DATA REPORT
for the
PEARL HARBOR SYSTEM OF HAWAII
AN INTERMEDIATE TECHNICAL REPORT
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT BRANCH
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Contract No. 68-01-1800
Submitted on
JULY 20, 1973
By
Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
2700 Mitchell Drivt Walnut Cre.k, California 94598
Walnut Creek, California • Springfield, Virginia • Auitin, Texas
11980
-------
DATA REPORT
for the
PEARL HARBOR SYSTEM OF HAWAII
AN INTERMEDIATE TECHNICAL REPORT
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT BRANCH
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Contract No. 68-01-1800
Submitted on
JULY 20. 1973
By
Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
2700 Mitchell Drive Walnut Creek, California 94598
Walnut Creek, California • Springfield, Virginia • Austin, Texas
11980
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Water Quality Models—A Description 2
Data Requirements 5
Summary of Findings 8
II. STUDY AREA CONFIGURATION DATA 10
General Description 10
Pearl Harbor Network 10
Waikele Stream Network 16
III. HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC DATA 27
Pearl Harbor Hydraulics 27
Waikele Stream Hydrology 36
IV. WATER QUALITY DATA 40
Pearl Harbor 40
Waikele Stream 42
V. GENERAL AREA DATA 83
Meteorology 83
Reaction Rates and Other Constants 83
REFERENCES 85
n
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LIST OF FIGURES
Following
Page
Figure 1 Pearl Harbor Drainage System ^
Figure 2 Node-Channel Network for Pearl Harbor 12
Figure 3 U. S. Navy Sampling Stations for Water 12
Quality in Pearl Harbor
Figure 4 Biological and Tributary Sampling Stations 12
in Pearl Harbor
Figure 5 Point Discharges to Pearl Harbor Related 16
to Nodal Network
Figure 6 Waikele Stream Drainage Basin 16
Figure 7 Waikele Stream Profile and Model Reaches 22
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Pearl Harbor Model Nodes and Corresponding
Naval Sampling Stations
Table 2 Topographic Features of Waikele Stream
Model Elements
Table 3 Pearl Harbor Model Network Data—Node
Characteristics
Table 4 Pearl Harbor Model Network Data-
Channel Characteristics
Table 5 Available Quality Data for Pearl Harbor
Sampling Stations
Table 6 Availability of Water Quality Data for
Tributaries and Waste Discharges to Pearl
Harbor
Table 7 Availability of Water Quality Data for
Waikele Stream
Table 8 Availibility of Water Quality Data for
Tributaries and Waste Discharges to
Waikele Stream
Table 9 Reaction Rates and Other "Constants"
Page
19
25
32
34
45
73
80
81
84
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
On February 20, 1973, a contract was signed between the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States of America
and Water Resources Engineers, Inc. (WRE) of Walnut Creek, California,
under which WRE was to modify and document mathematical models of Pearl
Harbor and one of its tributaries on the Island of Oahu, State of Hawaii.
The work to be performed under that contract (No. 68-01-1800)
has been divided into four phases. Phase I, which is the subject of
this report, covers 1) the segmenting of Pearl Harbor and Waikele Stream
into a node-link network to be used for mathematical model purposes;
2) specification of available hydrologic, water quality, and meteorologic
data points; assembly and coordination of these data with the model networks;
and 3) preparation of a report (this report) enumerating types and quantity
of data available on a point by point basis for the entire network. Moreover,
the contractor is to identify data deficiencies by type and location through-
out the network.
Phase II will entail the modification of existing mathematical
models (computer programs) to include consideration of more quality
constituents than the programs currently treat, and the application of the
modified models to historical periods of record to assure their correct
functioning.
Phase III will consist of performing sensitivity analyses to
determine the relative importance of individual model parameters to the
accuracy of model predictions. The findings of the sensitivity analyses
-------
will be summarized in a Senstivity Analysis Report. Moreover, the models
will be fully documented and explained in detail for the benefit of future
users in a Documentation Report.
Finally, Phase IV will entail a training session on the use of
the models for EPA, State, U. S. Navy, and local personnel. Following
this seminar a final report will be prepared including all three interim
reports and a project summary, including a report of the training seminar.
This report, then, is the first in a series, and it describes the
Phase I results of constructing model networks and acquiring data necessary
to modify the mathematical models specified and to apply them to Pearl Harbor
and Waikele Stream with sufficient accuracy to pronounce them "verified" or
at least "calibrated" for use in future water quality management investigations,
WATER QUALITY MODELS—A DESCRIPTION
The Stream Model
The contract specified that a stream model known as DOSAG would
be modified and applied to Waikele Stream, a tributary of Pearl Harbor. This
model is a steady-state model used for predicting dissolved oxygen levels in
a stream under specified hydraulic and wasteload conditions.
For a number of reasons, WRE requested that another model known
as QUAL-II be substituted for DOSAG, and that substitution was approved
on June 12, 1973 (19)*. QUAL-II is a stream model as well; but it can
operate in a dynamic mode as well as a steady-state mode; it includes
ability to consider more constituents than DOSAG; it has some technical,
^Numbers in parentheses indicate references listed at the back of this
report.
- 2 -
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operational advantages over DOSAG; and, importantly, it is now completed
and documented (26). Although QUAL-II has ability to treat numerous
constituents, it will be applied in this project to model only dissolved
oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and coliform organisms; however, the
full model with all its other capabilities will be supplied at the end of
the project.
Simply stated, QUAL-II numerically solves mathematical expressions
for advection and dispersion, as well as individual constituent changes such
as decay or dieaway, for each of the physical computational elements into
which the stream has been arbitrarily but purposively divided. As might
be imagined these computations can be repeated through a series of time
steps thereby approximating the dynamic character of the stream, or the
model can be operated to progress through a series of numerical iterations
to attain the integrated, final, steady-state concentrations in each reach
along the stream without conscious attention to, or need for, a specific
time step or duration.
In either mode, however, it is worth noting that the model uses
constant values of inflows (for tributaries or waste discharges) with respect
to both water quantity and constituent concentrations. So even in the dynamic
mode, the model marches through time that is essentially the same day simulated
over and over again. The result is that the model eventually attains a set of
concentrations for each reach of the stream that would be attained during a
real-time period when inflows from tributaries and waste discharges were
constant. The things that can be changed to give the solution its dynamic
character are the sunlight energy for daylight and dark periods, and the
reaction rates for various constituents that are temperature dependent.
To summarize, the solution in dynamic mode is the simulated conditions over
a diurnal cycle in each reach of the stream, which is presumed to be
operating in real time in a steady-state hydrologic condition.
- 3 -
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This model will be applied to Waikele Stream from the outfall
of the Schofield Barracks waste treatment plant to the stream's mouth at
Pearl Harbor. The reader is referred to Chapter II in which the model
network is described.
The Estuary Models
The contract for this project specifies that two existing models
are to be modified and applied to Pearl Harbor. These are 1) a Dynamic
Estuary Model (DEM), which is a quasi-two-dimensional mathematical model
that operates on an arbitrary but purposeful network of interconnected
links to simulate the tidally dynamic behavior of an estuary; and
2) a Tidal Temperature Model (TTM), which performs necessary heat budget
calculations to predict water temperatures throughout the day and night
and throughout the network.
Together, with the temperature computations included in the
estuarial hydrodynamic and quality computations, these models can accept
a 25-hour tide and constant tributary and wasteflow inputs to simulate
a quasi-dynamic set of conditions in an estuary. In normal operation
the model (both pieces together) solves advection, dispersion, and
constituent alteration equations for small time steps over a tidal
cycle and then repeats these solutions for the following cycle over
and over until a "dynamic equilibrium" is attained, which means that
the concentrations at each point in the system are the same for the
last cycle as they were in the cycle before that. The solution is
similar in concept, then, though different in numerical technique, to
the solution produced by QUAL-II: it is an approximation of what wouVd
occur in an estuary over a period of tidal cycles during which the
estuary was receiving the same tributary runoff and waste discharges
day after day. In this project, two verification periods are to be
used, and the model is to be operated for 30 tidal cycles or until
"dynamic equilibrium" is attained, whichever occurs first.
- 4 -
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In addition to dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and
a conservative constituent, which the model can treat now, WRE is to
modify the model to treat:
1) Total nitrogen (conservative)
2) Salinity (conservative)
3) Phosphorus
4) Coliforms
5) Ammonia
6) Nitrite
7) Nitrate
8) Chlorophyll-a_
9) Two pesticides
10) Two heavy metals
The model will be applied to the network of Pearl Harbor
described in Chapter II.
DATA REQUIREMENTS
From the foregoing descriptions of these models, it is fairly
obvious that they require considerable data, at least to get started, so
they can use some given values to predict the values in the following
iteration or time step. These data can be categorized roughly into
several types of information which happen to form the Chapter headings
for this report. These are:
Study area configuration data,
Hydrologic and hydraulic data,
Water quality data, and
General area data.
- 5 -
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Study Area Configuration Data
These data are little more than maps of the water bodies in
question from which the locations of important features can be noted.
For example, sites of tributary inflows, waste discharges, historical
sampling stations, significant changes in geometry or topography, or
contractually specified boundaries all contributed to WRE's selection
of node locations for the estuary model and reach locations and extents
for the stream model.
These correspondences between the nodal networks and
prototype geography are explained in Chapter II.
