-------
HATER QUALITY STANDARD
HOPMATHBU KAMECTBA BOfllJ
A plan for water quality
management containing four major
elements: the use (recreation,
drinking water, fish and wildlife
propagation, industrial or
agricultural) to be made of the
water; criteria to protect those
uses; implementation plans (for
needed industrial-municipal waste
treatment improvements) and
enforcement plans, and an anti-
degradation statement to protect
existing high quality waters.
BOfloncnojibGOBaniin H
KaiocTBOiiHoro pery-jtHpoBomifl; COCTO-
HT H3 IGTHpex OCHOBHblX UOJIO/'eHnii :
BOAHHMH pecypcaMii nan
H cnopTa, AJIH nHTbeniiix ucjieii,
paaaoflCHHn pudu H AILKHX MIBOT-
HHX, flJIfl npOMbDll-ieHHOrO H CCJIbCKOXO-
3fliicTBCHHOrO JiaOHaMeilHHj ICpIITepMH
AJIH oCJocneveHHH BumeyKaaaHHUX acneit-
TOB noJibooBaiwn; BHeflpemie HOBoii
TexHHKH flJifl HeofixoAHMbix ycoBepiiieH-
CTBOBBHHH B CHCTeMS OMIICTKH KOMMy-
HaJIbllLIX H npOMUIUJieHHLIX CTOKOB, BKJIiO-
nan ocymecTBJiouHe cooTBeTCTBy.umHx
nocTaHOB^ieiinii; $opwyjinpoDKa IIOJIHTH
KH nenoHHXceHiifl KanecTBa soa c
cyuiecTByioiunMii BMCOHHMH
HUMM
WATER RIGHT(S)
The right (s), acquired under the
law, to use the water occurring in
surface or ground waters, for a
specified purpose and in a given
manner and usually within the limits
of a given period. While such
right(s) may include the use of a
body of water for navigation, fish-
ing, and hunting, and other recrea-
tional purposes, etc., the term is
usually applied to the right to
divert or store water for some bene-
ficial purpose or use, such as irri-
gation, generation of hydroelectric
power, domestic or municipal water
supply. In some states, a water
right by law becomes appurtenant to
the particular tract of land to
which the water is applied.
BOflHOE nPflBO
Dpaea, npHoGpcxeHHue B ci-iJiy
aaKOHa, Ha noJibsosaHHe BOflofl a
nOBCpXHOCTHblX H rpyHTOBUX BOAOTOK3X
H sofloeMax, oObiKHOBeHHO B npeflejiax
CPOKOB, fljiH cneun
-------
Part IV
ADMINISTRATIVE TERMS
101
-------
ADMINISTRATOR
AflMMHHCTPATOP
The head of an agency; first level
of command.
HaiajibHHK areHTCTDa;
HHCT3HUHH D 3DCHG
nepoan
AGENCY
An organizational unit of the
Federal government with responsibil-
ity for conducting a specific pro-
gram.
AFEHTCTBO
Oprann3aunoHHaH
HOTO npaBHTeJibcxsa,
33 ocyuiecxBJiGime KaKofl-jwbo cneuH
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION
The Appalachian Regional Commis-
sion is a joint Federal-State part-
nership concerned with the economic,
physical, and social development of
the 13 State Appalachian region. The
Commission consists of the Governors
(or their representatives) of the 13
Appalachian States, and a permanent
Federal Cochairman appointed by the
President with the advice and consent
of the Senate.
Each State is required to file an
Appalachian Development Plan every
year. The Commission staff in
Washington reviews and provides tech-
nical assistance in specific projects
submitted under those general plans
by State representatives.
AnnAJlAVICKAfl PEFHOHAJlbHAg KOMHCCHH
KOMHCCHH DHpaWaST COBM6CTHOO
cxpeM/iem-ic ^enepajibiitax opraiioB
H opraHOB TpHHanuaTH uixaxoa, oxsa-
TUDawiunx reorpa(i>HHecicyi3 xeppHxopH'j
Anna/lain , K aiconoMHwecKOMy, oOme-
CTseHHOMy H MaxepnajibHOMy pasBwxmo
H GjiarococTOHHHiu naHHofi reppnTopnH.
KOMHCCHH COCTOIIT H3 ry6epH3TOpOB
HJIH HX npe.ucxaBHTe.nefi scex Tptman-
uaxH 3anHTepecosaHHbix wxaxoB H no-
cxoHHHoro conpenceaarejiH,
weHHoro DpesHAQHTOM H
Horo CeHaTOM.
Kaxnufi H3 3anHTepecosaHHtJX
TOB OOH33H GKerOflHO npeflCT3BHTb
Ha paccMOTpeHHe KOMHCCHH CBOH nnan
AnnaJiaMCKOfl oCjiacxH . 3ace-
B BauiHHTTOHe KOMHCCHH nepe-
H ocsecne^HBaeT cneuH(])nuecKne npo-
eKTbi OTflgJibHtax npeflCTasHTejiefl H&-
OQXOAHMOH TeXHH^ieCKOH FIOMOIUblO.
ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR
The head of a major program area
within an agency; third level of
command. Example: Assistant Admin-
istrator for Water.
nOMOlUHHK AflMllHHCTPATOPA
Kaxofl-JiH6o KpynHOfl nporpa
MMbi B paMKax areHTCTBa; TPBTBH HH-
CT3HUHH B 3BeHe ynpasjieHHH. HanpH-
Mep: noMOutHHK AaMHHHCTpaTopa no
sonpocaw
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR
The Bureau is responsible for the
total management of 450 million acres
of national resource lands. In
addition to minerals management
responsibilities on the national
resource lands and the Outer
Continental Shelf, the Bureau is
also responsible for subsurface
resource management of an additional
310 million acres where mineral
rights have been reserved to the
Federal Government.
Resources managed and leased by
the Bureau include timber, minerals,
geothermal energy, wildlife habitat,
livestock forage, recreation and
cultural values, and open space.
BIOPO HO ynPABJIEHHIO 3EHEJlbHblMH
PECVPCAMH, MUHHCTEPCTDO BlIVTPEllHHX
flEJl
Eiopo OTBeiCTBeHHO sa ynpasjieHHe
450 MHJ1J1HOH3MH 3KPOB HaUHOHa^bHblX
seMeJib. Ciofla BxonHT oCHsaHHOCTH no
KOHTpojTio MHHepaJifaHbix pecypcos Ha
nauHOnaJibHbix seMJinx H B
BHeuiuero
H no Hajqsopy nan
pecypcaMH aoBauo'-iHfajx 310 MHJIJIHOHOB
aKpoB, me OeaepajibHoe npaBHTeJib-
CTBO coxpaHHer 3a coOoa see npasa
Ha floGbwy MHnepajioB.
Pecypcu, KoxopUMH ynpaBjinex
Eiopo HJIH KOTopue OHO cflaox B apeH-
Ry, BKJiKwaioT jiec, MHHCpajibi, reoxep
MWiecKyio SHeprmo, Mecra
flHKHX >KHBOTIIUX H nXHU.,
KOPM fljJH cxoxa, Mecxa oxjouxa H
102
-------
The Bureau also manages watersheds
to protect soil and enhance water
quality; develops recreational
opportunities on national resource
lands; and makes land available
through sale to individuals,
organizations, local governments,
and other Federal agencies when such
transfer is in the public interest.
xypnoro
11
Bijpo ocymccTBJisic-i nawsop
unccefiiiaMii c ue/ifaij oxpanu
no'JB H noubuucniiH DOAHUX KBHCCTU;
noompncT pasBHTiie IIODUX MCCT ;uin
na Hannoiiajibiibix aeM.nnx; n
3CMJ1IO MaCTIIbIM IIOKync.lTC.MHM,
opraHHsauiiHM HJTM MCCTHUM npaniiTOJib-
CTB3M, HJIH nepenaex cc npyniM -iefi Bijpo HBJTHCTCH
n nooupcnne pasBHTnn
MGCTHoro n oOiaepernona/ibnoro xo-
3«flcTBa nyxeM onTHMaJibiioro ncnojib-
sosanufi DOfliibix u 3eMCJibHbix pecyp-
COB ccMnajttuaxH cMeAiiu
1UT3TOB .
OcHOHiiue 4>yiiKumi Bijpo
HCCJieflODflHHC H paSBIITIIG UpOCKTOD
nnn pervniipoBamm, KoiiccpoHpoDamm
n ncnojib jonaHHH BOJIIIUX n 3CMe/ibiiux
pecypcofl H Hsy^ieiiHe uoanoro IIOTCII-
no Doaocoopy B UCJIOM; HCCJIC-
nporpaMMti nnn
103
-------
maximum use of water resources in-
cluding weather modification; design
and construction of authorized pro-
jects for which funds have been
appropriated by the Congress; oper-
ation and maintenance of projects and
facilities constructed by the Bureau,
and review of the operation and main-
tenance of Bureau-built projects "and
facilities which are operated and
maintained by water users; settlement
of public or acquired lands on Bureau
projects; administration of the Small
Reclamation Projects Act of 1956
and loans for construction or re-
habilitation of irrigation systems.
CHIEF
One who heads an area called a
branch within a specific program.
Example: Water Monitoring Data
Systems Branch, EPA. Fifth level of
command.
CORPS OF ENGINEERS,
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
The Corps of Engineers is respon-
sible for management of Ar-ay engi-
neering, construction, installations,
family housing, real estate, facili-
ties requirements and stationing, and
real property maintenance activities;
environmental preservation and im-
provement activities; applicable re-
search and development activities for
engineer missions to include environ-
mental sciences; Army topographic and
military geographic information ac-
tivities; and engineer aspects of
Army strategic and operational plans.
The Army's Civil Works Program,
a responsibility of the Corps of
Engineers, is the Nation's major
Federal water resources development
activity and involves engineering
works such as major dams, reservoirs,
levees, harbors, waterways, locks,
and many other types of structures.
These works provide flood protection
for cities and major river valleys,
reduce the cost of transportation,
supply water for municipal and in-
dustrial use, generate hydroelectric
power, provide recreational oppor-
tunities for vast numbers of people,
regulate the rivers for many purposes
including the improvement of water
quality and the enhancement of fish
and wildlife, and protect the shores
of the oceans and lakes. Planning
assistance is also provided to States
and other non-Federal entities for
management of water resources, in-
cluding pollution abatement works.
