A REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION OF THE
WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
AT THE NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION
           IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO

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               A REPORT  ON  THE  EXAMINATION OF THE
            WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL  OPERATIONS
            AT THE NATIONAL REACTOR  TESTING STATION
                       IDAHO FALLS,  IDAHO
            United States  Department  of the  Interior
Federal  Water Pollution Control  Administration,  Northwest  Region
                       501  Pittock  Block
                    Portland,  Oregon   97205

                           April  1970

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                             CONTENTS

                                                              Page

  I.    INTRODUCTION	       1

 II.    SUMMARY OF REPORT	       6

III.    RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION
       CONTROL	      12

 IV.    HYDROLOGIC SETTING	      18

  V.    LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT	      21

           Burial Ground	      21

           Central Facilities Area (CFA)	      24

           Experimental  Breeder Reactor II Area	      26

           Special Power Excursion Reactor Test
           Area (SPERT)	      28

           Chemical Processing Plant Area (CPP)	      29

           Test Reactor Area (TRA)	      35

           Test Area North (TAN)	      40

           Naval Reactor Facility	      41

           General Operati ng Procedures	      45

 VI.    ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY
       AND OBJECTIVES AT THE NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING
       STATI ON	      49

VII.    REFERENCES	      56

       APPENDIX A - Reconnaissance of the National
                    Reactor Testing Station, Idaho	      57

       APPENDIX B - Rules and Regulations for Standards
                    of Water Quality and for Waste Water
                    Treatment of Waters of the State of
                    Idaho	      62

       APPENDIX C - Excerpts from Idaho Drinking Water
                    Standards	      70

       APPENDIX D - Excerpts from Rules and Regulations for
                    the Control of Radiation in the State of
                    Idaho	      87

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                              TABLES

Table                                                         Page

    1  SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM
       AT THE CENTRAL FACILITIES AREA	      25

    2  SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
       AT THE SPERT AREA	      30

    3  SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
       AT THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING PLANT AREA	      34

    4  SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
       AT THE TEST REACTOR AREA	      38

    5  SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
       AT THE TEST AREA NORTH	      42
                             FIGURES

Figure                                                        Page
    1  RELIEF MAP OF IDAHO SHOWING THE LOCATION
       OF THE NRTS AND INFERRED GROUND-WATER
       FLOW LINES	      20

    2  THE NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION AND
       RESEARCH AREA	      22

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                   A REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION
          OF THE WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
             AT THE NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION
                        IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO
                         I.   INTRODUCTION

              Purpose and Nature of the Examination
     Representatives of the  Federal Water  Pollution  Control
Administration and the Idaho Department of Health  made an
examination of the waste treatment and disposal  practices
at the National Reactor Testing Station (NRTS)  near  Idaho
Falls, Idaho during the period October 15  to 22, 1968.  The
purpose of the examination v/as to review and evaluate the
existing waste management operations to determine  whether
any additional water pollution control systems  or procedures
are necessary or desirable to carry out the national
policy to improve water quality as set forth in Executive
Order 11288, "Prevention, control, and abatement of
water pollution by Federal activities."
     The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
was represented by Dr. Milton Lammering and Richard  Velten
from the Technical Advisory  and Investigations  Office
in Cincinnati, Ohio; and Harold Geren and  Jack  Sceva of
the Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon.  The Idaho Department
of Health was represented by Mr. Melvin D. Alsager.

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                                                             2
     An itinerary of the reconnaisance,  including the names  of
those individuals with whom discussions  were held, is presented as
Appendix A to this report.   All  operating installations  were
visited except the Naval Reactors Facility.   The representatives
of the Atomic Energy Commission  and the  site contractors provided
information on the treatment and disposal of liquid wastes and
arranged for field visits to the various installations.
                        General  Description
     The National Reactor Testing Station was established in 1949.
It consists of an 894 square miles reservation in Eastern Idaho be-
tween Idaho Falls and Arco that  is used  by the Atomic Energy
Commission to build, test and operate various types of nuclear re-
actors.  The NRTS also has facilities for the processing of spent
reactor fuel elements and the calcining   of  highly radioactive liquid
waste for long term storage.
     More than 40 reactors have  been constructed and operated
at the NRTS during the last twenty years.  Many of these have now
fulfilled their purpose and have been dismantled, transferred or
put in standby status.  These reactors have  been constructed and
operated by private firms under  contract with the AEC.   Plant
investment at the NRTS exceeds $450 million, with a replacement
value exceeding $600 million.

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                                                             3
     The various reactor areas are widely dispersed over the
Station.  This dispersal provides protection in case of an
accident, but also makes the use of a common water supply and
waste disposal system impractical.  The fresh water supply is
obtained from wells located in each ,reactor facility area.
In 1966, ground water with-drawal at the NRTS was about two
billion gallons, or an average of about 5.4 million gallons
per day.
     This large water use also results in a large amount of
waste water that must be discharged to the environment.  Plant
wastes which are contained in the waste water are of three general
types:  the radioactive waste, the chemical or industrial waste,
and the sanitary waste.  Waste disposal facilities are located
at each facility area and are operated by the various AEC
contractors.
     Any liquid radioactive waste that is not suitable for release
to the environment is transported to the calcining plant and
converted to a solid for long term storage.  The "low-level"
radioactive waste is discharged to seepage pits, lagooons and
directly to the underlying aquifer through disposal wells.  The
chemical wastes consist chiefly of brines from water-softening
plants and corrosion inhibitors from cooling water systems.
These wastes are also discharged to pits, lagoons and disposal
wells.  The sanitary waste consists of the effluent from

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                                                             4
treatment plants and septic tanks.  These wastes are dis-
charged to drainfields, sumps, lagoons and disposal  wells.
     Zones of perched ground water have developed beneath
some of the disposal ponds at the various facilities.  These
zones are generally perched on a sedimentary interbed in the
basalt.  The development of perched water zones beneath a waste
discharge facility is very desirable from the standpoint of
water pollution control, as it increases the travel  time distance,
and the amount of sorption the waste will receive prior to
recharging the regional ground-water body.
     The U.S. Geological Survey has been carrying on investi-
gations for the AEC at the NRTS since its inception.  They  have
supervised the drilling of many thousands of feet of test
wells and have provided a very valuable service in testing,
recording and evaluating geologic and hydro!ogic conditions at
the NRTS.  Their reports are the chief source of information
on the effects of waste disposal on water quality at the NRTS.

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          NATIONAL POLICY RELATING TO POLLUTION CAUSED BY
                 THE OPERATION OF FEDERAL FACILITIES
     The purpose of the Federal Water Pollution Control  Act
is to enhance the quality and value of our water resources
and to establish a national policy for the prevention,  control-,
and abatement of water pollution.  The policy for all  Federal
departments, agencies, and establishments of the Executive
Branch of Government was spelled out in Executive Order 11288
"Prevention, control and abatement of water pollution  by Federal
activities."  This policy states that Federal establishments
shall provide leadership in a nationwide effort to improve
water quality through prevention control and abatement of water
pollution.
     In order to enhance or improve water quality, it  is the
responsibility of each Federal activity to establish programs
for the improvement of each waste treatment operation  that
contributes waste to the Nations water resources.  These
programs should provide for the best possible treatment
methods available so as to demonstrate what can be done to
enhance and improve water quality.  In no event should the
operation of Federal activites cause the further degradation
of any of our water resources.

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                                                             6
                      II.   SUMMARY OF REPORT
1.   This report reviews and evaluates  the existing waste
     management operations  at the NRTS  to  determine whether
     any additional  pollution control  systems  or procedures
     are necessary or desirable to improve or  protect water
     quality.
2.   The report is based on an examination made  during October
     1968 and  on reports and information provided by the  Atomic
     Energy Commission and  the U.S.  Geological Survey.
3.   The NRTS  was established in 1949 for  the  purpose of  testing
     nuclear reactors.  More than 40 reactors  have been constructed
     and operated since that time.  The NRTS also contains a
     chemical  processing plant for reclaiming  fuel from used
     fuel elements and a calcining plant for converting highly
     radioactive liquid waste to a solid for long time storage.
4.   The NRTS  is located near the eastern  end  of the Snake River
     Plain in  southeastern  Idaho.  This plain  extends over 8000
     square miles and was  formed by a thick series of lava flows
     that partially filled  the ancestral Snake River Valley.
5.   The Snake River Plain  is underlain by the Snake River
     Aquifer,  one of the worlds most productive  ground-water
     reservoirs.  This aquifer discharges  some 6,000 cubic
     feet per  second in the Snake River Canyon at the western
     end of the Plain.

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                                                             7
6.   Recharge conies chiefly from rivers  flov/ing out of the
     mountains bordering the Plain on the North.   These streams
     sink into the porous lavas.
7.   An estimated 2000 cfs of ground water moves  beneath the
     Station in a generally southwesterly direction.  Part
     of this is recharged on the Station and part is moving
     through from farther up the Plain.
8.   The travel time for ground water to move from the NRTS to
     the discharge area in the Snake River Canyon is not known
     but is estimated to exceed 100 years.
9.   Ground water between the NRTS and the discharge area is
     being developed.  Travel time from the NRTS  to areas of
     potential development may be only a few years.
10.  The depth to the water table generally increases in a
     southwesterly direction across the Station,  and ranges
     from about 250 feet in the Test Area North to approxi-
     mately 600 feet below land surface at the burial ground
     near the southwestern corner of the Station.
11.  The various reactor areas are widely dispersed over the
     894 square mile Station.  Each facility has  its own water
     supply and waste disposal system with the exception that
     all high level liquid radioactive waste is processed at
     the calcining plant and all solid radioactive waste is
     buried in the burial ground or stored underground in
     metallic containers.

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                                                             8
12.  Liquid wastes generated at the NRTS include radioactive
     wastes, chemical  wastes and sanitary wastes.  'The low
     level  radioactive wastes  are discharged to seepage pits,
     lagoons and disposal  wells.  The chemical  wastes  are
     discharged to pits,  lagoons and disposal wells  and the
     sanitary wastes  from sewage treatment plants  are  dis-
     charged to drain-fields, sumps, lagoons and disposal wells.
13.  The Geological  Survey has been carrying on investigations
     at the NRTS since its inception.   They have supervised
     the drilling of many  thousands of feet of  test  wells  and
     have prepared numerous reports describing  the geology
     and hydrologic conditions at the Station.   They have  also
     performed a valuable  service in monitoring the  effects of
     waste  disposal.
14.  The National policy  for water pollution control by Federal
     activities calls  for  the  best possible treatment  methods
     so as  to demonstrate  what can be done to enhance  or improve
     water  quality.
15.  The Idaho Operations  Office of the Atomic  Energy  Commission
     operates on the  policy that water quality  can be  degraded to
     the upper limits  of  the Public Health Standards for drinking
     water  at the point of first use below their operations.

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                                                            9
16.  The burial  ground for solid  radioactive waste disposal is
     located near the southwest corner  of  the Station.  The
     waste is deposited in trenches  excavated to the top of the
     lava surface and covered  with silt and clay on a weekly
     schedule.   There are  no observation wells  to monitor the
     effects of  the burial  ground on water quality.
17.  Low level  liquid radioactive waste is discharged to an
     excavated pit in the  lava at the Experimental Breeder
     Reactor Area, into ponds  and a  shallow well at the Special
     Power Excursion Reactor Test Area, directly into the ground-
     water supply by a deep well  at  the Chemical Processing Plant
     Area, into  ponts at the Test Reactor  Area, and the Naval
     Reactors Facility, and into  the ground water supply by
     drilled wells at the  Test Area  North.
18.  Chemical waste is discharged to a  pond and shallow well at
     the Experimental Breeder  Reactor Area, into ponds and a
     shallow well at the Special  Power  Excursion Reactor Test
     at the Chemical Processing Plant Area, into a sump and
     directly into the ground-water  supply by a deep well at
     the Test Reactor Area, into  ponds  at  the Naval Reactors
     Facility and into ground  water  supply by wells at the
     Test Area North.

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                                                             10
19.  Sanitary wastes are discharged to a tile  drain  system at
     the Central  Facilities  Area,  to a sewage  treatment  lagoon
     at the Experimental Breeder Reactor Area, to  seepage  pits
     and drain fields at the Special Power Excursion Reactor
     Test Area, into seepage pits  at the Chemical  Processing
     Plant Area,  into a seepage pit at the Test Reactor  Area,
     to a lagoon  at the Naval  Reactors Facility and  into the
     ground water supply by  disposal wells at  the  Test Area
     North.
20.  Chemical and radioactive  wastes have degraded the ground
     water beneath the NRTS.  The  tritium is believed to be
     entirely contained beneath the Station in that  it is  de-
     caying at a  rate approximately equal to the rate of addi-
     tion to the  water supply.  The ground-water supply  beneath
     the NRTS has been degraded by hexavalent  chromimum  and
     chlorides and an increase in  total  dissolved  solids.
21.  There is no  information available to show whether the waste
     disposal operations at  the NRTS have yet  migrated beyond
     the boundary of the Station.
22.  The primary  recommendations call for the  abandonment  of
     the practice of burial  of radioactive wastes  above  the
     Snake Plain  Aquifer, the  removal of the existing buried
     wastes and studies and  programs by the AEC that will  lead
     to the elimination of the discharge of tritium  to the Snake
     Plain Aquifer.

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                                                             11
23.   Recommendations  for additional  water pollution  control
     practices  are made to improve  and  protect  the water quality
     in the Snake Plain Aquifer.  They  include  elimination  of
     disposal  wells that discharge  waste  directly into  the
     ground water supply, the elimination of the use of seepage
     ponds for the disposal  of chemical wastes,  and  the improve-
     ment of some sanitary waste  treatment systems.
24.   It is also recommended that  the Idaho Operations Office  of
     the AEC adopt a broader definition of pollution so as  to
     include any avoidable deterioration  in water quality.

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                                                             12
        III.  RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HATER POLLUTION CONTROL
     The National  policy for water pollution control  calls  for
protection and enhancement of the nation's  water quality.  This
policy applies directly to the valuable ground-water resources
of the Snake Plain Aquifer underlying the National  Reactor  Testing
Station.  Present waste disposal  practices  have resulted in
localized pollution of the Aquifer within the Station boundaries.
The Federal  Water Pollution Control Administration  concludes  that
present disposal  practices are a  potential  threat to the water
resources of the State of Idaho.
     The FWPCA recommends that:
1.    Burial  Ground
     a.   The AEC initiate a positive comprehensive program for
          abandonment of the practice of burial of  radioactively
          contaminated solid wastes, including removal  of such wastes
          presently buried at the site, to  a new burial  site, remote to
          the NRTS, and more hydrologically isolated from any important
          ground-water or surface-water resource.  To provide
          some measure of additional protection to  the Snake  Plain
          Aquifer from radioactive wastes until the above recommen-
          dation can be implemented, the following  operating
          procedures are recommended:

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                                                             13
          i.    A two to three-foot  layer of  clinoptilolite be
               placed in the bottom of the burial  trench  to separ-
               ate the radioactive  waste from the  basalt  surface.
          ii.   The radioactive  waste material  be covered  with soil
               at the end of each day's  disposal rather than  on
               a weekly basis.
          iii.  An observation well  or wells  be constructed in
               proximity to the burial  ground to monitor  the  effects
               of the burial  ground on water quality.
2.   Disposal  of Tritium Hastes
     a.    The  AEC study alternate disposal methods  to  lead to the
          termination of tritium discharges  to the  Snake  Plain
          Aquifer and to surface ponds  in order to  eliminate  the
          introduction of tritium to man's environment.
     b.    The  AEC undertake an  immediate study to  determine the
          hydrologic isolation  of the lowest,  and  now  unknown,
          horizons of the Snake Plain Aquifer or other aquifers
          and  the technological suitability  of these zones to
          receive and store tritiated waste  water.
     c.    After such slow-flushing  zones have  been  defined,
          that  disposal of tritiated waste water into  these zones be
          initiated after other radionuclides  and  polluting materials
          have  been stripped from the waste  fluids.

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                                                             14
3.   Experimental  Breeder Reactor II  Area (EBR II)
     a.    The use  of a drilled well  for the  disposal  of demineral-
          izer waste be discontinued  and the waste  discharged to
          the chemical waste pond.
4.   Special  Power Excursion Reactor  Test Area (SPERT)
     a.    The demineralizer waste and the "blow down" waste
          at  the new Power Burst Facility be discharged to
          a surface pont.
     b.    The septic tank system at  the Central  Terminal  be
          replaced with a lagoon or  new treatment plant.
5.   Chemical Processing Plant (CPP)
     a.    The AEC  expedite the installation  of the  ion  exchange
          unit that will "polish" the condensate from the
          low-level evaporator.
     b.    The AEC  follow the recommendations of the
          U.S. Geological Survey in  their 1966 annual report
          by  constructing the additional observation  wells that
          are needed to better understand the behavior  and fate
          of  the wastes from the Chemical  Processing  Plant.
     c.    The use  of the deep well for the disposal of  radio-
          active waste be discontinued, to eliminate  the threat
          of  an accidental discharge  of unacceptable  waste
          directly into the Snake Plain Aquifer.

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                                                        15
d.   The discharge of the chemical  waste stream directly
     to the Snake Plain Aquifer by  the deep disposal
     well be discontinued.
Test Reactor Area (TRA)
a.   A review of the radioactive liquid waste program be
     initiated with emphasis placed on the development of
     treatment alternatives that would significantly  reduce
     the release of the long-lived  radionuclides,  strontium-90
     and cesium-137.
b.   The capability to discharge the liquid radioactive
     wastes from the "hot"  drains directly to the  retention
     basin without a gross  radioactivity analysis  being
     performed be eliminated.  All  rad liquid waste from
     reactor experiments should be  drained to catch tanks
     for analysis before discharge  to the retention basin.
c.   Equipment be installed to reduce the hexavelent
     chromium in the blowdown waste from the toxic
     hexavalent form to the less toxic trivalent form, or
     some less toxic corrosion inhibitor should be used
     in the system.
d!   The use of the well for disposal of the blowdown
     waste directly to the  Snake Plain Aquifer be  dis-
     continued.
e.   The discharge of the demineralizer waste stream to
     a seepage pond be discontinued.

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                                                             16
7.    Test Area North  (TAN)
     a.    The discharge of  chemical"wastes  directly  into  the
          Snake Plain Aquifer through  drilled disposal  wells
          be discontinued.
     b.    The discharge of  septic tank and  trickling filter
          effluent directly to the Snake Plain Aquifer  through
          drilled disposal  wells  be discontinued.
8.    Naval Reactors Facility (NRF)
     a.    At least one observation well  extending  to the
          regional water table be located immediately
          down-gradient from the  disposal lagoons.
9.    General
     a.    ID Chapter 0510-01 be modified to include  the
          national policy for water pollution control and the
          Idaho Operations  Office's definition of  pollution
          (ID-0510-004) be  broadened to include any  deterioration
          in water quality  as a form of water pollution.
     b.    The ID Manual Appendix  0510  be amended so  that  the
          Radiation Protection Guide values (Part  I) are
          identified as those recommended by the Federal
          Radiation Council.
     c.    The characterization of liquid effluents be improved
          through expanded  analytical  analysis of  monthly composite
          samples to include quantitative identification  of
          specific radionuclides  and a modification  of  reporting
          procedures.

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                                                        17
d.   A quality control  program be established by the
     Idaho Operations Office between the Analytical
     Chemistry Branch,  AEC Health Services Laboratory, and
     the laboratories of the site contractors.
e.   The Idaho Operations Office annual  report on radio-
     active waste disposal operations provide a
     comprehensive description of disposal activities
     during the year.  In particular, emphasis should be
     placed on providing an insight to variations in
     radionuclide concentrations which occur as the  result
     of batch-type operations as well as annual average
     concentrations.
f.   The various chemical waste streams  and the water
     supplies from the  production wells  be analyzed
     periodically.
g.   Sewage plant operators be encouraged to voluntarily
     become certified and expand the sanitary waste  re-
     porting to all sewage treatment installations.

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                                                         18
                     IV.   HYDROLOGIC SETTING
     The Snake River Plain covers  over 8,000 square miles in
southeastern Idaho.  It ranges up  to 60 miles in width  and
extends for over 200 miles in a southwesterly direction from
St. Anthony.  It was formed by a series of lava flows  that
partially filled the ancestral Snake River valley.   The plain
is bordered on the north  by several  mountain ranges and inter-
montane valleys, and on the south  by the Snake River.   It is
an arid region that generally receives less than 10 inches of
precipitation per year and has an  evaporation rate  that exceeds
three feet per year.
     The plain is underlain by the Snake Plain Aquifer, one of
the worlds most productive ground-water reservoirs. This aquifer
which is formed by permeable zones in the lava, discharges some
6,000 cubic feet per second (cfs)  in the Snake River Canyon at
the western end of the plain.  Recharge comes chiefly  from the
rivers flowing out of the northern mountains and sinking into
the porous lavas.  These  rivers include the Big Wood,  Lost River,
Little Lost, Birch Creek, and several smaller streams.
     The National Reactor Testing  Station is located in the
eastern end of the plain  and contains the recharge  areas created
by the Lost, Little Lost, and Birch  Creek Sinks. Some  2,000  cfs
of ground water (1,300 million gallons per day) moves  from
beneath the station in a  generally south to southwesterly

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                                                             19
direction (Figure 1).   Part of this  ground water is  recharged
on the Station and part is moving through  from farther up the
Plain.
     The travel  time for  ground water moving from the NRTS
to the discharge area  in the Snake River Canyon is not known,
but estimates made from ground water velocity tests  indicate
that the travel  time will  probably exceed  100 years.
     Ground water between the NRTS and the discharge  area is
currently being developed by wells for domestic, irrigation
and industrial supplies.  Some ground water has already been
developed immediately  down gradient from the NRTS boundary.
The amount of development in this area is  expected to in-
crease with the population growth of the area'.  The  travel
time for ground water  to move into these areas from the
NRTS would be only a few years.
     The depth to the  water table generally increases in a
southwesterly direction across the Station, and ranges from
about 250 feet in the  Test Area North to approximately 600
feet below land surface at the burial ground in the  south-
west part of the Station.   Numerous  test wells have  been
constructed on the NRTS and detailed information on  the
geology and occurrence and movement of ground water is avail-
able in Geological Survey reports.

