RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
RTI/180/01 September 28, 1990
EVALUATION OF A PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS IN BREATH AND OF THE APPLICATION OF THE
ANALYTICAL METHOD TO POLAR VOCs
FINAL REPORT
by
J. H. Raymer, E. D. Pellizzari, S. D. Cooper,
N. P. Castillo and K. W. Thomas
RTI Work Assignment Leader: J. H. Raymer
Research Triangle Institute
Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194
Contract Number: 68-02-4544
Work Assignment Number: 11-80
Project Officer: David 0. Hinton
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Exposure Assessment Division
Environmental Monitoring Branch
Task Manager: W. C. Nelson
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Exposure Assessment Division
Environmental Monitoring Branch
PREPARED FOR
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
POST OFFICE BOX 12194 RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709-2194
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RTI/180/01
September 28, 1990
EVALUATION OF A PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS IN BREATH AND OF THE APPLICATION OF THE
ANALYTICAL METHOD TO POLAR VOCs
FINAL REPORT
by
J. H. Raymer, E. D. Pellizzari, S. D. Cooper
N. P. Castillo, and K. W. Thomas
RTI Work Assignment Leader: J. H. Raymer
Research Triangle Institute
Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194
Contract Number: 68-02-4544
Work Assignment Number: 11-80
Project Officer: David 0. Hinton
Task Manager: W. C. Nelson
Submitted by:
J.dH. Raymer
Task Leader
Approved by:
E.D. Pelllzza'Y
Project Director
PREPARED FOR
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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NOTICE
This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been formally
released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and should not at this
stage be construed to represent Agency policy. It is being circulated for
comments on its technical merit and policy implications.
Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
The successful use of breath measurements to estimate exposure and body
burden depends on a good understanding of the kinetic parameters and the
impact of variabilities associated with both the exposed individual and the
exposure environment. Variables related to the exposure, such as the tem-
poral variations in volatile organic concentration (VOC) in exposure air,
were investigated as were variables related to the individual, such as
percent body fat, activity level, and metabolic rate. Both classical and
physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models were used to aid in the evalu-
ation of a classical model for the estimation of VOC exposure based on
breath measurements. A parallel effort in this project was designed to
challenge the canister-based GC/MS method of VOC analysis through the use
of standard compounds and 31 consumer products containing complex mixtures
of both non-polar and polar chemicals. A preliminary effort was undertaken
to assess the qualitative composition of VOCs found in 16 microenviron-
ments. Both polar and non-polar compounds were of interest.
iii
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CONTENTS
Abstract 111
F1 gures vi
Tabl es xi
1. Introducti on 1-1
2. Concl usions 2-1
Model Ing 2-1
Recovery of Polar/Fragrance Compounds from Canisters 2-2
Mi croenvi ronments 2-2
Consumer Product Headspace Analysis 2-3
C02 Analysis 2-3
3. Recommendations 3-1
4. Experimental 4-1
Introduction 4-1
Pharmacoki netic Model i ng 4-1
Chemical Studies 4-5
5. Results and Data Analysis 5-1
Introducti on 5-1
Pharmacoki neti c Model ing 5-1
Recovery of Polar/Fragrance Compounds from Canisters 5-22
Mi croenvi ronmental Screeni ng 5-23
Consumer Product Headspace Analysis Results 5-27
6. References 6-1
Appendices
A. Breath Exposure Study Establishment Consent Form A-l
B. Suggested Sampling Protocols for Fitting Triexponential
Compartment Models to VOC Exposure Data B-l
C. Reconstructed Ion Chromatograms for Microenvironmental
Samples C-l
D. RICs and Tables of Identification for Consumer Products D-l
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FIGURES
Number Page
4-1 Diagram of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model
used in this study 4-12
4-2 GC/MS system for analysis of canister or headspace samples 4-18
4-3 Headspace generation system 4-21
5-1 Representation of VOC uptake and elimination in a 2-compart-
model 5-32
5-2 Exposure scenarios tested 5-60
5-3 Uptake and elimination for 1,1,1-trichloroethane in expired
(whole) and alveolar breath after exposure to 16,000
/jg/m3 according to scenario #1 and scenario #5 5-62
5-4 Uptake and elimination of toluene after exposure to
5,700 ;jg/m3 according to scenario #1 and scenario #5 5-67
5-5 Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for a lean
man with a 4 hour exposure at 16,000 /*g/m3 5-68
5-6 Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloreothane for an
average man with a 4 hour exposure at 16,000 pg/m3 5-69
5-7 Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for an
obese man with a 4 hour exposure at 16,000 /ig/m3 5-70
5-8 Uptake and elimination of toluene for a lean man with a
4 hour exposure at 5,700 /tg/m3 5-75
5-9 Uptake and elimination of toluene for an average man with a
4 hour exposure at 5,700 /jg/m3 5-76
5-10 Uptake and elimination of toluene for an obese man with a 4
hour exposure at 5,700 /jg/m3 5-77
5-11 Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for an
average man at rest 5-82
5-12 Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for an
average man during moderate work 5-83
5-13 Uptake and elimination of toluene for an average man
at rest 5-86
vi
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FIGURES (cont'd.)
Number Page
5-14 Uptake and elimination of toluene for an average man during
moderate work 5-87
5-16 Real time detection of C02 in breath from participant 2
using the alveolar breath spirometer and the whole
breath spi rometer 5-114
C-l Reconstructed ion chromatogram of Potpourri and Coffee
air sample C-2
C-2 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a department store
fragrance counter air sample C-3
C-3 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a clothing store air
sample C-4
C-4 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a shopping mall common
area air sample C-5
C-5 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a craft/hobby store
air sample C-6
C-6 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of craft store No. 2 air
sampl e C-7
C-7 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of carpet, floor and wall-
covering store air sample C-8
C-8 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of auto parts store air
sample C-9
C-9 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a tire/auto parts store
air sample C-10
C-10 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a tire warehouse air
sample C-ll
C-ll Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a retail grocery store/-
detergent section air sample C-12
C-12 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a retail grocery store/-
pet food section air sample C-13
C-13 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a health club Jacuzzi
area air sample C-14
C-14 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of air sample of room with
air freshner C-15
Vll
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FIGURES (cont'd.)
Number Page
C-15 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of closet with cedar shavings
air sample C-16
C-16 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a new shower curtain
ai r sample C-17
D-l Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of
Charlie Cologne sampled directly D-3
D-2 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Giorgio
Cologne sampled directly and by canister D-6
D-3 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Oscar de la
Renta Perfume sampled directly and by canister D-9
D-4 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Giorgio
Perfume sampled directly D-12
D-5 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Chantilly
Spray Mist sampled directly D-14
D-6 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Coast Soap
sampled directly and by canister D-16
D-7 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Irish
Spring Soap sampled directly and by canister D-19
D-8 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Pert
Shampoo (normal) sampled directly D-22
D-9 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Vidal
Sassoon Hairspray sampled directly D-24
D-10 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Aqua Net
Hairspray sampled directly and by canister D-26
D-ll Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Barbasol
Shaving Cream sampled directly D-28
D-12 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Mennen Skin
Bracer After Shave sampled directly and by canister D-30
D-13 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Sure
(Regular) Solid Deodorant sampled directly and by
cani ster D-32
D-14 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Ban Roll-on
(Regular Scent) Anti-perspirant/Deodorant sampled
directly D-34
viii
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FIGURES (cont'd.)
Number Page
D-15 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Arrid
(Extra) Dry with Musk Spray Deodorant sampled
directly and by canister D-36
D-16 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Vaseline
Intensive Care Lotion sampled directly and by canister...D-38
D-17 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Maybelline
Long Wearing Nail Color (#12) sampled directly D-40
D-18 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Max Factor
Nail Enamel Remover sampled directly and by canister D-42
D-19 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Revlon
Professional Nail Enamel Remover sampled directly D-44
D-20 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Cheer
Laundry Detergent sampled directly D-46
D-21 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Clorox-2
Laundry Detergent sampled directly and by canister D-48
D-22 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Downy Fabric
Softener sampled directly D-50
D-23 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Bounce
Fabric Softener sampled direclty and by canister D-52
D-24 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Sunlight
Dishwashing Liquid sampled directly D-54
D-25 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Cascade
Dishwasher Detergent sampled directly and by
cam ster D-56
D-26 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Dove
Dishwashing Liquid sampled directly and by canister D-58
D-27 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Renuzit
Freshen Air Freshener sampled directly and by
cam' ster D-60
D-28 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Airwick
Stickup Air Freshener sampled directly D-62
D-29 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Lysol Disin-
fectant Spray sampled directly and by canister D-64
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FIGURES (cont'd.)
Number Page
D-30 Reconstructed Ion chromatogram of headspace of Liquid
Paper sampled directly D-66
D-31 Reconstructed ion chromatogram of headspace of Strypeeze
Paint and Varnish Remover sampled directly D-68
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TABLES
Number Page
4-1 Nomenclature Used in Describing a Physiologically-Based
Pharmacokineti c Model 4-13
4-2 Physiological and Chemical Parameters Used to Describe the
Pharmacokinetics of Toluene in Humans 4-14
4-3 Parameters Used in the Physiologically Based Pharmaco-
kinetic Model for Methyl chloroform in Humans 4-15
4-4 Compounds Evaluated for Recovery from Canisters 4-16
4-5 Analytical Conditions for Canister Sample Analysis 4-19
4-6 Consumer Product Categories and Products Selected for
Headspace GC/MS Analysi s 4-22
4-7 Headspace Generation System Operating Parameters 4-24
5-1 Decay Parameters Calculated from Alveolar Breath Data 5-33
5-2 Model Selection Criteria (RSTRIP) for Calculated Parameters
from Al veol ar Breath Data 5-35
5-3 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
for Hydrocarbons, Aromatics and Halocarbons 5-37
5-4 Average Half-Lives, f and a - Values for Hydrocarbons 5-40
5-5 Average Half-Lives, f and a - Values for Aromatics 5-41
5-6 Average Half-Lives, f and a - Values for Halocarbons 5-42
5-7 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Actual Half-Lives and Average f and a - Values
by Individual Straight Chain Hydrocarbons 5-43
5-8 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Actual Half-Lives and Average f and o-Values
by Individual Chemicals for Aromatics 5-44
5-9 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Actual Half-Lives and Average f and a-Values by
Individual Halocarbons 5-45
xi
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TABLES (cont'd.)
Number Page
5-10 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Actual Half-Lives and Average f and a-Values
for Straight Chain Hydrocarbons 5-46
5-11 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Actual Half-Lives and Average f and o-Values for
Branched Chain Hydrocarbons 5-47
5-12 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Actual Half-Lives and Average f and a-Values for
Aromati cs 5-48
5-13 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Actual Half-Lives and Average f and a-Values for
Hal ocarbons 5-49
5-14 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Average Half-Lives, f, and a-Values for
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons 5-50
5-15 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Average Half-Lives, f, and a-Values for Branched
Chain Hydrocarbons 5-51
5-16 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Average Half-Lives, f, and a-Values for
Aromati cs 5-52
5-17 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Average Half-Lives, f, and a-Values for
Halocarbons 5-53
5-18 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Air Exposure Levels
Using Average Half-Lives, f, and a-Values for
Individual Chemicals 5-54
5-19 Impact of Altered (+ 50%) Input Parameters on Calculated
f-Val ues 5-55
5-20 Impact of Altered (+ 50%) Input Parameters on Calculated
a-Values 5-56
5-21 Impact of Altered (+ 50%) Input Parameters on Calculated
Breath Val ues 5-57
5-22 Impact of Altered (+ 50%) Input Parameters on Calculated
Air Levels 5-58
XI1
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TABLES (cont'd.)
Number Page
5-23 Effect of Exposure Duration on Calculated Parameters for
1,1,1-Tri chl oroethane 5-59
5-24 Effect of Exposure Concentration on Calculated Parameters
for Toluene and 1,1,1-Tri chl oroethane 5-61
5-25 Effect of Exposure Scenario on Calculated Parameters for
1,1,1-Tri chloroethane 5-63
5-26 Effect of Exposure Scenario on Calculated Parameters for
Tol uene 5-65
5-27 Calculated 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Decay Parameters for
Average Man 5-71
5-28 Calculated 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Decay Parameters for
83 kG Man at Rest 5-72
5-29 Calculated 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Decay Parameters for
83 kG in Moderate Activity 5-73
5-30 Calculated 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Decay Parameters for
83 kG Man in Heavy Activity 5-74
5-31 Calculated Toluene Decay Parameters for Average Man 5-78
5-32 Calculated Touene Decay Parameters for 70 kG Man at Rest 5-79
5-33 Calculated Toluene Decay Parameters for 70 kG Man in
Moderate Activity 5-80
5-34 Calculated Toluene Decay Parameters for 70 kG Man in
Heavy Acti vi ty 5-81
5-35 Effect of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Metabolism on Calculated
Decay Parameters for Average Man at Rest 5-84
5-36 Effect of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Metabolism on Calculated
Decay Parameters for Average Man in Moderate Activity....5-85
5-37 Effect of Toluene Metabolism on Calculated Decay Parameters
for Average Man in Moderate Activity 5-88
5-38 Effect of Toluene Metabolism on Calculated Decay Parameters
for Average Man at Rest 5-89
5-39 Impact of Activity Level on f, a and Calculated Exposure
Level to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for a Lean Person 5-90
xiii
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TABLES (cont'd.)
Number Page
5-40 Impact of Activity Level on f, a and Calculated Exposure
Level to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for a Person with
Average Body Fat 5-91
5-41 Impact of Activity Level on f, a and Calculated Exposure
Level to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for a Person with
Greater than Average Body Fat (+8%) 5-92
5-42 Impact of Activity Level on f, a and Calculated Air
Exposure Level to Toluene for a Lean Person 5-93
5-43 Impact of Activity Level on f, a and Calculated Air
Exposure Level to Toluene for an Average Body Fat
Person 5-94
5-44 Impact of Activity Level on f, a and Calculated Air Exposure
Level to Toluene for a Person with Greater than
Average Body Fat 5-95
5-45 Impact of Metabolic Rate and Activity Level on f, a and
Calculated Exposure Level to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
for a Person with Average Body Fat 5-96
5-46 Impact of Metabolic Rate and Activity Level on f, a and
Calculated Exposure Level to Toluene for a Person with
Average Body Fat 5-97
5-47 Fragrance and Other Compounds Selected for Analyses 5-98
5-48 Compounds Not Detected by GC/MS 5-99
5-49 Microenvi ronment Sampl es 5-100
5-50 Compounds Identified 1n Mi croenvi ronment Samples 5-101
5-51 Headspace Generation Parameters for Household Products 5-105
5-52 Consumer Products Headspace Screened by GC/MS 5-107
5-53 General List of Compounds Found in Household Products 5-109
5-54 Participants Used in Interpersonal Test of Spirometers 5-112
5-55 Carbon Dioxide Levels in Breath Collected by the Whole
and Alveolar Breath Sampling Systems for One
Individual (Participant 1) 5-113
xiv
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TABLES (cont'd.)
Number Page
5-56 Carbon Dioxide Levels in Breath Collected by the Whole
and Alveolar Breath Spirometers Across Several
Individuals 5-115
D-l Household Products Screened by GC/MS D-2
D-2 Compounds Identified in Charlie Cologne by GC/MS D-4
D-3 Compounds Identified in Giorgio Cologne D-7
D-4 Compounds Identified in Oscar de la Renta Perfume by GC/MS....D-10
D-5 Compounds Identified in Giorgio Perfume D-13
D-6 Compounds Identified in Chantilly Spray Mist D-15
D-7 Compounds Identified in Coast Soap by GC/MS D-17
D-8 Compounds Identified in Irish Spring Soap by GC/MS D-20
D-9 Compounds Identified in Pert Shampoo D-23
D-10 Compounds Identified in Vidal Sassoon Hairspray D-25
D-ll Compounds Identified in Aqua Net Hairspray by GC/MS D-27
D-12 Compounds Identified in Barbasol Shaving Cream D-29
D-13 Compounds Identified in Mennen Skin Bracer After Shave
by GC/MS D-31
D-14 Compounds Identified in Sure Solid Deodorant by GC/MS D-33
D-15 Compounds Identified in Ban (Regular) Roll-On Deodorant D-35
D-16 Compounds Identified in Arrid XX Dry with Musk Spray
Deodorant D-37
D-17 Compounds Identified in Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion D-39
D-18 Compounds Identified in Maybelline Long Wearing Nail
Color (No. 12) D-41
D-19 Compounds Identified in Max Factor Nail Enamel Remover
by GC/MS D-43
D-20 Compounds Identified in Nail Enamel Remover D-45
D-21 Compounds Identified in Cheer Laundry Detergent D-47
xv
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TABLES (cont'd.)
Number Page
D-22 Compounds Identified in Clorox-2 Laundry Bleach by GO/MS D-49
D-23 Compounds Identified in Downy Fabric Softener D-51
D-24 Compounds Identified in Bounce Fabric Sofener by
GC/MS D-53
D-25 Compounds Identified in Sun Light Dishwashing Liquid
by GC/MS D-55
D-26 Compounds Identified in Cascade Dishwasher Detergent
by GC/MS D-57
D-27 Compounds Identified in Dove Dishwashing Liquid by GC/MS D-59
D-28 Compounds Identified in Renuzit Freshell Air Freshener
by GC/MS D-61
D-29 Compounds Identified in Airwick Stickup Air Freshener D-63
D-30 Compounds Identified in Lysol Disinfectant Spray by GC/MS D-65
D-31 Compounds Identified 1n Liquid Paper (Regular) by GC/MS D-67
D-32 Compounds Identified in Strypeeze Paint and Varnish
Remover by GC/MS D-69
xvi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been
interested in personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
resulting from microenvironments encountered by the general population, and
the analysis of exhaled breath after exposure to verify that uptake has
occurred. Breath measurements offer the potential for direct and non-inva-
sive evaluation of actual human exposure to VOCs in the environments in
which people work and live. The ability to use breath measurements in lieu
of personal monitoring would circumvent the participant burden associated
with personal monitoring and would provide a non-invasive alternative to
blood collection and analysis methods for body burden estimation. The
concentration of VOCs in breath is directly related to the concentration in
the body. Through the combination of a knowledge of the concentration in
the body along with an understanding of the persistence of the VOC in the
body, i.e., residence time, elimination half-life, the dose to the system
can be estimated. As a result, effort has been directed towards the esti-
mation of exposure air VOC concentration based on the determination of the
VOC in breath. This work represents another phase in the continuing
development of breath measurements for exposure assessment.
In a recent study [1], several people spent time in common micro-
environments and breath samples were collected and analyzed at multiple
time points (after leaving the environment) to evaluate elimination
kinetics for 21 non-polar VOCs. Concentrations of the VOCs in the micro-
environments ranged from 50 to 16,000 ;jg/m3. The prototype of a new, port-
able spirometer system facilitated the collection of samples in approxi-
mately one minute so that frequent samples were collected during the early
phase of VOC elimination. The data were subjected to non-linear regression
analysis to estimate elimination half-lives based on one- and two-compart-
ment classical pharmacokinetic models.
In order for these kinetic parameters to be useful in estimating the
dose to the organism, it is important that they be well characterized.
1-1
-------
That is, it is important that the variability of the parameters determined
from different individuals and exposure situations be understood. More
important, if the model of Wallace et al. [7] is used as a basis for esti-
mating exposure to VOCs, it is crucial to understand how the variability in
the kinetic parameters impacts on the accuracy of the result. The evalua-
tion of this model served as the first objective of this research project.
To achieve this objective, both classical and physiologically based pharma-
cokinetic models were employed to ascertain the potential effects on half-
life, etc., of variables associated with both exposed individuals and
exposure environments. These kinetic parameters were then used to study
how such variabilities affected the predictive ability of the model of
Wallace et al. [7]. The specific aims developed to address this problem
are described in detail in Sections 4 and 5 of this report.
The other main aspect of this project involved exploring the potential
of the canister-based analytical method for the collection and analysis of
polar compounds. As indicated above, the potential for human exposure to
the plethora of VOCs in the environment is great. Several microenviron-
ments were screened in an earlier project [1] for a number of target
compounds. This research effort attempted to expand our understanding of
potential exposure situations. Towards this end, qualitative GC/MS analy-
ses of the VOCs in the air of 16 microenvironments and the VOC emmissions
from 31 consumer products were performed. In concert with the qualitative
analyses of the consumer products, the canister-based analytical method was
challenged with polar organic compounds (standards and actual VOC emmis-
sions) to help to better define the range of applicability of this approach
for environmental and breath studies. The specific aims and approaches are
detailed in Sections 4 and 5.
1-2
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
MODELING
Evaluation of the Wallace et a_K [7] model for predicting time weighted
air exposure levels from breath measurements was performed using previously
acquired breath decay data [1]. The bias in prediction was determined for
the exponential terms in the classical two compartment exponential model by
incorporating physiologically based parameters (ventilation and metabolism
rates, body fat content) into a description of the VOC uptake and post-
exposure VOC decay in breath. For a steady state exposure of a fixed
length of time (4 hours), the fraction, f, of the measured VOC
concentration of air (CAIR) exhaled unchanged was found to vary with
changes in either ventilation or metabolic rates, but not with body fat
content in a two compartment model. For 1,1,1-trichloroethane, a chemical
which is not highly metabolized, the principal factor in governing the
variation in f is the ventilation rate. For toluene, a chemical that has a
higher degree of metabolic turnover, the f value may increase with ventila-
tion rate and decrease with an increase in Vmaxi the metabolic rate. Thus
both ventilation and metabolic rates are important in changing f from
subject to subject.
Based on the results from analysis using the physiological models, the
elimination half-lives for 1,1,1-trichlorethane and toluene are independent
of exposure concentration. For exposures of constant duration, the linear
coefficients parallel exposure concentration. When the length of the
exposure is increased, the values of the coefficients increase and reflect
increased accumulation. This also results in errors in the estimation of
longer half-lives if the number of physiological compartments in the model
does not reasonably approximate the number of compartments in the body that
are contributing to a significant extent to the VOC exhaled during
elimination.
A reasonably accurate estimation of the parameters for a three
compartment model can be obtained using 12 breath collection measurements,
2-1
-------
the first of which should be 1 minute after the end of the exposure and the
last at a post-exposure time twice the length of the third half-life. When
dealing with a complex mixture of VOCs, any sampling strategy represents a
compromise for some of the chemicals.
Based on the results of these modeling studies, potential is seen for
the use of breath measurements to estimate exposure levels and body burden
if variabilities in f and a can be taken into account when the method is
applied to different individuals. In a two-compartment model, a is the
fraction of the total body burden in the second compartment at equilibrium.
RECOVERY OF POLAR/FRAGRANCE COMPOUNDS FROM CANISTERS
Analysis of mixtures of polar and/or fragrance compounds indicate that,
in general, alcohols are poorly recovered from the canisters. Heterocylic
compounds containing N, S, or 0 are often poorly recovered. Recoveries for
such compounds ranged from 68% for thiazole to 8% for 2,4,5-
trimethylthiazole. In general, chemicals containing polar functional
groups and having a molecular weight less than 100 daltons were not well
recovered from the canisters. Decomposition of the chemical within the
canister is also a concern, e.g., furfuryl propionate. In addition,
several compounds, including triethyl amine, linalool, hydroxycitronellol,
and musk ambrette were not well recovered through the canister GC/MS inter-
face.
On the other hand, thiazole, 4-methylthiazole, allyl butyrate, and
cyclohexanol showed recoveries of 68%, 58%, 113%, and 73%, repectively.
These results indicate that canister analysis has potential for certain
volatile polar chemicals.
MICROENVIRONMENTS
A range of VOCs was observed in 16 microenvironmental air samples.
These microenvironments included retail establishments of several types and
homes. Nonpolar aliphatic and aromatic compounds as well as halogenated
compounds were detected in most of the environments. Lower molecular
weight alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes were often detected in the retail,
mall-type stores. This might indicate their association with fragrances
and carrier solvents in consumer products, such as perfume and pot pourri,
or chemicals released from new clothes. In general, polar compounds with
vapor pressures lower than those of n-hexanal or n-butyl acetate were not
2-2
-------
observed in the air samples. This is either because they were not present
or, based on the analyses of the standard compounds, not recovered from the
canisters at low concentrations.
CONSUMER PRODUCT HEADSPACE ANALYSIS
This aspect of the study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of
canister analysis in the collection of VOC emissions from products in
common usage. The emissions from a total of 31 products were studied and
the results appear to show better recoveries of chemicals from the canis-
ters than for the fragrance standards. The extent to which this is related
to VOC concentration is not clear. In general, as the vapor pressures of
the compounds decreased, so did their recoveries from the canister. This
was especially true for alcohols, an observation that is consistent with
the results for the polar/fragrance compounds.
C02 ANALYSES
The concentrations of C02 in whole and alveolar breath samples from up
to 7 individuals were found to average 3.6% and 5.2%, respectively, For a
given individual, the reproducibility of the C02 concentration in breath
collected using either the alveolar or whole breath spirometer system was
within 3-6 %RSD. The ratio of the C02 concentrations (whole:alveolar) was
also very consistent for a given individual over times separated by up to 6
days. The variability of the ratio increased (to 6.6 %RSD) when this com-
parison was made among several individuals. The absolute C02 concentra-
tions among inviduals varied by 14.5 %RSD for both whole and alveolar
breath. Some alterations in C02 concentrations appeared to be related to
use of the spirometer.
2-3
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of this project, the following recommendations
can be made.
• The impact of the back pressure in the alveolar spirometer on the
COg and VOC concentrations should be investigated.
• Canisters could be useful for very volatile polar compounds but
their use needs to validated. Emphasis should be placed on trace-
level analysis.
• If higher molecular weight polar compounds are of interest, a more
comprehensive qualitative screening of polar organic compounds
should be conducted in microenvironments using a method more
proven than canister analysis.
• A pilot study should be performed to evaluate the complications
introduced into the pharmacokinetic model when a three compartment
model is used.
• A large exposure study should be performed using many more people
to increase the data base and test the widespread applicability of
breath measurements. The optimal sampling strategies should be
used, and ways in which individual variability can be reduced
should be investigated.
3-1
-------
SECTION 4
EXPERIMENTAL
INTRODUCTION
During this research project there were four general objectives. These
were: (1) Pharmacokinetic modeling, (2) qualitative analysis of VOC emis-
sions from selected consumer products, (3) qualitative analysis for VOCs in
microenvironments, and (4) evaluation of the canister-based GC/MS analyti-
cal method for the analysis of polar chemicals by comparing their recover-
ies from canisters to direct GC/MS. VOCs from consumer products were
introduced directly into the cryogenic GC/MS interface and collected into
canisters so that alterations in VOC recoveries could be ascertained.
Samples of air in the microenvironments were collected into 1.8 L Summa
polished evacuated canisters.
A series of experiments also was conducted to measure the C02 concen-
tration in breath collected from the Tedlar bag, whole breath spirometer to
that collected by the alveolar spirometer [1]. Differences between VOC
concentrations in breath samples collected using both spirometer systems
after exposure to microenvironments in an earlier study were less than
expected [1]. Characterization of the C0£ concentrations in breath samples
was made for several different people using both spirometer systems. Dif-
ferences should provide insight into the field performance of the spiro-
meters.
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING
Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models
In an effort to gain a better understanding of how different aspects of
exposure experiments might affect the resulting parameters (half-lives,
linear coefficients) calculated from VOC decay curves, we chose to use PBPK
models to simulate some of the expected conditions (see p 4-3) and to use
the calculated decay curves to study how the parameters associated with the
classical model might be altered. The PBPK analyses were performed by Dr.
Curtis Travis and Mr. David Hetrick of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In
this work, we chose to study both toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane using
4-1
-------
PBPK models because previous work [1] provided the measurement of several
decays for these compounds, hence, these compounds could be typical VOCs to
which the general population might be exposed. In addition, the extent to
which 1,1,1-trichloroethane and toluene partition into fat is different and
their metabolic behaviors are different [2] and would thus allow for the
study of two compounds with different behaviors in the body.
A PBPK model with different input parameters was used for each of the
two chemicals and each model was based on the pharmacokinetic model of
Ramsey and Andersen [3]. This model divides the body into four physiologi-
cal groups, all connected by the arterial and venous blood flow pathways as
shown in Figure 4-1 with terms defined in Table 4-1 [4,5]. The first
group, termed the vessel-rich group (VRG), is comprised of those tissues
most profusely supplied with blood vessels. Included in this group are the
brain, heart, kidney, and viscera. The second group, composed of muscle
and skin, is called the muscle group (MG). The third group is composed of
adipose (fat) tissue. The fourth group contains organs, such as the liver,
with a high capacity to metabolize. Each tissue group is described mathe-
matically by a set of differential equations which calculate the rate of
change in the amount of chemical in each compartment. Metabolism, which
occurs chiefly in the liver, is described by a combination of a linear
metabolic component and a Michaelis-Menten component accounting for satur-
able metabolism [4]. The physiological and chemical input parameters used
in the toluene model are shown in Table 4-2 and those for the MC model are
shown in Table 4-3 [6].
The PBPK models were used to simulate exposure experiments in an under-
standable, controllable, and reproducible manner. In this way, potential
experimental conditions related both to the exposure and to the participant
could be studied in a systematic fashion to predict the effects of the
defined conditions on breath VOC concentration as a function of time after
the exposure, i.e., breath decay curves. The calculated alveolar breath
concentrations were then fit to one-, two-, and three-compartment classical
pharmacokinetic, polyexponential decay equations using the computer soft-
ware package RSTRIP (MicroMath Scientific Software, Salt Lake City, UT).
In operation, RSTRIP uses a plot of the natural log of the data vs. time
and "strips" out changes in the slope; these values are used as initial
estimates in the subsequent non-linear curve fitting routine. Output from
4-2
-------
the program includes not only the equation of best fit for the model selec-
ted, but also residence time, half-lives for the individual exponential
terms ("compartments"), concentration at time 0, and "area under the curve"
(AUC) which relates to the integrated level of the VOC in the body during
its presence. RSTRIP also calculates a Model Selection Criterion (MSC)
which is a normalized form of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) such
that the MSCs obtained from different experiments have the same meaning.
The higher the MSC, the better the fit of the data to that particular
model.
Several questions that could be addressed through PBPK modeling were
posed at the beginning of this work. For simplicity, these questions will
be stated here and discussed more at length in the Results section.
1. What is the effect of exposure duration on the elimination and
calculated decay parameters? This was studied through the model-
ing of the elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane after exposure of
an average man at rest to 300 /ig/m3 for 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours.
2. If the VOC concentrations during exposure are not uniform, will
this have an impact on the calculated half-lives and coefficients?
This was addressed by simulation of 4 hour exposures to toluene at
5,700 and 630 /ig/m3 and 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 16,000 and 300
/jg/m3 assuming 7 different exposure scenarios. The time weighted
average in each exposure scenario was the same yet the exposure
maxima and minima were varied both in terms of intensity
(concentration) and duration. In each case, the average sized man
at rest was used. Calculated parameters from RSTRIP were
compared.
3. What is the potential effect of body composition (% fat) and acti-
vity on uptake and elimination of a VOC? To test this, different
body compositions and actvivity levels were assumed during 4 hour
exposures and eliminations, "monitored" for 8 hours, for toluene
at 5,700 //g/m3 or 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 16,000 /
-------
4. What is the effect of variations in metabolic rates? In order to
study this, the average man was used and the uptake (4 h) and
elimination (8 h) of toluene (5,700 /jg/m3) and 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane (16,000 /jg/m3) were followed during both rest and moderate
activity as metabolism was varied. Vmax (Michaelis-Menten
metabolism rate) was varied +/- 10% and +/- 20% for toluene and
+/- 10% for 1,1,1-trichloroethane. In these models, the effect of
body composition on metabolism is not taken into account directly.
As indicated in Table 4-3, Vmax depends on body weight to the
power of 0.7.
Classical Pharmacokinetic Modeling
The classical method for the analysis of pharmacokinetic data is based
on fitting the observed data to polyexponential equations of the form
-k.t -k2t
Concentration = C,e + C^e + ...
as described previously [1] and in section 5.2 of this report. Because
classical models are more simple than PBPK models, their application is
more straightforward. The parameters calculated from RSTRIP are based on a
classical model. The model proposed by Wallace et al_. [7] was also derived
using a classical approach and is the basis for the current work; this is
why all of the data generated from the PBPK models are studied in terms of
the classical treatment.
Three aspects of the model were studied in this effort with the assist-
ance of Dr. Marie Davidian of North Carolina State University Department of
Statistics. First, the model as derived by Wallace et al_. [7] was to be
validated. If fundamental flaws were found then further work based on this
model would not be justified. Second, the effect on exposure scenario was
invesigated in terms of how different situations could be accounted for
using the classical approach. Finally, we sought to design a sampling
strategy such that twelve breath samples would be collected and that the
information would be sufficient to characterize the parameters (half-lives,
etc.) associated with a three compartment model. Twelve samples were
chosen based on the assumptions that a number of people would need to be
studied if a reliable estimation of interindividual variability were to be
obtained and that time and resources would be limited. This last aspect
was accomplished through the use of known half-lives and coefficients and a
study of the accuracy of the parameters estimated when these twelve samples
were distributed differently over the duration of the experiment using a
Monte Carlo simulation [8]. During this simulation, an uncertainty was
4-4
-------
introduced into the "measured breath values" such that the optimal times
would reflect the inability to acquire error-free data.
CHEMICAL STUDIES
Analysis of Polar/Fragrance Compounds
An initial investigation was carried out which involved determining the
recovery of selected fragrance compounds [9] from stainless steel SUMMA
passivated canisters as well as their ability to be resolved and detected
by GC/MS. The compounds selected for evaluation were mostly those cited as
frequently occurring in fragrances, frequently occurring in household pro-
ducts or soaps, and those whose average concentration in fragrances is
highest. There were cited a number of trade name aroma chemicals, though
these were not investigated here. Additional compounds not cited were
selected which had uses in fragrances or contained functional groups of
interest. Standard compounds studied are listed in Table 4-4.
The standard components were prepared into two mixtures, then the mix-
tures were used to prepare canister standards and corresponding dilute
solutions in methanol. The canisters used in this procedure were cleaned
and loaded with standards according to previously developed procedures [1].
The canister was loaded at ~50 ng/25 mL for each compound and the metha-
nol ic solution was prepared at ~50 ng//iL. Using the canister analysis
system shown in Figure 4-2, the standards were analyzed both from the
canister and through injection of the methanol solution into the glass
injection port. Similar masses were introduced in each case. Relative
GC/MS peak heights of the sample from the canisters and liquid injection
were ratioed to ascertain changes in recovery associated with the canister.
The analytical operating conditions for canister analysis are shown in
Table 4-5. After connection of the canister to the transfer line, this
line was evacuated by the vacuum pump and the trap was cooled to -150*C.
While the valve was in the inject mode, the flow from the canister was
started and stabilized (usually to 20 standard cubic centimeters per
minute). After 1-2 minutes of flow the valve was switched to the load
position to begin cryofocussing the VOCs. This step was timed to transfer
the desired volume and then the 6-port valve was switched back to the
inject position. After closing the canister valve, the line from the
canister could be removed to attach it to another canister or to a N2
4-5
-------
purge. During the trapping period the gas chromatograph (GC) oven was
cooled to -20°C. The external standards ds-benzene (1.88 ng)( perfluoro-
benzene (9.51 ng) and perfluorotoluene (4.94 ng), were introduced into the
cryogenic trap prior to the introduction of air from the sample canister.
The trap was ballistically heated with the valve in the inject position to
introduce the trapped vapor into the GC/MS. The sample line was purged
with slightly humidified N2 between injections to help reduce carryover.
For these experiments, no drying tube was used so losses of polar compounds
would be minimized. The mass spectrometer was operated in the full scan
mode.
For injections of methanol solutions, comparable masses of the
external standards were loaded from a canister as indicated above. The N2
purge gas was started (~15 psig head pressure) and flow was stabilized.
The switching valve was in the inject position. After switching to the
load position, an injection of the solution was made (1 ^L) into the heated
injection Tee where the components were volatilized and swept into the
cryogenic trap. Nitrogen flow was continued for 5 rain after injection to
facilitate quantitative transfer. Injection and analysis by GC/MS were
carried out as described above.
Calculations of the relative recoveries of the compounds were made
using the following equation:
% Recovery - sdU x
-------
were selected as areas or activities that might provide natural VOC
exposures to the general population. In previous work [1], numerous
microenvironments for target, nonpolar analytes were screened. In this
work, environments were sought that might provide information on potential
places of exposure that would supplement previous data while also including
areas that might yield exposure to polar compounds. The environments con-
sisted mainly of retail and commercial establishments and a few accessible
homes. Special permission was secured for collecting samples in the retail
and commercial establishments. A copy of the consent form used is presen-
ted in Appendix A. Confidentiality was assured in all cases.
When sampling in most microenvironments, an evacuated 1.8 L canister
was simply opened and allowed to fill to ambient pressure in under one
minute. General information regarding activities, apparent room ventila-
tion, and qualitative observations regarding scent were recorded. All
sealed canister samples were stored at room temperature until analysis,
which was generally within 24-48 hours of sample collection. GC/MS
analysis was accomplished as described above for the standard compounds.
Consumer Products
Basis for Selection--
Human exposure to volatile organic chemicals results as the sum of
exposures from many different sources. These sources include outdoor emis-
sions from industries and vehicles, and indoor sources such as tobacco
smoke, furnishings, building materials, combustion products, and consumer
products. Our understanding of human exposure to VOCs from consumer pro-
ducts is limited because of the large number of products available and the
lack of data about the types and quantities of chemicals emitted from these
products during use. Although the halogenated chemical compositions of
many products have been determined [10] there is little information on
emissions of other chemical classes including polar, terpene, and fragrance
compounds. The goal during this study was not to analyze the hundreds of
available products. Instead, we selected one or two products from a wide
range of common consumer categories. The purpose was to both survey the
types of chemicals that might be emitted from these products and to deter-
mine the feasibility of sample collection and analysis using canisters and
GC/MS procedures.
4-7
-------
Adverse health effects may result from exposure to chemicals in consu-
mer products in two ways. First, there may be long term toxicological
effects of exposures to particular chemicals (e.g., benzene). Second, a
small portion of the population may display acute sensitivity to consumer
products because of specific chemical ingredients. People's sensitivity to
chemicals varies considerably from individual to individual [11]. A broad
range of product categories was selected that may contain chemicals that
may result in adverse reactions to the small population of highly sensitive
individuals.
Of approximately 150 products originally listed for several categories,
a number of representative products were selected from most categories for
headspace analysis (Table 4-6). The selection of many of the products was
based on a number of factors including: the probability of finding organic
polar compounds which have not been previously characterized, the
availability and probable usage level, and the potential irritability of
product ingredients to more highly sensitive persons. Most products tested
have a national distribution and thus provide the possibility of exposure
to a large number of people. In addition, many of the polar fragrance
components will provide information not only about the fragrances, but also
whether or not canister-based sampling and analysis is appropriate for
these compounds. The ability to recover a chemical from a canister can
depend on both chemical functionality and volatility.
Headspace Collection--
In order to evaluate the organic vapors given off by consumer products,
a headspace generation system was constructed to allow analyses of the
vapors. The schematic of the system is shown in Figure 4-3. In operation,
a small amount of the product was placed into a headspace purge vessel,
then humidified gas was swept through the vessel. This provided a gas
stream which was simultaneously introduced directly into the GC/MS through
the canister analytical interface (Figure 4-2), and into a canister.
The parameters used for operating the system are shown in Table 4-7.
It operated by providing a slightly humidified stream of N2 which was then
directed through a gas port in the headspace purge vessel. Once started,
the gas stream was collected by the analytical instrument and the 1.8 L
canister. A restrictive orifice rated at ~500 mL/min metered the flow into
4-8
-------
the canister. The excess flow was vented. Varying amounts of product
were used and these amounts are described in the Results section. The flow
was continued for five minutes.
Analysis of the headspace sample took place in the same manner as the
fragrance standards discussed above. External standards (50 seem) and the
sample headspace (100 seem) were loaded to provide the components for each
injection. All were screened using the full scan mode; other relevant
parameters are shown in Table 4-5. It is important to note that the trans-
fer line from the headspace purge vessel to the cryotrap was heated to 50'C
and no dryer was used.
Canister analyses of selected consumer products were carried out after
selection of the product(s) which appeared to provide unique components not
found in related consumer products. This gave some means of comparing the
headspace analysis results to the analysis results of headspace sampled by
a canister. For canister analyses the transfer line from the canister was
not heated and no dryer was used. This was done to better evaluate the
typical mode of analysis of air samples collected by canister.
Measurements of Carbon Dioxide in Breath
The primary goal of this research was to evaluate more fully the rela-
tive efficiency of the whole breath and alveolar breath spirometers to
sample alveolar breath. This was determined for several individuals to
better determine the intra- and interpersonal variabilities of breath
sampling with either spirometer.
Additionally, tests were conducted to determine if there were changes
in the levels of C02 in exhaled breath that might be induced by the
spirometer. This essentially was a test of whether the C02 levels
collected from the spirometers differed from those obtained by directly
exhaling into a Tedlar bag.
Evaluation of the relative efficiency of collection of alveolar breath
as opposed to whole breath was carried out. The experimental apparatus
used to determine this was relatively simple in concept. Essentially a
fused silica (FS) tube, 2 m x 50 /im i.d., was used as a restrictor to bleed
breath directly into the source of a GC/MS. The GC/MS was capable of moni-
toring m/z 44 so only C02 levels were monitored. The other end of the FS
4-9
-------
tube (for sampling breath) was inserted into the breath stream to provide
essentially a real time monitoring of the breath sample.
In order to properly monitor the breath sample a Tee was used to allow
the breath collected from either of the alveolar or whole breath spiro-
meters to be drawn past the end of the FS tube at ~1 L/min. This sampling
Tee was simply inserted in the tubing just prior to where a Tenax cartridge
or an evacuated canister would be. In both spirometers, a pump was used to
draw the breath through the sampling Tee. The rate was chosen to simulate
collection by a single 1.8 L canister (~1 L/min).
The analysis of the breath stream for C02 was carried out by comparing
the response of the breath samples to known concentrations of C02 in air.
The instrumental conditions used are shown in Table 4-5 using the ion
detection (MID) mode for m/z 44. The canister interface and GC, of course,
were not used in these analyses. It should be noted that there was
approximately a 10-second delay before air entering the FS tube reached the
MS source.
The C02 level from the alveolar breath spirometer was measured by
having a participant take 3 breaths through the spirometer system while
wearing noseclips. The participant continued to breathe through the spiro-
meter as data acquisition by the GC/MS was begun. The participant counted
the breaths exhaled for the next 1.5 min. At that point the data acquisi-
tion was stopped.
The C02 level from the whole breath spirometer was measured by having a
participant wear noseclips and breathe normally until a 40 L Tedlar bag was
filled. During this period the participant counted the number of breaths
exhaled and the time of the exhalation was noted. After the breath collec-
tion was completed, the data acquisition on the collected breath was
started and lasted for several minutes.
As previously noted, in both cases a pump was used to pull ~1 L/min
through the sampling Tee. This was started just before data acquisition to
prevent a time lag in the level detected initially. Also, the resulting
traces from the GC/MS were integrated between two vertical markers to pro-
vide an average intensity for the first 2-5 min of each C02 measurement.
This allowed a high degree of data averaging to reduce the variability of
the measurement. Finally, in both cases ambient air was the air inhaled by
the participants.
4-10
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Standards were analyzed by using tank pressure to bleed a low flow rate
through the sampling Tee. This was carried out for C02 in air at 6.0% and
3.8%. In addition, ambient air was drawn through the sampling Tee to pro-
vide a third point allowing a simple calibration curve to be constructed.
A curve was generated at least twice/day to assure accuracy. An average
intensity was used for each calibration level.
4-11
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'alv
'inn
'vf
'vr
Alveolar
Space
Lung
Blood
Fat
Tissue
Group
Muscle
Group
Vessel
Rich
Group
Liver
Metabolizing
Tissue
Group
'alv
'an
Q.
'art
«m
'an
'an
Qi
'an
Metabolites
(Linear Pathway)
Metabolites
(Michaelis-Menten)
Figure 4-1. Diagram of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic
model used in this study [4].
4-12
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TABLE 4-1. NOMENCLATURE USED IN DESCRIBING A PHYSIOLOGICALLY-
BASED PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL
Qa]v Alveolar ventilation rate (liters air/h)
Cinn Concentration in inhaled air (mg/liter air)
Caiv Concentration in alveolar air (mg/liter air)
\b Blood/air partition coefficient (liters air/-
liters blood)
% Cardiac output (liters blood/h)
Cart Concentration in arterial blood (mg/liter
blood)
Cven Concentration in mixed venous blood (mg/-
liter blood)
Vmax Michaelis-Menten metabolism rate (mg/h)
Km Michael is constant (mg/liter blood)
• Kf Linear metabolism rate (h )
Am Amount metabolized in the liver (mg)
Qi Blood flow rate to tissue group i (liters
blood/h)a
Vi Volume of tissue group i (liters)
Ci Concentration in tissue group i (mg/liter)
AJ Amount in tissue group i (mg)
CV1- Concentration in venous blood leaving tissue
group i (mg/liter blood)
\i Tissue/blood partition coefficient for tissue i
(liters blood/liter 1)
Xi-/a Tissue/air partition coefficient for tissue i
(liters air/liter i)
k Gavage or oral rate constant (h )
Subscripts (i) for tissue groups or compartments:
1 = Liver (metabolizing tissue group)
f = Fat tissue group
r = Vessel-rich tissue group
m = Muscle tissue group
4-13
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TABLE 4-2. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS USED TO DESCRIBE
THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF TOLUENE IN HUMANS
Parameter Value
Alveolar ventilation (liters/h) Qa]v 300.0
Total blood flow rate (llters/h) Qb 372.0
Blood flow fractions
Fraction in the liver Ql/Qb 0-26
Fraction in fat Qf/% 0.05
Fraction in vessel-rich tissues Qr/Qb 0.44
Fraction in muscle tissues Qm/Qb ^.25
Tissue group volume fractions
Fraction in the liver Vi/BW 0.026
Fraction in fat Vf/BW 0.19
Fraction in vessel-rich tissues Vr/BW 0.05
Fraction in muscle tissues Vm/BW 0-62
Blood/air partition coefficient Xk/a 13.0
Tissue/air partition coefficients
Liver/air partition coefficient Xi/a 65.0
Fat/air coefficient Xf/a 1021
Vessel-rich/air coefficient Xr/a 35.0
Muscle/air partition coefficient Xm/a 10.0
Metabolic parameters
Body weight (kg) 70.0
vmax Ong/h) 145.2
Km (mg/liter blood) 0.50
4-14
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TABLE 4-3. PARAMETERS USED IN THE PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED
PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL FOR 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE IN HUMANS
Parameter Value
Alveolar ventilation (liters/h) Qalv 348.0
Total blood flow rate (liters/h) Qb 348.0
Blood flow fractions
Fraction in the liver Qi/Qb 0.24
Fraction in fat Qf/Qb 0.09
Fraction in vessel-rich tissues Qr/Qb 0.49
Fraction in muscle tissues Qm/Qb 0.18
Tissue group volume fractions
Fraction in the liver Vi/BW 0.031
Fraction in fat Vf/BW 0.231
Fraction in vessel-rich tissues Vr/BW 0.037
Fraction in muscle tissues Vm/BW 0.611
Blood/air partition coefficient Xb/a 2.53
Tissue/air partition coefficients
Liver/air partition coefficient Xi/a 8.6
Fat/air coefficient Xf/a 263
Vessel-rich/air coefficient Xr/a 8.6
Muscle/air partition coefficient Xm/a 8.6
Metabolic parameters
Body weight (kg) 83.0
Vmax C (allometric)a 0.419
Km (mg/liter blood) 5.75
aVmaxC is an allometric measure of the maximum velocity of metabolism
such that the maximum enzyme rate (Vmax) may be calcualted for any
size animal according to the equation:
Vmax = VmaxC x (body weight)+0.7.
4-15
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TABLE 4-4. COMPOUNDS EVALUATED FOR RECOVERY FROM CANISTERS
Compound
Mixture 1:
linalool
linalyl acetate
benzyl acetate
/J-citronellol
geraniol
hydroxycitronellol
cyclohexanol
2-butanone
allyl butyrate
allyl tiglate
2 , 3-di methyl pyrazi ne
2-4-methoxypyrazi ne
4-methylthiazole
thiazole
tri ethyl ami ne
benzene
toluene
Mixture 2:
benzyl salicylate
hexyl ci nnamal dehyde
musk ambrette
coumarin
eugenol
a-terpineol
terpinyl acetate
piperonal
/J-phenethyl alcohol
/J-phenethyl acetate
7-methyl ionone
benzyl butyrate
ethyl heptanoate
furfuryl propionate
2-acetylpyridine
M.W.