HcnojibaonaHHfi BOJIHUX pe-
cypcoB coBMecTiso c nporpaMwaMn
M6TCOpO.nOrHiICCKHX
paapaOoTica H coopywoime
ynpasoMOMeHHbix npocKron, fl.rm KOTO-
pux Konrpecc yxce OTnycrnji neo6xo-
flHMtae cpencTBa; 3KCii.nyaTau.nH oou-
CKTOB, coopyHteHHbix cnJiawH Eupo
H nan3Op nap. oG-beKxaMH,
no HHHUHa-IHBe BlOpO, HO
saceJieHHe oGmecxBemibix H
BJiafleJibMecKHX aeMeJib B npe«e.nax
npoexTon, peajiH3OBannux opranawH
Biopo; aflMHHncxpnpOBaHne ocymecTBJie-
HUH 3aKOHa o Ma/iux MeJiuopaxHBHLJX
npoeici-ax c 1956 roaa H npeflocTaBJie-
HHe aaflMOB na coopyxeHHe HOBUX H
Mejinopaunio cymecTByiomHx opocnxejib-
HHX CHCTCM.
HJ1H (|lHJIMaJl lOKOB-JIHGO
nporpaMMU. HanpHMep: nonoTfleji "CH-
c&opa naHHtJx" OTflejia KOHTPOJIH
BOfl, AreHTCTBO no 3amnxe
cpenbi. nnTas
B 3Bene
HH)KEHEPHblfl KOPHVC,
MHHHCTEPCTBO APMMH
B
nyca
VnpaBJieHHe KH*enepHhiMH cyxonyxHUMH
BOflCKaMH, BKJTOViaH CTPOHTeJlbHQ-MOHTa-
, H6flBH)KHMOe HMVUieCTBO,
peOHOCTH B oOopyflosaHHH,
HOC CHaO?:ceHne H TexHHviecKHe u pe-
MOHTHbie CJiy3K6bI.
Oxpana H yjiyiuieHHe ycjiOBHfi OKpywa-
Miaefi cpeflu. npHKjnanHfcae HccjieflosaHHr
H onbiTHue paGoTbi npHMein-iTeJibno K
HHJxeHepHbix BOMCK H
oO OKpyxaiamefi cpeae.
HmjjopwauHH apMeftcKiix
H soeHHO-reorpaOmiecKofl
. MnxeHepHbie acneKTfai apMefi-
CKHX cipaTern»iecKHx H onepaiHBHbix
Kopnyc OTseTCToeH aa
ApMeflcnyio nporpaMwy no crpOHTeJibHtiM
paGoxaM rpawnancxoro xapaxxepa. Cw-
jia B nepsyio o^epenb sxoflHx passHTHe
OeaepajibHux BOAKUX pecypcos HamiH.
STO Bxrao^aex HH»tenepno-CTponTejjbHbie
npoeKTtj THna Kpynntax nnoTHH, pcaep-
ByapoB, nasiC H BSJIOB, uini'JSOB, raea-
nefl, BOflHwx nyreft H paaJiHunwx npy-
THX coopyweHMft. Uejibia Bcex DXHX co-
opyatennfl nnjijiexcn: npeaoxpaiieHHe
ropoaoB H KpynHbix PGIHUX flOJinn OT
onacHOCxw nasoflKOB; CHHaenHC pacxo-
no xpancnopxy; cna(j*enne Bo^ofl
H npOMboiLneHHbix noTpeSme-
ojiei
-------
BOflbl H yCJlODHft RJlfL 5KH3I1H pblG , HTMU.
H flHKHX SBepcfl; oxpana oeperoa oaep
H OKC3HOB.
HH*enepnufl Kopnyc OKaauBaex
noMouib opranaM lura-roB H apyriiM ne-
eAepaJu>HUM opraHHsauKHM npw miaHH-
pOBanHH MeponpHfifwfl no oxpane H HC-
nOJli>3ODQHHH BOfl H UO 3ai4HT6 OT 33-
rpH3nennfl.
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
The Council consists of three
members appointed by the President
by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate. One of the members
is designated by the President as
Chairman. The Council is located
within the Executive Office of the
President.
The council develops and recom-
mends to the President national
policies which promote environmental
quality, performs a continuing ana-
lysis of changes or trends in the
national environment, and assists the
President in the preparation of the
annual environmental quality report
to the Congress.
COBET HO KA'iECTBy OKPyjKAlOIilEfl
CPEflU
COBBT COCTOHT H3 TpeX
Ha3HaMSHHbix npesHneHTOM H yxnep
CeHai'OM. OflHoro us
CoBexa.
COBBT pacnojioxeH B
HOft KaHueJinpnH npe3HflenTa. COBET
paspaCjaxuaaeT H peKowen«yeT Hpe-
3nneHTy MeponpHHTHH
noro MacuixaOa no yjiymueHHio
aa OKpywaiomert cpejibi;
.THajiHSHpyeT nepeMSHH H
B npoojieMaTHKe oxpaHU cpeau; noi«io
raex npesHflSHTy npw cocTasJieHHH
oTHBTa o KaiecTBe cpe«fai
npencTaojieHHH BTOPO
KoHrpeccy.
DEPARTMENT
An organizational unit of the
Federal government with responsibil-
ity for conducting a specific pro-
gram, and whose head is a member of
the Presidential Cabinet.
MHHHCTEPCTBO
OpraHHsauHOHHan e;anHHii.a
-------
DEPARTMENT Or HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE
The Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare (HEW) is
the Cabinet-level department of the
Federal executive branch -rost
concerned with people and most
involved with the Nation's human
concerns. In one way or another -
whether it is mailing out social
security checks, or improving the
quality of American education, or
making health services more widely
available - HEW touches the lives
of more Americans than any other
Federal agency. It is laterally
a department of people serving
people, from newborn infants to our
most elderly citizens.
nro-
11 couiiAJiMioi'O or.ECin:iii:iinn
MIIIIIICICPCTBO HBJlflOTCfl DGUOMCTBOM
Ha Kaoinio'i MOM ypOBHC a paMicax c.»c-
pajIbHOIl HClIOJIIIHTCJIbllOM BJIrtCTII .
rjiaanon aajiaich MmmcrcpcTna HBJIH-
CTCII oiioica Han iiacoJiemicM Hauim
H noiievicinic o cro iiyyuiax. B oOn-
3annocTH HiiimcTepcrBa DXOJIIIT pas-
fla'ia »IGKOB jiimaM, iiMe'juiiM npano
no comiajibiioc oOccnciienne; COBCPUJCH-
CTnonaiiiic KaiccTBa CIICTCMU npocBe-
meiiHn n AMCPHKC; H paciuiipeiniG npii-
BH/ierurt CJiyjKubi JHpaBoo-xpanemin .
MHHIICTCPCTUO, B GOJlblllCft MCPC 4CM
wpyroe <]>e;iopani>noc BC-
HMcer nenocpc/ici Beniioc OT-
iioiiieiiHe K iipoojievc OjiarococTOHunn
naceJicHiin. STO B IIOJIIIOM CMbicjie GJIO-
ua oCmeiiapoflHoe DCAOMCTBO, oOc;iyj<;i-
naiomee ucc nnccjiCH»e u UCJIOM, OT
HOBOpowioiihtJx jjeTefi juo rpaxjian ca-
MOTO iipCKJioinioro eoapacia.
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
The Department was created to
administer the principal programs
which provide assistance for housing
and for the development of the
Nation's communities; to assist the
President in achieving maximum coor-
dination of the various Federal
activities which have a ma^or effect
upon urban community, suburban, or
metropolitan development; to encour-
age the solution of problems of hous-
ing and urban development through
State, county, town, village, or
other local and private action, in-
cluding promotion of interstate,
regional, and metropolitan coopera-
tion; to encourage the maximum con-
tributions that may be made by vigor-
ous private homebuilding and mort-
gage lending industries to housing,
urban development, and the national
economy; and to provide for full and
appropriate consideration, at the
national level, of the needs and
interests of the Nation's communities
and of the people who live and work
in them.
HHIIHCTEPCTBO KIIJIUUIIOI'O H rOPOflCKO-
rO CTPOliTCJlbCTDA
MIIHHCTCPCTBO J
ynpaujieHHJi OCHOBHHMH nporpa-
MM3MH HOOlUPeHHH H paSDHTHH KOMMy-
HajlbHOTO H WHJlHIUHOrO CTpOHTCJlbCTBa
HauHH; flJiH coaencTBiiH Hpe3n,ncHi y
«OGHTbCH MaiGICTMBIIOfl
KOOPAHH3UH11 fleHTCJlbKOCTH
KOTOPUX 3aTparnoa.oT npoGneMaTHKy
PQ3BHTMK KpynHblX HaCSJlCHHblX UBHTpOB
H ropoflCKHx H npHroponHbix paflOHOB;
OKpyjKHblX. , TOpOflCKHX H CenbCKHX
nporpauM no xmimuHOMy H KOMi^iyna^b-
HOMy CTpOHTSJlbCTQy , BKJVJiaH MCCT-
HblC H ^laCTHOBJiauejIbHCCKIie npOSKTbl;
fljin coneflcTBHH pa3BnrHio Oo/iec Tec-
HOTO coTpyfliimiecTBa Mcwiiy opraHann
OTflEJlbllblX IJT3TOB, paflOHOB H KpynilMX
TOPOBCKHX U6HTPO3; Rl\a nOOUlpGHIIH
MQKCHMaJlI.HblX KanilTajlODJlOJKeilUfl II
3nepriiiiiibix lacrHux npoanpn-
M aajioroflcpjitflTCJicn iia
nocTpofii
-------
supervises the Federal ponal institu-
tions, and investigates and detects
violations against Fedora] laws.
It represents the Government in
legal matters generally, rendering
legal advice and opinion:., upon
request, to the President and to the
heads of the executive departments.
The Attorney General supervises and
directs the activities of the U. S.
Attorneys and Marshals in the various
judicial districts.