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                                                         STATE  OF  IDAHO
                                                             0  10 20 30 miles
                                                       1  Notional Reactor Testing Slat.on
                                                         Springs

                                                         Approximate  boundary  of
                                                         Generalized ground-water  (low

                                                         line  (from  Mundorff end

                                                           others,  1964)
                                     vu%
Fig.  1 Relief  map of Idaho showing the location of the NRTS (National Reactor Testing Station) and
inferred ground-water flow lines.  (From USGS TID_4500)

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                                                             21
                    V.   LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT
     Each program function area at the NRTS is responsible for
the treatment and disposal of the liquid wastes generated at
the area facilities.  Consequently, waste management procedures
vary from facility to facility.  The one exception to this
pattern of decentralization is the management of high level
radioactive wastes (on  the order of  10  uc/ml of gross beta-
gamma radioactivity).  All high-level wastes are processed
in the Waste Calcining  Facility at the Chemical Processing
Area.
     The following sub-sections describe the current waste
treatment and disposal  practices at each of the major NRTS facili-
ties and recommendations for additional water pollution control
practices to improve and protect the ground-water resources  in
the Snake Plain Aquifer.  Figure 2 shows the location of the
various facilities at the NRTS.
                           Burial Ground
Description and Operation
     The burial ground  for solid radioactive waste is located
southwest of the Central Facilities in an area underlain with
from five to twenty feet of silt and clay.  This large
variation in thickness  is due to the irregular basalt surface
that underlies this silt and clay deposit.  The disposal trenches,
which are about five to six feet in width, are excavated to  the

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                                                                                                             22
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                                                               * Atomic  City
                                      Big  Southern
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                                                     EIPLJNATICH
                               TABULATION OF FACILITIES AT THE SAIIiKAL REACTOR TESTING STATION
         Kane                                    Abbreviation
         Advanced Test Reactor                         ATR
         Argonne Fast Source Reactor                    AFSR
         Army Reactor Area                            ARA
         Boilinj later Reactor                         BORAX
         Central Facililies Area                       CFA
         Engineering Test Reactor                       ETR
         Experimental Beryl Iiui Oxide Reactor             EBOR
         Experimental Organic Cooled Reactor             EOCR
         Experimental Breeder Reactor No  I               E6R-1
         Experimental Breeder Reactor No.  2             E8R-S
         Field Engineering Test Facility                 FET
         (as Cooled Reactor Experiment                  CCRE
Name                                     Abbreviation
Idaho cnenicsl  Processing Plant                 ICPP
Initial Engineering Test Facility               IET
loss ol Fluid Test Facility                    IOFT
laterials Testing Realtor                      KIR
Naval Reactors  Facility                        NDF
Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment             ONRE
Special Power Excursion Reactor Test             SPERT
Test Area Nortb                              TAK
Test Reactor Area                             TKA
Transient Reactor Test Facility                 TREAT
Zero Power Reactor No. 3                       2PR-III
                     Fig.  2  Map of the NRTS showing the  locations of facilities.
                                               (From  TID  4500)

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                                                            23
basalt surface.   The walls  of the  trenches  stand  vertical, with
little evidence  of caving.   The  solid waste is  deposited  in  the
trench with some waste lying directly on  the basalt  surface.
The waste is covered with silt and clay on  a weekly  schedule.
     The placement of solid radioactive waste directly  on the
basalt surface and the periodic  covering  of the waste  creates
a threat to ground-water quality.   Rain,  which  does  occasionally
occur in the area (av. 8.2 inches  per year), would  fall  directly
on the radioactive waste and then  flow  into the underlying lavas.
The amount of radioactivity that could  be picked  up  by this
water is not known, but there would be  little or  no  sorption of
the dissolved solids prior to flowing  into  the  lavas.
     The nearest observation well  located down  gradient from
the burial ground is some three miles  away  and  is believed
effected by local recharge from flood  control ponds  and is not
considered a satisfactory well to monitor the effects  of the
burial ground.
     The Snake River Plain is not a desirable location for any
burial ground for radioactive (or toxic)  wastes because of the
importance of the underlying ground-water supply.  Even though
the burial of radioactive waste may not be causing  pollution at
this time, climatic changes in the future could substantially
alter this situation  (Plutonium 239 that  is being buried at
the NRTS has a half-life of 24,000 years).   Ideally a burial

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                                                             24
ground for radioactive or toxic wastes should be located some-
where in the Great Basin, in a subbasin that has little or
no surface or subsurface outflow and is underlain by fine-grained
sedimentary materials.
Recommendations
     It is recommended that a layer of clinoptilolite of high
sorbic capacity be placed between the waste and the underlying
lava to permit additional sorption and that the waste bo covered
on a daily basis to prevent rainfall from falling directly on the
waste.
     In order to observe whether a pollution threat is being
created by the operation of the burial ground, an observation
well should be drilled at the burial ground.

                  Central Facilities Area (CFA)
Radioactive Wastes
     Radioactive wastes from the laundry and analytical labora-
tories of the Health Services Laboratory are discharged to the
sanitary waste system.
Sanitary Haste Treatment and Disposal System
     The sanitary waste system consists of a primary settling
tank, a digester, a trickling filter, a secondary settling basin,
and an effluent chorination tank.  The effluent is discharged
to a subsurface tile drain system in the gravelly soil.
     A summary of the waste treatment and disposal system is
given in Table 1.

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                                                             25
                             TABLE 1

               SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM
                  AT THE CENTRAL FACILITIES AREA
People  Estimated Flow  Design Capacity
(no.)      (gal/day) 	(gal/day)
                                     Equipment  and  Size
1,050
   110,000
(including
  laundry)
 28,800 min.
122,400 avg.
302,400 max.
Digester--35,600 gal.
   (4800 ft3)

Trickling Filter--
   0.27 acre-feet

Primary Clarifier--
27,000 gal. (3620 ft3)

Secondary Clarifier--
27,000 gal. (3620 ft3)

Drying Beds--(3060 ft3)

Subsoil Disposal--
  40,000 ft^ area
  (Chlorinator)
Data Source:   AEC Report IDO 12066 "Liquid Haste at the National
              Reactor Testing Station,  Idaho" July 1968.
     Plant operation records from January through September 1968

indicate that an overall  BOD reduction exceeding 80 percent is

attained.   Effluent BOD,  which ranged from 1.5 to 29 mg/1,  was

normally around 4.0 mg/1.  The plant receives  some low-level  radio-

active wastes which concentrate in the sludge  and on the trickling

filter.  The dried sludge is disposed of at the burial  ground.

The effluent is sampled daily to determine the net concentration

of radioactive materials  discharged to the drain field.   The plant

effluent is chlorinated just prior to disposal.

     No operations problems were reported at the time of the visit.

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                                                             26
Recommendations
     The waste treatment plant at the Central  Facilities  Area
appears to be operating satisfactorily and no  recommendations are
being made at this  time except for voluntary certification  of the
operator.

           Experimental Breeder Reactor II Area (EBR II)
     The facilities in this  area include the Experimental Breeder
Reactor II {EBR II), the Transient Reactor Test Facility  (TREAT),
the Zero Power Plutonium Reactor (ZPPR), and the Fuel  Cycle
Faci1i ty.
Radioactive Hastes
     The radioactive waste is  collected in storage  tanks, the
acidity is neutralized, and  the waste discharged to a  covered disposal
pit that has been excavated  into the lava. An evaporator is  main-
tained in a standby condition  to handle waste  that  is  not suitable
for discharge to the disposal  pit.  If the waste is not suitable for
discharge; it is concentrated  by evaporation and handled  as high
level waste.
Chemical Wastes
     The cooling tower "blowdown" is chemically treated to  reduce
the hexavalent chromium to the trivalent state.   This  waste stream
is discharged to a  large excavated pond where  it is concentrated
by natural evaporation.  Plant operators at this facility reported
that the pond is effectively sealed and that there  is  little  or no

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                                                             27
leakage to the ground.   The waste stream going to this  pond  was  very
small at the time of our visit.   The Idaho Operations Office reports
that the lagoon receives approximately 85,000 gallons per week of
cooling tower blowdown  waste, and 350,000 gallons per week of cool-
ing and miscellaneous waste (9).   If the discharges  are of this
magnitude, some of the  waste must be infiltrating into  the ground as
the pond is not of sufficient size for total  disposal by evaporation.
     The demineralizer  waste is  discharged to a shallow well drilled
into the lavas.  Hhile  his subsurface disposal of chemical waste may
bea minor threat to water quality, every waste stream that reaches
the water table contributes to ground-water degradation.
     The open ditch that carries  "blowdown" waste and other  chemical
wastes from the EBR II  facility  to the evaporation pond flows adjacent
to Well No. 2.  Any leakage from this ditch to the well would result
in an above-average sulfate and  chromium content in the well water.
Sanitary Waste Treatment and Disposal
     The EBR II facility is served by a 200 x 200 foot  lagoon, and
the TREAT facility is served by  two septic tanks.  The  lagoon receives
wastes from about 500 people.  Each septic tank serves  six people.
     The lagoon was in  excellent condition at the time  of inspection.
According to the maintenance man, it does not normally  overflow.  It
is drawn down by discharging to  a seepage area before cold weather
arrives and allowed to  fill under ice-cover condition in the winter.
Recommendations
     1.   The use of drilled well for the disposal  of the demineral-

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                                                             28
          izer waste should be discontinued,  and  the waste  discharged
          to the chemical  waste disposal  pond.   If a further  study
          should indicate  that there is  substantial subsurface  leak-
          age from this pond,  methods of reducing the  leakage should
          be considered so as  to prevent this pond from being a source
          of ground-water  pollution.
        Special Power Excursion Reactor  Test  Area (SPERT)
     The reactors in this  area are the SPERT  II  (standby),  SPERT III
(standby), SPERT IV (operating), and the Power Burst Facility (PBF)
(under construction).
Radioactive Haste
     The waste at SPERT IV is  filtered (microfilter),  collected in
storage tanks and disposed of  to a surface  seepage pond.  At  the
PBF the radioactive waste  will be collected in a  storage tank and
subsequently discharged to a permeable zone in the lavas at a
depth of 74 to 104 feet.
Chemical Hastes
     Demineralizer waste at SPERT IV is  discharged to  the radio-
active waste seepage pond.  At the PBF,  the cooling tower "blew/down"
will be chemically treated to  reduce the hexavalent chromium  to
the trivalent state.  This waste stream  and the  demineralizer
waste will be discharged to a  shallow well.
Sanitary Haste Treatment and Disposal
     The sanitary waste treatment and disposal  systems at the SPERT

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                                                             29
area are described on Table 2.  No problems with the operation of
these treatment systems was reported, but the septic tank at the
Control Terminal and Pit Building is operated at about three times
the design capacity.
Recommendations
     1.   Eliminate the proposed disposal well for the demineralizer
          waste at the PBF and discharge the waste to the desert
          through the "blowclown" waste disposal  ditch.
     2.   In view of the relatively high number (75) of employees at
          the Control Terminal area and the fact that the septic tank
          serving the area is only one-third the recommended size,
          the construction of a lagoon similar to that at EBR II, or
          a treatment plant should be considered to replace the tank.
               Chemical Processing Plant Area (CPP)
     The major facilities in this area are the Idaho Chemical
Processing Plant, the Waste Calcining Facility,  and the Fuel Element
Storage Facility (water-filled basin).
Radioactive Waste
     Low-level ( 10~2 uc/ml) and intermediate level (10~2 to 10^ uc/ml)
radioactive wastes generated at the CPP is processed by an evaporator.
The evaporator condensate is collected in storage tanks and dis-
charged after analysis directly to the Snake Plain Aquifer through
a 595-foot well.  The radwaste is diluted with plant cooling water
just prior to disposal.

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                             TABLE  2

              SEWAGE  TREATMENT  AND  DISPOSAL  SYSTEMS
                        AT  THE  SPERT  AREA
                                                             30
People
 (No.)
Estimated
  Flow
(gal/day)
 Design
Capaci ty
(gal/day)
Sewage Treatment  Equipment & Size
  75
  2500
  10
   300
            100
  50
  1500
  16
   500
              Control  Terminal
              and Pit  Building
  800         Septic tanks,
              seepage  pit
                Temporary
           Engineering Office
                Building	
  333         Septic tank
              seepage pit
                           Spert II
              415         Septic tank,
                          seepage pit


                           Spert III
              415         Septic tank,
                          seepage pit
                                    Spert  IV
                       665         Septic  tank,
                                   seepage pit
               Temporary
           Construction Office
 1000         Septic tank,
              seepage pit

               PER-PBF-620
                (Proposed)
  800         Septic tank
                  Two septic tanks--
                  600 gal.ea.  Seepage
                  pit—3380 gal
                  (452 ft3)
                  Septic tank--500 gal
                  Seepage pit--
                  1030 gal (138 ft3)
                                                     Septic  tank--625  gal
                                                     Seepage  pit-1180  gal
                                                     (157  ft3)
                                Septic tank--625 gal
                                Seepage pit--
                                1180  gal  (157  ft3)
                                            Septic  tank--! ,000
                                            gal  seepage  pit--
                                            3000 gal  (401  ft3)
                  Septic tank--
                  1000 gal.
                  Septic tank--800
                  gal.  Disposal  to
                  drainfield
Data Source:
     AEC Report IDO-12066 "Liquid Waste at the  National
     Reactor Testing Station,  Idaho",  July 1968.

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                                                             31
     One of the reasons for utilizing deep-well  disposal  was  re-
ported to be the fear that a perched water zone  could develop from
near-surface disposal that would jeopardize the  subsurface storage
tanks used for the high level liquid radioactive waste and solids
from the calciner.
     There is no liquid waste stream from the Waste Calcining Plant.
Water from the storage basin at the Fuel  Element Storage  Facility  is
continuously circulated through two clinoptilalite filters in series.
There is no direct discharge of water to  the ground at this facility.
     The disposal  of tritium, the radionuclide accounting for approx-
imately 96 percent of the gross beta-gamma activity discharged
annually at the CPP, has received considerable attention  by the  AEC
and the Geological Survey as to its impact on the subsequent  uses
of the Snake Plain Aquifer.  For the period of 1961 through 1966,  the
tritium plume remained well within the site boundaries of the NRTS--
the farthest southward progression of the estimated "zero" contour
lying in the vicinity of Highway 20.  It  is probable that tritium  in
the regional ground water has reached a quasi-steady-state condition
with there being little likelihood for more extensive spreading  of
the plume than previously observed unless tritium releases increase.
     During the discussions with representatives of Idaho Nuclear
Corporation, the AEC contractor that operates the Chemical Processing
Plant, the reconnaissance team was informed that a proposal calling
for the passage of the condensate from the low-level  evaporator

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                                                             32
through an ion exchange unit had been submitted to the Atomic Energy
Commission (its installation has been approved by the AEC s'-ubsequent
to our visit).  If the anticipated decontamination factor of 100  is
obtained, this additional  treatment should lower the effluent strontium-
90 concentration from  1 - 3 x 103 pc/1 to <100 pc/1, and the total
amount of radioactivity discharged, exluding tritium, to consider-
ably less than one curie per year.  This proposal constitutes a
positive attempt aimed at minimizing the release of radioactive
materials.
     The discharge of radioactive waste directly to the Snake Plain
Aquifer has not created a problem in the use of the ground-water
supply.  The practice of discharging radioactive waste directly into
the water supply, however, does create a potential threat to the
valuable resource.  The threat comes from continued use of the
aquifer for the disposal of radioactive wastes and from the possi-
bility of an unintentional or accidental release of unacceptable
waste to the disposal well.  Such a release occurred on December 9,
1958, when waste from an unknown source in the CPP resulted in the
discharge of waste to the disposal well that had a concentration
of strontium-90 that was 225 times the maximum permissible concen-
tration (7).
Chemical Wastes
     Chemical wastes at the CPP comes chiefly from the water treat-
ment plant.  This waste, which is principally sodium chloride and

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                                                             33
sodium sulfate, is diluted with the plant cooling water and the
radioactive waste and is discharged to the deep disposal  well.   The
maximum concentration of chloride in the combined waste stream going
to the well was reported not to exceed 375 mg/1 (9), but averages
well over 200 mg/1.  This discharge has caused a marked increase in
the chloride content of the ground water supply.  The chloride con-
tent at the CPP Well No. 2 has increased from 10 to 42 mg/1 from
1951 to 1968, and at the Central Facilities Well No. 2, from 23 to
58 mg/1 from 1956 to 1968.  The desirable limit for chloride in a
public water supply recommended by the National Technical Advisory
Committee on Public Water Supplies (10) is "less than 25 mg/1."
Sanitary Waste Treatment and Disposal
     The sanitary waste treatment and disposal systems in the
Chemical Processing Plant Area are described in Table 3.   The treat-
ment plant was operating satisfactorily.  Records on plant opera-
tions from January through September 1968 indicate that an overall
BOD reduction of 80 percent is attained.  Effluent BOD, which ranged
from 4.5 to 25 mg/1 during the period, was normally about 11 mg/1.
No operational problems were reported in either the treatment plant
or the septic tanks.
Recommendations
     1.   The Atomic Energy Commission should expedite the installa-
          tion of the ion exchange unit which will "polish"
          the condensate from the low-level waste evaporator.

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                                TABLE 3

                 SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
                 AT THE CHEMICAL PROCESS IUG PLANT AREA
                                                                34
People
(No.)
Estimated
Flow
(gal/day)
Design
Capaci ty
(gal/day)
Sewage Treatment
Equipment and Size
  310     26,000     59,000 (c)
                  Imhoff Process,
                  Digester Chlorination
                  basin, Trickling filter
                  Drying Bed, and
                  Seepage Area (closed
                  underground)
  <20
          632 (a) Calciner Septic
                  Tanks plus Deep
                  Seepage Cesspool ,
                  DPP-633

          575 (b) Fuel  Storage Building
                  Septic Tank with
                  Open Bottom Dry well,
                  CPP-603

          360 (b) Limited Area Control
                  House (CPP-609)
                  Septic Tank, Seepage
                  Cesspool

          360 (b) Waste Disposal
                  Building, Septic  Tank,
                  Seepage Cesspool
(a)  Design V = 1125 + 0.75 (gal  sewage).
(b)  Sewage tanks  designed to hold 1-1/2  days
(c)  Imhoff retention time of 1.38 hour.
                                flow.
Imhoff Tank--3400 gal
(457 ft3)

Trickling Filter--
0.0678 Acre Feet

Final Settling--
2580 gal. tank

Chlorination Tank--
450 gal (60 ft3)

Modified Tank--
570 gal (77 ft3)

Seepage Area--
(5150 ft*)

Sludge Drying Beds--
730 ft3

Two Septic Tanks —
Each Tank--800 gal.
Cesspool--8' x 8' x
16' deep

Septic Tank—860 gal.
Dry well--5' Diameter
                                                          Septic  tank--540  gal
                                                          Seepate Cesspool--6'
                                                          Septic  Tank--540  gal
                                                          Seepage Cesspool
Data Source:
AEC Report IDO 12066, "Liquid Waste at the National
Reactor Testing Station, Idaho", July 1968.	

