ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
REMOTE SENSING STUDY
EASTERN FLORIDA COAST
DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
DENVER. COLORADO
AND
REGION IV. ATLANTA. GEORGIA
AUGUST 1972
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
REMOTE SENSING STUDY
EASTERN FLORIDA COAST
DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
Prepared by
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
DENVER, COLORADO
AND
REGION IV, ATLANTA, GEORGIA
APRIL 1972
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES ii - ill
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY 2
RECOMMENDATIONS 3
MISSION PURPOSE 4
STUDY AREA 5
CHRONOLOGICAL DATA 7
AIRCRAFT SENSOR DATA 8
RESULTS OF AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE INTERPRETATION
SOUTH EASTERN FLORIDA COASTAL REGION 13
MAPPING THE OCEAN BOTTOM 19
DROGUE STUDY 20
MIAMI RIVER 22
TOST 4th AVENUE CANAL 25
CARD SOUND 26
APPENDIX 27
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title
1. Map of the South East Coast of Florida
2. Map of the Miami River
3. Map of the West 4th Avenue Canal
4. Map of Turkey Point and Card Sound
5. A. Framing Camera
B. Field of View of the Framing Camera
6. Low Altitude Panoramic Camera
7. A. Optical System of the IRLS
B. Field of View of the IRLS
8. Lake Worth Inlet
9. West Palm Beach Canal
10. South Lake Worth Inlet
11. Delray Beach Sewage Outfall
12. Boca Raton Sewage Outfall
13. Boca Raton Inlet
14. Hillsborough Inlet
15. Pompano Beach Sewage Outfall
16. Port Everglades
17. Port Everglades
18. Hollywood Sewage Outfall
19. A. North Miami Beach Sewage Outfall
B. North Miami Beach Sewage Outfall
20. Bakers Haulover Inlet
ii
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LIST OF FIGURES (CONT'D)
Figure No. Title
21. Miami Beach Sewage Outfall
22. Miami Sewage Outfall
23. Miami Sewage Outfall
24. A. through H. Cosmetic Features of the Ocean Bottom
25. Diagram of the Drogues
26. Drogue Vector Chart
27. Turkey Point Power Station and Discharge Canal
28. Turkey Point Power Station's Discharge Canal
iii
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REMOTE SENSING STUDY
EASTERN FLORIDA COAST
DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
INTRODUCTION
The July 1971 meeting of the Dade County, Florida Enforcement
Conference requested the Lower Florida Estuary Study Office of EPA
to conduct studies of ocean outfalls to develop and recommend ocean
disposal crieteria. In October 1971, EPA, Region IV, requested the
National Field Investigations Center-Denver to assist in an aerial
photo survey of the southeastern coast of Florida. The express pur-
pose of the mission was to trace outfall plumes and map offshore
reefs. In the planning stage the request was expanded to include
aerial reconnaissance of the Miami River, West 4th Avenue Canal,
and Card Sound, which is directly South of Biscayne Bay.
The aerial reconnaissance mission was flown on March 3, 1972.
As this report developed, draft copies were furnished to the Lower
Florida Estuary Study Office of EPA which provided valuable information
for its completion.
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SUMMARY
The surface plumes from the seven major inlets and from seven
of the nine ocean sewage outfalls located along the southeast coast
of Florida were traced and mapped. The mapping of the ocean bottom
was limited to plotting the dark-toned cosmetic features. A general
classification was made of the water quality in the Miami River and
West 4th Avenue Canal. Twelve outfalls or sources of pollution were
detected in the Miami River. Alterations to Card Sound resulting
from the construction of the effluent canal from the Turkey Point
Power Station were reported. The high quality imagery recorded for
this study establishes a visual data base of Card Sound prior to the
activation of the canal. The drogue study, associated with the
Hollywood Sewage Plant outfall, indicated that ocean currents may
be carrying effluent from the outfall in a northerly direction and
towards the coast.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Southeastern Coast of Florida
Winds, tides, and ocean currents affect the dispersal patterns
of the effluent from the major inlets and sewage outfalls. To record
the variation, aerial reconnaissance should be scheduled to coincide
with the different, but normal, ocean conditions. At the same time,
drogue studies carried out at each outfall would provide documentation of
dispersal currents. On-site tests should be made so that the depth
of the drogues would be the same as the heavier concentrations of
sewage effluent. The drogue monitoring should not be terminated
until tests show significant dispersal of the effluent has occurred.