154.2
196.29
150.18
156.27
154.25
172
100.16
72.11
128.17
140
108.14
110.12
99.16
85.13
101.19
78.11
92.14
228.25
216.33
252.
146.14
164.20
154.25
196.29
150.13
122.17
164.20
206.33
178
148.24
154
121.14
B.P. (°C)d
~197
220
206
222
229
_
160
80
-
-
156
-
133
117
89
80
111
-
17515 mm
1 nun
1551 mm
298
254
218
-
264
220
238
_
-
188
188
Compound Class(es)
alkene, alcohol
alkene, ester
aromatic, ester
alkene, alcohol
alkene, alcohol
alcohol
alcohol
ketone
ester
alkene, ester
heterocycle (2N)
heterocycle, ether
heterocycle
heterocycle (N,S)
amine
aromatic
aromatic
phenolic, ester, aromatic
aromatic, alkene, alde-
hyde
aromatic, nitro, ether,
alkyl
ester (lactone)
phenolic, alkene, ether
alkene, alcohol
alkene, ester
ether, aromatic, alde-
hyde
aromatic, alcohol
aromatic, ester
alkene, ketone
ester
ester
heterocycle (0), ester
heterocycle (N), ketone
(continued)
4-16
-------
TABLE 4-4 (cont'd.)
Compound M.W. B.P. (*C) Compound Class(es)
2-acetylthiophene 126.18 214 heterocycle (S), ketone
2,4,5-trimethylthiazole 1271.21 -167 heterocycle
benzene 78.11 80 aromatic
toluene 92.14 111 aromatic
alf known.
4-17
-------
Headspace Generation
System
-F=>
I
oo
Temperature
Controller
Glass
Injection Port
(optional)
Data System
Vent
M/S
Vacuum
Pump
Ballast
Tank
Pressure/Vacuum
Gauge
Figure 4-2. GC/MS system for analysis of canister or headspace samples.
-------
TABLE 4-5. ANALYTICAL CONDITIONS FOR CANISTER SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Instrument
Component
Parameter
Setpoint or Condition
Canister interface
Gas Chromatograph
Mass Spectrometer
Temperature:
valve, 6-port
transfer lines
trap
Sample Flow
Trapping Time:
air
external standard
Model
Temperature:
injector
column
transfer line
Column:
dimensions
phase
Carrier gas:
flow
head pressure
Model
Type
Operation modes
lonization
lonization potential
Trap current
Multiplier:
preamplifier
setpoint
Temperature:
inlet
source
Full Scan Mode:
accelerating voltage
magnetic sweep range
scan speed
data collection time
MID mode:
magnetic setpoint
ions:
scan speed, cycle
220eC
220° C
-150'C •> 220'C
20 mL/min
5.0 min, nominal
2.5 min
Varian 3700
220'C
-20eC (0 min) @ 5'C/min •>
230°C (3 min)
220°C
30 m x 0.32 mm i.d.
DB-624
helium
~2.7 mL/min
10 psig (70 KPa)
LKB 2091
magnetic sector, single
focusing low resolution
multiple ion detection (MID),
full scan
electron ionization (El)
70 eV
50 /(A
1
500
160'C
1808C
3.5 kV
1 •» 456 m/z
1.8 sec/scan cycle
1.0 sec/scan cycle
44 m/z @ 3.5 kV
44 m/z
14 scans/sec
4-19
-------
TABLE 4-5 (cont'd.)
Instrument
Component
Parameter
Setpoint or Condition
Mass spectrometer
(cont'd.)
Data Acquisition
Reference standard
Vacuum
Computer
MS interface and software
Sampling rate
MID mode:
sweep across 1on
sample time
samples averaged per ion
A/D resolution
tri s-(heptaf1uoropropyl)-s-
triazine
2 x 10"° Torr
Tandy 3000 microcomputer
Teknivent Vector/1 system
10000 samples/sec
+ 0.1 m/z by 0.033 m/z
1 mS
1 summed x 10 averagings
16 bit
4-20
-------
Humidifier
35" C
Water Bath
Vent
Orifice
b Canister
b GC/MS
System
Headspace
Vessel
30* C
Sand Bath
Figure 4-3. Headspace generation system.
-------
TABLE 4-6. CONSUMER PRODUCT CATEGORIES AND PRODUCTS SELECTED
FOR HEADSPACE GC/MS ANALYSIS
Consumer Product Category
Product(s) Selected for Analysis
Perfumes
Colognes
After Shave
Soaps (liquid)
Soaps (solid)
Dishwashing Detergent (solid)
Laundry Soaps (solid)
Hair Shampoo
Hair Sprays
Deodorant (solid)
Deodorant (roll-on)
Deodorant (spray)
Nail Polish
Nail Polish Removers
Shaving Cream
Hand Lotion
Fabric Softeners
Room Deodorants
Chantilly Spray Mist
Giorgio
Oscar de la Renta
Giorgio
Charlie
Mennen Skin Bracer
Sunlight Dishwashing Liquid
Dove Dishwashing Liquid
Coast
Irish Spring
Cascade
Clorox-2
Cheer
Pert
Vidal Sassoon
Aqua Net
Sure (regular)
Ban
Arrid X-tra Dry (musk)
Maybelline-Long Wearing (#12)
Max Factor Nail Enamel Remover
Revlon Nail Enamel Remover
Barbasol
Vaseline Intensive Care
Bounce (regular)
Downy
Renuzit Fresh Shell (liquid)
Airwick Stick-up (solid)
Lysol Disinfectant (spray)
(continued)
4-22
-------
TABLE 4-6 (cont'd.)
Consumer Product Category Product(s) Selected for Analysis
Paint Stripper Strypeeze Paint & Varnish Remover
Office Product Liquid Paper (regular)
4-23
-------
TABLE 4-7 HEADSPACE GENERATION SYSTEM OPERATING PARAMETERS
Parameter Condition of Setpoint
Flowrate:
dry N2 500 mL/min
humid N2 190 mL/min
total 690 mL/min
Humidifier: 2-stage bubbler type
temperature 35*C
Temperatures:
transfer lines 30'C
headspace purge vessel 30'C
transfer line to canister
interface 50'C
Sample Collection flow:
to canister interface 20 mL/min
to canister ~500 mL/min
Sample collection period:3
to canister interface 0-5 min (100 mL)
to canister 0-3 min (~1500 mL)
aDefined as the period which the purge gas flowed through the headspace
purge vessel.
4-24
-------
SECTION 5
RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This research study had two main objectives. First, variables associa-
ted with VOC pharmacokinetic data obtained from breath measurements were to
be studied with regard to their impact on the utility of the model of
Wallace et aj. [7] to estimate individual exposure to VOCs. Towards this
end, both classical and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were
employed to ascertain the potential effects of variables associated with
both exposed individuals and the exposure environments on kinetic parameter
estimation. Methods to improve the quality of decay data collected after
individual exposure to VOCs were considered. Second, the qualitative study
of 31 consumer products and 16 microenvironments was carried out both to
acquire additional information about VOCs to which the public might be
exposed and to assess the suitability of a GC/MS based analytical method
when applied to polar organic compounds.
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING
Objectives
The modeling effort of our work involved both classical and physiologi-
cal based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) with each having a series of specific
objectives. Regarding the classical model, the first objective was to
verify the model described by Wallace et al_. [7] prior to investing a sub-
stantial amount of effort on other aspects of this study. Upon its verifi-
cation then, several specific aims were sought. These were:
(1) Verification that the exponential terms (expressed in T\, ri, the
residence times in the first and second compartments,
respectively)) were identical between the software programs
employed, SAS/NONLIN and RSTRIP.
(2) Comparison of the model selection criteria (MSC) for the one, two,
and three compartment models to indicate the "best fit" on the
previous microenvironmental exposure data [1]
(3) Calculation of f and a from the same exposure data. In a two
compartment model, a is the fraction of the total body burden in
5-1
-------
the second compartment at equilibrium. The value of f indicates
the fraction of the VOC air concentration exhaled unchanged at
equilibrium.
(4) Comparison of measured and calculated air exposure levels using
derived half-lives, the associated coefficients Ci, and the f and
a terms.
(5) Comparison of the variability between measured and calculated air
exposure levels for chemicals using individual and averaged decay
parameters to assess the potential for predicting exposure air
levels from breath measurements.
(6) Examination of the impact (sensitivity) of input decay parameter
variability on the calculated f, a, etc., values.
At this point the PBPK models were brought into the study so that
aspects of the exposure experiments could be simulated in an understand-
able, controlled, and reproducible manner. In this way potential experi-
mental conditions, both exposure related and participant related, were
studied in a systematic fashion to predict the effects of these conditions
on breath VOC concentrations as a function of time after termination of
exposure. The decay data from these simulations were then fitted to the
classical decay models and the impact of the defined variations on the
calculated parameters were ascertained. Through the subsequent study of
these changes in experimental conditions with regard to the impact on the
desired result using the model of Wallace et aj. [7], i.e. calculation of
air exposure concentrations from breath measurements, the specific design
of future exposure experiments could be delineated so that the most import-
ant and relevant information is sought.
Using 1,1,1-trichloroethane and toluene as representative compounds,
several specific aims for the PBPK modeling were defined. These were:
(7) Using the predicted post-exposure decay data, study the effect of
exposure duration on the parameters that are calculated for a one,
two, and three compartment classical model.
(8) If the VOC concentrations during exposure are not uniform, use the
predicted decay data to study the impact on the calculated
(RSTRIP) half-lives and coefficients. As a further comparison
between PBPK and classical models, examine how the classical model
can deal with nonuniform exposures.
(9) Study the potential effect of body composition (% fat) and acti-
vity (physical work) on the uptake and elimination of a VOC and
the impact these have in the parameters in the classical model.
5-2
-------
(10) Study the impact on the classical parameters as a result of varia-
tions in the rates at which toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane are
metabolized.
The logical last step in this phase of the model evaluation is to study
how these new variabilities effect the predictive abilities of the classi-
cal model as described above. Thus, two more specific aims were defined:
(11) Determination of the impact of a person's activity level on f, a,
etc., in the classical model using PBPK predicted uptake and decay
(post-exposure) for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and toluene, two chemi-
cals which are slowly and rapidly metabolized, respectively, and
(12) Determination of the impact of a person's metabolic rate and acti-
vity level on f and a values using the PBPK predicted uptake and
decay of VOCs.
Thus, by achieving these specific aims, a better understanding would be
gleaned on the expected variability when determining the time weighted
average of air exposure of people using the classical model.
The second objective dealt with the design of a breath sample collec-
tion strategy after an exposure such that the most accurate estimation of
the decay parameters could be obtained given that the number of samples
that could be collected was limited. The essence of this objective was to
maximize the information content of subsequent experiments while minimizing
the associated costs.
Introduction
Human beings are exposed to many chemicals, both natural and synthetic.
The monitoring of these chemicals in body tissues and fluids has been
carried out in animals and man for many years. The discipline of pharmaco-
kinetics examines the distribution of drugs among body tissues and organs
and can be used to determine human exposure to chemicals in the work place.
More recently, the study of human exposure to chemicals in the environment
has been made possible by extremely sensitive analytical chemistry methods
to determine chemicals in alveolar air and blood. To interpret these data
we must understand the characteristics of the chemicals in the body. For
example, we need to understand how chemicals are partitioned between dif-
ferent organs and body fluids, how long they remain in the body, and
whether we can relate them to previous exposures in air, water, or food.
In order to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and exposure-dose
relationships for environmentally significant chemicals, the EPA has
5-3
-------
undertaken several studies. One such study has been the Total Exposure
Assessment Methodology (TEAM) studies [13-14]. During the past ten years,
TEAM studies have been performed to measure personal exposure to volatile
organic chemicals in a number of geographical areas. These studies have
included measurements of breath levels of target chemicals in addition to
their measurement in personal air. Breath levels of VOCs have been
measured in nearly 1000 subjects. These air data allow a comparison of the
average integrated 12-hour or 24-hour exposures to the resulting breath
concentrations for all of the subjects.
During the last several decades, pharmacokineticists have developed
several mathematical tools to evaluate factors that govern the time course
of substances at putative sites of action in the body. Each of the tools
has its beneficial uses, but each also has its limitations. The tools
derived from two different conceptual approaches, compartmental analysis
and physiologically based models [15]. Following the compartmental analy-
sis concept, Wallace et al_. [7], developed a simple classical model to
estimate residence time in breath and blood for a number of VOCs. Two
chamber studies [7,16] and a microenvironmental study [1] have been conduc-
ted to obtain exposure and post-exposure information and to calculate the
pharmacokinetic parameters for one, two, and three compartment exponential
models. A brief review of the mathematical relationships for these expo-
nential models is presented as these relationships relate to inhalation
exposure of volatile organic chemicals at environmental levels.
For diffusion into and out of a single compartment, the process is a
first-order one whose rate constant ki depends both on the chemical and on
the tissue and has the dimensions of volume and time [15]. When the rela-
tionship is expressed as a change of concentration (not mass since concen-
tration is what is measured jn vivo) then the rate constant becomes the
elimination rate constant, ke, with the dimensions of reciprocal time
(t-1).
Ht = 'kec W
Integrating this equation to obtain the familiar first order expression for
C as a function of t yields
C = Coe-M (2)
5-4
-------
This relationship has a single exponential term so that if the natural
logarithm of the concentration is plotted against time, the graph takes the
form of a straight line whose slope is -ke and whose ordinate intercept is
the logarithm of CQ. The half-life is estimated from the value of ke and
the volume of distribution from the dose and the value of CQ- This mathe-
matical model, of course, is for only one compartment with first order
elimination.
The body is not a single physiological compartment, however, and rarely
behaves as if it were a single kinetic compartment [15]. More sophistica-
ted models of the body are created by the addition of peripheral compart-
ments, each expressed by exponential terms. The essence of the two differ-
ent conceptual approaches, i.e., classical vs. physiological modeling, lies
in how these compartments are defined and what kinds of variables (e.g.,
measurements of concentrations, amounts, or values of physiological parame-
ters) are used to derive the quantitative model.
In the 1940's and 1950's, it was recognized that the concentration
behavior in the central compartment of the classic multi-compartmental
model could be represented by the sum of exponential terms like the single
term describing the one compartment model, one for each compartment in the
model.
Wallace, et al_. [7], derived the relationships for a one, two, and
three compartment model that would be applicable to the inhalation of vola-
tile organic chemicals (VOCs) at ambient levels commonly found in the
environment.
In the one compartment model, a model which only considers blood as the
main compartment, the main characteristics are as follows:
(1) The concentration in the alveolar air (CALV) continually rises or
falls toward an equilibrium concentration, i.e., some fraction f
of the concentration of the air being breathed (CAIR).
CALV •
where CALV (0) = the alveolar air concentration at time = 0,
t = time of exposure to a constant breathing zone
concentration, CAIR, and
ri = the residence time of the VOC in blood.
5-5
-------
(2) The concentration in the blood (Cl) follows a similar equation,
the relationship between blood and the alveolar air concentration
is given by the blood air partition coefficient, PI.
Cl = PlCALV (4)
(3) The value of f, which varies from one chemical to another and from
one person to another, is given by
f- ~ (5)
where KI = the metabolic rate,
v"ALV = the alveolar respiration rate, and
P! = blood/air partition coefficient
From these relationships it is evident that the fraction of the
concentration that is exhaled at equilibrium depends upon three
parameters, only one of which depends purely on the chemical (the
partition coefficient). The respiration rate is a function of the
person's activity while the metabolic rate depends partly on the
person's enzymatic potential and partly on the chemical.
(4) The residence time, r\, in the blood is directly related to f
H = PlfVi/vALV (6)
In a two compartment model, the second compartment may be envisioned to
communicate directly with the blood. This model has the following fea-
tures:
(1) the concentration in the breath continues to rise or fall toward
an equilibrium concentration fCAlR but it now includes two expo-
nential terms
CALV . ci.-"n * or * fcA]R (7)
This relationship, of course, assumes that the residence time in
the first compartment is considerably smaller than the residence
time in the second compartment.
In our previous human exposure studies (chamber and microenvironmental)
the subject was exposed to an elevated level of VOC and thus the first two
compartments were empty or nearly so (as reflected by the initial breath
value) at the beginning of the exposure period. The basic equations of the
two compartment model for this special case of a sudden high constant expo-
sure was derived [7]. The approximate solution for the breath under
steady-state exposure conditions is
5-6
-------
CALV = fCAIR [l-U-a)e-t/rl - ae-t/T2] (8)
As stated earlier, a is the fraction of the total body burden in the
second compartment at equilibrium. The fraction in the first compartment
is 1-a. This has been schematically represented in Figure 5-1. At the
beginning of a high exposure (tT) = fCAlR[a(l-e-T/r2)e-(t-T)/r2 + (l-a)e-(t"T)/ri] (10)
Data Analysis
Classical Model-
Previously derived exposure decay data [1] was analyzed by RSTRIP
[17], a PC program, to initially determine whether the terms in the expo-
nential equations were identical to those derived in the previous study
using the SAS/NONLIN program. The results of the decay parameters calcula-
ted from previous alveolar breath data are shown in Table 5-1. Only the
first and second half-lives of the two compartment models are compared
here, although the results obtained for the one compartment model were also
consistent with these. The half-lives calculated by the two programs were
remarkably close. Thus, it was concluded that the decay parameters derived
from the RSTRIP program could be used for calculating additional parame-
ters.
A comparison was made of the model selection criteria for calculated
parameters from the previously available alveolar breath data [1]. In
addition to the calculation of correlation, coefficient of determination,
and R-squared by RSTRIP, it also calculates the model selection criteria
(MSC). MSC is a modification of the AKAIKE information criterion (AIC),
used to assess goodness of fit in pharmacokinetic data [17], and is given
by the formula:
5-7
-------
MSC = In
(11)
where Y b = observed breath value at ith, time point
Y . = averaged observed breath value.
Wi = weighting factor
n = number of data points
p = number of independently adjusted parameters within the
model.
MSC gives the same rankings between compartmental models as the AIC and is
normalized so that it is independent of the scaling of data points. Thus,
the most appropriate model is that with the largest MSC since it is desir-
able to maximize the "information content" of the model. General guide-
lines of acceptability for MSC values are:
<2 - unacceptable,
3 - marginally acceptable,
4 - typically good for reasonably well-fit model,
5 - very good,
and >6 - exceptional.
Table 5-2 presents MSC results for the alveolar breath data obtained
from previous microenvironmental exposure studies [1]. As indicated by
asterisks, and for cases where two or more compartments were fitted to the
alveolar breath data, it is clear that for the majority of cases the two
compartment model gave the highest MSC. Values of the MSC between 3 and 4
are typical of data from biological systems [17]. Non-constant variance
[8] and the use of unweighted least squares analysis might also provide
lower MSCs. Based on these results, the remaining data analysis was per-
formed principally with the two compartment model.
Utilizing the previously developed exposure and decay data for VOCs,
the f and a values were calculated based on the exponential terms that were
derived for the two compartment classical model (Fig. 5-1). In the two
5-8
-------
compartment model, f can be derived from the solution of simultaneous equa
tions as follows:
(l-o)fCAlR = Cl
afCAIR(l-e-T/r2) = C2
(12)
(13)
solving for a:
a =
C2
fCAlR(l-e-T/r2)
and substituting into equation (12):
(14)
1 -
now solving for f:
C2
fCAIR = Cl
(15)
f =
C2
CAIR(l-e-T/r2)
Cl
CAIR
(16)
Since the coefficients of exponential terms Ci and C2 and r2 are deter-
mined from stripping the post-exposure breath data and CAIR was measured
during the exposure period T (time), the value of f may be calculated.
Furthermore, once f is known, then a may also be calculated from either of
the two following relationships:
from equation (12):
Cl
a = 1-
fC
(17)
AIR
or from equation (13):
a =
C2
fC
AIR
(1-e
_ -T/T2
(18)
Table 5-3 presents a comparison of measured and calculated air exposure
levels for hydrocarbons, aromatics, and halocarbons. Included in this
table are the exposure levels, exposure time periods, the coefficients of
5-9
-------
the exponential terms (Cl, C2), the half-lives (ti/2,l and ti/2,2) and the
calculated f and a values. Tables 5-4, 5-5, and 5-6 summarize the average
half-lives, f and a values, for hydrocarbons, aromatics, and halocarbons,
respectively, that were presented in Table 5-3. The summaries are presen-
ted by chemical and group of chemicals. As can be seen from these data,
the average half-lives for hydrocarbons, aromatics, and halocarbons are
similar, even though there was a range of chemical exposure levels and
different participants. On the other hand, substantial variations in the f
and a values are apparent.
In order to understand the significance of the variation of f and a, by
individual chemicals, by chemical group and across all VOCs, a comparison
of measured and calculated air exposure levels for hydrocarbons, aromatics,
and halocarbons was made. The time weighted air exposure level, CAIR, can
be calculated from the relationship (see Figure 5-1):
Cair (19)
f[a(l-e-T/rV(t-T)/T2 + (l-aje-^-1^!]
where t = the period of exposure plus the time post exposure at which
B, the breath concentration, is determined.
T = length of exposure.
These data were also shown in Table 5-3. The air exposure level was calcu-
lated at two different measured breath levels (Bti and Bt2)' Correspond-
ingly, the percent difference was determined between the calculated and
measured air exposure levels. In general, the calculated air exposure
levels for the individual hydrocarbons, aromatics, and halocarbons agreed
well with the measured values. In a few instances, for example, ji-decane
at an exposure level of 360 ^g/m3, the model resulted in a large percent
difference between calculated and measured exposure levels for the first
breath measurement but a much more accurate value for the second breath
measurement. Other examples of similar cases may be found in Table 5-3
where one breath measurement provides a more accurate calculated exposure
level than the corresponding second breath measurement. These results were
encouraging since the model allows the possibility of calculating a predic-
ted air exposure level based on a measured breath value and corresponding
decay parameters.
5-10
-------
Another specific aim was to determine the magnitude of bias when f and
a values were averaged from a series of exposure experiments for the same
and different exposed subjects. The potential magnitude of bias would be
important to know when calculating a predicted air exposure level from only
breath measurements. The impact in the variability of f and a on this
calculation was tested by using averages by chemical, and across chemical
classes. Since the first and second half-life could potentially vary by
exposure level, by person, by chemical, and across chemical classes, the
variation of half-life was tested separately from a and f values.
First, a comparison of measured and calculated air exposure levels was
made using actual half-lives (determined in the individual exposure experi-
ments) and average f and a values for the individual straight-chain hydro-
carbons, aromatics, and halocarbons. The results for individual straight
chain hydrocarbons are given in Table 5-7. In addition, Table 5-7 lists
the measured exposure level, length of exposure, the first and second half-
lives used in the calculations, and the measured breath values at two dif-
ferent post exposure times that were used to calculate the predicted air
exposure level. The air exposure level was calculated using equation 19.
The percent difference between the calculated air exposure level and those
measured during exposure is also presented. A substantial increase in bias
of the calculated air exposure level is evident when compared to the data
in Table 5-3 where actual f and a values were used. The bias was as much
as 108%. Some differences were noted in the magnitude of bias, depending
upon which measured breath value was used for calculating the air exposure
level.
Table 5-8 presents similar calculations for the individual aromatics.
Again, the degree of bias varied from a few percent to over 100. Finally,
the data for halocarbons are shown in Table 5-9. Except for one of the
exposure experiments for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, the degree of bias was
considerably less than for hydrocarbons or aromatics. This may be a
reflection of a lower metabolism rate for halocarbons than for other chemi-
cals.
Next, a comparison was made of the measured vs. calculated air exposure
levels using actual half-lives and the average f and a values for the
entire class of chemicals, i.e., for straight-chain hydrocarbons, branch-
chain hydrocarbons, aromatics, and halocarbons. These results are shown in
5-11
-------
Tables 5-10 through 5-13. In several cases a further increase in bias, as
expressed by the percent difference between the calculated and measured air
exposure levels for each chemical, was noted when compared to parameters
averaged by chemical only. The magnitude of increase, however, was not as
great as anticipated even though the average f and a values were calculated
across all chemicals in each of the chemical classes. These results sug-
gest, as anticipated, that greater accuracy may be achieved when averaging
only by chemical.
Finally, the impact of using average half-lives and f and a values
across all chemicals in a chemical class was examined. The percent differ-
ence between the calculated and measured air exposure levels for straight-
chain hydrocarbons, branched-chain hydrocarbons, aromatics, and halocarbons
are given in Tables 5-14 through 5-17. In general, an additional 5-15%
increase in bias occurred when comparing to data derived from the actual
half-lives for each chemical (Tables 5-10 through 5-13). In addition,
Table 5-18 presents a comparison using average half-lives, f, and a values
for individual chemicals where sufficient data was available for each
chemical across exposures and exposed subjects. The bias was slightly
lower than that obtained by averaging across chemical classes for the same
chemicals.
The results of Tables 5-3 through 5-18 suggest that the potential
biases in the exponential parameters used to calculate an air exposure
level have unequal impacts on the CAIR bias. To test this thesis further,
the impact of imputed bias on parameters used to calculate f, a, B and CAIR
was determined. Table 5-19 presents the impact of altering input parame-
ters on the calculated f values. For a fixed set of input parameters
(bottom of Table 5-19), each parameter was systematically varied plus or
minus 50% from the original value to determine the percent change on f. It
is readily evident that the greatest impact occurs when varying the
measured air exposure level while the least impact is for the half-life and
length of exposure (T).
Similarly, the impact of imputed bias on calculated a values was deter-
mined and is shown in Table 5-20. It is evident from this simple relation-
ship that all three input parameters, when varied +50%, can produce a 100
to 400% bias in the a value.
5-12
-------
Table 5-21 presents the impact of altered input parameters on calcula-
ted breath values. The two most important parameters which could lead to
major errors in B are biases in air exposure level and f.
Finally, in Table 5-22 the impact on the calculated air exposure
levels is given. When +50% error is introduced into the f value or breath
value, the largest bias is observed. All other parameters, since they are
part of exponential terms, have minimal impact in this calculation.
These results (Tables 5-19 to 5-22) of course, do not mean that such
errors would have been independent of other decay parameters calculated
from the stripping of the original data. More important, however, when
exponential parameters are unavailable and imputed values are used the
magnitude of uncertainty in the final CAIR calculated can be expected to
vary unequally depending upon the imputed parameter. Taken together the
results in Tables 5-19 to 5-22 suggest that the most important information
that impacts on the accuracy of the calculated air exposure level from
decay data and breath measurements are the f, a, and breath concentration
values. Thus, accurate breath measurements must be made on subjects.
PBPK Modeling
Exposure Duration--
Based on the knowledge that there are several compartments within the
body, and that each of these equilibrates (through the blood) at different
rates with a VOC in the air, it would make sense that, until equilibrium is
achieved, increasing exposure durations would result in increasing VOC
concentrations in the deeper compartments. Higher concentrations in the
deeper compartments would result in a more significant contribution at
longer times during elimination as these compartments clear. To test this,
we used the PBPK model for 1,1,1-trichloroethane to simulate an exposure to
a constant 300 /jg/m3 level of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for times of 2, 4, 8,
12, and 24 hours. The classical parameters were obtained from the predic-
ted decay data using RSTRIP. The results for one, two, and three compart-
ment representations of the system are shown in Table 5-23. Notice how the
half-lives increase as the time of exposure increases. This is consistent
with increased contributions from deeper compartment which cannot be pro-
perly taken into account by the classical model. In the three compartment
case, the third half-life increases while the first two remain essentially
5-13
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the same. This indicates that the first two compartments are at
equilibrium. Because the third half-life does not stabilize, either the
third compartment is not at equilibrium or a fourth compartment is
contributing to an increasing extent. This is supported by the increasing
values of the coefficient associated with the compartment with longer half
lives. Increasing values for the area under the curve (AUC) also reflect
the increased accumulation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the body.
It is clear that the duration of exposure can effect the parameters
calculated from the VOC concentration in alveolar breath. In order to
study the impact of other variables, as discussed below, all subsequent
discussion in this sections is based on a 4 hour exposure. In addition,
decay data were all monitored for 8 hours after the end of the exposure so
that possible longer-term contributions would not skew the results.
Exposure Scenario--
It is difficult to imagine that the VOC concentration in an uncon-
trolled microenvironment is truly constant for any length of time. In
previous studies [1], an integrated exposure air sample was collected
during exposure. This provided us with a time weighted average (TWA) and
could not reflect fluctuations in the VOC concentration(s). Hence, any
parameters such as half-life that were calculated based on these data might
be misleading if there were fluctuations in VOC concentration during expo-
sure. These inaccurate results could confuse the issue of predicting CAIR
for other exposure situations if the parameters are indeed affected by such
fluctuations. We therefore used PBPK models to test the effect of differ-
ent exposure scenarios.
Seven scenarios were defined as shown in Figure 5-2. Each of the seven
would provide the same TWA if an integrated air sample were collected over
the course of the 4 hour exposure. Scenario #1 represents a constant expo-
sure and scenario #2 represents a case where the person experienced all of
the exposure during the first 2 hours and nothing during the second 2
hours. Scenario #3 is exactly the reverse of #2. Case #3 would be like
the two hour exposure of Table 5-23. Scenarios #4 and #5 represent
symetrical VOC oscillations with increasing amplitude about the mean (TWA).
Finally, exposure scenarios 6 and 7 represent shorter-term, higher ampli-
tude swings in VOC concentration. These concentration profiles were input
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to the PBPK models for toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane as described
above.
The first results that were studied were for the constant concentration
exposures (Scenario #1) for each compound at the two different concentra-
tions. The calculated parameters are shown in Table 5-24. For each
chemical the difference in exposure concentration is reflected in the coef-
ficient(s), but the half-lives, with the exception of the ti/2,3 for
toluene, are exactly the same. This also holds true for the normalized
coefficients which can be thought of as reflective of compartmental distri-
bution. It will be seen throughout this report that the three compartment
model for toluene was inconsistent. Given that the parameters for these
chemicals were independent of exposure concentration, we chose to study
only those exposures where the high concentrations were used.
Next, the results for all of the exposure scenarios will be examined.
The results for 1,1,1-trichloroethane will be presented first. The calcu-
lated uptake and elimination for 1,1,1-trichloroethane is shown in Figure
5-3 in both alveolar and expired air (whole breath). Case A represents
scenario #1 and case B represents scenario #5. Notice that during uptake
the expired air has a higher concentration of VOC than does the alveolar
air. This is because uptake by the body results in a lower alveolar con-
centration relative to expired air which contains unequilibrated air from
the deadspace. The situation is reversed in the elimination phase (t=0 and
beyond) where the deadspace concentration has gone to zero and dilutes the
VOC-containing alveolar air. Case A also shows a steady approach to
equilibrium while case B reveals a series of adjustments as the body
attempts to equilibrate with changing air concentrations.
The data for each scenario for each model are shown in Table 5-25. The
exposure situation that alters the results the most is number 2. This is
not too surprising given that the body is two hours into decay before the
t=0 sample is studied. This clearly represents an extreme case but one
that is certainly possible. For the other cases, the half-lives are fairly
consistent. The coefficients are greatly affected by the scenarios because
they reflect the concentration. They will be higher if a high level, short
term VOC "pulse" is experienced just before exposure termination, e.g.,
case 3 vs. case 4. Because of the 8 hour post-exposure observation phase,
unreliable estimates of the third compartment can be expected.
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The corresponding information for toluene can be seen in Figure 5-4 and
Table 5-26. Figure 5-4 A and B reveal breath levels that are affected by
air concentration, as in Figure 5-3, yet the differences between alveolar
and expired air are more pronounced for toluene. This is reflective of
both differing partition coefficients and differing metabolism for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane and toluene. This metabolic aspect will be discussed
later. As was the case for 1,1,1-trichloroethane, case #2 is a distinct
departure from the other scenarios. Longer half-lives are typically obser-
ved when CAIR drops below the TWA just before the end of exposure, as in
scenario #6. This is rather like a less severe version of case 2. Again,
the coefficients parallel exposure concentration, c.f., scenario #3 vs.
scenario #6. However, the half-lives are not as consistent as for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane. Clearly, the concentration profile during exposure can
affect different chemicals in different ways.
It should be noted that the effects of different exposure scenarios can
also be studied using the classical model. By dividing the exposure period
into n distinct time intervals of defined duration and defining the expo-
sure concentration in each of the time intervals to be some distinct frac-
tion of the time weighted average air VOC concentration, the resulting
uptake and elimination process over the total time of the experiment can be
mathematically defined and the resulting set of differential equations can
be solved. This has been done for the one- and two-compartment cases [8].
Needless to say, the equations become very complex very quickly and a know-
ledge of the multiple, individual intercompartmental rate constants is
required to define the exponential coefficients (ki etc.). Increasing the
definition of the system in this manner along with the incorporation of
blood flows and distributions, leads to the PBPK models. In reality, this
type of analysis would have relevance only if the variations in exposure
were known with a fairly high degree of resolution. The purpose in this
study was only to ascertain the potential impact of exposure variability on
parameters needed to estimate exposure. Hence we used the PBPK models.
Effect of body composition and activity--
The description of the model presented above in the introduction to the
pharmacokinetic modeling, indicated that the alveolar respiration rate,
•
i can nave an effect on f. As a result, we wished to investigate how
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activity, with its associated changes in respiration and blood flows, might
alter the uptake and elimination of a VOC. In addition, the residence time
in a given compartment is related to the compartmental volume; this was
indicated above. Consequently, the volume of fat in an individual could
have an effect on the rates of uptake and elimination of a VOC so this was
also used as a variable in the PBPK analysis as described in the
experimental section.
The rates of uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for lean,
average, and obese individuals at various levels of activity are shown in
Figures 5-5 through 5-7. Table 5-27 shows the effect of activity on an
average man and indicate that the most pronounced effect is observed in
going from rest to activity. The amount of VOC absorbed (CO) decreases and
the elimination times are also generally decreased (especially ti/2,3).
The AUC value indicates a lower body burden for persons engaged in acti-
vity. Table 5-28 shows the decay parameters for lean, average, and obese
men at rest. In general, smaller changes in half-lives, CO, and AUC are
seen here compared to the effect seen for change in activity. It is
interesting to note that the half-lives generally decrease in going from
lean to obese. Similar trends are observed in Tables 5-29 and 5-30 for
moderate and heavy activity, respectively.
The uptake and elimination profiles for toluene in lean, average, and
obese men in states of rest, moderate, and heavy activity are shown in
Figure 5-8 through 5-10. They are substantially different than those for
1,1,1-trichlorethane. This is due to the differing partition coefficients
as well as different metabolism as will be seen later. Table 5-31 shows
the decay data for an average man in various states of activity and
indicate trends opposite those for 1,1,1-trichloroethane. As activity
increases, the amount of the chemical in the breath at the end of exposure
(CO) increases and, although the first half-lives decrease, longer half-
lives associated with the deeper compartment increase. This is consistent
with larger values for AUC with greater activity. The greater activity
alters the distribution among compartments (normalized coefficients).
Decay parameters for lean, average, and obese men in states of rest,
moderate activity, and heavy activity are shown in Tables 5-32 through 5-
34, respectively. The same trends are observed here as for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane. In general, the amount of VOC absorbed is affected less
5-17
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by body composition than by activity, and the half-lives appear to decrease
as the % fat increases. This might be for the same reasons as hypothesized
for 1,1,1-trichlorethane.
Effect of Metabolism--
In addition to exhalation, a VOC can be eliminated from the body via
metabolism (Figure 4-1). The removal of a VOC from the body via a metabo-
lic route would be expected to alter both VOC uptake (accumulation) and
elimination. A variability of metabolic rates among individuals could
impact on the reliability of predictive models through f and a as described
above. Consequently, we chose to evaluate the effects of metabolism on the
predicted elimination behavior and, therefore, the parameters calculated
from RSTRIP (coefficients and half-lives).
The uptakes and eliminations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, with variation
in the metabolic rate, for a man at rest and in moderate activity are shown
in Figures 5-11 and 5-12, respectively. The curves resulting from the
different metabolic rates are virtually superimposed and this is consistent
with the low metabolism of this compound. This is supported by the calcu-
lated decay parameters in Tables 5-35 and 5-36 where the coefficients and
half-lives are the same for each metabolic rate at each activity level.
Note that the effect of activity is much more significant than metabolic
rate for 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
The corresponding information for toluene is shown in Figures 5-14 and
5-15 and Tables 5-37 and 5-38. Toluene is metabolized at a rate faster
than for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (see Table 4-2) and this is clearly evident
in the uptake portion of the curves. Lower metabolic rates lead to a
greater accumulation of toluene in the body. The altered curves are also
reflected in the decay parameters in Tables 5-37 and 5-38. As the meta-
bolic rate increases, the half-lives become shorter and the amount in the
body (reflected by the coefficients and AUC) decreases. The ramifications
of activity and metabolism on f and a will be discussed in the next sec
tion.
Evaluation of Classical Model Using Physiologically Based Functions--
To better understand the physiological basis that leads to observed
variability in the coefficients of exponential terms, half-lives, f, and a
values within and between persons, we examined the affect of percent body
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fat, activity and metabolic rates on these parameters. Post-exposure decay
data for human breath was developed from the PBPK model using steady-state
exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane (16,000 /ig/m3) and toluene (5700 /jg/m3).
These chemicals were selected because they possess different rates of
uptake and metabolism by the human body (see above discussion). Subse-
quently, the post-exposure breath data was "stripped" using the classical
two compartment exponential model to obtain the exponential terms.
Table 5-39 shows the impact of activity level on f, a, and the calcula-
ted air exposure level to 1,1,1-trichloroethane for a lean person (person
with 8% less than average body fat). The three activity levels—rest,
moderate, and heavy work loads—essentially represented variations in the
alveolar ventilation rate. The bias as measured by percent difference
between the calculated and measured air exposure level indicates that for
the resting and moderate work activity, a small bias is observed; whereas a
heavy work load increases the bias depending on whether the 3, 50, or 200
min post-exposure breath sample is used in making this calculation.
Similar results can be seen in Tables 5-40 and 5-41 for the impact of acti-
vity level on f, a, and calculated air exposure level to 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane for persons with average and greater than average body weight. In
all cases, whether for a lean, average, or greater than average body fat
person, work loads produced a decrease in the f and a values due to the
increased ventilation rate. Recalling equation (5) and that the blood/air
partition coefficient is a constant for a given chemical, the two variables
in this equation are the alveolar ventilation rate and metabolic rate.
Increasing the activity level and thus the ventilation rate decreases the
magnitude of the f value, which was observed in Tables 5-39 through 5-41.
The increase in activity level also affected the uptake of the chemical
during the exposure period (see Figs. 5-5 through 5-7) as well as the post-
exposure period from which the decay parameters were calculated. Also, the
f and a values were relatively constant between a lean, average, and
greater than average body fat person at a given activity level, indicating
that body fat alone is not an important contributor to variable f and a
values between persons in a two compartment model for a 4 hr exposure.
Tables 5-42 through 5-44 present the impact of activity level on f, a,
and calculated air exposure levels to toluene for a lean, average, and
greater than average body fat person. In this case toluene, a more rapidly
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metabolized chemical than 1,1,1-trichloroethane, shows a different trend.
Going from rest to heavy work load, the f value increases instead of
decreasing as they did for a chemical which was more slowly metabolized.
Again the f value remains relatively constant between a lean, average, and
greater than average body fat person at a given level of ventilation rate.
The a value, however, is not constant for a given amount of body fat and
activity level. For example, for a person with less than average body fat
(-8%) the a value is greater at rest and at heavy activity than at a moder-
ate activity level. This is more evident when examining the decay curves
(see Figures 5-8 through 5-10). The bias as measured as percent difference
of the calculated and measured air exposure levels is larger for all three
body fat compositions at the moderate activity level than at rest or heavy
work loads, indicating that the classical model fails to provide uniform
accuracy across these physiological conditions.
As shown in equation (5), the second variable in the calculation of f
is the metabolic rate. The impact of metabolic rate and activity level on
f, a, and calculated air exposure level to 1,1,1-trichloroethane for a
person with average body fat was examined. These data are shown in Table
5-45. The metabolic rate was varied between -10 and +10% of Vmax. The f
value for 1,1,1-trichloroethane decreased about 20% between rest and moder-
ate activity, but was relatively constant for the same ventilation rate
when compared between -10 and +10% differences in metabolic rate (results
for an average Vmax was given previously in Tables 5-39 to 5-44). The
percent difference in the calculated air exposure level was small across
these experimental conditions. The greatest bias was observed when the
breath sample at 50 minutes post-exposure was used in the calculation of
the air exposure level.
Table 5-46 presents the impact of metabolic rate and activity level on
f, a, and calculated air exposure level to toluene for a person with
average body fat. In this case, toluene, a chemical more rapidly metaboli-
zed than 1,1,1-trichloroethane, the metabolic rate had a greater impact on
f and a. The f value increased between rest and moderate activity for each
of the metabolic rates that were examined. In contrast, the a value
decreased in these situations. Again, the greatest bias was observed for
the breath sample measured at 50 minutes post-exposure which was used in
the calculation of the air exposure level.
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These data taken together indicate that for a chemical which is not
highly metabolized, the principal factor in governing the variation in the
calculated f value is the ventilation rate. For a chemical that has a
higher degree of metabolic turnover, such as toluene, the f value may
increase between activity levels and decrease with an increase in the meta-
bolic rate of an individual. Thus in the case of a chemical such as
toluene, both ventilation and metabolism rates are important in governing
the calculated f value.
Optimal Times for Sample Collection
For the generation of breath VOC decay curves, the choice of times at
which to collect breath samples is very important if the goal is to deter-
mine accurate decay parameters. As indicated in Section 4, we approached
the problem of sampling protocol with the assumption that we would be limi-
ted to 12 samples and that the decay to be characterized followed a three
compartment model. On the basis of Monte Carlo simulations, it was
concluded that the sampling strategy should focus less on times early in
the decay and place a greater emphasis on times that would be relevant to
the elimination from the third physiological compartment [8]. The first
sample should always be collected as soon as possible after the end of the
exposure, approximately one minute, and continue until a time that is twice
as long as the third half-life. Given the limited number of samples, the
allocation of samples to times later than this does not improve the
accuracy of the third half-life estimation and reduces the accuracies of
the first two half-lives and associated coefficients.
The theory of D-optimal design was also considered here for the most
accurate estimations of the parameters [8]. In essence, this type of
design requires that two samples be collected at each time point, i.e., 6
time points sampled in duplicate for a total of 12 data points. In this
way, the effect of the inherent variability of the data is reduced. This
does, however, require that there is very good knowledge of the parameters
that the experiment is to measure. For the case here, a fairly good idea
of the first and second half-lives exists but such information is lacking
for the third half-life. Thus D-optimality would not help us until a
better estimate of this third half-life was obtained. In addition, the
decay data to be collected after exposure to any given microenvironment
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will be for the VOCs in a complex mixture and, hence, any times chosen for
one set of parameters (chemical classes) will not be optimal for another.
Some compromise must always exist in the choice of sampling times when the
analytes are components of a complex mixture.
Nevertheless, a set of sampling times can be devised that would be
reasonable for a single experiment in which one wanted to do a good job of
estimation but at the same time be in a position to assess the adequacy of
the model. Given that the first half-life might range from 5-30 minutes,
the second from 1-4 hours, and the third from 12-24 hours, sampling strate-
gies were devised with consideration to D-optimal sampling times but with
additional times added to make the protocol more general. The most
reasonable sampling times for a given set of compartmental parameters along
with the rationale by which they were chosen is given in Appendix B.
RECOVERY OF POLAR/FRAGRANCE COMPOUNDS FROM CANISTERS
Distinct differences were observed for fragrance standards analyzed by
cryotrapping a methanolic solution of the compounds compared to analysis of
a gaseous mixture in a canister. As shown in Table 5-47, the recoveries of
the compounds from canisters relative to injection were generally fair.
Some components were well recovered though the less volatile compounds were
often completely lost. Additionally, some compounds were not identified in
the injection of the standards in methanol. These are listed in Table
5-48. There is some evidence of decomposition of the compounds as furfuryl
alcohol was found in the canister standard.
Recovery from the canister appeared to be mostly related to boiling
point/volatility. Because of the requirement of fragrances to have lower
volatilities to remain associated with the person or product to which they
are applied, they were generally the least recovered compounds. These
compounds are among the fragrance components most commonly used [7]. The
other fragrance components (thiazoles, pyrazines, tiglates, etc.) are
apparently used to a lesser extent and are probably too volatile to be a
long lasting fragrance in most cases.
Recovery may have also been reduced to some extent by many of the
funcationalities. Heterocyclic compounds were relatively poorly recovered,
thiazole at 68% recovery being the best tested. Since the molecular weight
of thiazole is similar to benzene, it is clear that the reduced recovery
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is due to the heteroatoms present. Alcohols may not be well recovered, for
example cyclohexanol was recovered at 73%. The other alcohols were of
higher molecular weight so the distinction between volatility and
functionality is not so clear. Volatile alkenes were not tested, though
C/j-alkanes and chlorinated alkenes have been successfully recovered from
canisters before. The lower volatilities are very likely the reasons why
many of the unsaturated compounds were unrecovered or poorly recovered.
Esters were generally well recovered, with recoveries decreasing as
molecular weight increased. The amine tested was not detected by GC/MS so
no relative recovery can be given, though its recovery may be low based on
results for the pyrazines and pyridine.
These results tend to indicate the limit of the canister sampling
method is being reached and in some cases exceeded. This may point to
redefining the sampling methodology to one which can better capture and
release higher boiling compounds (e.g. Tenax). Additional information
about these compounds is also given in the following sections.
MICROENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING
Samples were collected in the air of 16 microenvironments. Chemicals
found in the samples were identified based on their mass spectra after GC
separations. The primary goal of this aspect of the study was to conduct a
general screening of all compounds that could be detected in the micro-
environments - not just those that were on the target list of the earlier
work [1]. In this manner, information to supplement that from the previous
work could be obtained and a more complete picture of the VOC exposure
potential might be obtained. Information on both nonpolar and polar
compounds was desired so the environments were chosen with this in mind.
Analytical results for the 16 samples listed in Table 5-49 are presen-
ted in Table 5-50. Reconstructed ion chromatograms are shown in Appendix
C. In each chromatogram the external standard, perfluorobenzene, is indi-
cated. A mass of 9.5 ng was added before each analysis. Short descrip-
tions of the conditions and results at each location are provided below.
Description of Microenvironments
Potpourri and coffee shop--
This environment was a gift item and gourmet shop. The store contained
a large selection of soaps, pot pourri, candles, etc. in an area of
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approximate dimensions 12' x 15'. They also carried a large selection
(20-25) of whole bean coffees, stored in large glass jars along a 10' coun-
ter, as well as specialty food items including beer and wine. A definite
odor was noted in the soaps and pot pourri area where the sample was taken.
Some of the major components in this sample were ethanol, isopropanol,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, toluene, and limonene. The most abundant component
was ethanol.
Department Store, Fragrance Section--
This sample was collected in a large department store in a shopping
mall. The front of the store, near the entrance, was devoted to cosmetics
and fragrances. The sample was collected between the men's and women's
fragrance section. A slight, general fragrance was noted. Some of the
major components in this sample were ethanol, isopropanol, 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane, toluene (most abundant compound), and p_-dichlorobenzene.
Clothing Store--
This store, also located in a shopping mall, sold only women's clothing
and accessories. The walls were lined with racks of clothes and there were
also circular racks in the center part of the store. No distinct fragrance
or odor was noted. The major components in this environment were ethanol
(most abundant), isopropanol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, toluene, and n-octane.
Shopping Mall, Common Area—
An air sample was collected in the center area of a one story shopping
mall. An attempt was made to remain in the center area equidistant from
all stores. No definite odor or fragrance was noted. Some of the major
components in this air sample were ethanol (most abundant), isopropanol,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, toluene, and a Cn compound.