Hydrologic and Hydraulic Data
Obviously critical data are those describing the presence and
movement of the water itself. Streamflow data from various seasons of
several years must be reviewed to choose two steady flow periods for
verification. Tributaries to Pearl Harbor other than Waikele Stream
must also be characterized with respect to flow. Then there is Pearl
Harbor itself, whose tidal input from the seaward boundary is the
critical driving force for movement within the Harbor. All these data
are rather easily available from the U.S. Geological Survey's annual
Streamflow data reports or the tide tables of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
Additionally, WRE had to develop data of its own to describe
the properties of its nodal networks. Slopes of stream reaches, Manning's
roughness factors, lengths of channels, and surface areas and volumes of
nodes are obvious properties that must be deduced from map measurements
or inspections in the field.
All such data, or at least their availability, are reported
in Chapter III.
- 6 -
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Water Quality Data
This, in a phrase, is the game we came to play. The utility of
these models will rise or fall on WRE's ability to show that they can
represent historical water quality with convincing accuracy. Consequently,
we have sought the most thorough data records to be found.
With respect to the Harbor, the records are complete almost
beyond imagination. The U.S. Navy's Environmental Protection Data Base
Program has collected and analyzed 49,500 water and sediment samples in
Pearl Harbor between September 1971 and December 1972! Approximately 100
sample stations were visited on numerous occasions throughout the period.
These data will be used for verification purposes for the Harbor model.
Their availability is detailed in Chapter IV.
As if that were not enough, some very complete sample records
were made during 1970-71 as well, this time by the Water Quality Program
for Oahu, which was a large study to characterize water quality management
needs for the entire Island. Some 10 sample stations were analyzed in
Pearl Harbor, in addition to many others in the ocean along the leeward
Oahu coast. These analyses, though not as intensive geographically as
the Navy's program and not as recent, nonetheless provide some important
back-up data that could be used to intuit specific behavior not characterized
by the Navy's data.
Waikele Stream quality data are virtually nonexistent, with
the exceptions of one Navy station and one USGS gaging station near the
mouth. The Water Quality Program for Oahu includes some prognostications
about nutrient loads, and the waste treatment plant data for discharges
to the stream and its tributaries offer some clues to the stream's quality;
but this verification will be much more suspect. We are, of course, only
modeling BOD, dissolved oxygen, and coliforms for the stream, whose
behavior is generally understood; and moreover the QUAL-II model is being
verified over and over in other EPA projects.
- 7 -
-------
The quality data available for the stream are summarized in
Chapter IV.
General Area Data
These data include meteorologic records available from the
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration station in Honolulu,
which are necessary for heat budget and water temperature predictions.
Moreover, these data include the reaction rates and other
physical "constants" that the models require. There are a large number
of such coefficients which WRE has reviewed and chosen in other projects (26),
They and the meteorologic records are summarized in Chapter V.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
For the most part the data base for the Harbor is adequate in
geographic coverage and breadth of constituents sampled for WRE to check
the estuary model and to infer, where coverage is inadequate, whether or
not the model is behaving reasonably. Strange as it may seem to some,
the data deficiencies, if they can be called that, are in the areas of
the fairly standard pollution measures: dissolved oxygen and BOD. (The
data from the Water Quality Program for Oahu, however, are quite adequate
in this respect, and BOD-DO relationships have been calibrated and verified
time and again.)
Another deficiency for which there appears to be no ready
palliative is the lack of chlorophyll-a_ or algal biomass data. Hopefully
from the one or two historical measurements and WRE's previous use of
these and similar models of algal growth, reasonable predictions can be
made.
- 8 -
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There is no question but that the data for Waikele Stream are
less than adequate for definitive validation. It is our opinion, however,
that the data records for the mouth of the stream, the waste discharge
data, and our experience in other watersheds with QUAL-II will allow a
verification of reasonableness for the application to Waikele Stream.
- 9 -
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II. STUDY AREA CONFIGURATION DATA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The island of Oahu rises from the Pacific Ocean at roughly 21°
30' N latitude and 158° 00' longitude. The Pearl Harbor drainage area
comprises about 90 square miles on the southern (leeward) side of the 600
square mile island. Five major streams drain into Pearl Harbor, one of
whicn is Waikele Stream, with a 45.7 square mile drainage area in the western
portion of the Pearl Harbor drainage basin. The geographic setting of the
Pearl Harbor area is shown in Figure 1.
Rainfall variations on Oahu are striking, and they result mainly
from the orographic effects of the mountains that intercept the northeasterly
tradewinds that blow two-thirds of the year ( 5). The rainfall near the
northeastern drainage divide of the Pearl Harbor basin can be as high as
225 inches per year, while only 10 miles or so to the southwest near Pearl
Harbor the rainfall will be 20 to 30 inches per year. About one-fifth of
the year cyclonic patterns of air circulation bring more intense storms that
fall rather uniformly across Oahu, and the Pearl Harbor area gets virtually
all its rainfall during these events. Rains associated with the tradewinds
and principally in tne mountains occur primarily during the summer, May
through September; cyclonic storms are winter-time phenomena, and they occur
from October through April.
PEARL HARBOR NETWORK
Physical Layout
A network of nodes and channels for the Pearl Harbor system
(infest, Middle, and East Lochs) has been constructed for modeling purposes
- 10 -
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N
SCHOFIELO p
BARRACKS
-------
Nodes (which are sometimes called "junctions") were selected first. These
nodes are points in the system where, in their immediately surrounding areas:
1) a major tributary or waste discharge enters the harbor;
2) an existing water quality monitoring station occurs;
3} a significant change in harbor geometry occurs; or
4) no particularly significant event occurs, but a node
is needed within a reasonable travel time or distance
from adjacent nodes.
Channels or "links" are formed almost automatically as interconnections
between or among nodes. The model network is shown in Figure 2.
As will be described in more detail later, the nodes are defined
by a surface area, a volume, and a depth at mean tide. Channels are defined
by a length, a width, a cross-sectional area, and a depth (at mean tide) at
their midpoint. In the model to be adapted and applied in later phases of
the work, masses of water, and quality and biological constituents will be
mathematically moved along the channels from node to node where they will be
essentially "stored" during a 60-second time step; and quality and biological
concentrations will be changed appropriately each time step in the nodal
volumes of water.
Correspondence with Naval Sampling Stations
One of the major guidelines for selection of specific node point
locations was the location of sampling stations established and used by the
U. S. Navy's Environmental Protection Data Base Program. Since at least
September 1971, the Data Base has been collecting water quality and biological
samples at some 90 to 100 stations in Pearl Harbor, and at more stations at
the mouths of major tributaries. The water quality stations are shown in
Figure 3, and the biological and tributary stations are shown in Figure 4.
- 12 -
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legend
NODAL BOUNDARY
N
FIGURE 2 NODE-CHANNEL NETWORK FOR PEARL HARBOR
-------
WEST LOCH
SMOI* • SM04
SM02.
SM03*
•MO x
IDDLE /
.OCH >a>
MIDDLE
LOCH
JO_MJO_CG
N
\ \
FIGURE 3 U.S. NAVY SAMPLING STATIONS FOR WATER QUALITY IN PEARL HARBOR
-------
TT03
• TTOI
BM03*
• BMI6
BM07*
• BEOS TT07»
. BEI5*
BE02
BEOS
iBB14
BEI7 BEO4
BWI3 |
BCIO
• BCII
N
FIGURE 4 BIOLOGICAL AND TRIBUTARY SAMPLING STATIONS IN PEARL HARBOR
-------
Fairly obviously there are more sampling stations than nodes. In
Table 1 the model nodes are listed along with the sampling stations that
fall within each nodal area. It can be noted that all of the 56 nodes*
do not have corresponding sampling stations within their areai but more than
75 percent of the nodes do coincide closely with one or more of the sampling
stations, which will provide more than ample verification data.
The table indicates with an asterisk the stations that most
nearly correspond to the nodal points. Where possible the data gathered
at these particular stations will be used in the verification process. There
are several cases, however, where the station most nearly coinciding with a
nodal point does not have a data record at all or a sufficient data record,
so a second station in the area with a good data record was chosen to represent
the node. Such second-choice stations are noted in the table by an asterisk
placed in parentheses.
Correspondence with Point Discharges
Figure 5 shows the locations of point discharges of wastes
and the points of entry to the harbor of major tributaries. The model nodal
pattern is also reproduced in the figure so the nodes at which the point
inputs will be accepted in the model will be evident.
WAIKELE STREAM NETWORK
Physical Layout
The drainage basin for Waikele Stream is shown in Figure 6. The
Waikakalaua-Waikele stream system is the longest stream system on the island
* There is no node 24, which was omitted through an oversight, but which
makes no difference with respect to model operation.
- 16 -
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WAIKELE STREAM-
HONOULIULI
STREAM
WAIAU STREAM-
PEARL CITY STP-,
WAIPAHU
WAIPAHU
STABILIZATION -
POND EFF
-
.
NAD WEST_
LOCH STP
WAIAWA
/"STREAM
-HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
WAIMALU STREAM
KALAUAO STREAM
r
•
_FORD ISLAND
"STP
/' ,.>!
.
