English-Russian Environmental Glossary


  ENGLISH-RUSSIAN


  ENVIRONMENTAL


     GLOSSARY
         I
informatics incj
           Rockville. Maryland:-.


           (3011 770-3000

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ENGLISH-RUSSIAN ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY
              Prepared for
       Water  Planning Division,
   Environmental Protection Agency,
      Under  Contract P5-01-2055-B
                   by
              George Cerny
                   and
        Vlastimir A. Stevovich
            Project Manager:

            Stuart G. Hibben




            Program Manager:

               Ruth Ness


                  1975
                      Information Systems Company
    informatics inc
                    ©
                      Rockvillo, Maryland 20852
                      (301) 770-3000

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                        INTRODUCTION
          This is an English-Russian glossary of basic terms
pertaining to environmental pollution.  The contents have been
arranged in categories of air pollution, water pollution,, legal,
administrative, and economic terms.  A brief list of units of
measure common to environmental studies has also been included.

          In some cases there is no direct equivalent Russian
term for the English one; here as in all cases the Russian has
been selected so as to best convey the sense of the English term.

          Where commercial compounds such as pesticides appear,
their chemical composition has generally been omitted for the
sake of simplicity.  Such information can be obtained from a
standard chemical reference.

          We emphasize that this is a preliminary effort only,
and is subject to future revision and updating.  Suggestions
for additions, deletions or corrections from readers are accordingly
encouraged.

          A Russian term index will be added when the glossary
entries are completed.

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BBEflEHHE
cjiosapb npeflcxaBJiHeT cobofl aHi-Jio-pyccKHfi
cjiosapb naHSojiee ynoxpeSHxentHbix TepMHHOB
no aarpHSHSHHio OKpyjKawmeft cpeflbi. TepMnnu pacnojiojKeHti no xewa-
rpynnaM: sarpHsneHHe Bosnyxa; sarpHSHGHne BOflu; lopn-
xepMUHBi; anMHHHCTpaTHBHtae TepMHHu; 3KOHOwmiecKne Tep-
MHHH. CuOBapB COnpOBOXJtaeTCH KpaTKHM CHHCKOM OCHOBHUX 6HHHHU
H3MepeHHH7 HMGWIUHX OTHomeHHe K Bonpocaw OKpya
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TABLE-OF CONTENTS

Part I. Air Pollution Terms 1

Part II. Water Pollution Terms 14

Part III. Legal Terms 90

Part IV. Administrative Terms 101

Part V. Economic Terms 117

Part VI. Units and Measures 129
111
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OFJIABJIEHHE
CTp.

Pjiasa 1. 3arpH3H6HHe sosnyxa 1

2. 3arpH3H6HHe BOHU 14

3. lOpHflH^ecKne TepMHHbi 90

4. A£MHHHCTpaTHBHbie TSpMHHEJ 101

5. 3KOHOMH*ieCKHe TepMHHtJ 117

6. EflHHHUbJ H3M6P6HHH 129
IV
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Part I

AIR POLLUTION
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ABATEMENT
BOPbBA C 3AFPH3HEHHEM
Measures taken to reduce or
eliminate pollution, which may
involve administrative and
judicial proceedings and
technological applications.
Mepu no vMeHbiueHHiu HJIH npeno-
3arpH3H6HHH C BO3MOJKHUM
BO3A6HCTBHH TeXHHieCKO-
ro, aflMHHHCTpaxHBHoro H cyaeGHoro
ADIABATIC GRADIENT
(LAPSE RATE)
The decrease in temperature of a
parcel of dry air as it moves upward
in a hydrostatically stable environ-
ment and expands slowly to lower
ambient pressure without exchange of
heat; it is also the rate of increase
in temperature for a descending par-
cel. The adiabatic lapse rate is
g/Cpd, where g is the acceleration of
gravity and cp(j is the specific heat
of dry air at constant pressure; thus
the lapse rate is numerically S.767OC
per km, or about 5.4°F per 1,000 ft.
AflHAEATHIECKHfl FPAflHEHT
TeMnepaTypbi Ma ecu
cyxoro Boaayxa, nepeMemaiomerocn
BEepX B FHflpOCTaTHHeCKH nOCTOHHHOfi
cpefle c yMEHhiuoHHeM BHeuiHero naBJie-
Hiin H Cea oGMena xen/ia. TaK«e H
rpaflHeHT noBbmienHH TSMnepaTypu
onycKaioiueficn Maccu. AflHaoaTHiiecKHft
nocpeflCTBOM
rae g - ycKopeHHe CHJIU TJI-
a cPd - yneJibHan Tenjioeiu-
KOCTb cyxoro soasyxa npw HOCTOHH-
TaKHM oCpaaoM VIHCJIO-
rpajqHeHTa
HOM naBJieHHH
aan
9,767°U Ha 1
OYTOB .
KM, HJIH 5,4°* Ha 1000
APVECTION

The process of horizontal
transport of an atmospheric
property solely by the mass
motion (velocity field) of the
atmosphere; also, the rate of
change of the condition of the
advected property at a given
point.
npouecc ropHsoHTanbHoro nepeno-
ca onpeflejienHoro csofiCTBa
pbl HCKJllDMHieJlbHO HOCpeHCTBOM
xeHHH Maccu aTMOcOepu (nojie CKOPO-
CT6fl) ; TaKJite CKOpOCTb H3MeHSHHH
COCTOHHHH aflBGKTHBHOrO CBOflCTBa B
AEROSOL

A dispersion of solid or liquid
particles of nicroscopic size in a
gaseous medium, such as smoke, fog,
or mist.
A3P030Jlb
MHKpOCKOnHMeCKHX

13CTHU TBepflblX HJIH )KHAKHX BeClCCTB
B raaooGpasHOii cpene, Kai< Hanp.
flblM, TyMBH HJIH
AFFECTED FACILITY

The specific pollution -
emitting process or apparatus
which is subject to a new source
performance standard under
section 111 of the Clean Air Act.
For example, the affected
facilities within iron and steel
plants are presently basic oxygen
process furnaces and electric
arc -furnaces.
VCTAHOBKA HOfl HAfl30POM
npouecc
HJIH ycTBHOBKa, cnocoScTByn>iune aarpn-
OHOHHlU BOBflyxa H, CJieAOBQTe^IbHO,
noflsepx.eiiHHe HOBHK npoii3BOflCTBeHHbiM
Hopuau copjiacno naparpacjjy 1 1 1 3ai\o;
HOAaTeJibHoro aura o HIICTOTO
Hanpuwep B HacToameo Bpetta Ha
Hepnoti MeTa.ajivprnn
BS.fl nCHb HJIH nSHb C OCHOBHHM KIICJIQ-
POAHUM nponeccou.
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AIR POLLUTION EPISODE

Situation confined to a specific
geographic area where the concen-
tration of air pollutants becomes
more harmful than usual to the
health of man, animal and plant
life.
MACTHHfl CJiyHAH 3ArPfl3HEHHfl
OTHOcnmoecn K onpefle-
reorpncjwiecKoii MBCTHOCTU,
oarpaoiioHiie aooAyxa BcmecTBauvi,
BpOflHHMH RJIR OflOpOBbH HOJIOBeKB, ' II"
BOTHblX HJIH paCTSHHfi, OKB3aJIOCb BHUie
OC)bI4HOrO.
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION

The basic geographic area on
which air pollution control
strategics are formulated. The
AQCR boundaries are designated
as much as possible to be con-
sistent with the airshed concept.
That is, the sources in a given
area share a common air mass and
the air quality is a result of
the emission contributions of all
the sources in that area. EPA,
assisted by the States, has
divided the country into 247
AQCR's. A region may cover only
part of one state or it can
include portions of several states
which share a common air pollution
problem.
PAMOH KOHTPOJlfl KAHECTBA
OciiOBHoii reorpac|>iiMecKnii pai-ion,
B KOTOPOM $OpMVJlHpy.uTCH OaflaHH HO
KOHTpoJiio sa 3arpyi3iieHneM aoaAyxa.
rpaHHUU paiiOHOD onpeACJUiwTcfl Tax,
M TOO hi OHH COBna/laJIH C nOHHTHCM
Booayxopasflejia . HIIUMH C^IOBOMH,
HCTO4IIHKH B AaHHOM MCCTHOCTH OTHO-
CflTCH K OAHOUy M TOHy VC BO3Ayil!HOMy
6acceKny w, cJieAOBareJibno, KaiecTBo
Bosflyxa HBJiJieTCfl pesyjibraroM nudpo-
COB B aTMoccj)epy Bcex Bwecre ssfiTHx
HCTOHHHKOB B 3ToM MSCTHOCTH. ArCHT~
CTBO no samHTo oKpyy.aiomeH cpeAbi,
COAGHCTB'.IH OTflO^IbHHX UITaTOB,
BC.C crpany Ha 214-7 pafioHOB.
PaiioHU MoryT 6HTb MacTt
OAnoro uiiaTa, HJLH woryi
Ha ynacTKOB, npHHaAJievamnx K Hec-
iiiTaxau, CBJisaHHHx oCmei-i
BO3Ayxa.
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA

A compilation of the effects
of a given pollutant in quantit-
ative terms (i.e., the effects
as a function of concentration,
exposure time, presence of other
pollutants, etc). This compil-
ation of all available scientific
information then becomes the
basis for setting ambient air
quality standards. A criteria
document is prepared by EPA
only when adequate quantitative
data on dosage versus effects are
available to support the establish-
ment of an air quality standard.
KPHTEPHH KA^ECTBA
CoBOKynnocTb BpeAHHx
sarpflGHHTSJin B
(T.e. BJIHSHHG paccHaipH-
KBK ^yHKUHH KOHueHTpannn,
BOOASHCTBHH, K&JivnKR
HTA ). KoMnJieKC
HayMKoH HH(})op»4auHH cxaHOBH-
TCH 5aaoH KJIR (jjopMy^iHpoBKii Hopu na-
•necTBa OKpy-:aiomero sosayxa. Hopua-
THBHiie AOKyMGHTLI COCTaBJIHAlTCH AreHT"
CTBOM no aamiiie OKpy.;:a^meH cpGAu
TOJibKO B TOM cjiy^ae, ecJiw HueioTCfi
B paCnOpHIveHIIH COOTBeTCTByiOIUHO KOJIH-
HecTBeHHHe flaHHue o BoaHMOAewcTBiiw
AOS H 3$4>eKTa, oCecneHHBaMiuiic BOO-
MO)?HOCTI> yCTaHOB.ieHHH TaKHX HOpll.
AIR QUALITY MAINTENANCE PLAN

A control strategy designed to
ensure that once an air quality
standard is attained, air quality
will not decrease to levels that
would again exceed the prescribed
air quality standard.
PEKHH OBECIlEqEHHa KAqECTBA B03flyXA

PewHM KOHTPOJIH,
nocTOHHCTBo o6ecneHeHHH
HOPM xa^ecTsa soaayxa H npenoTspa-
UiaiOlUHft BO3MOIKHOCT1. TOPO, WTOCb! P33
ycrauoBJieHHoe KaviecTBO Bosjqyxa
Jio 33 npeae^bi flonycTHMbix HOPM.
AIR QUALITY STANDARD (see National
Ambient Air Quality Standard)
CTAHflAPTbl KAMECTBA B03flVXA
TocyaapcTBeHiibie cjanflapTbi
oicpyxcaioiuero soaayxa) .
(CM.
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AIR MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Program developed for the
planning and implementation of air
pollution control with the ob]ective
of obtaining the highest beneficial
use of the limited air rssource.

Elements of an air management
program include establishment of
short and long range goals;
continuing assessment of air quality
and source emissions, including
future estimates; establishment of
ambient air quality goals; design
of programs to obtain desired air
quality; and development of long
range air plans.
nrorpAMMA no KOIITPOJIIO 3A KA-
4ECTDOH B03SVXA~~

nporpauua, paopaCoraHHaH
njiaHHpoBamm H ocymecTBJieiinn KOH-
rpojin o& sarpHOHeHiien sos/iyxa,
UeJIb.ij KOTOpOfi J1BJIH6TCH flOCTir/lBHIie
MEKCHMBJIbHO 3(}xi)eKTHBHOrO MCIlOJlbOO-
BaHHR orpaiiHHeHHtix BosAyuuihix pecyp
COB.
FIporpaMua no KOHTPOJIW HBA oarpn
3HeHneu BOSAyxa BKJiK,iaeT K&K ROJITO
T8K H KpaTKOCpOHHUe 33AaH
saAanaMti SIBJIWICSI OUCHKII Ka
H6CTB& BO3flyxa H HCTOHHHKOB Oarpfl-
3H6HHK II COCTaBJieHIIC npOTHOOOD;
onpe«ejienne uejiefi, K KOTOPHM Hy:cHo
B paMKax nporpaMMhi no
aa KaMecTBOM OKpyxtaiuiuero
coBepuiencTBOBaHHe Mepoiipn-
seflymiix K Haue^ieKHOMy KanecT
H paspacSoTKa aojirocpoiHux
ALERT LEVELS

Pollutant concentrations
indicative of possible hazards
to public health and welfare. When
alert levels are reached, certain
warning or corrective actions may
be required by the air pollution
control agency.
yPOBHH EflMTEJIbHOCTM
TaKne
KOTOpne yKaanBaioT Ha
onacHocTH «JIH oSmecTBeKHoro
H SjiarOCOCTOHHHfl. IIpH aOCTHK6HHH
TaKHX ypoBHSH, opraHH, KOHTpoJinpy-
KiiUHe sarpaaHeHHOCTb aT'.5oct}jepM, MoryT
npn6erHyTb K npeaooTeperaiomuM MJIH
AMBIENT AIR

That portion of the atmosphere,
external to buildings, to which
the general public has access.
OKPyJKAlOlUHH B034VX
Ta laCTb 3TMOC$epbI BH6
flOCTyn K KOTOPOH OTKpbJT flJIH BC6X.
AREA SOURCE

Any small residential, govern-
mental, institutional, commercial,
or industrial fuel combustion
operations; onsite waste disposal
facility; motor vehicles, aircraft,
vessels, or other transportation
facilities; or other miscellaneous
sources.
MECTHUH HCTOHHMK
JlioOan TonJiHBOcjKHraxeJibHaH ycxa-
Hoaxa, pacnojiOKeHHan Ha TGPPHTOPHH
T6J]bCKHX, TOprOBbJX HJ1H npOMbmiJieHMblX
TaKwe: MecTHue MycopocsH-
CTaHUHH; aBTOMauiHHbi, ca-
MOJiexbi, cyAa H npyrne TpaHcnopTHbie
cpeflCTBa; HHUE BcesosMoxHue
HrtKH.
BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION

Ambient concentrations which are
caused by natural sources of
pollution. In some cases, back-
ground may also include man-made
pollutants advected into the area.
Background is often used to denote
those concentrations which are
3>OHOBAfl KOHIiEHTPAlIHfl
3arpH3Hemifi B OKpy-
Ka.-v.meK cpeae or ecxecxBenHbix IICTOMHH-
KOB . B OTfleJibHbix cJiynaKX fyonooafi
KOHHOHXpaUHfl MOV6T BKJIwMaTb 3arpH3-
HHX6JIH, nonasuine B AQHHyio uecxHocTb
B pesyjitTare fleflTejibHocTii MeJioseKa.
TepMHH "tfioHOBhifi" TaKse ynoTpefi JIHSXCH
-------
uncontrollable/ either because they
are of natural origin or because
they arc transported from another
area not subject to the jurisdiction
of the air pollution control agency.
B SHaHOHIIH KOllUOHTpamiM, HO HO/lflaiO-
melicfl KOHTpoji.d Jin6o BCJieACTBiie ee
ecTccTBenHoro npoiicxoy/ieiiiifl, .11160
noTOMy, MTO oarpflomiTejin oanecciiu
B AaHHuii pniioii HO Apymx paiionos,
HBXOAnmnxcJi ane •OPHCAHKUHH MecTHbix
opraHOB.
BAGHOUSE (see Fabric Collector)
nbUlEVJlOBHTEJIbllAn KAMEPA (CM. Saflep-
tJ>HJlbTP H3 TKdHH)
BREATHING LOSSES (see Floating Roof
Tank)
HOTEPH flUXAHKEM (en. Peaepsyap c
nphnueii )
CATALYTIC CONVERTER/CONVERTER

A control device for automotive
exhaust. The principle involves
burning or oxidizing combustible
constituents remaining in the
exhaust; that is, converting
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO)
into water and carbon dioxide (CC>2)
by burning. The catalytic converter
does not require the use of heat
exchanger or supplementary fuel.
Effective combustion can be obtained
at lower temperatures than in the
flame afterburner.
KATAJ1HTHMECKHH nPEOEPASOBATEJIb
flJIH KOHTpOJIH
HHX rasoB aBTOTpancnopTa. OcHOBano
KB npiiHUnne c^wraHUH UJIH oKHCJieHHH
ropioiero coaeps'HMoro BHXJionHUx raaos,
i.e. Ha npespameHHH yrJieBOflopoflOB
H OKHCH yrjiepofla B sofly H yrjieKHC.no-
iy nyieii oYHraHHfl. KaTaJiHTHMecicHti
paSoiasx Qea
H He nywflaeTes B
HOM TonJiHBe . 344>eKTHBHoe o
npHcxoflHT B HBM npH oojiee HHSKIIX
xeMnepaiypax MBM B Ka;/.epo
ro floropaHHH.
COEFFICIENT OF HAZE (Coh)

A measure of fine air particulate
matter by determination of light
transmission (optical density)
through a deposit of fine particles
on a filter. Soiling index values
are expressed in Cohs per 100 linear
feet of air.
fltJMKM
npnneoH B BOSAyxe,
nponycwaHneM oseTa ( onxniecKaa
njioxHOCTb ) Mepea cjiofi UBJIKHX
OC6BIIIHX HS (jJHJIbTpe. SKa^
sarpnaHeniifl Btipa^a.-OTCE B
CHTaX AtlMKH [KA] Ha 100 JtHHeflHHX
B03Ayxa.
CONTROL STRATEGY

Combination of measures designated
to achieve the aggregate reduction
of emissions necessary for attain-
ment and maintenance of a national
standard, including, but not limited
to, measures such as:

(]) Emission limitations.
(2) Federal or State emission
charges or taxes or other economic
incentives or disincentives.
(3) Closing or relocation of
residential, commercial, or
MEPOnPHflTHfl KOHTPOJig

CoBOKynHocTb Hep, HanpaBJieHHHx
na odmee CH use HUG spesHiix BHCpocoB
c uejib.o AOOTHV SHHH H coxpaneHiifl
rooyAapcrBCHHHx nopw HB
ypoBHe . MepH 3Tii, AonycKan
Hooib H flpyrux MeponpiiflTiiii,
K CJieflyrJiuoMy:
I/ OrpaHinemie BHflpoooB.
2/ *eflepaJibHHe H uixaTS
H aeHexubie BObicKaHM.q H paaime
HJIII, nao6opOT,
3KOHOMHMOCKOPO xapaKTepa.
-------
industrial facilities.
(4) Changes in schedules or
methods of operation of commercial
or industrial facilities or trans-
portation systems, including, but
not limited to, short-term changes
made in accordance with standby
plans.
(5) Periodic inspection and
testing of motor vehicle emission
control systems, at such time as
the Administrator determines that
such programs are feasible and
practicable.
(6) Emission control measures
applicable to in-use motor vehicles,
including, but not limited to,
measures such as mandatory mainten-
ance, installation of emission
control devices, and conversion
to gaseous fuels.
(7) Measures to reduce motor
vehicle traffic, including, but not
limited to, measures such as
commuter taxes, gasoline rationing,
parking restrictions, or staggered
working hours.
(8) Expansion or promotion of
the use of mass transportation
facilities through measures such as
increases in the frequency,
convenience, and passenger-carrying
capacity of mass transportation
systems or providing for special bus
lanes on major streets and highways.
3/ SaKpuTiie HJIH nepoMcmeHHe
TOprOBUX HJIH npOMHUIJieHHhlX OObBK-
TOD.
I|Y nepouenu B rpacfnucax HJIH tieroAax
paOOTU TOprOBHX MJIH npOMhmiJIOHIIUX
npe/tnpnaTnii IIJIH rpancnopTHhix
cticTeu, BKJi.u^a
coofipaBHO
njianoB, XOTH 11 HC
TaKIIMH K3MeHCIIIIJIMM .
5/ IIepnoAHHecKjie ncrmTaHHH H OCBH-
AeTe-flbCTBOBailllfl BHXJIOnilblX CMCTCM
aBTOTpaHcnopxa; a/uiHHiiCTpaTMBHiiie
opranu ycTDHaD.nnBa.oT Bpei.ia H cpo-
KH KJKI xaKHX npoaepOK no CBoeuy
yCMOTpCHHit).
6/ MeponpiiHTHH no nponepKe BHXJIOHHHX
CHCTBM aBTOMamviii iraxo/iHiuHxcn B
3KcnjiyaTautm, DKJi.uHaa ( no no
orpaHHl]MBaHCb THKHMII ) MepH no
BCTpaHBaiiHu. Mexaiui3MOB I\JIR KOH-
TpOJIJI BHXJIOnOB, 06H3aT6JIbHOe CO-
flep>:aHne THKHX wexaHHQMOB B iicnpa-
B1IOCTH H HCnpaBHOCTb HepeBOflB B
raaoofipaanoe cocroHHiie.
7/ MepH no coKpauieHHiu flBHJ=cenHH
asTOMamnH, BKJiiOHasi ( HO He orpa-
HHMHBaflCb T3KHMH ) HajIOTH Ha
o^iy\'aiuHX, iipHeo-'a^mHx CBOHMH
aBTOT/odHJiflMH Ha pafioTy MS npnro-
POAOB, BBeflenne KaproMHoH CHCTe-
Mbi na densiiH, orpaHHieHHe CTOHHOK
K BBefleHHe fln4xf)epeHmipOBaKHbix
lacos pafioTH.
_8/ IIoompeHHe' H yaejiHxeHHe odeua
cpeflcrs MaccoBoro TpancnopTa H
BOSMOx-HocTeK ero ncnojib30BaHH«
nyxeM ysejiHieHHii ero lacTOTH H
nponycKHoH cnocoSnocTHj
H coBflaHHe
RJIR aBTOSyCOB HB TJiaBHHX
H luocce.
CRANKCASE BLOWBY EMISSIONS

The automobile hydrocarbon
emissions coming front the crankcase
breather tube. Gases emitted from
the crankcase consist of a mixture
of unburned fuel-air charge (85%)
and exhaust products (15%) blown
past the piston rings.
nPOPHBH FA3A B nOJIOCTH KAPTEPA

BHdpocH yrjiesoflopoflOB HB canyiia
Kaprepa aBTouauiiiHU. BudpacuBaeuue
COCTOBT HO CMecu Hecropesiuero
ropionero H eooflyxa [85 %} v.
npoayKTOB [15 ^]> npopsa-
nepea nopmneBue
CYCLONES/CYCLONE COLLECTOR/CYCLONE
SAMPLER

A structure without moving parts
in which the velocity of an inlet
gas stream is transformed into a
confined vortex from which
centrifugal forces tend to drive
the suspended particle to the wall
of the cyclone body.
UMKJIOHU/UHKJ10HKTCCKMH KOJU1EKTOP/
PPHEOP &M B3flTHfl 1TPOE imiUIOHl-mE-
JCKOM /lEflTEJlbHOCTH

ycTpoHcTBO (Seo ABii:-ymnxcfi
B KOTOPOM CKOpooTb BXOAHmero raaoBQ
ro noTOita npeo5pa3OBHBaeTCH B
HyTHH BHXpb, OTKyfla UQHTpo6c>"]iaP
CHJia ronHT BOBeiJieHHbie ^acTHULi K
CT6HK6 TOJia UHKJIOHa .
-------
DESIGNATED FACILITY
OEOSIIAVIEHIlblfl OBbEKT
Any existing facility which emits
a designated pollutant and vrhich
would be subject to a standard of
performance under section 111 of the
Clean Air Act for that pollutant if
the existing facility were an
affected facility.
JLoGofl oS-heKT, BuGpacbiaaiuiKHft B
onpeae/ieHHOro Tuna sarpns-
HHT6Jlb H T3KHM O6P33OM
HOPM3M npOHSBOflCTBGHHblX
CTHK B CHJiy naparpacfra 111 3aKono-
nareJTbHoro axxa o WHCTOTC soaayxa
fljiH sToro cneunct>iiMecKoro aarpHsim-
T6J1H/ npK yCJIOBHH, HTO flaHHblfl
oGteKT npHHajuiexcHT K KaxeropHH
oGteKTOB
DESIGNATED POLLUTANT

Any air pollutant, emissions of
which are subject to a standard of
performance for new stationary
sources but for which air quality
standards have not been set or
which have not been designated as
a hazardous pollutant pursuant to
section 112 of tho Act.
OE03HA4EHH1JH 3AFPfl3HHTEJ]b

JllOGOfl SarpHBHHTGJIb, BhlGpOCbl KO~
Toporo nojuiexaT 3Kcn.nyaTaunoHHbiM
HOPM3M HUH HOBUX CTaUHOHapHblX HCTOH-
HHKOB, HO flJIH KOTOpblX JIHOO H€ GblJIH
ycxaHOBJieHba HOPMU KaviecTBa soanyxa
HJ1H BblGpOCU KOTOpOrO HS OtdJIH
(])HUHpoBaHbi KaK onacHbie corjiacHO
naparpay 112 SaKOHonaTejibHoro
DIFFUSION

The spreading or scattering of a
material (gas, liquid, or solid).
The term is used in meteorology to
indicate either eddy or molecular
diffusion.

Eddy diffusion is the most import-
ant mixing process in the atmosphere.
It involves scales of length con-
siderably larger than those of the
molecular free path. The contribu-
tion of molecular diffusion is con-
sidered significant only under cer-
tain special conditions, such as
extreme stability. Eddy or turbulent
diffusion is most efficient when the
length scale of the eddy is similar
to that of the body of polluted air
being diluted. It causes a parcel
of polluted air to occupy larger and
larger volumes.

Molecular diffusion is a process
of spontaneous intermixing of dif-
ferent substances, attributable to
molecular motion and tending to
produce uniformity of concentration.
PacnpeaejieHHe HJIII pacceaHiie
iH'So semecTsa L rasa, y-nfl-
KOCTH ruin TBepaoro TeJia ] . DTOT
TepMHH npimeHfleTca B ;xeTeopojiornn
jiH6o
Maciuiaiju
Ba--'HUH npoueccou
B arMoc^iepe. Ee
SHaiHTGJIbHO npeBOCXOiflT
cBo6oA:-:oro npofiera
i. BKJiafl MOJieKyji.qpHofi
npno5peTaeT aHaienne TOJILKD B onpe-
fleJieHHHx ycJioBMHX, KSK nanp. npii
Kpaiineii ycToiiMHBOCTv . BnxpeBafl HJIH
Typ<3yjieHTKas Rufyfyyziif: nanfiojiee 3
-------
DOSAGE
flO3A
The total amount of a chemical
or pollutant ingested or absorbed
by an organism. For an air
pollutant,'the dosage is a function
of the concentration and the time
of exposure.
CyMMapnoe
HJIH 3arpn3HHTCJiH norjiomemioro opra-
HH3MOM. B c-nvHae oarpnoHHTOJiJi BOO-
Ayxa, Aosa HBJiHeTcn ipyHKmieii KOH-
ueHTpamiH n
BVin.
DOWNWASH

The effect of mechanical
turbulence and disturbed flow in
the wake of a building or obstacle
which causes pollutants to be
transported rapidly to ground level.
HHCXOflfllUHH nOTOK
MexaHHMecKoti TypOyjieiiT-
HOCTH Ha noTOK BooAyxa npn ucTpeMe
co oflaHHew HJIH HHMM npe-
B pesyjibTare Hero aarpn-
OHcxpo HanpasJiHeTCH K
noaepxHOCTH.
DRIVING CYCLE

A series of operating modes for
an automotive vehicle representing
"typical" amounts of time and rates
of speed during idle, cruise,
acceleration, and deceleration.
KPyrOBOH nPOUECC flBMFATEJlfl

PflA BHflOHSMeHeHHH pes'tiiMa
SBTOflBHraTe^IH, KOTOpHe
flJIH BpeMeHH H OKOPOCTH H3 XOJIOCTOM
na cpeflHHx CKOPOCTHX, npH sa-
H ripn ycKopeHHH.
EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHT

The height above the ground at
which the effluent plume becomes
essentially level.
3J4»EKTHBHA5i BHCOTA TPYEH

BucoTa Haa noacTHJia».meii noBepx-
HOCTbfc, KOTfla BilOpOUieHHHK H3
AHM BHpaBHHBaeTca na
ypOBHe.
EMISSION INVENTORY

A compilation of all emissions of
a given pollutant for a specified
area. The inventory is broken down
into various source categories,
which may be further subdivided to
give a very accurate picture of the
sources of air pollution in the
area.
HHBEHTAPHBAUHfl BHEPOCOB
Bcex BHSpocoB
JISI cneunt|3HMecKoro
pafiona. MHBSHTapb paa6nT KB
KBTerOpHH' COOGpaSHO HCTOHHHKaM;
Moryr i&Kf.e noApaoAejuiTbc
na KJiaccn, MTO Aaer BO3Mo::'Hocib no-
JiyHHTb fleTa.nbHy.v KapTHHy acex HCTO^
HHKOB 3arpW3H6HIIH BOSflyxa B flaHHOM
pailoHe .
EQUIVALENT METHOD

Any method of sampling and
analyzing for an air pollutant
which has a consistent relationship
to the reference method prescribed
by EPA for measuring concentrations
of pollutants for which a national
ambient air quality standard has
been set.
3KBHBAJ1EHTHHK METOfl
M6TOA B3STHH IlpoS II
sa npiiMeHHTe^ibHO K
BO3flyxa, corJiac
M6TOAOM, yCTaHOBJieHHHM AreHTCTBOM
no BaiunTe oKpysaiumeH cpeau, O.JIR no
KOTOpwx cyiuocTBy.oT
HOpMbI 'JHCTOTH OKpVJKaiOUie TO BO3
flyxa.
-------
FABRIC COLLECTOR/FAERIC FILTER
3AflCPJKHBAK)IHHB OHflbTP H3 TKAIIH
A device designed to remove solid
dispersoids from a carrier gas by
passage of the gas through a porous
medium.

Two basic types of filters are
presently employed. In one a
fibrous medium is used as the
collecting element, and in the other
a medium is utilized as a support
for a layer of collected particles,
relying on the coat of collected
particles to serve as the principal
collecting medium.
yflaJieHiifi /mcnep-
COHAOB TsepAtix npviueceii no Hecymero
raoa npn ero npoxoxfleiii-Hi Mepeo nopn-
cTyw cpeay.
B Hacxofliuee Bpeun ynorpeSjinwrcsi
ABB OCHOBHUX THIia CJJHJlbTpOB : B OAHOM
npHMeHflKJT BOJioKHiicThifi MaTepnaJi B
KaiecTBe yjioBiiTCJifl; BO BiopoM yjiaB.au-
c-nofi c-nyvHT Jimiib HOACTHJIKOH
HJIGHKH HaKOnJIGHHblX HaCTHU, Ilptl-
H6M B 3TOM CJiyiae CJIOH HaKOliJieHHHX
HaCTHU KBJIfleTCfl OCHOBHHM yJIOBIITGJI6M.
FLOATING ROOF TANK

A storage vessel used for medium
volatility hydrocarbon liquids.
Since the roof floats on top of the
liquid, this eliminates the vapor
space above the liquid level that is
present in fixed roof tanks. This
reduces hydrocarbon emissions to the
atmosphere that normally result from
the diurnal heating and cooling of
the tank (called breathing losses).
PESEPByAP C njIABAIOlHEK KPUUJEEJ

Peoepsyap RJIR xpaHemiH >MI/IKHX
yrjiesoflopoflOB co cpeflnefi
CTb.-.. BanAy TOTO ixo Kpmiia
Ha noBepxHocTH VHHKOCTH, B THKOM
ycipoiicTse HOT uecra P.JIR napos
ypoBHen >:MAKOCTH, KBK 3TO OuBaer
B pesepsyapax co cTamionapHUMH I«PK-
uiaMH. Bjiaroaapfl arouy
KOJiHHecTBo BHflpocoB
B aTMOc4>epy, ITO HBJiflerca
BH6M cyToiHoro narpeea H
pesepsyapa ( raK Has. noxepu
HH6M )
FLUE GAS SCRUBBER

Equipment for removing fly ash and
other pollutants from a gas stream
by means of sprays, wet baffles,
Venturi scrubbing, etc. Also reduces
excessive temperatures of effluent.
rASOOMHCTHTEJIb flJIfl JHMOBHX TA30B
RJ1SI
H Apyrux oarpfiBHHTejroS HB ra-
ooBoro noxoKa npn HOMOIUH pacnHJiw-
TeJieM, opoiuaiomHX neperopoflOK, npo-
MHBOK B CHCTeue BeHTypH, HTA . Pa3O~
BHCOKyio reMiiepaTypy BaCpocoB.
FLUORESCENT PARTICLE TECHNIQUE

Use of fluorescent particles as
tracers to study diffusion in the
atmosphere.
METOflHKA ynOTPEEJIEHMfl «&JiyQPECIll-IP£-
HACTHU
cj)jiyopecmipyiomnx
B KavecxBe xpaccepos RJIR
B
FUGITIVE EMISSION

The emission of an air pollutant
which is not emitted through a
stack. Examples include particulate
matter from dirt roads, construction,
and farming activity.
BUEPOCOB
HeopraHHOOBaHHiie BH6pocu
Bosayxa BHG cncTeuu Tpyci .
KaK npHMep HO^HO uaasaTb BhiGpocu
lacTHU BemecTB c rpyiiTosux aopor,
CTpOHTeJIbHtlX n^IOmaflOK H CeJIbCKOXO
3JlBCTB8HHhIX O6"D6KTOB .
-------
HAZARDOUS POLLUTANT
OFIACHllfl 3ArPfl3HHTEJTb
A pollutant controlled under
section 112 of the Clean Air Act on
the basis that it may cause, or
contribute to, an increase in
mortality or an increase in serious
irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible, illness.
KOHTPO-
B cHJiy naparpacjia 112 3aKOHOAOTC.ib-
Horo BKTa o ^ncTOTe Boa/iyxa Ha OCHO-
BHHHH TOTO, MTO TaKOH aarpHOHHTCJIb
MOX6T CTBTb llptlHHHOH IMH ClIOCOCSCTBy-
WUIHM 4>aKT,opoM cMepiHOCXH HJIM yae^in~
H6HHH iHCJia THxtejmx HeoipaTHMhix aa-
(JojiesaHHH HJIH 3a6ojieBamiii, BGAyiiwx
K BpeweHHoii norepe xpyflocnocodHOCTii.
HOT SOAK

Gasoline evaporation loss from
the carburetor that occurs after
the engine has stopped.
nPOCA'JHBAHHTi:
rioxepH OT HcnapeHHH oeHOHHa HQ
KapOiopaTopa, npoHcxoanmne nocjie BM-
IMPINGEMENT

The act of bringing matter
forcibly in contact. As used in air
sampling, impingement refers to a
process for the collection of
particulate matter in which the
gas being sampled is directed
forcibly against a surface.
0 nOBEPXHOCTb
C nOBepXHOCTb.-u. FIpH BSflTIIH npoO D03-
ayxa 3TOT TepunH o6o3Ha4aex npouecc,
KOTOpOMy noABepraeTCH GOBOKynHocxb
naoTHU nemecTBa, Kor«a rao, npocJu
KOTOporo OTfiiipa.-uTcn, HanpasjiaeTCH
TBK, 1TO(3H yflapHTbCfl O nOBepXHOCTb.
INDIRECT SOURCE

A facility, building, or structure
which attracts or may attract mobile
source activity that results in
emissions of a pollutant for which
there is a national standard.
Examples include highways, airports,
parking facilities, shopping centers,
and sports stadiums.
KOCBEHHHfi HCTOHHHK

ofi-beKT TAJIK 3AaHne, KOTopue
K ceOe, VUIK uoryT npHB-
K ce<5e, noflBHXHHe HCTOMHHKH
, B peoyjibTaxe nero BU-
B aoBflyx sarpssHHxeJiH,
peryjinpyeMHe rocyaapCTBeHHiiMH Hop-
uaMH. Kaw npiiMep MO>'HO HaasaTb ra-
KH6 ofi'eKTM KBK aBTOflOpOTJI, aOpOflpO-
uu, Mecia CTOHHKH aBTOMauiHH, paHonH
H
INTERMITTENT CONTROL SYSTEM/
SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL SYSTEMS

A system of source control which
limits the rate of pollutant emis-
sions when periods of meteorological
conditions conducive to ground-level
concentrations in excess of the
national standards exist or are
anticipated.
CHCTEMA
KOHTPOJia/
CHCTEMH .aonOJIHHTEJIbHOrO KOHTPOJIH
S3 IICXO4HIIKaMH,
KOTOpoM CHHXaeTCJl KO.iIlIieCTBO
BbiSpacuBueiiux oarpn3HnxeJieii . 3xo
npoticxoAiiT B xaKwe nepuoAu, Koraa
ycjioenji cnocoo-
npiioeuHoii KOH-
cBepx ycTa-
HOBJIGHHtlX rOCyflapCTBeHHblX HOpM IIJIII
KOTA& TQKoe yuejiHMOHiie
INVERSION

In meteorology, a departure from
the usual changes with altitude of
the character of an atmospheric pro-
10
HHBEPCHfl

B Mexeopojiornn HHBepciiett naou-
saiOT OTKJioHOHHe OT oOmiHux nepeMOH
xapaKxepa
-------
perty; also, the layer through which
this departure occurs (the inversion
layer), or the lowest altitude at
which the departure occurs (the base
of inversion). This term almost
always means a temperature inversion;
however, moisture inversion and pre-
cipitation inversion are other types.
CBOHCTBa C BtlCOTOH; TaifKC H CB.U
GJioH ( HHBepciiOHHuii CJIOH ), a rpaHii-
uax KOTOporo na^Jiio/iaeTcn Taxoe OTKJIO
ueHiie; HJIH, Haicoiieu, HHXHHM npeAOJi
BHCOTH, HB KOTOpOli npOMCXOflHT OTKJIQ-
( fiaoa nHBeponw ) . STOT Tepi.uiH
ynoTpeSjifleTCH B OHaMeiiHH
HunepcHH TCMnepaTypu. BOOHO^HO, o/t-
HfiKO, rOBOpHTb 06 HHBepCHH
miBepciiH ocaflKos H Apyrnx THnax
HHBOpCHH.
ISOKINETIC SAMPLING

A technique for collecting
airborne particulate matter in which
the collector is so designed that
the air stream entering it has a
velocity equal to that of the air
passing around and outside the
collector.
HBOKHHETtmECKHH OTEOP HPOE
OTflopa npofi
npHMeceK c sosAyxa; KOJIJIOK-
Top sanpoeKTHpOBan T&K, ITO BOSAyiu-
cxpyn, nonaAaKiiuan B KOJiJieKTOp,
Ty K6 CKOpOOTb 1TO H I1OTOK
Bosayxa BOKpyr
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE

Any motor vehicle either designed
primarily for transportation of
property and rated at 6,000 pound
gross vehicle weight or less or
designed primarily for transportation
of persons and having a capacity of
12 persons or less.
MAU1MHA MAJIOfl.
Jltu6an
nepeBOSKH Toeapos H paccHH-
Ha 6000 (jjyHTOB no^iHoro scca;
HJIH npeflHaoHaneHHaH AJIH nepesooKH
HJIH ueHbiiie naccawnpoB.
MASS MEDIAN SIZE

A measurement of particle size
for samples of particulate matter
that have diameters such that the
mass of all large particles is equal
to the mass of all small particles.
CPEJHMH PA3MEP MACCH

HauepeHne paauepa lacnm TBCPAUX
npHwecefi AJIH onpo6nposaHHs, AHaweTpu
KOTOPHX TaKOBH, MTo iiacca Bcex Kpyn-
HBIX nacTHU pasna Macce ecex
MODIFICATION

Generally, the term is taken to
mean any physical change in a sta-
tionary source which increases the
amount of any air pollutant emitted
or which results in the emission
of any pollutant not previously
emitted.
KBK npaBHJio, 3THM TepMHHOM npii~
oOosHaiaxb JL-oSyso nepeneny B
HCTOMHIIKC, KOTOpafl nan
K yBej[iiHeHii.-o KOJiHHecTBa BbiOpa-
CHBaeMoro BarpsioHHTeJin HJIII Ha'nmaeT
BHdpacHBaTb B BoaAyx AO OToro spo-
M6HH H6 BU6paCHBaeMHtl
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
STANDARD/NAAQS

Limits on the level of atmospheric
contamination necessary to protect
against adverse effects on public
health and welfare. Primary
rOCyjAPCTBEHHHE HOPMU KAHECTBA
ypoBHSi
3arpH3iicHn«, HeoOxoAHMoe RJIR
oOiuecTBeiiHoro ofloposbsj H SjiarooocTO-
HHHJI OT BpeAHHX BJIHflHHii.
11
-------
standards are those related to
health effects; secondary standards
are related to protection against
adverse welfare effects.
Hopuu oTiiocflTcn K Kaxoropnn
BJIHHHHH Ha 3flOpOBb6; DTOpIIHHbie HOpMLI
Hi.ieioT OTHOUiCHiie K oaiUHTe ox
PARTICULATE MATTER/PARTICULATE/TOTAL
SUSPECTED PARTICULATES

