-TilocU, v/Iiit.;:
I'jpi.-ic, i.'ilt! ' In,"1, vi I iu\:, yjccr.
Uindy sp'-xips !->y ii-.^ftinsi : i".h c.
»K niSii'lr- i, ', . ..... I"'.''.. /.ii.L. . .' ! •! .'TM1.;!' ; ::;.',•:
i'. •' up1. . i . i . • '• " • •> • , i 'i . ,' " ' n • .: . r. i1 r ••'.-. -L , c 1 1!
\:i L'liifirrt' , . 'n ri;''i"Jrir.')i.b, i> ''f M ••>' ^,f- , imic-r ;;ic w'":''i
pi iildT.T, i1: i i, •!!'., i,...; , r i. r (.-.. ••.'•- d , v, i' . -••..•n i ;. ir. ,
Ki ("'IT' 00 1 '•! •• '!. ', "'('I'1'' .',' t""1 ' ,i 'M"Vn,"r:r'' i iJ1'/'. 1 c'.ii t..if1.
shcpp s«)i . 'i, : iii1. •.':•• f^r/urr. , s:::. •'-» -.oti, L!1-',. ;< i1!ic-.i'''ici. ,
i-purcifij t.-ii1;-:-"!, fi'/ob p^iii iii-i (:.i.'t ra'mra'.E.) , . inoLny, v/ilo
ariichol:- \-iic1 rj-.L. r, v.-'ild hriiliV- wile' c-.ir:.; . \vilc' :".''u.
\'ilfl rad!1'", y-'llov rock"l, vol I'"/' v/oodsoi rol , and otiirr
liorbficio-". i- 1 n1,^.
n()>'J,!:fTn ",.v i '.i. ifi.i L nuid vfv!', (potaniou-tuM '•??), ?: «!
-------
Table Vi.F. continued
Diphenaniid
Di'quat
Dibroiiiide
Diuron
WiBP
Endothal
carpctv.-eed, common c'lickweed, corn spurry, evening
prini"0?s, field peopergrass, Florida pus ley.,
groundsel, knotweed, Ic.inbsquartcrs, pigweed (care-
lesswccd), purslane, rod sorrel, sandbur (sancispur),
shephsrJs-piirse, smartweed, spiny fi.ncira nth (slicker-
wc>3d}, thy»'5leaf sandv.ort.
bladderwort, cattails, coontail, duckweed,
naiad, penpyv/ort, ponciv.-oeds, slavirn's v/ater hyacinth,
water lettuce, water milfoil, annual broad leaf weeds,
sedges.
annual grcu'idc!ia"ry , annual inornincylory, cocklebjr,
/corn spurry, chickw?ed, dog fennol . fiddleneck,
-groi-.a:ll , grour-dsel , .k.-!.T,.'.il , picv.'cod , prickly sicis
(teaweed), lanibsqunrters. raqweed, red sprangleiop,
sesba.iia, sicklepod, shcpherdspur^e, tansey mustard.
wild Ic-ltiice, \v-ild nustcrd, annual srrartweed, ?r,nual
sow thistle, areratum, buTtonweed , corn speedwell,
day flov/nr, hav;>s beard, horsenettle, horsswet-d,
Kochia, kyllinqa, niarigo'fJ, fiexican clover, pepper-
grass, nir.e-epplewecd, pokev.'eed, rabbit tobacco,
Spanish needlss, wild riiclish.
annual morn ing glory." annual mustard, annual sriar tweed,
annual thistle, chickwsed, cof f eev.'ced , cocklebu*',
common ragweed, fan weed (french weed), Horida
pusley: .iinison weed, kochia, Ismbsquurters, mallow,
r.ayweed, musr.erd, piq^eed, pineapple •. esd, pi;rsl?ne,
redroot niqx.'ced, sorrel, smartwoed , sweet fennel,
velvetleaf, wile carrot, wild lettuce, wild r&dish,
yellow rocket.
blueweed. carrotweed, chickv/eed, clover, kochia, pig-
weed, purslane, ragweed, shepherd's purse, smartweed,
wild buckwheat, many aquatic weeds.
I'ocoprop
chicki'eed,- clover, nrnunri ivy, knotveed, lahsouarter,
piav/eed, pl.inr.ain, ranweed, stitchwnrt.
-------
i i, , ' i r i.ri 1. i • ',
rtiii'iiiul I'Mriii'V'! ;r-v> hliiCt' [i icil|i • h.-'js-s < M pi'
COL, i on trill.! ;•'•', rorn ipm r\v . (V. dnr;i.U >. l
I I is ifi ; •: i. ","•.! no, hu;-y ii I'^tbii-'dcs h-
i;i s-td. • ''• n: Lilcli-'s'i fir-o'.: iof)t. , p;ir'0
coiivion, JMV -c-i'. LI i fji-.'Rcrl , M-yc.-. u-coir,nii,
. i.
pi'';,vCK'ci, pii'li: :, ii <-.cjdqr (niitfjivss) , yellow nuls':mv
fi, Cr-i^dii ihibtlo., clncLv.Tfd. ci'Uir'oi ion. dock,
kocl.ia, ]('•',' r."nrt:c', nifihtsiroo. pun;t-0'l, |-!«nti>iri,
PUIII 1;ui'C'' it)' . pi.T'.lano, rcifn.'f : il, llussian ki:apv;ned,
!\n • id, i • 'i i',1 I* . i Cv.-j r~lii., ci'-:-i!!i
ciiiifry, j II..M iiv.1 ••'!. IciiiinsquiM iurc , mot nn-rjf) lory,
picjv/otd. fjrivkly •, u!a , pursliino, rcifiv/c:ud,
sicklcpod, MI;.:) tv •(•(!,
KirbiiLil-ii.fi as;K-n» cli'-rry, din, honeyi-uckle, maple, oak, :>umac.
l.it'M'nn ' crTirkv.'C'iH. ri'^ir!-. pur,le:y, Ori I ip^-oq-; s Irin'.usCi'icM'tGrs,
ri.|" •rjcd, •-;.!:!i l\,. d, velvet Iorif, v.-iici radislij annual
niornir.'jqlurv. cock'.-Liir.", pickl\; c,cJ?i, sic kit-rod,
li'irr is. I'jifry, carp^tv.K-', don Crrinc"1 ,
(i'\. i.r-.J1.;-'1!, lambsquc rice's, prickly sida, ser.-
.Vr .-ti.; •:"!.,'•
ru r: .•/lif.Ti, 'VMI'.II, hurh.f-o!, ' 'ij'l* i.'.'r, cur\y inc.1'! f,
'!'-|'.y, i'1 !' , ''i.11'! llt'JLlP, Pi',.'. •,', !,<'• f' I'.Ii'L. !"•". il >1 .
1'li'if! bi'i!,,1 i'i, , if'ld |jGpp^» MI u1/,, rj!;.'!1. lKy:>d, he ;-
Ijf"! ; • Ii1-'•'•••! '.;I1 '«. ii'ili, kof.il !•, I-iHL11!11'•"• cr--".,
inr.r ,':'• I'I T . i «•(.!••.' 'jiittfrr up, i"\".:in •• p.%', i'M^h'.rj!,
inii'jr.'jS1, p. •• < pfi i'.! i.onniK,") m"v. ijicp.-"ii, j^.i:.on
liOiiilotk, [irn.i'ly IcLi.uco, pui.cfm i1 vino, iMfn.-.'t'i.l, \"(-.(.
pi'|V""f|, cc.i r,Liii: ',("lqc, 'ihci'i.fi •!'•, pur^p, 'iiV>rl;wc.\jd.
bp.'.ni'jh iurj|r», •;*.inl.weed, thv.M'1, wcitot1 •hv-'iop,
v: i •' • r pl-ni .in, "!n t thrush, \;il'i 'urrol, './il-l fv^oi.^-
h'.Ti1-/, will .I'd; . Mid iwriii'il'!, ".id iihir.iT. wil-J
r,;fli-,|i, •/ lie.- r(K.!'-'U buL•£•)•. IM;: (..uiril,-, l.lir 1.kj,
(l.'nid.'l ion , iif-i piiC'l.M P, picv.v:1 il, ul diiLj ill, pur-, lurif,
:.li
-------
.'Viriron
i :.,'•.;•••., ''ijlojy, c!n-"l v.i r-i!, lim-.h^ciuart 'i's
.i. r M ',101.0., uv:\."vd, Hu:-M~n knapwtvi!,
r.:v:ii:s, u'ni'c horsui'Cu U-, wild liinji
Norc-i
iv/']- vi 1
Pic lord in
Proniolry/ie
pr.Ll-i. v. ' , . .. ILi.i.: ;.'li , t,i.\ 'C I (::•:•'.' j lloriiin i/JS-'iiy,
oir-i '';• , (iro'.'iiJ :!':.n:', .1 ii'-.si- :".''. ri-'i, loiPb'V.r^rLers
jOU- ;', v.ustctrd, pigweed.' purslane, vnc sw^o.
weocii :.i,. p!im!',ijursc, prickiy 3 Ho, vc
r.hickv.uCvl, I loi iilri puslry, hi-nbit, jinsonv.'cod,
rs. >i. ri' iixmlorv. P' ' «> I -n-. i v ni(jv ^fcl, p-T"
d, L.'11'u i ..'('id, vi'l vfji.l(.-a[ .
nd, p I n r, i.« i n , pur,ci,urovi:v, purslane, rrd
clover, ^r.r- i-idi purse, Lhisilc, v/ild muiLard, wild
radish, moi-ii inqcjlory.
many woody : r..i-cirs
annual incTninqoiory. rinr'ida pusley. goosef'ir»t,
yroun-i ihi.'n'», idiMbsqusytcr, i;r.:?la"ci. pigv/t-pa prickly
sicid, pijr:;lonr, ragwucJ, sniartwod, cocklebur, coffcp-
y, saivioir.
r.irpotv c-l riorldg n'l^lfn-, n'-^'.'nc'r"! ,
pi«]WPPd. I.IT .'OP; , rf1 •ji.'7f.-d , r.:r,'j!'Ur,
i -..-lw.,'' !, • : I- i'Uc.k\i.ifcdL
fi I rjaLor1. -i • '.' rurly "I'ic'i o j^i-.i-.-i! -jt-dcjc, in'-..irci \-i-rt
ti-Ji'^olq", 11 .nut |i i', /f (.(I, i-t •''.•' 'i-'l. f.nt.aj'iir."1. '^.iiLi1
I'-'-.i, loll H::KJO, v/j -c.r ji '.i A ••••!;, v;ooly cii-LMi
(Minna) i:i'jt i: ii.'i'jl'jry , carpr- w.-i'-i. lci!ii!)5quarli.':irj,, pirj-
wt'r.!, r.'lv(\ ii-.'f.
