EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
IN WATER
A Report to the States
080
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON D.C. 2O46O
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EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN WATER
A Report to the States
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FOREWORD
The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 amended the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act by adding a new subsection 5(1). The Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 modified the language of Subsection
5(1) and renumbered it as Subsection 104(1) of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act. Subsection 104(1) reads as follows:
(1)(1) The Administrator shall, after consultation with appropriate
local, State and Federal agencies, public and private organizations, and
interested individuals, as soon as practicable but not later than
January 1, 1973, develop and issue to the States for the purpose of
carrying out this Act the latest scientific knowledge available in indi-
cating the kind and extent of effects on health and welfare which may be
expected from the presence of pesticides in the water in varying quanti-
ties. He shall revise and add to such information whenever necessary to
reflect developing scientific knowledge.
(2) The President shall, in consultation with appropriate local, State
and Federal agencies, public and private organizations, and interested
individuals, conduct studies and investigations of methods to control the
release of pesticides into the environment which study shall include
examination of the persistency of pesticides in the water environment and
alternatives thereto. The President shall submit reports, from time to
time, on such investigations to Congress together with his recommendations
for any necessary legislation.
This document is issued to fulfill the requirement of paragraph 104(1)(1), A
document entitled Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment has been prepared for
submission to the Congress by the President to fulfill the requirement now
contained in paragraph 104(1)(2). Any person interested in the problems
associated with pesticides in the aquatic environment may wish to read both of
these documents.
The scientific information contained in this document consists of current
knowledge of the effects on health and welfare of the presence of pesticides in
water. It must be emphasized, however, that many other factors must be consid-
ered in reaching decisions as to whether to undertake particular control
measures. Some of the more important considerations are:
— The nature of the environmental effect of the presence of pesticides in water
(e.g., long or short term, temporary or permanent, localized or widespread,
etc.).
— The economic and social impact of the control measure, including both impact
associated with restricting use of pesticides, and the impact of the environ-
mental damage to be alleviated.
— The practicality and enforceability of the control measure, including the
availability of techniques and instrumentation for determining whether partic-
ular standards are being met.
iii
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— The availability of other control measures for meeting the same objectives,
and the relationship to, and consistency of the control measure with,
policy and action under other programs. Especially to be kept in mind, in
this regard, is the national program administered by the Environmental
Protection Agency pursuant to the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenti-
cide Act (FIFRA). Historically, this program has controlled the distribution
and labeling of pesticides through a case by case registration process. The
major extension and revision of the Environmental Protection Agency's author-
ity in the pesticide field provided for in the recent amendments to FIFRA
will vastly improve the means available to EPA for protecting the aquatic
environment.
Thus, this document provides available information to the States for the
purpose of carrying out the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but it pro-
vides information on only one of several factors to be considered in determin-
ing whether to undertake a given control measure. It does not recommend the
adoption of particular standards or other types of control measures.
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
INTRODUCTION 1
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS 3
Behavior of Pesticides in the Environment 3
Kinds of Effects 4
Lethality 4
Persistence and Biological Accumulation 7
Residues 9
ABBREVIATIONS USED 23
LIST OF PESTICIDES MENTIONED IN REPORT 25
REFERENCES CITED 31
APPENDIX TABLES 39
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. "Application Factors" Determined Experimentally 6
Table 2. Biological Accumulation of Pesticide Chemicals 11
Appendix Table 1. Pesticide Intake from Food and Water 49
Appendix Table 2. Toxicity Data on Pesticides for Freshwater Organisms 51
Appendix Table 3. Toxicity Data on Pesticides for Estuarine and Marine 87
Organisms
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INTRODUCTION
Because water is used by man for many different purposes, pesticides in
water may affect health and welfare in a variety of ways. For convenience,
we can discuss the effects of pesticides according to the various uses of
water, whether the water is withdrawn for use or is used where it is. Water
for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses is drawn from surface or sub-
surface sources; effects of pesticides on health, industrial processes,
domestic animals and crops are of interest here.
Water in place is useful for recreation, aesthetic purposes, and propaga-
tion of fish and other aquatic life; the effects of pesticides on organisms
living in, or dependent upon organisms living in, water are of concern. In
addition to the obvious effects on fish or shellfish and the well-known transfer
of certain pesticides to man or other mammals and birds through food chains,
effects on other biological processes such as decomposition, energy transfer,
mineral cycling, and photosynthesis are of interest.
The effects of pesticides in potable water and irrigation waters are not
dealt with here because that subject is addressed specifically in setting
tolerances for pesticides in potable water, fish, shellfish, meat, and poultry,
and crops watered by irrigation water under authority provided by the Federal
Food, Drugs and Cosmetic Act (see 408, 409, 68 Stat. 512; 21 USC 346). For this
report it is sufficient to note that: (a) in regulating human intake of
pesticides, all routes must be considered — not just water. The amount taken
in from drinking water is relatively small compared to other sources; (b) fish
and other aquatic organisms are more influenced by pesticide levels in water
than are other organisms, including man. (Aquatic organisms are continuously
submersed in water and its associated contaminants, and thus are subjected to
the contaminants through their gills and body surfaces as well as through their
food.) Thus, levels of pesticides in water sufficiently low to protect fish and
aquatic life are generally more than adequate to protect man. In the unusual
event that drinking water supplies are drawn from waters that cannot support
fish and aquatic life, special attention must be paid to assuring that drinking
water standards for pesticides are met.
Pesticides are chemicals, natural and synthetic, used to control or
destroy plant and animal life considered adverse to human society. Since the
1940's, a large number of new synthetic organic compounds have been developed
for pesticide purposes. While there are approximately 33,000 registered
formulations incorporating nearly 900 different chemicals, 25 substances
account for 75 percent of U.S. production. Production and use of pesticides
increased annually from 1957 through 1968; in 1969 and 1970 pesticide produc-
tion declined.
The maximum pesticide levels found in 529 samples of surface water
collected annually at.-approximately 100 stations during a five-year period are
shown in Appendix Table 1. Coupling these figures with a 2-liter/day water
consumption, the daily intake per person for each pesticide is computed. For
comparison, the average daily intake of pesticides from food is shown, as is
the acceptable daily intake as established by WHO-FAO expert committees.
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The final column shows that intake from water would be only 1/6 that from
food in the case of aldrin-dieldrin; 1/10 that from food in heptachlor-
heptachlor epoxide; and 1/20 that of DDT+DDE+DDD.
Because average levels in water are far below these maximum figures, the
actual contribution of water to pesticide intake is much less. Furthermore,
drinking water treatment removes suspended matter (in which much pesticide
residue is adsorbed) from the raw water and therefore reduces still further the
actual amount reaching man.
Pesticides are used for a wide variety of purposes in a multitude of
environmental situations. Often they are categorized according to their use
or intended target (e.g., insecticide, herbicide, fungicide), but their release
in the environment presents an inherent hazard to many non-target organisms.
Some degree of contamination and risk is assumed with nearly all pesticide use.
The risk to aquatic ecosystems is dependent upon the chemical and physical
properties of the pesticide formulation; weather conditions, methods of applica-
tion, and other factors influencing the amount reaching the system; and the
nature of the receiving system.
The pesticides of greatest concern are those which are persistent for long
periods and accumulate in living organisms and the environment; those which are
highly toxic to man, fish and wildlife; and those which are used in large amounts
over broad areas.
The majority of these compounds are either insecticides or herbicides which
are used extensively in agriculture, in public health and for household or
garden purposes. Generalization about such a diverse group of chemicals is
subject to many contradictions, but some generalization is required to serve
as a guide for managing pesticide residues in water. In any final considera-
tion, however, each pesticidal formulation must be considered individually
according to information on its behavior in the environment and its effects on
man and other organisms. The benefits to be derived from its use also should
be taken into account.
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EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS
The biota of aquatic systems is the result of complex evolutionary
processes in the course of which organisms tolerating many different conditions
have evolved. Thus, under natural conditions, the biota of a given body of
water is made up of an aggregation of organisms adapted to, and in dynamic
balance with, the environmental conditions.
As conditions change, organisms unable to tolerate the new conditions are
eliminated, and new organisms suited to these new conditions replace them. With
evolutionary rates of change, many of the earlier organisms evolve to tolerate
the new conditions; with rapid changes, such as many of those caused by man,
most new organisms arrive by immigration rather than evolution. Bacteria are
an exception and often accommodate to new conditions by very rapid evolution.
When the rate of change is very rapid, or the change very severe, relatively
few organisms survive. Depending upon the nature of the area and accessability
to replacements, immigration may not provide replacements immediately. When
the change consists of the introduction of substances toxic to a wide variety
of organisms, the biota may be diminished greatly, as to both numbers of
species and number of individuals within species; if the toxic substance remains
in the system (is "persistent" or is continuously replaced), the lowered popu-
lations and numbers of species may continue until the material is sufficiently
diluted, sequestered, or detoxified to permit repopulation of the systems. If
the area affected is large, return to the earlier condition may take a very long
time, and some species may have been extirpated. If the toxic material degrades
rapidly, depopulation will be temporary if the area affected is small.
Behavior of Pesticides in the Environment^
Many pesticides have a very low water solubility, and often are rapidly
sorbed on suspended or sedimented materials; those with high fat solubility
often accumulate in plant and animal lipids. Soluble or dispersed fractions in
the water rapidly diminish after initial contamination resulting in increased
concentrations in the sediments (Yule and Tomlin, 1971). In streams, much of
the residue is in continuous transport on suspended particulate material or in
sediments (Zabik, 1969). The distribution within the stream flow is non-uniform
because of unequal flow velocity and distribution of suspended materials within
the stream bed (Feltz, 1971). Seasonal fluctuations in run-off and use
patterns cause major changes in concentration during the year, but the continu-
ous downstream transport tends to reduce levels in the upper reaches of streams
while increases may be observed in the downstream areas and eventually in
major receiving basins (lake, reservoir, estuary, and ocean). If applications
in a watershed cease entirely, residues in the stream gradually and continuously
decline (Sprague, et al.t 1971), and a similar decline would be expected in
the receiving basins but at a slower rate and a later time.
In lakes, sediments apparently act as a reservoir from which the pesticide
is partitioned into the water phase according to the solubility of the compounds,
the concentration in the sediment, the type of sediment, and the degree of
absorption (Hamelink, et al., 1971). Many herbicides applied to aquatic
systems to control aquatic plant growth pass from water to organic sediments
where they may persist for long periods, although water concentrations remain
low (Frank and Comes, 1967). Dissolved natural organic materials in the water
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may greatly enhance the amounts of some pesticides carried in water (Wershaw,
et al., 1969). Some investigations indicate pesticides may be less avail-
able to the water in highly fertile systems where the higher organic content
in the sediments has a greater capacity to bind pesticide residues. This may
in part explain the difference in times required for different waters to
"detoxify" as observed in lakes treated with toxaphene to eradicate undesir-
able fish species (Terriere, 1966).
Kinds of Effects
Pesticides may be harmful because they eliminate or reduce populations of
desirable organisms directly, or because they indirectly alter conditions
required by these organisms. Direct effects include mortality, birth defects,
induction of tumors and genetic changes, altered behavior patterns, or physio-
logical changes including alterations in reproduction; the effects may take
place during any stage of the organism's life history. Indirect effects may
include reduction of species used as food sources by other species; reduction
in rates of photosynthesis, decomposition or mineralization, with attendant
unsatisfactory conditions for certain species; and temporary increased BOD
(biological oxygen demand) in a body of water resulting from decomposition
following death of plankton or other organisms caused by a pesticide. Addition-
ally, many species can accumulate pesticide residues directly from the water,
or from sediments, and these residues may in turn be accumulated in organisms
that feed on the lower forms of life. This latter phenomenon has resulted in
pesticide residues entering human food supplies and in effects on other mammals
and fish-eating birds.