CTBO neflCT DCO HCKOJIIJC flejia n liep-
XODHOM cy,ne, KOTOPIJC Kacairrcsi CHIA;
ocymccTBflncT iirmaop HJTI ii>cjicpajiL.-
nofl ncniiTciimiapiiofi CIICTCMOU; n
paccJiejiycT n oOnapyxomaer iinpyineimsi
BclKOIlOU. MllHHCICpC'I BO
npauitreJibcrno ClilA BO
BCCX npanonux nonpoca.x; n, no cnc-
UHaJitiiOMy TpcGouaimio, jiacT lopimii-
HCCKHC COBCTS1 lIpCSIlHGHXy M Mil IIIICT P3M,
3 TQKJKC II FJiaUaM HCnOJlHHTOJlbHIJX
yypeJKJ-ieHHfl. Mmincxp IJCXHU.HH ocyiuo-
CXBJIJJCX na«3Op iiaa rocy«apcTncimbi-
MH npOKypopaMii n Ha^iajibHUKdMH no-
jiHueftcKiix ynacTKOB pasjiHvmux cyacG-
HblX OKpyrOB H pylCOBOflHT HX «CfITe/lb-
HOCXbhJ.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
The Department of Labor is charged
with administering and enforcing
statutes designed to advance the
public interest by promoting the
welfare of the wage earners of the
United States, improving their work-
ing conditions, and advancing their
opportunities for profitable employ-
ment.
MHHHCTEPCTBO TPVflA
B oGsrsanHOCTH MHHHCTcpcTna nxo-
.EIHT rjiacHWM oi>pa30M aflMimncrpnpo-
Banne npaoonopJiflKa H MeponpiiHTiin
no coOji.oflenmj aeficTBy.oiuiix aaKoiiOB,
KOTOpbie, B HHTSpOCaX OOllieCTDGIIHOCTH,
pnaJibHoro GjiarococTOHHHfi paoovniK
H cJiyKaiuHX B CU1A, BKJijOuan ynyMiuc-
ycJioBHfi Tpyjia H BO3MOJKiiocTe(l
aapaGoTKOB.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
The Department of State's primary
objective in the execution of our
foreign policy is to promote the
long-range security and well-being
of the United States. The Depart-
ment determines and analyzes the
facts relating to our overseas
interests, makes recommendations
on policy and future action, and
takes the necessary steps to carry
out established policy. In so doing,
the Department engages in continuous
consultations with other states;
negotiates treaties and agreements
with foreign nations; speaks for the
United Nations and in more than 50
major international organizations
in which the United States par-
ticipates; and represents the
United States at more than G50
international conferences annually.
FOCyjUAPCTBEHHblfl .UCnAPTAMEHT
B OTBeTCTBCHnocTH rocflenapTaMeH-
xa jiejKHT oOjiacTb BHeumefl nojiHTHKM,
uejib.-j KOTOpoft HBJineTCH nepcncKTHB-
Hoe oSecneieHHe ujiaronoJiyHHn M oe-
sonacnocTH CUIA. TocflenapiaMeHT ycxa-
H anajiH3npyeT aKTbi M co-
pecbi CU1A, peKOMeH^yer MeponpHHTHH
nojinrHMec]
-------
mineral and water resources; the
promotion of mine safety and
efficiency; the conservation,
development, and utilization of fish
and wildlife resources; the
coordination of Federal and State
recreation programs; the preservation
and administration of the Nation's
scenic and historic areas; the
operation of Job Corps Conservation
Centers and Youth Conservation
Corps Camps, and coordination of
other manpower and youth training
programs; the reclamation of arid
lands in the West through irrigation;
and the management of hydroelectric
power systems. The Department of
the Interior is also concerned with
the social and economic development
of the United States and in the
Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands; and administers programs
providing services to Indians and
Alaska native people.
Hhix pecypcon; noonipcime McponpHHTHfl
no yjiywueHiiio npoitsBOflHTe/ibiiocxn u
OeaonacnocTH ropiiux paOox; oxpana,
pa3Bnxne K HcnoJibsOBaime pecypcoD
AHKHX WHBOXHhIX, nTHUbl II pblObl;
xoopflHimpOBaHHc OeflepaJibnux u
uixaxHbix nporpaMM no OTfluxy, cnopxy
VL paaBJieMCHHHM; oxpana u naasop
wan MCTOpmiecicH SHaMCHaTeJibiiuMH n
CUCHHHeCKH JKHBOriHCHblMH paftOHaMH
ynpaBJiemie nporpaMwaMH no
u paGoxaM nna. MOJiOAextH
B paMKax npoeKTOD no oxpane npupo-
Bbi; KOOpflHHHpoaaHHe nporpaMM no
oOyyeHHio MOJionesitH H no HcnojibSOBa-
HHIO jcipyrHX BHflOB paOoHefl CHJIU;
ocaoeHHe apHBHbJx seMeJib B sa'nau-
HUX iiixaTax nyreM opocHTeJibiiux CH-
CTBM.
MHHHCTSPCTBO Taxxce BGflaex oCmc-
CTBCHHUM H SKOHOMH^eCKHM paSDHTHGM
noaoneviHbix TSPPHTOPHB CU1A,
ocxposa THXOTO OKoana, H
nporpaMMaMH fljia oOcjiy»HBaHHH
ues u xopsHHoro HacejieHHH AJIHCKH.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
The Department of Transportation
(DOT) was established to assure
the coordinated, effective admin-
istration of the transportation
programs of the Federal Government
and to develop national transporta-
tion policies and programs conducive
to the provision of fast, safe,
efficient, and convenient tran-
sportation at the lowest cost.
MHHHCTEPCTBO TPAHCHOPTA
MHHHCTepCTBO GbJJlO yipeXHSHO
KOOpflHHHpOBaHHH H 3$$eKTMBHOrO 3fl-
MHHHCTpHpOBaHHH BCEBOSMOKHUX npO~
6KTOB OTHOCHTBJlbHO CpeflCXB COOGllieHHH
OeflepajibHoro npaBmeJibCTBa. MHHM-
CTepCTBO paspaSaTbisaeT npoexxu
CHCTBM no cxpane B
c ue/ibio nojiyjMTB OhicTpyio,
H fleflCTBeimyio cHCTBMy
TpaHcnopia no caMOft nn3Kofl uene.
DEPUTy ADMINISTRATOR
Second in command of an agency,
who acts as the head in the absence
of the Administrator; second level
of command.
3AMECTHTEJlb AflMHHHCTPATOPA
BaMemaex
ero oxcyTCTBHH;
B 3B6H6
BO
sxopan
DIRECTOR
One who heads a specific program,
called a Division. Example: Water
Monitoring Division. The fourth
level of command.
flHPEKTOP
KaKoft-jinOo nporpa-
cocTaBJiRioiueft OTHCJI. HanpHMep:
KOHXpoJiH xaviecTBa BO/I.
HHCxaHUHH B 3Bsne
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMIKISTR^.TTON.
DEPARTMENT OF COmiERCE (EDAT
The primary function of EDA is
the long-range economic development
of areas with severe unemployment
and low family income problems.
It aids in the development of public
facilities and private enterprise to
help create new, permanent jobs.
ynPABJIEHHE 3KOHOMH1ECKHM PA3BHTHEM,
MllHHCTliPCTBO TOPFOBJIH
OcHOBHOfl
HBJineTCH nepcnexTHBiioe
njiaimposaiiHe a.nn PQHOHOB c
6e3pa(3oTMueft H HHSKHMH noxonaMH Ha
ceMbio. ynpaBJieinie coaeflcTByex paa-
BHXHK) OCJIUeCTBeHHbiX paOOT H IlOOmpHGT
yacTHOBJiaflejibliccKyK3 HHHUHaxHsy B
108
-------
The EDA program includes public
works grants and loans; business
loans for industrial and cornier ci a 1
facilities; guarantees for privr.tc
working capital loans; and technical,
planning, and research assistance
for areas designated as Redevelop-
ment Areas.
oliJiacTii coajviiiiin nonux noc-ioniuihix
wecr cjiywuhi jnjin iiaccjicimn.
HporpaMMa VnparuiciiHn mcjiu^acT:
ubuicjiciiiic ccya 11 Kpcninon njin ouiuc-
CTUCIIIIUX pauor; npenocTaiuieimc icpo-
fliiTOJj WIH coopywcmiH npoMi,iiL]jiciiiiL>ix n
•roproBux npcflnpiirmin; nopyMMTCJibc'ruo
33 ^lacTiibix Jiim, nojiyiia'uiuiit aacM; n
n/inmipouoMiiaH, ToxiniMCCKan n nccjie.no-
noMomb paDonaM, KOTOPUIC
"pa3Bnna
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
The Environmental Protection
Agency was created to permit
coordinated and effective govern-
mental action on behalf of the
environment. EPA endeavors to abate
and control pollution systematically,
by proper integration of a variety
of research, monitoring, standard
setting, and enforcement activities.
As a complement to its other
activities. EPA coordinates and
supports research and antipollution
activities by State and local
governments, private and public
groups, individuals, and educational
institutions. EPA also reinforces
efforts among other Federal agencies
with respect to the impact of their
operations on the environment, and
it is specifically charged with
making public its written comments
on environmental impact statements
and with publishing its determina-
tions when those hold that a proposal
is unsatisfactory from the standpoint
of public health or welfare or
environmental quality. In all, EPA
is designed to serve as the public's
advocate for a livable environment.
ArF.llTCl'BO HO 3A1HHTC OKPyKAIOUjCfl
Kamero
ArciiTCTBO Gtj.no co^iiaiio jvifi KOOP.UH-
IiaLLIlH fleflTCJlbHOCTH II j(]x|)eKTHQ'lOrO
rocy/iapcxneHHoro KOHTPOJIH nporpaiiw
no 3awnrc OKpyxaioiuefl cpcau. ATCHT-
CTDO CTpeMHTCn K CHIDKeilMIO VPODHJI
n ycTanoBJieHHio cHciOMaTiiyecKoro
aarpflsiiciiHft nyreM iioujie-
nccjie.n.OBa-
IIOPMH-
n npniiynnTenbiio-npai30Dofi
flCHTeJlbHOCTH. B MOllO^HeHlIC K CBOIIM
OCIIOBHbIM OOHSailHOCTHM ATeilTCTBO
KOopflnnnpyeT n noju^epKHnaeT nccne-
flOBaTGJiiCKHe paGoxbi no xonrpojiio
3arpn3Henn«, npono^HMue lUTai MUMH
n wecTHUMH opranaMH, ^acTiiuMM jiwua-
MII HJIH rpynnaMH, HJIH oGmecTBennbiMH
n npocseTiiTejibiihiMH yiipewiennn;in .