Proph'-m
curly doct, dodder, pursla 10, shcc-p sorrel, sm-'i
-------
. ( (Mil i!
'. ,.-j, l^iii!) •.(:!,:• "rr , ii.orrn'.-i'.'jlorv,
S-lv
Sii.'io. mi"
?,/l,')-'T
. Irir.k1. • •- •. .:iov".'. roc hi, '.bur, crt-ton, djnc'ri ion,
'.•.ijilc, i. ''•;': a , "iTl:-|i03t , n'..;'V. norLhrrn |nn,
v;!ii1.('. ic1', .. \ < <> . ..iirl so! id 'jlur.nr.'ry, ploiUa ir ,
pr-iw; i"\'- i. f'L r'i'.!1, v. -.'i!'1 iii \- kl-pr-y. ym\:;\, w;nto
- 1 .i •
. .' 1.1. < lii., .1. . . i. . ' s.xv.1% t ;' ! n'.i %. ! •- 'j • i ...... '•(.',
•• 1 1 if,. i!-' ; .'-"•], •..'•• i cr mi if ni i , i-niTO-*. ':; ir;lhcr,
ir'lod(''., fi.-i'iitiil, Wt! L r; r njui1, fnriwort, yri iuv v^.Lsr
lily, j'/'i: J,1 -rj , i urly mdui'), iiiC'/.ican w-'-t'ci
i ;r. , .inpn-il inf-rnin>!f|h'ry, carol essi.1- o-s, car-
j-otw'-'. i. i •• .r'ip. r.liifl,v.''i'-f.i, firs •'-."••(!, Flfitd'r. iiaint.Sru: r, .
i lorii' |;.: i.-.y, !j.:i.j:';:iCii lc,",, .•;•-.:•;! d , It 1C :<.•, ^lUi.'L1 ,
•'•us;1 , '! ••-. 'i-,1 i;:1.1,;, :,!,• p *•; (ixn-y, hordUck, havtl^irr,,
h'ize'l tiiiU \\z\i, hiclcor^, honey i ja'it, honeysuckle,
inradow ••, '\'L, ,i!.'i',f|u it'" , mulij^ny, ni>rtlp.s o.J;s, o'.-igc
cuannf's Kf ' ' iiiiiKin, unison i"v, riOi'On oak. pcis:iri
f.Limoc , ii-.'i'iir, jn.st. 'idk, |:r iri:i vp'-di', ra^pl'-'ii ry, i-(iO
' • ii-» , , ' . ! ; i', 5 TO: •!• . • • I-.":1:.}!, ',.-.•: '. r. •• ,
:,!'.;. jiv,," ri, i. ...••,•/ -,•;,, '!-•;,•'- •. :i, ^>; ••{."-. •.•.• cTicrr. .
•i./ooi "••.!. »" .-iifi. •.-, T" c-u'--.' -./I-M, Li'i'ii1.'.;: . vinr,
;>p|;-
vitch
" • U"ir, , '• ' Mi, V i i'i| . i.
'•,'i ' : i: •'••'- • i '.>•
'
v,
'it '- J
]. ; •• «. i '.. • ,-,i i
, i ;<••;' i' j;i v/?f'd. ( o: •
'"hlCl"'1- ' '' , •'$'''<} I'.Jiri.'l, f \ i .-. ' il'':",'1'. i'" ":i ' t'i ];L:I .
llori'J". p ' iL'.'/> f!:'1"* .'H'ii.:j , h'i..iL, ii'M'cy ;>'.'. •>.;••'' .
I.notv.'i cd. iiiimiMi'j.'jr l.rr1,, nujsLa,-., infjhl r»!>'i-i-J \i\r-
horrc •:•••;.' if, sin'fp r,orrrM , yoi lov.1 nutsficl'ic, purple
-------
!r;flurfjl in
cJllll" . I i, «• "I '. :, i • V. I ' I1 , • '. - .li |! ll..- :! , (.
v.'fc.!, i," ',.•.! i r!c lei1" f'. • i: '!-••' 'SM! . i.M'.i'.uii
umi'i IL-i'1, f.nni IM!. IIMi-niiiMCllji-y, IML'Stcird
bll'i1 : 'ill "ill. |i i(K'n'sr' . !. iii'1.'' « i •••>]." !'"•!.
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AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC REFU37 ?i'l- 194
RESTRICTING THE USE OF PHENOXY HERB/GOES
- Costs to Farmers -
Economic Research Service
and
Agricultural Research Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULT'J^b
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ABSTRACT
Assuming that current levels of farm production are to be maintained,
:vbtricting the farm use of phenoxy heroicides would increase U.S. farm-
ii> direct production coses about $290 million. In addition, about 20
i.i 11 lion more hours of family labor would be used.
Net reductions in farm income would tonal $107 million for corn, $51
million for wheat, $3 million for rice. $28 million for other small grain,
?Ll million for sorghum, S33 million for pasture, $36 million for range-
land, and $16 million for other crops on which the phenoxys were used in
1966. The estimates were determined for each of the above crops by par-
tial budgeting using cross-sectional data from the ERS Pesticide and
general Farm Survey, 1966; Agricultural Statistics, 1968; and from Agri-
cultural Research Service weed scientists.
Key Words: Cost of restricting herbicides, phenoxy herbicides,
2,4-Dj 2,4,5-T, herbicide, weed control herbicides, economics of herbi-
cide use.
PREFACE
This report presents estimates of costs to U.S. farmers of prohibi-
ting the use of phenoxy herbicides. It does noi: consider nonfarm uses
such as herbicide applications to lawns, gardens, industrial sites,
rigr.ts-of-way, and aquaric sites.
An important assumption of the analysis was that the current level
of farm production would be maintained. The use of nonphenoxy herbicides,
mechanical means, and other cultural practices were considered as alter-
natives for the phenoxy herbicides. For some crops, current yields vould
:!cclir>t. nitliCuL U3c oi plieuuAy iiei.'uii.iueb, &u ctuuj.Lj.onai acres would be
needed to maintain production. The additional land would be available
from that currently diverted under various Government programs. It was
assumed that through adjustments in the provisions of various Government
programs, payments to farmers would remain the same.
Data on farr.i use of phenoxy herbicides used in the cost calculations
arc from the nationwide ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey of 1966,
the most recent available results of which are published in Quantities of
IVsricides Used by farmers in 1966. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Econ. Rpt. No.
179, April 1970. Although total farm use of herbicides has increased
since 1966, use of phenoxy herbicides in 1969 was riot much above the 1966
level. Ail quantitiPS of herbicides are expressed in pounds of active
Uumirnl ingredients. The data are quantities farmers' indicated they had
viM-il in 1966 and do not necessarily mean that such uses are currently
i i'i;i stored.
The report was prepared jointly by the Economic Research Service
(l.RS) and the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , U.S. Department of
•V,i-; culture. It was developed under the direction of Velmar W. Davis,
I'.imi Production Economics Division, ERS, and William B. Enr.is, Crops
Kii.-UMrch Division, ARS.
The policy of the Department of Agriculture is Lo continually
i'-.-v:cw ii:;eds £or herbicides and to register and use only those that are
•on- wiL'n. respect to people, property, and the environment.
20250 November 1970
ii
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CONTENTS
SUMMARY v
INTRODUCTION 1
PHENOXY HERBICIDES 2
Product-ion and domestic use 2
Farm use , 3
ALTERNATIVES FOR MAINTAINING PRODUCTION k
ECONOMIC EFFECTS ON CROPS 6
Corn 7
Wheat 8
Other small grains , 9
Sorghum 10
Rice 11
Other crops 12
Pasture and range! and « 13
Summary of effee ts 14
NONCROP USES 15
TABLES 16
Use of trade names in this report
is for identification" only and does
not constitute endorsement of these
products or imply discrimination
against other similar products.
Chemical names and ether designations
of pesticides are shown in table 17.
ft: li'la by ifc
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SUMMARY
Prohibiting the use of phenoxy herbicides (44 million pounds yearly)
--primarily 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on 62 million acres of cropland—would
eventually increase costs substantially to consumers. The immediate
effect would be an increase of $290 million in production costs to farmers
The estimates were based on use in 1966 and production levels, costs, and
alternatives in 1969. In addition, farmers and their families would'have
to work 20 million more hours to control the weeds without these herbi-
cides. For this extra labor, the farmers would obtain no additional
income„
The increase in costs represents about 1 percent of the farm value
of all crops or 5 percent of the value of the crops from the treated
acres. The amount is nearly three times that spent for weed control with
phenoxy herbicides, and constitutes an increase in costs of $4 64 per
treated acre.
The impact of the ban would be more severe for some crops and farmers
than for others. The total additional costs for maintaining production
are distributed, among crops as follows: corn, 37 percent; wheat. 17 per-
cent; other small grains, 10 percent; sorghum, 4 percent; rice, 3 percent;
other crops. 6 percent; pasture, 11 percent; and rangeland, 12 percent.
Alternative ways of maintaining production include the uses of other
herbicides^and changing cultural practices (e.g., handweeding, spot treat-
rr.sr._, an- increasing acreage./. Dicamba could be used as an alternative
herbicide to maintain production on half of the acres of corn, wheat,
other small grain, and sorghum treated in 1966 with phenoxy herbicides.
On the remaining acres of corn and sorghum, other herbicides could be
used, along with some additional cultivations and spot chemical treatments
or hoeing. Where yields could not be maintained by alternative herbi-
cides and cultural practices at reasonable costs, more of the crop would
be grown on acres previously diverted from farm production. For rice,
the crop rotation would be changed to control most weeds and additional
acreage planted to offset losses in production.
Of the $290 million additional costs, other substitutes for phenoxy
herbicides would increase farm costs $61 million. Added cultural prac-
tices on land now being treated with phenoxy herbicides, and loss in
quality of rice, would increase costs $138 million. Additional variable.
costs for producing some of these crops on diverted acres to offset yield
losses would be $91 million.
For individual crops, estimates of additional costs to farmers are
as follows:
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Costs of restricting phenoxy herbicides in 1969, by crops
Crop
Wheat
Other small
grain .
Rice
Other crops.
Pasture
All crops.