A dispersion of solid or liquid
particles of microscopic size in
a gaseous medium. Particulate
matter in the ambient air is most
often measured by the high-volume
sampling technique and expressed
in concentration units of
microgram/m^.
4ACTHUBI BElUECTB/OEmEE nPEflnOJIAFAE-
HOE KOJIH^CCTBO VIACTHU
TBGpflLJX HJIH
MHKpOCKOnHMeCKHX pa3M6POB
B raaoBOH cpejie. BemecxBO B $opMe
lacTHieK B oKpywaiomeM soanyxe lame
Bcero H3MepneTcn MeroflaMH oxOopa
KpynHOOoteMHbix npoG H BupawaexcH
B eflHHHUaX KOHUeHXpaUHH
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT

Oxidizing substances formed in an
atmospheric reaction involving
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and
sunlight. Photochemical oxidant is
predominantly ozone, but other
oxidizing substances may react in
the potassium iodide sampling
technique and be measured as oxidant.
OKHCJIHTEJb
BemecTBa, o6pa3y;oiunecfl
aTi;occ|iepHKix peaiTOXIIMHHeCKHM OKHCJIHT6-
oflHaKO apyriie OKKCJIRJJUIKB eem,e-
cTBa, npH oxSope npo<5 c noMombio vioflH-
CTOTO K&Jiun, uoryT BCTynaib B peaK-
UHII H IlSMepflTbCfl KEK OKIIC JIHT6 JIH .
POINT SOURCE

A large source of pollutant
emission specifically identified in
an emission inventory, as opposed to
area sources, which are dealt with
by summing the emissions of numerous
smaller sources. A point source is
often considered a source that emits
more than 100 tons per year of any
pollutant.
HCTOIHHK (BUBPOCOB)
KpynHhiii HCTOMHIIK BH(5pocoB
cnemi$HMecKH oCoaHa^eHHbiii B
BWfipOCOB, B OTJtHHHO OT
patioHHHX HCTOMHHKOB; nocJieAHiie pac-
ueKHBaiuTCfl nyxei; noflHTo1 HBanwH BH-
SpOCOB MHOrO^HC^eHHBLX M6JIKHX IICTOM-
HHKOB. TOH6MHHM HCTOMHHKOM 13CTO Ha-
onsaioT TaKoii HCTOHHHK, KOTopnh BU-
dpacuBaex B BOBflyx iSoJiee 100 TOHH
J!Lo(5orO 3arpH3HHT6JIH B
PRIMARY STANDARD (see National
Ambient Air Quality Standard)
HOPMA (CM. TocyaapcTBCH-
HHS HOp).;tj KanecTBa OKpyaiOiuero Boa-
ayxa ).
REFEREMCE METHOD

The sampling method prescribed
in conjunction with the national
ambient air quality standards.
KOHTPOJIbHHB METOJ
BOHTIIH npoO,
B CBM3U c rocyAapcTBeHiihiMii
OKpv*.a.-jiuero
12
-------
RESIDUAL FUEL
OCTATOmiOE TOrUIMBO
Liquid or semi-liquid products
obtained as residues from the
distillation of petroleum and used
as fuel.
IIJIH
a cfcopMo ooraTKa iia nepe-
TOHKH HecJjTH H ynoipeO jifleMnii D
CTB6 TOHJIMBa.
RINGELMANN CHART

A chart used in making subjective
estimates of the amount of solid
matter emitted by smoke stacks.
The observer compares the grayness
of the smoke with a series of shade
diagrams formed by horizontal and
vertical black lines on white
background.
IUKAJ1A PHHFEflbMAHHA

UlxaJia ynoTpeCiJincrcn nnn cy6i»eK-
THBHblX OUGHOK KaiGCTBS TBepflOR npH-
Mecii, BbiOpachmaeMofi .UUMOBUMH TpyGa-
MH. HaOjiioflareJib cpasiiuBaeT cepocTb
flbiwa c pnflOM TeweBhix flHarpaMM, co-
CTOH1UHX H3 ViepHblX BOpTHKajlbHtJX H
rOpH3OHTaJlbHbIX JIHHMft Ha G0JIOM (])OHe.
SECONDARY STANDARD (see National
Ambient Air Quality Standard).
HOPfJA ( CM. TocyflapcTBeH-
Hopwti KaMecTea OKpy-aiomero BO3
Ayxa )
SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION

A provision of the Clean Air Act
reguires that where air quality is
cleaner than the national standards,
air quality should not be allowed
to deteriorate significantly from
the existing levels.
CyiHECTBEHHOE
o MHCTOTe Booayxa, Tpefiyiomee,
BO scex Tex cjiynaflx, Koraa
Bosflyxa Bbniie ycraHOBJieHHiix rocyaap
CTB6HH1IX HOpM, 3TO KaiCCTBO
B6HHO »e yxyfliuajiocb H He nom-r
ypoBHevi.
SMOG

A term coined, originally, to
characterize any objectionable,
visible combination of smoke and
fog. It was soon found, however,
that air pollution does not always
produce visible smog, nor does fog
have to be present when smog is
formed. Presently, this term
generally refers to photochemical
smog (see Photochemical Oxidant).
CMOr

TepuHH
RJIO. o6o3HaMBHHH HedjiaronpmiTHOii
KOMSHHaUHH flHMS H TyMBHa.
BcKOpe, oAHaKO, CHJIO oonapyi'-eHO, MTO
sarpsBHeHHe Boaayxa ne sosraa BJieneT
oa co6oii BiiflHMuii CMOT H, Kpone TOTO,
ITO npH oOpaaoBaHHH cwora Tyuan MO-
Y6T OTCyTCTDODaTb. B HaCTOflUiee BP6MH
3TOT TepUHH npHMeHflGTCH KBK HpaBIMO
K cfoTOXHMHMecKony cMory ( CM. *OTO-
XHMHM6CKHH OKHCJIHT3JIb ) .
13
-------
Part II

WATER POLLUTION
14
-------
ACCLIMATION
jriPHCnOCOMEllliE
The physiological and behavioral
adjustments of an organism to changes
in its immediate environment.
Dpouecc tj)K3no^iornMecKoro n IIOBC-
aeu'iecKoro npiicnococijiennfl opromirnia
K ncpcMenaM B yc-nosunx
cpeflbi.
ACCLIMATIZATION

The acclimation or adaptation of
a particular species over several
generations to a marked change in
tne environment.
IAKKJKMATH3AUHH

ripuciiocoG.ieHHe KaKoro-Jiiiuo cne-
UHlIlHHCCKOrO Bilfla Oprami.TMB B TCHOlllie
HCCKO.fll>K!IX 1IOKO.1JOHMM K HB11O BHplV-eil-
HUM nopeMoiia:1. B ycJioBiiax BHcuiiieii
ACRE-FOOT

A term used in measuring the
volume of water, equal to the
quantity of water required to cover
1 acre 1 ft in depth, or 43,560 cu.ft.
AKPOWT
n3Mepenna
ei KOJiHiecTsy BOflbj, HyxcHoft flJiR no-
KPUTHH onuoro anpa SCMJIH no YPOEHH
B oflHH j>yr; 1 ai
-------
ed sewage (mixed liquor) by sedimen-
tation, and wasted or returned to the
process as needed. The treated sew-
age overflows the weir of the set-
tling tank in which separation from
the sludge takes place.
'HJ1OBOH JKHflKOCTH nyTBM OCaWHCHHHJ
HJI JIHOO BTOPH1HO HCUOJlbSyeTCH D
npouocce OVHCTKH JiwGo HflCT B oxBa-
/iid. OOpalJOTaHHbie CTOIHUS DOHU nepe-
iOTCH vepe3 BO«OCJIHB oxcTonnH-
B KOTOPOM npOHCxoflHT ocaw«eiine
H/ia.
ACUTE TOXICITY

Any poisonous effect produced
within a short period of time,
usually up to 24-96 hours, resulting
in severe biological harm and often
death.
OCTPAfl TOKCHmiOCTb
nne~
•cmee MCCTO D TCHeime KpaiKoro nepii-
OAa speueHH, oObiicHOBeHHo ne
V6M 2/J.-96 HacOD, H npH4HHH.UH.ee
Koe GHOJioriiHecHoe nopa^eime , a MQCTO
H CMepTb.
ADAPTATION

A change in structure or habit
of an organism that produces better
adjustment to the environment.
AflAHTAUHfl

IlepeweHa B crpyKType H xapaKtepe
noBCAennn opramisMa, yjiyMum^mee ero
npncnoco6jinoMocTb K oitpywaiumevi cpefle ,
ADULTEHANTS

Chemicals or substances that by
law do not belong in a food, plant,
animal or pesticide formulation.
Adulterated products are subject to
seizure by the Food and Drug
Administration.
nOCTOPOHHHE fTPHMECM

XHMHKETH H BemecTBa, KOTOpue no
aaKOHy He ROJIVHU BxoflHTb B cocraB
npOflOBOJtbCTBUfl, paCTHTSJIbHUX HJIH
npOflyKTOB, HJIII neCTHUHflOB.
, coflepwamne I&KKB iipnMecn,
KOH([)ncKauHH opranaMH
no sonpocaM
BHH H JieKapCTB6HHHX CpeflCTB .
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT

Waste water treatment beyond the
secondary or biological stage that
includes removal of nutrients such
as phosphorus and nitrogen and a
high percentage of suspended solids.
Advanced waste treatment, known as
tertiary treatment, is the "polishing
stage" of waste water treatment and
produces a high quality effluent.
OCpadoTKa CTOHHUX BOB B
HH6 K BTOpHHHOH HJIH 6 HOJIOT HH e CKO H
cxaflHH o6pa6oTKH; noc.acanHS COCTOIIT
'us yaaJieHHH nHTareJibiiiix seuiecTB, KBK
nanp. $oc(|)opa H aooxa, H CHHseHHJi
BHCOKoro npoueHTa HaxoAfluiHxcn B aofle
BQBeiueHHUx seiuecTB. rjiyGoKan floo^HCT-
KB, KOTOpyiO HaOblBBiOT T3KS6 H TpeTHH-
Hoii OMHCTKOH, 3TO yj^'e noc.«eAHHH
"MHCTOBafl" CTaflHH O(5pa5OTKH CTOMHUX
BOA i flagman soay BhicoKoro
AERATION

Causing intimate contact between
air and a liquid by one of the fol-
lowing methods: (a) Spraying the
liquid in the air; (b) bubbling air
through the liquid; (c) agitation of
the liquid to promote surface absorp-
tion of air.
A3PAUHH
sosnyxa B HOTOK JKIIJI-
KOCTH H ee nacumeHHe BosnyxoM. flo-
CTHraeTCH cJieflyumHMii cnocot5aMn:
a/ pacnunHBaHHe KiiflKocTH B soanyxc;
G/ nponycKdHHe sosflyxa wepes JKHH-
KOCTfa; B/ nepeMeiiiHBaHHe MHHKOCTH,
ITO cnocoGcTayeT nooepxnocTHOMy
aaxsary wHBKocTbio »iacTHu BO3«yxa.
16
-------
AERATOR
A device that promotes aeration.
i A'jPATOP

FlpHcnocoCijieHHe, cnocoocTByiomee
AGITATOR

Mechanical apparatus for mixing
and/or aerating; a device for creat-
ing turbulence.
MEU1AJIKA

MexammecKoe ycTpoBcTBO pjin ne-
peMeuiHsaHHH M/MJIH aapauwn. ycTpofl-
CTBO flJia C03flannji ycJiOBHH TypOy-
J16HTHOCTH.
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION

The liquid and solid wastes from
all types of farming, including
runoff from pesticides, fertilizers
and feedlots; erosion and dust from
plowing, animal manure and carcasses
and crop residues and debris. It
has been estimated that agricultural
pollution in the U.S. has amounted
to more than 2 1/2 billion tons per
year.
SAFPflSHEHHE. C03JABAEMQE
SflHCTBEllHOH flEflTEJlbHOCTblO
H TBSpAHe OTXOflhI pa3JIlP!HHX
BHflOB CeJIbCKOXO3fliiCTBei!!IOII Aejl
HOCTH, BK.I.cMafl OTOpOChI ;I CTOKII
I10CTHUHAH H VAOOpChllfl II OTXO-
co CKOTOBOAHecKiix yroAiiii; npo-
sposiiH H iiLuib
BcnauiKoii, HQBOO 11 TVUIH
Mycop H noxmiBHue ooxaTKii.
HO, HTO no seen C111A B HCJIOM
xosnticiBO BuSpacHBaeT oojieo flsyx o
nOJIOBHHOM MH.«JIHapflOB TOHII
I01UHX OTXOflOB B POR .
AGRICULTURE

The science or art of cultivating
the soil, producing crops, and raising
livestock.
CEJIbCKOE
HayKa HJIH HCKyccTBO
noHBu, npoH3BOflCTBa ypowan
ALDRIM

The assigned common name for an
insecticidal product. See also
dieldrin and endrin.
AJlbflPHH

OOmee
CM. TaKwe
ALGAE

Primitive plants, one or many-
celled, usually aquatic and capable
of elaborating their foodstuffs by
photosynthesis.
BOflOPOCJIH

HH3IUHG paCTeHMH, OflHO" YlIM MHO"
roKJieToiHhie, outJKHOBeHHc
cnocoGHue K i])OTOCMHTe3y.
ALGAE CONTROL

In reservoirs, lakes, and streams,
the elimination or inhibition of
growth of microscopic plants which
impart objectionable odors or tastes
to the water.
KOHTPOJlb BOflOPOCJlEfl

B pesepeyapax, osepax
3TO yHH^TOJKeHHe HJIH
paCTHTeJlbHOCTH, KOTOP3H npHflBST BO-
fle HenpHHTHbin BKyc K aanax.
ALGICIDE
Any substance which kills algae.
AJlbrHUHfl

JlwSoe
BOHOpOCJIH .
17
-------
ALKALI
(1) Certain soluble salts, princi-
pally of sodium, potassium, magnesium,
and calcium that occur in water or
soils. (2) In chemistry, any sub-
stance having marked basic properties.
I/ OnpenejieHHbie pacxBopHMtie co-
JIH, Kaic Hanp. narpim, xajiHH, warnHH
H Ka/ibUHH, BCTpeqaiomnecH B none HJIH
novsax.
2/ B XHMHH - 3TO J1106O6 BCIU6CTBO,
IUCJIOMHUMH csoftersaMH.
ALKALI ACCUMULATION

The gradual concentration of
alkali in the top layers of a soil,
due to the evaporation of water-
containing alkali which has been
raised to the surface layers of the
soil by capillary action.
HAKOIU1EHHE
FIocTensHHoe omejia^HnaHHe BSPXHHX
cjioes noHDu BCJiejacTone HcnapenHH
luejiouiiux DOR, nojiHfiniuHxcH B
CJIOH noHBtj B pesyjibraxe
HblX CHJ1.
ALKALINITY

A term used to represent the con-
tent of carbonates, bicarbonates,
hydroxides, and occasionally borates,
silicates, and phosphates in water.
It is expressed in parts per million
of calcium carbonate.
lUEJlounocTb

TepMHH, onncuBawmnfl CBOKCTBO
BOflu, ooycjiosjieHHoe coaep»aHneM
B ne& KapuonaTOB, jHKapOoHaroB,
menoieft H, npH cjiyiae, Ooparoe,
CHJ1HK3TOD H $OC$aTOB. BblpajKaeTC
B MH/IJIHOHHUX MacxJix KapGoHaxa
ALLUVIAL SOIL

A soil formed by the transporta-
tion and disposition, by streams, of
material which is carried a consid-
erable distance before being depos-
ited. Such soil, because of its man-
ner of deposition, is usually fairly
well graded as to size of particles,
and forms the major portion of the
soil of river bottoms, flood plains,
deltas, etc.
AJUHOBHAJlbHblE
oGpaaosaHHbie nyTeM nepe-
vi OTJicraeHHfi pasjiHMHtax MB-
nepenocHMbix oexaMM »a
paccxoHHHH. Tanne
Ojiaroaapji cneumfuKe MX
OTJIOHeHKH, OStJKHOBSHHO flOBOTIbHO
xopoiuo paccopxHpoBaHbi coofipasHO
oTnaraeMbix wacTHu. TaKHe
COCT3BJIH50T 3H3»iHTeJlBHy!0
pewHoro ana, noftM, nenbx, HTJQ.
ALUMINUM
AJIOMHHHH
AMBIENT MONITORING

The measurement of conditions in
the water or in the atmosphere.
Generally, monitoring stations
sample a specified number of para-
meters at specified frequencies to
indicate changes in water or
atmospheric conditions.
HAEJBOflEHHH 3A KftlECTBOH OKPYTKAIOIUEtt
CPEflbl

CHCT€Ma OU6HKH H KOHTpOJIH BOA~
HblX H HTMOCOepHbLX yCJIOBHft. KaK
npaBHJIO, CTHHUHH HaOJliOAeHHH OT6H-
paioi npoObi onpeaeJieHHbix cneun
-------
ANADROMOUS
AHAflPOMHHii
Type of fish that ascend rivers
from the sea to spawn.
K IlpOXOAHbIM phlOtl!.'
no Mopoii B PBKH )\.Jin
ANAEROBIC

Refers to life or processes that
occur in the absence of oxygen.
OTIIOCIITCH K *n3necnocoUHOCTn
H/IH ononpoueccaM, HMCIOUIHM MBCTO
B ycjiOBHflx oc3 aocryna csouoflHoro
Knc.nopo.ua.
ANTIMONY
CVPbMA
AQUACULTURE PROJECT

A controlled discharge of
pollutants to enhance growth or
propagation of harvestable fresh-
water, estuarine, or marine life
plant or animal species.
nPOEKT AKBAKyjIbTyPbl

OpraiiH3OBaHHbift cupoc
TG.neB, cnocoCJCTByioiuHX pocxy M paa-
BeneHHio npecHosoaHbix, ycTbeewx H
MOPCKHX BHflOB JKMBOTHblX H paCTGHHfl,
AQUIFER

An underground bed or stratum
of earth, gravel or porous stone
that contains water.
BOJOIIOCHHH CJIOK
njracT
rpyHTa, ppaBiis XAH nopwcTOH nopoau.
AREAWIDE FLAHMING

Detailed planning conducted to
control point and non-point sources
in a geographic area having substan-
tial water quality problems. The
results of these plans are to be
implemented through permits and
municipal facilities construction.
IHIAHHPOBAHHE PASBKTHg TEPPHTOPHB
nJiatmpOBaHHe c
KOHTpOJIH TOMeMHUX H H6OpraHH3OBaH-
HUX HCTOIHHKOB B npeflejiax onpeme-
TeppnTopnn,
HHSKHM KaviecTBOM BOHU.
aHHpoBatiHH ocyiuecTBJin-
nocpeflCTBOM Bbwa
-------
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY

The ability to absorb a given
volume of input matter, e.g. effluent,
'without undue degradation.
ACCHMHJlHPyiOLHAfl CnOCOKIIOCTb

CnocoGnocTb BOflOTOio MJIH BOJIO-
eMa K norJiomeHMio onpe«ejicnHoro KO-
jimiecTBa nocTynaiauHx -ryaa BCUIGCTB,
Hanp. npH cupoce oopaooTaHHbix
HUX BOB, Oea nocjienyioiuero
AVAILABLE OXYGEN

The quantity of atmospheric oxy-
gen dissolved in the water of a
stream. It is the quantity of dis-
solved oxygen available for the oxi-
dation of organic matter.
flOCTynHblH KHCJIOPOfl
KHCJIO-
, pacTDOpeHHoro B BOR& i
-------
B
BACKSIPHONAGE

The flowing back of contaminated
or polluted water from a plumbing
fixture or cross connection, into a
water supply line, due to a lowering
of the pressure in such line.
OBPATHOE CHOOHMPOBAHME

OGparnbin noTOK
BOflbi us DOflonpoDOflHOH apMaTypbi
HJIH KPCCTODHH, nonaaaiQuiii ft a BOJAO-
B peayjibxaxe noHH«eHHH
B nocjioanefi.
BACTERIA

Microscopic organisms, generally
free of pigment, which reproduce by
dividing. They occur singly, or in
groups, chains, or filaments, and
do not require light for their life
processes. They may Be grown by
special culturing out of their native
habitat.
EAKTEPHH
MHKpocKonmiecKHe
npocTUM jieJicHHeM. BCTpe-
laiOXCSI B HHflHBHflyaJIbHOM BllflS, HJIH
B rpynnax, HJIH B BHae ueneft H/IM
HHxefi. lie HyawauTCH B COJIHOHHOM
CB6T6 flJIH *M3HH. MOryT pa3BOflHX~
CH B BHJIG cneunaJibHux KyjibTyp BHB
CBoero ecTecTBeHHoro
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS

The examination of water and sew-
age to determine the presence, num-
ber, and identification of bacteria;
more commonly called bacterial ex-
amination.
EAKTEPHOJIOrHqECKHfl AHAJ1H3
BOAU H CTOKOB,
^HCJia H rnna
GaKrepMR; oonee »iacTo
xepMHH
BARIUM
EAPHfl
BASIN

(1) A natural or artificially
created space or structure, surface
or underground, which is capable of
holding water. (2) The surface area
within a given watershed. (3) A
small area in an irrigated field or
plot, surrounded by low earth ridges,
and designed to hold irrigation
water. (4) A shallow tank or de-
pression through which liquids may
be passed or in which they are de-
tained for treatment or storage.
(5) A large slip or dock partially
surrounded by quays. Its water
level is subject to fluctuations
with the water level of the main
body of water with which it connects.
EACCEflH

I/ ECTeCTBeHHUfl HJIH HCKyCCTB6H-
Hua BOfloeM HJIH coopyKCHHe, nosepx-
HocTHoe HJIH noflaeMHoe, B npenejiax
KOTOporo MoxceT HaxanJiHBaTbcn Boaa.
2/ MacTb nosepxHOCTH B npenenax
KaKoro-jinOo BonocOopa.
3/ HeSojibuiofi yiacTOK opomaeMofl
HJiomaflH, orpaxfleHHhifi HHSKHNUI se-
MJTHHUMH naMQaMH, npeflnasHavieHHbifl
flJIH XpaHEHHH OpOCHTSJIbHOH BOflbl.
4/ MejiKun BOfloeM HJIH yrjiygjie-
HJie, cJiy«aniHe JIHOO JIJIH nporoxa
JiHGo fljijj c5epeweHHH WHflKocTn, npefl-
HaaHaweHHOfi MJIH JOJIH xpaHBHHa HJIH
HJIH najibHeftuieft o6pa6oTi
-------
BASIN FLANKING

That planning conducted to set
the basis for control of point
sources, and often non-point sources,
within a basin.
J1J1AHHPODA1IHE B HPEflEJlAX PEHHOrO
EACCKflHA
c uejitro ycTanoejie
HHH KOHTPOJIH H3fl TO^eWHUMH, a
H nan Heoprann3OBaHHtiMH ncTO'imu
-------
BIOASSAY
EHOJlOmiECKHE OPOEbl
The employment of living organ-
isms to,determine the biological
effect of some substance, factor or
condition.
CTBHH Kai(HX-JIH{JO
HJIH yCJIOBHfl.
JKHDMX opranusMOB
ro aoaj
, aKTOpOB
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

A measure of the amount of oxygen
consumed in the biological processes
that break down organic matter in
water. Large amounts of organic
waste use up large amounts of
dissolved oxygen, thus the greater
the degree of pollution, the greater
the BOD.
EHOXHMHMECKOE OQTPEBJIEllHE KHCJIOPOJIA

Mepa KO-rcn'iecTBa KMC-rcopo/ia iiorpc-
jjineMoro a peoyjibTare (3nojionmecKO-
ro npoucoca, pa3.«ara»-iuero opraiiHnec-
i«oe BemecTBO B Bone. Kpyntrae KOJIH-
opramiMecKiix OTXOAOB v. CTOKOB
jisiMT KpyiiHtie KOJinMocTBa pacTDo-
peKiioro icucJiopo/ia; CJie^ODaTOJibiio,
OoJibiue creneHb 3ar{>jioHeniin, TOM
BIODEGRADABLE

Capable of decomposing quickly
as a result of the action of micro-
organisms.
CnOCOEHblfl K EHOJlOrHIECKOMV PACHAfly
K UhlCTpOMy

BO3fleflCTEHeM MHKPOOpraHH3MOB.
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

The process by which bacterial
and other microorganisms feed on
complex organic materials and
decompose them. Self-purification
of waterways and activated sludge
and trickling filter waste water
treatment processes depend on this
principle. The process is also
called biochemical oxidation.
BHOJOrHHECKOE OKHCJ1EHHS

Ilpouecc, npa nowomii Koioporo
M flpyme MHKpoopraHH3Mhi
H paa^rara^T MX.
CTKa BOflHHX nyieti H aKTHBHoro
TBK Ke KBK H MeTOflHKa npHMeHSHHH
HenpepHBHHX {(jHJIbTpOB flJIH O^HCTKH
CTOHHHX BOS, aaBHCHT OT npoqecca
GnojiornieoKoro OKMCJIBHHH. Hworfla
STOT npoueoc HaaHBaiuT 6HOxiiMH>iecKHM
BIOTA

All the species of plants and
animals occurring within a certain
area.
EHOTA

COBOKyilHOCTb BC6X BIlflOB paCTeHHH
H y iiBOTHux,
o5jiacTb.
BLOOM

A proliferation of living algae
and/or other aquatic plants on the
surface of lakes or ponds. Blooms
are frequently stimulated by phos-
phate enrichment.
1IBETEHHE
Bo,qopoc.>ieii
n/i:jiii apyrwx soflHux pacTomiii na
nosepxHocTu oaep H npyaoa
Macro
—X

The amount of dissolved oxygen
consumed in x days by biological
processes breaking down organic
.matter in an effluent. See
.biochemical oxygen demand.
EHOX11HHHECKOE nOTPEEJIEHHE KHCJIO-
POflA B TEtJEHHE x-flHEH

KojiniecTBO pacxBopenHoro KHC.HOPO-
fla, HSpacxoflosaHHoe B Teienwe "x"
npoucccaMii, pao-
opraHHMecKMe BemecTBa B
CTO^HOM BOAS. CM. EHOXMMHMeCKOe
23
-------
BRACKISH WATER

A mixture of fresh and salt water.
COJIOHOBATAfl BOflA

Cuecb npociioii H coJieiiOH
BRANCH SEWER

A sewer which receives sewage
from a relatively small area, and
discharges into a main sewer.
KOJIJIEKTOP HECTHOFO 3HA1EIIHH

KoJIJieKTOp CTOHHblX BOfl, COf>HpaiO-
ti\VlR CTOKH CO CpaBHHTG/IbHO HeUOJlb-
uioR njiomaflH, OTKyna STH BOAU Ha-
B rJiaBHfcjR KOJIJICKTOP.
BROAD IRRIGATION

The irrigation of crops with sew-
age. It differs from sewage farming
in that sewage disposal is the pri-
mary object of broad irrigation, with
'the raising of crops being incidental,
while the reverse is true of sewage
farming.
WHPOKOE OPOUIEHHE
CTOWIIUX BOA ana
OPOWGHHH CeJlbCKOXOSnflCTBOHHL-JX
TJiH^acTcn OT oCbiiHoro
XO3$eKaJlbHbIMH CTO<-IHblMH
T6M, 1TO B npaKTHKC U1HPO-
KOTO opouieuHn OCHODHOA ueJit:o HB-
jineTCH yflajiemie CTOMHUX BO«, B TO
BP6MH K3K npH OpOUJCHHH XO34>ei(aJ1b-
HblMH CTO'iHblMH BOflaMM BOnpOC nOJlb3b!
ypoxas CTOHT Ha nepeoM
24
-------
CADMIUM
KAflMHfl
CATCH BASIN

A chamber or well, usually built
at the curb line of a street, for
the admission of surface water to
a sewer, or sub drain, having at its
base a sediment sump designed to
retain grit and detritus below the
point of overflow.
,BOflOCEOPHblfl KOJIJ1CKTOP
KaMepa HJIH KOJTOBCU, coopyatenHtae
Ha Kpae MOCTOBO& JCUIH coopa noeepx-
HOCTHblX BOfl B CTOiJHyK) Tpyuy HJIH
flPGHaJK, OCHOBQHHGM KOTOpblX CJiyjKHT
rpH3eOTCTOHHHK flJIH 3a£Op>KHBaHHH
KaMeHHOft M6JIOMH H meOHHCTblX H3HO-
COB HHwe TOVKH nepejiHBa.
CATCHMENT

See drainage area, drainage basin,
river basin, catchment area, watershed,
HJlOlUAflb BOflOCEOPfl

CM. GaccefiH BoaoTOica; peiHofi
GacceftH; BOflOcOopHan
BOAOCoOp
CATCHMENT AREA

(1) The area tributary to a lake,
stream, or drain. (2) The intake
area of an aquifer, and all areas
that contribute surface waters to
the intake area. (3) In tropical
island zones, a hard-surface area,
upon which rain is collected and
then conducted to a reservoir.
(4) See drainage area, intake area,
watershed. Also called catchment
basin.
BOflOCBOPHAfl nJlOlQAflb

I/ laCTb 36MHOfl nOBepXHOCTH,
OTKy«a npoHcxoflHT CTOK son B oae-
po, peKy HJIH BOflocToinyio CHCTeny.
2/ TeppHTOpnn Bonoaaoopa BOJJO-
HOCHoro ropHaoHTa, Bicjiio^an njiomaflb
nosepxHOCTHbix BO«, c KOTOpoft nocTy-
naioT BOflfai B flanHfaifl BOflosaCop.
3/ HpHMeHHTeJIbHO K patlOH3M TPO~
nnviecKHX OCTPOBOB , 3TO njiomaflb c
TBepflbIM nOKpUTH6M, H3 KOTOpOft HBKa-
floxmn AJIH HX nocjieflyomero
B pesepsyap.
4/ CM. nnomanb norjioiueHHH;
cSop; oacceBH eoflOTOKa.
BoflocoopH/w njioma^b HHorfla
B3rOT BOAOCUOpHblM OaCCGftHOM.
CATEGORY/SUBCATEGORY

Hierarchical groups according to
the scope of the subject. For ex-
ample, inorganic chemical manufac-
turers could constitute a category,
under which manufacturers of a specif-
ic inorganic chemical would be class-
ified as a subcategory.
KATErOPHa/nOflKATErOPHH

HepapxmiecKH oprann3OsaHHaH rpy-
nna corjiacno "MaciuTacjy noKptaBaeworo
npeflwexa. HanpHwep npoHSBOflHTeJiH
HeopranHiecKHx XMNHKBTOB woryr co-
CT3BJ1HTb KBTerOpHn, B TO BpeMH
Kax npoitSBOfliiTeJiH OBHOro cneun$n-
neopraHHnecKoro
CESSPOOL

An underground pit into which raw
household sewage or other untreated
liquid waste is discharged and from
which the liquid seeps into the
surrounding soil or is otherwise
removed. Sometimes called leaching
cesspool.
KOJIOflEU
HMB HJIH cOpoca HeoGpa-
CTOKa HJIH japyrwx neoGpai3oTaHHbix
XH1J4KHX OTXOflOB. JKHflKOCTb HJIH npOCa~
iHsaeTCH 113 HMbi B OKpyjKaionyio no»ioy
HJIH BblHHMaCTCH H3 HMU. HHOrfla CT01-
Hufl KOJioneu HasbiBawT
25
-------
CHANNELIZATION
PVCJIA
The straightening and deepening of
streams to permit water to move
fasteri to reduce flooding or to
drain marshy acreage for farming.
Howeveri channelization reduces the
organic waste assimilation capacity
of the stream and may disturb fish
breeding and destroy the stream's
natural beauty.
HJIYI yr^iyOJioimc
POKH, CIlOCOkJCTByiv-IUOC (IOJIOB (>LlCTpOMy
TeneHM.o BOAU, a Taio-e npCAOTBpnman.-
moo onacnocTb oaso/memiM; IMII ocy-
mniumee aadojioteHiibiii VMUCTOK UJH\
ceJibCKOXoaniicTBemioro iiOJibnoDnniin.
OflHBKO, ucJiHopamin pyc.ia noun 'nor
cnoco6nocTb peKii i< accnMn-'isiuiKi oprn
HHHOCKHX OTXOflOB H MO-OT HapyiHHTb
pey'HM paaMHOvenHH puf> 11 HcnopriiTb
ecTecTBeimyk) xpacory PCMHOTO
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

A measure of the amount of oxygen
required to oxidize organic and
oxidizable inorganic compounds in
water. The COD test, like the BOD
test, is used to determine the
degree of pollution in an effluent.
XHMH'iECKOE nOTPEEJICHHE KHCJ1OPO.UA

Mepa KOJiHHecxBa KiicjiopOAa, HCO-
OxoaHMoro flJiH OKHCJicimn opraiiH^u-
CKHX H CnOCOOHhIX OKHCJIIITLCn HCOp-
raHHHCCKHX COe«HHGMHH D BOflG. 1\\->O-
Ohi Ha HcnuraHHC XHMH'iecKoro H OHO-
jiortmecKoro noTpcG/icmiH i-------
CLARIFIER
EAK flJIH OCBETJ1EHWI CTOKOB
In waste water treatment, a settling
tank which mechanically removes
settleable solids from wastes.
B npaKTHKe oGpaGoTKH CTOWHUX
BOA, 3TO OTCTOftHHK flJIH
ro yjqaJieiiHH oceflaioiunx npuMcceA.
CLASS

A group of dischargers having a
common relationship. Example:
All dischargers with a flow greater
than 50,000 gallons per day.
KJ1ACC

Ppynna Bo.aono.nb3OBaTe.nefi, cOpa-
cuBaromHx cToiHbie BOAU, orjiHHaioma-
HCH oGujHMH xapaKxepHCTHKaMH. Hanp.
see BononoJibsOBaTejiH co CTOKOM,
npeBbmiaiouiHM 50,000 raJiJiOHOB B
cyrKH.
CLEAN RIVER

A river that gives no sensible
evidence of sewage pollution and from
which wholesome drinking water can
be obtained by practicable methods of
water purification.
PEKA
Pexa be3 HBHUX npHSnaKOB aarpn-
3H6HHH CTOMHtlMH BOflaMH ; H3 T3KOH
peKH MOKHO nojiywarb saoponyi.)
Tyro sofly nyTeM oouMHOft MSTOAHKH
BOflOO
-------
COAGULATION DAS IN
A basin employed for the coagula-
tion of suspended or colloidal matter
•with or without addition of a coagu-
lant, in which the liquor is mixed
gently to induce coagulation, Eloc-
culation, and agglomeration, in pre-
paration for subsequent sedimentation.
Eacceftn, ynoTpeSjuicMufl HJIH Koa-
U3BemenHu.x HJIH KCJUIO-
aemecTB, c aooajjKon HJIH Oes
KoaryjiHHTa. JfuflKOCTb OCTO-
POJRHO ncpeMeuiHBaeTcn c uejib
xoaryjinnmo, obpaaooaHHc xjionbcu H
arrjioMepauiiio c nocjienyiumiiM oca)K-
COASTAL ZONE

That' land area proximate to the
ocean and having a close environ-
mental relationship with the ocean.
This area is the subject of a
special planning effort.
EEPErOBAH 3OHA
nojioca cytiJH Bflo/ib otceaua, naxo-
B TecHOfl CBHSH c
C TOMKH 3PEHHR BO3flOfiCTQIIfi
cpenu. jxa nojioca HDJinex coOoio
ocoGoro nJiannpoBanmi.
COEFFICIEMT OF AREA

The ratio of the filter surface
receiving sewage in a trickling fil-
ter to the total filter surface area.
KOdQiDMUHEHT IlJlOlUAflH
noaepxHOCTM
KanejibHoro cJiHJibTpa, npHi!HMa"Jiuero
CTO^Kble BOAbl, K oGlUefl nODOpXHOCTH
(KJlbTpa.
COLIFORM INDEX

An index of the purity of water
based on a count of its coliform
bacteria.
KOJlH-HHflEKC
ocHoaaHHuS Ha yneTe
CTH nonyjiHUHH oaKTepHH Tuna KOJIH.
COLIFORM ORGANISM

Any of a number of organisms
common to the intestinal tract of
man and animals whose presence in
waste water is an indicator of
pollution and of potentially dangerous
bacterial contamination.
OPrfiHM3Mbl
KOJIH
Jto6oB us MHoroiHCJiemiux opra-
HH3MOD Tuna KHiiieHHux na/io^ex, napa
3HTHpymuiHx B KHuie^HOM KaHaJie iejio-
B6K3 MJ1H JKHBOTHblX. Ha/lHIHB OaKTepH
THna KOJIK B CTO^HblX BOA3X - 3TO
npn3naK HeaoopOKaMecTDeHHOCTH, CBH
HeTeJibCTByiJiUMfl o BOSMOKHOCTH onac-
HOTO OaKTepnaJibHoro
BOflbJ.
COLLOIDS

(1) Finely divided solids which
will not settle but may be removed
by coagulation or biochemical action.
(2) In soil physics, a discrete min-
eral particle less than 0.002 micron
in diameter.
KOJlJIOHJliJ
I/ Becbwa MCJiKHe
Ten; Dun ne ocanaiOT, HO
ynancHti nyTew noaryjifmnn HJIH
2/ B $H3HK6 nO^Bbl - DTO OTflGJIb-
MnnepaJibHue HacTHUtj,
MGHbllie HCM 0,002 MHKPOH3.
COLOR
USET. OKPACKA
23
-------
COMBINED SEWERS
CHCTRMA
A sewerage system that carries
both sanitary sewage and storm
water runoff. During dry weather,
combined sewers carry all waste
water to the treatment plant.
During a storm, only part of the flow
is intercepted because of plant
;overloading; the remainder goes
untreated to the receiving stream.
06mnn
OTBOfla Kait CaHlITapllO-OUTOBhIX TQK
II JIHBH6DHX CTOKOD. R neplIOAU
cyxofi noroAU ciiJiaoiioii Kaiiaji oomero
HaSHQ^CHHfl OTBOflllT DC6 CTO1HUC BOflLI
B BOAOOMHCTrfTCJIbllWe yCTaHOBKH. BO
BpeMH 6ypb TaKoii icaiiaji He B COCTO-
HHHH cnpaBHTbcfl co BceH Maccoii no-
cTynaiCiiiofi BOAU, BOAOOHHCTiiTo.ibiiue
ycTaiiOBKH neperpy^ awTcn H Macxb DO-
flH iianpaBJiJieTcs B BOAOTOKH HCOMII-
lUOHHOii.
COMMINUTION

The process of screening sewage
and cutting the screenings into
particles sufficiently fine to pass
through the screen openings.
H3MEJIb1EHHE

npouecc npoceHoaHHH OTXOAOB H
pasflpoGjieHHH ocanKOB Ha MBJIKHG
HaCTHUbl, T3K HTOGbl OHH MOTJIH
TH ^ep63 OTBepCTHH
COMMON SElffiR

A sewer in which all owners of
abutting properties have equal
rights.
OBIUHfl KOJ1J1EKTOP

KOJIJleKTOp CTOIHblX BOfl, H3 KOTO-
HMeuT oflHHaKOBoe npaso see
COOCTBGHHHKH npHJieraiomnx
CONCENTRATION

The amount of solid matter
contained in a fluid, usually
expressed in weight of solid per
unit volume of fluid.
KOHUEHTPAUHfl
TBepfloro seujecTBa B
OOblKHOBSHHO BbIpa>Xa6TCn
B secoBbix eflHHHuax TsepAoro semecTBa
ua enHHHuy oBteMa KHAKOCTH.
CONFINED AQUIFER

An aquifer which is surrounded by
formations of less permeable or
impermeable material.
BOflOHOCHbin FOPH30HT
CJIOH,
HHft JIM 6O M6Hee BOflOnpOHHUaeMblMH
J1HCO COBCCM
CONTACT AERATOR

A biological unit comprised of
stone, cement-asbestos, or other sur-
faces supported in an aeration tank,
with diffusion of air up and around
the surfaces and flow of settled sev-
age through the tank.
KOHTAKTHblfl AUPATOP
arperar, cocron-
H3 KaMGHHOft, acOeCTOUCMeHTHOfl
HJIH npyrofl nosepxHOCTH,
B aspauHOHHfaifl (5ai<; Bosnyx
OTpyeT BBepx no nosepxHOCTHM H
BOKpyr HHX; OTCTOHBUIHGCH
npoTexaiOT vepea Oan.
CONTACT PESTICIDE

A chemical that kills pests on
contact with the body, rather than
by ingestion (stomach poison).
KOHTAKTHblE nECTHUHflbl

XliMHKaTbl flJIH OOpbObI C BpeflHblMII
yHHWTOwawmHe ^TH op-
nyieM BHeumero conpiiKocHo-
B6HHH, a ne B peayjibTQTe npiieMa
29
-------
CONTAMINATION
3ArPfl3HEHHE
A general term signifying the
introduction into water of micro-
organisms, chemicals, wastes, or
sewage, which renders the water
unfit for its intended use.
TCPMHH,
BBeneime B sony MUKpooprauiiSMOB,
XHMHKaTOB, OTXOflOB, CTO4IIWX BOO,,
, ITO AeJiaex BO/iy HenpttroHHOfi
KaKoro-jinGo cneumpmtccKoro
CONTROLLED STORAGE

