EPA-600/2-76-236
September 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
COMBINED POTATO PROCESSING AND
MUNICIPAL WASTES
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-76-236
September 1976
ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC TREATMENT
OF COMBINED POTATO PROCESSING AND
MUNICIPAL WASTES
by
Joe K. Neel
John W. Vennes
Guildford O. Fossum
University of North Dakota
and
Frank B. Orthmeyer
City of Grand Forks
Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201
Grant 11060 DJB
Project Officer
Harold W. Thompson
Industrial Pollution Control Division
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publi-
cation. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted,
processed, converted, and used, the related pollutional
impacts on bur environment and even on our health often
require that new and increasingly more efficient pollu-
tion control methods be used. The Industrial Environ-
mental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati (lERL-Ci) assists
in developing and demonstrating new and improved methodo-
logies that will meet these needs both efficiently and
economically.
Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment of Combined Potato
Processing and Municipal Wastes was undertaken to deter-
mine the efficiencies and economics of treating combined
potato processing wastewater and domestic wastes in
various combinations of anaerobic and aerogated lagoons
on a commercial scale. For further information contact
the Food and Wood Products Branch, of the Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
iii
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ABSTRACT
This project was designed to demonstrate and evaluate treatment of com-
bined potato processing and municipal wastes by unmixed anaerobic detention
and aeration in open ponds. Parameters considered were: BOD (total and
soluble), COD, suspended solids (total and volatile), nitrogen, phosphorus,
volatile acids, total coliform, fecal coliform, enterococcal bacteria, and
plankton.
Four 0.94-hectare cells (each 4.57 m deep, capacity 31,800 m , two
anaerobic and two aerated) received the combined municipal and potato pro-
cessing wastes (13,409 kg BOD daily for 9 months, 3,773 kg daily for 3
months) from Grand Forks, North Dakota. This 12-month operation with raw
sewage volume divided 1/4 to anaerobic alone, 1/4 aerated alone, and 1/2
anaerobic -*• aerated in-series demonstrated significantly greater removal
of BOD (76%), COD (64%), coliforms (91%), and enterococci (98%) by the
series operation than by aerated (54% BOD) or anaerobic (34% BOD) cells
alone.
A 4-month period of operation with raw waste (average 7,227 kg BOD/day)
all going to anaerobic •* anaerobic -»• aerated •> aerated cells in series
showed insiginificant reductions obtained by flow from one anaerobic or one
aerated cell to the other of its kind.
Capacity loss by sedimentation was inconsequential in aerated cells but
noticeable in anaerobic cells. Operational cost for the anaerobic + aerated
series pattern was 4.31 cents per kilogram of BOD satisfied.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. 11060 DOB by the
University of North Dakota and the City of Grand Forks under the partial
sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency. Operation was com-
pleted as of June 30, 1973.
iv
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CONTENTS
Page
I INTRODUCTION ... 1
II CONCLUSIONS 6
III RECOMMENDATIONS 8
IV EVALUATION PLAN 9
Operation
Sampling
Analysis
V RESULTS . 12
VI DISCUSSION 14
Waste Characteristics
Temperature
Ice Cover
PH
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Suspended Solids
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Bacterial Actions
Volatile Fatty Acids
Total Bacteria
Coliform Bacteria
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Enterococci
Microscopic Observations
Construction and Operational Problems
Performance
Operational Costs
Summary of Findings
VII REFERENCES 82
VIIIAPPENDIX 84
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Waste Stabilization Lagoons and Pretreatment Facility 5
2 Diagram Pretreatment Facility 7
3 Temperature Variation 15
4 Mean Weekly Air Temperature 1972 16
5 pH Variation: Flow Pattern 1/2 Waste Volume to SAN -*• SA 19
6 pH Variation: All Waste to SAN + NAN + NA + SA . 21
7 Ammonia Nitrogen 1972 23
8 Ammonia Nitrogen 1973 25
9 Total Suspended Solids-North 31
10 Total Suspended Solids-South 32
11 Total Suspended Solids 34
12 COD-North 37
13 COD-South . . 38
14 COD 40
15 BOD-North 42
16 BOD-South ... 43
17 BOD 49
18 Soluble BOD . 50
19 Sphaerotilus Variation 68
20 Spirals Variation 69
21 Spirals 70
22 Sphaerotilus and Zooglea 71
VI
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TABLES
Number
1 Mean Weekly Temperatures 1973 17
2 Total Nitrogen by Monthly Average 1972 22
3 Ammonia Nitrogen by Monthly Average 1972 22
4 Ammonia Nitrogen 24
5 Total Nitrogen 27
6 Total Phosphate by Monthly Average 1972 28
7 Orthophosphate by Monthly Average 1972 ........ 28
8 Orthophosphate 1973 29
9 Total Phosphate 1973 30
10 Total Suspended Solids 1973 35
11 Volatile Suspended Solids 1973 36
12 COD 41
13 BOD Reduction 45
14 Total BOD 1973 47
15 Soluble BOD . 48
16 Mean Acetate Discharged from the Pretreatment
System at Various Mean Temperatures-1972 49
17 Mean BOD Loading and Reduction in. the Pretreatment
System at Various Mean Temperatures-1972 50
18 Mean Propionate Discharged from the Pretreatment
System at Various Mean Temperatures-1972 53
vii
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TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
19 Changes in Mean Numbers of Total Bacteria and Removal
of Acetate, Ammonia-N, and BOD in the North Aerated
Cell at Various Mean Temperatures-1972 54
20 Changes in Mean Numbers of Total Bacteria and Removal
Rates of Acetate, Ammonia-N, and BOD in the South
Aerated Cell at Various Mean Temperatures-1972 .... 55
21 Mean Numbers of Total Bacteria Discharged from the
Experimental Waste Treatment System at Various
Mean Temperatures-1972 57
22 Viable Counts of Anaerobic and Aerobic Bacteria in the
Experimental Waste Treatment System-1972 59
23 Mean Reduction Percentages of Total Bacteria at Various
Mean Temperatures-1972 62
24 Mean Numbers of Coliform Bacteria at Various Mean
Temperatures-1972 62
25 Mean Numbers of Fecal Coliform Bacteria at Various
Mean Temperatures-1972 63
26 Mean Numbers of Enterococci at Various
Mean Temperatures-1972 63
27 Microorganisms Found and Their Occurrence
in Aerated and Anaerobic Ponds 65
28 Percent Reductions (mean values) in the Listed
Sequences 75
29 Percent Reductions (mean values) in the Listed
Sequences 75
30 BOD Loads and Percentage Reductions, January-May ... 77
viii
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APPENDIX
Table Page
^^••^^•M^^V ^^^^^^^^
A Individual Analysis Results 84
B Populations of Total Bacteria in the Experimental
Waste Treatment System-1972 104
C Populations of Coliform Bacteria in the Experimental
Waste Treatment System-1972 106
D Populations of Fecal Coliform Bacteria in the Experimental
Waste Treatment System-1972 109
E Populations of Enterococci in the Experimental
Waste Treatment System-1972 112
F Viable Counts of Anaerobic and Aerobic Bacteria in the
Experimental Waste Treatment System-1972 115
G Summary of Performance, All Parameters 118
H Dissolved Oxygen in Aerated Cells-1972 & 73 119
I Raw Sewage Flow to Grand Forks Pretreatment Cells 123
ix
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many people contributed substantially to collection of data and/or
analysis of samples. From the University of North Dakota were Margaret
M. Cooley, Gordon M. Fillipi, Janice Granum, Vernon J. Meinz, and Arlene P.
Minkus. From the City of Grand Forks were Keith Cornell, Alfonse E. Forsman,
J. Keith Johnson, and Edward Pearson. Their assistance was invaluable and
is greatly appreciated.
x
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Sewage treatment with lagoons or stabilization ponds is a common
practice in North Dakota where large areas of relatively inexpensive land
are usually available. These "conventional" ponds are normally operated
at depths of 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6 feet) and receive raw sewage. Stabiliza-
tion results from the action of aerobic organisms receiving oxygen from
wave action and algal photosynthesis. The effluent is usually discharged
to surface waters when it meets water quality standards established for
the receiving stream. Design of these ponds normally permits a loading
of 22 kg BOD per hectare (20 pounds per acre) per day (all usage of BOD
in this report refers to the standard 5-day 20° C value). Ice cover and
cold temperatures slow biological action during winter months, and capaci-
ty to provide 6 months or more storage may be necessary to give the re-
quired effluent quality.
In 1962 a stabilization pond facility (Figure 1) was put into opera-
tion at Grand Forks. It consists of two primary and two secondary cells
with a combined water surface of approximately 237 hectares (585 acres).
At first, it appeared that this system would meet the needs of Grand Forks
for a number of years as no serious problems were anticipated for a BOD
loading of 7,591 kg/day. During the 1960's, however, there was a
substantial increase in the use of processed potatoes (1), and by 1967
the potato processing industry at Grand Forks had grown sufficiently to
place serious stress on the waste disposal system. The combined in-
dustrial and municipal BOD loading had reached 5,455 kg (12,000 pounds)
per day and was expected to increase to 11,364 kg (25,000 pounds) per
day with the annexation of a large industrial area.
In 1968 the City of Grand Forks applied for and received a Research
and Development Grant from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion (FWPCA), Department of the Interior. The project was entitled "Con-
trolled Treatment of Combined Potato Processing—Municipal Wastes by
Anaerobic Fermentation, Aerobic Stabilization Process." The stated ob-
jectives were principally to demonstrate, develop, and evaluate the pre-
treatment of combined potato processing—municipal wastes by use of
anaerobic treatment, aeration treatment, and combined anaerobic-aerated
treatment prior to discharge to stabilization ponds. A research period of
18 months was planned. Contractual and construction obstacles delayed
start of the project until 1 January 1972 .
Surveys indicated a preliminary design loading of about 20,000 kg
BOD (44,000 pounds) should be considered [15,000 kg (33,000 pounds)
from the potato industry and 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) from other municipal
sources]. A recent industrial waste ordinance was expected to restrict
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2.45O'
in
K
CM
WEST SECONDARY
(139 acres)
2,375'
EAST SECONDARY
(136 acres)
o
«
N
WEST PRIMARY
(125 acres)
EAST PRIMARY
(182 acres)
o
o
ao
»
ro
Figure I. WASTE STABILIZATION
LAGOONS AND PRETREATMENT FACILITY
t
-N
Pretreatment
Facility
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the industrial load to about one-half of the above value with no appreci-
able change in the expected hydraulic loading of between 15,000 and
17,000 m3 (4 and 4.5 million gallons) per day. On the basis of these
data the pretreatment facilities were designed to receive 11,364 kg (25 ,000
pounds) of BOD per day in a volume of 15 ,897 m3/day (4 .2 mgd).
Experience with the existing stabilization ponds indicated that no
serious problems were to be expected if the BOD loading did not exceed
5,682 kg (12,500 pounds) per day during cold weather. This would give
a gross loading of 24 kg per hectare (21.4 pounds per acre) per day. To
give this load the pretreatment cells would have to reduce the BOD by at
least 50%.
Available data indicated that raw sewage should arrive at the
treatment site with a temperature between 10 and 15° C during the cold-
est weather. Since the cells would be open, operating temperature was
estimated at 5-10° C in midwinter in the aerated cells. Calculations
indicated that this temperature with 4 days detention would give a BOD
reduction very near the required 50% . On the basis of these projections the
pretreatment cells were designed as shown in Figure 2, each cell being
about 97 meters (320 feet) square at the water line, 4.57 m (15 feet) maxi-
mum depth, banks 3 to 1 slope with a volume of 31,800 m3 (8.6 million
gallons). Two were designed for unmixed anaerobic treatment, and two
were each equipped with 4 aerators. As an additional safety factor
against greater than anticipated loadings, or other unforeseen conditions ,
no BOD reduction was assigned to the anaerobic units. Piping among
cells permits raw sewage to be subjected to anaerobic or aerated condi-
tions alone, or to anaerobic *—»• aerated, aerated —»> anaerobic,
aerated —> aerated, or anaerobic —* anaerobic series operation.
Each of the 8 aeration-mixing units is platform-mounted and the
impeller is driven by a 60 hp electric motor. Compressed air from the
compressor building is piped in and released below the impeller which is
submerged within a couple of feet of bottom. The air is supplied by 5
rotary compressors, each driven by a 75 hp electric motor. The air is
piped separately to each of the two aerated cells and at each mixer a
butterfly valve is used to further regulate air flow. Preliminary calcula-
tions indicated that the aeration equipment for each cell should be cap-
able of transferring 200 kg (440 pounds) of oxygen per hour to pure water
at 20° C, 760 mm Hg pressure, and zero dissolved oxygen based on a
21-hour operation day. The final specifications required that each
aerator (4 per cell) transfer 3 1.8 kg (70 pounds) of oxygen per hour when
supplied with 700 SCFM of air, operation based on a 24-hour day. This
transfer was to be accomplished with a dissolved oxygen level of 1.0 mg/1
in the mixed liquor, an alpha factor of 0.90 and a beta factor of 0.95.
The raw sewage flow is metered by one totalizing and recording
magnetic meter at the central meter house. The effluent from the cells is
metered by either one or two meters depending on the flow pattern being
used. The flow distributor consisted of an adjustable, aluminum over-
flow weir in a distribution manhole. Incoming raw sewage entered the
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DSampling Sites
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bottom of a cylindrical center section and then rose upward and over-
flowed the circular aluminum weir whose top was at a constant elevation.
The overflow fell into 4 compartments between the inner and outer cylinders
of the manhole, each compartment arranged to feed one outlet pipe to a
treatment cell. Removable aluminum baffles separated individual com-
partments . By closing off effluent lines and removing the proper baffles
it was possible to direct any amount of sewage in increments of 25% of
total flow to any treatment cell.
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SECTION II
CONCLUSIONS
1. Combined potato processing (72%) and municipal sewage (28%) with
temperature above 10 C can be treated in open anaerobic and aerated
ponds at air temperatures down to -35 C without serious interference
by ice formation.
2 . pH of this type of raw waste was largely controlled by its BOD
concentration, which was greatest when potato processing wastes
were at peaks ; but lower raw pH (6.0-7 .0) did not hinder biological
waste reduction processes.
3 . Combined and separate anaerobic and aerated environments remove
no phosphorous but may reduce nitrogen by as much as 30% (final
concentration 43 mg/1).
4. Anaerobic —*• aerated series operation, which incorporated sedi-
mentation in the first chamber, provided maximum BOD and COD
removal (76 and 64%, respectively), but this advantage may be more
than offset by sludge removal expense (see below).
5 . Organic solids occurring in combined potato processing—municipal
waste did not settle under conditions produced by mixing and
aeration but did settle noticeably in anaerobic cells (2 and 4 feet
capacity loss at 1/4 and 1/2 raw sewage volume loadings, respec-
tively, for 12 months). Although the anaerobic—•* aerated series
operation produces the highest treatment level, it will pose the
problem of sludge disposal, which may be avoided by providing less
but acceptable waste reduction (50%) by direct aeration of raw
waste.
6. Bacterial growth and volatile acid production is controlled by
temperature and strength of raw waste. This waste was stronger
when it contained larger amounts of potato wastes, but whether
waste type or strength was more influential is speculative.
Coliforms and fecal coliforms were apparently most reduced by
sedimentation, but enterococci appear less able to survive an
aerated environment.
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7. Facultative bacteria and obligate aerobes suggested by culture
methods to inhabit anaerobic and aerated cells, respectively, appear
from microscopic examination to be strains of the same morphological
types . Zooqlea is generally limited to aerobic situations. Purple
sulfur bacteria favored waste loadings in the lower ranges observed
here, as did a fungus and two algal species.
8. Construction features to be avoided are steel metal work, narrow,
steep dikes, no provision for gravity dewatering, thin-walled air-
lines , control panels in same building with compressors, etc.
9. No benefits accrue from operating anaerobic or aerated cells in
series with others of the same type.
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SECTION III
RECOMMENDATIONS
Operation of this facility disclosed design and material shortcomings
that should be avoided. These are detailed elsewhere in the report,
but it is emphasized here that particular attention be paid to greatest
possible use of non-corrosive materials , provision of gravity de-
watering for the entire facility, protection of electric control panels
from vibration, and installation of electric power outlets at all work-
ing areas.
Maximum treatment was achieved by unmixed anaerobic —* aerated
series operation, but at the cost of potentially troublesome solids
accumulation in anaerobic cells. Although this sedimentation was
responsible for a considerable part of waste reduction accomplished
in the anaerobic —* aerated series, aeration of raw waste showed
that the desired BOD removal figure of 50% could have been met
without solids precipitation. Costs anticipated for removal and
disposition, and nuisance conditions that will likely develop from
sludge accumulation suggest that treatment by aeration alone, or
aeration preceded by a continuously mixed anaerobic liquor, will
prove more desirable in the long run. Either of these procedures
will probably entail more expenditure of electrical energy than
operation incorporating anaerobic sedimentation, but nuisance
problems would be largely or completely obviated as would the
expense of sludge disposal. Removal of silt by on-site treatment
at potato processing plants will need be continued.
Since an aerated cell provided an acceptable degree of pretreatment
(50+% BOD removal) without solids precipitation when loaded with
raw sewage to the extent of 3,352 kg (7,375 Ibs.) BOD per day and,
since the total load in 1973 was 6,385 kg (14,047 Ibs.) BOD per
day, it would appear that the required level of waste reduction at
Grand Forks could be accomplished without sludge nuisances by
dividing the sewage equally between the two aerated cells and
aerating at the rate used during the 1972 potato processing season.
Use of the anaerobic cells would require adequate mixing of their
contents to eliminate odor nuisances from sludge accumulations.
They could be held in reserve for installation of mixers and compressed
air as required by increased waste loads in the future, or mixers
could be installed now and compressed air lines or other aeration
devices later.
8
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SECTION IV
EVALUATION PLAN
OPERATION
Phase 1
Duration: January 1 — December 31, 1972
Flow Pattern:
1. One-fourth raw waste volume subjected to anaerobic treatment
alone in north anaerobic cell (NAN) — effluent discharged
directly to east primary cell of large lagoon.
2 . One-fourth raw sewage volume subjected to aerated treatment
alone in north aerated cell (NA) — effluent combined with that
from SA and discharged to the west primary cell of the large
lagoon.
3 . One-half raw sewage volume subjected to anaerobic-aerated
in-series treatment: raw waste to the south anaerobic cell anaerobic
aerated —> aerated in-series operation. All raw waste introduced
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into SAN with effluent discharge then in order to NAN, NA, and SA, then
to the west primary cell of the lagoon.
Detention Times:
Entire 4 cell pretreatment unit — 8.8 days
Individual cells — 2.2 days
Anaerobic environment — 4.4 days
Aerated environment — 4.4 days
3
Average Raw Waste Volume: 14,383 m /day (3.8 mgd)
Note: Solids accumulation in SAN stopped flow into NAN on May 7, 1973;
planned operation ended with May 2, 1973 data.
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROGRAM
Sampling was conducted on a weekly basis with composites (ac-
cording to flow) being collected for approximately a 24-hour period on
raw sewage and effluents from each of the four cells. From January through
June composites were generally collected between Wednesday and Thurs-
day mornings , but from July through December they were collected between
Tuesday and Wednesday mornings. Grab samples were taken for micro-
scopic analysis for bacteria, algae, and other plankton organisms.
Occasional grab samples were collected from the four large stabilization
ponds.
On several occasions samples were collected daily, again using
the compositors, for more detailed determinations of BOD reductions.
Daily samples for 7 consecutive 24-hour periods were taken in January,
April, May, June, November and December. The first three of these
series indicated it was not necessary to collect cell effluents daily.
Thereafter, raw sewage was composited daily and cell effluents once a
week, each for 24-hour periods. Flow readings were noted at the begin-
ning and end of each sampling period. Daily meter readings were recorded
for influent, effluents , and air flow from the compressors . Aerated cell
mixers were used continuously but number of compressors on line varied
from 1 to 5, depending on amount of air needed to maintain 1 mg/1 O in
aerated cell effluents.
The raw sewage compositor had its own refrigeration system
which kept the sample near 5° C during collection. Samples from the
other compositors were kept cool by collecting in styrofoam containers
which were packed with ice. Immediately after collection the samples
were transported to the laboratory for storage until analysis.
Procedures were according to Standard Methods (13th ed.) except
short chain fatty acids which were quantified with a helium carrier chro-
matograph following 48 hours extraction with ether. Alkalinity, BOD,
COD, nitrogen, phosphate, and pH measurements were made immediately
10
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after sample collection. Samples were then stored at 4° C and other
analyses run as soon as possible.
Sampling stations are shown in Figure 1. Raw sewage was always
collected in the meter house; other collection points were as follows:
1972:
SAN
NAN
NA
SA
January 1
SAN
NAN
NA
SA
- May 2, 1973:
7
5
6
4
1
2
3
4
Parameters Measured
Raw SAN NAN NA
SA
Flow
Temperature
Oxygen
PH
Alkalinity
Hardness
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
BOD
Soluble BOD
COD
Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrite Nitrogen
Nitrate Nitrogen
Ortho Phosphate
Total Phosphate
Total Bacteria
Coliforms
Fecal Coliforms
Enterococci
Propionate
Acetate
Plankton
{Suspended Microorganisms)
c = 24 hour flow composite. G = grab sample, cont = continuous measure-
ment. *1972 only. **Flow from SAN, NA, SA in 1972, total flow in 1973.
cont
G
--
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
G
—
G
—
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
G
cont*
G
—
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
G
—
G
G
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
G
cont**
G
G
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
G
11
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SECTION V
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
GENERAL
These experiments demonstrated that:
1. Combined potato processing—municipal wastes with temperatures
above 10° C may be treated in open anaerobic and aerated ponds
at air temperatures down to -35° C with no serious interference
by ice formation at detention periods up to 8 days.
2 . Sedimentation of organic solids in unmixed anaerobic cells will
pose problems but there is no capacity loss from this action in
mixed aerated cells. Potato processors should be required to
remove inorganic solids from their wastes prior to discharge to
municipal sewers .
Phase 1
1. Anaerobic treatment (NAN 1/4, and SAN 1/2 total raw waste
volume) achieved the following percent reductions of the listed
waste parameters:
NAN SAN
BOD 34 37
COD 42 55
Nitrogen (total) 21 23
Po. (total) - 2 0
SRP-Po4 -20 -16
Coliforms 87 87
Fecal Coliforms 92 93
Enterococci 90 94
Minus values indicate increases. Larger percent removals in
SAN are assumed due to its heavier loading.
2 . Aerated treatment of raw waste (NA, 1/4 total waste volume)
gave a BOD reduction slightly above the desired design figure
of 50%, but removed fewer coliforms and no more enterococci
than the anaerobic cells. Aeration was also less efficient in
removing nitrogen, but converted less phosphorus to the SRP
12
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Phase 2
states. The presence of oxygen is assumed responsible for
effects on BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and lack of sedi-
mentation for greater coliform survival.
Aeration of anaerobic effluent (SAN to SA) resulted in additional
decrease of BOD, COD, SRP-Po., coliforms, and enterococci,
and the anaerobic-aerated series removed 76% of raw waste
BOD and more than 90% of each bacterial class listed under 1
above. The anaerobic cell was responsible for all nitrogen
removal accomplished by the series operation, and aeration of
the anaerobic effluent converted soluble reactive phosphorus
back to the unavailable state.
Waste reduction accomplished by in-series flow through the
4 cell facility (SAN-»NAN-*NA -»SA) was comparable to that
performed by theSAN-*SA series in 1972 . In-series operation
of cells of the same type (SAN NAN or NA SA) produced
little or no additional removal of BOD, COD, nitrogen,
bacteria, and phosphorus above that provided by the first cell
of either series. Solids accumulation in SAN was much more
critical and necessitated an operational change before the end
of the 6 month period. The most effective series operation
was anaerobic effluent into an aerated cell.
13
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SECTION VI
DISCUSSION
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
Phase 1
For nearly nine months of 1972, the influent raw waste consisted
of combined domestic sewage and potato-process ing wastes. Jhe average
raw waste flow during this period was approximately 17,222 m (4.55 mil-
lion gallons) per day while the average BOD of the raw waste was about
712 mg/1. Thus, when the potato-processing plants were in operation,
the average organic waste load as BOD discharged to the anaerobic-
aerobic waste treatment system was about 13,409 kg (29,500 pounds)
per day. For almost 12 weeks, June 21 to September 14, 1972 , when the
potato-processing industry was inactive, the average BOD concentration
of the raw waste became 224 mg/1 while the average raw waste flow fell
to about 16,654 m/day (4.4 mgd). The average organic waste load was
about 3,773 kg/day (8,300 pounds) during this period.
Phase 2
The potato processing plants were in operation during the entire
1973 experimental period. Average waste volume was 14,383 m3 (3.8 mg)
per day and average BOD concentration was 432 mg/1 through May 2 , 1973,
TEMPERATURE
Phase 1
Temperature data appear in Figure 3 and Table 1, Appendix.
Aerated cell temperatures (mean 1.5° C for January, February, and March,
1973 were somewhat lower than the 5 to 10° C that had been predicted.
From mid-April until mid-November aerated cells were warmer than the
anaerobics; anaerobic cells were warmer than raw sewage only between
mid-June and the first of September. Mean weekly air temperatures
appear in Figure 4 .
Phase 2
Mean values for 1973 (Table 1) do not include data after May 2
since flow routes were changed thereafter. Through May there was an
average decline of 3 .3° C between raw sewage and SAN, but NAN was
14
-------
o
o^
0)
3
2
03
0.
