FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHWEST REGIONAL OFFICE
INVENTORY OF
RESEARCH PROJECTS
in the pacific northwest
January 1, 1969
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INVENTORY OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
IN THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
January 1, 1969
United States Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Northwest Region
501 Pittock Block, Portland, Oregon 97205
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PREFACE
This report provides a summary of research projects funded
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in the
Pacific Northwest. The inventory includes research, development,
demonstration, and training grants active as of December 31, 1968,
and research fellowships active or awarded during the period of
July 1, 1967 through December 31, 1968, in the States of Alaska,
Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington.
The purpose of the summary is to facilitate interagency
communication and to stimulate new inquiry into areas of research
needing additional emphasis.
The principal investigators who initiated the projects are
listed. However, there is the possibility, for a variety of
reasons, that the current, actual principal investigator may not
be the same as the person who initiated the project.
Mention of commercial products does not imply endorsement
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Sections 5 and 6 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
Public Law 660, as amended, authorize, the award of grants to
support research, demonstration, and training activities which
contribute directly or indirectly to the prevention and control
of water pollution* The projects are concerned with a variety
of problems: improvement of water quality, conservation of public
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water supplies, propagation of fish and aquatic life and wildlife,
and preservation of water quality for recreational, agricultural,
industrial, and other legitimate uses. The types of projects
available follow:
Research Grants and Contracts are awarded to public or private
agencies, institutions, and to individuals for the conduct of basic
and applied research relating to the causes, control, and prevention
of water pollution. They support projects directed toward the dis-
covery and development of new information and technology in the
chemical, physical, biological, and social sciences, in engineering,
and in administrative aspects related to:
1. Identification of pollutants
2. Fate and persistence of pollutants
3. Effects of pollutants on water uses
4. Treatment processes
5. Non-treatment methods of pollution control
6. Ultimate disposal of pollutants
Demonstration Grants and Contracts are awarded to public or
private agencies, institutions, and to individuals to assist in inves-
tigations and studies of an applied nature, and to develop and demon-
strate the feasibility of new methods related to the causes, control,
and prevention of water pollution. They are designed to evaluate
the application of research findings, and to expedite incorporation
of new knowledge into routine pollution control practice.
ii
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts are specifically
for storm and combined sewer, advanced waste treatment, and
industrial waste treatment projects.
(a) Storm and Combined Sewer Grants are awarded to
states and interstate agencies, municipalities and intermunicipal
agencies; whereas, Storm and Combined Sewer Contracts are awarded
to public or private agencies, institutions, and to individuals.
Both grants and contracts are designed to assist projects which
will develop and/or will demonstrate a new or improved method of
controlling the discharge into any waters of untreated or inadequately
treated sewage or other wastes from sewers which carry storm water
or both storm water and sewage or other wastes.
(b) Advanced Waste Treatment Grants are awarded to
states and interstate agencies, municipalities, and intermunicipal
agencies; whereas, Advanced Waste Treatment Contracts are awarded
to public and private agencies, institutions, and to individuals.
These projects are designed to assist in the development and/or
demonstration of advanced waste treatment and water purification
methods (including the temporary use of new or improved chemical
additives which provide substantial immediate improvement in
existing treatment processes), or new or improved methods of
joint treatment systems for municipal and industrial wastes.
(c) Industrial Waste Treatment Grants and Contracts
are awarded to public and private agencies, institutions, and
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to individuals to support research and demonstration projects for
the prevention of pollution of waters by industry including, but
not limited to, treatment of industrial wastes.
For details on how to apply for research grants and contracts,
write to:
Office of Research and Development, Northwest Region
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
501 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205
OR
Project Coordination
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Washington, D. C. 20242
Training Grants and Research Fellowships are authorized in
Section 5 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Public Law 660,
as amended. The purposes of these grants are to encourage cooperation
with, and to assist appropriate agencies, institutions, and individuals
in the conduct of training relating to the causes, control, and preven-
tion of water pollution.
To obtain details concerning these awards and to request forms
for the submission of applications, write to:
Division of Manpower and Training
Office of Operations
Training Grants Branch
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Washington, D. C. 20242
iv
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CONTENTS
PREFACE i
SUMMARY OF PROJECTS 1
RESEARCH GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
University of Alaska 5
University of Idaho 11
University of Montana 12
Oregon State University 14
Seattle University 39
State of Washington
Department of Fisheries 40
University of Washington 41
Washington State University 58
Western Washington State College 64
Battelle Northwest 65
DEMONSTRATION GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
University of Alaska 69
Oregon State University 70
Washington State University 71
ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
Storm and Combined Sewer 75
Advanced Waste Treatment ..... 78
Industrial Waste Treatment 81
TRAINING GRANTS AND RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS
Training Grants 91
Research Fellowships 101
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SUMMARY OF PROJECTS
Number Number
Grants Institutions Projects
Active December 31, 1968
Research Grants 10 60
Demonstration Grants 3 3
Engineering Development
Grants and Contracts
a. Storm & Combined
Sewer 3 3
b. Advanced Waste
Treatment 3 3
c. Industrial Waste 5 6
Training Grants 5 8
Active or Awarded July lt 1967 Through December 31, 1968
Fellowships 4 17
Amounts
Awarded
$1,775,776
83,168
1,557,706
1,063,522
1,934,253
430,266
74,358
Total Grants 33 100 $6,919,049
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RESEARCH GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: COMPREHENSIVE STUDY PLAN FOR COOK INLET, ALASKA
Principal Investigator: DR. CHARLES E. BEHLKE
Institute of Water Resources
University of Alaska
Project Number: 14-12-449
Amount: $26,957
Summary
Purpose of the contract is to prepare a work plan which
can be used for the logical collection and collation of technical
data to be used in managing the water quality of Cook Inlet,
Alaska. The plan will include, but not be limited to, the
delineation of study areas which can be investigated as separate
units, the description of the most important sampling stations,
the enumeration and significance of each parameter to be inves-
tigated, a schedule of cruises and their duration, and the
assignment of priorities, cost estimates, and resources neces-
sary to accomplish each segment of the plan.
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: ALASKA ESTUARINE INVENTORY AND COOK INLET CASE STUDY
Principal Investigator: Dr. CHARLES E. BEHLKE
Institute of Water Resources
University of Alaska
Project Number: 14-12-479
Amount: $19,999
Summary
Purpose of the contract is to assemble existing data on
the estuaries and estuarine zones of Alaska needed for the
estuarine inventory being carried out as part of the National
Estuarine Pollution Study. Specifically documented will be
the managing entities, water quality, sediments, uses, sources
of pollution, use damages, and past and current studies. No
new data will be collected under this contract.
A narrative statement of the effects of waste discharges
on Cook Inlet is to be prepared. The Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration will use this case study to compare
pollution problems in Cook Inlet with those in estuaries of
similar bathymmetry, hydrology, and circulation, but located
in more temperate climate.
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: DYNAMICS OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE IN LAKES
Principal Investigator: DR. VERA A. DUGDALE BILLAUD
Institute of Marine Science
University of Alaska
Project Number: WP-00422
Amount: $51,222
Summary
The project is investigating dynamics of the nitrogen cycle
in lakes to afford an understanding of the relative in situ
significance of the various transformations within the cycle
and their importance in determining the distribution, availa-
bility, and biological utilization of inorganic nitrogen sources.
The role of nitrogen fixation in adding nitrogen to the system
and nitrification followed by denitrification in removing nitrogen
is of special interest.
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8 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN ALASKA PERMAFROST GROUND WATER
Principal Investigator: DR. NORMAN J. BIRKHOLZ
Department of Chemistry
University of Alaska
Project Number: WP-01018
Amount: $18,964
Summary
Gas and thin layer chromatography and spectra are being used
to detect and identify trace organic compounds in well waters
associated with the interior Alaska permafrost regime. Surface
waters and soil samples are being similarly investigated to the
extent that they can clarify the origin of organics at deeper
levels. Changes in trace organics will be studied during the
development of a well. It is desirable to be able to predict
water quality (with respect to organics) by area and to suggest
improved methods of water treatment based on knowledge of the
organics present and their chemistry.
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION
Principal Investigator: DR. D. K. BUTTON
Institute of Marine Science
University of Alaska
Project Number: WP-01240
Amount: $29,607
jjuromary
The single major process that mediates the conversion of the
world's non-living biomass to reusable components is microbial
degradation. The effort here is directed toward understanding
this process as it occurs in nature with particular reference
to aquatic systems. Since rates are normally controlled here
by chemical concentrations, it is useful to describe this
relationship. These extracellular components may have a
process-supporting, neutral or inhibitory effect.
Since heavy metal pollution is a growing phenomenon in
our waters due to mining, industry, and car exhaust; and since
the nature of enzymes is to bind available heavy metals with
a concomitant alteration in catalytic ability, this project
is directed toward examining heavy metal poisoning of micro-
organisms in theory and as it occurs in Alaskan mining areas.