Al-CHTCTBO T3KJKC nOOUlpHCT
Oeflepajibiibix BC.IIOMCTB
na cpeny B Tex OLJISCTHX, Koropbie
noflJie>KaT HX IOPIIC^IHKUHH .
ArenTCTBO onyojinKOBbisaeT CBOH
HaOjuoneHHH, saMeMnmiH n peuieHHH
OTIIOCMTSJlbMO flOKJiaflOB O HOSHSfiCTBHH
Ha OKpyjuaiomyio cpefly, ocoCeHHO B
Tex cny-ianx, Korna KaKofi-jinGo npo-
CKT HBJIHCTCH HeyflOBJieTBOpHTeJIbllbIM
C TOVJKH 3PSHHH OXpaHbl Cpeflbl H OOlUG-
CTBeilHOrO 3flOpOBbH II OjiarOCOCTOHHHH
H HC OTBGViaeT KalieCTBCHHUM HOPM3M.
ArcHTCTna - 3TO
HaceneHHH, cosnaBan
iicro npneMncMbie BiieuiHiic
FARMERS HOME ADMINISTKATION,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The Farmers Home Administration
(FmllA) , an agency within the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, provides credit
for rural Americans who are unabJe
to get credit from other sources at
reasonable rates.
The Farmers Home Administration
makes loans with funds borrowed from
the U. S. Treasury. Loans are made
to owners or operators of farms and
ranches, including farming partner-
ships and domestic corporations to
assist them in developing, conserving
VnPABJIEHllE KPCflHTOBAIIHCM OCPfiEPOB,
HHIIliCTEPCTBO CEJIbCKOrO X03flllCTBA
HBJIFICTC«
8 paMiox MiiHHcrcpcToa cejibci
-------
and making proper use of their land
and other resources.
KopnopauHH, c
cofleflcxDonaTb JIM u POSBHTHH, oxpa-
we M iicnpasHOfl sKcrwyaTauHH HX 3e-
H Apyrnx pecypcoD.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
The organization and operational
entity directed to carry out the
laws of the United States.
OEflEPAJIbHOE nPABllTEJIbCTDO
OpraiwaauHH H aefiCTByicmuft opra-
HH3M, B OTBCTCTBeHHOCTH KOTOPOTO
Jie»HT OGHSaTCJlbCTBO JlpHBOflHXb B
HCnOJlHCHlie 33KOHU COCflHH6HHbIX
IIIT3TOO .
FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION
The Federal Maritime Commission,
under the Executive Office of the
President, was established for the
purpose of protecting the interests
of the public by regulation of water-
borne shipping in the foreign and
domestic offshore commerce of the
United States.
The Commission approves or dis-
approves agreements field by common
carriers, accepts or rejects tariff
for domestic offshore and common
carriers, issues cr denies the issu-
ance of licenses to persons, partner-
ships, corporations, or associations
desiring to engage in ocean freight
activities. Also, the Commission
administers the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
with respect to evidence of financial
responsibilities by owners and oper-
ators of vessels which may be subject
to liability for the cost of removal
of hazardous substances from
navigable waters.
MOPCKAfl KOMHCCHfl
KOMHCCHH HaXOflHTCfl HOfl
B HHTepecax iunpoicofi
KoMHccna peryjwpy-
6T MOpCKOe CyflOXOflCXBO OTeieCXBfiH-
HtJX H HHOCTpaHHblX KOMMepHBCKHX
npeflnpHHXHfl B npHGpewHux aonax
CoeflHHCHHblX UlTaTOB.
KOMHCCHH ncnonHHex
(tyHKUHH: onO6pneT HJIM
AoroBOpu, saKJiionaeMue c OOU;HMH ne-
peBoaviHKaMH rpysos; oflO5pneT HJIH
OTKJionaeT Tapni})Hbie CTSBKH RJIR oxe-
HJIM OOIUHX nepeBO3MHKOB f
BUflayefi jiHuei-iaHft Ha rpy-
3Onep6BO3KH OTflejlbUblM JIHUSM, TOBa-
pmnecTBaM, KopnopauHHM, oOiuecTsaM,
HTfl.
KOMHCCHH TaKxce ocyiaecTBJiaeT
Han cofiJiioaaeMocTbw ycJioBHft,
B FlonpasKax 1972 rona
K (PenepajibHOMy aKTy KOHTPOJIH sarps-
3H6HHH BOflbl, COFJiaCHO KOTOpfalM COQ-
CTBeHHHKH H apeHflaxopu cyflOB necyx
oxsexcxBeHHOCxb 3a pacxoBbi, cBasaH-
c yjctajieHdeM onacHbix aemecxs H3
BOA.
FOOD WF
ADyjNISTRJ>.TION
DEPARTHliNl- OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE
The Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) activities are directed toward
protecting the health of the Nation
against impure and unsafe foods,
drugs and cosmetics, and other poten-
tial hazards.
The Administration is composed of
the following bureaus: Biologies,
Drugs, Foods, Radiological Health,
Veterinary Medicine, Kedical Devices
and Diagnostic Products, and a Na-
tional Center for Toxicological
Research.
Field operations necessary for the
enforcement of the laws under the
jurisdiction of FDA are carried out
by laboratories and administrative
viiPABJiEHHE no KOHTPOJIO 3A KA^ECTBOM
nHlUEBblX nPOflVKTOB, MEflHKAMEHTOB H
KOCMETHVtECKHX CPEflCTB.
MHHHCTEPCTBO 3flPABOOXPAHEllH3, HPO-
CBE1UEHHH H OElUECTBEHHOrO BJTArOCOCTO-
flHHg
B oGnsaHHOCxH ynpaBJiCHim BXOBHX
oxpana sflopostn Haumi H ocymecxsjie-
HHC Hansopa Haji ne»incxuMM HJIII spo-
flHUMH nmuesbiMH nponyiKaiiHe npasono-
110
-------
offices located in 1? principal
cities in the United States and
Puerto Rico.
u pnMicax lopitcfliiKHHH Vnpaujic-
nim. HUH uc/icfl KoiiTponfl nan crpaiia
pa jOiiTa ua 10 no/iOT'icTiiux pnfioiiou;
pauoTu no KOHI poji.u nejiyrcn u jiauo-
paTOpunx it KOiixopax ynpaBJieimn,
pacnonoMcmibix u 19 r/iaoiihix ropoaax
CU1A H u fly. PTO-PIIKO.
FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTUnU
The Forest Service has the
responsibility for national leader-
ship in forestry. To do this it has
adopted the following objectives and
policies:
Promotion and achievement of a
pattern ol natural resource uses that
will best meet the needs of people
now and in the future;
Protection and improvement of the
quality of air, water, soil, natural
beauty, and open source environment
in urban and community areas;
Generation of forestry opportuni-
ties to accelerate rural community
growth;
Encouragement of the growth and
development of forestry-based enter-
prises that readily respond to con-
sumers' changing needs;
Expansion of public understanding
of environmental conservation.
JlCCHAfl CJiyKEA,
MHHHCTUPCTUO CUJIbCKOFO X03HUCTBA
Jlecnan cjiyxGa nnjinc-Tcn
iiauiiotiaJibHUM arcnTCTBOM no Jie-
coBOflcrny. B ce OTBCTCiBeimocrii
ucjiu H 3ajiannn:
raitoro ypouiin pacnpc-
jicncmisi ccTecinomiu.x pocypcou, KOTO-
pufl Obi onTHMaJibiio yflOB/iei oopflJi nyw-
flu naceJienHH TcnepL. u onpcub.
Oxpaiia 11 yjiyMuieimc iniHeprcTH-
MeCKOfl xapaKTCpllCTHKe; IIpHDOaiIT D
ncnojincnne npasujia u pacnopnjKeiiiin
OTHocHicJibiio apcnaosaHnn y-iacTKOB
c MecTopowoiemifiMJi rasa u neTii u
seaacT Bbwa*icfi pajpcueHiifi, jiiiuciiaiift
ii KoiiTpaKTOD ua paapaOoxKy MCCIO-
powflcuHfi nc(i)Tii ii rasa 11 Ha xpanoimc
rasa; u nyjjiHKyeT H pacnpocrpan>ieT
HMCiOUUie OinOUJCHIlC ]<
i
-------
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
ADHINISTRATlOtl (NASA)
In carrying out the policy of
Congress that activities in space
should be devoted to peaceful
purposes for the benefit of all
mankind, the principal statutory
functions of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) are
to conduct research for the solution
of problems of flight within and
outside the earth's atmosphere, and
develop, construct, test, and operate
aeronautical and space vehicles;
conduct activities required for
the exploration of space with manned
and unmanned vehicles; arrange for
the most effective utilization of
the scientific and engineering
resources of the United States with
other nations engaged in aeronautical
and space activities for peaceful
purposes; and to provide for the
widest practicable and appropriate
dissemination of information concern-
ing NASA's activities and their
results.
HAUnoiiAJibiiOE vnpAUJiEiinc no AJPOIIAR-
TIIKli » IICCJlEflOBAIIIIIO KOCMimCCKOrO
nPOCTI'AHCTBA (HACA)
OcyiaecxBJinn nojiHTiiKy Konrpocca,
no Miieiuiio Koroporo KOCMHMCCKIIC ncc-
MOJIXHU npccJieaoBaxb Miip-
U.CJIH nd CJjiaro ucoro MeJiOB
Da, ociiODiitJMH (l>yn]epbi.
B OmeXCXBemiOCXH HACA JICJKHT
paSBMXHC, COOpyjKCHHE, HCnblTailMC II
aBnaunomibix H KOCMH-
jicxaxojibHbix annapaTOD; HCC-
Kocwn»jecKoro npocxpancxua
noMouiH nHJTOTiipyeMbix n GecnnjioT-
HUX KopaGjiefi; oOccnr"Jennc onxiiMaJib-
no 3([x|)eKTHBHoro KcnoJibSOBamiH nay'i-
H TexnniieciKHOHHfi H npOMbimjienHOCTH; TexHHMec
tasofl ann co3JianHH ycjiosiifl ne-
B Toprosbix OTHOUICHHRX;
CO3fl3HHC yCJlOBHfl flJIH O^
OesonacHOCTii; aaiiHbiMH o TexmmecKiix
H3blCKaHHHX.