Card Sound
This study area should be flown at regular intervals after the
Turkey Point Power Station discharge canal is put to use. Comparison
with imagery recorded on these future flights with that of this
mission will permit the monitoring of biological or physical changes,
if any, to the bottom of Card Sound.
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MISSION PURPOSE
The main objectives of the March 3, 1972 aerial reconnaissance were:
The Southeast Florida Coast from Palm Beach to Biscayne Bay
1. Determine outflow patterns associated with all sewage outfalls
and inlets.
2. Map the ocean bottom, particularly in the vicinity of sewage
outfalls, identifying areas of coral reefs, sand, rocks, mud,
and biological and vegetative aquatic growth on the bottom strata.
3. Record any apparent variation in coral reefs and aquatic growth
beds with precise references to the nearest sewage outfall.
Drogue Study
4. Establish the speed and direction of the ocean's currents
at depths of 10, 30, and 60 feet, with the Hollywood Sewage
outfall as the starting point.
Miami River and West 4th Avenue Canal
5. Locate and identify industrial and municipal outfalls and any
other probable source of pollution entering these waterways.
Card Sound
6. Record excavations and spoil deposits on the bottom of Card
Sound caused by the construction of the discharge canal from
Florida Power and Light Company's Turkey Point Nuclear Power
Station.
7. Establish baseline data prior to activation of this canal.
Comparison of imagery from this study with that of future
studies may serve to determine biological and physical changes
that occur in Card Sound.
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STUDY AREA
Southeast Florida Coast
Along the southeast Florida coast, from Palm Beach to Blscayne
Bay, there are seven major Inlets and nine ocean sewage outfalls. Figure 1
is a map of this area identifying the seven inlets covered in this study.
Listed from North to South, they are:
Lake Worth Inlet
South Lake Worth Inlet
Boca Raton Inlet
Hillsborough Inlet
Port Everglades
Baker Haulover Inlet
Government Cut (the entrance to Miami Harbor)
The nine ocean sewage outfalls are also located on the map, and are
identified by the number corresponding to the one on the following
description of these outfalls. They too, are listed from North to South.
Number
1 Palm Beach
2 Lake Worth
3 Delray Beach
4 Boca Raton
5 Pompano
6 Hollywood
7 North Miami
8 Miami Beach
9 Miami
Drogue Study
The Hollywood Sewage Outfall was selected as the release point
for the drogues.
Diameter
(inches)
30
30
30
36
30
60
36
36
90
Length
(feet)
5,800
5,200
5,100
5,500
7,600
9,700
10,000
7,000
4,600
Depth at Point
of Discharge
65
90
94
110
90
90
65
140
18
Sewage Flow
(mgd)
3
3
2
8
2.7
13
7
30
41
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MIAMI RIVER
Figure 2 is a map showing the study area of the Miami River. The
area starts at the mouth of the Miami River in Biscayne Bay and extends
upriver for 7.7 miles to the Curtis Parkway Bridge.
West 4th Avenue Canal
Figure 3 shows the study area of this canal. It starts at the
Miami River near the intersection of West 4th Avenue and West 9th
Street, and extends North for 4.2 miles to West 77th Street.
Card"Sound
Figure 4, which is also a map, shows the location of Card Sound
and the Turkey Point Canal. The prime study area is where the Canal
enters Card Sound and extends into the Sound for a radius of 3 miles.
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HOMESTEAD/
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NORTH
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SCALE IN MILES
Figure 4. Turkey Point Hydro-Thermal Electric Plant
Hot Effluent Discharge Canal
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CHRONOLOGICAL DATA
The entire reconnaissance data was recorded on March 3, 1972,
between the hours 1100 and 1250 hours EST.
