WATER QUALITY
POLLUTION CONTROL COUNCIL
PACIFIC NORTHWEST AH
VEMFi
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POLLUTION CONTROL COUNCIL
PACIFIC NORTHWEST AREA
November 1966
WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
MEMBER AGENCIES:
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND WELFARE
BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES AND
HOSPITAL INSURANCE
BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF LANDS, FORESTS, AND WATER
RESOURCES
IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
OREGON STATE SANITARY AUTHORITY
WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
WASHINGTON STATE POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CANADIAN DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Northwest Region
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POLLUTION CONTROL COUNCIL
PACIFIC NORTHWEST AREA
November 1966
WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
Prepared by:
Subcommittee on Water Quality Objectives
Warren C. Westgarth, Oregon State Sanitary Authority, Chairman
James L. Agee, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Amos J. Alter, Alaska Department of Health and Welfare
Vaughn Anderson, Idaho Department of Health
James Behlke, Washington State Pollution Control Commission
Glen D. Carter, Oregon State Sanitary Authority
Stanley S. Copp, Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare
George H. Hansen, Washington State Pollution Control Commission
Robert E. Leaver, Washington State Department of Health
Alfred T. Neale, Washington State Pollution Control Commission
John C. Spindler, Montana State Board of Health
E. J. Weathersbee, Oregon State Sanitary Authority
Original Objectives 1952
Reviewed and Readopted 1959
Reviewed and Revised 1965
Reviewed and Revised June 1966
Reviewed and Readopted November 1966
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MEMBERS OF POLLUTION CONTROL COUNCIL
PACIFIC NORTHWEST AREA
Alaska
Commissioner
Alaska Department of Health and Welfare
Alaska Office Building
Juneau, Alaska 99801
Att'n: Director, Division of Public Health
For: Mr. Amos J. Alter, Chief Engineer
Idaho
Vaughn Anderson. Director
Engineering and Sanitation Division
Idaho Department of Health
P. 0. Box 640
Boise, Idaho 83702
British Columbia
Charles Keenan, Executive Engineer
Pollution Control Board
Water Resources Service
Department of Lands, Forests, and
Water Resources
Parliament Buildings
Victoria, British Columbia
William Bailey, Director
Division of Public Health Engineering
Department of Health Services and
Hospital Insurance
Parliament Buildings
Victoria, British Columbia
Oregon
Kenneth H. Spies. Chief Engineer
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
P. 0. Box 231
Portland, Oregon 97207
Montana
Claiborne W. Brinck, Director
Division of Environmental Sanitation
State Board of Health
Helena, Montana 59601
Washington
Emil C. Jensen, Chief
Division of Environmental Health
Washington State Department of Health
406 Public Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501
Roy M. Harris, Director
Washington State Pollution Control
Commission
409 Public Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501
Canada
Stanley S. Copp, Regional Engineer
Public Health Engineering Division
Department of National Health and
Welfare
1110 W. Georgia Street
Vancouver 5, British Columbia
United States
R. F. Poston. Acting Regional Director
Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Northwest Region
U. S, Department of the Interior
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205
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PREFACE
WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
The Pacific Northwest is presently in an enviable position in regard to
its water resources. Sufficient water of generally high quality prevails in
most river basins throughout the area. Water is intimately tied in with the
health, welfare, and pleasure of its citizens, and with the whole economic
structure of the area, to such an extent as to make high water quality objec-
tives not only desirable, but imperative.
A similar position was held by many areas of this country during the past
years. The development of these areas without regard to the implications of
pollution has resulted in the loss of many industrial waterways and streams
for any use except the disposal of sewage and wastes. The water essential to
growth and to effective living has been dissipated by carelessness and lack
of foresight. Water is a factor which can well limit the development of all
areas of the country; and, therefore, water pollution control in the Pacific
Northwest becomes a conservation and prevention program. Certainly we in the
Pacific Northwest should profit by the mistakes of others and establish high
objectives for the waters of the area and apply such objectives with judgment
and especially with a view to future needs.
To this end, the Pollution Control Council declares it to be the policy
of the Northwest drainage basins to:
1. Encourage and promote programs for the preservation of surface and
ground waters and the restoration of these waters to the best possi-
ble condition consistent with the public health and welfare; the
propagation and protection of fish, aquatic life, and wildlife; and
the recreational, agricultural, and industrial needs of the area;
2. Insure that the waters of those basins that have not yet been adversely
affected by municipal, agricultural, or industrial development and,
therefore, are of highest possible quality, be preserved in the best
condition consistent with reasonable and beneficial future development;
3. Restore those waters that now exist at levels of quality below that
which is necessary and desirable for the best interests of the people,
to conditions permitting increased beneficial uses by the people of
the area.
In furtherance of this policy, the members of the Pollution Control Council
will be concerned with municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste waters as
well as with water management and related land management practices which tend
to adversely influence water quality.
With these considerations, the Council recommends these revised objectives
of water quality.
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INTRODUCTION
How good is this water? How bad is that water? Will other uses be
affected if this treated waste is discharged to this stream? These wastes
have been going in here for twenty years and haven't hurt anyone; why do
we have to stop now? Pollution control personnel are making decisions daily
on these and similar questions. In the Pacific Northwest area many of these
decisions had as their basis the Water Quality Objectives and Minimum Treat-
ment Requirements promulgated in 1952 by the Pollution Control Council. It
is the basic purpose of this report to set forth updated and revised water
quality objectives which can be used as bases for decision-making.
The revised Water Quality Objectives are presented in a tabular format
similar to the original objectives table, which is appended for reference
purposes. The tabular section has been strengthened by narrative discussions
which are keyed to the table by water use letters (A through G) and water
quality parameters (1 through 12). This system, for example, makes it easy
to refer to square F-3 in discussing the pH of agricultural water supply.
The A-G designations are not intended to rank the uses in terms of best use.
This depends on the stream or section of stream involved and on the uses to
which that section is best suited.
The objectives as used in this report are rules, tests, or guides useful
for making decisions regarding water quality. Objectives of water quality
are a collection of the best available information relating quality parameters
to specific uses. They have no legal authority, but will serve as a guide for
setting standards which carry legal authority. Constant surveillance of new
technology and new uses must be maintained to keep these objectives flexible
and useful.
It is recognized that this is a brief resume of all of the possible
quality parameters and that many items are apparently overlooked. For more
detailed criteria on specific contaminants, a list of references is attached
at the end of this report. Reference 2* is especially valuable and lends
itself well to specialized problems.
This report has been influenced to some extent by the provisions of the
Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, which stipulates that states must adopt
standards on interstate waters within a specified period of time or the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration will set the standards. The
policy of the Pollution Control Council and the objectives contained herein
appear to agree closely with the purpose and intent of the Federal Act and
should therefore prove useful as a basis for the required standards.
In the preparation of these objectives, help was solicited from State
and Federal water pollution control agencies, fish and wildlife groups,
universities, water resources agencies, industries, and agriculture. The
response was fairly good so that the objectives represent a reasonably good
consensus.