Craft/Hobby Store II —
Again this store was in a mall setting and had an open entrance. There
were several aisles that contained various craft and art supplies. Near
the cash register and counter, there were many "make your own jewelry"
items and markers. The sales person was gluing some items to a display
board at the time the sample was taken. No distinct odor was noted. The
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sample was collected in the cash register/counter area. The major com-
pounds detected in this sample were ethanol, acetone, isopropanol (most
abundant), dichloromethane, 2-butanone, 1-1-1-trichloroethane, methyl
methacrylate, toluene, m,£-xylene, and a couple of Cn aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
Craft/Hobby Store 12—
This store, also located in a shopping mall, was about 1/3 to 1/2 the
size of the craft/hobby store #1. The store sold mainly "make your own
jewelry" supplies. A slight fragrance was noted. The sample was taken in
the middle of the store. Some of the major compounds detected in this air
sample were acetone, isopropanol (most abundant compound), 2-butanone, and
ethyl methacrylate.
Carpet, Floor Covering Store--
This store was more closed in design than the mall stores in that entry
was through a door that remained closed. There was a very large, round
display in the center of the store holding carpet samples. The walls also
had large samples and area rugs. Most of the samples in the store were
carpet but other types of floor covering, such as tile, were present. A
definite odor was noted. The sample was collected near the large, center
carpet display. Major components in this sample were 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(most abundant), and toluene. Neither styrene nor 1,3-butadiene was found.
Auto Parts Store--
Two center shelf units stocked with various car care/maintenance items
were located in the front of the store. Similar products were along the
walls. Extending from behind the service counter, several long shelves
stocked with parts, etc., were seen. There was a definite odor in the
store. The sample was collected in the vicinity of the counter. The major
compounds found in this sample were dichloromethane, 3-methylpentane, n-
hexane, toluene (most abundant), and tetrachloroethylene.
Tire Warehouse/Auto Parts Store--
Two samples were collected at this location, one in the tire warehouse
and the second one in the tire and auto parts retail area. The warehouse
sample was collected between two rows of tires approximately two rows back
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into the second floor warehouse that was open to the garage area below.
There was a very strong odor. This same odor was noted in the downstairs
retail area though not as strong as in the warehouse. The most significant
components of this sample were dichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (most
abundant), tetrachloroethylene, and m,£-xylene. No 1,3-butadiene was
found.
Retail Grocery Store
This was an average, large grocery store. Two samples were taken here.
The first was in the detergent section (#11) and the second was in the
charcoal and pet food section (#12). Odors were noted in each aisle. The
major compounds seen in these two samples were acetone, tetrachloroethylene
and limonene (most abundant). A dry cleaning establishment was located in
the same shopping complex but not immediately adjacent to the grocery
store.
Health Club (Jacuzzi Area)--
This was in an area located between the men's and women's locker room
areas. The Jacuzzi was slightly elevated (three steps up) and situated in
a walled corner adjacent to sauna and steam rooms. An odor was noted. The
sample was taken beside the stairs to the Jacuzzi. This sample contained
very few measurable compounds. Isopropanol was the major identified compo-
nent. Chloroform was observed in this environment.
Room With An Air Freshener--
This was an 11 x 12 foot room into which one Renuzit Country Kitchen
Pot Pourri solid air freshener had been placed. The freshener was fully
open and had equilibrated in the room for 12 hours. Although the door to
the room was closed, air was exhanged as a result of circulation from the
central air conditioning system. The sample was taken in the center of the
room and a faint scent from the air freshener was noted. The major compo-
nent in this sample was p_-dichlorobenzene with a lesser amount of ethanol
observed. In another room of the house there was a mothcake composed of p-
dichlorobenzene yet this was inside a plastic bag in a closed drawer.
Closet With Cedar Shavings—
This 9x7 feet closet contained three mesh bags that contained cedar
shavings with a combined volume of approximately .0067 m3 (appoximately
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0.5 ft3). The cedar had been in the closed closet for several months and
provided a faint scent. Limonene and ethanol (most abundant) were
components of this sample present at greater than 25% of height of the peak
corresponding to ethanol.
Vinyl Shower Curtain--
An environment was created for this new 70" x 72" 100% vinyl shower
curtain so that the VOCs could be distinctly related to the vinyl. The
shower curtain was removed from its package and immediately placed into a
0.66 m3 glass chamber. The curtain was allowed to equilibrate at ambient
temperature for 10 hours while the chamber was purged at 1/2 air exchange/-
hour with clean, dry nitrogen. The chamber was purged to simulate the
dilution that would be realized in actual use. The sample was collected
through a teflon tube inserted into the chamber through an access hole in
the side. Vinyl chloride was not found in the air surrounding the vinyl
shower curtain. 1,2-Dichloroethane was the major component. Toluene and a
broad range of hydrocarbons at lower levels comprised the rest of the
sample.
In summary, ethanol was found as a major component in many of the
samples; the detection of acetone and isopropanol was found with ethanol in
the retail stores in the shopping malls. Ethanol was not found in the
canister blanks. The detection of 2-butanone in many of the mall stores
was also noted. Dichloromethane was detected in most of the microenviron-
ments and at the greatest levels in the auto parts and tires stores.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane was found in many of the retail stores but was most
abundant in the carpet store and the tire store. Toluene was detected in
every sample and was most abundant in the auto parts store as well as the
fragrance section of the department store. Tetrachloroethylene was
observed in the tire/auto parts stores and the retail grocery store.
Limonene was abundant in the retail grocery store samples but was detected
in many of the other samples too.
CONSUMER PRODUCT HEADSPACE ANALYSIS RESULTS
Emissions of organic vapors from 31 consumer products were characteri-
zed by headspace purging followed by GC/MS analysis. Table 5-51 shows the
consumer products analyzed. Also listed are the amounts of each product
5-27
-------
used in the headspace purge vessel. Additionally, Table 5-52 provides the
screened products which were further evaluated by analysis of the headspace
sampled by a canister. As noted before, a wide range of consumer products,
many potentially containing polar components, were chosen for direct head-
space analysis. Of these, selected headspace samples collected in canis-
ters were analyzed to provide information about the recovery of the consti-
tuent compounds derived from each product.
Table 5-53 shows all of the compounds identified in the consumer
products. Shown in Appendix D are the reconstructed ion chromatograms
(RICs) using m/z 45 through m/z 310 and tables listing the compounds
identified. The overall results show a surprising number of components,
especially in light of the poor to fair recoveries indicated by the
fragrance standards. This was particularly true when the direct headspace
analyses are compared to those from canisters (Appendix D). Based on these
RICs, there appear to be some losses, but the losses were not as great as
expected. It should be noted, however, that many of the chromatographic
peaks of the direct headspace analyses are full scale and possibly saturated
so comparisons may be approximate. The interesting aspect noted is that
almost all peaks of the direct headspace analyses are seen in the canister
analyses.
Recoveries from canisters (see Appendix D) of the consumer product
headspace samples appear to be better than recoveries achieved for the
fragrance standards. It is not known to what extent these recoveries
extrapolate to low ppb levels since these headspace analyses were
performed at high levels for each compound. It is quite possible that if
lower levels of these compounds were present in canisters, they may exhibit
lower recoveries. This issue was not an objective of this project.
The compound class which seemed to be most difficult to recover was the
alcohols. Volatile alcohols seemed to be recovered while less volatile
alcohols appeared to be more poorly recovered than compounds retained to a
similar extent on the analytical column. Some of the natural product
alkenes tended to be lost, possibly due to decomposition as is suspected
for limonene [1]. Other polar compounds fared better in recoveries, but
not as well as the alkanes. Overall these class observations are similar
to those reported for the standards. Volatility, as for the standards, is
5-28
-------
probably the most important factor in recovery from canisters as can be
seen by comparing the early to late eluting compounds.
MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN BREATH
The participants used in this study included the four participants in a
previous study [1] and others to help provide some physical variability
among individuals. The individuals chosen are shown in Table 5-54. In
addition to noting physical, sex and age characteristics, the level of
physical activity in the hour prior to providing a breath sample is
described. This is because of possible effects of metabolism rate on the
percent of C02 in expired air.
The first participant provided replicate breath samples for whole and
alveolar spirometers as shown in Table 5-55. For the alveolar system, the
time between the initial and subsequent sample collections was brief so
short term variability could be measured. The set of slow replicates was
taken over 6 days so longer term variability could be examined. In all
cases the variability for one individual was low, with the relative
standard deviations ranging from 3 to 6%.
The interpersonal breath comparisons are shown in Table 5-56 and they
clearly show that interpersonal variability was greater than intrapersonal
variability. This was not unexpected because of the differences in
percent body fat and metabolism between people. While relatively young and
old persons were not tested, their C02 levels would not be expected to vary
substantially from the groups of participants tested. Also included are
calculations of the relative levels of C02 found using the whole breath
system to those found using the alveolar breath system. The alveolar
results include the sharp drops in C02 level as deadspace air quickly
passes the sampling port while the whole breath results are relatively
constant as shown in Figure 5-16. Levels of C02 in the alveolar system
were higher than expected when comparing the peak C02 levels on the
alveolar system to the whole breath system. This peak level was found to
be ~10% higher than the integrated average as sampled.
This discrepancy was investigated by trying a number of breath collec-
tion variations. The direct exhalation into a Tedlar bag, i.e., without a
one-way valve, was carried out and compared to whole breath, as indicated
in Table 5-56. The C02 concentration in the directly exhaled breath was 8%
5-29
-------
less than the concentration of the breath sampled from the spirometer,
i.e., with the one-way valve in-line. In a similar experiment where the
person provided the two types of breath samples on different days (data not
shown), the C02 concentration in the directly exhaled breath was 6% lower
than the concentration in the breath sampled through the spirometer.
Although these differences could be explained by the observed variability
of replicate mesurements, the data suggest that the backpressure introduced
by the one-way Tedlar flap valve might contribute the observed differences.
A normal whole breath sample was collected and compared to one
collected from the same individual holding his breath 5 sec before
exhalation. This usually caused somewhat deeper breathing in the process.
This caused a 6% increase in the C02 in the held breath; this could be
explained by expected variance. Another experiment compared a whole breath
sample collected during forceful exhalation where the reserve capacity was
used. This resulted in a 13% decrease. Such a decrease was unexpected and
was probably due to hyperventilation. This 40 L sample was collected in 2
min instead of the typical 3 min when the individual was breathing
normally. Lastly, a whole breath sample was collected into the Tedlar bag
using the mouthpiece and valves used for the alveolar breath spirometer.
This sample took longer to collect than normal and the measured C02 level
increased to 10% above the concentration measured when using the whole
breath mouthpiece and valves.
Based on the subjective comments from breath donors regarding use of
the spirometers, the apparent back pressure from the flap valve is less
than from the Teflon ball valve of the alveolar system, and, given that the
C02 concentration in the breath collected through the flap valve was lower
than the breath collected through the Teflon ball valve, the idea that back
pressure contributes to alterations in the C02 concentration should be
considered. This idea is also supported by the observation that exhalation
directly into the Tedlar bag is still easier than exhalation through the
flap valve, and that the resulting C02 concentrations are lower still.
According to Guyton [18], the partial pressure of C02 in the alveoli
decreases at higher altitude (i.e. lower absolute pressure). Conversely it
would be expected to increase similarly if the atmospheric pressure (or
backpressure) increased. According to this text the human body can deliver
5-30
-------
up to 100 mm Hg positive pressure or about 13% higher pressure. The
apparent level of exertion when breathing through the mouthpiece did not
appear to require such maximal effort so a somewhat lower increase should
be expected. This points toward a need to reduce the backpressure by
modifying the valves, probably by enlarging the holes and using a larger
ball.
By using a 10% correction for the alveolar spirometer the peak values
for the C02 are reduced accordingly and the actual whole breath to alveolar
breath ratio better approaches the theoretical 70%. As an example, the
peak C02 value in Figures 5-A is seen to be ~12,600. Given the average
intensity of the whole breath was calculated to be 7,500, this ratio is
0.60. The peak alveolar value should now be 11,300 (12,600 less 10%). The
ratio of 7,500/11,300 is 0.66 which is close to the predicted value of 0.7.
Clearly, such alterations could affect the concentration of organics
collected. The backpressure of the valves for the alveolar system might
need to be reduced to assure that no change in the organics levels occur
from "normal" breathing.
5-31
-------
B(tT) = /CAIR [a(l-e2
T/T — "
a/C (1-e-T/tz)=C2
e(t~T)/Ti
Figure 5-1. Representation of VOC uptake and elimination in a 2-compartment model.
-------
TABLE 5-1. DECAY PARAMETERS CALCULATED FROM ALVEOLAR BREATH DATA
Exposure
Cone
Compound ug/m3
n-Pentane
n-Pentane
n-Octane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
Isopentane
2-Methylpentane
2-Methylhexane
3-Methylhexane
3-Methylhexane
2-Methyloctane
Ethylcyclohexane
Benzene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
m.p-Xylene
m.p-Xylene
m.p-Xylene
m.p-Xylene
m.p-Xylene
m.p-Xylene
o-Xylene
o-Xylene
o-Xylene
3400
340
320
39
12000
210
210
180
130
110
14000
360
360
260
210
170
5600
10000
2000
340
410
39
5400
900
430
5700
1200
640
.640
510
460
320
280
2600
360
150
150
1600
1700
560
560
230
160
440
700
190
Par-
ticipant
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
One
Compart.
t]/2(h)
0.70
1.15
0 67
0 87
1 37
1 13
0 68
0 08
0 21
0.61
1 35
0.22
0.17
0 08
0 27
0.11
0.28
0 65
0 86
0 26
0 39
0 42
0 60
0 89
1 68
0 82
1 84
1 53
1.06
1.15
1.13
0.52
1.64
2.46
0.22
1 70
1 02
0 92
1.60
0 64
0 45
0 08
0 58
0.25
0.67
1.61
"SAS NONLIN"
Two
Compartment Model
First Second
0 08
0 07
0.19
0 17
0 02
0 06
0 15
0 02
0 04
CF
0.18
0 08
0 04
0.07
0 19
0 05
0 07
0 08
0 21
0.13
0 13
CF
0 28
0 19
0 14
0 10
0 05
0 07
0 08
CF
0 05
0 27
CF
0.03
0 08
0 04
0 08
0.03
CF
0 13
0 11
0 03
0 08
0.08
0 11
0.04
2 34
2 07
2.84
1C"
1.73
2 01
2 06
0.48
1 53
CF
2.33
1 39
1.06
1C
2.82
1C
1 36
2.33
3 18
3 16
2 54
CF
2 48
2 53
3 38
1 82
2 64
1 88
1 68
CF
4 05
3.23
CF
2 90
2 12
2 49
1 43
1 10
CF
2 42
2 15
2 16
2.12
1.17
2 94
9.95
Better
Fita
2
1
2
NCC
2
2
2
2
2
NC
2
2
2
NC
1
NC
2
2
2
2
2
NC
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
NC
2
2
NC
2
2
2
1
2
NC
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
"RSTRIP"
Two
Compartment Model
First Second
tj/2(h) t]/2(h)
0.066
0 300
0.024
0 061
0 156
0.018
0 038
0 071
0 037
0 081
0 090
0 211
0 129
0 129
0.186
0.098
0 067
0 084
0.050
0 260
0 032
0 084
0 043
0 080
0.028
0 130
0 106
0 033
0 084
0 097
0 110
0 042
2.08
2 72
1.72
2 01
2 11
0 49
1.56
1 22
1.04
1 47
2 51
3 26
3 14
2 55
2 54
1.80
1.88
1 68
3 97
3 19
2 88
2 01
2 48
1 44
1 10
2 36
2 02
2 20
2 12
3 18
2 90
9 93
(continued)
5-33
-------
TABLE 5-1 (cont'd.)
Exposure
Cone
Compound ug/nr
Vinyl idene
chloride
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Oichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
1 1 . 1-Tnchloro-
ethanp
1 1 1-Trichloro-
ethane
1 ! 1-Trichlo--
etnane
'.i 1-Trichloro-
ethane
1 1 . 1-Trichloro-
ethane
1 1 1-Trichloro-
ethane
Tnchloroethylene
TetracHoro-
ethylen*-
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
56
5000
470
460
320
220
600
16000
340
200
200
200
140
77
280
190
150
Par-
ticipant
1
1
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
2
1
A
1
1
2
3
4
One
Compart
t]/2(h)
2 97
0 60
0 40
1 07
0 65
1 86
0 72
0 88
1.22
4 33
0 99
3 39
1 00
0 65
2 42
0 85
2 06
"SAS NONLIN"
Two
Compartment Model
First Secono
ti/2(h) ti/2(h)
0 12
0 13
0 10
0 78
0 08
0 17
0 08
0 10
0 13
0 00
0 17
0 17
0 08
0 20
0 18
0 11
CF
11 60
1 80
1 07
1C
1 14
2 07
1.58
1 90
2 60
3 81
3 18
6 08
1 80
1C
3 70
1 67
CF
"RSTRIP"
Two
Compartment Model
Better
Fita
2
2
2
NC
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
NC
2
2
NC
First
t]/2(h)
0 12b
0 140
0 097
0.078
1 280
0 089
0 129
0 035
0 168
0 171
0 080
0 34?
0 115
Second
ti/2(h)
11 75
1 85
1 OS
1.12
2 10
1 56
2 59
5 75
3 25
6 15
1 79
4 88
1 70
aModel showing better fit based on the F-test at the 95% confidence interval \ - one compartment
2 = two compartment
b!C = data reflected insufficient change in concentration to calculate a second half-life over this
time interval
CNC = not calculated
dCF = convergence failure residuals failed to converge in 50 steps during iterative confutation and
reflects the poor fit of the data to the model in question
5-34
-------
TABLE 5-2. MODEL SELECTION CRITERIA (RSTRIP) FOR CALCULATED PARAMETERS
FROM ALVEOLAR BREATH DATA
E
Compound
n-Pentane
n-Pentane
n-Octane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Nonane
n-Oecane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
Isopentane
2-Methylpentane
2-Methylhexane
3-Methylhexane
3-Hethylhexane
2-Methyloctane
Ethyl eye lohexane
Benzene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
. p-Xylene
, p-Xylene
.p-Xylene
.p-Xylene
, p-Xylene
.p-Xylene
o-Xylene
o-Xylene
o-Xylene
xposure
Cone.
ug/m3
3400
340
320
39
12000
210
210
180
130
110
14000
360
360
260
210
170
5600
10000
2000
340
410
39
5400
900
430
5700
1200
640
640
510
460
320
280
2600
360
150
150
1600
1700
560
560
230
160
440
700
190
Par-
ticipant
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
1 COMP
1.03
0.3868
2 5023
0.9965
1.7594
1.1737
1.5704
1.0993
O.B220
0 8197
1 1866
0 7905
3.4724*
2 1919
1.0396
1 5295
0 9930
1.6306
1 5213
1.5817
2 4367
1 7418
1.5044
1 9623
1.7442
2 5217*
0 3390
2 0442
1.1467
1.9749
1 3802
1.0492
1.6447
2 5417
2.3875
1.2309
1 0945
0 6565
0 9046
1.3174
1 0529
0 0703
2 COMP
__
0.2254
3.4166*
1.6226*
2.6670
3 3849
2.7864*
4.9526*
3.5236
1 4137*
2 4865*
3.8414
—
2.2401*
3 6232*
4 9587
3.0982
3 7013*
3 5702*
4 6549*
3.6489*
3.7652*
4.1736*
2.3680*
3 3692*
2 3956
3 1266
2.8911*
1.9292*
2 7231*
3.5226*
2 4243*
1 9732*
3 4144*
2 4326*
2.8879*
2 1474*
4 0214
2.3104*
2 2204*
3 5489*
2 5651*
3 COMP 4 COMP
__
—
3.2905
—
2 8945*
3 4833*
2.5812
—
4 8530*
—
1 7275
—
—
1 8763
—
6 6258*
3.7495*
3 3383
3 3962
4 3004
—
3.4145
3.7996
1 9714
3 1523
1 9750
4 3615*
2 5578 1 2075
1.5621
—
2 9938 2 8582
1 4714
1 3146
1.9808 2 6058
2 0793
2 5122
1 7816
5 0917*
-0 2117
—
1 1173
(continued)
5-35
-------
TABLE 5-2 (cont'd.)
Exposure
Cone.
Compound ug/m^
Vinylidene
chloride
Oichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
1,1.1-Trichloro-
ethane
1.1 . 1-Trichloro-
ethane
1.1.1-Trichlor-
ethane
1.1 . 1-Trichloro-
ethane
1 .1 . 1-Trichloro-
ethane
1 . 1.1-Tnchloro-
ethane
Tnchloroethylene
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
56
5000
470
460
320
220
600
16000
340
200
200
200
140
77
280
190
150
Par-
ticipant
1
1
2
1
3
4
2
1
2
2
1
4
1
1
2
3
4
1 COMP
0.3960
1.7487
2.2168
3 . 2066*
1.8447
1.8915*
1 5848
1.4584
1.4566
0.9022
1.3322
0.6813
1.5469
1 6184
1 7723
1.7244
0.2784
2 COMP
1.8554*
4.1572*
4.8182
2.8073
4.1596*
1.5311
3.6603
3.6377*
3.8550
2.0361*
4.3954
0 7998*
4.4004*
2.5556*
2.3753*
3.2140
1.1134*
3 COMP 4 COMP
1.7260
4.2056
6.4778*
3.1029
__
1.1690
4 7011*
3.5032
5 3778*
1.9892
5.4477*
0.4362
4.0643
2 0199
5.2299*
~
5-36
-------
TABLE 5-3. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS FOR HYDROCARBONS. AROMATICS AND HALOCARBONS
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level Period. T
Chemical No. (ug/m3) (Min) Cl
n-Pentane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
n-Undecane
Isopentane
2-Methylpentane
2-Methyhexane
3-Methylhexane
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3400
340
320
12000
210
210
180
130
14000
360
360
210
5600
10000
2000
340
410
132
240
132
132
222
234
222
240
132
222
234
240
132
132
132
132
132
147
8.8
6.9
250
8.5
5.8
17
33
85
24
26
31
139
253
69
83
45
Breath (ug/m3)
(Measured)
C2
61
11
3.0
153
6 0
3.4
4.8
5.8
116
6.2
5.0
3.8
43
101
36
16
13
tl/2.1
4.8
4.2
11.4
1.2
3.6
9.0
1.2
2.4
3.9
4.8
2.4
11
4.2
4.8
13
7.8
7.8
*l/2.2
140
124
170
104
121
124
29
92
140
83
64
169
82
140
191
190
152
f
0.08063
0.06969
0.04409
0 04263
0 08018
0.04981
0 12124
0.28514
0.02334
0.08709
0.08731
0.17651
0.03624
0.04635
0.081799
0.36727
0.17980
a
0.4638
0.6581
0.5094
0.51126
0.49518
0.44551
0.22101
0.89747
0.7399
0.2345
0.1728
0.1637
0.3151
0.4542
0.5782
0.3353
0.3898
B'tl
1603
1*3
8.53
2143
10. 73
7.93
13. 8j
18. 93
1933
213
1*3
313
1293
2673
923
813
483
Bt2
26181
6.36g
1-3181
50181
2.3,70
1-3,70
l-366
1-9173
46181
1.8,27
2-066
1-6173
10,81
«181
16181
7-7181
5.8,8j
bxposure Leve I
Calculated
(ua/m3)
c"t,
3500
334
312
13224
210
209
175
85
16461
818
342
221
5704
10131
1949
347
416
Ct2
3550
273
291
13099
213
208
236
33
13601
302
294
180
6014
10430
1714
317
418
Percent
Difference0
ctl Ct2
2.9
-1.8
-2.5
10.2
0
-0.4
-2.8
-35
17.6
127
-5
5.2
1.9
1.3
-2.6
2.0
1.5
4.4
-19.7
-9.0
9.1
1.4
-0.9
31
-75
-2.8
-16
-18
-14
7.3
4.3
-14
-6.8
2.0
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-3 (cont'd.)
Participant
Chemical No.
3-Methyloctane 1
Ethylcyclohexane 1
Benzene 1
Toluene 1
1
2
1
3
en 2
CO
co
Ethylbenzene 1
2
2
1
a. fi-Xylenes 2
2
1
3
4
Exposure Exposure
Level Period. T
(ug/m3) (Min) Cl C2 tl/2.1
5400
900
430
5700
1200
640
640
460
320
2600
360
150
150
1600
560
560
230
106
132
132
132
210
132
222
234
240
222
132
222
222
234
222
222
234
240
240
149
23
12
296
31
15
19
68
21
23
17
3.1
1.1
19
15
14
42
5.1
53
15
13
231
31
30
21
21
6.3
35
4.3
2.3
2.0
36
7.2
5.2
3.4
2.1
17
11
8.4
6
3
4.2
4.8
3
16
1.8
4.8
2.4
4.8
1.8
7.8
6.6
1.8
4.8
Breath (ug/ra3)
(Measured)
tl/2.2 f
149
152
203
109
158
113
101
243
194
174
127
149
86
66
145
129
130
127
0.04899
0.06241
0.11124
0.10693
0.08461
0.08647
0.07074
0.23993
0.10158
0.04177
0.06423
0.04448
0.02305
0.03680
0.04645
0.03800
0.20389
0.49850
a
0.4367
0.5905
0.7491
0 5143
0.6947
0.7289
0.5803
0.3838
0.3539
0.7882
0.2648
0.5354
0.6819
0.6773
0.4233
0.3417
0.1008
0.3606
Bat,
1923
353
233
4632
473
383
333
563
28,
433
19,
3-73
2-73
48,
193
153
183
5-43
Btz
2<181
6.5,8,
•••181
100i32
15181
9.3,70
6.9i7o
12173
3-6173
"181
1-6173
1 1,70
0.8,27
5-2,73
3 M70
2.5J27
1-4173
«-7l73
Exposure Level
Calculated
(ua/m3)
c"t,
5631
931
445
5699
1223
630
642
470
340
2673
360
155
152
1582
925
545
249
161
Ct2
5651
890
417
5712
1284
563
675
431
338
2597
344
158
167
1421
543
532
237
137
Percent
Difference0
4.3
3.4
3.5
0
1.9
-1.6
0.3
2.1
6.2
2.8
0
3.3
1.3
-1.1
65
-2.6
8.2
0
4.6
-1.1
-3.0
0.2
0.7
-12
5.5
-6.3
5.6
-0.1
-4.4
5.3
11.3
-11
-5
-5
3.0
-14
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-3 (confd.)
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level Period, T
Chemical No. (ug/m3) (Min)
o-Xylene
Vinyl idene Chloride
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
1.1.1-
Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
aBreath value measure
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
2
1
2
2
1
4
1
2
3
at time, t
440
700
190
56
5000
470
320
220
600
16000
340
200
200
200
140
280
190
, post-exposure
222
132
222
240
210
222
234
240
138
240
222
222
234
240
210
222
240
^Concentration calculated for time. t. post-exposure
CPnrrent difference =
calculated
- measured „ ..
10k
Breath (ug/m3)
(Measured)
Cl C2
13
14
2.9
9.8
228
45
27
3
50
4317
47
12
36
11
31
15
41
'1/2.1
4.7
5.3
2.2
8.7
144
31
32
22
43
3223
47
95
22
22
34
38
37
4.8
6.6
2.4
7.2
7.8
6
4.8
10
4.8
6
7.8
2
10
. 10
4.8
3.6
6
'1/2, i
70
176
597
696
108
64
68
124
95
114
156
229
191
365
108
222
100
! f
0.04156
0.03867
0.06623
0.90589
0.08451
0.16825
0.19452
0.14905
0.19627
0.53227
0.32488
1.03093
0.36921
0.35556
0.54956
0 32504
0.45607
a
0 2891
0 4829
0.7695
0.8068
0.4604
0.4309
0.5662
0.9085
0.5754
0.4931
0.5745
0.9418
0.5124
0.8453
0.5971
0.8352
0.5269
B'tl
15,
153
3.53
1*3
3392
721
483
243
812
61693
92,
1263
523
323
562
48,
673
Bt2
466
2-4,81
2-166
1 1176
55,32
6 1173
9 2,73
7173
16173
1126,76
23,73
69,70
12,70
14,73
14,32
22,73
12173
Exposure Level
Calculated
(ua/m3)
C"tl
415
678
195
56
5090
478
316
219
652
15875
379
256
205
208
138
267
195
Ct2
719
645
196
54
4455
602
536
184
789
16294
425
245
205
177
134
278
204
Percent
Difference0
ctl Ct2
-5.7
-3.1
2.6
0
1.8
1.7
-1.2
0
8.6
-0.8
11
28
2.5
4
-1.4
-4.6
2.6
63
-7.8
3.2
4
-11
28
67
-16
31
1.8
25
22
2.5
-11
-4.3
-0.7
7.3
when breath measurement was made
measured
-------
TABLE 5-4. AVERAGE HALF-LIVES, f AND o - VALUES FOR HYDROCARBONS
Chemical/Group
n-Pentane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons
Branched Chain Hydrocarbons
n«
2
5
4
13
6
M/2.1
4.5 ± 0.42
3.5 ± 3.2
5.5 ± 3.8
4.9 ± 3.4
10 ± 4.4
*l/2.2
132 ± 11
94 ± 39
114 ± 49
110 ± 41
162 ± 22
f
0.07516 ± 0.00774
0.11580 ± 0.09960
0.09356 ± 0.06296
0.09107 ± 0.07097
0.15732 ± 0.13803
a
0.5610 ± 0.1374
0.5141 ± 0.2439
0.3277 db 0.2766
0.4483 1 0.2260
0.4641 ± 0.1019
number of observations
-------
TABLE 5-5. AVERAGE HALF-LIVES, f AND a - VALUES FOR AROMATICS
Chemical /Group
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
m-g-Xylenes
S-Xylene
Aroma tics
na
6
4
5
3
19
M/2.I
6.1 ± 0.50
3.4 ± 1.58
4.6 ± 2.70
4.6 ± 2.11
5.04 ± 3.3
M/2.2
153 ± 57
134 ± 37
119 ± 31
281 ± 279
138 ± 47
f
0.11504 ± 0.06252
0.04338 ± 0 01685
0.07410 ± 0.07226
0.04882 ± 0.01515
0.07876 ± 0.05699
a
0.5426 ± 0.1555
0.5676 ± 0.2269
0.3807 ± 0.2062
0.5138 ± 0.2417
0.5119 ± 0.2001
an = number of observations
01
-P.
-------
TABLE 5-6. AVERAGE HALF-LIVES, f AND a - VALUES FOR HALOCARBONS
in
i
ro
Chemical/Group na tl/2,1 *l/2.2
Dichloromethane 4 7.2 ± 2.3 91 ± 30 0.14908 ± 0.04691 0.591510.2192
1.1.1-Trichloroethane 6 6.8 i 3.1 193 ± 96 0.52707 i 0.26443 0.6607 ± 0.1869
Tetrachloroethylene 2 4.8 ±1.7 161186 0.3905610.09265 0.681010.2180
Halocarbons 14 6.412.6 149184 0.4030010.27887 0.648210.1782
an = number of observations
-------
TABLE 5-7 COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING ACTUAL HALF-LIVES
AND AVERAGE f AND ot-VALUES BY INDIVIDUAL STRAIGHT CHAIN HYDROCARBONS
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level
Chemical No
n-Pentane 1
1
n-Octane 1
n-Nonane 1
2
1
2
3
Ul
i
£5 n-Decane 1
2
1
3
ri-Undecane 1
^Breath value measure
(ug/m
3400
340
320
12000
210
210
180
130
14000
360
360
210
5600
Period. T
) (Min)
132
240
132
132
222
234
222
240
132
222
234
240
132
Breath
Measured
(ua/m3)
*1/2.1 tl/2.
4.8 140
4.2 124
11 4 170
1.2 104
3.6 121
9.0 124
1.2 29
2.4 92
3.9 140
4.8 83
2.4 64
11 169
42 82
2 f
0 0752
0 0752
0.0441
0.1158
0 1158
0.1158
0.1158
0 1158
0.0936
0.0936
0 0936
0 0936
0.0362
a
0.561
0 561
0.509
0.514
0.514
0.514
0.514
0.514
0.328
0.328
0.328
0.328
0.315
°atl
1603
163
8.53
2U3
10.73
7'93
13.8,
18. 93
1933
2I3
153
313
1293
Bt2
26 181
6.36g
'•3181
50181
23I70
'•3170
'•366
1'9173
«181
1.812?
266
1'6173
10181
Exposure Level
Calculated (ug/m3)
<"„
3869
315
312
4854
145
90
154
261
3753
639
278
436
5711
Ct2
3147
297
291
4796
142
77
106
140
7651
202
145
169
6022
Percent Difference0
Ctl
13.8
-7.3
-2.5
-59
-31
-57
-14
100
-73
77
-23
108
2.0
Ct2
-7.4
-12 6
-9.1
-60
-32
-63
-41
7.7
-45
-43
-60
-19
7.5
at time, t, post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time.
Percent difference =
calculated -
t. post -exposure
measured x inn!k
when breath
measurement
was made
measured
-------
TABLE 5-8. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING ACTUAL HALF-LIVES
AND AVERAGE f AND a-VALUES BY INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS FOR AROMATICS
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level
Chemical No
Benzene 1
Toluene 1
1
2
1
3
2
Ethylbenzene 1
2
2
1
.pa. m.g-Xylenes 2
*" 2
1
3
4
o-Xylene 2
1
2
TJreath value measure
(ug/m3
430
5700
1200
640
640
460
320
2600
360
150
ISO
1600
560
560
230
160
440
700
190
Period. T
) (Min)
132
210
132
222
234
240
222
132
222
222
234
222
222
234
240
240
222
132
222
Breath
Measured Exposure Level
(ug/m3) Calculated (ua/m3)
«l/2
8 4
6
3
4 2
4.8
3
16
1.8
4.8
2.4
4.8
1.8
7.8
6.6
1.8
4.8
4.8
6.6
2.4
.1 *l/2
203
109
158
113
101
243
194
174
127
149
86
66
145
129
130
127
70
176
597
.2 f
0.1112
0.1177
0 1177
0.1177
0.1177
0.1177
0.1177
0.0433
0.0433
0.0433
0.0433
0.0750
0.0750
0.0750
0.0750
0 0750
0.0488
0.0488
0.0488
a
0 749
0.544
0 544
0.544
0.544
0.544
0 544
0.568
0.568
0.568
0.568
0.381
0.381
0.381
0.381
0.381
0.514
0.514
0 514
"'tl
233
4633
47j
383
333
563
28,
433
191
3.73
2'73
48,
193
153
183
5.43
15,
153
353
Bt2 *tl
6<<,81 <«
100,32 5191
15,gj 860
93,7n 756
6.9,7Q 338
12,73 96°
3 6,73 324
17181 2716
1-6,73 569
1-1,70 158
0.8,27 83
5-2173 84°
3.1,70 590
2.5,27 278
1 «173 515
0.7,73 ,07
«66 352
2.4,8, 548
2.166 224
Ct2
417
4906
1179
554
433
619
190
1513
238
153
107
1240
374
242
171
86
345
481
397
Percent Difference0
Ctl
3 5
-8.9
-39
18
-47
109
1 2
4.5
58
" 5
-45
-47
5.3
-50
123
-33
-20
-22
18
Ct2
-3.0
-14
-1.8
-13
-32
34
-41
-41
-34
2
-29
-22
-33
-57
-26
-46
-22
-31
109
at time. t. post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time.
Pprrent- difference =
calculated -
t. post-exposure
measured „ 1M1
when
breath
measurement
Mas made
measured
-------
TABLE 5-9. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING ACTUAL
HALF-LIVES AND AVERAGE f AND cr-VALUES BY INDIVIDUAL HALOCARBONS
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level
Chemical
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
1.1.1-
Trichloroethane
cn
-c*
cn
Tetra-
Chloroethylene
No
1
2
3
4
2
1
2
2
1
4
1
2
3
Breath value measure
(ug/m3
5000
470
320
220
600
16000
340
200
200
200
140
280
190
Period. T
) (Min)
210
222
234
240
138
240
222
222
234
240
210
222
240
Breath Measured
(ua/m3)
*l/2
7.8
6
4 8
10
4.8
6
7.8
2
10
10
4.8
3.6
6
.1 tl/2.2 f
108 0.1491
64 0.1491
68 0.1491
124 0.1491
95 0.1963
114 0 5271
156 0 5271
229 0.5271
191 0 5271
365 0 5271
108 0.5271
222 0 3906
100 0.3906
« ^tl
0 5915 3392
0 5915 72,
0.5915 483
0 5915 243
0.5754 812
0 6607 61693
0 6607 92,
0 6607 1263
0 6607 523
0 6607 32,
3
0.6607 562
0.6810 48,
0.6810 673
Bt2
55132
61173
9'2173
7173
16173
1126176
23173
69170
12170
1417»
173
14132
22173
12173
Exposure Level
Calculated (ua/m )
^tl
2937
538
410
211
652
15861
241
760
152
118
144
204
224
Ct2
1965
494
670
283
788
12280
227
677
152
152
127
284
184
Percent Difference0
ctl
-41
14
28
-4
8.7
-0.8
-29
280
-24
-41
28
-27
18
Ct2
-61
5.1
109
29
31
-23
-33
238
-24
-24
-9.2
1 4
-3.2
at time. t. post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time.
cPercent differer
ice =
calculated -
t, post-exposure
measured x 10M!
when
breath measurement
Mas made
measured
-------
TABLE 5-10. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING ACTUAL
HALF-LIVES AND AVERAGE f AND a-VALUES FOR STRAIGHT CHAIN HYDROCARBONS
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level
Chemical No.
n-Pentane 1
1
n-Octane 1
n-Nonane 1
2
1
2
3
Y" n-Decane 1
CM 2
1
3
n-Undecane 1
(ug/rn3
3400
340
320
12000
210
210
180
130
14000
360
360
210
5600
Period. T
) (Min)
132
240
132
132
222
234
222
240
132
222
234
240
132
TJreath value measure at time. t. post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time. t. post-exposure
cPercent difference =
calculated -
measured „ 1{m
Breath
Measured
(uo/m3)
'l/2
4 8
4.2
11.4
1 2
3.6
9 0
1.2
2.4
3.9
4.8
2.4
11
4.2
when
.1 tl/2.2 f
140 0.0911
124 0 0911
170 0.0911
104 0.0911
121 0.0911
124 0 0911
29 0 0911
92 0.0911
140 0.0911
83 0.0911
64 0 0911
169 0 0911
82 0.0911
breath measurement
a
0.448
0.448
0 448
0.448
0.448
0.448
0.448
0 448
0 448
0.448
0 448
0 448
0.448
was made
BV
1603
163
8.53
2M3
10 73
7'93
13. 8j
18.93
1933
213
153
313
1293
Bt2
26181
6369
'•3,81
50181
2'3170
'•3170
'•366
»-9173
46181
l.812
266
1'6173
10181
Exposure Level
Calculated (ua/m3!
*«
3083
265
145
6626
187
114
203
347
3955
544
261
464
2247
Ct2
3253
307
160
6995
207
113
155
205
5755
515
109
127
1682
Percent Difference0
Ctl
-9.3
-22
-55
-45
-11
-46
13
167
-72
51
-27
120
-60
Ct2
-4 3
-9.7
-50
-42
-1.4
-46
-14
58
-59
-58
-70
-39
-70
measured
-------
TABLE 5-11. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING ACTUAL
HALF-LIVES AND AVERAGE f AND a-VALUES FOR BRANCHED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS
Participant
Chemical No
Isopentane 1
2-Methylpentane 1
2-Methylhexane 1
3-Methylhexane 1
3-Me thy 1 octane 1
Ethylcyclohexane 1
01
~-J Breath value measure at
Concentration calculated
Exposure Exposure Breath Measured Exposure Level
Level Period. T (ua/n3) Calculated (ua/n3) Percent Difference0
(ug/ra3
10000
2000
340
410
5400
900
) (Min) *1/2.1 tl/2.2 f a BatJ Bt2 Cbtl Cfc2 Ctl
132 48 140 0 1311 0.4641 267. 43, „, 3593 3609 -64
•3 lol
132 13 191 0.1311 0 4641 923 16,8, 1111 1332 -44
132 7.8 190 0.1311 0 4641 813 7 718J 1054 641 210
132 78 152 0.1311 0.4641 483 5 8,8, 593 48 45
132 17 149 0.1311 0 4641 192, 24... 2141 1987 -60
o lol
132 11 152 0 1311 0.4641 353 6 5]81 410 539 -54
Ct2
-64
-33
47
17
-64
-40
time. t. post-exposure
for time. t. post-exposure when breath measurement was made
-------
TABLE 5-12.
COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING ACTUAL
HALF-LIVES AND AVERAGE f AND a-VALUES FOR AROMATICS
Participant
Chemical No.
Benzene 1
Toluene 1
1
2
1
3
2
Ethylbenzene 1
ui 2
£ 2
CO
1
m.p.-Xylenes 2
2
1
3
4
o-Xylene 2
1
2
Exposure
Level
(ug/m3)
430
5700
1200
640
640
460
320
2600
360
150
150
1600
560
560
230
160
440
700
190
Exposure
Period. T
(Min)
132
210
132
222
234
240
222
132
222
222
234
222
222
234
240
240
222
132
222
Breath Measured Exposure Level
(ua/m3) Calculated (uo/m3)
tl/2.1
8 4
6
3
4.2
4.8
3
16
1 8
4 8
2 4
4 8
1.8
7 8
6 6
1 8
4.8
4 8
6.6
2 4
M/2.2
203
109
158
113
101
243
194
174
127
149
86
66
145
129
130
127
70
176
597
f
0.0788
0.0788
0.0788
0.0788
0.0788
0.0788
0 0788
0.0788
0 0788
0.0788
0.0788
0.0788
0 0788
0.0788
0 0788
0 0788
0.0788
0.0788
0.0788
a
0.512
0.512
0 512
0 512
0.512
0.512
0.512
0.512
0 512
0.512
0 512
0 512
0 512
0 512
0 512
0 512
0.512
0 512
0 512
•"tl
233
463,
473
383
333
563
28,
433
19,
3 7,
3
273
48,
193
153
183
5.43
15,
153
353
R r"*
Bt2 rtl
6.8,8, 517
100,32 7733
15,8, 1871
9.3,7Q 1180
6-9,70 584
12,73 1434
3-6,73 476
17, 81 2119
1-6,73 309
'•Inn 88
170
0 8,27 46
5.2,73 772
3-1,70 515
2 5,27 266
1 4173 441
0 7,73 100
466 218
2.4,8, 339
2.166 138
Ct2
862
7785
1871
879
687
982
302
2119
145
93
65
878
265
171
121
61
214
299
247
Percent Difference0
Ctl Ct2
20
36
56
84
-8.7
212
48
-18
-14
-41
-69
-52
-8
-52
91
-37
-50
-52
-27
100
37
56
37
7.3
113
-5.6
-18
-60
-38
-57
-45
-53
-69
-47
-62
-51
-57
30
Breath value measure at time. t. post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time. t. post-exposure when breath measurement Mas made
Percent difference = calculated - measured „ tm
measured
-------
TABLE 5-13 COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING ACTUAL
HALF-LIVES AND AVERAGE f AND a-VALUES FOR HALOCARBONS
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level Period. T
Chemical No
Dichloromethane 1
2
3
4
Chloroform 2
1.1.1- 1
Tr 1 chl or oe thane 2
2
1
01 4
i
£ '
Tetra- 2
chloroethylene 3
TSreath value measure
(ug/m3
5700
470
320
220
600
16000
340
200
200
200
140
280
190
I (Min)
210
222
234
240
138
240
222
222
234
240
210
222
240
*l/2,
7 8
6
4.8
10
4 8
6
7.8
2
10
10
4 8
3 6
6
.1 M/2,
108
64
68
124
95
114
156
229
191
365
108
222
100
,2 f
0 3567
0 3567
0 3567
0 3567
0 3567
0 3567
0 3567
0 3567
0.3567
0 3567
0.3567
0.3567
0.3567
Breath Measured
(ua/ra3)
B"tl
0 6360 3392
0 6360 72,
0.6360 48,
o
0.6360 243
0.6360 812
0.6360 61693
0.6360 92,
0.6360 1263
0.6360 523
0.6360 323
0.6360 562
0.6360 48,
0.6360 673
Bt2
55132
61173
92173
7173
16173
1126176
23173
69170
12170
14173
14132
22173
12173
Exposure Level
Calculated (uq/m ) Percent Difference0
p" r r
L tl Lt2 Ctl
1235
225
169
89
360
23475
353
1165
222
170
213
218
246
764
316
260
110
393
18851
349
1039
171
234
194
333
216
-78
-52
-47
-59
-40
47
3.8
438
11
-15
52
-22
29
Ct2
-86
-33
-19
-50
-34
18
2.6
419
-14
17
38
19
14
at time. t. post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time.
GPercent difference =
calculated -
t. post-exposure
measured x 10M.
when
breath
measurement
was made
measured
-------
TABLE 5-14. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING AVERAGE
HALF-LIVES, f. AND a-VALUES FOR STRAIGHT CHAIN HYDROCARBONS
en
o
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level
Chemical
n-Pentane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
n-Undeane
No.
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
1
Breath value measure
Concentration
Percent diffei
(ug/m3
3400
340
320
12000
210
210
180
130
14000
360
360
210
5600
Period. T
) (Min) *1/2.1 tl/2.2 f a
132 4.9 110 0.0911 0.448
240
132
132
222
234
222
240
132
222
234
240
132
Breath
Measured Exposure Level
(ug/m ) Calculated (ua/m )
Ra
B tl
1603
163
8.53
2143
10.7,
3
7.9,
3
13 8j
18. 93
1933
213
153
31,
3
1293
Bt2 ^tl
26 181 2882
6.36g 249
1.3j8J 153
5018, 3855
2.317n 170
170
1.3.,n 124
170
1.366 186
'•9,73 295
4618J 3477
1.8j27 578
266 235
1.6,,, 483
173
1018, 2324
Ct2
3529
306
176
6786
218
212
64
178
6243
130
96
150
1357
Percent Dif f er encec
Ctl
-15
-27
-52
-68
-19
-41
3.3
127
-75
60
-34
130
-58
Ct2
3.8
-10
-45
-43
3.8
-42
-64
37
-55
-64
-73
-29
-76
at time, t, post-exposure
calculated for time.
•ence =
calculated -
t. post-exposure when breath measurement Mas made
measured „ 100!l!
measured
-------
TABLE 5-15. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING AVERAGE
HALF-LIVES, f. AND ct-VALUES FOR BRANCHED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS
Exposure Exposure Breath Measured Exposure Level
Participant Level Period. T (ua/m ) Calculated (ua/m ) Percent Difference0
Chemical No (ug/m
CJl
i
wi
i— >
Isopentane 1
2-Methylpentane 1
2-Methylhexane 1
3-Methylhexane 1
3-Methyloctane 1
Ethylcyclohexane 1
10000
2000
340
410
5400
900
) (Min) tl/2.1 tl/2.2 f « Bat, Bt2 Cbtl Ct2 CtJ
132 10 162 0.1311 0.4641 2673 43j81 3217 3553 -68
132 923 16181 1109 1322 -44
132 813 7'7181 976 578 187
132 483 5'8181 578 479 41
132 1923 24181 2314 1982 -57
132 35, 6.5,., 421 537 -53
3 10 1
Ct2
-65
-34
70
17
-63
-40
Breath value measure at time. t. post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time, t. post-exposure when breath measurement was made
Percent difference =
calculated -
measured „ lfm
measured
-------
TABLE 5-16. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING
AVERAGE HALF-LIVES, f. AND o-VALUES FOR AROMATICS
Exposure
Participant Level
Chemical No (ug/m3)
Benzene 1
Toluene 1
1
2
1
3
2
Ethyl benzene 1
2
U1
t!n 2
ro ,
m.Q-Xylenes 2
2
1
3
4
g-Xylene 2
1
2
430
5700
1200
640
640
460
320
2600
360
150
150
1600
560
560
230
160
440
700
190
Exposure
Period, T
(Min)
132
210
132
222
234
240
222
132
222
222
234
222
222
234
240
240
222
132
222
Breath Measured Exposure Level
(ua/m3) Calculated (ua/m3)
*1/2.1 *l/2.2 f a Bat,
5 0 138 0.0788 0.512 23,
3
463-
2
47,
3
383
333
56,
3
28,
433
19
1
3.73
2.7,
3
48,
193
15,
3
183
5.43
15,
15,
3
353
Bt2 *tl
6.8la. 515
181
100.,- 8392
132
15lnl 1053
181
9.3,70 1197
6-9,70 624
12.,, 1052
173
3.6,73 463
17,8, 963
1.6.,, 314
173
1'1170 71
0.8.,,
127
5.2,7 794
3'1170
2.5.,, 283
1Z7
1.4,73 338
0-7,73 101
466 248
2.4... 336
181
2-'66 67
Ct2
853
7380
1903
805
581
1012
316
2158
141
95
457
268
170
118
59
205
304
108
Percent Difference0
Ctl Ct2
16
47
-12
0
-2.5
64
45
-63
-13
-53
-50
-49
47
-37
-43
-52
-65
100
29
58
-33
-9.2
58
-31
-17
-61
-37
-71
-52
-70
-49
-63
-76
-57
-43
Breath value measure at time, t. post-exposure
Concentration calculated for time, t, post-exposure when breath measurement was made
Percent difference = calculated - measured x ,„„,
measured
-------
TABLE 5-17. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING AVERAGE
HALF-LIVES, f. AND a-VALUES FOR HALOCARBONS
Exposure Exposure
Participant
Chemical No.