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                                                             35
     2.    As suggested by the U.S.  Geological  Survey  in  their most
          recent annual  report (2,  page  73),  the  additional  observation
          wells  needed to resolve  any unanswered  questions  regarding
          the behavior and fate of wastes  from the  Chemical  Processing
          Plant  should be drilled.   The  final  complement of observa-
          tion wells  should be capable of  accurately  defining the
          area!  extent and depth(s) of the tritium  plume.
     3.    To eliminate the possibility of  an  accidental  discharge of
          unacceptable radioactive waste directly to  the Snake Plain
          Aquifer,  the use of the  deep well  for the disposal  of radio-
          active waste to the Snake Plain  Aquifer should be discon-
          tinued.
     4.    The discharge of the chemical  waste directly  to the Snake
          Plain  Aquifer through the deep disposal well  should be dis-
          continued.
                      Test Reactor Area  (TRA)
     The Test Reactor Area (TRA) is the  world's largest and most
advance  nuclear  test  complex containing  the Materials Testing
Reactor  (MRT), the  Engineering Test Reactor (ETR),  and  the Advanced
Test Reactor (ATR).
Radioactive Waste
     The radioactive  wastes at the TRA are classified as "hot" or
"warm" with separate  collection systems  maintained  for  each type.
Hot wastes originate  from the reactors and reactor  experiments,

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                                                             36
whereas the warm wastes originate from floor drains  and reactor
sumps.  These radioactive wastes are transferred from collection
tanks to a concrete retention basin.  The waste from the basin is
discharged to ponds excavated in the gravelly alluvium that over-
lies the lava in this area.   No treatment is provided with the
exception that a waste batch can be trucked to the Waste Calcining
Facility if such action is deemed necessary.
     Leakage from the disposal ponds has created an  extensive
perched ground-water zone beneath the area.  Recharge to the
regional water table comes from downward percolation of the perched
water.  Sorption in the soil removes most of the radioactive nuclides
in the waste except for tritium.  The removal of radioactive nuclides
and other ions is "temporary" in that the removal  will occur only
until equilibrium is reached.
Chemical Hastes
     Cooling tower "blowdown" from the large cooling towers at the
TRA is discharged directly to the Snake Plain Aquifer through a
1200-foot disposal well.  This waste is the principal source of
the hexavalent chromium that is introduced into the  ground water
at the NRTS.  It now averages about 175 gpm and will be increased
by about 300 gpm when the new test reactor is put into operation.
The hexavelent chromium in this waste was reported to range from
about 4 to 5 mg/1.  This waste stream constitutes  one of the most
serious threats to ground-water quality at the NRTS.  At places
around the TRA, the hexavalent-chromium in the ground water

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                                                             37
already exceeds Public Health Service standards for drinking water
(0.05 nig/1).
     The deinineralizer waste is discharged to a pond excavated in
the gravelly alluvium.  The waste, which is derived from sulphuric
acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride, now averages about
3,500,000 gallons per month.  Total dissolved solids in the ground
water have increased from about 250 mg/1 prior to disposal, to
850 ing/1 after disposal was started.  This waste stream is also a
serious source of ground-water pollution.
Sanitary Haste Treatment and Disposal
     The sanitary waste treatment and disposal  systems  in the Test
Reactor Area are described in Table 4.
     Plant operation records from January  through September 1968
indicate that BOD reduction in excess of 80 percent is  attained.
Effluent DOB, which ranged from 4.5 to 37  mg/1  during the period,
was normally about 14 ing/1.  The treatment plant effluent is dis-
charged to two seepage ponds.  The system was operating satis-
factorily when viewed and no problems were reported.  A laboratory
building in the area is served by a 600-gallon septic tank.
Recommendations
     In comparison to other facilities, the greatest on-site release
of radioactivity from liquid waste disposal occurs at the Test
Reactor Area.  Yet the TRA has the distinction of being the only
area without treatment capabilities for liquid radioactive wastes;
other than being able to truck batches of  "hot" waste to the chemi-

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                                                            38
                                TABLE 4

                 SEWAGE  TREATMENT  AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
                        AT  THE TEST  REACTOR AREA
People
(No.)
Estimated
  Flow
(gal/day)
Design Capacity
   (gal/day)
       Equipment and Size
 860
 27,000
  59,000 (a)
Imhoff Tank-3400 gal  (457 ft3)

Trickling Filter--0.0678 Acre
Feet

Final Settling--24BO gal. tank
(331.5 ft3)

Chlorination Tank--450 gal.
(60 ft3)

Modified Tank--570 gal
(77 ft3)

Seepate Area—7750 ft2

Sludge Drying Beds--730 ft3
(a)  Inihoff retention time of 1.38 hours.
Data Source:  AEC Report I DO 12066,  "Liquid  Waste  at  the  National
              Reactor Testing Station,  Idaho",  July 1968.

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                                                             39
cal plant.  Similarly, this  is  the  only  area  in  which  the  discharge
of chromate-bearing cooling  water blowdown  is still  permitted.
     The Naval  Reactors Facility  has  replaced chromate with  a
polyphosphate and at the Experimental  Breeder Reactor  II,  the
hexavalent chromimum is reduced to  the trivalent form.
     1.   A review of the radioactive  liquid  waste  program at the
          TRA should be initiated with emphasis  placed on  the de-
          velopment of treatment  alternatives that  would significantly
          reduce the releases  of  the  long-lived  radionuclides,
          strontium-90 and cesium-137.
     2.   The capability to  discharge  radwastes  from the "hot"  drains
          directly to the retention basin without a gross  radio-
          activity analysis  being performed should  be  eliminated.  All
          wastes from reactor  experiments should be initially drained
          to catch tanks for analysis.
     3.   Equipment should be  installed  to  reduce the  hexavalent
          chromium in the blowdown  waste from the toxic hexavalent
          form to the less toxic  trivalent  form, or some less toxic
          corrosion inhibitor  should  be  used  in  the system.
     4.   The use of the well  for the  disposal of the  blowdown
          waste directly to  the Snake  Plain Aquifer should be dis-
          continued.
     5.   The discharge of the  demineralizer  waste  stream  to a  seep-
          age pond should be discontinued.  Possibly waste reactor
          heat could be utilized  in an evaporation  pond to increase
          the evaporation rate  of this waste  stream.

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                                                             40
                       Test Area North  (TAN)
     The bulk of the activity at TAN occurs  in the  centralized
Technical Services Facility.   Other testing  facilities  are  the
Initial Engineering Test Facility (IET),  The Low Power  Test Facility
(LPTF), the Field Engineering Test Facility  (FETF)  at which the
reactor experiment, Loss-of-Fluid Test  (LOFT)  is scheduled  for test-
ing.  Each facility has independent systems  for the treatment and
disposal of liquid wastes.
Radioactive Wastes
     Radioactive waste at the Technical  Services Facility is col-
lected, evaporated, and then discharged  directly to the Snake Plain
Aquifer through a drilled disposal well.   No radioactive wastes  are
generated at the Initial Engineering Test Facility  and  the  Low Power
Test Facility.  Operational procedures  for the handling and disposal
of liquid radioactive wastes at the LOFT site have  not  been estab-
lished.  However, there will be at least one 100,000 gallon holding
tank provided for this purpose.
Chemical Wastes
     Chemical wastes which  consist chiefly of demineralizer wastes
are discharged directly to  the Snake Plain Aquifer  through  drilled
disposal wells.  A 1968 chemical analysis of ground water from
Well No. 2 by the U.S. Geological Survey in  the TAN area shows the
ground water as having a phenol content  five times  the  maximum per-
missible limit for public water supplies.  The location of the waste

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                                                             41
stream or streams discharging phenols to the ground is not known.
Sanitary Waste Treatment and Disposal
     Table 5 describes the sanitary waste treatment and disposal
systems at the TAN area.  The disposal  wells discharge the trickling
filter effluent and the effluent from the septic tanks directly into
the Snake Plain Aquifer.  The reason given for the use of drilled
wells for sewage disposal is that the relatively tight soils  in the
area makes the use of drain fields troublesome.
Recominendajions
     1.   The discharge of chemical wastes directly into the  Snake
          Plain Aquifer through drilled disposal wells should be
          discontinued.  The relatively tight soils in this area
          should facilitate the construction and operation of evap-
          oration ponds for these wastes.
     2.   The discharge of septic tank  and trickling filter effluent
          directly to the Snake Plain Aquifer through drilled disposal
          wells should be discontinued.  Lagoons, similar to  the
          lagoon at the EBR II should prove to be an effective sub-
          stitute to well disposal.

                   Naval Reactors Facility (NRF)
     The major installations comprising the NRF are the Submarine
Prototype (S1W), the Large Ship Reactor (AIM), the Expended Core
Facility (ECF), and the Natural Circulation Reactor (S5G). The
Expended Core Facility, operated for the Commission and the U.S.

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                                                               42
                                  TABLE  5

                   SEWAGE TREATMENT AND  DISPOSAL  SYSTEMS
                           AT THE TEST AREA NORTH
People
(No.)
Estimated
Flow
(gal/day)
Design
Capaci ty
(gal/day)
Sewa ge
Treatment
Equipment
and
Size
 410     16,000 (b)  59,000 (a)
                              TAN/TSF
                          Administration
                               Area
                      Imhoff Process, Chiori-
                      nation Basin,  Trickling
                      Filter,  Sludge Drying
                      Beds,  Disposal  Well
                                    Imhoff Tank--3400 gal
                                    (457 ft3)

                                    Chlorinator--560 gal
                                    (75 ft3)

                                    Trickling  filter--
                                    0.067 Acre Feet Sludge
                                    Bed—835  ft3
  10
  300
  30
1,000
  35
1,000
 2,000 (b)
designed
for 50
people
 4,000 (b)
designed
for 100
people
       IET AREA
Septic Tank Chiorina-
tion Building, Filter
Bed, Disposal  He.ll
      STEP AREA
Septic Tank Chiorina-
tion Building, Dis-
posal  Hell
              LPT & EBOR AREAS
 6,000 (b) Septic Tank Chiorina-
           tion Building, Filter
           Bed, Disposal Hell
(a)  Imhoff retention time of 1.38 hour.
(b)  40 gallons  per day per person for design  capacity
     (TRA'area figures).
(c)  Design V =  1125 + 0.75 (gal.  sewage).
Septic Tank—2800 gal
(c) Filter Bed—
265 ft3 (Sand)
Septic Tank--4200 gal
(c)
                         Septic Tank--5600 gal
                         (c)  Filter Bed
                         735  ftj
Data Source:
    AEC Report,  IDO 12066,  "Liquid  Haste  at  the  NRTS,  Idaho",
    July 1968

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                                                             43
Navy by Westinghouse Electric Corporation,  handles  the dismantling
and analysis of expended cores from nuclear ships  preparatory to
fuel reprocessing.   Consequently,  this  facility has  the greatest
potential  for the generation of liquid  radioactive  wastes.   As the
Naval Reactors Facility was not visited during our examination,
the following information was provided  by the Idaho Operations Office.
Radioactive Wastes
     Liquid radioactive wastes generated at each of the three reactor
plants are normally collected, analyzed for radioactivity and discharged
to either an open or covered leaching pit.   In the  event of abnormally
high radioactivity  levels, these wastes can be routed through a bank
of demineralizers.   Liquid radioactive  wastes from the ECF are
segregated and processed by evaporation or discharged to retention
basins depending on the gross radioactivity level.   After sampling
and analysis the ECF wastes are pumped  from the retention basins to
the leaching pits.
     Preliminary work directed toward reducing the total activity
discharged to the environment was  started in 1966.   The changes
and/or modifications that are being made in the liquid radioactive
wastes management practices include:
     1.   Treatment of the ECF pit skim water to remove the radio-
          activity  with return of  the treated water for reuse.  It
          is envisioned that this  change will result in a major
          reduction in the volume  and radioactivity of the liquid
          waste discharged at the  NRF.

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                                                             44
     2.    Segregation of liquid wastes  to eliminate processing
          large volumes of waste.   This will  also prevent the
          radioactive contamination of  non-radioactive liquid
          wastes.
     3.    Installation of filtration equipment to remove suspended
          radioactive materials prior to discharge to the leaching
          beds.
Actual work on modifying the systems at NRF in accordance with  the
above is scheduled to commence early in calendar year 1970.
     Although radioactivity analyses are performed on the wastes
discharged to the leaching beds, there  are no observation wells
to monitor the regional ground water in the area down-gradient
from the disposal  beds.
Chemical Wastes
     Cooling tower blowdown, spent demineralizer regenerates, and
other miscellaneous wastes are discharged via culverts to a
drainage ditch located west and north of NRF.  This ditch serves  as
a seepage system.   The excess flow is discharged to a depression  on
the desert.  A polyphosphate compound has replaced chromates as  the
corrosion inhibitor in the cooling water system.
Sanitary Waste Treatment and Disposal
     The 1968 compilation of liquid waste at the NRTS (9) reports
that the sanitary waste is discharged to a lagoon that has been con-
structed with an impervious bottom.  The overflow from this  lagoon
goes to a second lagoon for further aerobic digestion.  The  overflow

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                                                             45
from the second lagoon flows  to a  drain  ditch  and  is  discharged  to
the desert.
Recommendations
     1.    At least one observation well  extending  to  the regional
          water table should  be located  immediately down-gradient
          from the disposal  lagoons.   Periodic analysis  of water from
          such a well would  provide information on the pollution
          threat from the NRF operation.

                   General Operating Procedures
Analysis of Radwaste Effluents
     Compliance with the concentration limits  for  the discharge  of
liquid wastes is generally determined by obtaining a  representative
sample of the batch scheduled for release and  performing gross beta
and gamma analyses.  Supplementing this  procedure, daily proportional
samples of the effluents containing radionuclides  are collected  at
the Test Reactor Area, and the Chemical  Processing Area.  Gross  beta
and gamma analyses are performed on these samples. Monthly propor-
tional composite samples are  also prepared from the batch samples  or
daily proportional samples.   These composite samples  are analyzed  for
gross alpha radioactivity, gross beta-gamma radioactivity, tritium,
and the major gamma-emitting  radionuclides (quantitatively).
Recommendations
     1.   As part of the indicated revision to be  made in ID Manual
          Appendix 0510, it is recommended that Radiation Protection

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                                                        46
     Guide Values  (Part I)  be  clearly  defined  as  referring
     to the concentration  limits  specified  in  Appendix  B
     (Table II)  of AEC Regulation 10CFR20.
2.   Analytical  analysis of a  monthly  composite waste sample
     should include the following:
     a.  Continued determination  for gross  alpha  and beta
         activity:
     b.  Quantitative identification of specific  radio-
         nuclides  including tritium, manganese-54,  cobalt-
         58 and  60, zinc-65, strontium-89 and  90,  ruthenium-
         103 and 106, iodine-131, cesium-137,  cerium-141 and
         144, promethium-147,  and those radionuclides respon-
         sible for the alpha activity.   It  is  recognized that
         each of these radionuclides will not  be  major  con-
         stituents  in the  liquid  wastes from each  installation.
         The decision to not conduct the analysis  for a given
         radionuclide should be based  on analytical data which
         demonstrates its  absence or relative  non-importance;
         frequent  analytical checks  should  be  performed to
         ensure  the continued  validity  of such a  decision.
         In much the same  manner  that  specific radionuclides
         may be  deleted from the  above  list to meet the
         monitoring requirements  at  a  specific installation, it
         may be  necessary  in some cases to  add other radio-
         nuclides  not listed (for example,  iodine-129 and/or
         radium-228).

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                                                       47
     c.    Specific conductivity,  pH,  and  determination of
          total  dissolved  solids;
     d.    Quantitative  identification of  the major  inorganic
          constituents  (cations and  anions).
3.    Relative percentage(s),  as required  on the  AEC Radioactive
     Liquid Haste Report (form ID-111)  is based  on  the total
     activity computed  by  summing the activity results for  the
     identified radionuclides.  If it is  unsure  that all the
     radionuclides have been  identified,  the total  so calculated
     should be checked  against a  similar  total computed from
     gross counting procedures.   The significance of tritium
     should also be reflected in  the computation of relative
     percentages.
4.    A quality control  program should be  established between  the
     Analytical  Chemistry  Branch,  AEC Health Services Laboratory,
     and the laboratories  of  the  site contractors.   Such a  pro-
     gram would appear  to  be  essential  to ensuring  the procurement
     of reliable data on liquid radioactive waste releases  and
     compliance by the  contractors with established effluent
     concentration limits.
5.    The annual  report  on  radioactive waste disposal  operations
     should present a comprehensive  description  of  disposal
     activities  during  the subject year.   Sufficient data and
     narrative should be presented so as  to provide the in-
     formed reader with an insight to variations in radionuclide

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                                                        48
     concentrations  occurring as  the  result  of batch-type  oper-
     ations as well  as annual  average concentrations.   Corres-
     pondingly, the  annual  report should include  the  following
     information for each area on a monthly  basis.
     a.   Number of  days  of radioactive  waste  discharge;
     b.   Radioactive waste volume prior to  dilution  and
          dilution factor if the  radwaste is combined with
          industrial wastes and/or sanitary  sewage;
     c.   Total volume of combined waste (if applicable);
     d.   Analytical results for  monthly composite sample.
6.   During our survey at the NRTS it was found that  there was
     no chemical monitoring of the waste and no periodic moni-
     toring of the water  supplies except for radioactivity,
     bacteria, and chromium.  It  appears desirable in light  of
     the large amount of  chemical waste  going  to  the  ground  that
     the various chemical waste streams  and  water supplies be
     periodically analyzed for total  dissolved solids,  con-
     ductivity, chlorides and pH.  Any material change  in  waste
     characteristics or in water  quality could probably be"
     detected by these tests and  could be followed by more
     complete analyses if a change occurred.
7.   Encourage the sewage treatment plant operators to  volun-
     tarily become certified and  expand  the  sanitary waste
     reporting to all sewage treatment installations.

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                                                             49
                  VI.   ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
             POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY AND OBJECTIVES
             AT THE NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION
     The policy of the Idaho Operations  Office of the  Atomic  Energy
Commission relating to the management and control  of v/aste  materials
at NRTS is presented in ID Chapter 0510  a supplement to  AECM  Chapter
0510, "Prevention, Control5 and Abatement of Air and Water  Pollution
by Federal Activities".  Specific policy requirements  are to  (ID-
0510-02):
     1.   Minimize waste materials at the source by  diligent  and
          efficient operations;
     2.   Disperse waste materials to the environment  only  when
          this can be done without adverse effects and within pre-
          scribed limits;
     3.   Stabilize and maintain control of waste material.
     The Idaho Operations Office defines pollution as  "the  presence
in the environment of substances in quantities which are injurious
to human, plant, or animal life or to property" (ID-0510-004), and
operates Bunder the policy that chemical  v/aste can be discharged to
the regional  ground-water supply to the  extent that  the  receiving
water quality, at the point of first use, does not exceed the
recommended upper limit of the drinking  water standards  of  the
Public Health Service.  Under this policy a severe deterioration in
ground-water quality beneath the NRTS and a deterioration in  water
quality outside the NRTS could occur without being interpreted as
water pollution.  Hexavalent chromium in the ground  water near the

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                                                             50
Test Reactor Area (TRA)  already exceeds  the Public  Health  Service
standards for drinking water.   As  this ground water is  not yet being
developed, there is  no injury  to human,  plant, or animal  life or to
property at this time, and therefore is  not interpreted as water
pollution by the Idaho Operations  Office.   A 1968 chemical analysis
from the TAN shows the phenol  content of water from the supply well
in that area to exceed the permissible limit for public water
supplies.  Brine disposal  at the NRTS has  increased the chloride
concentration in the water supplies at the Central  Facility Area (CFA)
and Chemical Processing Plant  (CPP) above  the desirable limit for
public v/ater supplies and recommended by the National Technical
Advisory Subcommittee for Public Hater Supplies (10).
     Guides for the  disposal of liquid radioactive  wastes  are pre-
sented in ID Manual  Appendix 0510  (Part  I, Section  A).   The basic
guides set the limits of radionuclide concentrations in liquid
wastes discharged to the ground or to ground water at  levels such  that
the subsequent concentrations  in the regional ground water at any
point of use will not result in a  dose to  individuals  in excess  of
1/10 of the appropriate Radiation  Protection Guide  (RPG) values
recommended by .the Federal Radiation Council.  Correspondingly,
specific guides in the form of effluent  concentration  limits at  the
point of last sampling have been established for the acceptable
disposal of liquid radioactive wastes.  Factored into  the  development
of these effluent limits are the probable  reductions in concentration
which will occur as  the result of  physical decay, sorption, dis-
persion, and initial dilution.

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                                                             51
     To set concentration limits for water which  equate  with  a
radiation dose equal to the RPG for a certain body  organ is
difficult because the daily intake of water is divided between  fluid
water and the water content of food; not to mention the  required
assumption of the total daily intake volume for the average  individual.
A conservative approach is to assume the radionuclide concentrations
in drinking water and the water content of food are equal.   This
approach forms the basis for the concentration limits specified  in
AEC Regulation 10CFR20 (Appendix B, Table II).  Thus, for the average
water intake of 2.2 liters per day, maintaining the level  of radio-
activity at the 10CFR20 limits is sufficient in most cases  to meet
the RPG's recommended for individuals (assuming no  significant
radioactivity intake from other sources).  However, limiting the
maximum individual dose via the water pathway to 1/10 of the appro-
priate RPG, further restricts the maximum concentrations in  the
regional ground water to-levels within the range  of 1/5  to  1/10  of
the corresponding 10CFR20 limits.  Maximum concentrations  corres-
ponding to the reduction factor of 1/5 would be for the  case that
the radioactivity intake from the water content of  food  is  negligible
(fluid water accounts for nearly one-half of total  daily intake).
     As an operational technique to be used where individual  doses
are not known, the Federal Radiation Council has  recommended that
the average exposure of a suitable sample of the exposed population
group should be one-third the RPG for individual  members of  the

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                                                             52

group.  Therefore, if it would become  necessary  to  use  this  technique

to meet the NRTS basic guide as it applies  to  individuals, maximum

radionuclide concentrations  in the regional  ground"water  at  the

point of use could not exceed levels  in  the  range of  1/15 to 1/30 of

the corresponding 10CFR20 limits.

     Regulations of the State of Idaho which are directly applicable

to the manner in which liquid wastes  are disposed of  at NRTS are

presented as paragraphs 5.C  and 8.H of "Rules  and Regulations  for

Standards of Hater Quality and for Waste Hater Treatment  for Waters

of the State of Idaho" (Appendix B).