Costs
Reduced
materials
and
appli-
cation
-37.0
-21.9
-14.6
-5.6
-0.4
-5.4
-10.4
-7.2
-iU
-------
RESTRICTING THE USE OF PHENOXY HERBICIDES
-COSTS TO FARMERS-
by
Austin S. Fox, Robert P. Jenkins, and Paul A. Andrilenas
Agricultural Economists, Farm Production Economics Division
Economic Research Service
and
John T. Hols tun Jr. and Dayton L. Klingman
Agronomists, Crops Research Division
Agricultural Research Service
INTRODUCTION
Herbicides have become an increasingly important tool in farm pro-
duction in the United States. They provide both selective and effective
weed control in row crops, nonrow crops, pastures, fence rows, and rights-
of-way.
Herbicides are an integral part of the production process that has
evolved with increased specialization and more intensive farming. While
many of the latest farm practices do increase production, they also pro-
vide a more favorable environment for certain weeds and, in turn, in-
crease the nsed for effective herbicidal weed control. Herbicides, by
providing more effective control of weeds, have helped to maintain farm
production with an even smaller labor force.
The increased use of herbicides suggests benefits to farmers. How-
ever, the use of herbicides by individuals or groups sometimes may have
undesirable side-effects. For example, herbicides may cause economic
losses by drifting to nontarget crops and other plants. Or, they may be .
transported to other crops by water.
In general, the phenoxy herbicides, are highly selective, do not
persist for more than 1 to 6 months in soil, are low in acute mammalian
toxicity, and are effective at low rates and low volumes of application.
These characteristics make them useful components in integrated systems
of weed and brush control.
The selectivity of phenoxy herbicides permits their use in control-
ling weeds and brush in some, crops and noncropland areas without injuring
desirable plants. This is important where alternative controls are not
economically feasible.
Some consideration was given to restricting the use of phenoxy herbi-
cides, particularly 2,4,5-T, in late 1969. It resulted from a labora-
tory study by a private research firm working under a Government contract
with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. This study indi-
cated that offspring of mice and rats given relatively large oral doses
-------
of 2,4,5-T during early stages of pregnancy had a higher than expected
number oL: deformities.^/
This report focuses on the economic effects on U.S. farmers that
would follow a prohibition on the use of all phenoxy herbicides. First,
however, the report summarizes trends in the production and utilization
of phenoxy herbicides, and briefly discusses possible alternative weed
control practices and the extent to which these alternatives are already
in use. Then, specific economic costs to U.S. farmers of prohibiting
the use of phenoxy herbicides are estimated for individual crops and
groups of crops on which the phenoxys are used.
The evaluation of costs of restricting phenoxy herbicides is based
on the following assumptions: (1) farm production will be maintained at
the level existing before the restriction, (2) brush SZid weeds will be
controlled at 1966 levels, (the most recent year for which detailed data
on the use of herbicides are available), and (3) Government payments to
farmers will not change from present levels.
Although total farm use of herbicides has increased since 1966, the
1969 use of the phenoxys was rot much above the 1966 level.. Within the
phenoxy group of herbicides, some changes have taken place, but they are
mainly offsetting. For example, proportionately more 2,4,5-T and less
2,4-D are currently in farm use than in 1966 when the former was in short
supply because of military purchases.
The cost estimates do not include an evaluation of losses that might
occur on crops protected indirectly by the phenoxy herbicides. An exam-
ple is cotton, a crop on which phenoxys are not generally used, but which
is protected indirectly by tie*Liner.!: cf ™aof\*. such as cocklebur in corn,
included in crop rotations with cotton. Neither dees the report cuu&Luei:
losses that would result from weeds and brush not controlled in noncrop
areas or farms, nor losses from Ponfarm uses.
PHENOXY llERblCIDES
The phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T were first employed by
fanners and ranchers in the mid-1940's and remain the most common synthe-
tic organic herbicides. They are used in several situations. The largest
use of 2,4-D is for broadleaf weed control in corn and other grains; the
major use of 2,4,5-T is to kill brush. These materials are available as
amine salts and esters, but include small amounts of acids and inorganic
salts. Other lesser used phenoxy or related herbicides include erbon,
fcnac, 2,4-DEP, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, sesone, silvex, dichlorprop, and
2,4-DB.
Productiun and Domestic Use
Specific data on production and producers' domestic disappearance of
the phenoxy herbicides are available only for 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.
However, these herbicides accounted for nearly 93 percent of all phenoxys
vised in farming. Total U.S. production find domestic disappearance of
these herbicides from 1958 to 1958 varied as follows (table 1):
JL/ News release by the Executive Office of the President, Office of
Scicnco and Technology, Washington, D.C., Oct. 29, 1969.
-------
(1) The combined production of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T increased steadily
from 34.6 million pounds in 1958 to 96.8 million pounds in 1968.
(2) Production of 2,4-D stayed between 80 and 90 percent of the
total. The percentage was slightly lower in some of the later years.
(3) Exports of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T increased through 1964, accounting
for about 20 percent of production until 1964-. Since then, exports have
dropped sharply and by 1968 were down to 4 percent of production.
(4) The combined domestic disappearance of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in-
creased generally from 1958 through 1965. It increased from 25.1 million
pounds in 1958 to about 58 million in 1965. The sharp increase in domes-
tic disappearance to 81 million pounds in 1966 reflects the increased
military'purchases for use overseas.
(5) In earlier years, a higher proportion of the production of
2,4,5-T than of 2,4-D was used domestically. Since 1964, a higher pro-
portion of the production of 2,4-D has been used domestically.
(6) The use of 2,4-D accounted for almost four-fifths of the com-
bined domestic disappearance of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T throughout the 1958-65
period. In 1966, the proportion of 2,4-D was considerably less because
of the increased production and military purchases of 2,4,5-T which are
included in the total domestic disappearance.
Farm Use
Uses of the phenoxy herbicides on farmland are primarily for selec-
tive control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in crops, and of
broadleaf weeds and brush on grazing Hands. They are also used, at rela-
tively high i-ptpq (more than a pound an acre) for spot treatments on
cropland and noncropland, and as general treatment OLI ncricrcplcr.d. Oft-»n
they are used on crops as postemergence treatments following earlier use
of other herbicides as pree^ergence treatments. When used for postemer-
gence treatments they are applied as needed. Low cost, high selectivity,
effectiveness at low rates of use, short persistence, and low acute oral
toxicity to animal life make the phenoxys most desirable for broadleaf
control.
Farmers take nearly half of all the 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T used in the
United States. The remainder is used by industry, Government (Federal,
State, and local) and by homeowners.
Farmers' use of phenoxy and other herbicides is summarized as follows
(tables 2-5):
(1) Phenoxy herbicides account for a large share of all herbicides
used by farmers--38 percent in 1966. Their proportion is declining be-
cause the use of other herbicides, such as atrazine and propachlor, is
increasing more rapidly.
(2) The herbicide 2,4-D accounted for ovar 90 percent of the
phenoxy herbicides used by farmers in 1964 and 1966.
(3) Nearly all the phenoxy and other herbicides were used on crops
or grazing land. About 7 percent of all acres of crops, pasture, and
rangoland was treated with phenoxys in 1966.
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(4) Although the acreage? treated was small, nearly 2 percent of the
phenoxys and 3 percent of other herbicides were used extensively for
treating fence rows, ditches, grounds around buildings, and other noncrop
uses.
(5) In 1966, 84 percent of the farm use of phenoxy herbicides was
on corn, wheat, other small grain, pasture, and rangeland. These crops
accounted for 46 percent of the farm value of all crops, and occupied 78
percent of all crop acres, including pasture and rangeland. The largest
use of phenoxys, 34 percent, was on corn.
(6) Herbicides other than phenoxys were used in largest quantities
on cotton, corn, soybeans, fruits and nuts, and vegetables.
(7) In 1966, phenoxy herbicides accounted for 98 percent of all
herbicides used on pasture and rangeland, 97 percent of those used on
small grains other than wheat, 88 percent on wheat, and 33 percent on
corn.
(8) The quantity used and extent of use of phenoxy herbicides varied
among crops. In 1966, for example, almost 2 pounds of phenoxys were used
on each of the 145,000 acres of rice treated. This compares with an
average of less than 0.5 pound of phenoxys an acre on wheat and other
small grains. Average applications on corn and grazing land were two-
thirds and three-fourths of a pound of phenoxys, respectively.
(9) Corn and wheat accounted for nearly two-thirds of the acres
treated with 2,4-D in 1966. Corn alone accounted for 39 percent. The
largest use of "2,4,5-1 was on pasture and rangeland.
ALTERNATIVES FOR MAINTAINING PRODUCTION
For some weed problems in some crops, no fully satisfactory weed
control alternatives for the phenoxy herbicides are available. But for
many crops, other herbicides and selected cultural techniques can be
used to control some of the same weeds, although at higher cost. In
still other situations, alternative herbicides are even more effective
than the phenoxys.
The role of the phenoxy herbicides in weed and brush control is
complex. The land area protected greatly exceeds that treated in any
one year because the phenoxys are frequently part of a continuing weed
control system. If the phenoxy treatments, or satisfactory alternatives,
were not applied when needed, certain weeds would increase rapidly, and
yearly treatments would soon become a necessity. Research has shown that
species of weeds that escape control often become the predominant species.
With poor control for only 2 co 3 years, the weed population can shift
to a "hard-to-control" complex. Use of the phenoxys minimizes such shifts
through their contributions to integrated systems of control.2/ These
systems evolved from years of research and testing. Many of Them are
complex and delicately balanced. Removal of an essential component, such
2_l - An-integratffl weed control system includes all production practices
for the entire farm over tine. Chemical, mechanical, and cultural prac-
tices used to control weeds are all considered as they affect and are
affected by other farm practices such as seedbed preparations, and fer-
tilizer practices.
-------
as the phenoxy herbicides, without replacement with a satisfactory alter-
native, can make the entire system ineffective.
Dicamba is the best replacement for phenoxy herbicides in many sit-
uations. It gives better control than the phenoxys of some broadleaf
weeds such as smartweed, wild buckwheat, and white cockle. It is cur-
rently recommended in mixtures with the phenoxys for control of these
weeds in small grains, It is not a satisfactory alternative for many
other broadleaf weeds and brush (e.g,,x^ild mustard, curly deck, milkweed,
Russian knapweed, field bindweed, many species of oak, and mesquite).
Only 2,4-D is registered for application to wheat in mature stages for
control of weeds that interfere with harvest. Such use is particularly
needed in the winter vjheat areas. A low degree of tolerance by crops,
hazards from drift and persistence, and higher costs limit the usefulness
of dicamba on other field crops and grazing land.