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10
Research Grants and Contracts
Title: ECOLOGY AND NITROGEN CYCLE IN A MARINE PLANT COMMUNITY
Principal Investigator: DR. JOHN J. GOERING
Institute of Marine Science
University of Alaska
Project Number: WP-01246
Amount: $29,836
Summary
The physiological ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina) commu-
nities are being examined concurrently with the dynamics of the
nitrogen cycle in a lagoon on Alaska's Bering Sea coast. Natural
conditions are being compared with those in an area receiving
untreated sewage. This includes an examination of the relation-
ship between the primary producers and nitrogen cycle, with
emphasis on the role of nitrogen in the total community produc-
tivity. Also under examination is the control of the environment
on the growth and morphology of eelgrass. The contribution of
organic matter, particulate and dissolved, from the eelgrass
communities to near-shore oceanic food webs is also being inves-
tigated.
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Research Grants and Contracts 11
Title: POLLUTION EFFECTS ON ADULT STEELHEAD MIGRATION
Principal Investigator: DR. DON W. CHAPMAN
College of Forestry
University of Idaho
Project Number: WP-01278
Amount: $41,029
Summary
This study will determine the effects of kraft pulping
wastes upon populations of adult steelhead trout migrating
through a newly constructed reservoir on the Snake River in
Idaho. Physical and chemical changes observed in the stream-
to-reservoir transition are being related to fish spawning
and migrations. Using sonic and standard Petersen fish tags,
the project is assessing the reactions of migrating fish to
the altered ecological conditions resulting from reservoir
filling and kraft effluent discharge into the reservoir.
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12 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS OF AQUATIC INSECTS
Principal Investigator: DR. ARDEN R. GAUFIN
Department of Zoology
University of Montana
Project Number: 14-12-438
Amount: $72,750
Summary
The objectives of this project are to determine the
dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH requirements of
14 species of aquatic insects. Completion of the research
should make possible reasonably accurate estimations of
the effects to be expected for each of the three factors
over a range of concentrations from lethal to that of no
adverse effect. Special effort is being made to study egg
production and survival whenever possible.
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Research Grants and Contracts 13
Title: DETECTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ENZOOTIC WATER POLLUTION
Principal Investigator: DR. MITSURU NAKAMURA
Department of Microbiology
University of Montana
Project Number: WP-00824
Amount: $16,560
Summary
This project is designed to contribute to the general
knowledge regarding the importance of animal pollution and
its effect on water quality. The investigator is attempting
to qualitatively determine the bacterial, protozoan, and
metazoan populations of the feces of domestic and game animals;
i.e., elk, moose, deer, mountain sheep, goats, smaller mammals,
and birds. The project's development of methods for differen-
tiating between human and non-human fecal pollution of water
and determining the type and extent of such pollution will be
a significant aid to epidemiological studies and to surveil-
lance of water supplies.
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14 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SERVICES FOR THE ANALYSIS
OF DATA AND DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS FOR CERTAIN FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMS
Principal Investigator: DR. DON D. AUFENKAMP
Department of Mathematics
Oregon State University
Project Number: 14-12-440
Amount: $14,100
Summary
Oregon State University's computer center is providing
mathematical and computer services for the analysis of data
and design of experiments for the following FWPCA programs:
Fate of Pollutants in Coastal Waters
Eutrophication
Power Production
Paper and Allied Products
Forestry and Management
The center's services are being integrated into the
operating programs of FWPCA1s Corvallis Laboratory facility
on a trial basis, providing rapid analyses for decision-
making in the Corvallis Laboratory's experimental programs.
The computer services will also be used to determine FWPCA1s
future needs and types of mathematical services.
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: TIDAL FLATS IN ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
Principal Investigator: DR. DAVID A. BELLA
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01385
Amount: $41,302
Summary
Recently developed finite-difference modeling procedures
are being applied as research tools to study the factors which
determine water quality. The research will integrate finite-
difference calculations with field and laboratory measurements.
The calculations will serve as guides as to where and when
field measurements might most profitably be taken, while the
field measurements will refine the calculations. Special
emphasis is being placed on the study of tidal flats and sloughs
which flood and drain during the tidal cycle.
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16 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: RELATIONS OF NUISANCE ALGAE TO FISHES IN KLAMATH LAKE
Principal Investigator: DR. CARL E. BOND
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00625
Amount: $15,900
Summary
Fish distribution, both seasonal and spatial, in relation
to concentrations of blue-green algae, is being studied in
Upper Klatnath Lake, Oregon. Involved are investigations of
water quality variations, attributable to presence or decay of
algae, which might directly affect fishes. In addition, the
influence of algae production on bottom deposits and benthic
organisms is being investigated. Relationships of benthos and
plankton to fish are to be established by analysis of stomach
contents. Relative abundance of fishes is being established
by catch per unit effort of nets set in three zones of the
lake.
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Research Grants and Contracts 17
Title: PULP MILL EFFLUENT DISPOSAL
Principal Investigator: FRED J. BURGESS
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00524
Amount: $24,485
Summary
The project objective is to investigate the area and degree
of biological influence from a typical ocean outfall from kraft
pulp mill. An engineering-biological study is being conducted,
combining presently known methods for measuring or determining
waste dispersion, degradation and/or reduction in biological
oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, Pearl-Benson Index, and
other physical measures with biological measures developed in
previous research such as toxicity to the embryo of the bay
mussel, the Pacific oyster, and other life forms.
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18 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: AIRPHOTO ANALYSIS OF OCEAN OUTFALL DISPERSION
Principal Investigator: FRED J. BURGESS
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01383
Amount: $52,432
Summary
The general objective of this research is to develop a
remote sensing tool for evaluating the dispersion of wastes
from existing or proposed ocean outfalls. Specific objectives
are to (1) develop a set of characteristic airphoto pattern
elements for estimating diffusion coefficients; (2) determine
the relationship between photographic film density and waste
concentration; and (3) determine the optimum film-filter
combination for plume delineation and waste concentration
measurement.
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Research Grants and Contracts 19
Title: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Principal Investigator: DR. EMERY N. CASTLE
Department of Agricultural Economics
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00107
Amount: $18,072
Summary
This project proposes to: (1) identify the items of economic
value that are sacrificed if pollution is not controlled in a par-
ticular case study situation (Yaqulna Bay) and, insofar as possible,
determine the unit prices and physical quantities of these items;
(2) determine the cost of alternative engineering plans designed to
provide for varying degrees of pollution control; (3) relate these
variables in a mathematical model that will permit the unknown phys-
ical, biological and economic data to be isolated; and (4) relate
the unknown variables to needed research in the physical, biolog-
ical, and economic fields.
This work involves the establishment of a complete mathematical
model which will relate all monetary elements of benefits and costs.
Quantitative determinations are being made of as many of the benefit
and cost items as possible. It will tfeien be necessary to solve for
the crucial range of values for the unknown variables. The results
of this study will then be related to the more general problem of
benefit-cost analysis in water pollution control.
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20
Research Grants and Contracts
Title: CHEMICAL BRUSH CONTROL
Principal Investigator: DR. V. H. FREED
Department of Agricultural Chemistry
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00477
Amount: $25,038
Summary
Contamination of the environment resulting from the use of
herbicides on forest lands is under investigation. Included are
studies to determine the impact of chemical brush control on
stream water quality as a function of the chemical used and the
character, size, location, and orientation of spray units within
watersheds. Investigations of the distribution of spray materials
among various portions of the forest environment are coupled with
studies of the rates and pathways of herbicide degradation in
forest litter, soil, vegetation, and water» A segment of the
project concerns the effect of herbicides on woody plants to
provide basic information for the most efficient use of herbicides,
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Research Grants and Contracts 21
Title: MACRO-FAUNA IN WASTE STABILIZATION LAGOONS
Principal Investigator: DR. ROBERT L. GOULDING
Department of Entomology
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00923
Amount: $12,756
Summary
Waste stabilization lagoons are man-made environments
that are becoming a prominent feature of land use. The fauna
adapted to this habitat has received little attention. In view
of the potential importance of the macro-faunae, which may be
beneficial as contributors to the biological breakdown of
organic matter or harmful as disease vectors on nuisance
organisms, a thorough ecological study of this habitat is
imperative. The long-term objectives are to measure the con-
tribution of the macro-faunae in the breakdown of putrescible
V
organic wastes, to understand the pathways through which this
is effected, and to assess the beneficial and detrimental
results caused by the macro-faunae in lagoons of various design,
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22 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF WATERSHED PRACTICES ON STREAMS
Principal Investigator: DR. JAMES T. KRYGIER
School of Forestry
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00423
Amount: $81,273
Summary
The project goal is to develop control standards in logging,
first for stream temperature, then sediment. It is now possible
to predict temperature change on small streams through the energy
budget approach; the aim of the current research is to use the
energy-prediction approach to determine the amount of vegetation
that must be left intact for temperature control. The energy
budget is being applied to different stream conditions—vegetation
density, hydraulic characteristics, and physiography—with the aim
of developing simplified models for use by land managers. A sec-
ondary, but important, objective is to evaluate the temperature
increase and the extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations with
respect to growth, reproduction, efficiency of food conversion,
and behavior of the coho salmon. A standard will then be provided
for these models for cutting timber along streams. The intensive
sediment measurements undertaken previously have proved to be an
inexact index for relating sediment movement to land use.