     "5.C.  Radioactive materials  or radioactivity  in water  which
            exceeds (1) l/30th of the  RCG values given  in Column 2,
            Table II, Appendix A,  Part C, Rules  and Regulations for
            the Control of Radiation in  the  State of  Idaho;  (2}
            exceeds concentration  limits of  the  Idaho Drinking Water
            Standards for waters used  for,  or  likely  to be used for,
            domestic supplies; (3) results  in  accumulations  of
            radioactivity in edible plants  and animals  that  present
            a hazard to consumers, and/or (4)  is harmful  to  aquatic
            life.

     "8.H.  Waste discharges to underground  waters  shall  receive,
            prior to discharge of such wastes, such treatment as is
            necessary to render them equal  in  quality to  existing
            underground waters or such treatment as is  necessary
            to bring such discharge into conformance  with the
            Idaho Drinking Water Standards.  The provisions  of
            Paragraph 8.H will not be  considered as strictly appli-
            cable to the existing  sink wells used exclusively for
            irrigation waste-water disposal  where such  disposal does
            not adversely affect domestic water  sources.  However, it
            should be recognized that  the long-term preservation of
            Idaho's vast underground water  resources  is of great
            importance and that every  reasonable effort should be
            made to reduce pollution from this source and that a long-
            term research and development program should  be  estab-
            lished that will lead  to the total elimination of disposal
            wells that directly affect underground  aquifers  that are
            not subject to adequate filtration and  percolation to
            eliminate significant  pollution.

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                                                             53
            Further,  this  paragraph  shall  not  be  construed  to pre-
            clude the use  of deep disposal wells  which  may  be
            constructed to discharge into  underground water strata
            whose quctlity  is such that  it  is not  likely to  be used
            for other beneficial  purposes, provided  necessary
            precautions are taken to prevent contamination  of usable
            aquifers."
     The basic and specific guides for  the disposal  of  liquid wastes
(radioactive and non-radioactive) at NRTS  are  not in complete agree-
ment with the above Idaho  regulations.   When off-site ground water  is
considered, the conflict between  the basic guide  and paragraph 5.C  is
not great, particularly if the concept  of  the  average exposure of a
suitable sample of the exposed population  group is used.  However,
there is substantial  disagreement between  the  AEC policy for setting
effluent concentration limits and that  implied in paragraph 8.H.  As
previously stated the effluent concentration limits  used in the  day-
to-day operations of NRTS  are based  on  maintaining acceptable water
quality at points of use;  with consideration given to concentration
reductions which occur as  the result of decay, sorption and dilution
during movement through the aquifer. This is  in  contrast to para-
graph 8.H which constitutes a strict application  of the non-degradation
policy by requiring the quality of wastes  discharged directly to  the
aquifer to be equal to the quality of the  aquifer water or  of drink-
ing water quality.
     The specific objectives of the  pollution  prevention, control
and abatement program at the NRTS are as follows  (ID-0510-02):

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                                                             54

     1.    Protect the health  and  safety  of  on-site personnel  and

          the general public.

     2.    Maintain an inoffensive environment  at  the  NRTS.

     3.    Protect the economic interest  of  the Nation,  State  and

          local  communities.

Recommendati ons

     The objectives of the pollution  prevention,  control  and  abate-

ment program of  the Idaho Operations  Office (ID-0510-02)  should be

modified to include the Federal  objective of the  national  policy

for v/ater pollution control  as set forth in Executive Order 11507:

     "It is the  intent of this order  that the  Federal Government
     in the design, operation, and maintenance of its facilities
     shall  provide leadership in  the  nationwide effort  to protect
     and enhance the quality  of our air  and water resources."

and the Idaho Operations Office's definition of pollution should be

broadened to include any deterioration in water quality as a  form of

water pollution  similar to that adopted  by  the State  of Idaho.

     "Pollution" means such contamination or other alteration  of the
physical chemical or biological  properties  of  the public  waters of the
State, including change in temperature,  taste, color, turbidity or
odor of the waters, or such discharge of any liquid,  gaseous,  solid,
radioactive or other substance into the  waters of the State which
either by itself or in connection with any  other  substance present,
will or can reasonably be expected to create a public nuisance or
render such waters harmful, detrimental  or  injurious  to public
health, safety,  or welfare, or to domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational, or other  legitimate uses  or to livestock,
wildlife, fish or other aquatic life  or  the habitat thereof."

     For completeness, it is  recommended that  Radiation Protection

Guide values (ID Manual Appendix  0510, Part I) be identified  as

those recommended by the Federal  Radiation  Council.   Hith such a

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                                                             55
broader definition of pollution  and  with  a  new  program  objective
for water pollution control,  the Idaho Operations  Office  could
provide Federal  leadership in improving and protecting  the water
quality in the Snake Plain Aquifer.

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                                                            56

                         VII.   REFERENCES

1.   Barraclough, J.R., H.E.  Teasdale,  and  R.G.  Jensen, Hydrology
                  of the National  Reactor Testing  Station Area,
                  Idaho: Annual  Progress Report  1965,  IDO-22048,
                  February 1967.

2.   Barraclough, J.T., W.E.  Teasdale,  J.D.  Robertson, and  R.G.
                  Jensen, Hydrology  of  the  National  Reactor Testing
                  Station Idaho-1966. TID-4500,  October 1967.

3.   Mundorf, M.J., E.G. Crosthv/aite, Chabot Kilburn,  Ground water
                  for irrigation  in  the Snake River  Basin in Idaho,
                  USGS Water  Supply  Paper 1954;  1964.

4.   01 instead, F.H. , Chemical  and  physical  character of ground water
                  in the National  Reactor Testing  Station,  Idaho.
                  IDO-22043-USGS,  May 1962.

5.   Osloond, J.H., and D.L.  Newcomb, Radioactive  Waste Disposal
                  Data for the National Reactor  Testing Station,
                  Idaho, AEC,  I DO-12040, Supplement  No. 3 (October
                  1968).

6.   Peckham, Alan E., Investigations of underground waste  disposal.
                  chemical  processing plant  area,  National  Reactor
                  Testing Station, IDO-22039-USGS, 1959.

7.   Schmaltz, B.L., Interim  report  of  liquid waste  disposal in the
                  vicinity of the  Idaho Chemical Processing Plant,
                  AEC, IDO-120011, June 1959.

8.   Schmaltz, B.L., Haste Disposal  at  the  NRTS  Laundry—General
                  Description, Unpublished  (1961?).

9.   Schmaltz, B.L., Liquid Waste  at the National  Reactor Testing
                  Station,  Idaho,  ISO-12066,  1968.

10.  Water Quality Criteria,  Federal Water  Pollution Control
                  Administration,  1968.

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                      APPENDIX  A
              ITINERARY FOR OCTOBER 1968
RECONNAISSANCE OF THE NATIONAL  REACTOR TESTING  STATION

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                                                               59
                             APPENDIX A



                      Itinerary for October 1968

        Reconnaissance of the National Reactor Testing Station

October 15

Morning:

     1.  Brief meeting at the Idaho Operations Office of the Atomic
         Energy Commission with Mr. William L. Ginkel, Manager, and
         the following members of his staff:

              Mr. Ralph V. Batie, Chief,Hazards Control Branch;
              Mr. John T. Collins, Industrial Hygiene Engineer;
              Dr. George L. Voelz, Director,Health Services
                Laboratory.

     2.  Meeting in the office of Dr. Voelz (Central Facilities
         Area) for the purpose of setting up a suitable itinerary.
         The following members of the Health Services Laboratory
         staff were in attendance:

              Dr. Charles A. Pellctier, Chief, Environmental
                Branch;
              Mr. Bruce L. Schmalz, Radiation Soil Scientist.

              Mr. J.  Collins and Mr. Jack T. Barraclough, U. S.
                Geological Survey, were also in attendance.

Afternoon:

     1.  Visit to the NRTS burial ground area;

     2.  Brief discussion of "Guides for Radioactive Waste Disposal"
         Part 1 of ID Manual Appendix 0510, ''Prevention, Control
         and Abatement of Air and Water Pollution" with Dr.
         Pelletier and Mr. Schmalz;

     3.  Tour of Health Services Laboratory analytical laboratories
         and counting facilities (Mr. Claude Sill, Chief, Analytical
         Chemistry Branch);

     A.  Brief meeting with Mr. J. Weaver McCaslin, Manager, Health
         and Safety Branch, Idaho Nuclear Corporation, and members

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                                                                60
         of his staff for the purpose of establishing a schedule
         for the Test Reactor Area, Test Area North, Chemical
         Processing PlanL, and sewage treatment facility for the
         Central Facilities Area.
October 16
Morning:
     Visit to the Experimental Breeder Reactor No. 2 (EBR II)
     operated by the University of Chicago for the Chicago
     Operations Office (AEC).   Met with:

         Mr. Earl Graham, Health Physicist;
         Mr. Joseph Auer, Plant Services Manager.
Afternoon:
     Visit to the Special Power Excursion Reactor Test Area  (SPERT)
     operated by the Phillips Petroleum Company.  Three facilities
     were visited:  SPERT-IV reactor, SPERT-I1I reactor, and Power
     Burst Facility (PBF).  The tour was conducted by Mr. Armand
     Cordcs, Health Physicist.
October 17
Morning:
     Visit to the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant  (CPP) operated by
     Idaho Nuclear Corporation.  Discussions were held with Messrs.
     R. E. Hayden, Health Physicist, Charles B. Amberson, and Mr.
     Coward, Idaho Nuclear Corporation, and Mr. Donald Deming of
     the Atoiiuc Energy Commission.
Afternoon:
     1.  Discussion and tour of the Waste Calcining Facility  (Mr.
         George Lohse);

     2'.  Tour of the sewage treatment facility at the Central
         Facilities Area  (Mr. Coward).
October 18
Morning:
     Visit to the Test Reactor Area  (TRA) operated by the Idaho
     Nuclear Corporation.  Tour and discussJon by Mr. John F.
     Sommers, Radiation Supervisor.

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                                                                61
Afternoon:
     Visit to the Ti2st Area North (TAN) which is largely the oper-
     ational responsibility of the Idaho Nuclear Corporation. (The
     Phillips Petroleum Company will be responsible for the Loss-of-
     fluid Test which is to be conducted at the Field Engineering
     Test Facility).  Met with Mr. J. Sommers and Mr. Donald Reed
     and several members of Mr. Reed's staff.
October 21
     General discussions with the following individuals:

     1.  Atomic Energy Commission:

              Dr. G. L. Voelz
              Mr. J. T. Collins
              Dr. C. A. Pelletier
              Mr. B. L. Schmalz
              Dr. Will Polzer, Soil Scientist

     2.  U. S. Gcologica.1 Survey

              Mr. J. T. Barraclough, Chief, Research Project
              Mr."John B. Robertson, HydrologisL
October 22
Morning:
     FWPCA representatives spent the morning in the following
     manner:

     1.  Dr.  M. W. Lammering—conferred with Mr. J. Collins and
         attended Health Services Laboratory seminar;

     2.  Mr.  R. J. Velten—conferred with Mr. C. Sill on analyt-
         ical methodology;

     3.  Mr.  J. Sceva—conferred with Mr. J. Barraclough and
         Mr.  Robertson.
Afternoon:
     Brief meeting with Mr. W. L. Cinkel and members of his staff
     at the Idaho Operations Office.

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                  APPENDIX  B
     RULES AND REGULATIONS  FOR STANDARDS
OF WATER QUALITY AND FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT
       FOR WATERS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

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                                                                        63
                              RULES AND REGULATIONS
           FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS OF HATER QUALITY AND FOR
     WASTE I'ATER TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR HATERS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO


LEGAL AUTHORITY

     The Idaho State Board of Health, pursuant to the authority granted in Title
39, Chapter 1, Idaho Code, sections 39-105 and 39-112, did adopt the following
Rules and  Regulations for the Establishment of Standards of Water Quality and
for Waste Water Treatment Requirements for Waters of the State of Idaho while
in regular quarterly session on August 15, 1968, at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, and
did determine the effective date to be September 4, 1968.

PREAMBLE

     It shall be the policy of the State Board of Health to provide for an orderly
and economically feasible comprehensive water pollution control program, which
program shall be administered to conserve the waters of the State for all legiti-
mate beneficial uses, including uses for domestic purposes, agriculture, industry,
recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation.

     The Board recognizes that the control of water pollution involves srany
factors, including multiple water uses, economic considerations and overall bene-
fits to the citizens of the Slate.  It shall be the policy of the Board to carry
out such a program on a cooperative voluntary and educational oasis insofar as
such a policy is compatible i;ith statutory dutJ.es of the Board.

     The Department of Health shall, on the basis of necessary technical studies,
determine waste treatuent needs throughout the State and shall establish recomncAdcd
tine tables for the provision of such treatment facilities as will be necessary to
abate pollution of the waters of the State.

     These regulations are intended to be in harmony i/ith existing interstate
stream regulations and as an administrative guide for the continuation and sup-
plementation of the program previously carried out by the Board.  The regulations
are general in nature and are intended for use until such time as the staff of the
Department of Health way be able to gather sufficient data to determine more
precise quality standards for such individual streams as uses iray indicate and
until such time as the staff of the Department develops the capability of initiating
A permit system as provided in the Idaho statutes.

     For these reasons,  paragraph 3A should be considered as the basic working
arrangement of the water pollution control program which provides, in effect,
special consideration for each and every vaste source on the basis of special
problems peculiar to that source.

DEFINITIONS

     The following definitions shall apply to the interpretation and the enforce-
ment of these regulations:

     "Sewage" means the wa'cei:-carried hui.:an or anivral waste from residences,
buildings, industrial establishments or other places together with such ground

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                                                                       64


water infiltration and surface water as i.:ay be present.   The admixture with s
as above defined of industrial wastes or wastes,  as defined in the following
paragraphs 2 and 3, shall also be considered "sewage."

     "Industrial waste" weans any liquid, gaseous, radioactive or solid waste
substance or a combination thereof resulting from any process of industry,  manu-
facturing, trade or business, or from the development or recovery of any natural
resources.

     "Wastes" means sewage, industrial wastes, and all other liquid, gaseous,
solid, radioactive or other substances which will or way cause pollution or tend
to cause pollution of the public waters of the State.

     "Pollution" means such contamination or other alteration of the physical,
chemical or biological properties of the public waters of the State, including
change in temperature, taste, color, turoidity or odor of the waters, or  such
discharge of any liquid,  gaseous, solid, radioactive or  other substance into the
waters of the State which either by itself or in connection with any other  sub-
stance present, will or can reasonably be expected to create a public nuisance  or
render sach waters harmful, detrimental or injurious to  public health, safety,  or
welfare, or to domestic,  couancrcial, industrial,  agricultural, recreaticual, or
other legi tai-.ate uses or  to livestock, wildlife,  fish or other aquatic life or  the
habitat thereof.

     "Standard" or "standards" means such wcdsuve of quality or purity in relation
to their reasonable and necessary use as may be established by the State Board  of
Health.

1.   WATER RIGHTS

     It shall oe the policy of the State Board of Health that the adoption  of
     water quality standards and regulations and the enforcement of such standards
     and regulations is not intended to conflict with the apportionment of  water
     to the State of Idaho, to any of the interstate compacts or court decrees, or
     to interfere with the rights of Idaho appropriators in the utilization of
     water rights.

2.   HIGHEST AND BEST PRACTICABLE TREATMENT AND CONTROL  REQUIRED

     Notwithstanding the  water quality standards  contained herein,  where  a  higher
     standard can be achieved, the highest and best practicable treatment and/or
     control of wastes, activities and flows shall be provided so as to maintain
     dissolved oxygen at  the highest desirable levels and overall water quality as
     good as practicable, and water temperatures, colifor;;i bacteria concentrations,
     dissolved chemical substances, toxic n>aterials, radioactivity, turbidities,
     color, odor and other deleterious factors at the lowest desirable levels.

3.   RESTRICTIONS ON THE  DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE AND  INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND HUMAN
     ACTIVITIES WHICH AFFECT WATER QUALITY IN THE WATERS OF THE STATE

     A.   No wastes shall be discharged and n6 activities shall be conducted in
          such a way that said wastes or activities either alone or in combination

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                                                                        65

          with other wastes or activities will violate or can reasonably be ex-
          pected to violate the rater quality standards and/or regulations con-
          tained herein.

     B.   It is noted that from time to Lime certain short-term activities which
          are deemed necessary to accor/Modate essential activities  and protect  the
          public interest may be specially authorized by the Department of Hoalfh
          under such conditions as the Department  of Health Kay prescribe even
          though such activities rcay resuJt in a reduction of water quality con-
          ditions below those criteria and classifications established by this
          regulation.

4.   MAINTENANCE OF STANDARDS OF QUALITY

     A.   The degree of sewage or waste treatment  required to restore  and/or
          maintain the standards o£ quality and/or maintain existing quality shall
          be determined in each instance by the State Board of Health  and shall be
          based upon the following:

          (1)   The uses which are or may likely be Made of the receiving stream.

          (2)   Tha size and nature of flow of the  receiving stream.

          (3)   The quantity and quality of the sewage or wastes to  be  treated.

          (4)   The presence or absence of other sources of pollution on the same
               watershed.

     B.   For  purposes of  enforcement of these standards and regulations,  sampling
          will be done at  a point where these standards and/or regulations can be
          evaluated,  except for areas immediately  adjacent to oatfalls.  Cognizance
          will be given lo the opportunity for admixture of waste effluents with
          receiving waters, where such admixing is planned and carried out in a
          rianner  that will provide minimum degradation to receiving waters.

5.   GENERAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR WATERS OF THE STATE

     The following general water quality standards will apply to waters of the
     State,  both  surface and underground,  in addition to the water  quality stand-
     ards set  forth on specifically identified waters.  Waters of the  State shall
     not contain:

     A.   Toxic chemicals  of other than natural origin in concentrations found to
          be of public health significance or to adversely affect the  use indicated.
          (Guides such as  the Water Qja_litv_ Criteria, published by  the State of
          California  Water Quality Control Board (Second Edition, 1963}  will be
          used in evaluating the tolerances of the various toxic chemicals for
          the  use indicated.)

     B.   Deleterious substances of other than natural origin in concentrations
          that cause  tainting of edible species or tastes and odors to be  imparted
          to drinking water supplies.

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                                                                        66

     C.   Radioactive rraterials or radioactivity in water which exceed (1)  l/30th
          of the MFC values given in Column 2, Taole I, Appendix A, Part C, Rules
          and Regulations for the Control of Radiation i.n the State £f Idaho,
          (2) exceeds concentration limits of the Idaho Drinking; Hater S_tanda£d£
          for waters used for, or likely to be used for,  domestic supplies,
          (3) results in accumulations of radioactivity in edible plants and
          animals that present a hazard to consumers, and/or (4) is harmful to
          aquatic life.

     D.   Floating or submerged iratter not attributable to natural causes.

     E.   Excess nutrients of other than natural origin that cause visible slime
          growths or other nuisance aquatic growths.

     F.   Visible concentrations of oil, sludge deposits, scum, foam or other
          wastes that v.o.y adversely affect the use indicated.

     G.   Objectionable turbidity which can be traced to a point source or sources,

     ON THE BASIS OF THE PRECEDING GENERAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, THE FOLLOWING
NUMERICAL STANDARDS, WHERE APPLICABLE, SHALL BE APPLIED,  EXCEPT WHERE DIFFERENCES
OCCUR. BETWEEN NUMERICAL STANDARDS CONTAINED HEREIN AND THOSE PREVIOUSLY ADOPTED
FOR SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED INTERSTATE STREA11S.  IN SUCH CASES, STANDARDS FOR
INTERSTATE STREAMS SHALL APPLY.

6.   NO WASTES SHALL BE DISCHARGED AND NO ACTIVITIES SHALL BE CONDUCTED WHICH
     EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER WASTES OR ACTIVITIES WILL CAUSE IN
     THESE WATERS:

     A.  Organisms o_f the Coliform Group where Associated with Fcca 1 Sources

          (MPN, equivalent liF or appropriate test using a representative niiu'ocr of
          samples.)   Average concentrations of coliforw bacteria to exceed 1,000
          per 100 nillilitersj with 20 percent of samples not to exceed 2,400 per
          100 uilliliters.

     B.   Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

          DO to ba less than 75 percent of saturation at seasonal low or less than
          100 percent saturation in spawning areas during spawning, hatching, and
          fry stages of salmonid fishes.

     C.   Hydrogen I_on Concentration (pH)

          pH values to be outside the range of 6.5 and 9.0.   Induced variation not
          to be more than 0.5 pH unit.

     D.   Temperature

          Any measurable increases when stream  temperatures arc 68° F. or above,
          or more than 2  F. increase when stream temperatures arc 66° F. or less.

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                                                                        67

      E.    Turbid:ty

           Turbidity, other  than of natural origin, to exceed 10 Jackson Turbidity
           Units  (JTU) .   (This turbidity requirement shall not be deemed to rigidly
           apply  to streams, drain ditches, etc., receiving irrigation return flow.
           However, every reasonable effort should be rnado lo prevent excessive
           turbidity from such wastes.)