Preemergence treatments with such herbicides as atrazine, amiben,
diuron, fluometuron, linuron, trifluralin, nitralin, and propachlor con-
trol many of the same species of weeds controlled by the phenoxy herbi-
cides. But these herbicides have only a limited value as alternatives
to phenoxy herbicides. Their current use is often in conjunction with,
rather than in place of, postemergence treatments with the phenoxy herbi-
cides. Preemergence treatments with these herbicides are seldom feasible
for rice, wheat, or other small grains. Preemergence use of diuron on
small grains, for example, is limited to the Pacific Northwest. One or
more of these herbicides are used extensively as preemergence treatments
on corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and soybeans. Some use of these treatments
is made on grazing lands, and on grasses and legumes grown for seed.
Postemergence treatments with atrazine. atrazine in oil-water
emulsion, linuron, diuron, chloroxuron, and others also control many
species of weeds controlled by the phenoxy herbicides. Such postemergence
treatments can be considered as aicernai-ivfss L.U puenuAyb co a greater
degree than similar preemergence treatments. Postemergence treatments
with one or more of these herbicides can be used on corn, sorghum, sugar-
cane, soybeans, and on grasses and legumes grown for seed. Little or no
use could be made of these treatments on grazing lands, rice, wheat, or
other small grains. These treatments, however, have limitations. Some
must be applied as directed sprays, and thus cannot be applied by aircraft.
Few of these treatments are effective if the weeds are much beyond the
seedling stage when treated. Many of these alternative herbicides are
also applied as preemergence treatments, and the additional postemergence
applications must not be enough to cause the total to exceed the amount
that is registered for use within one crop season. Excessive residues in
the soil may injure succeeding crops.
Postemergence treatments with certain other herbicides, such as
propanil in rice, or brorr.oxynil in small grains, will control certain
weeds in these crops. But such herbicides fail to control many broadleaf
weeds that the phencxy herbicides will control.
A number of organic herbicides such as picloram, prometone, diuron,
and several inorganic harbicides such as sodium chlorate or sodium boratp.
can be used to kill most plant life in noncrop areas. In this sense,
they control the weeds controlled by the phenoxy group. But they arc
not satisfactory alternatives because of possible adverse effects on the
environment, including erosion of soil from the denuded areas.
-------
Some alternative herbicides, although considered satisfactory, are
less desirable because of adverse effects on crop production. For example,
barley has less tolerance for dicamba than for 2,4-D.
Cultivation and other kinds of mechanical control are alternatives
to phenoxy herbicides in some situations. Additional cultivation of inter-
row spaces after emergence of crops, additional tillage before planting,
chain-dragging and bulldozing brush, killing weeds with flame, and inten-
sive fallowing for extended periods (1 to 3 years) are examples.
Alternative cultural practices are seldom as effective as proper
treatment with the phenoxy herbicides. These practices do not control
weeds that reach above the crop; their use may result in soil erosion
by wind and water; and they may also pollute the air with dust and smoke.
For example, alternative methods of reducing stands of shinnery oak on
certain sandy soils in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico create wind erosion
hazards that may do irreparable damage.
Increased farm use of higher cost alternative herbicides mighc be an
incentive to the chemical industry to develop new herbicides that would
be satisfactory alternatives for the phenoxys. But experience suggests
that the development of new selective herbicides is relatively slow.
It is not likely that effective materials, that are as selective as the
phenoxys for controlling the broad range of weed species in many different
crops, can be developed quickly.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS ON CROPS
This analysis givec estimates of costs from prohibiting all phenoxy
herbicides used on crops and grazing lands. It does not consider such
noncrop farm uses as treating fence rows, ditches, yards, gardens, and
aquatic sites that make up about 2 percent of the farmland and represent
less than 2 percent of the farm use of phenoxy herbicides.
The evaluation is based on the farm use of herbicides in 1966, che
mcst recent available. The results are believed to represent 1969 eco-
nomic effects of restricting the phenoxy herbicides. The only major
change in phenoxy herbicide use patterns since 1966 involves spot treat-
ments for control of such perennials as field bindweed. For practical
purposes, 2,4-D is now the only herbicide that, can be used for spot
treating these weeds on almost 9 million acres of small grains and
sorghum.^/
Although acreages and geographic distribution of crops, farm use of
herbicides, and costs of herbicides per acre to farmers are for 1966,
yields are averages for 1965-67. Data for recent years were used for
estimates of use of alternative herbicides, cost of supplemental cultural
practices, amount and productivity of land brought into production, and
variable costs of producing crops on additional acres.
3/ In recent years, field bindweed has been held in check by a system
of Tallowing for 2 yp.atrs followed hy spot rreafment with soil scerilants
to control surviving plants. The recent cancellation of registration of
soil sterilants for use on cropland has created new use for the phenoxys
in 1969.
-------
The most economical alternative herbicides and cultural practices
were considered. It wcis assumed that additional acres of crops would be
grown if cotal production of each crop could not be maintained by other
alternatives. These acres are less productive than those treated with
phenoxy herbicides.4/ Sufficient quantities of alternative herbicides
were assumed to be available at 1966 prices. It was also assumed that
additional land needed -jould be obtained through adjustments in Government
wheat and feed-grain programs. Although such adjustments would not affect
all farmers similarly, it: was assumed that total Government payments to
farmers would not decline.
Average variable costs, including hired labor plus a fifth of the
usual charge for depreciation on added capital, were applied to the
additional acres'needed to maintain production. No charges were included
in the analysis for the additional hours of operator and family labor
needed to bring land back into production.
The only reduction in costs was the expenditure formerly made for
phenoxy herbicides and their applications.
Corn
Corn valued at $5«.l billion was produced on 66.3 million acres in
1966. The majority of it was grown in 10 States—Illinois, Iowa, Indiana,
Ohio. Missouri, Nebraska, Michigan, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
Corn yields have risen significantly in the last 20 years. Much cf
the credit for this, comes from such major technological developments as
hybrid seed, improved fertilization practices, insecticides, and
herbicides. One family of herbicides whose increase in use parallels
these yield increases is the phenoxy compounds.
More recently developed herbicides such as atrazine, CDAA, and
linuron are used to complement, or replace, r.he phenoxy herbicides in
some situations. Yet about 23 million acres--more than a third of all
corn acreage--were treated with the phenoxys in 1966 (table 5). Atrauine,
the next most popular herbicide, was used on 14 million acres that year.
The phenoxy compounds do not adequately control grasses in corn, but
are extremely effective against broadleaf weeds and vines. Alternative
herbicides do not control all broadleaf weeds under adverse conditions.
However, dicamba will control many species but at higher cost and greater
risk of damage to susceptible crops in adjacent fields.
Adjustments and costs. What would be the effect of prohibiting the
use of phenoxy herbicides on corn? Dicamba could be used to control weeds
on nearly half, or 11 million, of the acres treated with phenoxy herbi-
cides in 1966 (table 6).
On the remaining acres, preemergence treatmant with propachlor plur.
atrazine followed by postemergence treatment with herbicides such as
atrazine or linuron could be used. This would need to be supplemented
with cultivation and handweediiig or spot treatment with herbicides. This
4/ Estimates of lower productivity are from F. Weisgp.rber' s Produc-
tivity of Diverted Cropland, U.S. Dep't. Agr,, Econ. RCG. Scrv., ERS-398,
Apr. 1969.
-------
treatment would be relatively effective for control of annual broadlcaf
weeds and grasses emerging with or soon after the corn. Once a post-
emergence treatment: with the above materials had been made, they could
seldom be reapplied for weeds that emerge later. They wnuld not be
effeeuive for annual weeds more than 3 to 5 inches high and would not
control perennial broadleaf weeds. Postemergence use of these materials
would depend, in part, on whether the material had been used as a pre-
emergence treatment. The total amount that can be used in one season is
limited by registration and sometimes by crop tolerance. Because of
these limitations, the acres created with herbicides other than dicamba
would require a net addition of one cultivation plus handweeding, or
spot treatment with other herbicides. These would be needed to prevent
populations of perennial broadleaf weeds (bindweed, horsenettle, honey-
vine milkweed) or large-seeded annuals (morningglory, cocklebur) from
increasing. These weeds, and others like them, would not be effectively
controlled by postemergence applications of atrazine or linuron.
The total additional cost to farmers for producing corn, if the
phenoxy herbicides were unavailable, is estimated at $107 million (table
6). This is almost three times the cost of weed control using phenoxy
herbicides. It is about 2 percent of the 1966 farm value of corn and
6 percent of the farm value of corn from phenoxy-treated acres.
Wheat
Wheat valued at $2.1 billion in 1966 was produced on 54.5 million
acres. Most of it was produced in the Plains areas and the Pacific
Northwest.
Wheat growers treated 28 percent of the total wheat acreage with
herbicides in 1966. About 90 percent of the herbicides used in wheat
production were in North Dakota. Sonrh nsViot^, Mimics.-.ta, Honcana,
Colc/rauu, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. Farmers in these States treated
about 80 percent of their wheat acreage. Herbicide treatments go mainly
on spring wheat. But in unusually wet years they are sometimes used
extensively on hard red winter wheat in many areas. They are also widely
used on winter wheat in the Northwest.
Wheat producers used more phenoxy herbicides than other types of
herbicides. They treated more than 15 million acres of wheat with herbi-
cides in 1966, and more than 14 million acres received phenoxy herbicides
(table 5). The most widely used herbicides were 2,4-D, MCPA, and dicamba.
Of these, 2,4-D accounted for 83 percent of 8.2 million pounds of herbi-
cides applied.
Wheat producers began to use phenoxy herbicides in the 1940Ts with
the discovery of 2,4-D. Use increased rapidly. The phenoxys, especially
2,4-D, are inexpensive and provide effective control of broadleaf weeds.
Other herbicides that will control annual broadleaf weeds in wheat are
more expensive, often are not as effective, and are less tolerated by
crops.
Adjustments and costs. What would be the effect on wheat growers if
the use of phenoxy herbicides were prohibited? Dicamba, diuron, or
broinoxynil could substitute on about half of the wheat acres treated
with phenoxys in 1966 (table 7). Wheat appears tolerant to dicamba before
jointing. Later applications cause some crop injury. This lack of crop
tolerance limits its use in much of the winter wheat area because wheat
-------
is ofren beyond the jointing stage when weed problems occur. Dicamba is
not registered for application to mature wheat lor control of late-season
weeds. Dicamba is also more expensive and will not selectively control
many weeds controlled by 2,4-D. Diuron or brosnoxynil might also be used
on some wheat acres but they are less selective and even more expensive.