\
-POWER PLANT-
-AIEA STREAM
HALAWA STREAM
-.,
. ' '
FORT KAM STP
IROQUOIS POINT S.TP-
FIGURE 5 POINT DISCHARGES TO PEARL HARBOR RELATED TO NODAL NETWORK
-------
SCHOFIELD BARRACKS
STP
KONIA CAMP
•
, OAHU SUGAR > /
-" U IRRIGATION
/
N
thousands of feet
\
4-j- 1
\
-
N \
rf.WAIPAHU
legend
STREAM MILES
WEST '"'
LOCH
FIGURE 6 WAIKELE STREAM DRAINAGE BASIN
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TABLE 1
PEARL HARBOR MODEL NODES AND
CORRESPONDING NAVAL SAMPLING STATIONS
Model
Node
Naval
Water Quality
Stations
Naval
Biological
Stations
Model
Node
Naval
Water Quality
Stations
Naval
Biological
Stations
CA10
CB10
CB28*
CB30
CC10
CC20*
CC30
CD10
CD20*
CD30
WA10
WA20*
WA30
WB10
WB20*
WB30
BC12
BC11
BW13
BUI 4
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
SU01
WC10
WC20*
WC 30
WD20(*)
WD10 -
WE10
WE20*
WE 30
WF40
WF20
* Denotes the one station among several that is geographically most representative
of the indicated model node.
(*) Denotes station less than optimally representative, but where the only data
in the area exist.
- 19 -
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TABLE 1 (Continued)
Model
Node
Naval
Mater Quality
Stations
Naval
Biological
Stations
Model
Node
Naval
Water Quality
Stations
Naval
Biological
Stations
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
WF10
WF30
CF10
CF20(*)
CF30
TA10
TA20*
TA30
TB10
TB20
TB30
CG10
CG20*
CG30
MA10
MA20*
MA30
MA10
MB10*
MB20
31
32
BC10
BC09
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
MB20
MA30*
SM01
SM02*
SM03
SM04
SM05
SM06
MB30
MC10
MC20*
MC30
EA10
EA20*
EA30
EB10
EB20*
EB30
EC10*
EC20
SE04*
ED10
BM07
BM16
BM03
BE01
BE17
BE02
BE03
*Denotes station geographically most representative of the indicated model node.
(*)Denotes station less than optimally representative, but where the only data
in the area exist.
- 20 -
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TABLE 1 (Continued)
Naval Naval Naval Naval
Model Water Quality Biological Model Water Quality Biological
Node Stations Stations Node Stations Stations
41 SE05* BE04 52 EF30
42 SE06* BE04 53 EF40
43 SE03(-») BE15* 54 EG10
44 EE10 55 TC10
EE20* 56
45 EF10 BEOS „
EF20* 5/
46 EH20
EH30*
47 EI10
El 20*
EI30
48
49 EH10
50
51 TC20*
TC30
EG20(*)
EG30
'Denotes station geographically most representative of the indicated model node.
(*) Denotes station less than optimally representative, but where the only data in
the area exist.
- 21 -
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of Oahu (15). The drainage basin above the USGS gage on Waikele Stream
near Waipahu is 45.7 square miles in extent.
The portion of Waikele Stream to be modeled extends from the mouth
to the point of discharge of the Schofield Barracks effluent. The mouth, or
stream-mile 0, has been assumed in this study to coincide with the harbor
network's node 22. Six model reaches, as shown in Figure 7, span the nearly
10 miles from the stream's mouth to the Schofield Barracks discharge.
These model reaches are chosen as hydraulically and topographically
uniform pieces of the stream which together will adequately permit mathematical
approximation of the steady flows occurring along the stream. For more detail
of approximation, the reaches can be subdivided also into pieces called elements.
Elements in the Waikele Stream network are all one-quarter mile long; and the
reaches, which have various lengths, are comprised of 5 to 8 elements. Elements
allow finer-than-reach geographical detail and serve primarily as points of
input for specific waste discharges and inflows from tributaries or outflows
for irrigation or other diversion purposes.
The stream model known as QUAL-II, whose original version was
published by the Texas Water Development Board (14), will be used in this
study to model the hydrologic and quality behavior of Waikele Stream. This
model accounts for the water in a stream by accepting flows, as inputs at
the headwater and at elements along its length, and then computing heads and
velocities in each reach as functions of the flow in each reach. In algebraic
terms:
H =
and
V = cQd
wherein
H = average depth in the reach, ft.;
V = average velocity in the reach, ft/sec;
- 22 -
-------
800 -
k:
k
fc
5
600 -
400 -
200 -
W)
in
<
3
3
0 -
u
-C
r-^
1 |6 1 5
JX
1
4
li 5
$ !* co
r
1 3 I
«
2
>
1 1
J
/V«W»f/?
[6T5|4l3|2hl5f4T3[rp|e|7|6|5|4l37^lT7T6T5RT^2T7T^ I I ELEMENT NUMBER
I I I I I I I I I I I
01 23456789 10
RIVER MILE
FIGURE 7
WAIKELE STREAM PROFILE AND MODEL REACHES
-------
Q = flow in the reach, ft3/sec; and
a,b,c3d = coefficients, determined from field measurements of H, V,
and Q.
In this case, there were not sufficient data, or no data at all for
most reaches, to derive values of the coefficients directly from measurements
of H, V, and Q. Consequently, the cross-sectional geometries of various
Waikele Stream reaches were deduced from topographic maps in the offices of
the City and County of Honolulu Planning Department, and the coefficients
were derived from two applications (at two depths) of Manning's equation
for velocity
v . Ldi „'/, s1/,
and the continuity equation for flow
Q = A$V
wherein
n = Manning roughness coefficient;
R = hydraulic radius of the cross-section, or area
divided by wetted perimeter at any depth, H, ft;
S = slope of the reach, ft/ft;
A = cross-sectional area of the reach, at any depth, H,
ft2; and
Q and V are as previously defined.
The values of the coefficients thus derived, as well as the remaining
descriptions of the model reaches, are given in Table 2.
Correspondence with Sampling Stations
Unfortunately, there has been only one gaging station on Waikele
Stream where continuous records of flow have been kept. This is a U. S.
Geological Survey station near Waipahu, "on left bank 300 feet upstream from
- 24 -
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TABLE 2
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
WAIKELE STREAM MODEL ELEMENTS
Number of
Reach Elements
1 8
2 5
3 7
4 8
5 5
6 6
From
Upstream
River Mile
10
8
6
5
3
1
.0
.0
.75
.0
.0
.75
To
Downstream
River Mile
8
6
5
3
1
0
.0
.75
.0
.0
.75
.25
Average
Slope
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0146
.0106
.0190
.0190
.0126
.0018
Manning's H* = atf V**=cQd
n
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.030
a
0.093
0.087
0.074
0.074
0.077
0.095
b
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.59
0.59
o
0.90
0.77
0.94
0.94
0.76
0.47
d
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.36
*H = average depth of flow, in ft; Q = average flow, in ftVsec; a and b
are coefficients.
**V = average velocity, in ft/sec; Q = average flow, in ft3/sec; a and d
are coefficients.
- 25 -
-------
bridge on Highway 90 and 0.3 mile southwest of sugar refinery at Waipahu" (22),
This station will permit the only verification of the stream model,
and it is located in the model network at Reach No. 6, Element No. 4 (see
Figure 7).
Correspondence with Point Discharges
Also shown on the profile of Figure 7 are points of significant
inflow or diversion. It is to be noted that each of these points of inflow
or outflow has been assigned to a particular element of a particular reach.
The availability of data to describe the hydrology and quality of these
flows is indicated in subsequent chapters.
- 26 -
-------
III. HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC DATA
It appears already that considerable data are available for model
calibration and verification purposes. Most probably the data base is indeed
adequate, although some deficiencies exist. The major sources of data are
1) the Navy's Environmental Protection Data Base, which has supplied WRE
five unpublished summaries of water quality data for Pearl Harbor (23), and
2) the final report ( 5 ) and numerous task reports from the Water Quality
Program for Oahu with Special Emphasis on Waste Disposal, a study completed
in February 1972.
These available sources are principally related to Pearl Harbor,
however, and the data base for Waikele Stream modeling is considerably less
complete. Fortunately, the stream model is to include far fewer constituent
interrelationships than is the harbor model.
This chapter summarizes the availability of hydrologic and
hydraulic data necessary for operation and verification of the two models.
PEARL HARBOR HYDRAULICS
Tidal Stages
It mignt as well be reported at the outset that the totality of the
data reviewed in this study indicates that the majority of useful data has
been collected during calendar year 1972. This conclusion is drawn primarily
from the review of the data available through the Environmental Protection
- 27 -
-------
Data Base of the U. S. Navy, whose sampling program was clearly most ambitious
during this period.
The Water Quality Program for Oahu oceanographic studies task (10)(11)
also collected data in Pearl Harbor between June 1970 and March 1971; but
by comparison to the Navy's 118 quality, biological, and tributary stations,
the WQPO program had only 8 stations in and around Pearl Harbor.
Because the Navy data base is more extensive, as well as more recent,
it is WRE's intention to concentrate on the calendar year of 1972 as the period
for which model verifications will be performed.
Accordingly, tidal stage information will be taken from the 1972
Tide Tables (is) of the National Ocean Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce.
Tides for Honolulu are reported there and will be used.
Currents and Stratification
The WQPO reported (11) current and stratification data for the ocean
waters around Oahu that demonstrated that current magnitude and direction vary
seasonally and are affected by tides, winds, and eddies in still undetermined
degrees of importance.
Bathen's study ( 2 ) in 1972 at two points in Pearl Harbor indicated
that typical current velocities were 0.1 to 0.5 knots on the flood and ebb
tides, respectively, and resultant transport was seaward, to the south and
southeast.
In a WQPO report (11 ) and in Bathen's 1972 report (2 ) the work
of Au ( 1 ) in 1965 is referenced which shows that circulation in Pearl
Harbor is complex and stratified.