      IN ADDITION TO THE GENERAL STANDARDS CONTAINED HEREIN, THE FOLLOWING NUMERICAL
STANDARDS  SHALL APPLY TO THOSE WATERS OF THE STATE WHICH ARE PRESENTLY UPSTREAM
FROM  EXISTING SIGNIFICANT WASTE SOURCES AND TO ALL LAKES AND RESERVOIRS USED
PRIMARILY  FOR RECREATION, DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES, FISH AND WILDLIFE PROrOGATION
AND/OR AESTHETIC PURPOSES.

7.   NO WASTES SHALL BE DISCHARGED AND NO ACTIVITY SHALL BE CONDUCTED WHICH ALONE
     OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER WASTES WILL CAUSE IN THESE WATERS:

     A.  Organisms £f the Cpliform Group

          Average concentration of coliforoi bacteria to exceed 240 per 100 milli-
           liters with 20 percent of the samples not to exceed 1,000 per 100
          milliliters and fecal coliform not to exceed 50 per 100 milliliters with
          20 percent of the samples not to exceed 200 per 100 milliliters.

     B.   Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

          DO to be less than 75 percent of saturation at seasonal low or Iocs than
          100 percent saturation in spawning areas during spawning, hatchings and
          fry stages of salmonid fishes.

     C.   Hydrogen 2_°n_ Concentration (pH)

          pH values to  be outside the range of 6.5 to 9.0.   Induced variation not
          to be more than 0.5 pH unit.

     D.   Temperature

          Any measurable increase when stream temperatus/es  arc 66° F. or above,  or
          more th.in 2°  F. incicr.sc when stream tcmpeiatures are 64° F. or less.

     E.   Turbidity

          Turbidity,  other than of natural origin, to exceed 5 Jackson Turbidity
          Units (JTU).

     F.   Phosphorus pjr Nitrogen Compounds

          Measurable concentration of phosphorus or nitrogen compounds above  those
          of natural origin.

8.   REGULATIONS GOVERNING WASTE DISCHARGES

     A.   Any person or perco.is,  corporation,  officers of any municipality, sever
          district or association which owns  or operates any facility or  carries

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                                                                   68

     out any operation which results in the discharge of waste water shall
     furnish to the Department of Health such infonration concerning quality
     and quantity of discharged waste waters and isaintain such treatment
     records as the Departrjer.t may reasonably require to evaluate the effects
     on any receiving waters.

B.   For the purposes of these regulations, r.un:wuu-adequate treatment for
     domestic sewage or industrial wastes containing significant organic
     material shall be equal to that which is coru-nonly known as secondary
     treatment or the equivalent of 85 percent renoval of the biochemical
     oxygen demand including adequate disinfection of any wastes which rcay
     contain organisms that may produce disease in iran or animals.  In
     industrial processes,  in-plant process controls or alterations, carried
     out for the primary purpose of waste reduction,  shall be considered as
     a part of the treatment process.  Exceptions to secondary treatment re-
     quirements .vay be rade by the Department of Health when it can be
     demonstrated that such exceptions will not adversely affect classified
     water quality and will offer adequate protection for all beneficial uses,
     Failure to provide adequate treatment shall be considered a violation
     of these regulations.

C.   Any person, persons,  corporation or officials of a municipality or sewer
     district who o\:ns or  operates any scwaje or other water-borne vaste
     treatment facility shall at all times operate such facility under
     reasonably competent  supervision and with the highest efficiency that
     can reasonably be expected and shall rcaintain such facility in good
     repair.

D.   In cases of subsurface sewage or waste disposal, such disposal facilities
     shall be so located that such sources of pollution including bacterio-
     logical, organic or inorganic nutrient pollution will not or will not bz
     likely to enter adjacent waters.  In no case shall any portion of such
     disposal system be located closer than 30 feet horizontally from the
     edge of any water course,  including lakes or reservoirs, as determined
     from the known highest water level of such water course, lake or reser-
     voir.  Improperly or  inadequately treated sewage shall not be allowed
     to accumulate on the  ground surface in such a manner that it may create
     a health hazard.

E.   It shall be a violation of these regulations to store, dispose of, or
     allow to accumulate any dslecerious material adjacent to or in the
     ir.imedi.ate vicinity of  any portions of the waters of the State in such
     a manner that such material will or is likely to enter the stream at
     times of high water oc runoff or where drainage from such materials or
     accidental failure of  storage facilities may transport or allow dcle-
     teriouc iratorial into  the water course.  Such materials shall include,
     but not be lir.iif.ed to, trash, rubbish, garbage,  oil, gasoline,  chemicals,
     sawdust and accumulations of iranure.

F.    In case of accidental  spills of deleterious iraterials, persons in
     responsible charge shall ir
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                                                                         69

      G.  Savage sludge or solid  material which way contain disease-producing
           organisms,  when applied  to  lawns, rooL crop fields or fields producing
           foods which nvay be  consumed raw, or otherwise used in such a manner
           that  exposure to persons i?ay be a health hazard, shall be heated to
           135   F.  or  higher for  a period of one hour or any equivalent combination
           of time  and temperature approved by the Department of Health before such
           use.

      H.   Waste discharges to underground waters shall receive, prior to discharge
           of such  wastes,  such treatment as is necessary to render them equal in
           quality  to  existing underground waters or such treatment as is necessary
           to bring such  discharge into conformance with the Idaho Drinking Water
           Standards.   The  provisions  of Paragraph 8H will not be considered as
           strictly applicable to the  existing sink wells used exclusively for
           irrigation  waste water disposal where such disposal does not adversely
           affect domestic  water  sources.  However,  it should be recognized that
           the long-term  preservation  of Idaho's vast underground rater resources
           is of great  importance and  that every reasonable effort should be made
           to reduce pollution from this source and that a long-term research and
           development  program should  be established that will lead to the total
           elimination  of disposal wells that directly affect underground aquifers
           that are not subject to adequate filtration and percolation to eliminate
           significant  pollution.

           Further, this  paragraph shall not be construed to preclude the use of
           deep disposal "ells which may be constructed to discharge into under-
           ground water strata whose quality is such that it is not likely to be
           used for other beneficial purposes,  provided necessary precautions
          are taken to prevent contamination of usable aquifers.

     I.   Sewage Treatment Design Standards and Subsurface Sewage Disposal
          Standards,  as adopted by the Idaho Department of Health,  shall be re-
          vised from  time  to time and shall be used as a guide in the review of
          plans and specifications for waste treatment facilities as required
          by Section 39-112, Idaho Code.

     Regulations relating to Water Pollution Control adopted by the Idaho State
Board of Health Hay 11, 1959,  are hereby rescinded.

     These Regulations shall be in full  force  and effect on and after September 4,
1968.

     Section 39-112,  Par. E --All plans  and specifications  for  the  construction
of new sewage systems, sewage  treatment  or  disposal  plants  or  systems,  or other
waste treatment, or disposal facilities,  or for  improvement or  extensions to
existing sewerage systems or sevage treatment  or  disposal  plants,  shall  be sub-
mitted to and be approved by the  board,  heforo roiipt-viictinn Hiei/cof n'ay  begin.

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          APPENDIX  C
         EXCERPT FROM
IDAHO DRINKING WATER STANDARDS

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                                                                           71



                          IDAHO DRINKING  IJATER STAHDAROS




      In  accordance  with  the  provisions of  Idcho  statutes  pertrining to the protec-




tion  of  domestic water supplies (Sections  37-2102,  54-1213 and  39-101, as amended,




Idaho Code),   the following  standards for  chemical,  physical  and  bacterial purity




and standards  for protection from  impurities  of  water  supplies  in the state are




promulgated by the  Department  of Health.




      Section 37-2102.  (as amended)  Domestic  Uater  to  be  Protected. -- Any person




or persons, corporation  or corporations  or officers  of a  municipality, ownins or




maintaining any plant or system for  the  supply to the  inhabitants of this State,




or any part thereof, of  water  for  domestic purposes  shall protect the same and




keep  it  free from all impurities and all other foreign substances which tend  to




injure the her-lth of the  ultimate  consumers of such  water,  v?hethcr such impurities




Oi foreign substances arc chemical or bacterial.  The  standards for protection




from  impurities and the  standards  for chemical and  bacterial  purity in the State




of Idaho shall be promulgated  annually by  the Deonrtujcnt  of Public Health and




shall be consistent with this  section and  the Drinking Water  Standards of the




U. S. Public Health Service, which standards  are suitable for use in evaluating




the quality and safety of water and  wrter  supply systems.   The  Department of




Public health may in its  discretion  issue  reports and  post public signs indicating




compliance with these standards.




      Section 54-1210 (as  amended)  Public Work. -- After the first day of January,




1.940, it shall-be unlax;ful for this  state, or for any  county, city, village,




district, or other  subdivision of  the state,  having  power to  levy taxes or assess-




ments against property situated therein, to engage  in  the construction of any




public work involving professional engineering unless  the plans and specifications




and estimates have  been  prepared by, and the  construction e^ocul-ed under the




direct s"pci vj «!iou  of. r  r^pi rofp
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                                                                         72





     Section 32-101 (as anendcd) (Paras jra-ph 4, SuWragraphs 13 A, B, and D)




State Board of Health -•- Towers and Duties, -- All of the powers and duties of




the Department of Public Health are hereby transferred to the State Board of




Health and the State Board of Health shall have all of such powers and shall have




and exercise the following powers and duties in additiona to all other powers and




duties imposed on it by law:




     (13) To establish and enforce miniinui.1 sanitary standards for:




          A.  The col]cction4 treatment and distribution of drinking water,




              including sanitrvy supervision, regulation and control of the




              construction, extension, operation and maintenance of public




              water supply, collection, treatment and distribution systems




              and approval of pirns covering the construction and extension




              of such systems.




          B.  The quality of water supplied to the public and as to the quality




              of the effluent of sewerage system, sewage treatment plants and




              discharged upon the land or into the surface or cr°und waters.




          D.  The protection of water sheds used for public water supplies.

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                                                                        73



     Definition of Terms -- For the purpose of these Standards the terms desig-




nated herein below shall be defined as follows:




     Ad e qu a t c or o t e c t i on b^ jrui t o r a 1 ^ jig en c 1e s is rarely possible in surface waters.




It is possible in the case of ground waters and includes protection by storage




in and percolation through water-bearing materials.




     Artificial treatment includes the various processes commonly used in water




treatment, Loth separately and in combination, such as storage, aeration, sedi-




mentation, coagulation, rapid or slow sand filtration, chlorinstion, and other




accepted forme of disinfection.  Rapid sand filtration treatment is commonly under-




stood to include those auxiliary measures, notably coegr.lation and sedimentation,




which are essential to its proper operr.tion.




     Adequate protection by artificial troatifont implies that the method and




degree of elaboration oC treatment arc appropriate to the source of supply; that




the works are of adequate capacity to support maximum demands, are ucll located,




designed, and constructed, are carefully and skillfully operated and supervised




by properly trained and qualified personnel, and are adequately protected against




floods and other sources of pollution.  The evidence that the protection thus




afforded is adequate must be furnished by frequent bacteriological examinations




and other appropriate analyses showing that the purified water is of good and




reasonably uniform quality, a recognized principle being that irregularity in




quality is an indication of potential danger.  A niiniuum specification o£ good




quality would be conformance to the bacteriologicel and chemical requirements




of these Standards, as indicated in Sections 3 and 4.




     Sanitary defect means any faulty structural condition, whether of location,




design, or construction, treatment, or distribution works which r.\ay regularly or




occasionrlly prevent satisfactory purification of the water supply or cr.use it




to be contaminated frou extraneous sources.  Amon« the extraneous sources of

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                                                                          74
contamination of water supply arc dual supplies, bypasses, cross-connections,
inter-connections, and bad-flow connections.
     Health hazard means any faulty operating condition including any device or
water treatment practice, which, when introduced into the water supply system,
creates or may create a danger to the well-being of the consumer.
     Water supply sy&tc-n includes the works and auxiliaries for collection,
treatment, and distribution of the water from the source of supply to the free-
flowing outlet of the ultimate consi'i.isr.
     The collform group of bacteria is defined, for the purpose of these standards,
a-s including all organisms considered in the coli-aorogenes group as set. forth
in the Stap.da.-d iicthods for the Examination of Uat?r and Sewage, current edition,
prepared, approved, and published jointly by the American Public Health Associa-
tion and the American '.later 'forUs Association, New Y.orl; City.   The procedures
for the demonstration of bacteria of this croup shall be those specified herein,
for:
     (A) The completed test, or
     (b) The confirmed test when the liquid confirmatory modiiu.i brilliant:
         green bile lactose broth, 2 percent, is used, providing the formation
         of gas in any amount in this medium during 40 hours of incubation at
         37° C.  is considered to constitute a positive confirmed test, or
     (c) Ihe confirmed test when one of the following liquid confirmatory media
         is used:  Crystal violet lactose bvoth, fuchsin lactose broth, or
         formate ricinoleate broth.  For the purpose of this test, all are
         equivalent, but it is recornncnded that the laboratory worker base his
         selection of any one of these confirmatory media upon correlation of
         the confirmed results thus obtained with c series of completed tests,
         and that he select for i-sc the liquid confirmatory Medium yielding

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                                                                         75
         results uiosl: nearly c^reein^ with  the  results  of  the  completed  test.

         The inculation period for the selected  liquid  confirmatory mediui.i shall

         be 4C hours at 37° C. and the -ornation of gac in any amount  during this

         time shall be considered to constitute  a  positive confirmed test.

     (d) The membrane filter technique as outlined in the  Standard Methods.

     The Standard portion of water for the  application  of  the  bacteriolosical

test shall be ten niilli liter (10 ral.)

     The standard sample  fo" the bacteriological  test  shall consist of  five (5)

standard portions of ten milliliter  (10 ml.).

     In any disinfected supply the se.i.r>le must  be  freed of any disinfecting  ?scnt

x'ithin twenty (20) rainvtes of the tir.is of its collection,

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                                                                              76
                     SGUilCE, :'?.CTECTlOi: AMD OPZIIATICH STA1IDAPJ3S

1.1       The water GLoVy shrll be obtained from the post desirable source which

          is feasible and effort ohrll be raadc to prevent or control pollution of

          the source.  If the source is not adequately protected by natural means,

          the supply shall be adequately protected by treatment.

1.2       Frequent sanitary surveys shall bo made by the purveyor of the water

          supply systcn to locate find identify health hazards which might  ei:ist  in

          the system.  The manner rnd frequency of making these surveys ond the

          rate at which discovered healuh hazards arc to be removed shnll  be  in

          accordance with a progi'ara approved by tlie Departnent ol Health.

2.        Approval of wrier supplies shall be dependent in part upon:

2.1       I'lnfcTccnont of jrulcs and regulations to prevent development of health

          hazards.

2.2       Adequate protection of the We>ter quality throughout all ports of the

          system, including watersheds and underground sources, as demonstrated  by

          frequent surveys.

2.3       Proper operation of the water si'pply system under the responsible charge

          of personnel whose qualifications are acceptable to the Department  of

          Ileclth.

2.^       Acsquctc capacity of the system tc meet peak demands without development

          of lot; pressures or other health hazards.

2.5       Satisfactory record ol laboratory examinations showing consistent couvoli-

          sncc \;ith the water quality requirements of these standards.

2.6       Satisfactory submission of prescribed water treatment records to the

          Dcoai tPient of Health if treatment is provided.

2.7       Subnission  oiid appjoval of engineering plans ccvciing the construction

          and extension of: the \:ater supply, collection, treaUacnu and distribucion

          systems prior to actual construction.

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                                                                          77




3.        For the purpose of application of these standards,  responsibility for




          the conditions in and the operation of the water supply system shall be




          considered to be held by:




3.1       The water purveyor from the source of supply to the connection to the




          customer's service piping;  and




3.2       The owner of the property served and the municipal, county,  or other




          authority having legal jurisdiction from the point  of connection to the




          customer's service piping to the free flowing outlet of the  ultimate




          consumer.

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                                                                            78
                             WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

                    Part I.  Bacteriological Quality

1.1       Sampling.

1.1.1     Compliance with the bacteriological requirements of these Standards shall

          be based on examinations of samples collected at representative points

          throughout the distribution system.  The frequency of sampling and the

          location of sampling points shall be established by the Department of

          Health after investigation of the source, method of treatment, and pro-

          tection of the water concerned.

1.1.2     The minimum number of samples to be collected from the distribution system

          and examined each month should be in accordance with the following table:

                                                   Minimum Number of Samples
                                                     Per >fonth from the
               Population Served                     Distribution System

                3,000 and under                                   2

                3,000 to  5,000                                   4

                5,000 to  7,000                                   6

                7,000 to  9,000                                   8

                9,000 to 11,000                                  10

               11,000 to 13,000                                  12

               13,000 to 15,000                                  14

               15,000 to 20,000                                  20

               20,000 to 25,000                                  26

               25,000 to 30,000                                  35

               30,000 to 45,000                                  50

               45,000 to 60,000                                  70

1.1.3     In determining the number of samples examined monthly, the following

          samples nvy be included, provided all results arc essembled  and

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                                                                          79




          available for inspection ?nd the laboratory methods and technical




          competence of the laboratory personnel arc approved by the Department




          of Health:




          (a) Samples examined by the Department of Health.




          (b) Samples examined by local government laboratories.




          (c) Samples examined by the water works authority.




          (d) Samples examined by commercial laboratories.




1.1.4     The laboratories in which these examinations are made and the methods




          used in making them shall be subject to inspection at any time by the




          designated representatives of the Department of Heolth.  Compliance




          with the specified procedures and the results obtained shall be used




          as a basis for certification of the supply.




1.1.5     Daily samples collected following a bacteriologically unsatisfactory




          sample  as provided in Section 1.2.1 shall be considered as special




          samples and shall not be included in the total number of cr.mplos examined.




          Neither shall such special samples be used as a basis for prohibiting




          the supply, provided that:  (1) When waters of unknown quality arc being




          examined, simultaneous tests are made on multiple portions of a geometric




          series to dcternine a definitive coliforn content; (2) Immediate and




          active efforts arc- made to locate the cause of pollution; (3) Immediate




          action is taken to eliminate the cause; and (4) Samples taken following




          such.remedial action are satisfactory.




1.2       Limits.--The presence of organisms of the coliform group as indicated




          by samples examined shall not exceed the following limits:




1.2.1     When 10 ml standard portions arc examined, not more than 10 percent in




          any month shall shov? the presence of the coliform group.  The presence




          of the colifonn group in three or more 10 ml portions of a standard

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                                                                           80



          sample shall not be allowable if this occurs:




          (a) In two consecutive samples;




          (b) In more than one sample per month when less than 20 are examined




              per month; or




          (c) In more than 5 percent of the samples when 20 or more are examined




              per montho




          When organisms of the coliform group occur in 3 or more of the 10 ml




          portions of a single standard sample, daily samples from the same




          sampling point shall be collected promptly and examined until the




          results obtained from at least two consecutive samples show the water




          to be of satisfactory quality.




                       PART T.I.  Ihysical Characteristics




2.1       Sampling.--The frequency and manner of sampling shall  be determined




          by the Department of Health.  Under normal circumstances samples should




          be collected one or more times per week from representative points in




          the distribution system and examined for turbidity, color, threshold,




          odor, temperature and taste.




2.2       Limits.--Drinking water should contain no impurity which would cause




          offense to the sense of sight, taste, or smell.  Under general use,




          the following limits should not be exceeded:




          Turbidity	  5 units




          Color-	...--	15 units




          Threshold Odor Number--	 —	  3




                        Part III.  Chemical Characteristics




3.1       Sampling.




3.1.1     The frequency and manner of sampling shall be determined by the




          Department of Health.  Under normal circumstances, analyses for

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                                                                          81



          substances listed below need be made only annually.   If,  however,  there




          is some presumption of  unfitness because of the presence of undesirable




          elements, compounds, or materials, periodic determinations for the sus-




          pected toxicant: or material, should be made more frequently and an




          exhaustive sanitary survey should be made to determine the source  of




          the pollution,   Where the concentration of a substance is not expected




          to increase in processing and distribution, available and acceptable




          source water analyses performed in accordance with standard methods may




          be used as evidence of compliance with these Standards.




3.1.2     Vihcre experience, examination, and available evidence indicate that




          particular substances arc consistently absent from a water supply  or




          below levels of concern, annual examinations for those substances  may




          be omitted when approved by the Department of Health.




3.2       Limits. -- Drinking water shall not contain impurities in concentrations




          which may be hazardous to the health of the consumers.  It should  not




          be excessively corrosive to the water supply system.  Substances used




          in its treatment shall not remain in the water in concentrations greater




          than required by good practice.  Substances which may have deleterious




          physiological effect, or for which physiological effects are not known,




          shall not be introduced into the system in a manner which would permit




          them to reach the consumer.




3.2.1     The following chemical substances should not be present in a water supply




          in excess of the listed concentrations where, in the judgment of the




          Department of Health, other more suitable supplies are or can be made




          available.

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                                                                            82
                     Substance                                        Concentvation
                                                                         in rag/I

          Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate  (ABS) —	—          0.5
          Arsenic  (As)  	          0.01
          Chloride  (Cl)	•--	        250.
          Copper (Cu)	          1.
          Carbon Chloroform Extract  (CCE)  		-»          0.2
          Cyanide  (CN)  	••	          0.01

          Fluoride  (F)  	~	    (See 3.2.3)
          Iron (Fe)  	          0.3
          Manganese  (Mn)  	          0.05
          Nitrate1  (N03)  				         45.
          Phenols   	          0.001
          Sulf-atc  (S04)  ---	        250.
          Total Dissolved Solids   	        500.
          Zinc (Zn)	          5.