Dichloromethane 1
2
3
4
Chloroform 2
1.1.1- 1
Trlchloroethane 2
2
1
4
1
i
en
CO
Tetra- 2
chloroethylene 3
TJreath value measure at time
Concentration calculated for
Level
(ug/m
5000
470
320
220
600
16000
340
200
200
200
140
280
190
Period, T
) (Min) tl/2.1 ri/2.2 f a
210 6.4 149 0.3567 0 6360
222
234
240
138
240
222
222
234
240
210
222
240
Breath Measured
(bQ/m3)
Ra
8 tl
339 2
721
483
243
812
61693
921
1263
523
323
562
48,
673
Bt2
55132
*-l\n
9'2173
7173
16173
1126176
23173
69170
12170
14132
I4I32
22173
12173
Exposure Level
Calculated (ug/m )
*t,
1385
275
198
98
405
25254
351
744
215
131
229
183
274
Ct2
718
93
136
103
333
16733
352
1041
176
205
183
337
176
Percent Difference0
Ctl
-72
-41
-38
-55
-32
58
3.2
272
7.5
-34
64
-35
44
Ct2
-86
-80
-58
-53
-44
4.6
3.3
420
-12
2.5
31
20
-7.4
. t. post-exposure
time.
•Went difference = "Iculated -
t. post-exposure when breath measurement was made
measured „ infM[
measured
-------
TABLE 5-18. COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVELS USING AVERAGE
HALF-LIVES, f, AND o-VALUES FOR INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS
Exposure Exposure
Participant Level
Chemical
n-Nonane
Toluene
m.Q-Xylenes
1.1.1-
No.
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
2
1
3
4
1
Trichloroethane 2
TJreath value
Concentration
CPereent diffe
2
1
4
1
measure
(ug/m3
12000
210
210
180
130
4700
1200
640
640
460
320
1600
560
560
230
160
16000
340
200
200
200
140
Period, T
) (Min) tl/2.1 *l/2.2 f a
132 3.5 94 0.1158 0 514
222
234
222
240
210 61 153 0 1177 0.544
132
222
234
240
222
222 4.6 119 0.0750 0.381
222
234
240
240
240 6.8 193 0.5271 0 6607
222
222
234
240
210
Breath Measured
"'I
2143
10
7
13
18
463,
473
383
333
563
28,
48,
193
153
183
5.
61693
92,
1263
523
323
562
(ua/m3)
:l Bt2
50181
73 2 3170
93 13170
81 1366
93 > 9173
100132
15181
9'3170
6'9170
12173
3'6173
52173
3'1170
2.5,27
1 4173
43 07173
1126176
23173
69170
12170
"173
14132
Exposure Level
Calculated (uq/m3)
<*tl
3180
137
100
147
238
5666
706
486
415
699
317
793
381
297
355
106
18653
261
393
159
96
170
Ct2
5128
168
93
44
138
4627
1182
495
356
619
194
687
402
246
178
89
10531
224
664
112
129
122
Percent Difference0
Ctl
-277
-35
-52
-18
83
-0.6
-41
-24
-35
52
-1
-50
-32
-47
54
-34
17
-23
96
-20
-52
21
Ct2
-57
-20
-56
-76
6.1
-19
-1.5
-23
-44
-3.3
-39
-57
-28
-56
-23
-44
-34
-34
232
-44
-35
-13
at time, t, post-exposure
calculated for time.
pence =
calculated -
t . post-exposure when breath measurement was made
measured 1(m
measured
-------
TABLE 5-19. IMPACT OF ALTERED (* 50%) INPUT PARAMETERS
ON CALCULATED f-VALUES
Parameter
Altered
C
T
Cl
C2
tl/2,2
From
16000
240
4562
996
70
To
24000
8000
120
360
2281
6843
498
1494
35
105
Percent Impact
on a
- 33
100
2.1
-0.5
-14
40
-9.7
9.7
-1.6
2.7
f =
C2
C * (l-e-T/r2)
Cl
C = 16000
T = 240
Cl = 4562
C2 = 996
Ll/2,2 = 70
T2 = tl/2,2/ln 2
5-55
-------
TABLE 5-20. IMPACT OF ALTERED (* 50%) INPUT PARAMETERS
ON CALCULATED o-VALUES
Parameter
Altered
C
Cl
f
From
16000
16000
4562
4562
0.3537
0.3537
To
24000
8000
6843
2281
0.1769
0.5306
Percent Impact
on a
139
-416
-108
207
-316
139
Cl
Tc
C = 16000
Cl = 4562
f = 0.3537
a = 0.19388
5-56
-------
TABLE 5-21. IMPACT OF ALTERED (* 50%) INPUT PARAMETERS
ON CALCULATED BREATH VALUES
Parameter
Altered From
C 16000
T.t 240,243
tl/2,l 10
tl/2,2 70
f 0.35375
a 0.19388
t-T 243
B = f * C * [a(l-e'T/T2) * e'(t~T)/
C = 16000
T = 240
tl/2,l = 10
tl/2,2 = 70
f = 0.35375
a = 0.19388
t = 243
TI = tl/2,l/ln 2
T2 = tl/2,2/ln 2
a = 0.19388
B = 904
Percent Impact
To on a
24000
8000
120,123
360,363
5
15
35
105
0.1769
0.5306
0.0969
0.4506
241.5
244.5
T2 + (1-.) * e-^)/1
43
-50
-4.8
1.5
-15
5.7
1.3
-2.4
-50
50
-0.8
2.1
9.0
-8.1
ri]
5-57
-------
TABLE 5-22. IMPACT OF ALTERED (* 50%) INPUT PARAMETERS
ON CALCULATED AIR LEVELS
Parameter
Al tered
T.t
1\I2,\
hn,2
f
a
B
t-T
From
240,243
10
70
0.35375
0.19388
4672
243
To
120,123
360,363
5
15
35
105
0.1769
0.5306
0.0969
0.4506
2336
7008
241.5
244.5
Percent Impact
on a
5.1
-1.4
17
-5.4
-1.2
2.4
100
-33
0.8
-2.1
-50
50
-8.3
8.9
B
f * [a * (l-e'T/T2) * e'(t'T)/r2 + (1
T = 240
tl/2,1 = 10
tl/2,2 ' 70
f = 0.35375
a = 0.19388
t = 243
TJ = t1/2ii/ln 2
T2 = tl/2,2/ln 2
B = 4672
C = 16,000
5-58
-------
TABLE 5-23. EFFECT OF EXPOSURE DURATION ON CALCULATED PARAMETERS FOR 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE3
Exposure duration11 One compartment model
2 hours CC1=107.9 td1/2-27.1
MSCe=3.25
C0f=107.9
AUCM.218
4 hours C1=114.5 t1/2-35.4
MSC=3.10
C0=114.5
AUC=5,843
8 hours C1=111.7 tj/2-49.6
MSC=2.66
C0=111.7
AUC=7,999
12 hours C1=109.5 t1/2=64.2
MSC=2.34
CO-109.5
AUC=10.142
24 hours C1=110.0 ti/2=103.7
MSC-1.87
C0=110.0
AUC=16,454
Two compartment model
C1=80.4 t1/2=5.6
C2=62.9 t1/2=56.8
C0=143.3
MSC=6.96
AUC=5,803
C1-89.8 t1/2=7.9
C2=61.0 t1/2=75.9
C0=150.8
MSC=5.77
AUC=7,711
C1-106 t1/2=11.8
C2=44.6 ti/2=135
C0=150.6
MSC=4.91
AUC=10,461
C1=112 t]/2-13.4
C2=39.9 t1/2=196
C0=151.9
MSCM.70
AUC=13,437
C1=117 ti/2=14.7
C2=42.9 t1/2=337
C0=159.5
MSC=4.55
AUC=23,322
Three compartment model
C1=76.1 t1/2=5.1
C2=65.0 t1/2=46.0
C3=3.46 ti/2=461
MSC=11.09 C0=144.61
AUC=7,180.5
C1-76.1 t1/2=5.0
C2=76.8 t1/2=46.3
C3=5.5 t1/2=673
MSC=10.94 C0=158.5
AUC=1 1,032
CU76.3 t]/2=5.1
C2=79.5 ti/2=46.9
C3=8.7 t 1/2-1, 272
MSC=11.55 C0=164.5
AUC=2 1,864
C1=76.4 ti/2=5.1
C2=79.7 ti/2=47.3
C3=11.9 t1/2=1,726
MSC=12.0 C0=168.01
AUC=35,508
CU76.4 t1/2=5.1
C2=79.9 ti/2=47.3
C3=21.0 tv2=2,097
MSC=12.0 C0=177.3
AUC=59,533
aPBPK model for average 83 kg man at rest. Decay followed for 600 mln (10 h).
^Exposure concentration = 300 /*g/n^.
cLlnear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n = 1.2,3.
dHalf-hfe (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
%dei selection criterion.
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)
9Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-59
-------
TWA
i i I I
'01234
Time (h)
2 TWA
TWA
0
1.2 TWA
TWA
0.8 TWA
0
2 TWA
TWA
0.67 TWA
0
-
D 1
:@
-
0
f
-
"
D 1
i i
234
Time (h)
1
1 1
234
Time (h)
1
1
2 TWA
TWA
0
1.5 TWA
TWA
0.5 TWA
0
1.33 TWA
TWA
n
-
I i
D 1 2 3 4
Time (h)
I®
^
-
~ l I 1 I
01234
Time (h)
:®
-
-
i i
234 01234
Time (h) Time (h)
Figure 5-2. Exposure scenarios tested.
5-60
-------
TABLE 5-24. EFFECT OF EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION ON CALCULATED PARAMETERS
FOR TOLUENE AND 1.1 ,1-TRICHLOROETHANE3
Compound One Compartment
(Exposure conc.)b Model
Toluene (5,700 /ig/m3) C1d=715 ti/2e=24.4
MSCf=4.85
C09=715.0
AUCh=25,149
Toluene (640 /*g/m3) C1=80.2 t1/2=24.4
MSC=4.85
C0=80.2
AUC=2,820
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane C1=6,243 ti/2=32.9
(16.000/tg/m3) MSC=3.08
C0=6,243
AUC-296,008
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane C1=117 t]/2=32.9
(300 /tg/m3) MSC=3.08
C0=117
AUC=5.550
Two Compartment
Model
C1-593 ti/2=16.4
C2=163 ti/2=73.4
C0=755.9
MSC=5.91
AUC=3 1,288
C1=66.4 tl/2=16.4
C2=18.3 t1/2=73.5
C0=84.7
MSC=5.91
AUC°3.508
C1=4,479 ti/2=6.2
C2=3.821 ti/2=63.9
C0=8299
MSC-6.29
AUC-392,424
C1=84 t1/2=6.2
C2=71.6 ti/2=63.9
CO-155.6
MSC=6.29
AUC-7357
Normal Ized
(Compartment "
Three Compartment Two
Model Compartment
C1=44.4 t1/2=13.2 C1=78
C2=468 t 1/2=1 3. 8 C2=22
C3=254 t 1/2=57.0
MSC=5.98 C0=766.2
AUC=31,034
C1=7.1 tl/2=13.2 C1=78
C2=50.5 ti/2=13.9 C2=22
C3=28.2 t1/2=57.2
MSC=5.98 C0=85.9
AUC=3.479
C1=4.076 ti/2=5.1 C1=54
C2=4,098 t1/2=47.0 C2=46
C3=267 t1/2=815
MSC-12.03 C0=8,440
AUC=621,496
C1=76.1 ti/2=5.1 C1=54
C2=76.5 t]/2=46.2 C2=46
C3=5.8 ti/2=563
MSC=11.47 C0=158.3
AUC=1 0,339
Coefficient
Distribution")
Three
Compartment
C1=6
C2=61
C3=33
C1=8
C2=59
C3=33
C1=48
C2=49
C3=3
C1=48
C2-48
C3°4
aP6PK model for average man at rest.
bFour hour exposure at constant concentration.
c% of Sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n - 1,2,3.
eHalf-llfe (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
fMode I selection criterion.
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=D)
hArea under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-61
-------
p
^_
CD
^—^
c
o
o
m
c
c
0
V--
a
^
c
(U
o
c
o
o
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
V
V
~ " 1
1
V^
* * A V Vy
| | 1 1 TT^^ZSXSSSS
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
22000
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
— 1 — — 1 — — 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1
- -
B
A * v v '
* v ^V v '
V
_ V *
" Alveolar
•» Expired
V
V v
« v
**** 4
A*Avv it
~ v' Y^
^^ v V
*A****Y
i | | | | A i ^x?xxxz jxsxx
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-3. Uptake and elimination for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in
expired (whole) and alveolar breath after exposure
to 16,000 yg/m^ according to scenario #1 (A) and
scenario #5 (B).
5-62
-------
TABLE 5-25.
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE SCENARIO ON CALCULATED PARAMETERS
FOR 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE3
Exposure
Scenario13
Number One Compartment
1 C1d=6,243 ti/2e=32.9
MSCf=3.08
C09=6,243
AUCh=296,008
2 CI-1,346 t1/2-91.7
MSC=3.42
C0=1,346
AUC=178.043
3 GU1 1,686 ti/2=25.9
MSC=3.19
C0=1 1,686
AUC-436,816
4 CU7.086 ti/2=30.1
MSC=3.05
CO -7 ,086
AUC=307,386
5 Cl=8,385 t1/2=27.1
MSC-3.03
C0=8.385
AUC=327,465
6 C1=5,155 t1/2=39.6
MSC=3.32
C0=5,155
AUC=294,761
Two Compartment
C1=4,479 t!/2=6.2
C2=3,821 t1/2=63.9
C0=8.299
MSC=6.29
AUC=392,424
C1=1,254 t1/2=48.8
C2=206.4 H /2=2,673
C0= 1460.1
MSC=27.97
AUC=884,262
C1=8,610 t1/2=5.7
C2=6,651 tv2=57.4
C0=15,260
MSC=7.28
AUC=621,288
C1=5.289 t!/2=6.0
C2=4.176 t1/2=62.3
CO-9.465
MSC=6.48
AUC=420,641
C1=6,567 ti/2=6.0
C2=4,595 t] /2=62.1
C0=11,163
MSC=6.72
AUC=468,171
01=3,162 t1/2=7.0
C2=3,440 t]/2=66.8
CO-6,602
MSC=6.01
AUC=363,464
Three Compartment
C1=4076 ti/2=5.1
C2=4,098 t1/2=47.0
C3=267 t1/2=815
MSC=12.03 C0=8,440
AUC=621,496
C1=1,254 ti/2-7.9
C2=206 ti/2=48.8
C3=0.0045 ti/2=2,674
MSC=30.06 C0=1,460
AUC=884,345
C1-8.088 t1/2=5.0
C2=6,8D8 ti/2=44.7
C3-539 t1/2=261
MSC-10.88 C0=15,435
AUC=700,088
C1=1.861 ti/2=5.8
C2=3,432 t1/2=6.1
C3=4,174 t1/2-62.3
MSC=6.43 C0=9.467
AUC=420,841
C1=3,708 ti/2=5.7
C2=2,806 t1/2=5.9
C3°4.693 t1/2=60.4
MSC=6.68 CO =11, 207
AUC=463,440
C1=2,706 ti/2=5.0
C2=3.766 t1/2=46.5
C3=299 t1/2=584
MSC=11.30 C0=6,771
AUC=524,104
Normalized
Two
Compartment
C1=54
C2=46
C1=86
C2=14
C1=56
C2=44
C1=56
C2=44
C1=59
C2=41
C1=48
C2=52
Coefficients0
Three
Compartment
C1=48
C2=49
C3=3
C1=~0
C2=86
C3=14
C1=52
C2=44
C3=3
C1=20
C2=36
C3=44
C1=33
C2=25
C3=42
C1=40
C2=56
C3=4
(continued)
5-63
-------
TABLE 5-25 (conf d.)
Exposure
Scenario'3
Number One Compartment
7 C1-7.419 ti/2=28.0
MSC=2.99
C0=7.419
AUC=300.128
Two Compartment
C1=5.827 tj/2=5.9
C2=4,157 ti/2=62.2
C0=9,984
MSC=6.54
AUC=422.236
Normalized Coefficients0
Two Three
Three Compartment Compartment Compartment
C1=-4,022
C2=9,866
C3=4,138
MSC=6.48
AUC=424,575
ti/2=5.4 C1=57 C1 —
ti/2=5.7 C2=43 C2=NA!
ti/2=62.8 C3=-
C0=9,892
aPBPK model for average man at rest. Decay followed for 8 hours post exposure.
^Exposure scenario as In Figure 5-2. Time weighted average = 16,000 /tg/m3.
c% of Sum of coefficients.
dLmear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n = 1,2,3.
eHalf-llfe (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
f
Model selection criterion.
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)
"Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
'Not applicable - unable to calculate because of negative value.
5-64
-------
TABLE 5-26. EFFECT OF EXPOSURE SCENARIO ON CALCULATED
PARAMETERS FOR TOLUENE3
Exposure
Scenario1*
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Normalized Coefficients0
One Compartment
C1d=715 t1/2e=24.4
MSCf=4.85
C09=715.02
AUC=25,149
Cl=62.7 ti/2=93.8
MSC=2.24
C0=62.7
AUC=8.475
C1-1.377 t1/2=22.8
MSC=5.05
CO-1,377
AUC=45,365
C1=814 ti/2=23.7
MSC=4.84
C0=814
AUC=27,798
C1=964 t1/2=22.9
MSC=4.83
C0=964
AUC=31,818
C1=582 t1/2=26.3
MSC=4.97
C0=582
AUC=22,110
Two Compartment
C1-593 t1/2=16.4
C2-163 t1/2=73.4
C0=755.9
MSC=5.91
AUC=3 1,288
Cl=12.9 t]/2=29.0
C2=63.8 t1/2=2,793
C0=76.7
MSC=30.94
AUC-54.755
C1-481 ti/2-4.7
C2-1.077 tl/2=31.7
C0= 1,558
MSC-7.94
AUC=52,560
C1=595 t 1/2=14.0
C2=272 t]/2=56.3
CO-866.9
MSC=5.99
AUC°34,148
C1=359 ti/2=4.6
C2=748 tl/2=32.1
C0=1,107
MSC=7.29
AUC=36,988
C1=552 t!/2=20.6
C2=56.7 t1/2=154
C0=608.7
MSC=6.07
AUC=28,997
Three Compartment
C1=44.4 t1/2=13.2
C2=468 t1/2=13.8
C3=254 t1/2=57.0
MSC=5.98 C0=766.2
AUC-31,034
C1=0.0001 t1/2=11.5
C2=63.8 t 1/2=29.0
C3=12.9 ti/2=2,793
MSC=31.52 C0=76.7
AUC=54756
C1=784 ti/2=11.3
C2=46 ti/2=11.8
C3=644 ti/2=45.5
MSC=6.28 C0°1,474
AUC-55,780
C1=464 ti/2=10.2
C2=1.7 ti/2=10.8
C3=422 ti/2=44.9
MSC=6.22 C0=887.2
AUC=34,181
C1=416 ti/2=10.0
C2=155 t1/2=10.5
C3=478 t1/2=45.5
MSC=6.19 C0=1,049
AUC=39,761
C1=2.3 ti/2=18.4
C2=525 tl/2=19.3
C3=84.9 t1/2=107.5
MSC=6.07 C0=612.3
AUC=27,882
Two
Compartment
C1=78
C2=22
C1=83
C2=17
C1=31
C2=69
C1=69
C2=31
C1=32
C2=68
C1=91
C2=9
Three
Compartment
C1=6
C2=61
C3=33
C1=<0.001
C2=83
C3=17
C1=53
C2=3
C3=44
C1=52
C2=<1
C3=48
C1=40
C2=15
C3=46
Cl=<1
C2=86
C3=H
(continued)
5-65
-------
TABLE 5-26 (cont'd.)
Exposure
Scenario
Number One Compartment
7 C1=849 ti/2=23.1
MSC=4.77
C0=849
AUC=28,268
Normalized Coefficients
Two Compartment
Cl=570 ti/2=12.4
C2=340 t!/2=50.0
C0=910
MSC=6.02
AUC=34,762
Two
Three Compartment Compartment
C1=435 t1/2=9.6 C1=63
C2=52 ti/2=10.0 C2=37
C3=444 ti/2=44.6
MSC=6.20 C0=931
AUC=35,276
Three
Compartment
CU47
C2=6
C3=48
aPBPK model for average man at rest. Decay followed for 8 hours post exposure.
^Exposure scenario as In Figure 5-2. Time weighted average = 5,700
c% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n= 1,2,3.
eMalf-llfe (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
fMode I selection criterion.
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(/jg/m3).
hArea under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-66
-------
^
}
E
en
^
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0
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L-
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3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
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ii ii ii
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.*AAAA * Alveolar
A
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—
wW?7vv??*yv?
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-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 1 00 1 50 200 250
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2500
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- B .'*•
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V A A * V
V A v
_ A*A***V ^
'^.v X
7'VVV ^O*
.|| || *|XXXS¥SSS¥
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-4. Uptake and elimination of Toluene after exposure to
5,700 Mg/m3 according to scenario #1 (A) and scenario
#5 (B).
5-67
-------
16000
)
E 14000
en
12000
_c
o
CD
CO 10000
_D
o
CD 8000
6000
c
o
o
L_
c
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U
O
4000
2000
0
T—
• Heavy Load
* Moderate Load
• At Rest
V:
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-5. Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for a
Lean Man with a 4 hour exposure at 16,000
5-68
-------
16000
E 14000
12000
o
Q)
m 10000
_g
o
CD 8000
6000
c
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i_
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U
c
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2000
0
T~ ~~r~ ~~r
T~ —T- —i— —r
V
• Heavy Load
* Moderate Load
• At Rest
J I I I
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-6. Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for an
average man with a 4 hour exposure at 16,000
5-69
-------
IbUUU
ro
£ 14000
cn
12000
_c
D
CD
^
CO 10000
0
o
CD 8000
C
6000
C
_o
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c
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O
g 2000
O
n
-T- -T- -i- -T- ~T- —r-—r~
••*!*AAAA
A
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• " A Moderate Load
.' -At Rest
.
.
m
*•
*'\
| .
1 '•
V '•-..
»*AA '•••
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-7. Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane for an
obese man with a 4 hour exposure at 16,000 yg/m3.
5-70
-------
TABLE 5-27. CALCULATED 1,1,1,-TRICHLOROETHANE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR AVERAGE MAN3
Normal I zed Coefficients
Cond111 on
One Compartment Two Compartment Three Compartment
Two
Compartment
Three
Compartment
Rest
C1C=6,243 t1/2d=32.9
MSCe=3.08
C0f=6,243
AUC9-296.008
C1=4,478 t1/2=6.2
C2=3,821 t1/2=63.9
C0=8,299
MSC-6.29
AUC=392,424
C1=4,076 t1/2=5.1
C2=4,098 tj/2=47.0
C3=267 tl/2=815
MSC=12.03 CO-8,440
AUC=621,496
C1=54
C2=46
C1=48
C2=49
C3=3
Moderate C1=4,431 t1/2=17.4 C1=4.794 ti/2=4.0 C1=1.636 t1/2=3.0
MSC=2.58 C2=1,883 t1/2=54.9 C2=3.063 tl/2=3.1
C0=4,431 C0=6,677 C3=2,397 ti/2=37.1
AUC=110,953 MSC=4.84 MSC=5.21 C0=7,097
AUC=177,054 AUC=149,058
C1=72
C2=28
C1=23
C2=43
C3=34
Heavy
C1=3.260 ti/2=18.5
MSC-2.00
C0=3,260
AUC=86,909
Cl=4.424 ti/2=4.0
C2=1,148 ti/2=76.7
C0=5.572
MSC=3.83
AUC=152.468
C1=639 ti/2=2.2 C1=79
C2=3,855 ti/2=2.3 C2=21
C3= 1,958 ti/2=30
MSC=4.27 C0=6,452
AUC=99.644
C1=10
C2=60
C3=30
aAnalysis of PBPK data for 83 kg nan.-19% fat by volume. Four hour continuous exposure to
h1,1,1-trlchloroethane at 16.000 ug/nr. Decay followed for 8 hours.
°% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n=1,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
?Modei selection criteria.
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(i
-------
TABLE 5-28. CALCULATED 1,1,1-TRICHLOREOTHANE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR 83 kG MAN AT REST3
Normalized Coefficients"
Two Three
Condition One Compartment Two Compartment Three Compartment Compartment Compartment
Lean C1C=5,912 t]/2d-42.5 CI-4,618 t1/2-6.7 C1-4.122 t!/2=5.1 C1-56 C1=49
(13.3X Fat) MSCe=2.73 C2=3,623 ti/2=81.3 C2=3.867 ty2=51.1 C2=44 C2=46
C0f=5,912 C0=8,241 C3=469 t1/2=517 C3=5
AUC9=362,647 MSC=5.88 MSC=11.15 C0=8,458
AUC=469,210 AUC=665,070
Average C1=6,243 ti/2=32.9 C1=4,478 t1/2=6.2 C1=4,076 t1/2=5.1 C1=54 C1=48
(21.33! Fat) MSC=3.08 C2=3,821 t1/2=63.9 C2=4,098 tT/2^7.0 C2=46 C2=49
C0=6.243 C0=8,299 C3=267 ti/2=815 C3=3
AUC=296,008 MSC=6.29 MSC=12.03 C0=8,440
AUC=392,424 AUC=621,496
Obese
(29. 3X Fat)
C1=6,577 t1/2=26.9
MSC-3.44
C0=6,577
AUC-254,749
CI-4,364 t1/2=5.9
C2=3.990 ti/2=52.5
C0=8,353
MSC-6.61
A 110339, 359
C1-3.946 t1/2=5.0 C1=52
C2=4,252 t1/2=40.0 C2=48
C3=265 ti/2=428
MSC=11.05 C0=8,463
AUC=437,491
C1=47
C2=50
C3=3
aAnalysis of PBPK data after 4 hour exposure to 1,1,1-trlchloroethane at 16,000 ug/m3. Decay
. followed for 8 hours.
°% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n=1,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (sane line).
fModel selection criteria. ,
'Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t°0)(ug/nr).
"Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-72
-------
TABLE 5-29. CALCULATED 1,1,1-TRICHLOREOTHANE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR 83 kG MAN IN MODERATE ACTIVITY3
Cond 1 1 1 on
Lean
(13.3% Fat)
One Compartment
C1C=4,088 t1/2d=23.5
MSCe=2.22
C0f=4,088
AUC9=138,789
Two Compartment
C1=4,765 ti/2=4.1
C2=l,960 ti/2=67.5
C0=6,725
MSC=4.58
AUC=218,812
Three Compartment
Cl-3,865 t1/2=2.2
C2=2,345 ti/2-13.3
C3-1.169 t1/2=95.7
MSC=5.60 C0=7,380
AUC=218,783
Normalized
Two
Compartment
C1=71
C2=29
Coefficients0
Three
Compartment
C1=52
C2=32
C3=16
Average Cl=4,431 t]/2=17.4 C1=4,794 ti/2=4.0 C1=l,636 t1/2«.3.0
(21.3% Fat) MSC=2.58 C2=1,883 t1/2=54.9 C2=3,063 ti/2=3.1
C0=4,431 CO=B.B77 C3=2.397 t]/2=37.1
AUC=110,953 MSC-4.84 MSC=5.21 C0=7,097
AUC=177,054 AUC=149,058
C1=72
C2=28
C1=23
C2=43
C3=34
Obese C1=4,876 t1/2=13.1 C1=4,852 t]/2=4.1 C1=-455 t1/2=2.8
(29.3% Fat) MSC=2.98 C2=1,788 t1/2=46.8 C2=5,103 t1/2=2.9
C0=4,876 C0=6,640 C3=2,456 ti/2=29.5
AUC=92,247 MSC=5.04 MSC-5.57 CO-7.104
AUC=149,397 AUC=124,472
C1=73
C2=27
C1=NAr
C2=NA
C3=NA
Analysis of PBPK data after 4 hour continuous exposure to 1,1,1-trlchloroethane at 16,000 ug/m3.
Decay followed for 8 hours.
b% of sum of coefficients.
°Llnear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n=1,2,3.
dhalf-llfe (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
eModel selection criteria.
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(/ig/u3).
^Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
hNA = not applicable because of negative value.
5-73
-------
TABLE 5-30. CALCULATED 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR 83 kG MAN IN HEAVY ACTIVITY8
Normalized Coefficients'3
Condition One Compartment
Lean
(13.3%
CC1=3,032 t1/2d=26.2
Fat) MSCe=1.75
C0f=3,032
AUCS=114,431
Two Compartment
C1=4,352 t1/2=3.8
C2=1,347 ti/2=85.1
C0=5,700
MSC=3.75
AUC=189,668
Two
Three Compartment Compartment
C1=1,858 t1/2=2.6 C1=76
C2=2,652 ti/2=2.7 C2=24
C3=l,809 tv2=48.1
MSC=3.92 C0=6,319
AUC=142.608
Three
Compartment
C1=29
C2=42
C3=29
Average CU3.260 t1/2=18.5 C1=4,424 t1/2=4.0 C1=639 t1/2=2.2
(21.3% Fat) MSC-2.00 C2=1,148 t1/2=76.7 C2=3,855 t!/2=2.3
C0=3.260 C0=5,572 C3=1.958 ti/2=30.0
AUC=86,909 MSC=3.83 MSC=4.27 C0=6,452
AUC=152,468 AUC=99,644
C1=79
C2=21
C1=10
C2=60
C3=30
Obese CU3.492 ty2=14.2 C1=4,652 t1/2=4.0 Cl=223 ti/2=2.0
(29.3% Fat) MSC=2.22 C2=996 t1/2=70.3 C2=4,216 tv2=2.1
C0=3,492 C0=5,558 C3=2,102 ti/2=21.5
AUC=71,797 MSC=3.96 MSC=4.61 C0=6,541
AUC=127,258 AUC=78,466
C1=82
C2=18
C1=3
C2=64
C3=32
aAna lysis of PBPK data after 4 hour continuous exposure to 1,1,1-trlchloroethane at 16,000 ug/m3.
hDecay followed for 8 hours.
~% of sum of coefficients.
•linear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n=1,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
"Model selection criteria. ,
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(ug/nr).
under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-74
-------
O
CD
i_
GO
_g
o
0)
C
to
a
c
0)
U
c
O
O
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
i— — i
,••••••%
J.
• Heavy Load
* Moderate Load
• At Rest
_
''
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-8. Uptake and elimination of toluene foe a lean man
with a 4-hour exposure at 5,700 ug/m .
5-75
-------
ouuu
E
^ 2500
3
JZ
CD 2000
QD
D
O
CD 1500
C
§ 1000
O
L-
§ 500
C
o
o
n
i i i i
,«••***
-
A****
A
A
* • Heavy Load
• A A Moderate Load
• At Rest
A
A
•
*
,-•-
•
*!x.
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-9. Uptake and elimination of toluene foe an average man
with a 4-hour exposure at 5,700 yg/m .
5-76
-------
3000
O
CD
L_
00
_g
o
c
c
_o
D
L_
C
a;
o
c
O
O
2500 -
2000 •
1500 -
000
500
0
i i
i
A
Heavy Load
Moderate Load
At Rest
* A "
1 1
1 •**llllllltllltllll
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-10. Uptake and elimination of toluene foe an obese man
with a 4-hour exposure at 5,700 yg/m .
5-77
-------
TABLE 5-31. CALCULATED TOLUENE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR AVERAGE MAN3
Condition
Rest
Moderate
Heavy
One Compartment
C1C=715 tdi/2=24.4
MSCe=4.85
C0f=715
AUC0=25,149
C1=1,344 t]/2=15.0
MSC-4.48
C0=1,344
AUC=29,158
C1=1,389 ti/2=14.0
MSC=3.41
C0=1,389
AUC=28,055
Two Compartment
C1-593 ti/2-16.4
C2=163 ti/2=73.4
C0=756
MSC=5.91
AUC=31.288
CU1.325 ti/2=12-2
C2=89 tl/2=191
CO-1,414
MSO5.29
AUC-47,882
C1-1.546 t1/2=9.2
C2=86 t1/2=333
C0=1,631
MSC=5.20
AUC=61,816
Three Compartment
C1=47.1 t]/2=13.2
C2=466 t1/2=13.8
C3=254 t] /2=57.0
MSC-5.98 CO =7 66. 2
AUC°31,034
C1=648 t]/2=11.6
C2=656 tl/2=12.2
C3=113 t1/2=136
MSC-5.25 C0=1,418
AUC-44,565
C1-125 tT/2-8.8
C2=1.421 t]/2=9.2
C3=88 ti72=321
MSC=5.15 C0=1,634
AUC=6 1,085
Normalized
Two
Compartment
C1=78
C2=22
C1=94
C2=6
C1=95
C2=5
Coefficients"
Three
Compartment
C1=6
C2=61
C3=33
Cl=46
C2=46
C3=8
C1=8
C2=87
C3=5
aAna lysis of PBPK data for 70 kg man, 19% fat by volume. Four hour continuous exposure to toluene
at 5,700
Decay followed for 8 hours.
"% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient CD, representing compartment n=1,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
fModel selection criteria. .
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(ug/nr).
8Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-78
-------
TABLE 5-32. CALCULATED TOLUENE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR
70 kG MAN AT REST3
Normalized Coefficients'3
Condition
Lean
(11X Fat)
Average
(19* Fat)
Obese
(27X Fat)
One Compartment
C1C=711 td1/2=27.3
MSCe=4.40
C0f=711
AUC9=28,036
C1-715 t1/2=24.4
MSC=4.85
C0=715
AUC=25,149
C1-731 t1/2=21.2
MSC=5.25
C0=731
AUC=22,330
Two Compartment
C1=594 ti/2=17.8
C2=160 ti/2=98.6
C0=754
MSC=5.64
AUC=37,959
C1=593 t1/2=16.4
C2=163 ti/2=73.4
C0=756
MSC=5.91
AUC=3 1,288
C1=628 ti/2=15.9
C2=131 ti/2=67.3
C0=759
MSC-6.13
AUC=27,171
Two
Three Compartment Compartment
C1=-46.7 t]/2=13.7 C1=79
C2=553 t]/2=14.4 C2=21
C3=260 ti/2=69.8
MSC=5.66 C0=766.4
AUC=36,731
C1=47.1 t]/2=13.2 C1=78
C2=466 ti/2=13.8 C2=22
C3=254 t1/2=57.0
MSC=5.93 C0=766.2
AUC=31,034
C1-640 t!/2=13.6 C1=83
C2=1,248 t]/2=14.3 C2=17
C3=155 t i/2=64.0
MSC=6.09 C0°763.8
AUC=27,546
Three
Compartment
C1=NAh
C2=NA
C3=NA
C1=6
C2=61
C3=33
C1=NA
C2-NA
C3=NA
aAna lysis of PPPK data after 4 hours continuous exposure to toluene at 5,700 ug/m3. Decay
followed for 8 hours.
b% of sum of coefficients.
cLlnear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n=1,2,3.
dhalf-llfe (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
eModel selection criteria.
fCalculated breath concentration at end of exposure (
^Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
hNA = Not applicable because of negative value.
5-79
-------
TABLE 5-33. CALCULATED TOLUENE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR 70 kG MAN IN MODERATE ACTIVITY3
Normalized Coefficients'1
Condition
Lean
(11% Fat)
Average
(19% Fat)
Obese
(27% Fat)
One Compartment
C1C=1,246 tdi/2=20.4
MSCe=3.66
C0f =1,246
AUC9=36,694
C1=1,344 t1/2-15.0
MSC=4.48
C0=1.344
AUC=29,158
C1=1,39B ti/2=12.6
MSC=4.88
C0=1,396
AUC=25.377
Two Compartment
C1=1,298 ti/2=13.4
C2=114 ti/2=235
C0=1,412
MSC=5.14
AUC=63,640
CI-1,325 t1/2=12.2
C2=89 t1/2=191
C0=1,414
MSC=5.29
AUC-47,882
C1=1.355 ti/2=11.3
C2=68 t1/2=183
CO-1423
MSO5.49
AUC=39,876
Two
Three Compartment Compartment
C1=551 ti/2=12.1 C1=92
C2=717 ti/2=13.1 C2=8
C3=154 ti/2=151
MSC=5.09 C0=1,422
AUC=56,842
C1=B48 t1/2=11.6 C1=94
C2=656 ti/2=12.2 C2=6
C3=113 t1/2=136
MSC-5.25 CO-1,418
AUC=44,565
C1=89 t1/2=10.7 C1=95
C2=1,265 t 1/2=1 1.2 C2=5
C3=70 ti/2=177
MSC=5.44 C0=1,424
AUC=39,749
Three
Compartment
C1=39
C2=50
C3-11
Cl-46
C2-46
C3-8
C1=6
C2=89
C3=5
aAnalysis of PBPK data using 4 hour exposure to toluene at 5,700 ug/m3. Decay followed for
h8 hours.
"% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient Cn. representing compartment n-1,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
fMode I selection criteria. ,
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t°0)(/jg/nr).
»Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-80
-------
TABLE 5-34. CALCULATED TOLUENE DECAY PARAMETERS FOR 70 kG MAN IN HEAVY ACTIVITY3
Normalized Coefficients'1
Condition
Lean
(11% Fat)
Average
(19% Fat)
Obese
(27% Fat)
One Compartment
C1C=1,271 tdi/2=20.1
MSCe=2.68
C0f =1,271
AUC9=36,822
C1=1.389 t1/2=14.0
MSC=3.41
C0= 1,389
AUC=28,055
C1=1,493 t1/2=10.8
MSC=4.07
00=1,493
AU023.285
Two Compartment
C1=1,509 ti/2=10.0
C2=131 t1/2=298
C0= 1,640
MSC-5.07
AUC=78,305
C1=1,546 t1/2=9.2
C2=86 t1/2=333
C0=l,631
MSC=5.20
AUC=61,816
C1=1,575 t1/2=8.2
C2=79 t1/2=229
C0= 1,654
MSC=5.42
AUC=44,540
Two
Three Compartment Compartment
C1=685 ti/2=9.1 C1=92
C2=811 t1/2=10.2 C2=8
C3=155 ti/2=216
MSC=5.01 C0=1,651
AUC=69,282
C1=125 ti/2=8.8 C1=95
C2-1.421 t1/2=9.2 C2=5
C3=88 tl/2=321
MSC=5.15 C0=1,634
AUC=61,085
C1=122 ti/2=8.0 C1=95
C2=1,463 t]/2=8.4 C2=5
C3=62 ti/2=383
MSC=5.34 C0=1,647
AUC=53,554
Three
Compartment
C1=41
C2=49
C3=9
C1=8
C2=87
C3=5
C1=7
C2=89
C3=4
Analysis of PBPK data after 4 hour continuous exposure to toluene at 5,700/tg/m3. Decay followed
hfor 8 hours.
°% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient Cn. representing compartment n=1,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
fMode I selection criteria. .
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(ug/nr).
9Area under the curve, calculated to infinity.
5-81
-------
IbOUO
/ — s
E 14000
X
12000
-^
O
CD
^
QQ 10000
O
o
Q; 8000
_>
gs
a88* A V +10%
S max
sB v V -10%
max
s
s
S
n
2
S
S
z
E
1
\
\
«
•
S
S
BB
'BBBnanBnn
1 i l 1 1 1 1
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-11. Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for
an average man at rest.
5-82
-------
IbOOO
- — s
£ 14000
\.
\
CD
12000
-f— '
O
CD
v^
00 10000
O
O
0 8000
6000
C
O
ConcentrcH
K3 -PS-
CD 0
0 O
D 0 O
— r~ — i— — T- -T- ~r~
BJjB = aH
B
- B
A V +10%
max
v V -10%
max
—
_
B
B
B
B
B
B
V
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-12. Uptake and elimination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane for an
average man during moderate work.
5-83
-------
TABLE 5-35. EFFECT OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE METABOLISM ON CALCULATED
DECAY PARAMETERS FOR AVERAGE MAN AT REST3
Normalized Coefficients6
Condition
Vnax - 10*
One Compartment
C1C=6,256 ti/2d=32.9
MSCe=3.09
C0f=6,256
AUC9=296,926
Two Compartment
C1=4,484 t1/2=6.2
C2=3,829 t1/2=64.0
C0=8,313
MSC=6.29
AUC=393,515
Two
Three Compartment Compartment
C1=4,081 ti/2
C2=4,110 t1/2
C3=263 t]/2
MSC=12.07 C0=8
AUC=633,749
=5.1 C1=54
=47.1 C2=46
=853
,454
Three
Compartment
C1=48
C2=49
C3=3
'max
CU6,243 t1/2=32.9 C1=4,478 t1/2=6.2 C1=4,076 t1/2=5.1
MSC=3.08 C2=3.821 t1/2=63.9 C2=4,098 t1/2=47.0
C0=6.243 C0=8,299 C3-267 ti/2=815
AUC=296,008 MSC=6.29 MSC=12.03 C0=8,440
AUC=392,424 AUC=621,496
C1=54
C2=46
C1=48
C2=49
C3=3
Vmax + 10% C1=6230 t1/2=32.8 C1=4,473 t1/2=6.2 C1=4,044 t1/2=5.05
MSC=3.08 C2=3,813 t1/2=63.9 C2=4,045 t1/2=45.6
C0=6,230 C0=8.286 C3=341 t1/2=457
AUC=295,087 MSC-6.29 MSC°11.05 C0=8,430
AUC=391,326 AUC=520,180
C1=54
C2=46
C1=48
C2=48
C3=2
aPBPK calculations based on average, 83 kg man and 4 hour continuous exposure to 1,1 ,1-tr Ichloro-
hethane at 16.000 ng/m3. Decay followed for 8 hours. Vmax Is given In Table 4-3.
°X of sum of coefficients.
^L I near coefficient C0, representing compartment n=l,2,3.
"half-life (minutes} for compartment n (same line).
fModel selection criteria.
"
•"
Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure
under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-84
-------
TABLE 5-36. EFFECT OF 1,1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE METABOLISM ON CALCULATED
DECAY PARAMETERS FOR AVERAGE MAN IN MODERATE ACTIVITY3
Normalized Coefficients'3
Condition
Vmax - 10*
One Compartment
C1C=4,436 tdi/2=17.4
MSCe=2.58
C0f=4,436
AUC9= 11 1,052
Two Compartment
C1-4.798 ti/2=4.0
C2-1.885 t1/2=54.9
CO =6, 682
MSC-4.85
AUC=177.213
TWO
Three Compartment Compartment
C1=1.391 ti/2=2.9 C1=72
C2=3.314 t1/2=3.1 C2=28
C3=2,395 ti/2=37.2
MSC=5.21 C0=7,100
AUC=149,422
Three
Compartment
C1=20
C2=47
C3=33
"max CI-4,431 ti/2-17.4 C1=4.794 t1/2=4.0 C1=1.636 t1/2=3.0
MSC=2.58 C2=1,883 t1/2=54.9 C2=3,063 t1/2=3.1
C0=4,431 C0=6.677 C3=2,397 tl/2=37.1
AUC=110,953 MSC=4.84 MSC=5.21 C0=7,097
AUC=177,054 AUC=H9,058
C1=72
C2-28
CU23
C2=43
C3=34
'max
+10% C1=4,426 t1/2=17.4 C1=4.790 t1/2=4.0 Cl-1,334 t1/2=2.9
MSC=2.58 C2=1,882 t1/2=54.9 C2=3,361 t1/2=45.6
C0=4426 C0=6,672 C3=2,399 ti/2=37.0
AUC=110.853 MSC=4.84 MSC=5.21 C0=7,094
AUC=176,894 AUC=H8,749
C1=72
C2=28
CN19
C2=47
C3=34
aPBPK calculations based on average, 83 kg man and 4 hour continuous exposure to 1,1,1-trichloro-
hethane at 16,000 ng/mj. Decay followed tor 8 hours. Vnax Is given In Table 4-3.
"% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient C0, representing compartment n=l,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
?Mode I selection criteria. .
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(/jg/ir).
»Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-85
-------
cn
o
CD
L.
DO
_O
O
a)
<
c
c
O
-i—'
O
L_
c
CD
u
o
o
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
o V +20%
max
v V -10%
max
a V -20%
max
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-13. Uptake and elimination of toluene for an average man
at rest.
5-86
-------
2700
O
cu
L.
QQ
2250
c
O
c
(D
U
c
O
O
1800
_g
S 1350
900
r- — r
i— —r
0
n
v
o Vmox +20%
A V +10%
mox
v V -10%
max
D V -20%
max
-250-200-150-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (minutes)
Figure 5-14. Uptake and elimination of toluene for an average man during
moderate work.
5-87
-------
TABLE 5-37. EFFECT OF TOLUENE METABOLISM ON CALCULATED DECAY PARAMETERS
FOR AVERAGE MAN IN MODERATE ACTIVITY3
Normalized Coefficients6
Two Three
Condition One Compartment Two Compartment Three Compartment Compartment Compartment
Vmax - 20* C1C=1,426 td1/2=15.4 C1=1,413 t1/2=12.7 C1=95.5 t1/2=11.8 C1=94 C1=6
MSCe=4.49 C2=8,477 t1/2=227 C2=1,302 tv2=12.4 C2=6 C2=87
C0f=1,426 C0=1.497 C3=105.6 ti/2=165 C3=7
AUC9=31,700 MSC=5.33 MSC=5.29 00=1503
AUC=53,371 AUC=49,996
'max
-10% C1=1.381 ti/2=15.2 C1=1,368 ti/2=12.6 C1=87.7 ti/2=11.7 C1=94 C1=6
MSC=4.49
C0=1,381
AUC=30,297
Vmax C1-1.344 ti/2
MSC-4.48
C0=1,344
AUC=29,158
Vmax + UK C1=1312 t1/2=
MSC=4.48
C0=1312
AUC=28,217
Vmax + 20% CU1286 t1/2=
MSC=4.48
C0=1286
AUC=27,425
C2=79.8 t]/2=231
C0=1,448
MSC=5.30
AUC=51.465
=15.0 C1=1,325 ti/2=12.2
C2=89 t1/2=191
C0=1,414
MSC=5.29
AUC=47,882
14.9 C1=1301 t!/2=12.4
C2=73.9 ti/2=238
C0=1375
MSC=5.27
AUC-48.637
14.8 C1-1275 t1/2=12.3
C2-71.6 ti/2=241
CO =134 6
MSC-5.25
AUC=47,527
C2=1,267 t1/2=12.3 C2=6
C3=100 t1/2=168
MSC=5.26 C0=1455
AUC=48,128
C1=648 ti/2=11.6 C1=94
C2=656 tl/2=12.2 C2=6
C3=113 t1/2-136
MSC=5.25 C0=1418
AUC=44,565
C1=657 t!/2=11.5 C1=95
C2=617 t1/2=12.1 C2=5
C3=110 t1/2=136
MSC=5.24 C0=1384
AUC=43,214
CU501 ti/2-11.4 C1=95
C2=749 t1/2=12.0 C2=5
C3=106 t1/2=138
MSC=5.23 C0=1355
AUC=42,232
C2=87
C3=7
C1=4B
C2=46
C3=8
C1=47
C2=45
C3=6
C1=37
C2=55
C3=6
aPBPK calculations based on average, 70 kg man and 4
h5,700 ng/m3. Decay followed for 8 hours. Vmax Is
hour continuous exposure to toluene
given In Table 4-2.
at
.A Ul OUIII Ul V^UCI I IUICII1.O.
^Linear coefficient Cn. representing compartment n=1.2.3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
fMode I selection criteria. -
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(/ig/ir).