- 28 -
-------
The WQPO summary (11) with respect to Pearl Harbor says the following:
. . . Surface salinities have varied from 4.5 ppt to 36.4 ppt.
The average incoming oceanic salinity is 34.7 ppt and is a
characteristic of the bottom layer. An analysis of densities
showed values sloping to the east side of the lochs indicating
lighter, fresh water on the west side of the lochs. The pattern
defined by two recent surveys shows a counterclockwise circulation
of a two-layered system. Incoming tidal waters flow on the
bottom up the east side of East Loch with return flow concentrated
on the west side. At the same time, surface flow is continuous
in a seaward direction. Velocities of the surface layer are about
0.7 knots with a measured maximum of 0.95 knots.
Winds are predominantly from a quadrant from north to east
73 percent of the year. The average wind velocity is 11 knots.
Kona winds from a southerly quadrant occur seven percent of the
time at an average of ten knots.
In addition to this information, WRE has heard by private
communication from Dr. Evan C. Evans III of the Naval Undersea Research
and Development Center that circulation in Pearl Harbor could be influenced
markedly by the movements of large ships.
All this leads to the necessity for a strong caveat about the
mathematical model to be applied in this study to Pearl Harbor. The hydraulic
portion of the model represents water movement through simultaneous solution
of 1) a continuity equation (solved at nodes) and 2) a momentum equation
(solved in the channels). The advective movement of water is characterized
solely by reactions to 1) differences in head at the junctions or nodes
caused by the tide or incoming fresh water and 2) differences (if any) in
friction at the bottom of channels. Channels, of course, are straight
lines lying in positions defined by the arbitrarily selected positions of
the nodes. Flows in the channels are assumed to be unidirectional along
- 29 -
-------
these channels (either "forward" or "backward" during a given time step);
and they are assumed to be fully mixed, i_.e_., nonstratified. Moreover,
although wind effects have been included in hydraulic models similar to
this one, these effects are not represented in the model to be used in
this study.
From the foregoing descriptions of what appears to occur
hydraulically in Pearl Harbor and of what the model will do, it is apparent
that the model will represent Pearl Harbor hydraulics (and hence water
quality) in only a general way. This may very well be quite adequate for
water quality planning purposes! However, it may as well be understood
at the beginning that the estuary model to be applied in this study to
Pearl Harbor was never intended to be, and most probably will not be, a
theoretically, scientifically complete description of this particular water
body. Checking its results against measured salinities at various depths
or velocity magnitudes or directions at various points is likely to be a
fruitless exercise.
What can be expected is that the modeled velocities in the channels
will range roughly from 0.05 to 1.5 feet per second, that there will be a net
seaward flow caused by the tributary and waste discharge inputs, and that
salinities near the Harbor shore will be less than those near the mouth (on
ebb tides at least). Moreover, the model could be used in subsequent studies
to observe the general movement of quality constituents away from a selected
point of discharge to other parts of the Harbor or toward and through the
mouth (this probably being done most effectively by imposing arbitrarily high
concentrations of material at the discharge point or low concentrations,
such as 0, at all other points.) Numerous other such uses, such as simulating
combinatorial discharge effects, can be envisioned.
- 30 -
-------
Depths-Areas-Vol times
Data that are quite readily available are those describing the
network for Pearl Harbor that WRE has constructed. Characteristics of the
56 model nodes, including surface area, mean depth, and volume at mean tide,
appear in Table 3. The areas were planimetered from a 1:12,500 scale map.
The depths were computed as the weighted average depths of the channels
entering each node. The weighting factor was the surface area of the
channels entering the node. Volume was calculated by multiplying the
calculated depth of the node by the measured surface area and rounding
appropriately.
The channel data are given in Table 4. The lengths and widths
were scaled from the 1:12,500 scale map, and the depths were taken by
inspection from the recorded soundings as the average depth at mean tide
throughout each channel's area. The cross-sectional areas were computed
as the calculated depth times the measured width and rounded appropriately.
Tributary Inflows
A 1971 publication by the U. S. Geological Survey (15) presents
mean annual runoff data for stations tributary to Pearl Harbor during the
period 1931 to 1960. The streams reported there are Halawa, Kalauao, Waimalu,
Waiawa, and Waikele, in addition to several tributaries of these streams.
Additionally, the 1969 FWPCA report (13) indicates that the projections
of waste loads in these streams for future years are based on wintertime
average flows in 1969, which flow data are also available. The wintertime
flow data from FWPCA, however, are much higher than the long-term average
annual records of the USGS, as might be expected. Every effort will be
made in model verification to use records from the period being simulated,
although we have heard ( 3 ) that the gaging station on Waimalu Stream was
discontinued in 1970.
- 31 -
-------
TABLE 3
PEARL HARBOR MODEL NETWORK DATA--
NODE CHARACTERISTICS
Node
Number
1
2
4
5
6
7
A
9
30
11
1?
13
14
15
If,
17
1M
1"
20
21
??
?3
?•?
?6
?7
,?R
29
30
31
3r
33
34
35
$f,
37
^ft
?9
in
Measured Calc.
Surface Jepth At
Area, Mean Tide,
ft2 x 10"6 feet
1 0 . 0 1! ? 6 . H
7. P.ft ?9.i>
4./^ 4*,.?
5. OS 43.1
2.61 *4. 1
3..?1' 4rt.t
?.!•* =»P.7
3.70 20. b
2.^? 11.3
2.0* 6 • 2
?.?.. i.7
3.QS ,.«.]
1.H4 13.3
?.«*!> lh.9
2.7'- ".I
4 . '4 P 1 C' . 4
'* . h 7 7.1
3.4* 7.9
2.53 f> . 1
5.0? 43.5
5. H^ 41.2
7.34 ^9.8
5.10 ^9.7
3.Srt ?9.t*
5.0^ ?5.h
4. '36 *5.7
4.6U ?l.f-
4.14 ? 1J . 4
2.S7 ??.9
1.3f. ?0.7
? . 5 *> ? ? . 4
4.71 4b.7
61 £ Li X LL
• 1 * " «J • ^
3.1< 7-0. fl
1.2ft 31 .f.
Calculated
Volume,
ft2 x 10"6
21PJ2
216.4
159.9
iielo
135.6
b^. 0
7P.1
33.0
1?.9
h. 1
24.7
2" .5
16.9
2?. 5
if- . (1
3U .6
27.3
15.4
P1P.4
?1? .7
29?. 1
202.5
118.6
130.0
162.8
300.2
117.6
58.9
26.9
57. A
219.5
267.3
123 .1
39. P
Channels Entering Node
l
1
i
7
8
10
9
12
11
15
19
22
20
16
11
29
26
32
31
31
5
37
38
10
12
15
13
47
18
51
55
52
39
58
60
61
2
3
1
6
7
B
9
11
13
15
19
22
21
23
21
17
30
32
31
33
36
27
38
10
1?
15
17
16
51
53
55
57
56
5A
59
61
5
10
12
11
16
20
23
24
25
27
31
33
35
35
39
11
13
16
1ft
19
52
51
b6
57
60
62
17
21
25
26
2P
30
36
41
UP
50
53
50
54
63
13
?7
29
28
- 32 -
-------
TABLE 3
(Continued)
Node
Number
41
43
44
4^
46
47
4f}
49
SO
11 1
52
53
*-4
fe5
56
57
Measured
Surface
Area,
ft2 x 10"6
5
4
b
&
6
u
3
6
f
•»
>.
3
2
3
3
1
.68
.6?
.56
.S4
.54
.41
. 12
.n?
.44
.16
.11
.6H
.'16
.0?
.6?*
.70
.•5q
Calc.
Depth At
Mean Tide,
feet
:t
?5
*b
•^1
^f»
4 1
LI 0
93
72
*1
30
1'J
1 ?
11
^
3
"p
.9
.3
.4
.2
.4
.2
.2
.0
.&
.7
.9
. 3
.4
.4
.n
Calculated
Volume,
ft2 x 10"6
32.2
25.9
199. £
174.4
174.0
?39.0
253.4
163. &
8°. 1
197.1
193.1
113. 0
73.0
34.7
41.3
34. P
4.2
Channels Entering Node
6?