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: COMPONENTS OF KRAFT MILL WASTES AND THEIR TOXICITIES
Principal Investigator: DR. ELLIOT N. MARVELL
Department of Chemistry
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00079
Amount: $4,882
Summary
The organic components of selected fractions of kraft pulp
mill wastes are being fractionated by chemical and physical
methods to separate individual materials. The structures of
pure constituents are being ascertained, when possible, and
tested for toxicity to young guppies and laboratory rats. As
necessary, to provide material for bioassay for chronic toxicity
or carcinogenic activity, synthesis of these constituents is
undertaken. Also, the toxicities to. fish of whole mill effluents
from three representative kraft mills and of various fractions
of these are being studied. These studies will determine partic-
ularly the role of volatile toxicants, the relative persistence
of various toxicants in dilute solutions, and the variation of
toxicity with pH.
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24 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING OREGON COASTAL POLLUTION
Principal Investigator: DR. VICTOR T. NEAL
Department of Oceanography
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01380
Amount: $39,138
Summary
The central aim of the research is to provide information
on, and an understanding of, the physical factors that can control
the pollution of certain Oregon coastal areas. The physical
factors are primarily circulation and water density distribution
therefor (salinity and temperature) in the nearshore region and
the tidal regime in and near the mouths of estuaries. Dissolved
oxygen will also be an important factor in determining "safe"
pollution levels. Therefore, these factors are being measured
and their variability determined at selected places. The time
variability of these factors is being determined as a function
of seasonal and meteorological conditions.
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Research Grants and Contracts 25
Title: SEDIMENT-WATER BACTERIA INTERACTION IN EUTROPHICATION
Principal Investigator: DR. ROBERT E. PACHA
Department of Microbiology
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01389
Amount: $28,387
Summary
The microbial activity in lake sediments is being investi-
gated to determine its effect on eutrophication. In particular,
it is of interest to define the importance of bacteria found in
bottom muds in the recycling of plant nutrients between sediments
and overlying water. The physiological activities of various
types of bacteria occurring in the bottom deposits of Upper
Klamath Lake, Oregon, are being studied in relation to their
effect on the nutrient dynamics of the lake. This investigation
will contribute to present knowledge of eutrophication and may
provide insight into suitable approaches for regulating this
process.
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26 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: STUDIES ON AQUATIC MYXOBACTERIA
Principal Investigator: DR. ROBERT E. PACHA
Department of Microbiology
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00925
Amount: $11,610
Summary
The major objective of this investigation is to obtain data
on the occurrence and taxonomy of myxobacteria in the aquatic
habitat to gain an understanding of the roles of these organisms
in the freshwater environment. In particular, it is of interest
to determine the importance of these organisms in the decomposi-
tion of pollutional materials and their possible application in
water quality surveillance and water purification.
Extensive surveys over the past year have shown that myxo-
bacteria are widespread in fresh water. Evidence obtained
indicates that interrelationships exist between myxobacteria
and other organisms in the aquatic habitat. One myxobacteria
was found to be intimately associated with Sphaerotilus and
another with certain diatoms. Taxonomic studies on myxobacteria
isolated from surface water are now in progress.
Based on the findings thus far, it seems likely that these
organisms are active in the decomposition of complex organic
compounds and the remains of bacterial cells during the latter
stages of the self-purification process.
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Research Grants and Contracts 27
Title: THE AUTECOLOGY OF SOME BLUE-GREEN PLANKTON ALGAE
Principal Investigator: DR. HARRY K. PHINNEY
Department of Botany
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00666
Amount: $18,623
Summary
The study involves autecological and synecological studies
using both uni-algal and mixed cultures of selected species
important in nuisance blooms. The study will determine:
(1) requirements for major and minor nutrient materials;
(2) effects of naturally occurring organic nutrients; and
(3) possible biotic effects as antagonism and synergism or
competition in mixed cultures. The effects upon growth of the
factors under consideration will be determined by: (1) dry
weight; (2) percent organic matter; (3) caloric value; (4) pig-
ment content; (5) dry solids by interferometry; (6) direct mineral
analysis; and (7) direct production rates.
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28 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: ACCLIMATION OF FISH TO POLLUTION-RELATED LOW OXYGEN
Principal Investigator: DR. AUSTIN W. PRITCHARD
Department of Zoology
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00493
Amount: $7,523
Summary
This study is examining the effects of prolonged exposure
to low levels of oxygen on metabolism of fish. The bluegill
sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, is the object of the study. The
overall experimental protocol involves the acclimation of fish
to various levels of oxygen below saturation for a period of two
or more days, followed by the measurement of selected metabolic
parameters. Control animals, acclimated to air-saturated water,
are run concurrently in all experiments. Three group experiments
are underway to: (1) determine the relation between resting
oxygen consumption rate and partial pressure of oxygen; (2) measure
hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count to ascertain if
acclimation to low oxygen affects the oxygen-^carrying ability of
the blood; and (3) measure certain energy stores which might be
expected to reflect anaerobic metabolism, namely, muscle and liver
glycogen and blood lactic acid.
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Research Grants and Contracts 29
Title: INFLUENCE OF LOG RAFTING ON WATER QUALITY
Principal Investigator: DR. FRANK D. SCHAUMBURG
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01320
Amount: $24,174
Summary
The overall objective of the project is to evaluate the
effect on water quality imposed by floating log rafts in
estuarine and freshwater environments. The specific objec-
tives are twofold: (1) to evaluate the quantity, character,
and water pollution potential of soluble substances "leached"
from floating logs in raft storage; and (2) to determine the
effects on water quality of deposits of bark, fiber, and
debris that occur in the vicinity of log rafts.
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30
Research Grants and Contracts
Title: LIGNIN SULFONATES IN PULP MILL EFFLUENTS
Principal Investigator: DR. HERBERT A. SCHROEDER
Forest Research Laboratory
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00823
Amount: $25,494
Summary
This project will provide information of basic interest
to investigators of toxic effects of lignin sulfonates on
aquatic life, removal of these substances from effluents, and
utilization of these compounds. Low-molecular-weight lignin
sulfonates present in the spent liquor from sulfite pulping
will be isolated, purified and identified. The individual
lignin sulfonate compounds obtained from the spent liquor
will be characterized. The behavior of these low-molecular-
weight lignin sulfonates under sulfite pulping conditions
will be studied to elucidate some of the chemical structures
within the more complex lignin sulfonate polymer.
A better paper chromatographic method for use in analysis
of low-molecular-weight lignin sulfonates has been developed
and these sulfonates in spent sulfite liquor can be shown to be
quite numerous, probably in excess of 20 individual substances.
Present work is in the last stages of purification of certain
of these lignin sulfonates; however, to date, no compounds
have been obtained sufficiently pure for chemical characterization.
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Research Grants and Contracts 31
Title: FACTORS INFLUENCING STREAM TEMPERATURES
Principal Investigator: John Seaders
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00684
Amount: $16,520
Summary
Stream evaporation as affected by surface configuration,
air entrainment (white water), stream velocity and wind direction
are being investigated. The study takes two approaches: one
using an open channel and one a specially constructed river pan.
The findings of this study will be subjected to laboratory con-
trolled flow and chromatic conditions to determine the relative
and total magnitudes of the several influences. The river pan
will then be placed in streams to study the same processes
reproduced in the pan under natural atmospheric conditions.
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32 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: STRATIFIED RESERVOIR CURRENTS
Principal Investigator: DR. LARRY S. SLOTTA
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00983
Amount: $88,325
Summary
This project is a three-year study of the fluid dynamics of
thermally stratified reservoirs to determine the means by which
the quality of water released from a reservoir can be controlled
and best quality maintained by selective withdrawal. The inves-
tigation consists of a model study and a mathematical study via
computer simulation to verify model behavior in terms of physical
factors involved. At such time as the basic hydrodynamic knowledge,
together with the simulation technology, is developed, it is intended
to extend this to a field study involving actual reservoirs in the
Willamette River Basin; this extension will be the subject of a
future project. The specific objectives of this research are:
(1) to examine the effects of topography (reservoir bed length and
slope) on the current patterns and waters discharged from a density
stratified reservoir; (2) to examine the effects of regulated dis-
charge (by overflow and/or penstock) on stratified reservoir cur-
rent patterns; and (3) to consider the influence of the entering or
initial water mass on current patterns in the pool and final dis-
charge from a stratified reservoir.
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Research Grants and Contracts 33
Title: ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM AN IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY
Principal Investigator: DR. H. H. STOEVENER
Department of Agricultural Economics
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01477
Amount: $30,639
Summary
The relationships between water quality and recreational
use in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, are being studied to permit
prediction of changes in recreational use when a substantial
change is made in the quality of the lake waters. The economic
benefits for society from the improvement and associated increase
in recreational use will be determined. Finally, the economic
benefits for the local economy of the Klamath Falls area from the
postulated improvement of water quality and associated increase
in recreational use will be determined.