BArea under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-88
-------
TABLE 5-38. EFFECT OF TOLUENE METABOLISM ON CALCULATED DECAY PARAMETERS
FOR AVERAGE MAN AT REST3
Normalized Coefficients5
Condition
One Compartment Two Compartment Three Compartment
Two
Compartment
Three
Compartment
Vmax - 2035
Cic=756 td/2=25.1
MSCe4.86
C0f756
AUC927.381
C1-623 t1/2=16.8
C2=177 t1/2=73.7
C0=800
MSC=5.94
AUC=33.847
C1=67 t1/2=13.3
C2=465 ti/2-14.0
C3=280 t1/2=56.8
MSC=6.02 C0=811
AUC=33,595
C1=78
C2=22
Cl=8
C2=57
C3=35
"max
- 10X C1=743 t1/2=24.7
MSC=4.85
C0=734
AUC=26,137
C1=608 t1/2=16.6
C2=167 ti/2=73.9
C0=775
MSC=5.92
AUC=32,393
C1=55.2 ti/2=13.2
C2=466 ti/2=13.9
C3=265 t1/2=56.9
MSC=6.00 C0=786
AUC=32,172
C1=78
C2=22
C1=7
C2=59
C3=34
'max
C1=715 ti/2=24.4 C1=593
MSC=4.85
C0=715
AUC=25,149
C2=163 ti/2=73.4
C0=756
MSC=5.91
AUC=31,288
C1=47.1
C2=467 t1/2=13.8
C3=254 t1/2=57.0
MSC-5.98 C0=766.2
AUC=31,034
C1=78
C2=22
C1-6
C2=61
C3=33
I/max + 10% C1=698 t1/2=24.1
MSC-4.85
C0=698
AUC-24,346
C1=582 ti/2=16.3
C2=157 t1/2=73.6
C0=739
MSC=5.90
AUC°30.349
C1=38.9 t1/2=13.1
C2=467 t1/2=13.8
C3=244 t1/2=57.1
MSC=5.97 C0=749
AUC=30,106
C1=79
C2=21
C1=5
C2=62
C3=33
"max
+ 20X C1=687 t1/2=23.9
MSC=4.85
C0=687
AUC=23,680
C1-577 tl/2=16.4
C2=147 ti/2=74.8
C0=724
MSC-5.88
AUC=29,542
C1=374 t1/2=10.2
C2=11 t1/2=10.7
C3=364 t1/2=44.1
MSC=6.20 C0=749
AUC=28,816
C1=80
C2=20
C1=50
C2=1
C3=49
aPBPK calculations based on average, 70 kg man and 4 hour continuous exposure to toluene at
h5,700 ng/nr. Decay followed for 8 hours. Vraax Is given In Table 4-2.
"% of sum of coefficients.
^Linear coefficient Cn, representing compartment n=1,2,3.
"half-life (minutes) for compartment n (same line).
fModel selection criteria. ,
^Calculated breath concentration at end of exposure (t=0)(ug/mi5).
»Area under the curve, calculated to Infinity.
5-89
-------
TABLE 5-39. IMPACT OF ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. a AND CALCULATED EXPOSURE LEVEL TO
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE FOR A LEAN PERSON
Activity Post-Exposure
Level (Min)
Rest 3
50
200
Moderate 3
50
200
Heavy 3
50
200
ui
vo
0
t «. Breath (ug/n3)
Cl C2 M/2.1 M/2.2 f a (Measured)
4618 3623 6.7 81.3 0.5487 0.4740 6915
2402
608
4765 1960 4.1 67.5 0.4317 0.3101 4677
1026
239
4352 1347 3.8 85.1 0.3701 0.2651 3360
679
240
Exposure Level.
Calculated (ug/m )
15993
16065
14767
15687
13984
15209
14025
12108
14526
Percent
Difference
0
0.4
-7.7
-2.0
-13
-4.9
-12
-24
-9.2
-------
TABLE 5-40. IMPACT OF ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. o AND CALCULATED EXPOSURE LEVEL TO
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE FOR A PERSON WITH AVERAGE BODY FAT
Activity
Level
Rest
Moderate
Heavy
Post-Exposure
-------
TABLE 5-41. IMPACT OF ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. a AND CALCULATED EXPOSURE LEVEL TO 1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE
FOR A PERSON WITH GREATER THAN AVERAGE BODY FAT (+8%)
Activity
Level
Rest
Moderate
Heavy
Post-Exposure
(Min)
3
50
200
3
50
200
3
50
200
t + Breath (ug/m )
Cl C2 M/2.1 M/2.2 f o (Measured)
4364 3990 5 9 52 0 5327 0.4880 6898
2037
315
4852 1788 4 1 47 0.4183 0.2750 4547
696
123
4562 996 4 0 70 0 3537 0.1939 3491
393
136
Exposure Level,
Calculated (ug/m )
15992
15812
18158
15706
13009
21018
15182
15834
10350
Percent
Difference
0
-1.2
13
-1.8
-19
-3.1
-5 1
-1.0
-35
U1
I
I\J
-------
TABLE 5-42. IMPACT OF ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. o AND CALCULATED
AIR EXPOSURE LEVEL TO TOLUENE FOR A LEAN PERSON
Activity Post-Exposure
Level (Min)
Rest 2
50
200
Moderate 2
50
200
Heavy 2
50
200
tn
i
Breath
-------
TABLE 5-43. IMPACT OF ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. a AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE
LEVEL TO TOLUENE FOR AN AVERAGE BODY FAT PERSON
Activity Post-Exposure
Level (Min) Cl C2
Rest 2 593 163
50
200
Moderate 2 1325 89
50
200
Heavy 2 1546 86
50
200
01
vo
Breatn
(ug/m3)
M/2.1 '1/2.2 f a (Measured)
16 73 0 1359 0.2345 732
192
17
12 191 0.2593 0.1035 1326
176
31
9.2 333 0.3096 0.1239 1464
120
47
Exposure Level
Calculated (ug/m3)
5929
6459
3952
5957
6778
4104
5896
6040
4725
Percent
Difference
4.0
13
-31
4.5
19
-28
3.4
6.0
-17
-------
TABLE 5-44. IMPACT OF ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. a AND CALCULATED AIR EXPOSURE LEVEL TO
TOLUENE FOR A PERSON WITH GREATER THAN AVERAGE BODY FAT
Activity
Level
Rest
Moderate
Heavy
in
i
VO
tn
Post-Exposure
(Min)
2
50
200
2
50
200
2
50
200
Breath
(ug/m3)
Cl C2 tl/2.1 *l/2.2 f a (Measured)
628 131 16 67 0.1353 0.1857 728
166
12
1355 68 11 183 0 2577 0.0639 1313
135
22
1575 79 8.2 229 0.3032 0.0887 1443
84
34
Exposure Level
Calculated (ug/m3)
5891
6297
4098
5903
7308
4772
5839
5259
4485
Percent
Difference
3.3
10
-28
3.6
28
-16
2.4
-7.7
-21
-------
TABLE 5-45. IMPACT OF METABOLIC RATE AND ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. a AND CALCULATED EXPOSURE LEVEL
TO 1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE FOR A PERSON WITH AVERAGE BODY FAT
01
Metabolic Activity
Rate Level
Vmax <-10*> Rest
Moderate
Vmax (+10*) Rest
Moderate
Post-Exposure
(Min) Cl C2
3 4484 3829
50
200
3 4790 1885
50
200
3 4473 3813
50
200
3 4790 1882
50
200
Breath
t f (ug/m3)
1/2.1 M/2,2 f o (Measured)
62 64 0.5388 0.4799 6906
2221
438
40 55 0.4232 0.2926 4601
850
165
62 64 0 5370 0.4794 6878
2210
436
4.0 55 0.4230 0 2923 4591
848
164
Exposure Level.
Calculated (ug/m3)
15983
15827
15958
1S786
13536
17407
15973
15818
15955
15761
13524
17328
Percent
Difference
-0.1
1.1
0.3
1 3
-15
8.8
-0.2
-1.1
-0.3
-1.5
-15
8.3
-------
TABLE 5-46 IMPACT OF METABOLIC RATE AND ACTIVITY LEVEL ON f. a AND CALCULATED
EXPOSURE LEVEL TO TOLUENE FOR A PERSON WITH AVERAGE BODY FAT
Metabolic Activity Post-Exposure
Rate Level (Min) Cl C2
V (-20*) Rest 2 623 177
max
50
200
Moderate 2 1413 84
50
200
V (-10*) Rest 2 608 167
nlaX
50
200
01
vo Moderate 2 1368 80
^ 50
200
V „ (+10*) Rest 2 582 157
niax
50
200
Moderate 2 1301 74
50
200
V (+20*) Rest 3 577 147
max
50
200
Moderate 3 1275 72
50
200
Breath
t t (ug/m3)
1/2.1 1/2.2 f a (Measured)
17 74 0 0513 0 2410 775
210
19
13 226 0 0983 0 1016 1412
194
33
17 74 0.0497 0 2354 751
200
18
13 231 0 0952 0.1019 1365
184
32
16 74 0.0473 0.2310 715
186
17
12 238 0.0905 0.1015 1293
170
30
16 75 0 0464 0 2228 702
181
16
12 241 0.0887 0 1016 1265
164
29
Exposure Level ,
Calculated (ug/m )
17144
17508
11109
17559
18289
11703
17146
17390
11119
17546
17980
11702
17253
18077
11274
17723
19945
11624
17259
18210
10976
17701
19687
11470
Percent
Difference
7.2
9.4
-31
9 7
14
-27
7.2
8.7
-31
9.7
12
-27
7.8
13
-29
11
25
-27
7.9
14
-31
11
23
-28
-------
TABLE 5-47. FRAGRANCE AND OTHER COMPOUNDS SELECTED FOR ANALYSES
Compound
2-butanone
benzene
thiazole
toluene
4-methyl thiazole
allyl butyrate
2-methoxypyrazine
cyclohexanol
2 , 3-dlmethyl pyrazi ne
2, 4, 5-trlmethyl thiazole
allyl tiglate
2-acetylpyridine
ethyl heptanoate
2-acetylthiophene
geraniol
/J-phenethyl alcohol
benzyl acetate
a-terpineol
/3-citronellol
/7-phenethyl acetate
terpinyl acetate
benzyl butyrate
piperonal
a-methyl lonone
coumari n
M.W.
72
78
85
92
99
128
110
100
108
127
140
121
158
126
154
122
150
154
156
164
196
178
150
206
146
R.T.
(min)
11.85
13.55
17.75
18.25
, 20.98
23.45
23.93
24.50
25.08
27.90
28.83
29.94
31.14
32.61
32.93
33.60
34.23
35.25
36.26
37.20
39.58
39.76
40.66
44.02
45.04
%Recoverya
NCb
107,134
68C
91,130
58
113
27
73
27
8
35
ND «3)
30
27
ND «47)
ND «2)
34
10
ND «2)
4
4
ND «2)
ND «8)
ND «2)
ND «50)
Mixture
1
1,2
1
1,2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
aRecovery is canister standard relative to liquid injeciton using RIC
(m/z 45 - m/z 260).
Not calculated, interference.
GBased on m/z 85 of thiazole.
5-98
-------
TABLE 5-48. COMPOUNDS NOT DETECTED BY GC/MS AFTER INJECTION
OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS
Compound Mixture3
linalool 1
linalyl acetate 1
hydroxycitronellol 1
triethyl amine 1
benzyl salicylate 2
hexyl cinnamaldehyde 2
musk ambrette 2
eugenol 2
furfuryl propionate 2
al = Lower MW standards.
2 = Higher MW standards.
5-99
-------
TABLE 5-49. MICROENVIRONMENT SAMPLES
1. Potpourri and coffee shop
2. Department store, fragrance store
3. Clothing store
4. Shopping mall, common area
5. Craft/hobby store no. 1
6. Craft store no. 2
7. Carpet floor and wall covering store
8. Auto part store
9. Tire/auto part store
10. Tire warehouse
11. Retail grocery store (detergent section)
12. Retail grocery store (charcoal, pet food section)
13. Health club (Jacuzzi area)
14. Room with air freshener
15. Closet with cedar shavings
16. New shower curtain
5-100
-------
TABLE 5-50. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN MICROENVIRONMENT SAMPLES
Ret
Time
1 38
1 41
2.01
2 22
2.64
3 06
3.06
4 65
4.92
5 52
6.54
6.54
7 08
7.17
7.50
8 50
8.55
8.91
9.19
9 98
11.25
11 85
11.85
12.27
12 60
13.08
13.50
13 75
13 98
Compound
C02
unknown
dichlorodifluoronethane
ch lorodi f luoromethane
1 . 1-dif luoro-1-chloroethane
n-butane
ethanal
chloroethane
isopentane
trichlorof luoromethane
pentadiene
n-pentane
isoprene
ethanol
acetone
isopropanol
methylene chloride
2-methylpentane
3-methlypentane
n-hexane
methylcyclopentane
2-butanone
perf luorobenzene (ES)
ethyl acetate
chloroform
1.1. 1-tnchloroethane
dg-benzene (ES)
1.2-dichloroethane
perf luorotoluene (ES)
Hicroenvironment Samples
la 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
+b ______ _____ + _
4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 +444 4444 44 44 4444 - 4444
444444--_4---4---
4-- + -4--4-444444
4---------
_ + -_--- + _----- +
______________ +
_____f_________
____ + __- + + 4---_
_ + __4. + ----4.---4
+ ----- + ----
__________ + ____
+ --------
4444M 444 4444M 4444M 444 4 - 4 - - 44 44 4444M 444 4444M
4444 444 4444------4
44 444 4444 444 4444M 4444M 4---44444-
4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4444 4 44 4 4 4 4 4
___-__4. + __---_-
------- 44 -------
444 -------
+ -------
4 44 44 44-------
4 44 44 44 4444444444
+ -------- +
____________4._ +
44 444 44 44 4444 - 4+44M 4 4444M 4444M 44-44
44-4444-4444444
---------------
-4--44--444-44-
16
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
-
-
4444
—
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-50 (cont'd.)
Ret.
Time
Compound
Hicroenvironment Samples
7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
o
rv>
15.45 trichloroethylene
15.48 methylcyclohexane
16.32 methyl methacrylate
17.40 acetic acid +
17.88 dimethylcyclohexane Isomer
18.25 toluene +«•
18.63 2-ethylhexene
18.84 c-octane
19.38 ethyl methacrylate
19.53 tetrachloroethylene
20.46 ethylcyclohexane
20.46 CgHjg +
20.55 n-hexanal +
20.85 n-butyl acetate
21.12 triinethylcyclohexane Isomer
21.54 CgH20
21.87 C9H20
22.32 ethylbenzene
22.58 fi.m-xylene +
22 68 methylethylcyclohexane isomer +
22.68 CgHjB
23.04 n-nonane *
23.37
23.70
23.73 o-xylene
23.79 styrene
++4-4-M +++
+ ++ ++++M + +
++
+ *+++
++ +-H-
propylene glycol
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-50 (cont'd.)
Ret.
Time
Compound
Microenvironment Samples
789 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
ui
i
o
OJ
24.27
24.60 n-heptanal
24.66 alpha-plnene
24 84 isopropylbenzene
25.08 C,0H22
25.47 CjjH24
25.68 C10H22
26.17 C3~a1kyl benzene isomer
26.55 si lane compound
26.73 n-decane
26.55 methylethylbenzene Isomer
26.83 beta-pinene
26.85 beta-myrcene
27.00 C3~alkyl benzene Isomer
27.51 benzaldehyde
27.51 trimethylbenzene Isomer
27.54 1-phellandrene
27.78 C]jH24
28.23 C,0H20
28.33 C,,H24
28.33 limonene
28.44 n-octanal
28.56 jj-dichlorobenzene
28.71 1.2.3-trimethylbenzene
28.89 C]jH24
29.04 CnH24
29.40 gamma-terpinene
4.4.
*•+
++++M
•H-++M ++++N *
4.4.4.
*+
+-M-+M -
+4.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-50 (cont'd.)
ftet Hicroenvironment Samples
Time Compound 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
29.43 C,0H180 ____________+.___
29.73 C4-alkyl benzene isomer ______+.__4.______
29.76 C]jH24 __-- + - + ----____4
30.39 rt-undecane + + + 4-t * + + t + *-- **--++
30.42 alpha-terpinolene ________-_+._____
31.98 C4~alkyl benzene isomer ______ + _________
32.01 si lane compound + 4-4-*4-f + 4---4-4- +++-++
33.65 Q-dodecane +-- + --- + -- + - + -- +
36.87 rj-tridecane __________4.____ +
aMicroenvironment nubmer from Table 5-49.
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample (identified as "M").
«• less than 25%
+4- 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
+4-4-+ 75 to 100k
-------
TABLE 5-51. HEADSPACE GENERATION PARAMETERS FOR HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
Product
Amount Used
Blank
Charlie cologne
Giorgio cologne for men
Oscar de la Renta perfume
Giorgio perfume
Chantilly spray mist cologne
Coast soap
Irish Spring soap
Pert Shampoo (normal)
Vidal Sassoon hairspray
Aqua Net hairspray
Barbasol shaving cream
Mennen Skin Bracer after shave
Sure Solid Antiperspirant/deodorant
Ban (regular) Roll-on antiperspirant/-
deodorant
Arrid extra extra dry antiperspirant/-
deodorant
Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion
Maybelline Nail Color (#12)
Max Factor Nail Enamel Remover
Revlon Nail Enamel Remover
Cheer laundry detergent
Clorox-2 laundry bleach
Downy fabric softener
Bounce fabric softener
Sunlight dishwashing liquid
10 nl
10 pi
10 pi
10 /iL
10 pi
2.5 g
1.0 g
1.0 g
spray-1 sec
spray-1 sec
0.5 g
10 /*L
2.5 g
5 drops
spray-1 sec
1.5 g
1 drop
50 pi
50 nl
0.9 g
1.0 g
1.2 g
1/4 sheet
5 drops
(continued)
5-105
-------
TABLE 5-51 (cont'd.)
Product Amount Used
Cascade dishwasher detergent 1.0 g
Dove dishwashing liquid 6 drops
Renuzit Freshell Air Freshner 5 drops
o
Airwick Stickup Air Freshner 1 cm
Lysol disinfectant spray spray-1 sec
Liquid Paper, regular 1 drop
Strypeeze Paint & Varnish
Remover ~20 pi
5-106
-------
TABLE 5-52. CONSUMER PRODUCTS HEADSPACE SCREENED BY GC/MS
Consumer product
By canister?
Charlie Cologne
Giorgio Cologne for men
Oscar de la Renta Perfume
Giorgio Perfume
Chantilly Spray Mist
Coast soap
Irish Spring soap
Pert Shampoo
Vidal Sassoon hairspray
Aqua Net hairspray
Barbasol Shaving cream
Mennen Skin Bracer aftershave
Sure (reg.) Solid deodorant
Ban (reg.) Roll-on deodorant
Arrid Extra Extra Dry with Musk
Spray deodorant
Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion
Maybelline Long Wearing Nail
Color (#12)
Max Factor Nail Enamel Remover
Revlon Nail Enamel Remover
Cheer Laundry detergent
Clorox-2 Laundry bleach
Downy Fabric softener
Bounce Fabric softener
Sun Light Dishwashing liquid
Cascade Dishwasher detergent
Dose Dishwashing liquid
Renuzit Freshen Air freshner
Airwick Stickup Air freshner
Lysol Disinfectant spray
(continued)
5-107
-------
TABLE 5-52 (cont'd.)
Consumer product By canister?
Liquid Paper (Regular)
Strypeeze Paint & Varnish
Remover
5-108
-------
TABLE 5-53. GENERAL LIST OF COMPOUNDS FOUND IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
Retention time
(min)
1.38
6.96
7.14
7.17
7.50
8.49
8.5
8.55
9.48
10.20
11.04
11.16
11.37
11.76
11.85
11.85
12.27
12.53
12.60
13.50
13.56
13.77
13.98
15.45
15.48
15.87
16.23
16.56
16.89
17.40
18.25
19.92
20.98
22.32
22.58
22.74
23.19
23.45
23.85
23.93
24.27
24.36
24.39
24.50
24.66
24.96
25.08
25.14
Compound
C02
vinyl idene chloride
carbon disulfide
ethanol
acetone
methyl acetate
isopropanol
methyl ene chloride
ter-butanol
1,1-dichloroethane
sec-butanol
1,2-epoxybutane
1-propanol
nitromethane
2-butanone
perfluorobenzene (ES)
ethyl acetate
tri methyl si lanol
1,1,1-trichloroethane
ds-benzene (ES)
methyl isopropyl ketone
1,2-dichloroethane
perf 1 uorotol uene (ES)
trichloroethylene
methyl cyclohexane
1-butanol
1,4-dioxane
bromodichloromethane
methyl n-methyl butanoate
acetic acid
toluene
hexamethyl cycl otri si 1 oxane
4-methylthiazole
ethyl benzene
dimethylbenzene
di-n-butyl ether
propylene glycol
allyl butyrate
styrene
2-methoxypyrazine
allyl isothiocyanate
2-heptanone
beta-phellandrene
cyclohexanol
alpha-pinene
furfuryl alcohol
2,3-dimethylpyrazine
isopent-2-enyl acetate
Major ions
44,28
61,96,98,63
76,44,32,78,38
31,45,46,27,29
43,58,27
43,74,42,59
45,43,27,59
49,84,51,86
59,31,41,43,57
63,65,83,98
45,59,31,41
42,41,72,39,71
31,27,29,59,42
61,30,46
43,72
117,186
43,61,45,70,88
75,45,47,76
97,99,61,117,119
84,56,54
43,27,41,86
62,49,64,98,63
217,117,236,186
95,97,130
83,55,98
56,31,41,43,27
88,58,28,30,57
83,85,47,48,129
43,71,70,57,85
43,45,60
92,91
207,96,191,133
99,71,72
91,106,51,65
91,106,105
57,29,41,87,56
45,43,31,27
71,43,41
104,103,78,51
40,110
41,99,39,72
43,58,27,41
93,68,77,41
57,82,100
93,92,41,79
98,41,42,53
67,108
43,68,67,41,53
MW
44
96
76
46
58
74
60
84
74
98
74
72
60
61
72
186
88
90
132
84
86
98
236
130
98
74
88
162
114
60
92
220
99
106
106
130
76
128
104
110
99
114
136
100
136
98
108
128
(continued)
5-109
-------
TABLE 5-53 (cont'd.)
Retention time
(rain)
Compound
Major Ions
MW
25.62
25.62
26.13
26.13
26.83
26.85
27.51
27.54
27.90
27.99
28.14
28.00
28.35
28.56
28.65
28.83
28.83
28.98
29.07
29.50
29.70
29.76
29.94
30.39
30.42
30.78
30.90
31.14
31.16
31.77
31.83
31.95
32.00
32.61
32.93
33.00
33.48
33.60
33.65
34.08
34.11
34.17
34.23
34.47
34.59
34.76
34.62
34.62
isobutylbenzene
camphene
3-octanone
n-decane
beta-pinene
beta-myrcene
benzaldehyde
1-phellandrene
2,4,5-trimethylthiazole
6-methylhept-5-en-one
2-octanone
alpha-terplnene
limonene
p-dlchlorobenzene
methyl heptanoate
1,8-cineole
allyl tiglate
4-methylanisole
S^-dimethyl-ljS^-octatriene
gamma-terpinene
2-ethyl-l-hexanol
dlethyleneglycolmonoethyl ether
2-acetylpyn'dine
n-undecane
alpha-terpinolene
phenylacetaldehyde
0-allyltoluene
ethyl heptanoate
benzyl alcohol
3,7-d1methyl-3-octanol
rose oxide
methyl benzoate
linalool
2-acetylthiophene
geraniol
7,8-dihydrolinalool
citronellal
beta-phenethyl alcohol
n-dodecane
4-isopropylcyclohexanol
camphor
isomenthone
benzyl acetate
isoborneol
dimethyl benzyl carbinol
menthone
terpinen-4-ol
benzaldazine
5-110
91,92,134 134
93,121,79,41,107 136
57,43,71,72,99 128
43,57,41,29,71 142
93,41,69,79 136
41,93,69,39,53 136
77,105,106 106
93,91,92,77,136 136
127,71,86 127
43,41,69,55,108,111 126
43,58,59,71 128
121,93,136 136
68,93,121,136 136
146,148,111,75 146
74,43,87,59 144
43,81,71,84,108,111 154
83,55,95,100 140
122,121,77,107 122
93,79,80,41,91 136
93,136,91,77 136
57,43,70,83,98,112 130
45,59,72,73,104 134
79,78,121,43 121
57,43,71,85 156
93,121,136,79,91 136
91,120,92,65,39,51 120
117,132,115,91 132
88,43,103,105 158
79,108,107,77 108
73,69,55,43,70 158
139,69,41,55,154 154
105,77,136,51 136
71,41,93,55,43 154
111,126,83 126
69,41 154
109,73,69,43 156
41,69,95,110,136,139 154
91,92,122 122
57,43,71,41 170
81,43,82,55 142
95,81,41,108,152 152
112,69,41,55,39 154
108,91,43,150 150
95,93,41,43,55,110 154
92,59,91,43 150
112,69,41,55,139 154
71,43,93,111,136 154
103,77,131,51,208 208
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-53 (cont'd.)
Retention time
(min)
Compound
Major ions
MW
34.80
34.89
35.00
35.20
35.25
35.76
35.88
36.26
36.63
37.11
37.17
37.20
37.23
37.23
37.92
38.07
38.10
38.10
39.09
39.48
39.58
39.76
40.02
40.66
40.81
41.31
41.77
44.02
44.22
44.59
45.04
menthol
borneol
1-phenylethyl acetate
estragol
alpha-terpineol
fenchyl acetate
2,2-dimethoxy-l-phenylethane
beta-citronellol
myrcenyl acetate
4-tert-buty1cyclohexanone
neral
beta-phenethyl acetate
nerol
benzyl propionate
1-menthyl acetate
endobornyl acetate
l-methoxy-4-(l-propenyl)benzene
terpinyl acetate
p_-diacetyl benzene
dtronellyl acetate
beta-terpinyl acetate
benzyl butyrate
alpha-copaene
piperonal
eugenol
alpha-cedrene
alpha-guaiene
gamma-methyl ionone
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
ionone
coumarin
71,81,95,82,55,123 156
95,110,41,139,136 154
104,43,105,122 164
148,147,121,117 148
59,93,121,136 154
81,43,80,136,93 196
75,91,47,103 166
41,69,82 156
43,82,41,93,95 196
57,98,41,83,154
41,69,39,84,93,94 152
104,43 164
69,41,93,68 154
91,108,57,29,90 164
43,95,138,81 198
95,43,136,93 196
148,147,133,117 148
43,121,93,136 196
147,162,43,119 162
43,69,81,95,123,138 198
68,93,67,121,136 196
91,108,178 178
161,119,105,93 204
150,149,63,121,65 150
164,149,77,103 164
119,93,204,105 204
105,147,107,204 204
135,150,107,43 206
205,220 220
69,41,81,109 192
118,146,90 146
External standard.
5-111
-------
TABLE 5-54. PARTICIPANTS USED IN INTERPERSONAL TEST OF SPIROMETERS
Participant
No.
1
2
3 (4)
4
5 (2)
6 (3)
7 (1)
Sex
Male
Male
Female
Female
Male
Male
Male
Age
34
29
26
27
32
33
36
Height
(cm)
178
192
180
170
168
185
178
Weight
(Kg)
93
98
63
57
57
84
86
Previous Activity
Level
Light
Light
Moderate
Light
Moderate
Light
Light
Numbers in parenthesis are participant numbers for individuals used in
study of measurements of decay curve for exposure to microenvironments.
(See Ref. [1], Table 4-9, pg. 28).
5-112
-------
TABLE 5-55. CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN BREATH COLLECTED BY THE WHOLE AND
ALVEOLAR BREATH SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR ONE INDIVIDUAL (PARTICIPANT 1)
Experiment
alveolar - short-term
replicates
alveolar - long-term
replicates
whole - long-term
replicates
percent - whole/alveolar3
Mean
5.07
5.21
3.84
74.3
Std. Dev.
0.16
0.19
0.22
2.4
%RSD
3.1
3.6
5.6
3.2
n
4
4
4
4
aBased on the slow replicates of alveolar and whole breath spirometers.
5-113
-------
I 1
44 (B,8M,55): lN2i33.il. lit 1,55:12257 I
it/I 44
5145
m
7888
(N9
5888
4888
2888
44 (l,lt-11.8l): 4419542,34, It 18,88: 7282 I
I 5 II
Figure 5-16.
Real time detection of CCL in breath from participant 2
using the alveolar breath spirometer (top) and the whole
breath spirometer (bottom).
5-114
-------
TABLE 5-56. CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN BREATH COLLECTED BY THE WHOLE AND
ALVEOLAR BREATH SPIROMETERS ACROSS SEVERAL INDIVIDUALS
Participant
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean (x)
Std. Dev. (s)
Percent RSD
Alveolar
5.20a
5.88
3.62
4.92
5.38
5.67
5.45
5.16
0.75
14.5
Percent
Whole
3.84a
3.76
2.48
3.74
3.96.
3.65b
3.76
4.02
3.65
0.53
14.5
C02
XWhole/Alveolar
74
64
69
76
74
(68)
66
74
71
4.7
6.6
Breathing_Bate,
min"
Alveolar
4.7
5.9
13.3
8.0
5.7
7.3
5.3
7.2
2.9
40.
Whole
8.0
6.4
12.9
7.1
9.4
5.6
7.9
2.6
33.
First measurement of several replicates.
3 A direct exhalation into the Tedlar bag of the whole breath spirometer.
5-115
-------
SECTION 6
REFERENCES
1. E. D. Pellizzari, K. W. Thomas, J. H. Raymer, D. J. Smith, and S. D.
Cooper, "Breath Measurements of Individuals Exposed to Chemicals During
Personal Activities," Final Report on EPA Contract 68-02-4544, Work
Assignment 11-40 (1990).
2. M. L. Gargas, R. J. Burgess, D. E. Voisard, G. H. Cason, and M. E.
Anderson, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 98, 87-99 (1989).
3. J. C. Ramsey and M. E. Andersen, "A Physiologically Based Description
of the Inhalation Pharmacokinetics of Styrene in Rats and Humans,"
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 73, 159-175 (1984).
4. A. D. Arms and C. C. Travis, "Reference Physiological Parameters in
Pharmacokinetic Modeling," EPA/600/6-88-004, February 1988.
5. C. C. Travis, D. M. Hetrick, J. L. Quillen, A. D. Arms,
"Pharmacokinetics of Toluene," Manuscript in Preparation (1990).
6. R. H. Reitz, N. J. McDougal, M. W. Himmelstein, R. J. Nolan, and A. M.
Schumann, "Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model with
Methyl chloroform; Implications for Interspecsies, High Dose/Low Dose,
and Dose Route Extrapolations," Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 95(2), 185-
199 (1988).
7. L. Wallace, E. Pellizzari, and S. Gordon, "Residence Times of Volatile
Organic Chemicals in Human Body Fluids Following Exposures at
Environmental Concentrations: Results of a Chamber Study of Four
Volunteers", in preparation.
8. M. Davidian, "Model Validation and Strategies to Maximize the
Information Derived from Exposure Experiments," Report To RTI in
support of EPA Contract 68-02-4544, Work Assignment 11-80 (1990).
9. R. S. Fenn, "Aroma Chemical Usage Trends in Modern Perfumery," Perfumer
and Flavorist, 14(2), 1-10, 1989.
6-1
-------
10. D.M. Maklan, D.H. Steele, S.K. Dietz, G. Brown, and S. Fallah,"
Household Products Containing Methylene Chloride and Other Chlorinated
Solvents: A Shelf Survey," EPA 560/5-87-006 (NTIS PB88-132899) (1987).
11. L. Molhave, B. Bach, O.F. Pederson, "Human Reactions to Low
Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds," Environ. Internat. 12,
167 (1986).
12. L.A. Wallace, "The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study:
Summary and Analysis: Volume 1", Publication No. EPA-600/6-87-002a,
U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., 1987.
13. E.D. Pellizzari, R.L. Perritt, T.D. Hartwell, L.C. Michael, C.M.
Sparacino, L.S. Sheldon, R. Whitmore, C. Leninger, H. Zelon, R.W.
Handy, and D. Smith, " Total Expsoure Assessment Methodology (TEAM)
Study: Elizabeth and Bayonne, NJ; Devils Lake, ND; Greensboro, NC,
Volume II", Publication No. EPA-600/6-87-0026. U.S. EPA, Washington,
DC, 1986.
14. E.D. Pellizzari, K. Perritt, T.D. Hartwell, L.C. Michael, R. Whitmore,
R.W. Handy, D. Smith, and H. Zelon, "Total Exposure Assessment
Methodology (TEAM) Study: Selected Communities in Northern and Southern
California, Volume III", Publication No. EPA-600/6-87-002C, U.S. EPA,
Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1986.
15. "Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment: Drinking Water and Health", Vol.
8, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1987.
16. S.M. Gordon, L.A. Wallace, E.D. Pellizzari, and H.J. O'Neill," Human
Breath Measurements 1n a Clean-Air Chamber to Determine Half-Lives for
Volatile Organic Compounds", Atmospheric Environment, 22, 2165 (1988).
17. "RSTRIP: Polyexponential Curve Stripping/Least Squares Parameter
Estimation: Version 4" MicroMath Scientific Software, Salt Lake City,
UT, 1989.
18. A. C. Guyton, "Basic Human Physiology: Normal Function and Mechanisms
of Disease", 2nd Edition, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1977,
chapters 28 and 30.
6-2
-------
APPENDIX A
BREATH EXPOSURE STUDY
ESTABLISHMENT CONSENT FORM
A-l
-------
BREATH EXPOSURE STUDY
ESTABLISHMENT CONSENT FORM
The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) is under contract with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to develop and test a device which can be
used to measure the amounts of volatile organic chemicals inhaled and
exhaled by humans. As part of this research contract we would like to
evaluate the inhalation of airborne chemicals by people in common
environments like homes, stores, vehicles, recreational areas, and the
workplace. The data we collect will help us determine if people are
exposed to pollutants in these everyday situations and whether breath
measurements can be used to estimate these exposures.
We would like to ask you to participate in this research by allowing us
to sample the air at your establishment. We wish to emphasize that this is
strictly a research project and that RTI will not disclose the identities
of participants to anyone, including the contract sponsor. Within RTI
knowledge of establishment identities will be strictly limited to one or
two chemists who visit your establishment. The test data which is reported
to the EPA and other RTI personnel will be coded to eliminate all
participant identities and protect your privacy. Our report to the EPA
will include only generic descriptions of establishment types (i.e.
hardware store, laundramat, etc.) and not the name or location of specific
establishments. Your participation would be strictly voluntary and would
not result in disruption of your business operations.
If you agree to participate, a chemist from RTI will collect an initial
sample of the air at your establishment for evaluation purposes. This
would take approximately 10 to 30 minutes. If specific chemicals are found
in this sample then we may ask our chemist to make a return visit and spend
up to four hours in your establishment during normal business hours. The
chemist would collect an additional air sample during this visit. Several
different establishments will be chosen to participate in this final visit.
These visits would be carried out between now and May 1991. Results of the
analysis at your establishment can be obtained by written request to RTI at
the completion of the project in September, 1991.
Your participation in this scientific study is very important in
answering questions about human exposure and would be greatly appreciated.
If you have any further questions about this research study please call RTI
chemist Dr. James Raymer at 541-5924 (toll-free from Raleigh, Durham, and
Chapel Hill) from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Thank you for your time.
I have read and understand the above statements and do hereby willingly
allow RTI to collect air samples at this establishment.
ESTABLISHMENT NAME:
MANAGER SIGNATURE: DATE:
RTI CHEMIST SIGNATURE: DATE:
A-2
-------
APPENDIX B
SUGGESTED SAMPLING PROTOCOLS FOR FITTING TRIEXPONENTIAL
COMPARTMENT MODELS TO VOC EXPOSURE DATA
B-l
-------
Suggested Sampling Protocols
for Fitting Triexponential Compartment Models to VOC Exposure Data
In the previous report, issues regarding the choice of a sampling schedule for fitting (nonlinear)
polyexponential compartment models to VOC exposure data were discussed. Because of the
nonlinearity of these models, specification of "optimal" sampling plans with a fixed number of
times for which the resulting parameter estimates are, overall, most precise depend crucially on
knowledge of the correct model for the data and the true values of parameters. In addition,
the nature of the designs also depends on knowledge about the character of the variability in
the measurements (e.g., constant or nonconstant variance). Thus, unless a plan of long-term
sequential experimentation is undertaken, such schedules are of little practical use as they
stand, because if the suppositions about model/parameter values are incorrect, the resulting
data may be of little use for detecting deviations from the model and may yield imprecise
estimates even if the model'specification is correct.
A scheme of sequential experimentation would proceed as follows. If, from previous
experimentation or other information, one had good knowledge about the likely form of the
model (number of compartments) and the values of the half-lives associated with each
compartment, designs making use of the ideas of "optimality" could be used in further studies
to refine understanding. For example, a "pilot" study of VOC decay after exposure to a
certain air concentration could be undertaken with a few subjects (maybe two) from whom
many samples were collected frequently over a long period (long enough to detect and
characterize possible deep compartments). This pilot information coud be used to make model
discrimination decisions and obtain information regarding parameter values and the nature of
variability. Once the likely model and rough values of the parameters were gauged, a sampling
pian coul'l be developed for the next stage of experimentation with more subjects to refine
knowledge. This plan would require fewer samples per subject, and the times at which these
samples -vere collected would be determined by considering the "optimality1' ideas using the
pilot information. Since one of the goals is to understand inter-individual variation in half-
live^, etc., it would be necessary to have several subjects exposed to the same conditions.
Trying to get the bes' estimates of the parameters for each subject would then lead to the best
possible characterization of inter-individual variability and "typical" parameter values for the
population. Such a plan of experimentation is not unreasonable, but would involve a long
term commitment and the expense involved with it. The experiments would have to be
carefully planned; e.g., the exposure environment VOC concentration would have to be
identical at each stage of experimentation, unless it were known that half-lives do not vary
with exposure concentration. Experimentation to characterize a given VOC at a given
concentration would have to be undertaken on several (at least two) dates.
In studies of the pharmacokinetics of drugs, 1 have rarely encountered experiments done in this
long-term sequential fashion, probably due to expense and the existence in private industry of
deadlines. Rather, I have seen studies for which several subjects are dosed and then sampled
according to what I have termed "conventional" protocols. Formal experimentation is
conducted once, and several subjects are sampled according to roughly the same protocol. In
this case, the "optimal" protocols are not helpful, as described above. The goals of these
experiments typically are to determine the appropriate model and then estimate the
parameters of that model for individuals and the population (including perhaps determination
of intcrindividual variability). The sampling protocol used must thus cover the necessary
range of times to determine be able to characterize a third compartment as well as enough
sampling in the range to allow discrimination among models and fairly good estimation of
parameters even if they are different from the preconceived values.
In this latter situation, it is of interest to understand how variations in the sampling protocol
affect precision of parameter estimates from a given individual. In the previous report, several
[f]
B-2
-------
Monte Carlo experiments undertaken to investigate this issue were derived. For reference, the
efficency of estimation of each parameter in a 3 compartment model was compared to that
that could have been obtained if the optimal design had been used. The general conclusions
were:
1. Characterization of the first compartment parameters, especially when the half life is
relatively ehort, is enhanced substantially by beginning sampling as soon as is logistically
possible.
2. If one knows that a third compartment exists, then there is no need to continue sampling
beyond approximately twice as long as the third compartment half life. If one is going to
take a fixed number of samples, taking some of them past this time at the expense of
taking some of them earlier will not serve to increase precision of estimation for the third
compartment.
3. Conventional protocols are reasonble. They can be improved, for 3 compartments and a
predetermined fixed number of planned samples, by taking fewer samples earlier than
would normally be done and moving a few later. This will greatly improve second and
third compartment estimation.
4. If variability in measurements is systematically increasing with the response level, so that
the measurments with the most variability occur early, even more emphasis should be
placed on later sampling times, since the quality of information there is better than at
early times. In particular, if Y, is the measurement at time i, a model for this kind of
variability is
where f(t,/?) is the comparment model characterizing mean reponse. If 0 = 0, the
variance is constant; 6 = 0.5 and 0 = 1.0 are commonly assumed models. The larger 0,
the more emphasis should be placed later.
Now, clearly, from the discussion in the previous report, it is simply not possible to specify
"all purpose" sampling protocols that will be appropriate for all situations. However, given
the qualitative implications from the Monte Carlo simulations, it seems that one could, with a
little thought, devise "reasonable" protocols. As an illustration, consider the 3 comparment
model
Ae-' + Be'"1 + Ce'1".
The theory of D-optima) design states that, at least for the variance power 0 = 0, the values of
A, B, and C should be of no consequence in determining the design. For 6 — 0.5 or 1.0, these
values will play a role, but one can at least refer to approximations to obtain approximate
optimal designs for this situation. Thus, the major focus in determining designs seems to be
on the values of the half lives associated with the values of the parameters a, /?, and 7. In
particular, the half lives for each compartment are ln(2)/a, ln(2)//?, ln(2)/->. Now recall that
the optimal designs, given the values of a, /?, and 7, would, for this model, consist of 6 (= 2 x
3) distinct sampling times. If, for example, 12 samples were to be taken for a given subject,
then, 2 samples would be taken at each of these distinct times, and so on.
[2]
In Table 1, I have used the approximations in the paper by Landaw and DiStefanoAreferenced
in the previous report to compute the approximate D-optimal set of 6 distinct times for each
of the situations
B-3
-------
0 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 minutes
P = 60, 120, 180, 240 minutes (1, 2, 3, 4 hours)
7 = 720, 1440 minutes (12, 24 hours)
If one was fairly sure of both the 3 compartment model and the likely values of the half lives,
the approximately "optimal" sampling times are given for each of the situations 8 = 0.0, 0.5,
1.0 for the variability. If one were going to collect 12 samples, then, one would collect 2
(independent) samples from the subject at each of these times.
Assuming that we will collect 12 samples from a subject, in Table 2 I have listed what I
believe, based on the considerations above, to be reasonable sampling protocols for some
combinations of a, /?, and 7. These protocols take 12 distinct sampling points, as would be
reasonable for a single experiment in which one wanted to do a good job of estimation but at
the same time be in a position to assess the adequacy of the model. To choose these protocols,
I looked at the D-optimal design for the (a, /?, •)) combination. 6 of the distinct points in the
plan were then chosen to be close to the points in this design. The remaining 6 points were
then chosen to Till in" the time axis between these times, where a proportionately greater
number of times were chosen "later." As an example, consider the first set of values in Table
2. The sampling times that are underlined are "close" to those that would comprise an
approximately "optimal" design if 6 = 0 (for 6 = 0.5 or 6 = 1.0, the times get progressively
later). The remaining 6 times were chosen between these times, with more taken toward the
end o!" sampling. A perusal of the other examples reveals a similar approach. I think that,
given the simulation evidence I have, that this is not an unreasonable way to proceed: Obtain
(se>. ihe previous report) the approximate "optimal" set of distinct sampling times based on
Any preconception regarding the model and parameter values. Then, "fill in" the time axis
between these times, with somewhat more emphasis on covering the later portion (this will be
especially important if the variance is nonconstant, which I suspect it is). I have selected time
points that are closer to "conventional," e.g., instead of using 8 minutes in the first example, I
chose 10 since this might be easier to adhere .to in a real situation.
In summary, I believe that this would be a reasonble strategy to use in general for choosing
sampling protocols.
B-4
-------
Table 1.
3 Compartment model: half-lives and sampling times (mins)
Approximate D-optimal design sampling times to the nearest minute
Assuming variance proportional to power of mean = 0
half-lives in first 3 columns, sampling times in remaining 6 columns
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
24C
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
17
17
17
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
25
25
25
27
27
27
27
27
27
22
22
22
30
30
30
29
29
29
34
34
34
37
37
37
39
39
39
47
47
47
57
57
57
63
63
63
67
67
67
61
61
61
77
77
77
85
85
85
92
92
92
73
73
73
93
93
93
105
105
105
113
113
113
82
82
82
108
108
108
108
111
112
178
188
193
232
254
264
270
309
328
126
129
130
202
211
216
258
280
290
298
337
356
141
143
144
221
230
235
280
302
313
323
361
380
152
154
155
238
247
252
300
322
332
344
383
402
161
163
165
252
262
267
367
402
428
588
659
709
760
868
943
898
1045
1147
385
420
446
611
682
732
786
894
969
926
1073
1175
399
434
460
630
701
751
808
916
991
950
1098
1199
410
446
471
647
718
768
828
936
1011
972
1119
1221
419
455
480
662
733
783
1405
1960
2505
1627
2217
2787
1799
2426
2880
1937
2603
2880
1423
1978
2523
1650
2240
2810
1825
2452
2880
1965
2631
2880
1437
1992
2537
1669
2259
2829
1847
2474
2880
1989
2656
2880
1449
2004
2549
1686
2276
2846
1867
2494
2880
2011
2677
2880
1458
2013
2558
1701
2291
2861
B-5
-------
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
32
32
32
33
33
33
23
23
23
33
33
33
37
37
37
39
39
39
123
123
123
133
133
133
89
89
89
121
121
121
139
139
139
152
152
152
318
339
350
364
403
422
168
170
172
266
275
280
334
356
367
383
421
441
846
954
1029
992
1139
1241
426
462
487
675
746
796
862
970
1046
1010
1158
1259
1885
2512
2880
2031
2697
2880
1465
2020
2565
1714
2304
2874
1901
2528
2880
2049
2716
2880
B-6
-------
Table 1 (cont'd.)
3 Compartment model: half-lives and sampling times (mins)
Approximate D-optimal design sampling times to the nearest minute
Assuming variance proportional to power of mean = 1
half-lives in first 3 columns, sampling times in remaining 6 columns
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
17
17
17
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
25
25
25
27
27
27
27
27
27
29
29
29
34
34
34
37
37
37
39
39
39
47
47
47
57
57
57
63
63
63
67
67
67
61
61
61
77
77
77
85
85
85
92
92
92
73
73
73
93
93
93
105
105
105
113
113
113
108
111
112
178
188
193
232
254
264
270
309
328
126
129
130
202
211
216
258
280
290
298
337
356
141
143
144
221
230
235
280
302
313
323
361
380
152
154
155
238
247
252
300
322
332
344
383
402
367
402
428
588
659
709
760
868
943
898
1045
1147
385
420
446
611
682
732
786
894
969
926
1073
1175
399
434
460
630
701
751
808
916
991
950
1098
1199
410
446
471
647
718
768
828
936
1011
972
1119
1221
2444
2880
2880
2665
2880
2880
2838
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2462
2880
2880
2688
2880
2880
2863
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2476
2880
2880
2708
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2487
2880
2880
2724
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
B-7
-------
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440 '
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22
22
22
30
30
30
32
32
32
33
33
33
23
23
23
33
33
33
37
37
37
39
39
39
82
82
82
108
108
108
123
123
123
133
133
133
89
89
89
121
121
121
139
139
139
152
152
152
161
163
165
252
262
267
318
339
350
364
403
422
168
170
172
266
275
280
334
356
367
383
421
441
419
455
480
662
733
783
846
954
1029
992
1139
1241
426
462
487
675
746
796
862
970
1046
1010
1158
1259
2497
2880
2880
2739
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2504
2880
2880
2753
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
B-8
-------
Table 1 (cont'd.)
3 Compartment model: half-lives and sampling times (mins)
Approximate D-optimal design sampling times to the nearest minute
Assuming variance proportional to power of mean = 2
half-lives in first 3 columns, sampling times in remaining 6 columns
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
37
37
37
41
41
41
44
44
44
47
47
47
63
63
63
72
72
72
78
78
78
82
82
82
87
87
87
100
100
100
108
108
108
114
114
114
110
110
110
126
126
126
136
136
136
144
144
144
135
135
135
239
239
239
340
340
340
441
441
441
162
162
162
270
270
270
374
374
374
477
477
477
186
186
186
297
297
297
404
404
404
509
509
509
209
209
209
323
323
323
432
432
432
538
538
538
464
498
522
790
852
897
1081
1168
1232
1353
1462
1544
491
524
549
821
882
928
1115
1201
1266
1388
1497
1579
515
548
573
849
910
956
1145
1231
1296
1420
1529
1611
538
571
595
875
936
981
1173
1259
1324
1450
1559
1641
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
B-9
-------
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
60
60
60
120
120
120
180
180
180
240
240
240
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
720
1080
1440
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
131
131
131
150
150
150
163
163
163
172
172
172
152
152
152
174
174
174
188
188
188
199
199
199
230
230
230
348
348
348
459
459
459
567
567
567
251
251
251
371
371
371
484
484
484
594
594
594
559
592
617
899
960
1006
1200
1286
1350
1478
1587
1669
580
613
637
923
984
1029
1225
1311
1376
1505
1614
1697
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
2880
B-10
-------
Table 2. "Reasonable" 12 point protocols for selected parameter values.