63
59
65
64
69
41
73
77
74
70
67
68
86
83
80
79
64
66
f9
72
44
76
79
7«
75
71
89
90
91
92
92
65
67
70
73
76
77
80
81
84
87
88
90
91
68
71
74
72
78
81
82
85
88
85
P2
66
75
A3
A&
89
84
87
- 33 -
-------
TABLE 4
PEARL HARBOR MODEL NETWORK DATA--
CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS
Channel
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
e
9
10
11
12
13
11
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
21
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3d
39
40
41
«»2
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Measured
Length,
feet
3540
2500
2550
2500
3130
2530
3750
2950
2500
2240
1970
2040
2040
1740
1800
1950
2220
I860
2290
I960
1950
2060
1740
1770
1490
1*30
2500
1790
2570
2140
2390
2240
2520
2660
1*60
2530
3070
3010
2950
3630
2340
2390
2570
2250
2450
2440
2530
2640
2390
Measured
Width,
feet
7330
1460
1250
940
1720
830
730
1150
1200
630
1250
940
1200
890
1150
1140
1130
730
1130
1110
1040
1100
1150
520
520
1040
1040
1040
1250
630
1350
1350
1150
1300
1150
1350
1880
1040
1460
1150
1250
1250
1350
1770
1350
1460
1460
1350
1300
Calc. Depth
at Mean Tide,
feet
23.8
46.7
43.5
41.8
43.5
46.7
50.0
41.8
36.9
12.3
27.0
30.3
25.4
20.5
15.2
15.6
18.8
5.7
10.0
12.3
3.4
9.0
4.1
9.0
9.0
15.6
15.6
9.0
9.0
4.7
8.3
10.0
5.7
8.0
6.7
43.5
36.9
46.7
41.8
41.8
36.9
36.9
41.8
17.2
38.5
17.2
33.6
35.3
32.0
Calculated
Cross-sectional
Area, ft2
79300
68200
54400
39300
74800
38800
36500
48100
44300
7700
33800
28500
30500
18200
17500
17800
21200
4200
11300
13700
3500
9900
4700
4700
4700
16200
16200
9400
11300
3000
11200
13500
6600
104QO
7700
58700
694QO
48600
61000
48100
46100
46100
56400
30400
52000
25100
49100
47700
416QO
End
(1)
1
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
8
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
30
30
30
31
Nodes
(2)
2
3
4
5
25
6
7
a
10
9
12
11
12
IB
13
17
16
14
16
17
15
16
16
17
20
IB
20
19
20
22
21
22
23
22
23
26
27
37
26
47
29
31
47
30
31
32
33
31
33
- 34 -
-------
Channel
Number
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Measured
Length,
feet
2640
2460
2650
2290
1770
2060
1520
2640
2520
2350
2160
24QO
2380
2330
26AO
2400
2190
2990
3170
2660
2350
3400
2960
2580
2590
2730
2360
2590
1630
2610
2960
2670
2330
2990
2500
2550
2770
2160
2140
3230
3060
2070
Measured
Width,
feet
1040
1330
1430
1040
1040
1150
940
1460
?190
1150
630
520
570
1560
1150
1410
1340
940
1350
1560
1390
1040
1610
1500
1560
1350
940
1520
1250
1300
1560
1560
1450
1510
1460
1470
1460
690
1250
990
830
630
TABLE 4
(Continued)
Calc. Deptn
at Mean Tide,
feet
22.1
23.4
23.8
23.1
23.4
23.4
17.2
46.7
41.8
41.8
31.6
36.6
41.8
22.1
41.8
40.2
36.9
20.5
20.5
36.9
40.2
40.2
41.8
41.8
36.9
41.8
36.9
38.5
3.4
7.4
36.9
17.2
17.2
36.9
17.2
20.5
36.5
7.4
17.2
5.7
2.8
2.4
Calculated
Cross-sectional
Area, ft2
23000
31100
34000
24000
24300
26900
16200
68200
91500
4P1QO
19900
19000
23800
34500
48100
56700
49400
19300
27700
57600
55900
41800
67300
66000
57600
56400
34700
58500
4300
9600
57600
26800
24900
55700
251QO
30100
56200
6600
21500
5600
2300
1500
End
(1)
32
32
32
33
34
34
35
37
38
38
39
39
39
43
43
44
44
44
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
47
48
48
49
49
49
50
50
50
51
51
51
52
52
54
55
56
Nodes
(2)
34
36
33
36
35
36
36
38
43
39
40
41
42
45
44
45
52
53
46
51
52
47
48
50
51
48
49
50
57
56
50
56
55
51
55
54
52
54
53
55
56
57
- 35 -
-------
The USGS records (15) indicate that the five major tributaries
contributed 42.47 mgd of water per year to Pearl Harbor between 1931 and
1960. The wintertime data of FWPCA (13) for 1969 indicate an inflow of
177.3 mgd from the five streams during January, February, and March.
WAIKELE STREAM HYDROLOGY
Profile and Cross Sections
The profile of Waikele Stream has been shown in Figure 7, and
the slopes of various reaches have been given in Table 2. As stated
previously the cross sections were approximated from topographic maps in
the offices of the City and County of Honolulu Planning Department. All
cross sections were approximated as trapezoids with sides sloping upward
with a 2:1 horizontal-to-vertical ratio. The widths of the bottoms were
approximated as 14, 18, 18, 18, 20, and 25 feet for the reaches from 1
through 6, respectively.
Flow Data
Headwater Inflow Estimates. It appears that Waikele Stream is
essentially dry during the summer months above the Schofield Barracks
waste discharge point (4 ). The wintertime flow condition is much more
difficult to estimate.
The U. S. Geological Survey (15) has estimated that the average
annual runoff at the 800 foot altitude during the period 1931-1960 was 1.47
mgd. Since the 800 foot elevation occurs just above the Schofield Barracks
discharge point, we propose to use that figure as the wintertime headwater
flow estimate. However, subsequent analyses should likely attempt to derive
estimates of monthly flow for particular periods of interest, based on
ungaged watershed hydrologic evaluations.
- 36 -
-------
Tributary Inflows and Diversions. Waikakalaua Stream is not
gaged, although the USGS (15) has estimated that the average annual flow at
the 800 foot altitude (about one-third of its length upstream from the mouth)
was 3.39 mgd for the period 1931-60.
Kipapa Stream has been monitored for flow continuously from at
least September 1970 to the present. Partial records for quality and
flow on Kipapa Stream (and other streams) have been provided to us in
preliminary form (3 ). The long-term mean annual runoff of Kipapa Stream
two-thirds of the way up the stream has been reported as 6.42 mgd (15).
Records which we do not have apparently exist for a station near the mouth
of Kipapa Stream for the period December 1966 to March 1968. From flow-
duration curves for the two stations during the 1966-1968 period (15) it
can be inferred that the flow at the mouth of Kipapa stream was nearly 2
mgd higher than when the long-term average flow of 6.42 mgd occurred at the
upstream gage. On the other hand during low flow periods the downstream
gage showed lower flows indicating seepage into the streambed of 0.35 mgd
between the two stations or 0.04 mgd per mile of stream (15). It appears
that Kipapa Stream can have a wintertime monthly flow of approximately 10
mgd, and a summertime flow of less than 1 and perhaps as low as 0.1 mgd.
A point of diversion along the Waikele Stream system is the
Waiahole Ditch which brings fresh water to the area from the eastern side
of the Koolau Range. The Ditch reportedly (15) brings upwards of 30 mgd into
the Central Oahu area, but some 2.2 mgd of water are also diverted into the
ditch from Waikele Stream.
The streambed itself apparently acts as a point of diversion
because, like Kipapa Stream, Waikele apparently contributes its low-flow
waters to seepage into the ground. The following observations were made by
a USGS hydrologist (4 ) who knows the stream:
- 37 -
-------
During low-flow periods:
1) The stream is usually dry above the Schofield Barracks
discharge.
2) The discharge from Schofield percolates into the streambed,
and the stream becomes dry again at some (unspecified) point
downstream.
3) The stream remains dry until the confluence with Waikakalaua
Stream, which contributes about one-eighth of the total flow
measurable downstream near the mouth. This flow includes
the Wai pio Acres sewage treatment plant flow [0.15 mgd].
4) Between this confluence and the confluence witn Kipapa
Stream a small flow is maintained with some withdrawal
[Waiahole Ditch, for sure, and perhaps others] occurring
for irrigation; and some irrigation water returns to the
stream.
5) Kipapa Stream contributes about three-eighths of the
downstream flow, and this contribution includes the
Mililani sewage treatment plant effluent [0.12 mgd].
6) Below the confluence of Kipapa and Waikele Streams, the
flow is approximately doubled by the inflow from springs.
The US6S report (15) suggests that the inflow from springs near
the mouth is approximately 10 mgd and is perennial.
Gaged Outflows
Records of daily streamflow in Waikele Stream are apparently
available for the period from 1951 to the present (4) (15) (21) (22),
with a break in the record occurring from October 1959 to July 1960, at
- 38 -
-------
which time the gage near Waipahu was moved 300 feet upstream.
We have been supplied some preliminary daily flow data
for some days during the winter of 1971-72 and two or three measurements
per day for the period of July through September, 1972 (3 )• Gaged
outflow data are more than sufficient for modeling purposes. The long-term
mean annual flow has been reported (15) to be 25.9 mgd.
- 39 -
-------
IV. HATER QUALITY DATA
PEARL HARBOR
Navy Sampling Stations
The availability of water quality data for Pearl Harbor is
summarized in Table 5. [The tables for this chapter are so long that
for continuity of explication they appear together at the end of the
chapter.] The data summarized are those of the Environmental Protection
Data Base, provided through the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory at
Port Hueneme, California (24)(25). Only a portion of the data available
are summarized, because 1) only those sampling stations most nearly
representative of WRE's model nodes are summarized, and 2) data availability
during the months of February tnrough April and August through October, 1972
are summarized. There simply had to be a mode of presentation that brought
the mass of available data down to manageable, reportable proportions,
and the choice was to limit the presentation to those data that would
directly serve the purposes of the modeling activity.
Part of WRE's charge here is to note data deficiencies as well as
data adequacies. We do not necessarily intend to imply, for model nodes
listed in Table 5 for which no sampling stations exist in their immediate
environs, that a data "deficiency" therefore exists. It was stated earlier
that there had to be a certain number of nodes for hydraulic continuity alone
that did not necessarily require a body of verification data to be useful.
Indeed it is WRE's conclusion that the Navy's sampling program has been more
than adequately comprehensive geographically to satisfy verification purposes.
What must be viewed as deficiencies although relatively minor ones, are the
partial or complete absences of some data at certain sampling stations,
although the constituents not measured at some of these stations have been
measured at others.