They do not control all of the problem weeds, and diuron is not registered
for use except in the Pacific Northwest.
On about half of the wheat acres treated with phenoxy herbicides,
there are no suitable substitutes. On these acres, wheat producers would
have to accept an average loss of 30 percent in yield. In some areas,
farmers might have a complete crop loss in some years.
For the acres where there are no suitable subscitutes for the phenoxy
herbicides, wheat producers could maintain production by planting 3.3
million more acres and by additional cultivations during fallowing to
control such perennials as field bindweed on about 5 million acres (table
7). Adding acres now diverted under Government wheat and feed-grain pro-
grams would increase variable costs $40 million and machinery investment
and depreciation costs another $5 million. Additional fallowing to con-
trol bindweed and other perennial weeds would increase costs $12.1 million.
Prohibiting the use of phenoxy herbicides would add $50.5 million
to farm costs. This is more than twice the cost of controlling weeds with
phenoxy herbicides. It is over 2 percent of the farm value of wheat and
8 percent of the value of wheat produced on acres treated with phenoxys.
Also, these growers would need to provide about 5 million additional
hours of operator and family labor.
Other Small Grains
Barley, oats, and rye valued at $977 million were grown on 35.6
million acres in 1966. These smut 11 ^raliis were fcur.d iv. ell rcgicr.c cf
the United States. But 96 percent of the barley was grown in the Lake
States, Northern Plains, Mountain, and Pacific Regions. And 86 percent
of the oats was grown in the Corn Belt, Lake States, and Northern Plains
Regions.
About 15 percent of the farmers growing small grains, other than
wheat, used herbicides, but they treated 29 percent of the acres grown.
The phenoxys are the most important herbicides used on other small
grains. In 1966, 97 percent of the 4.9 million pounds used were phenoxy
herbicides. About 8.1 million acres or 83 percent of other small grain
acres treated with herbicides were treated with 2,4-D (table 5).
Adjustments and costs. What would be the effect of restricting the
use of phenoxy herbicides on other small grains? Dicamba could be used
to control weeds on half of the 9.7 million acres that were treated with
phenoxy herbicides in 1966 (table 8). However, dicamba is more expensive
and the range of crop tolerance is narrower. On the remaining acres, no
practical substitute exists for the phenoxy herbicides. Herbicides that
are not phenoxys do not provide adequate control of certain weed pests.
On these acres, small grain producers would sustain a loss in yield.
On acres where there Is no suitable substitute herbicide for the
phenoxys, i t is estimated that: prohibiting their use would reduce yields of
other small grains by 30 percent. Farmers would need to increase
-------
Che acreage of small grains planted by 1.8 million acres to maintain pro-
duction. This additional acreage of small grains would increase farmers'
variable costs $20.4 million and the average annual machinery investment
and depreciation costs another $2.7 million. Necessary changes in cul-
tural practices, including the substitution of fallow cultivation for
phenoxys to control bindweed and other perennial weeds, would add $9.1
million more to farmers' costs.
Prohibiting phenoxy herbicides would add $28.5 million to farm costs.
This is over twice the cost of using phenoxy herbicides for weed control.
It is nearly 3 percent of the farm value of other small grains and 9 per-
cent of the value of these small grains produced on phenoxy-treated acres.
In addition, these growers would need to provide 2.8 million additional
hours of operator and family labor.
Sorghum
Sorghum has become an important feed crop. Planted acres exceeded
16 million in. 1966, about a fourth that of corn. Most of this was in the
Southern and Northern Plains, and in parts of the Corn Belt. In some of
these areas, where moisture is insufficient or poorly distributed during
the growing season, sorghum will produce more total digestible nutrients
(TDN) than corn.
The phenoxy herbicides have helped make possible efficient production
of sorghum. They are especially useful for controlling broadleaf weeds
and vines. This reduces the competition from weeds for needed moisture
and in some areas, tne amount of fallowing requirad.
In 1966, farmers applied phenoxy herbicides to 3.6 million acres of
sorghum, almost a fourth of all sorghum acres (table 5). The triazines,
the ceccr.d ~cct popular Srsu? cf herbicides, -..-ere ucsd cr. ftwai: tl»» =i
million acres and almost no other herbicides were used on sorghum.
Adjustments and costs. What would be the effect on sorghum producers
if the phenoxy herbicides were prohibited? Of the 3.6 million acres
treated with phenoxys, dicamba could be used to replace nearly half of
the phenoxys (table 9). For the acreages treated with dicamba, the
effect would be limited to increased herbicide costs.
On the. remaining acres, production could be maintained using other
herbicides if additional cultural practices were used. Atrazine and oil
could be used as a postemergence treatment for control of grasses and
some broadleaf weeds but this replacement costs more and crop tolerance
is less than with corn. Currently, it is registered only for use in
New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Adoitional cultural practices would be
required in lieu of phenoxy herbicides in programs for control of bindweed
and other perennial pesrs in certain areas. In these areas, a 2-year
fallow program, involving 16 cultivations, could be substituted at the
beginning of each 10-year production cycle for periodic spot-treatments
(or general treatments in crops) with phenoxy herbicides. This substi-
tution would raise costs by about $1 million.
The additional costs to farmers of these alternative practices would
total more than $11 million per year—about twice the cost of using
phenoxy herbicides for weed control. This is about 1.4 percent of the
farm value of sorghum and more than 6 percent of the value of production
from acres treated with phenoxy herbicides.
10
-------
Rice
Farmers produced rice valued at $421 million in 1966. This produc-
tion was primarily in four States--Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and
California. Production was almost equally divided among the four.
About two-thirds of the rice growers applied herbicides. They
treated a little more than half of 2 million acres of rice grown in 1966.
About 145,000 of these acres were treated with phenoxy herbicides (table
10).
The use of propanii, which accounted for 90 percent of the herbicides
used on rice in 1966, effectively controls one of the major weeds--barn-
yardgrass. Propanii also controls several species of broadleaf weeds.
It does not effectively control curly indigo, redstem, purple ammania,
or many aquatic species.
The phenoxy herbicides complement propanii in the control of broad-
leaf weeds. Those not controlled by earlier applications of propanii,
as wall as the midseason and late season brcadleaf weeds, are effectively
controlled by the phenoxys. These weeds are major problems on almost
500,000 acres. Control is maintained by treating about a third of these
acres each year with phenoxy herbicides.
Use of the phenoxy herbicides also helps to maintain the quality of
the grain. Broadleaf weeds growing in rice during harvest will increase
the moisture content and contaminate che grain with weed seeds and plant
parts. The greater the contamination, the lower the quality and price
of the rice.
Adjustments and costs. What would be the effect of prohibiting the
pher.o::y herbiciH.«?s7 If no
-------
acres of soybeans to summer fallow and another 24,000 acres to rice pro-
duction would reduce the quantity of soybeans produced by 3.9 million
bushels, j?/ This decline in soybean produce ion could be offset by addi-
tional fertilizer applied to 1.7 million acres of soybeans. The in-
creased use of fertilizer would add $5.6 million to costs.
If phenoxy herbicides are not available to control weeds on the
145,000 acres treated in 1966, the rice produced would be contaminated
with weed seeds and plant parts. The resulting loss because of the de-
cline in quality is estimated at $2.2 million.j?/
The net loss to rice producers because phenoxy herbicides would not
be available is $7.6 million. This is about 19 times the cost of using
phenoxy herbicides to control the weeds. It is nearly 2 percent of the
farm value of rice and 25 percent of the value of production from acres
treated with phenoxys. In addition, these growers would need to provide
an additional 142,000 man-hours of operator and family labor.
Other Crops
The phenoxy herbicides are used to control weeds and regulate growth
of a wide variety of crops. Some of the crops--corn, small grains, sorghum,
and rice as well as pasture and rangeland--on which the phenoxysiare used
extensively are discussed separately. Other crops on which smaller amounts
of phenoxys are applied are grouped together for analysis. These include
cotton, soybeans, peanuts, tiugarbescs, vegetables, fruits, nuts, land
being fallowed, and all other crops. The smallness of uhe acreages treat-
ed and also the minuteness of the quantities used conceal the tremendous
impact of the phenoxy herbicides on these crops.
tor instance, z,4,:>-T used as a growth regulator to thin fruit in
thii spring and to hold it on tha tree until harvest in autumn, saves a
large labor expenditure, insures a better quality product, and leads to
a more orderly harvest. On cotton, the phenoxy herbicides are sometimes
used as desiccants for killing the foliage. This facilitates mechanical
harvesting. Wax bars impregnated with phenoxys suspended on cultivators
are used in soybean fields to control x?eeds rising above the soybean
plants. Grass seed contaminated with weed seed because of poor weed con-
trol cannot be certified and its value can be reduced more than 50 per-
cent. Phenoxy herbicides are important parts of effective weed control
programs in the grass seed crops.
8/ To offset the 3.9 million bushels of soybeans lost from these
acres, 1,746 thousand additional acres would have to be fertilized using
1964 practices. The cost of applying the average quantities of fertilizer
when used on soybeans in this area was $3.23 per acre for materials and
application. It has been estimated that the application of additional
fertilizer would increase average yields about 2.2 bushels per acre.
9/ A loss in quality valued at $0.40 per hundredweight would occur
when production from the 145,000 acres formerly treated with phenoxy
herbicides was marketed. It also would occur on 2,000 wpp.d infested
acres or 7 percent of the 24,000 additional acres brought into production.
It is assumed that the average yield on these 147,000 acres would be
37.2 hundredweight per acre. The loss in quality would be $14.88 per
acre.
12
-------
The phenoxy herbicides are used on about 3.6 million acres of other
cropsj some of which were devoted to the production of high value crops.
Thus, a loss in productivity could cause serious losses (table 5).
Adjustments and costs. Losses on acres of other crops formerly
treated, but left untreated if phenoxy herbicides are restricted, are es-
timated at 15 percent. To offset these losses, about 538,000 additional
acres must be brought into production (table 11). The average variable
cost of production for acres needed to replace the phenoxy loss was es-
timated to be $39.67 an acre. For the 538,000 additional acres required,
this amounts to $21.3 million added costs. However, after subtracting
savings from not applying phenoxys, farmers would have $16.0 million of
additional costs. This is less than one-fourth of 1 percent of the total
farm value of these other crops but it is 7 percent of the value of pro-
duction from phenoxy treated acres. In addition, these growers would
need to provide 3.6 million additional hours of family labor.