SOUTH EASTERN FLORIDA COASTAL REGION
Three aircraft at 4,000 feet above sea level provided complete
coverage of the target area. Sensors aboard these aircraft recorded
imagery for the mapping of the ocean bottom and the study of all ocean
sewage outfalls and inlets. The scale of the imagery recorded at
this designated altitude was 1:8,000 for the framing camera,— '
for the panoramic camera,— and 1:41,700 for the Infrared Line Scanner
(IRLS).-1
One aircraft flying at 1,500 feet above sea level recorded the
required imagery for the special drogue study conducted in the vicinity
of the Hollywood sewage outfall. The scale of the imagery flown at this
altitude was 1:3,000 for the framing camera and 1:6,000 for the pan-
oramic camera. The IRLS was not required for this study.
Miami River and the 4th Avenue Canal
The single aircraft used was restricted to an altitude of no lower
than 3,000 feet above ground level by the Federal Aviation Agency.
The scale of the imagery at this designated altitude was 1:6,000 for
the framing camera, 1:12,000 for the panoramic camera, and 1:31,300 for
the IRLS.
CARD SOUND
The same aircraft which flew the Miami River and the 4th Avenue
Canal also flew Card Sound. There were no flight restrictions in this
area, but 3,000 feet was a practical altitude for this study.
I/ See section on Aircraft Sensor Data.
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AIRCRAFT SENSOR DATA
The aerial sensors carried in this remote sensing mission consisted
of three cameras and an Infrared Line Scanner. The differing focal
length and field-of-view of each instrument was considered and used to
advantage in the planning and conduct of the mission.
FRAMING CAMERAS
Two KS-87 aerial framing cameras, with a 6-inch focal length,
were used on the mission. It is noted the KS-87 may also be configured
for 3-inch, 12-inch, or 18-inch focal lengths. On the mission, all
sensors were mounted in their respective vertical positions. The
framing cameras were uploaded with different film and optical filter
combinations. True color and false color infrared imagery was obtained
as follows:
- Using aerographic ektachrome Kodak SO-397 film with a
Wratten HF-3/HF-5 filter combination, the visible region
of the optical spectrum was recorded, resulting in true
color transparencies.
- Using Kodak 2443 aerographic film with a Wratten 16
gelatin optical filter, a portion of the visible
spectrum, i.e., red, orange, was overlapped with the
near infrared region of the optical spectrum, giving
false color rendition transparencies.
A typical framing camera is shown in Figure 5A. Figure 5B shows
the field-of-view of a framing camera from the position of the aircraft.
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Focal Plane
Shutter
Lens
Metering
Roller
Film Advances Frame by Frame
Framing Camera
Film in Continuous Motion
Continuous Strip Camera
Figure 5A
(c) Near infrared region of the optical spectrum which was over-
lapped with a portion of the visible spectrum (red, orange),
resulting in an aerographic ektachrome 4.5" X 4.5" false color
(rendition) transparency - Kodak 2443 aerographic film with a
Wratten 16 gelatin optical filter.
This viewing angle of each camera was 41° about the aircraft's
nadir as shown below:
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
GROUND LEVEL
Viewing Angle of a Framing Camera Configured with a 6 inch Focal Length
Figure 5B
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10
Low Altitude Panoramic Camera
One KA-56 camera, low altitude panoramic (LAP), was used. The
KA-56 has a 3-inch focal length and uses a rotating prism for scanning
horizon to horizon a full 180°. When the flight path of the aircraft
was over water, but within sight of land, the LAP camera recorded
prominent shore features. From these features the precise flight
path of the aircraft could be plotted. From the flight line plot the
exact area of the ocean imaged by the framing camera was determined.
The LAP camera was uploaded with standard black and white panchromatic
film.
A typical rotating prism panoramic camera is shown in Figure 6.
Film
Guides
Spinning Prism •
Film in Contmuous Motion Except when Recording Data
Rotating Prism Panoramic
Scanning
Stovepipe"
pivoted at rear
nodal point
Film Advances Frame by Frame
Scanning Lens Panoramic
Figure 6
Infrared Line Scanner
An infrared line scanner (IRLS) which records a thermal map of
an imaged area completed the array of airborne sensors used on this
mission. The IRLS uses an infrared detector and an electro-optic
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11
system to record on film the amount of infrared energy dectected in
the imaged area. The effective focal length of the AAS-18 is 1.15
inches and the field of view is 120 .