Except in the case of man and domestic animals, effects on individuals are
less important than effects on populations, communities of organisms, and whole
ecosystems. Most organisms in the wild have short life spans, and the turn-
over rates of the populations are very high. Furthermore, because most species
have high reproductive rates, most individuals in a population are biologically
excess to the continued existence of the population and unless the fraction of
the population killed is high, the level of the population will be only
temporarily suppressed. Birth defects, tumors, and even genetic changes may be
relatively unimportant to survival in wild populations with rapid turnover rates
because individuals rendered unfit will be eliminated without detriment to the
continuation of the population; i.e., mortality is transferred to the unfit.
Where turnover rates are low and life spans relatively long as in osprey, eagle,
brown pelican and certain other species, birth defects, genetic changes, and
tumors may be significant.
Lethality
Concentrations of pesticides that are lethal to aquatic life have occurred
in local areas where applications overlap streams or lakes, in streams receiving
runoff from recently treated areas, and where misuse, spillage, or improper
waste disposal have occurred. Applications of pesticides to water to control
noxious plants, fish, or insects have also killed desirable species. Past
experience with local fish mortalities from pesticide contamination has shown
that some fish populations recover within a few months to a year after pesticide
contamination is stopped (Elson, 1967). The recovery of aquatic invertebrates
in areas that have been heavily contaminated may require a longer period with
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some species requiring several years to regain precontami-nation numbers (Cope,
1961; Ide, 1967). Recovery in Arctic areas also is very slow (Reed, 1966).
Less desirable species of insects may be the first to repopulate the area
(Hynes, 1961) and in some instances the species composition has been completely
changed (Hopkins, 1966). Areas that are contaminated by pesticide application
are subject to loss of fish populations and/or reduced food available for fish
growth (Schoenthal, 1963; Kerswill, et al., 1967). Where residues are
persistent in bottom sediments for long periods, benthic organisms may be
damaged even though water concentrations remain low (Wilson and Bond, 1969).
Great differences in susceptibility exist among species and within species
for different compounds. As an example, Pickering, et al. (1962) reported
96-hour LC-50 values of 5 to 610,000 ug/1 (ppb) for various fish species
exposed to organophosphate pesticides. In addition to species differences,
the toxicity may be modified by differences in formulation, environmental
conditions such as temperature and water hardness, animal size and age, previous
exposure, and physiological condition. The effects of combinations of pesticides
on aquatic organisms are not well understood. Macek (unpublished) reported
that some combinations of various common pesticides were synergistic in their
action on bluegill and rainbow trout, while others had only additive effects.
Most data on the effects of a given pesticide on aquatic life are limited
to concentrations that are lethal in short-term tests and for only a few
species. The relatively few chronic tests conducted with aquatic species
indicate that effects usually occur at concentrations much lower than lethal
concentration levels, and that continued exposure to relatively low concentra-
tions may often result in detectable effects. Mount and Stephan (1967) found
the 96-hour LC5Q for fathead minnows to malathion was 9000 ug/1, but spinal
deformities in adult fish occurred during a 10-month exposure to 580 ug/1. Eaton
(1970) found that bluegills with a 96-hour LC5Q of 108 ug/1 suffered the same
spinal deformities as the fathead minnows after chronic exposure to only 7.4
ug/1 malathion.
Mount and Stephan (1967) have raised the possibility of estimating no
detectable effect levels for species of fish for which such levels have not been
experimentally determined through the use of "application factor" values.
The "application factor" for a pesticide or other chemical is the ratio obtained
by dividing laboratory determined maximum concentrations of the pesticide or
other chemical that have no detectable chronic exposure effect in a species of
fish by the 96-hour LC Q for that species. The hypothesis is that the ratio
or "application factor does not vary substantially for the same compound among
species of fish, whereas both sensitivity of a fish species to different
toxicants and sensitivity to the same toxicant by different species vary widely.
The experimental data to support the hypothesis are as yet few, and for pesti-
cides even fewer. Table 1 presents available data on application factors for
pesticides and, in addition, presents data on other substances where more than
a single species of fish has been tested.
Where data for more than a single species or a compound exist, the greatest
disparity between the high and low application factor is a factor of 10 for
Chromium+6. Copper is next with a factor of 7. For all others, the difference
is 3 or less. On the other hand, the application factors for different com-
pounds for the same species differ as much as 1000-fold (fathead minnows in
relation to diazinon at 0.0005 and lindane at 0.5).
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Table 1. "Application Factors" Determined Experimentally.
Chemical
Fish Species
96- Hour
(mgjl)
Application
Factor c_/
More than 1 species tested
Malathion
Lindane
Chromium"4"6
Copper
Cadmium
Methyl Mercury
Lead
Pesticides where only
Diazinon
Cap tan
2,4-D Butoxy-
ethanol ester
Carbaryl
Methoxychlor
Fathead Minnow
Bluegill
Brook Trout
Fathead Minnow
Brook Trout
Fathead Minnow
Brook Trout
Rainbow Trout
Fathead Minnow a/
Fathead Minnow b/
Bluegill
Brook Trout
Fathead Minnow
Bluegill
Green Sunfish
Fathead Minnow
Brook Trout
Brook Trout
Rainbow Trout
a single species has been
Fathead Minnow
Fathead Minnow
Fathead Minnow
Fathead Minnow
Fathead Minnow
10.5
.08
.2
50
26
33
50
69
.47
.075
1.1
.1
31
20
20
.04
.096
4.5
.14 (18 day)
tested
6
.065
5.6
9
.0075
.02
.04
.02
.5
.38
.03
.01
.003
.03
.14
.02
.09
.001
.0015
.0025
.006
.003
.013
.043
.0005
.10
.05
.023
.017
a/ Hardwater.
b_/ Softwater.
c/ The "application factor" is the ratio obtained by dividing experimentally
determined maximum concentrations of a pesticide that have no detectable
effect during chronic exposures by the 96-hour LC for that species.
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Thus, further investigation may provide additional support for estimating
no detectable chronic effect levels when only acute toxicity data for the fish
species of interest is available, but an application factor has been determined
experimentally for some other fish species for the pesticide of interest.
Some reported acute toxicity values and sub-acute effects of pesticides
for freshwater aquatic life are listed in Appendix Table 2 and for estuarine and
marine life in Appendix Table 3.
Work done in this area for invertebrates has shown acute and chronic toxic-
ity levels to be much closer together than those for fish. As a result of this
phenomenon, the possibility of determining application factors for use in
establishing no detectable effect levels for invertebrates is not promising.
Even when concentration levels which are acutely toxic and those which
produce no detectable effect are both known, their use in the regulation of
pesticides is complex. Maximum "acceptable" levels for particular bodies of
water or portions thereof must reflect full consideration of both the benefits
of pesticide use and the environmental costs of such use. The two levels dis-
cussed thus far may be considered as merely two points among the full range of
dose and effect; the entire range may be of interest as regulatory decisions are
made. Concentrations equal to or greater than the 96-hour LC5Q may well be
"acceptable" depending on the area affected, the time involved, the importance
of pesticide use, water use classification, and other factors.
Persistence and Biological Accumulation
All organic pesticides are subject to metabolic and non-metabolic degrada-
tion in the environment. Different compounds vary tremendously in their rate
of degradation and some form degradation products which may be both persistent
and toxic. Many pesticides are readily degraded to non-toxic or elemental
materials within a few days to a few weeks. These "non-persistent" compounds
may be absorbed by aquatic organisms, and may affect the organism, but the
residues do not necessarily accumulate or persist for long periods. Concentra-
tions in the organism may be higher than ambient water levels, but sublethal
amounts decline rapidly as water concentrations decrease. Examples of such
dynamic exchange have been demonstrated with malathion (Bender, 1969), methoxy-
chlor (Burdick, 1968), various herbicides (Mullison, 1970, and others). If
degradation in water is sufficiently rapid that adverse physiological effects
do not occur, these non-persistent compounds do not pose a long-term hazard to
aquatic life. Degradation rates are often a function of environmental conditions,
however, and great variation may be observed. The organophosphate insecticides,
for example, are rapidly hydrolysed in alkaline waters and at higher temperatures,
whereas at lower pH and temperature they may persist for several months
(Gakstatter and Weiss, 1965). Repeated applications and slow degradation rates
may maintain elevated environmental concentrations and hence bring about
undesired changes in the biota, but there is no indication that these compounds
can be accumulated through the food chain.
Effects of pesticides may be persistent or even cumulative, even though the
pesticide may not be persistent or continuously present in the environment. Thus
fish exposed to sublethal levels of malathion have shown depressed acetylcholines-
terase levels which are slow to recover. Subsequent sublethal exposures
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have resulted In additional cholinesterase depression sufficient to result in
death (Coppage and Duke, in press).
Some pesticides, primarily the organochlorine and metallic compounds, are
extremely stable, degrading only slowly or forming persistent degradation
products. Residues may be detectable for weeks, months or years. Aquatic
organisms may accumulate these compounds directly from water and from contami-
nated food. Some fish and some other aquatic organisms accumulate organochlorine
compounds from remarkably low levels. Thus it has been shown experimentally
that shrimp and some fish can take up polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) from
concentrations of less than 1/10 part per billion (ppb) in water, and accumu-
late them by factors of as much as 75,000. (Nimrao, et al., 1971; Stallings and
Mayer, 1972). In other cases, it appears that uptake is by algae and inverte-
brates with residues in fish resulting from feeding on contaminated foods.
Either process, or a combination of the processes ultimately results in residues
in the higher feeding levels that may be many thousand times higher than ambient
water levels.
Food chain accumulation does not stop at the water's edge. In fact, fish-
eating birds often contain the highest residue levels of DDT and its breakdown
products (DDE and DDD) in food chains studied. DDT (including its breakdown
products) is the best understood of the persistent pesticides. It is widely
distributed in freshwater and marine environments in North America and through-
out the world. Its most abundant breakdown product is DDE.
The discovery and clear demonstration of DDE-induced thinning of shells of
the eggs of wild birds constituted a major research breakthrough of the late
1960's. In 1967, Derek Ratcliffe reported a synchronous, rapid, and widespread
decline in weight and thickness of shells of eggs laid by British peregrine
falcons and sparrowhawks that occurred in the mid-forties (Ratcliffe, 1967).
Eggshell thinning proved not to be confined to Great Britain, for in 1968 Rickey
and Anderson reported eggshell thinning of 18-26 percent in regional populations
of three species of raptorial birds that had declined markedly in the United
States (Hickey and Anderson, 1968). The period of decline coincided with the
same occurrence in Great Britain and persisted through succeeding years.
Museum studies were extended to include more than 23,000 eggs of 25 species
(Anderson and Hickey, 1970). Some degree of shell thinning was found among 22
species representing seven Orders of birds. Nine of the species sustained shell
thinning of 20 or more percent. Other workers have subsequently extended the
list.
These findings produced the hypothesis of DDT involvement. The hypothesis
was tested experimentally. The first clearcut experimental demonstration that
DDE caused thin eggshells was provided in studies of mallard ducks (Heath, et
al., 1969). In subsequent controlled experiments, dietary dosages of approxi-
mately 3 ppm wet weight of DDE thinned the shells of eggs laid by kestrels
(Wiemeyer and Porter, 1970), black ducks (Longcore, et al., 1971), and screech
owls (McLane and Hall, 1972), extending the experimental demonstration to four
species of three Orders of birds. Quail and chickens, seed-eating galliform
birds, were, at the most, only slightly susceptible (Smith, et al., 1970;
Stickel and Rhodes, 1970; Cecil et al., 1971, 1972).
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The third stage of investigation was to return again to the field and
study the relationships between thinning of shells and residues in the eggs.
The brown pelican provided the ideal test because of contrasting residues and
reproductive success in different localities. The California colony was
essentially failing, the Carolina population declining, and the Florida
colonies remaining reasonably stable. Measurements of shell thickness and
residues of dieldrin, PCB's, mercury, lead, DDT, DDD, and DDE were subjected to
computerized statistical tests, which implicated DDE as the shell thinner
(Blus, 1970; Blus, et al., 1971, 1972).