* Water Quality Criteria. 2nd Ed., McKee and Wolf, Publication 3A, State
Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, California, 1963.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION
The beneficial uses of domestic water supply, water-based recreation,
growth and propagation of aquatic life, agricultural water supply, and in-
dustrial water supply are affected by natural variations and by man's use
of the water. Each successive use leaves the water less clean for the next
user unless extreme measures are taken to remove all material added by the
use. Water quality objectives are aimed at protecting the downstream user
by prescribing some rules that will keep the used water in the best possible
condition for his use. These rules have changed as concern has progressed
from erosion products through nutrient addition to pesticide impact. Bac-
teriological parameters have progressed from emphasis on MPN, using fermenta-
tion tube techniques, to membrane filter methods for determination of coliform
group, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci. Progress is being made in
the study of probable viral contaminants. Biological studies are under way
to provide indicators of biological activity associated with varying degrees
of pollution or nutrient enrichment. Natural seasonal and geographical vari-
ations in water quality may be sufficient to impair usage requirements. From
the foregoing, it is apparent that protection of downstream uses is closely
allied to preventing the entry of polluting materials over and above those
naturally occurring. The objectives are designed to define water quality
conditions that are necessary to maintain each use so that effluents which
degrade the waters below these conditions can be excluded from the waters.
Some of the terms used in these objectives are described in the follow-
ing glossary to provide a common base for the table and discussion material.
GLOSSARY
Objective
Rule, test, guide, aim or goal useful for making decisions regarding
water quality parameters related to specific uses.
Coliform Group
The coliform group includes all of the aerobic and facultative anaerobic,
nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria which ferment lactose with gas formation
within 48 hours at 35° C. (This designation is equivalent to the older terms
"B-coli group" and "coli-aerogenes group.")
MPN
The most probable number of coliform group organisms per 100 ml as de-
termined by multiple-tube fermentation technique.
MF
Membrane filter technique for determining coliform group concentrations.
Coliform Group Average
The arithmetic mean of a representative number of samples, using MPN or
an equivalent MF procedure.
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JTU
Jackson Turbidity Units are readings from a standard Jackson Candle
turbidimeter. They are based on the light path through a suspension which
causes the image of a flame of a standard candle to disappear.
True Color
Color of the water from which turbidity has been removed, based on a
unit of color being that produced by 1 mg/1 platinum in the form of the
chloroplatinate ion.
Sediment
Inorganic or organic particles originating from weathering, chemical
precipitation, or biologic activity; and transported, suspended, or deposited
by water, air, ice, gravity, organisms, or combinations thereof.
Toxic Matter
Both organic and inorganic constituents may be toxic to people or to the
life in the streams. These toxicants often are not amenable to direct test-
ing and require bioassay for determination of effects.
Lethal concentration dose for 50% of the test organisms.
Primary Treatment
The removal of settleable, suspended, and floatable solids from waste
water by the application of mechanical and/or gravitational forces. In pri-
mary treatment, agitation, aeration, or addition of chemicals may be used to
enhance flocculation and increase efficiency of separation of the solids.
In primary treatment, unit processes such as sedimentation, flotation, screen-
ing, centrifugal action, vacuum filtration, dissolved air flotation, and
others designed to remove settleable, suspended, and floating solids have been
used. Generally, a reduction in dissolved or colloidal solids will also be
obtained in primary treatment, but this effect is incidental and not the
planned purpose of primary treatment.
Secondary Treatment
The removal of dissolved and colloidal materials that in their unaltered
state, as found in waste water, are not amenable to separation through the
application of mechanical means and/or gravitational forces. Secondary treat-
ment is generally accomplished through unit processes such as bio-absorption,
biological oxidation, wet combustion, other chemical reactions, adsorption on
surface-active media, change of phase, or other processes that result in the
removal of colloidal and dissolved solids from waste waters.
Advanced Waste Treatment, Tertiary Treatment, or Reclamation of Waste Waters
These terms have implication with respect to the degree of removal of
impurities, the ultimate being the production of pure water.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (7) is the
basic reference for measurement of chemical, biological, and bacteriological
parameters wherever possible. The current National Shellfish Sanitation Pro-
gram, Manual of Operations (12) is used for shellfish areas. For some of the
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more exotic pollutants such as pesticides, combinations of Federal Food and
Drug Administration tolerances and observed toxicological data prove valuable
for setting objectives.
Because these objectives are water quality objectives, treatment require-
ments have been left to the discretion of the pollution control authority.
It is well to point out, however, that these objectives are designed to help
keep high quality water in the Pacific Northwest. To achieve high quality
water, no one can have a right to pollute; streams cannot be used for trans-
porting wastes; all wastes must be treated to reduce solids, organic mate-
rials, nutrients, or other material to levels that are acceptable for down-
stream uses. This implies that minimum treatment of primary and secondary
is necessary for nearly every stream in the Pacific Northwest.
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DISCUSSION OF TABLE
Narrative descriptions in this discussion are designed to supplement,
explain, and bolster the numerical and descriptive notations in the tabular
format. For each of the water uses (A-G) listed on the table, the narration
contains a general statement and parameter discussions (1-12) .
A. Raw water objectives for domestic water supply without treatment other
than simple chlorination or disinfection and removal of naturally pres-
ent impurities.
General
Natural waters from protected watersheds can be used safely with
proper chlorination if special care is taken in the watershed to ex-
clude human sources of bacterial and viral contamination, and if the
turbidity and organic matter that make chlorination less effective are
controlled. Selective alternate diversion facilities, large storage
reservoirs, and auxiliary sources should be used to the maximum extent
to overcome short natural turbid runoff problems. Positive control of
the human activities in the drainage basin shall be available.
A-l Organisms of the Coliform Group
Natural waters in this area uncontaminated by human activity
will normally have an average coliform MPN of less than 50. Iso-
lated watersheds have been effective for over 60 years in pro-
ducing a good grade of water where short, flash turbidity peaks
are prepared for by selective diversion, storage, etc. The sig-
nificance of MPN should be correlated with a sanitary survey as
to origin. Therefore, the MPN or equivalent MF counts shall
apply where evidence demonstrates that the coliform present may
be associated with fecal sources. Samples from isolated water-
sheds where the stream is slow flowing and wildlife is relatively
abundant may have average monthly MPN's above 50 during summer
warm-water periods. To properly monitor raw water quality where
chlorination alone is used, at least 20% of the number of samples
required for finished water should be run on raw water as addi-
tional sanitary survey samples.
A-2 Dissolved Oxygen
DO is a valuable indicator of overall water quality for a
surface water supply. Good quality surface waters should remain
very close to saturation with oxygen. Departures from 100%
saturation are a measure of oxygen-consuming impurities or of
oxygen-producing biological activity. Abnormally low DO indi-
cates the presence of excessive quantities of wastes having a
high biochemical or chemical oxygen demand. Super-saturation
with oxygen is an indication of excessive algal activity and
nutrient enrichment. DO levels outside the range 75-100% of
saturation denote poor raw water quality which may require
extraordinary treatment to produce a safe, high-quality finished
drinking water.