I
20
15
10
Figure 3. Temperature Variation
in Raw Waste & SAN-^SA Series
a Raw
x South Anaerobic
o South Aerated
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1972
-------
20-
15-
1O-
5-
U O-
o
-5-
-1O-
-15-
-2O-
Figure 4.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Mean Weekly Air Temperatures 1972
-------
TABLE 1. MEAN WEEKLY TEMPERATURES 1973 (Phase 2}
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
Average
Air
-24.5
- 6.5
- 9.0
- 5.5
- 6.0
-11.5
-12.5
- 5.0
- 0.5
1.5
1.0
6.5
3.0
2.0
7.0
8.5
6.5
12.5
11,5
15.5
15.5
19.0
18.0
20.5
20.0
- 2.6
Kaw
13.5
16.0
15.5
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.5
15.5
14.5
15.0
16.5
18.0
17.0
16.5
15.5
16.5
17.0
18.5
17.5
17.0
—
—
—
--
— —
15.3
SAN
10.0
13.0
11.0
11.5
7.5
9.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.0
12.0
14.5
14.0
13.0
13.5
13.5
10.0
—
—
14.5
15.5
—
—
—
— —
12.0
NAN
7.0
12.5
11.5
11.5
11.0
7.5
10.0
12.0
14.0
14.0
14.5
15.0
17.0
16.0
10.5
10.0
11.0
13.0
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.0
17.5
16.0
19.0
12.1
NA
M .M
7.5
6.5
6.0
6.0
3.5
5.0
8.5
9.5
9.5
10.0
12.0
12.0
11.0
12.0
11.5
12.5
15.0
14.0
17.5
18.0
19.0
19.5
20.0
21.0
8.9
SA
1.0
4.5
5.0
4.5
5.5
3.0
2.5
6.0
8.0
8.5
8,5
11.5
11.5
10.0
1-1.0
11.0
12.0
15.0
14.5
18.0
18.0
19.0
20-.0
20.5
21.5
7.3
aNo data, pumps inoperative
DAverage through 5-2-73
17
-------
often warmer than SAN. Changes between NAN and NA were more marked
than those between SAN and NAN or NA and SA. During colder months in
1973, with one exception, mean weekly temperature of the final effluent
remained at 2 .5° C or above. During the same period in 1972 the final
effluent was below 2 .5 upon 8 occasions. The air averaged 5 .3° C higher
in 1973. See also Appendix, Table 1.
ICE COVER
Phase 1
Ice cover was always thin (usually < 1") and it seldom occupied
the entire surface of any cell. The aerated cells were never completely
covered. On cold days the central area of each was open, and on coldest
days there was an open circle around each mixer shaft. Large pieces of
ice adhered to and rotated with these shafts during such periods. Aerated
cells often had a thick layer of surface foam which seemingly provided
some insulation. The north anaerobic cell (NAN) was completely ice
covered on three dates and the southern one (SAN) on one occasion, but
NAN was partially covered on many dates when SAN was ice free. On
these and other dates with partial cover, NAN had an open area along its
south bank (near its raw sewage inlet in 1972) or was ice free along its
west bank. SAN was open near its NW corner, where it received raw
sewage, except on the one date when it was frozen over completely. Ice
was not observed on any cell after March 13 , 1972 .
Ice never created any operational problems, even when adhering to
mixer shafts.
Phase 2
In 1973 SAN was ice free and NAN had ice at times only near its
northern bank.
PH
Phase 1
Figure 5 plots pH data for raw sewage, and the south anaerobic
(SAN) and aerated {SA) cells. Raw sewage varied between 5.7 and 7.7.
Generally, pH was below 7.0 during the 1972 potato processing season.
Problems arose with the on-site treatment system at the largest potato
processing plant in early spring and it became ineffective from March
until processing ended in mid-June. This period was characterized by
low pH. When processing resumed in September, the system was put
back in operation but was only partially effective until the middle of
November, as shown by another period of low pH (Figure 5).
18
-------
8 -
Figure 5. pH Variation
Flow Pattern 1/2 Waste Volume to SAN—SA
Q Raw
x South Anaerobic
o South Aerated
CO
I I
I I I I I I I
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I 972
-------
When the pretreatment facility was put into operation pH declined
gradually for 6 weeks in both anaerobic and aerated cells. Thereafter,
as effective organisms became established, pH slowly increased for a
month, after which no dramatic variations occurred. During the potato
processing season, pH was highest in aerated cells and anaerobic cells
were more alkaline than raw sewage. When potato processing ceased
anaerobics had higher values than aerated cells for most of August, 1972 .
Phase 2
Raw sewage, NAN, and SA, over the period January-May 2 , 1973 ,
are compared in Figure 6. Variation among these three was not as great
as during the preceding year, but the aerated pond was usually highest
and raw sewage lowest as they were during January-June, 1972 (Figure 5).
Raw sewage never fell below 7.0 in 1973, whereas it remained below
that level over most of the first 6 months of 1972 . See also Appendix,
Table 1.
NITROGEN
Phase 1
the total nitrogen concentration in raw sewage, and in each cell
effluent in 1972 , is shown as monthly averages in Table 2 . Similar data
are presented for ammonia nitrogen in Table 3 .
The north aerated cell showed very little reduction in total nitrogen
at any time of the year, and in about 40% of individual samples an actual
increase was noted. The two anaerobic cells gave very nearly identical
reductions , generally around 20% . Further treatment by aeration did not
remove any more nitrogen as shown by the in-series south aerated cell.
Actually, total nitrogen increased slightly in SA at all times except
March, July, August, and September.
Ammonia nitrogen increased in both anaerobic cells in all cases,
but was reduced considerably in both aerated cells . Ammonia nitrogen in
aerated effluent was about the same whether it received raw sewage or
anaerobic effluent. Based on the raw sewage, aerated cells decreased
ammonia by about 50%. The relative concentration of ammonia nitrogen
in the south anaerobic and south aerated cells is shown in Figure 7. The
relative differences are quite consistent except during the period (March-
June, 1972) when on-site treatment facilities were not operating properly
for the large potato processor.
Phase 2
In 1973 (Table 4) ammonia N was reduced to a much lesser extent
in aerated cells than in 1972; SA had a slightly higher mean value than
NA, but was the same as raw sewage. Ammonia increased slightly in
20
-------
ao-
78-
7.6-
72-1
7.0-
Figure 6. pH Variation
All Waste to SAN-*NAN-*NA->SA
X Raw
O North Anaerobic
D South Aerated
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
1973
May
Jun
-------
TABLE 2 . TOTAL NITROGEN BY MONTHLY AVERAGE 1972
(mg/L as N)
Mont^i
Jan.
Feb.
Mar,
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug .
Sept.
Oct .'
Nov.
Dec.
Average
Raw
68.4
89.3
80.3
52.8
57.4
49.4
34.2
33.1
35.6
46.0
47.2
56.4
54.2
NAN
52.1
50.7
52.9
43.3
50,6
45.4
35.2
32.9
36.2
39.0
40.8
42.0
43.4
NA
64.0
76.0
78.9
63.3
57.0
50.0
24.5
24.1
27.4
49.2
52.4
62.6
52.5
SAN
48.5
48.7
52.3
42,3
49.4
43.8
33.9
31.8
35.6
39.0
39.2
40.4
42.1
ftA
54.8
50.6
52.3
45.0
49.8
45.4
31.9
22.9
30.8
39.6
40.8
42.8
42.2
TABLE 3 . AMMONIA NITROGEN BY MONTHLY AVERAGE 1972
(mg/1 as N)
JVionin
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr .
May
June;
July
Aug.
Sept;.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Average
i
-------
1X3
OS
50
- 40
\
o>
30
20
o
< I 0
Figure 7. Ammonia Nitrogen
1/2 Waste Volume to SAN-SA
x South Anaerobic
o South Aerated
1
1
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1972
-------
TABLE 4 . AMMONIA NITROGEN
(mg/1 as N)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
Average3
Raw
24
23
22
24
—
22
20
21
21
23
26
24
24
—
21
22
23
23
SAN
24
24
26
2.6
—
26
23
27
24
24
26
26
27
—
—
28
38
_—
26
NAN
26
25
28
29
—
—
25
27
25
24
31
31
31
_-
__
32
37
33
29
NA
__
20
20
22
--
21
17
18
17
16
20
22
22
— —
— —
22
24
27
20
SA
22
23
22
23
__
23
19
20
23
20
22
27
26
— —
— —
24
28
30
23
aAverage through 5-2-73
24
-------
40-
10
471
35-
30^
en
o
20-
15-
10-
Figure 8. Ammonia Nitrogen
All Waste Volume to SAN-^NAN-NA-^SA
X Raw
O North Anaerobic
D South Aerated
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1973
-------
anaerobic cells, but left the system with the same mean value it had on
entering. Total nitrogen (Table 5) exhibited a 29% mean reduction between
raw sewage and final effluent and displayed lowest mean concentrations
in the anaerobic ponds. In 1972 it had a mean reduction of 22% in the
pretreatment unit effluent. Ammonia nitrogen generally ranged lowest in
aerated cells in 1973 (Figure 8) and highest in anaerobic cells, with raw
sewage usually intermediate.
PHOSPHATE
Phase 1
Tables 6 and 7 show 1972 monthly averages of phosphate (PO J
concentration as total phosphate and orthophosphate, respectively.
Both tables indicate that the pretreatment system was ineffective in the
removal of phosphates. At times the anaerobic cells showed some de-
crease in total phosphate, but on other occasions there was an increase
in these cells. Orthophosphate increased in the anaerobic cell (SAN) and
then decreased somewhat in the aerated cell (SA) that followed in-series.
Orthophosphate was sometimes reduced by aeration of raw sewage in NA.
Overall reduction was negligible, however. A recent study of aerated
lagoons at Winnipeg, Manitoba, indicated total nitrogen reductions of
about 12%, and about 20% reduction of total phosphate (1). However,
detention times there were 20 to 30 days. Pea processing wastes under-
went no significant reduction of nutrients in an aerated lagoon (2).
Phase 2
The pretreatment unit generally increased orthophosphate concen-
tration but had little effect on total phosphate in 1973 (Tables 8 and 9).
See also Appendix, Table 1.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Phase 1
Figure 9 compares total suspended solids in north anaerobic and
north aerated cells with raw sewage. The two south cells are shown in
a similar manner in Figure 10. During the first four months of 1972
suspended solids in raw sewage were very erratic from week to week.
The lowest value during this period (185 mg/1) occurred on 2 March.
One week later 1175 mg/1 was recorded. Anaerobic cell effluents were
seldom greater than 125 mg/1, and 70% of the time the south anaerobic
discharge was below 100 mg/1. Effluents varied little from week to week.
Generally, anaerobic cells reduced suspended solids by about 85%.
The aerated cell receiving raw sewage (NA) was also erratic in
concentration of total suspended solids. Formation of biological floe
26
-------
TABLE 5 . TOTAL NITROGEN
(mg/1 as N)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
Average3
Raw
64
67
82
90
—
—
74
60
40
47
43
--
60
— -
— —
53
34
32
59
SAN
36
40
41
40
—
—
35
41
37
37
38
—
34
_-
__
38
47
--
39
NAN
37
37
41
42
—
—
36
37
37
33
40
__
37
__
__
40
42
38
38
NA
__
42
44
43
—
—
37
40
38
34
37
_ _
38
__
__
40
42
41
40
SA
40
41
46
46
__
__
40
40
42
45
41
__
42
«...
«.-.
42
42
52
42
a
Average through 5-2-73 .
27
-------
TABLE 6. TOTAL PHOSPHATE BY MONTHLY AVERAGE 1972
(mg/1 as PO.)
Month
Ian.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Average
Raw
68
77
90
67
71
78
32
33
37
35
48
58
58
NAN
59
54
58
77
84
80
48
39
39
54
63
57
59
NA
64
63
89
84
82
78
43
37
35
34
64
68
62
SAN
58
53
60
78
83
79
41
37
39
53
58
56
58
SA
60
53
58
78
83
82
45
38
39
54
63
59
59
TABLE 7. ORTHOPHOSPHATE BY MONTHLY AVERAGE 1972
(mg/1 as PO J
Month
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Raw
46
46
46
54
61
62
28
30
31
34
37
32
NAN
48
48
50
68
77
65
43
37
38
46
49
47
NA
37
33
36
54
57
45
37
31
31
30
32
35
SAN
47
46
52
69
74
60
39
36
38
48
50
46
SA
41
37
40
58
63
53
41
34
35
39
42
40
Average 42 51 38 50 44
28
-------
TABLE B. ORTHOPHOSPHATE 1973
(mg/1 as PO.)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
Average3
Raw
•»
38
41
43
--
34
39
44
38
35
34
36
36
--
__
34
43
47
38
SAN
**v*
48
47
49
—
44
47
51
45
47
43
44
41
__
_-
46
66
--
48
NAN
«*»
48
49
51
—
—
49
50
51
54
47
48
45
_-
.._
52
62
63
51
NA
••••
44
44
44
—
41
39
46
46
48
43
41
36
—
__
52
55
58
45
SA
„
42
46
44
—
44
39
44
48
47
42
43
38
—
- __
52
53
62
45
'Average through 5-2-73.
29
-------
TABLE 9 . TOTAL PHOSPHATE 1973
(mg/1 as PO4)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
a
Average
Raw
58
58
75
75
—
80
80
66
50
63
43
51
56
--
—
53
46
53
61
SAN
46
59
59
57
—
57
55
62
56
54
53
55
50
—
—
52
71
—
56
NAN
44
55
59
57
--
--
57
60
59
62
57
57
53
—
—
58
67
68
57
NA
_ _
57
58
55
--
56
57
59
64
63
55
54
49
—
—
63
66
68
58
SA
47
56
62
59
—
56
58
61
62
70
60
55
47
--
— —
64
64
79
59
Average through 5-2-73 .
30
-------
1200
1050
900
750
o
« 600
"O
c
0)
I 450
CO
300
50
0
Figure 9. Total Suspended Solids-North
a Raw
x North Anaerobic
o North Aerated
1/4 Raw Waste Volume to NAN
1/4 Raw Waste Volume to NA
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1972
-------
sc
-
1200
!050
900
750
600
o
CO
-o 450
•o
CO
300
150
0
Figure 1Q Total Suspended Solids-South
1/2 Raw Waste Volume to SAN-»SA
a Raw
x South Anaerobic
o South Aerated
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I 972
-------
caused an increase. NA had a mean increase of 15% above raw sewage.
SA had the benefit of sedimentation in SAN and variation in sus-
pended solids was less extreme. Bio-mass produced in SA, however, in-
creased suspended solids to 3.5 times the level in SAN effluent. In
absolute values SA had only 40% of the suspended solids found in NA
and 50% as much as raw sewage.
Volatile suspended solids were not measured until October when
some other data collection became less frequent. Available 1972 data
indicate that suspended solids had the following percentages volatile:
raw sewage 74
NA 78
SA 89
SAN & NAN 91
These data were obtained while the potato processing industries were in
operation. It |s evident that aerated cells did not reduce suspended
solids, but it should be borne in mind that they replaced sewage solids
with living organisms. Other investigators have reported similar find-
ings (3).
Phase 2
In 1973 suspended solids were usually greater in raw sewage
than in anaerobic or aerated cells, but greater in aerated than in anaero-
bic (Figure 11). Their relatively low level in aerated cells suggests a less
dense growth of organisms than occurred in 1972 (see Figures 20 and 21).
Reduction in SAN was 86% which was increased to 93% by flow through
NAN. NA increased suspended solids about 400% and there was little
change in SA.
The changed flow pattern in early May that introduced anaerobic
effluent in SA was followed by a marked increase in suspended solids,
which paralleled organism increase in that cell (Table 10).
Volatile suspended solids closely followed the variation pattern
shown by total suspended solids (Table 11). They formed about 81% of
total suspended matter in raw sewage and between 85 and 90% of that in
the anaerobic and aerated cells. These high percentages were not un-
expected since potato wastes entered the system over the six-month
study period. See also Appendix, Table 1.
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
Phase 1
The 1972 variations in COD are shown in Figure 12 for raw sewage
and the two north cells, and in a similar manner for raw sewage and the
two south cells in Figure 13. It was as erratic as suspended solids in
33
-------
900-
—
750-
600-
;g
O
§"
2 300H
.0
150-
Figure 11. Total Suspended Solids
All Raw Waste Volume to SAN*NAN*NA-*SA
\
X Raw
A South Anaerobic
O North Anaerobic
D South Aerated
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
1973
May
Jun
-------
TABLE 10. TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS 1973
(mg/1)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
Average
Raw
610
472
872
424
692
772
740
484
182
2208a
164
322
628
646
512
416
236
158
191
270
—
—
—
—
— _
511
SAN
62
76
100
88
78
88
88
71
63
53
38
59
55
56
94
56
112
«
__
868
98
—
82
—
—
73
NAN
35
38
34
51
42
60
30
28
39
28
14
24
30
29
20
38
40
36
29
28
20
25
21
13
28
34
NA
158
142
170
136
202
108
89
85
74
69
97
164
118
182
175
136
176
220
148
78
62
66
95
99
132
SA
128
142
172
220
116
134
110
176
95
178
168
92
108
120
156
94
136
137
328
352
298
268
252
298
256
138
aFaulty sample due to sediment collection in sampler. Omitted
from average.
Average through 5-2-73.
35
-------
TABLE 11. VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS 1973
(mg/1)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
Average
Raw
484
392
700
356
600
664
596
416
150
704a
138
264
436
466
448
356
126
119
126
102
—
—
__
--
— —
412
SAN
57
75
82
78
73
73
56
68
55
39
38
56
47
53
68
56
76
—
—
616
83
—
64
—
— —
62
NAN
35
35
28
43
42
48
28
28
39
28
14
24
30
29
20
38
26
36
28
26
20
25
19
13
28
31
NA
__
102
120
146
128
174
86
73
81
64
69
92
118
118
142
150
104
148
172
126
59
46
56
65
93
110
SA
128
114
148
192
114
108
110
142
88
170
152
82
78
100
142
84
80
124
270
286
242
228
200
228
220
120
aFaulty sample due to sediment collection in sampler. Omitted
from average.
Average through 5-2-73.
36
-------
CO
I
a
o
o
2400
2100
1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
Figure 12. COD-North
1/4 Raw Waste Volume to NAN
1/4 Raw Waste Volume to NA
a Raw
x North Anerobic
o North Aerated
i
I
1
I
I
I
•
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1972
-------
w
-j:
2400
2100
1800
- 1500
\
1200
o
900
600
300
0
_L
L
Figure 13. COD-South
1/2 Raw Waste Volume to SAN^SA
a Raw
x South Anaerobic
o South Aerated
J_
1
J L
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1972
-------
raw sewage for the first few months, varying from 2700 to 690 mg/1.
Reduction of COD, was nearly equal in both anaerobic ponds and
the north aerated, and was about 40%. Of these three cells , the south
anaerobic had the highest reduction (42%), while the north aerated was
lowest (36%). However, during summer when no potato processing wastes
were received COD reduction in NAN fell below 25% while that in the
north aerated rose above 50% .
The anaerobic-aerobic series gave a COD reduction overall of
63% based on the raw sewage, while reduction in the aerated cell (SA),
35.8%, was practically the same as the 36% obtained in NA.
Phase 2
1973 COD's (Figure 14) were highest in raw sewage in January
and February, dropped noticeably in March, rose somewhat in April, and
declined to minima in May. The treatment cells were lower than raw
sewage until May when SAN greatly exceeded the raw and SA was slightly
greater. The increase in SAN accompanied a marked rise in suspended
solids which occurred shortly after raw sewage was split between SAN
and NAN and SAN was discharged to SA flable 12).
Over the period January-April COD reductions in SAN were 6%
less in 1972 than in 1973 (46% reduction in 1972, 52% in 1973). In 1973
the additional COD reduction in NAN was less than 8% which suggests
little advantage in series anaerobic operation. During the first four
months of the year the COD reduction in the anaerobic-aerated series of
1972 (SAN-SA) was 67%. For the same period of 1973 the four-cell series
gave essentially the same reduction, namely, 66%. It must be emphasized
that loading rates were considerably lower in 1973 than in 1972 . The
second cell of the aerated series in 1973 contributed only 6% additional
COD reduction over the first aerated cell.
For January-April, 1972 , COD concentration in raw sewage was
39% higher than for the same period in 1973; the SAN effluent was 57%
higher in 1972 . These differences were largely due to heavier loads from
the potato processors in 1972. The effluent from the SAN-SA series in
1972 was only 37% higher than it was for the 4-cell 1973 series operation.
From January to May mean sewage flow was 17,752 m /day (4.69
mgd) in 1972 and 15,556 m3/day (4.11 mgd) in 1973. Thus, theoretical
detention times were about 14% greater in 1973 . See also Appendix,
Table 1.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
Phase 1
BOD relationships for the 1972 operation are presented in Figure 15
for the two north cells and raw sewage, and in Figure 16 for the south cells
and raw sewage.
39
-------
150CH
1250-
1OOO-
750-
-------
TABLE 12. COD
fag/1)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
Average
Raw
1116
1129
1446
810
1206
1415
1300
1139
661
1539a
581
771
981
973
870
781
473
555
538
368
—
—
--•
—
—
978
SAM
457
554
498
414
494
437
418
598
551
428
453
435
356
413
417
399
659
__
—
1837
865
721
__
--
469
NAN
459
423
445
404
428
483
384
520
532
489
428
395
357
396
368
396
462
465
455
300
274
261
238
254
237
433
NA
«_
432
483
418
363
391
345
424,
390
312
298
321
306
275
279
284
344
303
312
234
184
150
134
151
203
354
SA
424
359
408
353
333
310
356
382
327
437
353
257
240
255
270
297
275
528
592
491
462
407
378
418
421
332
aFaulty sample due to sediment collection in sampler. Omitted
from average.
^Average through 5-2-73.
41
-------
1600 -
—
800
o
o
CO
Figure 15. BOD-North
0 Raw
x North Anaerobic
o North Aerated
1/4 Raw Waste Volume to NAN
1/4 Raw Waste* Volume to NA
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I972
-------
CO
1600 -
1400 -
1200 -
- 1000 -
o>
Q
O
00
Figure 16. BOD-South
Q Raw
x South Anaerobic
© South Aerated
1/2 Raw Waste Volume to SAN-*SA
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1972
-------
Erratic values that were noted for suspended solids and COD in
raw sewage are repeated, as expected, for BOD. Six seven day continu-
ous sampling runs were carried out in 1972 , and reductions occurring dur-
ing these periods appear in Table 13. Also included are total reductions
achieved during 1972 . These figures represent an inflow of 6,306,000 m
(1,666 million gallons) or 17,222 m^ (4.55 million-gallons) per day. Total
influent BOD was 3 .8 million kg (8.36 million pounds) for an average
daily load of 10,382 kg (22,840 pounds).
Annual reduction for each cell was somewhat higher than the
design figure. Reductions of about 30% were obtained in the two anaero-
bic cells. SAN was consistent, but reductions in NAN fell off sharply at
year's end. Why, is unknown at present. SAN gave 4.5% more reduction
during the year than NAN and this may probably be attributed to higher
winter temperature in SAN. In summer NAN was slightly warmer than
SAN, and BOD reductions in it then equaled or surpassed those in SAN.
It received only one-half the load going to SAN.
SA had a 6% greater BOD reduction than NA, which is assumed
due to operation in series with SAN. Its detention period was one-half
that of NA. If the two south cells are considered as a unit, which would
give the same detention time as in NA, BOD reduction is 18% greater
than in NA. A good share of this removal reflects sedimentation in SAN.
Problems that will arise from sludge accumulation are not determinable
at this time.
Soluble BOD was included in two 7-day runs in November 1972 .
The north anaerobic cell was inconsistent; one run indicated a 21% in-
crease in soluble BOD and the other a 40% increase. Data from SAN
were similar each run, showing an average increase of 17%. NA showed
a reduction of 90% and SA had 87%.
Average BOD/COD ratios for 1972 were: 0.55 for raw sewage,
0.68 for each anaerobic cell, and 0.39 for each aerated cell. These
values are nearly identical with those reported for secondary treatment
of potato processing wastes (3).
In order for aerobic biological treatment to proceed satisfactorily
certain levels of inorganic nutrients must be maintained. Commonly
quoted minimum figures are a BOD:N:P ratio of 100: 5:1. In this study
the ratio for the raw sewage averaged 100:9.9:4.0, and for the south
anaerobic cell the values were 100:10.6:5 .5. Therefore, it would ap-
pear that the nutrient level preceding each aerated cell was entirely
adequate.
Treatment provided by the pretreatment system used in 1972 had
beneficial effects on the large stabilization ponds. In 1971 it was mid-
June before the secondary ponds met water quality standards; the pri-
mary lagoons did not meet them until mid-July and some odor problems
occurred. In 1972, the large ponds made an early recovery (May 10)
with no odors of any significance. Accomplishment of the pretreatment
unit was even more striking when it is recalled that its operation started
in January whereas potato processing began in September.
44
-------
TABLE 13.
BOD REDUCTION
pounds)
Period
1972
1/15-1/21/72
4/21-4/27/72
5/9-5/15/72
G/G- 6/1 2/72
11/6-11/22/72
12/12-12/18/72
All of 1972a
NAN
30.4
36.0
25.9
28.8
19.4
13.3
28.1
NA
53.9
61.3
58.5
77.0
31.6
34.7
57.9
SAN
32.0
42.3
26.1
21.0
28.5
30.4
32.6
SA
63.1
59.6
64.2
82.7
70.2
59.8
64.0
SAN-SA
Series
74.9
76.7
73.5
86.0
78.7
72.0
75.7
Al 1
Cells
58.5
63.0
57.6
69.4
50.3
46.1
59.3
a
From weekly samples
45
-------
While the pretreatment cells were effective in reducing the odor
problem from the main ponds, some odor was emitted by the two anaerobic
cells. Normally, this did not present any problems because of the distant
location of the cells from the city. However, if weather and wind condi-
tions were right, an occasional detection of odor occurred within the city.
Phase 2
1973 total and soluble BOD variation is shown in Figures 17 and
18 and Tables 14 and 15 . Raw sewage BOD declined generally over the
first 5 months , but SAN developed a very high concentration (greater than
any noted in raw sewage) in May. This accompanied COD and suspended
solids peaks, and, like those two parameters, probably arose from a dis-
turbance of sediments in SAN. SA effected little BOD removal beyond that
achieved in NA, and NAN averaged no reduction of BOD it received from
SAN. In this respect also series operation of aerated or anaerobic cells
appears inadvisable.