          1 In areas in which the  nitrate content of water  is known to bo in
          excess of the listed concentration, the public  should be  warned of
          the potential dangers of using the water  for  infant feeding.

3.2.2     The presence of the follo'-in™ substances  in excess of the concentration!!

          listed shall constitute  grounds for rejection of  the supply:

                     Substance                                        Concentration
                                                                         in mg/I

          Arsenic  (As)  	-	          0.05
          Barium (Ea)  	          1.0
          Cadmium  (Cd)  	          0.05
          Chromium  (Hcxavalent (Cr -1-6)  	          0.05
          Cyanide  (CN)	          0.2
          Fluoride  (F)  		    (See 3.2.3)
          Lead (Pb)	          0.05
          Selenium  (Se)  	          0.01
          Silver (Ag)  	          0.05

3.2.3     Fluoride.--IJhen fluoiide is naturally present in  drinking water, the

          concentration should not average more than the  appropriate upper limit

          in Table  I.  Presence of fluoride in average  concentrations greater

          than tV7o  times the optimum values in Table I  shall constitute grounds

          for rejection of the supply.  IJhere fluoridation  (supplementation of

          fluoride  in drinking water) is practiced, the average fluoride concen-

          tration shall be kept within the upper and lower  control  limits in  Table I.

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                                                                           83
                                     Tabls 1.

50.
53.
50.
63.
79.
Annual Average
Maximum Daily Air Ten
n s^ 7
r ^ai





Recommended control limits--
o£ __ Fluoride concentrations in ing/1
ciperaturesl T
Lower
__ 	 	 	 n o
00


	 .__„ 	 n 7
.___ 	 	 	 n ft

Optimum
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Upper
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.0
          1 Based on temperature data obtained for a minimum of five years.




          In addition to the sampling required by paragraph 3.1, fluoridated and




          defluoridated supplies shall be sampled with sufficient frequency to




          determine that the desired fluoride concentration is maintained.




                             Part IV.  Radioactivity




4.1       Sampling.




4.1.1     Tne frequency of sampling and analysis for radioactivity shall be




          determined by the Department of Health after consideration of the




          likelihood of significant amounts being present.  Where concentrations




          of RaZ-° or Sr^ niay vary considerably, quarterly samples composited




          over a period of three months are recommended.  Samples for determina-




          tion of gross activity should be taken and analyzed more frequently.




4.1.2     As indicated in paragraph 3.1, data from acceptable sources may be uccd




          to indicate compliance \?ith these requirements.




4.2       Limits.




4.2.1     The effects of human radiation exposure are viewed as harmful and any




          unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation should be avoided.  Approval




          of water supplies containing radioactive materials shall be based upon




          the judgment that the radioactivity intake from such \;ater supplies when




          added to that from all other sources is not likely to result in an intake




          greater than the radiation protection guidance recommended by the Federal

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                                                                           84



          Radiation Council.  Uater supplies shall be approved without  further




          consideration of other sources of radioactivity intake of  Radium-226




          and Strontium-90 when the water contains these substances  in  amounts




          not exceeding 3 and 10 PC/liter, respectively.  When these concentra-




          tions are exceeded, s water supply way be approved by the  Department of




          Health if surveillance of total intakes of radioactivity from all sources




          indicates that such intakes are within the limits recommended by the




          Department of Health and the Federal Radiation Council for control




          action.




4.2.2     In the known absence of Strontium-SO and alpha emitters, the  water  supply




          is acceptable when the gross beta concentrations do not exceed  1,000




          PC/liter.  Gross beta concentrations in excess of 1,000 PC/liter shall




          bo grounds for rejection of supply except when more complete  analyses




          indicates that concentrations of nuclides arc not likely to cause exposure




          greater than the Radiation Protection Guides.




                      Part V.  Recommended Analytical Ilethods




5.1       Analytical methods to determine compliance with the requirements of




          these Standards shall be those specified in Standard Methods  for the




          Examination of Water and Uastcwater, American Public Health Association,




          current edition and those specified as follows.




5.2       Barium--Methods for the Collection and Analysis of Uater Samples, Uatcr




          Supply Paper No. 1454, Rainwater, F. H. and Thatcher, L. L.,  U.  S.  Geo-




          logical Survey, Washington, D. C.




5.3       Carbon Chloroform Extract (CCE)--i:anual for Recovery and Identification




          of Organic Chemicals in Water, Middleton, F. II., Rosen, A.  A.,  and




          Burttschell, II. H. , Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,  Public




          Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Tentative Method for Carbon Chloroform

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                                                                            85



          Extract (CCS) in Water, J. An. Hater Works A. 54:223-227, Feb. 1962.




5.4       Radioactivity - Laboratory I-'anual of Methodology, Radionuclide Analysis




          of Environmental Samples, Technical Seport R59-6, Robert A. Taft  Sanitary




          Engineering Center, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio; and  Methods




          of Radiochemical Analysis Technical Report No. 173, Report of the Joint




          WHO-FAO Committee, 1959, World Health Organization.




5.5       Selenium - Suggested Modified Method for Colorimetric Determination of




          Selenium in Natural Water, Hagin, G. B. Thatcher, L. L. Rattig, S.,




          and Lavine, H., J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 52, 1199  (1960).




5.6       Organisms of the coliform group - All of the details of techniques in




          the determination of bacteria of this group, including the selection and




          preparation of apparatus and media, the collection and handling of samples




          and the intervals and conditions of storage allowable between collection




          and examination of the water sample, shall be in accordance with  Stan-




          dard Ifcthods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, current edition,




          and the procedures shall be those specified therein for:




5.6.1     The Membrane Filter Technique, Standard Test, or




5.6.2     The Completed Test, or




5.6.3     The Confirmed Test, procedure with brilliant green  lactose bile broth, or




5.6.4     The Confirmed Test, procedure with Endo or eosin methylene blue agar




          plates.

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                          PART I - SUB'ffSSIOK OF PLANS                      86

1.0       GENERAL. - All reports, final plans, and  s'pecifications  should  be  sub-

          mitted at least 30 days prior to the date on which  action  by  the  Idaho

          Department of Health is desired.  Documents submitter!  for  formal

          approval shall include (a) general layout,,  (b) detailed  plans,

          (c) specificationc, (d) reference to any  plans and  specifications

          previously filed with the Idaho Department of Health pertaining to

          the water supply system involved.  No approval for  construction can

          be issued until finc.il, complete, detailed plans and specificatione
          prepared by a registered professional engineer
          have been submitted to the Idaho Department of Health  and  found to be

          satisfactory.

1.1       ENGINEER'S REPORT. - The engineer's report for water works improvements

          r.h.-.ll,  where pertinent, present the following information:

1.1.1     General Infpj.Tip.Lion. - Describe the existing water  works and  sewerage

          facilities, ar.d describe briefly the municipality or water district

          served.

1.1.2     Extent of Uater Works System. - Describe  the nature and  extent  of  the

          area to be served with water, 0nd any provisions for extending  the

          water works system to include additional  areas, and appraise  the  future

          requirements for service.  Also, describe significant  industrial develop

          ments and industrial water supply needs which are to be  met by "the- water-

          supply system, or which are  likely to bo  required in the near future.

1.1.3     Al t ernat o PI PUS . •• Where two or more solutions exist for providing

          public water supply facilities, each of which is feasible  and practic-

          able, discuss the alternate plans and give reasons  for selecting the  one

          recommended, including financial considerations.

1.1.4     jgiJj__Gj:ojjndJTater Coiiditions,, and Foundation Problems.  -  Describe

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              APPENDIX  D
             EXCERPT FROM
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL
 OF RADIATION IN THE STATE OF IDAHO

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                                                                                  88
                             WASTE IJISl'OS-VL

Sec. C301 Gencial  Kcquiicmcnt. No licensee  shall dispose of  any  ladioactivc
matciinl cvccpt

    (a) By tiansfei to an aulhonzcd iccipicnt as p;o\ided in Pail B, or
    (b) As authoiizcd pursuant  to Sections C 302, C 303, C.30-1, 01 C IOC.

 Sec. C 302 Method of  Obtaining Approval of 1'ioposed Disposal Prorcdiucs. Any
 pcison may applj to the Roaul  fo: appio\al of pio,)o->ed pioccduies to dispose of
 radioacti\c nutcnal  111  a mannci not otlici wise  aulhoii/^d  in  this  pait  Kach
 application shall include  a  dcbcnpiion of the  iadioacli\c malonal,  inc'udmg the
 quantities and kmJs of laclioacti.e  mateiial  and the le.cls of ladioactivily m-
 \ol\ed, and  the  piopoacd mannci  and conditions  of disposal  The application,
 whcie appiopiipte, should  also  include an  analjsis and  equation  of pcitincnl
 infoimation  as to the naliiie of the  cn\iio»mcnl,  including topogiaplucal, geo-
 logical, mcteiologicpl, rncl ludiological cKuactet istics, ubagc  of giound and sur-
 face wati'is  in the goneial  aien, the natiue and location  of olhci potentially af-
 fected facil.ties; and  pioccduics to  be ob«ci\ed 10 mi'iimi/.o  the  lisk  of  unex-
 pected 01  liazaidous eypo*u:es   The I'.oaic!  will not appio^c an>  application for
 a  license  to iccene iadioacti\c  niateiial  fiom  other pei-ons for disposal on land
 not owned bj a state  01  the Fcdcial  Go\ei nincnt

 Sec  C 3U3  Disposal bj  Hcli-ase  into  Sanitary  Sewerage S.\stems.  No  licensee
 shall  diichaige iac!ioacti\c  inaieii.il  into a  snnilaiy ^eweiage  svslein unless
     (a)  It, i» icadily soluble 01  dispcisib'c in wi'ter, and,
     (bj  The quantity  of an;, i;idioacti\e  inaUiial iclcascd into the sji-lem by the
          licensee  in any one da\  does  iiot exceed the laijjei of subpaiagiaphs (1)
          or (2) of this paiagiaph
          (1)  The  quantitj  which,  if  diluted  b\  the  avciagc  daily quantity  of
          sewpge lelcased  into the «.c>\ ei bj  tlic licensee, v, ill icsult in an  a\ciaj:c
          conccntiation not Kiealei  th.Mi the  limits specified in Appendix A, Table
          I, Co'uion 2,  of this pail; 01.
          (2)  Ten times the  quantity  of such matciiul specified in Appendix R of
          this pai't, and,
     (c) The quantity  of  an\  indioacti\c matcnal iclra^ed in any one iiionlh,  if
          diluted  bj  the  a\eia^o  inonthlj   quantity  of   watci  icle.'sed  b>  the
          licensee, will  not losufi in an a\ciagc  conccntiat'on  exceeding tho lim-
          its specified  in Appcriilix  -\,  Table  I,  Column 2,  of this pait; and,
     (d)  The gioss quantity of  ladioactr.p  niplcnal  icleascd into  the se>'.eiage
          system b> the IICOITJCC does not  ex-ceecl one cuiic pci  >C;M.
              Excieta fiom  indi\idu?'s uiidc1 going  medical diagnosis  01  thciapj
          with iadioacti\c matcnal  shall be exempt  fiom  an\  limitations con-
          tained in this section

 Sec. C.301 Di<|io«.il bj  Ruiinl  in  Soil No  licensee shall dispose of iadioi?cli\c
 matciinl by buiifl m soil unless
     (a) The total  quantity of  irdiorcti\e  materials  buiicd at  any  one  location
         and time doeo not  exceed, rt the time of bunal,  1,000 times the amount
         specified in Appendix  H of this  pait; and,
     (b)  Biiiidl is at a minimum depth of foui  feet; and,
     (c) Successive buiials  aie  sepr.iated by  distances  of a  least  six  feet and
         not  moie thrn 12 buiials aic made  in any ycai

 Sec. C ^05 Di^pos.il by Incinciatiun  No licensee shall incinerate ladioactive ma-
 teiial foi  the put pose of disposal or piepaiation foi  disposal except ab  spccif-
         icall\ appiovcd  by  the  Boaul puisuant to Sections C106 and C.302


                  RECORDS, RKI'OUTS,  AND  NOTIFICATION

 Sec. C-101 Records of  Sunejs,  Radiation Monitoring,  and Disposal.
     (a)  Each licensee 01 icgistiant shall  maintain iccoids showing the radia-
         tion e.xposuic of all  indnidua's foi whom pcisonncl monitoring  is re-
         quned undei  Section C 202 of this  pait Such lecoids  shall  be  kept  on
         Dcpaitment  of  Health  Foi in "Z",  in accoi dance with  the instruotions
         containei.1 in  thrt foi PI  o:  on C'.CPI  and legible j-ecorcls containing all the
         infoimation  lequncd  by  Dcpaitmenl  of  Health  Komi  "7". The  doses
         enteicd 0:1 the foinib 01 lecoicis  shall be foi  pcuods of time  not exceed-
         ing  one  calendai quai tci

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                                                                               89
     (b)  Each licpn.-ea  01  icgiilinnl  shall maintain  iccoulo  in the same units
         used  in this pait, showing ilie icsulU of snivels icquncd by C.201(b),
         and disposals made unclci Sections C 30-, C.303, and C 30-1
     (c)  Rocoids of  individual radiation cxposme which must be maintained pui-
         suant to the piovisions of pniagi?.ph (a) of th's  section shall  be pre-
         setved until such  time  .as this BU.TI! may dctciminc 1O (ttccoids  which
         must be maintained puisuant  to  this  pail  may be maintained  in  the
         form  of miciofilm )
     (d)  The discontinuance  of  01  cintai'ment of activities, does not  iclie\e  the
         licensee or  icgistianl of  lespoiiiibilil.v foi  lol.iinmg alt iccoids icquiied
         by this section A  licensee 01  icgisUanl  may, howevei, lequest the  Boaid
         to accept such iccouls  The acceptance  of the  iccoids  by  the Boaid ic-
         licvcs the   licensee  01  legis'iant  of subsequent  i tsponsibihty only  in
         respect  to  then picscivalion as iequi>ed  by this section.

Sec. C.402  RppoiU of Theft 01  I.c^s of Source of Kadiation  Each licensee or icg-
istipnl shall icpoit  bv telephone and  tclegiaph to the Boaid the theft 01 loss of
any souicc of ladiation immcdiateli  aftei  such  occunoncc  becomes known.

Sec. C-103  Notification  of Incidents.
     (a)  Immediate  Notification.  Each licensee  01  icgisliant  shall immediately
         notify the  Boaid by telephone and  telegirph of an>  incident involving
         any souice  of laclirlion possessed by li'iii and which may have caused or
         tlneatcns to cause
         (1) Exposu-.e to the vbo'e bod;,  of any  individual to 23 icnis  o: mote of
         radiation; c\posuio  of  the skin  of the  whole bodv of  an>  indiMdual  to
         150 icins 0! mote of ladialion;  01 cxpo^uic of the feet, ankles,  hands,
         01 foieniiMs of anv individual to 375 icm-j 01 moio  of i?di?.l em-
         ployed or associated vith  hn-i (i e , student,  ciaftsivan, etc.), shall fur-
         nish to such individual  a repoit of  his exposuie to lad'ation as shown  in
         lecoids  maintained  puisuant to  Section  C.-!0(a).  Such  repoit  shall
         be fmnished within 30 days  f'-om the time  the  leque^t is m'ado; sliall
        cp\er  each calendai  -juritci of the individual's  employment or  associa-
         tion in\ohine exposine to K'dif.tion,  01 such  lesser  peiiod as may  be  ic-
        qucsted  by  the individual  The ic-po:t shall  also include  the icsults  of

'OAt any time, the Boaid ina> amend  this section to assu:c the fuithei pieseiva-
tion of lecoids which it deteimines should not be destioycd

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                                                                               90
        any calculations and  an.ilvscs  of  ladioactivc mateiial deposited  in the
        body of the  mdr.idual and made  puisiunt to the piovisiona  of  Section
        C 107  The icpoit  shall be in vuiting and contain the following state-
        ment.
             "This report is furnished to >ou unclei  the  pio\isions of the Idaho
             State Boaid of He.illh legulations  entitled Rules and Regulations
             for the Contiol of Radiation in  the  State of Idaho  You should pie-
             scive this iepoit  foi fuluic lofeiepce"
    (b) The individual's request  should  include  appiopi iatc  idcntif v. ing data,
        such as social sccunty mimbci and dates and locations of employment or
        association.

Sec. C.-105 Reports of Overexposiirps and Kxcesshc Levels  and Concentration.-..
  (a) In  addition to  any notification  icquiied bv  Section C 103, each licensee 01
        registiant shall make a icpoit  in willing •\\ithm 30 days  to  the Board
        of  (1) each  exposine  of an individual to i.idia'.ion 01  concenti aliens of
        radioactive material IP excess o' pny  applicable  limit as set foith in
        this pait 01  as otheivvise approved  b;.  the Boa'd,  (2) an\ incident for
        which notuicatio'i  is lequncd bv  Section C-103; and (3)  le\els of radia-
        tion or conccnliatio'is of radioactive inateii?!  (not involving  e.\cessivc
        c.xposme of anv indi\idual) in an umcstiictcd aiea in execs? of ten times
        any applicable limit as  set foith  in this pail 01  as olhoiwUc appioved
        by  the  Boaid  Kach icpoit lecjuiied  undci Ihis paragraph  shall  dosciibe
        the extent of exposuie of mdiv iduals to ladiation ci to laclioaclivc inrle-
        rial,  le\cls of irdiation  and  concer.'iations of ipdionctnc rinlciial  in-
        vohed, the cause of the e\ijosuie, le\cls, 01 concenti ."'t ions; and  conec-
        ti\e steps taken or planned to assiue against a  iccuncncc.
    (b) In  a'iy c?se  \\hcie a  licensee 01  icgist'an'  i"; icqiiiied puisuant  to the
        pio\ibio;is of this  section  to icpoit  to  the  Koaicl  any cxposuio of  an
        indmdual to indiaiion 01  to  ci>ncenlialion«  of jad'o^ctiNC  ma'ciipl, tlie
        licensee  01 legislianl  shall not l.uei  than tlic ma'\ip£ of such icpoit to
        the  Boaid also »otif>  such iiuli\idiinl of  the naiuic- and  extent  of e\-
        posuic  Such notice shall  be  in  anting  and shall  contain  the following
        statement-
             '•This icpoit is fuinished to you undoi  the  p:o\i>c  such  individual ^annually  of the individual's cxposuic to radia-
tion as shov.n in  iccoids mainlainod  by the  licensee 01  legisliant puisuant to
Section C.-lOl(a).

Sec. C.107 Vacating Premises.
Each  specific licensee shall, no less than  30 days  bcfoie vacating 01  iclinquishing
possession 01 contiol  of premises which mr.v  have been contaminated with radio-
active material as a icsult of his activities, notifv the Coaid in wilting of intent
to vacate. The Bond may rcqiuic that tha licensee decontaminate or have  decon-
taminated the locat'or> to  a degiee consistent with subsequent use as an unre-
stricted aiea, the detp'is i>j  be  spec'fic-d  in  each case by the Boaid.