(all times given in minutes)
Half lives for Sampling times
3 comparments
5, 60, 720 1, 10_, 15, 2Q, 60, 110. 240, 360. 480, 720, 960, 1440
5, 60, 1440 1, 10, 15, 30, 60, 110, 240, 480, 960, 1440, 2160, 2520
5, 240, 720 1, 10, 20, 40, 60, 180, 300, 540, 900, 1260, 1560, 1920
5, 240, 1440 1, 10, 20, 40, 60, 180, 360, 720, 1140, 1560, 2160, 2880
15, 60, 720 1, 20, 40, 60, 80, 140, 200, 400, 600, 720, 960, 1440
15, 60, 1440 1, 20, 40, 60, 80, 140, 240, 480, 960, 1440, 2160, 2520
15, 240, 720 1, 20, 40, 60, 90, 180, 360, 480, 960, 1260, 1560, 1980
15, 240, 1440 1, 20, 40, 60, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1200, 1200, 1560, 2160, 2880
30, 60, 720 1, 20, 40, 60, 90, 180, 360, 420, 600, 720, 960, 1440
30, 60, 1440 1, 20, 40, 60, 90, 180, 360, 480, 960, 1440, 2160, 2580
30, 240, 720 1, 40, 60, 90, 150, 210, 380, 600, 1000, 1260, 1620, 2040
30, 240, 1440 1, 40, 60, 90, 150, 240, 440, 600, 1200, 1560, 2160, 2880
B-ll
-------
REFERENCES
1. Marie Davidian, "Model Variation and Strategies to Maximize the
Information Derived from Exposure Experiments," Report to RTI in
support of EPA Contract 68-02-4544, Work Assignment 11-80 (1990).
2. J. DiStevano, III and E. M. Landaw, "Multiexponential, Multicompart-
mental, and Noncompartmental Modeling: II Data Analysis and Practical
Consideration," American Journal of Physiology, 2_7, R665 (1984).
B-12
-------
APPENDIX C
RECONSTRUCTED ION CHROMATOGRAMS FOR
MICROENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
C-l
-------
Potpourri an! Coffee Shop ftir Sanple
272
(
240
2201
m
120
20
8
j
4
ES
B 5 IB 15 29 25 30 35
45 50
Time (min)
Figure C-l. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of Potpourri and
Coffee Shop air sample.
C-2
-------
Department Store Fragrance Counter Air Sanj>le
5 IB 15 28 23 39 35 48 49 58
Time (min)
Figure C-2. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a department store
fragrance counter air sample.
C-3
-------
Clothing Store Air Simple
lit
120'
1»
60-
48-
28'
8-
i I
' 'I ' ' ' '*
ES
kl
h
ii'i'T'.*''!''"!
ii
Ii
'I'M f^T
|,
1
I
i
1]
f ^AJ ^ _LJ
1 ' ' ' | ' • ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' | ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' i '
M H M & f M
I 5 IB 15 28 25 30 35 40 45 58
Time (min)
Figure C-3. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a clothing store
air sample.
C-4
-------
Stoppins Nail Cowton Area Air Simple
m
W
26
i
ES
lab
HAW
6 5 16 15 28 25 38 35
Time (min)
45 58
Figure C-4. Reconstructed ion chrotnatogram of a shopping mall common
area air sample.
C-5
-------
Craft / loUy Store ftir
I 5 IB 15 29 25 38 35
Time (min)
45 50
Figure C-5. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a craft/hobby store
air sample.
C-6
-------
Craft Store 12 Air Sample
445
258
158
58
8
ES
,i , A >,>'.* «' ••"-••
TT-T-* ,
I 5 18 15 28 25 38 35 48 45 58
Time (min)
Figure C-6. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of Craft Store No. 2
air sample.
C-7
-------
Carpet, Floor anil Wallcovering Store Sir Sinple
192
i
1ft
He-
lie'
28
6
ES
IL
u
i" i r
8 5 18 15 20 25 39 35
Time (min)
45 SB
Figure C-7. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of carpet, floor and
wallcovering store air sample.
C-8
-------
Onto Parts Store Air Simple
536
459'
356'
259
158
58
I
A .u iJM
I 5 10 15 26 25 30 35 40 45 58
Time (min)
Figure C-8. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of auto parts store
air sample.
C-9
-------
lire / flute Farts Store Air
211
128
ES
8 5
15 28 25 38 35 48 45 58
Time (min)
Figure C-9. Reconstructed ion chroma tog ram of a tire/auto parts
store air sample.
C-10
-------
lire Mouse Air Saitple
463
• m *•
m
35»
4tU
M
25»
W
150'
10Q
IK)
50
1
J 1,,,
ES
•
J
i! , .1. ^ JiJili.Wt'i'iWl, ,
85 11 15 21 25 31 35 4B 45 56
Time (min)
Figure C-10. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a tire warehouse
air sample.
C-ll
-------
tocerj Store/ Detergent Section Air Simple
lift
ES
V "'I ''I1
5 18 15 26 25 30 35 40 45 58
Time (min)
Figure C-ll. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a retail grocery
store/detergent section air sample.
C-12
-------
Grocers {(ore/ Pet Fool Section Air San?le
1842
1208
§
ES
8 5 18 15 26 29 30 35 40 45 56
Time (min)
Figure C-12. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a retail grocery
store/pet food section air sample.
C-13
-------
Health Clut Jacuzzi Urea Air
w
10
w
28-
8
1). ., 1
5 IB IS 29 25 39
Time (min)
45 59
Figure C-13. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of a health club Jacuzzi
area air sample.
C-14
-------
Air Sample of BOOH Kith Air Freshener
4ft.
358'
258
158
56-
V*.
ES
JuL I I
I 5 IB 15 26 25 36 35 40 45 56
Time (min)
Figure C-14. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of air sample of room
with air freshener.
C-15
-------
Closet with Cete Shavings flir Sanpie
455
350
256
158-
I 5 18 15 21 25
Time (min)
35 49 45 58
Figure C-15. Reconstructed ion chromatogram of closet with cedar
shavings air sample.
C-16
-------
New Shower Curtain
158
if
128'
188'
58-
58'
28-
18-
o.
E
A .T
-------
APPENDIX D
RICs AND TABLES OF IDENTIFICATION
FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS
D-l
-------
TABLE D-l. HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS SCREENED BY GC/MS
1. Charlie Cologne
2. Giorgio Cologne
3. Oscar de la Renta Perfume
4. Giorgio Perfume
5. Chantilly Spray Mist
6. Coast Soap
7. Irish Spring Soap
8. Pert Shampoo
9. Vidal Sassoon Hairspray
10. Aqua Net Hairspray
11. Barbasol Shaving Cream
12. Mennen Skin Bracer After Shave
13. Sure (regular) Solid Deodorant
14. Ban (regular)2Roll-on Deodorant
15. Arrid (Extra) Dry with Musk Spray Deodorant
16. Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion
17. Maybelline Long Wearing Nail Color (#12)
18. Max Factor Nail Enamel Remover
19. Revlon Nail Enamel Remover
20. Cheer Laundry Detergent
21. Clorox-2 Laundry Detergent
22. Downy Fabric Softener
23. Bounce Fabric Softener
24. Sun Light Dishwashing Liquid
25. Cascade Dishwashing Liquid
26. Dove Dishwashing Liquid
27. Renuzit Freshell Air Freshener
28. Airwick Stickup Air Freshener
29. Lysol Disinfectant Spray
30. Liquid Paper (regular)
31. Strypeeze Paint & Varnish Remover
D-2
-------
Charlie Cologne Headspace
6685
... !,.... .,.'i>sU
15 28 25 30 35 40 45 56
18
Time (min)
Figure D-l. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace
of Charlie Cologne Sampled Directly.
D-3
-------
TABLE D-2. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN CHARLIE COLOGNE BY GC/MS
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
1.41 C02 +a
8.5 CH2C12 +
11.04 sec-butanol +
11.19 tert-butanol +
11.97 perfluorobenzene (ES)b +
12.42 ethyl acetate +
13.53 de-benzene (ES) +
14.07 perfluorotoluene (ES) +
19.95 siloxane comp. bkgnd +
24.39 beta-phellandrene +
24.70 alpha-pinene ++
25.40 CiQHis isomer +
26.55 beta-pinene +
27.97 beta-myrcene ++
27.69 CioHi6 +
28.00 alpha-terpinene +
28.50 limonene ++++M
28.98 4-methylanisole +
29.10 3(7-dimethyl-l,3,7-octatriene ++
29.52 gamma-terpinene
30.21 n-undecane H
30.57 CiQHi6
30.78 phenylacetaldehyde
31.38 benzyl alcohol
31.56 acetophenone
31.83 rose oxide
32.00 linalool
33.06 CioHisO
33.81 Beta-phenethyl alcohol
34.20 menthone isomer
34.41 benzyl acetate
34.65 CioHigO +
34.95 borneol +
35.22 phenylethyl acetate ++
35.40 alpha-terpineol ++
35.55 CioHisO +
36.39 beta-citronellol ++
36.57 myrcenyl acetate ++
36.90 ethyl phenyl acetate +
37.23 CioHisO +
37.64 2-methylbenzyl acetate +
38.43 patchoulane +
38.76 C15H24 +
39.48 citronellyl acetate +
39.58 beta-tervinyl acetate +
continued
D-4
-------
TABLE D-2. continued
Retention Time
(min)
40.02
41.40
41.70
41.97
42.78
43.44
44.10
44.67
Compound
alpha-copaene
^15^24
^15^24
C15H24
C15H24
C15H24
di-tert-butyl phenol (isomer)
Headspace
+
+
+
+
+
+
*
^Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100%
M indicates most intense peak.
External standard.
D-5
-------
Giorgio Cologne HeaJspace
(Sit.
tew
5588'
35$
JJtk
MLL
5754
358ft
2588
158ft
8
5 18 IS 28 25 38 35 40 45
Giorgio Cologne leaJspace via Canister
i .. tU iliiil
I 5 18 15 28 25 38 35 48 45
Time (min)
Figure D-2. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Giorgio Cologne Sampled Directly (top) and
by Canister (bottom).
D-6
-------
TABLE D-3. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN GIORGIO COLOGNE
Ret. Time
(min)
7.47
8.60
11.01
11.94
12.27
13.56
14.10
19.95
24.40
24.69
26.59
26.94
27.57
28.0
28.50
29.13
29.52
30.57
30.81
31.08
31.02
32.06
33.06
33.75
34.20
34.35
34.68
35.16
36.40
37.20
38.10
39.48
39.81
40.02
40.38
40.59
41.70
Compound Headspace
ethanol & acetone +a
methylene chloride +
sec-butanol +
perfluorobenzene (ES)c +
ethyl acetate +
ds-benzene & methyl isopropyl
ketone +
perfluorotoluene (ES) +
si lane isomer
alpha-phellandrene +
alpha-pinene +
beta-pi nene +
beta-myrcene +
benzaldehyde +
alpha-terpinene +
limonene ++++M
dimethyl octatriene (isomer) +
gamma- terpi nene ++
C1QH16 +
phenyl acetaldehyde +
unknown ++
benzyl alcohol +
linalool ++
CiQHigO +
beta-phenethyl alcohol ++
methone isomer +
benzyl acetate +
benzaldazine
estragol ++
beta-citronellol ++
CigHisO +
2-(3(3-dimethylcyclohexyl-
idene ethanol +
beta-citronellyl acetate +
neryl acetate or C12H2Q02 +
alpha-copaene +
Ci5H24 ++
C15H24 ++
beta-caryophyllene +
Canister
lOOb
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
100
100
100
100
50
30
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(continued)
D-7
-------
Table D-3. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN
GIORGIO COLOGNE (continued)
Ret. Time
(min)
41.84
42.49
42.78
43.00
43.33
43.33
43.60
44.14
Compound
alpha-guaiene
C15H24
C15H24
selinene
C15H24
C15H24
C14H220
Headspace Canister
++++ 100
++ 100
++ 100
+ 100
+ 100
+ 100
+++ 100
+ 80
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%.
++ 25 to 50%.
+++ 50 to 75%.
++++ 75 to 100%.
, M indicates most intense peak.
Percent of compound found in canister sampe relative to compound
found in headspace sample.
External Standard.
D-8
-------
Oscar it It Renti Mm
11%
."yff.j
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Oscar de la Renta Perfiwe Heaispace via Canister
681?
. Ihj
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
45 50
Figure D-3. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Oscar de la Renta Perfume Sampled Directly (top)
and by Canister (bottom).
D-9
-------
TABLE D-4. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN OSCAR de la RENTA PERFUME
BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
7.50
8.55
9.66
11.55
11.94
12.30
13.62
19.62
22.62
24.39
24.72
25.14
26.58
27.00
27.60
28.08
28.50
28.98
29.16
29.58
30.54
30.90
30.90
31.41
32.13
32.64
33.09
33.84
34.20
34.41
34.74
35.13
35.40
35.50
35.88
36.18
36.45
Compound Headspace
ethanol 4-4-4-4-3
CH2C12 +
bkgnd compound +
tert-butanol +
perfluorobenzene (ES)C +
ethyl acetate +
ds-benzene (ES) +
bkgnd compound
bkgnd compound
beta-phellandrene +
alpha-pinene +
isopent-2-enyl acetate +
beta-pi nene +4-
beta-myrcene 4-++
benzaldehyde + alpha- +
phellandrene
alpha-terpinene +
limonene +4-+4-
4-methylanisole
3,7-dimethyl 1-3,7-octo triene +++
gamma-terpinene +4-
l-methylene-4-isopropylene +
cyclohexane
phenyl acetaldehyde +
o-allyl toluene +
benzyl alcohol +
linalool 4-4-++M
C4-alkyl benzene
CiQHisO 4-
beta-phenetyl alcohol 4-4-
Camphor +
benzyl acetate 4-4-4-
terpinen-4-ol 4-
estragol ++
alpha-terpineol +
CioHigO +
2,2-dimethyl-l-phenylethane +
C1QH200 +
beta-citronellol 4-4-+
Canister
lOOb
0
-
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
100
40
100
100
100
90
100
100
100
100
100
100
60
100
100
100
85
100
100
100
90
80
100
100
100
100
(continued)
D-10
-------
TABLE D-4. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN OSCAR de la RENTA PERFUME
BY GC/MS (continued)
Ret. Time
(min)
36.63
37.05
37.26
37.50
39.12
39.87
40.00
40.38
40.83
41.07
41.40
41.70
41.94
42.30
42.60
43.20
43.47
44.14
44.61
45.12
Compound Headspace
myrcenyl acetate • +
C10H2oO +
ClpH180 ++
unknown +
C15H24 H +
CipHonOpvflcetate) ++
atpha-copaene +
c!2H20°2(acetate) +
piperonal +
C15H24 +
C15H24 +++
C15H24 ++
C15H24
C15H24 +
C15H24 +
C15H24 +
Cj5H26 +++
di-tert -butyl phenol +
Cl5H26
Canister
100
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
65
100
100
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
. M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
•j External standard.
Tentative identification.
D-ll
-------
Giorgio Perfune Headspace
5500
2500
f^*~ -*»»
lA
Ik i,
I 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-4. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Giorgio Perfume Sampled Directly.
D-12
-------
TABLE D-5. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN
GIORGIO PERFUME.
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
7.5
11.91
12.21
24.60
26.49
26.91
28.44
29.07
29.46
31.32
32.01
33.78
34.47
35.40
36.34
37.17
39.06
39.78
39.96
40.32
40.77
41.34
41.64
41.91
ethanol & acetone . +"
perfluorobenzene (ES) +
ethyl acetate +
alpha-pi nene +
beta-pi nene +
beta-myrcene ++
limonene ++++
3,7-dimethyl-l,3,7-octatriene ++
gamma-terpinene +
benzyl alcohol ++
linalool ++++
beta-phenethyl alcohol ++
benzyl acetate +++
alpha-terpineol ++++
beta-citronellol ++
nerol +
unknown +
terpinyl acetate +
alpha-copaene +
Ci <;H?4 +
ethyl -phenethyl alcohol (tent)0 +
alpha-cedrene +
C15H24 +
C15H24 +
M
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%.
++ 25 to 50%.
+++ 50 to 75%.
++++ 75 to 100%.
. M indicates most intense peak.
° External Standard.
c Tentative identification.
D-13
-------
Ctatillj SJMH Hist taispace
8571
8 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
45 58
Time (min)
Figure D-5. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Chantilly Spray Mist Sampled Directly.
D-14
-------
TABLE D-6. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN CHANTILLY SPRAY MIST
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
24.51
26.40
26.82
28.62
28.86
29.04
29.43
30.48
31.32
32.16
33.18
33.75
33.93
34.17
34.35
34.65
35.40
36.57
37.20
39.78
40.00
40.35
41.67
42.72
42.75
43.74
44.07
45.06
alpha-pinene +a
beta-pinene +
beta-myrcene ++
unknown +
1,8-cineole +++
unknown ++++
gamma-terpinolene +
alpha-terpinolene +
benzyl alcohol +
linalool ++++M
unknown +
beta-phenethyl alcohol +
CiQHisO (tent)b +
camphor +
benzyl alcohol ++
terpinen-4-ol ++
CiQHisO (tent) +++
neryl acetate +++
nerol +
beta-terpinyl acetate +
alpha-copaene +
C15H24 ++
C15H24 ++
Ci5H24 +
C15H24 +
gamma-methyl ionone ++
C15H26 ++
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100%
M indicates most intense peak.
bTentative identification.
D-15
-------
Coast Soap Heidspace
(353
5508'
m
2568*
JLi
(2(5
2580-
2000'
1500-
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Coast Soap HeaJspace via Canister
k
U Ml
8 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-6. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Coast Soap Sampled Directly (top) and by
Canister (bottom).
D-16
-------
TABLE D-7. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN COAST SOAP
BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(mln)
6.96
8.49
19.95
22.83
24.18
24.36
24.66
25.38
26.13
26.52
26.91
27.24
27.54
28.02
28.14
28.47
28.83
29.07
29.46
29.70
29.91
30.21
30.39
30.51
31.02
31.35
31.68
31.77
31.98
33.69
33.75
34.30
35.10
35.34
35.76
36.54
Compound Headspace
ethanol +a
isopropanol +
si lane compound +
fluorosilane compound +
C10H16
C10H16 + 2-heptanone +
alpha-pi nene +++
camphene ++
3-octanone +
beta-pi nene +++
beta-myrcene +
cloH16 +
benzaldehyde + 1-phellandrene +
alpha-terpinene +
2-octanone + M
limonene ++++
1,8-cineole ++
3,7-dimethyl-l,3,7-octatriene +
gamma-terpinene +
2-ethyl-l-hexanol +
C10H16 +
1-undecane +
n-undecane +
alpha-terpinolene +
alcohol probably +++
benzyl alcohol +
2-nonanone +
3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol +
linalool +++
citronellol +
beta-phenetyl alcohol ++
benzyl acetate +
estragol +
alpha-terpineol +
fenchyl acetate +
C12H20°2 (acetate) +
Canister
100b
100
0
100
0
100
100
100
100
100
60
0
100
100
100
100
100
10
80
0
100
100
100
80
<10%
<10%
<10%
<10%
20
Oo
0
Oo
0
0
15%
0
(continued)
D-17
-------
TABLE D-7. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN COAST SOAP
BY GC/MS (continued)
Ret. Time
(min)
36.78
37.17
37.35
37.92
39.09
39.78
39.93
40.33
41.29
41.76
42.39
42.70
43.38
43.75
44.19
45.30
Compound
C12H20°2 (ester)
neral
C12H20°2 (ester)
1-menthyl acetate
p-diacetyl benzene
C10H180
C15H24
C15H24
C15H24
C15H24
C15H24
C15H24
C12H14°2 or C13H18°
C15H24
2,6-dT-tert-butyl-4-
ethylphenol
Cl5H24
Headspace Canister
+ < 5%
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
Tentative identification.
D-18
-------
Irish Spring Soap Headspace
mt
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
IKft
m
i
. 1 L
" ] "* " 1
1
J
i
,1 I
11 A ii i
1 ' 1
0 5 18 15 28 25 38 35 48 45 58
Irish Spring Soap HeaJspace via Canister
im
*"«' Uyl.
I 5 18 15
25 38 35 48 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-7. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Irish Spring Soap Sampled Directly (top) and
by Canister (bottom).
D-19
-------
TABLE D-8. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN IRISH SPRING SOAP
BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(rain)
24.69
25.38
26.55
26.94
27.54
28.02
28.17
28.50
28.86
29.07
29.49
30.54
31.11
31.38
31.80
31.98
32.37
32.9
33.72
33.75
34.17
34.62
35.22
35.76
36.03
36.24
36.57
36.81
37.11
37.26
37.98
Compound Headspace
alpha-pinene +a
camphene +
pseudo-limonene or CioHie +
beta-myrcene ++
benzaldehyde + 1-phellandrene +
alpha-terpinene +
CiQHisO +
limonene ++++M
1,8-cineole ++
3,7-dimethyl-l,3,7-octatriene +
gamma-terpinene +
alpha-terpinolene ++
alcohol +++
alcohol (tent)c +++
3 , 7-dimethyl -3-octanol
+ unknown +
linalool +++
alcohol +
alcohol +
citronellal +
beta-phenethyl alcohol +
camphor + isomenthone ++
methone +
1-phenyl ethyl acetate ++
C12H220 (tent) +
C12H220 ++
C12H2Q02 +
ester ++
4-tert-butylcyclohexanone +
alcohol or ester ++
alcohol +
Canister
lOOb
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
70
100
100
75
100
15
100
100
100
100
75
100
100
100
100
85
100
80
100
(continued)
D-20
-------
TABLE D-8. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN IRISH SPRING SOAP
BY GC/MS (continued)
Ret. Time
(min)
38.19
38.76
39.06
40.32
41.25
44.07
Compound Headspace
ester (CnH1802) +
C11H18°2 +
C11H18°2 or C12H22° +
3 , 7-di methyl -2 , 6-octadi eny 1
acetate or Cj2H20°2 +
CicH24 +
beta-methyl ionone +
Canister
100
60
50
50
50
0
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
. M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
Tentative identification.
D-21
-------
2514
Pert Shawn (Noraal) Heaispace
A
J I
i 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-8. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Pert Shampoo (Normal) Sampled Directly,
D-22
-------
TABLE D-9. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN PERT SHAMPOO
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
9.30
9.63
10.77
12.45
12.72
20.55
26.46
27.54
28.68
28.92
31.14
31.35
31.77
31.97
32.46
33.66
34.08
34.35
34.59
36.36
38.10
41.94
42.63
45.33
46.11
ethanol +a broad
methylene chloride +
C5H14 +
perfluorobenzene (ES)D +
ethyl acetate +
fluor compound +
si lane compound ++
benzaldehyde +
unknown +
4-methylanisole +
benzyl alcohol + dimethyl styrene +
alcohol unknown +
3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol ++
linalool ++++M
CgHisOz (tent)c +
beta-phenethyl alcohol ++
4-isopropyl cyclohexanol +
benzyl acetate ++++
dimethyl benzyl carbinol ++
beta-citronellol +++
l-methoxy-4-(l-propenyl) benzene +
C14H26 +
Ci5H24 (tent) +
C15H24 +
Unknown +
^Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100%
M indicates most intense peak.
^External standard.
CTentative identification.
D-23
-------
Uidal Sassoon Hairspray Headspace
(45 310) 1265 /
4152
2568'
1580
u
8 5
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-9. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Vidal Sassoon Hairspray Sampled Directly.
D-24
-------
TABLE D-10. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN
VIDAL SASSOON HAIRSPRAY
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
2.34
3.09
4.95
7.11
8.64
15.84
16.86
18.54
21.30
26.61
27.63
28.14
31.77
32.01
32.34
34.50
37.05
37.86
41.97
propylene (tent) ++
isobutane (tent) ++
2-methylbutane +
ethanol +
CfiH14 (isomer) +
fluor compound +
fluor compound +++
fluor compound +
unknown +
fluor compound unknown +++
benzaldehyde +++
fluor compound unknown +++
si lane compound +++
unknown +
si lane compound +
ethyl benzoate +
si lane compound +
tetraisobutylene +
unknown +
m
? Tentative Identification.
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%.
++ 25 to 50%.
+++ 50 to 75%.
++++ 75 to 100%.
M indicates most intense peak.
Overloaded.
D-25
-------
Aqua Net Hairspw Headspace
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Aqua Net iairsprag Headspace via Canister
45 58
8 5 IB 15 20 25 36 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-10. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Aqua Net Hairspray Sampled Directly (top) and
by Canister (bottom).
D-26
-------
TABLE D-ll. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN AQUA NET HAIRSPRAY BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
2.37
3.09
3.18
4.95
5.82
7.05
7.08
7.95
8.37
8.55
16.35
17.81
28.26
32.01
33.75
34.29
35.31
Compound Headspace
isobutane +++a
butene ++++
butane ++++
isopentone ++++
pentane +
2,2-dimethylbuiane +
ethanol (sat.) d ++++
methyl acetate (tent) +
cyclopentane +
2-methyl pentane +
unknown . ++++
acetic acid +
C11H24° (tent) ++++
linalool +
beta-phenetyl alcohol ++
benzyl acetate +
alpha-terpineol ++++
Canister
lOOb
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
65
0
0
0
0
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
u M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
. Saturated.
Tentative identification.
D-27
-------
Bariasol Shaving Creaa Headspace
5313
i
4500'
4000
3500
3000'
ocnr
iJOC
2002
1500
500
D
5 10 15 28 25 36 35
Time (min)
Figure D-ll. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Barbasol Shaving Cream Sampled Directly.
D-28
-------
TABLE D-12. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN BARBASOL SHAVING CREAM
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
2.34 propanal
6.96 ethanol +
7.14 carbon disulfide +
24.66 alpha-pinene +
26.52 beta-pinene + si lane compound +
26.91 beta-myrcene +
27.54 benzaldehyde +
28.05 CIO.HIS +
28.44 limonene ++++M
28.83 1,8-cineole +
29.07 S^-dimethyl-l.S^-octatriene +
29.46 gamma-terpinene +
30.51 alpha-terpinolene +
31.29 unknown (alcohol)b +
31.95 linalool +
33.75 beta-phenethyl alcohol +
34.14 camphor +
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100%
M indicates most intense peak
D-29
-------
Kennel) Skin Bracer After Shave Heiispue
532?
4588
m
r\ ,
i ,
n
j i
4424
358*
2582
I
5 IB 15 28 25 36 35 48 45
Hennen Skin Bracer After Shave HeaJspace via Canister
I 5 18 15 28 25 38 35
Time (min)
45 58
Figure 0-12.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Mennon Skin Bracer After Shave Sampled Directly
(top) and by Canister (bottom).
D-30
-------
TABLE D-13. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN MENNEN SKIN BRACER
AFTER SHAVE BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
7.44
7.92
8.49
9.84
11.91
12.18
13.50
26.88
28.38
28.56
29.04
30.51
31.95
33.72
34.14
34.29
34.80
35.25
36.33
41.76
Compound Headspace
ethanol + acetone +a
fluor compound +
CH2C12 +
ter-butanol +
perfluorobenzene (ES) +
ethyl acetate +
dg-benzene (ES) +
beta-myrcene +
limonene +
Chalky 1 benzene +
atpha-terpinolene +
linalool +
beta-phenetyl alcohol +
isomenthone +
benzyl acetate + M
menthol ++++M
alpha-terpineol +
beta-citronellol ++
alpha-guaiene +
Canister
100b
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
100
20
100
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
, M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
External standard.
D-31
-------
Sure Solid (Regular Sent) tati-Perspirant/ Deodorant Headspace
5 IB 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
SUN ftnti-Perspirant/ Deodorant Headspace via Canister
4953
4580'
IQQQ.
WOT
3500'
•son
JBBt
2500'
9QQI
sror
1500-
too
HWP
500
4.
„
•
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
Figure D-13.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Sure (Regular) Solid Deodorant Sampled Directly
(top) and by Canister (bottom).
D-32
-------
TABLE D-14. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN SURE SOLID DEODORANT BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
'(min)
8.49
9.93
11.25
11.88
12.57
12.72
13.68
14.49
16.71
16.95
17.16
18.12
18.30
18.84
19.53
19.98
20.39
21.27
22.02
22.41
24.66
25.38
26.55
26.94
27.54
28.05
28.50
28.86
29.10
29.54
30.54
31.32
32.04
37.23
37.50
Compound Headspace
isopropanol + dichloromethane +*
n-hexane +
methylcyclopentane +
perfluorobenzene (ES)c +
trimethylsilanol +
1,1,1-trichloroethane +
fluor compound (bkgnd) +
n-heptane +
2,3,4-trimethylpentane +
2,3,3-trimethylpentane +
2,3-dimethylhexane +
CgH2Q +
toluene +
n-octane +
2,3,5-trimethylhexane +
hexamethy 1 cycl otri s i 1 oxane ++++M
3,5-dimethylheptane +
CgH20 + CgHis +
fluor compound (bkgnd) +
sat hydrocarbon +
alpha-pi nene +
camphene +
trimethylsilane compound ++++
beta-myrcene +
benzaldehyde +
alpha-terpinene +
limonene ++++
1,8-cineole +
3,7-dimethyl-l,3,7-octatriene +
gamma-terpinene +
alpha-terpinolene +
benzyl alcohol +
linalool ++++
CioHisO (tent)d +
silane compound +
Canister
lOOb
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
_
_
_
50
100
100
100
100
-
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
b Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
c External standard.
d Tentative identification.
D-33
-------
Ban Foil-On (Regular Scent) ftnti-Perspirant/ Deodorant HeaJspace
321
275
225
175
150
125
75'
50'
25-
e
•0 5 IB 15 20 25 30
Time (min)
45 50
Figure D-14.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Ban Roll-On (Regular Scent) Anti-Perspirant/
Deodorant Sampled Directly.
D-34
-------
TABLE D-15. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN BAN (REGULAR) ROLL-ON DEODORANT
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
11.94 perfluorobenzene (ES) +a
13.53 dg-benzene +
13.68 fluor compound (bkgnd) +
14.04 perfluorotoluene (ES) +
19.11 fluor compound (bkgnd) +
19.92 hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane +
22.26 fluor compound (bkgnd) +
27.54 benzaldehyde + M
28.41 limonene
30.78 phenylacetaldehyde
31.32 benzyl alcohol
31.95 methyl benzoate + linalool
33.69 beta-phenethyl alcohol
34.32 benzyl acetate
35.34 alpha-terpineol
36.36 beta-citronellol
44.23 2,6-di-ter-butyl-4-methyl phenol
aRelative quantity based on most intense component in the sample,
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100%
M indicates most intense peak.
External standard.
D-35
-------
Arrid IK toy wth Husk ftnti-Perspiraiit/ Deodorant Headspact
im
m
m
3
x : lost spectra sees.
jxxxxx
8 5 18 15
xmxxxxxx
-r
25 38 35
45 SB
ftrrid XX Dry flnti-Perspirant/ Deodorant Kith Husk Neadspace
via Canister
m
(ana.
in
4588-
4000.
Vim
m
1Q35
juy*)1
2588'
4QQ(
4CBI!
1582-
1038-
50?
a
ll
1
i
8 5 18
15 28 25 38
Time (min)
35 40 45 58
Figure D-15. ReconstructecLIon Chromatogram of Headspace of
Arrid (Extra) Dry with Musk Spray Deodorant
Sampled Directly (top) and by Canister (bottom).
D-36
-------
TABLE D-16. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN ARRID XX DRY WITH
MUSK SPRAY DEODORANT
Ret. Time
(min)
2.4
8.43
9.48
11.94
15.87
19.02
19.98
24.72
26.58
27.57
28.47
29.13
29.52
30.57
31.83
32.07
35.40
36.39
37.23
39.51
40.38
40.89
41.43
41.79
42.00
43.44
44.13
Compound Headspace
dimethyl ether
isopropanol + methyl ene +
chloride
ter-butanol +
perfluorobenzene (ES) +
1-butanol +
fluoro compound (bkgnd) +
hexamethycyclotrisoloxane +
alpha-pi nene + M
si lane compond ++++d
benzaldehyde Lost
limonene Lost
3 , 7-dimethyl -1 , 3 , 7-octatri ene Lost
gamma-terpinene Lost
alpha-terpinolene Lost
rose oxide Lost
si lane compound Lost
alpha-terpineol +
beta-citronellol +
nerol +
C5~alkyl benzene +
C15H24 +
eugenol +
alpha-cedrene +
C15H24 +
C15H24 +
C13H18° (alcohol) +
C15H26 +
Canister
k
Ob
0
0
0
70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
-H- 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
. M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
j External standard.
0 Tentative identification.
D-37
-------
Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion Headspace
940
i
m
m
m
5w
400
ODQ
in
200
10ft
Q
M
(1 .AL
al
,
,
|
0
404.
25ft
20ft
15ft
100
501
0
5 10 15 20 25
Vaseline Intensive Can lotion ieadspace via Canister
LL
Is!
*0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-16.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion Sampled Directly
(top) and by Canister (bottom).
D-38
-------
TABLE D-17. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN VASELINE
INTENSIVE CARE LOTION.
Retention Time
(min)
8.34
11.31
11.94
19.92
24.15
27.54
27.69
28.26
28.59
28.98
29.19
29.70
30.42
30.78
31.26
31.65
31.95
32.46
32.76
33.75
35.34
Compound Headspace
ethanol ++a
sec-butanol (tent) . +
perfluorobenzene (ES) +
si lane compound ++
fluor compound ++
benzaldehyde +
C11H24 +
CjiH24 + u
unknown ++++
sat. hydrocarbon ++
C12H26 ++
C12H2g ++
sat. hydrocarbon +
Cl2H24 + phenyl acetaldehyde +
sat. hydrocarbon +
benzyl alcohol ++
diethylene glycolmonoethyl ether ++
linalool +++
alcohol +
sat. hydrocarbon +
beta-phenethyl alcohol ++
alpha-terpineol ++
Canister
20b
100
100
<10%
0
100
100
100
<5
100
100
100
100
100
100
10
60
80
80
Oo
<10
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%.
++ 25 to 50%.
+++ 50 to 75%.
++++ 75 to 100%.
. M indicates most intense peak.
Percent of compound found in canister sampe relative to compound
found in headspace sample.
. Tentative Indentification.
External Standard.
D-39
-------
Naytelline Long Hearing Kail Color (112) Heaispice
5822
3500'
2500'
B
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-17.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Maybelline Long Wearing Nail Color (#12)
Sampled Directly.
D-40
-------
TABLE D-18. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN MAYBELLINE LONG
WEARING NAIL COLOR (No. 12)
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
7.23 ethanol +a
7.41 acetone +
8.79 isopropanol +
10.35 n-propyl formate ^ +
11.10 sec-butanol (tent) +
11.91 perfluorobenzene (ES) +
12.39 ethyl acetate ++
13.68 benzene +
14.46 unknown ++
16.92 unknown.
18.45 unknown
18.96 alcohol (tent)
20.55 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one
20.97 alcohol (tent)0
22.47 ethylbenzene
22.74 di-n-butyl ether & xylene
32.67 isocamphonone
34.17 camphor
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%.
++ 25 to 50%.
+++ 50 to 75%.
++++ 75 to 100%.
. M indicates most intense peak.
Tentative Identification.
5 External Standard.
Overloaded.
D-41
-------
Max Factor Nail Enaiwl Recover Heaispace
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Max Factor Nail Inane 1 Remver Headspace via Canister
377k
350ft
325ft
275ft
2500'
225ft
9DQQ.
im
175ft
1500-
1250
lOQfl
UMr
750-
250-
V i
T^ IBM
Tl
vL..,..
U
,1
>. \ :
L\
IB 15 20 25 30 35 48 45 58
Time (min)
Figure D-18. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Max Factor Nail Enamel Remover Sampled Directly
(top) and by Canister (bottom).
D-42
-------
TABLE D-19. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN MAX FACTOR NAIL
ENAMEL REMOVER BY GC/MS
Ret. Time Compound Headspace Canister
(min)
7.75 ethanol +a
12.24 perfluorobenzene (ES)c + 100
12.45 ethyl acetate + 100
13.62 ds-benzene + 100
14.22 perfluorotoluene + 100
26.91 beta-myrcene ++ 100
28.38 limonene +++ 90
29.07 3,7-dimethyl-l,3,7-octatriene ++ 125
31.38 benzyl alcohol +++ 100
31.98 linalool ++++ 100
33.75 beta-phenetyl alcohol +++ 90
34.35 benzyl alcohol ++++M IQO
36.36 beta-citronellol ++++ 40
37.23 benzyl propionate ++ 90
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
b Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
c External standard.
D-43
-------
Revlon Professional Nail fiiuel Hewer
4508-
3500'
-*J
\
Li JL
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
45 50
Figure D-19. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Revlon Professional Nail Enamel Remover Sampled
Directly.
D-44
-------
TABLE D-20. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN NAIL ENAMEL REMOVER
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
7.83
9.15
12.78
18.39
20.58
28.17
28.47
28.86
30.57
33.75
36.36
37.20
38.07
acetone
ethanol + methyl acetate
ethyl acetate
toluene
methyl cyclohexane
CJOH18°
limonene
1,8-cineole
alpha-terpinolene
citronellal
beta-citronellol
nerol
citral or C10H160
broad3
+++ (broad)
+
+
+++
++++
++
+++
++
++
+++
++
Peak broad and saturated.
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100%
D-45
-------
Cheer laundra Detergent HeaJspace
1300
0 s
15 28 25 30 35
Time (min)
45 56
Figure D-20. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Cheer Laundry Detergent Sampled Directly.
D-46
-------
TABLE D-21. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN
CHEER LAUNDRY DETERGENT
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
6.93 ethanol
18.27 toluene
26.85 beta-myrcene
27.48 benzaldehyde
28.35 limonene
28.89 4-methyl anisole
29.88 diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
31.02 alcohol unknown
31.32 benzyl alcohol
31.92 linalool
32.97 unknown
33.72 beta-phenethyl alcohol
34.62 terpinen-4-ol , M
35.31 alpha-terpineoJ •••>M
35.49 C10H16° (tent)0
35.97 unknown
36.39 C10HJ8° (tent)
37.17 nerot
40.80 eugenol
44.04 gamma-methyl ionone
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%.
++ 25 to 50%.
+++ 50 to 75%.
++++ 75 to 100%.
h M indicates most intense peak.
Tentative Identification.
D-47
-------
Clorox-2 Laundry Bleach iealspace
1389
119ft-
55ft
50ft
45ft
49ft
35ft
5*
i
5 18 IS 29 25 38 35 49 45
Clorox-2 Laundry Bleach Healspace via Canister
,1 IIH.HI
iU
59
8 5 19 15 29 25 39 35
Time (min)
45 59
Figure D-21.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Clorox-2 Laundry Detergent Sampled Directly (top)
and by Canister (bottom).
D-48
-------
TABLE D-22. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN CLOROX-2 LAUNDRY BLEACH BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
6.95
11.94
26.85
27.51
27.99
28.35
28.56
29.01
29.76
30.99
31.32
31.92
33.84
34.29
34.59
34.62
35.31
36.06
36.39
37.17
39.33
40.39
40.81
42.06
44.04
44.74
Compound Headspace
ethanolc +a
perfluorobenzene (ES) +
beta-myrcene +
benzaldehyde +
6-methyl hept-5-en-one +
limonene +
CinHic +
dimenthyl octatriene +
di ethyl ene glycol monomethyl ether +
benzyl alcohol +
linalool +++
beta-phenetyl alcohol + ++
terpineol (isom)
benzyl acetate +
beta-terpineol +
benzaldazine + CioHjgO + M
alpha-terpineol ++++M
beta-citronellolH +
C10HJ80 (tent.)a +
nerol +
C12H22^2 (acetate) +
C12H22°2 (acetate) +++
eugenol +
unknown +
gamma-methyl ionone ++
Cl5H26
Canister
100b
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
100
100
100
60
100
100
100
70
100
100
100
100
80
10
15
40
30
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
. M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
*j External standard.
Tentative identification.
D-49
-------
Dow Falric Softener Headspace
m
m
2250*
1500'
1250'
750-
250'
0-
U4-4
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-22. Reconstructed ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Downy Fabric Softener Sampled Directly.
D-50
-------
TABLE D-23. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN DOWNY FABRIC SOFTENER
Retention Time
(min) Compound Headspace
4.86 methyl ethyl ether +a
7.83 pentane +
8.22 ethanol + broad
9.27 tert-butanol +
12.06 perfluorobenzene (ES)b +
12.33 ethyl acetate +
12.72 chloroform +
13.65 ds-benzene (ES) +
14.10 perfluorotoluene (ES) +
28.29 limonene
31.02 alcohol (unknown)
31.23 benzyl alcohol
31.95 linalool
34.35 benzyl acetate ++++M
35.34 alpha-terpineol ++
36.00 C12H220 (tent)c +
36.21 C12H220 (tent) +
37.23 C12H220 or CnHis02 +
38.31 4-methoxybenzaldehyde +
39.36 ester unknown
40.44 ester unknown
42.18 C13H2QO (tent)
44.11 gamma-methyl-ionone
44.79 C14H220 or CisH26 (tent)
45.09 C15H26 or C14H220 (tent)
45.36
^Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100%
M indicates most intense peak.
bExternal standard.
CTentative identification.
D-51
-------
Bounce fiiric Softener Sheet Heaispace
m
225*
758i
258-
5 18 15 28 25 38 35 4
Bounce him Softener Hea&pace via Canister
45 58
3191
275*
2582'
2258*
ODQQ.
tec!
1758'
KOQ.
ijco
1258-
ionn.
ICiJE
758-
coa.
in
258-
0.
, |
1
L.
,
li
II',,
' i.
'•|
J
8 5 18 15 28 25 38 35 48 45 58
Time (min)
Figure D-23.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Bounce Fabric Softener Sampled Directly (top) and
by Canister (bottom).
D-52
-------
TABLE D-24. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN BOUNCE FABRIC SOFTENER BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
7.0
26.88
28.35
29.04
30.48
31.02
31.95
33.72
34.11
34.29
34.62
34.89
35.34
35.73
36.33
37.17
39.33
39.66
40.42
41.77
42.16
42.39
42.73
43.54
43.75
44.07
45.06
45.30
Compound Headspace
ethanol +a
beta-myrcene +
limonene ++
CiQHis (dimethyl octatriene) +
alpha-terpinolene +
alcohol ++
linalool +++
beta-phenethyl alcohol +
camphor +
benzyl acetate +
terpinen-4-ol +
borneol +•
alpha-terpineol +++
fenchyl acetate +
beta-citronellol +++
CioHiaOc +
Cl2H2202 (acetate) ++++
C12H2002 (acetate) +
ester (unknown) ++++M
C15H24 +
C14H22 ++
C15H24 +
C15H24 +
C15H24 +
C15H24 +
C14H220 alcohol +++
C14H220 +
Canister
lOOb
100
100
100
100
80%
100
100
100
100
100
100
80%
100
20%
0
75%
100
100
100
80%
100
100
100
100
70%
100
0
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
b Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
c Tentative identification.
D-53
-------
Sun Light DisksMng Liquid Headspace
(242
4560-
4080'
3580'
3000'
2560'
2600'
15W-
fl 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
1 ' • ' ' ' I '
45 56
Figure D-24 . Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace
of Sunlight Dishwashing Liquid Sampled
directly.
D-54
-------
TABLE D-25. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN SUN LIGHT DISHWASHING LIQUID BY GC/MS
Ret. Time Compound Headspace
(min)
7.41 ethanol + acetone largea
7.71 siloxane compound +
11.91 perfluorobenzene (ES)b +
12.18 ethyl acetate +
16.23 1,4-dioxane +
22.44 xylene +
24.51 alpha-pinene +
25.23 camphene +
26.82 beta-mycrene +
27.99 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ++
28.38 limonene
28.80 1,8-cineole
29.40 beta-terpinene or CioHi6
30.15 diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
30.48 alpha-terpinolene
31.32 CgHi40
31.74 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol + dimethylcydoheptyl-
carbinol
37.98 unknown
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
b External standard.
D-55
-------
3178
UN-
m
im
m-
2842.
269ft
m
m
m
Cascade Jiskasher detergent HeaJspace
>.!....J
5 IB 15 20 25 30 35 48 45 50
Cascade Dishvasher Detergent Headsjace via Canister
. V....J
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 48 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-25.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Cascade Dishwasher Detergent Sampled
Directly (top) and by Canister (bottom).
D-56
-------
TABLE D-26. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN CASCADE DISHWASHER DETERGENT BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
6.99
7.44
11.94
22.44
25.32
25.62
27.52
28.53
28.83
33.60
33.75
34.11
34.32
34.47
34.92
38.10
Compound Headspace
ethanol +a
acetone +
perfluorobenzene (ES) +
acetic acid +
camphene ++
isobutyl benzene +
benzaldehyde +
Chalky 1 benzene +
1,8-cineole . +
unknown (possibly alcohol) +
beta-phenetyl alcohol +
camphor +
benzyl acetate +
isoborneol +
borneol + M
terpinyl acetate ++++"
Canister
100b
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
. M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
. External standard.
Tentative identification.
D-57
-------
1277
388'
208'
1364
<
1282'
lift
tove Jiskshins Liquid Headspace
5 18 15 28 25 38 35 48 45 58
tove Distoashing Liquid Headspace via Canister
8 5 18 15 28 25 38 35 48 45 58
Time (min)
Figure D-26.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Dove Dishwashing Liquid Sampled Directly (top) and
by Canister (bottom).
D-58
-------
TABLE D-27. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN DOVE DISHWASHING LIQUID BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
7.83
8.49
8.58
11.85
12.39
12.66
22.41
23.85
26.94
28.44
29.07
31.77
31.95
33.75
33.75
34.32
39.33
40.42
44.07
Compound Headspace
ethanol +a
methyl acetate +
acetone +
C&H12 isomer +
perfluorobenzene(ES)c +
ethyl acetate + fluoro compound +
ethyl benzene +
styrene +++
beta-myrcene +
limonene ++++M
beta-ocimene +
3,7-dimethyl-3 octanol ++
linalool ++
beta-phenethyl alcohol +
n-dodecane +
benzyl acetate +
ester unknown +
ester unknown +
gamma-methyl ionone +
Canister
lOOb
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
100
60
65
100
100
100
100
75
0
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
b Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
c External standard.
D-59
-------
Ktnuzit Freshen Air Freshener Headspace
7845
m
588
5 10 15 28 25 38 35 48 45
Renuzit Freshen Air Freshener Heafcpace via Canister
8
11
I 5 18 15
28 25 38 35
Time (min)
45 58
Figure D-27.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Renuzit Freshell Air Freshener Sampled Directly
(top) and by Canister (bottom).
D-60
-------
TABLE D-28. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN RENUZIT FRESHELL AIR FRESHENER
BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
8.25
9.30
12.00
24.60
26.37
26.79
28.44
28.77
29.43
29.85
30.78
31.17
31.38
32.07
32.37
33.00
33.75
33.96
35.19
35.82
36.33
36.84
37.17
38.07
39.33
40.40
43.54
45.31
Compound Headspace
ethanol +*
propanol +
perflourobenzenec +
alpha-pinene +
CiQHl6 ++
beta-myrcene +
limonene +-H-+
1,8-cineole +
gamma-terpinene +
diethylene glycol monoethyl
ether +
C1QH200 (tent) +++
alcohol ++++
benzyl alcohol + CgH^O (tent)d +++
linalool ++++M
ClOHl80 +++
7,8-dihydrolinalool +
beta-phenethyl alcohol +
CioHisO +
1-phenylethyl acetate ++
2,2-dimethoxy-l-phenylethane ++
beta-citronellol +
alcohol +
nerol +
endobornyl acetate ++
ester +
CioHisO or ester ++
Ci2Hi402 (tent) +
C15H24 ++
Canister
lOOb
100
100
100
85
100
90
100
100
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
100
40
100
35
100
100
100
35
30
^ Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
b Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
c External standard.
d Tentative identification.
D-61
-------
Airvick Stick? Air Freshener Heaispace
18213.
_u _
JLU
'
8 5
15 20 25
Time (min)
35
45 50
Figure D-28. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Airwick Stickup Air Freshener Sampled Directly.