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The following table extracted from Standard Methods for t^he
Examination of Water and Waste Water, 12th Edition, shows solu-
bility of oxygen at various temperatures and chlorinities:
Table 19 - Solubility of Qxygen_in Water Exposed to Water-Saturated Air*
Temp.
°C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Chloride Concentration in Water - mg/1
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
Difference
per 100 mg
Chloride
Dissolved Oxygen - mg/1
14.6
14.2
13.8
13.5
13.1
12.8
12.5
12.2
11.9
11.6
11.3
11.1
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
10.0
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.4
8.2
8.1
7.9
7.8
7.6
13.8
13.4
13.1
12.7
12.4
12.1
11.8
11.5
11.2
11.0
10.7
10.5
10.3
10.1
9.9
9.7
9.5
9.3
9.1
8.9
8.7
8,6
8.4
8.3
8.1
8.0
7.8
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.3
13.0
12.6
12.3
12.0
11.7
11.4
11.1
10.9
10.6
10.4
10.1
9.9
9.7
9.5
9.3
9.1
9.0
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.3
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.1
7.0
6.9
12.1
11.8
11.5
11.2
11.0
10.7
10.5
10.2
10.0
9.8
9.6
9.4
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.5
11.3
11.0
10.8
10.5
10.3
10.0
9.8
9.6
9.4
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.3
8.1
8.0
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.1
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
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*At a total pressure of 760 mm Hg. Under any other barometric
pressure, P (mm: of P1, in.)» the solubility, S1 (mg/1), can be
obtained from the corresponding value in the table by the equation:
S1 = S p - P
760 - p
in which S is the solubility at 760 mm (29.92 in.) and p is the
pressure (mm) of saturated water vapor at the temperature of the
water. For elevations less than 3,000 ft. and temperatures below
25° C, p can be ignored. The equation then becomes:
s* = s P =
760
Dry air is assumed to contain 20.90% oxygen. (Calculations made by
Whipple and Whipple.)
A-3 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
In general, a good drinking water has a pH between 6.5 and
8.5. Low pH is normally associated with the presence of carbon
dioxide, mineral and organic acids, and salts of strong acids
and weak bases; and can result from the presence of acid-reacting
industrial wastes, swamp waters, or dissolving of naturally occur-
ring, acid-forming mineral salts. Low pH waters are generally
corrosive to metals and are often highly colored and difficult to
coagulate.
High pH is normally associated with the presence of bicar-
bonate and carbonate ions and sometimes with hydroxide, borate
silicate, and phosphate ions. High pH values can result from
alkaline-reacting industrial wastes, intense algal activity,
and dissolution of naturally occurring alkaline salts. High pH
waters are generally hard, deposit-forming, and corrosive to
some metals.
A-4 Turbidity
Turbidity is an indication of the suspended matter measured
by its interference with the passage of light. It is not a direct
equivalent of the amount of suspended matter, since the interfer-
ence is a function of the size and number of suspended particles
that compose a given weight. Turbidity of water is due to the
suspension in it of clay, silt, finely divided organic matter,
microscopic organisms, and similar substances.
Excessive turbidities indicate inordinate fouling of a
stream by natural or artificial causes. Large quantities of
turbidity-causing materials impose heavy loadings on treatment
facilities and, if they are organic or soluble, can impart dis-
solved impurities to the water with resultant deterioration of
quality.
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Turbidity during normal runoff should be less than 5 JTU.
During short periods of time with natural turbid runoff, selective
and alternate diversion, use of storage, or auxiliary sources
should be used to the maximum extent to keep the water clear
enough that it can be effectively disinfected at all times when it
is used for a domestic water supply.
A-5 Temperature
For domestic purposes, water with a temperature below 50° F
(10° C) is usually satisfactory. Water at 60° F (15° C) or higher
can become objectionable. Water system operation should be con-
trolled to keep water below 60° F whenever this is possible. In-
creased temperature may stimulate organic growths and intensify
taste and odor problems. If natural temperatures are in excess
of 60° F, no material of higher temperature should be put into
the waterway.
A-6 Dissolved Inorganic Substances
The USPHS Drinking Water Standards set a limit of 500 mg/1
of dissolved solids. Some natural waters in excess of this value
are used as "medicinal" waters but, in general, dissolved solids
above 500 mg/1 cause high use of soaps and may have cathartic
effects on people who are not used to the water. Natural waters
in excess of 500 mg/1 would have to be treated and would be classed
under B-6,
A-7 Residues
Waters for this use are objectionable if any oils, floating
solids, settleable solids, sludge deposits or sediments are in
evidence. Even small amounts of these residues may react un-
favorably with chlorine to cause objectionable tastes and odors.
A-8 Sediment
Sediment in measurable amounts falls out in reservoirs, in
pipelines, or at points of use of water and therefore should be
excluded where there are no treatment facilities.
A-9 Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances, Pesticides, and
Related Organic and Inorganic Materials
The USPHS Drinking Water Standards list chemical substances
that should not be exceeded:
Substance Concentration in mg/1
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (ABS) 0.5
Arsenic (As) 0.01
Chloride (Cl) 250.0
Copper (Cu) . 1.0
Carbon Chloroform Extract (CCE) 0.2
Cyanide (CN) 0.01
Fluoride (F) 0.7-1.2 Optimum
Iron (Fe) 0.3
Manganese (Mn) 0.05
Nitrate (N03) 45.0
Phenols » 0.001
Sulfate (504) 250.0
Total Dissolved Solids 500.0
Zinc (Zn) 5.0
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Any concentrations of substances in excess of the following list-
ing are cause for rejection of the supply:
Substance Concentration in mg/1
Arsenic (As) 0.05
Barium (Ba) 1.0
Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
Chromium (Hexavalent) (Cr +6) 0.05
Cyanide (CN) 0.2
Fluoride (F) 0.7-1.2 Optimum
Lead (Pb) 0.05
Selenium (Se) 0.01
Silver (Ag) 0.05
A-10 Color
Color as used here is that resulting from natural metallic
ions (iron and manganese), humus and peat materials, plankton,
weeds, and some industrial wastes. Effects of unusual industrial
wastes with high colors would have to be individually determined
on the basis of methods shown in current Standard Methods for in-
dustrial color analyses.
A-11 Radioactivity
Levels of gross radioactivity and concentrations of radio-
nuclides should conform to current USPHS Drinking Water Standards
which are established to insure that the total intake of these
radionuclides from all sources is not likely to result in an
intake greater than that recommended by the Federal Radiation
Council* In addition, all concentrations of radionuclides
should be maintained as far as possible below the maximum per-
missible concentrations for water from all dietary sources
recommended by the International Commission of Radiological Pro-
tection for the population at large. Surveillance must be ade-
quate to provide estimates of average levels and determine trends
to insure that the intake of radionuclides from all sources does
not exceed the established guides proposed for continuous intake
by the general population.