- 40 -
-------
A major deficiency for WRE's purposes is that chlorophyll-a_ or
phytoplankton biomass appears to never have been measured in the Navy's
program. This can hardly be taken as a criticism of the Navy at this
point, of course; the program was most ambitious—measuring as many as 30
different constituents at numerous stations over an extended period of
time.
Chiorophyll-a_ data were apparently (11) measured by Au and
reported in 1965 (1 ). The WQPO (11) reported that chlorophyll-a_
averaged 6 milligrams per cubic meter and ranged from 2 to 8 mg Chl-a_/m3
in the standing crop. The report (11) also notes that Au believed that
phytoplankton in Pearl Harbor were high compared to Kaneohe Bay, and
that the phytoplankton were actively using phosphate phosphorus, "since
the PCL values appeared low where concentrations would be expected to be
higher."
Tributaries and Municipal Waste Discharges
The availability of quality data for streams tributary to Pearl
Harbor and for sewage treatment plant (STP) discharges is summarized in Table
6. It can be noted there that for the year 1972, which is the most compre-
hensively covered period with respect to Harbor data, that the tributaries
were sampled virtually exclusively in the winter months. The waste treatment
plants were sampled fairly well throughout the period.
The Water Quality Program for Oahu has reported (5 )(6 ) quality
data for the same treatment plants and tributaries for earlier periods, but
without specifying the exact periods of record. Nonetheless, these apparently
average annual data are also available from which estimates can be made for
some of the missing data.
- 41 -
-------
Few if any data are available for heavy metals in sewage discharges,
but one of the WQPO reports (8 ) indicates that discharges of these materials
in wastewaters is negligible, even though significant quantities are found
in various places in Pearl Harbor sediments.
Shipboard wastes
No data appear to be available to characterize the waste loads
apparently added to Pearl Harbor from sanitary waste collection facilities
aboard large ships, principally if not exclusively those of the U. S. Navy.
The WQPO was not able to report such figures (8 ), and Navy personnel in
charge of design of facilities to receive such wastes have reported to us
that their amounts and qualities are currently (summer 1973) being
characterized for the Navy by several consultants.
The WQPO did report (8) that radioactive waste discharges from
nuclear facilities belonging to the Navy at Pearl Harbor were negligible.
The concentrations of these discharges were reported in curies per year,
and no attempt was made (has been made?) to characterize the individual
species. That is to say, no classification of alpha, beta, or gamma emitters
has been made, much less a sorting by species such as zinc-65, strontium-90,
and the old catchall for the rest--"mixed fission products".
WAIKELE STREAM
Measured Stream Quality
The 1969 report of the FWPCA (13) reports a few measured constituent
concentrations for Waikele Stream, apparently sampled in early 1969, for pH,
coliforms, "total PO^-P", and suspended and settleable solids. The WQPO
has reported (7 ) mass emission rates for nitrogen and phosphorus at an
- 42 -
-------
average flow ("Q") of 26.8 mgd. (The origin of that flow is not given.
Elsewhere in the same report the average storm runoff is reported as
14.3 mgd.)
The two sources of raw data for the stream, measured during
the period of greatest interest here, are 1) the Navy sampling program
wherein the stream was measured at tributary station TT01, and 2) the
preliminary USGS records we have been supplied for water year 1972 at the
gage at the mouth of the stream. These data are summarized in Table 7.
It might be noted that the USGS reported (3 ) 35 different water
properties on a single day in June 1972 for its gaging station, including
alkalinity (66 mg/1 as CaC03), C02 (2.6 mg/1), pH (7.7), numerous heavy
metals, and others. Stream quality monitoring is improving. Still there
were no chlorophyll-a_ measurements reported.
Tributaries and Waste Discharges
Table 8 describes the availability of data for tributaries to
Waikele Stream and for waste discharges in the area. The data for Kipapa
Stream are preliminary data supplied by USGS ( 3 ). The data for Mililani
and Waipio Acres sewage treatment plants are in the offices of the City and
County of Honolulu, who supplied the data summaries for these plants in
their reported form (16). The data for Schofield Barracks are available
in the offices of the Hawaii Department of Health, where WRE summarized
them in their present form during a visit to that office in February
1973.
No data have been found for Waikakalaua Stream itself, or for
the Huliwai Gulch, Oahu Sugar irrigation return, or the Naval Ammunition
Depot sewage treatment plant shown on Figure 7, the Waikele Stream profile.
Although these discharges are all apparently rather small, we will approximate
- 43 -
-------
their qualities from data at nearby locations and from the information
derived in "The Effect of Agricultural Return Waters on Groundwater Quality,"
Chapter VI of the Work Area 2B Final Report, one of the volumes reported
by the WPQO. This chapter includes some estimates of Waiahole Ditch and
groundwater qualities with respect to nitrogen, phosphorus, and TDS. If
need be, we will estimate qualities of surface water agricultural returns
from these previous estimates.
- 44 -
-------
TABLE 5
AVAILABLE QUALITY DATA FOR
PEARL HARBOR SAMPLING STATIONS
Model Node Number _]_
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 2
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Number
2/72
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
3
Of
3/72
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
Samples Analyzed
Than 5-foot Depth
4/72
Naval
3
2
3
2
Naval
3
3
3
1
1
2
8/72
Sampling
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
Sampling
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
at Greater
9/72
Station
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10/72
CB20
1
1
1
1
CC20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 45 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number _3__ Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 4 Naval Sampling Station CD20
Temperature 25411 2
Dissolved Oxygen 25211 2
Salinity 25411 2
Ammonia 1 2
Nitrate 1
Nitrite 1 1
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus 4111 2
Copper
ZiHc 1 1 2
Coliforms (surface only) 33311
Total Organic Carbon 1 2
- 46 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 5 Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 6 Naval Sampling Station WA2Q
Temperature 27611 3
Dissolved Oxygen 24311 3
Salinity 27611 3
Ammonia 3
Nitrate 1
Nitrite 4
Total Nitrogen 1
Total Phosphorus 3211 3
Copper
Zinc 1 1
Coliforms (surface only) 4 1
Total Organic Carbon 2 1
- 47 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 7
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
2
2
2
2
6
3
6
2
2
1
Naval
4
2
4
1
3
2
1
Sampling
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
1
1
1
1
1
WB20
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
Model Node Number 8
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Ni trate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station BUI4
- 48 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 9
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
2
2
2
Naval Sampling Station SW01
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
Model Node Number 10
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station UC20
2
2
2
8
3
8
2
2
1
4
2
4
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
- 49 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 11 Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 12 Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
- 50 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number _1_3.
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station None
Model Node Number 14
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station WD2°
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1 •
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
3
1
- 51 -
-------
Model Node Number J5
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72
Naval Sampling
1 2 1
1 1
1 2 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
at Greater
9/72 10/72
Station UD10
2
2
2
1
1 1
1
2 1
Model Node Number 16
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station None
- 52 -
-------
Model Node Number 17
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 18
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of
2/72 3/72
1 4
1 2
1 4
2
1
1
1 5
1 3
1 5
3
2
1
Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
4/72 8/72 9/72
Naval Sampling Station
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
Naval Sampling Station
4 1 1
2 1 1
4 1 1
1
2 1
1 1
2 1 1
10/72
WE10
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
WE20
3
3
3
2
1
3
1
1
- 53 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 19
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station NF40
1 5
1 3
1 5
4
2
4
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
21
2
2
2
2
Model Node Number 20
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
4
2
4
2
1
Naval Sampling Station NF20
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
2
1
- 54 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 21
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station WF10
6
3
6
2
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
Model Node Number 22
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station WF30
4
2
4
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
- 55 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 23 Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 25 Naval Sampling Station CF20
Temperature 14 2 4 1 1 1
Dissolved Oxygen 62211 1
Salinity 224111
Ammonia ! !
Nitrate 2
Nitrite 2 '
Total Nitrogen ]
Total Phosphorus 21111
Copper
Zinc 971
Coliforms (surface only) i ?