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34 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AN EXPERIMENTAL STREAM
Principal Investigator: DR, CHARLES W. WARREN
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00157
Amount: $31,930
Summary
Ecological studies of an experimental stream are being
conducted to gain understanding of the changes that stream
enrichment under different conditions may bring about in the
pathways by which solar and other kinds of energy entering
streams is passed through stream communities, A 0.25-mile
section of Berry Creek, a small woodland stream, has been
brought under complete flow control by a diversion dam and
a bypass canal. The lower one-third of this controlled section
has been divided by fish-Insect screens into four experimental
units, each consisting of a riffle and a pool. The deciduous
canopy has been removed from over the second and fourth units
proceeding downstream. Sucrose is being introduced at the
beginning of the third unit, thus providing shaded non-enriched,
light non-enriched, shaded enriched, and light enriched experi-
mental units. Energy entering these units from the sun, from
organic debris, and from enrichment is being estimated. The
pathways and rates of flow of this energy through the stream
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Research Grants and Contracts 35
communities under the different experimental conditions are
being studied. Knowledge of periphyton production, utiliza-
tion of food resources by stream animals and production rates
of stream animals should make it possible to identify the
main effects of stream enrichment under different conditions.
Emphasis is on those energy pathways leading to the production
of fish or nuisance organisms.
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36
Research Grants and Contracts
Title: DISSOLVED OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS OF FRESHWATER FISH
Principal Investigator: DR. CHARLES E. WARREN
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-00135
Amount: $22,882
Summary
The long-term objective of this research is to provide the
knowledge necessary for developing oxygen standards that are
adequate to assure that fish production in fresh waters will not
be impaired by the introduction of excessive amounts of oxygen-
depleting wastes. This research, in contrast to most previous
experimental studies, is more directly concerned with the influence
of dissolved oxygen on the growth and activities of fish in their
natural environments.
The research has two objectives: (1) to determine the quanti-
ties of food fish consume in natural environments and the amounts
of energy required for obtaining and utilizing this food, as well
as for carrying on other normal activities; and (2) to determine
the levels of dissolved oxygen at which fish would be unable to
mobilize the energy necessary for obtaining and utilizing food in
these amounts. The approach involves complementary studies of fish
in natural environments, in artificial streams and ponds, and in
the laboratory, coordinated in such a manner as to exploit the
strength of each kind of study.
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Research Grants and Contracts 37
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CRITERIA FOR FRESHWATER FISH
Principal Investigator: DR. CHARLES E. WARREN
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01487
Amount: $24,721
Summary
Studies of juvenile salmonid and centrarchid fishes in experi-
mental streams and ponds are being made to determine the highest
or critical levels of dissolved oxygen that restrict food consump-
tion and growth when different amounts of food organisms are avail-
able for capture. Also, the project will determine at various
temperatures in each season of the year to what extent and by what
physiological and ecological mechanisms food consumption and growth
are impaired by reductions in dissolved oxygen concentration to
levels below observed critical levels. Another objective is to
determine the usefulness of aquarium test results in predicting
effects of reduced oxygen concentrations at different temperatures
on growth of fish in nature. This involves comparing the effects
of reduced oxygen concentration at different temperatures on food
consumption and growth of salmonid and centrarchid species in
experimental streams and ponds with the effects on food consump-
tion and growth of the same species given unrestricted rations
in aquaria.
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38 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: THERMAL PLUME DISPERSION
Principal Investigator: DR. JAMES R. WELTY
Department of Mechanical
and Industrial Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WP-01450
Amount: $27,799
Summary
The project is making a theoretical study in which the
basic equations governing the thermal plume are solved in
finite-difference form using the digital computer. At such
time as a reasonable mathematical model has been achieved,
as verified by computer results, a parameterization of the
problem is planned which will lead to laboratory modeling or,
likely, to investigations in the sea itself. For a given set
of oceanographic, atmospheric and condenser-coolant-flow
conditions, the project seeks to describe the dispersion of
thermal energy in the local sea. The project is evaluating
the quasi-static, spatial sea-temperature distribution and
spatial salinity distribution.
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Research Grants and Contracts 39
Title: STUDY OF OXYGEN UPTAKE IN THE PRESENCE OF VARYING
DEGREES OF BOTTOM SLUDGE AGITATION AND VARIOUS
TEMPERATURES AND SALINITIES
Principal Investigator: DR. RICHARD H. BERG
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle University
Project Number: 14-12-481
Amount: $15,471
Summary
The contractor is investigating the use of the Warburg
respirometer for the rapid assessment of oxygen depletion of
estuarine waters when sludge deposits are disturbed. The degree
of the disturbance, the salinity of the supernatant liquid supplied
to the reaction vessels, the depth of sludge, and the temperature
are being varied according to specified measurements. A sludge
sample from one location in an estuary is used in all of the tests.
Since 14 to 20 samples can be analyzed simultaneously on the res-
pirometer and observations of oxygen uptake rates obtained in a
rather short time, this is expected to provide a very convenient
way of estimating the variability of bottom deposit oxygen demands
with a high degree of precision. In phase II, the contractor will
analyze the dissolved oxygen depletion potential of sludge deposits
from one to five other locations to be selected by the FWPCA project
officer.
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40 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN SITU MARINE BIOASSAY WITH CLAMS
Principal Investigator: DR. CHARLES E. WOELKE
State of Washington
Department of Fisheries
Project Number: WP-01525
Amount: $28,241
Summary
The basic objective of this study is to develop a bioassay
of Pacific Coast estuarine water with embryos of indigenous
species of clams and demonstrate its use to detect, monitor,
and biologically quantify the effects of pollutants in the
natural environment.
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Research Grants and Contracts 1
Title: POLLUTION ABATEMENT BY FIBER MODIFICATION
Principal Investigator: DR. G. GRAHAM ALLAN
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-01166
Amount: $47,041
Summary
The project objectives are: (1) to determine the species,
size, and shape of the molecule which can be attached to ligno-
cellulosic fibers using simple reactions compatible with the
established processes for the manufacture of fibrous products;
(2) to investigate the effect of the attachment of such molecules
on the physical properties of fibers and fiber composites; and
(3) to use this information to assess the feasibility of reducing
water pollution due to pulp liquor discharge by reattaching
these waste chemicals to paper and wood fibers.
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42 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: ANNUAL PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION IN PUGET SOUND WATERS
Principal Investigator: DR. GEORGE C. ANDERSON
Department of Oceanography
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00633
Amount: $46,782
jummary
Phytoplankton blooms are indicators of eutrophication, but
precisely what triggers a bloom is not known. This grant-supported
study will increase knowledge of the factors which enter into such
a triggering mechanism. Weekly, daily, and diurnal sampling are
carried out during periods of high phytoplankton production in
the Puget Sound area off Seattle. Hydrographic conditions, light,
and nutrients also are being measured. Particular attention is
given to the effect of stability, as affected by tides and winds,
on the timing of phytoplankton blooms. Measurements are being
made of the chemical composition of the crop, as well as growth
rates of dominant species. Experimental work involving phyto-
plankton blooms in enclosed columns of water in gitu are being
carried out. In this manner, the effects of advection will be
eliminated. Culture studies will be conducted with some of the
herbivorous copepods.
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Research Grants and Contracts A3
Title: WASTEWATER ODOR REDUCTION MECHANISMS IN SOIL FILTERS
Principal Investigator: DR. DALE A. CARLSON
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00883
Amount: $30,432
Summary
The soil biota provides an effective system for oxidation
of objectionable reduced gases such as hydrogen sulfide and
methyl mercaptan. Studies being carried out on soil columns
are concerned with evaluation of microbiological utilization
of polar and non-polar gases, with the rates of utilization,
the end products, the responsible organisms and their popula-
tion shifts and properties, the soil changes and percentages
of removal of the gases when passed through moist soil systems.
The limiting capacities of soil systems are under inves-
tigation, and enrichment of soils for enhancement of populations
responsible for the oxidative processes is being studied. Also,
necessary environmental control is a facet of the investigation.
The studies are aimed at elucidating the responsible mecha-
nisms in soil filters so that soil beds can be used effectively
as a treatment system for removal of objectionable odors from
industrial and waste treatment facilities.
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44 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: STATUS AND RESEARCH NEEDS FOR POTATO WASTEWATERS
Principal Investigator: DR. DALE A. CARLSON
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-01486
Amount: $18,343
Summary
The project goal is a state-of-the-art report on the control
of water pollution caused by the potato processing industry. The
report will discuss: (1) the various potato processes and the
corresponding wastewater streams; (2) the potential development
of the potato processing field, predicted process changes and
future wastewater treatment processes; (3) major research needs
in the wastewater treatment processes and the most useful
approaches to fulfilling these needs; and (4) existing and poten-
tial water quality problems related to the potato processing
industry.
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Research Grants and Contracts 45
Title: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COLOR IN WATER
Principal Investigator: DR. RUSSELL F. CHRISTMAN
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-01031
Amount: $26,184
Summary
This project is a continuing investigation into the chemical
nature of organic color-producing molecules in water. A sensitive
technique for degrading the complex color macro-molecule into
recognizable chemical structures has been developed and seven
degradation fragments of organic color have been identified and
shown to represent structural nuclei in the original molecule.
The present project is extending this research to: (1) determine
the uniformity of chemical structure among the color-producing
molecules in waters from a variety of sources and the dependence
of chemical structure on various environmental conditions; and
(2) investigate the mechanism of coagulation of organic color
by hydrolysis products of Al (III) and Fe (III).