The three basic units in an infrared reconnaissance set are
scanner optics, a detector, and a recording unit. The scanner picks
up the infrared emissions from the ground and reflects them to a
parabolic mirror. The parabolic mirror focuses the infrared emissions
onto the detector. The detector converts the infrared energy collected
by the scanner into an electrical signal. In the recording unit the
electrical signal is converted to visible light which is then recorded
on ordinary black and white film. Figure 7A depicts optical system of
the IRLS. Figure 7B shows the field-of-view of the IRLS from the po-
sition of the aircraft.
Detector
B. Basic Two-Sided Coaxial Rotating
Mirror Optical System
Figure 7A
i • •
I
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
I
GROUND LEVEL
Figure 7B Field-of-View of the IRLS,
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12
The Appendix contains information pertinent to aerial sensors in
respect to:
- Focal length
- Angle of view
- Effects of focal length and altitude on scale and ground
coverage.
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13
RESULT OF AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE INTERPRETATION
South Eastern Florida Coastal Region
The inland waterways along the Florida coast are relatively
shallow and affected in varying degree by tides and coastal currents.
As expected, the inland waterways were significantly warmer than the
coastal ocean waters, and this difference was principally recorded
on the IRLS imagery. Either the camera imagery or the IRLS imagery
was used for measurements depending upon which gave the most clearly
defined data. Findings are presented below for major areas including
inlets, terminus of discharge of submerged sewage lines into the
Atlantic, and other important features.
Lake Worth Inlet
This inlet, shown in Figure 8, is the interconnecting water-
way between Lake Worth and the Atlantic Ocean. This waterway is
maintained at a depth of 33-35 feet and is approximately 700 feet
wide. The IRLS imagery recorded the outflow into the Atlantic
Ocean as a warm thermal plume. The plume maintained a definite
boundary from the Inlet for some 1,400 feet east and then curved
Northward. Filling the inlet as it entered the ocean, the plume
expanded as it moved outward and northward attaining a width of
around 2,000 feet, at which point the imagery terminated one mile
North of the inlet.
Palm Beach Sewage Outfall
The terminus for this sewage outfall is 5,800 feet from the
coast and at a depth of 65 feet. An effluent plume could not be
seen in either the optical or infrared imagery.
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2,000'
-N-
i
THERMAL PLUME
ATLANTIC OCEAN
1,400'
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 8 Lake Worth Inlet
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14
West Palm Beach Canal
This canal is approximately 41 miles long and connects Lake
Okeechobee and Lake Worth. The water from the Canal created a small
warm plume as it entered Lake Worth. This plume flowed Northward
and was dispersed within 160 feet from its source (Figure 9).
Lake Worth Sewage Outfall
The terminus for this sewage outfall is 5,200 feet from the
coast and at a depth of 90 feet. Once again, neither the optical or
infrared imagery recorded a visable effluent plume.
South Lake Worth Inlet
This inlet is shown in Figure 10 and is the waterway connecting
the south end of Lake Worth with the Atlantic Ocean. The infrared
imagery recorded a warm plume that achieved a width of 520 feet as
it flowed approximately 1,500 feet out into the ocean. This plume
then turned Northward for 700 feet before it cooled sufficiently to
lose its identity.
Delray Beach Sewage Outfall
The terminus for this outfall is 5,100 feet from the coast
and at a depth of 94 feet. Figure 11 shows the effluent plume on
the surface of the ocean. As the discharge from the sewer reaches
the surface of the ocean, an upwell area 20 feet x 30 feet is created.
From the upwell area, a plume rapidly spreads to 250 feet wide as it
moves Northward parallel to the coast for 1,650 feet. At this point
the effluent had dispersed to such an extent that it no longer could
be seen.