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION (NOAA), DEPARTMENT
OF COMMERCE
The mission of NOAA is to explore,
map, and chart the global ocean and
its living resources; to manage,
use, and conserve those resources;
and to describe, monitor, and
predict conditions in the atmosphere,
ocean, sun, and space environment;
issue warnings against impending
destructive natural events; develop
beneficial methods of environmental
modification; and assess the
consequences of inadvertent environ-
mental modification over several
scales of time.
HAUHOHAJlhHOE ynPABnCHHE OKEAHAMII
H ATHOCdiUPOn, MHIIIICTCI'CTBO TOlTOUJllI
3an.ayefi ynpaunemiH
HCCJicaoHaniic Miipouoro OKeana n ero
uHopecypcou n cocTanjienne COOTDCT-
CTBymuiiix i,
oxpaua H ncnojib3OBannc oxnx pecyp-
COB nnn onncamifi, Habjnnueiinft n npe;i-
CKa3annn ycjioBHft B axMoc^epe, oxea-
naxf na cojiuuc n B KOCMUHCCKOM npo-
CTpanci-Be, c ucjibjo npcflocxepexeiuiH
OT BO3MO*HL,IX CTHXIirillblX OCTlCTBHfl ,
pa3BHTIIH MeXOflHKH MOflHKaioiuen cpc«u H OUCHKH nocJiencxBim
HCBOJlbllOO MOfllKlUIKaUHH CpCflbl H3 33~
BPCMOHH.
112
-------
NATIONAL, PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR
The National Park Service
administers for the American people
an extensive system of national
parks, monuments, historic sites,
and recreation areas. It relates the
natural values and historical
significance of these areas to the
public through talks, tours, films,
exhibits, publications, and other
interpretive media. It operates
campgrounds and other visitor
facilities and provides - usually
through concessions - lodging,
food, and transportation services
in many areas.
CJIVTOA OXPAIIbl IIAUIIOHAJlbllNX HAI'KUB
ii 3Aiiom:,uiiiiKori, MIIHIICTKPCTBO
JIL:JI
miTCpecax aMepiiKaiicKoro iiapona
a ynpanjincT ouuiipiioii cncrcMon
nayjKon, IICIOPIIMCCKII
Mccr n iiannTiiiiKOB n MOCT
0 3Haviciiiiii n nemiocrii, npii-
cyiuiix ?>THM MecTar-i, Cjiy>Kua OCIJCAOMJIH-
ex umpoxyia ouuecTBeimoci b nocpc;icT-
BOM JlCKUHfl, JKCKVPCIIfl, clKCnOSllIUIfi ,
nyL>.nnKau.iifi n apyrux cpejicTB peKjia-
Mbi. CjiywOa ynpaBJUicT MccraMn CTO-
HHOK ii KJMnmira AJUI noceTHTenefi,
ITO oGbniHO ocynecTBJiHeTCH nyier-i
KOimecciioiiHbix aorosopoB c 4acr>u-
K3MII; nOCeTMTGJlHM UpCAOCTaBJWCTCH
no'jenKH, noKynKH nnimi;
aaConiTcn n oO oprai-nijaiuni
cooTBercTByiomero TpaHcnopmoro coo-
NUCLEAR REGULATORY AGENCY,
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF TI1K PRESIDENT
This Agency is responsible for
discharging the statutory functions
of assuring that the civilian uses
of nuclear materials and facilities
are accomplished without endangering
public health and safety, environ-
mental quality, or national security,
and are consistent with the antitrust
laws. This involves a system of
licensing and regulation which in-
cludes: evaluation of applications
for the construction and operation
of nuclear reactors and other nuclear
facilities; possession, use, and
disposal of nuclear materials; devel-
opment and implementation of stand-
ards, criteria, rules and regulations
governing licensed nuclear activi-
ties; inspection and enforcement
programs to determine that licensees
are complying with rules and regula-
tions and the conditions of their
licenses; and the development of
effective working relationships with
the States as well as foreign govern-
ments regarding the regulation of
nuclear energy.
HcnoinmTEJibHAfl
PACIlOPaqilTC-nbHOE APEIITC TBO ,
nPi;jn;tEn-
TA
AreHTCTBO OTBCTCTBeilHO 3O
BJienne ycTaHODJieiiHux no
(pyHKUHH KOHTPOJIH Hafl
HCIlOJlbSOBaHHCM HflGpH
n sKcnjiyarauHcfi Hflepnux ycranoBOK.
ATCHTCTBO oOnaaHO cjiewrb aa TGM,
MTOObI HCnOJlb3OB3HHC HflepHblX M3TG-
PH3J1OB OCylHeCTBJlHJIOCb B COOTUCTCT-
BHH C 3HTHTPQCTOBCKHM 3aieiie u HX
pa3peiucnnnx; n pasuHTiie o<|)OKiiiB-
HblX JHCJ1OBIJX OTHOUJCmlll CO UlTaTIIblMH
opranaMH, a xaxxe c npaBHTCJibcrua-
MH apyrux cxpaii, B oGjiacrn Koiupo-
JIH Hflepnon 3Heprnn.
n
ncno-
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER,
NATJOHAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS
SERVICE, GENERAL SERVICES
ADMINISTRATION
All current Presidential
proclamations and Executive orders
and regulations of Government
agencies having general applicability
B10PO (DEflLPAJlbHOrO PEJKllCTEPA,
HAUllOHAJlbUblfl APX1ID II CJ1VMKA
APXHDllblX MATE[J11AJIOB, AJUMUHllCTPAmiH
Bee Tei
-------
and legal effect are published in the
Federal Register which appears five
times a week.
An administrative Committee of the
Federal Register was created to
prescribe regulations concerning
Federal documents required to be
published in the Federal Register,
the manner and form in which the
Register shall be compiled, printed,
and distributed.
HJIII
ciuiy, nyuJiHKyioTcn n eflepa/ibHbix noKVMeHTOB B
SKJiiouan TexHHKy H
cocTaBJiennn, neiaTaHHH H pacnpouo-
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
This activity is under the Exec-
utive Office of the President. Its
main functions include the following:
To aid the President to bring
about more efficient and economical
conduct of Government services;
To assist in developing efficient
coordinating mechanisms to implement
Government activities and to expand
interagency cooperation;
To assist the President in the
preparation of the budget and the
formulation of the fiscal program
of the Government;
To supervise and control the
administration of the budget.
E10PO EIQflKETA H PACXOflOB HO VnPRBJlE-
HMK)
Eupo
noMoraex DpesHflenTy flocxmib OoJiee
3$OeKTHBHOrO H 3KOHOMMOFO ypODHH
y^pew-
C6aefiCTByeT
SQQeKTHBHOft
CTH rocyflapcTsenHux y«pexflennft H
IlOMoraeT npeawfleHTy B npnroTOBJieHHH
H B OopMyjiHposaHHH npaBH-
$ncKajibHoH nporpaMMhj.
3aDeflyeT aflMHHHCTpauweH w.oflixeTa H
KOHTpoJiHpyeT ero
BiOpO HaXOflHTCH nOfl
xa.
PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE,
U.S. Senate
A standing committee of the U. S.
Senate which is responsible for pro-
posing legislation on environmental
pollution, environmental science and
technology, materials policy, economic
development, water resources, transpor-
tation, and disaster relief.
KOMHTET OEmECTBEHHblX PAEOT,
CEHAT CU1A
KOMHT6T npH
sa npeflcxaBJiGHHe Ce-
MeponpnnTHfl
no cJienyiomHM Bonpocaw: npeflOTBpane-
HHG 3arpH3H6HHfi OKpyxcaioutefl cpenu,
HayMHue H TexHHHecKHe acneKTbi saiiwi-
TU cpeflu, npoSneMaTHKa HcnoJibsosa-
HHH Chjpbfl, 3KOlIOMHMeCKOe pa3BHTH6,
BOflHbie pecypcha, TpawcnopT H
jiennc nocoGHft a CJiynae
OeflCTBHS.
SECRETARY
Head of a Department in the
Federal government.
MHH1ICTP
MHHHCTepCTaa B *e«epaJibi[OM
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The Soil Conservation Service
(SCS) has responsibility for
developing and carrying out a
national soil and water conser-
vation program in cooperation with
landowners and operators and other
OXPAHU novs, MMHHCTEPCTBO
CEJlbCKOfO XOBaflCTBA
CjiyxOa oxpaHta nova neceT OTBCT-
CTB6HHOCTb 33 COBepUleHCTBOB3HHe H
npOBenamie B xusub nporpaMM no
oxpane noMB H BOA, B
c 3eMJieBJianenbuaMH,
JIHMM, MecTHbiMH nJiaHHpyiaiqiiMH areHT-
114
-------
developers, community planning
agencies, regional resource groups,
and other agencies of government -
Federal, State, and local. The SCS
also assists in agricultural
pollution control, environmental
improvement, and rural community
development.
CTB3MH, pemonajtbHbiMH rpynnawH
JJJTH KOHTpojiK pecypcoB, a raK»c
CTaBHTCJlJlMH MOCTHblX, IllTaXHblX H
(jjcflcpajibHbix opraiiOD H areiiTCTH.
CnywCa oxpanbi noyn npnmiMaer
B opranH3annn xonTponn
cosflasaeMoro cejitcKH
H B paGoTax Hafl ynyiiuiciincM ixGa oGecneuH-
saeT coQjiiofleHHe ^enepaJibHbix SBKOHOB
B OTKPUTOM MOPS H B CyflOXOflHUX
BOflax CJIH3 GeperoB CUIA H HX xeppn-
TOpHajibHux BJiaaeHHfl. CjiyxGa c/ieflHT
aa coGjiioaeHneM HaBnraunoHnux sano-
HOB H npOHSBOflHT HHCnGKUHM CVflOD.
UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS
The courts of appeals are inter-
mediate appellate courts to relieve
the Supreme Court of considering all
appeals in cases originally decided
by the Federal trial courts. They
are empowered to review all final
decisions and certain interlocutory
decisions of district courts, except
in those very few situations where
the law provides for a direct review
by the Supreme Court. They also are
empowered to review and enforce or-
ders of many Federal administrative
bodies.