Residues
Samples of fish have often contained pesticide residues in concentrations
that give rise to concern. The highest concentrations are often in those
species most highly prized as food or game species inasmuch as these species
are usually at the top of a relatively long food chain. Sales in interstate
commerce of coho salmon and several other species from Lake Michigan and of
canned Jack mackerel in California, were prohibited in 1967 on the basis of
DDT residues in excess of the 5 ppm interim guideline for DDT and its metabo-
lites set for fish by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pesticide resi-
dues in fish or fish products may enter the human food chain less directly; for
example, through fish oil and meal used in domestic animal feeds, which result
in turn in residues in meat and other animal products.
Fish may survive relatively high residue concentrations in their body fats,
but residues concentrated in the eggs of mature fish may be lethal to the
developing fry. Burdick (1964) reported up to 100 percent loss of lake trout
fry when residues of DDT-DDD in the eggs exceeded 4.75 mg/kg. (ppm). A similar
mortality was reported in coho salmon fry from Lake Michigan when eggs contained
significant quantities of DDT, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (Johnson
and Pecor, 1969; Johnson, unpublished). Johnson (1967) reported that adult fish
which did not appear to be harmed by low concentrations of endrin in water,
accumulated endrin levels in the eggs that were lethal to the developing fry.
Residues in fish may be directly harmful under stress conditions or at
different temperature regimes. Brook trout fed DDT at 3.0 mg/kg. body weight
per week for 26 weeks suffered 96.2 percent mortality during a later period of
reduced feeding on clean food and declining water temperature; mortality of
untreated control fish during the same period was 1.2 percent (Macek, 1968).
Declining water temperature during the fall was believed to cause delayed mortal-
ity of salmon parr in streams contaminated with DDT (Elson, 1967).
Certain organochlorine pesticides (DDT, TDE, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin,
chlordane, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, lindane, endosulfan and benzene hexa-
chloride) are considered especially hazardous to aquatic life because of their
accumulation in aquatic organisms. Some of these compounds, including some of
their metabolites, are toxic to various aquatic species at concentrations of
less than one ug/1 , (See Appendix Tables 1 and 2). Their accumulation in
aquatic systems presents a hazard, both real and potential, to animals in the
higher part of the food chain, including man (Pimentel, 1971, Mrak, 1969;
Kraybill, 1969; and Gillett, 1969).
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On the basis of present knowledge, we cannot estimate with certainty
levels of persistent pesticides in water that will not result in undesired
effects. Water concentrations below the practical limits of detection have
resulted in residues in fish sufficiently high to be unacceptable for human
consumption, to prevent normal reproduction in some fish-eating bird species,
and to affect reproduction and survival of aquatic life. In these circum-
stances, criteria may be based upon specific residue concentrations in the
tissues of selected species. The ratio of residue concentrations in tissue
to concentrations in the water can be determined experimentally. This accumula-
tion factor might then be applied to acceptable tissue concentration levels to
estimate acceptable water concentration levels.
Table 2 lists some "accumulation factors" determined experimentally. These
accumulation factors represent direct uptake from water; they do not include
food chain accumulations which often may be a factor of up to 8 to 10 from one
feeding level to another (Buckley, 1969; Woodwell, et al., 1967). The
combined accumulation factor of direct uptake from water and a single level of
food chain accumulation could exceed 100,000 for DDT in certain fish and could
be less than 500 for lindane in mussels. This is not to say that food chain
accumulation and direct uptake from water are necessarily additive. The residue
level existing at any time is a dynamic balance between intake and elimination,
and the contribution to intake directly from water or from food will vary
according to concentration in and assimilation rates from the two sources.
There are, of course, a number of difficulties in applying this system.
The desirable levels in water will sometimes be below the practical limits of
detection; accumulation factors will not be known with precision, especially
where both direct uptake from the environment and food chain accumulation with
several feeding levels are involved. Nonetheless, based on estimates of residue
levels that will not adversely affect man or valuable organisms at the top of
food chains, and estimates of accumulation factors (from both direct uptake and
food chain transfers), corresponding levels in water can be computed.
10
-------
EPA - GULF BREEZE LABORATORY
JUNE 6, 1972
Table 2 BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION OF PESTICIDE CHEMICALS
ORGANISM
BACTERIA
Pseudomonas spp.
CHEMICAL
Nonachlor
EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
10
ppm
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR TIME
SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
0.57 10 days Mixed culture of four Bourquin, 1972
j spec-Let*
CILIATES
Tetrahymena pyriformis W
MOLLUSCS
Hooked mussel
Brachidontes recurvus
Hard-shell clam
Mercenaria mercenaria
Chlordane
Heptachlor
Mirex
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
<§>
Aroclor 1260
DDT
DDT
Aldrin
10
10
0.9
10
1
1
1
0.1
1
0.5
ppm
ppm
ppb
ppb
ppm
ppm
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
0.83
0.1 V
193 1 week Axenic cultures Incubated Cooley, et al., 1971
at 26°C: concentration
40 fac
60
79 N,
.tor on dry weight basis Cooley and Keltner, 1971
Cooley, et al., 1971
Cooley and Keltner, 1971
24,000 1 week Whole body residues (Meats) Butler, 1966
1,260 5 days
6,000 1 week
380 5 days
Butler, 1971
Butler, 1966
,, Butler, 1971
-------
ORGANISM
MOLLUSCS (continued)
M. mercenaria
Soft-shell clam
Mya arenaria
Pacific oyster
Crassostrea gigas
European oyster
Ostrea edulis
Crested oyster
0. equestris
CHEMICAL
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Aldrin
DDT
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Lindane
Methoxychlor
DDT
DDT
DDT
EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
0
0
0
.5
.5
.5
5.0
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
1
1
1
.0
.5
.1
.5
.5
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
760
480
220
12
470
4,600
8,800
1,740
1,240
2,600
40
1,500
20,000
15,000
23,000
TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
days Whole body r
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days
days >
esidues (Meats) Butler,
Butler ,
Butler,
Butler ,
Butler,
Butler,
Butler,
Butler ,
Butler,
Butler ,
Butler,
Butler ,
Butler,
Butler,
Butler,
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1966
1966
1966
-------
EXPOSURE
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION
MOLLUSCS (continued)
Eastern oyster
Crassostrea virginica DDT 10
1
0.1
0.01
0.0001
0.01
1
Aroclor 1254 0.01
1
Dieldrin 0.01
CRUSTACEAN
Grass shrimp ®
Palaemonetes pugio Aroclor 1254 0.62
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
15,000
30,000
70,000
70,000
0
50,000
76,000
160,000
101,000
8,000
2,069
11,920
10,903
17,425
26,580
TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
7 to 15 days Whole body residues Butler, 1967
(Meats)
8 weeks
24 weeks
8 weeks
30 weeks
8 weeks x
Butler, 1967
Butler, 1967
Butler, 1967
Butler, 1967
Parrish, 1972
Lowe, et al. , 1970
Parrish, 1972
Parrish, et al., 1972
* Parrish, 1972
1 week Whole body residues Ninnno and Heitmuller,
(Meats) 1972
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks x
Ninnno and Heitmuller,
1972
Ninnno and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
1 Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
-------
EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR
CRUSTACEAN (continued) (|)
P_. pugio Aroclor 1254 0.09 ppb 3,611
4,800
5,000
17,400
8,355
0.037 ppb 1,594
3,405
3,918
4,567
5,729
Pink shrimp
Penaeus duorarum Mirex 0.1 pcb 2.600
24,000
DDT 0.14 ppb 1,500
Aroclor 1254 2.5 ppb 1,800
2,760
6,800
7,600
TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
1 week Whole body residues Nimmo and Heitmuller,
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks >
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller ,
1972
f Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
3 weeks Whole body residues Lowe, et al., 1971
3 weeks Hepatopancrease Lowe, et al. , 1971
3 weeks Whole body residues Nimmo, et al., 1970
2 days Whole body residues Nimmo, et al . , 1971
4 days
6 days
9 days >
Nimmo , et al . , 1971
Nimmo, et al., 1971
' Nimmo, et al., 1971
-------
ORGANISM
CRUSTACEAN (continued)
P . duorarum
Mud crab (larvae)
Rhithropanopeus harrisii
Blue crab (juveniles)
Callinectes sapidus
FISH
Pinfish
Lagodon rhomboides
Spot
Leiostomus xanthurus
A f- 1 ar» t"f (•• r*i»rt alroT*
EXPOSURE
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION
Aroclor 1254 2.5
Mirex 0.1
Malathion 10
Mirex 0.1
DDT 0.1, 1.0
Aroclor 1254 5
Aroclor 1254 1
5
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
9,600
15,600
12,400
1,000
0 (larvae)
0 (adults)
1,100 - 5,200
10,600 - 38,000
2,800 - 21,800
17,000 - 27,000
9,200 - 30,400
TIME
12 days
15 days
22 days
7 weeks
4 weeks
3 weeks
2 weeks
2-15 weeks
4-8 weeks
3-6 weeks
SPECIAL DETAILS
Whole body residues
1
I
Static culture bowl
method with a change
to fresh medium +
chemical each day
Whole body residues
Whole body residues
1
Whole body residues
REFERENCE
Nimmo , et al . ,
Nimmo , et al . ,
Nimmo , et al . ,
Bookhout, et al
Tyler, 1971
Lowe
1971
1971
1971
., 1972
Hansen and Wilson, 1970
Hansen, et al., 1971
Hansen, et al.,
Hansen , et al . ,
1971
1971
Micropogon undulatus
DDT
0.1, 1.0 ppb 10,000 - 14,000 3 weeks
Whole body residues Hansen and Wilson, 1970
-------
EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS
Turtle grass
Thalassia testudinum Tordon 101 1 ppm leaves 10 days Plants exposed to Walsh and
(39.6% 2,4-D; 0 (2,4-D) chemical through rhizomes; Hollister, 1971
14. 3% Picolinic acid) 0 (Picolinic acid) concentration factor on
wet weight basis
rhizomes
0.05 (2,4-D)
0 (Picolinic acid)
5 ppm leaves
0 (2,4-D)
0 (Picolinic acid)
rhizomes
0.12 (2,4-D)
0.02 (Picolinic acid)
h- Aroclor® 1254 5,820 ppb 0 leaves 10 days
°^ 0 rhizomes
Mirex 0.1 ppb 0 leaves 10 days N
0 . 36 rhizomes
Walsh and
Hollister, 1971
, Walsh and
Hollister, 1971
-------
ORGANISM
CHEMICAL
EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
TIME
SPECIAL DETAILS
REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS (continued)
Red mangrove
Rhizophora mangle
Tordon 101
(39.6% 2,4-D;
14.3% Picolinic acid)
14.4 ppb
roots
1.28 (2,4-D)
0.64 (Picolinic acid)
hypocotyl
0.64 (2,4-D)
2.1 (Picolinic acid)
stems
1.28 (2,4-D)
0.64 (Picolinic acid)
1st leaves
1.28 (2,4-D)
0.63 (Picolinic acid)
2nd leaves
9.0 (2,4-D)
4.2 (Picolinic acid)
20 days Seedlings treated when
two pairs of leaves were
present; concentration
factor on wet weight basis
Walsh, et al., 1972
-------
ORGANISM
CHEMICAL
EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
TIME
SPECIAL DETAILS
REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS (continued)
Red mangrove
Rhizophora mangle
Tordon 101
(39.6% 2,4-D;
14.3% Picolinic acid)
14.4 ppb roots
1.28 (2,4-D)
0.64 (Picolinic acid)
hypocotyl
16.0 (2,4-D)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)
stems
16.0 (2,4-D)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)
1st leaves
20.0 (2,4-D)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)
2nd leaves
24.3 (2,4-D)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)
40 days Seedlings treated when
two pairs of leaves were
present; concentration
factor on wet weight basis
Walsh, et al.,
1972
-------
ORGANISM
CHEMICAL
EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
TIME
SPECIAL DETAILS
REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS (continued)
Red mangrove
Rhizophora mangle
Tordon 101
(39.6% 2,4-D;
14.3% Picolinic acid)
144 ppb roots
10.8 (2,4-D)
2.9 (Picolinic acid)
hypocotyl
14.7 (2,4-D)
4.3 (Picolinic acid)
stems
9.0 (2,4-D)
3.8 (Picolinic acid)
1st leaves
5.5 (2,4-D)
2.1 (Picolinic acid)
2nd leaves
7.7 (2,4-D)
3.6 (Picolinic acid)
10 days Seedlings treated when
two pairs of leaves were
present; concentration
factor on wet weight basis
Walsh, et al.,
1972
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Appendix Tables 2 and 3 are based on data assembled by the National Academy
of Sciences - National Academy of Engineering Committee on Water Quality
Criteria.