D-62
-------
TABLE D-29. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN AIRWICK STICKUP AIR FRESHENER
Retention Time
(nrin) Compound Headspace
25.44
26.64
26.91
27.81
28.50
28.95
29.19
29.37
29.64
29.91
31.26
32.13
32.40
32.85
33.75
34.17
34.38
35.34
36.45
37.20
38.25
39.33
40.41
42.15
alcohol (tent)a
CiiH24 (tent)
CioHi6 (tent)
alcohol
1 imonene
1,8-cineole
3,7-dimethyl-l,3,
C12H26
C12H24
alcohol
alcohol
linalool
CloHiaO (tent)
CpH2n + 2
C13H26
camphor
benzyl acetate
alpha-terpineol
myrcenyl acetate
nerol
unknown
acetate unknown
acetate unknown
+++b
++
++
++++I
++++
+++
7-octatriene ++
++
+++
++
++++
++++
++
++
++
+++
++
++
++
4.+
++
++
+4
C13H2QO or Ci2Hi602 ++
a Sample overloaded. All assignments are tentative.
b Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%.
++ 25 to 50%.
+++ 50 to 75%.
++++ 75 to 100%.
M indicates most intense peak.
D-63
-------
Ljsol disinfectant Spray Heaispace
5 10 IS 20 25 30 35 48 45
Liisol Disinfectant Spray HeaJspace via Canister
"8 S 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-29.
Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Lysol Disinfectant Spray Sampled Directly (top)
and by Canister (bottom).
D-64
-------
TABLE D-30. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN LYSOL DISINFECTANT SPRAY BY GC/MS
Ret. Time
(min)
7.44
7.77
7.92
15.99
24.45
28.11
28.65
30.45
31.77
36.42
37.20
40.29
41.31
41.64
41.91
Compound
ethanol + acetone
fluoro compound
C^HinO
fluoro compound
2,4-dimethylpentanol
limonene
C10H18°
C10H16
CJOH180
linallyl acetate
nerol
C12H20° (acetate)
atpha-cedrene
Cl5"24
Cl5H24
Headspace Canister
broad 100.
S 100b
+ M 10°
++++" 100
+ 100
+++ 100
+ 100
+ 100
++ 100
+ 50
+ 60
+ 60
++ 70
+ 70
+++ 70
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
, M indicates most intense peak
Percent of compound found in canister sample relative to compound found
in headspace sample.
Tentative identification.
D-65
-------
Liquid Paper (Feyulaj) Heatepace
4391
3500
2500-
1508-
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-30. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace of
Liquid Paper Sampled Directly.
D-66
-------
TABLE D-31. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN LIQUID PAPER (REGULAR) BY GC/MS
Ret. Time Compound Headspace
(min)
6.96 vinylidene chloride +a
7.44 acetone +
10.20 1,1-dichloroethane +
11.16 1,2-epoxybutane +
11.37 1-propanol +
11.76 nitromethane +
12.15 unknown +
12.93 1,1,1-trichloroethane +
13.56 d6-benzene (ES)D +
13.77 1,2-dichloroethane ++++
14.04 perfluorotoluene (ES) + M
15.45 trichloroethylene ++++
16.29 p-dioxane +
16.56 bromodichloromethane +
17.22 2-methyl-thiacyclobutane +
19.44 1,1,2-trichloroethane +
20.43 acetic acid +
24.27 allyl isothiocyanate ++
a Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
. M indicates most intense peak
External standard.
D-67
-------
Strgpeeze Paint and Varnish Eenover Headspace
3509
3258-
2750-
2588-
2250-
1750-
1500-
1250
750-
250-
0'
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Figure D-31. Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram of Headspace
of Strypeeze Paint and Varnish Remover
Sampled Directly.
D-68
-------
TABLE D-32. COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN STRYPEEZE PAINT AND
VARNISH REMOVER BY GC/MS
Ret. Time Compound Headspace
(min)
6.99 ethanol +a
7.44 acetone +
8.49 methylene chloride +++
11.94 perfluorobenzene (ES)& +
18.36 toluene ++++M
23.19 propylene glycol +
28.41 limonene +
33.48 citronellal +
33.72 beta-phenethyl alcohol +
Relative quantity based on most intense component in the sample.
+ less than 25%
++ 25 to 50%
+++ 50 to 75%
++++ 75 to 100 %
M indicates most intense peak
External standard.
D-69
-------
APPENDIX A
WINTER SEASON:
Study Questionnaire
Exposure Activity Questionnaire
Inventory Form
A-l
-------
OMB NO. 2080-0027
EXPIRES: January 1988
STUDY ON TOXIC CHEMICALS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAMPLES
Conducted by:
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
STUDY
QUESTIONNAIRE
THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK,
NORTH CAROLINA, IS UNDERTAKING A RESEARCH STUDY FOR THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND THE CALIFORNIA AIR
RESOURCES BOARD TO ASSESS LEVELS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF
SELECTED TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA.
THE INFORMATION RECORDED IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE WILL BE HELD
IN STRICT CONFIDENCE AND WILL BE USED SOLELY FOR RESEARCH
INTO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON PUBLIC HEALTH.
ALL RESULTS WILL BE SUMMARIZED FOR GROUPS OF PEOPLE; NO
INFORMATION ABOUT INDIVIDUAL PERSONS WILL BE RELEASED WITH-
OUT THE CONSENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL. WHILE YOU ARE NOT
REQUIRED TO RESPOND, YOUR COOPERATION IS NEEDED TO MAKE THE
RESULTS OF THIS SURVEY COMPREHENSIVE, ACCURATE AND TIMELY.
(PLACE PID LABEL HERE)
r n
(PLACE CHEMISTRY LABEL HERE)
L_
A-2
-------
First, I would like to ask some questions about your occupation.
1. Are you presently employed in any capacity? (CIRCLE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 4)
2. a. What is your current occupation?
b. Is this your usual primary occupation?
1 Yes (GO TO QUESTION 3) 2 No
c. What is your primary occupation?
3. What is the name and street address of the organization for which you
work?
Name:
Address:
Room #
ZIP
(GO TO QUESTION 6)
4. IF NOT PRESENTLY EMPLOYED: Which of the following best describes your
status?
1 Housewife! 3 Unemployed
> (GO TO QUESTION 6)
2 Student J 4 Retired ) (GO TO QUESTION 5)
5 Disabled
5. What was your main occupation?
A-3
-------
Next, I would like to ask some questions regarding your personal habits.
6. Which of the following best describes your cigarette smoking status? (READ
ANSWER CHOICES AND CIRCLE ONE)
1 Current smoker (GO TO QUESTION 7a)
2 Ex-smoker (CONTINUE WITH QUESTION 8a)
3 Never smoked (GO TO QUESTION 8a)
7. a. On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
1 Less than 1/2 pack
2 1/2 pack or more, but less than 1 pack
3 1 pack or more, but less than 1 1/2 packs
4 1 1/2 packs or more, but less than 2 packs
5 More than 2 packs
b. What is the number that appears on the side panel of the brand of
cigarettes you usually smoke?
Number
c. Do you usually inhale the smoke?
1 Yes 2 No
8. a. Does anyone else in your household smoke cigarettes?
1 Yes 2 No
A-4
-------
b.
9. a.
Which rooms do smokers, living or visiting in the home, smoke in most
often between the hours of (a) 7 a.m. and 6 p.m.? and (b) 6 p.m. and
7 a.m.? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY FOR EACH TIME PERIOD)
(DAYTIME)
a. 7 a.m. - 6 p.m.
(EVENING/NIGHT)
b. 6 p.m. - 7 a.m.
Living room 1
Dining room 2
Kitchen 3
Den 4
Master bedroom 5
Other bedroom
(SPECIFY WHOSE) 6
Other room
(SPECIFY) 7
NONE 8
(RECORD ANSWER (S) ABOVE AND ON
Do you use any of the follow-
ing tobacco products on a
regular basis?
IIS
(1) Pipes 1
(2) Cigars 1
(3) Snuff 1
(4) Chewing Tobacco 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
LAST PAGE)
IF YES:
b. About how many times a day or
week do you use (NAME OF
TOBACCO PRODUCT)?
NO TIMES PER DAY WEEK
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 1 2
A-5
-------
10. Do you or any member of your household pursue any of the following hobbies?
(FOR EACH YES, ASK WHO?)
Household
Hobbies No You Member
Painting 0 .... 1 .... 2
Furniture refinishing 0 .... 1 .... 2
Scale models 0 .... 1 .... 2
Gardening 0 .... 1 .... 2
House plants 0 .... 1 .... 2
Automobile or bicycle repair 0 .... 1 .... 2
11. Have you worked with or used pesticides or herbicides outdoors for more
than 1 hour at a time in the past 6 months?
1 Yes 2 No
12. a. Did you or any member of the household use pesticides in the home in
the past 6 months?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 13)
b. In which rooms?
1 Living Room 5 Master Bedroom
2 Dining Room 6 Other Bedroom (SPECIFY WHOSE)
3 Kitchen 7 Other-Room (SPECIFY)
4 Den
(RECORD ANSWER(S) ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
13. a. Did you pay someone to have your home treated for pests in the past 6
months?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 13d)
b. About how many times in the past 6 months?
Times
A-6
-------
13. c. When was the last time you paid someone to have your home treated for
pests? (RECORD NUMBER OF TIMES AND CIRCLE APPROPRIATE CODE FOR UNIT
OF TIME)
1 Days ago 2 Weeks ago 3.Months ago 4 Other (SPECIFY)
d. In the past 6 months, did you have any drapes, carpeting, or furniture
that you use in your home commercially cleaned?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 14)
e. About how many times in the last 6 months?
Times
f. When was the last time you had any drapes, carpeting, or furniture
that you use in your home commercially cleaned? (RECORD NUMBER OF
TIMES AND CIRCLE APPROPRIATE CODE FOR UNIT OF TIME)
1 Days ago 2 Weeks ago 3 Months ago 4 Other (SPECIFY)
14. In which areas of your home do you and other household members spend most
of your waking hours? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)
1 Living Room 5 Master Bedroom
2 Dining Room 6 Other Bedroom (SPECIFY WHOSE)
3 Kitchen 7 Other Room (SPECIFY)
4 Den
(RECORD ANSWER(S) ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
15. Do you have any of the following in your home? (READ AND CIRCLE ALL THAT
APPLY.)
1 Central air conditioning 4 Ceiling exhaust fan(s)
2 Window air conditioner(s) 5 None of these
3 Portable circulating fan(s)
(RECORD ANSWER(S) ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
A-7
-------
16. a. Do you have a fireplace in your home?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 17a)
b. Is the damper open now?
1 Yes 2 No
(RECORD ANSWERS ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
17. a. Are you now using mothballs or moth crystals in your home?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 18a)
SPECIFY BRAND NAME
b. Specifically, where are you using them?
(RECORD ANSWER(S) ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
18. a. Do you use indoor air fresheners of any type? (e.g., sprays or liquid
wick)
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 19)
b. In which room(s) are these c. How often are they used?
fresheners used?
TIMES PER DAY WEEK MONTH YEAR CONTINUOUS
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
(RECORD ANSWER(S) ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
19. Do you use bathroom deodorants attached to a wall or toilet bowl?
1 Yes 2 No
A-8
-------
20. a. Is your water supplied by a municipality or corporation?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 20f)
b. How often do you use water supplied by a municipality or corporation
for drinking and drink mixes (coffee, tea, etc.) at home? (READ AND
CIRCLE ONE)
1 Always 3 Sometimes
2 Usually 4 Never
c. Do you use bottled water?
1 Yes 2 No
•
d. Do you sometimes drink water from your sink or refrigerator tap?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 20f)
e. When you drink water from the tap, do you usually run the water for a
time before filling your glass or drink the first water out of the
tap?
1 Usually run the water for a time
2 Usually drink the first water out of the tap
f. Do you have a filter on your water tap or any other type of filter
that purifies the water?
1 Yes 2 No
21. a. Is there a residential garage attached to or contained in the same
building as your home?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 22)
b. About how often can you smell odors in adjacent rooms? (READ AND
CIRCLE ONE)
1 Frequently 2 Sometimes 3 Never
(RECORD ANSWERS ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
A-9
-------
22. Do you store any of the following Items in any structure that is attached
to or part of your home, such as a garage, basement, or storage room?
(READ EACH ITEM AND CIRCLE APPROPRIATE RESPONSE CODE.)
Kerosene ,
Gasol ire ,
An automobile ,
Motorcyc le ,
Pesticides, insecticides, or lawn and
oarden chemi cal s
Yes
1 ....
1
1 ....
1
1 ....
»
1 ....
No
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
23. a. Do you store cleaning supplies
(e.g., chlorine bleaches,
detergents) in the following
places?
b. IF YES: Does this area or room
have an odor?
Kitchen
Utility room
Bathroom
Basement
Other (SPECIFY
Yes
1
1
1
1
1
No
2
2
2
2
2
Usually
1
1
1
1
1
Sometimes
2
2
2
2
2
Never
3
3
3
3
3
(RECORD ANSWER(S) ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
A-10
-------
24. a. Do you store paints, varnishes b.' IF YES; Is there an odor
or paint thinners or removers near these materials?
in the following places?
Yes No NA Yes No
(1) Attached
garage?
(2) Basement?
(3) Attic?
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
(4) Attached
shop or
workroom?
(5) Other
(SPECIFY)
(RECORD ANSWER(S) ABOVE AND ON LAST PAGE)
Finally, I would like to ask some general questions about you.
25. Sex (by observation): (CIRCLE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Male 2 Female
26. Race (by observation): (CIRCLE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Hispanic 4 Asian/Pacific Islander
2 American Indian/Alaskan Native 5 White, not of Hispanic origin
3 Black, not of Hispanic origin
27. What is your birthdate?
(month) (day) (year)
28. What is your approximate weight? Ibs. 1 Do not know
29. What is your approximate height in feet and inches? ft. in.
A-ll
-------
Interviewer Number:
INTERVIEWER INFORMATION
Date of Interview:
COMMENTS
Month Day Year
A-12
-------
TEAR OUT PAGE
FROM Q.8b •» ROOMS SMOKED IN:
(DAYTIME) (EVENING/NIGHT)
a. 7 a.m. *• 6 p.m. b. 6 p.m. - 7 a.m.
Living room 1 1
Dining room 2 2
Kitchen 3 3
Den 4 4
Master bedroom 5 5
Other bedroom
(SPECIFY WHOSE) 6 6
Other room
(SPECIFY) 7 7
NONE 8 8
FROM Q.12 •»
a. Did you or any member of the household use pesticides in the home in
the past 6 months?
1 Yes 2 No
b. In which rooms?
1 Living Room 5 Master Bedroom
2 Dining Room 6 Other Bedroom (SPECIFY WHOSE)
3 Kitchen 7 Other Room (SPECIFY)
4 Den
A-13
-------
TEAR OUT PAGE
FROM Q.14 •» In which areas of your home do you and other household members
spend most of their waking hours?
1 Living Room 5 Master Bedroom
2 Dining Room 6 Other Bedroom (SPECIFY WHOSE)
3 Kitchen 7 Other Room (SPECIFY)
4 Den
FROM Q.15 * Do you have any of the following in your home?
1 Central air conditioner 4 Ceiling exhaust fan(s)
2 Window air conditioner(s) 5 None of these
3 Portable circulating fan(s)
FROM Q.16a «• Fireplace? 1 Yes 2 No
b. Damper open? 1 Yes 2 No
FROM Q.17 •»
a. Are you now using mothballs or moth crystals in your home?
1 Yes 2 No
SPECIFY BRAND NAME
b. Where?
A-14
-------
TEAR OUT PAGE
FROM Q.1B •»
18. a. Do you use indoor air fresheners of any type? (e.g., sprays or liquid
wick)
b.
1 Yes
In which room(s) are these
fresheners used?
2 No
c. How often are they used?
TINES PER DAY WEEK MONTH YEAR CONTINUOUS
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
FROM Q.21b. •» SMELL GAS/AUTO ODORS IN ADJACENT ROOMS?
1 Frequently 2 Sometimes 3 Never 4 Not Applicable
FROM Q.23a. *
a. Do you store cleaning supplies
(e.g., chlorine bleaches,
detergents) in the following
•places?
Kitchen
Utility room
Bathroom
Basement
Other (SPECIFY)
b. Does this area or room have
an odor?
Yes
1
1
1
1
1
No
2
2
2
2
2
Usually
1
1
1
1
1
Sometimes
2
2
2
2
2
Never
3
3
3
3
3
A-15
-------
TEAR OUT PAGE
FROM Q.24a. * STORE PAINTS, ETC. IN: IS THERE AN ODOR?
Yes No NA Yes No
(1) Attached
garage? 123 12
(2) Basement? 123 12
(3) Attic? 123 12
(4) Attached
shop or
workroom? 123 12
(5) Other
(SPECIFY)
A-16
-------
OMB NO. 2080-0027
EXPIRES: January 1988
TEAM STUDY
24-HOUR RECALL
EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE
P.I.D.
DATE
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ARE FOR THE PAST 24-HOUR PERIOD.
1. a. Have you pumped your own
gasoline during the past
24 hours.
IF YES:
b. Was a vapor lock device
(nozzle protector) in use?
c. Did you pump leaded or
unleaded?
d. At what time?
1 Yes
1 Yes
1 Leaded
a.m.
p.m.
2 No
2 No
2 Unleaded
2. a. Do you have clothes
in the house that have
been dry-cleaned in the
past week?
b. Did you wear any of
these clothes in the past
24 hours?
IF YES:
c. For how long did you
wear these clothes?
1 Yes
1 Yes
2 No
(GO TO QUESTION 3)
2 No
Hrs.
Mins.
3. a. Did you smoke any cigarettes
during the first monitoring
period, that is, between
(TIME) and (TIME)?
IF YES:
b. About how many cigarettes
did you smoke?
1 Yes
2 No
A-17
-------
c. Did you smoke any cigarettes
during the second monitoring
period, that is, between (TIME)
and (TIME)? 1 Yes 2 No
JF YES:
d. About how many cigarettes
did you smoke?
4. Have you used any of the
following tobacco products
in the past 24 hours? YES NO
a. Pipes? 1. 2
b. Cigars? 1 2
c. Snuff? 1 2
c. Chewing tobacco? 1 2
a. Were you in the same
room or enclosed area
with someone who was
smoking in the past 24
hours? (e.g., at home,
at work, at parties) 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
b. About how much time
were you exposed to
others' smoke? Hrs. Mins.
c. Including yourself, how
many people were smoking? People
Have you used or worked with
insecticides, pesticides, or
herbicides in any way, includ-
ing fanning or gardening in the
past 24 hours? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) ENTER SPECIFIC PRODUCT
NAME.
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
A-1B
-------
(2) ENTER SPECIFIC PRODUCT
NAME.
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Mrs. Mins.
(3) ENTER SPECIFIC PRODUCT
NAME.
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
7. a. Did you go to work today
in your regular occupation? 1 Yes 2 No 3 Unemployed
IF YES: a.m.
b. What time did you go to work? p.m.
a.m.
c. What time did you leave work? p.m.
HAVE YOU USED OR BEEN NEAR ANY OF THE FOLLOWING IN THE PAST 24 HOURS?
8. Paints/solvents (e.g.,
acetone, chloroform,
toluene)? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
A-19
-------
9. Odorous, vaporizing glues
or adhesives? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Mrs. Mins.
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
10. Moth crystals, room air
freshener, or bathroom
deodorizers? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
•
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
11. Petroleum products (e.g.,
gasoline, fuel oil, motor
oil, kerosene, etc., exclud-
ing pumping your own gas? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
A-20
-------
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a. Ending at what time?
b. For how long?
a.m.
p.m.
Hrs.
Mins.
12. Auto/truck/lawn mower
exhausts (heavy or long
exposure, e.g., attached
garage, tunnel, expressway?
IF YES:
a. Ending at what time?
b. For how long?
a. Ending at what time?
b. For how long?
1 Yes
a.m.
p.m.
Hrs.
a.m.
p.m.
Hrs.
2 No
Mins.
Mins.
13. Cleaning solutions (includ-
ing household cleansers or
chemicals)?
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a. Ending at what time?
b. For how long?
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a. Ending at what time?
b. For how long?
1 Yes
a.m.
p.m.
Hrs.
a.m.
p.m.
Hrs.
2 No
Mins.
Mins.
A-21
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
Mail code 3201
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
-------
14. Flea collars, flea powder,
or pet shampoo? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Mrs. Mins.
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
15. Aerosol sprays, such as
cleaning, polishing, or
waxing agents, or hair
sprays, or deodorants? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
16. Any other product that involved
exposure to chemicals? 1 Yes 2 No
IF YES:
(1) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a.m.
a. Ending at what time? p.m.
b. For how long? Hrs. Mins.
A-22
-------
(2) SPECIFY THE PRODUCT
NAME
a. Ending at what time?
b. For how long?
a.m.
p.m.
Mrs.
Mins.
17. a. Did you take any showers
or baths in the house or
anywhere else in the past
24 hours?
IF YES:
b. Was the bathroom exhaust
fan on while you were
taking a bath or shower?
c. If you took a shower,
how long did the water
run?
d. In the past 24 hours,
were you in a swimming
pool, sauna, spa, or
hot tub?
IF YES:
e. For how long?
1 Yes
1 Yes
Mins.
2 No
2 No
99 Not applicable
1 Yes 2 No
Mrs. Mins.
18. a. Did anyone else take
showers or baths in the
house in the past 24 hours?
IF YES:
b. How many baths and
showers were taken?
1 Yes
2 No
19. Was a dishwasher in use
while you were in the
house in the past 24 hours?
1 Yes
2 No
A-23
-------
20. a. Was a clotheswasher
in use while you were
in the house in the past
24 hours?
IF YES:
b. How many loads were
washed with:
(1) hot or warm water?
(2) cold water?
c. Was bleach used?
IF YES:
d. What brand name?
1 Yes
2 No
(GO TO QUESTION 21)
Loads
Loads
1 Yes 2 No
21. What is your best estimate of the number of hours you spent in each of
the following environments during the past 24 hours?
a. Indoors at home?
(Include sleeping time)
b. Indoors, for your
occupational work?
c. Indoors for other
activities?
d. Outdoors, for your
occupational work?
e. Outdoors for other
activities?
TOTAL HOURS
Hrs.
Hrs.
Mrs.
Hrs.
Hrs.
Hrs.
(IF TOTAL FOR COLUMN IS LESS THAN 23 OR MORE THAN 25, RESOLVE DISCREPANCY
WITH RESPONDENT.)
A-24
-------
22. a. In the past 24 hours, which of IF YES:
the following combustion sources b. In which room(s)
did you use in your home or in or area are they
attached structures, such as a located?
garage, basement,or storage room?
YES NO
(1) Gas cooking
range or oven? 1 2
(2) Gas water
heater? 1 2
(3) Gas clothes
dryer? 1 2
(4) Gas or kerosene
space heater? 1 2
(5) Fireplace? 1 2
(6) Wood stove? 1 2
(7) Gas furnace? 1 2
(8) Other combustion
applicances? (SPECIFY) 1 2
23. During the past 24 hours, how many cans, bottles, or glasses of the
following beverages did you drink? (RECORD NUMBER AND CIRCLE IF CANS,
BOTTLES, OR GLASSES.)
NUMBER CANS BOTTLES GLASSES
a. Cola soft drinks 123
b. Non-cola soft drinks 123
c. Canned juices 123
d. Milk 1 2 3
e. Beer 1 2 3
f. Wine 1 2 3
g. Coffee, tea (cooked
water) 1 2 3
h. Tap water and tap
water drinks 123
i. Bottled water 1 2 3
A-2b
-------
24. a. What was the usual daytime
temperature in your home
during the past 24 hours?
b. What was the usual nighttime
temperature in your home
during the past 24 hours?
25. a. Did any household member IF YES:
use any of the following b. In which room(s) are they
cooling appliances in the located?
past 24 hours?
YES NO
(1) Window air
conditioner? 1 2
(2) Portable cir-
culating fan? 1 2
(3) Ceiling ex-
haust fan? 1 2
(4) Central air
conditioning
system? 1 2
26. Were windows or outside doors
opened in your home at any
time during the past 24 hours? 1 Yes 2 No
A-26
-------
27. Finally, I'd like to ask you about each one-way trip you took during the
past 24 hours.
a. What mode of trans-
portation did you use?
(e.g.,auto, bus, truck,
train,etc.)
Trip
Trip #2 Trip 13 Trip
b. Approximately, how long
was the trip, one-way?
Mins. Mins. Mins. Mins.
c. Was the traffic:
Heavy or moderate,
or light?
1111
2222
28. Please indicate any
other event related to
chemicals, for example,
repairing your car engine
or using cosmetics.
A-27
-------
OMB NO. 2080-0027
EXPIRES: JANUARY, 1988
TEAM INVENTORY FORM
P.I.O.
Specific Location Date Time
SECTION A
1. Has anything been sprayed or applied, such as a cleaner, in this area
in the past 2 hours?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 2)
a. May I see the container? (RECORD PRODUCT BRAND NAME AND INGREDIENTS)
2. Are there any new materials in this area, such as floor or wall
coverings, drapes, or furniture?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 3)
a. What are the new materials?
3. Has anything in this area been cleaned, either dry or wet, in the past
24 hours?
1 Yes 2 No (Go to Question 4)
a. What was cleaned?
b. How was it cleaned? (Commercial dry cleaning, carpet shampoo, etc.)
A-28
-------
4. Are any of the following kinds of items stored in this area?
•
(1) Gasoline and Petroleum Products (eg, kerosene) 1 2
(2) Paints and Paint Products (oil-based and latex) 1 2
(3) Toiletries and cosmetics (eg, soaps, shampoos
and perfumes) 1 2
(4) Cleaners, Petroleum-based, Hater-based, Solids
(eg, laundry detergents, degreasing compounds) 1 2
(5) Insecticides, Pesticides, Herbicides (eg, moth-
balls) 1 2
(6) Aerosal Sprays 1 2
(7) Chemicals 1 2
(8) New Materials (eg, floor or wall coverings,
furniture) 1 2
(9) Gasoline-powered Equipment 1 2
(10) Room Deodorizers 1 2
(11) Glues and Adhesive* 1 2
(12) New Building Materials, excluding wood, con-
crete, sheetrock (eg, polyurethane insulation) 1 2
(13) Automotive Care Products (eg, carberator cleaner
wax, polishes) 1 2
(14) Other Potential Sources of Odorous Substances 1 2
FOR EACH YES, OBTAIN THE PRODUCT BRAND NAME OF ALL SUCH PRODUCTS AND
RECORD IN SECTION B.
A-29
-------
APPENDIX B
WINTER SEASON:
Control Form
Participant Consent/Incentive Receipt Form
Advance Letter for Previously Sampled Participant
Advance Letter for New Participant
Information Sheet
News Magazine Article
B-l
-------
FOLLOW-UP CALIFORNIA TEAM STUDY
CONTROL FORM
FIELD INTERVIEWER
RTI ID
FINAL FIELD STATUS CODE
(SEE REVERSE SIDE)
DATE ASSIGNED
A. ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION (Correct Name if Necessary)
B. PARTICIPANT INFORMATION
SEX TELEPHONE NUMBER
AGE
1. SAME PARTICIPANT
2. DIFFERENT PARTICIPANT, SAME FAMILY
3. DIFFERENT PARTICIPANT, DIFFERENT FAMILY
C. APPOINTMENTS FOR VISITS
INITIAL SET-UP: DATE TIME
AM/PM
NOTES
FIRST VISIT: DATE TIME
AM/PM
NOTES
SECOND VISIT: DATE TIME
AM/PM
NOTES
THIRD VISIT: DATE TIME
AM/PM
NOTES
B-2
-------
D. FIELD STATUS COOES
01 COMPLETED SQ/VISIT APPOINTMENT(S) MADE
02 COMPLETED SQ/UNABLE TO SCHEDULE APPOINTMENT(S)
(Explain In Section F)
03 REFUSAL BY ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD
04 NO ONE AT HOME
05 CALLBACK APPOINTMENT SCHEDULED (Specify in Section F)
06 NO CONTACT WITH PARTICIPANT - NO POSSIBILITY OF SCHEDULING
CALLBACK
07 OTHER (Explain in Section F)
E. RECORD OF CONTACTS (Circle Contact No. If Contact Made by
Telephone)
Contact
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Day of
Week
Date
Time
Status
Code
Notes
F. COMMENTS
B-3
-------
teeeareh Triangle Institute
PARTICIPANT COGENT FORM MO DOMTVE RECEIPT
I understand that the Research Triangle Institute, under contract from the U.S.
Biviromental Protection Agency (EPA), IB engaged In a study of the potential
exposure and absorption of certain toxic chemicals by residents of selected areas of
Maryland which nay have various levels of these chemicals in the environment. I
understand that the study is being conducted In order to help measure the levels of
exposure and body uptake of the selected toxic confounds in populations
environmentally exposed, and is limited to the purpose stated. I further understand
that the survey is being cosponsored by the California Air Resources Board and with
the cooperation of the South Coast Basin Air Quality Management Districts.
I do hereby freely consent to participate in this study of potent In] exposure
and absorption of selected toxic chemical ccnpounds and understand that my partici-
pation will consist of providing answers to questions related to environmental
exposure, working and living conditions, and basic demographies, and supplying sore
or all of the following environmental and biological samples: (1) two four-ounce
samples of cold tap water front a source ccnronly used for drinking and cooking,
(2) three breath samples, (3) sanples of air from the house and work environments,
collected through the use of a personal air monitor, (4) an outdoor air sample
collected through the use of a similar monitor, (5) a measurement of the air
exchange rate in my residence, and (6) an indoor and outdoor air sample using a
small stationary air monitor. Some measurements may be made using a snail portable
gas chroma tograph. This procedure may take up to three hours.
I understand that a representative of the Research Triangle Institute will
administer the questionnaire in ny hone, and at the sane time will make arrangements
for the collection of the environmental and biological samples. I understand I will
receive an incentive of $100.00 dollars for ny full participation in the study. I
understand that a few households will be selected for the collection of duplicate
samples (to be collected at the same tune as the original samples) but that such
selection would not entitle me to further compensation. I further understand that a
sample of the participating households may be contacted again during a different
season of the year. At that time they will be asked to repeat all the activities of
the first round, and will receive a second incentive payment.
X understand that ay name will not be voluntarily disclosed, and that my name
will not be referred to in any way when compiling and evaluating the results of the
study. I understand that participation in this study may result in no direct
benefit to me, other than the .results of my sample analyses which I will receive
after written request. Although my request for data will be acknowledged immediate-
ly, the processing and analysis of the data will delay the release of the data for
as much as a full year. I further understand that I am free to withdraw from this
study at any tine, and that during my participation in the study I will be free to
ask questions concerning the study. If I have any further questions about the
project, I know that I am free to contact the EPA Region 9 Public Affairs Office,
telephone number (415) 974-7651 or Ms. Jutta SebestiJc, Center for Survey Research,
Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, telephone
number (800) 334-8571 (toll-free); or Or. Cane Vtesterdahl, California Air Resources
Board, telephone number (916) 323-1522.
Date:
Participant's Name:
tenth Day Year
Signaturesi
Participanti __^____________ Interviewer!
(Print)
FID Number Interviewer Numbers
I hereby acknowledge receipt of one-hundred dollars ($100.00) from the Research
Triangle Institute for my participation in this study.
PID Number:
Participant's Signature
Oatet
RTI Representative
B-4
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
uanuary, iya/
Dear Californian,
In late 1983 and early 1984 you participated in the Total Exposure
Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). The results of that study, as well as similar
studies conducted in other areas of the United States, have provided the
EPA with important information about our exposure to certain toxic chemi-
cals. The enclosed news magazine article is only one example of how the
TEAM Studies have contributed to the knowledge on this subject.
The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) has been requested to repeat
the TEAM Study in California, returning to the homes originally sampled.
The U.S. EPA and the California Air Resources Board (ARB) are co-sponsor-
ing the study in order to measure any changes in exposure. Repeating the
study will help strengthen the results of the earlier studies by adding to
and explaining already existing information.
Your new involvement will be similar to your previous participation.
After a brief, initial visit to set up the air exchange monitoring equip-
ment, you will be visited three times during a 24-hour period by an RTI
chemistry team. You will be asked to wear an air sampling device and to
provide water and breath samples. On the last visit, the chemists will be
administering a questionnaire about possible sources of exposure during
the monitoring period. If you participate completely, you will receive
$100 at the end of the monitoring period as an expression of our thanks.
In a few days, an RTI Field Interviewer will be contacting you to
request your participation in the TEAM Study, and to answer any questions
you may have. The interviewer will ask you questions about your home and
your activities that could affect exposure, and will plan with you conven-
ient, times for the visits by the chemists.
„ •,
All of the information you provide will be confidential; your name
uhti address wilt never be known to tiie piujeit iporisur'S. The composite
results of the study will be made public, but individual homes and
residents will never be identified.
Your participation is voluntary, but very important to the study.
We hop? you will decide that it is important to you also. If you have any
questions, please contact any of the following organizations involved in
the plan-ling of this study:
RFI, Ms. Jutta Sebestik, 1-800-334-8571 (toll-free);
CARB, Dr. Dane Westerdahl, 916-323-1522; or
U.S.EPA, Region 9 Public Affairs Office, 415-974-7651.
Sincerely,
Jutta Sebestik
Senior Survey Specialist
Post Office Box 12194 Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27709-2194 Telephone 919-541-6000
B-5
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
January, 1987
Dear California!),
In the winter of 1983, The Research Triangle Institute (RTI)
conducted the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study in
California for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The
results of this study, as well as similar studies conducted in other areas
of the United States, have provided the EPA with important information
about our exposure to certain toxic chemicals. The enclosed news magazine
article is only one example of how the TEAM Studies have contributed to
the knowledge on this subject.
RTI has been requested to repeat the TEAM Study in the same
California homes that were included in the earlier study. The U.S. EPA
and the California Air Resources Board (ARB) are co-sponsoring the study
in order to monitor any changes in exposure. Repeating the study will
help strengthen the results of the earlier studies by adding to and
explaining already existing information.
Since you are the current resident of this home, which was monitored
previously, we are now asking for your participation. The extent of your
involvement and other information about the TEAM Study is explained in the
accompanying Information Sheet. If you agree to participate, you will
receive $100 as an expression of our thanks upon completing the study.
In a few days, an RTI Field Interviewer will be contacting you to
request your participation in the TEAM Study, and to answer any questions
you may have. The interviewer will ask questions about your home and your
activities that could affect exposure, and will plan with you convenient
times for the monitoring visits by an RTI chemistry team.
All of the information you provide will be confidential; your name
and address will never be known to the project sponsors. The composite
results of the study will be made public, but individual homes and
residents will never be identified.
Your participation is voluntary, but very important to the study.
We hope you will decide that it is important to you also.
Sincerely,
Jutta Sebestik
Senior Survey Specialist
Post Office Box 12194 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194 Telephone. 919-541-6000
B-6
-------
TOTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (TEAM) STUDY
Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
and the California Air Resources Board
Conducted by Research Triangle Institute
The California TEAM Study was first conducted by the Research Triangle
Institute under the direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
in late 1983 and early 1984 with residents of the South Bay section of Los
Angeles County, California. The purpose of the study was to estimate the expo-
sures of the population in this area to about 20 hazardous chemicals encountered
in the air and drinking water during normal daily activities. Similar studies
have also been conducted in communities in New Jersey, North Carolina and North
Dakota.
TEAM studies have provided information about exposure to hazardous chemicals
to state agencies that are concerned with air quality and which are attempting to
develop control strategies for such chemicals. The extent to which outdoor air
concentrations affect indoor air concentrations of these chemicals is of particu-
lar interest to this current study. In this regard, the California Air Resources
Board (ARB) and the U.S. EPA have joined together to sponsor this California TEAM
Study.
During the month of February. 1987, return visits to previously sampled homes
will be conducted to allow comparisons with data from previous studies. To
encourage you to participate, we have addressed some questions you may have about
this important study. Specific information on. the various activities will be
provided by the analytical chemists on their first visit to your home.
WHAT IS IN IT FOR ME?
If you agree to participate, you will receive $100 at the end of the monitor-
ing period. Also, upon written request, you will receive the measurement results
for your home. But, the major benefit is that you will be contributing to a vital
research project, and we expect you will find the experience interesting and
valuable.
B-7
-------
WHAT WILL 1 HAVE TO DO?
You will be asked to participate in the study for one 24-hour period, begin-
ning in the early evening of the first day. Analytical chemists from the
Research Triangle Institute will visit your residence three times during this 24-
hour monitoring period to collect various air samples, breath samples, and
perhaps also drinking water samples. Subsequent visits by the analytical
chemists will be made at an agreeable time the following morning and again later
that afternoon or early evening. Each type of sample will be collected during
each of these three visits. The length of each visit will be approximately 50
minutes to 1 hour. At least 12 hours prior to the first "monitoring" visit, the
analytical chemists will come to your home to place small capsules which will
enable them to determine air movements within the home and also exchange between
the air inside and the air outside the home.
The personal air samples will necessitate that you wear a small,- battery-
powered, sampling pump attached to a belt or waistband (except during water acti-
vities such as showering or swimming) so that an accurate sample of the air that
you have been exposed to throughout the day can be acquired. The sampling pump
may be placed on a nearby nightstand during sleeping hours. Fixed-site air
samplers will be placed at up to three locations both inside and outside your
home and will be of negligible inconvenience to you. Breath sampling will
require that you breathe using an apparatus much like a SCUBA system. In this
device, you will be inhaling purified and humidified air and exhaling into a
Teflon "bag." This process takes about 5 to 8 minutes. At the conclusion of the
final visit, a questionnaire will be administered which will ask for information
on your activities and on special exposure possibilities during the monitoring
period.
A subsequent study is planned for later in 1987. Although your participation
at this time is independent of any second study, you may be asked to participate
for a second monitoring study at a later date.
WHO ARE THE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS?
The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) in Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina has been contracted by the U.S. EPA and ARB to conduct this study. The
people visiting your home will be RTI analytical chemists who will be carrying
appropriate identification cards. An RTI Field Interviewer, with appropriate
identification as well, will be contacting you in a few days to request your
participation and to plan convenient times for the visits by the chemistry team.
WHO HILL RECEIVE THE INFORMATION ON HY HOME?
Only the project sponsors and the RTI project staff will see the monitoring
results for your home. The data from all the homes in the study will be combined
in statistical summaries that will be presented in reports, scientific journals,
books, and maybe news broadcasts. Your name or address will never be known to
the project sponsor or be associated with any of the results.
WHERE CAM I GET MORE INFORMATION?
If you have any questions, please contact any of the following organizations
involved in the planning of this study:
RTI, Ms. Jutta Sebestik, l-BOO-334-8571 (toll-free);
CARB, Dr. Dane Westerdahl, 916-323-1522; or
_U.S. EPA, Region 9 Public Affairs Office, 415-9/4-7651.
B-8
-------
New research into air
pollution finds that homes
and offices are dangerous
toxic dumping grounds.
You are coughing, wheezing, sneez-'
ing and your eyes are burning. You are
suffering from air pollution—yet you
haven't even gotten out of bed. .
Today, the front line in the battle
•gainst poisoned air is far from indus-
try smokestacks and bus exhaust pipes.
It's in your house.
The Environmental Protection Agen-
cy reported on September 11 that toxic
chemicals found in every home—from
paint to cleaning solvents—are three
times more likely to cause cancer than
airborne pollutants, even in areas next
to chemical plants.
EPA scientist Lance Wallace, who
evaluated the data from a five-year
study, said chemicals ingested indoors
"make the home more of a toxic-waste
dump than any chemical plants near-
by. It was difficult to accept for a while,
but a number of similar studies con-
cluded the same thing."
Wallace acknowledged that re-
searchers cannot say for sure whether
to.uaf ui the borne have directly caused
«vi the
average American home now have be-
come so bid, rep'irss EPA scientist
Wayne Ott, that "if you found these
lev*!? outside, you'd demand to know
*vh.ii« they wei a coming from."
la you-- ho'tse, the polluter it you.
Ths nationwide drive to save energy
fey v/eatherptuofing has made the air
snsi.is many hofnes and offices more
polluted than u.e a'r autside. Scaling
win •fows and doors and insulating walls
and roofs keep heat or cold out but
often trap unwanted gases inside.
Gathering data Tests in Bayonne,
N.J., laid Devil's Lake. N.D.. by the
EPA found levels of benzene and let-
rs'??iloroethy!.tne ranging two to five
times higher than outdoor readings.
Bayonne is close to chemical plants;
Devil's Lake is not near heavy industry.
Yet researchers found little difference
in the levels of indoor contaminants
between homes in the two towns.
Contact with these two cancer-caus-
ing agents is as routine as the Saturday
chores: You inhale benzene and get it
on your skin and clothes during a fill-
up at a self-service gas station; your
body slowly releases these fumes later
in your home. You bring tetrachloro-
percent of the nation's children are ex-
posed to cigarette smoke from one or
both parents. The survey found that
respiratory illness among these chil-
dren is 10 to 20 percent higher than in
the homes of nonsmoken.
That view is countered by Tobacco
Institute spokesperson Anne Browder,
who says a 19S3 University of Arizona
study on the subject "found no relation-
ship between children's lung function
and parents' cigarette smoking."
Surprising study. The EPA is just
beginning to learn the dimensions of
what Americans breathe at home. Be-
tween 1980 and 1984, some 600 resi-
dents in six cities were given monitors,
which they wore by day and kept be-
side their beds at night, that registered
minute amounts of 11 of the most vola-
Leaks of loxlc coolants at Smithsonian museum forced refit of electrical equipment
ethylene into your house on clothes
fresh from the dry cleaners.
Even taking a shower is suspected of
elevating levels of chloroform—a possi-
ble causer of cancer—in nearly every
home because of chlorine in the water.
Olhcr kno\vn household sources of
cancer causers are insecticide, oven
fumes, air freshener, hair spray, paint
thinner, fingernail polish, cosmetics
and even the dirt and rock surrounding
the foundations of thousands of homes.
One of the worst indoor-pollution
problems of all is cigarette smoke. A
Department of Health and Human
Services survey of homes in six cities
last year determined that roughly 60
US NEWS I WORLD REPORT, S.pi. 23. 1985
Copyright, 19a5, LJ.b. News & World Report
tile synthetic chemicals. The profile
that emerged from this study showed
traces of substances ranging from in-
dustrial solvents in air fresheners to ni-
trogen oxides released from gas stoves
during cooking. Some toxic chemicals
were found to be 70 times more preva-
lent in houses than outdoors.
The results don't surprise building-
ventilation experts. "There are 45 aero-
sol canisters, each containing 15 differ-
ent compounds, in the average home
today." says James Woods, senior scien-
tist at Honeywell Corporation. The to-
tal of chemicals found in common
household products tops 50.000.
At work, employes face widespread
71
B-9
-------
?txposure through recycled air to a
witches' brew of poisonous fumes from
photocopying solvents, typewriter cor-
rection fluid and carpet cleansers.
For many people, indoor contami-
nants produce headaches, dizziness
and Hulike symptoms. Now, when
more than 30 percent of workers com-
plain of such ailments that disappear
within 8 hours after leaving their jobs,
engineers characterize the problem as
the "sick-building syndrome."
Solving mysteries. Scores of office
buildings around the country have
been closed while lexicologists cope
with this problem. In Knoxville, a Ten-
nessee Valley Authority building re-
mains closed four years after nearly 200
workers suffered chest pains, shortness
of breath and muscle aches that abated
on weekends and vacations.
Similar complaints surfaced in June at
• state Department of Labor office in
Toms River, N.J., where 20 of the 30
employes complained of respiratory
problems. The microbiologist-engineer
hired to study the building and orga-
nize the decontamination says he found
a fungus in the ventilation system.
In Boston, a faulty furnace caused
carbon-monoxide poisoning at a down-
town motel last February during a con-
vention of -lawyers who specialize in
prosecuting tone-Lability cases. More
than 50 were treated for poisoning.
Sometimes, sick buildings are re-
sponsible for death. Legionnaires' dis-
ease led to three deaths in June in a
hotel at the Detroit airport, Legionella
bacteria were discovered on the build-
ing's air-conditioning coils.
"Including transportation, people
are spending 85 to 90 percent of their
time indoors," worries Dr. Joel Nobel,
who tracks indoor pollutants for the
National Indoor Environmental Insti-
tute near Philadelphia.
Nobel and his wife found that their
own house in Montgomery County, Pa.,
was Riling up with an odorless, colorless
gas called radon. The naturally occur-
ring radioactive product that causes an
estimated 5,000 to 15,000 lung-cancer
deaths each year among aonsraokers
was seeping into their subterranean
house from the earth and rfcks.
The problem was fixed by adding
suction blowers to direct the radon gas
away from the house. Nobel recom-
mends that all would-be home buyers
invest $400 to $500 in a radon test. He
and other building-pollution experts
also recommend the use of heat ex-
changers to maintain a flow of fresh air
into homes. These devices range in
price from $500 to $ 1,500 and conserve
up to 80 percent of conditioned air.
Greenery, too. Nearly as efficient and
a lot cheaper, however, are $8 spider
plants. National Aeronautics and Space
Administration scientists found that
these house plants, with long tendrils,
will remove formaldehyde and other
toxic gases from the average home.
The advice most often offered by ex-
perts is to use more care in handling
toxic products inside the home. Follow
labels carefully, use products sparingly
and open windows to insure adequate
ventilation, they recommend.
"A frightening number of things are
being introduced into our homes with-
out thought. We have wonder products,
and they do nice work. But they are
dangerous," explains Ralph Goldman, a
Natick, Mass., environmental scientist
The quality of human health is at stake,
adds John Spengler, Harvard professor
of environmental health, who says, "The
end points range from irritation to ill-
ness to death." O
ByKOMLDA. TUfLOK
Para-Dichlorobenzene
Source: Air fresheners,
mothball crystals
ja^ThreatiCancer
1.1.1-TrichIoroethane
Tetracnloroethylene
Source: Aerosol sprays
Threat: Dizziness, irregular
|g* Chloroform
p*ttl Source: Chlorine-treated
water in hot showers
Possible threat: Cancer
Nitrogen Dioxide
Source: Unvenied
gas doves
Threat: Irritated lungs.
children's colds
Benzo-a-pyrene
",>urce: Tob 1CCO smoke,
,»oo<] stoves
Threat: Lung cancer
Formaldehyde
Source: Furniture stutdng.
panicle board
Threat Irritation of eyes
Carbon Monoxide
Sources: Faulty lu'nacot
unvenied gas stoves
Threat: Headaches.
ineguiar heartbeat
Radon
Source: Radioactive soil
and rock Surrounding
foundation
Threat: Lung cancer
Methylene Chloride
Source: Pamt smpf*r*
and thmners
Threat: Nerve disorders.
diabetes
72
B-10 ' U.S NEWS S WORLD REPORT. Stpt 13. 1«»s
Copyright, 1985, U.S. News & World Report
-------
APPENDIX C
Table of Contents
Field Interviewer Manual
Winter Season
C-l
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paoe
I. INTRODUCTION/PROJECT OVERVIEW 1
A. Introduction 1
B. Overview of the Project 1
II. CONTACTING THE SAMPLE 3
A. Participant Eligibility 3
6. Advance Mailing 3
C. Control Form 8
III. GAINING COOPERATION 12
A. Participant Involvement and Incentives 12
B. Informed Consent 14
IV. ADMINISTERING THE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE 16
V. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPUTER-ASSISTED PERSONAL
INTERVIEWING OPERATIONS 49
A. The Interviewer and Computer-Assisted Personal
Interviewing (CAPI) ; 49
B. Use of the Portable Microcomputer 50
\, Parts of the Computer 51
2. Use of the AC Adapter and the Built-in Battery 55
3. Using Diskettes 56
4. Turning the Computer Off 59
5. Taking Care of the Computer 59
C. Operating the CAPI System 60
lo Setting Up and Starting the Questionnaire 60
2. CAPI Screen Format 60
3. Types of Questions 61
4. Standard CAPI Operating Conventions 63
5. Procedures for Breakoffs 65
6. The TUTOR Program 66
D. Transmitting Data to RTI 66
VI. ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS 69
Ac Scheduling Appointments 69
B. Contacting Chemistry Team 70
C. Reporting Progress of Work 71
D. Production Time and Expense Report (PT&E) 73
C-2
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APPENDIX D
Study Questionnaire - Summer Season:
Version 1
Version 2
D-l
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OMB NO. 2080-0027
EXPIRES: January 1988
STUDY ON TOXIC CHEMICALS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAMPLES
SEASON 2 CFOIWI)
Conducted by:
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
STUDY
QUESTIONNAIRE
THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK,
NORTH CAROLINA, IS UNDERTAKING A RESEARCH STUDY FOR THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND THE CALIFORNIA AIR
RESOURCES BOARD TO ASSESS LEVELS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF
SELECTED TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA.