Total Organic Carbon ' i
- 56 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number _26 Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 27 Naval Sampling Station CG20
Temperature 51312 3
Dissolved Oxygen 51212 3
Salinity 5 5122
Ammonia 2
Nitrate 1
Nitrite 1
Total Nitrogen 1
Total Phosphorus 11112 3
Copper
Zinc 1
Coliforms (surface only) 1312
Total Organic Carbon 4
- 57 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed
Than 5-foot Depth
Model Node Number 28
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 29
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
2/72 3/72 4/72
Naval
3 1 6
3 1 5
3 1 8
2
4
1 1 1
1
1 5
2
Naval
3 1
3 1
3^
1
1 1
3
8/72
Sampling
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
Sampling
1
1
1
1
at Greater
9/72
Station
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
2
2
2
1
2
2
10/72
MA2Q
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
MA10
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
- 58 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 30
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station MB10
4
3
4
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
Model Node Number 31
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station MA30
3
3
3
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
2
- 59 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
Model Node Number 32
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 33
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
rnlifnrmc f cnrfare nnlw^
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72
Naval Sampling Station
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1
2 1
2 1
1
1 1 2
1
1 2 2
Naval Sampling Station
21 12
31 12
21212
1 1
1
1 1 2
2
10/72
SM02
4
4
4
4
3
4
2
2
MB 30
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
2
Total Organic Carbon
- 60 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number J4_
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
3
3
3
Naval Sampling Station MC10
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
1
1
1 2
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
Model Node Number 35
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station None
- 61 -
-------
Model Node Number 36
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 37
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Naval Sampling Station MC2°
31421 3
31421 3
_ _ • A 1 O
31421 3
1^
3
1 2
4 2
3
, _ 1 T *5
11 113
10
£-
3f\ i i
2 1 1
3T
1
Naval Sampling Station EA20
51321 1
5 1211
51321 1
1 1
1 1
2
1
1 111
1 1 1
2331
4 2
- 62 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed
Than 5-foot Depth
Model Node Number 38
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 39
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
2/72 3/72 4/72
Naval
5 1 4
5 2
5 1 4
1 1 1
224
2
Naval
5 1 2
5
5 1 2
1
1
1
1
1 4
3 1
8/72
Sampling
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
Sampling
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
at Greater
9/72
Station
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
1
1
1
1
1
10/72
EB20
1
1
1
1
1
EC10
1
1
1
1
1
- 63 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 40
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station SE04
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
Model Node Number 41
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station SE05
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
- 64 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number _42 Naval Sampling Station SE06
Temperature 121 2
Dissolved Oxygen 121 2
Salinity 1212
Ammonia 1 1 2
Nitrate 1
Nitrite 1
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus 2 1 2
Copper
Zinc 1 2
Coliforms (surface only) 2 1 1
Total Organic Carbon 1 1
Model Node Number 43 Naval Sampling Station SE03
Temperature 2 1 2
Dissolved Oxygen 2 1 2
Salinity 2 1 2
Ammonia 1 1 2
Nitrate 1
Nitrite 1
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus 2 1 2
Copper
Zinc 1 1
Coliforms (surface only) 2 1 1
Total Organic Carbon 1
- 65 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
Model Node Number 44
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 45
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72
Naval Sampling
3112
3 1 2
3112
1 1
1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1
Naval Sampling
3 1 2
1 1 2
3
2
2
1 1 1
1
1 1
9/72
Station
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
1
1
1
1
1
1
10/72
EE20
3
3
2
3
1
3
1
EF20
1
1
1
1
- 66 -
-------
Model Node Number 46
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 47
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of
2/72 3/72
10 1
3 1
10 1
1
Samples Analyzed
Than 5-foot Depth
4/72 8/72
Naval Sampling
1
1
1
1
1
1
at Greater
9/72
Station
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
Naval Sampling Station
3 1
3 1
3 1
1 1
1
2
4 2
3 2
6 2
1 2
2 2
1 1
3 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
10/72
EH30
2
2
2
1
2
1
EI20
3
3
2
3
1
3
- 67 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number _4jj_ Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 49 Naval Sampling Station EH10
Temperature 10 1 122
Dissolved Oxygen 31 122
Salinity 10 1 122
Ammonia 1 2
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus ! "I 122
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only) 1 1 1
Total Organic Carbon 1
- 68 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number J>0_ Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 51 Naval Sampling Station EG20
Temperature 5 2211
Dissolved Oxygen 1 2211
Salinity 5 221
Ammonia 1 1
Nitrate 2
Nitrite 2
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus 1111
Copper
Zinc 1 1
Coliforms (surface only) 1111
Total Organic Carbon
- 69 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
Model Node Number 52
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Mitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 53
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
2/72 3/72 4/72
Naval
3 1 2
1 1 1
3 2
1
1
1 1 1
2
2
1
Naval
3 1
1
3 1
1 1
8/72
Sampling
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sampling
2
2
2
1
1
9/72
Station
1
1
1
1
1
Station
1
1
1
1
1
10/72
EF30
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
EF40
1
1
1
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
- 70 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 54
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
5
1
5
Naval Sampling Station EG10
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
Model Node Number 55
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Naval Sampling Station TC10
- 71 -
-------
TABLE 5
(Continued)
Number of Samples Analyzed at Greater
Than 5-foot Depth
2/72 3/72 4/72 8/72 9/72 10/72
Model Node Number 56_ Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
Model Node Number 57 Naval Sampling Station None
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Ammonia
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms (surface only)
Total Organic Carbon
- 72 -
-------
TABLE 6
AVAILABILITY OF WATER QUALITY DATA FOR TRIBUTARIES
AND WASTE DISCHARGES TO PEARL HARBOR
Constituent
Number of Analyses or
Genera] Data Availability
Location: Waikele Stream
Model Node Number: 22 Source: Navv Station TTQ1
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
6
5
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
Location: Waiawa Stream
Model Node Number:
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
33 Source: Navy Station TT02
rd: 2/72
6
5
1
3
2
3/72
2
2
1
4
1
1
2
2
4/72
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 73 -
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
Number of Analyses or
Constituent General Data Availability
Location: Waiau Stream
Model Node Number: 57 Source: Navy Station TT03
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature 6 2 1
Dissolved Oxygen 5 2
Total Dissolved Solids 1 1 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N 1
Nitrite-N 1
Total-N
Phosphorus 3 3 1
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms 1
BOD 1 1
Location: Waimalu Stream
Model Node Number: 55 Source: Navy Station TT04
Period of Record: 2/72
Temperature 5
Dissolved Oxygen 4
Total Dissolved Solids 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus 4
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
- 74 -
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
Constituent
Number of Analyses or
General Data Availability
Location: Kalauao Stream
Model Node Number: 54 Source: Navy Station TT05
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
6
5
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Location: Aiea Stream
Model Node Number: 53 Source: Navy Station TT06
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 75 -
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
Number of Analyses or
Constituent General Data Availability
Location: Halawa Stream
Model Node Number: 44 Source: Navy Station TT07
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature 6 2 1
Dissolved Oxygen 5 2 1
Total Dissolved Solids 1 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N 1
Nitrite-N 1
Total-N
Phosphorus 3 1
Copper
Zinc 1
Coliforms ! !
BOD 1
Location: Honouliuli Stream
Model Node Number: 15 Source: Navy Station TT08
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature 2 2 1
Dissolved Oxygen 2 2 1
Total Dissolved Solids 1 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N !
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus 2 3 1
Copper 2
Zinc 1
Coliforms 1
BOO 2
- 76 -
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
Number of Analyses or
Constituent General Data Availability
Location: Hawaiian Electric Cooling Water
Model Node Number: 56 Source: Navy Station SD45
Period of Record: 3/72
Temperature 1
Dissolved Oxygen 1
Total Dissolved Solids 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus 1
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
Location: Kapakahi Stream
Model Node Number: 19 Source: Navy Station SD03
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature 5 2 1
Dissolved Oxygen 4 2
Total Dissolved Solids 1 1 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus 3
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD 1
- 77 -
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
Constituent
Number of Analyses or
General Data Availability
Location: Fort Kamehameha STP
Model Node Number: 2 Source: Reference No. 17
Period of Record: 2/72
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coli forms
BOD
29
3/72
31
4/72
29
8/72
31
9/72
28
10/72
31
3
6
4
19
3
3
4
17
3
4
17
3
10
2
19
3
10
2
14
5
9
2
21
Location: Iroquois Point STP
Model Node Number:
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
2 Source: Reference No. 17
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72
26 26
4/72
30
8/72
31
9/72
30
10/72
31
- 78 -
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
Constituent
Number of Analyses or
General Data Availability*
Location: Pearl City STP
Model Node Number: 32 Source: Reference No. 16
Period of Record: 1967-1973
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N (Kjeldahl)
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coli forms
BOD
T
T
T
B
W
B
T
Location: Waipahu STP
Model Node Number: 32 Source: Reference No. 16
Period of Record: 1970-1973
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N (Kjeldahl)
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
*B = bi-weekly, T = twice a week, W = weekly, Blank = unavailable
- 79 -
-------
TABLE 7
AVAILABILITY OF WATER QUALITY DATA
FOR WAIKELE STREAM
Number of Analyses or
Constituent General Data Availability
Location: Navy Sampling Station TT01 at Mouth
Model Reach and Element Number: R6-E4 Source: Reference No. 24
Period of Record: 2/72 3/72 4/72
Temperature 6 2 1
Dissolved Oxygen 5 2
Total Dissolved Solids 1 1 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N 1
Nitrite-N 1
Total-N
Phosphorus 3 3 1
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms 2 1
BOD 4 2
Location: US6S Station 2130 near the Mouth
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissol
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms
BOD
i Element Number:
Period of Record:
m
1 Solids
R6-E4
12/71
1
1
1
1
Source:
1/72
2
2
2
4/72
1
1
1
1
Reference No. 3
6/72
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 80 -
-------
TABLE 8
AVAILABILITY OF WATER QUALITY DATA FOR TRIBUTARIES
AND WASTE DISCHARGES TO WAIKELE STREAM
Number of Analyses or
Constituent General Data Availability*
Location: Kioapa Stream (USGS station 16-2128 -
far upstream)
Model Node Number: RS-EI Source: Reference No. 3
Period of Record: 1970 7/71 6/72
Temperature 3
Dissolved Oxygen 1 1
Total Dissolved Solids l 1
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total -N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Col i forms 1
BOD
Location: Mi 111 am' STP (Kipapa Stream)
Model Node Number: R5-E1 Source: Reference No. 16
Period of Record: 1969-1973
Temperature W
Dissolved Oxygen W
Total Dissolved Solids W
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N (Kjeldahl) M
Phosphorus W
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms M
BOD W
*W = weekly; M = bi-monthly
- 81 -
-------
TABLE 8 (Continued)
Number of Analyses or
Constituent General Data Availability
Location: Waipio Acres SIP (Waikakalaua Stream)
Model Node Number: R2-E1 Source: Reference No. 16
Period of Record: 1967-1973
Temperature B
Dissolved Oxygen B
Total Dissolved Solids B
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N (Kjeldahl) M
Phosphorus B
Copper
Zinc
Coliforms M
BOD B
Location: Schofield
Barracks
Model Node Number: R1-E2 Source: Reference No. 20
Period of Record:
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Dissolved Solids
Ammonia-N
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total-N
Phosphorus
Copper
Zinc
Coli forms
BOD
2/72
1
1
1
1
1
3/72
3 '
3
3
3
3
3
4/72
2
2
2
2
2
2
8/72
2
2
2
2
2
2
9/72
2
2
2
2
2
2
10/72
3
3
3
3
3
3
*B = bi-weekly; M = bi-monthly
- 82 -
-------
V. GENERAL AREA DATA
METEOROLOGY
WRE has been supplied (12) all the climatological data necessary
for modeling purposes. For the period from September 1971 through December
1972 we have values every three hours for
Cloud cover, tenths
Dry bulb temperature, °F
Wet bulb temperature, °F
Wind speed, knots (and direction)
Additionally, we have hourly values of precipitation and pressure.