21
-------
ABBREVIATIONS USED
LC median lethal concentration: the concentration of toxicant in the
or environment which kills 50 percent of the organisms exposed to it.
LC-50 Usually duration of exposure is specified, e.g., 96-hour LC5Q.
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
mg/kg milligrams per kilogram = parts per million
mg/1 milligrams per liter = parts per million
TLm median tolerance limit: the concentration of a test material in
experimental water at which just 50 percent of the test animals are
able to survive for a specified period of exposure, e.g., 96 hours.
ug/g Micrograms per gram - parts per million
ug/kg micrograms per kilogram - parts per billion
ug/1 micrograms per liter - parts per billion
23
-------
LIST OF PESTICIDES MENTIONED IN REPORT
ABATE
Chemical name: 0,0,0',0'-tetramethyl 0,0'-thiodi-
p-phenylene phosphorothioate
Other name: Biothion
Action: Insecticide
ALDRIN
Chemical name: l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-l,4,4a,5,8,
8a-hexahydro-l,4~endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
AMETRYNE
Chemical name: 2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-
6-(methylthio)-s-triazine
Other name: Gesapax
Action: Herbicide
AMIBEN
Chemical name: 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
Other name: Chloramben
Action: Herbicide
ALTRAZINE
Chemical name: 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-
s-triazine
Other names: Aatrex, Fenamine, Fenatrol, Gesaprim, Primatol A
Action: Herbicide
AZINPHOS-METHYL
Chemical name: 0,0-dimethyl S-[4-oxo-l,2,3-benzotriazin-
3(4H)-ylmethyl] phosphorodithioate
Other names: Carfene, DBD, Gusathion, Gusathion M,
Gustathion, Guthion, Methyl Guthion
Action: Insecticide
BAYGON
See PROPOXUR
BAYTEX
See FENTHION
BENZOIC ACID
Action: Fungicide
BHC
See LINDANE
CARBARYL
Chemical name: 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate
Other name: Sevin
Action: Insecticide
CHLORAMBEN
See AMIBEN
CHLORDANE
Chemical name: l,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,
7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene
Other names: Chlordan, Chlor Kil, Corodane, Kypchlor,
Octachlor, Octa-Klor, Ortho-Klor, Synklor, Topiclor 20,
Velsicol 1068
Action: Insecticide
25
-------
CO-RAL
See COUMAPHOS
COUMAPHOS
Chemical name: 0,0-diethyl 0-[3-chloro-4-methyl-2-
oxo-(2H)-benzopyran-7-yl] phosporothioate
Other names: Agridip, Asuntol, Co-Ral, Muscatox, Resistox
Action: Insecticide
2,4-D
Chemical name: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or its sodium
salt or amine
Other names: Chloroxone, Crop Rider, Ded-Weed, Weed-Ag-Bar,
Weedar 64, Weed-B-Gon, Weedone
Action: Herbicide
DALAPON
Chemical name: 2,2-dichloropropionic acid
Other names: Ded-Weed, Dowpon, Gramevin, Radapon, Unipon
Action: Herbicide
DDD
See TDE
DDT
Chemical name: dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
Other names: Anofex, Chlorophenothane, Dedelo, Genitox,
Gesapon, Gesarex, Gesarol, Gyron, Ixodex, Kopsol, Neocid,
Pentachlorin, Rukseam, Zerdane
Action: Insecticide
DDVP
See DICHLORVOS
DELNAV
See DIOXATHION
DIAZINON
Chemical name: 0,0-diethyl 0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-
4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate
Other names: Basudin, Dazzel, Diazajet, Diazide,
Gardentox, Spectracide
Action: Insecticide
DICAPTHON
Chemical name: 0-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) 0,0-dimethyl
phosphorothioate
Other name: Di-Captan
Action: Insecticide
DICHLOBENIL
Chemical name: 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile
Other names: Casoron, Du-Sprex, 2,6-DBN
Action: Herbicide
DICHLORVOS
Chemical name: 2,2-dichlorovinyl 0,0-dimethyl phosphate
Other names: DDVF, DDVP, Dedevap, Dichlorphos, Herkol,
Mafu, Marvex, Nogos, No-Pest, Nuvan, Oko, Phosvit, Vapona
Action: Insecticide
26
-------
DIELDRIN
Chemical name: l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-exo-6,7-
epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-exo-
5,8-dimethanonaphthalene, and related compounds
Other names: HEOD, Octalox, Panoram D-31
Action: Insecticide
DIOXATHION
Chemical name: 2,3-p-dioxanedithiol S,S-bis-(0,0-
diethyl phosphorodithioate)
Other names: Delnav, Navadel, Ruphos
Action: Insecticide
DIPTHEREX
See TRICHLORFON
DIQUAT
Chemical name: l,l'-ethylene-2,2'-dipyridylium dibromide
Other names: Aquacide, Dextrone, FB/2, Reglone
Action: Herbicide
DISULFOTON
Chemical name: 0,0-diethyl S-2-(ethylthio)ethyl phos-
phorodithioate
Other names: Diethylethylthioethyl dithiophosphate,
Di-syston, Dithiodemeton, Dithiosystox, Frumin Al,
Frumin G, Solvirex, Thiodemeton
Action: Insecticide
DI-SYSTON
See DISULFOTON
DIURON
Chemical name: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea
Other names: DCMU, DMU, Karmex, Marmer
Action: Herbicide
DURSBAN
Chemical name: 0,0-diethyl 0-3,5,6-trichloro-2-
pyridyl phosphorothioate
Action: Insecticide
ENDOSULFAN
Chemical name: 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-l,5,5a,-6,9,
9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide
Other names: Chlorthiepin, Cyclodan, Insectophene, Kop-
Thiodan, Malic, Malix, Thifor, Thimul, Thiodan
Action: Insecticide
ENDOTHALL
Chemical name: 7-oxabicyclo (2,2,1) heptane-2,3-
dicarboxylic acid
Other names: Accelerate, Aquathol, Des-i-cate, Endothal,
Hydrothol, Niagrathal, Tri-Endothal
Action: Herbicide
ENDRIN
Chemical name: l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-l,4,4a,
5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-l,4-endo-endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
Other names: Hexadrin, Mendrin
Action: Insecticide
27
-------
FENTHION
Chemical name: 0,0-dimethyl 0[4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl]
pho sphoro thioate
Other names: Baytex, DMPT, Entex, Lebaycid, Mercaptophos,
Quelatox, Queletox, Tiguvon
Action: Insecticide
FENURON
Chemical name: 3-phenyl-l,l-dimethylurea
Other names: Dybar, Fenidim, Fenulon, PDU
Action: Herbicide
GUTHION
See AZINPHOS-METHYL
HEPTACHLOR
Chemical name: l,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,-
7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindane
Other names: Drinox H-34, Heptamul
Action: Insecticide
LEAD AR3ENATE
Other names: Gypsine, Soprabel
Action: Insecticide
LINDANE
Chemical name: gamma isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-
cyclohexane; also known as gamma benzene hexachloride
Other names: Gamaphex, Gamma BHC, Gammaline, Gammex,
Gammexane, Isotox, Lindafor, Lindagam, Lintox, Novigam,
Silvanol, Tri-6-Dust
Action: Insecticide
MALATHION
Chemical name: 0,0-dimethyl S-(l,2-dicarbethoxyethyl)
dithiophosphate
Other names: Carbofos, Carbophos, Cythion, Emmatos,
Karbofos, Kop-Thion, Kypfos, Malamar, Malaspray,
Malathon, Mercaptothion, Zithiol
Action: Insecticide
MCPA
Chemical name: 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid
Other names: Agroxone, Chiptox, Hormotuho, Kilsem,
MCP, Mephanac, Metaxon, Methoxone, Rhomene, Rhonox
Action: Herbicide
MERCURY
Action: Fungicide
METHOXYCHLOR
Chemical name: l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methox-
yphenyl)ethane
Other names: Dianisyltrichloroethane, Dimethoxy-DT,
DMDT, Marlate, Methoxy DDT
Action: Insecticide
METHYL PARATHION
Chemical name: 0,0-dimethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate
28
-------
MEVINPHOS
Chemical name: 2-methoxycarbonyl-l-methyl-vinyJ
dimethyl-phosphate
Other names: Phosdrin, Phosfene
Action: Insecticide
MIREX
Chemical name: dodecachlorooctahydro-l,3,3-metheno-
2H-cyclobuta(cd)pentalene
Other name: Dechlorane
Action: Insecticide
MONURON
Chemical name: 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea
Other names: Chlorfenidim, Telvar
Action: Herbicide
NEBURON
Chemical name: l-n-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-
1-methylurea
Other names: Kloben, Neburea
Action: Herbicide
PARAQUAT
Chemical name: Ijl'-dimethyl-A.A'-bipyridynium ion
Other names: Gramoxone, Weedol
Action: Herbicide
PARATHION
Chemical name: 0,0-diethyl 0-p-nitrophenyl phos-
phorothioate
Other names: AAT, Alkron, Aileron, Aphamite, Corothion,
DNTP, Ethyl Parathion, Etilon, Folidol, Niran,
Nitrostigmine, Orthophos, Panthion, Paramar, Paraphos,
Parathene, Parawet, Phoskil, Rhodiatox, SNP, Soprathion,
Stathion, Thiophos
Action: Insecticide
PHORATE
Chemical name: 0,0-diethyl S-(ethylthio)-methyl
phosphorodithioate
Other names: Thimet, Timet
Action: Insecticide
PHOSDRIN
See MEVINPHOS
PICLORAM
Chemical name: 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid
Other names: Borolin, Tordon
Action: Herbicide
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
Chemical name: mixture of chlorinated terphenyls
Other names: Chlorinated biphenyls, PCB's, Aroclors
Action: Insecticide
PROMETONE
Chemical name: 2-methoxy-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-
s-triazine
Other names: Gesafram, Pramitol, Prometon
Action: Herbicide
29
-------
PROPOXUR
Chemical name: o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate
Other names: Arprocarb, Baygon, Blattanex, Suncide, Unden
Action: Insecticide
SEVIN
See CARBARYL
SILVEX
Chemical name: 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
Other names: Esteron, Fenoprop, GarIon, Kuron, Kurosal,
2,4,5-TP
Action: Herbicide
SIMAZINE
Chemical name: 2-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine
Other names: Gesatop, Princep
Action: Herbicide
2,4,5-T
Chemical name: 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Other names: Ded-Weed Brush Killer, Esteron 245
Concentrate, Fence Rider, Inverton 245, Line Rider, Reddon
Action: Herbicide
IDE
Chemical name: 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethane
Other names: DDD, Rhothane
Action: Insecticide
TEPP
Chemical name: tetraethyl pyrophosphate and other
ethyl phosphates
Other names: Bladan, HETP, Kilmite 40, TEP, Tetron,
Vapotone
Action: Insecticide
THIODAN
See ENDOSULFAN
TORDON
See PICLORAM
TOXAPHENE
Chemical name: mixture of various chlorinated camphenes
Other names: Alltox, Chlorinated camphene, Octachloro-
camphene, Phenacide, Phenatox, Polychlorocamphene,
Strobane-T, Toxakil
Action: Insecticide
TRICHLORFON
Chemical name: dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-l-hydroxyethyl)
phosphonate
Other names: Anthon, Chlorofos, Dipterex, Dylox,
Neguvon, Trichlorphon, Tugon
Action: Insecticide
TRIFLURALIN
Chemical name: a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-
p-toluidine
Other names: Elancolan, Treflan
Action: Herbicide
30
-------
REFERENCES CITED
1. Anderson, D. W. and J. J. Rickey. 1972. Eggshell changes in certain
North American birds. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International
Ornithological Congress, 1970. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 514-540.