Soluble BOD reached greatest concentration in SAN, whose peaks
generally coincided with those in raw sewage. SAN's great concentra-
tions in May and June were not duplicated by raw sewage and apparently
came from a sludge disturbance. They continued well beyond maxima
then appearing in total BOD and other parameters. Raw data appear in
Appendix, Table 1.
OXYGEN
Aeration objectives were to provide only slightly more oxygen
than would be consumed in the aerated cells. This condition was gener-
ally met during the first four months of operation, could not be attained
with heavy waste loads in May and early June, 1972, and on numerous
occasions was exceeded after June, 1972 . Some oxygen deficiencies
arose from compressor failures as noted in Table 8, Appendix, which
also shows oxygen concentrations on sampling dates and pounds of gas-
eous oxygen supplied to each cell.
BACTERIAL ACTIONS
Anaerobic Treatment
Of the six volatile acids tested, acetate and propionate were
most commonly produced by anaerobic decomposition.
Acetate production was common in both anaerobic cells. At a
mean temperature of 3 .5° C (see Tables 16 and 17) and loading of
6.86 kg/28 m3 (15.1 pounds/1000 cu ft) per day BOD, acetate production
in SAN was 413 kg (908 pounds) per day. At a mean temperature of
17.6° C and a loading of 7 kg/28 m3 (15.5 pounds/1000 cu ft) per day
BOD, acetate production in SAN was at 1,954 kg (4,298 pounds) per day.
46
-------
TABLE 14. TOTAL
(mg/1)
BOD 1973
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
Averager
Raw
534
489
640
324
457
536
559
512
344
553a
290
395
372
385
335
285
243
291
249
141
—
—
__
—
—
419
SAN
283
326
252
177
165
172
200
349
306
219
218
252
221
244
221
208
399
—
—
958
487
—
449
—
—
248
NAN
290
242
221
188
259
236
198
362
313
278
187
216
237
257
218
236
298
259
255
144
117
124
110
114
95
249
NA
*.»
199
199
169
164
108
117
238
133
113
62
152
116
105
90
99
119
86
108
65
38
34
33
72
112
136
SA
175
144
144
151
145
105
130
166
108
172
103
74
83
85
77
83
79
221
228
180
156
129
95
77
130
119
a
Faulty sample due to sediment collection in sampler. Omitted
from average. . ,
Average through 5-2-73.
47
-------
TABLE 15 . SOLUBLE BOD
(mg/1)
Date
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6r20-73
6-27-73
b
Average
Raw
140
223
197
62
77
142
134
235
162
106a
85
165
104
69
81
96
96
146
104
56
—
—
—
—
--
129
SAN
138
178
125
85
104
116
102
270
199
149
103
150
113
140
134
136
248
—
—
279
304
—
317
—
48
146
NAN
195
133
127
130
134
160
117
243
186
171
93
122
164
143
130
163
201
170
173
84
64
58
60
62
48
154
NA
-._
53
69
49
24
23
26
66
48
48
24
33
28
24
23
13
25
15
16
10
14
16
17
6
9
36
SA
42
34
54
34
40
34
43
34
38
42
22
27
33
30
16
21
17
58
30
7
15
16
20
6
21
33
aFaulty sample due to sediment collection in sampler. Omitted
from average.
Average through 5-2-73.
48
-------
900n
750-
Figure 17. BOD
All Raw Waste to SAN-NAN-NA-SA
600-
I
r45O-
00
30O-
150-
Jan
X Raw
A South Anaerobic
O North Aerated
D South Aerated
Feb
Mar Apr
1973
May
Jun
-------
01
a
250
20O
150-
i/l
10O-
50-
Figure 18. Soluble BOD
Jan
Feb
X Raw
O South Anaerobic
D South Aerated
All Raw Waste to
Mar Apr
1973
May
Jun
-------
en
TABLE 16. MEAN ACETATE DISCHARGED FROM THE PRETREATMENT
SYSTEM AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
Mean Acetate Discharged
Mean
Temp.
(°C)
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
Raw
fag/1)
158
86
147
14
32
NAN
SAN
(kg/day) (mg/1) (kg/day) (mg/1)
2964
1452
2552
236
602
173
154
450
71
119
811
650
1953
299
560
202
137
372
47
105
SA
(kg/day) (mg/1)
1895
1157
3230
395
988
23
0.3
2
0
0.2
(kg/day)
216
2.7
17.3
0
1.8
NA
(mg/1)
28
0.3
2
0.1
0
(kg/day)
131
1.4
8.6
0.45
0
-------
TABLE 17. MEAN BOD LOADING AND REDUCTION IN THE
PRETREATMENT SYSTEM AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
Ul
to
Cell
NAN
SAN
SA
Mean
Temp.
PC)
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
Mean
Influent
824
749
911
224
428
824
749
911
224
428
416
592
620
185
333
BOD (mg/1)
Effluent
454
576
655
225
400
416
592
620
185
333
162
206
218
90
136
Mean
Influent
3864
3161
3953
943
2015
7728
6322
7909
1883
4029
3901
4998
5382
1557
3135
BOD (kg/day)
Effluent
2129
2430
2843
947
1883
3901
4998
5382
1557
3135
1520
1739
1892
757
1280
Mean BOD
Reduction
&)-
44.9
23.1
28.1
0.0
6.5
49.5
20.9
31.9
17.4
22.2
61.1
65.2
64.8
51.4
59.2
Mean
BOD Loading
(kg/2 8m /day)9
3.45
2.82
3.5
0.82
1.77
6.86
5.64
7.04
1.68
3.59
3.45
4.45
4.77
1.41
2.77
-------
s
TABLE 17 (Continued). MEAN BOD LOADING AND REDUCTION IN THE
PRETREATMENT SYSTEM AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
Cell
NA
Mean
Temp.
(°C)
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
SAN-SAb 3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
Mean
Influent
824
749
911
224
428
824
749
911
224
428
BOD (mg/L)
Effluent
361
336
341
106
272
162
206
218
90
136
Mean BOD
Influent
3864
3161
3954
943
2015
7728,
6320
7909
1883
4029
(kg/day)
Effluent
1693
1418
1480
446
1280
1520
1739
1892
757
1280
Mean BOD
Reduction
fc)
56.2
55.1
62.6
52.7
36.4
80.3
72.5
76.1
59.8
68.2
Mean
BOD Loading
0cg/28m3/day)a
3.45
2.82
3.50
0.82
1.77
6.86
5.64
7.04
1.68
3.59
lbs/1000 cu ft/day
3SAN-SA indicates south anaerobic and south aerated cells operating in series.
-------
Thus, with essentially the same BOD loading the increase in acetate
appears to be a function of temperature and is compatible with the expect-
ed activity increase in biologic systems with increases in temperature.
Least production of acetate occurred when loadings to the anaerobic cells
were largely domestic sewage [ca 0.8-1.7 kg/28 m^ (1.8-3 .7 pounds/1000
cu ft) per day BOD].
Propionate production was detected only in the anaerobic cells
and in largest amounts when water temperatures were less than 13° C
(see Table 18). Just over 909 kg (2000 pounds) per day of propionate
were discharged from SAN at mean temperatures of 3 .5 to 8.4° C, while
just over 454 kg (1000 pounds) per day propionate were discharged from
NAN at mean temperatures of 3 .5 to 8.4° C. Lack of detection of large
amounts of propionate at temperatures greater than 13° C was attributed
to conversion of propionate to acetate and methane. These are common
reactions in anaerobic systems .
Aerobic Treatment
During aerobic treatment, the six volatile acids were readily
utilized at nearly all temperatures. Except at a mean temperature of
3 .5° C where some acetate could be found in the aerobic cells [between
131 and 216 kg (289 and 475 pounds) per day were discharged from these
cells — see Table 16], almost complete utilization of the acetate occurred
at other higher temperatures. Acetate appeared to be an easily utilized
carbon source for microbial metabolism in the aerobic (aerated) cells.
Essentially, all propionate was utilized in the aerobic system
with small amounts being detected at temperatures of 3.5° C (see
Table 18).
In situ Removal Rates in Aerated Cells
In NA, the C : N removal ratios at mean temperatures of 3 .5, 8.4,
and 17.6° C approached the optimal C : N ratio of 6.6 : 1 indicated by
Rohlich. Removal of acetate, ammonia and BOD was greatest at 17.6° C
with levels up to 18.1 mg/1/24 hr acetate, 2 .4 mg/1/24 hr ammonia-N
and 71.2 mg/1/24 hr BOD. The values represent mean removal (see
Table 19). The BOD to acetate ratio was considerably greater than 0.76
suggesting that compounds in addition to acetate were contributing to the
BOD (a value near 4.0 was observed).
SA yielded greater removal rates than NA for acetate, ammonia and
BOD (see Table 20). Greatest reductions occurred at a mean temperature
of 17.6° C with mean levels of 92 .5 mg/1/24 hr acetate, 6.2 mg/1/24 hr
ammonia and 100.5 mg/1/24 hr BOD being removed. C:N removal ratios
approached optimal values at mean temperatures of 3 .5, 8.4 and 17.6°C .
In SA which received SAN effluent, the BOD to acetate ratio more nearly
approached the experimental value of 0.76 (a value of about 1.1 was
observed).
54
-------
01
ui
TABLE 18. MEAN PROPIONATE DISCHARGED FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEM AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
Mean Propionate Discharged
Mean
Temp.
(°C)
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
RAW
(mg/L) (kg/day)
46
36
89
4
10
862
607
1545
67
188
NAN
(mg/1) (kg/day)
103
121
19
1
32
483
510
82
4.1
150
SAN
(mg/1) (kg/day)
102
110
50
2
24
957
929
434
17
226
SA
(mg/1) (kg/day)
0.6
0
0
0
0
5.45
0
0
0
0
NA
(mg/1) (kg/day)
0.6
0
0.1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
.72
.45
-------
01
TABLE 19. CHANGES IN MEAN NUMBERS OF TOTAL BACTERIA AND REMOVAL RATES OF ACETATE,
AMMONIA-N, AND BOD IN THE NORTH AERATED CELL AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-19729
Mean
Temp.
(°C)
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
Bacteria/ml
Influent Effluent Parameter
4 .0 x 107 1 .5 x 107 Acetate
Ammonia-N
BOD
5 . 8 x 107 4 . 1 x 106 Acetate
Ammonia-N
BOD
6.4 x 107 1.5 x 107 Acetate
Ammonia-N
BOD
1.9 x 107 1.7 x 106 Acetate
Ammonia-N
BOD
5.0 x 107 4.8 x 106 Acetate
Ammonia-N
BOD
Influent
(mg/l)
158
24.5
824
86
20.8
749
147
26.6
911
14
22.4
224
32
24.0
428
Substrate
Effluent
(mg/l)
28
15.4
361
0.3
10.7
336
2
7.3
341
0.1
13.1
106
0
16.7
272
Mean
Removal Rate
(mg/1/24 hr)
16.3
1.1
57.9
10.7
1.3
51.6
18.1
2.4
71.2
1.7
1.2
14.8
4
0.9
19.5
Removal
Ratio
C : N
5.9:1
3.3:1
3.0:1
0.6:1
1.8:1
aDetention time in the north aerated cell was about 8 days.
bRemoval ratio (C:N) refers only to acetate and ammonia-N.
-------
TABLE 20 CHANGES IN MEAN NUMBERS OF TOTAL BACTERIA AND REMOVAL RATES OF ACETATE,
AMMONIA-N, AND BOD IN THE SOUTH AERATED CELL AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972*
Mean
Temp.
(°C)
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
Bacteria/ml
Influent Effluent Parameter
6.4 x 106 7.5 x 106 Acetate
Ammonia-N
7 fi BOD
1.1 x 10' 4.6 x 10° Acetate
Ammonia-N
f. , BOD
3.7 x 10° 7.5 x 10° Acetate
Ammonia-N
f. , BOD
1.6 x 10° 3.3 x 10° Acetate
Ammonia-N
, , BOD
4.1 x 10° 2.7 x 10' Acetate
Ammonia-N
BOD
Influent
(rag/1)
202
27.6
416
137
26.1
592
372
35.2
620
47
27.1
185
105
30.2
333
Substrate
Effluent
(mg/1)
23
16.4
162
0.3
8.4
206
2
10.4
218
0
14.5
90
0.2
18.2
136
Mean Removal
Removal Rate Ratio
(mg/1 /24 hr)
44.8
2.8
63.5
34.2
4.4
96.5
92.5
6.2
100.5
11.8
3.2
23.8
26.2
3.0
49.3
6.4:1
3.1:1
6.0:1
1.5:1
3.5:1
Detention time in the south aerated cell was about 4 days.
^Removal ratio (C:N) refers only to acetate and ammonia-N.
-------
VOLATILE ACIDS
Volatile acid production has long been associated with the activity
of anaerobic bacteria (4 ,5 ,6) and their hydrolysis of organic wastes .
11 Acid-forming" bacteria are known to convert organic material such as
carbohydrates to alcohols, aldehydes, and organic acids (e.g., acetic,
propionic, butyric). Row (8) indicated that the predominant species
among the acid-formers were Pseudomonas , Flavobacterium, Alcaliqenes ,
and Enterobacter. The optimum pH range of the acid-formers was report-
ed to be 4.5 to 7.5 (9). More recently, Keefer Urtes (10) and McCarty,
et al.. (11) indicated that acetic and propionic acid were the most impor-
tant and usually the most prevalent volatile acids in sewage sludge. An
inherent problem in anaerobic waste treatment is that should the concentra-
tion of volatile acids become excessive (i.e., causing a change in pH from
an optimum of 6.8-7.2) the acids may exert an inhibitory effect on the
activity of methanogenic bacteria.
Stadtman (12) reported that Methanobacterium propionicum converts
propionate into acetate, carbon dioxide, and methane. This organism has
been indicated to grow at temperatures around 30° C (13). Our data pro-
vided environmental evidence that propionate was converted into acetate
at water temperatures as low as 12 .5° C .
At least 4 other organisms, Methanococcus mazei. Methanosarcina
barkerii. Ms. methanica. and Methanobacterium sohnqenii are able to
convert acetate into methane and carbon dioxide (5 , 12).
Data from this 12-month study (1972) showed that large amounts of
propionate (see Table 13) were produced in the anaerobic cells during mean
temperatures of 3 .5 and 8.4° C; propionate was evidently converted into
acetate and methane at a rapid rate at temperatures of 17.6 and 20.0° C,
since a large decrease in propionate accompanied a dramatic acetate in-
crease.
Largest amounts of volatile acids were produced during the first
3 temperature intervals (as listed in Tables 16, 17, and 18) when the
organic waste load was high [mean BOD loading was 2 .8 to 7.0 kg (6.2
to 15 .5 pounds) per 100 cu ft/day for the north anaerobic and south an-
aerobic cell, respectively]. Acetate and propionate were the most
abundantly produced acids followed by butyrate, isovalerate, isobutyrate,
and valerate, in that order. During the fourth interval when the waste
load was consistent with domestic sewage [mean BOD loading was .818
to 1.7 kg (1.8 to 3.7 pounds) per 100 cu ft/day for the north anaerobic
and south anaerobic cell, respectively], acetate and propionate produc-
tion decreased by more than 50% .
TOTAL BACTERIA
Total bacteria were enumerated on Tryptone Glucose Extract fTGE)
agar. Their 1972 concentrations in raw sewage varied from 1.9 x 107 to
6.4 x 107/ml (Table 21). They were always somewhat less numerous in
58
-------
01
CO
TABLE 21. MEAN NUMBERS OF TOTAL BACTERIA9 DISCHARGED FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES - 1972
(bacteria/ml)
Mean
'Temp .
(°C)
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
Raw
7
4. Ox 10
7
5.8x 10
7
6.4 x 10
7
1.9x 10
7
5. Ox 10
Mean Numbers
NAN
6
6.3 x 10
6
9.3 x 10
6
6.4 x 10
g
1.4x 10
g
2.2 x 10
of Total Bacteria
SAN
6
6.4 x 10
7
1.1 x 10
6
3.7x 10
6
1.6x 10
6
4.1x 10
Discharged
SA
6
7.5 x 10
6
4.6 x 10
6
7.5 x 10
6
3.3 x 10
7
2.7x 10
NA
7
1.5 x 10
6
4.1 x 10
7
1.5 x 10
6
1.7 x 10
6
4.8x 10
aTotal bacteria were enumerated on Trypton Glucose Extract Agar pour plates incubated at 30° C
for 48 hours.
-------
anaerobic and aerated cell effluents. Total bacterial numbers were usual-
ly higher in SA than in SAN effluent, suggesting bacterial multiplication
in the aerobic cell. There was no valid relationship between bacterial
numbers and temperature in the waste treatment cells, but they declined
everywhere with low organic load (see Table 19) and temperatures of
20.0° C. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts of the raw waste and
the four treatment cell effluents were made during the last 9-weeks of
1972 and through June 19, 1973 (Table 22). No significant differences
in anaerobic and aerobic numbers in raw waste and the two anaerobic
cells suggests that the majority of these bacteria were facultative
organisms. However, the majority of total bacteria present in the
aerated cells were obligate aerobes.
Table 23 shows reduction percentages of total bacteria at various
temperatures. The anaerobic cells were generally more effective in re-
ducing total bacteria than the aerobic cells. Reductions in all treatment
cells were small. In SA total bacterial numbers generally increased.
COLIFORM BACTERIA
Coliform bacteria usually comprised about 1% of total bacterial
populations. In raw waste, as enumerated onjn-Endo broth following
Millipore filtration, they varied from 2.0 x 10 to 6.1 x 105/ml as shown
in Table 24. No relationships between coliform numbers and temperature
or organic load were evident. Coliforms varied by about one log unit in
the waste treatment cell with counts ranging from 1.1 x 104 to 1.9 x 10^/ml.
FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
As shown in Table 25, fecal coliforms varied by more than one log
unit in the raw waste ranging from 2.0 x 104 to 6.4 x 105/ml. In the four
waste treatment cells they varied from 1.4 x 10^ to 9.5 x 10^/ml. Reduc-
tions of fecal coliforms varied from 24.0 to 98.1%.
ENTEROCOCCI
Enterococci (Table 26) had the greatest variance of the four
bacterial populations studied. Their numbers were least in the raw
waste (7.2 x 10 /ml) when organic loading was lowest and temperature
at 20.0° C, and highest (1.4 x 107/ml) with heavy organic load and
17.6° C temperature. Their numbers generally increased in anaerobic
and aerated cells with higher temperatures and organic loads. A marked
decrease was noted in SA (about 98%) at all temperatures below 20.0° C.
60
-------
TABLE 22. VIABLE COUNTS OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
(bacteria/ml)
Date
10-31-72
11-7-72
11-14-72
11-22-72
11-28-72
12-5-72
12-12-72
12-19-72
12-26-72
Type of Bacteria
( Incubation
at 30° C )
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Bacterial Counts
Raw
1.3x 10®
1.7x 10*
l.lx 10?
1.1 X IQg
1.0 x 10,,
7
5. Ox 10'
2.8 x 10_
1.9x 10^
7
5.4 x 10'
5. Ox 10'
So v i n
• 3 **• 4-\J —
3.2 x 10'
7.5 x 10'
7.4 x 10'
9.4 x 10?
6.5 x 10_
l.SxlOg
1.2 x 10
NAN
2.1 x 10g
2. Ox 10g
2^ v i ri
• w •"• X w —
1.9x 10*
2.1 x 10g
1.3 x 10-
2.9x 10g
1.9 x 10*
R
1.5 x 10^
l.lx 10
2.7xlOg
1.9x 10^
1.1 x 10
5.2 x 10
4.8x 10g
2.6x 10g
1.5 x 10_
7.4 x 10
SAN
2.9 x 10
2.7 x 10g
1.6 x 10_
8.1x 10g
1.6 x 10g
l.lx 10
6.8 x 10g
1.8 x 10-
K
2 .8 x 10g
1.7 x 10
9.2 x 10g
5.4 x 10_
1.5 x 10g
8.1 x 10-
3.8 x 19g
2 .1 x 10-
1.5 x 10_
8.4 x 10
NA
3.5 x 10g
2. Ox 10g
3.5 x 10_
2. Ox 10^
l.lx 10
1.9 x 10g
3.8 x 10,.
8.5 x 10^
K
5.3 x 10^
1.5x 10*
5.8x 10
1.7 x 10C
h
8.2 x 10"
3.4 x 10g
4.1 x 10
1.8 x 10g
5.0 x 10-
2. Ox 10
SA
2.1 x loj
7.8x 10g
6,1 x 10
3.8 x 10-
H
6.5 x 10°
1.2 x 10^
2.0 x 105
1.5 x 10,
2 .7 x 10,.
5.0 x 10
4.4 x 10
4.0 x 10
5.5 x 10-
1.9x 10*
9.7 x 10g
1.1 x 10
3.1 x 10^
7.6x 10
-------
to
TABLE 22 (Continued). VIABLE COUNTS OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
(bacteria/ml)
Type of Bacteria
Date ( Incubation
at 30° C )
1-10-73
1-16-73
1-23-73
1-30-73
2-13-73
2-20-73
2-28-73
3-6-73
3-13-73
3-20-73
3-27-73
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Raw
7
5.3 x 10'
3.3 x 10
8.3 x 10,
6.8 x 10^
Q
2 .2 x 10
1.9 x 10
2.4 x 107
1.7 x 10
1.5 x 10®
1.2 x 10
3 .7 x 10
2.1 x 10
3.2 x 10®
3.0 x 10®
4.6 x 10,
7
4. Ox 10'
1.3 x 10®
8.8x 10n
o
1.6x 10°
R
1.3 x 10°
2.1 x 10®
1.7x 10
NAN
6
8.7 x 10°
6.0 x 10?
1.4 x 10''
6
5.2 x 10°
7
1.3 x 10
7.4 x 10
7.7 x 10^
1.9 x 10
5.7 x 10
2.2 x 10
8.3 x 10g
5 .5 x 10
1.3 x 10
1.1 x 10g
6.6 x 10-
6
3.7x 10°
2.6x 10g
2.0 x 10,,
/
1.1 x 10-
t-\
5 .6 x 10
2.2 x 10 _
1.5 x 10
SAN
7
1.8 x 107
1.3 x 10
1.4 x 10,
1.0 x 10,
i
1.9 x 10
1.5 x 10
1.6 x 10
1.1 x 10
1.1 x 10
9.5 x 10
1.1 x 10g
7.5 x 10
1.4 x 10
1.3 x 10
1.3 x 10-
1.2 x 10?
1.2 x 10
9.6 x 10,
7
2.3 x 10,
J
1.6 x 10
l.lxlO
4.9 x 10
NA
6
8.2 x 10
2 .3 x 10-
7.2 x 10C
2 .2 x 10,
/
2.4 x 10.
3.1 x 10?
4.5X10
5.9 x 10°
7.0 x 10
1.5 x 10
3.4 x 10C
r\
5.0 x 10°
1.8 x 10
8.0 x 10
1.1 x 10-
2.7 x 10-
5 .4 x 10
1.4 x 10^
6
2.8 x 10C
K
4.4 x 10
1.9 x 10|?
6.5 x 10
SA
7
1.7x 10,
1.0 x 10,
I
2 .8 x 10
1.7 x 10
4.1 x 10^
Q
9.2 x 10°
3 .6 x 10
6.9 x 10_
4 .6 x 10
1 .4 x 10
1.9 x 10
1.7 x 10
4.2 x 10,
1.5 x 10
1.7 x 10.
r)
5.7 x 10°
I
2 .3 x 10,.
6
5.5 x 10°
1.3 x 10
3.8 x 10
-------
OS
CO
TABLE 22 (Continued). VIABLE COUNTS OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
(bacteria/ml)
Date
4-3-73
4-10-73
4-17-73
4-24-73
5-1-73
5-8-73
5-15-73
5-22-73
5-29-73
6-5-73
6-12-73
6-19-73
Type of Bacterii
( Incubation
at 30° C)
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
i -
Raw
3.9 x 10^
/
3.1 x 10"'
9.9 x 10'
9.5 x 10'
3.2 x 10'
2. Ox 10'
1.1 x 10?
1.6x 10
6.7 x 10°
8.5 x 10
5 .5 x 10fi
6.0 x 10
5.9 x 10
4.2 x 10^
7 7 x 10
/ • / .A. J. U £
7.8 x 10
NAN
2.3 x 10_
1.9x 10°
2.4 x 10
1.9 x 10
1.6x 10g
i 9 v i o
I./ X IU
3.6 x 10
2.4 x 10g
7.2 x 10
5.0 x 10e
8.2 x 10
4.7 x 10g
1.3 x 10
9.0 x 10j!
1.6x 10g
1.7 x 10
8.3 x 10
6.2 x 10g
5 .0 x 10
2.5 x 10g
1.2 x 10s
8.6 x 105
2.2 x 10
2.1 x 105
SAN
5.6 x 10.
4.4 x 10-
4.8 x 10
2.5 x 10g
4.6x 10
3.7 x 10g
1.7 x 10_
K
1.3 x 10°
6.4 x 10
4.6 x 10
6
1.7 x 10°
5.9x 10
NA
1.5 x 10r
2.8 x 10-
1 .0 x 10
3.7 x 10^
1.7x 10g
4. Ox 10C
h
2.1 x 10°
1.4 x 10g
1.1 x 105
1.2 x 10g
1.5 x 10
5.7 x 10g
4.4x10
1.9x 10°
3.9 x 10g
2 .3 x 10
1.0 x 10^
2.4 x 10
4.3 x 10^
1.4 x 10
6.3 x 104
9.0x10^
1.0 x 10°
A
7.6 x 10*
SA
1.8 x 10-
6.1 x 10.
n
6.5 x 10°
n
1.2 x 10°
n
2.1 x 10°
5 .0 x 10_
b
3.2x10°
2.6 x 10-
n
2.2 x 10°
4.4 x 10g
1.6 x 10.
8. Ox 10
2.9X 10g
3.8 x 10
1.1 x 10g
2 .5 x 10
1.8 x 104
2 .5 x 10
3.2 x 10^
1.5 x 10
5.0 x 104
2 .1 x 10.
9.8x 10
1.2 x 10
-------
TABLE 23 . MEAN REDUCTION PERCENTAGES OP TOTAL BACTERIA
AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
fc)
Mean
Temp.