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WEST PALM
BEACH CANAL
LAKE
WORTH
WARM
EFFLUENT
160'
-N-
ATLANTIC OCEAN
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 9 West Palm Beach Canal
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LAKE
WORTH
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
-N-
1,450'-
-VISUAL PLUME
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 10 South Lake Worth Inlet
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Figure 11 -Delray Beach Sewage Outfall
Approximate scale 1:10,000
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15
Boca Raton Sewage Outfall
The terminus for this outfall is 5,500 feet from shore and at
a depth of 110 feet. The 30-foot-by-40-foot oval pattern where the
effluent from this outfall reaches the ocean surfece can be seen in
Figure 12. The effluent plume travels Northward for 900 feet at an
average width of 125 feet before it disperses.
Boca Raton Inlet
This inlet is shown in Figure 13 and is the connecting waterway
between Lake Boca Raton and the Atlantic Ocean. The optical imagery
recorded the plume from this inlet that flowed out into the ocean
approximately 450 feet then turned to a Northwest direction curving
toward shore. Approximately 1,100 feet north of the inlet the outflow
plume touched the coast and could be traced another 1,400 feet along
the coast before it dispersed. A relatively small portion of the
outflow moved South from the inlet and flowed Southwest along the
shore for 400 feet before it was dispersed.
Hillsborough Inlet
This inlet connects the Intercoastal Waterway with the Atlantic
Ocean. Figure 14 shows the visible plume exiting the 310 foot wide
mouth of the inlet and it has flowed in a Southeast direction for
1,200 feet. Here the plume turned Northward and was generally dis-
persed within 200 feet.
Pompano Beach Sewage Outfall
The terminus for this outfall is 7,400 feet from shore and at a
depth of 90 feet. The effluent plume from the outfall was 30 feet wide
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Figure 12 Boca Raton Sewage Outfall
Approximate scale 1:9,000
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LAKE
BOCA
RATON
ATLANTIC OCEAN
VISUAL PLUME
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 13 Boca Raton Inlet
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INTERCOASTAL
WATER
WAY
-N
ATLANTIC OCEAN
VISUAL PLUME
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 14 Hillsborrow Inlet
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16
at its source and spread rapidly to 100 feet. It flowed Northward
for 700 feet where, due to dispersion, the plume could no longer
be seen. (Refer to Figure 15).
Port Everglades Inlet
This inlet which is 750 feet wide is the entrance to Port
Everglades from the Atlantic Ocean. In Figure 16 the shape of the
outflow plume from the inlet is shown. This plume extends 3,500
feet out into the Atlantic Ocean and 2,750 feet North from the mouth
of the inlet. Also in Figure 16 is an area identified as "spoil area."
It is in this area that refuse from channel dredging is deposited.
In Figure 17, the dispersal zone of the spoil is quite evident,
appearing very much like the patterns seen in river deltas.
Hollywood Sewage Outfall
The teminus for this outfall is 9,700 feet from shore and at a
depth of 90 feet. Figure 18 shows the area where the effluent from
the outfall reaches the ocean surface. The volume and force of this
outflow is such that the ocean surface appears to be boiling. The
core of the boil area is 23 feet in dianeter and the overall dis-
turbed area is 90 feet in diameter. The surface flow of the effluent
spread rapidly, achieving a width of 650 feet in the first 700 feet
as it traveled in a Northwest direction for a visible distance of
1,200 feet. The infrared imagery recorded the effluent from the
outfall as being cooler than the ambient temperature of the ocean.
North Miami beach Sewage Outfall
The terninus for this outfall is 10,000 feet fron shore at a
depth of 65 feet. In Figure 19 one may see the larpe plume created
by the effluent fron this outfall. At its source the plume was 300
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Figure 15 -Pompano Beach Sewage Outfall
Appraoximate scale 1:11,000
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FORT 900'
EVERGLADES
3,500'
ATLANTIC OCEAN
2,750'
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 16 Port Everglades
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SMETIC FEATURES
Figure 17 - Port Everglades
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Figure 18 - Hollywood Sewage Outfall
Approximate scale lrll,000
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Figure 19 North Miami Beach Sewage Outfall
19A Approximate scale 1: 8,000
19B " " 1:18,000
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17
feet wide and rapidly spread to an average width of 1,000 feet. The
plume was visible for 9,000 feet as it traveled Northward parallel
to shore.