A-12 Aesthetic Considerations
Wherever simple disinfection is the only treatment, the
senses of sight, smell, taste, and touch are good indicators.
Anything that is offensive to these senses is not acceptable in
the water supply.
B. Raw water objectives for domestic water supply with treatment.
General
Although significant advances have been made in water purification,
equipment, and techniques in recent years, we do not yet have all of
the answers regarding the precise relationships between viruses and
human diseases, and also the possible long-term effects of the so-
called exotic wastes, which result from the manufacture and use of
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10
pesticides and from certain industrial wastes. In addition, the poten-
tial for mechanical and human failure or error must always be kept in
mind. For these reasons and for whatever aesthetic values that might
be assignable to any given situation, the general policy of preferen-
tially utilizing the best possible source of raw water should be fol-
lowed. Adequate treatment must be imposed as an additional safeguard
to insure the highest quality water and maximum protection to the
public health.
"Polluted sources should be used only when other sources are eco-
nomically unavailable and then only when the provision of personnel,
equipment, and operating procedures can be depended upon to purify and
otherwise protect the drinking water supply continuously." (USPHS Drink-
ing Water Standards, 1962.)
B-l Organisms of the Coliform Group
Coliform bacteria are admittedly imperfect indicators of bac-
teriological safety or hazard. Fecal streptococci and perhaps
fecal coli to total coliforms ratios might eventually prove to be
better indicators of hazardous contamination. Because of the lack
of even reasonably precise standards using these newer indicators,
the MPN will be continued in use for the present. The criterion
of 2,000 coliforms per 100 milliliters of sample where associated
with fecal sources is considered the upper limit for waters to be
safely used as a source of domestic water supply with ordinary
treatment. Waters ordinarily exceeding this limit should not be
used unless a better source is not reasonably available. When
the dry weather MPN exceeds 2,000, extraordinary precautions must
be taken to ensure the continuous production and delivery of safe
water.
B-2 Dissolved Oxygen
Same as A-2.
B-3 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
Same as A-3.
B-4 Turbidity
Same as A-4.
B-5 Temperature
Not only is temperature important in its own right as a
quality parameter, but it influences the saturation values of
solids and gases that are or can be dissolved in it, and the
rates of chemical, biochemical, and biological activity such
as corrosion, BOD, and growth and death of micro-organisms.
Waters with temperatures greater than 65° F are likely to
support excessive biological and bacterial growths, have a flat,
unpleasant taste, and be generally unappealing as a source of
domestic water supply.
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11
B-6 Dissolved Inorganic Substances
The limit of 500 mg/1 of total dissolved solids as set by
the USPHS Drinking Water Standards for finished water serves as
a guide to the type of treatment necessary. If a treatment sys-
tem cannot reduce the dissolved solids to this level, the water
quality is unsatisfactory.
B-7 Residues
Oils, floating solids, suspended solids, sludge, and sedi-
ment are objectionable because they complicate and increase costs
of treatment and in some cases cannot be satisfactorily removed.
B-8 Sediment
Sediment in general can be removed in water treatment pro-
cedures, but the removal is costly. Therefore, sediment should
be excluded whenever possible.
B-9 Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances
Such materials are generally objectionable as it is not al-
ways possible to depend on water treatment to lower the concen-
trations to acceptable levels.
B-10 Color
Color for this classification has little meaning because it
can be removed by treatment; however, the treatment is costly.
Therefore, a limit of 15 color units has been set as the objective.
B-ll Radioactivity
The permissible levels and surveillance requirements are the
same as in A-ll.
B-12 Aesthetic Considerations
To be aesthetically acceptable, the raw water should contain
no wastes which are offensive to the senses of sight, taste, smell',
or touch. Treatment costs for removal of these materials are high
when compared with conventional treatment costs.
C. Bathing, Swimming, Recreation
general
Waters used for this purpose must be aesthetically acceptable or
people will avoid the areas. Any significant signs of pollutional
material, whether it be sewage, industrial wastes, silt, sediment, or
natural detritus, will cause rejection of the sites by many people.
Waters containing uncontrolled waste discharges above or contiguous
to these points of use constitute an objectionable hazard. None of
the public health surveys to date have shown direct correlations
between waste discharges and water-contact diseases. However, the
potential exists for people to ingest water with pathogenic organisms
and contract the disease through this route. Limits in these criteria
have been set so that pollution will be excluded to prevent the possi-
ble development of public health problems due to water contact. Health
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12
risks associated with swimming in sewage-polluted water appear to be
associated with chance contact with intact aggregates of infected
fecal material. Therefore, treatment equivalent to secondary treat-
ment is indicated for wastes discharged to waters in this use category.
C-l Organisms of the Coliform Group (where associated with fecal
sources)
This has been a controversial issue for many years, due prin-
cipally to the fact that there are insufficient scientific research
and sound epidemiological data upon which to base conclusions. For
this reason, the U. S. Public Health Service has not seen fit to
recommend or establish standards for bathing beach water quality.
Despite this limitation, many State and local agencies have promul-
gated bathing water standards. Most officials accept the viewpoint
that, while the bacterial quality of water for bathing need not be
as high as that for drinking, the water should be reasonably free
of bacteria of sewage origin.
A review of State and local standards shows that coliform con-
centrations for acceptable bathing areas vary widely from 50 to
3,000 bacteria per 100 milliliters. The methods of expression also
vary in terms of the arithmetical mean, the geometrical mean, or
the median of monthly samples. In some cases, the percentage of
samples that may exceed a given limit is indicated. The most widely
utilized criterion is patterned after the ORSANCO objective that the
arithmetical mean coliform density should not exceed 1,000 per 100
milliliters, and that this concentration should not be exceeded in
more than 20% of the samples in any one month. These bacterial
standards have evidently been established arbitrarily on the basis
of aesthetic considerations and compliance ability. None are
founded on sound epidemiological evidence that infections have re-
sulted due to bathing in contaminated water.
From an objective point of view, two approaches have been used
to assess the relationship between the bacterial quality of bathing
water and the incidence of illness in swimmers as compared with non-
swimmers. One approach is based upon the probability of infection--
that is, the ratio of pathogens or viruses to coliform organisms and
the probability that a swimmer might ingest water containing these
agents and become ill. The second approach is based upon epidemio-
logical and statistical study of populations bathing or swimming in
contaminated waters as opposed to non-swimmers or those exposed to
waters of excellent bacterial quality. The studies thus far have
been inconclusive.
In view of the above, it is felt that additional scientific re-
search must be carried out before a sound basis can be established
for a uniform code.
C-2 Dissolved Oxygen
At DO values below 5 mg/1, ecological changes occur which start
to limit production of fish, fish food, and other useful aquatic
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13
life. There is a tendency toward slime and aquatic weed growth,
which make the water less suitable for water-contact purposes.