4.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
NAN
84.3
84.0
90.0
92.6
95.6
SAN
84.0
81.0
94.2
91.6
91.8
SA
0
58.2
0
0
0
NA
62.5
92.9
76.6
91.1
90.4
TABLE 24. MEAN NUMBERS OF COLIFORM BACTERIA
AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
(bacteria/ml)
Mean
Temp.
(°C) Raw
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
4
2
5
2
6
.0 x
.0 x
.2 x
.2 x
.1 x
10b
5
10
5
10
10=
5
10
NAN
5.9 x
2.1 x
5.4 x
3.4 x
8.7 x
io4
4
io1
4
10
io4
4
10
3
2
5
3
1
SAN
.9x
.4 x
.7 x
.8 x
.5 x
IO4
4
ioa
4
10
io4
5
10
SA
6.4 x
1.1 x
3.5 x
1.8 x
2.2 x
!04
4
101
4
10
io4
4
10
NA
1.9 x IO5
4
1.2 x 10
4
7.9 x 10
1.8x IO4
4
8.3 x 10
The Millipore technique was used for enumeration of coliform
bacteria on m-Endo broth.
64
-------
TABLE 25 . MEAN NUMBERS OF FECAL COLIFORM3 BACTERIA
AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
(bacteria/ml)
Mean Te
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
mp.
Raw
2 .5 x 10
4
3.5 x 10
c
2.7 x 10
2. Ox IO4
c
6.4 x 10
NAN
1.3 x IO4
3
2.8 x 10
4
1.9x 10
3.5 x 10
4
1.2 x 10
SAN
4.6 x 10
3
4.6 x 10
4
2.5 x 10
3.5 x IO3
4
9.5 x 10
SA
1.9 x IO4
3
2.7 x 10
o
9.7 x 10
1.4 x 10
4
1.7x 10
NA
1.9 x IO4
3
3.9 x 10
4
3.6 x 10
4.6 x 10
4
2.1 x 10
aThe Milllpore technique was used for enumeration of fecal con-
form bacteria on mFC broth.
TABLE 26. MEAN NUMBERS OF ENTEROCOCCI3
AT VARIOUS MEAN TEMPERATURES-1972
(bacteria/ml)
Mean Temp.
3.5
8.4
17.6
20.0
6.0
1
2
1
7
4
Raw
.3 x
.6 x
.4x
.2 x
.8 x
io8
g
10
io7
io4
IO5
NAN
1.7 x
3.9 x
1.1 x
5.7x
8.5 x
IO5
5
10
io6
io3
io4
9
1
7
9
8
SAN
.3 x
.5 x
.6 x
.6 x
.6 x
IO4
5
10D
io5
io3
io4
SA
3.6 x
5.1 x
2.4 x
4.4 x
7.7 x
io4
4
10
IO5
io3
IO3
NA
2.4 x IO5
4
6.5 x 10
1.2 x IO6
3.7 x IO4
1.5 x IO5
The Millipore technique was used for enumeration of enterococci
on m-Enterococcus agar*
65
-------
MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS
Planktonic organisms present and the number of times in 1972
(maximum 78) each occurred in anaerobic and aerated cells appear in
Table 27. The most frequent organisms were spirals (always present) and
Sphaerotilus (always found in aerated and 95% of the time in anaerobic
cells). Zooglea occurred 86% of the time in aerated cells but in only
2 .5% of samples from anaerobic cells. Thiopedia and Chromatium lived
in both types of cell, but the latter showed a preference for the anaerobic
condition. Algae also inhabited both cell types but were more frequent in
the aerated. Only two protozoans (Amoeba and Trepomonas) were found
in anaerobic cells and these two were more frequent in the aerated cells.
The only fungus observed was restricted to aerated cells.
Sphaerotilus reached greater concentrations than any other organ-
ism (Figure 17) and except on three occasions was considerably more
numerous in aerated cells. Its concentration greatly declined with sew-
age strength during the summer (June-September). The unidentified
spirals did not have as marked an environmental preference. They were
most numerous in anaerobic cells 50% of the time and in aerated cells
28%, and greatest concentrations were recorded for aerated cells. Their
numbers also declined with sewage BOD in summer (Figure 18). Zooqlea.
which had a very marked preference for aerated cells disappeared on
August 1, 1972 and did not return until September 26. It then persisted
until June 30, 1973. Photosynthetic purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatium
and Thiopedia) were most numerous during summer months when sewage
strength was low.
Dominant positions were most frequently occupied by Sphaerotilus^
and the spiral bacteria. The former was dominant 71% of the time in
aerated cells and 9% in anaerobic cells; the latter was the most abundant
organism 69% of the time in anaerobic and 11% in aerated cells. Zooqlea
dominated the aerated cells 8% of the time; Thiopedia was dominant in
16% of samples from anaerobic ponds and in 8% of those from aerated
ponds. Chroococcus was dominant in anaerobic cells twice (1.2%) and
in aerated cells once (0.6%) and Chlamvdomonas was once dominant in
aerated cells.
In 1973 spirals were more concentrated in aerated cells from
January-March, and thereafter more concentrated in anaerobic cells with
a notable exception in June and a minor one in May (Figure 21). Sph-
aerotilus was always much more numerous in the aerated cells (Figure 22).
Zooqlea was present at all times in one or the other aerated cell and was
once found in NAN, the second cell in the anaerobic series. It once
achieved greater concentration than Sphaerotilus (Figure 22).
Spirals in NAN generally outnumbered those in SAN until the raw
sewage was split between the two anaerobic cells in early May, follow-
ing which they became more numerous in SAN. In aerated cells they
were denser in NA prior to the sewage split and in SA thereafter. These
same trends were true for Sphaerotilus . but it was more concentrated in
66
-------
TABLE 2 7. MICROORGANISMS FOUND AND THEIR OCCURRENCE
IN AERATED AND ANAEROBIC PONDS
Bacteria
Sphaerotilus natans
Zooqlea ramiaera
Lampropedia so.
Thiopedia sp.
Chroma tium sp.
Undetermined Spirals
Fungi
Lemonniera sp.
Algae
Chroococcus sp.
Chlamvdomona s sp.
Protozoa
Amoeba sp.
Trepomonas sp.
Notosolenus sp.
Enchelvs sr>.
Dileptus sp.
Pleuronema sp.
Euplotes sp.
Paramecium sp.
Vorticella sp.
Opisthonecta sp.
Carchesium sp.
Astylozoon SP.
Urceolaria sp.
Tokophvra sp.
No.
Anaerobic
Ponds
74
2
0
13
39
78
0
7
13
2
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Times Present
Aerated
Ponds
78
67
18
11
10
78
10
33
30
14
35
1
16
1
4
2
4
5
4
7
2
3
1
67
-------
26.Oi
r-.
x
200-
A32.0
Jw
Figure 19. Sphaerotilus Variation
A Aerated
O Anaerobic
Means of NA & SA
and NAN & SAN
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-------
6.O-
3.0-
Figure 20. Spirals Variation
Means of NA & SA and NAN & SAN
A Aerated
O Anaerobic
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Jun Jul
1972
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-------
.70-,
.60
.50-
'40'
0)
¥ .30-
O
.20-
.10-
A Aerated
O Anaerobic
Figure 21. Spirals
Means of NA & SA and NAN & SAN
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
1973
May
Jun
-------
6.60
.90-,
.75-
m
-------
NA more frequently before May. Zooqlea was also more abundant in SA
after May 15 . Effluent from SAN was evidently richer than that from NAN,
and SA responded more vigorously than NA. SAN held most sewage solids
over the previous 4 months.
Chromatium. which was restricted to warmer months in 1972,
occurred in aerated and anaerobic cells on most sampling dates from
January-June, 1973 . Chroococcus was present in both cell types from
January to mid-March and then returned in late April to remain through
June. Chlamvdomonas appeared briefly in mid-March (aerated cells) and
later endured from early May until June 19. Maximum concentration for
Chlamvdomonas was 328,000/ml, and Chroococcus reached 1,424,000/ml,
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
Parameters utilized in design of this facility, including reasoning
for basic size, shape and configuration of the treatment cells, have been
discussed, and most equipment utilized in treating, metering or sampling
the sewage has been described and will not be treated here.
Construction of the pre-treatment facility was accomplished in
two phases, (1) embankment construction and installation of underground
piping, and (2) installation of required mechanical and electrical equip-
ment. This necessitated coordination of the work of two separate con-
tractors in the same construction area. This proved less desirable than
having one general contractor.
The following construction or operating problems, and a suggest-
ed solution for each, should receive careful attention in design of a
similar facility.
1. Due to difficulties in applying and maintaining paint on the
structural steel elements, the use of inherently noncorrosive materials
such as concrete, aluminum and plastics is recommended.
2 . The dikes proved too narrow for convenient access and maneu-
verability of construction equipment. Dike tops should be at least 9' in
width with embankment slopes of 4 to 1.
3 . Embankment slope protection (concrete aprons) was originally
planned only for the mechanically agitated cells. However, observations
during construction indicated that similar protection would be required in
all cells and it was added prior to completion of the project.
4. No specific provisions were made for dewatering the pre-
treatment cells. It was necessary to dewater them twice during construc-
tion and start-up and immediately following the 18 month research period,
therefore, provisions should be made for dewatering, utilizing gravity to
the greatest extent possible.
5 . Sand was utilized in bedding underground piping in the dikes .
Some seepage was suspected along these lines and through the embank-
ment. All piping within the embankment areas should be bedded in clay.
72
-------
6. The PVC air piping was too thin-walled to handle pressure
surges coupled with negative pressures and failed on two or more occa-
sions during start up. Piping walls must resist pressures much greater
than those exerted by the design air pressure.
7. It was impossible to balance air distribution to all 8 mixers
with open orifices but installation of 8" butterfly valves corrected this
problem.
8. The liquid discharge weirs (short lengths of flange to plain-
end piping of 16" and 30" diameter) were difficult and cumbersome to
adjust. Lighter materials or a weir design not requiring heavy equipment
to make liquid level changes would be desirable.
9. Ground water seeped into all manholes. Seepage could be
minimized by monolithic cast-in-place manholes, and manholes contain-
ing equipment, such as flow meters, would require automatic sump
pumps. Provision for pumping seepage from all manholes would be desir-
able.
10. A small shed of wood construction housing the distribution
manhole suffered deterioration due to moisture and allowed escape of
malodorous gases. A preferred design would utilize a tight aluminum
cover which could be insulated for frost protection.
11. Underground wiring between the control center and the motors
was subject to numerous severe faults. All underground wiring should be
laid in conduit of ample size to permit changing of conductors if and when
necessary.
12 . V-belt drives on compressor motors could not be maintained
until a complete replacement set was installed on each compressor.
Consideration should be given to direct drives between compressors and
motors.
13. The motor control center or panels required excessive mainte-
nance due to vibrations and heat, and it would be desirable to house the
motor control panels separately from the compressors to eliminate vibra-
tions through the floor or other structural parts and to prevent heat build
up in the control panel area.
The most serious operational interference occurred between mid-
May and mid-June, 1972, when the largest potato processor suffered a
treatment plant breakdown and discharged high waste loads that at times
exceeded 50,000 pounds BOD per day. The wanner temperatures at that
time of the year increased biological activity and it was impossible to
maintain oxygen in the aerated cells, even with all 4 compressors, until
the processing plant closed in June.
Weir adjustments required for change from split to full series
operation delayed data collection for about two weeks. Later, sludge
build-up in SAN interfered with discharge to NAN and necessitated aban-
donment of full series operation May 7, 1973 . So, actually only about
3 1/2 months of the planned 6 months full series operation were realized.
The raw sewage composite sampler failed on May 30, and no raw compos-
its were taken after May 23.
73
-------
It was not possible to split air unequally to the two aerated cells,
and failure to supply more air to NA resulted in zero oxygen values in
some areas of this cell about 30% of the time and trace amounts in 45%
of samples . SA, which contributed little treatment, had excessive
amounts of oxygen in at least 50% of samples. Full series operation did
not permit very efficient use of the aeration system.
At the end of the 18-month period .corrosion had put sampling units
and one flow meter out of service, and considerable maintenance would
have been required to continue the study program.
SLUDGE ACCUMULATION
This was no problem in the aerated cells. Soundings made from
catwalks in August, 1972 and observations after these units were de-
watered for inspection and iron work painting in 1973 showed bottoms
to be along the design profile.
It was a different story in anaerobic cells. Soundings made in
September, 1972 showed as much as 4' accumulation on the bottom of
SAN, and this quantity was so augmented by 1973 operation that dis-
charge to NAN was blocked in early May. Problems associated with
sludge and its removal, with the exception of the above blockage, did
not intervene in these experimental procedures .
PERFORMANCE
Reductions in parameters generally considered significant in
waste treatment appear in Tables 28 and 29. A summary of performance
of all tested parameters appears in Table 7, Appendix. Values listed
under each column heading indicate percent reductions achieved by flow
through the given cells in the order indicated by arrows. Minus values
designate an increase in concentration or number.
The raw -* SAN —* SA series in 1972 was as effective as flow
through SAN -»• NAN —» NA —*SA in 1973 in most respects, was actual-
ly superior in BOD and enterococci, and each year greatest reductions in
BOD and SRP-PO4 resulted from introduction of anaerobic effluent into an
aerated cell. This was seldom true of the types of bacteria listed, which
increased in NAN —* NA passage in 1973 and showed considerably less
removal in SAN —* SA flow-through than in the raw-anaerobic and raw-
aerated series used in 1972 . Increases resulting from NAN —> NA flow-
through in 1973 reflect after growth in NA that was reduced when intro-
duced into SA. Bacterial reduction effected by the entire 4-cell facility
in 1973 and the raw —* SAN —* SA series in 1972 was acceptable.
Nitrogen was reduced in the final pretreatment effluent each year
but showed little change or actually increased in aerated cells each year.
Ammonia nitrogen increased in anaerobic cells each year, regardless if
fed raw sewage or anaerobic effluent, and decreased in aerated cells
except in SA when receiving aerated effluent in 1973. Nitrite nitrogen
74
-------
TABLE 28. PERCENT REDUCTIONS (mean values) IN THE
LISTED SEQUENCES
Parameter
BOD
COD
TOTAL N
TOTAL PO.
aSRP-PO.
COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
ENTEROCOCCI
RAW
SAN
37
55
23
0
-16
87
93
94
RAW
NAN
34
42
21
- 2
-20
87
92
90
RAW
NA
54
42
4
- 5
9
78
87
90
SAN
SA
62
35
0
- 9
14
30
0
68
RAW
SAN
SA
76
64
23
3
0
91
93
98
Soluble reactive phosphorus
TABLE 29. PERCENT REDUCTIONS (mean values) IN THE
LISTED SEQUENCES
fc)
Parameter
BOD
COD
TOTAL N
TOTAL PO
SRP-PO4
COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
ENTEROCOCCI
RAW
SAN
41
50
34
8
-26
83
85
80
SAN
NAN
0
9
3
- 4
-34
60
62
56
NAN
NA
45
20
- 5
- 5
10
-115
-136
-57
NA
SA
13
1
- 8
- 9
0
68
73
71
RAW
SAN
NAN
NA
SA
72
64
27
0
-21
95
96
96
75
-------
declined in anaerobic cells in 1972 but rose considerably in NAN with
SAN —•*• NAN flow in 1973 . It increased markedly in aerated cells each
year, but decreased in SA in 1973. Nitrate decreased-in anaerobic cells
each year and in SA in 1973, but increased greatly in both aerated cells
in 1972 and in NA in 1973 . Passage through the entire facility increased
NO3 by 62% in 1972 but lowered it 41% in 1973.
Phosphate, either total or in the soluble reactive form, suffered
no real reduction by flow through the 4 cell facility in either 1972 or
1973 . Transformation to the soluble reactive form occurred in the an-
aerobic cells, but this action was generally reversed in aerated cells.
No reduction was accomplished in the aerated cell series over the 1973
operating period.
No worthwhile benefits accrued from operating anaerobic or aer-
ated cells in series. With the exception of bacteria in the NA-SA series
in 1973 there was generally little or no improvement in undesirable waste
parameters. The second cell in the aerated series seemed to reverse
some actions that had gotten underway in the first cell. Nitrification
declined by 27% in SA, and soluble reactive phosphate that was reduced
46% in NA suffered no additional decrease in SA. The anaerobic environ-
ment favored available P formation and suppressed nitrification.
Comparison of operation over the January-May period each year
(Table 30) shows greater overall BOD reduction in 1973, but total BOD
load was more than twice as great the first 5 months of 1972 . The SAN-
SA series received slightly more BOD over January-May 1972 than the
entire facility did in 1973, yet it achieved greater reduction (77.8%) than
the 4 cell series (71.8%) in 1973.
Total soluble BOD analyses conducted over the periods March 7-
13, April 13-19, 1973 indicated increase in the soluble form in anaerobic
cells, decrease in NA both times, and decrease in March and increase in
April in SA. Percentage reduction of soluble BOD ranged from 73.1-87.7%
in NA, where reduction of total BOD held at a steady 58.4%. Mean
soluble BOD, about 30% of total in the 1973 raw sewage, climbed to
60% in effluent from anaerobic cells, and fell to 27% in aerated cell
effluent.
BOD/COD ratios were as follows:
1972 1973
Raw Sewage 0.55 0.43
Ana erobic C ell E fflu ents 0.68 0.56
Aerated Cell Effluents 0.39 0.37
Lower values for raw sewage and anaerobic effluent in 1973 are assumed
due to removal of larger amounts of settleable materials by on site treat-
ment at potato processing plants.
76
-------
TABLE 30. BOD LOADS AND PERCENTAGE REDUCTIONS, JANUARY-MAY
1972 1973
Load Reduction Load Reduction
Raw 1.614xl06 -- 0.732xl06
SAN 0.805 x 106 41.3 0.732xl06 43.5
NAN 0.404X106 37.8 0.413 x 106 - 1.8
NA 0.404 x 106 57.0 0.420 x 106 43.4
SA 0.472xl06 62.2 0.238xl06 13.4
SAN-SA 0.805xl06 77.8
OVERALL 1.614xl06 62.6 0.782 x 106 71.8
OPERATIONAL COSTS
These data are given only for 1972, since that type operation
gave the most treatment, covered a full 12-iuonth period, and handled
greater waste quantities. Long-term maintenance and sludge removal
are not included in calculations and cost data must be deemed approxi-
mate. (Calculations appear in Appendix)
Cost ($) per pound* BOD
Applied Satisfied
NAN 0.23 0.82
SAN 0.12 0.35
NA 2.73 4.71
SA 2.03 3.17
SAN-SA SERIES 1.48 1.96
OVERALL 1.48 2.50
*per kg multiply by 2 .2
77
-------
Single cell aeration was considerably more expensive than aera-
tion in anaerobic-aerated series. If the facility is operated as two series
of this type cost should be about 1 l/2 aerated series. Mean
reduction of COD by the entire 4-celled pretreatment facility was
64% in 1973, which was the same performance afforded by the anaer-
obic -> aerated series in 1972 .
78
-------
7. BOD varied markedly in raw waste during early operation. In 1972
anaerobic cells gave reductions of around 30% (NAN removal declined
in November and December), aerated cells from 60-64% of their in-
fluents , and the anaerobic —>• aerated series 76%. Soluble BOD
exhibited increases and decreases in anaerobic ponds, but declined
around 90% in aerated ponds. BOD:N:P ratios were: raw sewage
100:9.9:4, anaerobic effluent 100:10.5:9, adequate nutrient levels
for aeration. In 1973 raw waste BOD was generally lower than in
1972 . SAN developed very high concentrations in May 1973 that
appeared due to disturbance of its accumulated solids. Anaerobic-*
anaerobic series operations produced no reduction in mean BOD con-
centration and the aerated —* aerated series only 12 .5%. Soluble
BOD was more concentrated in anaerobic liquor than in raw waste.
It was reduced 77% by aeration of anaerobic effluent but did not de-
crease further following discharge into a second aerated cell.
8. Anaerobic acetate and propionate production was controlled by tem-
perature and percentage of potato processing wastes in the total
load. All six volatile acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, iso-
butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate) were utilized at nearly all tem-
peratures in aerated cells. At temperatures of 3 .5 C acetate and
propionate were detectable in aerated liquor. Aerobic removal of
acetate, ammonia, and BOD averaged greatest at 17.6 C.
9. Anaerobic production of propionate was great at low temperatures
(3 .5 and 8.4 C), and it was evidently converted into acetate and
methane rapidly at higher temperatures (17.6 - 20 C). Acetate and
propionate were the most abundantly produced of the six short-chain
fatty acids.
10. Bacterial estimates based on TGE agar cultures suggested that facul-
tative bacteria formed the major population in anaerobic cells and that
obligate aerobes dominated aerated chambers. Microscopic analyses
showed the same types (Sohaerotilus and undet. spirals) dominating
each situation, but Zooglea (usually less abundant) was almost
totally restricted to aerated cells, occurring in anaerobics only
2.5% of the time.
11. Coliforms were about 1% of total bacteria and showed no relationship
to temperature or organic load of raw waste. Coliforms and fecal
coliforms suffered sharp reductions when raw wastes entered anaero-
bic chambers, but considerably less in transfer of anaerobic effluent
to aerated cells. Enterococci experienced most decline when raw
waste entered either anaerobic or aerobic ponds.
12. Microscopic examination of anaerobic and aerated waste liquors dis-
closed the presence of six types of bacteria (2 photo synthetic purple
sulfur bacteria), 1 fungus, 2 algae (1 green and 1 blue-green), and
79
-------
14 protozoans. The most common bacteria (Sphaerotilus and undet.
spirals) occurred in both anaerobic and aerobic situations. Sphaero-
tilus was usually more abundant in aerobic and th'e spirals in anaero-
bic cells, but exceptions were more frequent with spirals. In 1972
Sphaerotilus attained greater numbers than spirals in the aerated
cells but was less numerous than spirals under anaerobic conditions.
Concentrations observed in 1973 were much less than those of 1972
for each type. Both declined with waste load in summer of 1972 .
13. Purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatium and Thiopedia) were restricted to
warmer seasons in 1972, but Chromatium was found in all cells on
most sampling dates from January to June/ 1973. In summer of 1972
Thiopedia showed no marked preference for anaerobic or aerobic con-
ditions , but Chromatium definitely favored the anaerobic. The fungus,
Lemmonniera. occurred only in aerated cells; both algae occurred in
each cell type but definitely favored aerobic; and only 2 of the 14
protozoans occurred in anaerobic cells. These two, Amoeba and
Trepomonas. were more common in aerated cells.
14. Zooglea. a common organism in aerated sewage, was generally less
numerous than Sphaerotilus in this situation, and disappeared with
low waste loading in late summer, 1972 . Its greater abundance in
1973 (also with lower waste loading) did not result in any increased
effectiveness of the aerated cells.
15. Operation indicated that construction of such a facility should:
1) make use of inherently non-corrosive materials in place of steel;
2) have dike tops at least 2 .75 m (9 ft.) wide with a 4 to 1 slope;
3) protect dikes by concrete aprons at the waterline; 4) permit de-
watering by gravity; 5) have piping through dikes imbedded in clay;
6) provide airlines with walls strong enough to resist pressures much
greater than design; 7) install valves at airline orifices to balance
pressure in the air system; 8) have monolithic cast-in-place man-
. holes with sump pumps to minimize seepage; 9) put underground wir-
ing in conduits large enough to facilitate ready changing of con-
ductors; 10) consider direct drive compressor motors; and 11) house
compressors and control panels in separate buildings to eliminate
vibration and heat damage to control panels . Corrosion was a prob-
lem with most equipment items exposed to sewage or gases.
16. Sludge accumulation was practically nil in aerated cells, even in the
one receiving raw waste, but it appeared to be building up to a prob-
lem level in anaerobic cells, especially SAN. It interfered with dis-
charge from SAN to NAN in May 1973.
17. The best performance in all waste parameters was provided by the
raw waste —»• anaerobic —> aerated series in 1972 . The raw waste
80
-------
—» anaerobic —> anaerobic —»• aerated -^> aerated series operation
in 1973 produced no significantly greater waste reduction, and actual-
ly fell slightly behind in some parameters. Nitrogen was reduced in
the final effluent each year, but phosphorus was not affected.
18. Operation of anaerobic or aerated cells in series produced little or
no reduction in undesirable waste characters . The NA SA series
reduced bacteria, but SA seemed to reverse some actions that had
gotten underway in NA. Nitrification declined by 27% in SA.
19. Costs per unit of BOD applied and removed in anaerobic cells (0.12 -
0.82£/Lb) are not realistic at this time as they do not include sludge
removal. Aeration of raw sewage was more expensive than aeration of
anaerobic effluent, but costs may be comparable when sludge removal
is considered.
81
-------
SECTION VII
REFERENCES
1. Burns , G. E., Girling, R. M., Pick, A. R., and Van Es, D. W.
1970. Evaluation of Aerated Lagoons in Metropolitan Winnipeg.
The Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg, Waterworks
and Waste Disposal Division.
2. Dostal, Kenneth A. 1968. Aerated lagoon treatment of food process-
ing wastes. Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D. C.
3. Dostal, Kenneth A. 1969. Secondary treatment of potato processing
wastes. WQO, EPA, Washington, D. C.
4. Loehr,R.C. 1968. Anaerobic treatment of wastes. Develop. Ind.
Microbiol. 9:160.
5. Barker, H. A. 1956. Bacterial fermentations. John Wiley and Sons ,
Inc ., New York, N. Y.
6. Koplovsky, A. J. 1952 . Volatile acid production during digestion of
several industrial wastes. Sewage and Ind. Wastes 24:194.
7. McCarty,. P. L. and McKinney, R. E. 1961. Volatile acid toxicity
in anaerobic digestion. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed. 33:223.
81. Rowe, D. R. 1971. Anaerobic sludge digestion, mesophilic-
thermophilic. Water and Sewage Works 118:74.
9. Dugan, G. L. and Oswald, W. J. 1968. Mechanisms of anaerobic
waste treatment. Proc. of Symp. on Potato Waste Treatment.