2. Bender M. E. 1969. Uptake and retention of Malathion by the carp.
Progressive Fish Culturist, 31(3): 155-159.
3- Blus L. J. 1970. Measurements of brown pelican eggshells from Florida
and South Carolina. BioScience, 20(15): 867-869.
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10. Cecil, H. C., G. F. Fries, J. Bitman, S. J. Harris, R. J. Lillie, and
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11. Cope, 0. B. 1961. Effects of DDT spraying for spruce budworm on fish
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12. Coppage, D. L. and T. W. Duke. 1971. Effects of pesticides in estuaries
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31
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13. Eaton, J. G. 1970. Chronic Malathion toxicity to the bluegill
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14. Elson, P. F. 1967. Effects on wild young salmon of spraying DDT over
New Brunswick forests. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 24(4):
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15. Feltz, H. R., W. T. Sayers, and H. P. Nicholson. 1971. National
monitoring program for the assessment of pesticide residues in water.
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16. Frank, P. A. and R. D. Comes. 1967. Herbicidal residues in pond water
and hydrosoil. Weeds, 15(3): 210-213.
17. Gakstatter, J. L. and C. M. Weiss. 1965. The decay of anticholinesterase
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22. Hopkins, C. L., H. V. Brewerton, and H. J. McGrath. 1966. The effect
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32
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26. Johnson, H. E. and C. Pecor. 1969. Coho salmon mortality and DDT
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pesticides in mammalian systems. Annals of the New York Academy of
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32. McLane, M. A. R. and L. C. Hall. 1972. DDE thins screech owl eggshells.
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33. Mount, D. I. and C. E. Stephan. 1967. A method for establishing
acceptable toxicant limits for fish — Malathion and butoxyethanol
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34. Mrak, E. M. (Chairman). 1969. Report of the Secretary's Commission on
Pesticides and Their Relationship to Environmental Health. Parts I
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1969. 677 pp.
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species. Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and
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33
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39. Ratcliffe, D. A. 1967. Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds
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fishfood organisms. Proceedings Montana Academy of Sciences, 23:
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and contaminations of yolks and abdominal fat of laying hens. Poultry
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residues in young salmon after forest spraying in New Brunswick.
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44. Stalling, D. and F. L. Mayer, Jr. 1972. Toxicities of polychlorinated
biphenyls to fish and environmental residues. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 1: 159-164.
45. Stickel, L. F. and L. I. Rhodes. 1970. The thin eggshell problem. JEn
"The Biological impact of Pesticides in the Environment". Environ-
mental Health Sciences Series, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
pp. 31-35.
46. Terriere, L. C., U. Kiigemai, A. R. Gerlach, and R. L. Borovicka. 1966.
The persistence of toxaphene in lake water and its uptake by aquatic
plants and animals. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 14: 66-69.
47. Wershaw, R. L., P. J. Burcar, and M. C. Goldberg. 1969. Interaction of
pesticides with natural organic material. Environmental Science and
Technology, 3(3): 271-273.
48. Wiemeyer, S. N. and R. D. Porter. 1970. DDE thins eggshells of captive
American Kestrels. Nature, 227(5259): 737-738.
49. Wilson, D. C. and C. E. Bond. 1969. The effects of the herbicides
Diquat and Dichlobenil (Casoron) on pond invertebrates. Part I.
Acute Toxicity. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 98(3): 438-
443.
50. Woodwell, G. M., C. F. Wurster, and P. A. Isaacson. 1967. DDT residues
in an east coast estuary; a case of biological concentration of a
persistent insecticide. Science, 156(3776): 821-824.
51. Yule, W. N. and A. D. Tomlin. 1971. DDT in forest streams. Bulletin
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 5(6): 479-488.
34
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52. Zabik, M. J. 1969. The contribution of urban and agricultural
pesticide use to the contamination of the Red Cedar River. Project
Completion Report, Project No. A-012-Mich., Office of Water Resources
Research. 28 pp.
35
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Table 1
1. Allison, D. (Completed Dec. 1972) Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
2. Benoit, D. Effects of Long-term Exposures to Hexavalent Chromium on
the Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Brook Trout and Rainbow
Trout. (In preparation) Environmental Protection Agency, National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
3. Benoit, D. Effects of Long-term Exposure to Copper on the Survival,
Growth, and Reproduction of the Bluegill. (In preparation) Environ-
mental Protection Agency, National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth,
Minnesota 55804.
4. Carlson, A. R. 1972. Effects of Long—term Exposure to Carbaryl
(Sevin) on survival, growth, and reproduction of the fathead minnow.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29: 583-587.
5. Eaton, J. G. 1970. Chronic Malathion toxicity to the bluegill Water
Research, 4: 673-684.
6. Eaton, J. G. Chronic toxicity of cadmium to the bluegill. (In prepa-
ration) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
7. Eaton, J. G. (In progress) Environmental Protection Agency, National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
8. Everhart, W. H., 18050 DYC. Colorado State University. Effects of
chemical variation in aquatic environments. (J. H. McCormick, Project
Officer) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
9. Hartung, Dr. R., 18050 DLO. The University of Michigan. Field Study
of the Effects of Methoxychlor on Fishes. (Dr. W. A. Brungs, Project
Officer) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
10. Hermanutz, R. Chronic and Acute Toxicity of Captan to the Fathead Minnow.
(In preparation) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water
Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
11. Jude, D. (In progress) Michigan State University, Ph.D. Thesis.
12. McKim, J. (In progress) Environmental Protection Agency, National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
13. McKim, J. M. and D. A. Benoit. 1971. Effects of long-term exposures
to copper on survival, growth, and reproduction of brook trout.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28: 655-662.
36
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14. Mount, D. I. 1968. Chronic toxicity of copper to fathead minnow
Water Research, 2: 215-223.
15. Mount, D. I. and C. Stephan. 1967. A method for establishing accept-
able toxicant limits for Fish — Malathion and the Butoxyethanol
Ester of 2,4-D. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 96(2):
185-193.
16. Mount, D. I. and C. Stephan. 1969. Chronic toxicity of copper to
the fathead minnow in soft water. Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, 26: 2449-2457.
17. Bionomics, Inc. Contract 68-01-0154. Study of chronic toxicity of
lindane to selected freshwater fishes and food chain organisms.
(J. C. Eaton, Project Officer) Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
18. Pickering, Q. (In preparation) Chronic effects of chromium on
fathead minnows. Environmental Protection Agency, Fish Toxicology
Laboratory, National Water Quality Laboratory, 3411 Church Street,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45244.
19. Pickering, Q. and M. Cast. 1972. Acute and chronic toxicity of
cadmium to the fathead minnow. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
29: 1099-1106.
37
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Table 2
1. Bookhout, C. G., A. J. Wilson, Jr., T. W. Duke, and J. I. Lowe. 1972.
Effects of Mirex on the larval development of two crabs. Water,
Air, and Soil Pollution, 1: 165-180.
2. Bourquin, A. W. 1972. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection
Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
Florida 32561.
3. Butler, P. A. 1966. Pesticides in the marine environment. Journal
Applied Ecology 3 (supplement); 253-259.
4. Butler, P. A. 1967. Pesticide residues in estuarine molluscs.
Proceedings of the National Symposium on Estuarine Pollution, pp. 107-
121, Stanford, California.
5. Butler, P. A. 1971. Influence of pesticides on marine ecosystems.
Proceedings Royal Society of London, 177: 321-329.
6. Cooley, N. R. and J. M. Keltner, Jr. 1972. Unpublished data, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Labora-
tory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
7. Cooley, N. R. , J. M. Keltner, Jr., and J. Forester. 1971. Mirex and
Aroclor 1254: Effect on and accumulation by Tetr_a_hymena pyriformis W.
(In press)
8. Hansen, D. J. and A. J. Wilson, Jr. 1970. Significance of DDT
residues from the estuary near Pensacola, Florida. Pesticide
Monitoring Journal, 4(2): 51-56.
9. Hansen, D. J., P. R. Parrish, J. I. Lowe, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and P. D.
Wilson. 1971. Chronic toxicity, uptake, and retention of Aroclor
1254 in two estuarine fishes. Bulletin Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology, 6(2): 113-119.
10. Lowe, J. I. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf
Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
11. Lowe, J. I., P. D. Wilson, A. J. Rick, and A. J. Wilson, Jr. 1970.
Chronic exposure of oysters to DDT, toxaphene, and parathion.
Proceedings National Shellfisheries Association, 1970, 61: 71-79,
June 1971.
12. Lowe, J. I., P. R. Parrish, A. J. Wilson, Jr., P. D. Wilson, and
T. W. Duke. 1971. Effects of mirex on selected estuarine organisms.
Transactions of the Thirty-Sixth North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference, March 7-10, 1971, Portland, Oregon, pp. 171-186.
38
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13. Nimmo, D. R. and P. T. Heitmuller. 1972. Unpublished data, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
14. Nimmo, D. R., A. J. Wilson, Jr., and R. R. Blackman. 1970. Locali-
zation of DDT in the body organs of pink and white shrimp. Bulletin
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 5(4): 333-341.
15. Nimmo, D. R., R. R. Blackman, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and J. Forester. 1971.
Toxicity and distribution of Aroclor 1254 in the pink shrimp, Penaeus
duorarum. Marine Biology, 2(3): 191-197.
16. Parrish, P. R. 1972. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection
Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
Florida 32561.
17. Parrish, P. R., J. I. Lowe, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and J. M. Patrick, Jr..
1972. Effects of Aroclor 1254, a PCS, on oysters, Crassostrea
virginica (Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Ostreidae).. ASB Bulletin (Official
Quarterly publication of the Association of Southeastern Biologists,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina), 19(2): 90 (Abstract).
18. Tyler, D. B. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency,
Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida
32561.
19. Walsh, G. E. and T. A. Hollister. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental
Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
20. Walsh, G. E., Sister R. Barrett, G. H. Cook, and T. A. Hollister. 1972.
Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
39
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Appendix Table 1
1. Duggan, R. E. and P. E. Corneliussen. 1972. Dietary intake of
pesticide chemicals in the United States (III), June 1968 - April 1970.
Pesticide Monitoring Journal, 5(4): 331-341.
2. Lichtenburg, J. J., J. W. Eichelberger, R. C. Dressman, and J. E.
Longbottom. 1970. Pesticides in surface waters of the United States -
A Five-Year Summary, 1964-68. Pesticide Monitoring Journal, 4(2)'
71-86.
40
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Appendix Table 2
1. Bell, H. L. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
2. Biesinger, K. E. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection
Agency, National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
3. Bond, C. E., R. H. Lewis, and J. L. Fryer. 1960. Toxicity of various
herbicidal materials to fish. Second seminar on biological problems
in water pollution. R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Technical
Report W60-3, pp. 96-101.
4. Bridges, W. R. 1961. Biological problems in water pollution. Third
Seminar, 1961. U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-WP-25,
pp. 247-249.
5. Burdick G. E., H. J. Dean, and E. J. Harris. 1964. Toxicity of aqualin
to fingerling brown trout and bluegills. New York Fish Game Journal,
11(2): 106-114.
6. Cairns, J., Jr., and A. Scheier. 1964. The effect upon the pumpkin-
seed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus (Linn.) of chronic exposure to lethal
and sublethal concentrations of dieldrin. Natulae Naturae of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, no. 370: 1-10.
7. Carlson, C. A. 1966. Effects of three organophosphorus insecticides
on immature Hexagenia and Hydropsyche of the upper Mississippi River.
Transaction American Fisheries Society, 95(1): 1-5.
8. Carlson, C. A. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
9. Eaton, J. G. 1971. Chronic malathion toxicity of the bluegill (Lepomis
macrochirus Rafinesque). Water Research, 4: 673-684.
10. Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory. 1971. Unpublished data, Annual
Report. Fish Pesticide Laboratory, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
11. Gilderhus, P. A. 1967. Effects of diquat on bluegills and their food
organisms. Progressive Fish Culturist, 29(2): 67-74.