C-3 p_H
In general, no physiological problems may be expected from
water contact with pH values in the range of 6.5 to 8.5.
C-4 Turbidity
Waters with turbidities exceeding 25 Jackson Turbidity Units
are not good for water-contact uses for three reasons: 1) the
waters are aesthetically not acceptable, 2) there is danger from
unseen submerged matter, and 3) it is not safe for swimming since
the swimmers cannot see the bottom or side configuration. With
certain types of turbidity a lesser value may be necessary fol-
lowing the above line of reasoning. If natural turbidities lie
above this value, no effluent shall be added which has a higher
turbidity.
C-5 Temperature
This appears to be a personal factor. Some persons can stand
either cold or warm waters so that no normal range appears to be
practicable.
C-6 Dissolved Inorganic Substances
People swim, fish, and boat in all types of fresh and salt
waters with no apparent preferences or problems. Therefore, a
limitation on dissolved solids would have no meaning. Excessive
mineral nutrient concentrations should be avoided, however, due
to their enhancement of algal and other aquatic nuisance growths
especially in fresh water lakes.
C-7 Residues
One of the most disheartening sights in a recreation area is
floating debris, scum, or sludge. This is especially true when a
swimmer goes to the bottom and kicks loose a raft of foul-smelling
sludge that has accumulated there. Gravel operations which dis-
charge loads of silt and muddy water also ruin the pleasures of
water-contact uses. Greases, scum, and foam often accumulate on
log rafts or on floating piers and become vocational hazards to
workers.
C-8 Sediment
Sediment should not be in quantities that make it impossible
to see into the water. There should be no interference with nor-
mal ecology of the water system.
C-9 Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances
These materials have not been shown to have any public health
significance in water-contact uses, but provision should be made
to keep some surveillance since they are potentially hazardous.
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C-10 Color
Color above 15 true color units causes people to stay away
because they cannot see into the water.
C-ll Radioactivity
The permissible levels and surveillance requirements are the
same as in Part A; and, in addition, the gross radioactivity and
concentrations of radionuclides accumulating in sediments and
other media from the water should contribute only negligible ex-
posure to persons coming in contact with them. Surveillance
should include the determination of activity in the radionuclide-
accumulating substances.
C-12 Aesthetic Considerations
It has been noted throughout the discussion of this water use
that most restrictions are due to aesthetic considerations. People
will shy away from any area which has floating solids, scum, excess
aquatic growths, or other evidences of pollution. To allow water-
contact use, it is necessary to exclude these unsightly, potentially
harmful materials.
D. Growth and Propagation of Fish
General
Any attempt to establish water quality objectives for biological
life is fraught with factual limitations from the beginning. For every
apparent norm there is a readily available anomaly to be cited. The
wisdom of experience, and knowledge from both the laboratory and field,
would most certainly guide us away from setting exact quality or quantity
figures which may be construed as standards. Unfortunately, actual num-
bers are sometimes the most descriptive means by which values can be con-
veyed for establishing desired conditions in an aquatic environment.
The following narrative is set forth as an attempt to clarify some
of the obvious deficiencies built into the water quality objectives chart
which relates water uses to water quality parameters.
The real meaning of these titles immediately generates confusion
and uncertainty because any water quality considerations for such a
broad array of life must be geared to that type having the narrowest
tolerance range at the highest level of water purity. Thus, in prac-
tical application, the demands for certain water quality conditions
must be tailored predominately to the demands of society.
D-l Organisms of the Coliform Group
The listed MPN value of 1,000/100 ml as an upper level for
aquatic life is most definitely a public health innovation for
the protection of humans rather than lesser animals. Here is
an area where an experienced worker should know that an MPN
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15
finding of 1,000, or more, will very often signify that other
water quality parameters and water uses may be suffering from
inadequately treated sewage.
D-2 Dissolved Oxygen
The study of dissolved oxygen has probably excited the imagi-
nation and ambition of water pollution control workers more than
any other water quality parameter. Saturation or absence of oxy-
gen in water seems to make little sense unless related to aquatic
life, and all research evidence supports having oxygen saturation
as an optimum for higher aquatic life. Human developments make
saturation impractical, perhaps impossible, in many instances.
With presently available knowledge about DO requirements,
DO levels may be recommended for certain specific aquatic life
needs. Dissolved oxygen needs in the Pacific Northwest region
of the United States and Southwest Canada, by no matter of choice,
must be geared to salmonid fishes who are the prima donnas of both
physiological intolerance, migratory uniqueness, and economic im-
portance „
Since most Pacific Northwest fishery types require a naturally
high DO content at all times, there can hardly be a valid argument
presented in opposition to setting an absolute low of 75% saturation.
It must be remembered that any surface waters in this area which are
allowed to degenerate to 75% saturation of dissolved oxygen will
likewise not measure up to quality for many of the other recognized
beneficial uses. A genuine need for very nearly 100% saturation of
DO in spawning, hatching, and early rearing stages of salmonid fishes
has been demonstrated conclusively beyond question both under labora-
tory and under field conditions.
D-3 p_H
The ranges of pH acceptability presented herein are exceedingly
impractical for use over a geographical area as large as we are
attempting to consider under one heading. Natural pH ranges from
6.5 to above 10.0 are known to occur in this region, and tolerant
fish species live quite comfortably at all levels. We must, there-
fore, establish pH criteria for individual water bodies or stream
sections in question. A pH deviation allowance of 0.5 in either
direction from natural occurrence has been suggested as a most
workable guideline in the State of Montana. Careful consideration
and application of this practice will prove reasonable, particu-
larly near the mode of pH ranges in specific waters. It might not
be wise to add another 0.5 to a pH of 10.1 or permit a further
reduction of 0.5 at pH 6.5. Definite knowledge of natural water
quality for specific areas should be applied in determining accept-
able pH ranges.
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D-4 Turbidity
It has been amply demonstrated that acute damage to adult
fish by very high turbidities is minimal and reparable, provided
that the period of exposure is not prolonged, notwithstanding
adverse side effects such as interference with light penetration
and modification of the temperature regime of the water body.
The most critical period in the life history of fish as it con-
cerns turbidity is during the incubation period of the eggs in
redds. Further, nature of the turbidity is important, since
plankton blooms have not been incriminated while inorganic par-
ticulate matter is damaging. The criteria chart figure of "less
than 25" Jackson Turbidity Units was selected because this level
seems to be the point at which turbidity becomes troublesome to
sports fishermen and other recreational enthusiasts. As with
other water quality parameters, turbidity tolerances in accept-
able application are to be governed by a whole array of social
and ecological conditions. Turbidity cannot be related to silta-
tion, since siltation characteristics are a function of velocity,
gradient, and bottom type.
D-5 Temperature
The importance of water-temperature control as it applies to
fish revolves about spawning of adult fish, development of embryos
and young, and disease control during critical periods. No periods
of life are more critical to fish than during reproduction and hot
weather. The temperatures given in the chart for different fish
types and for certain spawning characteristics are at the upper
limits of desirability. They certainly do not apply to all waters,
nor to all fish types.