Reservoir storage subject to con-
trol by operation of gates or other
control devices.
PjSryjIHPyEMOE BOflQXPAHHJlHlllE
c BOSMOWHOCTBIO
BOHHOTO oStewa npw
nowoiuH EOPOT HJIH flpymx npHcnocoGjie-
HHft.
COPPER
MEflb
COST-BENEFIT TEST

Weighing of the advantages to be
gained from a remedial action against
its predictable cost in capital out-
lay, economic restraints, social im-
pact, etc.
HCIlblTAHHE COOTHOtUEHMfl CTOHMOCTb-
nPHBUJlb
noJibSM, KOTopyio MOK-
HO KSBflBVb H3 lOKOrO-JlHGO BOCCTaHO-
BHrejTbHoro HJIH peMOHTHoro npoeKTa,
B cpaBHeHUH c oiKHflaeMbiMH KanHTanb-
HtJMM saTpaTawH, SKOHOMH'-iecKHMM orpa-
HHMGHHHMH, COUHajIbHUMH aO3B6flCTBH-
HMH, HTfl.
CREST STAGE

The highest elevation, or Stage,
reached during a rise by flood
waters flowing in a channel.
.HUKJABOflKA

Han(3oJibiiJee
BO«U ripn
HHH na&OAoiHbtx
BOAOTOKy.
npn npoxoxwe-
no
CRITICAL CONCENTRATION

The limiting concentration of an
impurity in an irrigation water
above which it adversely affects
crop growth, impairs the quality of
the crop products, or damages the
soil on which crops are grown.
KPHTHHECKAH KOHUEHTPAUHfl

i
-------
CURRENT

(1) The flowing of water, or
other fluid. (2) That portion of a
stream of water which is moving
with a velocity much greater than
the average or in which the progress
of the water is principally
concentrated.
TE1EHHE

I/ nepeMemeHHe BOAHUX Mace HJIH
HHOfl KHflKOCTH.
2/ Ta tiacTb BOflOTOKa, KoxopaH
ABHiKeTCH co CKOPOCTWO npcBbnuaioinefl
cpeflHioio cKopocxb Bcero BOflOTOKa;
HM6HHO B 3TOR 13CTH COCpGflOTOieH
nporpecc nepeMemeHHn Doanoft Maccu.
CYANIDE
UHAHHfl
CYCLIC STORAGE

Water stored in a reservoir during
periods of more than average supply,
and"the releasing of it for use dur-
ing periods of insufficient supply.
See flow augmentation.
PE3EPBVAP C UHKJIODblH SATOJIHEHHEM
B pesepeyapc B
XpaHCHHe
nepnoflbi
HOrO BOAOCHaOjKQHHH H FlOnyCK
B nepiioflu HeflocTaxocHoro
W8HHH.
BOflbl
31
-------
DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane;
insecticide and miticide.
H aicapnunfl.
DEGASIFICATION

The removal of oxygen from water
to lessen its corroding power; it may
be accomplished by mechanical methods,
chemical methods, or a combination of
both.
flEFASHPOBAHHE
KHCJiopona HS BOAU c
nomiKeHHH ee KOPPOSHOHHOB
CnOCOOHOCTH. OcymeCTBJlHOTCH M6-
XaHHMeCKHMM HJ1H XHMHHeCKHMM M6TO-
HJIH KOMGHHaUHSfl 3THX MBTOflOB ,
DEGRADABILITY

The ability of a substance to be
chemically broken down by receiving
waters.
PASJlAFAEMOCTb
aemecTsa
C.KOMV pasJioxceiiHiu no«
npHBMHblX DOR.
DECREASING

The process of removing greases
and oils from sewage, waste, sludge,
or garbage.
OBE3KHPHBAHHE
npouecc yaane»KK CMasKH,
H HC4>TH H3 CTO^JHLJX BOA, OTXOflOB,
HJia MJ1H OTGpOCOB.
DEMETON

A trade name for commercial
systemic insecticide for plants.
It is absorbed by the plant,
which then becomes toxic to
sucking and chewing insects.
flEMETOH

Mapxa CHCTeMHoro
fljia aaiuHTu pacxenHB. PacxeHHe Bcacu-
saex B ceon npenapax H cxaHOBHTCH
TOKCHVIHblM flJIH COCylUHX H KylOlUHX Ha~
CeKOMblX.
DEMINERALIZATION

The removal from water of those
dissolved mineral constituents which
cause it to be unsatisfactory for
domestic or industrial uses.
flEMHHEPAJ!H3AUHa
us BOH scex Tex pacTso-
peHHtJx MHHepajitHbix npHMecefl, npH-
cyTCTBHe Koropbix B Bone flejiaex BOjqy
HenpHroAHoR n.nst OuTOBoro HJIH npo-
MbmineHHoro
DEPLETION

(1) The continued withdrawal of
water from a surface or ground-water
stream, reservoir, or basin at a
rate greater than the rate of
replenishment. (2) In appraisal
work the quantitative exhaustion of
natural resources, usually in
connection with commercial
exploitation and usually recorded
in monetary terms.
HCTOLHEHHE 3AnACOB
I/ nOCTOHHHbin 3aGOp BOflbJ H3
nOBepXHOCTHUX HJIH rpyHTOBUX BO-
BOTOKOB IIJ1H BOflOBMOB CO CKOpOCTblO,
npeBwuianmefi CKOpocxb
BoziHbix aanacoB .
2/ Hpn oOmnx oueHKax,
CTBGHHoe iiCTomenii
pecypcoB, oubiMHO oOycnoBJieHHoe
3KcnjiyaTauneB H
B fleHe»HUx
32
-------
DEPRESSED SEWER

A section of sewer constructed
lower than adjacent sections, to
pass beneath a valley, watercourse,
or other obstruction. It runs full
or at greater than atmospheric pres-
sure.
KOJIJIEKTOP
V'laCTOK KOJIJlCKTOpa, nOHHJKCHHblH
nO CpaDHGHHIO CO CMeKHblMH C HHM
yiacTKaMH, ann npoxofla noa nojiHiion,
BOflOTOKOM HJ1H flPyTHM npenjITCTBH6M.
Ha BTOM ywacxice ico/uieKTOp Hano-rmen
BO&OH H paGoxaeT npu flaBJicumi Btaue
aTMocepnoro.
DIELDRIN

The assigned common name for an
insecticidal product. Obtained by
oxidation of aldrin with peracids.
See also eridrin, a stereoisomer of
dieldrin.
HHceKTHUH.ua,
OCiuee
nojiyvaeMoro
CM. DHflpHH, HBJ1HIO-
CTepeoHaowepoM flnejibflpnHa.
DIFFUSION AERATOR

An aerator which blows air under
a low pressure through submerged
porous plates or perforated pipes so
that smal] air bubbles rise through
the water or sewage continually.
nM«Dil>y3HOHHblfl A3PATOP

A3paTop, KOTOpufl BflysaeT
HH3KOM flaBJieHHH Mepes norpy-
B XCHUKOCTb nOpHCTMe nJiaCTH
KH HJTH flupyarue Tpybu, TBK ITO HS
BOfltJ H^H CTOMHOft BOflfa] nOCTOHHHO
HapyjKy nysfaiptKH
DIGESTER COILS

A system of pipes for hot water or
steam installed in a sludge-digestion
tank for the purpose of heating the
sludge.
KATVU1KM HETAHTEHKA

CHcxeMa TpyGoK nnst
BOW HJIH napa, BMOHTHposaHHtax
B MeiaHTeHK fljwi noflorpesa HJia.
DIGESTION
T

In sewage treatment the anaerobic
decomposition of organic matter,
resulting in partial gasification,
liquefaction, and mineralization.
flHFEPHPOBAHHE

B OOpaOOTKB CTO1HUX BOB - 3TO
aH33poOHoe pas-noweHHe opraHH^ecKoro
semecTBa, HMeromee CBOHM pesyjibTaroM
DILUTION

(1) A method of disposing of
age, industrial V7aste, or sev;age
treatment plant effluent by discharg-
ing it into a stream or body of water
to diminish its strength. (2) The
ratio of volume of flow of a stream
to the total volume of sewage or sew-
age treatment plant effluent dis-
charged into it.
PA3EABJIEHHE

I/ Mexon yflajieHHH CTO^HUX
npOMOTXOflOB, HJIH O6pa5OTaHHbIX
CTOIHblX BOA, 3aKJIWMa:-------
DISCHARGE
(1) As applied to a stream or
conduit, the rate of flow, or volume
of water flowing in a given stream
or conduit at a given place and with-
in a given period of txme. (2) The
act involved in water or other liquid
passing through an opening or along a
conduit or channel. (3) The volume
of water, silt, or other mobile sub-
stance which emerges from an opening
pump, or turbine, or passes along a
conduit or channel, expressed as
cubic feet per second, millions of
gallons per day, etc.
I/ FIpHMCHHTejIbHO K BOflOTOKaM
HJIH TpyGaM, - oObCM BOW, npOTeica-
KHUHft flaHHUM BOflOTOKOM B SaflaHHOH
TO1KG B eflHHHUy BpGMGHH .
2/ fleflcTBHe npoxoismeHHJi BO.TUJ
HJIH HHOH »HflKOCTH JIHGO BflOJlb JIHUO
lepea xcuaoe ceienHC xanajia HJIH
3/ OObeM BOflbi, HJia HJIH
ABHJKyuiHxcH semecTB, BUXOAHIUHX »a
KaKOrO-JlHlJO OTBepCTHH, HJIH H3 H3CO-
ca HJIH rypOHHbi, H nepeMemaiouwxcH
BflOJib Kanaka HJIH KanaBbi. OObeM BU-
paiKaeTCH B icyGH^ecKHx yTax B ceieKTa.
DISINFECTION

The killing of the larger portion
(but not necessarily all) of the
harmful and objectional microorgan-
isms in, or on, a medium by means
of chemicals, heat, ultraviolet
light, etc.
flE3HH-------
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
PACTBOPEHHI-lfl KHCJIOPOJH
The oxygen dissolved in water or
sewage. Adequately dissolved oxygen
is necessary for the life of fish
and other aquatic organisms and for
the prevention of offensive odors.
Low dissolved oxygen concentrations
generally are due to discharge of
excessive organic solids having
high BOD, the result of inadequate
waste treatment.
KHCJIOpOA, paCTDOpOHHLlii B GOt\C KJIK
crone . y/tOBJieTBopiiTcjibiio pacTBope-
HHLlK KHCJIOpOfl Hy OH fl.Iiyi MI3HII pHfi
H Apynix BOAHUX opramraMOB, a ranve
O.JIK npOAOTDpameHHH OJIODOIIIIH. HIIOKIIC
KOHueiiTpauiui pacTBOpcHiior-o KIICJIOPO-
A8 OGUKIIOBCIIHO BM3BaHhI MpeaMOpHhIMII
cOpocai.in opranHMccKiix ripnweceii c DU-
COKHM KODcxHimtoHTOH c5nojioriiHecKoro
Kncjiopo/ia , HTO
OTXOAOB.
DISSOLVED SOLIDS

The total amount of dissolved
material, organic and inorganic,
contained in water or wastes.
Excessive dissolved solids make
water unpalatable for drinking and
unsuitable for industrial uses.
PACTBOPEHll'jE TBEHfllffi IIPIIMRCII

06iuee KOJiiiHecTBO pacToopoiiHoro
opraHnnecKoro H nooprainiMCCKoro
eemecTsa B soflc IMII OTXOAOX. Mpea-
MepHoc KOJiviiecTuo pacTDOpCHUhix npii
weceW ACJiauT sofly HCBKycHovi
nwTbH H HenpnoMJienoii A.na
Hbix
DISTRIBUTOR

In sewage treatment a device used
to apply liquid to the surface of a
filter or contact bed, of two gen-
eral types, fixed or movable. The
fixed type may consist of perforated
pipes or notched troughs, sloping
boards, or sprinkler nozzles. The
movable type may consist of rotating
disks or rotating, reciprocating,
or traveling perforated pipes or
troughs applying a spray, or a thin
sheet of liquid.
PACnPEflEJIMTEJIb

B npaKTHKe OWHCTKH CTOMHUX
3TO M6X3HH3M flJIJJ HOflBOfla JKHflKOCTH
K nosepxHOCTH q»iJibTpa MJIH K njib-
TpyrameMy GJIOIO. 1'acnpeflejiiiTe^H Obi-
crauHOHapHbie H noflBn*Hbic. CTB-
THn npencTaojifieT cotJort
TpyOu, sasySpeHHbie wenooa,
HaKJIOHHbie flOCKH HJIH
conjia. noflBH«Hue THnw
HJIH CKOJIbSHUlHe
HJIH xejio5a; noflBHWHbie Mexa-
HHSMbl JIHOO paCntJJlHBaiOT WHflKOCTt,
nonaioT ee B $opMe TOHKOB
DOMESTIC SEWAGE

Sewage derived principally from
dwellings, business buildings,
institutions, and the like. It may
contain ground water, surface water,
or storm water.
XO3HflCTBEHHO-BblTOBblE CTO^HblE BOflbl

CxoMHtie BOflbi or npeHMymecTBeHHO
JKHJIUX, TOprOBblX, KyjTbTypHblX, OOCJiy-
JKHBaiOIUHX H nOHOSHhlX OGteKTOB. MO-
ryT coflepxcaTb rpynTOBbie, nosepxHOCT
Hue HJIH jiHDHesbie
DOSE

A measured quantity of an agent
or physical field administered or
absorbed at one time, in time in-
crements, or continuously over a
period of time. In technology, it is
a portion of an additive introduced
into a process. In radiology, the
quantity of energy or radiation
absorbed.
fl03A
KaKoro-JinGo
BemecTBa HJIH
-------
DRAINAGE
BOflOCEOP (UJHPOKOC TOJlKOBaHHe)
(1) A general term applied to the
removal of surface or ground water
from a given area either by gravity
or by pumping. (2) The area from
which water at a given point or
location on a stream originates. In
such case the term is synonymous with
drainage area and watershed. (3) The
term is also used in a general sense
to apply to the flow of all liquids
under the force of gravity. (4) The
water features on a map such as seas,
lakes, ponds, streams, and canals.
aauop BOHU, nosepxHocxHort HJIH rpyn-
TOBOH, c KaKoro-JiHUo paftoua, /mOo
HOfl BO3flenCTBH6M CHJTUI THJKCCXH J1H6O
nyreM HaKawHsaHHfi.
2/ HacTb seMiioft nosepXHOCXH,
oTKyaa npOHcxoaiiT CTOK sonta B pov-
nyio CHCTeMy. B 3TOM cjiyiae STOT
T6PMHH CHHOHMMH1CH C
H pennon HJIH
OacceflH.
3/ B obuieM cMHCJie TSPMHH STOT
ynoxpeGjinexcH npnMeHHTCJibno K rpa-
BHXaUHOHHOMy XGXeHHIO BCCX KHflKOC"
4/ BoflHbie oObeKTbi Ha xapxax,
KBK Hanp. MOPH, osepa,
PSKH H
DRAINAGE AREA

The area tributary to a lake,
stream, sewer, or drain. Also
called catchment area, watershed,
and river basin.
EACCEHH BOflOTOKA

yviacTOK seMHOfi noeepxnocTH, c
Koxoporo npOHCxoflHT HPHTOK BOA B
pexy, oaepo, CTOiHyio rpyOy HJIH
KaHasy. TaKxe
BoaocBopa; BoaocBop;
6acceflH.
DRAINAGE BASIN

(1) An area from which surface
runoff is carried away by a single
drainage system. Also called
catchment area, watershed, and
drainage area. (2) The largest
natural drainage area subdivision
of a continent.
BOflOCBOPHblfl EACCEflH

I/ Macxb seMHOft nosepXHOCTH,
c Koropofl nocTynaioT nosepxHOCTHbie
BOfltj B onHy rnflporpa$HMecKyio CETB.
TaKoa OacceftH nasuBaioT xaxwe
BonocGopHOfl njiomaflbio HJIH njiomaflfcio
H/IH GacceflHOM BOflocOopa.
2/ CaMoe xpynHoe npHpoflnoe non-
pa3«ejieHne OacceflHa soflocbopa Ha
DSAINAGE SYSTEM

(1) A system of conduits and
structures for effecting drainage.
It may consist of open jointed pipe
into which the water flows or it may
consist of tight pipes which convey
the drainage. (2) The network of
streams and bodies of surface water
that are tributary to them, both
large and small, which convey water
to a specific point. (3) In plumbing,
all piping within public or private
premises which conveys sewage, rain
water, or other liquid wastes, to a
legal point of disposal; the term
does not include the pipes of a
public sewer system.
flPEHAMAH CHCTEMA

I/ CHCT6M3 BOflOOTBOflHblX
H coopywemifi. TpyGta Moryx
OTKpUTO coHJieHeHHoro Tuna,
Kyna nocxynaeT sojja; HJIH Moryi
GbiTb saMKHyxoro xiina, nanp.
2/ CSTb BOHOXOKOB H nOBOpXHOCT-
HUX BOfloeMOB, noflaioiUHX BOfly B axy
CSXb HeSaBHCHMO OX HX BejlHMHHbl,
flJIH OXBGfleHHH BOfl K K3KOMy-JlH6O
onpeflGJieHHOMy Mecxy.
3/ B BoaonpoBOflHOfi cwcxeMe -
ace TpyGbi B oGmecxBeHHfaix HJIH
Hbix BflaHMnx, ncpena^iuHe CXOKH, JIHB
HeBue soflu H npyrne WHUKHG oxxoau
B yaaKOHeHHbifl HCXOHHHK cbpoca. Tep
MHH 3TOT HG nOKpUBaST TpyG KOMMy-
CTOMHOfl CHCTeMbl.
36
-------
DRAINAGE WATER
flPEHAJKHAH BOflA
(1) Water which has been collected
by a drainage system and discharged
into a natural watercourse. (2)
Water flowing in a drain derived from
ground, surface, or storm water.
I/ Boaa, coupaunan c TCPPHTOPHH
BOflociJopa H cupouiOHnaa D KaKoft-JiHU
ecTecTBemiufi BOBOTOK.
2/ Bojja D upenax HJIII Tpaiimenx,
co&pamiafl c rpyHTOBoro, IIOBGPXHOCT-
Horo HJIH jitiBneBoro CTOKOB.
DREDGE SPOIL

The material removed from an
excavation. It is generally excess
material that is wasted. A pile
of soil, subsoil, rock or other
material excavated from a drainage
ditch, pond, or other cut.
OTBAJEJ C 3KCKABATOPHblX BblPASOTOK
rpyni,
B pesyjibTare aeMnHHUX paQoT. Btj-
opn paspauoTKax rpynr CVIH-
KBK npaBHJio, HBUuiouHbiM
H tiger B OTsanti.
Taxxe: rpyflu rpynra, nozinoMBhi, no-
poflti MnH HHOTO Marepwajia, BbiHyTue
us eoflocTO^Hoa KanaBu, npyaa, HJIH
HHOTO wecra BUSMKH.
DREDGING

A method for deepening streams,
swamps or coastal waters by scraping
and removing solids from the bottom.
The resulting mud is usually
deposited in marshes in a process
called filling. Dredging and filling
can disturb natural ecological
cycles. For example, dredging can
destroy oyster beds and other
aquatic life; filling can destroy
the feeding and breeding grounds
of many fish species.
HHOyrJiyEHTEJlbHtJE PAEOTbl
BOAOTOKOB,
JOJIOT H lIpMCipe-.HHX 1IOJIOC liyT6M
CHJITHH H BbieuKH rpyiiTa co flHa.
uiJian cfipacHBaercfl B GOJIOTH
HX aaiiojiHeHHfl . Ilpoueccu BHBMKH
H oaKJiaAKH rpyHTa uoryi
MecTHOCTH. HanpHMGp,
posaHHe MOVST noBpeflmb
Apyrnx BOflHMx opraHHBMOB.
TODKHX MSCT rpyHTOH HO'6T HaHeCTH
yiuepfi ynacTKaM niiTaHHH H pa3MHO-e-
HHH MHOTHX BHflOB pHv5 .
DRIHKIHG WATER STANDARDS

Standards prescribed by the U. S.
Public Health Service for the quality
of drinking water supplied to inter-
state carriers. The principal pro-
visions deal with sources and pro-
tection, bacteriological quality, and
physical and chemical characteristics.
CTAHfiAPTbl HA flHTbEByiO BOfly
Cjiy3K6oa
oeutecTBetiHoro anpaBooxpaneHUH Ha
KaiecTBo nHTbeeoH BOW, npenocTa-
s/THeMofl BJIJI Hyxjq MejKiuTaTnoro Tpanc-
nopTa. OcHOBHbie 'nyHKTU KacawTCH
HCTO^IHHKOB BOflbl H HX OXpftHbl H
XHMH^GCKHX M
37
-------
ECOLOGY
3KOJIOrHH
The interrelationships of living
things to one another and to their
environment or the study of such
• interrelationships.
BaaHMooTiiouieiiue XHBUX opraims-
MOD npyr c npyroM M c OKpyxaiouicH
H H3yHCHne TSKHX OTHouiennn.
ECOSYSTEM

The interacting system of a
biological community and its non-
living environment.
BHOrEOUEH03

B33HMOCBH3aHHaH 3KOCHCTGMa
6HOJiormiecKoro coobmecTBa n COOT-
seTCTByrjmero yiacTKa seMnoft noaepx-
HOCTH.
EFFLUENT

A discharge of pollutants into the
environment, partially or completely
treated or in its natural state.
Generally used to define discharges
into waters.
CBPOCbl

CCpoc sarpasHHTenefi B OKpywaw-
myic cpefly, HeoOpaGoTaiiHwx, oopaoo-
TaHHbJX, HJIH OGpaoOTaHHblX laCTlI^IHO.
KaK npaBHJio, HMBIUTCH B BMfly cGpocu
B BOflHyio cpeny-
EFFLUENT LIMITED SEGMENT

A segment in which the use of
effluent guideline-based technology
for industry, and secondary treat-
ment for municipal facilities, will
meet water quality requirements.
OrPAHHHEHHblH ViACTOK
CTOKA

ViaCTOK, H3 KOTOPOM npHMGHOHUe
TexHOJiornn o&paOoTKH CTOKOB corjiac-
HO yKaSBHHHM HO COpOCy flJIH
jieHHux oOoeKTOB, a B cnyMae
H0» OSpaC'OTKH - flJlS TOpOflCKHX COO-
py*eHnft, oTseMaer TpeOoBaHHHM K
xaiecTBy
PBOSPHORUS
An element that while essential to
life, contxibiTtes to the eutrophica-
tiou of lakes and other bodies of
water.
SJIEMEHTAPHblfl OOC'DOP

XOTH (J>OC$Op HGOOXOflHM flJIH
SCH3HH, 3TOT 3J16M6HT CnOCO(?CTByCT
3BTpO(J)HKaUHH O3CP H flpyFHX BOflO-
6MOB.
ELIMIHRTION OF DISCHARGE

A component of the effluent guide-
lines indentifying how a "no dis-
charge" requirement could be estab-
lished for an industrial category.
I1PEKPMUEHHE 3ArPfl3HHK)ll|HX CBPOCOG

Ofliio H3 nojiOKeHHft pyKOBOflcxsa
no orpam-meHHfiM Ha' cCpoc CIOMHUX
BOB, nawmee $opMyjinpOBKy nna TSX
Korna MOJKHO naiio5KiiTb
sanpemeHHc na cOpoc CTOM-
HUX BOA Ann onpeae/ieiiHoro xima
npOMbmuieHHbix o
EHDOSULFAN
3HflOCyJIb-------
ENDRIN
A name for an insecticide; a
stereoisomer of dieldrin, which it
resembles in toxicity and physical
properties. See also aldrin.
HHCeKTHun.ua; CTepeonso-
Mep flHejibHpHHa, c KOTOPUM
cxojqeH no TOXCHIHOCTH H
CM. Taxxe
ENRICHt-lENT

The addition of nitrogen,
phosphorus and carbon compounds or
other nutrients into a lake or other
waterway that greatly increases
the growth potential for algae and
other aquatic plants. Most"
frequently, enrichment results from
the inflow of sewage effluent or
from agricultural runoff.
OEOrAUlEHHE nHTATEJIblMMH BE1UECTBAMH

nonaAamie aaora, ejrapci>opa, opra-
coeflHHCHMSi ii Apyriix miTO-
BciuecTB B ooepo mm inioii
BOfloeM, B peoyJibTaTe Hero yoc^i;iMii-
BO3MOXHOCTH npOII3pOCTaHi!H
H apyriix 3DTpbc|jiibix pa-
cTeiinii. HanOojiee MBCTO TBKOO ooora
iueHne BOAOCMOB HBJIHOTCJI cJie/icianc
CdpOCa CTOMHblX BOA HJIH CCJIbCKOXO-
OflKcTBeHHHX OTXOAOB .
ENTRftlNMEKT

Drawing of aquatic organisms into
a cooling water system, resulting in
physical stress, generally from flow
•rate and temperature effects. The
stress often results in high mortality.
VHOC
cHcrewy
DOUHBIX opraHHSMos a
BOH, B pe-
^ero 3TH opraHHSMu noa-
BepraioxcH (])H3HMecKOMy BosneflCTsmo,
oObrctio BoaneficTBHw CKOPOCTH noTOKa
H TeMnepaiypu, ITO sejieT K Bbicoxon
CM6PTHOCTH 3THX Opr3HH3MOB.
ESTUARY

Area where fresh water meets salt
water, such as a bay, mouth of river,
salt marsh, and lagoon. An estuary
is a delicate eco-system; it serves
as nursery, spawning, and feeding
ground for a large group of marine
life and provides shelter and food
for birds and wildlife.
3CTyAPHH
i\ae npecHaa BOAa npn.ce-
raex K wacce COJIBHOH BOAU: Hanpnnep
ycTbH peK, co.neKbie ooepa H
3cTyapnn npeACT8BJiH-oT co(5oti
MyBCTBHTejIbHbie OKOCHCT6Mbl: OHH
"far nHTOMHHKanH; HecTaim
H nHTSHUH RJLO. UGJIOTO pflflB MOpCKHX
opraHHSMOB; H yfieynutaMH H MecTauti
RJIR nxHU H AHKHX ^HBOTHHX.
EUTROPHICATION

The normally slow aging process
by which a lake evolves into a bog
or marsh and ultimately assumes a
completely terrestrial state and
disappears. During eutrophication
the lake becomes so rich in nutritive
compounds, especially nitrogen and
phosphorus, that algae and other
microscopic plant life becomes
superabundant, thereby "choking"
the lake, and causing it eventually
to dry up. Eutrophication may be
accelerated by many human activities.
3BTPO$HKAUHfl
06hiKHOBeHKO Becbhia
npouecc HcxomeHHfl osepa, B pcay.ibTa-
Te KOTOporo oaepo cnepsa iipeBpamae-
TCfl B TpflCHHy MJIH SOJIOTO, 3 BnOC.ICfl-
CTBHH B yMacTOK cyuiH ii iic'ieoaeT KAK
ooepo. B nepiioa 3BTpocJ):iKau:iii onepo
HacBimaeTCH nirTaTe-nbUHMii DOIIIOCTB.IMII,
B OCOdeHHOCTH 83OTOM H
-------
FACILITIES PLANNING
miAHHPOBAHHE BOflOOMllCTIlbLX Oli'i.KKTOB
The first stage in establishing a
wastewater facility, including site
selection, surveying, building loca-
tion, etc.
CTOHHH B npoueccc coopy-
BOflOOHHCTHOrO OUbCKTa, DKnin-
BuOop wecTa, ciiCMKy, rpaccn-
non 3asmun, nr.q.
FACTORS

Those considerations which deter-
mine the ability of an affected ac-
tivity to meet environmental guide-
lines, such as soil quality, climate,
condition of plant equipment, access
to receiving waters, etc.
OAKTOPbl

3jieM@KTU OU.CHKH H
cnocoOiiocrb
K coOjiuAciiii v
o aaiuMTe OKpywanmeft cpeau.
BXOJIHT: xawecTBO nouBU, KJIHMAT
cociOHHue MexaHHiecicoro
HHH, flOCTyn K BOAOnpHeMHHKQM,
KOTOPUC
FEEDLOT

A relatively small, confined
land area for raising cattle.
Although an economical method of
fattening beef, feedlots concentrate
a large amount of animal wastes in
a small area. This excrement cannot
be handled by the soil as it could
be if the cattle were scattered on
open range. In addition, runoff
from feedlots contributes excessive
quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium to nearby waterways,
thus contributing to eutrophication.
riACTEHlllHOE
oropoxen-
Hasi njioiuaAica A.HH CKOTOBoacrna .
TaKHe yroAtfl npeAcraBJis.v.-T
3t{)t|,eKTHBHuii C11OCO6
CKOTQ, OHH B TO *& BpSMA
MecTou KOHueKTpamiH 6o.«biijoro
Haaosa na nsQoJibmo\\
llO'JBa TSKHX yPOflHH H6 B COCTO-
flHHH BHHTaTb B ceflH BBCb H8BO3, MTO
(Snjio Ou BOO'MOXHHM, ecJiH 0 cKOT naccfl
Ha OTKpHTHX naCTOHIUHX. KpOM6 3TOTO
CTOK u OTXoau o TaKHX yroflnH c<3pa-
CHsajOT HOJimiKee KOJiM>iecTBo aooxa ,
({]oc(})opa H KajiHSt a 6Jin3JieKauiHe BORO-
XOKH, ^6M yBejlHMHBaeTCH CTeHSHb HX
FILTRATION

In waste water treatment, the
mechanical process that removes
particulate matter by separating
water from solid material, usually
by passing it through sand.
OTDIbTPHPOBAHHE

B npaKTKKe oGpaGoTKH CTOHKUX
son, STO MexaHH^ecKHfi npouecc
JIBHHH viacTHu, npiiMeceft nocpcncxBOM
OTnejisHHH TBepnax semecTB or BOHH,
D6biKHOBeHiio nponycxan CTOK
necoK.
FLOG

Small gelatinous masses, formed
in a liquid by the addition of coagu-
lants thereto or through biochemical
processes or by agglomeration. See
coagulant.
ZJlOUbfl (OJlOKKyjlMPOBAHHblE OCAflKK)

HeGoJibitiHe reJieo6pa3Hbie
OlOpaSOBaBUlHGCH B JKHflKOCTH
noa BoaneacTBHGM KoaryjiHHTOB, jin6o
B peayjibxaTe OHOXHMHvecKHx npoue-
CCOB, JIHOO nyreM
CM.
FLOCCULATION
See coagulation.
CM.
40
-------
FLOCCULATTUN AGENT

See1 coagulant.
OJIOKKVJIHPyiOmEE BEU1ECTBO

CM.
FLOCCULATOR

An apparatus for the formation of
floe in water or sewage.
OJlOKKyJMTOP
oGpaaoBamin
xjionbes B Bone IIJIH CTOVHUX
FLOOD PLAIN

(1) The position occupied by the
water surface of a stream during a
particular flood. (2) loosely,
the elevation of the water surface
at various points along the stream
during a particular flood. Also
called flood level. Also, part of
a lake basin plain, lying between
the shoreline and the shore cliff
and subject to submergence during
a high sta^e of the lake.
noHMA

I/
-------
FORCE MAIN HAniETATEJlbllblH TPyEOnPOBOJI

A pipe line on the discharge side HanopHHft Tpyuonposoa nacocnon
,of a pumping station. ycTSHOBKH Ha ee COPOCOBOM KOHUC.
42
-------
GAME FJSH

Those species of fish sought by
sports fishermen; for example,
•salmon, trout, black bass, striped
bass, etc. Game fish are usually
more sensitive to environmental
changes and water quality degradation
than "rough" fish.
PUEA Mi\ CnOPTHBllOM J10DJ1M

Te Biiflu purt, JIOOJICH KOTOPUX
HanpwMep Jiococb, cfiopejib,
nepHuii H MopcKoil, HTA . Phiou
nine en od'exTOM JIOBJIH OCJUKHOBCHHO
Oojiee MyBCTBHTCJihuu K nepeueiiaM
B oKpyKBiuuieti cpefle H K yxy«uiOHHRj
KaiOCTBS BOAbl H6M COpHhie
GERMICIDE

A chemical or agent that kills
microorganisms such as bacteria
and prevents them from causing
disease. Such compounds must be
registered as pesticides with EPA.
EAKTEPHUHflbl

XHMHKaTH, yHHHTOJKaulUHe MHKpOOp-
raHHSMbi Twna OaKTepHfi, TJI. oOp.
T6, KOTOPUC HBJJHiOTOH BO36yflHT6JlH-
MH gaOoJiesaHHfi. BaKTepnunflnbie seme-
cxsa nonnexa-i perHCTpauHH Kaic necTH-
UHflbi B opratiax AreHTCTsa no 3amnxe
OKpyxaioiueft
GREASE TRAP

A device by means of which grease
content of sewage is cooled and con-
gealed so that it can be skimmed
from the surface.
KHPOyjlOBHTEJlb

npncnocoojieHne, npn noMowH KOTO-
poro WHpoBbie cocraB/iHiJimie CTOKOB
H OTXOAOB oxjiawnajOTca H cryma;oTC«,
TaK WTO OHH Moryr CUTB CHHTU c no-
BepXHOCTH.
GRIT

The heavy mineral matter in water
or sewage such as sand, gravel,
cinders, etc.
KPynH03EPHHCTblH MATEPHAJ1
MHHepanbHue nopoflta B
BOfle HJ1H CTOIHfcJX BOflaX, K3K Hanp.
necoK, rpaBHft, aona, HT«.
GROUND WATER

Subsurface water occupying the
saturation zone, from which wells
and springs are fed. In a strict
sense the term applies only to
water below the water table. Also
called phreatic water.
TPyHTOBblE
BOJbl
3OHy HaCblUGHHH, H3 KOTOpOH
KOJIOflUbl H POflHHKH . B y3KOM
GJiOBa TBPMHH "rpyHTostie BO-
OTHOCHTCH TOJlbKO K BO«aM HHJKS
noaseMHux BOA. TaKwe
BOHH.
GUTHION

Insecticide.
rVTHOH

HHCCKTHUHfl.
43
-------
H
HARD WATER

Hater containing dissolved
minerals such as calcium, iron and
magnesium. The most notable
characteristic of hard water is its
inability to lather soap. Some
pesticide chemicals will curdle or
settle out when added to hard water.
BO,gA
Bofla, coflepyamaji pacxaopenHhie
Kax nanp. Kajimiiii,
HT/I . OTJiiiHHTe.ibiiOH xapanre-
PHCTHKOM •'ecTKoii BOAW fiBjmeTCH TO,
MTO OHB H6 MHJIHTCH. HeKOTOpUe 113-
CTHUHAU npii nonaflam-iH B MJCTKVIU
BOfly CBOpaHHBaiuTCJl HJIII OCe/ldiuT.
HARDNESS

A characteristic of water, chiefly
due to the existence therein of the
carbonates and sulfates and
occasionally the nitrates and
chlorides of calcium, iron, and
magnesium, which causes "curdling"
of the water when soap is used, an
increased consumption of soap,
the deposition of scale in boilers,
injurious effects in some industrial
processes, and sometimes
objectionable taste in the water. It
is commonly computed from the amounts
of calcium and magnesium in the
water and expressed as equivalent
calcium carbonate per million parts
of water.
iKECTKOCTb

OflHO H3 CBOftCTB BOflbl,
CH CJieflCTBHSM HajlHIHfl B BOflB K3p-
GonaxoB H cyjibOaxoB, a miorfla HM-
TP3TOB H XJlOPHflOB, Ka/IbUHH, MBJiesa
H MarHHH. npoHBJineTCH B ruioxoM pa-
CTBOpeHHH MblJia B T3KOR BORB 1A B
ero ynoTpeQjieHMH, B oBpaao-
xiinH Ha CTeHKax napOBbix
KOTJ10B, BO BpeflHOM BOSfleflCTBHH
Ha npOMwuineHHoe oGopyflosaHHe, a
HHOrfla H B njioxow npHBKyce. OGta-
KHOB6HHO BUCMHTfcJBaeTCH H3 KOJ1HM6CT-
sa KajibUHH H MarHHH, coflepjxaiAHxcn
B Bojqe, H BupaMaexcH B MHJIJIHOHHUX
AOJIHX 3KBHB3JieHTOB yrjlfiKHCJIOrO
B oSseMe
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE

A pollutant whose presence in a
receiving water as a result of a
spill can present an imminent and
substantial danger to the public
health or welfare and to fish,
shellfish, wildlife, shorelines,
and beaches.
OI1ACHOE BEUIECTBO

3arpH3HHTejib, HajiHMHe KOTOPOFO
B Bone B pesyJibTaTe paajmsa MOJKBT
npeflCTaajiaTb HenpenoTBpaTHMyw H
ceptesHyio onacnocTb flJin saopoBbH
H GjiarOCOCTOHHHH leJlOBBKa, PU13,
MOJUIIOCKOB, paKOOupasHux H BUKHX
I KHBOXHfalX H H3H6CTH yiUepO BSMOpblO
H npHBpeXHHM 3OHHM.
HEAVY METALS

Metallic elements with high
molecular weights, generally toxic
in low concentrations to plant and
animal life. Such metals are often
residual in the environment and
exhibit biological accumulation.
Examples include mercury, chromium,
cadmium, arsenic and lead.
T5L-..EJIHE HETAJJ.5H
nuiiie BticoKiiu Mo.neKyjinpiihiM BOCOM H
flBJIflA-lUHeCfi OCJU'JUO TOKCHMHblHII RAR
pacTCHufi ii .-.IIBOTHMX aa."e npti MBJIUX
KOHueHipamisix. Tanwe MeTa.iJiu Macro
iHBBiuT OOTaXOVHHMH npOflyKTOMH D OKpy
cpeae :: aKKyMyjinpy,oxcH B Suo-
ciicreMax. Hanpiu/.ep pxyxb,
XpOM, KaflMIIH, MHlIIbHK H CBIIH6U.
HEPTACHLOR
TEHTAXJIOP
A fungicide similar to chlordan.
CXOJdHblfl C XJIOpflaHOM.
-------
HERBICIDE
TEPEHUHflU
A chemical used to destroy or
control the growth of weeds, bush
and other undesirable plants.
mix yinwioxenusi H
KOHTPOJIH pocTa copitflKOB H apy-
rHx newejiaxejibHUx pacxeHHft H
KyCTOB.
HOLDING TANK

One form of marine sanitation
device that collects sanitary
wastes and is pumped out at an on-
shore facility.
EAK-HAKOIlHTEJlb

OBHO K3 ycTpoflcTB na cy«ax,
cjiyxaiqce HJIH cOopa
OTXOAOB. Oxxoflbi
nepexaviHBaioTcn B npiieMHbie
Ha cyme.
HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION MODEL

A method of estimating various
probable seasonal variations, by
analogy modeling, over specific
drainage area regarding water volume,
flow velocity, surface runoff,
evaporation, seepage, and other
hydrologic data affected by environ-
mental conditions or by human activ-
ites.