AnEJlJlflUHOHHblE
CUIA
cyflti HBJIHIOTCH cy-
npoMewyioiHOft HHCTaHunn. Hx
3anawa - STO ooJiernMTb paOoxy Bcp-
xoBHoro cyaa B paccMoxpemiH anennn-
UHft no aejiaM, no KoxopbiM y*e BUHC-
CJIH CBOC pemeime ^encpajibHue cyaw
nepBoit HucTaimnii . Anejuinmtoimbie
ynojiHOMO'ienbi nepccMaipiiBaxb
M weKOTOpwe npoMewy-
xoiiiue peuicHHH paflonHbix cy«OE, sa
HCK/iioMCHHeM cjiy^aeB, npe«ycMOTpen-
HUX saxoHOM, Korfla peuienue cyfla
HH3Uien HHCXaHUHH MOWHO O6)KajIOBaTb
npHMO B BepxoBHOM cyfle.
115
-------
HUC cyflta TaKwe ynojinoMoienbJ paccMa-
TpHDaib H oCecneyHuaTb
pacnopnxennfl uejioro pnna
opranoD.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS
The district courts are the trial
courts with general Federal ;]urisdic-
tion. Each State has at least one
district court, while some of the
larger States have as many as four.
There is also a United States dis-
trict court in the District of
Columbia. Altogether there are 89
district courts in the 50 States,
plus the one in the District of
Columbia. In addition, the Common-
wealth of Puerto Rico has a United
States district court with juris-
diction corresponding to that of
district courts in the various
States.
PAflOllllblE CVflbl CU1A
Paftomibie cyflfai - JTO cyflu nepnofl
KHCT3HHHH C OOlUGft eAepajIbHOfi IOPHC-
flMKUHGH. B KQWflOM LUTSTe HMCETCn
XOTH 6bi oflHH paflOHHUft cyfl; B Kpyn-
HblX UITQTaX HX WHCJ1O «OXO«HT flO 4 .
B OeflepaniiHOM OKpyre KojiyMOHH xaic«c
cymecTByeT pafiOHHbift cy«. no sceft
CTpane D ue/iOM, T.e. B 50
M B
-------
PART V
ECONOMIC TERMS
117
-------
AMORTIZATION FACTOR OR CAPITAL
RECOVERY FACTOR
The ratio of the equivalent
annual value to the initial capital
cost.
Amortization factor = i(l + i)"
iDAKTOP AMOPTH3AU1IH I1JIH QAKTOP
KAnil'fAJlA
OTHOU1CHH6 -JKElIDaJlCHTHOn rOflODOfl
CTOIIMOCTII K nepBona4aflbnofl CTOHMO-
CTH KariHTaJibHbix aarpaT.
1>aKTOp BMOpTHJaUHH =
Where i = the annual interest rate
n = amortization period in
years
i= roflOBOfl paaMep npoueHTa
n=iHCJio JieT nopHOfla
AMORTIZATION PERIOD
That anount of time which
provides for the gradual extinguish-
ment of an obligation.
HEPHOfl AHOPTK3AUHH
KOJIHUECTBO BpeweHH, sa KOTOPOG
nocTenenHoe norauieniie
ANNUAL COSTS FOR OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
Costs which are adequate to ensure
effective and dependable operation
during the planning period for the
system, which includes routine re-
placement of equipment and equipment
parts. Operation refers specifically
to labor, energy and materials used
in the production process and main-
tenance refers specifically to re-
pairs of equipment.
rOflOBHE PACXOflbJ HA
H VXOfl 3A OBOPyjjOBAHMEM
Pacxonbi, CBH3aHHue c oeecneue
HHBM fleftCTBEHHOCTH H HaflEWHOCTM
3KcrrnyaTaunn cHCTewu B
nnanHpoBCMHoro nepwona,
o6uHHLae saMeHu oGopynosaHHH H
yacTeR. 'JKcnjiyaTauHOHHue pacxoaa
xacaiOTCH paeo'iefl CHJTU, aneprHH H
MaTepHajios; yxoa sa
xacaeTca PGMOHTHUX pa6oT.
AVERAGE (UNIT) COST
This is the cost per unit
produced. It equals the total cost
divided by the number of units of
output produced.
CPEflHfla CTOHHOCTb
CTOHMOCTb eflHHHUU BblnyCKaeMOB
PaBHHeTcn o6mefl CTOH-
na HHC^O
GJ1HHHU.
MOCTH
AVERAGE COST PRICING
A price charged to consumers that
is based on the average cost of
supplying the total quantity being
consumed by all users.
OUEHKA CPEflHEH CTOHHOCTH
Uena, TpeSyeMafi OT noTpe6nre-
jieft. ara uena ocHOBusaeTCB na
CpeAHEfi CTOHMOCTH OSlUGrO KOJ1H1G-
CTBa
Tosapa.
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS
An economic efficiency analysis
of the relationship between present
value of benefits and present value
of costs.
AHAJ1H3 PACXOflOB H BLirQfl
AH3J1H3 BKOHOMH^eCKOfl 3$eKTHB-
HOCTH OTHOUieHHH MGJXHy CTOHMOCTtiO
nojiyneHHKix eurofl H
pacxonoB .
118
-------
BLOCK RATES
A per unit charge for a good or
service that varies with the total
amount of the good or service
consumed. Increasing block rates
charge the consumer more per unit
as consumption increases beyond
a certain point, while decreasing
block rates charge less per unit
as consumption increases.
CTADKH
na efliiHHuy xooapa IIJIH 06-
cJiy>KHBannn, icoTOpuo noaBepxeiibi
KOJie6annnM o 3aDHCnMOCTii OT KOJHI-
MecTBa noTpee/ineMbix eaimim. Boapa-
CTaiOLUHe CT3BKH, - JTO KOTOa nOXpQ-
6UTOJ1HM, KOTOpwe yueJiuHUBaioT KOJIH-
MCCTBO nOrpee/JHeMblX eflllMHIJ, BbllllC
onpeflejiemiofi HOPMIJ,
ueiia na eammuy TOBapa;
K)lUHeCft CT3DKH, - 3TO
iiHH xojivmecTBa noxpee/incMbix
noxpe6HxejiHM
ercn
CAPITAL (goods)
Goods produced by the economic
system itself to be used as inputs
for the production of other goods
and services over a relatively long
period of time.
CPEflCTBA nPOH3BOflCTBA
CpeacTBa, npOHSsoflHMae 3KOHO-
MimecKoft cHCTeMOfi H
B Ka^iecTae HCXO«HUX
nponsBOflCTBa flpyrHx Tosapos HJIH
BHflOB 06CJiy>KHBaHHJI B TS'ieHHB OTHO-
BpeMSHH.
CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS
All costs of construction includ-
ing overhead and profit; costs of
land, relocation, and right-of-way
and easement acquisition; design
engineering, field exploration, and
engineering services during con-
struction; administrative and legal
services including costs of bond
sales; startup costs such as operator
training; and interest during con-
struction. Though normal operation
costs are excluded, contingency
allowances consistent with the level
of complexity and detail of the cost
estimates are included.
KAHHTAJlbHUE 3ATPATLJ HA CTPOHTEJlbCTBO
CTOHMOCTB crpoHTeJihCTBa, BKJIIO-
vaa naKJiaflHue pacxoflu H npn6ujiH;
CTOHMOCTB 3eRnn H nepeesflOB H npa-
Ba npoesca H cepsmyTa; pacxoau
Ha HiixeHepHbie paBoTu no npoeKTHpo-
TpaccHpouaHHio H caMOMy crpo-
pacxoau na aflMHHHCTpaumo,
npasoByo KoncynbTauHij H npoaa*y
o6nHrau.nfl; pacxofltj us. paHHeft cxa-
flHH cTpOHTejibCTBa, Hanp. na
HHe Macxepos; H npoueHru aa
CTpOfiKH. XOTH K3 CMBTbl
CH HopMajibnue 3KcnjiyaxauMOHHbie
pacxoflu, pacxonu na nenpe«BHnennb!e
cjiy^iaH see xe yuHTUBaiOTcn, cooOpaa-
HO OTflejitHUM GTaTbHM oueHKH saxpaT
H I1X CJICDKHOCTM.
CASH FLOW
Transfer of funds during business
transactions either as income or as
payment for labor, materials or
equipment purchases.
fUIATEKH HAJIimHblHH
aeHe/KHbix (poiwos B pe-
3ynbxaxe aejiosbix corjiaweHHfi. Cy-
mecxayex Jin6o B (jjopMe Aoxoflos,
Jin0o B
-------
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
AHAJ1H3 CTOHMOCTH M PEHTABEJlbllOCTll
An analysis performed to
determine which system will result
in the minimum total resources
costs to meet a specified level of
output.
Ana/ins,
CHCTeMa flaCT BO3MO>KHOCTb
aaflaHHoro ypounn npOH3BO.ii-
CTlia npH MHHHMajlbHOft O6lUeft CTOIIMO-
CTH pecypcoB.
CREDIT
The right to use of funds—usually
in exchange for a promise to pay in
the future.
KPEflHT
ripaao Ha nojib3osaHne
O6hl«iHO B O6M6H Ha O6fl3aTejIbCTBO
yn/iai-HTb Bsnryio BsaftMbi cyMMy B
DAMAGE FUNCTION (or Damage Cost
Function)
The functional relationship
between the amount of a waste
discharged and the damages caused.
BPEflA (QynKUHH CTOHMOCTH
HaneceHnoro yiuopea)
\iexfly KOJinOHfla B TeMeHHe onpeae-
jieHHoro cpoKa.
DISCOUNT RATE
The interest rate used in calcu-
lating the present value of expected
yearly costs and benefits.
yjETHblfl nPQUEHT
FlpoueiiT, yMHTbiBaeMbifl npH oucm
-------
ECONOMIC INCENTIVE
CTHMVJ1
Any governmental monetary sub-
sidies or taxes which induce pri-
vate citizens, firms or business to
comply with some desired action.
Jlio6an rocynapcTBemiaH AC new nan
HJIH, iiaoQopOT, Jiiouoe Ha-
Koxopue aacTaojiRioT
HJIH noowpHioT HacTHoe JIHUO, cl>npMy
HJIH npeflnpHHTHe no«MHHMTbcn onpoae-
JicmiOMy MeponpHHTHio.