Bakers Haulover Inlet
This inlet is the waterway connecting the Northern end of
Biscayne Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. Figure 20 shows the shape
of the warm plume as it traveled a distance of 4,500 feet from shore
and 5,000 feet North from the inlet before it cooled to the ambient
temperature of the ocean.
Miami Beach Sewage Outfall
The terminus for this outfall is 7,000 feet from shore at a
depth of 140 feet. Figure 21 shows this outfall's effluent plume
which at the start was 200 feet wide, and spread rapidly to 600 feet
as it flowed Northward. The contents of the plume had dispersed
to such a degree that it was no longer visible 6,800 feet from its
source.
Miami Sewage Outfall
The terminus for this outfall is 4,600 feet from shore but
only at a depth of 18 feet. The discharge from this outfall, like
that of the Hollywood outfall, appeared to be boiling as it reached
the surface of the ocean. The boil area was oval in shape, being
270 feet long in the North-South direction and 175 feet wide in the
East-West direction. The infrared imagery showed a large, warm plume
generated from the effluent of this outfall. In the area of the
"boil" the thermal plume was 1,000 feet wide. The plume moved to
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BISCAYNE
BAKERS
HAULOVER
^iilll
THERMAL
PLUME
T
5,000'
-N-
ATLANTIC OCEAN
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 20 Bakers Haulover Inlet
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Figure 21 Miami Beach Sewage Outfall
Approximate scale 1:11,900
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18
the North and, at a distance of 5,000 feet from the source, was
3,500 feet wide. The cool outflow from the Government Cut dissipated
this thermal plume (Figures 22 and 23). The Government Cut is the
connecting waterway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Miami Harbor in
Biscayne Bay.
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GOVERNMENT CUT
Figure 22 Miami Sewage Outfall
Approximate Scale 1:41,700
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MIAMI
HARBOR
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
THERMAL
PLUMEl
VIRGINIA
BOIL AREA
•N
3,500' WIDE
•1,000' WIDE
SCALE 1:8,000
Figure 23 Miami Outfall Thermal Plume
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19
Mapping of the Ocean Bottom
Definite features, such as coral reefs, sand, mud, rock,
and aquatic growth on the bottom strata, could not be identified
in the imagery. There were fairly well defined light/dark-toned
areas seen in the imagery, but they could not be classified except
as cosmetic features of the ocean bottom. These different toned
areas are shown in Figure 24A through 24H, with the hatched
markings depicting the dark tones. (An example of cosmetic
features is shown in Figure 17).
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20
DROGUE STUDY
The Hollywood sewage outfall was selected as the site for the
drogue study. The terminus for the outfall is 9,700 feet from shore
and at a depth of 90 feet, and the sewage flow is reported as 13
million gallons per day.
Three drogues, each at a different depth, were set adrift in
the outfall's upwelling. A different colored surface panel was
affixed to each drogue for identification purposes. The color of
the panels and the drogues' depth were as follows:
White surface panel - drogue at minus 10 feet
Yellow surface panel - drogue at minus 30 feet
Orange surface panel - drogue at minus 60 feet
Figure 25 is a sketch of the drogues used.
To serve as a stationary reference point, a 16-foot by 4-foot
yellow float was stationed 100 feet south of the outfall's upwelling.
Seven photographic passes were made over the drogue study area
in a total elapsed time period of 54 minutes 7 seconds. The orange
panel drogue, at minus 60 feet, submerged and was lost after the
third pass. The remaining two drogues were traced through the
seventh pass. The white panel drogue traveled 5,000 feet and the
yellow panel drogue 4,250 feet from the point of release. The
general direction of movement was Northward with a tendency to drift
toward the coast. Figure 26 illustrates the compilation of vector
and movement of the drogues as recorded in each photographic pass.
The associated data from these photo passes are presented in Table 1
(following).