This method of analysis is not fully valid for maintaining production
on crops in this grouping which require long periods of time to bring in
new production. In these instances, where the phenoxys had been used as
herbicides, handweeding and cultivation would probably be the best alter-
natives. For growth regulator purposes, other, sometimes more expensive,
materials such as 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide 10/ and carbaryl would be used.
Phenoxys used for cotton dericcation probably could be omitted without
loss provided recently introduced desiccants are available.
Pasture and Rangeland
There were about 630 million acres of pasture and rangeland in farms
in 1964, including about 58 million acres of cropland used for pasture
and 82 million acres of woodland pasture. Thus, in terms of acres,
pasture and range is the largest farm and ranch enterprise. These lands
provide ir.uch fcra^c- fo~- H?iry and lipef cattle sheep, horses, and some
for hogs and poultry.
Much of the pasture and most of the rangeland is untillable because
of shallow soils, and steep, rocky, or rough terrain. Much of it is also
unsuitable for cultivated crops because of low average annual precipi-
tation*. 'Weeds on much of the pastureland may be partially controlled by
mowing, but most of the weeds and brush on rangeland must1 be controlled
by a combination of managed grazing, and mechanical and herbicide treat-
ment. If control programs are not used, then broadleaf weeds and shrubs
compete strongly with grasses and legumes for sunlight, moisture, and
nutrients. Mechanical control of weeds and brush on much of the range-
land appears to be expensive, and in many instances farmers and ranchers
have resorted to less costly herbicide treatments.
At present, Lhe phenoxy herbicides are the only group of herbicides
used to any extent on pasture and rangeland. Weeds and brush infesting
pasture and rangelancl are most widely controlled by 2,4-D and 2.4,5-T,
respectively. In 1966, nearly 8 million acres (more than 1 percent) of
pasture and rangeland were treated with phenoxy herbicides (table 5).
The phenoxy herbicides have several advantages for use on pasture and
rangeland. They are pffcctive, selective, and inexpensive; they do not
(B-Nine, Alar)
-13
-------
harm grasses at the rates used; and they can be effectively and econom-
ically applied by aerial equipment. Fewer chemical substitutes for the
phenoxy herbicides ust?d on weeds and brush in pasture and rangeland are
available than for other crops.
Of the 7.8 million acres treated with phenoxys, 5.2 million acres
were pasture and 2.6 million acres were rangeland (tables 12 and 13).
Adj us tmen ts arid cos f s . What would be the economic costs if the
phenoxy herbicides were not used on these lands? Mowing and land reno-
vation are the primary alternative control methods on pasture. This land
would be renovated at intervals by disking, fertilizing, and seeding to
maintain productivity.
Mowing is not a satisfactory alternative to the phenoxy herbicides
for most of the rangeland because much of it is covered with woody shrubs.
The major alternatives for removing shrubs are bulldozing, chopping, root
plowing, shredding, root grubbing, or chain dragging with crawler tractors.
These methods are expensive when measured against benefits received. In
many cases, the brush must be chopped with a heavy disk, raked, or burned.
Seeding, fertilizing, and deferred grazing are common practices accom-
panying hand clearing for successful control. Mowing, if the land is not
too uneven and rocky, will control weeds for a few years following brush
removal and seeding.
Although a relatively small percentage of the pasture and rangeland
acreage is involved, the additional costs are very high, about $69 nil lion
--almost four times the cost of using phenoxy herbicides for weed and
brush control. Thic is about 2 percent of the value of all range and
pasture production, and more than the value of production on phenoxy
herbicide treated acres. Eight million additional hours of family labor
H ajl^n V*o r»ooHorl_
Producers of feed from pasture and rangeland, particularly rangeland,
would face exceptionally high additional costs in relation to the value
of forage if phenoxy herbicides are prohibited. They might find such
outlays for improving rangeland unprofitable.
Summary of Effects
Stopping the use of phenoxy herbicides would add about $290 million
to farm costs (table 14) . When phenoxy herbicides are used to control
weeds on 62,5 million acres, costs per acre for these herbicides and
their application are $1.64 per acre. Alternative methods that could
replace phenoxy herbicides on these acres would add $4.64 per acre. This
would increase the total cost to $6.28 an acre- -nearly four times that
of the phenoxy herbicides. The increase in cose is about 1 percent of
the farm value of all crops or 5 percent of the value of crops from the
treated acres.
The herbicides substituted for phenoxys on 38.7 million acres would
increase farm costs for materials and application $60.7 million above
those for phenoxys. The cost of substitute herbicides and application
($163 million) would be $4.22 per acre for nearly 39 million acres treated.
Corn production would account for 75 percent of the increase in the cost
of purchasing and applying substitute herbicides.
Over 5.7 million additional acres of cropland, not including rice,
wo.uld.be ueedcd-.to. 3aintain_produr..tJon-and offset—yield losses. -Additional'
14
-------
variable costs of $90 millicn would be incurred in adding these acres.
The average variable coses on the additional acres are $15.79 per acre
added. About 90 percent of che added acres would be needed to maintain
the producuion of wheat and small grains.
Range renovation and seeding, mowing Lo control weeds, and other
cultural practices on crops other than rice would add $131 million to
farm costs. These cultural practices would be needed on 30.6 million
acres at an average cost of $4.28 per acre. Pasture and rangeland
would account for 66 percent of the added costs of cultural practices.
Lowered quality of rice would add another $2 million to the cost
of restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides. Also, net additional
costs for cultural practices on rice and the added variable costs of
substituting rice for soybeans add $6 million to costs.
The total additional costs for maintaining production would be
distributed among crops as follows: corn, 37 percent; wheat, 17 percent;
other small grains, 10 percent; sorghum, 4 percent; rice, 3 percent;
other crops, 6 percent; pasture, 11 percent; and rangeland, 12 percent.
In addition to the costs resulting from the prohibition of phenoxy
herbicides, farm operators and their families would need to provide nearly
20 million hours of additional labor to maintain current production and
marketings.
NONCROP USES
Large quantities of phenoxy herbicides are now used for noncrop
purposes. These include treatment of fence rows, road banks, and ditches,
but data on acreages so treated are not available. Hence, no estimates
on the impact of banning phenoxy herbicides on costs' of controlling weeds
in these biuudLiuus wei/e maJc. These uccc ;;culd hive little direct is?.--
mediate effect on productivity, but would require more mechanical work
and labor. Labor used for these purposes would probably increase at
least 10-fold. Also, uncontrolled weeds in fence rows and along ditches
and roads would provide reservoirs of weeds to reinvade cropland.
1.5
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Table 1.--Production, exports, ana dornesLic disappearance of 2,4-D
and 2,4,5-T (acid basis), United States, 1958-68
Year
1958
1959
I960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
]967
1968
Production \J
2,4-D
30.9
29.3
36.2
43.4
43.0
46.3
53.7
63.3
68.2
77.1
79.3
2,4,5-T
3.7
5.5
6.3
6.9
8.4
9.1
11.4
11.6
15.5
14.6
17.5
Exports
2,4-D and
2,4,5-T
6.8
5.8
8.8
9.1
10.2
14.7
13.0
6.9
5.4
4.4
3.4
Domestic
disappearance 2j
2,4-D
21.3
34.1
31.1
31.1
35.9
33.2
44.0
50.5
6J.9
!/
I/
•
i 2,4,5-T
•
3.8
5.5
5.9
5.4
8.1
7.2
8.9
7.2
17.1
!/
3/
j./ Does not include the acid equivalent of esters and salts produced
from precursors other than the acid form of the phenoxy herbicide. Pro-
duction of other precursors v/as relatively minor before 1967.
27 Production and initial carryover stocks plus imports less exports
and end-of-year carryover stocks. Producers' domestic disappearance in-
cludes military shipments abroad; these are not considered exports.
_3/ Not available.
Source: The Pesticide Reviews, 1968 and 1969. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr.
Stabil. and Conserv. Serv.
16
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Table 2.--Quantities and peircencages of phenoxy and other herbicides used
in farm production, by type of herbicide, United States, 1964 and 1966 _!/
Item
1964 2/
1966 3/
Million Million
pounds Percent pounds Percent
Phenoxy herbicides:
2,4-D 34.4 41 40.1 35
2,4,5-T 1.7 2 .8 1
MCPA 1.5 2 1.6 1
Other phenoxy herbicides .8 1 1.5 1
All phenoxy herbicides 38.4 46 44.0 38
Others:
Atrazine 10.9 13 23.5 20
Dicamba 4/ _5/ .2 _5/
Linuron .2 5_/ 1.4 1
Propachlor . £/ 6/ 2.3 2
Picloram 4/ V .1 5/
Cacodylic acid 77 U ^/ I/
Other herbicides £/ J4«i 4i 43.6 38
All others 45.6 54 71.3 62
Total herbicides 9/ 84.0 100 115.3 100
Defoliants and desiccants 10/... 16.1 6.1
I/ Does not include Alaska and Hawaii.
Y/ Revised estimates basp.d on Quantities of Pesticides Used by Farmers
in T964. U.S. DepL. Agr., Agr. Econ. Rpt. No. 13 L, Jan. 1968.
T7 Based on Quantities of Pesticides U.spd by Farmers in 1$^- U.S.
Dept. of Agr., Agr. Econ. Rpt. No. 179, April 1970.
4/ Less than 50,000 pounds.
5/
]>/
7/
Less than 0.5 percent.
Data not available.
None reported.
inorganic
- -
cides.
9/ Does not include petroleum.
1H/ Includes some materials used as herbicides. Includes primarily
arsenic a'cid, "cnluifates; ' arid 'KoTfaTcs', T6l'ex^R\ and
17
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Table 3.--Acres grown, farm value of production, and quantities of phenoxy
herbicides used, by crops and other uses, United States, 1966 ^/
Crop and
other use
COL.i
Wheat
Other small grain...
Sorghum.
Rice
Pasture and range-
land
Noncrop use
Total
Acres
grown
Million
acres
66.3
54.5
35.6
16.4
2.0
171.5
544.5
//
890.8
2/
Percent
7
6
4
2
!/
19
61
2.1
100
Farm value
I/
Million
dollars Percent
5,106
2,141
977
807
421
12,729
6/3,539
25,720
20
8
4
3
2
49
14
100
Phenoxy
herbicides
y
Million
pounds Percent
15.0
7.2
4.8
2.0
.2
3.7
10.3
.8
44.0
34
16
11
5
1
8
23
2
100
I/ Does not include Alaska and Hawaii.
?/ Calculaccd from acres reported in Crop Production. 1967, U.S. Dept. Agr.,
CrPr 2-2 (7-67) and from estimates based on 1964 Census of Agriculture.