12. Henderson, C., Q- H. Pickering, and C. M. Tarzwell. ' 1959. Relative
toxicity of ten chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to four species
of fish. Transaction American Fisheries Society, 88(1): 23-32.
13. Hughes, J. S. and J. T. Davis. 1962. Comparative toxicity to bluegill
sunfish of granular and liquid herbicides. Proceedings Sixteenth
Annual Conference Southeastern Game and Fish Commissioners, October 14-
17, 1962, Charleston, South Carolina, pp. 319-323.
41
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14. Hughes, J. S. and J. T. Davis. 1963. Variations in toxicity to
bluegill sunfish of phenoxy herbicides. Weeds, 11(1): 50-53.
15. Hughes, J. S. and J. T. Davis. 1964. Effects of selected herbicides
on bluegill and sunfish. Proceedings Eighteenth Annual Conference
Southeastern Association Game and Fish Conservation Commissioners,
October 18-21, 1964, Clearwater, Florida, pp. 480-482.
16. Jensen, L. D. and A. R. Gaufin. 1964. Long-term effects of organic
insecticides on two species of stonefly naiads. Transaction American
Fisheries Society, 93(4): 357-363.
17. Jensen, L. D. and A. R. Gaufin. 1966. Acute and long-term effects of
organic insecticides on two species of stonefly naiads. Journal
Federal Water Pollution Control Federation, 38(8): 1273-1286.
18. Katz, M. 1961. Acute toxicity of some organic insecticides to three
species of salmonids and to the threespine stickleback. Transaction
American Fisheries Society, 90(3): 264-268.
19. Lane, C. E. and R. E. Livingston. 1970. Some acute and chronic effects
of dieldrin on the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna. Transactions
American Fisheries Society, 99(3): 489-495.
20. Macek, K. J. and W. A. McAllister. 1970. Insecticide susceptibility
of some common fish family representatives. Transactions American
Fisheries Society, 99(1): 20-27.
21. Merna, J. W. 1971. 18050 DLO, Unpublished data. Institute of Fisheries
Research, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 48104. Field study of the effects of methoxychlor on
fishes. (W. Bremgs, Project Officer, Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804).
22. Mount, D. I. and C. E. Stephan. 1967. A method of establishing accept-
able toxicant limits for fish — Malathion and the Butoxyethanol Ester
of 2,4-D. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 96(2): 185-193.
23. Pickering, Q. H., C. Henderson, and A. E. Lemke. 1962. The toxicity of
organic phosphorus insecticides to different species of warmwater
fishes. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 91(2): 175-184.
24. Sanders, H. 0. 1969. Toxicity of pesticides to the crustacean, Gammarus
lacustris. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Technical Paper 25.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 18 pp.
25. Sanders, H. 0. 1970. Toxicities of some herbicides to six species of
freshwater crustaceans. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
42(8, part 1): 1544-1550.
42
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26. Sanders, H. 0. 1972. The toxicities of some insecticides to four
species of malosostracan Crustacea. Fish Pesticide Research Labora-
tory, Bureau Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of
Interior, Columbia, Missouri 65201. (In press)
27. Sanders, H. 0. and 0. B. Cope. 1966. Toxicities of several pesticides
to two species of cladocerans. Transaction American Fisheries
Society, 95(2): 165-169.
28. Sanders, H. 0. and 0. B. Cope. 1968. The relative toxicities of
several pesticides to naiads of three species of stoneflies. Lim-
nology and Oceanography, 13(1): 112-117.
29. Schoettger, R. A. 1970. Toxicology of thiodan in several fish and
aquatic invertebrates. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Investigation in Fish Control, No. 35. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 31 pp.
30. Solon, J. M. and J. H. Nair III. 1970. The effect of sublethal
concentration of LAS on the acute toxicity of various phosphate
pesticides to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque.
Bulletin Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 5(5): 408-413.
31. Surber, E. W. and Q. H. Pickering. 1962. Acute toxicity of endothal,
diquat hyamine, dalapon, and silvex to fish. Progressive Fish
Culturist, 24(4): 164-171.
32. Walker, C. R. 1964. Toxicological effects of herbicides on the fish
environment. Water and Sewerage Works, 111(3): 113-116.
33. Wilson, D. C. and C. E. Bond. 1969. The effects of the herbicides
diquat and dichlobenil (Casoron) on pond invertebrates. Part I.
Acute toxicity. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 98(3):
438-443.
43
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Appendix Table 3
1. Buchanan, D. V., R. E. Millemann, and N. E. Stewart. 1970. Effects
of the insecticide Sevin on survival and growth of the dungeness
crab Cancer magister. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
27(1): 93-104.
2. Butler J. A., R. E. Millemann, and N. E. Stewart. 1968. Effects
of the insecticide Sevin on survival and growth of the cockle clam
Clinocardium nuttalli. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
25(8): 1621-1635.
3. Chin E. and D. M. Allen. 1957. Toxicity of an insecticide to two
species of shrimp, Penaeus aztecus and Penaeus setiferus. Texas
Journal Science, 9(3): 270-278.
4. Cooley, N. R., J« Keltner, Jr., and J. Forester. Unpublished data,
Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
5. Coppage, D. L. Organophosphate Pesticides: Specific level of brain
AChE inhibition related to death in sheepshead minnows. (Accepted
by Transactions American Fisheries Society).
6. Davis H. C. and H. Hidu. 1969. Effects of pesticides on embryonic
development of clams and oysters and on survival and growth of the
larvae. Fisheries Bulletin, 67(2): 393-404.
7. Derby, S. B. (Sleeper) and E. Ruber. 1971. Primary production:
Depression of oxygen evolution in algal cultures by organophosphorus
insecticides. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology,
5(6): 553-558.
8. Earnest, R. D. and P. Benville, Jr. Acute toxicity of four organo-
chlorine insecticides to two species of surfperch. Unpublished data
from Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
9. Earnest, R. 1971. Effects of pesticides on aquatic animals in the
estuarine and marine environment. Unpublished data in; Annual
Progress Report, 1970. Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory, Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Columbia,
Missouri 65201.
10. Eisler, R. 1966. Effects of apholate, an insect sterilant, on an
estuarine fish, shrimp, and gastropod. Progressive Fish Culturist,
28(2): 154-158.
11. Eisler R. 1969. Acute toxicities of insecticides-to marine decapod
crustaceans. Crustaceana, 16(3): 302-310.
12. Eisler R. 1970a. Factors affecting pesticide-induced toxicity in an
estuarine fish. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Depart-
ment of Interior, Technical Paper No. 45. 20 pp.
45
-------
13. Eisler, R. 1970b. Acute toxicities of organochlorine and organo-
phosphorus insecticides to estuarine fishes. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Technical
Paper No. 46. 12 pp.
14. Eisler, R. 1970c. Latent effects of insecticide intoxication to
marine molluscs. Hydrobiologia, 36(3/4): 345-352.
15. Katz, M. 1961. Acute toxicity of some organic insecticides to three
species of salmonids and to the threespine stickleback. Transac-
tions American Fisheries Society, 90(3): 264-268.
16. Katz, M. and G. G. Chadwick. 1961. Toxicity of endrin to some
Pacific Northwest fishes. Transactions American Fisheries Society,
90(4): 394-397.
17. Lane, C. E. and R. J. Livingston. 1970. Some acute and chronic
effects of dieldrin on the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna. Trans-
actions American Fisheries Society, 99(3): 489-495.
18. Lane, C. E. and E. D. Scura. 1970. Effects of dieldrin on glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase in Poecilia latipinna. Journal Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, No. 27: 1869-1871.
19. Lowe, J. I. 1965. Some effects of endrin on estuarine fishes.
Presented at the Nineteenth Annual Conference Southeastern Association
Game and Fish Commissioners, October 10-13, 1965, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
20. Lowe, J. I. 1967. Effect's of prolonged exposure to Sevin** on an
estuarine fish, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede. Bulletin Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 2(3): 147-155.
21. Lowe, J. I., P. R. Parrish, A. J. Wilson, Jr., P. D. Wilson, and
T. W. Duke. 1971a. Effects of mirex on selected estuarine organisms.
Transactions of the Thirty-Sixth North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference, March 7-10, 1971, Portland, Oregon, pp. 171-186.
22. Lowe, J. I., P. D. Wilson, A. J. Rick, and A. J. Wilson, Jr. 1971b.
Chronic exposure of oysters to DDT, toxaphene, and parathion. 1970
Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association, pp. 71-79.
23. Mahood, R. K., M. D. McKenzie, D. P. Middaugh, S. J. Bollar, J. R. Davis,
and D. Spitsbergen. 1970. A report on the cooperative blue crab
study - South Atlantic States. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S.
Department of Interior.
24. Millemann, R. E. 1969. Effects of Dursban on shiner perch ^n Effects
of Pesticides on Estuarine Organisms. Progress Report, National
Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Research Grant 5 R01 CC 00303,
pp. 63-76.
46
-------
25. National Marine Water Quality Laboratory. 1970. An evaluation of
the toxicity of nitrilotrilacetic acid to marine organisms. Progress
Report Federal Water Quality Administration, project 18080 GJY.
26. Stewart, N. E., R. E. Millemann, and W. P. Breese. 1967. Acute
toxicity of the insecticide Sevin R and its hydrolytic product 1-
Naphthol to some marine organisms. Transactions American Fisheries
Society, 96(1): 25-30.
27. Ukeles, R. 1962. Growth of pure cultures of marine phytoplankton in
the presence of toxicants. Applied Microbiology, 10(6): 532-537.
28. Walsh, G. E. Effects of herbicides on photosynthesis and growth of
marine unicellular algae. Hyacinth Control Journal. (In press)
29. Walsh, G. E. and T. Grow. Depression of carbohydrate in marine algae
by urea herbicides. Weed Science, 19(5): 568-570.
47
-------
Appendix Table 1. PESTICIDE
(1)
Chlordane
Lindane (BHC)
Total organo-
phosphates aj
Total
chlorinated
pesticides
INTAKE FROM FOOD AND WATER
(2) (3)
(4)
0.169
0.0003
DDT
DDE
DDD
Total
Endrin
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Epoxide
Total
0.316
0.050
0.840
1.206
0.133
0.048
0.067
0.115
0.0006
0.0001
0.0018
0.0025
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.049
0.0004
0.35
0.112
0.380
0.0002
0.0008
0.0045
0.002
0.002
0.013
0.077
0.035
0.875
0.35
(5)
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Total
Maximum
concen-
tration
in water
samples
from 5-year
survey b/
ugm/1
(ppb)
0.085
0.407
0.492
Computed
daily
intake
(Column 1
x 2 liters
per person
per day)
Mg
0.0002
0.0008
0.0010
6-year
average
daily
intake
from food
by 70 kg
person c/
Mg
0.006
WHO-FAO
acceptable
daily
intake d/
70 kg
person
Mg
0.007
Fraction:
intake
from water
(Column 2)
intake
from food
(Column 3)
1/6
1/20
3/4
1/10
1/10
1/16
1/17
a/ Columns 1 and 2 are organophosphates plus carbamates. Columns 3 and 4 are
organophosphates only. Column 5 therefore overestimates contribution from
water of organophosphates. Column 4 is the value of the most toxic organo-
phosphate (Parathion).
b_/. Data from Lichtenberg, et al. (1970).
c/ Data from Duggan and Corneliussen (1972).
d/ Acceptable daily intake set by WHO-FAO expert committees, as presented by
~ Duggan and Corneliussen (1972).