Pacific NW Water Lab., Corvallis , Oregon.
10. Keefer, C. E. and Urtes, H. C. 1962. Digestion of volatile acids.
Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed. 34:592.
11. McCarty, P. L., et al.. 1963 . Individual volatile acids in anaerobic
treatment. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed. 35:1501.
12. Stadtman, T. C. 1967. Methane fermentation. Ann. Rev. Microbiol,
21:121.
82
-------
13. Breed, R. S., et al.. 1957. Sergey's manual of determinative bacte-
riology, 7th ed. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
14. Rohlich, G. A. 1964. Methods for removal of phosphorus and
nitrogen from sewage plant effluents . Adv. in Water Poll.
Research, vol. 2 . The McMillan Co., New York.
83
-------
SECTION VIII
APPENDIX
TABLE A INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
Raw Sewage
Total
D.O.
Date mg/1
1-13-72
1-14-72
1-15-72
1-16-72
1-17-72
1-18-72
1-19-72
1-20-72
1-21-72
1-27-72
2-5-72
2-10-72
2-17-72
2-24-72
3-2-72
3-9-72
3-16-72
3-23-72
3-30-72
Temp.
°C
15.0
15.0
15.5
16.0
15.5
19.0
15.5
17.5
16.0
14.0
13.0
14.5
14.5
11.0
11.0
13.0
14.5
15.5
15.5
Alkalinity
pHmg/L
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9
7.15
6.45
6.7
6.6
6.9
7.2
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.8
7.3
6.5
6.3
6.8
6.8
asCaCo
O
556
556
578
577
478
503
501
528
516
538
518
629
453
487
529
701
286
528
534
Total
Hardness
mg/1 asCaCo
o
374
348
340
329
319
404
375
392
404
333
363
431
361
318
325
385
285
407
357
Total
Solids
mg/1
2350
1950
2038
1883
1276
2084
1884
2182
2140
1886
2430
2103
2193
2340
1526
2978
1593
2197
2855
Suspended
Solids mg/l BOD mg/1 COD
Total
536
568
496
488
188
324
315
515
430
320
896
396
700
932
184
1176
348
384
1112
Total
—
—
725
743
451
857
678
858
910
600
930
622
795
928
373
1589
592
713
1172
mg/1
1665
1247
1030
993
607
1059
822
1289
1156
—
1271
893
1342
1744
690
2698
1060
1258
2264
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
00
en
Raw Sewage
Date
4-6-72
4-13-72
4-20-72
4-21-72
4-22-72
4-23-72
4-24-72
4-25-72
4-26-72
4-27-72
5-4-72
5-9-72
5-10-72
5-11-72
5-12-72
5-13-72
5-14-72
5-15-72
5-16-72
5-25-72
6-1-72
6-6-72
6-7-72
6-8-72
6-9-72
Total
D.O. Temp. Alkalinity
mg/1 C pH mg/1 as CaCo
— 14.0
— 16.0
— 16.0
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— 16.5
— 20.5
— 20.0
— —
— —
— —
— —
—
— —
— 21.0
— 23.5
— —
— —
— —
— —
—. __
7.25
7.0
6.3
5.9
5.7
6.15
7.05
6.4
6.6
6.95
6.85
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.4
7.5
6.55
6.0
6.1
6.7
6.3
6.1
6.05
572
522
444
516
509
483
461
423
432
347
486
443
434
471
494
430
445
406
493
360
421
497
456
524
493
Total
Hardness
mg/1 as CaCo
•j
336
400
428
440
453
410
396
406
443
413
448
429
429
409
433
423
407
457
452
538
486
443
429
443
450
Total
Solids
mg/1
2029
2200
2237
2528
2503
2642
1738
2048
2863
1728
2090
1885
1878
1917
2038
1896
1903
1568
1971
2501
2341
2445
2353
2489
2511
Suspended
Solids mg/1 BOD ma/1 COD
Total
324
808
264
624
504
1008
320
392
1124
296
320
344
296
376
420
336
512
228
504
684
444
460
396
496
460
Total
598
670
918
1207
1286
1350
730
790
959
514
656
679
748
957
1031
921
1155
552
847
1449
1098
910
872
1129
1315
mg/1
995
1157
1561
2128
2064
2417
1174
1426
2093
909
1214
• —
1192
1396
1509
1300
1576
888
1163
2003
1581
1610
1513
1870
1851
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
oo
05
Raw Sewage
D.O.
Date mg/1
6-10-72
6-11-72
6-12-72
6-28-72
7-6-72
7-12-72
7-19-72
7-26-72
8-2-72
8-9-72
8-16-72
8-23-72
8-30-72
9-13-72
9-20-72
9-27-72
10-4-72
10-11-72
10-18-72
10-25-72
11-1-72
11-8-72
11-15-72
11-22-72
Temp.
c
—
—
—
20.0
18.5
20.0
19.5
19.5
20.0
18.5
21.0
2.1.5
22.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
—
21.0
20.0
19.5
20.5
18.0
17.0
17.0
Total
Alkalinity
pH mg/1 as GaCo
\J
6.3
6.6
7.0
7.25
7.45
7.55
7.7
7.45
7.1
7.5
7.45
7.4
7.35
7.5
7.25
6.75
7.1
6.8
6.45
7.0
6.8
6.9
7.2
7.1
487
551
530
290
273
252
268
254
260
285
262
282
241
281
147
363
355
347
362
434
420
433
491
388
Total
Hardness
mg/las CaCo
393
330
342
381
307
310
262
246
227
240
236
200
201
187
—
—
—
290
—
—
—
299
—
—
Total
Solids
mg/1
2186
2125
1815
1319
1010
1213
830
910
772
872
764
745
970
788
1005
__
—
—
—
--
—
1536
—
—
Suspended
Solids mq/L
Total
396
356
544
292
192
138
173
230
148
174
146
208
242
263
205
370
156
416
496
123
474
230
1008
198
Volatile
— _
--
--
~ ~
~_~
__
—
--
— —
™ *""
—
—
--
--
—
—
274
232
94
340
180
836
152
BOD mq/1
Total
1163
1120
852
179
186
200
188
209
229
180
174
234
156
220
258
610
409
498
626
380
695
544
691
313
Soluble
_ _
--
—
— —
""
—
--
—
—
--
--
—
—
--
--
--
—
275
381
202
411
309
195
189
COD
mg/1
1676
1560
1257
495
391
383
366
412
411
453
375
465
453
494
436
1000
742
978
1300
598
1190
880
1514
664
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
00
Raw Sewage
D.O.
Date mg/1
11-29-72 ~
12-6-72
12-13-72 —
12-20-72 —
12-27-72 —
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
5-9-73
5-16-73
Temp
°C
16
16
16
17
13
13
16
15
13
13
13
13
15
14
15
16
18
17
16
15
16
17
18
17
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.5
.5
Total Total Total Suspended
Alkalinity Hardness Solids Solids mg/1
pH mg/lasCaCo mg/1 as CaCo mg/1 Total
O »J
7.1
7.05
7.3
7.0
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.5
7.35
7.3
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.3
7.25
7.25
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.2
7.5
7.6
7.55
500
487
516
443
428
493
526
519
475
510
521
495
514
493
457
416
412
372
382
397
367
378
412
364
__
320
—
—
250
—
250
—
—
—
244
—
_.-.
—
337
__
—
—
333
_-
— -
—
—
—
__
1654
—
—
1642
*** """
1804
—
—
—
2106
—
. —
—
3700
—
—
—
2002
—
__
—
—
—
516
226
270
476
696
610
472
872
424
692
772
740
484
182
2208
164
322
628
646
512
416
236
158
191
BOD ma/1
Volatile Total
460
174
226
400
528
484
392
700
356
600
664
596
416
150
704
138
264
436
466
448
356
126
119
126
531
374
377
545
367
534
489
640
324
457
536
559
512
344
553
290
395
372
385
335
285
243
291
249
COD
Soluble ing/1
265
228
193
250
90
140
223
197
62
77
142
134
235
162
106
85
165
104
69
81
96
96
146
104
1083
655
763
1080
935
1116'
1129
1446
810
1206
1415
1300
1139
661
1539
581
771
981
973
870
781
473
555
538
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
CD
00
Raw Sewage
Total
Date
5-23-73
*5-30-73
*6-6-73
*6-13-73
*6-20-73
*6-27-73
12-29-71
1-5-72
1-13-72
1-20-72
1-27-72
2-3-72
2-10-72
2-17-72
2-24-72
3-2-72
3-9-72
3-16-72
3-23-72
D.O.
mg/1
__
—
—
—
—
--
—
—
—
2.17
—
2.30
2.12
—
4.30
—
1.52
0.0
2.50
Temp.
°C
17.
--
—
-•
-•
—
0.
0.
2.
2.
1.
2.
2.
4.
1.
1.
1.
8.
8.
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Alkalinity
pHmg/L
.4
—
• -
--
._
• -
.6
.6
.4
.55
.4
.2
.0
.1
.0
.3
.1
.3
.4
as CaCo,,
v
305
—
—
—
—
—
499
495
504
484
473
471
556
465
453
466
500
492
525
Total Total
Hardness Solids
mg/1 as CaCo mg/1
1 O
—
--
—
--
—
North
493
436
369
375
354
363
403
379
329
325
337
317
343
__
—
—
—
—
—
Aerobic (NA)
1705
1776
1822
1829
1712
1897
1879
2089
1810
1830
2037
2123
1742
Suspended
Solids mg/1 BOD mg/1 COD
Total
270
--
—
__
--
--
284
576
392
430
368
636
544
832
620
668
820
944
524
Volatile Total
102 141
—
__
__
-- —
—
179
274
322
362
292
364
308
362
361
398
562
600
273
Soluble mg/1
56 368
-_
--
__
_„
__
544
722
790
689
607
813
781
895
840
988
1230
1296
736
*
Sampling pump broken down - no sample.
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
OB
North Aerobic (NA)
Date
3-30-72
4-6-72
4-13-72
4-20-72
4-27-72
5-4-72
5-9-72
5-10-72
5-11-72
5-12-72
5-13-72
5-14-72
5-15-72
5-16-72
5-25-72
6-1-72
6-14-72
6-15-72
6-16-72
6-17-72
6-18-72
6-19-72
6-20-72
6-28-72
D.O.
mg/1
1.69
1.52
0.85
0.12
0.60
0.47
—
0.59
—
—
0.26
—
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
—
3.58
~
4.06
Total Total Total
Temp Alkalinity Hardness Solids
C pH mg/lasCaCo mg/1 as CaCo mg/1
O w
8.0
6.0
9.0
12.5
14.0
15.5
16.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
20.0
22.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
21.5
7.6
7.2
7.4
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.55
7.5
7.55
7.5
7.3
7.3
7.4
7.35
7.6
7.5
7.85
7.65
7.9
7.65
7.85
7.9
7.6
7.55
511
491
517
429
411
451
414
420
426
428
441
451
440
451
444
408
734
702
690
668
641
536
525
416
348
358
369
416
412
409
415
409
415
417
423
410
394
418
447
481
438
416
405
400
387
383
385
353
1873
2075
2015
1969
1926
1998
1846
1892
1934
1915
1953
1825
1867
1617
1975
2066
1879
1748
1706
1653
1626
1503
1593
1302
Suspended
» Solids mg/L BOD mg/1 COD
Total Volatile Total Soluble mg/1
520
648
624
656
656
636
560
668
420
584
596
552
556
388
524
616
564
624
512
516
476
460
556
288
283
285
240
400
354
398
334
345
323
326
380
396
402
287
393
299
259
228
268
281
238
216
199
103
849
948
796
788
989
1022
—
865
888
852
941
900
842
669
872
927
871
889
841
812
788
634
693
377
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
North AeroDic (NA)
Date
7-6-72
7-12-72
7-19-72
7-26-72
8-2-72
8-9-72
8-16-72
8-23-72
8-30-72
9-13-72
9-20-72
9-27-72
10-4-72
10-11-72
10-18-72
10-25-72
11-1-72
11-8-72
11-15-72
11-22-72
11-29-72
12-6-72
12-13-72
12-20-72
D.O.
mg/1
6.22
4.67
5.00
5.36
5.24
5.71
4.96
5.93
4.23
5.71
5.27
0.94
0.59
0.35
0.79
3.94
0.92
3.01
3.03
3.60
4.45
5.06
6.22
4.68
Total
Temp. Alkalinity
C pH mg/1 as CaCo
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
CD
Date
12-27-72
*l-ll-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
**5-9-73
5-16-73
D.O.
mg/1
6.63
0.0
0.0
2.81
3.42
2.16
1.51
1.61
0.59
2.58
2.68
0.47
2.44
1.76
1.55
3.39
0.67
3.24
4.08
Total
Temp . Alkalinity
°C pH mg/1 as CaCo,
%.
2.0
7.5
6.5
6.0
6.0
3.5
5.0
8.5
9.5
9.5
10.0
12.0
12.0
11.0
12.0
11.5
12.5
15.0
14.0
7.5
7.6
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.45
7.6
7.55
7.5
7.5
7.55
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
475
489
452
446
471
476
485
473
514
540
406
426
407
412
410
410
424
438
426
North Aerobic (NA)
Total Total Suspended
Hardness Solids Solids mg/1
mg/lasCaCo mg/1 Total
t nj
292 **^640 508
275 1326 158
142
170
136
236 1222 202
108
89
85
330 1464 74
69
97
164
356 1438 118
182
175
136
176
220
BOD mg/1
Volatile Total
448
102
120
146
128
174
86
73
81
64
69
92
118
118
142
150
104
148
172
295
199
199
169
164
108
117
238
133
113
62
152
116
105
90
99
119
86
108
COD
Soluble mg/1
33
53
69
49
24
23
26
66
48
48
24
33
28
24
23
13
25
15
16
741
432
483
418
363
391
345
424
390
312
298
321
306
275
279
284
344
303
312
*No sample.
**Flow pattern changed
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
to
to
North Aerobic (NA)
Date
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
D.O.
mg/l
2.90
4.04
4.96
4.55
5.57
3.29
Temp.
°C
17
18
19
19
20
21
.5
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
PH
7
7
7
7
7
7
.55
.45
.6
.6
.65
.45
Total
Alkalinity
mg/LasCaCo
367
351
357
374
350
272
Total
Hardness
mg/l as CaCo.
__
—
—
378
--
— —
Total
Solids
3mg/l
__
—
—
972
—
— —
Suspended
Solids mg/l
Total Volatile
148 126
78 59
62 46
66 56
95 65
99 93
BOD mg/l
Total Soluble
65 10
38 14
34 16
33 17
72 6
112 9
COD
mg/l
234
184
150
134
151
203
North Anaerobic (NAN)
12-29-71
1-5-72
1-13-72
1-20-72
1-27-72
2-3-72
2-10-72
2-17-72
2-24-72
3-2-72
3-9-72
3-16-72
3-23-72
3-30-72
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— —
3
4
4
4
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
8
8
7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
7
7
7
6
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
.6
.7
.2
.9
.0
.9
.8
.8
.9
.4
.1
.0
.85
.85
483
487
567
584
571
542
611
542
532
548
569
563
574
552
503
433
389
376
369
363
422
382
337
330
348
329
363
359
1486
1422
1543
1642
1552
1588
1609
1538
1415
1365
1505
1516
1586
1704
36
64
152
40
116
33
84
76
116
92
116
120
108
220
255
335
484
547
477
453
460
496
399
417
470
640
637
604
464
587
709
630
630
—
__
689
616
571
754
936
895
904
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
(£>
CO
North Anaerobic (NAN)
D.O.
Date mg/1
4-6-72
4-13-72
4-20-72
4-27-72
5-4-72
5-9-72
5-10-72
5-11-72
5-12-72
5-13-72
5-14-72
5-15-72
5-16-72
5-25-72
6-1-72
6-14-72
6-15-72
6-16-72
6-17-72
6-18-72
6-19-72
6-20-72
6-28-72
7-6-72
Temp
°C
6.0
8.0
11.5
13.5
15.5
14.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
18.5
20.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20.5
19.5
Total
Alkalinity
pH mg/1 as CaCo
7.15
7.15
7.15
6.85
7.01
7.15
7.15
7.3
7.15
7.1
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.05
7.15
7.0
7.
7.2
7.25
7.2
7.25
7.4
7.4
594
577
560
625
748
765
744
757
682
686
705
704
729
621
667
889
853
832
813
750
678
631
543
423
Total
Hardness
mg/1 as CaCo
364
376
426
428
416
449
429
436
425
405
418
410
423
463
504
448
426
425
401
386
377
377
365
351
Total
Solids
3mg/L
1751
1718
1616
1674
1721
1613
1587
1665
1659
1617
1621
1573
1557
1763
1808
1735
1670
1566
1577
1490
1336
1313
1149
943
Suspended
Solids mg/1 BOD mg/1 COD
Total
116
124
124
104
128
104
120
116
128
104
96
116
152
68
76
128
64
76
40
20
40
26
38
45
Volatile Total
498
503
591
656
610
598
589
638
640
648
684
688
669
620
735
761
747
702
757
699
634
560
379
250
Soluble mg/1
802
779
768
981
980
—
883
890
882
905
969
938
775
877
875
1126
1001
1100
1068
1005
846
816
572
401
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
tO
North Anaerobic (NAN)
D.O.
Date mg/L
7-12-72
7-19-72
7-26-72
8-2-72
8-9-72
8-16-72
8-23-72
8-30-72
9-13-72
9-20-72
9-27-72
10-4-72
10-11-72 —
10-18-72 —
10-25-72 —
11-1-72
11-8-72
11-15-72 —
11-22-72 --
11-29-72 —
12-6-72
12-13-72 —
12-20-72 —
12-27-72 —
Temp
°C
21
20
20
21
18
21
21
22
18
18
13
-
15
10
11
10
10
9
9
5
4
4
4
3
.0
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
-
.0
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
Total
Alkalinity
pH mg/lasCaCo
7.4
7.4
7.65
7.45
7.3
7.55
7.5
7.6
7.8
7.3
7.1
7.1
7.0
7.05
7.15
6.95
6.95
7.1
7.1
7.15
7.0
7.2
7.1
7.2
406
556
384
387
382
386
363
378
365
386
400
497
562
576
619
607
601
611
576
556
538
556
538
526
Total Total Suspended
Hardness Solids Solids mg/l
mg/1 as CaCo mg/l
O
326
294
289
275
265
260
259
235
217
—
—
—
267
—
—
—
310
—
—
—
303
—
—
288
772
751
725
677
677
667
681
626
601
590
—
—
—
—
—
—
1288
—
—
—
1266
—
—
1238
Total
45
44
45
43
32
24
46
56
44
25
74
80
114
80
55
73
54
49
42
84
63
73
32
52
BOD mg/l
Volatile Total
__
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
114
56
47
73
42
49
38
82
53
72
32
46
233
206
175
180
208
172
158
154
177
241
352
414
396
458
329
495
486
441
342
360
390
365
360
325
Soluble
__
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
—
--
__
—
277
285
235
353
335
302
248
279
283
305
286
210
COD
mg/l
333
323
248
306
322
316
297
291
304
309
573
646
639
659
411
746
682
612
588
577
535
551
586
387
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
to
en
North Anaerobic (NAN)
Date
D.O. Temp.
mg/L °C
Total
Alkalinity
pH mg/1 as CaCo
*J
Total
Hardness
mg/L as CaC
Total
Solids
:©3 mg/L
Suspended
Solids mg/L
Total
BOD mg/L
Volatile Total
COD
Soluble mg/1
***
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
a5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
7
12
11
11
11
7
10
12
14
14
14
15
17
16
10
10
11
13
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
aFlow pattern
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
7.3
7.35
7.4
7.35
7.45
7.9
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.45
7.55
7.5
7.55
7.7
7.7
7,6
7.7
7.9
7.75
7,8
7.8
528
526
521
513
560
605
538
542
560
607
542
530
505
513
524
544
560
540
523
430
455
508
469
487
434
—
263
—
—
—
253
—
—
—
319
—
—
—
350
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
365
—
—
—
1138
—
—
—
1297
—
—
—
1416
—
—
—
1412
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
906
—
—
35
38
34
51
42
60
30
28
39
28
14
24
30
29
20
38
40
36
29
28
20
25
21
13
28
35
35
28
43
42
48
28
28
39
28
14
24
30
29
20
38
26
36
28
26
20
25
19
13
28
290
242
221
188
259
236
198
362
313
278
187
216
237
257
218
230
298
259
255
144
117
124
110
114
95
195
133
127
130
134
160
117
243
186
171
93
122
164
143
130
163
201
170
173
84
64
58
60
62
48
459
423
445
404
428
483
384
520
532
489
428
395
357
396
368
396
462
465
455
300
274
261
238
254
237
change .
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
CO
01
South Aerobic (SA)
Date
12-29-71
1-5-72
1-13-72
1-20-72
1-27-72
2-3-72
2-10-72
2-17-72
2-24-72
3-2-72
3-9-72
3-16-72
3-23-72
3-30-72
4-6-72
4-13-72
4-20-72
4-27-72
5-4-72
5-9-72
5-10-72
5-11-72
5-12-72
5-13-72
D.O.
mg/L
—
—
—
0.0
—
3.98
2.44
—
5.16
—
3.72
0.12
2.01
2.22
3.09
0.0
0.55
0.0
0.42
—
1.10
—
— .
0.19
Total Total
Temp. Alkalinity Hardness
C pH mg/LasCaCo mg/lasCaCo
O
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
7.5
8.0
7.0
5.5
7.5
12.0
13.5
15.5
15.5
—
—
— ?
—
7.6
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.1
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.45
7.3
7.4
7.45
7.55
7.5
7.4
7.45
7.4
7.4
7.65
7.5
7.65
7.65
7.4
512
483
522
514
490
478
525
520
502
502
513
549
507
498
493
545
455
456
479
474
463
471
479
468
491
443
372
364
363
359
378
384
331
325
328
333
341
359
369
363
419
436
416
456
429
422
441
422
Total
Solids
3mg/l
1611
1400
1509
1562
1534
1550
1526
1509
1385
1358
1418
1535
1446
1575
1672
1677
1540
1718
1713
1679
1624
1626
1572
1603
Suspended
Solids mg/1 BOD mg/L COD
Total
192
252
144
120
216
256
168
208
196
108
236
312
280
280
228
224
176
316
340
316
316
256
264
264
Volatile Total
148
158
203
168
181
166
125
140
148
138
195
279
175
205
206
165
176
278
257
228
219
212
214
218
Soluble mg/1
388
313
550
415
452
373
358
358
381
368
450
617
455
498
445
432
366
627
614
—
542
676
477
522
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
CO
South Aerobic (SA)
Date
5-14-72
5-15-72
5-16-72
5-25-72
6-1-72
6-14-72
6-15-72
6-16-72
6-17-72
6-18-72
6-19-72
6-20-72
6-28-72
7-6-72
7-12-72
7-19-72
7-26-72
8-2-72
8-9-72
8-16-72
8-23-72
8-30-72
9-13-72
9-20-72
D.O.
mg/1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
5
5
4
4
4
5
3
4
3
4
3
—
.23
.0
.42
.21
.0
.0
.0
.0
—
.26
—
.58
.63
.08
.55
.90
.51
.97
.81
.82
.13
.70
.70
Temp
°C
_ _
—
19.5
22.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
22.0
20.5
22.0
21.5
21.0
22.0
19.0
22.5
22.5
23.0
18.5
18.0
Total
Alkalinity
pH mg/1 as CaCo
O
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
.3
.45
.4
.5
.55
.6
.5
.45
.55
.55
.8
.7
.6
.6
.55
.65
.6
.3
.4
.3
.25
.35
.30
.40
479
484
484
524
510
615
600
593
581
563
542
493
416
316
315
292
252
216
224
248
194
221
238
237
Total Total
Hardness Solids
mg/1 as CaCo mg/1
O
431
416
426
470
499
450
436
429
418
400
396
375
366
340
337
298
286
275
259
251
262
238
225
—
1596
1605
1472
1748
1779
1837
1748
1706
1636
1588
1551
1427
1152
998
880
745
750
715
688
694
717
729
668
697
Suspended
Solids mg/1 BOD
Total
312
308
188
460
308
428
428
384
324
340
334
252
160
86
98
89
75
81
75
84
59
87
96
115
Volatile Total
272
239
235
168
183
181
160
142
149
110
131
97
87
46
55
59
84
74
104
89
82
107
130
122
mg/1 COD
Soluble mg/1
617
562
530
571
515
730
691
699
666
667
605
563
316
173
157
140
132
154
190
143
128
155
177
188
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
CO
00
South Aerobic (SA)
Date
9-27-72
10-4-72
10-11-72
a
10-18-72
10-25-72
11-1-72
11-8-72
11-15-72
11-22-72
11-29-72
12-6-72
12-13-72
12-20-72
12-27-72
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
D.O.
mg/L
1.77
0.31
0.61
0.0
4.33
1.85
2.22
2.40
3.80
6.28
5.04
5.08
3.53
6.13
6.37
4.37
2.20
7.88
8.22
7.15
8.32
2.77
Temp.
°C PH
14.0
—
14.5
11.5
11.5
9.5
9.0
9.0
10.0
5.0
4.5
3.0
3.0
1.5
1.0
4.5
5,0
4.5
5.5
3.0
2.5
6.0
7.4
7.35
7.45
7.4
7.5
7.3
7.4
7.3
7.7
7.3
7.45
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.35
7.35
7.55
7.45
7.5
7.5
7.3
Total
Alkalinity
mg/lasCaCo
\j
303
331
381
434
465
460
466
485
473
469
466
441
487
487
491
501
497
482
505
518
500
479
Total Total
Hardness Solids
mg/1 as CaCo mg/1
o
__
—
261
—
—
—
307
—
—
—
301
—
—
300
***
--
273
—
—
—
235
—
—
— _
--
—
—
—
—
1296
—
—
—
1270
—
—
1362
—
1222
--
—
—
1208
—
—
Suspended
Solids mg/L
Total
150
222
206
256
180
268
244
100
184
164
196
100
112
100
128
142
172
220
116
134
110
176
Volatile
—
—
188
184
164
246
200
100
152
164
176
100
112
100
128
114
148
192
114
108
110
142
BOD mg/1
Total
117
146
135
161
86
142
163
130
77
137
120
111
123
126
175
144
144
151
145
105
130
166
Soluble
__
--
30
21
19
30
27
29
28
36
37
36
42
45
42
34
54
34
40
34
43
34
COD
mg/1
264
383
434
412
349
419
417
361
351
329
327
359
397
361
424
359
408
353
333
310
356
382
Aeration equipment failure, 01:00 until mid-morning.