A number of methods for linear
or nonlinear programing of water
resources are in use, each based on
regional statistical parameters and
using different types of scientifi
equipment, ^phenomena, and mathematical
functions.
MOflEJIb
HOJIHOHKAUHH
OU.GHKH paSJlHMHUX EGpOHTHbl.X
npii noMouiK aHa^oroBoro
Han i
-------
IMPERVIOUS SOIL
BOflOHEnPOHHUAEMblE
A soil resistant to penetration
by water and usually by air and
roots.
HOMBhl, OTJimiaiOlllHeCH CTOflKOCTblO
K npocaviHBaHHio BOAU, a raiuKe, KBK
npaun.no, K npOHiiKHOBeiiHh) sosayxa
MJIH Kopnefl .
IMPOUND

(1) To collect water as by
damming a stream for irrigation
purposes, or the like. (2) A
reservoir for water, as one made
by damming a stream.
C03flATb BOflOEH

I/ B xaiecTBe rvnarojia: iiaxanjiH-
saib Bony nyreM aanpywHsaniiH, nanp.
ana uejieft opouieHHH, HT«.
2/ B xawecTBe cyiuecTBiixeJibHoro:
coaaaHHUft nyTGM
HHH.
IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR
A reservoir with gate controlled
outlets wherein surface water may be
retained for a considerable period
of time and released for nse at a
• time when the ordinary flow of the
stream is insufficient to satisfy
requirements.
3AIlPyflHOE BOflOXPAHHJIHlUE
co IUJIIOSOBUMH sopo-
T3MH, B KOTOPOM nOBSpXHOCTHUe BOflbl
woryT xpaHHTbcn B Te^emie
XHTeJibHoro nepnofla BPEMSHH H
CKHTI.CH B BOAOTOK B nepIIOflbl,
HOpwaJibHoro npHTOKa BOHKI He xaaTaer
noxpeGHOCTeft .
IN PLACE POLLUTANT

A pollutant generated .in situ at
a given locale.
3ArPg3HHTEJlb MECTHOFO nPOHCXOKflKHHH

JloGoe sarpHSHHiomee semecTso, oGpa-
na Mecie B npenejiax orpa-
INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE

Sewage in which industrial wastes
predominate. See domestic sewage.
CTOHHbie BOflbl, B KOTOPUX
npOMbmuieHHue oxxoflbi. CM. Xosnfl-
CTBeHHO-GiJTOBHe CTO'IHbie BOflbl.
INFILTRATION

The uncontrolled entry of water
into a sewage system via defective
pipes, pipe joints, manhole walls,
etc.
HHOHJlbTPAUHfl

HeperyjmpyeMoe nponHKnoneiute
BOflbl B KaHaJIHSaUHOHHyW CIICTGMy,
Hanp. vepea fleOexTHbie rpyOu, CTUI-
KH , JIBKH , HTJU .
46
-------
INFILTRATION RATE
CKOPOCTb nPOCAMHBAHHfl
(1) The rate at which infiltration
takes place expressed in depth of
water per unit time, usually in inch-
es per hour. See percolation. (2)
The rate, usually expressed in cubic
feet per second, or million gallons
per day per mile of waterway, at
'which ground water enters an infil-
•tration ditch or gallery, drain, "
sewer, or other underground conduit.
I/ CKOpocTb npouecca nHnJibTpa-
nocTynnemie BOOU na onpeac-
jienHyio rjiybMny 3a enHHHuy BPCMCHH;
oOuiHO noflaeTcn B flioflMax D Mac.
CM. npocainaanHe.
2/ CKOpocTb nocTynJieHwn rpyHTO-
Bfaix BOfl B HHOHJibTpauHonnylo Kanaoy,
noHseMHhifi pcaepoyap, flpenaxnyio
CHCTeMy, CTomibifl KOJIJIOKTOP, MHH
flpyryro noaaeMHyin BOflOOTBoanyio CH-
crewy; oobiiHO aupaxaeTCH D KyOn-
necKHX $yTax B ceKyHfly HJIH MHJIJIMO-
nax rajiJionoB B nenb Ha ofliiy MHHIO
BOflOTOKa.
INFILTRATION VOLUME

The quantity of rainfall, expres-
sed in inches depth over a given
area, that passes below the root zone
of plants and ultimately reaches the
zone of saturation.
OEoEM nPOCAIHBAHHfl
ocanxoB,
BblpaaCOHHOG B flWHMaX FJlyCHHbl H3
KOTOpoe npOHHKaeT B rpyHT
ypOBHH KOpHSfl paCTGHHfl H B KOH6K-
HOM HTOre AOXOflHT flO 30HU
INFLUENT

Sewage, water, or other liquid,
raw or partly treated, flowing into
a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
I1PHTOK BOflbl

Bofla, CTOKH HJIH npyran
HeO5pa5OT£lHHaH HJIH JlHUlb OTiaCTH
oOpauoTaHHaa, nocTynaiomaa B peaep-
Byapu, bacceftHU HJIH
ycxaHOBKH.
INLAND WATERS

All surface waters within the
territorial limits of the United
States.
BHVTPEHHHE BOflbl

Bee noBcpxHOCTHbie BOHLJ, pacnojio-
B npenejiax CU1A.
INORGANIC MATTER

Substances of mineral origin.
HEOPrAHHVIECKOE BE1UECTBO

BemecTBO MHHepaJibHoro nponcxo-
INPUT

(1) The available data for solving
a technical problem. (2) The total
of physical factors entering into a
process.
nOCTVnJIEHHE, BBOflHHE flAHHblE

I/ HMetouinecH B HariHMHH
flnH pemeHHH KaKoro-jiwOo xexHHie-
CKOTO Bonpoca.
2/ OOuiee icoJiHiecxBo (])H3HMecKHX
OaKTOpOB, BOBJie*ieHHbIX B KaKOfl-JIH60
npouecc.
47
-------
INTAKE AREA
The surface area upon which
water that eventually reaches an
aquifer or ground-water basin is
initially absorbed.
seMHoft noBepxiiocTH,
npouccc norjiomeiiiiH
KOTopan 33T6M HaxanjiHBacTcn D
Hociibix ropnaoiiTax HJIH B baccaftHax
PpyHTOBtJX BOA.
INTAKE STRUCTURE

(1) The place where water enters
a conduit or other structure.
(2) The works or structures at the
head of a conduit or canal into
which water is diverted.
BOflOnPMEMHOE CODPVKEHME

I/ MecTo, rye soaa BXOAHT B i/ npHdpe^Hue Boaa, nonnriie KOTOpax
oxssTbiBaeT Boau oneaHa B npoae.--ax
KBK TeppnTopna-abHoft .«pwcaHKu:ui no
HanpaBJieiiHnj K uopiu raw H B/IO.TD '.'
roaoS JiKHiin i BKJiwM'an B
POKH ], Haxoaaiueiicn noa
TlpIIJIIIBHO-OTJIHBHOrO UHKJI3
48
-------
INTRASTATE WATERS BliyTPHUlTATHblE BOflU

According to law, waters defined B COOTBOTCTDHH c
as rivers, lakes and other waters aaKonaMH, TBPMMH STOT OTHOCHTCH
that .are within the jurisdiction of K peKaw, oaopaM H flpyrHM BOJUBM,
a state. HaxoflnmiiMCH Ha ieppnxopnH
OflHOMV
.IRON KEJ]E30
49
-------
LAGOON
JTArVHA
A shallow body of water, as a
pond or lake, which usually has a
shallow, either restricted or blocked
inlet from the sea.
BOHOSM, wax narip.
npyfl H-mi oaepo, ouuKHOBemio JIHGO
COeflHHCHHbie C MOP6M MSJlKOBOflHblM
npoJiHBOM JIHOO OTneiieHnue OT Mops
OapOM.
LAKE

An inland body of water, fresh
or salt, or considerable size
occupying a basin or hollow on the
earth's surface, and which may or
may not have a current or single
direction of flow.
03EPO
cojienbifi
HJIH
pacnojioxtenHfaifi B
SCMIIOH noBepxnocTn;
MOK6T OfalTJb OeCCTO^HUM HJIH CTOH-
HtiM, iianp. c
TevtemieM.
LAMP USE

The use made of the land surface
which has a determining effect on
the broad social and economic con-
ditions of a region and which deter-
mines the amount and character of
the runoff and erosion. Three gen-
eral classes are recognized: Crop,
pasture or range, and forest.
3EHJIEnOJlb30BAHHE

KyJIbTHBHpOBaHHe 36MHOB FIOBepX-
HOCTH, IITO HMSGT peuiaioiuee 3Ha*!enne
pasBHTHH oOiuecTBeHHux H BKOHO-
ycJioDHfi naHHoro paflOHa.
SewneycTpoKcTBO BJIHHST TaKwe wa
ouoeM H xapaKxep CTOKOB H 3posnn.
TPH OCHOBHUX paspnAa
noKposa:
M
nacTOHiaa; H nee a.
LATERAL SEWER

A sewer which discharges into a
branch or other sewer and has no
other sewer tributary to it.
EOKOBOB BOflOOTBOfl

CTOMH3H TpySa, KOTOpaa cdpacbi-
CTOMHtje BOAU HJIH B
HJIH B flpyroft
HO caMa ue npnmiMaeT flpyrwx HPHTOKOB.
LEACHATE

Liquid that has percolated through
solid waste or other mediums and has
extracted dissolved or suspended
materials from it.
BHliIE.MHMBAHHfl
CJIOM TBepatix OTXOSOB HJIH flpyroii
cpeau K H3BJieKmaa OTTyaa
LEACHING

<1) The removal of soluble con-
stituents from soils or other
material by percolating liquid.
(2) The removal' of. salts and alkali
from soils by abundant irrigation
combined with drainage. (3] The
disposal of a liquid through a non-
watertight artificial structure,
conduit, or porous material by down-
ward or lateral drainage, or both,
into the surrounding permeable soil.
BMUEJIAMHBAHHE

I/ BtJMHBaHHe H3 nOVBbl
Mbix HHrpeBHeHTOB HJIH HpyrHx
ajioo nofl neftCTBHGM
IKHAKOCTH .
2/ BuMbisaHHe cojieH H IUGJIOWH us
nous B pesyjibraTS oGHJibHoro OPOIUGHHH'
BO BSaHMOBefiCTBHH C flpGHaJKeM.
3/ OTBOfl JKHflKOCTH ^GpG3 HCKyCCT-
BeHHyro BOAonpOHHuaeMyio CTpyKTypy,
MarepwajJ HJIH nonooTBonHyra
nyieM Hucxoaniuero H/HJIH GOKO-
soro Apeuaxa B oKpya?aK>inne sononpo-
50
-------
LEAD
LEVEL A PLANNING

An activity of the Water Resources
Council which seeks to identify broad
needs and desires for management of
'water and related land resources in
a major geographical area of the
nation; identifies the river basins
with the most complex problems.
IUIAHHPOBAHHE HA VPOBHE "A"
CoBGTa no B cm HUM
pecypcaw, HanpaBjieHHan Ha onpene-
UIHPOKHX noTpe5HocTefl H no»e-
B o&jiacTH pyxoBOACTsa
MH H pOflCTBeHHHMH SCMeJIbHblMH
Ha KaKOft-JTuGo Kpynnort reorpa-
TeppHTOpnn HauHH . XcTana-
oOjiacTH pe^noro Cacccnua
H onpeflejinex MX KOMnjieKcnyio npo&jie-
LEVEL B PLANNING

Also under the Water Resources
Council, this level concentrates on
a specific region or river basin,
and attempts to resolve its complex
long-term problems in water and
related land resource management;
identifies program priorities.
nJIAHHPOBRHHE HA VPOBHE "B"
B paMKax
BOCTH CoBeia no BOflHUM pecypcaM, co-
CpeaOTO^IHBaH CBO6 BHHM3HHe H3 OflHOM
KaKOM-jiHbo pe^HOM oacceflHe HJIM ofl-
HOfl cneumfHuecKoS o&nacTM.
ycnjine npwjiaraeTCH K
nepcneKTHBHUX
BOHHUMH K
pecypcawH H K
HHIO o^iepenHOCTM BtunoJiHeHMH
LEVEL C PLANNING

This is undertaken by an individ-
ual Federal, State or local agency,
and examines the feasibility of a
specific program or project.
I1JIAHHPOBAHHE HR VPOBHE "B"
OTBETCTBeHHOCTblO
iiiTaxHux H MBCTHUX
opranoB. flaexca oueuxa ueJiecooSpag
HOCTH H OCymeCTBHMOCTH CneUH$H16C-
KHX npoeKTOB njiH nporpaMM.
LINDANE
JIHHJQAH
Insecticide.
51
-------
M
MAIN SEWER

A sewer to which one or irore
branch sewers are tributary. Also
called trunk sewer.
FJIABHUB KOJ1J1EKTOP

KOJIJI6KTOP, E KOTOPUB OTBOHHT
BOfltJ OflHH HJIH HeCKOJIbKO MQCTHblX
TaKuce
KOJUiexxopOM.
MALATI1ION

A trade name of a phosphate
insecticide with relatively low
mammalian toxicity.

General insecticide including con-
trol of aphids, spider mites, scales,
and house flies as well as a wide
range of other sucking and chewing
insects.
MEJ1ATHOH

OQiuee HassaHHe (J>oc$axnoro HHCGK-
XHUHfla C HH3KOB TOKCHIHOCTblO flJIH
MjieKonHxauiuHX. npHMeimeTcn DJIH KOH-
xpojiH TJIH, nayKOoopasHux KJiemefl,
1UHIOBOK, KOMHaXHblX MyX H UEJIOTO PHfla
flpyrnx cocymnx H wyiomnx HacexoMux.
MANGANESE
MAPFAHEU
MANHOLE

An opening by which a man may
enter or leave a sewer, conduit, or
other closed structure for inspection,
cleaning, and other maintenance oper-
ations; closed by a removable cover.
JDOK
OxsepcTHe, Mepes KOTOpoe
BXOflHT HJ1H BhJXOflHT H3
CHCTeMtJ OTBGfleHHn CTOUHblX BOfl HJIH
us HpyrHx no«36MHfaax KaHa/in3aunoHHbix
O6l>eKTOB. OTBepCTHe C^y*HT flJIH
uejiefl HHcneKUHH, oCcJiyKHsaHHH H
yGopKH H saKpuBaexcfl c^eMHOfi Kptiui-
KOft.
MARGIN OF SAFETY

The difference between an allow-
able level for a specific pollutant
and the higher level at which adverse
effects have been noted.
K03QIDHUHEHT EE30nACHOCTH

fljja xaKoro-JiH6o onpenejieHHoro

flOnyCIHMbIM ypOBHBM H ypOBHCM BbUlie
nonycTHMoro, T.e. Korna
MARINE SANITATION DEVICE

A treatment device used on a
vessel to control pollution from
sanitary wastes.
VCTPOnCTBO flJM OqHCTKH OTXOJOB
HA CVflAX
xo3-
OTXOHOB Ha cynax nnx
MARINE SOIL

Soil formed from materials depos-
ited by the waters of oceans or seas,
exposed by elevation of the land or
desiccation of the sea.
MOPCKHE
oOpasoBaBuiHecH us Maxepu-
oTJioxeHHfl oKeaHOB H Mopeft H
Ha noflepxHOCTb B peayjib-
xaxe nofl^eMa cyuiH HJIH o(5e3Bo>KHBaHHH
Mopeft .
52
-------
MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD
MAKCMMAJIbHAJl CVTOHIIAH HAFPySKA
The total loading of a specific
pollutant that can be assimilated
by a receiving water without
affecting the basic water quality
of the receiving water.
narpysKa Ha BOAOCM MJIH
iHuo cneu,H(I)nmecKoro
KOTOptdH MOX6T GblTb
aCCHMHJIHpOBaH BOflHOfl MaCCOfl H6
uanocn yiuepGa HcxoaHOMy KaiecTBy
BOflbl.
MECHANICAL AERATION

(1) The mixing, by mechanical
means, of sewage and activated
sludge, in the aeration tank of the
activated sludge process, to bring
fresh surfaces of liquid into con-
tact with the atmosphere. (2) The
introduction of atmospheric oxygen
into a liquid by the mechanical ac-
tion of paddle or spray mechanisms.
MEXAHHIECKAfl A3PAUMfl

I/ MexaHHHecKoe
CTOIHUX BOH HJIH aKTHBHOTO HJI3 B
aopauHOHHOM Bane, B KOTOPOM npHMe-
HHeTCH OWHCTKa aKTHBHUM HJ1OM, C
UeJlfcl'J nOflHHTb HODUC CJ1OH BORbl H3
nOBepXHOCTb Rflfl COnpHKOCIIOBeHHH
c aTNioc$epofl.
2/ BeefleHHe aTMOC npHMMHOA HewenaTeJibHoro
BKyca HJIH sanaxa HJIH noMexoft npii
MIREX

Insecticide
MHPEKC

HHC6KTHUHJI-
53
-------
MIXING BONE
30HA CMEIUHBAIIHfl
The local region of pollutant
discharge into a receiving stream,
which an excess of pollutants is
allowed, as in the vicinity o£ an
outfall line.
npncMHoro
in BonoTOKa, na KOTOPOM nonycKacTCH
cGpoc aarpnaneHHft csepx HOPMU, xax
Hanp. B6J1H3H BblXOflHOfl J1MHHH
Hawnoro
MODIFIED AERATION

A modification of the activated
sludge process in which a shortened
period of aeration is employed with
a reduced quantity of suspended sol-
ids in the mixed liquor.
MOflmtHUHPOBAHHAH AdPAUHH

BHflOH3MGHeHne npouecca OHHCTKH
aKTHBHblM HJ1OM, B KOTOPOM npIlM6HHHT-
CH KpaxKOBpeMeiiHue nepiionbi
KOJlimeCTBO BSBeillCHHblX
B HJIOBOfl XHflKOCTH yM6HblUaeTCH.
MUCK

(1) Fairly well decomposed organic
material, relatively high in mineral
content, dark in color, and accumu-
lated under conditions of imperfect
drainage. (2) Broken rock or ore
that results from blasting during
mining operations (3) To excavate or
remove muck from.
HEPHUfl TPVHT

I/ CpaBHHTe/IbHO CHJIfaHO P33J1O-
opraHHMecKoe semecTBO co
BucoKHM coflepwanneM
xeMHoro usexa;
jiocb B peayjibraie
2/ PaapyiueHHan BupaGoTaHHan no-
pofla HJIH pyfla, noJiy^eHHan B pesyjib-
Taxe BaphJBHbix paQox B POPHOM nene.
3/ B KanecTBe rjiarojia - BtJHHMarb
HJIH yOnpaTb nopofly.
MULTIPLE-USE RESERVOIR

A reservoir constructed and equip-
ped to provide storage and release
of water for two or more purposes,
such as flood control, power develop-
ment, navigation, irrigation, pollu-
tion abatement, and domestic water
supply.
PE3EPBVAP MHOrOUEJIEBOrO HCnOJIbSO-
BflHHH

Pesepsyap, xoxopufl coopyweH H
oGopy«OBaH ana xpaneHHH H nonycKa
HcnoJibsyeMoft B
, Kax Hanp.
npOH3BOflCTBO 3J16KIpO3Hep-
THH, H3BHraUHH, OpOUieHHe, KOHTpOJlb
HTfl.
54
-------
N
NAVIGABLE WATER

Any stream, lake, arm of the sea,
or other natural body of water which
is actually navigable and which by
itself or by its connections with
other waters, for a period long
enough to be of commercial value, is
of sufficient capacity to float
watercraft for the purposes of "
commerce, trade, transportation or
pleasure; or any waters which have
been declared navigable by the
Congress of the United States.
CyflOXOflHblE BOflbl
BOflOTOK, O36PO, MOpCKOft
PyK3B HJ1H HUOfl eCTeCTBGHHUH
CM, npHroAHbifi fljiH nnanamisi
H/1H CVflOB. 3TOT TCPMHH
BOflHtae nyTH, JIHOO CBMH no ce6e
npnroflHue HJIH nepeflBHwemin
JIHUO COeflHHBHHbie C flpyrHMH T3KHMH
xe BOfloeMaMH; nyTH, KOTOPLJG MoryT
HcnojibsoBaHu ana uejief) cyao-
B TeieHHe flocTaroino JIJIHH-
HOTO nepnona epeMCHH H xaKHM o&pa-
3OM npHoOperaiOT xoMMep^ecKoe 3na-
veHHe; nyTH, oQjiafla.ouiHe
HOH eMKQCTbio fljiH cyaoB,
flJiH npoMbiCJiOB HJIH nnn ncpeaosKH
rpyaoB H naccawiipOB. TepMHH 3TOT
nOKpusaeT Jiioboft BOflHuB nyrb, npn3-
HaHHUft CyflOXOflHblM B CHJiy nOCT3HO-
KoHrpecca CU1A.
NICKEL
HHKEJIb
NITRATE
HHTPAT
NITRITE
COJIb A30TMCTOH KMCJIOThJ (HHTPHT)
NON-POINT SOURCE

A broad source of pollution, gen-
erally precipitation runoff from land.
Any source of pollution not charac-
terized as a point source is defined
as a non-point source.
HCTOqHHK HEOPrAHH30BAHHOrO CTOKA
HCTOIHHK
xapaKTepa. OtJbiKHOBeHHO HMeeTca
BHfly npouecc cTOi«a ocaflKOB c
JIH6O TeppHTOpHH.
JlwOofl HCTO^HHK 3arpH3H6HHH, KO~
TOPUH H6 KJiaCCHtJJHUHpyeTCH K3K T0»iei-
HUH.
NONSETTLEABLE SOLIDS

Finely divided suspended solids
which will not subside in quiescent
water or other liquid in a reasonable
period. Such period is commonly,
though arbitrarily, taken as two
hours.
HEOCEflAlOlUHE TBEPflblE nPHMECH
BSBeuieHHue TBepflbie
UiJ, KOTopue He oceaaiDT B
cn BOAe HJIH npyrofi JKHHKOCTH B reve-
nue nopMa.nbHbix npOMexcyTKOB BpeweHH.
KaK npaBH/io ciHTaeTCH, ITO
oca>KaeHHH He AOJVKHO npeebiuiaTb
55
-------
NUTRIENTS nHTATEJlbHHE DE1HECTBA

Elements or compounds essential 3.neMeHTU IIJIH cooAiinoiimi, noo,1xo-
as raw materials for organism aiinue KBK cupbo RJIO. pocrn n
growth and development; for example, TMII opramiowa; nanpnMop
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and Kiic^iopon, aooi1 11 (Ji
phosphorus.
56
-------
OCEAN
OKEAH
The great body of salt water which
occupies 71% of the surface of the
earth. One of the major subdivisions
of the World Ocean. See: sea.
Macca co;ieHOfi BOJQU,
OKOJ1O 71 % SeMHOft nOBCpXHOCTH. Ofl-
Ha H3 rjiaBHhix cocranHbix
MnpoBoro oxeaHa. CM. Mope.
ODOR COMTROL

(1) In water treatment, the elimin-
ation or reduction of odors in a water
supply by aeration, algae elimination,
superchlorination, activated carbon
treatment, etc. (2) In sewage treat-
ment, the prevention or reduction of
objectionable odors by chlorination,
aeration, or other processes.
KOHTPOJlb 3AF1AXA

I/ B npaKTHice OIHCTKH BOB - 3TO
ycTpaHCHiie mitt yMeHbweHHe sanaxa
nyreM ywmiTOKeHHH Bojaopocjiefl ,
cynepxjiopHHHpoBaHHH, oOpa-
OOTKH aKTHBHUM HJ1OM, HTfl.
B npaKTHKe oCpaOoTKH CTOHIIUX
3TO npenoTBpameHHe HJIH HOHH-
ypoBHH HeKeJiaTSJibnoro aanaxa
nOMOIUH XJlOpHHHpOBaHHH, 33P3UHH
H flpyrux npoueccoB.
2/
OIL

Oil of any kind or in any form,
including petroleum, fuel, oil,
sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed
with wastes. One of the major
pollutants of lakes, rivers, seas
and shores.
HEOTb
He$Tenpo«yKT B jiioCoM anna, BKJIK>-
cupyio HG(])Tt, Maayr,
Macjia, HTfl, xaKwe KBK H
H6(])TenpOMbiiuneHHOCTH H HeOxenponyK-
xta, cMemaHHue c flpyrnMH oxxoflawH.
Hecj)Tb H He$TenpOflyKTU HBJIHIOTCH
OAHHM HS OCHOBHUX sarpnsHHTejief)
BOflOeMOB, BOflOTOKOB, MOpeft H
BOH .
ORGANIC MATTER

Substances of animal or vegetable
origin.
OPrAHHfECKOE BE1UECTBO

BeiuecTBO XHBOTHoro HJIH
HOTO
OUTFALL LINE

The pipe carrying effluent from
a sewage plant to the receiving
waters.
BUBOflHOfl BOflOOTBOa

Tpy6a, OTBOflHma
CTOMHbie BOflU H3 BOflOOIMCTHOrO CO~
B BOflOnpH6MHHKH.
OUTPUT

The quantity or amount produced by
a process.
BbinVCK

KojmwecTBO nnti oOteM, BtjpaOo-
xaHHbie KaKHM-jiH&o npoueccoM.
OVERFLOW

Generally, the flow into a bypass
(and discharged without treatment)
that results from a hydraulic
overloading of a combined sewer as
a result of wet weather flow.
HEPEJIMB

KaK npaanjio, nepexeKaHHo CTOI-
HUX BOB B oOxoflHbift KaHaji, Kyfla
OHM nona«a:oT Oea oopaOOTKH. Hepe-
TexaHHe obycjiosjieHO neperpyaKoft
oGiuecnJiaDHhix KOJuieKTopos B peayjib-
Taxe_ npHTOKa JiHBHeBux BOB.
57
-------
OXIDANT

A substance, as dissolved oxygen,
nitrate, sulfate, etc., which gives
up oxygen in the oxidation of organ-
ic matter.
OKHCJIHTEJIb

BeinecTBO, KaK nanp. pacTBOpemiufl
KHCJlOpOfl, 1IHTP3T, Cyjlb<])aT, HT«,
KOTOpoe OTjaaex KHCJIOPOJI npn OKHCJIE-
KHM oprammecKoro
OXYGEN BALANCE

(1) The relation between the bio-
chemical oxygen demand of a sev/age,
or treatment plant effluent, and the
oxygen available in the diluting
water. (2) The difference between
the total dissolved oxygen content
and the total first-stage oxygen
demand at a given point at the same
time, or during the same time period,
both expressed in the same term of
concentration.
KHCJlOPOflHblfl ERJTAHC

I/ OTUOUICHH6 MBWfly GHOXIIMHleCKHM
noTpeGjiOHHeM KHcnopoua u CTOMHHX
HJIH oOpaOoTaHHbix Boaax H KOJIHMGCT-
BOM nocTynnoro KHCJiopoaa B paaGa-
none.
2/ PaanocTb Me«ay nonHUM conep-
paaOaBJieHHoro Knc.nopo.ua H
noTpeisJienHew Kucjiopoaa Ha
nepaou CTaflWK B 3a«aHnoK TOHKG a
OJIHO H TO ate BpeMJi HJIH B Te>ieHne
oflHoro H Toro we nepnona BPGMCHH
npw OHHHaKOBUx ycjiOBMfix
UHH.
OXYGEH DEPLETIOM

Loss of dissolved oxygen from
water or sewage, due to biochemical
action.
MCTOIUEHHE KHCJIOPOJTA
pacTtiopcHHoro
B sojue HJIH CTOIIHUX Bonax B
T3T6 OHOXHMM^eCKHX BOSfleftCTDHfl .
58
-------
PARAMETER
HAPAMETP
tai individual substance or
condition (physical, chemical or
biological in nature) for which a
value will be set in a water quality
criterion.
CBOBCTED, (J>U3H4eCKOe,
HJIH GhOJiorn4ecxoe no caocMy cyme
CTBV, KOTOpoo npeflCTaajiJieTca B
BHHS onpeflejiemiofl asMWiHU, yin-
B KpmepHHx KavteciBa
PARATHION
Insecticide and acaricide.
nAPAOHOH
anapnu.ua.
PCBs_

Polychlorinated biphenyls, a group
of organic compounds used ir. the man-
ufacture of plastics. In the environ-
ment, PCBs exhibit many of the same
characteristics as DDT and may, there-
fore, be confused with that pesticide.
PCBs are highly toxic to aquatic life,
they persist in the environment for
long periods of time, and they are
biologically accumulative.
nOJlHXJlOPHPOBAHHUE EHiepe3 nOMBy. IlpoSbi ua
naiOT BOSMOJKHOCTB
B COCTOHHHH JIH DOME 3
norjiomaTb nocrynaioiutie B nee noBepx-
Hocrntie cxoMHbic
PERSISTEMT PESTICIDE

A pesticide that lingers in the
environment. DDT, for example, does
not deteriorate but works its way
up the food chain through various
animals. The pesticide remains
stored in the fatty tissues of these
animals, including man, forever.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are
persistent, while organic phosphate
pesticides are not.
riECTHUHfl
KOTOpblH
B oKpyuaumeft cpeae Ha
Hoe speMS. Hanp. flflT ne paspyaaeTCH
nojiHOCTbw, HO 4epe3 uenb nHiaHHH
nepeHOCHTcn B opraHHSM HHBOTHIJX H
rne OH Hascerna
B KHpOBblX TK3HHX.
yr/ieBoaopoau npHHanjienaT K
yCTOfl^HBEjlX neCTHUHHOB, B TO
KBK opraHmiecKHe
He
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Lab Library
College Station Road
Athens, GA 30613
59
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PESTICIDE
HECTHUHfl
An agent used to control pests.
This includes insecticides for use
against harmful insects; herbicides
for weed control; fungicides for
control of plant diseases; rodent-
icides for' killing rats, mice, etc.;
and germicides used in disinfectant
products, algicides, slirricices, etc.
Some pesticides can contaminate water,
air or soil and accumulate in man,
animals and the environment, particu-
larly if they are misused. Certain of
these chemicals interfere with the
reproductive processes of predatory
birds and possibly other animals.
XI1MHK3T flJIH OOpbOhl C BpGflHUMH
opraiiHSMaMH. BK/wmaeT raxi-ie
TOPHH : HHCGKTHUHflbJ - RJlfl
c BpeflHbiMii' nacexoMUMH; rcpGHU.n#iii -
flJIH GopbOU C COpHHKaMIIJ fyy HTHUHflbl
H.JIK OOpbObl C rpHGllblMH OOJieDHHMH
pojueiiTHUHflhi - ann HCTPC-
xpbic H apyr-HX rpuaynoB;
H repMHUHfltj - ynoTpeGjiHeMbie B Ka-
suHAnmipykJiMHx cpejjcTB;
oxBaibieaioT Taxwe ajifarw-
H XHMHKaTbl flJIH HCTpeOJlGHUH
HeKoxopbie BHflbj nccTiiuHflon
3arpH3HHTi. Bony, BO3flyx, novisy H
CKannHsaTbCH B opramisMe nejioscKa
H JKHBOTHUX H BOOCme B OKpyxaiOlUeH
cpefle, B ocoueHHOCTH npii HX nenpa-
BHJlbHOM npHMeHGHMH. HeKOTOplde XHMH-
KaTbl BpeflHT npoueccaM paaMHOweHHH
XHIUHUX HTHU, a B03MOXIIO H flpyPHX
3KHBOTHblX.
PESTICTDE TOLERANCE

A scientifically and legally
established limit for the amount
of chemical residue that can be
permitted to remain in or on a
harvested food or feed crop as a
result of the application of a
chemical for pest-control purposes.
Such tolerances or safety levels,
established federally by EPA, are
set well below the point at which
residues might be harmful to
consumers.
BtdHOCJlHBOCTb K HECTHUHflAM

HayMHO H 33KOHHO yCT3HOBJleHHbIH
npeneji nnn xmwmecKHx ocTaTKOB,
KOTOpufl AOnycKaeTCH Ha HJIH B CHHTHX
c nojiefi nponyKTax nHTaHHH HJIH xop-
MOBux KynbTypax, noflBepriuwxcji B
CBOe BPSMH BOSneflCTBHlf) XHMHK3TOB
flJIH OOpbObl C BpeflHTe^HMH. VpOBHH
BblHOCJIHBOCTH, BBefleHHUS HO BC6H
CTpaHe AreHTCTBOM no sauwTe oxpy-
ataiomefl cpeflu, ycTanaBJinBauTCR ana-
HHTeJlbHO HHW6 TOft TO4KH, KOTfla T3~
KH6 OCT3TKH MOTJIH Obi
BpeflHblMH flJIH
E»

The logarithm (base 10) of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
activity (or concentration) in
grams per liter. pH values
below 7 indicate an acid condition,-
above 7, alkaline.
KOHUEHTPAUHfl BOflOPOflHblX flOHOB
(BOflOPQJlHblf-l nOKA3ATEJlbl
jiora-
aKTHBHOCTH HJIH KOHUSHTpaUHH
HOHOB Bonopona, B rpawiax Ha Jiitxp.
0&o3Ha>iaeTcn pH. BejiHUHHbi pH HHxte
7 yKaSblBaiOT Ha KHCJIOTHOCTb paCTBO-
pa, Bbnue 7 - Ha
PHENOL WASTES

Industrial wastes containing
phenols, derived chiefly from coking
processes.
OEHOJlOBblE OTXOflbl
nojiyMCHMbie rjiasHUM oopaaoM
B peayjibTare KOKCosajibHbix npoueccoc.
PHOSPHATE
OOCOAT
60
-------
PHTHALATE ESTERS
CJIOXHUE JnKaTopoB,
B OCOOCHKOCTH B nOJlHBMHHJlXJIOpHflllUX
PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

An examination of water and sew-
age to determine the physical charac-
teristics, 'such as temperature, tur-
bidity, color, odor, and taste.
$H3HVIECKHft AHAJ1H3

HccjieflOBamie BOHU HJIH CTOMHMX
BOA win onpeaejieHHH ux n3nvtecxnx
xapaxTepHCTHK, xax nanp. TeMnepa-
rypfai, MyTHOCTH, OKpacKH, sanaxa 11
BKyca.
PNEUMATIC EJECTOR

A device for raising sewage,
sludge, or other liquid by alternate-
ly admitting such through an inward
swinging check valve into the bottom
of an airtight pot, then discharging
it through an outward swinging check
valve by admitting compressed air to
the pot above the liquid.
IHIEBMATHIECKHH jKEKTOP

VCTpOftCTBO flJlH nOflHHTHfl CTO^UhJX
BOH, HJia HJIH flpyroa JXMAKOCTH. VCTpoB-
CTBO nonepeMSHHo TO BnycxaeT
KOCTI, vcepea noBopa^nBani4Hftca
CTonopHhifi KjianaH Ha HHO repweTHie-
CKoro CaKa, .TO BtjnycKaeT wHaxocrb
-------
POLLUTION
3ArPfl3HEIIHE BOflbl ^EJIOBEKOM
The man-made or man-induced alter-
ation of the chemical, physical, bio-
logical, and radiological integrity
of water.
JlOlJLJC lICpeMCHbl B BOJ4HOH
HenocpeucTBemio HJIH nocpeflCTsemio
,
Koropue yxyfliua:jT xHMHiccKHe, GHOJIO-
rH4ecKne H paflHOJiorHHccKHe napaMe-
TphJ ^HCTOThJ BOjQbl.
POLLUTION INDEX

A criterion by which may be
measured the degree of pollution
in a stream, as indicated by
bacterial counts, plankton, bio-
chemical oxygen demand, or quantity
of dissolved oxygen.
HHflEKC 3ArPH3HEHHfl

KpHTepuft, npHMeHnewuH ana. ou.cn-
KH ypOBHH SarpHSHeilHH BOflOTOKa.
OcHOBbmaexcH tia cieie uaKTepnH,
nJiaHKTOHc, OHOXMMimecKOM nOTpeCMie-
HHH KHCJlOpOfla HJIH KOJlHUBCTBe P3C~
TBOpeHHoro KHCJiopona.
POLLUTION LOAD

(1) The quantity of polluting
material discharged into a body of
water. (2) The pollutant load imposed
upon sewage treatment works.
\l KOJIH'ieCTBO
COpOUISHHOrO B BOflOSM HJIH BOflOTOK.
2/ 3arpH3HHioiuas narpysio Ha
ycTaHOBicy oCpaCoxxH CTOWHUX BOA.
POND

(1) A body of water of limited
size either naturally confined and
usually smaller than a lake. (2) To
gather together into a pond; small
impoundments for a source of water
for livestock and for other uses
on farms. Pond is also applied to
bodies of water created for feeding
and nesting grounds for waterfowl,
and for hatching and containing fish.
The term millpond is in use for
small impoundments created for
generating power for grist mills
and saw mills.
I/ B xa^ecTBe
HeOoJibuioft BOjjoeM B ecxecTBeHHOM
HJIH HcyccTseHHO cosflaHHOM yrjiyGjie-
HHH, 06tJKHOB6HHO MBHbUie 46M O36PO.
HJIH: HeGoJibiiioft BOfloeM, cjiywamnft
M6CTOM BOAOnOH flJIH CKOT3 HJIH yilOT-
IH flpyrnx
uejiefl. npyflOM
BOJ4O6MU, HBJlHiOinHGCH MGCTOM
BOJAHUX HTHU HJIH HpeflH33-
flJlH pUOHOTO XO3HHCTBa.
npyflOM nasuBaiOT He6oJib-
tuoft BOJ4O&M nnn npoH3BOflcxBa JHep-
PHH JJJ1H MCJIbHHU H JieCOnHJIOK.
2/ B Ka^ecTBe rJiaroJia: obpasoBbi-
B3Tb npya, neperopaxcHBaTb sanpyjjon.
POPULATION EQUIVALENT

A figure which equates the speci-
fic or unit volume of waste from an
industrial process to the number of
people generating an equivalent
amount of sewage.
3KBHBAJIEHT HACEJIEHHfl IIP 3ArPfl3HEHH10

IHCJIO, xoTOpoe cpasHHsaeT cnc-
UHtHiecKvu enHHHuy oObeMa orxonoB
KaKoro-JinOo npOHSBoncTBeiiHoro npo-
uecca c IIICJIOM jiKweft, cnocoOHbix
CO3fl3Tb 3KBHBaJIGHTHOe KOJIHMBCTBO
OTXOHOB.
62
-------
POSITION OF SAMPLE
MECTO OTBOPA HPOB
Point where a sampling or
measurement is made.
MecTO flJisi H3MepenHft HJIH
npo6.
Parts per million. The unit com-
monly used to represent the degree of
pollutant concentration where the con-
centrations are small.
HACTHU HA MHJIJ1HOH (MHJijmrpaMOB
Ha 1 JIHTP")
, BhipaHtaiowan cxeneHb
HaxoflHTcn B cpejae B
Jiux
POTABLE WATER

Water which does not contain
objectionable pollution,
contamination, minerals, or
infection, and is considered
satisfactory for domestic consumption.
HHTbEBAfl BOflA

Boaa, KOTOpan He conep*nT Hexce-
HJIH BOSByflHTeJieft bOJieSHGH H CIHTaeTCH
TaKHM oGpasoM npHTOHHOft fljin ObiTOBoro
JlOJIbSOBaHHH.
PRETREATMENT

In waste water treatment, any
process used to reduce pollution
load before the waste water is
introduced into a main sewer system
or delivered to a treatment plant
for substantial reduction of the
pollution load.
IIPEflOMHCTKA

B npaKTHKe oOpauoTKH CTOIHMX
son, 3TO npouecc yMeHbuienHH 3arpa-
aiiHtouieft HarpyaKH HO OTsona
BOH JIHOO B rjiaBHyio
CHCTBMy JIHQO B yCTaHOBKy HJIH O*IHCT-
KH c nejibio cymecTBeHHoro
PRIMARY TREATMENT

The first stage in waste water
treatment in which substantially all
floating or settleable solids are
mechanically removed by screening
and sedimentation.
TIEPBTOHAH 01HCTKA
CTaflHH OOpaOOTKH CTOVHUX
son, Ha KOTopofi npowcxoflMT 3nain-
TeJitHoe , noiTH ITO nojiHoe y«ajieHne
acex $noTnpyiomnx H oceaawiuHx ^acTHu
HJIH TIPH noMOuiH npoceHBaiOiunx peiue-
HOK HJIH MSTOflOM
PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY

A water supply from which water
is not available to the people at
large, its location and outlets
being on private property to which
the general public does not have
access or legal right of entry.
lACTHHfl HCTO'iHHK BOflOCHAEKEHHH

MCTOVIHHK BonocnaujKemiH, Boaa
KOTOporo He nocTynna UHpoxofi ny-
OJ1HK6 flJJH nOJlb3OBaHHH. TaKOfl HC-
TO^IHHK pacnoJioweH Ha lacTHOBJia-
nejibiecitoM yqacTKe, Kyaa no 3aKOHy
ne paapeuiaeTCH aaxoflHTb nocTopOH-
HHM JIHU3M.
PROCESS CHANGE

A reduction in the type or amount
of pollutants produced resulting
from a change in manufacturing
procedures or raw materials used.
H3MEHEHHE HPOUECCA
ofrbeMa HJIH Tuna sa-
TpH3HHTeJiefl, ' HBJiniOIHHeCH CJIGflCTBHeM
B TeXHOJlOFHH npOHSBOfl-
npoueccofl HJIH B THne yno-
63
-------
PROTECTION AND PROPAGATION OF A
BALANCED COMMUNITY OF FISH, SHELLFISH,
AND WILDLIFE

Part of the 1983 goal of water
quality.
HEPOnPHEITHfl HO 3A1UHTE H PA3BEflEHH10
PUB, PAKOOEPA3HMX, MOJUHOCKOB, nTHO.
H flHKHX XIIBOTHblX flJlfl C03flAlH1« 3KQ-
JlOrHVlECKH CBAJlAHCHPOBAHHOrO COOB-
UIECTBA
VlacTb ueJieHanpasjieHHofi nporpaMMH
BOOU iia 1983 ron.
PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE

The prevailing healthful or sani-
tary condition of the community at
large, as well as the general state
of conditions governing public well-
being.
OEIUECTBEHHOE 3flOPOBbE H EJlArOCOCTO-
flHHE

CymecTByiomne aaopOBue H
epy neHTeJib-
HOCTH BXOflHT X3KW8 OpHMSHeHHe JllOoOft
npenoxspameHMH HJIH no-
oo'beMa BuopacbiBaeMux sarpn-
H flJIH OBpaOOTKH, OTflejlSHHJI
H yaaiieHHH npOMhmineiiHbix H KOMMyHajib
HblX OTXOflOB, JIHBHeBtJX CTOKOB H CTOVI-
BOH oQiqecnjiaBHbLX CHCTBM.
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

A water supply from which water
is available to the people at large.
JCOMHyHAJIbHOE BOflOCHAEKEHHE
PUBLICLY OWNED LAKES

Lakes to which the public has
access and not under private control.
03EPA OElUCCTBEHHOn COBCTBEHHOCTH

Dsepa OTKptGxoro noJib3OBaHHH,
i.e. He
•36CKHMH .
64
-------
RADIOACTIVE SPRING
PAflHOAKTHBIIblfl HCTCHHHK
A spring whose water has an abnor-
mally high and easily measurable radi-
oactivity.
POflHHK, BOflU KOTOpOrO
wpesBhmaflHO BUCOKOB H jierxo onpe-
JQejlHMOH paAHOaKTHBHOCTblO.
RADIOACTIVITY