D-6 Dissolved Inorganic Substances
Dissolved inorganic substances for most fishery management
purposes may be limited to heavy metals in ionic form. These are
specific toxic types, zinc, copper, lead, and other less common
metals. Bioassay evaluation would be necessary for suspected
inorganic wastes. Inorganic nutrients fall into this category and
may have an important effect on the aquatic habitat in addition to
the aesthetic impact on the fishermen. Hence, inorganic nutrients
should be limited to less than eutrophic levels promoting problem
growths of slime, algae, or higher plants.
D-7 Residues
Numerous residue types known to accumulate from wastes would
make a lengthy list, but attention is directed further to harmful
residues resulting from the nutrient stimulation of secondary
growths. Bacterial slime, Sphaerotilus, is a classical example of
secondary growth residue. Enhanced algal and water weed growths
may likewise become objectionable secondary residues. Floating
residues such as oil may have little effect on water quality but
are definitely deleterious to waterfowl even in small quantities.
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D-8 Sediment
Sediment that closes pores in the stream bottoms or that inter-
feres with normal ecology should be excluded.
D-9 Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances
Toxic or other deleterious substances are listed in a composite
grouping of materials causing many of the more subtle environmental
aberrations. The effects of these are usually most accurately eval-
uated through sophisticated bioassays. Non-lethal effects involving
tastes and odors to fish flesh, or causing avoidance reactions, would
fit this category. Some overlapping is certain to develop among cate-
gories D-7 through D-ll on the chart.
Pesticides and related compounds have been studied extensively
for their effects on aquatic life, but there is still much unknown
about their total effect upon an aquatic ecosystem. Recent experi-
ences and research in Oregon have centered around herbicide wastes
imparting objectionable tastes and odors to the flesh of migratory
fish. When we are dealing with highly toxic substances, the working
philosophy must always be, "How much can we keep out of the water?"
and not, "How much can we put into it?"
Oregon State University, Department of Agricultural Chemistry
(16), prepared a summary table listing FDA tolerances and toxico-
logical data for aquatic organisms. Most of the data concern fish
life. In some cases, varying experimental conditions on toxico-
logical tests cause multiple values for a particular organism.
Even so, it is felt that these toxicological values are more sig-
nificant than the FDA tolerances. It is believed from data avail-
able that a reasonable water quality objective would be 0.001 of
the LC5Q for the most sensitive organism on 96-hour exposure.
D-10 Color
Any color over 50 units would tend to block out sunlight and
interfere with propagation of fish food organisms.
D-ll Radioactivity
Uncontrolled radioisotopes are a far-reaching concern in our
nuclear age. All phases of their production and usage are rigidly
regulated, so it is generally the accidental loss of dangerous
types to the environment that causes alarm.
As power reactors become commonplace, both radioactive parti-
cles and thermally heated waters will require concentrated regula-
tory attention. Radioisotopes, like pesticides, must be studied on
their individual merits and knowledge therefrom applied to specific
cases or hydrological situations. Public health regulations will
govern the existence of isotopes at large.
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D-12 Aesthetic Considerations
Aesthetic considerations are mostly for humans who may be
seeking recreational enjoyment through fishing or other water
uses.
E. Shellfish Growth and Propagation
General
Shellfish have not received attention separately from fin fish
in earlier guides to water quality criteria in the Pacific Northwest,
and to give them a place of distinction at this time may be inviting
criticism for the dearth of specific data from which criteria were
developed. If this section does nothing more than create an increased
awareness of the water quality needs for shellfish and their importance
as marine products of commerce, it will have served its intended purpose,
In the matters of water quality criteria, shellfish biologists are
almost as quiet and tight-lipped as their subjects. Individually and
collectively, they would rather remain mute than proffer water quality
parameters which might prove difficult to live with at a later date.
Consequently, the parameters in Line E on the water quality chart are
described in very general terms.
E-l Organisms of the Coliform Group
Maximum allowable coliform bacteria levels in waters over
shellfish growing grounds are set by the USPHS as a means of
safeguarding public consumers from waterborne diseases which may
be transmitted via shellfish. At the time of this writing, the
upper MPN limit is a median of 70/100 ml, subject to certain
statistical manipulations for a series of samples. Even though
this method has long been employed as a guideline to the accept-
ance or rejection of products going into interstate shipment,
there has not yet been developed a workable correlation between
the incidence of coli bacteria and other pathogenic bacteria or
virus types. Refined techniques are continually being sought,
and it seems likely that field measurements will soon shift from
coli types to the more significant, virulent fecal streptococci
species.
E-2 Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen guidelines for shellfish are based upon
known productive ranges for oyster larvae and adults under labora-
tory conditions. Substantially greater variations in DO afield
are known to exist, but how these ranges may relate to all shell-
fish types remains little understood. For example, the burrowing
types by necessity must survive limited periods of low DO. The
critical period for survival in shellfish propagation is definitely
through the egg and larval stages, and all laboratory studies bear-
ing upon the developmental stages conclude that DO saturation is
the optimum condition.
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E-3 p_H
Proper pH in waters for shellfish production appears to be
more critical than previously thought by growers and researchers.
Recent studies on oyster larvae at the Oregon State University
laboratory reliably demonstrate that larvae do not "lay down"
calcareous shell material in waters with a pH below 7.5. With
such information pertaining to a major shellfish industry, there
can be no hesitancy shown in adopting pH 7.8 as the lower level
of acceptance. Marine waters of the Pacific Northwest are com-
monly found at pH 8.3 - 8.4.
E-4 Turbidity
Turbidity levels for shellfish waters must be dealt with
solely on the basis of turbidity components. The bulk of shell-
fish food comes from turbidity-causing plankton blooms, laced
with innumerable bacterial types. These items are pumped through
the shellfish body and "strained" out as food. Turbidity of in-
organic, earthen origin can be exceptionally harmful to shellfish
when it replaces regular food types. Mud will not substitute for
food. Prolonged exposure to earthen turbidity brings about poor
body condition and increased mortality rates in adults. There is
strong evidence that such turbidity is likewise deleterious to
free-swimming larval stages; and, in addition, it causes their
premature settling to the bottom, which is lethal.
E-5 Temperature
Temperature, as a water quality parameter for shellfish, can
be neither easily described nor prescribed within definite limits.
There are optimum ranges to be reported, if a specific species re-
quirement is wanted. Unusual temperature circumstances surround
the propagation of shellfish and their production for edible
products. Some types do not spawn except in the upper ranges of
Pacific Northwest estuarine or marine water temperatures, Con-
trarily, if they are held at higher temperatures, their bodies
persist in a watery flaccid flesh condition which is not at all
salable as a palatable market product. Thus, the annual tempera-
ture fluctuation for shellfish propagation and production must
necessarily range to the upper 64° - 68° F level for spawning and
drop to 45° - 50° F for edible body condition. Temperature must
be related to time and species. Freezing, of course, is fatal to
shellfish.