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
CO
CO
South Aerobic fSA)
Date
3-7-73
3-13-73
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
5-2-73
a5-9-73
5-16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
6-6-73
6-13-73
6-20-73
6-27-73
D.O.
mg/1
6.12
7.05
5.83
4.74
4.82
7.15
3.04
6.73
4.83
0.47
1.29
0.59
0.78
0.63
0.59
0.88
0.37
Temp
°C
8,0
8.5
8.5
11.5
11.5
10.0
11.0
11.0
12.0
15.0
14.5
18.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
20.5
21.5
•
pH
7.5
7.55
7.5
7.55
7.5
7.55
7.6
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.45
7.45
7.4
7.45
7.75
7.6
7.55
Total
Alkalinity
mg/1 as CaCo7
O
526
534
485
451
433
412
428
414
428
467
449
380
369
402
422
414
398
Total Total
Hardness Solids
mg/1 as CaCo mg/1
O
— ** — —
329 1512
—
—
— —
347 1452
— __
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
—
386 .1212
— —
— —
Suspended
Solids mg/L
Total
95
178
168
92
108
120
156
94
136
136
328
352
298
268
252
298
256
Volatile
88
170
152
82
78
100
142
84
80
124
270
286
242
228
200
228
220
BOD mg/1
Total
108
172
103
74
83
85
77
83
79
221
228
180
156
129
95
77
130
Soluble
38
42
22
27
33
30
16
21
17
58
30
7
15
16
20
6
21
COD
mg/1
327
437
353
257
240
255
270
297
275
528
592
491
462
407
378
418
421
Flow pattern changed.
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
o
o
South Anaerobic (SAN)
D.O.
Date mg/1
12-29-71 —
1-5-72
1-13-72
1-20-72
1-27-72
2-3-72
2-10-72
2-17-72
2-24-72
3-2-72
3-9-72
3-16-72
3-23-72
3-30-72
4-6-72
4-13-72
4-20-72
4-27-72
5-4-72
5-9-72
5-10-72
5-11-72
5-12-72
5-13-72
Total Total Total
Temp. Alkalinity Hardness Solids
C pH mg/1 as CaCOo mg/1 as CaCo_ mg/1
3 6
5.5
5.5
4.5
5.0
9.0
4.0
4.0
10.0
5.5
5.0
8.0
13.0
11.0
12.0
10.5
8.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
15.5
—
—
—
—
7.6
7.7
7.6
7.0
7.4
6.95
7.1
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.8
6.75
7.2
7.1
7.1
6.7
7.0
7.2
7.1
7.15
7.1
7.1
501
520
599
597
576
570
651
537
527
561
608
565
598
574
593
609
515
568
672,
700
667
662
696
737
478
418
368
376
361
371
431
365
321
329
350
307
368
366
374
373
443
409
416
429
422
436
422
421
1333
1288
1532
1611
1534
1568
1595
1483
1334
1308
1525
1496
1638
1828
1795
1657
1645
1740
1762
1573
1592
1646
1641
1694
Suspended
Solids mg/1 BOD mg/1 COD
Total
28
56
—
90
104
24
96
64
96
104
52
116
104
240
76
92
80
80
60
76
124
104
92
72
Volatile Total
243
327
442
566
399
417
413
464
331
332
467
714
614
668
459
506
441
683
645
550
547
619
668
710
Soluble mg/1
384
556
654
378
637
-- ' —
—
632
498
513
721
966
872
978
724
728
746
795
962
— —
—
828
841
948
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
South Anaerobic (SAN)
Date
5-14-72
5-15-72
5-16-72
5-25-72
6-1-72
6-10-72
6-11-72
6-12-72
6-13-72
6-14-72
6-15-72
6-16-72
6-28-72
7-6-72
7-12-72
7-19-72
7-2.6-72
8-2-72
8-9-72
8-16-72
8-23-72
8-30-72
9-13-72
9-20-72
Total
D.O. Temp. Alkalinity
mg/1 C pH mg/lasCaCo
o
— —
— —
18.5
18.0
— —
— —
— —
—
— —
— —
—
—
— 20.5
— 20.5
— 20.5
— 20.0
— 20.0
— 20.0
— 18.0
-- 21.5
— 20.0
— 23.5
— 18.0
18.5
7.1
7.0
7.15
7.25
7.2
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.15
7.35
7.7
7.45
7.65
7.7
7.65
7.75
7.8
7.8
7.5
7.65
7.6
514
735
737
724
765
859
873
867
871
887
784
765
461
432
343
386
383
388
394
393
400
380
367
391
Total Total
Hardness Solids
mg/1 as CaCo mg/1
O
416
413
414
503
507
452
425
406
427
420
380
375
349
338
311
280
280
263
254
250
251
226
217
—
1547
1480
1462
1808
1787
1951
1927
1855
1659
1607
1486
1424
1102
857
743
694
716
669
698
638
661
614
608
653
Suspended
Solids mg/1 BOD mg/1 COD
Total
120
88
128
20
88
36
84
44
92
80
60
32
24
23
33
19
23
19
18
9
24
20
25
12
Volatile Total
717
646
614
586
699
887
931
855
844
745
698
681
267
188
205
187
161
133
144
129
149
122
153
181
Soluble mg/1
932
925
727
829
856
970
1090
1099
1083
1044
980
965
603
311
281
272
213
329
— _
233
251
284
261
257
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
o
to
South Anaerobic (SAN)
D.O.
Date mg/1
9-27-72
10-4-72
10-11-72 —
10-18-72 —
10-25-72 —
11-1-72
11-8-72
11-15-72 --
11-22-72 —
11-29-72 —
12-6-72
12-13-72 —
12-20-72 —
12-27-72 —
1-11-73
1-17-73
1-24-73
1-31-73
2-7-73
2-14-73
2-21-73
3-1-73
3-7-73
3-13-73
Total
Temp . Alkalinity
C pH mg/1 as CaCo
O
13.0
—
15.5
8.5
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.5
5.0
—
9.0
8.5
9.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
11.0
11.5
7.5
9.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.0
7.3
7.35
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.05
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.45
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.45
7.4
7.45
7.6
7.25
7.25
7.3
416
481
568
614
603
572
600
624
599
530
544
558
564
536
521
535
503
510
558
556
530
573
544
538
Total Total
Hardness Solids
mg/1 as CaCo mg/1
o
__
—
280
—
—
—
296
—
—
—
301
—
—
279
***
—
260
—
—
—
242
—
—
—
305
__
—
--
—
—
—
1190
—
—
—
1250
—
—
1180
—
1316
—
--
—
1314
—
—
—
1258
Suspended
Solids mg/1
Total
36
58
72
42
34
88
33
29
48
51
53
48
43
35
62
76
100
88
78
88
88
71
63
53
Volatile
_ _
--
72
26
30
78
33
29
44
51
43
48
41
30
57
75
82
78
73
73
56
68
55
39
BOD mg/1
Total
278
364
391
420
265
519
415
418
277
376
312
301
281
271
283
326
252
177
165
172
200
349
306
219
Soluble
__
--
234
327
180
406
332
305
235
297
266
250
240
214
138
178
125
85
104
116
102
270
199
149
COD
mg/1
442
625
602
603
358
750
589
552
508
565
469
472
525
342
457
554
498
414
494
437
418
598
551
428
-------
TABLE A (Continued). INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
o
CO
South Anaerobic (SAN)
Total Total Total
D.O.
Date mg/l
3-21-73
3-28-73
4-4-73
4-11-73
4-18-73
4-25-73
^5-2-73
?5-9-73
b5~ 16-73
5-23-73
5-30-73
C6-6-73
6-13-73
C6-20-73
C6-27-73
Temp
°C
12.0
14.5
14.0
13.0
13.5
13.5
10.0
__
—
14.5
15.5
—
—
__
•MM
Alkalinity Hardness Solids
pH mg/l
7.25
7.35
7.6
7.4
7.7
7.55
7.3
__
—
6.85
7.0
—
7.1
__
•»«
as CaCo mg/l as CaCo mg/l
o \5
495
489
489
505 337 1440
534
489
528
__ __ —
— — — .
443
526
— — —
589 384 1196
__ — —
"*" *" ^»«* •••*•
Suspended
Solids mg/l
Total
38
59
55
56
94
56
112
__
—
868
98
—
82
--
~
Volatile
38
56
47
53
68
56
76
—
—
616
83
—
64
~
~
BOD mg/l
Total
218
252
221
244
221
208
399
—
—
958
487
—
449
—
Soluble
103
150
113
140
134
136
248
—
—
279
304
—
317
—
COD
mg/l
453
435
356
413
417
399
659
__
--
1837
865
—
721
--
Flow pattern changed.
'Sampling station not moved into place - no way to collect sample.
'Samples failed to
-------
TABLE B POPULATIONS OF TOTAL BACTERIA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Total Bacteria /ml
Date
5 Jan
13 Jan
20 Jan
27 Jan
3 Feb
10 Feb
17 Feb
24 Feb
2 Mar
9 Mar
16 Mar
23 Mar
30 Mar
6 Apr
13 Apr
20 Apr
2 7 Apr
4 May
10 May
16 May
25 May
1 June
8 June
14 June
RAW
4
2
9
4
1
6
2
2
3
5
9
6
5
4
4
1
5
7
6
4
1
1
__
--
.1 x
.0 x
.0 x
.Ox
.6 x
.4 x
.5 x
.4 x
.1 x
.0 x
.6 x
.0 x
.3 x
.2 x
.2 x
.1 x
.9 x
.8 x
.6 x
.5 x
.2 x
.4 x
7
107
107
10
10,
7
107
10
10,
7
10
7
10,
7
107
10
7
10,
7
10'
7
107
108
107
107
107
107
108
107
10
NAN
6.3 x
7.0 x
4.8 x
4.3 x
1.1 x
6.2 x
4.4 x
6.3 x
5.4 x
6.8 x
l.Ox
5 .3 x
1.2 x
5.0 x
1.4 x
8.8 x
1.7 x
8.8 x
3 .6 x
3 .0 x
3.9 x
7.3 x
3 .5 x
1.4 x
6
10
g
g
107
106
10g
10
10
10C
g
10
7
fi
107
10'
g
10,
7
10'
g
10'
"s
$
106
10c
Q
h
10
SAN
8.1 x
2.6 x
1.8x
7.4 x
6.3 x
5.4 x
5.7 x
4.0 x
3.5 x
2.9 x
3.0 x
8.0 x
4.3 x
4.1 x
8.7x
5.5 x
3.4 x
6.9 x
4.8 x
4.1 x
1.7 x
3 .0 x
2.5 x
1.6 x
io6
107
7
10
10g
10
5
l°c
g
10
,
10
c
10-
10
g
10°
g
10°
g
1$
*°6
106
106
106
,$
io6
SA
5.6 x
8.4 x
1.4 x
8.0 x
9.7 x
7.2 x
7.5 x
4.9 x
4.5 x
4.9 x
7.0 x
2.1 x
5.6 x
4.2 x
4.1 x
3 .6 x
3.2 x
4.0 x
6.0 x
3.4 x
1.5 x
5.3 x
l.Ox
1.7 x
"S
10°
7
g
g
106
g
l°c
g
10
g
10°
g
5
g
10?
g
10°
6
JOg
106
106
107
106
107
107
10
NA
8.9 x
1.3 x
4.7 x
1.6 x
1.8 x
1.3 x
1.6 x
9.8 x
4.2 x
3.3 x
6.0 x
2,0 x
7.1 x
2.0 x
3.2 x
3 .2 x
1.0 x
1.3 x
9.1 x
3.8 x
4.0 x
1.9 x
1.2 x
2.1 x
io6
iol
7
107
107
10,
7
106
106
Ifc
g
10
g
g
1Q6
10?
g
10^
g
10°
g
107
107
106
106
107
107
107
107
10
104
-------
TABLE B (Continued). POPULATIONS OF TOTAL BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Total Bacteria /ml
Date
21 June
28 June
6 July
12 July
19 July
26 July
2 Aug
9 Aug
16 Aug
23 Aug
30 Aug
13 Sept
20 Sept
1 1 Oct '
8 Nov
6 Dec
27 Dec
RAW
p
1.2 x 10°
5.2 x 10°
3.8 x 10-
3.0 x 10
2.8x 10°
5.8 x 10-
3.5 x 10°
5. Ox 10°
5.2 x 10°
7.7 x 10°
4.1 x 10°
6.9 x 10°
3.7x 10°
8.7 x 10
1.1 x 10®
3.9 x 10g
1.3 x 10
NAN
6
2.2 x 10°
8.6 x 10g
6.5 x 105
6.6 x 105
5.1 x 10_
3 .6 x 105
6.0 x 10_
6.2 x 10_
5.3 x 10.
1.2 x 10^
7.7x 10g
1.0x10
1.5 x 10°
8.0 x 10
2.5'X-IOJ!
2.7 x Ipg
1 .5 x 10
SAN
6
3.7 x 10°
1.8 x 10
1.3 x 10
1.1 x 10°
7.3 x 10,.
5.9 x 10
6.9 x 10J?
4.0 x 10
7.8 x 10fi
1.2 x 10_
8.6 x 10
1.0 x 10^
1.3 x 10_
6.6 x 10
1.6x 106
9*a v i fi
• O J\ X \J /*.
1.5 x 10
SA
7
1.5 x 10'
1.8 x 10g
1.5 x 10g
2.2 x 10_
5.6 x 10
6.3 x 10g
1.8 x 10
1.6 x 10^
5 .5 x 10_
1.7 x 10
5.6 x 10
1.1 x 10
3 .0 x 10-
6.6 x 10
6.1 x 10^
4 .4 x 10?
3.1 x 10
NA
c
8.8x 10°
1 .8 x 105
9.0 x 10^
6.6 x 10g
1 .2 x 10
3 .5 x 10
2 . 6 x 10-
5 .5 x 10_
5.9 x 10
2 .6 x 10^
8.6 x 10,.
8.7 x 10g
4.0 x 10b
2.4 x 10
3.5 x 10g
5.8 x 10-
5. Ox 10
105
-------
TABLE C POPULATIONS OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Coliform Bacteria /ml
Date
5 Jan
13 Jan
20 Jan
27 Jan
3 Feb
10 Feb
17 Feb
24 Feb
2 Mar
9 Mar
16 Mar
23 Mar
30 Mar
6 Apr
13 Apr
20 Apr
27 Apr
4 May
10 May
16 May
25 May
1 June
8 June
14 June
RAW
—
5
4.6x10*
1.8 x 10
3.4 x 10.
1.3 x 10:?
1.3 x 10
3.9 x 101
s
2.4 x 10-
s
1.6 x 10
4
3.9 x 10
2 .7 x 10
2.6 x 10
1.2 x 10
3.3 x 10
4
5.1 x 10*
8. Ox 10
9.9 x 105
1.3 x 10
1.5 x 10g
3 .4 x 105
3.6 x 105
3.4 X 10g
9.2 x 10
NAN
4
4.6 x 10*
1.5 x 10
4.9 x 10*
4
3.0 x 10.
3.6 x 10.
8.6 x 10.
4
4. Ox 10*
1.0 x 10.
4
2.8x 10.
4
2.4 x 10
4
1.3xl04
2 .0 x 10.
2.8x 104
1.4 x 104
2.8x 10
4
1.8x 10*
6.2 x 104
7.8x lO*
1.7x 104
2.4 x 104
1.8x 104
5.6 x 104
2.0 x 104
3.8x 10
SAN
4
4.9 x 10*
3.2 x 104
c q v- 1 fl
o .y x iu4
2. Ox 10*
2 .6 x 104
2.9 x lO*
1.1 x 104
2.8 x 10.
4
3.1 x 10.
3
8.0 x 10
4
3.8 x 104
1.2 x 10*
2.1 x 10.
1.3 x 104
3.8 x 10
4
1.8x 10*
1.8 x 10
8.3 x 104
9.0 x 104
6.8 x 104
1.4 x 105
1.5 x 104
1.3 x 104
5.6 x 10
SA
4
1.3 x 10*
2 .2 x 10
1.1 x 104
3.3 x 10
1.7 x 104
5.2 x 10C
1.5 x 10
2.4 x 10.
1.5 x 10.
3
8.0 x 10
4
1.5 x 104
1.0 x 104
1.0 x 10.
9.0 x 104
1.0 x 10
3
3 .1 x 104
1.5 x 104
4.3 x 104
9.0 x 104
1.2 x 104
9.0 x 104
2 .0 x 104
2.2 x 104
1.8 x 10
NA
5
1.3 x 10
3.1 x 105
3 .5 x 10,.
1.4 x 104
6.1 x 105
5.1 x 10C
2.7 x 10
1.0 x 10.
4
3.4 x 10.
3
8.0 x 10
4
2.6 x 103
7.0 x 104
1.0 x 104
1.0 x 10
8.0 x 10
3
3.8 x 104
8.1 x 10*
2.6 x 10
1.0 x 104
2.0 x 104
2.2 x 104
9. Ox 104
3.3 x 104
9.7 x 10
106
-------
TABLE C (Continued). POPULATIONS OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Coliform Bacteria/ml
Date
21 June
28 June
6 July
12 July
19 July
26 July
2 Aug
9 Aug
16 Aug
23 Aug
30 Aug
13 Sept
20 Sept
11 Oct
8 Nov
6 Dec
27 Dec
RAW
2.0 x 105
1.6 x 105
1.1 x 104
8.6 x 104
6.3 x 10
5.5 x 10
1.8x 105
1.8 x 105
2 .5 x 105
2.3 x IQ
1.6 x 10
2.9 x 10
2.8 x 10_
N
7.7x 10
6.0x10*
1.2 x 10°
2.5 x 10
NAN
4
9.2 x 10*
1.5 x 104
2.1 x 104
2.9x 104
2. Ox 10
1.5 x 10*
2.1 x 10*
l.Ox 104
1.9x 10*
2*1 v i n
• O ^ A \J .
4
2.5 x 10*
2.7 x 10.
4
3.4 x 10*
r»
1.3 x 10
3.0 x 10-
2.1 x 10
2.1 x 10
SAN
5
1.5 x 10^
4
3.5 x 10*
2.3 x 104
2.7 x 10*
2.1 x 10
8.7 x 104
2.3 x 10~
4.8x 104
2.7 x 10.
4
1.1 x 10*
3.7 x 104
2.2 x 104
2.8 x 10_
S
1.1 x 10
1.3 x 10_
4.4 x ioi:
9. Ox 10
SA
1.3 x 10.
4
1.5 x 10*
< 10^
2.6 x 10,,
5.0 x 10?
4.7 x IQ
2 .8 x 10
2 .0 x 10,.
2 .2 x 10
8.0 x 10.
2.8 x 104
1.2 x 10
2.9 x 10.
7.4 x 10
1.7 x 10.
2.7x 104
2 .2 x 10
NA
4
8.0 x 10*
1 .4 x 10.
1.1 x 104
1.0 x 10.
l.Ox 10_
2 .8 x 10.
1.1 x 104
1.1 X 10g
4.3 x 10
1.0 x 104
1.0 x IQ
6.0 x 10^
8. Ox 10":
a
7.1 x 10
4
7.0 x 10*
1.5 x 10.
2.9 x 10
107
-------
TABLE C (Continued). POPULATIONS OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Coliform Bacteria,
Date
10 Jan
16 Jan
23 Jan
30 Jan
13 Feb
20 Feb
28 Feb
6 Mar
13 Mar
20 Mar
27 Mar
3 Apr
10 Apr
17 Apr
24 Apr
1 May
8 May
15 May
22 May
29 May
5 June
12 June
19 June
RAW
2 .0 x IQ
3.2 x 10*
5
6.7 x 10°
1.8 x 10*
2.3 x 10_
S
1.5 x 10°
h
1.4 x 10°
2.1 x 10*
9.7 x 10*
1.0 x 10*
9. Ox 10*
3.2 x 10*
1.1 x 10^
3.4 x 10*
3 .5 x 10_
2.5 x 10*
1.8x10
2.9 x 10°
5.0 x 10
— —
— —
-—
--
NAN
4.3 x 10*
3.5 x 10*
5
1.4 x 10°
6.0 x 10^
2.8 x 10*
Q
3 .5 x 10.
4
5.0 x 10*
3.4 x 10*
1.4 x 10*
5.4 x 10*
3 .0 x 103
5 .5 x 10.
3.1 x 104
1.9 x 10*
1.5 x 10*
4.4 x 10.
2.5 x 10*
1.4 x 10.
4
1.9 x 10*
1.6x10
9.8 x 10^
4
2.8 x 10,!
<
3.1 x 10
SAN
7.7 x 10*
3 .3 x 10*
s
1.7 x 10°
1.5 x 10*
1.2 x 10,.
7.1 x 10 '
K
1.0 x 10°
4.4 x 10*
7.3 x 10*
2.4 x 10*
2.3 x 10*
3.2 x 10*
1.2 x 10*
6.7 x 10.
4.1 x 10*
7.0 x 10
—
—
4
2.9 x 10
—
—
—
/ml
SA
1 .6 x 10.
1.7 x 10*
4
7.0 x 10*
1.1 x 10*
2.5 x 10*
A
2.0 x 10*
4
5.0 x 10*
6.0 x 10g
7.0 x 10.
1.0 x 10*
1.9 x 10*
4.1 x IQ6
3 .0 x 10~
2.0 x 10^
3.2 x 10
3.3 x 10.
1.0 x 10*
3.0 x 10*
2.6 x 10*
A
1.3 x 10*
1.0 x 10*
1.0 x 10*
x
7.0 x 10
NA
4
7.2 x 10*
c
1.2 x 10°
1.2 x 10*
8.6 x 10*
A
6.1 x 10*
c
1.5 x 10°
4
c 9 v i n
w . £t .A. J. \J j.
2.8 x 10*
1.6 x IQ
2.7 x 10.
2.2 x 10*
9.0 x 10^
1.0 x 10*
5.1 x 10.
1.9 x 10*
1.5 x 10.
3.1 x 10
3 .8 x 102
6.0 x 10.
4.2 x 10.
7.0 x 100
9.0 x 10
108
-------
TABLE D POPULATIONS OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria /ml
Date
5 Jan
13 Jan
20 Jan
27 Jan
3 Feb
10 Feb
17 Feb
24 Feb
2 Mar
9 Mar
16 Mar
23 Mar
30 Mar
6 Apr
13 Apr
20 Apr
27 Apr
4 May
10 May
16 May
25 May
1 June
8 June
14 June
RAW
— —
3
8.0 X 10*
4.0 x 104
3.7x 104
1.1 x 10*
£L
8.0 x 10*
4.4 x 10*
1.7 x 10
1.4 x 10
3.4 x 104
2.9 x 10,.
4
5.2 x 10.
4
5,4 x 10
——
4
2.2 x 104
4.7x 10*
5.3 x 10
5
1.1 x 104
9.4 x 10*
5.2 x 10g
1.7 x 10g
6.3 x 10
NAN
l.Ox 10*
8.2 x 10,
7.0 X 10g
1.5 x 10
9.0 x 10,
7.1 x 10":
4
1.2 x 10*
7.1 x 10,
2.4 x 10^
7.0 x 10
, 10?
2.2 x 10,
*,
6.5 x 10,
.3
2.6 x 10
• •
4
1.1 x 10*
4
2.1 x 10*
6.5 x 10
3
1.5 x 10,
2.7x 104
3.7x 10*
8.2 x 10,
6.2 x 10
SAN
1.3 x 10*
4.4 x 10^
3.0 x 10
1.2 x 109
4.0 x 10
4.4 x 10,
•4
9.2 x 10*
3 .5 x 10,
5.5 x 10,
l.Ox 10
2.9x 10*
1.0 x 10,
x
9.9x 10,
x
4.4 x 10
——
4
1,4 x 10*
7.0 x 104
5.0 x 10
3
2. Ox 10*
3.2 x 104
9.7 x 10,
5.3 x 104
2.1 x 10
SA
2.4x 10*
8.6 x 10.
A
1.4 x 10,
3.3 x 10,
1 .7 x 10"
4
5.5 x 10*
A
1.5 x 10*
1.9x 10,
1.2 x 10,
4.6 x 10
1.6 x 10*
1.3 x 10,
*3
3.5 x 10*
X
2.4 x 10*
4.5 x 10
0
3.4 x 10,
5.7 x 104
3.3 x 10
""" -5
6. Ox 10*
3.5 x 104
1.4 x 10,
7.9x 10,
4.1 x 10
NA
5.1 x 10.
8.9x10
2.3 x 10*
2.5 x 10^
1.4 x 104
1.8x 10^
A
3.9 x 10*
4.9x 10,
1.9 x 10,
2.7 x 10
1.1 x 10*
x
1.1 x 10*
*I
2.1 x 10*
x
1.5 x 10
— —
3
5.8 x 10*
3.1 x 105
1.2 x 10
3
1.0 x 10*
2O y 1 H
• «J ••* * V/ *
4.8 x 104
1.3 x 10*
4.3 x 10
109
-------
TABLE 0 (Continued). POPULATIONS OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
IN THE EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria /fail
Date
21 June
28 June
6 July
12 July
19 July
2 6 July
2 Aug
9 Aug
16 Aug
23 Aug
30 Aug
13 Sept
20 Sept
11 Oct
8 Nov
6 Dec
27 Dec
RAW
3
3
2
2
1
2
7
1
1
6
2
1
2
3
1
1
5
.3 x
.5 x
.5 x
.0 x
.9 x
.0 x
.6 x
.0 x
.6 x
.0 x
.4 x
.3 x
.0 x
.9 x
.1 x
.8 x
.0 x
io4
4
104
104
7
103
10-
104
1°4
103
104
10*
4
10
"«
£
10°
10J
NAN
2.7
8.0
3.5
3.8
4.0
2.1
1.3
9.0
7.2
7.9
5.3
2.1
3.0
2.3
5.5
2.8
3.8
x 10,
x 10.
x 10
x 10,
x 10-
x 10
x 10
x 10,
x 102
x 10-
x 10^
x 10^
xlO*
x 10
3
x 10.