49
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2. TOXICITY DATA ON PESTICIDES FOR FRESHWATER ORGANISMS
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE
ALDRIN
DDT
ORGANISM
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus"
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Asellus brevicaudus
Daphnia" pulex
Simocephalus serrulatus
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria pacifica
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
9800
4300
50
8
28
23
1.3
180
200
28
13
17.7
45.9
7.5
1.0
0.8
2.3
0.24
4.0
2.5
0.36
7.0
1.9
3.5
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours ug/liter
2.5 ug/liter (30-day LC-50)
2.2 ug/liter (30-day LC-50)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
Henderson, et al.f 1959
Henderson, et al.§ 1959
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
-------
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
REFERENCE
DDT
Ul
ro
TDE
(DDD)
RHOTHANEl
DIELDRIN
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 19 96
Lepomis macrochirus 8 96
Lepomis microlophus 5 96
Micropterus salmoides 2 96
Salmo gairdneri 7 96
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta 2 96
Oncorhynchus kisutch 4 96
Perca flavescens 9 96
Ictalurus punctatus 16 96
Ictalurus melas 5 96
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 0.64 96
Gammarus fasciatus 0.86 96
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 0.68 96
Asellus breviacaudus 10.0 96
Simocephalus serrulatus 4.5 48
Daphnia pulex 3.2 48
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 380 96
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 460 96
Gammarus fasciatus 600 96
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 20 96
Orconectes nals~ 740 96
Asellus brevicaudus 5 96
Simocephalus serrulatus 190 48
Daphnia pulex 250 48
0.26 ug/1 (15-day LC-50)
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
FPRL Annual Report
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
-------
PESTICIDE
DIELDRIN
Ui
to
CHLORDANE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria pacifica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
Poecillia latipipna
Poecillia latipipna
Lepomis gibbosus
Ictaluras punctatus
CRUSTACEANS
Gaamarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Slmocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
REFERENCE
0.5
39
24
0.5
0.58
16
8
10
11
6
6.7
4.5
26
40
4.0
20
29
15
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
2.0 (30-day LC-50)
0.2 (30-day LC-50)
3.0 (19-week LC-50)
0.75 (reduced growth &
reproduction - 34-week)
1.7 (affected swimming ability
and oxygen consumption -
100-day)
2.5 (120-hour LC-50)
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Henderson, et al., 1959
Henderson, et al., 1959
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Lane and Livingston, 1970
Lane and Livingston, 1970
Cairns and Scheir, 1964
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
-------
PESTICIDE
CHLORDANE
ENDOSULFAN
THIODAN
ENDRIN
ORGANISM
FISHES
Plmephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Ischnura sp.
FISHES
Salmo gairdneri
Catastomus commersoni
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria pacifica
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
REFERENCE
ug/liter
52
22
44
56
57
6.0
52.9
2.3
71.8
0.3
3.0
3.0
0.9
0.4
3.2
1.5
26
20
0.25
2.4
0.32
hours
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
120
120
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
ug/liter
Henderson, et al., .1959
Henderson, et al., 1959
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Sanders, 1969
Schoettger, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Schoettger, 1970
Schoettger, 1970
Schoettger, 1970
Sanders,
Sanders,
1969
in press
1.2 (30-day LC-50)
0.03 (30-day LC-50)
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
-------
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
ENDRIN
Ui
INSECTS
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
HEPTACHLOR CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
REFERENCE
0.54
0.76
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
1.2
29
40
1.8
7.8
47
42
1.1
0.9
2.8
56
19
17
19
59
17
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Henderson, et al.t 1959
Henderson, et al.t 1959
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1958
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Henderson, et al., 1959
Henderson, et al., 1959
Bridges, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
-------
PESTICIDE ORGANISM
Ui
LINDANE CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
METHOXYCHLOR CRUSTACEANS
Gaimnarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
48
10
10
520
460
4.5
87
68
83
32
27
2
41
68
44
64
0.8
1.9
1.0
0.5
3.2
5
0.78
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
REFERENCE
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
>->CIIIUCI.E> , j.n piesB
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
METHOXYCHLOR INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Taeniopteryx nivalis
Stenonema spp.
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomls macrochlrus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
Perca flavescens
TOXAPHENE CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
1.4
0.98
0.63
7.5
62.0
62.0
66.2
27.9
20.0
26
6
28
10
15
2.3
3.0
1.3
14
18
13
2
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours ug/liter
0.125 (reduced egg hatch-
ability)
0.6 (reduced growth -
8-month)
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Merna (Univ. of Mich.)
Merna (Univ. of Mich.)
Merna (Univ. of Mich.)
Henderson, et al., 1959
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Merna (Univ. of Mich.)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
TOXAPHENE
FISHES
Salmo gairdrier!
Salmo trutta
Oncorhnychus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
ug/liter
11
3
8
12
13
5
hours
96
96
96
96
96
96
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ug/liter
REFERENCE
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ui
oo
-------
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
ABATE
CRUSTACEAN
Gatnmarus lacustris
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISH
Salmo gairdneri
in
AZINPHOSMETHYL CRUSTACEANS
GUTHION
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Gammarus pseudolimneaus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Asellus brevicaudus
INSECTS
Pteronarcys dorsata
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria lycorias
Ophiogomphus rupinsulens is
Hydropsyche bettoni
Ephemerella subvaria
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis^ macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
82
10
158
0.15
0.10
1.2
21.0
12.1
1.5
12.0
93
5.2
52
5
14
17
17
96
96
96
96
96
120
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
0.16 (20-day LC-50)
4.9 (30-day LC-50)
1.5 (30-day LC-50)
2.2 (30-day LC-50)
7.4 (30-day LC-50)
4.5 (30-day LC-50)
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
0
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
.10 (30-day) Bell, unpublished
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Bell, unpublished
Sanders and Cope, 1968
1.36 (30-day) Bell, unpublished
1.73 (30-day) Bell, unpublished
4.94 (30-day) Bell, unpublished
2.50 (30-day) Bell, unpublished
Henderson, 1959
Henderson, 1959
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
AZINPHOSMETHYL
GUTHION (|)
AZINPHOSETHYL
ETHYL GUTHION
®
CARBOPHENOTHION
TRITHION ®
CHLOROTHION
CIODRIN (R)
FISHES
Perca f laves cens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
CRUSTACEANS
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
FISH
Salmo gairdneri
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Asellus brevicaudus
CRUSTACEAN
Daphnia magna
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Micropterus salmoides
ug/liter
13
3290
3500
4
3.2
19
5.2
1.2
1100
4.5
2700
700
15
11
250
1100
hours ug/liter
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
"Water Quality Criteria",
1968
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
FPRL
FPRL
-------
PESTICIDE
CIODRIN
COUMAPHOS
CO-RAL i
DEMETON
SYSTOX
DIAZINON
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
FISHES
Salmo gairdneri
Ictalurus punctatus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
INSECTS
Hydropsyche sp.
Hexagenia sp.
FISHES
Pimephales promeli.-
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus pseudolimneaus
Gamnarus lacustris
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia magna
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
55 96 FPRL
2500 96 FPRL
0.07 96 Sanders, 1969
0.15 96 Sanders, in press
1.0 48 "Water Quality Criteria",
1968
5 24 Carlson, 1966
430 24 Carlson, 1966
18000 96 Katz, 1961
180 96 Henderson, 1959
1500 96 Katz, 1961
15000 96 Katz, 1961
27 96 Sanders, in press
3200 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
100 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
0.27 (30-day LC-50) 0.20 (30-day) Bell,(NWQL - unpublished)
200 96 Sanders, 1969
1.4 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
0.90 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
0.26 (21-day) Biesinger,(NWQL - unpub.)
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
PESTICIDE
DIAZINON
DICHLOROVOS
<* DDVP
10 VAPONA (R)
DIOXATHION
DELNAV d
DISULFOTON
DI-SYSTONI
ORGANISM
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys dorsata
Acroneuria lycorias
Ophiogomphus ruplnsulensis
Hydropsyche pettoni
Ephemerella subvaria
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
25
INSECT
Pteronarcvs californica
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis cyanellus
Micropterus salmoides
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
0.50
0.40
0.26
0.07
0.10
869
270
8.6
9300
34
61
36
52
21
38
96
4.6 (30-day LC-50)
1.7 96 1.25 (30-day LC-50)
2.2 (30-day LC-50)
3.54 (30-day LC-50)
1.05 (30-day LC-50)
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
3.29 (30-day)
0.83 (30-day)
1.29 (30-day)
1.79 (30-day)
0.42 (30-day)
REFERENCE
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
-------
PESTICIDE
DISULFOTON
DI-SYSTON
DURSBAN
ON
U)
ETHION
NIALATE
ORGANISM
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria paciflca
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochlrus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo clarkii
Ictalurus punctatus
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
5
21.4
8.4
63
3700
0.11
0.32
10
0.38
0.57
2.6
11
1.8
9.4
5.7
2.8
220
150
560
720
7500
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
1.7 (30-day LC-50)
1.2 (30-day LC-50)
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gaufin, 1964
Jensen and Gaufin, 1964
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
FPRL
FPRL
FPRL
FPRL
-------
PESTICIDE
EPN
FENTHION
BAYTEXtfJ
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
ORGANISM
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
ug/liter
15
7
0.56
110
100
8.4
110
5
50
1800
0.62
0.80
4.5
2440
1380
1880
1540
930
1330
1320
1650
1680
1620
hours
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
120
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ug/liter
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
1.5 (20-day LC-50)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Solon and Nair, 1970
Pickering, et al., 1962
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
McAllister, 1970
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM
MALATHION CRUSTACEANS
Gaomarus pseudolimneaus
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ug/liter hours ug/liter
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
o\
m
.E!
la
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia roagna
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys dorsata
Acroneuria lycorias
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
Boveria vinosa
Qphiogomphus rupinsulensis
Hvdropsvche bettoni
FISHES
Pimephales promelas'
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
lync
fla
Perca flavescens
1.0
0.76
12
180
3000
3.5
1.8
10
1.0
1.1
2.8
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
9000
110
120
170
285
170
200
101
263
8970
12900
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
0.023 (30-day LC-50) 0.008 (30-day) Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Sanders. 1969
0.5 (120-hour LC-50)
9.0 (120-hour LC-50)
» »
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
1969
in press
in press
in press
in press
0.6
oauud. o 9 -LA.* jf*- *-*•»*•'
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
(21-day) Biesinger, (NWQL - unpub.)
9.4
0.17
1.65
0.28
0.24
(30-day)
(30-day)
(30-day)
(30-day)
(30-day)
Sanders and
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Sanders and
Sanders and
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
11.1 (30-day LC-50)
0.3 (30-day LC-50)
2.3 (30-day LC-50)
0.52 (30-day LC-50)
0.34 (30-day LC-50)
96 580 (spinal deformity, 200 (10-month
10-month) exposure)
96 7.4 (spinal deformity, 3.6 (11-month)
several months)
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Cope, 1968
- unpublished)
- unpublished)
Cope, 1968
Cope, 1968
- unpublished)
- unpublished)
- unpublished)
Mount and Stephan, 1967
Eaton, 1971
Pickering, et al., 1962
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE
METHYL PARATHION
BAYER E601
MEVINPHOS.