3_/ Calculated from farm value reported in U.S. Dept. Agr., Agricultural Statis-
tics, 1968.
4/ Based on Quantities of Peslicides Used by Farmers in 1966. U.S. Dept. Agr.,
Agr. Econ. Rpt. Ho. 179.April 1970.
5/ Less than 0.5 percent.
]>/ Estimated $6.50 per acre. Based on che weighted averag-2 feed value of
cropland pasture ($27.00 per acre) and grassland pasture and rangeland ($4.70 per
acre).
7/ Data, not available.
18
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Table 4.--Quantities and percentages of phenoxy and other herbicides used,
by crops and other uses, United States, 1966 I/
Crop and
other use
Wheat
Other small grain...
Rice
Other crops
Pasture and range-
Land
Total
Phenoxy
herbicides 2_l
Mil] ion
pounds Percent
15.0 34
- 7.2 16
4.8 11
2.0 5
.2 1
3.7 8
10.3 ' 23
.8 2
44.0 100
I/ Based on Quantities of Pesticides
Active
ingredients
Other ;
nerbicides |
Million
pounds
31.0
1.1
.1
2.0
2.6
32.2
.2
2.1
71.3
Percent
43
2
I/
3
4
45
!/
3
100
Total
Million
pounds
46.0
8.3
4.9
4.0
2.8
35.9
10.5
2.9
115.3
Used by Farmers in 1966. U.S.
Percent
40
7
4
4
2
31
9
3
100
Dept. Agr
Agr. Econ. Rpt. No. 1/9, April 1970.Does not include Alaska and Hawaii.
^/ includes acids, amine salts, high-volatile esters, low-volatile esters,
and inorganic salts of 2,4-D and 2,4,5~T. Also includes other phenoxy herbicides
and related herbicides such as erbon, fenac, 2,4-UEP, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, sesone,
silvex, dichlorprop. and 2,4-DB.
V Less than 0.5 percent.
10
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Table 5.--Acres treated with phenoxy and other herbicides, by types of herbicide and by
crops and other uses, United States, 1966 i/
Herbicide
Phenoxy herbicides:
2,4-D
2,4,5-T 3/"..'
MCPA
Other phenoxy
Others: _?/
Linuron
Corn :
Crops
: Othei:
Wheat : small
: grain
and other acres
: Sorghum : Rice
treated £;
; Other ;
\ crops \
/
Pasture :
and : Total
rangeland :
22.4
.3
.3
.1
13.7
i
.5
1.5
I/ Based on Quantities of Pestici
13.7 8.1
.1 .1
.8 1.5
A/ 4/
1.2 .2
4/
47
des Used bv Fa
3.4 0.1
4/ 4/
.2
.8
4/
rmprs in 1Q66. 11
2.4
.2
.1
.9
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.S. Dept.
6.7 56.9
.9 1.6
4/ 2.9
.1 1.1
i./ 15.0
4/ 1.6
1.3
1.6
4/ .1
.1
Agr. , Agr. Econ. Rp
No. 179, April 1970. Does not include Alaska and Hawaii.
2^1 Does not include noncropland acreages such as fence rows and ditch banks nor nonfarm uses.
Acreages cannot be added to get land area treated because more than one herbicide may be applied
to the same acres. For example, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T may be applied to the same acres for v/eed control,
J3/ Acres treated were down from 3.1 million in 1964 because of increased military purchases
in 1966.
4/ Less than 50,000 acres.
J>/ Selected substitutes for phenoxy herbicides. Other herbicid •, can be used to control many
of the same weeds controlled with phenoxy herbicides.
-------
Table 6.--Corn: Costs of restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides,
United f.tates, 1969 I/
Ni'
Weed control practice
1956 use of:
Phenoxy herbicides
Substitute practice 2/
Other herbicides
Pireemergence 4/ 5/
Other cultural practices 8/
Total
Additional costs
Substitute practice
Acre s
1,0('0
Acre s
23,136
11, ('00
12,136
12,136
12,136
12,136
; Costs per acre
: Materials : Application
Dollars Dollars
0 60 1.00
1 .85 1.00
4.30 0.50
1.70 1.00
0.75
1.00
Total
Dollars
1.60
2.85
4.80
2.70
0.75
1.00
costs
Million
dollars
37.0
31 .4
58.3
32.8
9.1
12.1
143.7
106.7
I/ Estimates based on use shown by the ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on
substitute practices available in 1969.
21 Allocation of acres based on ARS estimsites.
3/ Assumes ueeds being controlled with 2,4-D on 11 million acres can also be controlled with
dicamba without a lost, in production ot the need for additional cultural practices.
4/ On the 12,136 thousand acres not treated with dicamba, a preemergence treatment would be
applied consisting of propachlor at 3 pounds an acre plus atrazinc at l.b pounds an acre. Costs
are indicated only for the atrazine portion oJ' this treatment because propachlor is used primarily
to control grasses not adequately controlled with phenoxy herbicides.
_5_/ Other herbicides (amiben, butylate, CD/.A, linuron, simazine) could also be used in programs
similar to that described, but the cost would be equal or greater.
6/ A banded application of postemergence Treatment with atrazine to the acres not treated with
dicamba at the broadcast rate of 1.5 pounds an acre in oil-water emulsion.
7/ One additional cultivation of acres not treated with dicamba.
\i Where needed, follow herbicide treatment and mechanical cultivation with spot treatments
using herbicides or handueeding to suppress w(;eds not controlled by earlier treatments. The cost
for this practice assumes widely scattered anil limited infestation over all acres not treated with
dicamba.
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Table 7.--Wheat: Costs of restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides, United States, 1969 _!/
Weed control practices
1966 X-SG of:
Phenoxv herbicides
Substitute practice 2/
Total
Additional costs
Substitute practices 6/
; Costs per acre
Acres :
Materials Application
1,000
acres Dollars Dollars"
14,577 0.50 1.00
7,000 1.18 1.00
3 335
5,039
.•».•_ _ . _ _ — — __
3,335
.
Total
Dollars
1.50
2.18
13.50
2.40
•- V _ _
Hours per
aero
1.5
costs
Million
dollars
21.9
15.3
45.0
12.1
72.4
50.5
Million
hours
5.0
I/ Estimates based on use shewn by the EUS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on substitute practices
available in 1969.
2/ Allocation of acres and yield losses based on ARS estimates.
3/ Assunes weeds on ',000 thousand acres can be controlled with dicamba.
5/ Acres needed to offset loss in production on the remaining 7,577 thousand acres where no satisfactory alterna-
tive herbicide is available. Based on 1965-67 aver.ige yield of 24.5 bushels per acre on presently used land, 22.0
bushels on additional acres, 80 percent of addition.il acres infested, and 30-percent loss in yield on acres not treated.
3,335= (14,577-7,000) (24.5) (0.30) /22.0-(0.30) (0.80) (22.0). Yields are for States where most of the herbicides
were used. Variable costs are per planted acre (table 15).
_5/ Acres infested with bindweed. The control i.s additional cultivations duiing a 2-year fallow period. The $2.40
cose per acre is for 16 cultivations in 2 years out of a 10-year period at $1.50 per acre prorated over 10 years.
^/ Cost of substitute practice less cost of using pheroxy herbicides.
•tut.
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Table 8.--Other small grains: Costs of restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides, United States, 1969 JL/
Weed control practice
1966 use of:
Substitute practice 2/
Dicamba o/
Cultural practices 5/
Total
Additional costs
Substitute practice 6/......
; Costs per acre
\cres :
: Materials Application
1,000
acres Dollars Dollars
9,692 0.51 1.00
5 000 1.18 1.00
1,833
3,806
— — — •. « •• _ H • « « V
1,838
:
Total :
Dollars
1.51
2 18
12.54
2.40
•»•__•
Hours per
acre
1.5
Trtf-a 1
costs
Million
dollars
14,6
10.9
23.1
9.1
43 1
28 •>
Million
hours
2.8
I/ Estimates based on use shown by the £RS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on substitute practices
available in 1969.
2/ Allocation of acres and yield losses based on ARS estimates.
3/ Assumes weeds on 5,000 thousand acres can be controlled with dicamba.
7/ Acres needed to offset loss in production on the remaining 4,692 thousand acres. Based on 1965-67 weighted
average yield of barley, oats, ana rye (44.0 bushels) en presently used land, 37.0 bushels on additional acres, 30
percent of additional acres will need to be treated end 30 percent loss in yield on acres not treated. 1,838= (9,692-
5,000) (44.0) (0.30) / 37.0-(0.30) (0.30) (37.0). Veriable costs are per planted acre (table 15).
J>/ Acres infested with bindweed. The control is additional cultivations during a 2-year fallow period. The $2.40
cost per acre is for 16 cultivations in 2 years over a 10-year period at $1.50 per acre prorated over the 10 years.
_6/ Cost of substitute practice less cost of using phenoxy herbicides.
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Table 9.--Sorghum: Costs of restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides, United States, 1969 _!/
Weed control practice
1966 use of:
Subst Ltuce practice 2/
Tillage prac tices 5 /
Additional costs
Acres
1,000
acrss
3,558
1,700
1,858
1,858
430
Costs per acre
Materials Application
Dollars Dollars
0.56 1.00
1.85 1.00
4.24 1.00
---- ----
Total
Dollars
1.56
2.85
5.24
.75
2.40
Total
costs
Million
do] Lar.s
5.6
4.8
9.7
1.4
1.0
10.9
11.3
±1 Estimates based on use shovn by the ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on substitute practices
available in 1969.
2/ Allocation of acres based on ARS estimates.
7/ Assume weeds controlled with 2,4-D on 1,7CO thousand acres can also be controlled with dicamba without a loss
in production or the need for additional cultural practices.
47 Assume weeds being controlled with 2,4-D en 1,853 thousand acres can be generally controlled with atrazine
and oil. All acres so treated require an additional cultivation.
5/ One additional cultivation at $0.75 per acre on land treated with atrazine and oil.
1>/ Acres infested with field bindweed and other perennial weeds must receive 16 cultivations in 2 fallow years out
of each 10-year period at $1.50 per acre per cultivation prorated over the 10 years of effectiveness. This amounts
to $2.40 per acre.
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Table 10.--Rice: Coses of restricting Che use of phenoxy herbicides, United States, 1969 _!/
Weed control practice
1966 use of:
Substitute practice 2/
Los:; in qualitv &/
Addc'd fertilizer on soybeans 5/
Changing rotation 6/
TOte1!