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46 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: SOCIO-ECONOMIC INSTITUTION AND LEGAL CONSIDERATION
Principal Investigator: DR. JAMES A. CRUTCHFIELD
Department of Economics
University of Washington
Project Number: 14-12-420
Amount: $30,000
Summary
The contractor is identifying, measuring, and evaluating
the economic and social values of the marine resources of
Puget Sound and relating these to the bordering communities
and to the State of Washington. This work is based primarily
on information currently available. The contractor will also
identify, measure, and analyze economic and social trends in
western Washington which would be significant in terms of
water pollution control and/or land use regulation for that
part of the watershed which significantly determines the
quality of the estuarine resources. Identification of the
several ecosystems in Puget Sound and a summary of current
information describing the physical and biological aspects
of the Sound to indicate gaps in present knowledge are
included in the project. The contractor is also identifying
and, in a preliminary manner, quantifying the effects of
alternative developments in water quality within the framework
of the water quality standards established by the State of
Washington.
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Research Grants and Contracts 47
Title: DISTRIBUTION OF DEMERSAL FISHES IN INSHORE WATERS
Principal Investigator: DR. THOMAS S. ENGLISH
Department of Oceanography
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00803
Amount: $4,656
Summary
This study is considering the distribution of demersal
fishes as to area, season, depth, bottom sediments, hydrographic
variables, and available food. Samples are taken and examined
as to species, length, weight, age, sex, sexual maturity, and
stomach contents. Data are programmed for computer analyses.
Analyses of variance techniques are used to study the main
effects, interactions, and components of variance. Determina-
tions of experimental error are used to specify the density of
sampling required to obtain confidence limits of stated length.
Biomass changes are being related to several variables. Species
associations, feeding habits, condition factors, and seasonal
cycles are being examined. Growth and mortality rates of young
age classes can be estimated by progression with season of
length-frequency modes.
Results of this study will be integrated with results from
concurred research of other workers on benthic invertebrates-
bottom environment and plankton production-pelagic environment.
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,g Research Grants and Contracts
Title: SUBLETHAL AMOUNTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES AND FISH
Principal Investigator: DR. MAX KATZ
College of Fisheries
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00956
Amount: $30,721
Summary
This study is evaluating the effects of sublethal concen-
trations of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides upon the
various aspects of the biology of desirable fish species. Under
laboratory conditions, the effects of these insecticides upon
the reproduction of fish, the mechanisms by which fish detoxify,
excrete, or store these insecticides, and the mechanisms by which
fish take these substances into their bodies is being investigated.
Particular emphasis is given to the determination of how these
substances are transferred through the food chain into fish.
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: UNIQUE DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN SULFONATES IN WATER
Principal Investigator: DR. JOSEPH L. McCARTHY
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00627
Amount: $13,165
Summary
This research is developing a method of analysis for spent
sulfite liquor (SSL) in receiving waters which can uniquely
determine the presence and concentration of SSL. The Pearl-
Benson test, although widely used as such, is not a specific
test for SSL.
The approach used is based on mild alkaline degradation
of the lignin sulfonates present in the SSL to yield vanillin
and determination of the vanillin by gas chromatography. The
present work aims to evaluate the formation of vanillin by
alkaline hydrolysis for: (1) specificity for SSL, (2) sensi-
tivity, and (3) utility for routine analysis.
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50 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: STUDIES OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT LIGNIN SULFONATES
Principal Investigator: DR. JOSEPH L. MCCARTHY
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00628
Amount: $32,707
Summary
This study is isolating, purifying, and determining the
structure of low molecular weight lignin sulfonates which
are formed in the sulfite pulping process, monomers, dimers,
and possibly higher analogues are the primary objects of the
study. The reactivity of the lignin sulfonates, particularly
as metal complexing agents, will be investigated in the latter
part of the study. The information obtained should be of
assistance in developing economic uses for the waste liquors
from sulfite pulp mills.
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Research Grants and Contracts 51
Title: STEAM STRIPPING OF KRAFT PULP MILL EFFLUENT STREAMS
Principal Investigator: DR. JOSEPH L. MCCARTHY
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-01305
Amount: $43,665
Summary
The broad objective of this research is to improve the
effectiveness and extend knowledge concerning the possible
industrial applications of the "SEKOR" process. This process
comprises the counter-current steam stripping of kraft pulp
mill condensate streams to bring about the removal of steam-
volatile organic compounds from the fluid, and thereby provide
a relatively clean effluent which can be reused in the pulp
mill process or discharged to stream without danger. The
volatilized organic substances are condensed to yield water-
immiscible "SEKOR oils" which may find uses in commerce. Use
of the process may also substantially decrease the odorous
substances emitted to the atmosphere from kraft pulp mills.
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52 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: SALT WATER ENTRAINMENT FOR DILUTION IN SEWER OUTFALLS
Principal Investigator: DR. RONALD E. NECE
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00512
Amount: $12,960
Summary
This is an experimental and analytical study of the
mechanism of entrainment of a fluid of one density into a
conduit passing through an infinite volume of this ambient
fluid and through which flows a fluid of different density.
The particular motive is to obtain information which can be
applied to the sanitary engineering design of sewer outfalls
discharging into salt water, thermally stratified lakes, or
into rivers whose temperatures differ from that of the effluent,
Entrainment of the heavier fluid (e.g., salt water) into the
outfall prior to ultimate discharge would decrease the density
differential between effluent and receiving water, thereby
decreasing the amount of diffusion necessary to produce accep-
able sewage concentrations at the water surface. This study
deals with those factors influencing the entrainment rates:
density and pressure differentials between ambient and initial
conduit fluids, velocity of conduit flow, degree of motion in
the ambient fluid, and inlet structure geometries. Another
aspect is the study of turbulent-gravitational diffusion of
jets discharging into a confined stream.
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Research Grants and Contracts 53
Title: SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF EUTROPHICATION CONTROL BY FLUSHING
Principal Investigator: DR. RAY T. OGLESBY
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-01391
Amount: $77,090
Summary
The project objectives are to: (1) establish knowledge
and information concerning the functional performance and
effectiveness of flushing as a means of eutrophication control;
(2) define the engineering concepts, design procedure, and
design criteria necessary for the general application of this
method; and (3) further the understanding of the relationship
of primary production to the environment in which it occurs.
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54 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: ESTUARINE ECOLOGY RESEARCH
Principal Investigator: DR. ERNEST 0. SALO
Fisheries Research Institute
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00642
Amount: $83,457
Summary
The project objectives are to: (1) develop a mathematical
model of the important physical and chemical processes of the
Duwamish Estuary, including rates of dilution of pollutants;
(2) investigate the ecology of pelagic and demersal fishes in
the estuary and nearshore marine environments affected by indus-
trial and domestic waste discharges (This includes studies of
the estuarine and early marine life of immature Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) including mortality, distribution,
and growth; the estuarine life of migrant adult Chinook salmon,
and the ecology of resident demersal species of the Duwamish
Estuary.); and (3) record some of the parameters of the water
quality in the Duwamish Estuary and compare them with the
known environmental requirements of salmon and other fishes of
economic importance.
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Research Grants and Contracts 55
Title: TRANSPIRATIONAL USE OF WATER BY HIGH ALTITUDE FORESTS
Principal Investigator: DR. DAVID R. M. SCOTT
Department of Forestry
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00720
Amount: $12,205
Summary
This research involves the assessment of transpirational
use of water by forest communities, particularly as related
to the several species and stand structures found in the high-
altitude areas on the western slopes of the Washington Cascades.
The water used by transpiring plants is being assessed using
portable infrared gas absorption equipment mounted in a trailer.
Since transpiration is affected by micro-climate soil conditions
and by the overall physiology of the plant, attempts are being
made to describe these concomitantly with the transpirational
measurements.
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56 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: RESPONSES OF FISH TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Principal Investigator: DR. LYNWOOD S. SMITH
Fisheries Research Institute
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-01056
Amount: $52,739
Summary
The research program embraces three related areas of
fish physiology: (1) cardiovascular function, (2) osmo-
regulation, and (3) lipid metabolism. Information from
these studies will be applied to generally understanding
the effects of natural and man-made stresses—changes in
salinity, oxygen, and activity levels; thermal, chemical,
and biological pollution.
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Research Grants and Contracts 57
Title: BIOLOGICAL MODELS OF FRESHWATER COMMUNITIES
Principal Investigator: DR. FRIEDA B. TAUB
College of Fisheries
University of Washington
Project Number: WP-00982
Amount: $31,449
Summary
The studies of biological models of freshwater commun-
ities consisting of bacteria-free algae, protozoa, rotifers
and known bacteria are aimed toward relating algal standing
crop to nutrient supply and cropping by the associated
organisms. The long-term goal is a better understanding
of the mechanics that regulate natural communities and
their ability to adjust to disturbance.
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58 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: OCCURRENCE OF PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
Principal Investigator: DR. ERVIN HINDIN
Department of Sanitary Engineering
Washington State University
Project Number: WP-00676
Amount: $3,672
Summary
This study is investigating seasonal variation of pesti-
cides in two vastly different reservoirs. Attempts are being
made to determine if seasonal variation in pesticide content
occurs at various depths. Aquatic organisms are being collected
and pesticides, if any, extracted from their cells and tissues
and analyzed as to type and amount. Comparison is being made
of the pesticide content of organisms feeding at different
depths in the reservoir in an attempt to elucidate food chain
relationships.