The property possessed by some
elements (as uranium) of spontaneously
emitting alpha or beta rays and some-
times also gamma rays by the disin-
tegration of the nuclei of atoms.
PAflHOAKTHBHOCTb

CBOftCTBO H6KOTOPHX SJieNieHTOB,
K3K Hanp. ypana, caMonpon3BOJibHO
iy^H ajibjia HJIH OCTB, a
H raMMa, B pcayjitxaTe pac-
aTOMHoro anpa.
RAW SEWAGE

Untreated domestic or commercial
waste water.
HEOEPAEOTAUHHtl CTOK

Heo6pa£5oTanHBie c TOM Hue
XOastlCTBeHHO-OhlTOBblX HJIH TOproBKX
OitSKTOB.
RECEIVING WATERS

Rivers, lakes, oceans or other
bodies that receive treated or
untreated waste waters.
HPHEMIIHKH CTOHHUX
osepa H oKeami H apyrue
KOTOpue SBJifl^Tcn npHeMHH-
odpaSoTaHHux H HeoeSpaSoTaHHHX
CTOHHHX BOR .
RECLAIM

To recover land from an undesira-
ble state; to undertake the reclama-
tion of land; for example, to drain
wet land or irrigate arid land to
make it useful for agricultural
purposes.
MEJIMOPHPOBATb

BocciaHOBHTb aeMJilo, npespaTHB
ee us HestanaT&nbHoro COCTOHHHH B
jKeJiaxenbHoe; ynymiHTb npnpoflHbie
caoftCTBa 3eMHH. HanpHMep: ocyuiHTt
H30HT01HO yBJia>KHeHHbie aewjiw HJIH
OpOCHTb apHAHbie 36MJ1H B U6J1HX
CO3fl3HHH OjiaronpHHTHblX yCJlOBHfi
RECREATION

Leisure or non-occupational
activity.
OTJlblX
wa nocyre, He CBH-
CO
RECREATION IN AND ON THE WATER

Boating, fishing, swimming, and
part of the 1983 goal of water
quality.
OTflbJX Hfl BOflE H B BOflE
cnopT, pbi6nan JIOBJIH H
KynaHHe. SuevieHT uejiesofi nporpaMMu
no KaMecTBy BOAU Ha 1983 ron.
65
-------
RECREATION ON THE WATER
OTflbJX HA BOJjE
Boating, fishing, but not body
contact.
HO
JIOBJJH,
KynaHHC.
cnopr,
RELIEF SEWER

A sewer .intended to carry a por-
tion of the flow from a district
already provided with sewers of in-
sufficient capacity, and thus prevent
overtaxing the latter.
BCnOMOrATEJlbHbin KOJ1J1EKTOP
KojiJieKTopnait cHCTBMa jgjin OTuo.ua
HeKOTOpOfl ^aCTH CTOKO13 H3 pflHOHa,
rne HMeioTcn jiHiut ManoraOapnTHidG
,tui« OTBona CTOMHUX BOA;
KOJIJIGKTOP npenoTspa
neperpysKy
KOJlJieiCTOpOB.
RESERVOIR

A pond, lake, tank, basin, or
other space, either natural in its
origin, or created in whole or in
part by the building of engineering
structures, which is used for
storage, regulation, and control
of water.
PE3EPBVAP

npyfl, osepo, UHciepHa, OacceflH
HJIld HHOft BOflOSM, HU6O O6pa3OBaBUJHfl-
CH SCTeCTUeHHblM CHOCO5OM, JIH5O
nocTpoeHHhifl HCKyccTBBHHO, nojiHOCTMO
HJ1H qaCTMHHO, B (JjOpMB FHflpOTeXHH-
coopyxeHHH H ynoTpeBjiHeMbift
xpaHennH, peryjinpoBaHMH H pacxo-
AOB3HHK BOflbl.
RESIDUAL ERRORS

Errors which remain in an
observation despite all attempts
to eliminate them.
OCTATOIHUIE nOrPEillHOCTH

OumCKH, xoTopue ocTauTCH npw
H KOTOPUS He nozma-
ycTpaneHHio H6CMOTPH na see
nOHHTKH.
RESIDUALS

Those organic and inorganic
solids, liquids or gases produced
during a normal process as unwanted
waste products which are deposited
in the environment unless recycled.
OCTATOMHHE OTXOflbl
Bemecxsa,
H
H ra3oo6pa3HKie
no/iyviaeMue B peayji&T
npoueccos, HO
cOpacbisaeMbie KBK
3TH BemecTsa He
obopOTHoro ncnojifa3oaaHHH, OHH
3arpH3HHTejiHMM
cpeau.
RIPARIAN

Pertaining to anything connected
with or adjacent to the banks of a
stream or other body of water; a
riparian owner is one who owns the
banks; a riparian right is the right
to control and use water by virtue
of the ownership of the bank or banks.
nPHBPEiKHblK

OTHOCHTCH K npHOpeamoft nojioce
PGKH HJIH HHOFO BOfloerna H xo BceMy
Ha 3x08 nojioce. Bjia-
npn6pewnofi nojiocu
coocTBeHHHKOM dcpera. Ilpasa
flejibua npnGpoKHOil nojiocu
npaso xoHTpoJiH 11 noJihsoBaHHH sonofi
B cmiy npasa COGCTBGHHOCTII na BTOT
Geper H^H Oepera.
66
-------
RIVER BASIN
PE1HOH BACCEHH
A term used to designate the
area drained by a river and its
tributaries. See drainage.
TepMHH, npHMeHnewbin j\nn oooaiia
TepplITOpHH, OTKyfla IIPOHCXO-
CTOK BOH B KaKyKi-JiHGo p
RIVER STAGE

The height of water surface of a
stream above some arbitrary datum.
yPOBEHb BOflOTOKA

Bucoxa BOflHOft noBepxHocxw BOJOO-
TOKa nan npouasoJibHO ycxaiiosjieHHWM
oxcnexa.
ROUGH FISH

Those fish species considered to
be of poor fighting quality when
taken on tackle or of poor eating
quality; for example, gar, suckers,
etc. Most rough fish are more
tolerant of widely changing environ-
mental conditions than are game fish.
COPHA51 PIJUA

Te COPT8 pbl(5, KOTOpUe CMMXan-TCJI
naJiocT>eflOOHbiMn H uaJionpiiroflHbiMH
A-dH cnopxiiBHoii JIOBJIH, I«K naup.
copran, nppMiinaJio, HTfl. Eo.nbiiiiiHCTBO
COpHhIX PU6 OT.flHHaiv.TCfl iO/iee BUCOKOli
K nepeuenau B OKpy-
cpefle ien puim P.JIR cnoprneHoii
JIOBJIH .
RUNOFF

(1) That portion of the earth's
available water supply that is
transmitted through natural surface
channels. In the general sense
it is defined as that portion of
the precipitation which is not
absorbed by the deep strata but
finds its way into the streams after
meeting the persistent demands of
evapo-transpiration including
interception and other losses. It
includes surface runoff received
into the channels after rainfall,
delayed runoff that enters the
streams after passing through
portions of the earth, and other
delayed runoff that has been
temporarily detained as snow-cover
or stored in natural lakes or
swamps. Some writers define runoff
to include both direct runoff and
ground-water runoff. (2) Total
quantity of runoff during a
specified time. (3) The discharge
of water in surface streams usually
expressed in inches depth on the
drainage area or as volume in such
terms as cubic feet or acre feet.
(4) That part of the precipitation
which runs off 'the surface of a
drainage area.
CTOK

I/ qacTb o6mHX sanacoB Bonu Ha
seNuie, nepeMeiuawmancH B <]>opMe ecTe-
CTseHHoro CTexaHHH no noBepxHOCTHUM
pycjiaM. B UJHPOKOM cMbicne STOFO CJID-
Bd, CTOKOM Ha3bIB310T Ty MaCTb OCaflKOB,
KOTOpan He EnHTfaisaeTCH TOjnuea noiBO-
rpyHTa, a nonanaeT B BOHOTOKH, c yie-
TOM npoueccoB HcnapeHHH H xpaHcnHpa-
UHH H flpyPHX BOflOnOTSpb, BKJI10iecxBO CTOKB 33 ycxa-
3/ CbpOC BOflbl C nOBCpXHOCTHUX
DOflOTOKOlJ, BhlpawaroiUHflCH B J3IOHM3X
Ha njiomaAb soflocuopa HJIH B
oOiieMa, KSK nanp. B Kyoii-
(fyxax HJIH aKpo$yTax.
4/ Ta vacxi> OC^UKOB, Koxopaw cxe-
Kaei c nosepxHocTH
67
-------
RUNOFF RATE

The volume of water running off in
a unit of time from a surface, ex-
pressed in inches depth per hour,
cubic feet per second, cubic feet per
second per square mile, or other
units.
CKOPOCTb CTOKA

CKOpocTb noCTynJiGHHn CTOKa;
BupawaeTCH D eamiHuax BPGMCHH na
njioma«H, nanp. B wofiMax
33 OflHH M3C , HJ1H B KyGH~
HGCKHX Qyrax B cexyiuiy, HJIH B Ky-
CiiMecKHx (tyxax B ceKynny na
paTnyio MHJI;O, HTR.
RUNOFF VOLUME

The total quantity or volume of
runoff during a specified time. It
may be expressed in acre-feet, in
inches depth on the drainage area, or
in other units.
OEbEM CTOKA

CyMMapubaft o6i>eM HJIH oGiuee KOJIH-
CTOKa 33 onpeflejiemibifi npo-
BpeM6HH. MOJX6T CblTb nOflflH
B aKpo
-------
SALINE CONTAMINATION

Contamination by intrusion of
salt water. See salt wedge.
3ArP33HEHIIE COJIEHblMH BOflAHH

3arpH3HCHHe, co3flannoe BKJIHIIII-.
saHHeM cojieHbix BOA- CM. KJIHH CDJIC-
HOft BOW.
SALINITY

The relative concentration of
salts, usually sodium chloride,
in a given water. It is expressed
in terms of the number of parts
per million of chlorine (Cl).
COJTEHOCTb

OTHOCHTeJItHaH KOHU.eHTpaU.HH
co/iefl, OOUVIHO xjiopHCToro HaTpim,
B onpeflejieHHOfl Macce BOAM. Bupa-
B eflHHHuax xjiopa Ha MHJUIHOH.
SALT BAL7-NCE

The difference between the total
dissolved solids brought to the land
annually by the irrigation water and
the total solids carried away annual-
ly by the drainage water.
COJIEBOfl EAJIAHC
PasHOCTb MextAy HOJIHUM
pacTBOpeHHux TsepAux npHMecefl,
nonaBuiHX Ha aeMeJibHue ywacTKH
BM6CT6 C OpOCHTeJlbHblMH BOA3MH ,
H nOJIHUM KOJIH16CTBOM TBEp«blX B6~
UteCTB, BblHOCHMblX eXefOflHO
SALT WATER INTRUSION

The invasion of salt water into
a body of fresh water, occurring in
either surface or groundwater bodies.
When this invasion is caused by
oceanic waters, it is called sea
water intrusion.
BKJ1HHHBAHHE COJIEHblX BOfl
BKJIHHHBaHHH COJieHOfl
B Maccy npecHOfi BOBBI jinGo
nosepxHocTHoro jiwOo rpyHTOsoro
BOAOeMa HJ1H BOflOTOKa. ECJIH B
npecHyw Bony BKJinnnBaeTCH sona
OKeana, Toraa MU TOBOPHM o BKJIH-
HHBaHHH MOpCKOft BOflbl.
SALT WEDGE

Surface intrusion of salt water
into a normally fresh body of water,
e.g. an estuary.
KJ1HH COJIEHOfl BOfltJ
nponnKHOBenHe
cojieHbix BOA B Maccy npecHoft DOAU
uopMaJibHbix ycjiOBHHX, Hanp. B
3CjyapneB.
SANITARY SEWAGE

(1) Domestic sewage with storm
and surface water excluded.
(2) Sewage discharging from the
sanitary conveniences of dwellings
(including apartment houses and
hotels), office buildings factories,
or institutions. (3) The water
supply of a community after it has
been used and discharged into a
sewer.
CAHHTAPHO-EblTOBblE CTCHIHblE BOflbl

I/ Xo3(]>eiei
-------
SANITARY SEHER

A sewer which carries sewage and
to which storm, surface, and ground
waters are not intentionally admit-
ted.
KOJ1J1EKTOP
KOJIJICKTOP HJin OTBona CTOWHL.IX
BOH, Kyaa HaMepeHHO HC cBpacbiBa-
IOTCH JIHDHeDbie, nOBCpXHOCTIIbie HJlll
rPVHTOBbie BOAK.
SATURATED SOIL

A soil which has its interstices
or void spaces filled with water to
the point where runoff occurs.
HACbllllEHHAfl
pacmeJiHHbi HJIH nopu KOTO-
poft aanojiHeiiti Bonofl AO Taxoro
oOpasycxcJi CTOK.
SCUM

The layer of film of extraneous or
foreign matter which rises to the
surface of a liquid or is formed
there.
HEHA

Cnoft HJIH rmemca nocxopOHHero
HJIH My»epoflHoro aemecTBa, KOTOPOC
H K noBepxHOCTH HJIH oOpa-
Ha nosepxnocTH JKHAKOCTH .
SCUM COLLECTOR

A mechanical device for skimming
and removing scum from the surface
of settling tanks.
MEXAHH3M flJIfl yflAJIEHHfl OEHbl
npucnocoCjieniie
flJIH COOHpaHHH H CHHM2HHH
c nosepxHOCTH OTCTORHMKOB.
SEA

(1) See ocean. (2) A large body
of salt water, second in rank to
an ocean, more or less landlocked
and generally part of, or connected
with, an ocean or a larger sea.
(3) Waves caused by wind at the
place and time of observation.
(4) State of the ocean or lake
surface, in regard to waves.
HOPE

I/ CM.
2/ Kpynnan Macca cojienofi
MeHbme oiceaHa no paaMepaM,
oOocoejieHHan cyuiefl. HsjiaeTca
KaKoro-jin6o oxeaua HTIH 6ojiee Kpyn
HOTO MOPH.
3/ BOJIHbl BbI3BaHHbie B6TPOM B
K3KOM-JIHQO Ha6jIK)flaTeJ!bHOM
B onpene/ieHHoe apeMH.
4/ CocTOHHMe nouepXHOCTH
HJIH 03epa C TOHKH 3PSHH« BOJ1H6HMH
SEASONAL VARIATION

The gradual change in the climate
of a given locality occurring over
an extended period of time. The
general pattern of a particular.
climatological element throughout
the year, obtained by plotting the
normal values of the element for
each month and connecting the points
by a smooth curve.
KOJIEEAHHH KJ1HMATA
IlocTeneHHbie
B K3KOH-J1HGO M6CTHOCTH H3
BecbMa npoflOJmHTeJibnoro ne-
OQma« KapxHHa KOJieSaiiHit onpe-
neneHHoro KJiHMaTHMccKoro napaMCTpa
na npOTn»eHHH: oflHoro ro^a. tlpejacTa-
B 4>opMe crjiaxceHHOft KPHBOH,
Horo napaMeTpa, HaHOCHMtae e*eMecn»i-
HO na
70
-------
SECONDARY TREATMENT
BTQPIHJIIAH OEPACOTKA
Waste water treatment, beyond the
primary stage, in which bacteria
consume the organic parts of the
wastes. This biochemical action is
accomplished by use of trickling
filters or the activated sludge
process. Effective secondary treat-
ment removes virtually all floating
and settleable solids and approxi-
mately 90 percent of both 8005 and
suspended solids. Customarily,
disinfection by chlorination is the
final stage of the secondary treat-
ment process.
ObpaGoTKa cTomibix now nocjie
ncpnnmion OUPOIJOTKH, c npiiMoiioiiiioM
OaKTopnfl fljin norjiomotiHfl oprami'icc-
Koro cojicpwnMoro OTXO.HOB. Tnxaa
GHOxiiMimccKan oiiHciKa nponsnojiiiTcn
HJIH upn noMomn Kancjibiion njibipaumi
HJIII aK-riiBiioro HJI.-I. J(!>eKTHDiia>i
BTOpmman ovincTi-------
SEGMENT

A portion of a river basin, the
surface waters of which have common
hydrologic characteristic (or flow
regulation patterns); common natural,
physical, chemical, and biological
processes and common reactions to
, external stresses such as discharging
of pollutants.
OTPE30K

COPMOHT peiHoro ooccoiiiia, nonopx-
HOCTIlLie BOflhl KOTOpOPO UUGvT OOlliyio
niflpojorimccKyio xapanrcpiicTiiKy [ IIJIH
xapanrep pery^iHpOBaiiiiii TCMC-
]j xaKoii yiacTOK OTJinHaorcn TBK-
"0 H oGlUHOCTbiu eCTGCTBeHHhlX , (J)HOIIMO-
CKHX, XHKIlHeCKHX H <5 HO.flOrillICCKMX
npoueccos n oomin.i xapaKTepoM
na BneiiiHne B03fleMcTBHH, Hanp. HQ
c(5poc
SELENIUM
CEJ1EH
SELF-CLEANSING VELOCITY

The minimum velocity in sewers
necessary to keep solids in suspen-
sion and prevent their deposition
and the subsequent nuisances from
stoppages and odors of decomposition.
CKOPOCTb CAMOOmflUEHHfl
CKOpocTb
nOTOKa B CTOMHbix TpyGax,
Man fljiH nofmep«aHHH TBepnwx
ceft BO B3BewennoM COCTOHHHH, a TBK-
xe HUH npeflOTBpaiueHHH oCpaaosaHHH
OTJIOKeHHH H CBHSaHHblX C HHMH 3aKy-
nopOK H nypHoro sanaxa OT
HHfl.
SELF-PURIFICATION

The natural processes of
purification of pollution in a
moving or still body of water whereby
the bacterial content is reduced,
the BOD is largely satisfied, the
organic content is stabilized,
and the dissolved oxygen returned
to normal.
CAM001HCTKA
npoueccu
3arpH3H6HHOfl flBHWymefiCH H
BOflu, B peayjibraxe iero
cojqepxaHHe OaxxepHfl,
CnoxHMHiecKoe noTpeSJieuiie KHCJIOPO-
fla HOpMajiHSHpyercH, cocras oprawH-

-------
SETTLEABLE SOLIDS
OCEflAIOUIHE TBEPflblE OCAflKH
Suspended solids which will sub-
side in quiescent water or other
liquid in a reasonable period. Such
period is commonly, though arbitra-
rily, taken as two hours. Also call-
ed settling solids.
TDcpnue qacTimu, KO-
Topue oceaaioT na flno noKonmeflcn
HJIH HHOfl XCHflKOCTH B TSMeHHC
nepiiofla epeMCHH. Kai<
npaBHJio cMHTaeTCH, ITO BPCMH oca-
TOGHHH HS flOJDKHO npSBbllliaTb flByX
lacoB. Taime iiasbisaiOTCH OTCTOKHUMH
TBepflUMH OCTaTKaMH.
SETTLING BASIN

An enlargement in a conduit to
permit the settlement of debris
carried in suspension, usually pro-
vided with means of ejecting the
material so collected; one form of
sand-trap.
OTCTOHHblfl EACCEflH

PacuiMpenHe B BOflOBone, c ue/ii>w
ceflaHne BceBO3MO«Htax
paspyuieHHn, nepenocHMbix
BO BSBeilieilHOM COCTOHUHH.
OOhiKHOBGHHO
Hbie MaTepwaJiu. Taione OHHH H3 BH-
flOB neCKOJIOBOK.
SETTLING RESERVOIR

A reservoir used for the storage
of turbid water for the purpose of
sedimentation.
OTCTOflHfcJH PE3EPByAP

Peaepsyap /yin xpaHenHH MyxHoH
BOflU, B KOTOPOM OH3 OTCTaHBaSTCH.
SEWAGE

Largely the water supply of a
community after it has been fouled
by various uses. From the stand-
point of source it may be a
combination of the liquor or water-
carried wastes from residences,
business buildings, and institutions,
together with those from industrial
establishments, and with such
ground water, surface water, and
storm water as may be present.
CTOKH H CTOIHME BOflbl

B UIHPOKOM cMbicjie cjiosa,
xo3$eKajiBHHe oixoflu H BOflu OT paa-
JIHIHfcJX HCT01HHKOB TlOTpsGneHHft. C
TO1KH 3P6HHH CBMOrO HCTO^HHKa, CTO-
KH H OTXOAU npeflCTasJiHHT coGoft pa-
cTsopeHHbie B Boae semecTBa, cGpacu-
BaeMtje QUTOBUMM o6-beKraMH, ropro-
BMMH npeHnpHHTHHMH, HHCTMTyTaMH H
yvipeMyjeHHHMH, a Taxxe H npOMbiuuien-
HUMH ycxanoBKaMH, EKJiwiaw HexoTOpoe
KOJiHiecTBO coaepwaiUHxcH B STHX CTO-
Kax rpyHTOBfaix, noBepXHOCTHux H
JIHBHeBbJX BOfl.
SEWAGE COMPOSITION

The chemical and physical
characteristics of the solid and
liquid constituents of sewage, their
quantities, and their relations
apart from the degree of
concentration.
COCTAB CTOmibK BOfl
H (J)H3HyeCKHe CBOflCTBa

TBepflfcJX H XCHflKHX KOMHOHeHTOE CTO^I-

HUX BOfl H HX KOJlH^eCTBO H B33HMO-

CBH3H HSSaBHCHMO OT CTeneHH
73
-------
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
OTBEflEllllE CTOMHhlX BOfl
The act of disposing of sewage
by any method. The term is not
synonymous with sewage treatment.
Common methods of disposal are
dispersion, dilution, farming, broad
irrigation, privies, cesspools.
JlioOofl MOTOfl, npHMeHneMun
yflaJieHiifi CTOHHLJX BOO. TCPMIIH OTOT
H6 HBJIHCTCfl CI1HOHHMOM O4IICTKH . ObLJH-
Hhie MeTOflta OTBGflGHHn H ynancHMfi:
pacnbuieiiite HJIH pasBenenHC cToica;
npHMeneHHG CTomiux BOA AJIH noBepx-
HOCTIIOrO OPOWGHKH, HJIH BCCBO3MOWHUX
UCJICH, AJIH
HJIH HanpaEJiemie DOR B
OTCTOflNHKH.
SEWAGE FACILITIES

The structures, equipment, and
processes required to collect,
carry away (see sewerage), and treat
domestic and industrial wastes, and
dispose of the effluent.
CTAHUHH H CETH flJIH CTOmiblX BOfl

Bee oCbOKTU, oOopyflonaHHe H
MeTOflHio win c&opa H oTBOAa CTO
HUX EOfl H OflSl OSpaOOTKH tlblTOBblX
H npOMbiuineHHtJX OTXOHOB H HX
HHH. CM.
SEWAGE PLANT
See sewage facilities.
COOPyaiEHHE flJM O4HCTKH CT04HblX BOfl
CM. CT3HUHH M C6TH
CTO^HHX
BOfl.
SEWAGE TREATMENT

Any artificial process to which
sewage is subjected in order to re-
move or alter its objectionable con-
stituents and thus to render it less
offensive or dangerous.
OEPABOTKn. CTO^HblX BOfl
Jlooofi HCKyccTBeHHbiH npouecc
o6pa6oTKn CTOIHHX BOS c
HJIH H3M6HeHHH
npHMecefl, wio nejiaex
MeHee onacHOft HJIH HenpHHTHOft
nOJIb3OBaHHH .
SEWER

Any pipe or conduit used to
collect and carry away sewage or
stormwater runoff from the generating
source to treatment plants or receiv-
ing streams. A sewer that conveys
household and commercial sewage is
called a sanitary sewer. If it
transports runoff from rain or snow,
it is called a storm sewer. Often
storm water runoff and sewage are
transported in the same system or
combined sewers.
CTOHHAfl TPVEA

Tpy6a HJIH crewman xaHaoa
cOopa H oxBOfla CTOMHUX H
BOJQ OT HCTOMIIHKOB COpOCa B npHBMHH-
KH CTOKOB HJIH OHHCTHTeJlbHbie yCTaHQ-
BKH. TpySbl flJIH OTBejjeHHH CTOKOB
XOSOHTOBblX H TOpTOBblX OQbeKTOB H3~
SblBaiOTCH XO3(3bITOBUMH CTO'-IHblMH Tpy-
63MH. TpyUfal flJIH OTBOfla CTOKOB OT
aTMoc$epHbix ocaflKOB nasbiBaKJTCH
TpyCaMH HJIH KaiiasaMH zuin JIHBHSBO-
jj,peHa»Hiiix CTOKOB. llacTo /iHBHesbie
H TOprOBO-XOSGblTOBUe CTOKH OTBO-
AHTCH B OflHOH H TOO K6 CHCTCMe,
xoTopan HasusaeTCH oGmecn.naBiiofi.
74
-------
SEWER DISTRICT
KAHAJlH3AUHOHHbin PAflOH
(1) An organization, created and
operating under statutory enactment
for the.purpose of financing, con-
structing , and/or operating a sewer-
age system. (2) The land or area
within the boundaries of a sewer
district, as delimited by law. It
may embrace parts of one or more
political subdivisions.
3/ OpratiHsauHH, cosaamiaH H
yHKHHOHHpyiomaH D peayjibi-aTe aa-
KOHOflaTOJibHoro aKTa jtyiii HHaHCnpo-
BdHHH, COOpyXeHHH H/HJ1H OClCJiy>KH-
B3HHH KaHajlHSaUHOHIlOft CMCTCMLJ .
2/ 3eMJiH HJIH onomaflb B npcaejiax
raKoro paftotia, rpammu Koxoporo yc-
raiioBJieHbi saxoHOM. TaxoR yvacTOK
MOKST OXBaXblBaTb laCTH OflHOTO HJIH
HCCKOJIbKHX aflMHIIHCTpaTMBHO-nOJUITH-
viecKiix
SEWER ROD

A hickory stick or light metal
rod, 3 ft to 4 ft long with a coupl-
ing on each end. Rods are joined
and pushed into a sewer to dislodge
obstructions.
IHTAHFA flJIfl IIP01HCTKH CTOVIHblX TPVB

CuenHan nexaHOBan nanKa
uixaHra, AJIHHOIO B 3 MJIH
Ha KOHuax. UlTanrn
H npOTajiKHBaiOTCH B xpy-
Oh! flJIH yCTpaHSHHft 33TOPOB.
SFWERAGE

(1) The removal of waste water by
means of sewers. (2) A system of
sewers.
I/ VflaJieHHe CTOIHUX BOH npw no-
MOIUH KOJUieKTOpOB .
2/ CHCTBMa KOJUieKTOpOB .
SILT BASIN

A basin installed in storm sewers
to retard flow velocity and provide
a place for the deposition of silt
and grit.
HJlO3AflEP?KHBA10mHB OTCTOflHHK

Bacceflk, ycTpoeHHbift B CHCxeMe
OTBona jiHBHesux H npenaJKHbix BOB,
C Ue/lbiO nOHHSHTb CKOpOCTb TB^EHHH
H HaxonjiHTb ^lacTHUbi HJia H necico-
BHAHtax nopofl.
SILVER
CEPEEPQ
SKIMMING

(1) The process of diverting water
from the surface of a stream or con-
duit by means of a shallow overflow,
to avoid diversion of sand, silt, or
other debris or material carried as
bottom load. (2) The process of
diverting water from any elevation in
a reservoir by means of outlets at
different elevations or by any other
skimming device for the purpose of
obtaining the most palatable drinking
water or for some other purpose. (3)
The process of removing floating
material from the surface of a fluid.
OTBOfl C nOBEPXHOCTH

I/ npouecc oxBona BOW c nosepx-
HOCTH BOflOTOKa HJIH BOflOBO«a npH
noMOuiH MeJiKoro BoaocJiHsa, npe.no-
TBpamaiomero OTBOA nocxa, mia H
flpyrwx OOJIOMKOB H HanocoB, nepeHo-
CHMbix no flHy.
2/ npouecc OTBOfla BOAU c jiioGoft
BUCOTH peaepsyapa npw HOMOIUH BOCO-
BbinyCKHblX OTBepCTHH, paCnOJlOKGHHUX
Ha paaHbix BbicoTax, HJIH OTBona BOJIH
c nosepXHOCTH pcaepsyapa, c uejibio
nojiyviHTb wejiaTeJibHoe KaiecxBO nn~
TbeBOfl BOflbl HJIH C flpyFHMH
3/ npouecc yjiajieHH
C nOBepXHOCTH WHflKOCTH .
75
-------
SLICK
HJIEHKA MACJIA
The thin oily film usually present
which gives characteristic appearance
to the surface of water into which
sewage or oily waste has discharged.
Tomoifl cjiofi Mac/ia Ha nosepx-
HOCTH DOflti, xapaKxepiitan HJIH BOH,
B KOTOPUC BblJlIi CCpOUieHbl CTO^HblG
BOflbl HJIH XCHpOBI-ie HJ1H IIC<]>TnHLJe
OCXaXKH.
SLUDGE

(1) The accumulated settled solids
deposited from sewage or industrial
wastes and containing more or less
water to form a semiliquid mass. (2)
•The precipitate resulting from chem-
ical treatment of water, coagulation,
or sedimentation.
\l HaKoriHBiuHecH oceouiiie
OT CTOKOB H npOMHUIJieilHHX
c flocxaxoiHHM
o6pa3osannn
Maccu.
2/ OcaflOK, oopaaoBaBiuiiflcH B
peayjibxaxc XHMHyecKoft oOpaOOTKH
BOflU HJIH nyTBM KOaryjlHLJHH HJIH
SLUDGE COLLECTOR

A mechanical device for scraping
the sludge on the bottom of a set-
tling tank to a sump, from which it
can be drawn by hydrostatic or mech-
anical action.
MEXAHH3M
VflAJlEIIHH HJ1A
MexaHmiecKoe ycxpoflCTBo
cocicaCSjiHBaHHH ocejaawmero Ha
OTCTOflHHKa HJia. HJI
B syMncJ), oTKyaa OH
MJ1H
SLUDGE' CONCENTRATION

Any process of reducing the water
content of sludge which leaves the
sludge in a fluid condition.
KOHItEHTPAUHfl HUA

JlioOoK npouecc, noHH«aioiunB npo-
U6HT COflepKaHHH BOflh! B HJ16, HO
COXpaHHMIUHfi HJI B JKHflKOM COCTOHHHH.
SLUDGE CONDITIONING

Treatment of fluid sludge to
facilitate dewatering, usually by
the addition of chemicals.
KOHflHUHOHHPOBAHHE HJIA

OCpaOoTKa jKHflKoro HJia, cnoco6-
cTByiomas ero oSesBOJKHBaiiHio, o&bm-
HO npH nOMOlUH npHMeillHBaHHH B HJI
XHMHK3TOB.
SOLVENT

A substance capable of dissolving
something.
PACTBOPHTEJlb

BemecTBO, cnocoSnoe UTO-JIHOO
pacxBOpHTb.
SOUND

A relatively long arm of the sea
or ocean forming a channel between
an island and a mainland or
connecting two larger bodies, as a
sea and the ocean, or two parts of
the same body.
nPOJIHB

OTHOCHXeJlbllO flJIHHHblft
OKeana HJIH MOPH, oOpaayiomnft npoxoK
weway OCTPOBOM H MaxepiiKOM, HJIH
Hanp. Mope vt oxeaH, HJIH nse vacxn
H TOTO we
76
-------
SOURCE
HCTOHHHK
The origin point of pollutants
discharged or emitted.
HCXOflHblft nyHKT Bhl6pOCOD HJ1H
3arpn3HHTe.nefi.
SPECIFIC ABSORPTION

The capacity of water-bearing
material to absorb water after all
gravity water has been removed. It
is the ratio of the volume of water
absorbed to the volume of material
saturated.
CnEUHOMIECKOE nOrJlOUEHHE

CnOCOOHOCTb BQHOHOCHUX
noB K a6copQu.au BOflu, ocTasuieftcn
nocne yflajiemiH rpaBHTauHOHHOft BO-
afaj. BupaxaeTCH B opMe OTHOIUSHHH
norjiomeHHOfl BOAU K
Maxepna.na.
SPIRAL FLOW AIR DIFFUSION

In sewage treatment a method of
diffusing air in an aeration tank of
the activated sludge process, where,
by means of properly designed baffles,
and the proper location of diffusers,
a spiral or helical movement is given
to the air and the tank liquor.
BHXPEBAfl
B03flVXA
MSTOflHKa OOpaoOTKH CTO^lUUX
BOB c npHMGHeHHSM npouecca aK-
THBHoro HJia, Koraa Boanyx
flMpyeicn B aapaUHOHHufl Oai<
cooTBercTBeHHO coopyMceHHue nepe-
ropoflKH; Ojiaronapa ^THM neperopofl-
H cooGpasHO pacnonoxteHHUM
sosnyx H »nnKocTb B
cnMpajieBHUHyw OOPMV
STAGE RERATION

Division of activated sludge
treatment into stages with inter-
mediate settling tanks and return
of sludge in each stage.
HOCTAflHflHAH
PacnpenejieHHe npouecca OMHCTKH
3K TUB HUM HJ1OM H3 HGCKOJlbKO CTaflHfl,
C npHMeH6HHeM OTCTOftHHKOB H C BO3~
apaTOM HJia ua xaxmoft CTSJIHM,
STATEWIDE PLANNING

Basin planning covering all treat-
ment facilities, point and area
pollution sources within a state.
njlAHHPOBAHME B HPEflEJlAX UJTATA

OJIBH paaBHTHH pe«jHoro Sacceflna,
H HeopraHHsaaaHUhJe HCTOM-
HHKH sarpasHBHHH B npeflcjiax
uiTaxa.
STEP AERATION

A procedure for adding increments
of sewage along the line of flow in
the aeration tanks of an activated
sludge plant.
nosTarmoro
noaaiH croviHofl BOMH a aapa
UHOHHble GaKM OMHCTHblX yCTaHOBOK C
aKTHBHOTO HJ13.
STORM SEWAGE

Liquid flowing in sewers during
or following a period of rainfall
and resulting from precipitation
runoff.
JIHBliEBblfl CTOK
Texytuasi no
BO speMn HJIH B pesyjibTaxe
x.e. Korfla CTOK' fiBJinexcn
TOM BfalnaflSHHH OCOflKOB.
77
-------
STORM SEWER
JIHBHEBtJH KOJUIEKTOP
A sewer which carries storm water
and surface water, street wash and
other wash waters, or drainage, but
excludes sewage and industrial
wastes. Also called storm drain.
KOJ1J1CKTOP AJ1H OTBOfia J1HB1IODLJX
W nOBCpXHOCTHUX BOfl, EL TaKJKC CMblTO-
ro Mycopa c yjmu H npynix CMMBO'IHUX
son HJIH upeiiaxmbix BOA, sa itcKJiioie-
I1H6M XOSHflCTDGHHhlX CTOKOB H npOMblUJ-
;ieiiHbix orxoflOB. TaKxce
icaHason.
STORM-WATER CHANNEL

A channel built for carrying storm
water, and often paved to resist
erosion.
KAHAJI flJlfl JlHBHEBbK BOfl
fljiH OTBeflemin JIHBIICBUX
MacTO BbiMOiueHHbifi fl-nH npcnoTBpa-
I4GHHH 3PO3HH.
STRAIT

A narro:/ sea channel which
separates two land masses and joins
two large bodies of water.
V3KMB nPQJlHB
npocTpancTno, pas
yiacTKa cyiuii H/IH coe-
nee
FLOW REGULATION
The procedure or actions involved
in artificially modifying the
natural flow of a stream so that its
discharge at a specified point will
serve a specified purpose or achieve
a given objective.
PEFyJlHPOBAHHE
CTOKA
Ilpoueccbi H aeflcTBHH, HanpaBJieH-
HfcJe H3 MOflHOHLWpOBaHHe eCTCCTBCH-
Horo cxoKa POKH, UToGu B IOKOM-JIHGO
onpefleneHHOM nynKie noJiyniiTb neoG-
XOHHMhJfl 3$$eKT COOOpaSHO nOCT3BJien-
HOft
SUB^!AIN SEWER

A sewer into which the sewage from
two or more lateral sewers is dis-
charged.
BCnOMOFATEJIbHUH TJIABHUH KOJ1JIEKTOP

KojTJieKxop, B KOTOpuft nocTynaioT
BOflbl H3 HByX HJ1H SOJISG GOKOBblX
CTOHHblX KOJIJieKTOpOB .
SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL

Underground disposal of pollutants.
See waste injection well.
CEPOC
CGpoc aarpHSHHTeJicfl B
xpaHHiiHiua. CM. cKsaxMiibi ana 3ai-------
SURFACE IRRIGATION

(1) In irrigation, the application
of water to the lands by gravity flow
through flooding of furrows.
(2) In sewage treatment, the
distribution of sewage over the
surface of the ground.
nOBEPXHOCTHOE OPOIllEHHE

I/ MCTOB HppiirauHH,
KHltHfi GOpOSflOBblft riOJIHB, npIUlCM
BOfla HOB BoaaeflCTDiieM CH/IU
caMOTCKOM pacnpcaoJiHercH B
2/ npii o6paOoTi-------
TAINTING SUBSTANCE
nPHMElllAHHOE BEIUECTBO
An additive or pollutant which
affects the taste of water.
sarpHSHHiouiee
BemecTBO, oicasunaiomee BJiiinnne Ha
BKVC BOflbl.
.TAPERED AERATION

The method of supplying varying
amounts of air into the different
parts of an aeration tank in the
activated sludge process, more at the
.inlet, less near the outlet, and
approximately proportional to the
oxygen demand of the mixed liquor
under aeration.
A3PAHHH
H3MeHfIIOlUHXCH
Bosnyxa H paanuvHUie vacTH
aapauHOHHoro Cai
-------
THERMAL STRATIFICATION
TEFlJlOBAfl CTPATIW'HKAUHH
The formation of layers of differ-
pnt temperatures in bodies of water.
Oupasonaiinc n uo/ioc-Mnx CJIOCLJ
ao.au c pa3JiHlmon Tc.vncpaiypod.
TOLLRANCE

The relative capability of an
organism to endure an unfavorable
environmental factor. The amount
of a chemical considered safe in
any food to be eaten by man or
animals. Also see pesticide
toJcrance.
B'JHOCJiHBOCTb
ciiococ>hocTi> opra-
ncpOHociiTb HcojiaronpiuiTiibic
Kanoro-Jii'00
BHomiieii cpe/;u. KOJIIIHCCIBO
riaciioii Konuciirpamin n iniiuODOM npo-
AyKTC, yilCn pC'J 15ICMOM Me.'lOBChON' IMH
T.HBOTHHM. CM. TBK-0 BblrlOC 'IIII3OC I b K
TOTftL DISFOLVLD SOLIDS

The dissolved and undissolved
irineral co-istituents in v;atcr usually
stated in parts per million by weight.
Dissolved solids, determined from the
residue after evaporation of a settled
sairple, consist of mineral constit-
uents, organic matter and water of
crystallization. L'ndissolved solids
consist of suspended sedir-ent.
OElllEC KOJ1HV1KCTBO PACTBOPLIIHI-JX
TBUPflUX nPHMKCLfl

PacTBOpcnuue n HCpacTBopeHiiue
MHiiepaJibHbie npiiMecn B Done oGui<-
iiOEenno BupaiKa.jTcn B MHJiJiiioiiiibix
BGCOBUX MaCT^X. PaCTBOpOHHMC TRSp-
flfaie npHMecM onpeneJiH-oTCH 113 ocxaT-
Ka nocne ncnapCHHH
odpasua. Ci'.'na BXOA^T
cocTasjiHioiuHc, opramiyecKne Deuecr-
Ba H Kpncxa.nn3au,i!OHHan BOfla. He-
pacTBOpeHHHe TBepnue TeJia COCTOSIT
us B3Beujeiiiioro
TOXAP11ENE

An agricultural insecticide
against insects and grasshoppers.
TOKCAOEH

CejlbCKOXO3HfiCTBeHHbIfi HUCCKTHUHfl;
npHMCHHercn AJIH KOHTPOJIH naceiiie B ripupojue HBJIH-
CTCH CJIOflCinHGM CTHXHttllblX OC/ICTBIIII
HJIH apyrHx iiapytucimn npnpofliioro
oajiaiica.
81
-------
TRUNK SEWER

A sewer which receives many
tributary branches and serves a
large territory. See main sewer.
MArHCTPAJlbHbin KOJ1J1CKTOP

KOJIJieiCTOp CTOIHblX BOH, nplIlllIMa
lOIUHfl BOflbl H3 flpyl-HX OTDOflHUX l
-------
u
UNDERGROUND WATERCOURSE

A geological formation which
contains water flowing in a known
and defined channel. Rights to water
in underground watercourses are in
most states similar to rights to
water in natural surface watercourses.
nOfl3EMHblfl BOflOTOK
TeoJiorniecKaH fopMaiwn, coycp-
jtcaiuaH Boay, Koxopan npOTCKacr no
KaKOMy-;mGo onpeflejicmiOMy Kaiiany.
ripasa na BOAV B noA3CMnbix BOHOTOKQX
B CojibiiiHHCTBe uixaTOD aHn/iorHHuu.
npasaw na noBepxHocxiibie BOUU B
eCTSCTBeHHblX BOflOTOKaX.
URBAN RUNOFF