PHOSDRIN
NALED
DIBROM
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
LC-50
REFERENCE
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhvnchus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Italurus punctatus
Italurus melas
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Micropterus salmoides
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
ug/liter
8900
5720
5170
5220
2750
4740
5300
3060
5710
6640
130
2.8
12
56
0.43
0.16
5.0
70
110
110
14
90
1800
230
1.1
0.35
hours
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
ug/liter
ug/liter
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours ug/liter
ug/llter
NALED
DIBROM
INSECT
Pteronarcys californiea
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
8.0
180
132
96
96
96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
FPRL
OXYDEMETON METHYL
META-SYSTOX 6D
PARATHION
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 190 96
Gammarus fasciatus 1000 96
INSECT
Pteronarcys californiea 35 96
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus 14000 96
Salmo gairdneri 4000 96
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 3.5 96
Gammarus fasciatus 2.1 96
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 1.5 96
Simocephalus serrulatus 0.37 48
Daphnia pulex 0.60 48
Orconectes nais 0.04 96
Asellus brevicaudus 600 96
1.6 (120-hour LC-50)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californiea 3.6 96
Pteronarcys dorsata 3.0 96
Pteronarcella badia 4.2 96
Claassenia sabulosa 1.5 96
Acroneuria pacifica 3.0 96
Acroneuria lycorias
2.2 (30-day LC-50)
0.90 (30-day LC-50)
0.44 (30-day LC-50)
0.013 (30-day LC-50)
Jensen and Gaufin, 1964
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
.Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gaufin, 1964
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
PARATHION
00
PHORATE
THIMET
INSECTS
Ephemerella subvaria
Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis
Hydropsyche bettoni
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomls macrochirus
Lepomis cyanellus
Micropterus salmoides
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Orconectes nais
PHOSPHAMIDON CRUSTACEANS
RONNEL
Gammarus lacustris
Ganmarus fasciatus
Orconectes nais
Simocephalus serrulatus^
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Ictalurus punctatus
FISH
Pimephales promelas
ug/liter hours
0.16
3.25
1410
65
425
190
9
0.60
50
2.8
16
7500
6.6
8.8
150
100000
4500
70000
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ug/liter
0.056 (30-day LC-50)
0.22 (30-day LC-50)
0.45 (30-day LC-50)
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
305
96
Bell,(NWQL - unpublished)
Bell,(NWQL - unpublished)
Bell,(NWQL - unpublished)
Solon and Nair, 1970
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FPRL
FPRL
FPRL
Solon and Nair, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE
TEPP
TRICHLOROPHON
DIPTEREX
DYLOX
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
ug/liter hours UR/liter
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria pacifica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
39
210
840
520
40
0.32
0.18
69
35
16.5
11
22
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
109000
3800
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
9.8 (30-day LC-50)
8.7 (30-day LC-50)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gaufin, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Pickering, et al., 1962
Pickering, et al., 1962
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
CARBAMATE
PESTICIDE ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours ug/liter
ug/llter Time
CARBARYL
SEVIN d
BAYGON
CRUSTACEANS
Ganmtarus lacustris 16
Gammarus fasciatus 26
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 5.6
Orconectes nais 8.6
Asellus brevicaudus 240
Simocephalus serrulatus 7.6
Daphnia pulex 6.4
Daphnia magna
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica 4.8
Pteronarcys dorsata
Pteronarcella badia 1.7
Claassenia sabulosa 5.6
Acroneuria lycorias
Hydropysche bettoni
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 9000
Lepomis macrochirus 6760
Lepomis microlophus 11200
Micropterus salmoides 6400
Salmo gairdneri 4340
Salmo trutta 1950
Oncorhynchus kisutch 764
Perca flavescens 745
Ictalurus punctatus 15800
Ictalurus melas 20000
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 34
Gammarus fasciatus 50
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 13
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
2.2 (30-day LC-50)
2.7 (30-day LC-50)
Sanders and Cope, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
T1J-.-.J-. .. -m. / 1TT T^\T
1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
5.0 (63-day) Biesigner, (NWQL - unpub.)
23.0 (30-day LC-50) 11.5 (30-day)
1.3 (30-day)
1.8 (30-day)
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
Bell, (NWQL - unpublished)
96 680 (deline survival and
reproduction, 6-month)
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
210 (6-mo.) Carlson,(NWQL - unpublished)
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1968
-------
PESTICIDE ORGANISM
AMINOCARB CRUSTACEAN
MATACIL Gammarus lacustris
ZECTRAN CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
CARBAMATE
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
LC-50
REFERENCE
46
40
83
13
10
10
17000
11200
16700
14700
10200
8100
1730
2480
11400
16700
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
ug/liter hours ug/liter
12 96
ug/liter
25 (20-day LC-50)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
Macek and
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister ,
McAllister,
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
-------
to
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
ACROLEIN
AQUALIN
AMINOTRIAZOLE
AMITROL
BALAN
BENSULFIDE
CHLOROXURON
CIPC
DACTHAL
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo trutta
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Cypridopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Oncorhyncus kisutch
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
80
46
79
30000
32000
100
325000
1100
1AOO
25000
8000
700000
24
24
24
48
48
48
48
96
96
48
48
48
ug/liter
Bond, et al., 1960
Burdick, et al., 1964
Burdick, et al., 1964
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Bond, et al., 1960
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Hughes and Davis, 1964
Hughes and Davis, 1964
Hughes and Davis, 1964
-------
u>
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
LC-50
UR/ liter hours ug/ liter
DALAPON
(SODIUM SALT)
DBF
DEXON
CRUSTACEANS
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Oncorhynchus kisutch
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris
INSECT
Pteronarcvs californica
16000
11000
290000
290000
340000
100
2100
3700
24000
48
48
96
96
48
96
96
96
96
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
100,000 ug/1 96 hr. Sanders and Cope, 1968
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Bond, et al., 1960
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1968
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
DICAMBA
DICHLOBENIL
CASARON fi
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Cypridopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nals
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ug/liter hours ug/liter
3900
20
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Hyallella azteca
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia magna
Cypridopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Tendipedid
Callibrates sp.
Limnephilus sp.
Enallegma sp.
11000
10000
8500
5800
3700
10000
7800
34000
9000
22000
7000
7800
10300
13000
20700
96
20000
48
96
96
96
48
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
ug/1 48 hr.
ug/1 48 hr.
ug/1 48 hr.
ug/1 48 hr.
ug/1 48 hr.
ug/1 48 hr.
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
1969
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
Hughes and Davis, 1964
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Wilson and Bond, 1969
-------
PESTICIDE
DICHLONE
PHYGON XL
Oi
DIQUAT
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
LC-50
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Cypridopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus
Micropterus salmoides
CRUSTACEAN
Hyallella azteca
INSECTS
Callibrates sp.
Limnephilus sp.
Tendipedid
Enallagma sp.
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Micropterus salmoides
Esox lucius
Stizostedion vitreum vitreum
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
ug/liter
1100
100
125
120
200
450
3200
120
70
48
16400
33000
100
100
14000
35000
7800
16000
2100
11200
28500
hours
96
96
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
96
48
48
ug/liter
ug/liter
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
1969
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
Bond, et al., 1960
Hughes and Davis, 1962
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Wilson and Bond, 1969
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Gilderhaus, 1967
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Gilderhaus, 1967
Gilderhaus, 1967
Gilderhaus, 1967
Bond, et al., 1960
-------
PESTICIDE
DIURON
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISH
Oncorhynchus kisutch
DIFOLITAN CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
DINITROBUTYL PHENOL CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus
160
700
2000
1400
1200
33000
800
40
1800
96
96
48
48
96
48
96
96
96
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Bond, et al., 1960
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
NO EFFECT REFERENCE
DIPHENAMID CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna 56000 48
Cypridopsis yidua 50000 48
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 58000 48
Orconectes nais
DURSBAN CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris 110 96
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica 10 96
Pteronarcella badia 0.38 96
Claassenia sabulosa 0.57 96
2-4, D CRUSTACEANS
(PGBE) Gammarus lacustris 1600 96
Gammarus fasciatus 2500 96
Daphnia magna 100 48
Cypridopsis vidua 320 48
Asellus brevicaudus 2200 48
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 2700 48
Orconectes nais
ug/liter
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
1970
,
Sanders,
banaers, ly/u
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
NO EFFECT REFERENCE
ug/liter
2-4, D
(BEE)
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 440 96
Gammarus fasciatus 5900 48
Daphnia magna 5600 48
Cypridopsis vidua 1800 48
Asellus brevicaudus 3200 48
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 1400 48
Orconectes nais 60000 48
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 96 hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
-4
00
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 1600
FISH
Pimephales promelas 5600
96
96 1500 ug/1 lethal to
eggs in 48 hour
exposure
Sanders and Cope, 1968
300 ug/1 10 mo. Mount and Stephan, 1967
2-4, D
(IOE)
2-4, D
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris
CRUSTACEANS
(DIETHYLAMINE Gammarus lacustris
SALT) Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Crypidopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
2400
100000
4000
8000
96
96
48
48
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1969
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
100,000 ug/1 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE
ENDOTHALL
DI SODIUM SALT
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ue/liter
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
VO
ENDOTHALL
DIPOTASSIUM
SALT
EPTAM
FENAC
(SODIUM SALT)
FISHES
Pimephales notatus 10000 96
Lepomis macrochirus 125000 96
Micropterus salmoides 120000 96
Notropis umbratilus 95000 96
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 320000 96
Lepomis macrochirus 160000 96
Micropterus salmoides 200000 96
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha 136000 96
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus 23000 96
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 12000 96
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia pulex 4500 48
Simocephalus serrulatus 6600 48
Daphnia magna
Cypridopsis vidua
As_ellus_ breylcaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Walker, 1964
Walker, 1964
Walker, 1964
Walker, 1964
100,000 ug/1 96 hr. Sanders, 1969
100,000 ug/1 48
100,000 ug/1 48
100,000 ug/1 48
100,000 ug/1 48
100,000 ug/1 48
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Bond, et al., 1960
Bond, et al., 1960
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1969
hr. Sanders, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
hr. Sanders, 1970
hr. Sanders, 1970
hr. Sanders, 1970
hr. Sanders, 1970
-------
CD
O
PESTICIDE
HYAMINE 1622
HYAMINE 2389
HYDROTHAL 47
HYDROTHAL 191
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
LC 50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
INSECT
Pteronarcvs californica
FISH
Lepomis
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Oncorhynchus kisutch
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
55000
15000
1600
1400
53000
2400
1200
510
500
480
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Hughes and Davis, 1962
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Bond, et al., 1960
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Surber and Pickering, 1962
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
-------
PESTICIDE
HYDROTHAL PLUS
IPC
oo
KDRON
MCDA
MDLINATE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
CRUSTACEANS
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
ug/liter
3500
10000
1900
10000
10000
2400
2000
1500
4500
390
600
400
1000
5600
hours
48
96
96
48
48
48
48
48
96
48
48
48
48
48
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
Hughes and Davis, 1964
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Hughes and Davis, 1964
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
1969
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
-------
PESTICIDE ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
oo
to
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
MONURON
PARAQUAT
PEBULATE
PROPANIL
SILVEX
(BEE)
FISH
Oncorhynchus kisutch
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Cypridopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
110000
110000
4000
3700
10000
48000
16000
250
2100
4900
40000
8000
60000
48
96
48
48
96
96
96
96
48
48
48
48
48
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
Bond, et al., 1960
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
100,000 ug/1 96 hr. Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
-------
CO
PESTICIDE
SILVEX
(PGBE)
SILVEX
(IDE)
SILVEX
(POTASSIUM SALT)
SIMAZINE
ORGANISM
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES. FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
LC-50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
FISH
Lepomis macrochirug 1200 48
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus fasciatus 840 96
Daphnia magna 180 48
Cypridopsis vidua 200 48
Asellus brevicaudus 500 48
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 3200 48
Orconectes nais
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 16600 48
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 1400 48
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 83000 48
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 13000 96
Gammarus^ fasciatus
Daphnia magna 1000 48
Cypridopsis vidua 3200 48
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
FISH
Oncorhynchus kisutch 6600 48
NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
100,000 ug/1 48 hr,
100,000 ug/1 48 hr.
100,000 ug/1 48 hr.
100,000 ug/1 48 hr.
100,000 ug/1 48 hr.
Hughes and Davis, 1963
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Hughes and Davis, 1963
Hughes and Davis, 1963
Hughes and Davis, 1963
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Bond, et al., 1960
-------
PESTICIDE
TRIFLURALIN
oo
VERNOLATE
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Daphnia pulex
Simocephalus serrulatus
Cypridopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
Cypridopsis vidua
Asellus brevicaudus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
ug/liter
2200
1000
560
240
450
250
200
1200
50000
3000
1800
13000
1100
240
5600
1900
24000
hours
96
96
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
96
96
96
48
48
48
48
48
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
ug/liter
REFERENCE
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders, 1970
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
Sanders,
1969
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
BOTANICALS
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
ug/liter hours
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
ug/liter
NO EFFECT
UK/liter
REFERENCE
ALLETHRIN CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 11 96
Gammarus fasciatus 8 96
Simocephalus serrulatus 56 48
Daphnia pulex 21 48
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 2.1 96
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
oo
Ui
PYRETHRUM
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
56
19
12
11
42
25
96
96
96
96
48
48
FPRL
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders. 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 1.0 96
ROTENONE CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 2600 96
Simocephalus serrulatus 190 48
Daphnia pulex 100 48
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 380 96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders, 1969
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
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