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Research Grants and Contracts 59
Title: CLAY MINERAL STABILITY AND WATER COMPOSITION
Principal Investigator: DR. J. A. KITTRICK
Department of Agronomy
Washington State University
Project Number: WP-01016
Amount: $15,641
Summary
This project will contribute to a better understanding
of how the relatively small group of minerals that dominate
soils and sediments control, and are in turn altered by, the
composition of waters with which they are in contact. The
specific aim of this project is to obtain standard free
energy of formation values of illite, montmorillonite and
vermiculite by solubility methods. These free energy values
will be correlated with what is known of mineral occurrence
and water composition in soils and sediments.
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60 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: THE ECOLOGY OF CHROMATIUM IN SEWAGE PONDS
Principal Investigator: DONALD S. MAY
Department of Civil Engineering
Washington State University
Project Number: WP-00727
Amount: $17,880
Summary
Anaerobic stabilization ponds followed by aerobic ponds
have come into increasing use as a method of sewage treatment,
Anaerobic ponds may produce unpleasant odors but often do not.
One reason for the absence of odors may be that the photosyn-
thetic sulfur bacteria present in such ponds utilize the H2S
produced. Summer blooms of Chromatium spp. have been found
in two series of waste treatment ponds in the Pullman, Wash-
ington area. Four ecological factors seem promising as ones
which influence growth of Chromatium and other Thiorhodaceae;
light, temperature, hydrogen sulfide content, and dissolved
oxygen content. This study is isolating species of Thiorho-
daceae from waste treatment ponds and studying the growth
response of the organisms under the influence of the above
factors.
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Research Grants and Contracts
Title: SOME ASPECTS OF MICROCRUSTACEAN PHOSPHATE METABOLISM
Principal Investigator: DR. RICHARD A. PARKER
Department of Zoology
Washington State University
Project Number: WP-00903
Amount: $13,440
Summary
The work in progress consists of laboratory and field phases.
The latter is pointed toward evaluating the relationship between
dissolved phosphate levels and the zooplankton populations in
Kootenay Lake, British Columbia. Extremely large quantities of
phosphate are entering the lake via the Kootenay River. Of par-
ticular concern is the relative importance of the inorganic and
organic fractions. Current observations will be used for a sub-
sequent analysis of the influence of Libby Dam, to be constructed
under terms of a recent treaty between the United States and Canada.
In the laboratory, efforts are being directed toward determining
the effects of inorganic and organic phosphates on the molding and
reproduction of cladocerans under constant conditions.
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62 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: THE EFFECTS OF BENTHOS ON DECOMPOSITION
Principal Investigator: DR. JOHN B. STAHL
College of Engineering
Washington State University
Project Number: WP-00668
Amount: $11,245
Summary
Chironomid larvae and tubificid oligochaetes, the most
typical members of the freshwater benthos, are being used in
a laboratory study. Changes in total organic matter and
refractory organic matter (lignin) are used to indicate the
amount of decomposition brought about by the benthos. The
carotenoid pigments were selected for analysis because they
seem the most promising of the specific organic compounds
which undoubtedly have differing susceptibilities to decom-
position. These pigments are found in unaltered form in
aquatic sediments and there is good reason to believe that the
proportion of these pigments preserved is strongly affected by
the activities of the benthic animals.
The data collected will aid in understanding the decompo-
sition processes in waste treatment facilities, the response
of lakes and streams to pollution, in interpreting lake history
from biochemical fossils, and the cycling of elements in aquatic
ecosystems.
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Research Grants and Contracts 63
Title: THE BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SPHAEROTILUS
Principal Investigator: DR. JACOB L. STOKES
Department of Bacteriology
and Public Health
Washington State University
Project Number: WP-00239
Amount: $23,710
Summary
Research is in progress on the mechanism of autolysis
of Sphaerotilus, the metabolism and enzymology of poly-B-
hydroxybutyrate, chemoautotrophy with manganous ions, and
the ultrastructure of Sp ha erotilus^.
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64 Research Grants and Contracts
Title: EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON SUBMARINE PLANT SYNECOLOGY
Principal Investigator: DR. MAURICE A. DUBE
Department of Biology
Western Washington State College
Project Number: WP-01206
Amount: $19,951
Summary
The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of
the dynamics of subtidal marine plant communities exposed to
industrial waste outfall as compared to the dynamics of commun-
ities located in waters carrying little industrial waste. When
possible, community dynamics will be studied in industrial areas
before and after the development of the industrial installation.
Communities are being contrasted to determine basic differences
in (1) a plant community structure, (2) productivity of the plant
community, (3) the reproductive output of plants, and (4) plant
succession patterns. An attempt is being made to interpret
differences in community dynamics in terms of differences in
environmental factors by comparing at each site (1) the degree
of chemical enrichment and concentration of suspended particles
in the water, (2) the degree of siltation of the plants and
substrate, and (3) the role of primary consumers.
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Research Grants and Contracts 65
Title: EVALUATION OF OPERATING PARAMETERS OF ALUMINA COLUMNS
FOR THE SELECT REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM WASTEWATERS
AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF PHOSPHORUS AS CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Principal Investigator: DR. L. L. AMES
Battelle-Northwest
Richland, Washington
Project Number: 14-12-413
Amount: $38,000
Summary
This project involves the use of a mobile unit developed
by Battelle for removing ammonia, solids, and phosphates from
wastewaters. The unit includes a packaged tertiary sewage
treatment plant which removes solids and phosphates. The
tertiary plant is a Recla-Mate SWB, developed by Microfloc
of Corvallis. In the Recla-Mate, alum is added to render the
phosphates removable, and a polyelectrolyte is added to aid
filtration. The water than passes through a tube-type clari-
fier and a mixed-media filter which remove solids.
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DEMONSTRATION GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
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Demonstration Grants and Contracts 59
Title: EVALUATION OF AN OXIDATION-DITCH WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT IN SUBARCTIC ALASKA
Principal Investigator: DR. R. SAGE MURPHY
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Alaska
Project Number: WPD-207
Amount: $14,059
Summary
The project is evaluating an existing oxidation-ditch
wastewater treatment facility located in the subarctic near
Fairbanks, Alaska. Operation procedures, problems, and
economics of the system are being studied. Sufficient data
will be obtained such that a mathematical model describing
the biokinetics and oxygen requirement of the system can be
formulated. Investigations cover both the warm and cold
temperature regimes, as well as the transitions between
these extremes.
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70 Demonstration Grants and Contracts
Title: WATER REUSE-QUANTITY-QUALITY EFFECT ON
TREATMENT PROCESSES
Principal Investigator: FREDICK J. BURGESS
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: WPD-90
Amount: $28,985
jfommary
The project objectives are to: (1) develop a research
demonstration laboratory at the Corvallis, Oregon, sewage
treatment plant where treatment methods to renovate waste-
water for reuse may be objectively evaluated; (2) evaluate
the effect that quantity and quality variations in waste
flows have on the effluent quality in a tertiary treatment
system consisting of coagulation, filtration, and carbon
adsorption; and (3) evaluate the potential of the same
tertiary system for color removal from combined domestic
and beet cannery waste.
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Demonstration Grants and Contracts 71
Title: ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE WASTES
Principal Investigator: DR. DONALD E. PROCTOR
Department of Sanitary Engineering
Washington State University
Project Number: WPD-184
Amount: $40,124
jJummary
This project proposes to demonstrate that hydraulic
cleaning of cattle pens followed by anaerobic-aerobic lagoon
disposal of the manure can be an economically feasible and
esthetically acceptable method of manure management. It
further seeks to demonstrate that both water pollution pre-
vention and water conservation can be achieved by treatment
and reuse of flushing water and is investigating the possi-
bility of nutrient recovery for either fertilizer or high
protein feed from a tertiary flushing water treatment pond.
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ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT
GRANTS
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts 75
Storm and Combined Sewer
Title: REDUCTION OF GROUND WATER INFILTRATION INTO SEWERS
BY ZONE PUMPING
Grantee: City of Meridian, Idaho
Project Number: 29-IDA-2
Amount: $18,375
jummary
The project is evaluating the effectiveness of the use
of shallow wells to draw down ground water table levels,
thereby reducing sanitary sewer infiltration, permitting
better waste treatment efficiency, and assuring greater
protection of the water quality in the receiving stream.
High water tables in the case of Meridian are caused by
irrigation in the surrounding areas. This situation is
common in this region and, should this demonstration prove
to be an economical solution, the method has considerable
potential for application elsewhere.
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts
Storm and Combined Sewer
Title: PRIMARY TREATMENT OF STORM WATER OVERFLOW FROM
COMBINED SEWERS BY HIGH RATE, FINE MESH SCREENS
Contractor: Cornell, Rowland, Hayes and Merryfield
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Number: 14-12-128
Amount: $139,331
Summary
This project is investigating the design, construction,
demonstration and evaluation of the performance of high rate,
fine mesh vibrating screens for removal of solids from combined
storm water and sewage. Grease formation and varying rates of
flow have, in the past, been persistent problems with vibratory
screens. The contractor has several innovations in screen
configuration and combinations to be constructed and demon-
strated which may reduce these operating difficulties. If
the demonstration is successful, the device will be used in
normal sewage and at some industrial treatment plants, as well
as at overflow points in combined storm-sanitary sewage collec-
tion systems.