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YELLOW REFERENCE
PANEL
4'xifi'
DROGUE'S FLOAT
PANELS
WHITE
4'M'
4'
10'
CM
TOP VIEW OF
DROGUE
I
YELLOW
4'*4f
ORANGE
30'
60'
Figure 25 Drogues to Measure Different Depth Currents
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FLIGHT PASS
WHITE DROGUE -10'
YELLOW DROGUE -30'
ORANGE DROGUE -60'
Fit. Lapse Total Lapse
No. Time Time Time HDG Dist. Dist
1 11/29/5 0 - 350° 600'
2 11/38/5 9 min 9 min 350° 1100' 500
3 11/46/28 17 min 8 min 01° 1410 410
23 sec 23 sec
4 11/55/2 25 min 8 min 356° 2475' 895
57 sec 34 sec
5 12/06/06 37 min 11 min 358° 3220* 720
01 sec 4 sec
6 12/17/04 47 min 10 min 354° 3850* 630
59 sec 58 sec
7 12/23/12 54 min 6 min 354° 5000* 1150
07 sec 08 sec
Total Lapse Total Lapse Total Lapse Total Lapse Total La]
KTS KTS HDG Dist. Dist. KTS KTS HDG Dist. Dist. KTS KT
__ _ _ _ _____
.54 - 354° 1265' - 1.38 - 345° 1245 - 1.36 -
.516 .483 01° 1480' 215 .84 .25 352° 1480 235 .84 .27
.90 1.03 02° 2500' 1090 .95 1.25 -----
.859 .642 03° 31001 725 .82 .64 - - - -
.792 .567 01° 3740' 640 .76 .57 - - - -
.912 1.85 03° 4200' 460 .76 .74 - - - -
White Drogue Depth = -10'
Yellow Drogue Depth =• -30'
Orange Drogue Depth = -60'
Lapse - Indicates occurrence since last pass
KPH = Knots per hour in direct line distance from reference float
HDG = Heading in degrees from reference float at the Hollywood Outfall with respect to due North
TABLE I
K>
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22
MIAMI RIVER
The Miami River enters the Northwest section of Miami city and
flows through the city in a southeast direction into Biscayne Bay.
The average width of the river in the study area is 200 feet, and the
predominant color of the river water was a dark grayish-brown. There
were many boats docked along both sides of the river and a substantial
number of water-craft service facilities. The Miami River displayed
characteristics of very low dissolved oxygen content. The South Fork
Miami River contained very turbid water. Listed numerically, starting
at the mouth of the Miami River and moving upstream, suspected outfalls
and sources of pollution are identified as follows (refer to Figure 2
for map correlation).
1. On the North side of the river and from under the Miami
Avenue bridge an outfall discharging a yellowish-brown
effluent was seen. The plume from this outfall varied between
15 and 20 feet in width as it flowed downstream 40 feet.
At this point, water traffic had churned up the water pre-
cluding any further measurements.
2. On the North side of the river and 400 feet upstream from
the Flaggler Street bridge (near the foot of Northwest 1st
Street) there was a large underwater outfall. The yellowish-
brown effluent from this outfall was discharging with suffi-
cient force to push it 220 feet across the river where the
plume tended to disperse among the many boats docked along
the Southern bank. As the plume passed mid-river, it spread
up and down the river to a width of 200 feet. There was no
surface-boil associated with this outfall.
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23
3. There was a small subsurface outfall at the down-river
corner of the Scottish Rite Cathedral's parking lot at
Northwest North River Drive and Northwest 4th Street. The
Plume from this outfall was 6 feet at its widest point, and
was dispersed within 45 feet from its source.
4. On the North bank of the river and 700 feet downstream
from the 7th/8th Avenue bridge was submerged outfall. The
bluish-green discharge from this outfall could be seen as far
as 360 feet downstream from its source.
5. On the North bank, 75 feet downstream from the 12th Avenue
bridge was another subsurface outfall. A 25-foot greenish-
brown plume was visible in this area.
Heavy water traffic between the 12th and 17th Avenue bridges
churned up the river water. The water disturbance was sufficient
to make obscure the location of any subtle outfalls in this stretch
of the river.