Storm water from city streets
and gutters that usually contains
a great deal of litter and organic
and bacterial wastes.
CTOK C TEPPHTOPHM TOPOAA
mecTB ,
CTOK C yjIHU !! .{ii h m
KSK npaBHJto, T&KO!: c--o>{ r.o-
csojibiiioe KOJIMMOOTDO
H (3aKTepnajib!'W.\
83
-------
w
WARNING STAGE

The stage at which damage or
inconvenience due to a flood begins
locally near a particular gage. It
may be either above or below
bankfull stage or flood stage.
BOAOTOKa L>JIH3
jieiiHoro BOAOMepHoro nocxa,
cymecxsyeT onaciiocTb, ITO naso-
AOK MOJK6T npHMHHMTfa BpGA "JIM HCy-
AoGcTBa. AanHbiH ypOBeiib MOJKCT
OblTb Bbmie HJIH HHJKG ypOBHH, OpM
KOTOPOM pycjio ueJiMKOM sanojiiieno
BOAOH, HJIH Bblllie HJIH HHJKS naBOAKO-
BOTO ypoBiin.
WASTE

Matter that is superfluous or
rejected, or that can no longer be
used for its originally intended
purpose.
OTXOflbl

JfcoGoe cemecTBO, KOTOPOO HSJIHUIHO
HJIH KOTOpoe BbiOpacbiBaeTcn. HJIH
TO HenpHroflHoe, iero HCJibsn
uie npHMemiTb nun nepBOHaiajibiio na-
u&nefi.
WASTE INJECTION WELLS

Deep wells for disposal of untreat-
ed waste below surface waters and
aquifers.
CKBA/KMHbl flJlfl 3AKAV1KH CTOKOB H OTXO-
flOB
CKBaXtHHbl RJIK 33Ka4KH
HeoGpa6oTaHHbix CTOMHUX BOfl 11 OTXO-
flOBf CKsajKHHu pacno/ioweHbi noa BO-
AOHOCHbiMH nnacxaMH H MaccaMH no-
BepXHOCTHblX BOJQ.
WASTE LOAD ALLOCATION

The process of assigning specific
levels of pollutant reduction to
individual sources who together
are discharging into a hydro-
graphically discrete body of water.
Waste load allocations are only
made in water quality limited
segments.
PACHPEflEJlEHHE 3ArPfl31lflK)lUEn
DpaKTHKa
MGCKHX ypoBHefl CHHwenHH
1014HX BeUeCTB npHM6HHTeJ1bHO K HH-
flHBHflyajIBHblM HCTOWHHK3M, KOTOpbie
coBMecTHO cOpacbisaiuT CTOKH B onpe
cejieHHbift rHjqporpa4>H
-------
ducts. (3) water carrying wastes
from homes, businesses and indus-
tries that is a mixture of water
and dissolved or suspended solids.
2/ Bofla, coaepxauian 3arpn3nni;imne
OTXOflbl.
3/ BOflti, coflepJKamHe OTxoflu OUTO-
BUX, TOproBux HUM npoMhmmemihix
eKTOB H npeACTaBJimoinHC cobofl
BOflbl H paCTBOpeHHUX HJ1H BSBOIlieilllUX
BemecTB.
MATER ANALYSIS

The determination of the physical,
chemical and biological character-
istics of water. Such analyses
involve usually four different kinds
of examinations: bacterial, chemical,
microscopic, and physical.
AHAJIH3 BOJlbl

OnpeneJieHHe n3HHecKnx, XHMHHG-
CKHX H SHOJIOrHieCKHX CBOHCTB DOflbl.
HeTbipe pasHbix THna nccjieaoBaHnn
oOfaiKHOBeHHO BxoflHT B xaKOft aiiajiwa:
GaKTepHOJior-HiecKoe, XHMHMBCKOC,
H $n3HvecKoe.
WATER-BORNE DISEASE

A disease caused by organisms or
toxic substances which are carried
by water. The most common water-
borne diseases are typhoid fever,
Asiatic cholera, dysentery, and other
intestinal disturbances.
3AEOJIEBAHH3, nEPEflAIOIUHECfl nOCPCfl-
CTBOM BOflbl
opraHiis-
3aConeBaHne,
MQMH HJ7H TOKCHHHUMM
HaxoflHiUHMHCH B Bo^e . CaMUMH pacnpo-
CTpaHSHHblMH BHflaMH HBJ1HIOTCH
Hofl TH(t>, asMarcKaH xojiepa,
TGPHH H flpyme KHUieviHbie
WATER CONDITIONING

Treatments exclusive of disin-
fection to produce a water free of
taste, odors, and other undesirable
qualities.
OEPAEOTKA BOfltJ

oOpaGoTKH BOflu,
Cea BKyca, aanaxa HJIM apymx ne*e-
JiaTeJIbHbJX CBOftCTB.
WATER CONSERVATION

The physical control, protection,
management, and use of water
resources in such a way as to main-
tain crop, grazing and forest lands,
vegetal cover, wildlife and wildlife
habitat for maximum sustained bene-
fits to people, ^agriculture, industry,
commerce, and other segments of the
national economy.
OXPAHA BOfl

MeponpHHiHH no KOHTPOJIIO,
ynpaBiieHHio H nojib3OBanmo BOAHHMH
pecypcaMH. Uejitw STHX MeponpHHTiifl
HBjiHeTCH coxpaHeHHe oGpaOaxuBaeMbix
3eMeJib, nacTGma, jiecos, pacTHTCJit-
Horo noxposa, JKHBOTHUX, nxnubi H
puubi B ecTecTBeiiHbix npHpOflHbix ycjio-
BHHX, iia 6Jiaro uacoJienHH H B MHTO-
pecax ceJibCKoro xoaaiicxBa, npoMbon-
TOproBJiH H flpyrux OTpac-
HapOflHoro
WATER CONTROL

In soil and water conservation,
the physical control of water by such
measures as conservation practices on
the land, channel improvements, and
installation of structures for water
retardation and sediment detention.
(Water control as defined here does
not refer to legal control or water
rights.)
KOHTPOJIb
B npaKTHKe oxpaHU BOJQHUX n no*i-
pecypcoB STOT TSPMHH oGo3-
(I)H3HMeCKHfl KOHTpOJlb BOflHUX
pecypcoB nyxeM MCponpnnTiifi no 3e-
MenbHOft M6Jinopaunn, yjiyvuieHHio pycji
n coopy*enniO oGi>eKTOB ana
B3HHH CTOK3 H COXpaHBHHH
HaHOCOB.
B BbIllieH3JlO3KeHHOM TOJIKOB3HHM
3TOT T6PMHH H6 nOKpblDaeT lOpHflHUe-
CKHX aCnCKTOB KOHTPOJWI HJIH np3B H3
85
-------
WATER DISTRICT
PAHOU BOflOCHAE«EHHfl
(1) An organization, created and
operating under statutory enactment,
for the purpose of financing, con-
structing, and/or operating a water
supply system. (2) The land or area
within the boundaries of a water
district, as delimited by statute.
It may embrace parts of one or more
political subdivisions.
I/ OpraHHsaunfl, cosaaiiiian u
4>yHKUMOHMpyiouiafl B cmiy aaKoiioaa-
TejibHOro axTa, Rfin (JuiHaiiCHpooaMiin,
coopyjKCHHH H/HJIH oOc/iywHBaiiim CCTH
BOflOCHaOweHHH.
2/ 3eMJiH HJIH nJioiuaAb B npe.nc.nax
Taxoro paftOHa, rpannu,bi Koxoporo
ycTaHOBJieHbi aaicoiiOM. Mower oxnaTM-
B3Tfa yaCTH OHHOrO HJ1H HGCKOJIbKHX
aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-nOJlHTHieCXHX
WATER POLLUTION

The addition of sewage, industrial
wastes or other harmful or objection-
able material to water in concentra-
tions or in sufficient quantities to
result in measurable degradation of
water quality.
3ArPfl3HEHHE BOJH

ITonaaaHHe B eo/iy npo/jyicTOD CTOKS,
npOMHiiiJieiiHijix OTXoaoB H apyrtix Bpe^o-
HOCHUX HJIH HeVSJIflTeJIbHMX BCIHOCTB E3
xamix KOJiHiecTBax IIJIH icoimoHTpa-
KOTOpfiie npHBOflflT K 3£lMOTHOHy
BOflM.
WATER QUALITY

The chemical, physical, and
biological characteristics of water
in respect to its suitability for
a particular purpose. The same
water may be of good quality for one
purpose, and bad for another, depend-
ing upon its characteristics and
the requirements for the particular
use.
KA1ECTBO BOflU
H OHOJIO-
TH»ieCKHe XapaKTepHCTHKH BOflU
HHTSJIbHO K 66 HCnOJIbSOBaHH.O B
flejieHHux ueJiHx. Bofla MOKBT
ca floOpoKa^ecTBCHHoa nnn
ueJiH, HO HenpnroflHOB ann npyro«,
B SaBHCHMOCTH OT TpeOOBaHHfl K BOflG
H cooGpasMO ee
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

An examination of existing water
quality to be used in combination
with a model to form a waste load
allocation.
AHAJIH3 KA1ECTBA BOflbl
noBepxa cymecTBywmero
BOfltJ H CpaBHSHHC 3TOFO
c MOflenbHbiM, AJIH jiymiiero pacnpene-
J1SHHH flOnyCTHMOH 33TPH3 HHiOIUefl H3T-
.py3KH Ha BOAoeM Meygjy BO«onojib3O-
BaTSJIHMH .
WATER QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENT

A segment with such poor water
quality that sources must be
controlled through more stringent
waste load allocations rather than
through effluent guidelines.
V4ACTOK HH3KOKA-------
criteria and use designation that
sets the ambient water quality level
for a particular body of water.
c ce Ha3na'icimeM i\nn IIOJH.JO-
UIH oniJCACJicmin Ka^cc-i uuinio-
ro ypODiin HMCIOUICIICH D pacnopji>Ke-
HHH uoflu B K£iKOM-Jinuo cneuii(|iii'io-
CKOM DOilOCMC.
MATER SUPPLY

(1) A general term for the sources
of water for public or private uses.
(2) The furnishing of a good potable
water under satisfactory pressure
for domestic, commercial, industrial,
and public service, and an adequate
quantity of water under reasonable
pressure for fire fighting.
DO^OCHAOIICIUIC

I/ OOlUHfl TCPM1III flJlJI IICTOmillKOll
DOflbl AJ1H OOUCCTBCIIHblX 11
2/
D ycjioBHflx npauujii.iio-
ro flanjiciiHH xHJiHiuaM, oOiucci JJCUHNM
3AauunM, TOIJTODHM 11 npoMhimjiciiiiu-i
npc.nnpHHTiiHM, a raioice yflonjicrnopii-
TCJibnoro KOJiiiHeci »a IIOA
jg/in nowapnkix
WATER-SUPPLY FACILITIES

The works, structures, equipment,
and processes required to supply and
treat water for domestic, industrial,
and fire use.
OE-nEKTbl CllCTEMbl
ycraiiOBKH, nocrpofiKil, oSopyflC •
Banne H npoucccw, iieodxojQHMije JUIM
O1IHCTKH II CHaOKCHHH BOflU flJISI OiJIO
BUX, npoMbiunennHX H no>Kapnbix
WATER-SUPPLY SOURCE

A stream, surface or underground
body of water from which a supply of
water is or can be obtained.
HCTQiJHHK BOflOCHAEKEHHfl

BOflOTOK HJ1H nOBepXIIOCTHLJft HJ1I1
nOfl36Mllblft BOflOEM, H3 KOTOpOTO OCy-
[UeCTBJlHeTCH HJ1H MOXCCT OCVWeCTD JlflTh-
cn
BOflHOE 3EPKAJ10
WATER TADLC

The upper surface of a zone of
saturation, where the body of ground
water is not confined by an overlying
impermeable formation. VThere an over-
lying confining fcriratior exists, the
aquifer in question has no vatcr tnb]e,
It is not the water surface.
nOBepXHOCTb 3OHU HQCW-
iueHnn, me noflseMnan BOfliian Macca
He orpanmieHa jiewamefi Ha nefi Henpo-
HHnaeMOfi OopMauHcfi. B Mecrax, r^c
HMeeTCH orpaHiiHnieJ7biia« aepxiinn
4>opMauHn, Tauofi BOflouociiufi njiacr
He iiMee-r nofliioro aepKajia. Bo;moc
aepxajio - STO He TO JKO
-------
WATERLOGGED SOIL
3AEOJIOHEHHAfl HOHEA
A soil so continuously wet as
to drive out all gases» in which
normal upland plants cease to arow.
EojiOTHan noina, Jimuemian raaon,
B KOTOpofl He Moryr npoiiapocTaTb
pacrenn;i.
WATERSHED

(1) The area contained within a
divide above a specified point on
a stream. In water supply engi-
neering, it is termed a watershed,
and in river control engineering,
it is termed a drainage area, drain
age basin, or catchment area.
(2) The divide between drainage
basins.
BOflOCEOP (V3K06 TOJIKOBaHHe)

I/ laCTb 36MHOH JlOBCpXHOCTH
B npeaenax Boaopaajiejia,
npoHcxoflHT CTOK BOA B
CHCTGMy. C TO1KH 3P6HHH T6XHHK1I
BojoiocnaoxenHH ynoTpeOJiHexcH rep-
MHH DOflOCCJOp; B THflpOTeXHHKe pe-
ryjinpOBaiinH pevsoro CTOica npejjno-
IHTaiUTCH TepMIIHb! OaCCGSH BOflOCOOpa,
njiomanb ooflocuopa, BoaocOopHaa
njiomajqb HJIH BonocoopHbift CacceflH.
2/ VnoTpeejineTCH B
BOflopaaaejia, T.e. JIHHHH
Me»wy
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

The planned use of watershed
lands in accordance with
predetermined objectives, such as
the control of erosion, stream
flow, sedimentation, and the
improvement of vegetative cover
and other related resources.
PEryjlHPOBAHHE CTOKA MEPOnPHHTHflMH
HA BOflOCEOPE
ncnojib3osaHne 3 e MS Jib
peviHoro 6accefina B
c aapaHee nocraBJieHHbiMH
K3K Hanp. KOHTpojib 3po3nn, pacxofla
BOflOTOKOB, OTJlOWeHHfl, H
MeponpHHTHH no we/iHOpaunn
HOPO noKposa H flpyrHx
HUX pecypcoB.
WATERSHED SANITATION

The removal of actual and the
prevention of potential sources of
pollution on a watershed; also mea-
sures and methods undertaken to
minimize unavoidable pollution, or
to improve the quality of water for
potable use.
CAHAUHH BOflOCBOPHOrO BACCERHA
fleftcTByicnuHx H npenoTspa-
noreHUHajibHO BOSMOXCHUX HCTO^-
HHKOB 3arpH3HeHHH B npeuGJiax BOflO-
cQopa; xaKxe H MeponpMHTHH H MBTO-
flHKa anH yMeHbuieHHH ypoBHH Henpe-
flOTBpaTHMOrO 3arpH3HSHHH, HJIH flJIH
xa^ecTaa nHTbeBoH
WELLHOLE

A deep manhole into which sewage
falls freely for a considerable
distance from an upper level to a
lower level.
nPHEMHblfl KOJIOflEU
CBoOoflHO nocrynaer
c Cojiee BUCOKOTO YPOBHH iia
Co/iee HH3Knfl, noxphisafi npn 3 TOM
WET-WEATHER FLOW
See storm sewage.
88
-------
ZINC UHHK
ZONE OF PASSAGE 3OHA HPOnVCKA

The area of a receiving stream BeaonacHufl yjacxoK BononpneMHn
contiguous to a mixing zone which Ka' nPHJieraiamHH K aone cMcuiHuaiiHs,
allows'safe transit of water species Koxopun nosBOJiHer puOaM H npyrHM
past the mixing zone. BOAIIHM oprawHSMaM npoflTH
3OHU cMeuiHBaHHH Gs3
89
-------
Part III

LEGAL TERMS
90
-------
ABATEMENT AND CONTROL
EOPbEA C 3ArPfl31IEIMICH H KOIITPOJ1I,
The process of requiring a
pollution source toxreduce the
amount of pollution produced by that
source.
Tpeuyioiune OT
iioiiH3irib
ACT OF GOD

A legal term meaning an act
resulting from an unanticipated
grave natural disaster.
4>OPC-MA?KOP
TCPMHH,
ioiu»n nenpooitOJiMMyio cnjiy, jjofiCTDnc
KOTOpofi He Morjio Curb npcwynpcnyic-
HO, Kai< iianp. ecTecTDennoc criixiiu-
HO6 OCflCTBHC.
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER

An enforcement order by the
Administrator of EPA requiring
immediate compliance by the dis-
charger. It can modify the
conditions of a permit.
AflMmiHCTPATIIBHOE PACriOPflKLUlIK
PacnopfiKeime
xapaicTcpa, OTjjanHoe opraiiaMii
ArciiTciBa no samiiTe
ii TpeOyiomee OT Bononojihjo-
H yCJlOBIlHM CtipOCa .
Taicoe pacnopn«eHne MOKGT HDMCHHTI
yCJIOBHH, C(J)OpMyJlHpOBaHHbie B
pemeHHH na c5poc CTOKOB.
ANTIDEGRATION

A policy objective, incorporated
within water quality standards, of
not allowing water to degrade below
its present quality, or any higher
level of water quality once that
higher level is achieved.
nPEtiOTEPAIUEHUE
KA'JLCTBA
BOflbl
3aj3aiiHe, BKJIIOMCIIHOC
Ka^ecTsa Bo^tJ, ne
CKawinee noi-mmem-ia Ka^ecTaa
cymecxByiomero yposun HJIH HHWC
y*e jQOCTHrHyroro Bbicoimufi
HJIH aeiicTDnn, iipcjinpiinniuc
npHOdpcTciiHn n oi>pauieii>in B ono. i
JlllWIiyil COUCl-BCHIlOCTb DOW PCKII IIJIII
HIIOTO Bonoroi
-------
AREAWIPE MANAGEMENT AGENCY

An organization created by
several municipalities joining
together to manage and regulate all
point and nonpoint sources within
an area.
ArCIITCTDO
no ynpADJicmiio HCTOMHHKAMH
HGCKO/ILKO
OG-bCflHHIlBimiXCH
OpraH
MyHHUHnaJIHTCTOB,
nnn coBMecTnoro
M ynpasjiennR TUICMHUMH n ncopra-
HHSOUaHHblMJI HCTOUHHIOMH 3arp>!3-
nenHH B npeflcjiax onpejaejieimofl
TCPPHTOPHH .
BASIN PLAN

A management plan for control of
point and nonpoint sources within
a hydrographic area. Over 600
basin plans are being developed to
cover all of the United States.
nJIAH OXPAHbl EACCEHHA

UnaH KOHxpojin H
TOieynux H HeopraHHSOBamibix IICTOM-
HHKOB 3arpH3neHHH B npcjucjiax onpc-
aejieHHOft reorpaomiecKofi TCppiiTopini.
B CUJA, no CTpaHe B U.CJIOM, IIMCCTCH
OKOJIO 600 n/iaHOB o.xpaiiu
OacceftHOB.
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BAT)

The level of pollution control
to be attained by all industrial
dischargers by July 1983. Described
in the effluent guidelines.
PA3PABOTA11HAK TCXIIOJIOril?!
nPEflOTBPAUlEHHfl 3ArPfl3HCHllll
VpOBSHb
Koroporo oOasaiibi
Bee
mi, c6pacbiBanmne cTOvtHbie soflu, K
HIOJIIO 1983 rofla. OnHcana B pyiejiepaJii9HbiM
Bbl-
CIVIL ACTION

A legal proceeding conducted by
the Administrator of EPA or by a
court that can result in a civil
penalty.
CIVIL PENALTY

The penalty for a violation of the
provisions of the law or the condi-
tions of a permit, which shall not
exceed a fine of $10,000 per day of
violation.
HCK
npoueccyajibHbie fleftcTBHH, npea-
npHHHTbie opraHaMH AreHTCTBa no
sauiHTe oxpyxaiouieft cpeflbi IIJIH cyztcO-
HblMH BJiaCTflMH C BO3MOKHWM
HHeM Mep rpaxyjaiicKO-npanoBoro
CK3HHH.

rPA»^AHCKO-nPABOBOC B3UCKA1IHE
3a Hapymenne
unw ycjiOBHfl paspeiucHHH; HC
npeabiuiaTii cyr-iMu o 10000 no-
JIJiapOB 33 OflHH flGHb HapyiUCHHH .
92
-------
COMMERCIAL USER
TOl'l'OBLin UOflOnOTPCEllTEJlb
A non-manufacturing source (such
as wholesale or retail trade) whose
effluent is discharged into a
municipal sewer system. Generally,
this source is not required to pay
for any capital cost of construction.
nenpoMbuiuiciiiioro
ntiia, Kai< Hanp. npejinpiin-nui poj-
HIHIHOH I1JIH OITI'ODOU TOprOlUIII , CTOK1I
Koropbix cupacunaioTcn B roponciCKTOB UOBOOTBC-
COMPLIANCE

Conformance to the permit condi-
tions imposed on a pollution source,
upcflvCMOT-
pemibiM B paspomeiiHi:, BhmaiitioM HC-
TO'IHHKy 3arpfI3HCIIHH .
COMPLIANCE MONITORING

The process, through inspection,
sampling, and surveys, of examining
the effluent of a discharger.
3A BhinOJlHCHHEM HOPMA-
TH130B

nponewypf H MeponpHHTHH, COCTO-
HIUHC us HHcneKUiin, oTuopa npoG H

cOpacbisaeMbix
IX BOfl.
COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE

The date or dates by which a
source or category of sources is
required to comply with specific
emission limitation contained in
an implementation plan and with any
increments of progress toward such
compliance.
PAC11HCA11HE COBJllOflRH.-ia
Rara MJIH aarbi, Koroptax
npHiiepxHuaxbCH HCTOWHHKM HJIH rpynnu
IICTOMHHKOB OTHOCHTSJIbHO CnCUH(I)H^e-
CKHX OrpaHHWGHHfl KOJIHUeCTBa BpeflHLJX
BblGpOCOB, K3K ^TO npGflyCMOTpeHO
njianoM, DKJinian noxaaaTeJin cTcneHH
CONTIGUOUS ZONE

The entire zone established or
to be established by the United
States under article 24 of the Con-
vention of the Territorial Sea and
the Contiguous Zone.
MOPCKAfl 11P1IEPPX1IAH 3OI1A

Ben npHJieraioman K MaTepmO y*e ycxa-
HOBJiennan, jinCo B npouecce cxaHOD-
Jiennn, npaBHTeJibCTBOM CoejumeHHbix
UJxaTOB B ciiJiy naparpatl>a 2'! Corjiame-
HHH O TCppHTOpHaJTbHUX BOflQX H MOP~
CKHX npHUpeXHHX 30II3X.
CONTINGENCY PLANS

Plans developed in anticipation
of a spill of oil or hazardous
substances and which are applied
to alleviate the effects of a spill
if it occurs.
ABAPllHHblE nJIAHbl

•JKCTpennoe njiamipOBannc Ha
nenpcjUDnnemibm cjiy-iafi
He$TH HJIH flpyroro onaciioro
HHWiucro semecTaa, c qeJibu
JICMHH HpGflHOrO BO3fieflCTBHH.
CRIMINAL ACTION

A legal proceeding conducted by a
court that can result in a criminal
penalty.
yrOJIOBllHH 1ICK

nponeccyajibHLje neficTBHH, npeanpii-
Hnrbie yrojioBHUM cyaonpoHSBoaci BOM,
c BoaMoxHhiM HajiowGHiieM
no yrojioBHOMy
93
-------
CRIMINAL PENALTY
VrOJlOBHOE HAKA3ANHE
The penalty for a willful or
negligent violation of the pro-
visions of the law or the condi-
tions of a permit, which shall not
exceed a fine of up to $50,000 per
day of violation or two years in
jail.
HaKaaamie sa napyujemie,
IIJIH no iicOpcKHOCTH, riocraiio-
saKona H/IH ycJioBHfi paspciue-
HHH. llaxaaaiiuc lie flOJDKHO
cyMf.ibi M 50000 flOJi-napOB HJIH
J10T Tl'JpbMbl.
DEVELOPED WATER

(1) A legal term applied to ground
water artificially brought to the
surface or to the land which, without
such diversion, would have run to
waste. (2) A legal tern applied to
flow of water in a stream which has
been induced therein by artificial
neans.
BCKPblTAfl BOflA

I/ tOpHflmiecKHfl xepMHii, npHMeHH-
BMIJrt K rpyHTOBblM DOflaM, HCKyCCTBCH-
HO nanpaD/iennLJM Hapyxcy, ana. Hcnojib-
aoBauiin Ha TBKHX yiiacT«ax noncpx-
HOCTIl, KOTOptJC OG3 OTBCjaGIIHOfl CIO-
aa Do;it>i npCBpariuiiicb Obi B nycTupn.
2/ lOpHflHlieCUHfl TCPMWH, npHMC-
HncMhirt K Telieniiio BOflbi B
coaflamioM HCKyccTBCHHO.
EFFLUENT LIMITATION

Any restriction established by a
State or the Administrator on quanti-
ties, rates, and concentrations of
chemical, physical, biological, and
other constituents which are dis-
charged from point sources into
navigable waters, the waters of the
contiguous zone, or the ocean, in-
cluding schedules of compliance.
orpAnnm:nna HA CEPOC CTO^IHUX
OrpammeHHH,
HUMH opranaMH HJIH aflMHHncTpau.Heft
AronTCTBa no sainHTe OKpywaiomefl
CpCflU, OTHOCHTejlfaHO KOJIHieCTBa,
cKopocTefl npouecca H
KHX H «pyrnx rrpHMeceft, KOTOpue
CLlpaChJBaiJTCH TOICMHblMH HCTOHHHKaMH
B cyfloxoflHue BOflu, B wopcKyio npn-
jpe»nyici 3OHy HJIH B OKGSH. Cuna xe
OTIIOCHTCH H rpa^HKH
BOflOOXpaHHhlX
EMERGENCY POWERS

The authority to act to suspend
or terminate any activity that is
producing pollution that is an
imminent danger to public health
or welfare.
[10J1HOM01HH
npaso EpeMeHHO npiioci'aHOBHTb
HJ1U nOJIHOCTblO npOKpaTHTb BCflKyiO
KOTOpaH BBfleT K
cpeflbi B Maciuxaoax,
coGoio Heii3ue>Knyio
POBbH H B/iarOCOCTOHHHH .
EMISSION STANDARD

The maximum amount of a pollutant
legally permitted to be discharged
from a single source, either mobile
or stationary.
HOPMtJ CEPOCOB H BEJEPOCOB
KOJIHMC-
CTBO sarpasHHTCJiefi, KOTOPOC no 33-
KOIiy MO3KET BblOpaCfalBaTb HJTH CUpaCbl-
BdTb HHflHBHflyaJIbHblM HO^BIDKHOn I1JIM
CTaUHOHapHblft HCTOMHUK.
ENFORCEilENT

The process of assuring compliance
with laws and regulations through
the use of orders, fines, or jail
sentences.
flEflCTBHfl B3blCKATEJ]bllO-nPIIHyjlHTEJIb-
HOrO XAPAKTEPA
ooecne
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

A document prepared by a Federal
agency which reports on the probable
effects of a proposed action on the
quality of the human environment.
Environmental impact statements are
used as tools for decision making
and are required by the National •
Environmental Policy Act.
flOKVMEHT 0 DJ1H5IHHH HA OKPVKAIOlUyiO
CPEfly

npHrOTOBJlGHHUfi KaKHM-
areHTCTBOM OTHO-
DOSMowHoro BJIHHHHH KaKoro-
Jin6o npoexxa HJIH npefljioweimn iia
OKpywawmefl cpcabi. TaKiie
cjiywax Caaofi ann npuiia-
THH COOTBeXCXByiOIUHX peUieHHfl H OHM
xpeGysJxcH corjiacHo rocy«apcxBenHO-
My saKOHy 06 oxpane BHewHeB
GUIDELINE

Administrative regulation determ-
ining the quality control level of
air, inland waters, territorial seas,
contiguous zones, oceans, and other
areas which as a result of urban -
industrial concentration have sub-
stantial water quality control
problems.
YKA3AHHfl

AflMHHHCXpaXHBHblS ROCTaHOBJieHHH,
Kaiecxso KOHTPOJIH sa-
Boanyxa, BHyxpeHHMx BOH,
TeppHTopnajibHbix BOH, MOpCKOfi npn~
Gpextioft 3OHU, OKeanoB H apyrux
yvacTKOB, rne B pesyjibTaxe ypOaHH-
aauHH H HHflyCTpHajiii3aunn; cymecxBy-
ex cepiiesHaH npoSJieMa KOHTPOJIH Ka-
'JSCTBa
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

A document of the steps to be
taken to ensure attainment of environ-
mental quality standards within a
specified time period. Implementation.
plans are required by various laws.
I1J1AH OCyiUECTBJIEHMa

$opMyjinpywninfl nopnnOK
HeouxoaHMUx ana oOec-
flocxHKeHMH CTannapTOB Ka-
oKpyxcaiomeft cpeflu B
nepiioaoB
OHonaxeJibHue opraHu
xpeGyioT npencxaajieHHH xaKHx nua-
HOB.
INDUSTRIAL USER

A manufacturing source whose
effluent is discharged into a
municipal sewer system and is
required to pay for its proportionate
share of the capital cost of
construction of any municipal
facility it uses.
nPOMbMHEHHbia BOnonOTPEEHTEJIb

HCXOMHHK npOMHUUieHHOro npO(])HJiH,
CTOKH KOTOporo cGpacbisaiOTCH B ro-
poflCKyio KaHajiHaauHOHHyro ceTb. Ta-
KOft HCTO1HHK OGHSaH fleJIHTb paCXOflU
no KanuxajibHOMy cxpOHxejibCxsy xex
ropoflCKKX oOijeKXOB, ycJiyraMH KOXO-
pux OH
INFOKMATION

Advisory material from the Admin-
istrators office on the
factors necessary to restore and
maintain the chemical, physical, and
biological integrity of all navigable
waters, ground waters, waters of the
contiguous zone, andtne oceans; on
the factors necessary for the protec-
tion and propagation of fish, shell-
fish, and wildlife classes; on re-
creational activities in and on the
water; on measurement and classifica-
tion of water quality; and the iden-
tification of pollutants suitable for
maximum daily load measurement.
HHOOPMAUHH

KoHcyjibxaTHBHufl MarepHaJi, nony-
laeMuft MS Kanue/iapHH AflMHHHCTpa-
ropa AreHTcxaa no sauiHTe oiKaio-
meft cpeflH, Ha xeMy HOpMaTHBHbix
4>aKTOpOB, HeoSXOflHMHIX RJIR BOCCX3-
HOBJ1SHHH H COXpaHeHMH XHMHHeCKOfi,
(JjHSH^eCKOfl H OHOJlOTHieCKOft ^HCTO-
TU scex cy«oxo»nux, rpyiixoBbix H
Hpyrux BOfl H son npiiOpexHoH Mop-
CKOtt 30HU H OKSaHOB. AreHXCTBO
xaxxe HHiJiopMHpyex o: $aKxopax, Ka-
CaiOIUHXCH OXpailbJ H pa3MHO«eHHH
pu6, MOJTJiwcKOB, paKooiipaaHux H
flHKHX JKHBOTHblX H HXHUP O BO3MOM(HO~
CXHX KynauHH, cnopra o or«uxa Ha
95
-------
ciicxeMax HSMepenwa H KJiaccw-
(J)HKau,nn Kaqecxsa BOALJ; H noicnsa-
T6J1HX 3arpH3HnxeJiefi, npnroniibix
B xawccTBC Mepnjia win OUCHKH Maic-
CHMywa cyxoiHbix narpyaoK.
LICENSE

A legal document allowing an
activity to be conducted. A permit
is a form of a license.
JIHUCH3HH
naiouwfl
npaso Ha onpenejiem-tuft run nen-
xeJibiiocTH. Pa3pemenne - axo
J1HUGH3HH.
MUNICIPALITY

A city, town, borough, county,
parish, district, association, or
other public body created by or
pursuant to State law and having
jurisdiction over disposal of sewage,
industrial wastes, or other wastes.
MVHHUHnAJlHTET

TOpOfl, M6CX61KO, OKpyT, paftOH,
OGiUHHHblH nOCBJlOK HJIH HH3H nyUJIHH-
HO-npaBosaH Kopnopauun, OCJ>OPMHBUIH-
6CH B CHJiy H B COOTB6TCTBHM CO
UlTaTHUMH 3aKOH3MH H
lOpHCflHKUHeft H3fl CMCTeMBMH
HHH CTOKOB H npOMhiiiineHHUX H
OTXOflOB.
NEGLIGENCE

Failure to exercise a reasonable
amount of care.
HEEPEKHOCTb
HenpOHBJieHHe Haflnewameft Mepu
336OTJIHBOCTH HJ1H OCTOpOJKHOCTH .
NEW SOURCE

An industrial source on which
construction is initiated after a
new source performance standard for
that industry is proposed.
HOBblB MCTOqHHK

HCTOVIHHK npoMbmuieHHoro
CXpOHTeJlfaCTBO KOTOpOTO Ha~
nocne BBefleHHs HOBBIX pa6oviux
HOpMaTMBOB flJlH 3XOFO THH3
JIGHHUX HCIO^HHKOB .
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARD
(NSPS)
The level of pollution control
to be attained by all new industrial
sources. It generally requires the
'highest level of control of any
effluent guidelines.
PAE01HE HOPMATHBEJ flJIH HOBOFO
HCTOqHHKA

KOHTpOJlb ypOBHH 3arpH3HeHHH
npHMeHHTentHO K HOBUM npoMbmuieH-
HUM HCXOHHHK3M. KaK npaBHJIO,
B6Hb KOHXPOJIH HOBblX HCXO^HIIKOB
npenycMaxpHsaex MaxcMMaJibHO BUCO
KHB xpeOonaHHH K Kaiccxsy cOpa-
cusaeMbix
OWNER OR OPERATOR

(1) In the case of a vessel, any
person owning, operating, of chart-
ering by demise, such vessel, and
(2)in the case of an onshore facility
and an offshore facility, any person
owning or operating such onshore
facility or offshore facility, and
(3) in the case of any abandoned
offshore facility, the person who
owned or operated such facility
immediately prior to such abandonment.
COECTBEHI1HK HJ111 nPCflnPHHllHATEJIb

I/ npHMSHHxenbHO K cyjQaM - jiioOoe
JIHIO.O, BJiaseiJiuee CVHHOM, dKcnjiyaxii-
pyiouiee cyflHO, HJIH Qpaxxyumee HJIH
apeHflyiomoe cyflHo, HJIH oxflaumee ero
B HaeM.
2/ npHMenvixeJibHO K o(5jCKTaM Ha
cyme Jiu6o B OXKPUXOM Mope - jiuOoe
JIHUO, BJianeioiuee xaKHMH oo:>eKxaMvt
SKcnjiyaxHpyumee HX.
3/ npHMBHHXeJIbHO K nOKHHyXbIM 33
HeroflHocxbio ou^eKxaM B OTKPLJTOM
96'
-------
Mope - HUGOS JIHUO, KOTOpoe BJia.qe.no
T3KHM OGbCKXOM HUH 3KCI1JiyaXHpOBajlO
ero flo TOTO MOMeHTa, K&K oxox
OOliGICT (3blJl UpOUieH.
PERMIT APPLICATION

The form completed by a discharger
and submitted to a Government agency
so a permit can be issued. These
forms describe present discharge
conditions and treatment practices.
BAflBKA HA PA3PELUEHHE
3anoJinennbift BoaonoxpeGH-
H npeacxaBJicHHbift Ha paccMO-
rpeuHe cooxBexcxByioii)HM rocyoapcx-
BeHHbiw opraHaM c uejibio ncxnyvieiiHn
paapeuieHHn. Taxofl 6jiam< onHcusaex
cyinecxsyMUHe VCJIOBHH cQpoca H Me-
TOflHKy OGpaGOTKH .
PERMIT CONDITION

The specific requirements set
forth in a permit and which are
enforceable.
yCJIOBHE nOCTABJIEHHOE D PA3PEU1EHHH

CneuH
-------
RIPARIAN WATER RIGHTS
HPADA BJlAflEJlbUA nPHEJPE)KIIOfl nOJIOCbl
The legal right which assures to
the owner of land abutting upon a
stream or other natural body of
water the use of such water. It
originated in the common law, which
allowed each riparian owner to
require the waters of a stream to
reach his land "undiminished in
quantity and unaffected in quality"
except for minor domestic uses.
It has been abrogated in a number
of the western states, and greatly
modified in others, and in general,
at the present time, allows each
riparian owner to make a reasonable
use of the water upon his riparian
land, the extent of such use being
'governed by the reasonable needs
and requirements of other riparian
owners and the quantity of water
available.
npoBonpHxnaaime
KOTOporo npiuicraex K peiXHM3 HJIH CBOflCTB BO~
flhi, T.e. Apyrwe BJiaACJibUbi MO ruin
FIOJlbSOBaXbCH BOflOfl H3 3TOTO )KC
BOflOTOKa TOJIbKO fl/IH MHCXO OhlTOBblX
3TOT 33KOH DWJ1 OTM6H6H B
aanaflHbix urraTOD H
B npyrn.x mxaTax. B iia-
BpeMH, B oGmew H UBJIOM,
npnupe»HOfi nojiocu paape-
nojibsoBaxbCH DOAOI'I B pasyM-
HUX npejqcJiax oOocHOBaHHbix ny^Kfl H
xaioKe aaKOHHue HHxepecu
XBKHX xe
H pyKOBoancb
B pacnopH«enHH
SCHEDULE OF COMPLIANCE

A schedule of remedial measures
including an enforceable sequence
of actions or operations leading to
compliance with an effluent limita-
tion, other limitation, prohibition,
or standard.
TPAOMK OCyiOECTBJlEHHfl
so«ooxpaH-
HblX MepOnpHHTHfl BKJIUMaH fleflCTDHH
npasoBoro npHHyflHTejibHoro xapaxxe-
pa, c uejiiw aacTasuxB soaonoxpeoH-
xejiett coujiionaxb HOPMU
Ha cdpoc sarpHSHHTe/iefl H
H
SELF-MONITORING

A permit condition that requires
the discharger to monitor at a
specified frequency the quantity
and quality of the discharge.
CAMQyqPEKflEHHOE HAEJBOflEHHE
npH Bbwa»ie
xpebyioiuee ox
cepacbisaiomero CXOKH, CBMOMV KOH-
xpojmpoBaxb B aaflaHHue npOMewyxxn
BpeMSHH KOJ1H16CXBO H K3»leCIBO
c6poca .
STATE AUTHORITY

The authority of any State to
establish and enforce any more
stringent standard than that
established by the Federal
Government.
UlTATHblE nOJlHQMOIHfl

npaco uixaxHbix opranos ycxaHOBHxb
H oOecneHHTb coSjinneHHe Gojiee cxpo-
FHX Ka^ecTBeHHbix cxanflapxos MBM xe,
xoxopue ycxaHOB/ieHbi d>enepaJibHbiM
TERRITORIAL SliAS

The belt of the seas measured
from the line of ordinary low water
along that portion of the coast which
is in direct contact with the open
sea and the line marking the seaward
limit of inland waters, and extending
seaward a distance of three miles.
TEPPHTOPHAJIbHblE BOflbl

MopcxaH nojioca, ncvncjiHEMan
OX IIOpMaJlbHOft J1HHMI1 BOflH npH OTJ1H-
se Bflojib CeperoB, nenocpeflCTBemio
conpHKacaumHxcn c OTKpuxbiM MOPCM,
flo BHeiUHefl JIHHHH, oOosHaiauiayjo
npejcieJibiiyu rpaHiiuy BiiyrpeHHHx Mop-
CKHX son, pacnpocxHpaiuotHxcn B cxo-
pOHy MOpH H3 paCCXOHHHC Xpex MHJIb.
98
-------
TOXIC STANDARD
CTAIlflAPT HA CEPOC TOKCHMHUX CTOKOD
The amount of a toxic substance
allowed to be discharged by a class
or category of sources.
flonycTHMOe KOJII-HICCTBO TOKCIIMIIUX
BClUeCTB, CGpaCWBaCMhJX KaKOfi-JIHGO
K3TCrOpHefi HJIM KJ13CCOM IICTOMHHKOB.
USE DESIGNATION

The assigned use of the water
body, incorporated within water
quality standards. Example:
drinking water supply; contact
recreation; shellfish cultivation.
PA3PK1IIEI1HE HA BOJ10110Jlb30DAHllE
iia nojibaooanMc
us onpcflcjicmioro sojuoeMa HJIII BO.HO-
TOiPIANCE

Permission granted by a governirr
body for delay or exception ir the
application of a given Daw, ordi-
nance or regulation.
HCCOOTKETCTBllE 3AKOHV

Pa3pcmcHne, Bbmaimoe opranaMii
iia orcponKy HJIH HCKJIIJIIC
HHG B npnMencimn KaKoro-.nnoo sa-
Kona, npaBHJia HJIH nocTauosjieHHH.
VIOLATION

Failure to observe any official
law, order or regulation.
HAPVmEHllE
nocra-
KaKoro-JiiOo SQKona, pacno-
PH3K6HHH HJIH
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

(1) The levels of pollutants
that affect the suitability of
water for a given use. Generally,
water use classification includes:
public water supply; recreation;
propagation of fish and other
aquatic life; agricultural use
and industrial use. (2) The total
of those individual criteria that,
as a group, specify the water
quality conditions necessary to
support the intended water uses.
KPMTEPHM KAiIECTBA
I/ VpOBHH 3arpH3HHTejiefl, BJ1HH-
101UH6 H3 npHTOflHOCTb BOfltJ
soflaHHn. B obneM H ue/iow,
3OBaHne MO*IIO pasoiiib Ha cjicnyio-
iune KaicropiiH: KOMMyHajibHoe soao-
cna6»eHHe; HcnoJibBOBauHe BOflbi RJISI
OTflbixa H cnopra; BOAB fljrn pbiBoxo-
3nficTBei!Hbix uejiefi H ana pa3B6Ae-
HHH apyrHX BOMHUX opraimsMOD; BOfl
fljifi ceJibCKOxossiftcTBeHHoro 11 npo-
Mtjuifiemioro noTpeo/iciiHH.
2/ COBOKyriHOCTb OTflBJlbHblX KPII-
TepHGB B HCJIOM, KOTOpbie OGyCJlOBJlH
xa^ecTBo Boahi, neoOxoaHMoe
yflOBJieTBOpeHHH Hy!!
-------
HATER QUALITY STANDARD
HOPMATHBU KAMECTBA BOfllJ
A plan for water quality
management containing four major
elements: the use (recreation,
drinking water, fish and wildlife
propagation, industrial or
agricultural) to be made of the
water; criteria to protect those
uses; implementation plans (for
needed industrial-municipal waste
treatment improvements) and
enforcement plans, and an anti-
degradation statement to protect
existing high quality waters.
BOfloncnojibGOBaniin H
KaiocTBOiiHoro pery-jtHpoBomifl; COCTO-
HT H3 IGTHpex OCHOBHblX UOJIO/'eHnii :
BOAHHMH pecypcaMii nan
H cnopTa, AJIH nHTbeniiix ucjieii,
paaaoflCHHn pudu H AILKHX MIBOT-
HHX, flJIfl npOMbDll-ieHHOrO H CCJIbCKOXO-
3fliicTBCHHOrO JiaOHaMeilHHj ICpIITepMH
AJIH oCJocneveHHH BumeyKaaaHHUX acneit-
TOB noJibooBaiwn; BHeflpemie HOBoii
TexHHKH flJifl HeofixoAHMbix ycoBepiiieH-
CTBOBBHHH B CHCTeMS OMIICTKH KOMMy-
HaJIbllLIX H npOMUIUJieHHLIX CTOKOB, BKJIiO-
nan ocymecTBJiouHe cooTBeTCTBy.umHx
nocTaHOB^ieiinii; $opwyjinpoDKa IIOJIHTH
KH nenoHHXceHiifl KanecTBa soa c
cyuiecTByioiunMii BMCOHHMH
HUMM
WATER RIGHT(S)

The right (s), acquired under the
law, to use the water occurring in
surface or ground waters, for a
specified purpose and in a given
manner and usually within the limits
of a given period. While such
right(s) may include the use of a
body of water for navigation, fish-
ing, and hunting, and other recrea-
tional purposes, etc., the term is
usually applied to the right to
divert or store water for some bene-
ficial purpose or use, such as irri-
gation, generation of hydroelectric
power, domestic or municipal water
supply. In some states, a water
right by law becomes appurtenant to
the particular tract of land to
which the water is applied.
BOflHOE nPflBO

Dpaea, npHoGpcxeHHue B ci-iJiy
aaKOHa, Ha noJibsosaHHe BOflofl a
nOBCpXHOCTHblX H rpyHTOBUX BOAOTOK3X
H sofloeMax, oObiKHOBeHHO B npeflejiax
CPOKOB, fljiH cneun
-------
Part IV

ADMINISTRATIVE TERMS
101
-------
ADMINISTRATOR
AflMMHHCTPATOP
The head of an agency; first level
of command.
HaiajibHHK areHTCTDa;
HHCT3HUHH D 3DCHG
nepoan
AGENCY

An organizational unit of the
Federal government with responsibil-
ity for conducting a specific pro-
gram.
AFEHTCTBO

Oprann3aunoHHaH
HOTO npaBHTeJibcxsa,
33 ocyuiecxBJiGime KaKofl-jwbo cneuH
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION

The Appalachian Regional Commis-
sion is a joint Federal-State part-
nership concerned with the economic,
physical, and social development of
the 13 State Appalachian region. The
Commission consists of the Governors
(or their representatives) of the 13
Appalachian States, and a permanent
Federal Cochairman appointed by the
President with the advice and consent
of the Senate.