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts 77
Storm and Combined Sewer
Title: DUWAMISH RIVER-ELLIOTT BAY STORM WATER CONTROL SYSTEM
Grantee: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
Seattle, Washington
Project Number: 13-WASH-l
Amount: $1,400,000
Summary
The project involves a sewerage system control scheme
designed to regulate and program system flows through the use
of overflow regulators operation-programmed by use of computers.
Flows to the waste treatment facilities will be controlled to
improve efficiency of plant operation during rainfall periods
and to provide selective controlled discharging of storm water
overflow at different points in a manner which will minimize
the effect of waste discharges in the receiving waters. Auto-
matic water quality monitors will be utilized as control devices
in triggering discharges to surface water from the regulator
stations. Functions of the system for controlling pollution
caused by storm water overloading of treatment facilities and
sewerage system overflows are being evaluated.
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78 Engineering Development Grants and Contracts
Advanced Waste Treatment
Title: COMPLETE AEROBIC TREATMENT OF COMBINED DOMESTIC
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES WITH MECHANICAL AERATION
Grantee: City of Dallas, Oregon
Project Number: WPRD-29
Amount: $325,104
Summary
A treatment plant is being designed and built to
demonstrate the economics and efficiency of the completely
aerobic treatment method when applied to the treatment of
combined domestic and industrial wastes from a small munic-
ipality. The application of aerobic digestion, mechanical
surface aeration and earthen embankment construction is
being demonstrated.
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts 79
Advanced Waste Treatment
Title: TERTIARY TREATMENT OF COMBINED DOMESTIC-INDUSTRIAL
WASTES
Grantee: City of Tualatin, Oregon
Project Number: WPRD-27
Amount: $173,100
Summary
A secondary and tertiary sewage treatment plant is being
constructed for treatment of combined municipal and industrial
wastes. The plant will be operated and studied for a period
of one year. The tertiary plant (consisting of flocculation,
settling and filtration) will be operated with the addition
of alum for phosphate removal during the critical six months
of low stream flow. During the remainder of the year, the
secondary effluent will receive plain filtration to maintain
a very high quality effluent. The feasibility of alternate
methods of chemical sludge disposal and the economics of
tertiary treatment with phosphate removal will be evaluated.
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80 Engineering Development Grants and Contracts
Advanced Waste Treatment
Title: PARK DEVELOPMENT WITH WET DIGESTED SLUDGE
Grantee: Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
Seattle, Washington
Project Number: WPRD-180
Amount: $565,318
Summary
Laboratory and pilot plant investigations are being
conducted to determine the practicability of developing
recreational park land by filling a seashore intertidal
test area with a mixture of beach sand and thickened, wet
digested sewage sludge. A practical method of sludge
thickening load support characteristics of the fill mixture,
optimum proportions of sludge to sand, practical methods of
mixing and transporting, odor control, and rates of settling,
are all being determined in the laboratory and field.
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts 81
Industrial Waste Treatment
Title: AEROBIC SECONDARY TREATMENT OF POTATO PROCESSING
WASTES WITH MECHANICAL AERATION
Grantee: R. T. French Company
Shelley, Idaho
Project Number: WPRD-15
Amount: $483,217
Summary
This project is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness
of an aerobic secondary treatment plant for treating the total
flow of potato processing wastes (1 mgd and 14,580 pounds BOD).
The aerobic treatment follows primary treatment in an existing
treatment plant.
The secondary treatment plant consists of three earthen
basins equipped with mechanical surface aerators, a mechanically
cleaned secondary clarifier, and sludge disposal beds. In addi-
tion, a silt removal system has been constructed consisting of
screening facilities, a pumping station, and two earthen ponds
to retain silt accumulations for one processing season.
The aeration system is being tested under three operating
schemes: (1) as an extended aeration system in which biological
sludge is returned to the aeration basin and the excess, to the
digester; (2) as a flow-through aeration basin with sludge carry-
over into the effluent; and (3) as an intermittent aeration system
in which the clarified upper portion of the aeration basin contents
is discharged directly into the Snake River.
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82 Engineering Development Grants and Contracts
Industrial Waste Treatment
Title: ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF SECONDARY TREATMENT AND
DETERMINATION OF LOAD TO CONTROL BIOLOGICAL GROWTHS
IN A STREAM
Grantee: Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Lebanon, Oregon
Project Number: WPRD-69
Amount: $503,739
Summary
Two five-acre basins of differing geometric design have
been constructed near the Lebanon pulp and paper mill; aerators,
also of differing design, are used in the two ponds. All efflu-
ent from the mill is processed through the facility. Engineers
and biologists are studying the effect of the treated and un-
treated effluent on water quality in experimental streams con-
structed near the aeration basins.
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts 83
Industrial Waste Treatment
Title: AEROBIC SECONDARY TREATMENT OF PLYWOOD GLUE WASTES
Grantee: Klamath Plywood Corporation
Klamath Falls, Oregon
Project Number: WPRD-174
Amount: $42,028
jaummary
The original project objectives were to design, construct,
operate, and evaluate an aerobic treatment plant for urea-
formaldehyde glue wastes. Subsequently, Klamath Plywood
requested that the objectives be changed to a system involving
inplant changes to reduce waste volume followed by an anaerobic
trickling filter and effluent aeration. The project now seeks
to: (1) determine the BOD removal efficiencies and effluent
characteristics; (2) determine the quantity, quality and char-
acter of biological sludge in the effluent; (3) define the
influence of ice, temperature, and generated gas on the system
operation; (4) determine the effect of pH adjustment on the BOD
removal efficiency; (5) determine the operating costs for the
treatment methods demonstrated; (6) determine the efficiency of
the aerobic treatment to reduce the anaerobic conditions of the
treated effluent; and (7) determine inplant limitations in maxi-
mizing recirculation of the glue and vat wastewater and the reuse
of the glue wastewater.
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84 Engineering Development Grants and Contracts
Industrial Waste Treatment
Title: AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF
BY SELECTIVE ION EXCHANGE
Grantee: Battelle-Northwest
Richland, Washington
Project Number: WPRD-26
Amount: $180,600
Summary
A water pollution problem common to both industrial and
agricultural growth in this country is the increasing concentra-
tions of ammonia in various wastewaters. Ammonia can be tolerated
in water supplies in concentrations of only a few mg/1. This
project is directed toward demonstrating that selective ion ex-
change can be successfully and effectively used to remove ammonia
from wastewaters. Certain inorganic zeolites are being used as
the ion exchange media. In addition to removing ammonia from
wastewater, an objective is the reclamation of ammonia for reuse
as a fertilizer. A mobile unit has been developed by Battelle for
carrying out the project. The unit also includes a packaged ter-
tiary sewage treatment plant which removes solids and phosphates.
In the selective ion exchange process, the liquid passes
through a bed of zeolite particles, substituting ammonium ion im-
purities for calcium and sodium ions. The demonstration plant is
designed to remove 95 to 100 percent of the ammonia from 100,000
gallons per day of liquid wastes containing relatively high
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts 85
Industrial Waste Treatment
concentrations of ammonia. The ammonia is removed from the
regenerant solution in the form of gas and the regenerate
is restored chemically to its initial strength. Since the
regenerant solution is never discarded, no liquid wastes
are generated.
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86 Engineering Development Grants and Contracts
Industrial Waste Treatment
Title: A DEMONSTRATION PLANT EVALUATION OF FOUR METHODS FOR
PULP AND PAPER MILL SLUDGE UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL
Grantee: Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Camas, Washington
Project Number: WPRD-144
Amount $350,000
Summary
Disposal means being investigated are: (1) incineration,
at about 10 percent moisture content, with auxiliary fuel in
an incinerator designed for burning 100 percent dewatered and
dried sludge; and (2) incineration of sludge-hog fuel mixtures
composed of from 5 to 50 percent sludge. (Sludge moisture will
vary from 10 to 50 percent, depending on pre-treatment.); (3)
mulching, substituting 10 percent moisture sludge for wood fiber
mulching materials employed for steep slope and highway cut
stabilization; and (A) employing primary sludge as a soil con-
ditioner to add humus.
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Engineering Development Grants and Contracts 87
Industrial Waste Treatment
Title: POLLUTION PREVENTION BY AERATION OF FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTES
Grantee: Snokist Growers
Yakima, Washington
Project Number: WPRD-58
Amount: $374,669
Summary
The project objective is to determine the most economical
method of removing 90 percent of the BOD from fruit-processing
wastes with an expected flow of 2.6 mgd with a BOD 5 loading of
20,000 pounds. Aeration methods, including modifications to
the activated sludge process, are being tested on a plant-size
scale. Existing and specially designed new facilities, includ-
ing lagoons and clarifiers, are used in prototype studies of
the effects of varying amounts of aeration, waste loadings,
waste detention, sludge returns, and chemicals on the BOD level.
During the 1967 canning season, the lagoon and clarifier
were operated as a completely mixed activated-sludge facility.
During the 1968 canning season, the facilities were operated
as a modified contact stabilization facility.
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TRAINING GRANTS
AND
RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS
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Training Grants 91
Title: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY OF WATER QUALITY
Project Director: DR. JOHN C. WRIGHT
Department of Botany and Microbiology
Montana State University
Project Number: 5T1-WP-180
Amount: $38,318
Summary
This is a training program for aquatic biologists.