E-6 Dissolved Inorganic Substances
Dissolved inorganic substances in the nature of heavy metals
are especially lethal to larval shellfish types at very low con-
centrations. Bioassay data would be most useful in deciding the
fate of inorganic wastes which are suspected of being inimical or
fatal to shellfish at any life stage. The conditions of each
shellfish-waste situation should be evaluated individually for
safest water quality control.
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E-7 Residues
The matter of waste residues being objectionable to shell-
fish is hardly without exception. Beyond the free swimming larval
stages they live a sedentary demersal life — literally at the bot-
tom of the sea. Even the residues of natural decay exist as a
paramount threat to shellfish survival; perhaps the burying by
shifting sand and associated debris is the greatest single hazard
to estuarine species. These animals without means of locomotion
for escape need greater protection than motile aquatic types.
E-8 Sediment
Same as D-8.
E-9 Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances
"Freedom from toxic, colored, or other deleterious substances"
is a self-explanatory grouping of materials which may not readily
fit with or be only partially applicable to the general water
quality parameter categories. Colored wastes would probably have
little or no direct effect upon a color-blind oyster, but they
could completely upset food cycles through the dimming of sun-
light penetration. In similar thinking, one may recall instances
when wastes would cause objectionable tastes and odors in food
flesh and not measurably harm the animal.
The relationship of pesticides to shellfish has in recent
years created some highly complex situations of animal toxicity,
and human emotion. As would be expected, the free-swimming larval
forms are the first ones to show a susceptibility to pesticide
poisoning. Much more research evidence is needed in this area of
water pollution control. There is a growing usage of selected
pesticides by oyster farmers for the eradication of noxious preda-
tors and competitors upon their oyster beds. This practice is
visually effective for the prime purpose, but virtually nothing
is known of secondary or cumulative effects on the environment.
Oregon State University, Department of Agricultural Chemistry
(16) prepared a summary table listing FDA tolerances and toxico-
logical data for aquatic organisms. Most of the data concern fish
life. In some cases varying experimental conditions in toxicologi-
cal tests cause multiple values for a particular organism. Even
so, it is felt that these toxicological values are more significant
than the FDA tolerances. It is believed from data available that a
reasonable water quality objective would be 0.001 of the LC5Q for
the most sensitive organism on 96-hour exposure.
E-10 Color
Color above 50 units prevents light penetration and interferes
with propagation of aquatic organisms.
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E-ll Radioactivity
Shellfish tend to concentrate radioactive particles during
the process of pumping large volumes of water through their bodies
to meet food, respiration, and body waste removal needs. There
are research data available in abundance on this subject. Shell-
fish are analyzed for radioisotope concentrations on a routine
basis by the numerous State and Federal radiological monitoring
programs in operation in the Pacific Northwest.
E-12 Aesthetic Considerations
Aesthetic considerations are mostly for humans who may be
seeking recreational enjoyment through fishing or other water
uses.
P. Agricultural Water Supply
General
The concept of setting water quality criteria for irrigation use
is acceptable within general limits, but is, in fact, the reverse of
actual practice. Generally, soils are selected which are deemed suit-
able for the production of crops with the existing water quality,
quantity, climate, and location. General criteria include concentra-
tion (salinity), sodium relations (alkalinity, sodium percentage, or
sodium adsorption ratio), boron concentration, and residual sodium
carbonate, but are influenced greatly by water quantities, soil
characteristics, and management.
Stock water criteria are not as critical in concentration as
drinking water criteria for most constituents. Total salinity in ex-
cess of 10,000 mg/1 has been rated as acceptable for stock-watering
purposes, while small concentrations of nitrates, fluorides, selenium,
and molybdenum are of concern. Of more concern are toxic algae.
Although no evidence is at hand to document occurrence of infection in
cattle or hogs subjected to sewage or effluent, the risk of contamina-
tion should warrant the prohibition of such practice. Some animal
diseases and parasites are suspected of being transmitted by water
from dairy or slaughterhouse sources and should provide enough evi-
dence to avoid using such water as a precautionary measure or, better
yet, to keep such wastes out of the watercourse.
F-l Organisms of the Coliform Group
From the foregoing discussion, it may be concluded that high
bacterial counts in water would make it undesirable for livestock
watering. If contact concentration criteria for coliform organisms
average less than 1,000 per 100 ml, the limits should be the same
for general farm use, and less for irrigation use when fruits or
vegetables are consumed raw and irrigated within thirty days prior
to harvest.
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F-2 Dissolved Oxygen
Some evidence of greater effectiveness of fertilizer and
growth has been related to dissolved oxygen in irrigation water
for some areas. With no other evidence, perhaps a nuisance-
avoidance level of three mg/1 should be recommended. Successful
irrigation with ground water with levels of DO less than 3 mg/1
or intentional heavy loading of wastes in land disposal practices
has produced acceptable levels of growth.
F-3 jDH
There is a wide range of pH in the natural waters of the
basin. East of the Cascades there is a general alkaline level
up to 8.5, while west of the Cascades the levels may range about
6.5. If the pH is shifted, the equilibrium will shift, and it may
not be balanced to the natural environment; thus it appears logi-
cal to limit any change to 0.5 unit from the natural environment.
F-4 Turbidity
Turbidity, unless caused by suspended soil particles, would
not apply. The closing of the pore space in the soil results in
reduced infiltration rates and less efficiency of irrigation
application. Deposition in head gates, canals, and laterals
causes excessive maintenance costs. There is no concentration
which would prohibit its use, but a reasonable concentration up
to 200 JTU may be a desirable goal unless from natural causes.
F-5 Temperature
Cold waters have a physiological shock on plants and absorb
thermal energy when the air and ground temperatures are greater
than the applied water temperatures. A range of 60° to 70° F
(15° to 21° C) is suggested, or not more than 1 10° F (5° C) de-
parture from the mean daily air temperature, but not exceeding
90° F.
F-6 Dissolved Inorganic Substances
The acceptability of the dissolved solids concentration of
water for irrigation is determined by the soils, crop, climate,
quantity of water applied, and character of the dissolved con-
stituents as discussed in the foreword. The suggested levels of
specific electrical conductivity of 1,500 micromhos @ 25° C, SAR
of less than 2.5, sodium percentage less than 60%, residual car-
bonate of less than 1.25 me/1, and boron less than 0.3 mg/1 would
be suitable for most soils and crops under most conditions. This
does not preclude use of water with concentrations exceeding these
values but, in general, less than these levels would be desirable.
Although trace concentrations of heavy metals are desirable to
avoid crop-demand deficiencies, there should be less than concen-
trations found to be toxic to the plant or undesirable in the crop
or its residues. Stock watering was discussed in the foreword.
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F-7 Residues
Reduced yields have been experienced when irrigation water
was contaminated by petroleum products and infiltration reduced.
Slimes and aquatic growths increase maintenance costs and create
operational problems.