ECONOMIC SCARCITY
A condition reflecting the fact
that there exists only a finite
amount of human and non-human
resources, which the best technical
knowledge is capable of using to
produce only a limited maximum
amount of each and every good.
jJKOHOMHMECKAH HEflOCTATOHHOCTb
HojioxeHiie, Korna
J1IOACKHX HJIH npnpOMHblX pCCypCOB,
HMeiowHXCH B HQiiieM pacnopnweHMH ,
orpanHHUHTHblX npOH3BOflCTBeHHb!X
pecypcoB c uejibw Bunycxa
TODapOB B onpeneJieHHbie CPOKM H
HX pacnpeHejieHHH cpe«n HaccjieH
H pasJiHviHux oGmecTBeHHUX rpynn
H B 6y«ymeM.
ECONOMY OF SCALE
A reduction in the unit cost of
production brought about by
increasing the size of a plant.
Usually said to result from labor
specialization and technological
advantages associated with a larger
plant.
9KOHOMHH HPH
MACU1TAEA
CTOHMOCTH eflHHHuw npo-
B peayjibTaTe ysejiHMeHHH
pasMepos npeflnpHHTHH. Kaic npasH/io,
3KOHOMHH flocTiiraeTCH nyTeM cneuw-
ajiHsauHH rpyna M TexnojiorniecKHx
ycoBepmeHCTBOBaiiHfi, BbixeKaioiqHX us
npeHMynjecTB GOJiee KpynHoro
EFFLUENT CHARGE
A charge imposed on a waste
discharger by a public authority
which serves either as an inducement
to the discharger to reduce discharge
or as compensation to society for
the externality being imposed upon
it by the discharger.
HAJlOr HA CEPOC OTXOflOB
HaJior, HaKjianbiBaeMbiFi opranaMH
BJiacTH na BOflonojibsoBaTe/iH 3a c6poc
CTOKOB H OTXOflOB. HajIOT J1H6O CJiy-
WHT CTHMyjioM, KOTOptifl noByjKjjaeT
MeHtuiHTb KOJIH-
C6POCOB, JIHSO WBJIHOTCH KOM-
neiicauHefi oOiuecTBeHHOCTii sa ynop6
HJIH HCyflOBCTDa, npHMHHHCMfaie BOJ4O-
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
A concept devised to indicate
the responsiveness of quantity of a
THEKOCTb CnPOCA
o6o3na
-------
good or service demanded to changes
in the market price.
Elasticity (Coefficient) =
% A quantity demanded
% A price
no/ib3yiomnxcH
cnpocoM, na ncpeMCHbi s PLJIIOUHUX
% A TpoBycMoe
% A
EQUILIBRIUM PRICE
The price at which the amount
willingly supplied and the amount
willingly demanded are equal.
Applies to a competitive market,
and can be represented as the
intersection of the supply and
demand curves.
PABHOBCCHAH UEHA
Uena, ripn KOiopofi
npeunaraewoe KOJIHICCTDO Tonapa
pasHneTCH KOJiimecTBy, Ha iHofl JKOHOMH
KOH.
FIXED COST
Costs which a firm must continue
3A
-------
to incur in the short run, even
when the firm produces zero output.
It is d cost unaffected by any
variation in the quantity produced.
necTH B TeiienHe
cpoKoo, flame SCJIH npo«yKunn
B 3TO BPBMH pclBlia liyJIIO. JTO H3AC-
PJKKM, H3 KOTOphie HS BJIHfllOT KOJIBBa
HHH B KOJiHiccTue BbinycKaeMOfl npo-
FLAT RATE
A charge for a good or service
that is not based upon the quantity
of the good consumed, and thus does
not lead the consumer to balance the
value of use against the cost of use.
EflHHOOEPA3HAH CTABKA
Uena, Hasna^iaeMaH aa TOBap HJIH
o6cjiy«nBaHne, KOTOpaa He OCHOBW-
saeTcn iia KOJimiecTBe noTpeGjmeMoro
TOBapa H T3KHM O6p33OM HG H3BT
noTpe6nTeJiio conocxa-
uenvf ynjiaJiHUHH Bbipa»aeTCH B
6OJlbUlMHCTBa USH H paCXOHOB .
INTEREST
The sum paid or charged for the
use of money or for borrowing money;
also the rate percent per unit of
time represented by such payment or
charge.
riPOUEHTHAH CTABKA
CyMMa, yonaieHHan HJIH nocxaBJieH-
H3H H3 C16T, 33 nOJlb3OBaHH6 KanHTa-
JIOM HJIH 33 aaeM fleHer non npoueiiTbi.
Taxxce H paaMep npouenxoB aa eflHHHuy
speMenH coo6pa3HO YCJIOBHRM nnaxewa
HJIH O6H3aT6JIbCTBa.
INVESTMENT
Net cspital formation, usually
undertaken by business enterprises,
which leads to an increase in the
community's real capital (equipment,
buildings, inventories).
HHBECTHUHH KAHHTAJIA
micToro
npaKTHKyeMbie KaK npasiuio ropro-
BhJMH npeflnpHHTHHMH, 4TO BBflGT K
yaeJiHvieHHio peajibnoro Kannrajia
scefl oSmecTBeHHOcxH (oSopynoDamie,
3flai!HH, TOBap) .
LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS
A relationship governing the
amount of extra output resulting
from successively adding equal
extra units of a varying input to
3AKOH COKPAIUAIOUlHXCfl flOXOflOB
Bunyc-
Ao6aBJiniOTCH
123
-------
a fixed amount of some other input.
After a point the extra output
resulting from additional units of
the variable factor will become
less and less.
KaKOn-JlllBO nSpeMGHHOM BXOfl-
HOfl DCJimiHHb] K nOCTOHHHOMy KO/11I-
\icctBy flpyroft BCJiuMHHhi. flocjie onpc-
cpoica
, no/iy^aeMoe B
onojiiiMTe/ifaHbix ncpeMeniiux
uavHCT nocTononHO naaaxb.
LAW OF DOWNWARD SLOPING DEMAND
The economic fact that when the
price of a good is raised (at the
same time that all other factors
are held constant), less of it is
demanded. Conversely, if a greater
quantity of a good is put on the
market then - other things being
equal - it can be sold only at a
lower price.
3AKOH nOHHKAKJlllErOCfl CnPOCA
aKTOpu ocTawTCH nocTOflHHbiMM , cnpoc
Ha OTOT Tooap nanaeT. H HaoOopoT,
ecjiH 6pocnTb na PHHOK Bojibiuee ico-
J1HM6CTBO TOBapa, TO, npH
pasHux ycnoBHHX, rraiHPMU H see ee H3Aep»i
-------
MARKET
PblHOK
The allocative system for
distributing scarce resources to
persons or firms to whom they have
the highest value, throuqh the
use of prices.
ann
pecypcon CPBAH nacejic-
HHH HHH TOprOBhlX 0MpM, fljlfl KOTQ-
pux DTH pecypcbi npeACTaBJifiioT MBK-
CHMajlbHO BblCOKVK) UCHHOCTb, «JTO
BupaxeHHe B PUIIO^IHUX m,enax.
MAXIMUM SOCIAL WELFARE
A term applied to a specific
part of the economy—the condition
existing when the difference
between benefits to the community
from some particular program and
the costs is maximized.
MAKCHMAJlbHOE COUHAJlbHOE OEECnE-
TCPMHH, ynoTpeejineMuft AJIH cne
UH(J)H'ieCKOfl OTpaCJIH clKOHOMHKH,
cymecTByeT TaKoe
KOTOPOM pasHHua Mewy
KaKofl-jin6o nporpaMMhi nnn
BeHHOCTH H CBH3aHHbIMH C 3TOfl
pacxoAaMH cxaiiOBHTcn Mai<
OPPORTUNITY COST
The cost of an input specified
in terms of the highest value which
it would have in an alternative use.
CTOMMOCTb BbJEOPA BO3MOXepMep, KOMMepcaHT HJIH
paSOTHHK H6 B COCTOHMHH BblHyCKaTb
TaKoe KOJTHMecTBO npo«yi
-------
PRIVATE COSTS AND BENEFITS
4ACTIIUE PACXOttbl H BblTOflU
Benefits and costs which have
their identifiable incidence on
individuals or firms.
H BbirOAbl, HOnOCpOACTBOH-
HO CBHSaUHhJC C HaCTHUMH JIHU3MH HJIH
PRODUCTION FUNCTION
The technical relationship
describing the amount of output
that can be produced by different
sets of inputs or factors of
production. It is defined for a
given state of technical knowledge.
nPOH3BOflCTBCllllAfl OVHKUHfl
TexHHiecKan aasHCHMOCTfa, onn-
ctJBaiomaH KOJimiecTBO npoflyi
-------
SHORT RUN
KPATKOBPEMEIIllbin CPOK
Period of time in which certain
equipment, resources and commitments
of firms are fixed, but long enough
for the firm to vary its output by
hiring more or fewer variable
factors of production.
DpeMciiH, sa Koropun
onpcuojieimoe o6opyaoBanne, pccypcu
ii ofriaarejihCTBa KaKOft-Jin6o QUPMU
yCTailOBJieilU, HO HCG >X6 HMCCTCfl
BO3MO«HOCTb B TSMeUHe 3TOTO CPOK3
pa3HOo6pa3»Tb DunycK nyreM iiaflMa
6OJ1bUCrO HJIH MGHbUierO KOJIHVCCTBH
npoH3BO,ucTna.
SOCIAL COSTS
The total cost of producing a
commodity, including the cost of
specific inputs, as well as the
external costs imposed on the
community at large.
COUHAJIbHAfl CTOHMOCTb
O6utan CTOHMOCTL>
KaKoro-jin6o TOBnpa, SKJiio'iaa CTO-
HMocTb cneuH(pn«jecKnx BKJiaflou, a
T3K3KS DHeuiHHe H3flepacifH,
Ha BCM o6mecxBenHOCTb B
SUPPLY CURVE (Schedule)
The relationship between market
prices and the amounts of a good
producers are willing to supply.
nPEflJioiKEnna
3aBHCHMOCTb MeJKfly pblHOHHOfl UC-
HOfl H KOJIHVieCTBOM TOBapa, KOTOpOe
npOHSBOflHTejlH rOTOBLJ
noKynaxeJisiM.
TAX
Resources taken from private
individuals and private enterprises
and made available for governmental
goods and service. See: Public
Good.
HAJIOF
PecypcH, B3HMaeMue c
HJIH npennpHHTHfi H npeflocia-
B pacnopHKeuHe rocynap-
O6l.eKTOB HJIH CJiy)K6 .