From cloud cover, time of day, latitude and longitude, the Tidal
Temperature Model or subroutine will have to calculate the long- and short-
wave radiation in kilocalories per square meter per second. [Statements
to perform these calculations are not currently in the Tidal Temperature
Model supplied by EPA, but WRE has derived and used these expressions in
previous work (27), and these statements will be included in Phase III.]
REACTION RATES AND OTHER CONSTANTS
There are numerous values for model parameters that must be known
or estimated. Table 9 lists many of those parameters that have been
evaluated by WRE (26) in documenting QUAL-II for other projects. It is
worth noting that calibration of QUAL-II and the estuary model will consist
largely of "tuning" the model by varying values for these "constants" within
the (empirically or theoretically) acceptable ranges shown in the table.
- 83 -
-------
TABLE 9
REACTION RATES AND OTHER "CONSTANTS"
MJMABTCT
DESCRIPTION
Ratio of chlorophyll a
to algae biocnass
Fraction of altiae
blomass which is N
Fraction of alqae
blomass which is P
0. production per unit
of algae growth
Oi uptake per unit of
algae respired
Oj uptake per unit of
NH| oxidation
0» uptake per unit of
NO) oxidation
Maximum specific growth
rate of algae
Algae respiration rate
Rate constant for biological
oxidation of NH,-«02
Rate constant for biological
oxidation of N0,-N0,
Local settling rate for
algae
Benthos source rate for
phosphorus
Benthos source rate for NH
Carbonaceous BOO decay rate
Reaeratlon rate
Carbonaceous BOO sink rate
Benthos source rate for BOO
Collforn die-off rate
Radlonucllde sink rate
Nitrogen half-saturation
constant for algae growth
Phosphorus half-saturation
constant for algae growth
Light half-saturation
constant for algae growth
mm
U9 Chi -A
BQ n
et
£4
at
w
ijgO
mo 0
ng N
3.7
3iy
3ay
1
day
ft
357
day-ft
day-ft
357
*
3.7
3ay?7l
3S7
3i7
?
a
Langleys
KWGS OF
VALUES
SO- 100
0.08-0.09
0.012-0.015
1.4-1.8
1.6-2.3
3.0-4.0
1.0-1.14
1.0-3.0
0.05-0.5
0.1-0.5
0.5-2.0
0.5-6.0
*
*
0.1-2.0
0.0-100
*
*
0.5-4.0
•
0.2-0.4
0.03-0.05
.03
SPATIAL
VARIABILITY
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
NO
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
TEMPERATURE
DEPENDENCE
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
BELIABlUn
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Fair
Fair
Fair
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Poor
Poor
Fair
Poor
Fair to Good
Fair to Good
Good
•Highly variable
- 84 -
-------
REFERENCES
1. Au, D.W.K., Survey of the Distribution of the Eggs and Larvae of
Nehu in Pearl Harbor, M.S. Thesis, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, 1965.
2. Bathen, Karl H., Current Measurements in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawavi,
Miscellaneous Report No. 6, University of Hawaii, James K.K. Look
Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering, Department of Ocean
Engineering, Prepared for Pacific Division, Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, U.S. Navy, September 1972, 44 p.
3. Burnham, W.L., District Chief, USGS, Private communication to
D.E. Evenson, Regional Manager WRE, transmitting preliminary
streamflow and quality data for miscellaneous streams, March 2, 1973.
4. Chinn, S., USGS Hydrologist, Private communication with D.J. Smith,
Associate Engineer WRE, concerning behavior of Waikele Stream during
low flow periods, Honolulu, May 30, 1973.
5. Engineering-Science, Inc.; Sunn, Low, Tom and Hara, Inc.; and
Dillingham Environmental Company, Water Quality Program for Oahu
with Special Emphasis on Waste Disposal, Final Report, [WQPOJ
Prepared for City and County of Honolulu Department of Public
Works, Honolulu, February 1972.
6. Engineering-Science, Inc., e_t al., WQPO, Final Report Work Area 2A,
Municipal and Industrial Waste~Toad Projections, Prepared by Sunn,
Low, Tom and Hara, Inc., June 1971.
7. Engineering-Science, Inc., et aj_., WQPO, Final Report Work Area 2B,
Potential for Wastewater Reclamation, Prepared by Sunn, Low, Tom
and Hara, Inc., July 1971.
8. Engineering-Science, Inc., et^ al., WQPO, Final Report Work Area 3,
Projections of Other PollutantToads, Prepared by Sunn, Low, Tom
and Hara, Inc., August 1971.
9. Engineering-Science, Inc., e_t al_., WQPO, Final Report Work Area 5,
Special Studies, Prepared by Engineering-Science, Inc., March 1971.
10. Engineering-Science, Inc., et al_., WQPO, Final Report Work Areas 6
and 7, Analysis of Water QuaTity Oceanographic Studies. Part I,
Prepared by Dillingham Environmental Company, June 1971.
11. Engineering-Science, Inc., et al_., WQPO, Final Report Work Areas 6
and 7, Analysis of Water QuaTity Oceanogra"phic Studies, Part II,
Prepared by Dillingham Environmental Company, June 1971.
- 85 -
-------
12. Environmental Data Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Local Climatological
Data, for Honolulu, Hawaii, Honolulu International Airport,
2-page monthly summaries for September 1971 - December 1972,
U.S.G.P.O., Washington, D.C.
13. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Pacific Southwest
Region, Report on Pollution of the Navigable Waters of Pearl Harbor,
October 1969, (revised by EPA in August 1971), 55 p. + appendices.
14. Frank D. Masch and Associates and the Texas Water Development Board,
Simulation of Water Quality in Streams and Canals, Theory and
Description of the QUAL-I Mathematical Modeling System, Report 128,
Texas Water Development Board, Austin, May 1971, 64 p.
15. Hirashima, G.T., Availability of Streamflow for Recharge of the
Basal Aquifer in the Pearl Harbor Area, Hawaii, U.S. Geological
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1999-B, U.S.G.P.O., Washington, D.C.,
1971, 24 p.
16. Lau, Chew Lun, Environmental Engineer, City and County of Honolulu,
Private communication to M.B. Sonnen, Senior Engineer WRE,
transmitting requested summaries of available flow and quality
data for waste discharges in Pearl Harbor watershed, March 14, 1973.
17. McMorrow, M.J.K., Headquarters, Fourteenth Naval District (48),
Private communication with EPA Region IX, thence to WRE, of
waste treatment plant operating data for naval facilities and
other data, April 1973.
18. National Ocean Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Tide Tables, High and Low Water
Predictions, 1972, West Coast of North and South America Including
the Hawaiian Islands, U.S.G.P.O., Washington, D.C., 1971, 226 p.
19. Somers, William P., Project Officer, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Private communication, June 12, 1973.
20. State of Hawaii, Department of Public Health, Unpublished records of
waste discharge flow and quality data, reviewed and summarized by
M.B. Sonnen, Senior Engineer WRE, February 9, 1973.
21. U.S. Geological Survey, 1969 Water Resources Data for Hawaii and
Other Pacific Areas, Part 1. Surface Water Records, Part 2. Water
Quality Records. USGS, Honolulu, 289 p.
22. U.S. Geological Survey, 1970 Water Resources Data for Hawaii and
Other Pacific Areas, Part 1. Surface Water Records, Part 2. Water
Quality Records, USGS, Honolulu, 299 p.
- 86 -
-------
23. U.S. Navy, Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Environmental
Protection Data Base, Port Hueneme, Ca., Pearl Harbor Water Quality
Data Summary, August 1971 - December 1972, Vols. I-VI, undated.
24. U.S. Navy, NCEL, EPDB, Port Hueneme, Ca., Pearl Harbor Water Quality
Data Summary, August 1971 - December 1972, Volume V, "6.Part A.
Summary by Month by Individual Station at a Depth Greater Than
5 Feet," undated.
25. U.S. Navy, NCEL, EPDB, Port Hueneme, Ca., Pearl Harbor Water Quality
Data Summary, August 1971 - December 1972, Volume VI, "6.Part B.
Summary by Month by Individual Station at a Depthl.ess Than 5 Feet,"
undated.
26. Water Resources Engineers, Inc., Computer Program Documentation for
the Stream Quality Model QUAL-II, Prepared for The Environmental
Protection Agency, Systems Development Branch, Washington, D.C.,
May 1973, (Submitted for approval but not available for distribution).
27. Water Resources Engineers, Inc., Prediction of Thermal Energy
Distribution in Streams and Reservoirs, Prepared for the Department
of Fish and Game, State of California, revised 30 August 1968, 90 p.
- 87 -
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