Each State is required to file an
Appalachian Development Plan every
year. The Commission staff in
Washington reviews and provides tech-
nical assistance in specific projects
submitted under those general plans
by State representatives.
AnnAJlAVICKAfl PEFHOHAJlbHAg KOMHCCHH

KOMHCCHH DHpaWaST COBM6CTHOO
cxpeM/iem-ic ^enepajibiitax opraiioB
H opraHOB TpHHanuaTH uixaxoa, oxsa-
TUDawiunx reorpa(i>HHecicyi3 xeppHxopH'j
Anna/lain , K aiconoMHwecKOMy, oOme-
CTseHHOMy H MaxepnajibHOMy pasBwxmo
H GjiarococTOHHHiu naHHofi reppnTopnH.
KOMHCCHH COCTOIIT H3 ry6epH3TOpOB
HJIH HX npe.ucxaBHTe.nefi scex Tptman-
uaxH 3anHTepecosaHHbix wxaxoB H no-
cxoHHHoro conpenceaarejiH,
weHHoro DpesHAQHTOM H
Horo CeHaTOM.
Kaxnufi H3 3anHTepecosaHHtJX
TOB OOH33H GKerOflHO npeflCT3BHTb
Ha paccMOTpeHHe KOMHCCHH CBOH nnan
AnnaJiaMCKOfl oCjiacxH . 3ace-
B BauiHHTTOHe KOMHCCHH nepe-
H ocsecne^HBaeT cneuH(])nuecKne npo-
eKTbi OTflgJibHtax npeflCTasHTejiefl H&-
OQXOAHMOH TeXHH^ieCKOH FIOMOIUblO.
ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR

The head of a major program area
within an agency; third level of
command. Example: Assistant Admin-
istrator for Water.
nOMOlUHHK AflMllHHCTPATOPA
Kaxofl-JiH6o KpynHOfl nporpa
MMbi B paMKax areHTCTBa; TPBTBH HH-
CT3HUHH B 3BeHe ynpasjieHHH. HanpH-
Mep: noMOutHHK AaMHHHCTpaTopa no
sonpocaw
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR

The Bureau is responsible for the
total management of 450 million acres
of national resource lands. In
addition to minerals management
responsibilities on the national
resource lands and the Outer
Continental Shelf, the Bureau is
also responsible for subsurface
resource management of an additional
310 million acres where mineral
rights have been reserved to the
Federal Government.

Resources managed and leased by
the Bureau include timber, minerals,
geothermal energy, wildlife habitat,
livestock forage, recreation and
cultural values, and open space.
BIOPO HO ynPABJIEHHIO 3EHEJlbHblMH
PECVPCAMH, MUHHCTEPCTDO BlIVTPEllHHX
flEJl

Eiopo OTBeiCTBeHHO sa ynpasjieHHe
450 MHJ1J1HOH3MH 3KPOB HaUHOHa^bHblX
seMeJib. Ciofla BxonHT oCHsaHHOCTH no
KOHTpojTio MHHepaJifaHbix pecypcos Ha
nauHOnaJibHbix seMJinx H B
BHeuiuero
H no Hajqsopy nan
pecypcaMH aoBauo'-iHfajx 310 MHJIJIHOHOB
aKpoB, me OeaepajibHoe npaBHTeJib-
CTBO coxpaHHer 3a coOoa see npasa
Ha floGbwy MHnepajioB.
Pecypcu, KoxopUMH ynpaBjinex
Eiopo HJIH KOTopue OHO cflaox B apeH-
Ry, BKJiKwaioT jiec, MHHCpajibi, reoxep
MWiecKyio SHeprmo, Mecra
flHKHX >KHBOTIIUX H nXHU.,
KOPM fljJH cxoxa, Mecxa oxjouxa H
102
-------
The Bureau also manages watersheds
to protect soil and enhance water
quality; develops recreational
opportunities on national resource
lands; and makes land available
through sale to individuals,
organizations, local governments,
and other Federal agencies when such
transfer is in the public interest.
xypnoro
11
Bijpo ocymccTBJisic-i nawsop
unccefiiiaMii c ue/ifaij oxpanu
no'JB H noubuucniiH DOAHUX KBHCCTU;
noompncT pasBHTiie IIODUX MCCT ;uin
na Hannoiiajibiibix aeM.nnx; n
3CMJ1IO MaCTIIbIM IIOKync.lTC.MHM,
opraHHsauiiHM HJTM MCCTHUM npaniiTOJib-
CTB3M, HJIH nepenaex cc npyniM -iefi Bijpo HBJTHCTCH
n nooupcnne pasBHTnn
MGCTHoro n oOiaepernona/ibnoro xo-
3«flcTBa nyxeM onTHMaJibiioro ncnojib-
sosanufi DOfliibix u 3eMCJibHbix pecyp-
COB ccMnajttuaxH cMeAiiu
1UT3TOB .
OcHOHiiue 4>yiiKumi Bijpo
HCCJieflODflHHC H paSBIITIIG UpOCKTOD
nnn pervniipoBamm, KoiiccpoHpoDamm
n ncnojib jonaHHH BOJIIIUX n 3CMe/ibiiux
pecypcofl H Hsy^ieiiHe uoanoro IIOTCII-
no Doaocoopy B UCJIOM; HCCJIC-
nporpaMMti nnn
103
-------
maximum use of water resources in-
cluding weather modification; design
and construction of authorized pro-
jects for which funds have been
appropriated by the Congress; oper-
ation and maintenance of projects and
facilities constructed by the Bureau,
and review of the operation and main-
tenance of Bureau-built projects "and
facilities which are operated and
maintained by water users; settlement
of public or acquired lands on Bureau
projects; administration of the Small
Reclamation Projects Act of 1956
and loans for construction or re-
habilitation of irrigation systems.
CHIEF

One who heads an area called a
branch within a specific program.
Example: Water Monitoring Data
Systems Branch, EPA. Fifth level of
command.
CORPS OF ENGINEERS,
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

The Corps of Engineers is respon-
sible for management of Ar-ay engi-
neering, construction, installations,
family housing, real estate, facili-
ties requirements and stationing, and
real property maintenance activities;
environmental preservation and im-
provement activities; applicable re-
search and development activities for
engineer missions to include environ-
mental sciences; Army topographic and
military geographic information ac-
tivities; and engineer aspects of
Army strategic and operational plans.

The Army's Civil Works Program,
a responsibility of the Corps of
Engineers, is the Nation's major
Federal water resources development
activity and involves engineering
works such as major dams, reservoirs,
levees, harbors, waterways, locks,
and many other types of structures.
These works provide flood protection
for cities and major river valleys,
reduce the cost of transportation,
supply water for municipal and in-
dustrial use, generate hydroelectric
power, provide recreational oppor-
tunities for vast numbers of people,
regulate the rivers for many purposes
including the improvement of water
quality and the enhancement of fish
and wildlife, and protect the shores
of the oceans and lakes. Planning
assistance is also provided to States
and other non-Federal entities for
management of water resources, in-
cluding pollution abatement works.
HcnojibaonaHHfi BOJIHUX pe-
cypcoB coBMecTiso c nporpaMwaMn
M6TCOpO.nOrHiICCKHX
paapaOoTica H coopywoime
ynpasoMOMeHHbix npocKron, fl.rm KOTO-
pux Konrpecc yxce OTnycrnji neo6xo-
flHMtae cpencTBa; 3KCii.nyaTau.nH oou-
CKTOB, coopyHteHHbix cnJiawH Eupo
H nan3Op nap. oG-beKxaMH,
no HHHUHa-IHBe BlOpO, HO
saceJieHHe oGmecxBemibix H
BJiafleJibMecKHX aeMeJib B npe«e.nax
npoexTon, peajiH3OBannux opranawH
Biopo; aflMHHncxpnpOBaHne ocymecTBJie-
HUH 3aKOHa o Ma/iux MeJiuopaxHBHLJX
npoeici-ax c 1956 roaa H npeflocTaBJie-
HHe aaflMOB na coopyxeHHe HOBUX H
Mejinopaunio cymecTByiomHx opocnxejib-
HHX CHCTCM.
HJ1H (|lHJIMaJl lOKOB-JIHGO
nporpaMMU. HanpHMep: nonoTfleji "CH-
c&opa naHHtJx" OTflejia KOHTPOJIH
BOfl, AreHTCTBO no 3amnxe
cpenbi. nnTas
B 3Bene
HH)KEHEPHblfl KOPHVC,
MHHHCTEPCTBO APMMH
B
nyca
VnpaBJieHHe KH*enepHhiMH cyxonyxHUMH
BOflCKaMH, BKJTOViaH CTPOHTeJlbHQ-MOHTa-
, H6flBH)KHMOe HMVUieCTBO,
peOHOCTH B oOopyflosaHHH,
HOC CHaO?:ceHne H TexHHviecKHe u pe-
MOHTHbie CJiy3K6bI.
Oxpana H yjiyiuieHHe ycjiOBHfi OKpywa-
Miaefi cpeflu. npHKjnanHfcae HccjieflosaHHr
H onbiTHue paGoTbi npHMein-iTeJibno K
HHJxeHepHbix BOMCK H
oO OKpyxaiamefi cpeae.
HmjjopwauHH apMeftcKiix
H soeHHO-reorpaOmiecKofl
. MnxeHepHbie acneKTfai apMefi-
CKHX cipaTern»iecKHx H onepaiHBHbix
Kopnyc OTseTCToeH aa
ApMeflcnyio nporpaMwy no crpOHTeJibHtiM
paGoxaM rpawnancxoro xapaxxepa. Cw-
jia B nepsyio o^epenb sxoflHx passHTHe
OeaepajibHux BOAKUX pecypcos HamiH.
STO Bxrao^aex HH»tenepno-CTponTejjbHbie
npoeKTtj THna Kpynntax nnoTHH, pcaep-
ByapoB, nasiC H BSJIOB, uini'JSOB, raea-
nefl, BOflHwx nyreft H paaJiHunwx npy-
THX coopyweHMft. Uejibia Bcex DXHX co-
opyatennfl nnjijiexcn: npeaoxpaiieHHe
ropoaoB H KpynHbix PGIHUX flOJinn OT
onacHOCxw nasoflKOB; CHHaenHC pacxo-
no xpancnopxy; cna(j*enne Bo^ofl
H npOMboiLneHHbix noTpeSme-
ojiei
-------
BOflbl H yCJlODHft RJlfL 5KH3I1H pblG , HTMU.
H flHKHX SBepcfl; oxpana oeperoa oaep
H OKC3HOB.
HH*enepnufl Kopnyc OKaauBaex
noMouib opranaM lura-roB H apyriiM ne-
eAepaJu>HUM opraHHsauKHM npw miaHH-
pOBanHH MeponpHfifwfl no oxpane H HC-
nOJli>3ODQHHH BOfl H UO 3ai4HT6 OT 33-
rpH3nennfl.
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

The Council consists of three
members appointed by the President
by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate. One of the members
is designated by the President as
Chairman. The Council is located
within the Executive Office of the
President.

The council develops and recom-
mends to the President national
policies which promote environmental
quality, performs a continuing ana-
lysis of changes or trends in the
national environment, and assists the
President in the preparation of the
annual environmental quality report
to the Congress.
COBET HO KA'iECTBy OKPyjKAlOIilEfl
CPEflU
COBBT COCTOHT H3 TpeX
Ha3HaMSHHbix npesHneHTOM H yxnep
CeHai'OM. OflHoro us
CoBexa.
COBBT pacnojioxeH B
HOft KaHueJinpnH npe3HflenTa. COBET
paspaCjaxuaaeT H peKowen«yeT Hpe-
3nneHTy MeponpHHTHH
noro MacuixaOa no yjiymueHHio
aa OKpywaiomert cpejibi;
.THajiHSHpyeT nepeMSHH H
B npoojieMaTHKe oxpaHU cpeau; noi«io
raex npesHflSHTy npw cocTasJieHHH
oTHBTa o KaiecTBe cpe«fai
npencTaojieHHH BTOPO
KoHrpeccy.
DEPARTMENT

An organizational unit of the
Federal government with responsibil-
ity for conducting a specific pro-
gram, and whose head is a member of
the Presidential Cabinet.
MHHHCTEPCTBO

OpraHHsauHOHHan e;anHHii.a
-------
DEPARTMENT Or HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE

The Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare (HEW) is
the Cabinet-level department of the
Federal executive branch -rost
concerned with people and most
involved with the Nation's human
concerns. In one way or another -
whether it is mailing out social
security checks, or improving the
quality of American education, or
making health services more widely
available - HEW touches the lives
of more Americans than any other
Federal agency. It is laterally
a department of people serving
people, from newborn infants to our
most elderly citizens.
nro-
11 couiiAJiMioi'O or.ECin:iii:iinn
MIIIIIICICPCTBO HBJlflOTCfl DGUOMCTBOM
Ha Kaoinio'i MOM ypOBHC a paMicax c.»c-
pajIbHOIl HClIOJIIIHTCJIbllOM BJIrtCTII .
rjiaanon aajiaich MmmcrcpcTna HBJIH-
CTCII oiioica Han iiacoJiemicM Hauim
H noiievicinic o cro iiyyuiax. B oOn-
3annocTH HiiimcTepcrBa DXOJIIIT pas-
fla'ia »IGKOB jiimaM, iiMe'juiiM npano
no comiajibiioc oOccnciienne; COBCPUJCH-
CTnonaiiiic KaiccTBa CIICTCMU npocBe-
meiiHn n AMCPHKC; H paciuiipeiniG npii-
BH/ierurt CJiyjKubi JHpaBoo-xpanemin .
MHHIICTCPCTUO, B GOJlblllCft MCPC 4CM
wpyroe <]>e;iopani>noc BC-
HMcer nenocpc/ici Beniioc OT-
iioiiieiiHe K iipoojievc OjiarococTOHunn
naceJicHiin. STO B IIOJIIIOM CMbicjie GJIO-
ua oCmeiiapoflHoe DCAOMCTBO, oOc;iyj<;i-
naiomee ucc nnccjiCH»e u UCJIOM, OT
HOBOpowioiihtJx jjeTefi juo rpaxjian ca-
MOTO iipCKJioinioro eoapacia.
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT

The Department was created to
administer the principal programs
which provide assistance for housing
and for the development of the
Nation's communities; to assist the
President in achieving maximum coor-
dination of the various Federal
activities which have a ma^or effect
upon urban community, suburban, or
metropolitan development; to encour-
age the solution of problems of hous-
ing and urban development through
State, county, town, village, or
other local and private action, in-
cluding promotion of interstate,
regional, and metropolitan coopera-
tion; to encourage the maximum con-
tributions that may be made by vigor-
ous private homebuilding and mort-
gage lending industries to housing,
urban development, and the national
economy; and to provide for full and
appropriate consideration, at the
national level, of the needs and
interests of the Nation's communities
and of the people who live and work
in them.
HHIIHCTEPCTBO KIIJIUUIIOI'O H rOPOflCKO-
rO CTPOliTCJlbCTDA
MIIHHCTCPCTBO J
ynpaujieHHJi OCHOBHHMH nporpa-
MM3MH HOOlUPeHHH H paSDHTHH KOMMy-
HajlbHOTO H WHJlHIUHOrO CTpOHTCJlbCTBa
HauHH; flJiH coaencTBiiH Hpe3n,ncHi y
«OGHTbCH MaiGICTMBIIOfl
KOOPAHH3UH11 fleHTCJlbKOCTH
KOTOPUX 3aTparnoa.oT npoGneMaTHKy
PQ3BHTMK KpynHblX HaCSJlCHHblX UBHTpOB
H ropoflCKHx H npHroponHbix paflOHOB;
OKpyjKHblX. , TOpOflCKHX H CenbCKHX
nporpauM no xmimuHOMy H KOMi^iyna^b-
HOMy CTpOHTSJlbCTQy , BKJVJiaH MCCT-
HblC H ^laCTHOBJiauejIbHCCKIie npOSKTbl;
fljin coneflcTBHH pa3BnrHio Oo/iec Tec-
HOTO coTpyfliimiecTBa Mcwiiy opraHann
OTflEJlbllblX IJT3TOB, paflOHOB H KpynilMX
TOPOBCKHX U6HTPO3; Rl\a nOOUlpGHIIH
MQKCHMaJlI.HblX KanilTajlODJlOJKeilUfl II
3nepriiiiiibix lacrHux npoanpn-
M aajioroflcpjitflTCJicn iia
nocTpofii
-------
supervises the Federal ponal institu-
tions, and investigates and detects
violations against Fedora] laws.
It represents the Government in
legal matters generally, rendering
legal advice and opinion:., upon
request, to the President and to the
heads of the executive departments.
The Attorney General supervises and
directs the activities of the U. S.
Attorneys and Marshals in the various
judicial districts.
CTBO neflCT DCO HCKOJIIJC flejia n liep-
XODHOM cy,ne, KOTOPIJC Kacairrcsi CHIA;
ocymccTBflncT iirmaop HJTI ii>cjicpajiL.-
nofl ncniiTciimiapiiofi CIICTCMOU; n
paccJiejiycT n oOnapyxomaer iinpyineimsi
BclKOIlOU. MllHHCICpC'I BO
npauitreJibcrno ClilA BO
BCCX npanonux nonpoca.x; n, no cnc-
UHaJitiiOMy TpcGouaimio, jiacT lopimii-
HCCKHC COBCTS1 lIpCSIlHGHXy M Mil IIIICT P3M,
3 TQKJKC II FJiaUaM HCnOJlHHTOJlbHIJX
yypeJKJ-ieHHfl. Mmincxp IJCXHU.HH ocyiuo-
CXBJIJJCX na«3Op iiaa rocy«apcTncimbi-
MH npOKypopaMii n Ha^iajibHUKdMH no-
jiHueftcKiix ynacTKOB pasjiHvmux cyacG-
HblX OKpyrOB H pylCOBOflHT HX «CfITe/lb-
HOCXbhJ.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

The Department of Labor is charged
with administering and enforcing
statutes designed to advance the
public interest by promoting the
welfare of the wage earners of the
United States, improving their work-
ing conditions, and advancing their
opportunities for profitable employ-
ment.
MHHHCTEPCTBO TPVflA

B oGsrsanHOCTH MHHHCTcpcTna nxo-
.EIHT rjiacHWM oi>pa30M aflMimncrpnpo-
Banne npaoonopJiflKa H MeponpiiHTiin
no coOji.oflenmj aeficTBy.oiuiix aaKoiiOB,
KOTOpbie, B HHTSpOCaX OOllieCTDGIIHOCTH,
pnaJibHoro GjiarococTOHHHfi paoovniK
H cJiyKaiuHX B CU1A, BKJijOuan ynyMiuc-
ycJioBHfi Tpyjia H BO3MOJKiiocTe(l
aapaGoTKOB.
DEPARTMENT OF STATE

The Department of State's primary
objective in the execution of our
foreign policy is to promote the
long-range security and well-being
of the United States. The Depart-
ment determines and analyzes the
facts relating to our overseas
interests, makes recommendations
on policy and future action, and
takes the necessary steps to carry
out established policy. In so doing,
the Department engages in continuous
consultations with other states;
negotiates treaties and agreements
with foreign nations; speaks for the
United Nations and in more than 50
major international organizations
in which the United States par-
ticipates; and represents the
United States at more than G50
international conferences annually.
FOCyjUAPCTBEHHblfl .UCnAPTAMEHT

B OTBeTCTBCHnocTH rocflenapTaMeH-
xa jiejKHT oOjiacTb BHeumefl nojiHTHKM,
uejib.-j KOTOpoft HBJineTCH nepcncKTHB-
Hoe oSecneieHHe ujiaronoJiyHHn M oe-
sonacnocTH CUIA. TocflenapiaMeHT ycxa-
H anajiH3npyeT aKTbi M co-
pecbi CU1A, peKOMeH^yer MeponpHHTHH
nojinrHMec]
-------
mineral and water resources; the
promotion of mine safety and
efficiency; the conservation,
development, and utilization of fish
and wildlife resources; the
coordination of Federal and State
recreation programs; the preservation
and administration of the Nation's
scenic and historic areas; the
operation of Job Corps Conservation
Centers and Youth Conservation
Corps Camps, and coordination of
other manpower and youth training
programs; the reclamation of arid
lands in the West through irrigation;
and the management of hydroelectric
power systems. The Department of
the Interior is also concerned with
the social and economic development
of the United States and in the
Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands; and administers programs
providing services to Indians and
Alaska native people.
Hhix pecypcon; noonipcime McponpHHTHfl
no yjiywueHiiio npoitsBOflHTe/ibiiocxn u
OeaonacnocTH ropiiux paOox; oxpana,
pa3Bnxne K HcnoJibsOBaime pecypcoD
AHKHX WHBOXHhIX, nTHUbl II pblObl;
xoopflHimpOBaHHc OeflepaJibnux u
uixaxHbix nporpaMM no OTfluxy, cnopxy
VL paaBJieMCHHHM; oxpana u naasop
wan MCTOpmiecicH SHaMCHaTeJibiiuMH n
CUCHHHeCKH JKHBOriHCHblMH paftOHaMH
ynpaBJiemie nporpaMwaMH no
u paGoxaM nna. MOJiOAextH
B paMKax npoeKTOD no oxpane npupo-
Bbi; KOOpflHHHpoaaHHe nporpaMM no
oOyyeHHio MOJionesitH H no HcnojibSOBa-
HHIO jcipyrHX BHflOB paOoHefl CHJIU;
ocaoeHHe apHBHbJx seMeJib B sa'nau-
HUX iiixaTax nyreM opocHTeJibiiux CH-
CTBM.
MHHHCTSPCTBO Taxxce BGflaex oCmc-
CTBCHHUM H SKOHOMH^eCKHM paSDHTHGM
noaoneviHbix TSPPHTOPHB CU1A,
ocxposa THXOTO OKoana, H
nporpaMMaMH fljia oOcjiy»HBaHHH
ues u xopsHHoro HacejieHHH AJIHCKH.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

The Department of Transportation
(DOT) was established to assure
the coordinated, effective admin-
istration of the transportation
programs of the Federal Government
and to develop national transporta-
tion policies and programs conducive
to the provision of fast, safe,
efficient, and convenient tran-
sportation at the lowest cost.
MHHHCTEPCTBO TPAHCHOPTA

MHHHCTepCTBO GbJJlO yipeXHSHO
KOOpflHHHpOBaHHH H 3$$eKTMBHOrO 3fl-
MHHHCTpHpOBaHHH BCEBOSMOKHUX npO~
6KTOB OTHOCHTBJlbHO CpeflCXB COOGllieHHH
OeflepajibHoro npaBmeJibCTBa. MHHM-
CTepCTBO paspaSaTbisaeT npoexxu
CHCTBM no cxpane B
c ue/ibio nojiyjMTB OhicTpyio,
H fleflCTBeimyio cHCTBMy
TpaHcnopia no caMOft nn3Kofl uene.
DEPUTy ADMINISTRATOR

Second in command of an agency,
who acts as the head in the absence
of the Administrator; second level
of command.
3AMECTHTEJlb AflMHHHCTPATOPA
BaMemaex
ero oxcyTCTBHH;
B 3B6H6
BO
sxopan
DIRECTOR

One who heads a specific program,
called a Division. Example: Water
Monitoring Division. The fourth
level of command.
flHPEKTOP
KaKoft-jinOo nporpa-
cocTaBJiRioiueft OTHCJI. HanpHMep:
KOHXpoJiH xaviecTBa BO/I.
HHCxaHUHH B 3Bsne
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMIKISTR^.TTON.
DEPARTMENT OF COmiERCE (EDAT

The primary function of EDA is
the long-range economic development
of areas with severe unemployment
and low family income problems.
It aids in the development of public
facilities and private enterprise to
help create new, permanent jobs.
ynPABJIEHHE 3KOHOMH1ECKHM PA3BHTHEM,
MllHHCTliPCTBO TOPFOBJIH
OcHOBHOfl
HBJineTCH nepcnexTHBiioe
njiaimposaiiHe a.nn PQHOHOB c
6e3pa(3oTMueft H HHSKHMH noxonaMH Ha
ceMbio. ynpaBJieinie coaeflcTByex paa-
BHXHK) OCJIUeCTBeHHbiX paOOT H IlOOmpHGT
yacTHOBJiaflejibliccKyK3 HHHUHaxHsy B
108
-------
The EDA program includes public
works grants and loans; business
loans for industrial and cornier ci a 1
facilities; guarantees for privr.tc
working capital loans; and technical,
planning, and research assistance
for areas designated as Redevelop-
ment Areas.
oliJiacTii coajviiiiin nonux noc-ioniuihix
wecr cjiywuhi jnjin iiaccjicimn.
HporpaMMa VnparuiciiHn mcjiu^acT:
ubuicjiciiiic ccya 11 Kpcninon njin ouiuc-
CTUCIIIIUX pauor; npenocTaiuieimc icpo-
fliiTOJj WIH coopywcmiH npoMi,iiL]jiciiiiL>ix n
•roproBux npcflnpiirmin; nopyMMTCJibc'ruo
33 ^lacTiibix Jiim, nojiyiia'uiuiit aacM; n
n/inmipouoMiiaH, ToxiniMCCKan n nccjie.no-
noMomb paDonaM, KOTOPUIC
"pa3Bnna
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)

The Environmental Protection
Agency was created to permit
coordinated and effective govern-
mental action on behalf of the
environment. EPA endeavors to abate
and control pollution systematically,
by proper integration of a variety
of research, monitoring, standard
setting, and enforcement activities.
As a complement to its other
activities. EPA coordinates and
supports research and antipollution
activities by State and local
governments, private and public
groups, individuals, and educational
institutions. EPA also reinforces
efforts among other Federal agencies
with respect to the impact of their
operations on the environment, and
it is specifically charged with
making public its written comments
on environmental impact statements
and with publishing its determina-
tions when those hold that a proposal
is unsatisfactory from the standpoint
of public health or welfare or
environmental quality. In all, EPA
is designed to serve as the public's
advocate for a livable environment.
ArF.llTCl'BO HO 3A1HHTC OKPyKAIOUjCfl
Kamero
ArciiTCTBO Gtj.no co^iiaiio jvifi KOOP.UH-
IiaLLIlH fleflTCJlbHOCTH II j(]x|)eKTHQ'lOrO
rocy/iapcxneHHoro KOHTPOJIH nporpaiiw
no 3awnrc OKpyxaioiuefl cpcau. ATCHT-
CTDO CTpeMHTCn K CHIDKeilMIO VPODHJI
n ycTanoBJieHHio cHciOMaTiiyecKoro
aarpflsiiciiHft nyreM iioujie-
nccjie.n.OBa-
IIOPMH-
n npniiynnTenbiio-npai30Dofi
flCHTeJlbHOCTH. B MOllO^HeHlIC K CBOIIM
OCIIOBHbIM OOHSailHOCTHM ATeilTCTBO
KOopflnnnpyeT n noju^epKHnaeT nccne-
flOBaTGJiiCKHe paGoxbi no xonrpojiio
3arpn3Henn«, npono^HMue lUTai MUMH
n wecTHUMH opranaMH, ^acTiiuMM jiwua-
MII HJIH rpynnaMH, HJIH oGmecTBennbiMH
n npocseTiiTejibiihiMH yiipewiennn;in .
Al-CHTCTBO T3KJKC nOOUlpHCT
Oeflepajibiibix BC.IIOMCTB
na cpeny B Tex OLJISCTHX, Koropbie
noflJie>KaT HX IOPIIC^IHKUHH .
ArenTCTBO onyojinKOBbisaeT CBOH
HaOjuoneHHH, saMeMnmiH n peuieHHH
OTIIOCMTSJlbMO flOKJiaflOB O HOSHSfiCTBHH
Ha OKpyjuaiomyio cpefly, ocoCeHHO B
Tex cny-ianx, Korna KaKofi-jinGo npo-
CKT HBJIHCTCH HeyflOBJieTBOpHTeJIbllbIM
C TOVJKH 3PSHHH OXpaHbl Cpeflbl H OOlUG-
CTBeilHOrO 3flOpOBbH II OjiarOCOCTOHHHH
H HC OTBGViaeT KalieCTBCHHUM HOPM3M.
ArcHTCTna - 3TO
HaceneHHH, cosnaBan
iicro npneMncMbie BiieuiHiic
FARMERS HOME ADMINISTKATION,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The Farmers Home Administration
(FmllA) , an agency within the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, provides credit
for rural Americans who are unabJe
to get credit from other sources at
reasonable rates.

The Farmers Home Administration
makes loans with funds borrowed from
the U. S. Treasury. Loans are made
to owners or operators of farms and
ranches, including farming partner-
ships and domestic corporations to
assist them in developing, conserving
VnPABJIEHllE KPCflHTOBAIIHCM OCPfiEPOB,
HHIIliCTEPCTBO CEJIbCKOrO X03flllCTBA
HBJIFICTC«
8 paMiox MiiHHcrcpcToa cejibci
-------
and making proper use of their land
and other resources.
KopnopauHH, c
cofleflcxDonaTb JIM u POSBHTHH, oxpa-
we M iicnpasHOfl sKcrwyaTauHH HX 3e-
H Apyrnx pecypcoD.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The organization and operational
entity directed to carry out the
laws of the United States.
OEflEPAJIbHOE nPABllTEJIbCTDO

OpraiwaauHH H aefiCTByicmuft opra-
HH3M, B OTBCTCTBeHHOCTH KOTOPOTO
Jie»HT OGHSaTCJlbCTBO JlpHBOflHXb B
HCnOJlHCHlie 33KOHU COCflHH6HHbIX
IIIT3TOO .
FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION

The Federal Maritime Commission,
under the Executive Office of the
President, was established for the
purpose of protecting the interests
of the public by regulation of water-
borne shipping in the foreign and
domestic offshore commerce of the
United States.

The Commission approves or dis-
approves agreements field by common
carriers, accepts or rejects tariff
for domestic offshore and common
carriers, issues cr denies the issu-
ance of licenses to persons, partner-
ships, corporations, or associations
desiring to engage in ocean freight
activities. Also, the Commission
administers the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
with respect to evidence of financial
responsibilities by owners and oper-
ators of vessels which may be subject
to liability for the cost of removal
of hazardous substances from
navigable waters.
MOPCKAfl KOMHCCHfl
KOMHCCHH HaXOflHTCfl HOfl
B HHTepecax iunpoicofi
KoMHccna peryjwpy-
6T MOpCKOe CyflOXOflCXBO OTeieCXBfiH-
HtJX H HHOCTpaHHblX KOMMepHBCKHX
npeflnpHHXHfl B npHGpewHux aonax
CoeflHHCHHblX UlTaTOB.
KOMHCCHH ncnonHHex
(tyHKUHH: onO6pneT HJIM
AoroBOpu, saKJiionaeMue c OOU;HMH ne-
peBoaviHKaMH rpysos; oflO5pneT HJIH
OTKJionaeT Tapni})Hbie CTSBKH RJIR oxe-
HJIM OOIUHX nepeBO3MHKOB f
BUflayefi jiHuei-iaHft Ha rpy-
3Onep6BO3KH OTflejlbUblM JIHUSM, TOBa-
pmnecTBaM, KopnopauHHM, oOiuecTsaM,
HTfl.
KOMHCCHH TaKxce ocyiaecTBJiaeT
Han cofiJiioaaeMocTbw ycJioBHft,
B FlonpasKax 1972 rona
K (PenepajibHOMy aKTy KOHTPOJIH sarps-
3H6HHH BOflbl, COFJiaCHO KOTOpfalM COQ-
CTBeHHHKH H apeHflaxopu cyflOB necyx
oxsexcxBeHHOCxb 3a pacxoBbi, cBasaH-
c yjctajieHdeM onacHbix aemecxs H3
BOA.
FOOD WF
ADyjNISTRJ>.TION
DEPARTHliNl- OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE
The Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) activities are directed toward
protecting the health of the Nation
against impure and unsafe foods,
drugs and cosmetics, and other poten-
tial hazards.

The Administration is composed of
the following bureaus: Biologies,
Drugs, Foods, Radiological Health,
Veterinary Medicine, Kedical Devices
and Diagnostic Products, and a Na-
tional Center for Toxicological
Research.