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                                                                          91
                           PART C

                         Aprr.xmx A

CONCEXTIi \TIOVS IN MK VXD \VATi:K ABOVh NATUIVL RVCKGROUND
                   (Sec notes at end of pjipcndtx)
Table 1
I'lemcnt (Atomic Number)
Acciniun (89)



Amciiclu-i (95)









Andncn> (51)





Argon (18)

Arsenic (33)







Astatine (B5)

Barlun (56)



Bcrkclluci (97)



Bcrylllun (4)

Blsnuth (S3)







Brouiinc (35)

CsdnlLT ('.8)

Isolopci
Ac 227

Ac 228

A=i 241

An 242 n

Am 242

Aa 243

Am 244

Sb 122

So 124

Sb 125

A 17
t\ j /
A 41
As 73

As 74

As 76

As 77

Ac 211

Ba 131

Ba 140

Bk 249

Bk 250

Be 7

Bl 206

Bl 207

Bl 210

Bl 212

Br 82

Cd 109


S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
S..U?
11 D
Sub
s
i
s
i
s
i
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
2xlO-12
3x10""
8xlO"8
2xlO"8
6xlO"12
IxlO-10
6xlO'12
3xlO-10
4x10-8
5xlO"8
6,10-J2
IxlO'10
4x10"°
2xlO"5
2xlO"7
IxlO'7
2xlO"7

SxlO'7

£v 1 ft"3
OX 1 \J
2x10'^
4<10"7
3*10
IxlO"7
IxlO'7
IxlO"7
5xlO"7
4xlO"7

3xlO"8
lxlO'5
4x10"'
IxlO"7
4xlO"8
9*10"10
IxlO"7
IxlO"7
1x10;°

Ix 10
2xlO"7
ixio";
2xlO"7
1x10"°
6x10
6xlO"9
IxlO'7
2xlO"7
1x10"'
2xlO"7
5x10'°
7xlO-8
Column ?
W ater
(uc/ml)
6<10"5
9>10'3
3>10"3
3xlO'3
1x10'*

MO'*
3-ilO"3
4x.lO'3

1x10-*
8xlO"*
IxlO"1
1x10"'
8x10"*

7x10-*
7x10-*
3xlO'3
3xlO"3


IxlO"2
1x10"'
2xlO'3
7xlO-3
6x10-*
6x10'*
2xlO"3
2xlO'3
5xlO"5
2xlO'3
SxlO"3
SxlO"3
3x10-''
7x10",
2xlO"?
2xlO"2
6xlO"3
6X10""1
5x10-'
5x10",
IxlO"3
IxlO'3
2x10"^
2x10",
IxlO"3
IxlO"3
IxlO"2
MO^2

IxlO"3
SxlO"3
SxlO"3
Table II
Column ]
Air
(uc/ml)
SxlO'1*
9xlO-13
3x10"'
6xlO-|°
2x10 ,
4xlO-|2

9xjO~12
IxlO'9
2xlQ-9
2xl°-12

IxlO-7
8x10"'
6x10"'
5x10
SxlO-9
7xlO-10
2xlO"8
9N10-,10
ivin"*
IX 1U
/.. i n~ 8
'* X 1 V
7xlO-8
IxlO"8
lxlO'8
4xlO"9
4xlO"9

2xlO"8
IxlO'8

IxlO'9
4x10-8
lxlO"8
4>10 o
IxlO"9
3x10""
4xlO"9
5xl°Is

2x-10'7
4>. 10*
6xlO"9
5xlO'9
• 9
6x10
5xlO"j°
2x10-0
2*10-1°
3\io"9
7xlO"9
4x10-8
6xlO'9
2x10"*
3xlO'9
Co1 urn n 2
\V 3:er
die/ml)
7xlO"6
3x10"*
9xlO"5
9x10-5
4xlO"6
2xlO"5
4x10-6
9x10" 5
1x10-*
1x10'*
4x10"°
3x10" *
SxlO'J
SxlO"3
3x10-5
3x10-5
2x10-5
7xlO"5
1x10'*
1x10"*


5x10'*
5x10'*
5x10-5
5xlO"5
2x10-5
2xl0'5
8x10" 5
8xlO"5
2x10'°
7xlO'5
2x10'*
2x10'*
3x10"^
2x10" 5
6x10-*
6x10'*
2x10'*
2x10'*
2xlO'3
2x 10"
4x10"^
4x10" 5
6x10" 5
6x10"'
4xlO"5

4x10"*
4»10"*
3x10'*
4x10 "'
2x10"*
2xlC"*

-------
                                                                                    92
CONCENTRATIONS IN -MR AMI \\.\1I.i: AHGVK  N \TUlt \L BACKGROUND
                       (Set noti'a at end  of ••ppcnilix)
                                              Table I
                                                                    Table II
KIcmrnt (Atomic Number) Isotopei
Cd 115 D

Cd 115

lolclu-i (70) Ca 45

Ca 47

laUfornlu- (98) Cf 249

Cf 250
Cf 251

Cf 25?

Cf 253

Cf 254
larbon (6) C 14
fro \
Icrlira (58) Cc HI

Cc 143
Cc 144
Icsluir, (i5) Cs 131

Cs 134 a

Cs 134

Cs 135

Cs 136

Cs 137

Ihlorlnc (17) Cl 36

Cl 38

Ihromtua (2i) Cr 51

:ob«lt (27) Co 57
Co 53 ci

Co S?

Co 60

:oppcr (29) Cu 64

S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
C v
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
s
X
s
I
s
I
s
X
5
X
s
I
s
I
s
X
s
I
s
I
Column ]
Air
(uc/m!)
4xlO'8
4xlO'8
2x10-7
2xlO'7
3xlO"8
1x10"'
2x10"'
2x10 •'

1x10'}°
M°"I«
IxlO"10
2xlO'12
IxlO-}0
2>l° 10

Svlo"l°
6x10- }°,
5<10-
SxlO'}2
4x10""
t 1 rtO
3%iu.7
2x10-'
3x10''
2x10"'
IxlO"8
6x10"*
ixio";
3x10-*
4xlO"5
6xlO"5
4MO-8
lxlO"B
5/1 LO
9x1 O'f
4xio;5

6x10"?
1x10-.°
4x10"'
2x10"°
3x10"?
2x10^

2x10"^
3x10"?
2x10^

9xlO"§
8x10 _
SxlO"6
3xlO'7
9x10-9
2x10'°
IxlO"6
Column 2
Vinlcr
(uc/ral)
7x10-''
7x10-''
IxlO'3
IxlO"3
3x10",
5x10"
IxlO"3
IxlO"3
IxlO"4
7xl0^4
7xlO'4

BAlO"4
7xlO'4
7-10,
4x10^

6y 10
2> 10""

. 3>10-3
3xlO"3
IxlO'3
lx!o;4
3^10 ,
7x10",
3«10"
2«10"
3> 10"2
3xlO"4
IxlO'3
3x10"
7x10",
2x10
2vio"3
4x10"*
IxlO'3
2-<10",
2x10,
IxlO"2
1x10"
5vic'2
5xio";
•• 2
ixio;2

6x10"?
4x10,
3> 10' 3
J.jJQ-3
1A10~3
IxlO"2
6xIO"3
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
IxlO'9
IxlO'9
C\10'*
6xlO"9
IxlO'9
4xlO'9
SxlO'9
6.10'9
5x10' }4
3x10- ?
2x10; 3
3xl°!i4

3xlO"12
7xlO"J3
4xlO"1?
3ylQ-H
J^IQ-ll
2xlO-JJ
IxiO"'
i i n" ^
2xlO-J
5xlO'9
9xlO"9
7x10'*
3x10- °
2x!0;J°

1x10''
IMO'5
2x10"'
1x10 10

2x10*5
3sl°Ie

6x10"'
2*10"*
5\10"
1x10"®
CxlO"10
9x10"?
7x10",
4x10"'
6x10*
1x10''
6x10"*
6x10 ,
3x10"'
3x10"
2xlO'9
1x10"°
3*10"!°
7xlO'8
4xlO"8
Column 2
\\nlcr
(uc/ml)
3xlO'5
3xio;5

4xlO"5
9x10"'
2x10"
SxlO'5
3*10-5
4xlO"5
2xlO"5
IxlO'5
3x10-5
4xlO'6
3x10-5
2x10-5
2x10"
1> 10"4
IxlO"4
1x10"'
1x10"'
BxlO"4

9*10-5
9x10*5
4x10-5
4x10"
lx!0"5
1x10"?.
2x10'^
9x10"
6xlo"3
IxlO"3
9.-.10-*
4xlO"5
Ix'.O"
2x10*
9x10-5
6x10
2xlO"5
4xlO"5
ExlO"?
6x10 •?
^10!4
4x10 '
3xlO'3
2x10 "*
5x10"*
3xlO"3
~ 3
IxlO"4
9xlO"5
5x10-5
3xlO"5
2xlO'4

-------
CONCENTII.VIONS IN A1K AND V, ATKR AI10VK NATUKAL IUCKCKOUND
                    (Sec notes at end of n;>i)cnd.\)
Table I
Element (Atomic Number)
Curium (96)















Dysproslun (66)



ElnstcnUT (99)







Erblun (68)



Europiun (63)






Fermi usi (100)





Fluor me (9)
CadoliniuLi (64)


Gallluii (31)

Ceruanlun (32)

Isotopei
Cn 242

Cm 243

Cm 244

Cn 245

CD 246

Cn 247

Cm 746

Cn 249

D> 165

Dy 166

Es 753

Es 254 n

Es 254

Es 255

Br 169

Er 171

Eu 152
(T/2-9.Z hrs)
Eu 15?
(T/2-13 >is)
Eu 154

Eu 155

Fa 254

Fn 255

Fn 256

F 18
Cd 113
Gd 159

Ca 72

Ce 71


S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
Column 1
Air
io-i°
2x10
6.10'17
1x10"'°
9 1 0" 1 7
lxlO-|°

[XJQ~10
5xlO"1?
JvJQ'lO
SxlO'12
IxlO'10
6xlO"13
IxlO"11
lxlO'5

3x10'*
2xlO"5
2xlO'7
2xlO'7
SxlO"10
6xlO"1"
5x10"*
6vlO
- 1 1
l*l°~10,
» i n
5x10 °
4x10 ,10
6*10"'
4x10
7^10'7
6x10",
4x10,
3x!0«
1x10"°
2x10"°
4x10"'
7x10-;!
9x10"°
7xlO-8
6x10-0
7x10'°
2x10""
_ 
-------
                                                                                   94
CONCKNTKATIONS IS AIK AND WAThli \KO\ K N VTUJ'Al. llVCKGICObNI)
                      (Soc no'.Ci at end of appendix)

Element (Atomic Number)
Cold (79)





llafnlun (72)

Holmlun (67)
Hydiogan (1)

Indium (49)






Iodine (53)













Irldlum (77)




Iron (26)



/•> e \
Krypton \jv)


Lanthanum (57)
Lend '(&2)




Isotopci
Au 196

Au 193

Au 199

HF 181

Ho 160
H 3

In 113 m
In 114 n

In 115 m

In 115

I 175

I 126

I 129
I 131


1 132
I 133

I 134

I 135
Ir 190

Ir 192
Ir 194

Fe 55

Fc 59

• r _ O C _
Kr co n
Kr 85
V «• C7
Kr b/
if i- ftp
Kr ou
La UiO
Pb 203

Pb 210



S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
Cuk
auo
S
1
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S

1
S
1
S
I
S
I
S
1
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
SL
UD
St,
LJO
S|_
UD
C.,K
dUD
S
I
S
I
s
I
Tab!
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
IxlO"5
6*10"7
3x10"'
2x10"'
1x10"°
6x10"'
4x10-3
7xlO"8
2xlO'7
2x10-7
SxlO"6.
5x10'°
")v i n~ 3
tX 1 U £
8vlO"6
7x10"°
1x10"'
2xlO'8
2> 10"°
2x10-°
2x10"'
3x10"°
5xlO"9
?x 10
8xlO'9
3x10"'
2x10"'
7xlO"8
9x10''
i m-7
3x 10
9x10-'
3x10'°
2xio";
5x10"'
3x10"°
ixio"'
4x10"'
IxlO'S
4x10"
K10"'
3xlO'8
2x10"'
2x10"'
9xlO"J
1x10"°
1x10"'
5x10"°
t. | A-D
DX 1U c
1 1 f\" J
£.
|| A"0
IX 1U
1. i n~ 6
_
2x10"'
ixio";
3x10"°
2x10"
1x10*
2xlO'10
e I
Column 2
Walir
(ur/ml)
SvlO"3
4x.lO"3
2xlO"3
1x10",
5-10"3
4xlO"J
2xlO"3
''xlO*3
9X10-'
IxlO'l
IxlC'1

4x10'^
JxlO"4
5x10"''
1x10'*
IxlO"2
3xlO"3
3xlO"3
4slO'5
6x10"
5x10'^
3xlO"3
6\ 10
6\ 10"


2xl0^3
2x10"*
1x10,
4X10"3
2x10
7x10-'*
2x10"^
6x10",
Jv 10
IxlO"3
IxlO'3
IxlO'3
9vio"
2x10-2
7x10",
2x10",
2xlO"3




7x10^*

1x10"^
/ v i Q~"
5xlO*3
Tnb!
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
4xlO"S
2xlO"8
IxlO"8
CxlO",
4xlO'8
3vlO'S
IxlO'9
3x10"'
7x10-'
6x10-'
2vlO"j

3x10''
2x10"'

7x10" 10
BxlO"8
6xlO"8
9xlO'9
1x10-'
CxlO"11
6xlO"9
9,10-J1
IxlO'8
2MO- "
2xlO'9
IxlO'10
IxlO'jj

3x10"'
3xlO"8
4x10"'°
7x10"*
6xlO"9
1x10''
1x10"^
4xlO"8
IxlO'8
4x10",.
9xlO:J°
GxlO
5x10"'
3xlO"8
3x10 ,
5x10"'
2xlO"9
i. i ft- 7
IX iU
9^ | A* 8
n
5x10-'
4x10"'
9x10-°
6x10"
4\10"
SxlO-12
c II
Column 2
\\ntcr
(uc/ml)
2xlO"4
1x10"*
5x10'*
5xlO"5
2x10"''
2x10'*
7xlO"5
7xl0'5
3x10-5
3xlO[3

Ixlo1'
2x10"'-
ZvlO"5
4x10"*
4x10"*
9x10"^
9<10"
2xlO'7
2x10'*
3x10"'
9x10-5
6x10"°
2x13";'
3x10"'


soioit
2x10
1x10"°
4x10'^
2xlO"3
6\10" '
4x!0'°
7xlO"J
2x10-'*
2x10"^
4xlO"5
4-10"*
3xlO"5
3x10"^
8x10,
2xlO"3
6xlO"5
SxlO"5




2x10*5
2xlO"r
4x10"^
4x10"*
Ix ! 0*
2x10"*

-------
                                                                                95
CONCFMUATIONS IN All! ANH WATCH ABOVE N YTUKAL 11 \CKGKOUND
                    (fscc noies at end of ai>pcndi\)


Element (Atomic Number)



Lutecium (71)

rlnncanese (25)





Mercury (80)





Molybdcnun (42)

hcodyalu-a (60)




1,'cptuntv-ra (93)


Kickel (25)





Nioblun (Columhlu-i) (41)




Osnium (76)





Palladium (46)



Phosphorus (IS)
Platinum (7S)



Isotnpei

Pb 212

Lu 177

Mn 52

Kn 54

r-n 56

Fg 197 n

Hg 197

l<3 203

yo 99

t,d 144
Nd 147

Nd 149

Np 237

Np 239
Hi 59

M £3

Ml 65

S>> 93 a
Nb 95

Kb 97

Os 185
Os 191 n

Os 191
Os 193

Pd 103

Pd 109

P 32
Pt 191





S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
5
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
Table
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
2>10-8
2xlO"8
6x!0'7
5xlO"7
2x10"'
IxlO"7
4xlO"7
4x10"°
8x10
5xlO"7
7x10"'
8/10
1x10'*
3x10^15

IxlO"7

?> 10~7
8xlO'U
4xlO"7
2x10
2x10'°
K10'6
4-10"12
.10
lxl°-7
7xlO"7

Sxio;7

3*10"7
9x10"'
5x10"
IxlO"7
2xlO'7

IxlO"7
6x10"°
5x10"°
SxiO'7
5xlO"8
2x10,
9x10"'
1x10-°
4x10"'

3x10"'
1x10"°
7x10"'
6xlO"7
4x10"'
7x10"°
8x10"°
8x10",
6x10"'
1
Column 2
Water
(uc/ml)
6.10'4
5x10"*
3xlO"3
3xlO'3
IxlO"3
9x10"*

3x10" 3
4xlQ-3
3x10",
C'.IO'
5xlO"3
9xlO"3
1x10-2
5x10"*
3xlO"3
5xlO'3
IxlO"3
2x!0;3
2xlo"3
2xlO"3

8xlO"3
9xlO'5
9x10"'
4xlO"j
6^1 O"3
6x10',
8MO'5
2x10"^
4x10"
3xlO'3
Kio";
1x10"^
3x 10"
3x10"
3xlfl-J
3x10"'
2xlO"3
2xlO"3
7x10',
7x10"'
5xlO"3
5x10'^
2xlO"3
2xlO"3
1x10"
8>10"3
3xlO'3
2x10",
5xlO"4
4xlO"J
Sxl'o"3
Table II
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
6xlO-10
7x10- 10
2x10-8
2\10"
7xlO-9
5x10"'
1x10"'
K10"'
3x10"°
2x10-3
3x10"°
3x10-°
4x10-°

2vlO"?
4x10 "'
3xlO-8
7vlO-'?

KIO'8
6x10''
6x10-'
5-10'8,
1»10"13
4x1 0"
3x10-8
7'10'g
3x10"
2x10"'
1x10'°
3xlO"8
?xlO"
4x10"'
5x10:'

3x10-'
2xlO"7
2xiO"7
2x10-3
2x10 V
6UO"7
3x10-'
4xlO-8
1x10"?
K10"°
9x10''
SxlO'8
3x 10"
2xlO"8
IxlO"6
2x10-'
3x10",
SxlOl7
2x10 °
Column 2
Water
(uc/ml)
2zlo-5
2xlO"5
1x10'*
1x10'*
3xlO"5
3x10"^
1x10"*
1x10"*
1x10"*
KIO',
2x10"*
2x10'*
3X10";1
5x10'*
_ Q
1x10"*
2x10"*
4xlO"5
7x10"*
6xlO"5
6^10~A
3x10 L
3x10"*
3xlO"6
3\ 10~
1x10'*
1x10'*
2x10'*
7xlO"3
3x10"
7x10'*
1x10
K10"
4x10'*
4X10-4
1x10'*
1<10"
9x10"*
9- 10"*
7xlO"5
7x10"^
3>10'3
2xlO"3
2x10'*
2x10'^
6x10"^
5xlO"5
3xlO:£
3x10 *
9x10" \
7x10'^
2x10"^
2x10";
1x10'*
1x10'*

-------
                                                                          96
CO.NCLV.TK VTIONS IN" *11>. AM) \\.VII K  MIOVE NATLIUI, IJACKGKOL.M)
                     (Sec nolea nt c.-d of ippindiO

Element (Atomic Number)






PlutonUT (94)












Polonium (81)

Potassium (19)

Fra5eo ID"5
2x10'*
4x10'.
-tl
8x1 °"I
7x10"



2xlO'2
8xlO"3
3xlO"3
1x10",
7x10"?,
4-10',
~ 3
9xlO"4
Tabl
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
2>10-7
2xlO'7
2x10"'
?xl°-8
3x 10
2xlO"8,
7x10:
ixio ;,
6x10- *
Ixl°-l4

lxl°-12
3x10"
1x10"
6x10"
IxlO'12
6x!0;|
8"10"
6x 10"
IxlO'J^
2viQ"
7X'°"02

4"10"
7xlO"9
IxlO"8
6x10-9
2x10-9
3'">"*
IxlO"8
8x10-9
6x10-
3x10 "
4xlO'14
4xlO'12
2xlO-8
6xlO"9
6x10-
BxlO''2
2x10-°
2xlO"U
3xlO"}2
2xlO-12
?<10":2
1x10':
-8
1x10
•ivi ft" 9
JX I v
SxlO'9
2xlO"8
8x10-9
3x10 '7
2x10'°
1x10"°
6x10"'
c II
Column 2
Water
(uc/ml)
IxlO"3
IxlO"3
1x10-
9x10'*
Ix 10"
1x10"^
5x10'^
3x10"?
5x10'^
3x10"^

3xlo"b
2. ID'*
IxlO"3
5x10"°
3x10"
3xl°"i
3x10'
4N 1 0"
_ 5
7xlO"7
3xlO"3
3x10"*
2x10"^
3x10" 5
SxlO'5
5x10-5
2^10'*
2x 10
4x10" 5
4xlO"5
2x10'*
2x10'*
9x10"'
"* J
1x10"*
1x10-*
7x10"
4.xlO'^
2vlO"
5\10"
3xlO"8
3x10-5
3x10",
3xlO"3



6x10'*
3x10'*
9x10":
5xlO"5
3x10",
2x10"^
6x10"^
3xlO"5

-------
                                                                            97
COXCRX I'M \TIOXS IX AIR AND \VA1LK AFiOVK XATURU. R VCKCKOUND
                     (Sec notes at end of 3!>i>cnuiv)
                                          Table I
                                                              Table II
Elemcit (Alo'inc Number)
Rhodlun (45)


Rubldlun (37)



Ruchcnlun (44)







Samarium (62)




Scandium (21)





Sclcnlin (3-'i)

Silicon (14)

SIKcr ('7)



Sodiura (11)



Strontium (38)










Sulfur (15)
Isotopct
Rh 103 Q

Rh 105
Rb 86

Rb 8;

Ru 97

Ru 103

Ru 105

Ru 106

Sen 147
So 151

Sn 153

Sc 1.6

Sc 47

Sc 48

Sc 75

SI 31

AC 105
Ag 110 n
Ag 111

Na 22
Na 24


Sr 85 n

Sr 85

Sr 89

Sr 90

Si 91
Sr 92

S 35

S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
1
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
1
S
I
s

I
s
1
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
Column I
Air
(uc/ml)
8x10-5
6x10,
8x10"'
5x10"'
3x10'?
7x10 ,
5x10 „
7x10:8
2x10.,
2x10",
5x10"'
8x10"°
7x10"'
5x10"'
8xlO"8
6ylO;9j
3xl>
6x10"*
1x10"'
5x10-'
4x10''
?> 10" i
2xlO"8
6<10
5x10"'
2x10"'
l"10Ie

IxlO'J
6x10"'
1x10"?,
6x10"'
8x10"°
IxlO"8

2xlO"7
2x10-'
9x10 '

»7
1x10 '
4x10"*
3x10',
2x10
1x10"'
3x10^°

1x10"'
5x10 j
4.x 10"'
3x10",
4x10"'
3x10"
3x10''
3x10"
Column 2
Water
(uc/ml)
4X10"1
SxlO"1
4x10-3
3xlO'3
Z'lOlZ
7x10
3x10",
_ T
5x 10
1x10"
1x10",
2xlO"3
2x10",
3x10",
3x10",
4x10"?
3x10""
2xlO"3
2xlO"3
ixio";
li 10"
2xlO"3
2xlO'3
1x10",
IxlO"3
3x10",
JxlO^
SxlO
S'10"*
9x10":!
8x10",
_ t
6xlO"3
3x10"^
3^°l4
9x10"*
IxlO"3
1x10",
1-10"
9xl0^j


8x10",
2xlO^{
?•* 10"
3x10"
5xlO'3
3xlO'f
8*10*
ixio':>
1> 10"
1x10'^
2x10"
2xlO"3
2x10",
ExlO"J
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
3x10"!
2x10"°
3x10-8
2x10 p
1x10-8
2x10-'
2x10"°
2xlOl*
Sxioj
6x10 I
2x10"°
3ltl°s
2x10" Q
2x10 ,
3x10 in
2x10" °
?xl°-12
?x!0'9
5x10-'
2x10-°
1x10'°
Cxl°-io
6x10 1°
2xlO'8
2x10-8
6x10'*
5x10^

4x10"'
2x10''
3x10-8
2xl°"o
3x10''
7x10 ",«
3x10-1°
IxlO"8
8x10''
6xio';_
3xio:s

-9
5x10 "
IxlO'j
1x10"
8x10-'
4x10"*
3x10"!°
ixio";
3x10"
2xiO"l°
2X10'8,
9x10"
2x10"°
1x10"?
9x10
9x10
Column 2
W alcr
(uc/ml)
1x10"'
ixio";
1x10"*
1x10"*
7xlOle
2x10
1x10"
2"io:*
4x10
3xio;'
8x10**
8<10.
1x10 .
1x10"
1x10"*
IxlO"5
6xlO'5
7xlO',5
4x10-*
4x10'*
6x10'^
8x10"?
4x10"
4x10" 5
9.10"'
9X10"3
3x10"'
3x10"
3xlO-J
3x10 ^
SxlO"*
2x10"
IxlO"4
1x10^
3x10"*
4x10"^
4x1 0
4x10"^
3x10",
2x10"*
_ 5
3x10 ,
7x10",
7x10",
v ft
1x10 ,
2x10'*
3x10"^
3<10*
3x10",
4X10"3
7xlO'5
SxlO"5
7x10-5
6x10'^
6x10 "'
3x10"*

-------
                                                                  98
CONCEXTK YTIONS IN AIR AND WATEI: \uovr NVTUKAL HACKGKOUND
                  (Sec notes at end  of appendix)
                                    Tnblc I
                                                      Table It
Elcncnl (Atomic Nu.nbcr)
Tantalu-i (73)

Tcchncciun (43)











Tellurium (5?)