4
x 10*
x 10
SAN
6.2
1.5
3.3
9.0
2.3
3.2
1.0
3.2
9.2
3.0
1.2
3.7
8.0
2.9
1.0
2.5
4.1
x 10.
x 10*
x 10,
x 10,
x 10.
x 10.
x 10
x lO,,
x 10^
x 10
x 10,
x 10^
x 10
x 10
x 10,
4
x 10*
x 10
6.3
1.5
2.0
3.3
1.0
9.3
3.0
1.0
8.6
1.5
2.7
9.9
5.6
4.0
4.8
2.5
SA
x 10
x 10
x 10-
x 101
x 10
82
x 10
x 109
x 10,
x 10
x 10,
x 10,
X103
x 10*
x 10.
x 10.
4
x 10
NA
2 .2 x
2 .2 x
7.0 x
1.2 x
2.1 x
6.0 x
3 .8 x
5 .8 x
1.1 x
4.5 x
5.7 x
7.9 x
3 .8 x
3 .5 x
8.0 x
4.8 x
8.3 x
103
10
10
10-
10.
102
10^
10
1
10:
10,:
io2
4
10
io3
4
103
10
110
-------
TABLE D (Continued). POPULATIONS OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
IN THE EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria/ml
Date
10 Jan
16 Jan
23 Jan
30 Jan
13 Feb
20 Feb
28 Feb
6 Mar
13 Mar
20 Mar
27 Mar
3 Apr
10 Apr
17 Apr
24 Apr
1 May
8 May
15 May
22 May
29 May
5 June
12 June
19 June
RAW
3 .0 x 10.
3.3 x 10*
3 .9 x 104
1.6 x 107
1.9 x 10
7.9 X IQg
1.5 x 10.
4
6.7x 10*
4.6 x 10*
4.5 x 10_
1.2x 10
1.4x10*
1.0 x 10"
2.4 x 10g
2 .6 x 104
5 .0 x 104
2 .1 x 10,
2 .2 x 104
2.0 x 10
—
--
—
—
NAN
5.2 x 103
6.0 x 10
4.4 x 10
1.2 x 10
6.5 x 10.
1.3 x 103
8.8 x 104
1.0 x 10g
2 .1 x 10
7.7 x 103
2 .4 x 10,
2.7X Iflg
4.0 x 10.
3.5 x 103
4.2 x 103
1.2 x 103
8.9 x 10
7.3 x 103
3.9 x 10.
3.2 x 10
1.0 x 10
3 .6 x 103
1.3 x 10
SAN
3.4 x 104
1.2 x 104
1.8 x 10
9.4 x 10
2.6 x 10
3.6 x 104
1.3 x 10.
3.2 x 104
2.3 X 10g
9.0 x 103
9.0 x 104
1.2 x 104
6.7 x 104
3.2 x 104
1.8 x 10
1.4 x 10
—
—
3
6.6 x 10
--
—
—
SA
1.7 x 10-
5.2 x 104
3.3 x 103
2 .8 x 10
1.8 x 10-
8.8 x 103
3.0 x 10
4.5 x 10
1.6 x 10-
5.0 x 10]
6.0 x 10
4.4 x 103
4.7 x 10-
2 .8 x 10.
3.0 x 10-
5.6 x 10-
3.7 x 10
5.3 x 103
5.7x 10
7.1 x 10^
6.3 x 102
4.0 x 10-
2.1 x 10
NA
1.1 x 10*
2.0 x 10.
2 .5 x 10
1.1 x 10
8.2 x 104
2.6 x 10.
3.5 x 103
3.8 x 103
6.1 x 10
8.8 x 103
4.5 x 103
2 .4 x 103
1.3 x 10-
6.8 x 103
3 .7 x 10_
4.6 x 102
4.2 x 10-
7.8 x 10
9.0 x 10-
8.0 x 101
3.0 x 10:
2.1 x 10
111
-------
TABLE £ POPULATIONS OF ENTEROCOCCI IN THE EXPERIMENTAL
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria /ml
Date
5 Jan
13 Jan
20 Jan
27 Jan
3 Feb
10 Feb
17 Feb
24 Feb
2 Mar
9 Mar
16 Mar
23 Mar
30 Mar
6 Apr
13 Apr
20 Apr
27 Apr
4 May
10 May
16 May
25 May
1 June
8 June
14 June
RAW
— —
— —
6
1.3 x 10°
3. Ox 10*
6
3.3 x 10"
1.6 x 10g
5.0 x 10
1.4 x 10^
6
3.5 x 10°
5
5.8x 10
6
2.1 x 10°
2.6x lO^
3.7x 10^
h
3.6 x 10°
9.7 x 10
6
1.7 x 10°
3.3 x 10
3.6 x 10
6
1.7x 10°
2.3 x 10g
3 .4 x 107
3.6 x 10fi
3.3 x 10
NAN
4
1.2 x 10*
2.2 x 10*
5
3.6x 10°
2.9 x 10_
5
1.5 x 10°
1.4 x 10*
5.5 x 105
2.1 x 10C
5
1.3 x 10°
5
3.9 x 10
6
1.1 x 10°
1.8x 195
2.6 x 10,
5
2.3 x 10F
5
2. Ox 10
s
1.1 x 10°
3.5X10
1.6x 10°
i Q x i n
1.3 x j.u.
4.4 x 10*
1.1 x 10g
1.6 x 10fi
1.7 x lb|?
2.4 x 10
SAN
4
3.9 x 10*
5.8 x 10r
5
1.8 x 10°
7.9 x 10^
5
1.1 x 10°
1.1 x 10*
4.0 x 104
1.4 x 10;
i Q v i n
X . J S*. JL U ,
5
1.6 x 10
5
1.5 x 10°
7.3 x 10,
2.2 x 10*
5
1.6xlO>
1.4 x 10
5
1.4 x 10.
1.6 x 10
5.0 x-lO;?
1.4 x 10*
1.1 x 105
1.4 x 10_
2 .2 x 10,
6.2 x 10*
4.5 x 10
SA
4
2.8 x 10*
8.5 x 10.
6.6 X 10;
5.7 x 1(T
5
1.0 x 10°
1.7 x 10.
1 .4 x 10.
8.3 x 10.
4
3 .0 x 10.
n
2 ,7 x 10
6.3 x 10.
3.3 x 104
3 .8 x 10,
5
7.0x10
5.1 x 10
4
1.4 x 10*
4.9x10
1.8 x 10°
1 .5 x 10,
4.2 x 10.
8.9 x 10.
5.8 x 10,
3 .1 x 10,
4.7 x 10
NA
4
8.9 x 10*
1 .1 x 10_
6
1.1 x 10°
2.5 x 10*
t*
3 .0 x 10,
1.3 x 10
1.2 x 10,
1.3 x 10*
4
9.6 x 10,,
4
7.6 x 10
4
8.5 x 10.
5.2 x 10.
6.6 x 10.
4
9.1 x 10
3.1 x 10
5
1.9 x 10°
8.2x10
1.5 x 10°
2 .7 x 10,
2 .1 x 10-
1.2 x 10
2 .7 x 10g
2 .0 x 10fi
1.5 x 10
112
-------
TABLE £ (Continued). POPULATIONS OF ENTEROCOCCI IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-19 72
Bacteria /ml
Date
21 June
28 June
6 July
12 July
19 July
26 July
2 Aug
9 Aug
16 Aug
23 Aug
30 Aug
13 Sept
20 Sept
11 Oct
8 Nov
6 Dec
27 Dec
RAW
5
8,8 x 104
< 10g
2.3 x 103
2,0 x 10,
1.6 x 10-
2.0 x 10-
3.6 x 10^
6.8 x 103
3.2 x 10_
2 .6 x 10-
3.0 x 10»
7.0 x 10.
2.3x 10,
8.1 x 10
3.0 x 10.
1.4 x 10:
2. Ox 10
NAN
4
4.3 x 10,
2.0 x 10,
1.8 x 10,
5.0 x 10,
3.1 x 10,
7.1x 10,
5.4x 10,
2.7x 10,.
5.4x 10,
7.5 x 10,
9.7 x 10,
6.9X lOg
4.1x 10
2.4x 10
2.3 x 10
2.4 x 10
2. Ox 10
SAN
4
9.1 x 10,
1.0 x 103
1.8 x 10
1.8x 10,
7.3 x 10,
5. 8 x 10^
4.1 x 10
5. Ox 10,
3.9 x 10,
2.6x 10,
6.9 x 10,
4.9x 103
2*^ V 1 fl
• O A J. \J .
4
3.3 x 10
5.1 x 10_
2.0 x 10,
5.7.x 10
SA
4
4. Ox 10,
1.1 x 10,
< 10*
3.4 x 10
9
1
4.6 x 10
4
s.8x 10:
1.2 x 10:
4.9x 10,
6.3 x 10^
4.6x 10
1.9 x 10
1.0 x 10*
6.3 x 10_
6.9 x 10
NA
5
4.3 x 10,
<
2. Ox 10,
3. Ox 10^
2.0 x 10
1.8 x 10.
5.2 x 10,
1.2 x 10,
1.5 X lOg
1.2 x 10^
1.4 x IDT
4.2 x 10,
4.1 x 103
2.8x 10
7.5 x 10
3.1 x 10.
9.9 x 104
5.4 x 10
113
-------
TABLE E (Continued). POPULATIONS OF ENTEROCOCCI IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria/ml
Date
10 Jan
16 Jan
23 Jan
30 Jan
13 Feb
20 Feb
28 Feb
6 Mar
13 Mar
20 Mar
27 Mar
3 Apr
10 Apr
17 Apr
24 Apr
1 May
8 May
15 May
22 May
29 May
5 June
12 June
19 June
RAW
1.7 x 10?
1.1 x 10'
4 .8 x 10_
s
1.4 x 10°
fi
8,3 x 10°
fi
1.4 x 10°
2.3 x 10*
6.5 x 10-
5.9 x 10*
fi
3.3 x 10°
2.0 x 10*
9.4 x 10
1.7 x 10*
1.8 x 10*
7.7 x 104
2 .9 x 10
2 .8 x 104
4.7 x 10*
1.2 x 10
—
—
--
— —
NAN
1.4 x 10fi
1.1 x 10*
1.2 x 10*
5.0 x 10C
8.6 x 10,.
1.5 x 10
4.0x10
3.0 x 10
3.6 x 10.
4
1.2 x 10
3 .5 x 10.
1.2 x 10*
6.3 x 10.
5.6x10
1.3 x 10^
7.4 x 10
6.4 x IQ
1.6 x 10
2.2 x 10
9.0 x 10-
1.1 x 10
4.5 x 102
3.7 x 10
SAN
5
3.4 x 10°
2.3 x 10*
r\
4.2 x 10°
3.3 x 10-
6
3.8 x 10°
6
1.2 x 10°
2.0 x 1Q_
5
4.0 x 10°
1.1 x 10;
4
2.2 x 10*
2 .4 x 10.
3.1 x 10*
3.2 x 10,.
1.9 x 10*
3.7 x 104
1.4 x 10
—
__
2
7.8 x 10
—
—
— —
SA
5
1.4 x 105
1.0 x 10
1.9 x 10*
9.6 x 10C
5
4.2 x 10°
fi
1.2 x 10°
2.2 x 10*
4.9 x 10,,
4
1.7 x 10,
3
5.1 x 10
1.0 x 10^
7.8 x 10.
3.8 x 10^
6.7X 10g
2 .3 x 103
2 .9 x 104
1.9 x 105
7.6 x 10*
3.4 x 10^
4.9 x 10
2 .9 x 10_
1.8 x 102
2.5 x 10
NA
6
1.7x 107,
3.7 x 10-
6
1.3 x 10°
6
1.9x 10°
5
6.2 x 10°
1.2 x 10*
5.1 x 10*
6.2 x 10.
5.8x 10g
4.5 x 10
5.9 x 10^
4.1X 10g
7.5 x 103
1.3 x 103
5 .5 x 10«
1.1 x 105
1.2 x 102
3.7x 10
1.0 x 10
4.7 x 10.
3.6 x 10:
2.5 x 10
114
-------
TABLE F VIABLE COUNTS OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC BACTERIA IN THE
EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria /ml
Date Incubation
at 30 C
31 Oct Aerobic
Anaerobic
7 Nov Aerobic
Anaerobic
14 Nov Aerobic
Anaerobic
22 Nov Aerobic
Anaerobic
2 8 Nov Aerobic
Anaerobic
5 Dec Aerobic
Anaerobic
12 Dec Aerobic
Anaerobic
19 Dec Aerobic
Anaerobic
26 Dec Aerobic
Anaerobic
RAW
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
1
5
5
3
3
7
7
9
6
1
1
.3 x
.2 x
.1 x
.1 x
.0 x
.0 x
.8 x
.9 x
.4 x
.0 x
.9 x
.2 x
.5 x
.4 x
.4 x
.5 x
.3 x
.2 x
10
108
10«
108
107
107
107
/
io7
IO7
10
io7
io7
10
io7
y
10'
6
io6
2.1
2.0
2.5
1.9
2.1
1.3
2.9
1.9
1.5
1.1
2.7
1.9
1.1
5.2
4.8
2.6
1.5
7.4
NAN
*10c
_ b
x 10
x 10
x 10
x 10
x 10-
x 10
x 10
x 10-
x 10-
x 10
x 10_
x 10_
x 10-
x 10*
K
x 10*
«6
x IQ
x 10
SAN
2.9
2,7
1.6
8.1
1.6
1.1
6.8
1.8
2.8
1.7
9.2
5.4
1.5
8.1
3.8
2.1
1.5
8.4
xio!?
fi
x 10
x 10
x 10-
x 10
x 10
x 10.
x 10_
x 10-
x 10.
x 10-
x 10?
x 10_
x 10-
x 10*
H
x 10-
x IQ
x 10
3.5
2.0
3.5
2.0
1.1
1.9
3.8
8.5
5.3
1.5
5.8
1.7
8.2
3.4
4.1
1.8
5.0
2.0
NA
*10c
5
x 10-
x 10-
x 10_
x 10
x 10-
x 10_
x 10-
x 10-
x 10
x 10-
x 10-
x 10-
x 10-
x 10*
K
x 10_
x 10
x 10
SA
2.1 x
7.8 x
6.1 x
3 .8 x
6.5 x
1.2 x
2 .0 x
1.5 x
2.7 x
5.0 x
4.4 x
4.0 x
5 .5 x
1.9 x
9.7x
1.1 x
3.1 x
7.6x
io7
l°c
10c
io|
10^
7
»fe
iol
5
io7
io7
7
10
io«
g
10!
io5
115
-------
TABLE F (Continued). VIABLE COUNTS OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC
BACTERIA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria /ml
Date Incubation
at 30 C
10 Jan Aerobic
Anaerobic
16 Jan Aerobic
Anaerobic
23 Jan Aerobic
Anaerobic
30 Jan Aerobic
Anaerobic
13 Feb Aerobic
Anaerobic
20 Feb Aerobic
Anaerobic
28 Feb Aerobic
Anaerobic
6 Mar Aerobic
Anaerobic
13 Mar Aerobic
Anaerobic
20 Mar Aerobic
Anaerobic
27 Mar Aerobic
Anaerobic
RAW
5
3
8
6
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
3
3
4
4
1
8
1
1
2
1
.3 x
.3 x
.3 x
.8 x
.2 x
.9 x
.4 x
.7 x
.5 x
.2 x
.7 x
.1 x
.2 x
.0 x
.6 x
.0 x
.3 x
.8 x
.6 x
.3 x
.1 x
.7 x
7
107
10,
7
107
108
108
107
107
108
108
107
107
108
108
107
10 7
108
107
108
108
108
108
10°
NAN
8.7 x
6.0 x
1.4 x
5.2 x
1.3 x
7.4 x
7.7 x
1.9 x
5.7 x
2.2 x
8.3 x
5 .5 x
1.3 x
1.1 x
6.6 x
3.7 x
2.6 x
2 .0 x
1.1 x
5.6 x
2.2 x
1.5 x
6
106
10°
7
106
107
106
106
107
106
106
106
106
107
107
106
10 6
106
106
107
106
106
106
10
SAN
1.8x
1.3 x
1.4 x
1.0 x
1.9 x
1.5 x
1.6 x
1.1 x
1.1 x
9.5 x
1.1 x
7.5 x
1.4 x
1.3 x
1.3 x
1.2 x
1.2 x
9.6 x
2 .3 x
1.6 x
1.1 x
4.9 x
7
107
10,
7
10
107
107
107
107
107
106
107
106
107
107
107
107
107
106
107
107
107
106
10
SA
8.2 x
2 .3 x
7.2 x
2.2 x
2.4 x
3.1 x
4.5 x
5.9 x
7.0 x
1.5 x
3.4 x
5.0 x
1.8 x
8.0 x
1.1 x
2.7x
5.4 x
1.4 x
2.8 x
4.4 x
1.9 x
6.5 x
6
106
10°
fi
106
107
106
107
106
106
106
107
106
107
106
107
106
106
106
106
105
106
105
10
NA
__
— —
1.7 x
1.0 x
2.8 x
1.7 x
4.1 x
9.2 x
3.6 x
6.9 x
4.6 x
1.4 x
1.9x
1.7 x
4.2 x
1.5 x
1.7 x
5.7 x
2 .3 x
5 .5 x
1.3 x
3 .8 x
7
107
107
107
107
106
107
106
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
106
107
106
107
106
10°
116
-------
TABLE F (Continued). VIABLE COUNTS OF ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC
BACTERIA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM-1972
Bacteria/ml
Date Incubation
at 30 C
3 Apr
10 Apr
17 Apr
24 Apr
1 May
8 May
15 May
22 May
29 May
5 June
12 June
19 June
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
RAW
3.9 x
3.1 x
9.9 x
9.5 x
3.2 x
2.0 x
1.1 x
1.6 x
6.7x
8.5 x
5 .5 x
6.0 x
5.9 x
4.2 x
7.7 x
7.8 x
—
—
__
—
—
—
— —
--
io7
io7,
10
107
10,
7
10'
10
19'
10
106
lOg
io6
Q
Q
io6
NAN
2 .3 x
1.9 x
2.4 x
1.9 x
1.6 x
1.2 x
3 .6 x
2.4 x
7.2 x
5.0 x
8.2 x
4.7 x
1.3 x
9.0 x
1.6x
1.7 x
8.3 x
6.2 x
5.0 x
2 .5 x
1.2 x
8.6 x
2.2 x
2.1 x
$
10fi
106
IQ1
5
10°
10=
10
105
105
105
10
10?
10
10
io6
10
io5
10
10
io6
10?
105
io5
SAN
5 .6 x
4.4 x
4.8 x
2 .5 x
4.6 x
3.7 x
1.7 x
1.3 x
6.4 x
4.6 x
--
--
-_
—
—
—
1.7x
5,9x
_-
__
—
—
—
--
io6
10
1066
106
10°
6
10°
106
10
105
10
10
IO5
SA
1.5 x
2 .8 x
1.0 x
3.7 x
1.7 x
4.0 x
2.1 x
1.4 x
1.1 x
1.2 x
1.5 x
5.7x
4.4 x
1.9x
3.9 x
2.3 x
l.Ox
2.4 x
4.3 x
1.4 x
6.3 x
9.0 x
1.0 x
7.6 x
IO6
10
10s6
106
10°
5
10°
10?
10
1056
106
jo;
1Ql
10
10
io6
io!
4
10
10
IQ1
*±
10.
10
NA
1.8 x
6.1 x
6.5 x
1.2 x
2.1 x
5.0 x
3 .2 x
2.6 x
2.2 x
4.4 x
1.6 x
8.0 x
2 .9 x
3.8 x
1.1 x
2 .5 x
1.8 x
2.5 x
3 .2 x
1.5 x
5.0 x
2.1 x
9.8x
1.2 x
io7
10
106
106
10^
(^
10,
10
10c
10
10 6
104
10c
10S
10,
1°.
10?
10
io4
10?
K
10:
104
104
104
io4
117
-------
TABLE G SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE, ALL PARAMETERS
oo
BOD COD Total-N NH -N NO -N NO -N
Total 32 3
Raw S ewage
Mean Cone.
19723
19733
SAN
Mean Cone .
1972
1973
% Reduction
1972
1973
NAN
Mean Cone.
1972
1973
% Reduction
1972
1973
SA
Mean Cone.
1972
1973 .
% Reduction
1972
1973
NA
Mean Cone .
1972
1973
% Reduction
1972
1973
% Reduction
SAN-SA Series
1972
All Cells Series
1973
780
419
494
248
36.7
40.8
515
249
34
0
187
119
62
12.5
358
136
54
45.4
76
71.6
1178
1017
651
508
55
50
683
461
42
9
421
371
35
.5
688
369
42
20
64
64
56
59
43
39
23
34
44
38
21
3
43
43
0
-8
54
40
4
-5
23
27
24 .007 0.27
23 .018 0.14
29 .002 .075
27 .0003 .081
-21 71 73
-17 98 42
30 .0025 .059
29 .0014 .082
-25 64 78
- 7 -367 0
14 1.417 .438
24 .002 .083
52
-14 75 27
12 1.355 1.32
21 .008 .113
50
28 -471
42 — -62
- 4 89 41
Total P04
59
61
59
56
0
8
60
58
- 2
- 4
61
61
- 3
- 9
63
59
- 5
- 5
3
o
PO -SRP
4
44
38
51
48
-16
-26
53
51
-20
-34
44
46
14
0
40
46
9
10
0
-21
Total Coliforms
Bacteria
7 5
4.1x10 3.5x10*
4.6x 10
6 4
4.56x 10 4.6x 10*
8 x 10
C9 87
83
6 4
4.69x 10 4.5x 10
3.2 x 10
89 87
60
6 4
6.8 x 10 3.2 x 10*
2.2 x 10
-49 30
68
6 4
8.2 x 10 7.7x 10*
6.9x 10
80 78
-115
83 91
95
Fecal
Coliforms
5
1.2S x 10^
1.25x 10
3
9 xlflj
1.9 x 10
93
85
3
9.7 x 10,
7.2 x 10
92
62
3
9.2 x 10,
4.6 x 10
0
73
4
1.6 x 10*
1.7 x 10
87
-136
93
96
Enterococcl
6
3.5 x 10°
4.9x 10
5
2.2 x 10^
l.Ox 10
94
80
5
3.4xlO>
4.4 x 10
90
56
4
7. Ox 10*
2. Ox 10
68
71
5
3.4 x 10^
6.9x 10
90
-57
98
96
aThrough 1st week of May each year, of influent.