CM. OScjiyjKKBaHHe o6iuecTBCHHOCTn.
TOTAL RESOURCES COSTS
All costs, including the monetary
costs calculated in terms of present
worth values or equivalent annual
values over the planning period as
expressed in the interest (discount)
rate, as well as the norunonetary
significance and impact of socio-
economic and environmental factors.
OBlUAfl CTOMMOCTb PECyPCOB
Bee H3flep)KKH( B TOM MHCJie H
neHewHHe, ucMHCJiHewtae B nepeso-
ne H3 fleftCTBHTCJI&HyiO CTOHMOCTb
B HacTOHiuee BPBMH HJIH na 3KBHsa-
JISHTHyid rOflOByiO CTOHMOCTb 33 BSCb
CPOK njiaHHpOBKH; BbipajKaioTca B npo-
ueHTHux cTaexax, no BKjiuuaioT THK-
«e H y^er nefleHe»Hbix
K3K COUHajlbH
TOpbl H BOSflCHCTBHe H3
cpeny.
USER CHARGE
The cost or charge to the
consumer for a particular service
provided.
, B3HHAEMA3 C nOTPEEHTEJTEPl
aa Kai
-------
VARIABLE COST HEPEMEUHblE PACXOflbl
The name given to total cost less TBPMHH, noi
-------
PART VI
UNITS AND MEASURES
129
-------
acre
= 4840 sq yd or = 43560 sq ft
or = 1/640 sq mi or = 0.404687 ha
acre-foot
= 1233.49 cu m or = 43560 cu ft
or = 325851 US gallons
acre-inch
= 102.73 cu m or = 3630 cu ft
are (square dekameter)
= 119.6 sq yd or = 1076.4 sq ft
or = 0.0247 acre or = 0.01 ha
barrel of crude oil
= 159 liters or = 42 US gallons
British thermal unit
(B.T.U., BTU, B.t.u., b.t.u)
= 252 g-cal
1 BTU per sec = 1054 kilowatt
1 BTU per degree F = 453.6 g-cal
per degree C
calorie, small (gram-calorie)
(cal, g-cal)
=4.18 joule
centimeter
(cm)
= 0.3937 inch
cubic centimeter
(cu cm, cm3, cc)
= 0.061 cu in
cubic foot
(cu ft)
= 28317 cu cm or = 0.0283 cu m
1 cu ft/sec = 28.316 liter/sec or
= 0.02832 cu m/sec
1 cu ft/acre = 0.06993 cu m/ha
1 cu ft/min = 1.699 cu m/hr
1 cu ft/sec. sq mi
= 10.93 liter/sec. sq km
cubic inch
(cu in)
=16.387 cu cm
cubic meter
(cu m, m3)
=61023.4 cu in or = 264.17 US gallons
cubic mile
(cu mi)
=4.1679 cu km
cubic millimeter
(cu mm, mm3)
= 0.000061 cu in
cubic yard
(cu yd)
=0.765 cu m
degree Centigrade (Celsius)
aiyT
aioftM
ap
6appejib
6pnT3HCKaa
B.T.E., BTE, 5.i.e., STC
Majiaa HJIH
caHTHMexp
CM
C3HTHM6TP
Ky6. CM, CM
Ky6.
Ky6.
MCTp
Kye. M, M
MHJ1H
Ky6. MHJIH
MHJUIHM6TP
Ky6. MM, MM
KyG.
rpajqyc
To convert degrees Centigrade into
degrees Fahrenheit, multiply by 9/5
and add 32; - into degrees Kelvin,
add 273.16 to the degrees Centigrade.
Ann nepesona rpaaycoo UenbCHn B
rpanycbi OapeHrenxa, noMHOJKbxe Ha
9/5 H npn6aBbTe 32; - D rpajqycbi
- npiiGaDbie 273,16 K rpa-
no
130
-------
degree Fahrenheit
To convert degrees Fahrenheit into
degrees Centigrade, subtract 32 and
multiply by 5/9; - to degrees Rankine,
add 459.7 to the degrees Fahrenheit.
degrees Kelvin
rpaAyc CapeHrcflTa
Ofc
ftnfi nepeaona rpaaycoo 4>apeHrertTa
D rpanycw Uojibcun, BUHTHTe 32 H
noMHOWbTe iia 5/9; - B rpajiycu PaH-
Kima - npn6aBbTe 459,7 K rpanycaM
For measurements from an absolute zero
(TabS = minus 273.16°C). According to
the Kelvin scale, water freezes at
273.16°K (zero temperature) and boils
at 373.16°K (boiling point).
degree Rankine
(°Rank)
The Fahrenheit scale counterpart to the
Centigrade scale for measurements from
an absolute zero (=minus 459. 7°F).
foot
(ft)
= 30.48 cm
1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/sec or = 18.288 m/min
1 ft/min = 0.508 cm/sec or = 34.48 cm/min
gallon, US
(gal)
= 3.785 liters or = 3785 cu cm or
= 0.13368 cu ft or = 231 cu in
1 gal/acre = 9.353 liter/ha
1 gal/sq ft = 40.743 liter/sq m
1 gal/rain = 0.0631 liter/sec or =
3.786 liter/min
1 million gal/day = 3785 cu m/day
gram
(g)
= 0.035 oz or = 1 milliliter or =
= 1 cu cm of water
1 g/crn = 0.0056 Ib/in
hectare (square hectometer)
(ha)
= 2.471 acres or = 10000 sq m or
= 100 ares
hectoliter
(hi)
= 26.4178 US gal or = 3.5315 cu ft or
= 100 liters
horsepower
(HP, hp, h.p.)
= 550 ft-lb/sec or = 75 kg-m/sec or
= 0.7355 kilowatt
inch
(in)
= 2.54 cm
inch of mercury
(in Hg)
= 25.4 mm Hg
joule
(j, J)
= 0.10197 kg-m or = 0.23885 g-cal or
- 0.0009486 BTU
kilocalorie (kilogram-calorie, large
calorie)
(kcal, k-cal, K-cal, Cal)
= 1000 g-cal or = 4186 joule
rpaflyc
°K
JUlH H3M6peHHfl OT a6COJlMTHOrO HVJ1H, T.e.
Mwnyc 273,16° U. Cornacno umajie KeJibBHH
BOfla 3aMepaaeT npw 273,16° K - aynesaa
Tewneparypa - H aaKHnaex npH 373,16 U,
MTO eCTb TOMKa KHneHHH.
rpaflyc PaHKHHa
°PanK .
Ha uiKajie (PapcHreRxa - «JIH nsMepeHHft
OT aBcojiwTHoro HVJIH, T.e. MHHyc 459,7
rpaflycoB no *apenrefiTy.
rpaMM
r
reKTap
ra
cmia
n.c., JIG
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HJIH KHJTOKanopHH
KK3JI
131
-------
kilogram
(kg)
= 2.2046 Ib or = 1 liter
1 kg/sq cm = 14.2234 Ib/sq in or =
735.514 nun Hg or = 28.9572 in Hg
kilometer
(km)
= 0.62137 mi
1 km/hr = 0.5396 knot
kilowatt
(kw)
- 0.239 k-cal/sec or = 0.9486 BTU/sec
1 kilowatt-hour (kw-hr) = 3600000 joules;
= 3415 BTU or = 1.359 horsepower-hour or
= 860.2 k-cal.
knot
(k, kt)
= 1 nautical mile per hour or
= 1.853 km/hr
liter
(1)
« 61.025 cu in or = 0.03531 cu ft or
= 0.264 US gal or = 1000 cu cm
1 liter/sq m = 0.02454 gal/sq ft
meter
(m)
= 3.2808 ft or = 1.09361 yd or
= 39.37 in
1 m/sec = 196.85 ft/min
1 m/min = 0.05468 ft/sec
micrometer (micron)
(m)
= 0.000001 meter
mile (statute mile)
(mi)
= 1.60935 km or = 5280 feet
1 mi/hr = 0.02682 km/min
mile (nautical mile, sea mile)
(n mi)
= 1.85318 km
millibar
(mbar)
= 1000 dynes per sq cm
millimeter
(mm)
= 0.03937 in
millimeter of mercury
(mm Hg)
= 1.333 millibar or = 0.03937 in Hg
ounce
(oz)
= 28.35 g
per mil
(per thousand, per mille, pro mille)
(p.m., o/oo)
xr
KHJ1OM0TP
KM
KHJIOBaTT
KBT
JIHTp
ji
M6TP
M
MHKPOMGTP HJ1H MHKpOH
MKM
MHJIH (ycxaBHan)
MHJIH MOpCKaH
M6ap, M6
MHJIJIHMeXp
MM
pxyxHOro cxonSa
MM PT. CT.
yHUHH
HPOMHJIJie HJIH npOMHJIb
o/oo
132
-------
pound
db)
= 453.59 g
1 Ib/in = 17.8579 kg/m
1 Ib/ft = 1.4882 kg/m
1 Ib/sq in = 0.0703 kg/sq cm or
= 51.71 mm Hg
quart, liquid (US)
(Iq q, Iq. qt.)
= 0.9463 liter or 946.3 cu cm or
= 0.25 US gal or = 57.75 cu in
square centimeter
(sq cm, cm^)
= 0.155 sq in
square foot
(sq ft)
= 929 sq cm or = 0.0929 sq m
= 144 sq in
square inch
(sq in)
= 6.45 sq cm
square kilometer
(sq km, km^)
= 100 ha or 247.1 acres or 0.3861 sq mi
square meter
(sq m, m^)
= 10000 sq cm = 10.7638 sq ft or
1.1959 sq yd or 1550 sq in
square mile
(sq mi)
= 640 acres or 258.9 ha or
= 2.589 sq km
standard atmosphere (normal, physical)
(atm)
= 760 mm Hg or = 1.033 kg/sq cm or
= 14.698 Ib/sq in
ton, metric
(t, m.t.)
= 1000 kg or 2204.62 Ib or
= 1.1023 short tons
ton, register
(g.r.t., or, in Europe, BRT)
• = 2.93 cu m or = 100 cu ft
ton, short
(sh. t)
= 907.184 kg or = 2000 Ib
tor
= 1 mm Hg or = 1/760 atm
yard
(yd)
= 0.9144 m
4>yHT
KBapra
caHTHMexp
KB. CM,
aMepm
-------