F-8 Sediment
The impact of sediment on irrigation water use depends on the
size and concentration of particles and the method of application
and use. Excessive wear of sprinkler nozzle heads and fittings
occurs when any sediment of very fine sand (0.074 mm) or coarser
size is present in the distribution system. The extent of wear
by concentrations of silt-size particles is not known, but a mini-
mal concentration of fine sediment is desirable. Settling ponds
and filters will be required to precondition sediment-bearing water
for sprinkler use.
Extended application of irrigation water at a suspended sedi-
ment load concentration higher than 200 mg/1 tends to close pore
space in the soil, thereby reducing infiltration rates, and may
lower the efficiency of application. Recharge of underground
basins by prolonged spreading of water that contains suspended
sediment load concentrations higher than 200 mg/1 tends to clog
the pores and reduce the intake rate. Acceptable concentrations
above minimal levels depend on the duration of use and character-
istics of the soil or soil material on which the water is being
applied or spread.
Water containing sediment has not been found to be injurious
to livestock. However, stock consume more clear water, thereby
resulting in greater gains in weight.
The effect of sediment on agricultural water facilities in-
cludes deposition in head gates, canals and laterals, irrigation
reservoirs, and stock ponds. The result can be higher maintenance
costs or loss of needed water storage capacity.
F-9 Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances
The toxicity of trace metals was discussed in F-7. Limits
would be concentrations in amounts less than those known to have
significant effect.
F-10 Color
For this use, color seldom presents any problems.
F-ll Radioactivity
In the absence of specific values, the limits set by USPHS
and NCR for drinking water would apply for stock water. The effect
on soils, soil organisms, and crops is not well known. Soils are
a good absorbent; crops assimilate radioactive elements. Studies
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of movement of elements through soils and of assimilation (and
concentration) by crops have been made, using radioactive-tagged
elements. Due to decay rates and absorbance, it is doubtful if
there is extensive effect of radioactive materials from water
on crops. Use of the crops and concentration of elements, like
the ingestion of forage by dairy cattle and the appearance of
radioactive nuclides in the milk, suggest that levels of radio-
active material in water for crops should be set as low as drink-
ing water standards until further investigation shows otherwise.
F-12 Aesthetic Considerations
Irrigation water should not contain any floating, suspended,
or dissolved solids from domestic or industrial wastes. Levels
of nutrients should be less than those causing excessive aquatic
growths.
G. Industrial
General
Industrial water users are generally willing to accept for most
processes, water that meets drinking water standards. Any peculiar
requirements for special use such as electronic tubes, food and bever-
age, brewing, high pressure boilers, etc., are recognized by industry
as the responsibility of the user. One characteristic which is desir-
able is that the concentrations of the various constituents should re-
main relatively constant.
The amount of water used by industry varies widely, as does the
percent used for process, for plant workers, and for carrier and cool-
ing water. With the exception of the pulp and paper industry, 75% to
95% of the water needs are for cooling. Hence, only a small portion
of the water requirements for most industries must meet the more strict
requirements for process use.
In the Pacific Northwest, the major demands for industrial water
are for the pulp and paper and non-ferrous metal (principally aluminum)
industries.
G-l Organisms of the Coliform Group
It is believed that any industrial water with which the worker
can come in contact (handling, etc.) should conform to the coliform
limits for swimming and recreation.
G-2 Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen in many cases is not desirable for process
water, since it may cause corrosion or enter into chemical reac-
tions. Since most of the water is for cooling, the oxygen content
may not be applicable.
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25
G-3 pj
The pH usually can be adjusted to desirable levels for process
water. Cooling and transport preferably would be on the alkaline
side of neutrality.
G-4 Turbidity
In industrial water, abrasion would be the most objectionable
property of materials causing turbidity. Process water may have to
be treated.
G-5 Temperature
Not especially limiting.
G-6 Dissolved Inorganic Substances
Dissolved solids in process water may have to be treated. Con-
stant concentrations are desirable so treatment does not have to be
varied.
G-7 Residues
Residues should be treated before discharge, but industry does
not consider this a limiting problem because it can treat the water
for almost any of its purposes.
G-8 Sediment
Sediment is expensive to remove, as well as difficult, and
should be excluded at the source whenever possible.
G-9 Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances
Toxic materials in cooling and carrier water may not be criti-
cal; in process water they may require treatment.
G-10 Color
Highly colored waters tend to interfere with some industrial
processes. Color is expensive to remove and should not be added
if it is possible to exclude it at the source.
G-ll Radioactivity
Workers should not be subjected to exposure to radioactivity,
nor should radioactivity be incorporated in the industrial product.
G-12 Aesthetic Considerations
Certainly aesthetics may be as important to an industrial
worker as to a recreationist. Therefore, there should be no sus-
pended, floating, or dissolved matter; or scums, oils, or other
objectionable material in water supplies for industrial use.
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SELECTED REFERENCES
1. Water Quality Objectives, Pollution Control Council, Pacific Northwest
Area, 1952 (Revised 1959).
2, Water Quality Criteria, 2nd Ed., McKee and Wolf, Publication 3A, State
Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, California, 1963.
3. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., 1962.
4. Water Quality Criteria, George W. Burke, Division of Water Supply and
Pollution Control, DHEW, PHS, Washington, D. C., 1964.
5. Influence of Dissolved Oxygen on Freshwater Fisheries. Progress Report.
USPHS Research Grant WP 135, Oregon State University, October 1964.
6. "Water Quality Criteria - Stream vs. Effluent Standards," Harold L. Jacobs,
Ira N. Gabrielson, Robert K. Horton, Walter A. Lyon, Earle C. Hubbard,
and Gordon E. McCallum, Journal WPCF. 37,, No. 3, March 1965, pp. 292-315.
7. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. APHA, WPCF,
AWWA, Current Edition.
8. "Folklore in Water Quality Standards," P. H. McGauhey, Civil Engineering.
June 1965.
9. The Crises in Criteria (Why Standards are Stultified). John E. Kinney,
ASTM National Meeting on the Control of Water Quality, Philadelphia,
May 13, 1965,
10. Who Controls Our Water Quality? John E. Kinney, International Water Quality
Symposium, Washington, D. C., August 25, 1965.
11. Water Quality Act of 1965. Public Law 89-234, 89th Congress, S. 4,
October 1965.
12. National Shellfish Sanitation Program, Manual of Operations. 1965 Revision,
Part I, Sanitation of Shellfish Growing Areas; Part II, Sanitation of the
Harvesting and Processing of Shellfish.
13. "Biological Evaluation of Polluted Streams," Kenneth M. Mackenthun, Journal
WPCF, February 1966.
14. The Development of Disinfection Standards, H. B. Fosler and H. F. Collins,
California Department of Public Health, Berkeley, California, 1965.
15. "A Lawyer Looks at Stream Pollution," William M. Gross, Civil Engineering.
April 1965.
16. Correspondence from Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State Uni-
versity, Table listing FDA Tolerances and Toxicological Data for Aquatic
Organisms, July 1966.
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