-------
TABLE H DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN AERATED CELLS-1972 & 73
Date
1972
19 Jan
2 Feb
10 Feb
24 Feb
9 Mar
16 Mar
18 Mar
23 Mar
30 Mar
6 Apr
13 Apr
15 Apr
17 Apr
20 Apr
21 Apr
22 Apr
24 Apr
25 Apr
27 Apr
29 Apr
1 May
3 May
4 May
8 May
10 May
13 May
15 May
16 May
19 May
20 May
22 May
24 May
25 May
NA
mg/L
2.17
2.30
2.12
4.30
1.52
0
0.30
2.50
1.69
1.52
0.85
0.55
1.32
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.33
0.41
0.60
0.28
0.40
0.13
0.47
1.36
0.59
0.26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
pounds
received
54,250
46,680
55,724
56,790
56,700
60,760
63,870
51,711
68,900
50,300
74,860
66,350
74,080
65,640
64,220
65,120
61,640
65,010
57,200
61,620
58,380
60,180
62,250
61,500
62,750
44,200
46,630
19,967
57,810
66,330
67,490
61,370
61,560
mg/L
0
3.98
2.44
5.16
3.72
0.12
1.06
2.01
2.22
3.09
0
0
1.54
0.55
0.79
0.51
0.20
0.35
0
0.30
0
0.34
0.42
0.64
1.10
0.19
0.23
0
0
0
0.42
0.31
0.42
SA
pounds
received
57,020a
55,470a
69,570a
70,442
69,206a
73,6206
82,0003
66,000a
86,020a
59,530a
91,150a
81,4209
91,970a
87,550a
85,800a
88,610a
86,270a
91,320a
80,490a
86,840a
83,100a
85,710a
89,940a
84,950a
86,820a
P)
54,740*
60,290
c
25,945
75,300a
83,940a
90,830a
87,150a
a
87,970
119
-------
TABLE H (Continued). DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN AERATED CELLS-1972 & 73
Date
31 May
5 June
7 June
11 June
12 June
19 June
2 1 June
23 June
2 7 June
30 June
3 July
5 July
7 July
11 July
18 July
25 July
1 Aug
8 Aug
15 Aug
22 Aug
12 Sept
19 Sept
21 Sept
22 Sept
25 Sept
26 Sept
27 Sept
28 Sept
29 Sept
2 Oct
3 Oct
4 Oct
5 Oct
6 Oct
7 Oct
9 Oct
11 Oct
14 Oct
mg/L
0
0
0
0
0
3.58
1.16
1.63
4.06
4.73
6.89
6.22
5.41
4.67
5.00
5.36
5.24
5.71
4.96
5.93
5.71
5.27
3.40
4.51
3.62
2.30
0.94
0.87
0.77
0.69
0.41
0.59
0.79
1.04
0.59
0.89
0.35
0.67
NA
pounds
received
58,000
52,790
48,100
74,620
69,680
61,500
70,900
67,000
62,600
49,200
50,180
47,900
43,730
33,780
36,600
35,400
37,900
36,700
36,700
39,340
40,730
30,590
36,785
83,590
40,180
45,500
34,000
37,900
42,070
39,120
57,260
65,800
69,700
68,950
72,930
67,150
68,120
68,800
SA
mg/1
0.21
0
0
0
0
2.26
2.03
1.52
1.58
3.31
5.57
5.63
3.80
5.08
4.55
4.90
4.51
5.97
3.81
4.82
4.70
3.70
1.32
1.57
0.83
2.56
.1.77
0.61
0.39
0
0
0.31
0.55
0.63
0.35
0.94
0.61
0.37
pounds
received
87,240a
82,440a
76,865
89,000a
88,410a
83,310a
96,900^
86,800
82,800a
71,3007
62,8007
58,840
52,000e
32,0306
O
40,350
40,180
40,5006
38,840®
36,000
36,820®
38,170®
31,100
32,736
78,154a
39,9409
44,160®
34,350
37,000®
40,370^
D
44,440
65,190a
75,310a
79,890a
a
~« ' ~ » «ar No. mixer
80,340 for 3D min
75,760a
76,300a
77,900d
120
-------
TABLE H (Continued). DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN AERATED .CELLS-1972 & 73
Date
17 Oct
24 Oct
31 Oct
8 Nov
14 Nov
22 Nov
29 Nov
5 Dec
11 Dec
19 Dec
26 Dec
1973
10 Jan
16 Jan
23 Jan
26 Jan
30 Jan
6 Feb
9 Feb
13 Feb
16 Feb
20 Feb
28 Feb
1 Mar
6 Mar
13 Mar
20 Mar
27 Mar
3 April
4 April
10 April
17 April
24 April
mg/1
0.79
3.94
0.92
3.01
3.03
3.60
4.45
5.06
6.22
4.68
6.63
0
0
0
2.81
3.42
1.15
2.16
4.03
1.51
0
1.61
0.59
2.58
2.68
0.47
0.08
2.44
1.76
1.55
3.39
NA
pounds
received
45,140
72,200
68,440
72,010
71,360
58,120
68,900
69,100
57,660
41,720
33,480
39,060
36,030
42,300
74,400
84,230
88,500
52,330
60,810
80,800
61,660
62,900
88,600
94,400
92,700
96,600
88,000
90,700
93,200
84,200
95,900
90,300
SA
mg/1
0
4.33
1.85
2.22
2.40
3.80
6.28
5.04
5.08
3.53
6.13
6.37
4.37
2.20
2.81
7.88
8.22
7.42
7.15
8.30
8.32
1.13
2.77
6.12
7.05
5.83
4.74
4.82
7.15
3.04
6.73
pounds
received
h
50,770"
82,950
77,760a
84,000a
84,070a
65,750a
80,200,
77,100°
63,710
40,240a
34,190a
i
38,200
44,720
38,050
44,170
35,260®
25,710
24,560°
9,846°
°b
9,770
74 la
13,920°
24,450
24,700a
26,310
22,740,
23,900,
24,560°
22,000°
24,900°
23,900
121
-------
TABLE H (Continued). DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN AERATED CELLS-1972 & 73
Date
1 May
8 May
14 May
15 May
16 May
22 May
29 May
5 June
12 June
19 June
26 June
mg/1
0.67
3.24
3.67
3.26
4.08
2.90
4.04
4.96
4.55
5.57
3.29
NA
pounds
received
95,300
51,400
52,100
55,300
38,790
38,700
37,970
42,330
41,800
49,600
51,100
mg/1
4.83
0.47
0.29
0.10
1.29
0.59
0.78
0.63
0.59
0.88
0.37
SA
pounds
received
b
25,200
59,800J
62,800
66,510
75,200,
74,400*
65,722
m
74,400
m
71,300
m
61,000
m
62,000
aFour compressors running.
b-ru
Three compressors running.
cElectrical problems.
dr--
Five compressors runhir.y.
tTv»'o coinpreiJors running.
Compressor3 off 9 hours.
^Breakdown compressors on 9/24 - 2 running
off co compressors.
ng connection clogged.
JFlow pattern changed b-7-73.
rvij;*ce .'iiixers NA.
•i
'One mixer SA.
'"Three mixers each cell.
122
-------
TABLE 1 RAW SEWAGE FLOW TO GRAND FORKS PRETREATMENT CF.T.T.S
From
12:45
10:30
11:00
11:45
12:45
12:45
13:15
12:45
10:15
11:15
10:45
12:00
10:30
10:45
11:15
10:45
11:45
10:30
11:45
11:15
10:45
10:45
11:45
14:00
10:45
11:45
10:45
10:15
11:15
10:45
11:45
10:15
12:00
15:15
10:15
10:30
11:30
10:30
13:15
12:15
1/13/72
1/14/72
1/15/72
1/16/72
1/17/72
1/18/72
1/19/72
1/20/72
1/2 1/72
1/27/72
2/2/72
2/3/72
2/9/72
2/16/72
2/17/72
2/23/72
2/24/72
3/1/72
3/2/72
3/8/72
3/9/72
3/15/72
3/16/72
3/18/72
3/22/72
3/23/72
3/29/72
3/30/72
4/4/72
4/5/72
4/6/72
4/12/72
4/13/72
4/15/72
4/17/72
4/19/72
4/20/72
4/2 1/72
4/22/72
4/23/72
To
10:30
11:00
11:45
12:45
12:45
13:15
12:45
10:15
11:15
10:45
12:00
10:30
10:45
11:15
10:45
11:45
10:30
11:45
11:15
10:45
10:45
11:45
14:00
10:45
11:45
10:45
10:15
11:15
10:45
11:45
10:15
12:00
15:15
10:15
10:30
11:30
10:30
13:15
12:15
10:45
1/14/72
1/15/72
1/16/72
1/17/72
1/18/72
1/19/72
1/20/72
1/2 1/72
1/2 7/72
2/2/72
2/3/72
2/9/72
2/16/72
2/17/72
2/23/72
2/24/72
3/1/72
3/2/72
3/8/72
3/9/72
3/15/72
3/16/72
3/18/72
3/22/72
3/23/72
3/29/72
3/30/72
4/4/72
4/5/72
4/6/72
4/12/72
4/13/72
4/15/72
4/17/72
4/19/72
4/20/72
4/2 1/72
4/22/72
4/23/72
4/24/72
Elapsed
time in
days
.906
1.021
1.031
1.042
1.000
1.021
.979
.896
6.042
5.979
1.052
5.937
7.010
1.021
5.979
1.042
5.948
1.052
5.979
.979
6.000
1.042
2.094
3.865
1.042
5.958
.979
5.042
.979
1.042
5.938
1.073
2.135
1.792
2.010
1.042
.958
1.115
.958
.938
Q
(m.q .)
1.2053
1.3265
1.4622
1.5469
1.3081
1.3424
1.2937
1.2266
8.7779
8.6511
1.5213
9.1689
32.4553
5.3299
31.3181
5.4688
31.4050
5.5517
31.6695
5.1558
30.1150
3.1790
5.7430
13.1486
3.9477
20.9290
3.9003
13.7690
3.5834
4.0036
23.3430
7.2333
12.0244
6.7610
9.1858
4.6102
4.0919
4.5085
3.2570
3.1534
Ave. Q
(m.q.d .)
1.3304
1.2992
1.4182
1.4845
1.3081
1.3148
1.3215
1.3690
1.4528
1.4469
1.4461
1.5444
4.6299
5.2203
5.2380
5.2484
5.2799
5.2773
5.2968
5.2664
5.0192
3.0509
2.7426
3.4020
3.7886
3.5128
3.9840
2.7309
3.6603
3.8422
3.9311
6.7412
5.6320
3.7729
4.5700
4.4244
4.2713
4.0435
3.3998
3.3618
123
-------
TABLE UCONT.) RAW SEHAGE FLOH TO GRAND FORKS PRETREATMENT CELLS
From
10:45
12:00
10:45
11:45
10:30
12:00
10:45
11:30
11:15
10:45
10:00
12:30
11:30
11:30
12:15
09:30
09:15
09:45
09:15
09:00
09:00
09:15
09:30
08:45
09:00
11:15
09:30
09:45
09:00
09:15
09:45
10:00
09:00
09:30
09:30
09:15
09:30
09:45
08:45
10:00
09:45
4/24/72
4/25/72
4/26/72
4/27/72
5/3/72
5/4/72
5/8/72
5/9/72
5/10/72
5/11/72
5/12/72
5/13/72
5/14/72
5/15/72
5/16/72
5/24/72
5/25/72
5/31/72
6/1/72
6/5/72
6/6/72
6/7/72
6/8/72
6/9/72
6/10/72
6/1 1/72
6/12/72
6/13/72
6/14/72
6/15/72
6/16/72
6/17/72
6/18/72
6/19/72
6/20/72
6/27/72
6/28/72
7/5/72
7/6/72
7/11/72
7/12/72
To
12:00
10:45
11:45
10:30
12:00
10:45
11:30
11:15
10:45
10:00
12:30
11:30
11:30
12:15
09:30
09:15
09:45
09:15
09:00
09:00
09:15
09:30
08:45
09:00
11:15
09:30
09:45
09:00
09:15
09:45
10:00
09:00
09:30
09:30
09:15
09:30
09:45
08:45
10:00
09:45
10:00
4/25/72
4/26/72
4/2 7/72
5/3/72
5/4/72
5/8/72
5/9/72
5/10/72
5/11/72
5/12/72
5/13/72
5/14/72
5/15/72
5/16/72
5/24/72
5/25/72
5/3 1/72
6/1/72
6/5/72
6/6/72
6/7/72
6/8/72
6/9/72
6/10/72
6/11/72
6/12/72
6/13/72
6/14/72
6/15/72
6/16/72
6/17/72
6/18/72
6/19/72
6/20/72
6/27/72
6/28/72
7/5/72
7/6/72
7/11/72
7/12/72
7/18/72
Elapsed
time in
days
1.052
.948
1.042
5.948
1.063
3.948
1.031
.990
.979
.969
1.104
.958
1.000
1.019
7.885
.990
6.021
.979
3.990
1.000
1.010
1.010
.969
1.010
1.094
.927
1.010
.969
1.010
1.021
1.010
.958
1.021
1.000
6.990
1.010
7.010
.958
5.052
.990
6.010
Q
(m.q.)
4.3193
4.2751
4.2712
24.7432
3.9599
16.0782
4.8500
4.5822
4.3326
4.4612
5.4513
3.7609
3.8525
4.5924
35.2287
4.7210
23.4923
4.5682
17.9173
4.9637
4.8963
4.9012
4.6030
4.3712
4.1438
2.7498
4.3413
4.2186
4.7686
5.3718
5.3929
3.7619
5.3401
5.6340
33.3354
5.2737
29.6175
4.1532
20.9813
4.2485
24.8519
Ave.Q
(m.a.d.)
4.1058
4.5096
4.0990
4.1599
3.7252
4.0725
4.7042
4.6285
4.4255
4.6039
4.9378
3.9258
3 .8525
4.5068
4.4678
4.7687
3.9017
4.6662
4.4906
4.9637
4.8478
4.8527
4.7503
4.3279
3.7878
2.9663
4.2983
4.3536
4.7214
5.2613
5.3395
3.9268
5.2303
5.6340
4.7690
5.2215
4.2250
4.3353
4.1531
4.2914
4.1351
124
-------
TABLE KCONT.) RAVI SEWAGE FLOW TO GRAND FORKS PRETREATHENT CELLS
From
10:00 .
09:00
10:00
09:30
09:15
09:15
09:30
09:00
09:30
09:00
09:30
09:45
10:45
11:15
09:15
11:15
09:00
11:15
14:45
11:15
13:00
16:00
14:30
11:45
14:00
14:00
12:45
14:30
13:45
13:45
12:45
13:15
11:30
13:00
12:45
14:30
12:00
12:30
16:00
09:15
11:00
08:45
7/18/72
7/19/72
7/25/72
7/26/72
8/1/72
8/2/72
8/8/72
8/9/72
8/15/72
8/16/72
8/22/72
8/23/72
8/29/72
8/30/72
9/12/72
9/13/72
9/19/72
9/20/72
9/22/72
9/23/72
9/24/72
9/25/72
9/26/72
9/2 7/72
9/2 8/72
9/29/72
9/30/72
10/1/72
10/2/72
10/3/72
10/4/72
10/5/72
10/6/72
10/7/72
10/8/72
10/9/72
10/10/72
10/11/72
10/14/72
10/17/72
10/18/72
10/24/72
09:00
10:00
09:30
09:15
09:15
09:30
09:00
09:30
09:00
09:30
09:45
10:45
11:15
09:15
11:15
09:00
11:15
14:45
11:15
13:00
16:00
14:30
11:45
14:00
14:00
12:45
14:30
13:45
13:45
12:45
13:15
11:30
13:00
12:45
14:30
12:00
12:30
16:00
09:15
11:00
08:45
10:45
To
7/19/72
7/25/72
7/26/72
8/1/72
8/2/72
8/8/72
8/9/72
8/15/72
8/16/72
8/22/72
8/23/72
8/29/72
8/30/72
9/12/72
9/13/72
9/19/72
9/20/72
9/22/72
9/23/72
9/24/72
9/25/72
9/26/72
9/27/72
9/28/72
9/29/72
9/30/72
10/1/72
10/2/72
10/3/72
10/4/72
10/5/72
10/6/72
10/7/72
10/8/72
10/9/72
10/10/72
10/11/72
10/14/72
10/17/72
10/18/72
10/24/72
10/25/72
Elapsed
time in
days
.958
6.042
.979
5.990
1.000
6.010
.979
6.021
.979
6.021
1.010
6.042
1.021
12.917
1.083
5.906
1.094
2.146
.854
1.073
1.125
.938
.885
1.094
1.000
.948
1.073
.969
1.000
.958
1.021
.927
1.063
.990
1.073
.896
1.021
3.146
2.719
1.073
5.906
1.083
Q
(m.a.)
4.0879
22.9162
4.1382
24.3117
4.3210
26.8728
4.0950
24.9310
4.2470
23.4802
4.3270
25.6712
4.5867
40.1277
3.1581
23.5646
3.7869
7.5638
4.3845
5.8522
6.3325
4.9634
5.6917
6.9200
6.0886
5.5134
5.9143
5.8018
6.2122
6.1906
6.6783
5.8140
6.3431
4.6301
5.6450
5.2076
6.6617
18.0765
12.6828
6.3302
30.7626
6.3285
Ave.Q
(m.cr.d.)
4.2671
3.7928
4.2270
4.058-7
4.3210
4.4713
4.1828
4.1407
4.3381
3.8997
4.2842
4.2488
4.4924
3,1066
2.9161
3.9899
3.4615
3:5246
5.1341
5.4541
5 . 62 89
5.2915
6.4313
6.3254
6.0886
5.8158
5.5119
5.9874
6.2122
6,4620
6,5409
6.2718
5.9672
4.6769
5.2610
5.8121
6.5247
5.7459
4.6645
5.8995
5.2087
5.8435
125
-------
TABLE UCONT.) RAW SEWAGE FLOW TO GRAND FORKS PRETREATMENT CELLS
10:45
09:15
11:30
09:00
11:30
09:15
10:30
11:45
11:15
12:30
14:30
12:00
11:45
11:30
09:15
12:00
12:30
12:00
11:30
13:30
10:30
10:30
10:30
13:00
15:15
11:00
10:30
11:00
11:45
10:30
10:15
10:00
11:45
10:15
11:15
10:15
11:00
10:30
11:15
09:15
From
10/25/72
10/31/72
11/1/72
11/7/72
1 1/8/72
11/14/72
11/15/72
11/16/72
1 1/1 7/72
11/18/72
11/19/72
11/20/72
1 1/2 1/72
11/22/72
11/28/72
11/29/72
12/5/7?
12/6/72
12/11/72
12/12/72
12/13/72
12/14/72
12/15/72
12/16/72
12/17/72
12/18/72
12/19/72
12/20/72
12/26/72
12/27/72
1/10/73
1/11/73
1/16/73
1/17/73
1/23/73
1/24/73
1/30/73
1/3 1/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
09:15
11:30
09:00
11:30
09:15
10:30
11:45
11:15
12:30
14:30
12:00
11:45
11:30
09:15
12:00
12:30
12:00
11:30
13:30
10:30
10:30
10:30
13:00
15:15
11:00
10:30
11:00
11:45
10:30
10:15
10:00
11:45
10:15
11:15
10:15
11:00
10:30
11:15
09:15
10:45
To
10/31/72
1 1/1/72
1 1/7/72
11/8/72
11/14/72
11/15/72
11/16/72
11/17/72
11/18/72
11/19/72
11/20/72
11/21/72
11/22/72
1 1/2 8/72
11/29/72
12/5/72
12/6/72
12/11/72
12/12/72
12/13/72
12/14/72
12/15/72
12/16/72
12/17/72
12/18/72
12/19/72
12/20/72
12/26/72
12/27/72
1/10/73
1/11/73
1/16/73
1/17/73
1/23/73
1/24/73
1/30/73
1/3 1/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/13/73
Elapsed
time in
davs
5.937
1.094
5.896
1.104
5.906
1.052
1.052
.979
1.052
1.083
.896
.990
.990
5.906
1.115
6.021
.979
4.979
1.083
.875
1.000
1.000
1.104
1.094
.823
.979
1.021
6.031
.948
13.990
.990
5.073
.938
6.042
.958
6.031
.979
6.031
.917
6.063
Q
(m.a .)
31.2108
6.2294
30.7859
6.3322
31.0374
5.9927
5.7313
5.1575
5.4054
4.8260
3.6716
5.4509
4.8728
25.1953
5.8327
28.0350
4.8341
22.5949
5.2690
4.0949
5.1027
4.8757
5.1829
4.3903
3.3570
4.7764
5.6446
29.5172
3.7313
57.6421
4.6100
23.3451
4.5494
28.2575
4.7705
27.2275
3.9463
25.6400
4.1107
27.7829
Ave. Q
fm.q.d.)
5.2570
5.6941
5.2215
5.7357
5.2552
5.6965
5.4480
5.2681
5.1382
4.4561
4.0978
5.5060
4.9220
4.2661
5.2311
4.6562
4.9378
4.5380
4.8652
4.6799
5.1027
4.8757
4.6947
4.0131
4.0790
4.8789
5.5285
4.8942
3.9360
4.1202
4.6566
4.6018
4.8501
4.6768
4.9796
4.5146
4.0309
4.2514
4.4828
4.5824
126
-------
TABLE KCQNT.) RAW SEWAGE FLOW TO GRANT FORKS PRETREATMENT CELLS
From
10:45
10:45
10:30
10:00
10:45
09:45
09:45
09:00
09:30
09:00
10:15
14:30
10:00
10:00
09:45
09:15
10:15
09:15
10:30
09:30
10:00
09:00
08:30
08:30
08:45
14:15
08:30
09:00
09:00
09:15
09:15
09:00
09:00
09:00
2/13/73
2/14/73
2/20/73
2/21/73
2/28/73
3/1/73
3/6/73
3/7/73
3/8/73
3/9/73
3/10/73
3/11/73
3/12/73
3/13/73
3/20/73
3/21/73
3/27/73
3/28/73
4/3/73
4/4/73
4/10/73
4/11/73
4/12/73
4/13/73
4/14/73
4/15/73
4/16/73
4/17/73
4/18/73
4/19/73
4/24/73
4/25/73
5/1/73
5/2/73
To
10:45
10:30
10:00
10:45
09:45
09:45
09:00
09:30
09:00
10:15
14:30
10:00
10:00
09:45
09:15
10:15
09:15
10:30
09:30
10:00
09:00
08:30
08:30
08:45
14:15
08:30
09:00
09:00
09:15
09:15
09:00
09:00
09:00
09:15
2/14/73
2/20/73
2/21/73
2/28/73
3/1/73
3/6/73
3/7/73
3/8/73
3/9/73
3/10/73
3/11/73
3/12/73
3/13/73
3/20/73
3/2 1/73
3/27/73
3/28/73
4/3/73
4/4/73
4/10/73
4/11/73
4/12/73
4/13/73
4/14/73
4/15/73
4/16/73
4/17/73
4/18/73
4/19/73
4/24/73
4/25/73
5/1/73
5/2/73
5/8/73
Elapsed
time in
davs
1.000
5.990
.979
7.031
.958
5.000
.969
1.021
.979
1.052
1.177
.813
1.000
6.99
.979
6.042
.958
6.052
.958
6.021
.958
.979
1.000
1.010
1.229
.760
1.021
1.000
1.010
5.000
.990
6.000
1.000
6.010
Q
(m . a . )
4.8309
27.0700
4.5089
32.4040
3.4002
16.6521
3.8497
3.8046
3.5023
3.4426
2.9465
2.9033
5.3068
30.7382
4.1782
24.3604
4.8259
26.1229
2,9430
24.4800
3.9831
4.3551
3.4718
3.4406
4.5561
2.9921
4.4984
3.1864
2.8638
17.6008
3.0326
17.7052
2.3684
12.8084
Ave.Q
(m.a.d.)
4.8309
4.5192
4.6056
4.6087
3.5493
3.3304
3.9729
3.7263
3.5774
3.2724
2.5034
3.5711
5.3068
4.3975
4.2678
4.0318
5.0375
4.3164
3.0720
4.0658
4.1577
4.4485
3.4718
3.4065
3.7072
3.9370
4.4059
3.1864
2.8354
3.5202
3.0632
2.9509
2.3684
2.1312
127
-------
TABLE UCONT.) RAW SEUAGE FLOW TO GRANT FORKS PRETREATMENT CELLS
09:15
09:30
09:00
09:00
09:15
09:15
09:30
09:00
09:45
09:00
10:00
09:15
11:30
10:00
09:45
From
5/8/73
5/9/73
5/15/73
5/16/73
5/22/73
5/23/73
5/29/73
5/30/73
6/5/73
6/6/73
6/12/73
6/13/73
6/19/73
6/20/73
6/26/73
09:30
09:00
09:00
09:15
09:15
09:30
09:00
09:45
09:00
10:00
09:15
11:30
10:00
09:45
09:00
To
5/9/73
5/15/73
5/16/73
5/22/73
5/23/73
5/29/73
5/30/73
6/5/73
6/6/73
6/12/73
6/13/73
6/19/73
6/20/73
6/26/73
6/27/73
Elapsed
time in
days
1.010
5.979
1.000
6.010
1.000
6.010
.979
6.031
.969
6.042
.969
6.094
.938
5.990
.969
Q
(m.a.)
5.1843
22.7903
4.2332
27.0044
3.4565
23.7039
4.5031
24.9955
3.9950
23.4018
3.6761
18.6458
1.9868
19.8364
3.8408
Ave. Q
(m.cj.d.)
5.1330
3.8117
4.2332
4,4932
3.4565
3.9441
4.5997
4.1445
4.1228
3.8732
3.7937
3.0597
2.1181
3.3116
3.9637
Indicated flow readings up to 9 February 1972 were not used in
calculations due to obvious error; estimated values from other sources
were used instead.
128
-------
APPROXIMATE COST CALCULATIONS (1972 DATA)
CONSTRUCTION COST
Phase I: $240,000
Phase II: 432.000
TOTAL $672,000
Assume Phase I divided equally among all 4 cells, and Phase II
charged to the two aerated cells . Also assume a 20-year amortization
period. Then construction cost equals as follows:
NAN:
SAN:
NA:
SA:
240.000
$60,000
SAME
SAME
$ 3,000/yr
3,000/yr
13,000/yr
13,800/yr
Interest payments during the 20-year amortization period are
estimated to average about $l,800/yr for NAN and SAN, and $8,280/yr
for NA and SA.
TOTAL CAPITAL COST:
NAN: $3,000+ 1,800
SAN:
SAME
NA: $13,800 + 8,280
SA:
SAME
$ 4,800/yr
4,800/yr
22,080/yr
22,080/yr
OPERATING COST:
Charge entirely to aerated units
129
-------
Maintenance and Labor:
$20,000/yr
Power:
TOTAL OPERATING COST:
NAN;
SAN:
NA:
SA:
SAME
70.000
2
TOTAL
SAME
50.000/vr
$70,000/yr
$ -0-
-0-
35,000/yr
35,000/yr
TOTAL ANNUAL COST:
NAN: $4,800+ -0-
SAN: SAME
NA: 22,080+35,000
SA:
SAME
$ 4,800
4,800
57,080
57,080
TOTAL ALL CELLS $123,760
COSTS IN c/lb BOD:
(1)
(2)
NAN: Total BOD applied: 2.093 x 10 Ibs
Total BOD satisfied: 0.588 x 10 Ibs
Cost =
or
480.000
2,093,000
480.000
588,000
0.23£/lb applied
0.82£/lb satisfied
SAN: Total BOD applied: 4.173 x 10 Ibs
Total BOD satisfied: 1.359 x 10 Ibs
Cost =
480,000
4,173,000
0.12£/lb applied
130
-------
or = 0.35^b satisfied
(3) NA: Total BOD applied: 2.093 x 106 Ibs
Total BOD satisfied: 1.211 x 106 Ibs
• 2. 73*/.b applied
5,708.000 = 4. 7 l
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-236
2.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment of Combined Potato
Processing and Municipal Wastes
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
September 1976 (Issue Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AUTHOR1S) Joe K> Neelf John Wt vennes, Guilford 0.
Possum, University of ND and Frank B. Orthmeyer
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
City of Grand Forks
Grand Forks, ND 58201
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
11060 DOB
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - Cin., OH
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Demonstration and evaluation of the treatment of combined potato processing waste-
water and domestic wastes using various combinations of anaerobic and aerated lagoons
Measured parameters included: BOD, COD, TSS, VSS, nitrogen, phosphorus, volatile
acids,.total coliform, fecal coliform, enterococcal bacteria, and plankton.
During 12 months of operation the highest efficiencies were obtained by the anaero-
bic and aerated lagoons in series. Removals averaged: BOD 76 percent, COD 64
percent, coliforms 91 percent and enterococci 98 percent. Removals by either an
anaerobic lagoon operated in parallel were lower.
Operational cost of the anaerobic-aerated lagoons in series was 4.3 cents per kilo-
gram of BOD removal.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Industrial Wastes, Potatoes, Ae
Processes,Anaerobic Conditions,
Aerobic
Joint Treatment, Full'
Scale, North Dakota.
Domestic Wastes.
13/B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
142
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 <9-73)
132
frUSGPO: 1977 — 7S7-056/5482 Region 5-11
------- |