Tcrblun (65)
Thai HIM (81)







Thoilura (90)







Thullu-n (69)


Tin (50)



Isotnpci
Ta 182

Tc 95 n

Tc 96

Tc 97 a

Tc 97

Tc 99 n

Tc 99

Tc 125 o

Tc 127 n

Tc 127

Tc 129 u

Tc 129

Tc 131 n

Tc 132

Tb 160
Tl 200

Tl 201

Tl 202

Tl 204

Th 228
Th 230

Th 232

Th natural
Th 234

TCI 170
Tn 1/1

Sn 113

Sn 125


S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
s
r
s
i
s
i
s
i
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
s
I
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
4xlO"j;
2x10"°

3x10"?,
6x10"'
2x10"'
2x10 ,
2x10
lxlO"5
3x10"'
4x10"^
1x10
2>10;°

4xlO"7
MO"7
1x10"'
4xlO"8
2xl0'5
9>10
8xlO"8
3xlO'8
5x10"°
4-10"°
4x10"'
2x10
2x10"'
1x10-'
1x10
3xlO"5
1> 10"
2xlO'6
9x10''
8x10";
2x10"'
6x10"'
3xlO"8
9xlO"12,
6xlo; \2
2x10 ||

3x10-"
3xlO"||
•• 1 I
3x10 I;
SxlO'i1
6x10"!
3x10"°
4xlO"8
3xlO"8
1x10-'
2x10 7
4xloI8
5x10 B
IxlO'J
B^IO"8
Co'umn 2
Wnler
(uc/ml >
I/IO'3

£10;}
3^10"
S^IO"3
1x10'?
ixid":
5x10
SxlO"''
2x10"?
2x10",
8x10"'
lxlO"2
SxlO"3
5x10",
3/10 ,
2x10''
2.x 10'3
BV10
5 s 1 0" 3
1x10"^
6\ 1 0
2y 10"
2x10'^
2xlO"3

9x10"*
6 10"*
IxlO"3
IxlO"2
7xlO'3

SxlO"3
4xlO"3
2xlO"3
3xlO"3
2xlO"3
2x10^
5x10-5

5xl0'5
1x10"^
3xlO",5
3x10'*
SxlO"4
5x10^*
IxlO"3
lxlO"2
IxlO'f
7x10",
2xlO"3
5>10-*
5x10'*
Coliinin 1
Air
(uc/ml)
lxlO"9
7xlO"10
\ 1 *-6
1x10"*
2xlO"S
8xlO"9
SxlO"8
5x10",
4xlO"7
1x10"?
IxlO'6
5x10''
7xlO"8
2xlO"g

4xl0'9
5x10"
lxlO'9
6xlO"3
3» 10""
3x10"'
1x10,
2x10
1x10"'
IxlO^8

7x10"'
4x10-9
3xio;'
9>10'8
4x1 0"
7x10-3
3x10"°
3xlO'8

2x10"°
9x10-}°
3x10' 3
2x10' }3
BxlO'1*
3xlO'13
ixio'j;
1x10"
IxlO-}?
2xlO"9
lxlO'9
lxlO'9
1x10",
4x10 ^
8x10"'
1x10"
2x 1 0
4x10"'
3x10""
Colu..in 2
Wplcr
(uc/ml)
4xlO"5
4x10";
1x10":
1x10 ,
1x10"''
5xio;5
AV10
2x10'*
2xlO'3
8x10"*
6xlO"3
3xlO"3
3x10";-
2xlO'4
2xlO'6
lxlO"t
6xlO"5
5x10" 5
3x10"*
2x10"*
3X10"3
2vlO"5
8*10"*
8x10"*
6x10*5
4x10" 5
3x10"?
2> 10
4xlO"5
4x10"*
2x10",'
SxlO""1
2x10"*
1x10"*
7xlO"f
1x10"*
6xlO"5

1x10"*
2x10'°
3x10"?
2x10'°
4xlO"5
1x10"°
1x10-5
2x10";
2x10"^
5x10,
5x10";
5x10'*
5x10"*
9x10",
SxlO'j

2xlO"5

-------
                                                                               99
CONCLXTK \TIONS IN AIK AND WATLK AUOVE NATL'KM. 11 \CIvCROIjND
                     (Sec notes at end of appendix)
Table I
Element (Mninir Number) Isotnpci
Tungsten (Wo If run) (74) V 181





Uranium (92)

















Vanadlura (23)
Ynrtnn t ^/ 1
ACnCn IJHJ


Ytterbium (70)

Yttrlun (39)









Zinc (30)





Zirconium (40)






W 185

U 187

U 230

U 232

U 233

U 236

U 235

U 236

U 238

U 260

U nntural

V 43
Vet 111 n
AC 1 J I ul
Vo 111 m
AC ijj n
V» 1 1*4
f.C LJJ
V- 1 "IC
Ac 1 Jj
Yb 175

Y 90

Y 91 m

Y 91

Y 92

Y 93

Zn 65

Zn 69 m

Zn 69

Zr 93

Zr 95

Zr 97

S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
c. i.
JUU
CuK
&UD
CuK
*>UD
S
i
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
S
I
Column 1
Air
(uc/ml)
2x10"*
IxlO,
8x10"'
IxlO"7
4x10"'
3x10 in
3x10--°
1x10-}°
• 10
3x1°-"
5x10
lxl°"!n
6x10 ,„
lxl(f}{}

lxlo"io
6x10 ,n
i>i°:l?

i :10
2xlO"7
2xlO"7
?Xl°-ll

2x10''
6xlO'8
1 „ 1 A" 3
IX 1 U -
1 „ 1 A" ^
ix 1U
/ . 1 A" 6
*«\ lv
7x10''
6x10,
IxlO'7
1x10''
2x10" I
2x10*5
4xlO"S
3xlO'8
4x10"'
3x10"'
2x10"'
IxlO'7
1x10"'
6xlO"8

3x10"'
7x10"*
9xlO"6
1x10"'
3x10''
1x10"'
3\10"S
IxlO'7
9xlO"8
Column 2
Water
lxlO'2
lxlO'2

3xlO"3
2xlO"3
2xlO'3
IxlO'4
1x10"^
BxlO"4

9,10"''
9xlO"4
9\10~
9\10'4
~6
exiQ-'Jl
1x10"
MO'3
1x10",
1x10,
1x10",
IxlO'3

5xlO'4
9\10-4
8^ 10'4



3xlO'3
3. 10"3
6x10'^
6x10",
1x10"}
IxlO"1
8x10"'*
8*10"4
2xlO"3
2xlO"3
8xlO'4
SxlO"4
3xlO"3
SxlO'3
2xlO"3
2xlO'3

5>10"2
2xlO'2
2x10-2
2xlO'3
2xlO"3
5x10"
5xlO"4
Table II
Column I
Air
(uc/ml)
8xlo-8
6x10-9
3xlO'|

2x10"?
1x10 11
1x10 ,J
4x10-"
3xl°-l3

2x10'"
6xlO[|2

6x10" |2
-11
6slO"12
2x10-
4x10-
3xlO'[2
5x10
8xlOq
6x10',,
3xl°-12

6\10"'
2>.lO*9
iv i n
JX 1 U
3x 1 u
^T
2x!o"3
2xlO"8
4x10-9
3x10 ,
CxlO'7
6xlO"7
1x10-'
1x10"'

1x10"'
6x10-9
5x10";
6x10 "'
2xlO"9
lxlO-8
IxlO"8
2x10''
3x10"'
4x10'*
IxlO o
4x10 o
lxlO"9
4xlO'9
3x10-9
Coluiiiii 2
Water
(uc/ml)
6xIO"4
3xlO'4

IxlO'4
7x10-5
6x10" 5
5xlO'£
5x10"°
3xlO"5
3x10"'
3x10"*
3x10"'
3x10"'
3x10"
3xlO"5
3x10",
3xlO"5
3xl0'5
4x10-?
4\10
3xlO"5
3xlQ-|
2x10 '
2xlO"5
3x10*5
3x10-5



K10"4
1x10*
2x10-5
2\10"
3x10" ;j
3\10*3
3x10-5
3x10-5
6x1 0"5

3xlO"5
3xlO"5
IxlO"4
2xlO"4
7x10-5
6x10*5
2xlO-3
2xlO"3
8xlO"4

6x10*5
6x10-5
2xlO"5
- ^
2x10 3

-------
                                                                                   100
        CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR AND WA1T.R ABOVi: NATURAL BACKGROUND
                           (Sec notes at end of njtpcndiv)
                                               Table I
                                                                  Trblc II
Element (Atomic Number)
Isotopei
Column 1   Column 2
  Air      Water
 (uc/ml)     (uc/ml)
Column  1  Column 2
  Air      Water
 (uc/ml)   (uc/nl)
Any single ladiomiclidc  not
listed abo\c v. ilh decay
mode othci than alpha
emission or spontaneous
fission and with
radioactive half-life
less  than 2 houis.

Any single  ladionuclidc
not listed abo\c with
decay mode othci  than
alpha emission 01
spontaneous fission and
  with irulioactne half-
life crpatci  than 2
hours.

Any single indioiuichdc
not listed aho\e, \\h'di
deca>s by rlpha emission
or spontaneous fis>ion.
    Sub    1x10-6
                    3xlO-c
          3x10-9     9x10-5    1x10-1°    3x10-6
          6.\10-i3    4x10-'    2x10-14
                              3xlO-o
iSoluble (S); Insoluble- (I)
2"Sub" means In?I \alucs given aic for submeision in a semi-spheiic?!
infinite cloud of anbomc mctenal.

-------
                                                                                     101
                                APPENDIX A

NOTE- In an\ case wheio tlieic is a nii.xtiue in an  or  watei  of moie than one
radionuclidc, the Inviting \alucs foi  pu'posca of this Appendix should be detet-
mincd as follows.

     1. If the  identity  and conccnliation of each laclionuclidc in  the mixtuie aie
known, the limilipg \alucs  "should be demed ns follows  Octet mine, foi each
ladioiuiclidc in the nnxtuie, tho latio between the quantity piesenl in the nnxtuie
and the limit  othciuiic established in Appendix  "A" foi  the specific ladionuclide
when not in  a rm\.tuic  The sum of such intios foi all  tlic ladionuclidcs  in the
mi.xtiKC  ma\  not  exceed ''I'1 (i c.,  'unit>'')
EXAMPLE  If ladtonuchdoi u, b, and c aie ptcscnl in conccnli nitons Cn, Cb, and
Cc, ami if the applicable MFC's aic MPCa, and MPCb,  and MPCc, lespcclucly,
then the concenti.'hons shall be limited so that the following iclationship exists1
                        Ca
                      MPCa
       Cc
      MPCc
                                                     z^r J
     2. If cithci  the identity 01  the conccnti.\tion of any i.idionuclidc in  the mix-
tmc is not 1-i'own,  the limiting ^luo foi  puiposcs of Appendix "A" shall be.
       a.  Foi pin poses of Table  I,  Col  1  6\lO-'3
       b.  Foi lunposcfc of Table  1,  Col  2  4\10-7
       c  Foi pin pose-of Tab'e II. Col  I   2\10-"-
       d  Foi pin poses of Table II,  Col  2  3\IO-^
     3  If am of the conditions specified helou aic met, the conespondi'ig values
specified  belov.  'nay be used in  lieu  of tho»a specified in piiagi.iph ? above
       a  If  the it'ciilit> of each  indionuclido in  l^e mixti'ic  is knoun  but  the
       conccnti.itioii  of one 01  moic of tlio indionuchdes  in the nmluic is  not
       known, the  coiicenti iilion trim  foi  the  nnxtuic  is  the  limit specified in
       Appendix ''A'1  foi  the jru'iomichrlo in  tho nmluic lir\\ine the lowest con-
       ccnttitliou hiiiil, 01,
       b.  If  the identity of  each i.idioiutehdc  in  the nti.xtuic is  not l:nown, but it
       is  knov n that coilnin ladioiiucliries specified in Appendix  "A"  ate  not
       picscnt  in the ii'ixtuie.  the conccntiation linrt foi  the mixluie is  the
       lowest conrentialion Irint '•j-ecificd  in Appendix  "A" foi an>  i.idionuclidc
       which is  not Known to be ahsoitt fiom the mixtuic, or,
c
Element (atomic nnmbei) and
Isolopt
Table I
Column ] Column 2
Air Walci
(uc/ml) (uc/ml)
Table H
Column 1 Column 2
Ait Water
(uc/ml) (uc/ml)
If it is known lhat Si  DO, I 12">, I J2C,
I 129, I 131, (1 113, Table  II onl\),
Tb 2JO, Po 210, At 211, Ka 223, Ho 22-1,
Ka 2?G, Ac 227,  Ka 225, Th 230, Pa 231,
Th 232, Th-nat, Cm 213, Cf 251 and Fm
256 aie not ptescnt
If it is known that Si  90, I 125, I 12G,
(I 131, I 133, Table II onl%),
Pb 210, PQ 210, K'a 223, Ka 22G, Ra 228,
Pa 231, Th-nat, Cm 24S, Cf 251, and
Fm 25G aie not  picscnt
If it is known that Sr 90, I 129, (I 115,
I 12G, 1 131, Table II  onl>), Fb 21},
Ra 226, Ra 22S, Cm 2 IS, and Cf 23-1
aic not picsent.
If it is known that (I 129,  Table  II only),
Ra 22G, and Ka 22S aie not piesent
	    9x10-5
         6x10-5
3x10-6
         ZxlO-s

         3\10-6
CxlO-v

IxlO-?

-------
                                                                             102
                               APPENDIX A

                                           Table I
                         Table II
Element (atomic number) and
Isotope
Column 1  Column 2  Column 1  Column 2
   Air     Walcr      Air     Water
 (lie/ml)   (uc/ml)   (lie/ml)   (lie/ml)
If it is known tint ap'.Ki-cmiltcrb and
Sr 90, I 129, Pb 210, Ac 227, Ka 223,
Pa 230, Pu 211, and Bk 2-19 are not
present                                3x10-9

If it is known that alpha-emittcis and
Pb 210, Ac 227, Ha 228, and Pu 2-11 aie
not piesent.                            3xlO-'o

If it is known that alpha-cmillcis and
Ac 227 sue not picscnl                 3x10-"

If it is known thai Ac 227, Th 230,
Pa 231, Pu 238, Pii 239, Pu 210, Pu 2 12,
Pu 2-1-1, Cm 218, Cf 2-19 and Cf 251
aic not picsenl.                        3xlO-12
                     IxlO-'o
                     1x10-12
                     1x10-13   	
    4. If the inixtuic of ladiorniclides consist of mamum and its daughter piod-
uct<; in 01 c dust pnor to chemicdl pioecssin;; of the uirnium ote, the \alues speci-
fied bclov,- mr.> bu used in lieu of those  determined in accoid.'.ncc with  pai<>giaph
1 abo\e 01  those specified in paipgipphs ? and 3 above
        a. Voi puiposcs of T.ibb I, CoKi'nn  ], l\10-'o uc/ml gioss alplu acti\il>,
        01  25\10-n uc/ml nalm.il ui.iniuni, 01 75 micioginm^ pei cubic metei
        of ail natuial uipnium
        b  Foi puiposcs of Table II, Column 1, 3\10-'?- uc/ml fioss alpha activ-
        ity, 01 8\10-i3 uc/ml natuip] uianium, 01 3 miciogiams pci cubic meter
        of ail ivituial uiar.ium.
    5. For puiposes of this note, a ir.dionuclic'ic maj  be consideied as not picscnl
in a niNluie if (?)  the latio of the concenli.il.ion of thrl ladionuclidc in  the iiiix-
tuic (Ca) to the conccnliation limit foi that  ladionuclide specified in Table II of
Appondi\ "A"  (MPCa)  does not  exceed  1/10,  (i e.,     Ca    =    J_  ).
                                                    MPCa         10

and (b) the sum of such ir.tios foi all indioiniclidcs  coi^ideied as not present in
the mi\tuic does not exceed  \i,  (i c,    Ca   -\-  Cb  -f   . . .  =   1   ).
                                      MPCa  lUPCb              7

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                                                                                 103

Material
Ag 105
Ag 111
As 76, As 77
An 19S
An 1S9
Ba 1-10-1- LA MO
Be 7
C 14
Ca 45
Cd 109 + Ag 109
Cc 111-l-Pi 1M
Cl 3G
Co GO
Ci 51
Cs 137H-Ba J37
Cu 01
Eu 154
F IS
Fc 55
Fc 59
Ga 72
Gc 71
II 3 (HTO 01 11320)
r 131
In 111
Ir 192
K -12
La MO
Mn 52
Mn 5G
Mo 99
Na 22
Na 21
Nb 95
N7i 59
Ni 63
P 32
PART C
APPENDIX
Micro-
curics
1
10
10
10
10
1
50
50
10
10
1
1
1
50
1
50
1
50
50
1
10
GO
2;0
10
1
10
10
10
1
50
10
10
10
10
1
1
10
U
Malciinl
Pd 103+Rh 103
Pd 109
Pm 1-17
Po 210
Pi 1-13
Pu 239
Ra 22G
Rb SO
Re ISO
Rh 105
Ru 30C-I-RH 10G
S 35
Sb 12-1
Sc -1C
Sm 133
Sn 113
Si 89
Sr 90-j- Y 90
Ta 182
Tc 9G
Tc 99
Tc 127
Tc 129
Th (nalmpl)
Tl 201
Ti ilium Sec II 3
U (naliii.il)
U 233
U 231-U 235
V -IS
W 185
Y 90
Y 91
Zn G5
Uniiicnlificd i.idioaclive
nip.lcn.ils or an> of the
above in unknown mixtures

Micro-
cm ics
50
10
10
0.1
10
1
0.1
10
10
10
1
50
1
]
30
10
1
0.1
10
1
1
10
1
50
50
250
50
1
50
1
10
1
1
10


O.I
NOTK-  Foi  pm poses of Sections  C 203 and  C301, \\heic  thcie  is  invoked a
combination of isotopes in known amounts  the  Irmi foi  the combination  should
be dcii\ed  r";  follov.s  dctc;mine, foi  each  isotope in the combination, Hie ratio
between  the quantity picsent in  the combination  and the limit othci\\isc estab-
lislied for the  specific  isotope \\hen not  in comb'nation  The sum of such latios
for all the  isotopes in the combination may not c\cecc!  "1"  (i e , "unity1').

EXAMPLE- Foi pm poses of Section  C  30-1, if a  pailicu'.ai batch contains 2,000
uc of Au'99 and 25,000 no of C'-, it may also include not moic than 3,000 uc of
I'3i.  This  limit vas dctciminccl  as follows:
           2,000uc
         lO.OOOuc"
_25,OOCIuc
SO.OOOuc
-h   3,000uc I"si  =
   lO.OOOuc
The dcnominatoi  in each of the abo%c jatios  v.?s obtained by  multipljing  the
figure in the table by 1,000 as piotidcd in Section C301

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