6. From a point 275 feet upstream on the South Fork of the Miami River
a blue-green substance could be seen on the water. This substance
covered a surface area 10 feet wide and could be traced downstream
along the eastern bank to the confluence of the South Fork with the
Miami River. A 50-foot houseboat and a 45-foot boat were tied up
to the shore directly above the point where this substance first
appeared. The exact source of this effluent could not be identified.
7. The green turbid water of the Tamiami Canal was flowing across
the Miami River and being deflected off the northern bank of
the river and downstream. The outflow from the canal was dis-
persed 650 feet downstream from its confluence with the Miami River.
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8. The yellowish-brown water from Palmer Lake dispersed into the
Miami River immediately with no plume visible.
9. A yellowish-green, irregular 50-foot plume was seen along
the Southern shore of Palmer Lake 450 feet away from the
South River Drive bridge. Trees growing along the shore of
the lake prevented location of the outfall. A 22-foot boat
was submerged 30 feet west of the plume.
10. At the Western end of Palmer Lake there were two pipelines,
supported by floats above the water, discharging a liquid into
the lake. The diameter of the pipes was less than one foot.
There were no plumes associated with the outflow from these pipes.
11. Opposite the reveted dock area, at the foot of 31st Street on
the Southern bank of the Miami River, is a building associated
with a barge repair facility. Directly in front of this
building was a sunken barge.
12. On the Southern side of the river immediately downstream from
the Curtiss Parkway was a cove, from which a yellowish-brown
effluent was entering the Miami River. This effluent could be
traced 4,000 feet downstream in the Miami River. Heavy tree
foliage masked the source of this effluent.
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25
West 4th Avenue Canal
As shown in Figure 3, the West 4th Avenue Canal runs from North
to South in the Western part of the City of Miami. The canal empties
into the Miami River 7.7 miles upstream from Biscayne Bay near the
intersection of West 4th Avenue and West 9th Street. The width of the
canal is approximately 40 feet and the predominant color of the water
is a dark grayish-brown. Although not shown in Figure 3, there are 28
bridges crossing the canal in Irregular intervals ranging from 150
feet to 1,900 feet. In the portion of this canal, North of the Little
River Canal, the water level was slightly elevated above the passageway
beneath the bridges. This indicates that the flow of water is stopped
or restricted in the vicinity of the Little River Canal. At the time
of flight a Southwest wind had caused large mats of green algae to harbor
in the Northern end of the inter-bridge canal sections which are North
of the Little River Canal. The algal mats indicate a high nutrient
level in the canal water, and a high potential organic load if respiration
or decay of these mats were to occur. There were no outfalls detected
along the portion of the West 4th Avenue Canal encompassed within the
study area.
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26
Card Sound
Card Sound is directly South of Biscayne Bay and is situated between
the mainland of Florida and Key Largo. The water in the Sound is clear
and appears to be of relatively good quality. The average depth of Card
Sound is only 8 feet. Figure 27 shows the location of the Florida Power
and Light Company power station on Turkey Point in Biscayne Bay and the
route its discharge canal takes into Card Sound. The depth of this dis-
charge canal is 20 feet, and where the canal enters Card Sound it is
approximately 195 feet wide. An area as wide as the canal and extending
out into Card Sound for 200 feet has been excavated to make an Incline
from the bottom of the canal up to the bottom of Card Sound. Extending
another 380 feet out into the Sound is an area where the tide, current,
or outflow from the canal has spread some of the loose spoil from the
excavated area (refer to Figure 28).
The imagery recorded over the study area is of good quality and
the bottom of Card Sound is clearly seen.
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TURKEY PT.
HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POWER STATION
POWER STATION
HOT EFFLUENT
DISCHARGE CANAL
MODEL LAND CANAL
TURKEY PT.
MAINLAND FLORIDA
CARD SOUND
SCALE 1:80,000
Figure 27 Turkey Point Power Station and Discharge Canal
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TURKEY POINT
POWER STATION
DISCHARGE CANAL
-N-
AVERAGE DEPTH 8'
CARD SOUND
MODEL
LAND
CANAL
SCALE 1:9500
Figure 28 Turkey Point Power Station Discharge
Canal Into Card Sound
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APPENDIX
Focal Length, Angle of View, and the Effects of Focal Length and Altitude
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