Field operations necessary for the
enforcement of the laws under the
jurisdiction of FDA are carried out
by laboratories and administrative
viiPABJiEHHE no KOHTPOJIO 3A KA^ECTBOM
nHlUEBblX nPOflVKTOB, MEflHKAMEHTOB H
KOCMETHVtECKHX CPEflCTB.
MHHHCTEPCTBO 3flPABOOXPAHEllH3, HPO-
CBE1UEHHH H OElUECTBEHHOrO BJTArOCOCTO-
flHHg

B oGnsaHHOCxH ynpaBJiCHim BXOBHX
oxpana sflopostn Haumi H ocymecxsjie-
HHC Hansopa Haji ne»incxuMM HJIII spo-
flHUMH nmuesbiMH nponyiKaiiHe npasono-
110
-------
offices located in 1? principal
cities in the United States and
Puerto Rico.
u pnMicax lopitcfliiKHHH Vnpaujic-
nim. HUH uc/icfl KoiiTponfl nan crpaiia
pa jOiiTa ua 10 no/iOT'icTiiux pnfioiiou;
pauoTu no KOHI poji.u nejiyrcn u jiauo-
paTOpunx it KOiixopax ynpaBJieimn,
pacnonoMcmibix u 19 r/iaoiihix ropoaax
CU1A H u fly. PTO-PIIKO.
FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTUnU

The Forest Service has the
responsibility for national leader-
ship in forestry. To do this it has
adopted the following objectives and
policies:

Promotion and achievement of a
pattern ol natural resource uses that
will best meet the needs of people
now and in the future;

Protection and improvement of the
quality of air, water, soil, natural
beauty, and open source environment
in urban and community areas;

Generation of forestry opportuni-
ties to accelerate rural community
growth;

Encouragement of the growth and
development of forestry-based enter-
prises that readily respond to con-
sumers' changing needs;

Expansion of public understanding
of environmental conservation.
JlCCHAfl CJiyKEA,
MHHHCTUPCTUO CUJIbCKOFO X03HUCTBA
Jlecnan cjiyxGa nnjinc-Tcn
iiauiiotiaJibHUM arcnTCTBOM no Jie-
coBOflcrny. B ce OTBCTCiBeimocrii
ucjiu H 3ajiannn:
raitoro ypouiin pacnpc-
jicncmisi ccTecinomiu.x pocypcou, KOTO-
pufl Obi onTHMaJibiio yflOB/iei oopflJi nyw-
flu naceJienHH TcnepL. u onpcub.
Oxpaiia 11 yjiyMuieimc iniHeprcTH-
MeCKOfl xapaKTCpllCTHKe; IIpHDOaiIT D
ncnojincnne npasujia u pacnopnjKeiiiin
OTHocHicJibiio apcnaosaHnn y-iacTKOB
c MecTopowoiemifiMJi rasa u neTii u
seaacT Bbwa*icfi pajpcueHiifi, jiiiuciiaiift
ii KoiiTpaKTOD ua paapaOoxKy MCCIO-
powflcuHfi nc(i)Tii ii rasa 11 Ha xpanoimc
rasa; u nyjjiHKyeT H pacnpocrpan>ieT
HMCiOUUie OinOUJCHIlC ]<
i
-------
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
ADHINISTRATlOtl (NASA)

In carrying out the policy of
Congress that activities in space
should be devoted to peaceful
purposes for the benefit of all
mankind, the principal statutory
functions of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) are
to conduct research for the solution
of problems of flight within and
outside the earth's atmosphere, and
develop, construct, test, and operate
aeronautical and space vehicles;
conduct activities required for
the exploration of space with manned
and unmanned vehicles; arrange for
the most effective utilization of
the scientific and engineering
resources of the United States with
other nations engaged in aeronautical
and space activities for peaceful
purposes; and to provide for the
widest practicable and appropriate
dissemination of information concern-
ing NASA's activities and their
results.
HAUnoiiAJibiiOE vnpAUJiEiinc no AJPOIIAR-
TIIKli » IICCJlEflOBAIIIIIO KOCMimCCKOrO
nPOCTI'AHCTBA (HACA)

OcyiaecxBJinn nojiHTiiKy Konrpocca,
no Miieiuiio Koroporo KOCMHMCCKIIC ncc-
MOJIXHU npccJieaoBaxb Miip-
U.CJIH nd CJjiaro ucoro MeJiOB
Da, ociiODiitJMH (l>yn]epbi.
B OmeXCXBemiOCXH HACA JICJKHT
paSBMXHC, COOpyjKCHHE, HCnblTailMC II
aBnaunomibix H KOCMH-
jicxaxojibHbix annapaTOD; HCC-
Kocwn»jecKoro npocxpancxua
noMouiH nHJTOTiipyeMbix n GecnnjioT-
HUX KopaGjiefi; oOccnr"Jennc onxiiMaJib-
no 3([x|)eKTHBHoro KcnoJibSOBamiH nay'i-
H TexnniieciKHOHHfi H npOMbimjienHOCTH; TexHHMec
tasofl ann co3JianHH ycjiosiifl ne-
B Toprosbix OTHOUICHHRX;
CO3fl3HHC yCJlOBHfl flJIH O^
OesonacHOCTii; aaiiHbiMH o TexmmecKiix
H3blCKaHHHX.
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION (NOAA), DEPARTMENT
OF COMMERCE

The mission of NOAA is to explore,
map, and chart the global ocean and
its living resources; to manage,
use, and conserve those resources;
and to describe, monitor, and
predict conditions in the atmosphere,
ocean, sun, and space environment;
issue warnings against impending
destructive natural events; develop
beneficial methods of environmental
modification; and assess the
consequences of inadvertent environ-
mental modification over several
scales of time.
HAUHOHAJlhHOE ynPABnCHHE OKEAHAMII
H ATHOCdiUPOn, MHIIIICTCI'CTBO TOlTOUJllI
3an.ayefi ynpaunemiH
HCCJicaoHaniic Miipouoro OKeana n ero
uHopecypcou n cocTanjienne COOTDCT-
CTBymuiiix i,
oxpaua H ncnojib3OBannc oxnx pecyp-
COB nnn onncamifi, Habjnnueiinft n npe;i-
CKa3annn ycjioBHft B axMoc^epe, oxea-
naxf na cojiuuc n B KOCMUHCCKOM npo-
CTpanci-Be, c ucjibjo npcflocxepexeiuiH
OT BO3MO*HL,IX CTHXIirillblX OCTlCTBHfl ,
pa3BHTIIH MeXOflHKH MOflHKaioiuen cpc«u H OUCHKH nocJiencxBim
HCBOJlbllOO MOfllKlUIKaUHH CpCflbl H3 33~
BPCMOHH.
112
-------
NATIONAL, PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR

The National Park Service
administers for the American people
an extensive system of national
parks, monuments, historic sites,
and recreation areas. It relates the
natural values and historical
significance of these areas to the
public through talks, tours, films,
exhibits, publications, and other
interpretive media. It operates
campgrounds and other visitor
facilities and provides - usually
through concessions - lodging,
food, and transportation services
in many areas.
CJIVTOA OXPAIIbl IIAUIIOHAJlbllNX HAI'KUB
ii 3Aiiom:,uiiiiKori, MIIHIICTKPCTBO
JIL:JI

miTCpecax aMepiiKaiicKoro iiapona
a ynpanjincT ouuiipiioii cncrcMon
nayjKon, IICIOPIIMCCKII
Mccr n iiannTiiiiKOB n MOCT
0 3Haviciiiiii n nemiocrii, npii-
cyiuiix ?>THM MecTar-i, Cjiy>Kua OCIJCAOMJIH-
ex umpoxyia ouuecTBeimoci b nocpc;icT-
BOM JlCKUHfl, JKCKVPCIIfl, clKCnOSllIUIfi ,
nyL>.nnKau.iifi n apyrux cpejicTB peKjia-
Mbi. CjiywOa ynpaBJUicT MccraMn CTO-
HHOK ii KJMnmira AJUI noceTHTenefi,
ITO oGbniHO ocynecTBJiHeTCH nyier-i
KOimecciioiiHbix aorosopoB c 4acr>u-
K3MII; nOCeTMTGJlHM UpCAOCTaBJWCTCH
no'jenKH, noKynKH nnimi;
aaConiTcn n oO oprai-nijaiuni
cooTBercTByiomero TpaHcnopmoro coo-
NUCLEAR REGULATORY AGENCY,
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF TI1K PRESIDENT

This Agency is responsible for
discharging the statutory functions
of assuring that the civilian uses
of nuclear materials and facilities
are accomplished without endangering
public health and safety, environ-
mental quality, or national security,
and are consistent with the antitrust
laws. This involves a system of
licensing and regulation which in-
cludes: evaluation of applications
for the construction and operation
of nuclear reactors and other nuclear
facilities; possession, use, and
disposal of nuclear materials; devel-
opment and implementation of stand-
ards, criteria, rules and regulations
governing licensed nuclear activi-
ties; inspection and enforcement
programs to determine that licensees
are complying with rules and regula-
tions and the conditions of their
licenses; and the development of
effective working relationships with
the States as well as foreign govern-
ments regarding the regulation of
nuclear energy.
HcnoinmTEJibHAfl
PACIlOPaqilTC-nbHOE APEIITC TBO ,
nPi;jn;tEn-
TA
AreHTCTBO OTBCTCTBeilHO 3O
BJienne ycTaHODJieiiHux no
(pyHKUHH KOHTPOJIH Hafl
HCIlOJlbSOBaHHCM HflGpH
n sKcnjiyarauHcfi Hflepnux ycranoBOK.
ATCHTCTBO oOnaaHO cjiewrb aa TGM,
MTOObI HCnOJlb3OB3HHC HflepHblX M3TG-
PH3J1OB OCylHeCTBJlHJIOCb B COOTUCTCT-
BHH C 3HTHTPQCTOBCKHM 3aieiie u HX
pa3peiucnnnx; n pasuHTiie o<|)OKiiiB-
HblX JHCJ1OBIJX OTHOUJCmlll CO UlTaTIIblMH
opranaMH, a xaxxe c npaBHTCJibcrua-
MH apyrux cxpaii, B oGjiacrn Koiupo-
JIH Hflepnon 3Heprnn.
n
ncno-
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER,
NATJOHAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS
SERVICE, GENERAL SERVICES
ADMINISTRATION

All current Presidential
proclamations and Executive orders
and regulations of Government
agencies having general applicability
B10PO (DEflLPAJlbHOrO PEJKllCTEPA,
HAUllOHAJlbUblfl APX1ID II CJ1VMKA
APXHDllblX MATE[J11AJIOB, AJUMUHllCTPAmiH
Bee Tei
-------
and legal effect are published in the
Federal Register which appears five
times a week.

An administrative Committee of the
Federal Register was created to
prescribe regulations concerning
Federal documents required to be
published in the Federal Register,
the manner and form in which the
Register shall be compiled, printed,
and distributed.
HJIII
ciuiy, nyuJiHKyioTcn n eflepa/ibHbix noKVMeHTOB B
SKJiiouan TexHHKy H
cocTaBJiennn, neiaTaHHH H pacnpouo-
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

This activity is under the Exec-
utive Office of the President. Its
main functions include the following:

To aid the President to bring
about more efficient and economical
conduct of Government services;

To assist in developing efficient
coordinating mechanisms to implement
Government activities and to expand
interagency cooperation;

To assist the President in the
preparation of the budget and the
formulation of the fiscal program
of the Government;

To supervise and control the
administration of the budget.
E10PO EIQflKETA H PACXOflOB HO VnPRBJlE-
HMK)
Eupo
noMoraex DpesHflenTy flocxmib OoJiee
3$OeKTHBHOrO H 3KOHOMMOFO ypODHH
y^pew-
C6aefiCTByeT
SQQeKTHBHOft
CTH rocyflapcTsenHux y«pexflennft H
IlOMoraeT npeawfleHTy B npnroTOBJieHHH
H B OopMyjiHposaHHH npaBH-
$ncKajibHoH nporpaMMhj.
3aDeflyeT aflMHHHCTpauweH w.oflixeTa H
KOHTpoJiHpyeT ero
BiOpO HaXOflHTCH nOfl
xa.
PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE,
U.S. Senate

A standing committee of the U. S.
Senate which is responsible for pro-
posing legislation on environmental
pollution, environmental science and
technology, materials policy, economic
development, water resources, transpor-
tation, and disaster relief.
KOMHTET OEmECTBEHHblX PAEOT,
CEHAT CU1A
KOMHT6T npH
sa npeflcxaBJiGHHe Ce-
MeponpnnTHfl
no cJienyiomHM Bonpocaw: npeflOTBpane-
HHG 3arpH3H6HHfi OKpyxcaioutefl cpenu,
HayMHue H TexHHHecKHe acneKTbi saiiwi-
TU cpeflu, npoSneMaTHKa HcnoJibsosa-
HHH Chjpbfl, 3KOlIOMHMeCKOe pa3BHTH6,
BOflHbie pecypcha, TpawcnopT H
jiennc nocoGHft a CJiynae
OeflCTBHS.
SECRETARY

Head of a Department in the
Federal government.
MHH1ICTP
MHHHCTepCTaa B *e«epaJibi[OM
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The Soil Conservation Service
(SCS) has responsibility for
developing and carrying out a
national soil and water conser-
vation program in cooperation with
landowners and operators and other
OXPAHU novs, MMHHCTEPCTBO
CEJlbCKOfO XOBaflCTBA

CjiyxOa oxpaHta nova neceT OTBCT-
CTB6HHOCTb 33 COBepUleHCTBOB3HHe H
npOBenamie B xusub nporpaMM no
oxpane noMB H BOA, B
c 3eMJieBJianenbuaMH,
JIHMM, MecTHbiMH nJiaHHpyiaiqiiMH areHT-
114
-------
developers, community planning
agencies, regional resource groups,
and other agencies of government -
Federal, State, and local. The SCS
also assists in agricultural
pollution control, environmental
improvement, and rural community
development.
CTB3MH, pemonajtbHbiMH rpynnawH
JJJTH KOHTpojiK pecypcoB, a raK»c
CTaBHTCJlJlMH MOCTHblX, IllTaXHblX H
(jjcflcpajibHbix opraiiOD H areiiTCTH.
CnywCa oxpanbi noyn npnmiMaer
B opranH3annn xonTponn
cosflasaeMoro cejitcKH
H B paGoTax Hafl ynyiiuiciincM ixGa oGecneuH-
saeT coQjiiofleHHe ^enepaJibHbix SBKOHOB
B OTKPUTOM MOPS H B CyflOXOflHUX
BOflax CJIH3 GeperoB CUIA H HX xeppn-
TOpHajibHux BJiaaeHHfl. CjiyxGa c/ieflHT
aa coGjiioaeHneM HaBnraunoHnux sano-
HOB H npOHSBOflHT HHCnGKUHM CVflOD.
UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS

The courts of appeals are inter-
mediate appellate courts to relieve
the Supreme Court of considering all
appeals in cases originally decided
by the Federal trial courts. They
are empowered to review all final
decisions and certain interlocutory
decisions of district courts, except
in those very few situations where
the law provides for a direct review
by the Supreme Court. They also are
empowered to review and enforce or-
ders of many Federal administrative
bodies.
AnEJlJlflUHOHHblE
CUIA
cyflti HBJIHIOTCH cy-
npoMewyioiHOft HHCTaHunn. Hx
3anawa - STO ooJiernMTb paOoxy Bcp-
xoBHoro cyaa B paccMoxpemiH anennn-
UHft no aejiaM, no KoxopbiM y*e BUHC-
CJIH CBOC pemeime ^encpajibHue cyaw
nepBoit HucTaimnii . Anejuinmtoimbie
ynojiHOMO'ienbi nepccMaipiiBaxb
M weKOTOpwe npoMewy-
xoiiiue peuicHHH paflonHbix cy«OE, sa
HCK/iioMCHHeM cjiy^aeB, npe«ycMOTpen-
HUX saxoHOM, Korfla peuienue cyfla
HH3Uien HHCXaHUHH MOWHO O6)KajIOBaTb
npHMO B BepxoBHOM cyfle.
115
-------
HUC cyflta TaKwe ynojinoMoienbJ paccMa-
TpHDaib H oCecneyHuaTb
pacnopnxennfl uejioro pnna
opranoD.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS

The district courts are the trial
courts with general Federal ;]urisdic-
tion. Each State has at least one
district court, while some of the
larger States have as many as four.
There is also a United States dis-
trict court in the District of
Columbia. Altogether there are 89
district courts in the 50 States,
plus the one in the District of
Columbia. In addition, the Common-
wealth of Puerto Rico has a United
States district court with juris-
diction corresponding to that of
district courts in the various
States.
PAflOllllblE CVflbl CU1A

Paftomibie cyflfai - JTO cyflu nepnofl
KHCT3HHHH C OOlUGft eAepajIbHOfi IOPHC-
flMKUHGH. B KQWflOM LUTSTe HMCETCn
XOTH 6bi oflHH paflOHHUft cyfl; B Kpyn-
HblX UITQTaX HX WHCJ1O «OXO«HT flO 4 .
B OeflepaniiHOM OKpyre KojiyMOHH xaic«c
cymecTByeT pafiOHHbift cy«. no sceft
CTpane D ue/iOM, T.e. B 50
M B
-------
PART V

ECONOMIC TERMS
117
-------
AMORTIZATION FACTOR OR CAPITAL
RECOVERY FACTOR

The ratio of the equivalent
annual value to the initial capital
cost.

Amortization factor = i(l + i)"
iDAKTOP AMOPTH3AU1IH I1JIH QAKTOP
KAnil'fAJlA
OTHOU1CHH6 -JKElIDaJlCHTHOn rOflODOfl
CTOIIMOCTII K nepBona4aflbnofl CTOHMO-
CTH KariHTaJibHbix aarpaT.
1>aKTOp BMOpTHJaUHH =
Where i = the annual interest rate
n = amortization period in
years
i= roflOBOfl paaMep npoueHTa
n=iHCJio JieT nopHOfla
AMORTIZATION PERIOD

That anount of time which
provides for the gradual extinguish-
ment of an obligation.
HEPHOfl AHOPTK3AUHH

KOJIHUECTBO BpeweHH, sa KOTOPOG
nocTenenHoe norauieniie
ANNUAL COSTS FOR OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE

Costs which are adequate to ensure
effective and dependable operation
during the planning period for the
system, which includes routine re-
placement of equipment and equipment
parts. Operation refers specifically
to labor, energy and materials used
in the production process and main-
tenance refers specifically to re-
pairs of equipment.
rOflOBHE PACXOflbJ HA
H VXOfl 3A OBOPyjjOBAHMEM

Pacxonbi, CBH3aHHue c oeecneue
HHBM fleftCTBEHHOCTH H HaflEWHOCTM
3KcrrnyaTaunn cHCTewu B
nnanHpoBCMHoro nepwona,
o6uHHLae saMeHu oGopynosaHHH H
yacTeR. 'JKcnjiyaTauHOHHue pacxoaa
xacaiOTCH paeo'iefl CHJTU, aneprHH H
MaTepHajios; yxoa sa
xacaeTca PGMOHTHUX pa6oT.
AVERAGE (UNIT) COST

This is the cost per unit
produced. It equals the total cost
divided by the number of units of
output produced.
CPEflHfla CTOHHOCTb
CTOHMOCTb eflHHHUU BblnyCKaeMOB
PaBHHeTcn o6mefl CTOH-
na HHC^O
GJ1HHHU.
MOCTH
AVERAGE COST PRICING

A price charged to consumers that
is based on the average cost of
supplying the total quantity being
consumed by all users.
OUEHKA CPEflHEH CTOHHOCTH

Uena, TpeSyeMafi OT noTpe6nre-
jieft. ara uena ocHOBusaeTCB na
CpeAHEfi CTOHMOCTH OSlUGrO KOJ1H1G-
CTBa
Tosapa.
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS

An economic efficiency analysis
of the relationship between present
value of benefits and present value
of costs.
AHAJ1H3 PACXOflOB H BLirQfl
AH3J1H3 BKOHOMH^eCKOfl 3$eKTHB-
HOCTH OTHOUieHHH MGJXHy CTOHMOCTtiO
nojiyneHHKix eurofl H
pacxonoB .
118
-------
BLOCK RATES

A per unit charge for a good or
service that varies with the total
amount of the good or service
consumed. Increasing block rates
charge the consumer more per unit
as consumption increases beyond
a certain point, while decreasing
block rates charge less per unit
as consumption increases.
CTADKH
na efliiHHuy xooapa IIJIH 06-
cJiy>KHBannn, icoTOpuo noaBepxeiibi
KOJie6annnM o 3aDHCnMOCTii OT KOJHI-
MecTBa noTpee/ineMbix eaimim. Boapa-
CTaiOLUHe CT3BKH, - JTO KOTOa nOXpQ-
6UTOJ1HM, KOTOpwe yueJiuHUBaioT KOJIH-
MCCTBO nOrpee/JHeMblX eflllMHIJ, BbllllC
onpeflejiemiofi HOPMIJ,
ueiia na eammuy TOBapa;
K)lUHeCft CT3DKH, - 3TO
iiHH xojivmecTBa noxpee/incMbix
noxpe6HxejiHM
ercn
CAPITAL (goods)

Goods produced by the economic
system itself to be used as inputs
for the production of other goods
and services over a relatively long
period of time.
CPEflCTBA nPOH3BOflCTBA

CpeacTBa, npOHSsoflHMae 3KOHO-
MimecKoft cHCTeMOfi H
B Ka^iecTae HCXO«HUX
nponsBOflCTBa flpyrHx Tosapos HJIH
BHflOB 06CJiy>KHBaHHJI B TS'ieHHB OTHO-
BpeMSHH.
CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS

All costs of construction includ-
ing overhead and profit; costs of
land, relocation, and right-of-way
and easement acquisition; design
engineering, field exploration, and
engineering services during con-
struction; administrative and legal
services including costs of bond
sales; startup costs such as operator
training; and interest during con-
struction. Though normal operation
costs are excluded, contingency
allowances consistent with the level
of complexity and detail of the cost
estimates are included.
KAHHTAJlbHUE 3ATPATLJ HA CTPOHTEJlbCTBO

CTOHMOCTB crpoHTeJihCTBa, BKJIIO-
vaa naKJiaflHue pacxoflu H npn6ujiH;
CTOHMOCTB 3eRnn H nepeesflOB H npa-
Ba npoesca H cepsmyTa; pacxoau
Ha HiixeHepHbie paBoTu no npoeKTHpo-
TpaccHpouaHHio H caMOMy crpo-
pacxoau na aflMHHHCTpaumo,
npasoByo KoncynbTauHij H npoaa*y
o6nHrau.nfl; pacxofltj us. paHHeft cxa-
flHH cTpOHTejibCTBa, Hanp. na
HHe Macxepos; H npoueHru aa
CTpOfiKH. XOTH K3 CMBTbl
CH HopMajibnue 3KcnjiyaxauMOHHbie
pacxoflu, pacxonu na nenpe«BHnennb!e
cjiy^iaH see xe yuHTUBaiOTcn, cooOpaa-
HO OTflejitHUM GTaTbHM oueHKH saxpaT
H I1X CJICDKHOCTM.
CASH FLOW

Transfer of funds during business
transactions either as income or as
payment for labor, materials or
equipment purchases.
fUIATEKH HAJIimHblHH
aeHe/KHbix (poiwos B pe-
3ynbxaxe aejiosbix corjiaweHHfi. Cy-
mecxayex Jin6o B (jjopMe Aoxoflos,
Jin0o B
-------
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS
AHAJ1H3 CTOHMOCTH M PEHTABEJlbllOCTll
An analysis performed to
determine which system will result
in the minimum total resources
costs to meet a specified level of
output.
Ana/ins,
CHCTeMa flaCT BO3MO>KHOCTb
aaflaHHoro ypounn npOH3BO.ii-
CTlia npH MHHHMajlbHOft O6lUeft CTOIIMO-
CTH pecypcoB.
CREDIT

The right to use of funds—usually
in exchange for a promise to pay in
the future.
KPEflHT

ripaao Ha nojib3osaHne
O6hl«iHO B O6M6H Ha O6fl3aTejIbCTBO
yn/iai-HTb Bsnryio BsaftMbi cyMMy B
DAMAGE FUNCTION (or Damage Cost
Function)

The functional relationship
between the amount of a waste
discharged and the damages caused.
BPEflA (QynKUHH CTOHMOCTH
HaneceHnoro yiuopea)
\iexfly KOJinOHfla B TeMeHHe onpeae-
jieHHoro cpoKa.
DISCOUNT RATE

The interest rate used in calcu-
lating the present value of expected
yearly costs and benefits.
yjETHblfl nPQUEHT

FlpoueiiT, yMHTbiBaeMbifl npH oucm
-------
ECONOMIC INCENTIVE
CTHMVJ1
Any governmental monetary sub-
sidies or taxes which induce pri-
vate citizens, firms or business to
comply with some desired action.
Jlio6an rocynapcTBemiaH AC new nan
HJIH, iiaoQopOT, Jiiouoe Ha-
Koxopue aacTaojiRioT
HJIH noowpHioT HacTHoe JIHUO, cl>npMy
HJIH npeflnpHHTHe no«MHHMTbcn onpoae-
JicmiOMy MeponpHHTHio.
ECONOMIC SCARCITY

A condition reflecting the fact
that there exists only a finite
amount of human and non-human
resources, which the best technical
knowledge is capable of using to
produce only a limited maximum
amount of each and every good.
jJKOHOMHMECKAH HEflOCTATOHHOCTb
HojioxeHiie, Korna
J1IOACKHX HJIH npnpOMHblX pCCypCOB,
HMeiowHXCH B HQiiieM pacnopnweHMH ,
orpanHHUHTHblX npOH3BOflCTBeHHb!X
pecypcoB c uejibw Bunycxa
TODapOB B onpeneJieHHbie CPOKM H
HX pacnpeHejieHHH cpe«n HaccjieH
H pasJiHviHux oGmecTBeHHUX rpynn
H B 6y«ymeM.
ECONOMY OF SCALE

A reduction in the unit cost of
production brought about by
increasing the size of a plant.
Usually said to result from labor
specialization and technological
advantages associated with a larger
plant.
9KOHOMHH HPH
MACU1TAEA
CTOHMOCTH eflHHHuw npo-
B peayjibTaTe ysejiHMeHHH
pasMepos npeflnpHHTHH. Kaic npasH/io,
3KOHOMHH flocTiiraeTCH nyTeM cneuw-
ajiHsauHH rpyna M TexnojiorniecKHx
ycoBepmeHCTBOBaiiHfi, BbixeKaioiqHX us
npeHMynjecTB GOJiee KpynHoro
EFFLUENT CHARGE

A charge imposed on a waste
discharger by a public authority
which serves either as an inducement
to the discharger to reduce discharge
or as compensation to society for
the externality being imposed upon
it by the discharger.
HAJlOr HA CEPOC OTXOflOB
HaJior, HaKjianbiBaeMbiFi opranaMH
BJiacTH na BOflonojibsoBaTe/iH 3a c6poc
CTOKOB H OTXOflOB. HajIOT J1H6O CJiy-
WHT CTHMyjioM, KOTOptifl noByjKjjaeT
MeHtuiHTb KOJIH-
C6POCOB, JIHSO WBJIHOTCH KOM-
neiicauHefi oOiuecTBeHHOCTii sa ynop6
HJIH HCyflOBCTDa, npHMHHHCMfaie BOJ4O-
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

A concept devised to indicate
the responsiveness of quantity of a
THEKOCTb CnPOCA
o6o3na
-------
good or service demanded to changes
in the market price.

Elasticity (Coefficient) =

% A quantity demanded
% A price
no/ib3yiomnxcH
cnpocoM, na ncpeMCHbi s PLJIIOUHUX
% A TpoBycMoe
% A
EQUILIBRIUM PRICE

The price at which the amount
willingly supplied and the amount
willingly demanded are equal.
Applies to a competitive market,
and can be represented as the
intersection of the supply and
demand curves.
PABHOBCCHAH UEHA

Uena, ripn KOiopofi
npeunaraewoe KOJIHICCTDO Tonapa
pasHneTCH KOJiimecTBy, Ha iHofl JKOHOMH
KOH.
FIXED COST
Costs which a firm must continue
3A
-------
to incur in the short run, even
when the firm produces zero output.
It is d cost unaffected by any
variation in the quantity produced.
necTH B TeiienHe
cpoKoo, flame SCJIH npo«yKunn
B 3TO BPBMH pclBlia liyJIIO. JTO H3AC-
PJKKM, H3 KOTOphie HS BJIHfllOT KOJIBBa
HHH B KOJiHiccTue BbinycKaeMOfl npo-
FLAT RATE

A charge for a good or service
that is not based upon the quantity
of the good consumed, and thus does
not lead the consumer to balance the
value of use against the cost of use.
EflHHOOEPA3HAH CTABKA

Uena, Hasna^iaeMaH aa TOBap HJIH
o6cjiy«nBaHne, KOTOpaa He OCHOBW-
saeTcn iia KOJimiecTBe noTpeGjmeMoro
TOBapa H T3KHM O6p33OM HG H3BT
noTpe6nTeJiio conocxa-
uenvf ynjiaJiHUHH Bbipa»aeTCH B
6OJlbUlMHCTBa USH H paCXOHOB .
INTEREST

The sum paid or charged for the
use of money or for borrowing money;
also the rate percent per unit of
time represented by such payment or
charge.
riPOUEHTHAH CTABKA

CyMMa, yonaieHHan HJIH nocxaBJieH-
H3H H3 C16T, 33 nOJlb3OBaHH6 KanHTa-
JIOM HJIH 33 aaeM fleHer non npoueiiTbi.
Taxxce H paaMep npouenxoB aa eflHHHuy
speMenH coo6pa3HO YCJIOBHRM nnaxewa
HJIH O6H3aT6JIbCTBa.
INVESTMENT

Net cspital formation, usually
undertaken by business enterprises,
which leads to an increase in the
community's real capital (equipment,
buildings, inventories).
HHBECTHUHH KAHHTAJIA
micToro
npaKTHKyeMbie KaK npasiuio ropro-
BhJMH npeflnpHHTHHMH, 4TO BBflGT K
yaeJiHvieHHio peajibnoro Kannrajia
scefl oSmecTBeHHOcxH (oSopynoDamie,
3flai!HH, TOBap) .
LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS

A relationship governing the
amount of extra output resulting
from successively adding equal
extra units of a varying input to
3AKOH COKPAIUAIOUlHXCfl flOXOflOB
Bunyc-
Ao6aBJiniOTCH
123
-------
a fixed amount of some other input.
After a point the extra output
resulting from additional units of
the variable factor will become
less and less.
KaKOn-JlllBO nSpeMGHHOM BXOfl-
HOfl DCJimiHHb] K nOCTOHHHOMy KO/11I-
\icctBy flpyroft BCJiuMHHhi. flocjie onpc-
cpoica
, no/iy^aeMoe B
onojiiiMTe/ifaHbix ncpeMeniiux
uavHCT nocTononHO naaaxb.
LAW OF DOWNWARD SLOPING DEMAND

The economic fact that when the
price of a good is raised (at the
same time that all other factors
are held constant), less of it is
demanded. Conversely, if a greater
quantity of a good is put on the
market then - other things being
equal - it can be sold only at a
lower price.
3AKOH nOHHKAKJlllErOCfl CnPOCA
aKTOpu ocTawTCH nocTOflHHbiMM , cnpoc
Ha OTOT Tooap nanaeT. H HaoOopoT,
ecjiH 6pocnTb na PHHOK Bojibiuee ico-
J1HM6CTBO TOBapa, TO, npH
pasHux ycnoBHHX, rraiHPMU H see ee H3Aep»i
-------
MARKET
PblHOK
The allocative system for
distributing scarce resources to
persons or firms to whom they have
the highest value, throuqh the
use of prices.
ann
pecypcon CPBAH nacejic-
HHH HHH TOprOBhlX 0MpM, fljlfl KOTQ-
pux DTH pecypcbi npeACTaBJifiioT MBK-
CHMajlbHO BblCOKVK) UCHHOCTb, «JTO
BupaxeHHe B PUIIO^IHUX m,enax.
MAXIMUM SOCIAL WELFARE

A term applied to a specific
part of the economy—the condition
existing when the difference
between benefits to the community
from some particular program and
the costs is maximized.
MAKCHMAJlbHOE COUHAJlbHOE OEECnE-
TCPMHH, ynoTpeejineMuft AJIH cne
UH(J)H'ieCKOfl OTpaCJIH clKOHOMHKH,
cymecTByeT TaKoe
KOTOPOM pasHHua Mewy
KaKofl-jin6o nporpaMMhi nnn
BeHHOCTH H CBH3aHHbIMH C 3TOfl
pacxoAaMH cxaiiOBHTcn Mai<
OPPORTUNITY COST

The cost of an input specified
in terms of the highest value which
it would have in an alternative use.
CTOMMOCTb BbJEOPA BO3MOXepMep, KOMMepcaHT HJIH
paSOTHHK H6 B COCTOHMHH BblHyCKaTb
TaKoe KOJTHMecTBO npo«yi
-------
PRIVATE COSTS AND BENEFITS
4ACTIIUE PACXOttbl H BblTOflU
Benefits and costs which have
their identifiable incidence on
individuals or firms.
H BbirOAbl, HOnOCpOACTBOH-

HO CBHSaUHhJC C HaCTHUMH JIHU3MH HJIH
PRODUCTION FUNCTION

The technical relationship
describing the amount of output
that can be produced by different
sets of inputs or factors of
production. It is defined for a
given state of technical knowledge.
nPOH3BOflCTBCllllAfl OVHKUHfl
TexHHiecKan aasHCHMOCTfa, onn-
ctJBaiomaH KOJimiecTBO npoflyi
-------
SHORT RUN
KPATKOBPEMEIIllbin CPOK
Period of time in which certain
equipment, resources and commitments
of firms are fixed, but long enough
for the firm to vary its output by
hiring more or fewer variable
factors of production.
DpeMciiH, sa Koropun
onpcuojieimoe o6opyaoBanne, pccypcu
ii ofriaarejihCTBa KaKOft-Jin6o QUPMU
yCTailOBJieilU, HO HCG >X6 HMCCTCfl
BO3MO«HOCTb B TSMeUHe 3TOTO CPOK3
pa3HOo6pa3»Tb DunycK nyreM iiaflMa
6OJ1bUCrO HJIH MGHbUierO KOJIHVCCTBH
npoH3BO,ucTna.
SOCIAL COSTS

The total cost of producing a
commodity, including the cost of
specific inputs, as well as the
external costs imposed on the
community at large.
COUHAJIbHAfl CTOHMOCTb

O6utan CTOHMOCTL>
KaKoro-jin6o TOBnpa, SKJiio'iaa CTO-
HMocTb cneuH(pn«jecKnx BKJiaflou, a
T3K3KS DHeuiHHe H3flepacifH,
Ha BCM o6mecxBenHOCTb B
SUPPLY CURVE (Schedule)

The relationship between market
prices and the amounts of a good
producers are willing to supply.
nPEflJioiKEnna
3aBHCHMOCTb MeJKfly pblHOHHOfl UC-
HOfl H KOJIHVieCTBOM TOBapa, KOTOpOe
npOHSBOflHTejlH rOTOBLJ
noKynaxeJisiM.
TAX

Resources taken from private
individuals and private enterprises
and made available for governmental
goods and service. See: Public
Good.
HAJIOF
PecypcH, B3HMaeMue c
HJIH npennpHHTHfi H npeflocia-
B pacnopHKeuHe rocynap-
O6l.eKTOB HJIH CJiy)K6 .
CM. OScjiyjKKBaHHe o6iuecTBCHHOCTn.
TOTAL RESOURCES COSTS

All costs, including the monetary
costs calculated in terms of present
worth values or equivalent annual
values over the planning period as
expressed in the interest (discount)
rate, as well as the norunonetary
significance and impact of socio-
economic and environmental factors.
OBlUAfl CTOMMOCTb PECyPCOB

Bee H3flep)KKH( B TOM MHCJie H
neHewHHe, ucMHCJiHewtae B nepeso-
ne H3 fleftCTBHTCJI&HyiO CTOHMOCTb
B HacTOHiuee BPBMH HJIH na 3KBHsa-
JISHTHyid rOflOByiO CTOHMOCTb 33 BSCb
CPOK njiaHHpOBKH; BbipajKaioTca B npo-
ueHTHux cTaexax, no BKjiuuaioT THK-
«e H y^er nefleHe»Hbix
K3K COUHajlbH
TOpbl H BOSflCHCTBHe H3
cpeny.
USER CHARGE

The cost or charge to the
consumer for a particular service
provided.
, B3HHAEMA3 C nOTPEEHTEJTEPl
aa Kai
-------
VARIABLE COST HEPEMEUHblE PACXOflbl

The name given to total cost less TBPMHH, noi
-------
PART VI

UNITS AND MEASURES
129
-------
acre
= 4840 sq yd or = 43560 sq ft
or = 1/640 sq mi or = 0.404687 ha

acre-foot
= 1233.49 cu m or = 43560 cu ft
or = 325851 US gallons

acre-inch
= 102.73 cu m or = 3630 cu ft

are (square dekameter)
= 119.6 sq yd or = 1076.4 sq ft
or = 0.0247 acre or = 0.01 ha

barrel of crude oil
= 159 liters or = 42 US gallons

British thermal unit
(B.T.U., BTU, B.t.u., b.t.u)
= 252 g-cal
1 BTU per sec = 1054 kilowatt
1 BTU per degree F = 453.6 g-cal
per degree C

calorie, small (gram-calorie)
(cal, g-cal)
=4.18 joule

centimeter
(cm)
= 0.3937 inch

cubic centimeter
(cu cm, cm3, cc)
= 0.061 cu in

cubic foot
(cu ft)
= 28317 cu cm or = 0.0283 cu m
1 cu ft/sec = 28.316 liter/sec or
= 0.02832 cu m/sec
1 cu ft/acre = 0.06993 cu m/ha
1 cu ft/min = 1.699 cu m/hr
1 cu ft/sec. sq mi
= 10.93 liter/sec. sq km

cubic inch
(cu in)
=16.387 cu cm

cubic meter
(cu m, m3)
=61023.4 cu in or = 264.17 US gallons

cubic mile
(cu mi)
=4.1679 cu km

cubic millimeter
(cu mm, mm3)
= 0.000061 cu in

cubic yard
(cu yd)
=0.765 cu m

degree Centigrade (Celsius)
aiyT
aioftM
ap
6appejib
6pnT3HCKaa
B.T.E., BTE, 5.i.e., STC
Majiaa HJIH
caHTHMexp
CM
C3HTHM6TP
Ky6. CM, CM
Ky6.
Ky6.
MCTp
Kye. M, M
MHJ1H
Ky6. MHJIH
MHJUIHM6TP
Ky6. MM, MM
KyG.
rpajqyc
To convert degrees Centigrade into
degrees Fahrenheit, multiply by 9/5
and add 32; - into degrees Kelvin,
add 273.16 to the degrees Centigrade.
Ann nepesona rpaaycoo UenbCHn B
rpanycbi OapeHrenxa, noMHOJKbxe Ha
9/5 H npn6aBbTe 32; - D rpajqycbi
- npiiGaDbie 273,16 K rpa-
no
130
-------
degree Fahrenheit
To convert degrees Fahrenheit into
degrees Centigrade, subtract 32 and
multiply by 5/9; - to degrees Rankine,
add 459.7 to the degrees Fahrenheit.

degrees Kelvin
rpaAyc CapeHrcflTa
Ofc
ftnfi nepeaona rpaaycoo 4>apeHrertTa
D rpanycw Uojibcun, BUHTHTe 32 H
noMHOWbTe iia 5/9; - B rpajiycu PaH-
Kima - npn6aBbTe 459,7 K rpanycaM
For measurements from an absolute zero
(TabS = minus 273.16°C). According to
the Kelvin scale, water freezes at
273.16°K (zero temperature) and boils
at 373.16°K (boiling point).

degree Rankine
(°Rank)
The Fahrenheit scale counterpart to the
Centigrade scale for measurements from
an absolute zero (=minus 459. 7°F).

foot
(ft)
= 30.48 cm
1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/sec or = 18.288 m/min
1 ft/min = 0.508 cm/sec or = 34.48 cm/min

gallon, US
(gal)
= 3.785 liters or = 3785 cu cm or
= 0.13368 cu ft or = 231 cu in
1 gal/acre = 9.353 liter/ha
1 gal/sq ft = 40.743 liter/sq m
1 gal/rain = 0.0631 liter/sec or =
3.786 liter/min
1 million gal/day = 3785 cu m/day

gram
(g)
= 0.035 oz or = 1 milliliter or =
= 1 cu cm of water
1 g/crn = 0.0056 Ib/in

hectare (square hectometer)
(ha)
= 2.471 acres or = 10000 sq m or
= 100 ares

hectoliter
(hi)
= 26.4178 US gal or = 3.5315 cu ft or
= 100 liters

horsepower
(HP, hp, h.p.)
= 550 ft-lb/sec or = 75 kg-m/sec or
= 0.7355 kilowatt

inch
(in)
= 2.54 cm

inch of mercury
(in Hg)
= 25.4 mm Hg

joule
(j, J)
= 0.10197 kg-m or = 0.23885 g-cal or
- 0.0009486 BTU

kilocalorie (kilogram-calorie, large
calorie)
(kcal, k-cal, K-cal, Cal)
= 1000 g-cal or = 4186 joule
rpaflyc
°K
JUlH H3M6peHHfl OT a6COJlMTHOrO HVJ1H, T.e.
Mwnyc 273,16° U. Cornacno umajie KeJibBHH
BOfla 3aMepaaeT npw 273,16° K - aynesaa
Tewneparypa - H aaKHnaex npH 373,16 U,
MTO eCTb TOMKa KHneHHH.

rpaflyc PaHKHHa
°PanK .
Ha uiKajie (PapcHreRxa - «JIH nsMepeHHft
OT aBcojiwTHoro HVJIH, T.e. MHHyc 459,7
rpaflycoB no *apenrefiTy.
rpaMM
r
reKTap
ra
cmia
n.c., JIG
CTon6a
HJIH KHJTOKanopHH
KK3JI
131
-------
kilogram
(kg)
= 2.2046 Ib or = 1 liter
1 kg/sq cm = 14.2234 Ib/sq in or =
735.514 nun Hg or = 28.9572 in Hg

kilometer
(km)
= 0.62137 mi
1 km/hr = 0.5396 knot

kilowatt
(kw)
- 0.239 k-cal/sec or = 0.9486 BTU/sec
1 kilowatt-hour (kw-hr) = 3600000 joules;
= 3415 BTU or = 1.359 horsepower-hour or
= 860.2 k-cal.

knot
(k, kt)
= 1 nautical mile per hour or
= 1.853 km/hr

liter
(1)
« 61.025 cu in or = 0.03531 cu ft or
= 0.264 US gal or = 1000 cu cm
1 liter/sq m = 0.02454 gal/sq ft

meter
(m)
= 3.2808 ft or = 1.09361 yd or
= 39.37 in
1 m/sec = 196.85 ft/min
1 m/min = 0.05468 ft/sec

micrometer (micron)
(m)
= 0.000001 meter

mile (statute mile)
(mi)
= 1.60935 km or = 5280 feet
1 mi/hr = 0.02682 km/min

mile (nautical mile, sea mile)
(n mi)
= 1.85318 km

millibar
(mbar)
= 1000 dynes per sq cm

millimeter
(mm)
= 0.03937 in

millimeter of mercury
(mm Hg)
= 1.333 millibar or = 0.03937 in Hg

ounce
(oz)
= 28.35 g

per mil
(per thousand, per mille, pro mille)
(p.m., o/oo)
xr
KHJ1OM0TP
KM
KHJIOBaTT
KBT
JIHTp
ji
M6TP
M
MHKPOMGTP HJ1H MHKpOH

MKM
MHJIH (ycxaBHan)
MHJIH MOpCKaH
M6ap, M6
MHJIJIHMeXp

MM
pxyxHOro cxonSa
MM PT. CT.
yHUHH
HPOMHJIJie HJIH npOMHJIb
o/oo
132
-------
pound
db)
= 453.59 g
1 Ib/in = 17.8579 kg/m
1 Ib/ft = 1.4882 kg/m
1 Ib/sq in = 0.0703 kg/sq cm or
= 51.71 mm Hg

quart, liquid (US)
(Iq q, Iq. qt.)
= 0.9463 liter or 946.3 cu cm or
= 0.25 US gal or = 57.75 cu in

square centimeter
(sq cm, cm^)
= 0.155 sq in

square foot
(sq ft)
= 929 sq cm or = 0.0929 sq m
= 144 sq in

square inch
(sq in)
= 6.45 sq cm

square kilometer
(sq km, km^)
= 100 ha or 247.1 acres or 0.3861 sq mi

square meter
(sq m, m^)
= 10000 sq cm = 10.7638 sq ft or
1.1959 sq yd or 1550 sq in

square mile
(sq mi)
= 640 acres or 258.9 ha or
= 2.589 sq km

standard atmosphere (normal, physical)
(atm)
= 760 mm Hg or = 1.033 kg/sq cm or
= 14.698 Ib/sq in

ton, metric
(t, m.t.)
= 1000 kg or 2204.62 Ib or
= 1.1023 short tons

ton, register
(g.r.t., or, in Europe, BRT)
• = 2.93 cu m or = 100 cu ft

ton, short
(sh. t)
= 907.184 kg or = 2000 Ib

tor
= 1 mm Hg or = 1/760 atm

yard
(yd)
= 0.9144 m
4>yHT
KBapra
caHTHMexp
KB. CM,
aMepm
-------