Additional costs
Acres
1,000
acres
145
24
147
1,746
145
24
: Costs per acre
Materials Application Total
Dollars Collars Dollars
1.72 1.00 2.72
65.70
14.88
3.23
(9.85)
Hours per
acre
5.9
Total
costs
Mi 1 L Lon
dollars
0.4
1.6
2.2
5.6
(1.4)
8.0
7.6
Million
hours
.1
I/ Estimates based on use shown by the ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on substitute practices
available in 1969.
21 Allocation of acres and yield losses based on ARS estimates.
3/ Acres needed to offset loss in production en the L43 thousand acres where no satisfactory alternative is
available. Based on 1965-67 average yield of 43.8 hundredweight per acre and a 15 percent lower yield due to weeds.
24 = 145 (0.15) (43.8; / 43.8 - (0.15) (0.52) (43.8). The additional land taken out of soybeans has the &ame produc-
tivity. Variable costs are per planted acre with nonphe-ioxy herbicides used on half the added acres (table 15).
Farmers will increase their costs $65.70 an acre by growing rice rather than soybeans.
4_/ The cost of a loss in quality is associated with the production from all of the acres treaced with phenoxy
herbicides plus 2,000 additional acres.
5/ Additional fertilizer was applied to 1,746 thousand acres of soybeans to offset the loss in production on 145
thousand acres shifted to summer fallow and 24 thousand acres shifted to rice production.
£/ The substitution of fallow for 1 year of soybeans reduces fanners costs"on these acres because the variable
costs oi~ summer fallowing ($3.90 per acre) are $9.85 an acre-less than the variable costs of producing soybeans ($13.75
an acre).
2.7 Hours of family labor required on acres adc'ed to maintain rice production. Hours of labor are the additional
hours required in the switch from soybeans to rice. Rice requires 9.2 man-hours of family labor per acre and soybeans
need 3.3 man-hours for a net addition of 5.9 man-hours per acre.
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Table 11.--Other crops: Costs of restrict:ng the use of phenoxy herbicides, United States, 1969 _!/
Weed control practice
Acres
Costs per acre
Materials
Application
Total
Total
costs
1966 use of;
Phenoxy herbicides,
Substitute practice 2/
Additional acres 37..
1,000
acres
3,590
538
Dollars
0.50
Do]lars
1.00
Dollars
1.50
39.67
Additional costs
~ Substitute practice k_l'
Additional family lahor.
538
Hours per
aero
6.78
Million
dollars
5.4
21.3
15.9
Million
hoars
3.6
I/ Estimates based on use shown by the ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on substitute practices
available in 1969.
2/ Allocation of acres based on ARS estimates.
T[/ Acres needed to offset loss in production on the 3,590 thousand acres of other crops. Fifteen percent more
acres are needed to replace losses due to lower yields and quality, and che lower productivity of the additional acres.
The cos': per acre for the additional acres is an average vnriable cost for the o.ther crops weighted by the acres treated
with ph<;noxy herbicides. Variable costs are per planted acre, not per treated acre; chus, no adjustment is made in
the additional acras to allow for those that would not be treated.
ft/ Cost of substitute practice less cost of using phenoxy herbicides.
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Table 12.--Pasture: Costs of restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides, United States, 1969 _!/
Weed control practice
1966 use of:
Substitute practice !2/
Addirional costs.
Additional fatiily labor
Costs per acre
Materials Auplication Total
1,000
acres Dollars Dollars Dollars
5,178 1.00 1.00 2.00
2,500 15.66
2,678 1.55
'
Hours per
acre
5,178 3/0.91
Total
costs
Million
dolldrs
10. 4
39.1
4.2
43.3
32.9
Million
hours
4.7
I/ Estimates based on use shown by the ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on substitute practices
available in 1969.
"il Allocation cf acres based on ARS estimates. Assumes that on the average 5,178 thousand acres need to be treated
each year. The same acreage would not generally be treated in successive years. Productivity would be maintained by
renovation and mowing.
J3/ Weighted average of additional hours used for renovation and mowing obtained by dividing total hours by acres
where used.
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Table 13.--Rangeland: Costs of restricting the use of phenoxy herbicides, United States, 1969 _!/
ro
oo
Weed control practice
1965 use of:
Substitute practice 2/
Renovation 3/
Total
Additional costs
Substitute or act ice
Acres
1,000
acres
2,589
800
1,288
501
2,589
Costs per acre
Materials Application Total
Dollars Dollars Dollars
1.80 1.00 2.80
15.66
23.16
1.55
Hours per
acre
1/1.27
Total
costs
Million
dol lars
7.2
12.5
29.8
.8
43.1
35.9
Million
hours
3.3
L./ Estimates based on use shown by the ERS Pes.ticidc and General Farm Survey, 1966 and on substitute practices
available in 1969.
2J Allocation of acres based on ARS estimates. Assumes that on the average 2,589 thousand acres need to be treated
each year. The same acreages would not generally be treated in successive years.
3/ Includes disc plowing, cultivating, seeding, and reseeding on land not presently infesLed with brush.
5/ Also includes root plowing, cultivating, seeding, and reseeding where needed on enough of the remaining acreage
to maintain production at levels attained with phenoxy herbicides. All of this remaining land is brush infested. It
was estimated that 72 percent of the acres not reuovatable could be bulldozed and reseeded to maintain carrying
capacity. Such treatments are generally effective for irore than 10 years.
5_/ Weighted average of additional hours used ior renovation, bulldozing, and mowing obtained by dividing total
hours by acres where used.
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Table 14.--Effects of restricting the use of phenoxy Herbicides In farm production, United States, 1969 _!/
Crop
Wheat . . . :
Other small grain..
Rice
Pasture
Total
Acres on
which
phenoxys
used
1966
1,000
acres
23,136
14,577
9,692
3,558
145
3,590
5,178
2,589
62,465
Additional
inputs needed
Land 2/
1,000
acres
3,335
1,838
538
5,711
Family
labor
1,000
hours
5,003
2,757
142
3,648
4,736
3,292
19,578
Lower
pheno;:y
and
application
costs
37.0
21.9
14.6
5.6
.4
5.4
10.4
7.2
102.5
Additional costs
Substitute
herbicides
and
application
122.5
15.3
10.9
14.5
163.2
Additional
cultural
practices !_/
Million dollars--
21.2
12.1
9.1
2.4
1/6.4
43.3
43.1
137.6
Production
on
additional
acres 3_/
45.0
23.1
1.6
21.3
91.0
Net
additional
costs £/
106.7
50.5
28.5
J1.3
7.6
15.9
32.9
35.9
289.3
\l Estimates based on use shown by the ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966, and on substitute practices
available in 1969. Does not include Alaska and Hawaii. Does not include fence rows, ditches, building sites, other
noncropland, Government-sponsored control programs, nor any nonfarm use.
2/ Calculated based on ARS estimates of yield re.-luctions.
2/ Includes costs for hired labor assuming the n.itional average ratio of hired labor to total labor used for each
crop.
4/ Additional costs for alternative materials, for growing new acreages, and for lower payments less the lower
expenditures for phenoxy herbicides.
I/ Additional costs for cultural practices and loss in quality related to maintaining rice production minus returns
for rice above those for soybeans on the additional acres where rice was grown in place of soybeans. Includes $2.2
million for lower income from loss in quality.
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Table 15.--Variable costs per planted acre and related data Cor growing additional acres of wheat, other small grains,
and rice in areas where phenox-j herbicides were used, United States, 1969
Input
Seed
Labor
Hired
Fertilizer
K
P.O..
r2 5
K,0
I'escicide-s
Variable machine costs
Machine depreciation and investrient
Total
Unit
Bushels
Hours
Hours
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Collars
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Dollars
Wheit
Costs
per p ,r ; ToLol
Dollars Collirs
1.1 2. "10 2.20
1.5
.5 1 . 'JO . 80
16.7 .10 1.67
13.0 ..0 1.30
6.3 . )4 .25
,\2
2.81
2.84
1.51
13.50
Other
per
dcre
1.6
1.5
.5
10.3
10.3
5.5
3i?all grains
Costs
Per ; To;<;1
unlt : acre
Dollars Dollars
.95 1.52
1.60 .80
.10 1.03
.09 .93
.05 .28
.07
3.17
3.33
1.41
12.54
per \
acre )
3.0
9.2
3.1
72.5
24.0
15.3
Rice
Costs
Per
unit
Dollars
4.26
1.50
.10
.09
.05
; Total
I per
ncre
Dollar?
12.73
4.6>
7.25
2.16
.77
2.12
4.61
1.80
4./4
23.75
10.27
4.55
79.45
I/ Twenty percent of the usual per acre interest on investment and depreciation costs. It is assumed that 80 percent of the machinery
and equip-neiit necessary to farm the" added acres is currently a /ailable on farms.
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Table 16.--Acres Created with phenoxy herbicides and variable costs
per additional acre, selected crops, United States, 1969 I/
Crop 21
Cotton
Hay
Vegetables other than potatoes
Citrus
Acres treated
with phenoxy
herbicides 3/
1,000 acres
182
373
62
16
1,497
461
138
18
21
33
789
3,590
: Variable costs
: per acre k^l
•
Dollars
56.69
17.61
71.45
5/79.22
6/50.10
24.40
J/146.28
5/154.67
5/187.05
5/139.25
2.65
7/39.67
I/ Does not- include Alaska and Hawaii.
T/ Includes all crops where phenoxy lieirbicidcc T.:cre reported used in
an ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966, other than corn, wheat,
other small grain, sorghum, rice, pasture, and rangeland.
3/ Data from ERS Pesticide and General Farm Survey, 1966.
7/ Includes seed, hired labor, fertilizer, pesticides, fuel, oil,
machinery repairs, custom services, 20 percent of machinery depreciation
and interest, and all production interest charges.
5/ Preharvest costs only.
"5V Weighted average of crops other than summer fallow.
7/ Weighted average of crops including summer fallow.
31
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Table 17.--Idontifi'.atio.i oC pesticides mentioned in this report
Common name or
other designation
Chemical Name
amJben
atrazine
-------
TKS LAC3I.
u. KfMTScn or itunimi
Thi«? *y.:blicst"|or> rppnrt-f* reBearrh Involvino:
pesticides. It does not contain recommendations
for their use, nor does it imply that the uses
discussed here have been registered. All uses
of pesticides must be registered by appropriate
State and/or Federal agencies before they can
be recommended.
CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans,
donfistic animals, desirable plants, and fish or
other wildlife -- if they are not handled or
applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively
and carefully. Follow recommended practices for
the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide
containers.
«0. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I370-I.T.-9ie/CI!S.I.I
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