Emphasis is on training students to recognize the effects
of pollution and eutrophication in changing the metabolic
balance, species composition, and structure of aquatic
communities. Modern methods of instrumental chemical
analysis and biochemical and bioassay procedures necessary
to detect the causative agents of water quality deterio-
ration also are stressed.
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Q2 Training Grants
Title: WATER SUPPLY AND WATER POLLUTION BIOLOGY
Project Director: DR. ARDEN R. GAUFIN
Department of Zoology
University of Montana
Project Number: 2T1-WP-200
Amount: $15,200
Summary
This program is providing training for limnologists
and sanitary biologists with an orientation toward the
special problems involved in the investigation of the
complex interactions of pollutants and organisms in the
aquatic environment.
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Training Grants 93
Title: GRADUATE TRAINING IN WATER QUALITY ENGINEERING
Project Director: FREDRICK J. BURGESS
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Project Number: 5T1-WP-187
Amount: $71,588
Summary
The graduate major is in Sanitary Engineering. The
usual minors elected by the students include one or more of
the following: economics, water resources planning and
management, oceanography, statistics, mathematics, micro-
biology, and chemistry. The master of science degree
requires 45 hours of credit including a thesis and usually
takes one full calendar year. The Ph.D. degree requirements
include the major and supporting minor, reading ability in
one approved foreign language and a thesis. The FWPCA grant
is being used for trainee stipends and program costs.
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Training Grants
Title: TRAINING IN WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
Project Director: DR. HERBERT C. CURL, JR.
Department of Oceanography
Oregon State University
Project Number: 5T1-WP-111
Amount: $112,500
Summary
This is a Ph.D. program and is the only program based on
oceanography. Broad training is provided in the chemistry,
circulation, and biology of natural waters with emphasis on
marine estuaries and waters of the oceanic continental shelf.
Three approaches utilized in the training program emphasize
different aspects of aquatic ecology: radio ecology and radio
chemistry in relation to food chains, the role of zooplankton,
and the role of phytoplankton. All trainees engage in formal
course work which is kept to a minimum, independent study, and
thesis research. Thesis research is conducted in the Columbia
River and Yaquina Bay estuaries, seaward of these estuaries, and
in the University laboratories at Newport and Corvallis.
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Training Grants 95
Title: GRADUATE TRAINING PROGRAM IN THE ECONOMICS OF
WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY
Project Director: DR. HERBERT H. STOEVENER
Department of Agricultural Economics
Oregon State University
Project Number: 1T1-WP-217
Amount: $28,782
jummary
The grant is supporting continuation and expansion of a
training program in Water Quality Economics at Oregon State
University. The training period has been extended four years
and the number of trainees increased from three to five. The
program's principal objective is to increase the number of
personnel qualified for research and administrative positions
in water pollution control which require an in-depth under-
standing and analysis of economic issues. The program emphasizes
training toward a Ph.D. degree with focus in course work upon
relevant aspects of economic theory, applied economic analysis,
quantitative methods of research and interdisciplinary training
in the technical subjects of water pollution control. Thesis
research is directed toward subjects which, while complementing
the student's formal training, will support the objectives of
the training program.
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96 Training Grants
Title: TRAINING IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE POLLUTION BIOLOGY
Project Director: DR. CHARLES E. WARREN
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Oregon State University
Project Number: 5T1-WP-208
Amount: $24,286
Summary
The purpose of this program is to train aquatic biologists,
giving them both theoretical and practical knowledge of the
influences waste discharges may have on the aquatic environment
and on the beneficial uses of water. These aquatic biologists,
in addition to their specialization in fisheries, algology, or
aquatic entomology, must have background in the physics and
chemistry of water, in sanitary engineering problems, in resource
economics, and in water resource management. There is at present
a critical shortage of highly trained aquatic biologists with
interest in, and knowledge of, water pollution problems.
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Training Grants 97
Title: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
Project Director: DR. GEORGE W. BROWN, JR.
College of Fisheries
University of Washington
Project Number: 1T1-WP-175
Amount: $52,268
Summary
The program provides for formal lecture courses, field
programs, attendance at scientific meetings, seminar partic-
ipation, and research on pollution problems leading to an
advanced degree (M.S. or Ph.D.) in the College of Fisheries.
Emphasis is on biochemical, physiological, and ecological
problems associated with the introduction of pollutant
chemicals into the aquatic environment. In addition, the
program stresses the social, economic, political and legal
impacts of the effects of urban, industrial, and agricultural
pollutants on aquatic biota.
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98 Training Grants
Title: TRAINING IN WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
Project Director: DR. ROBERT 0. SYLVESTER
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Project Number: 5T1-WP-122
Amount: $61,550
Summary
Training under this program is in the field of water
resource management with particular emphasis on water
quality management and the background necessary for this
management. Primary study areas include water quality and
water resources, water and wastewater systems design, bio-
engineering, and sanitary science (biology and chemistry
primarily). Although training is primarily for engineers;
the overall program includes scientists, and an effort is
made to bring these various disciplines together through
certain course and laboratory work so that they may later
be able to function as a team.
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Training Grants 99
Title: TRAINING IN WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
Project Director: GILBERT H. DUNSTAN
Department of Civil Engineering
Washington State University
Project Number: 1T1-WP-170
Amount: $25,774
Summary
This program provides graduate training in water supply
and pollution control at the master's level. The usual
degree is Master of Science in Sanitary Engineering, but
persons without engineering degrees may be eligible for other
masters' degrees. Basic courses are in sanitary chemistry
and bacteriology-biology, unit operations of water and waste-
water treatment and purification, design of systems, and
stream sanitation and industrial wastes. Training is available
in related course study such as water resources, hydrology,
river development, and statistics.
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RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS, ACTIVE OR AWARDED DURING THE PERIOD OF
JULY 1, 1967 THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1968
Location/Recipient
Project Title
Number
Amount
Universityof Idaho
Moscow
Lank, John C.
Department of Civil Engineering
Siddoway, Dean W.
Department of Chemical
Engineering
The Effects of Accumulated Decom-
position Products on Rates of
Biological Treatment of Organic
Wastes
Mechanisms of Potato Waste
Degradation
1-F1-WP-26,295-01 $ 6,040
1-F1-WP-26,282-01
5,900
Universityof Montana
Missoula
Morgan, Garth R.
Department of Zoology
Sonstelie, Lawrence C,
Department of Zoology
The Fate of Mineral Nutrients in
Flathead Lake, Montana
Effects of DDT Application on
Stream Insects
5-F1-WP-26,212-02
1-F1-WP-26,319-01
6,600
5,335
Oregon State University
Corvallis
Bolen, John J»
Department of Oceanography
Marine Radioecology
1-F1-WP-26,321-01
12,400
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Research Fellowships (cont'd)
Location/Recipient
Project Title
Number
Amount
Oregon State University
Corvallis
Broderius, Steven J.
Department of Fisheries
and Wildlife
Gillespie, Paul A.
Department of Microbiology
Haertel, Lois J.
Department of Oceanography
Hoiton, Robert L.
Department of Oceanography
McCain, Bruce B.
Department of Microbiology
Robertson, James M.
Department of Microbiology
Roelofs, Terry D.
Department of Fisheries
and Wildlife
Williams, Hatvey D.
Department of Botany
and Plant Pathology
Toxicity of Complex Metal
Cyanides to Fish
Sediment-Water-Bacteria
Relationships Between Columbia
River Estuary Plankton, Radio-
nuclides and Wood Fibers
Radiosensitivity of Marine
Organisms
The Characterization of a
Sockeye Salmon Virus
A Physiological Ecological
Study of Sphaerotilus Natans
in an Experimental Stream
Parameters of Sublethal
Effects of Dieldrin on Fish
Kraft Pulp Effluent Effects on
Algae in Streams
1-F1-WP-26,364-01 $ 5,100
1-F1-WP-26,289-01 5,100
5-Fl-WP-31,471-02
5-F1-WP-30,166-03
5-F1-WP-26,157-03 5,800
5-F1-WP-26,040-02
1-F1-WP-26,363-01 5,300
5-F1-WP-26,159-02 7,300
* Active 1968 - Supported by funds awarded in previous years .
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Research Fellowships (cont'd)
Location/Recipient
Project Title
Number
Amount
University of Washington
Seattle
Abernathy, Atwell R.
Department of Zoology
Gotelli, David M.
Department of Botany
Stockner, John G.
Department of Zoology
Woelke, Charles E.
Department of Fisheries
Limnological Study of
Recovery of Lake Washington
Fungal Parasites of the
Phytoplankton
Ecology of Thermal Springs
Bioassay Study of Fertilized
Oyster Eggs in Puget Sound
1-F3-WP-26,213-01 $ 500**
5-F1-WP-26,248-02 6,300
5-F1-WP-26,042-03
5-F1-WP-26,014-04 2,683
* Active 1968 - Supported by funds awarded in previous years
** Supply, travel or dependent allowance.
o
(-0
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As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart-
ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish,
wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational resources.
Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of
America's "Department of Natural Resources"
The Department works to assure the wisest choice in manag-
ing all our resources so each will make its full contribution
to a better United States—now and in the future.
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