THE INFORMATION RECORDED IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE WILL BE HELD
IN STRICT CONFIDENCE AND WILL BE USED SOLELY FOR RESEARCH
INTO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON PUBLIC HEALTH.
ALL RESULTS WILL BE SUMMARIZED FOR GROUPS OF PEOPLE; NO
INFORMATION ABOUT INDIVIDUAL PERSONS WILL BE RELEASED WITH-
OUT THE CONSENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL. WHILE YOU ARE NOT
REQUIRED TO RESPOND, YOUR COOPERATION IS NEEDED TO MAKE THE
RESULTS OF THIS SURVEY COMPREHENSIVE, ACCURATE AND TIMELY.
(PLACE PID LABEL HERE)
D-2
-------
(IF NOT ORIGINAL PARTICIPANT, GO 10 q?; OTHERWISE, CONTINUE WITH LEAD-IN
STATEMENT AND Ql.)
I would like to ask you just a few questions about any changes that may
have occurred since we saw you in February.
1. Has your employment status changed since February?
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 6)
2. a. Are you presently employed in any capacity? (CIRCLE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 4)
b. What is your job title? What are your main duties on the job?
c. What kind of business or industry is that in—what do they make or do
at the place where you work?
d. Is this your usual primary occupation?
1 Yes (GO TO QUESTION 3) 2 No (CONTINUE)
e. What is your job title in your primary occupation? What are your main
duties on the job?
f. What kind of business or industry is that in—what do they make or do
at this place?
3. What is the name and street address of the organization for which you work?
Name:
Address: Room I ZIP
(GO TO QUESTION 6)
D-3
-------
4. IF NOT PRESENTLY EMPLOYED: Which of the following best describes your
status? (READ AND CIRCLE ONE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Housewife
2 Student
(GO TO QUESTION 6)
3 Unemployed
4 Retired
(GO TO QUESTION 5)
5 Disabled
5. a. What was your job title? What were your main duties on the job?
b. What kind of business or industry was this—what did they make or do
at this place?
6. Which of the following best describes your current cigarette smoking
status? (READ ANSWER CHOICES AND CIRCLE ONE)
1 Current smoker (CONTINUE)
2 Ex-smoker (GO TO QUESTION 8a)
3 Never smoked (GO TO QUESTION 8a)
7. a. On average, how many cigarettes do you currently smoke per day?
1 Less than 1/2 pack
2 1/2 pack or more, but less than 1 pack
3 1 pack or more, but less than 1 1/2 packs
4 1 1/2 packs or more, but less than 2 packs
5 More than 2 packs
b. What is the number that appears on the side panel of the brand of
cigarettes you currently smoke?
Number
c. Do you usually inhale the smoke?
1 Yes 2 No
D-4
-------
8. a. Does anyone else in your household currently smoke cigarettes?
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 9a)
b. How many people in your household smoke cigarettes?
People
9. a. Since February 1987, have you or someone else done any of the
following inside your home?
Yes No DK
1. Painted? 01 02 94
2. Obtained new furniture? 01 02 94
3. Obtained new carpeting or
other floor covering? 01 02 94
4. Drycleaned drapes or curtains? 01 02 94
5. Shampooed a wool or wool-
based carpet? 01 02 94
6. Refinished furniture? 01 02 94
7. Reupholstered furniture? 01 02 94
8. Paneled walls? 01 02 94
9. Plastered walls? 01 02 94
10. Remodeled any rooms? 01 02 94
11. Caulked bathtubs, sinks, or
shower stalls? 01 02 94
12. Installed new insulation? 01 02 94
b. Have you done anything else inside your home since February?
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (END OF INTERVIEW)
c. What have you done?
D-5
-------
10. INTERVIEWER: Which one of the following best describes the Season 2
participant?
1 Same participant as Season 1 (END INTERVIEW)
2 Different participant, same family as Season 1 (CONTINUE)
3 Different participant, different family (CONTINUE)
11. INTERVIEWER: What is the sex of the participant?
1 Male 2 Female
12. What is your birthdate?
(Month) (Day) (Year)
D-6
-------
OMB NO. 2080-0027
EXPIRES: January 1988
STUDY ON TOXIC CHEMICALS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAMPLES
SEASON 2 (FORM 2)
Conducted by:
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
STUDY
QUESTIONNAIRE
THE RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK,
NORTH CAROLINA, IS UNDERTAKING A RESEARCH STUDY FOR THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND THE CALIFORNIA AIR
RESOURCES BOARD TO ASSESS LEVELS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF
SELECTED TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA.
THE INFORMATION RECORDED IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE WILL BE HELD
IN STRICr CONFIDENCE AND WILL BE USED SOLELY FOR RESEARCH
INTO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON PUBLIC HEALTH.
ALL RESULTS WILL BE SUMMARIZED FOR GROUPS OF PEOPLE; NO
INFORMATION ABOUT INDIVIDUAL PERSONS WILL BE RELEASED WITH-
OUT THE CONSENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL. WHILE YOU ARE NOT
REQUIRED TO RESPOND, YOUR COOPERATION IS NEEDED TO MAKE THE
RESULTS OF THIS SURVEY COMPREHENSIVE, ACCURATE AND TIMELY.
(PLACE PID LABEL HERE)
D-7
-------
(USE FORM 1 IF ORIGINAL PARTICIPANT; OTHERWISE, CONTINUE WITH LEAD-IN
STATEMENT AND Ql.)
First, I would like to ask some questions about your occupation.
I. a. Are you presently employed in any capacity? (CIRCLE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 3)
b. What is your job title? What are your main duties on the job?
c. What kind of business or industry is that in—what do they make or do
at the place where you work?
d. Is this your usual primary occupation?
1 Yes (GO TO QUESTION 2) 2 No (CONTINUE)
e. What is your job title in your primary occupation? What are your main
duties on the job?
f. What kind of business or industry is that in—what do they make or do
at this place?
2. What is the name and street address of the organization for which you work?
Name:
Address: Room # ZIP
(GO TO QUESTION 5)
D-8
-------
3. IF NOT PRESENTLY EMPLOYED: Which of the following best describes your
status? (READ AND CIRCLE ONE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Housewife
2 Student
(GO TO QUESTION 5)
3 Unemployed
4 Retired
(GO TO QUESTION 4)
5 Disabled
4. a. What was your job title? What were your main duties on the job?
b. What kind of business or industry was this—what did they make or do
at this place?
5. Which of the following best describes your current cigarette smoking
status? (READ ANSWER CHOICES AND CIRCLE ONE)
1 Current smoker (CONTINUE)
2 Ex-smoker (GO TO QUESTION 7a)
3 Never smoked (GO TO QUESTION 7a)
6. a. On average, how many cigarettes do you currently smoke per day?
1 Less than 1/2 pack
2 1/2 pack or more, but less than 1 pack
3 1 pack or more, but less than 1 1/2 packs
4 1 1/2 packs or more, but less than 2 packs
5 More than 2 packs
b. What is the number that appears on the side panel of the brand of
cigarettes you currently smoke?
Number
c. Do you usually inhale the smoke?
1 Yes 2 No
D-9
-------
7. a. Does anyone else in your household currently smoke cigarettes?
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 8a)
b. How many peopJe in your household smoke cigarettes?
People
8. Which rooms do smokers, living or visiting in the home, smoke in most often
between the hours of (a) 7 a.m. and 6 p.m.? and (b) 6 p.m. and 7 a.m.?
(CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY FOR EACH TIME PERIOD)
Living room
Dining room
Kitchen
Den
Master bedroom
Other bedroom
(SPECIFY WHOSE)
Other room
(SPECIFY)
NONE
(DAYTIME)
a. 7 a.m. - 6 p.m.
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
(EVENING/NIGHT)
b. 6 p.m. - 7 a.m.
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9. a. Do you use any of the follow-
ing tobacco products on a
regular basis?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Pipes
Cigars
Snuff
Chewing Tobacco
YES
1
1
1
1
IF YES:
b. About how many times a day or
week do you use (NAME OF
TOBACCO PRODUCT)?
NO
2
2
2
2
TIMES PER DAY
1
1
1
1
WEEK
2
2
2
2
D-1U
-------
10. Do you or any member of your household pursue any of the following hobbies?
(FOR EACH YES, ASK WHO?)
Household
Hobbies No You Member
Painting 0 .... 1 .... 2
Furniture refinishing 0 .... 1 .... 2
Scale models 0 .... 1 .... 2
Gardening 0 .... 1 .... 2
House plants 0 .... 1 .... 2
Automobile or bicycle repair 0 .... 1 .... 2
11. Have you worked with or used pesticides or herbicides outdoors for more
than 1 hour at a time in the past 6 months?
1 Yes 2 No
12. a. Did you or any member of the household use pesticides in the home in
the past 6 months?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 13)
b. In which rooms?
1 Living Room 5 Master Bedroom
2 Dining Room 6 Other Bedroom (SPECIFY WHOSE)
3 Kitchen 7 Other Room (SPECIFY)
4 Den
13.. a. Did you pay someone to have your home treated for pests in the past 6
months?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 13d)
b. About how many times in the past 6 months?
Times
D-ll
-------
c. When was the last time you paid someone to have your home treated for
pests? (RECORD NUMBER OF TIMES AND CIRCLE APPROPRIATE CODE FOR UNIT
OF TIME)
1 Days ago 2 Weeks ago 3 Months ago 4 Other (SPECIFY)
d. In the past 6 months, did you have any drapes, carpeting, or furniture
that you use in your home commercially cleaned?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 14)
e. About how many times in the last 6 months?
Times
f. When was the last time you had any drapes, carpeting, or furniture
that you use in your home commercially cleaned? (RECORD NUMBER.OF
TIMES AND CIRCLE APPROPRIATE CODE FOR UNIT OF TIME)
1 Days ago 2 Weeks ago 3 Months ago 4 Other (SPECIFY)
14. a. In the past 6 months, have you or someone else done any of the
following inside your home?
Yes No DK
1. Painted? 01 02 94
2. Obtained new furniture? 01 02 94
3. Obtained new carpeting or
other floor covering? 01 02 94
4. Shampooed a wool or wool-
based carpet? 01 02 94
5. Refinished furniture? 01 02 94
6. Reupholstered furniture? 01 02 94
7. Paneled walls? 01 02 94
8. Plastered walls? 01 02 94
9. Remodeled any rooms? 01 02 94
10. Caulked bathtubs, sinks, or
shower stalls? 01 02 94
11. Installed new insulation? 01 02 94
D-12
-------
b. Have you done anything else Inside your home in the past 6 months?
1 Yes (CONTINUE) 2 No (END OF INTERVIEW)
c. What have you done?
15. In which areas of your home do you and other household members spend most
of your waking hours? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)
1 Living Room 5 Master Bedroom
2 Dining Room 6 Other Bedroom (SPECIFY WHOSE)
3 Kitchen 7 Other Room (SPECIFY)
4 Den
16. a. Are you now using mothballs or moth crystals in your home?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 17a)
SPECIFY BRAND NAME
b. Specifically, where are you using them?
17. a. Do you use indoor air fresheners of any type? (e.g., sprays or liquid
wick)
I Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION IB)
D-13
-------
b. In which room(s) are these c. How often are they used?
fresheners used?
TIMES PER DAI WEEK MONTH YEAR CONTINUOUS
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
/ 1234 5
18. Do you use bathroom deodorants attached to a wall or toilet bowl?
1 Yes 2 No
19. a. Is your water supplied by a municipality or corporation?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 19f)
b. How often do you use water supplied by a municipality or corporation
for drinking and drink mixes (coffee, tea, etc.) at home? (READ AND
CIRCLE ONE)
1 Always 3 Sometimes
2 Usually 4 Never
c. Do you use bottled water?
1 Yes 2 No
d. Do you sometimes drink water from your sink or refrigerator tap?
1 Yes 2 No (GO TO QUESTION 19f)
e. When you drink water from the tap, do you usually run the water for a
time before filling your glass or drink the first water out of the
tap?
1 Usually run the water for a time
2 Usually drink the first water out of the tap
f. Do you have a filter on your water tap or any other type of filter
that purifies the water?
1 Yes 2 No
D-14
-------
20. a.
b.
Is there a residential garage attached to or contained in the same
building as your home?
1 Yes
2 No (60 TO QUESTION 21)
About how often can you smell odors in adjacent rooms? (READ AND
CIRCLE ONE)
1 Frequently
2 Sometimes
3 Never
21. Do you store any of the following items in any structure that is attached
to or part of your home, such as a garage, basement, or storage room?
(READ EACH ITEM AND CIRCLE APPROPRIATE RESPONSE CODE.)
Kerosene ,
Gasol ine. ,
Gasoline-powered lawn mower ,
An automob ile ,
Motorcycle ,
Pesticides, insecticides, or lawn and
oarden chemical s
Yes
1 ....
1 ....
1
1 ....
1 ....
1 ....
No
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
.. 2
22. a. Do you store cleaning supplies
(e.g., chlorine bleaches,
detergents) in the following
places?
Kitchen
Utility room
Bathroom
Basement
Other (SPECIFY
b. IF YES: Does this area or room
have an odor?
Yes
1
1
1
1
1
No
2
2
2
2
2
Usually
1
1
1
1
1
Sometimes
2
2
2
2
2
Never
3
3
3
3
3
D-15
-------
23. a. Do you store paints, varnishes b. IF YES; Is there an odor
or paint thinners or removers near these materials?
in the following places?
Yes No NA Yes No
(1) Attached
garage?
(2) Basement?
(3) Attic?
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
(4) Attached
shop or
workroom?
(5) Other
(SPECIFY)
Finally, I would like to ask some general questions about you.
24. Sex (DO NOT ASK): (CIRCLE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Male 2 Female
25. Which one of the following best describes you. Are you ...:
(READ AND CIRCLE RESPONSE CODE)
1 Hispanic, 4 Asian/Pacific Islander, or
2 American Indian/Alaskan Native, 5 White, not of Hispanic origin?
3 Black, not of Hispanic origin,
26. What is your birthdate?
(month) (day) (year)
27. What is your approximate weight? Ibs. 1 Do not know
28. What is your approximate height in feet and inches? ft. in.
(END INTERVIEW)
D-16
-------
29. INTERVIEWER: Which one of the following best describes the Season 2
participant?
1 Same participant as Season 1
2 Different participant, same family as Season 1
3 Different participant, different family
D-17
-------
Interviewer Number:
INTERVIEWER INFORMATION
Date of Interview:
Month Day Year
COMMENTS
D-18
-------
APPENDIX E
Advance Letter - Summer Season
E-l
-------
Exhibit 1
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
CENTER FOR SURVEY RESEARCH June 16, 1987
<First>31id> <LastxSuffix>
<Address>
<City>
Dear <Title> <Last>:
In February you participated in the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
(TEAM) Study which was sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). We appreciate your
cooperation and hope that it was an interesting experience for you.
The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) Is repeating the study in July in
the same homes that were monitored in February. The purpose is to measure
differences in exposure to certain toxic chemicals that could be explained by
the difference in seasons.
Your involvement would be similar to your previous participation. After
an initial visit to set up air exchange monitoring equipment, you will be
visited three times during a 24-hour period by an RTI chemistry team. You
will again be asked to wear an air sampling device and to provide breath and
water samples. On the last visit, the chemists will administer a
questionnaire on possible sources of exposure during the 24-hour monitoring
period. If you participate completely, you will receive $100 as an expression
of our thanks.
I as* that you call me during the week of June 20 to June 26 to plan
convenient times for the monitoring visits. RTI chemists will be monitoring
four homes daily from July 8 through July 20. Therefore, the sooner I can
make arrangements with you, the more likely I can accommodate your time
schedule.
If you call Monday through Friday, between 8:30 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Eastern
Time (between 5:30 a. UK and 2:00 p.m. Pacific Time), you can reach me at the
fol lowing toll-free number: 1-800-334-8571. In the evening or on the weekend,
you can call m» collect at (919) 783-8277.
All of the information you provide will be confidential; your name and
address will never be known to the project sponsors. The composite results of
the study will be made public, but individual homes and residents will never
be identified.
participation is voluntary, but very important to the study. I hope
you will decide that it is important to you also, and look forward to hearing
from you soon.
Sincerely,
Jutta Sebestik
Senior Survey Specialist
E-2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX F
Interviewer Instructions
F-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
CALIFORNIA TEAM FOLLOW-UP STUDY
SEASON 2
INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS
The monitoring for Season 2 for the California TEAM Follow-Up Study will
be conducted from July 8 through July 20, 1987 in the same homes monitored in
Season 1 during February, 1987. We will attempt to set up monitoring
appointments with 45 of the 51 participants from Season 1. Our
responsibilities will Include:
1. Contacting Season 1 participants and recruiting their
participation for the study.
2. Scheduling the RTI chemists' visits with cooperating
participants according to preestablished schedule plans.
3. Administering a version of the Study Questionnaire (SQ) with the
participant at the time the visits are scheduled.
4. Providing the RTI chemists the appropriate Information about the
scheduled visits in a timely fashion.
The following discusion specifically describes each of these responsibilities.
1. Contacting and Recruiting Participants
Contact with the participants will be conducted 1n three stages. During
the first stage, the participants were requested to call the RTI central
office to schedule the monitoring visits. An "800" number was provided in a
lead letter (see Exhibit 1) sent on June 16, 1987. This stage took place June
20 through June 26, 1987, The second stage will require RTI staff (the field
supervisor and an intorviewer) to contact the remaining Season 1 participants
by telephone., This stage will take place June 29 through July 3, 1987. The
third stage will be a personal visit by an interviewer to the remaining Season
1 participants with whom no contact was made by telephone. This will take
place from July 4 through July 12, 1987. A schedule for all activities related
to Season 2 is shown in Exhibit 2.
Participation 1n Season 2 will Involve the same activltes as in Season 1
except that the portable gas chromatograph will not be used in any of the
homes »'iring the Initial visit. During the Initial visit, an RTI chemist will
set iif. -.ho equipment that will measure the air exchange rate in the residence.
This -. .sit will not require the presence of the participant. The second visit
xin f.? approximately 24 hours after the initial visit and will commence the
24-huui monitoring period. A total of three visits will be made during the 24-
hour ino'iiioring period, at which time the chemists will take various air,
breath, and water samples. Participants will be required to wear a small,
battery-powered sampling pump attached to a belt or waistband at all times
except -Miring water activities and sleeping hours. The breath samples will
require- the participant to breathe using an apparatus similiar to a SCUBA
system, Inhaling purified and humidified air and exhaling into a Teflon bag.
During the last visit, the RTI chemist will administer the 24-hour Exposure
F-2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
Activity Questionnaire (EAQ). The participant will be asked to sign a
Participant Consent and Receipt Form at the Initial visit (or at the onset of
the 24-monitoring period) and will receive a copy at the last visit with the
$100 cash Incentive. The length of each visit will be between 50 and 90
minutes.
If at all possible, we would like to recruit the same Individual for
Season 2 who participated In Season 1, assuming he or she still lives in the
residence we monitored In February. If this 1s not possible, our next priority
1s a different person 1n the same family. If a different family now resides
in the home that was monitored in Season 1, then any cooperating family member
who resides 1n the home, age 7 or older qualifies.
2. Scheduling Monitoring Visits
Air monitoring will be conducted in July, 1987, with the initial or first
visit for a residence beginning July 7 and the last or fourth visit for a
residence ending on July 20, 1987. Four homes need to be scheduled each day.
If four homes are scheduled each day, then only one home will have to be
scheduled to end on July 20th to reach our goal of 45. Otherwise, there will
be three "backup" spots where homes can be scheduled to end on July 20th.
Two scheduling plans have been designed for the four monitoring visits.
They are:
PLAN A; Visit 1 5:00 p.m. or 7:00 p.m.
Visit 2 8:30 p.m.
Visit 3 *7:15 a.m. or 9:45 a.m.
Visit 4 5:30 p.m.
PLAN B: Visit 1 4:00 p.m. or 6:00 p.m.
Visit 2 7:00 p.m.
Visit 3 6:00 a.m. or *8:30 a.m.
Visit 4 4:00 p.m.
Each day, two homes should be scheduled using Plan A and two homes should be
scheduled using Plan B. When scheduling visits, these rules should be
followed:
1. Try to schedule homes located in the same area on any one day. This
will facilitate travel time for the chemists when going from one
residence to another.
2. For Visit 3, the time with an asterisk (*) 1s preferred. Whenever
possible, schedule that time for Visit 3.
3. Whenever possible, try to schedule the earliest slots that are
available.
F-3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
4. One RTI chemist will be responsible for the Visit 1 appointments.
Therefore, for Plan A, If you schedule a 5:00 p.m. Visit 1
appointment for one home on a given day, then the second home
scheduled under Plan A on that day must have a 7:00 p.m. Visit 1.
Likewise for Plan B. If you schedule a 4:00 p.m. Visit 1 appointment
for one home on a given day, then the second home scheduled under
Plan B on that day must have a 6:00 p.m. Visit 1 appointment.
Once the appointments are established with the participant, you should
complete the Information on the schedule calenders. The Information 1s to be
recorded In the calendar date square that corresponds to Visit 1. Record the
participants PID number, name, address telephone number and city. This
information will be on the Control Form. Circle the appointment times for each
of the four visits. After you have administered one of the versions of the SQ,
you will be completing the Control Form.
3. Administering the Study Questionnaire (SQ)
Immediately after you have established the monitoring appointments with
the participant, you are to administer the SQ. There are two versions of the
SQ. Which one you administer depends on whether or not the person you
recruited is the same person who participated in Season 1. Version 1 is
administered if the person recruited is the same person who participated in
Season 1; Version 2 is administered if the person recruited 1s a different
person, regardless of whether he or she 1s a member of the same family as the
Season 1 participant.
After you have finished administering the SQ, be sure to record the
participant's PID on the cover page of the questionnaire. Verify the
appointment times with the participant and provide him or her with your
telephone number to contact you if there are changes In schedules due to an
emergency. After sayimj goodbye, complete the Control Form. If it is a new
participant, record his or her name next to the original participant and draw
a line through the name of the original participant in Section A. Complete
Section R appropriately, calculating age from the birthdate obtained in the
SQ. Complete Section C by transferring the information from the calendar
schedule; record the day of the week by each visit. On the back side of the
Control Form, complete Section E and, if appropriate, Section F. Then,
complete the Information on the top of the front side of the Control Form.
Finally, staple the completed Control Form to the cover page of the SQ. Send
the SQ and Control Forms to Jutta Sebestik In the postage-paid man11 a
envelopes that are provided.
4. Contacting RTI Chemists
Information regarding appointments that you make during the week of June
29 through July 3, 1987 should be reported to Jutta Sebestik at 800-334-8571
at RTI or call at her home collect at 919-783-8277. The RTI chemists will
arrive in Los Angeles on July 6, 1987, but, because of their hectic schedules
to prepare for the monitoring, you should report appointments made after July
3 starting on July 8, 1987. The exception to this is 1f participants that are
already scheduled during the first few days of the monitoring period contact
you with cancellations or changes. For all usual reporting, you are to contact
the chemists at the Holiday Inn, Torrance, 540-0500, Room between 8:00
a.m. and 10:00 a.m., Monday through Sunday.
F-4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
The Information you are to provide to the chemists 1s below. Please
report the Information In the order listed.
1. PID number
2. Name
3. Adress
4. City
5. Telephone number
6. Visit 1, date and time
7. Visit 2, date and time
8. Visit 3, date and time
9. Visit 4, date and time
10. Whether original Season 1 participant or different participant
11. Age of participant
12. Sex of participant
13. Other comments
F-5
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX G
Air Exchange Data - Winter and Summer Seasons
G-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
m
CIA
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY
ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES, INC.
Uplon. Long Island. New York 11973
(516)282s
Department of Applied Science FTS 666' 3059
Building 426
June 10, 1987
Mr. Kent Thomas
Research Triangle Institute
Analytical and Chemical Sciences
P.O. Sox 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Dear Kent:
Enclosed are the results of 241 CATS samplers used in the California study
which were received at BNL on 3/25/87 along with 81 CATS for rebaking ($1 each).
These results are in files on a data disk in delimited format with appropriate
header files—see enclosed instruction sheet. Also included is the hardcopy for the
house:, done as multizones. A summary of the ACH's for all the houses and a sunnary
sheet or the results of the standard and blank controls are also included. These
blanks and standards were interspersed as you indicated in your house data sheets.
The control blanks have been normalized to 12 hours. The control standards are
reported as picoliters of tracer found and expected with % difference.
All of the control blanks with the exception of No. 18 (the last in the table)
showed negligible tracer levels compared to the concentrations generally found in
this 12-h study which ranged from about 1 to 50 pL/L with a median level between 10
to 20 pL/L.
There was a problem with the analysis instrument (a gas chromatograph-GC) which
has introduced an uncertainty of 25 to 30% in the tracer concentrations as shown in
the control standards report. The re-concentrating trap on the CC was defective,
causing variable amounts of tracer to break through. In addition, we inadvertantly
failed to calibrate for the meta PDCH (PFT 3) which has caused some uncertainty in
those values.
A totrii of 21 measurement periods for houses done with 3 zones are shown in the
attache') BNL-AIMS sheets and summarized in Table 1. Experience has shown us that
when th<: standard deviation (SD) is less than about ±10%, the multizone whole house
ACH is generally properly determined. Eight of 21 were less than 10% and 11 of 21
less than 15%; the former are indicated by footnote _a.
Secondly, when the concentrations of one tracer in all three zones are nearly
the same, then a volume-weighted average of those values can be used to calculate a
1-zone ACH for the whole house. Table 1 shows that the 1-zone calculation was done
G-2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
Mr. Kent Thomas - 2 - June 10, 1987
using each of the three PFTs separately. It was generally found that when the high-
est concentration vas less than 502 greater than the smallest, then this 1-zone ACH
will be fairly accurate; such cases are indicated by footnote 1>.
V
An alternative way to calculate a better estimate of a 1-zone whole house ACH
is to make use of all the PFT types simultaneously by assuming they were all one
type. Then, the total concentration found in each zone is the sun of all these
PFTs, the source strength is the sum of all three, and the average concentration is
the volume -weigh ted value.
As shown by the first house in Table 1 (cf. its BNL-AIMS output sheet as well),
the whole house ACH from the 3-zone model was determined to better than "t 10%. Two
of the three 1-zone calculations met criteria £ and those ACH values, 0.332 and
0.387 h~^, were in good agreement with the 3-zone value of 0.341 ± 0.029 h'l. Using
the sum of the PFTs, the whole house ACH was also determined to be 0.341 * 0.027
h'^i for a ratio of 1.000 (last column in Table 1). In this example, the summed PFT
concentrations in each zone are more nearly identical to each other than are the
corresponding values for any individual tracer; thus, this one-zone value is quite
accurate.
Item 2 is an example where none of the 3 individual PFTs have a uniform concen-
tration in all three zones. But the summed PFT concentrations are quite uniform and
its ACH value, 1.52 * 0.06 IT1, agrees within 1% of the 3-zone value, 1.53 * 0.12
h-1.
The first measurement period in the next house was done in duplicate, items 3
and 4, with good 3-zone results as well. The summed PFT concentrations had a bigger
spread (±24%) and thus the ratio was not as close to unity. In the daytime period,
the living zone tracer had a lower concentration in its zone than in each of the
other zones, a physical impossibility, and thus the 3-zone rate had a larger error
(thf>r« must have been a deployment error). Only the PMCH appears to give the right
ren-lt because of its uniform presence in all three zones. The three zones, as well
di= <:h° .'summed ACH value, agree very well (ratio « 0.984) in the daytime duplicate
casa; whfire -were the duplicate CATS-- in different rooms? Please send the floor
plan? and deployment locations for those 10 homes.
Item 7 appeared to have in PDCH contamination or it was placed in a direct path
of air from one of those sources. The first floor sampler had too much PMCP, throw-
ing off ?he 1-zone calculation. But the summed FFTs look okay.
item 9 shows moderate agreement between A of 5 of the computed values
even thong?-, the suamed PFTs had a large SD. The 3-zone calculation in the next case
blows up because of Just a slight shift in the tracer concentrations when C33 was
less fche*i 032. The living and kitchen zones appear to be one zone; the PMCP seems
very Mgh In the bedroom.
In the next set, PMCP is again high in the bedroom during the evening period;
is it thfc same in the other bedrooms? Because Cj2 was less than C21 and none of the
tracers »»r summed tracers had a uniform concentration, all of the determinations
have a significant error. Mote the ratio of 0.777. The daytime period was
accurately determined.
G-3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
Mr. Kent Thomas - 3 - June 10, 1987
Itens 13 and 14 should have been done as a 2-zone because the living room and
bedroom concentration are essentially identical for all three PFTs; this caused
large errors for the 3-zone calculations. The summed PFTs give the best estimate of
overall ACH.
^ Items IS and 16 were accurately determined based on the 3-zone in the nighttime
case and the summed PFTs in the day case.
Item 18 needs to be recomputed as a 3-zone. The enclosed 2-zone calculation,
combining the whole first floor as 1 zone, gave good results. Obviously, the day-
time period should also be done as 2 zones; the summed PFTs are not uniform enough
to be reliable, but the m PDCH and PMCH are quite uniform and do give reliable
results. Note how the 2-zone results (item 18) agrees with the latter two one-zone
results.
Item 20 was successfully done as a 3-zone and agreed well with the summed
PFTs. Item 21 had a contaminated sampler. The PMCH and PMCP in zone 2 was guessti-
mate d to determine an estimated summed PFT ACH.
When Bob returns from vacation, on/about June 22, he will compute those that
should be done as 2-zones. Let me know if you have any questions and please send
the deployment plans.
Sincerely,
Russell N. Diet*7 Head
Robert W. Goodrich
Tracer Technology Center
RND:Jgb
Encl.
G-4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
NOTE'-
in»/u£S use.cl.
3/ff
Table 1
HOMES PERFORI1Q) AS 3-ZOHE STUDIES
Whole House AQt ± Standard Deviation (SD), h'1 (± X SD)
o
i
in
Item
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
House
712729TFI
F2
712737TD1
ri
F2
D2
712745TFI
F2
712752TF1
F2
712760TF1
F2
712778TFI
F2
712786TF1
F2
712794TFI
712802TFI
F2
713008TF1
F2
3-Zone
( 8.!
( 7.9)«
( B.7)a
( 8.5)a
(26.9)
( 9.9)»
(14.8)«
(38.2)
(20.6)
(MOO)
(28.5)
(10.7)
1.411 (124.1)
1.624 * 14.91 (918.1)
0.033 ( 7.
0.092
0.038
0.038
0.249
0.107
(18.9)
( 9.0)«
(10.9)c
(39.1)
( 9.4)«
Contaminated sampler
l-Zone
0.332b
1.36
0.499
0.476
4.08
4.63
0.390
1.67
0.263
0.247
0.635
1.045
0.473
0.686
0.273
0.438b
0.361
0.231
0.463
1.78
1.15
l-Zone
l-Zone
( 8.0)
( 3.7)
(24.0)
(24.4)
(26.7)
(25.6)
(10.2)
(45.7)
(47.4)
(46.4)
(15.9)
(22.2)
( 7.9)
(29.2)
( 3.7)
(2L.O)
(49.5)
(39.6)
( 7.6)
(20.8)
I.000
1.011
0.933
0.933
0.734
0.984
2.890
0.918
0.540
0.777
1.146
2.127
2.453
1.194
1.004
0.914
1.363
1.173
1.090
a 3-zone results with a standard deviation near or less than 10Z are most reliable.
b Indicates highest PFT concentration found was less than SOX greater than the smallest concentration In any of the other
zones.
c House 712802TFI needs recalculation as a 3-zone (wrong no. of sources In zone 3 and wrong volume for zone 2)j result shown
for 2-zone calculation.
4 All three PFTs found In one zone are added and the average of the summed PFTs are used with the total (summed) source
strengths to calculate the ACH.
e Contamination In zone 1 CATS; assumed 18 pL/L for sun of PFTs to calculate estimated ACH of 1.39 h~l.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
CONTROL STANDARDS REPORT
Quantity of Tracer, pL
File .,
2A20
5A16
5A3
5A7
6A5
8AB
9A20
10A9
11A14
11A19
12A4
13A5
Avg. of
RT1
TC CATS
No. ID
1 528
2 1447
3 7411
4 139
5 1022
6 1321
7 4398
8 3614
9 3119
10 4419
11 3170
12 4729
absolute %
Expected
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
2.92
5.83
5.83
5.83
2.92
5.83
2.92
2.92
Diff.:
RT1
TB
No.
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
16
17
18
PFT 2
Found 'A Diff. Expected
1.42 +
1.25 +
1.73 +
1.69 +
3.38 +
5.58 -
6.36 +
5.37 -
3.98 -
5.16 -
3.73 +
4.14 +
23
21
6.8
48
44
16 2.71
4.3 5.42
9.1 5.42
7.9
36
13
28
42 2.71
±16
CONTROL BLANKS
PFT 3
Found
__
^_
__
__
3.66
6.40
6.45
—
— _
__
3.69
% Diff.
^•^•^w
_^— .
____
___
35
18
19
__
.^__
—
36
27 * 9.8
Equivalent
12-h Tracer Cone.
File
6802A5
10
15
6803A13
4A17
5A4
8A4
8A15
9A9
10A4
11A11
12A7
12A20
13A10
CATS ID PHCP
1957
6845
3710
9618
3341
1193
4830
2338
7178
2144
6627
8298
6164
5618
.22
.10
.03
.09
0
.33
0
0
0
.24
0
0
0
.77
PMCH
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.16
PFT 8
Expected Found % Diff.
^••^^v ^^^v
— — — ____
— — — ___
—_ __ _^_
2.85 3.36 18.0
5.70 5.65 0.9
5.70 5.52 3.2
__ ___ __
_^_ — _ ._^_
— — — — — _
— — — _^_ ^__
2.85 2.72 4.6
6.7 ±7.7
, pL/L
PDCH
.59
.24
.17
0
.04
.26
.30
.21
0
0
0
0
0
1.07
G-6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
At
IS"
Analytical and Chemical Sciences
MEMORANDUM
TO: Larry Michael
FROM: Kent Thomas
DATE: 3/23/87
SUBJECT: California TEAM Air Exchange In Apartments
During the February TEAM field trip to California, air
exchange samples were collected in both apartments and detached
residences It was decided after returning from California that those air
exchange samples collected in apartments would not be analyzed because
of the uncertainty about the relative contributions of outdoor and other
apartment air to the infiltration.
There were seven respondents identified as living in the
multi-family dwellings we have defined as apartments. The criteria for
being an apartment are defined as sharing a common hallway and/or having
another dwelling unit above or below the sampled dwelling unit. The
samples from six of these respondent's residences will be returned to
Brookhaven Labs with instructions not to analyze. They are identified
as follows:
71255-4
71266-1
73270-3
71290-1
71293-5
71295-0
field samples
field samples
field samples
field samples,
field samples
field samples
4 duplicate samples
6-7
Post Office Box 12194
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27709
Telephone 919541-6000
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
Analytical and Chemical Sciences
All of the above samples were collected in homes which did not
have canister collectors and were therefore treated as "one zone"
houses. The seventh apartment was sampled as a canister hone, so the
residence was treated as three zones. Furthermore, this apartment also
received duplicate air exchange collectors. This apartment is
identified as:
71273-7 6 field samples, 6 duplicate samples
The samples for this particular apartment will be analyzed by
Brookhaven Lnbs. The three zone mixing data may still be useful, and it
was the only three zone residence with duplicate air exchnge sample
collection. The duplicate data will be particularly useful in judging
the quality of the three zone measurement method. However it must be
remembered that the accuracy of the air exchange measurement is
uncertain in this case. It would be best to inform anyone either at RTI
or EPA who uses the air exchange data for this particular residence that
its value is questionable.
CC
Dr. Pellizzari
G-8
Fbst Office Box 12194 Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27709 Telephone 919 541-6000
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
General Description of the BNL/AXMS Output Format
June 1986
Revised: April 8, 1987
The top portion of the BNL/AIMS sheet shows the project title, the house
name, the start and stop times and dates for sampling, the date analyzed, and the
final date that computations were made.
The rates section gives the overall infiltration rate (mVh) for all zones
and the air change rate (h~l) by dividing by the total volume. Next is given, for
each zone, the zone location, source information (gravimetric calibration rate at
25°C, quantity, and total emission rate adjusted for temperature, assuming an
enthalpy of 6.8 kcal/mole), and exfiltration and infiltration rates with their
standard deviations (SDs), followed by the zone to zone air flow rates and SDs.
The total flow in or out of each zone, sometimes a useful quantity, is also given.
Note; All gaseous volumes, i.e., those for air flow rates and perfluoro-
carbon tracer (PFT) source rates, are reported at conditions of 25°C and 1 atm.
When comparing results with those from other techniques, consideration must be
given to the conditions under which those results are being reported. For
example, tracer decay volumetric rates are reported for the conditions at the site
(i.e., the indoor temperature and the prevailing barometric pressure).
The analysis section gives for each zone the volume, source type, and average
tracer concentration with SDs, only for those used in the computations. Below is
the individual CATS analyses by zone with the calibration correction factors. The
PFT concentrations of those used in the computations are reported first, by zone,
and then those for other PFTs found. Note that even though separate calibration
curves are used for the mt-, me-, and total m PDCH, the sum of mt and me is
generally very close to the m PDCH.
The. notes section mentions the SDs assigned to the source rates and volumes;
conditions or results that should not exist are flagged by printing in capital
letters.
The current number codes of the tracers are:
PFT Code PFT Isomers Reported
1 PDCfi
2 PMCH
3 m PDCH mt PDCH and me PDCH
6 o PDCH oc PDCI1 and ot PUCH
5 p PDCH pc PDCH and pt PDCH
6 PTCH 1 PTC1I and 2 PTCH
6 PMCP
Although these are 7 PFT source types currently available, chromatographic
analysis limitations restrict certain combinations. In addition, the software is
not yet available foi the computation of more than 4 zones.
G-9
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TEAM AIR EXCHANGE DATA
EXPLANATION OF BNL DATA PILES HEADER CODES
HOUSE ID
START TIME
STOP TIME
HOURS
ZONE ID
TRACER
VOLUME
SOURCE
C12
ZONE INF1LT
ZONE EXFILT
R12
ZONE ACH
TOTAL HSE RATE
TOTAL HSE ACH
:RTI sample code and sampling period
:Tlne air exchange neasurement begins
:Time air exchange neasurement ends
:Duration of air exchange measurement
:Description of zones within a home being sampled
:Type of chemical tracer used In each zone
:Volume of zones being measured in cubic meters
or cubic feet
:Total rate of tracer emission in nL/hour
:Concentration of the tracer compound released
in Zonel as measured in Zone2 in pL/L
:Infiltration rate of outdoor air into a zone
in cubic meters/hour
:Exfiltration rate of indoor air to the outdoors
in cubic meters/hour
:Rate of air flow from Zonel to Zone2
in cubic meters/hour
:Air exhange rate for a particular zone
:Overall Infiltration rate of outdoor air into
the house in cubic meters/hour for the
:Overall air exchange rate for the whole house
in air changes/hour
G-10
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
SHOE «»€ AIR EKHAJCE OAT* (KM CALIFORNIA • UINIER 19671
START
HOUSE 10 TIIC
7125I3TFI 20-75
7US13TF2 0845
717571 TF1 IT OS
712571 TF7 OB-»S
7I75J9IF1 71 OS
7l7539ff2 08 tO
7I2547TFI 19 00
7I7547TF2 07-78
7I2547TFI 71-70
nnam o;o7
712570TFI 18-55
7I2570TF2 0? 75
7I2SBBTFI 19-00
7I2S88TF2 07-74
7I25WF1 20- 10
7I2S96TF2 08>Sf
717*04 IFI 71 -15
7I76WTF2 09-10
7I74I7IFI ZMO
7I74I71F7 06-55
7I7470TFI 20- IS
7I7420TF7 07i»
7I2438TF1 19.44
7I76HTF2 0751
7I2646TFI 19-30
7I7646TF7 0975
717653TFI 20-30
7I7653TF7 07-21
7I7479TFI 20 17
7I7679TF2 0724
7I7487IFI 20 i!5
JI76B7TF2 07>22
7I2495TFI 2I>15
7IW5TF2 0121
71771 1IFI 20-23
/I27IITF2 07.75
7I78IOTFI IB If
II78IOIF7 06:36
7I287BTF1 19 00
7I767BTF2 0132
71787BTDI 19 00
7I7876TD7 08 32
7I7834TF1 If 20
712B14IF2 08-10
7I7B441FI 20=10
71764IIF2 04 '27
7I785IIFI 19-15
7I78MTF7 OB 40
717B49TF1 17-10
7I/869TF2 05-47
712B77IFI 21:10
7I7B77IF2 Of 30
712877101 21 '10
START STOP STOP
DATE TIIC OAIE
08-30
17-45
0825
1015
07=30
If 45
0725
!4'IO
0704
16-35
09:77
IB OB
07-25
I4>18
00-43
1732
0905
14-74
0453
14-43
07.38
17-33
07-40
17:31
09:23
14-45
07:05
IB Of
07-22
17-48
07-20
IB 31
08' 19
17-23
07-23
1624
0632
16-10
0830
14-15
OB 30
1615
OB 04
17-42
06 20
17 15
08 If
1559
05 17
1747
09 30
17-70
Of 30
HOWS
TRACER VOLIK RATE AVG CONC TOT RATE
SIANOA7D DEVIATION --)
ACHT VOLUC SHE RATE CONC 10T RATE ACHT FOOTNOTES
12
f
13
10
10
6
12
f
10
9
IS
f
12
f
13
f
12
7
10
10
II
to
12
10
14
7
11
11
11
10
11
11
II
f
II
f
12
10
14
6
14
a
13
10
10
II
13
7
II
12
12
6
12
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
ocPDCK
OiPDCH
ocPOCH
oiPDCH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
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267
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217
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709
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369
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148
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466
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796
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453
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374
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195
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766
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145
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182
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259
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576
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730
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9401
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</pre><hr><pre>
-------
SINGLE ZONE All CKHMfiE Mf» (TEN) UUFOmift - UINTE* 1787)
I
!-•
ro
7I2877T02
7I28BSIM
7I2B851F2
7I2BT3TFI
7l2Bf3rF2
7I79I9TFI
7l7flfTF2
7l2f27IF2
7I2977TOI
7I2W7I02
7ITW3tri
7I2W3TF2
7l2f48TFI
7l2948Tf2
;i?f74TFl
7IZ974TF2
7I79MTFI
7I298ITF2
7I7992TF2
7I2W2TF2
7IMI4TFI
7I30I4TF2
71755* TFI
7I7SSITF2
7I2UITFI
7I744HF2
7I27DJTFI
7I27B3IF2
717901 TFI
717TOITOI
7I790ITFZ
717901102
M793STFI
7IZ935TFZ
7I2950IFI
7I29SOTF7
0930
2D 75
085?
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OB 44
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2001
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7001
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19-46
10:20
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11-20
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17:20
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14-18
08-34
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1078
14-20
10-20
17-30
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IS -5*
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17:39
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8
13
7
13
9
13
7
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4
13
4
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7
14
7
14
7
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19
S
PNCH
PflCH
PdCH
RICH
PKH
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PNCH
PNCH
PNCH
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PNCH
PHCH
PNCH
PNCH
PKH
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PNCH
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2i4
?S4
256
300
300
233
233
188
188
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IBB
376
326
201
201
231
231
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191
191
204
204
6958
6148
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55*7
5927
5187
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11277
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7931
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63 6
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13.6
138
183
21 7
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1
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79.6
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407
430
107
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576
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1 1.02
1 04
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1 36
1 13
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0.4
0.41
049
081
0.73
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0 37
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0.31
0.39
0.19
0.52
NC
K
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
«
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10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
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10
10
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10
10
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10
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10
ID
21.5*
37.78
13 01
712
767
11.22
1.71
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1 1
1.22
8 76
33.19
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52.61
8.3
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78.42
7.13
1.15
S.U
Z.27
12.33
I.M
197.4
61.3
237
2258
2*37
333
73.2
93 1
113.6
37
174.3
635
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769
36.7
71
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6.6
7.7
18.1
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0 1
0.76
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0.37
0.5
0.62
0.21
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02
0.09
0.38
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0 II
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0 06
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0.01
0.09
0.06
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
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7
7
7
7
7
7
7
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7
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</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TVO WC All EXCHANGE MM (TOM CALIFORNIA - UINTEI 1997)
Pi' SOWCE m1 SOUTCE
HOUSE ID IIIC MIE Till MIE HOUR ZONE1 10 TRACER VOltfC RATE C1I C21 ZONE Z ID TRACER VOLUC RATE CI2 C7Z INFILI EJOMITI 1*117 101112 R||
7IZB02TFI I8<50 D8'K II MI FLOOR FflCP 230 6011 1238 20.5 LIVING otPOCH 274 iOII 34.4 23.1 f.l 21.8 1U.8 154.4 K
TO ZOC AIR UCHMGE DATA ITEM CALIFORNIA - UINTER IW7)
SIAMMRO DEVIATIONS >
Ann RII m m AM TOT. RAIE ACHT VOLI SOWCEI cu c:i wx2 SOBCEZ ci? czz INFILTI EXFIITI INF 1112 EXFILK RII ACHI R» m ta
en 0.37 U.I 71.5 ».t 0.84 171.7 0.35 S 10 12.38 J.05 S 10 1.31 1.05 8.2 1I.& 20.3 2i.4 14.7 0.07 12 17 27.2
i—•
u>
TUO ZOIC AIR EICHAICE DATA ITEAN CALIFORNIA - UINTER IWI
ACH2 TOT.RATE ACHT
0.11 18.1 0.04
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TWEE ZONE «lt EKIHNZ MM ITEM CALIFORNIA - UINTER SEASON)
HOUSE ID START START
TIIC DATE
7I2779TFI 19-50
7I2779TF2 07-51
7I7737TFI 19-7S
7I7717TOI 19:25
7I7737TF2 09-53
7I77171D7 0954
7I774STFI 18-34
7I774STF2 09-35
7177S7IFI 71-10
7I2757TF7 09-04
7I2740IFI 70:10
7I7740TF7 07i50
717778IFI TOMQ
7I777BIF2 04-10
7I77S4JFI 71.00
<p 7I77B4TT2 05:30
»-• 7I2794IFI 70=07
* 7I7774TF1 07-70
7I7807TFI 10-50
7I7807IFZ 08-71
7I30081FI 10-SS
7I3008IF7 11-00
STOP STOP
IIIC DATE
07>SI
It' 14
D9-SO
09 SO
IB U
18<ll
07-30
14-50
09 OS
18 IS
07 SO
18-15
04-04
It: 17
KITS
I*. 35
07- 12
14-17
08-15
I4>10
11=00
17-50
HOURS 10* In' ZONE 2 K\J ZONE 3 m'
ID TRACER VOLUNE SOURCE (II C2I C3I ID TRACER VOLUTE SOURCE CI2 C22 C37 ID IRACER VOLIK
17 BEDROOM PKH 167 4193 7t 5 14.4 27.2 LIVING ocFDCH iB 1111 49. 2? 1 29.B UTCHEN PKP 59
8 BIOWON PKH 182 4448 IB 9 3.1 5.5 LIVING RHocPOCH 48 1789 13 b 4.7 tITUCN PICP 59
14 BfOBOON oiPOCH 107 2570 377 13.3 10.7 KITCKN PKP 77 3473 U. 541 29 3 LIVING PKri 74
14 HOWON ecPOCH 102 2570 IS. 13.4 11.3 KIICKN PKP 77 3473 14. S4.3 2M LIVING PKH 74
8 MOPOOtl ocPOCH 107 2440 4. S.7 S.I KITCHEN PKP 77 3774 1. 177 4 8 LIVING PKH 74
8 BCOROON ocPOCH ID7 7440 3. 4 3.4 KITOCN PKP 27 3274 ' 1. 10.9 3.4 LIVING PKH 76
15 1ST FLOOR PKH 770 4059 55. 91.5 0.5 BASEHENT otPOCH 705 2514 133 O.I 7NO FLOOR PKP 59
7 1ST FLOOR PKH 770 4193 II. 47 1 BASEKHT ocPDCH 70S 2570 194 0 4 7M) FLOOR PKP 59
II BEDPOOfl PKP 197 B554 144 22.3 78.3 LIVING ntFDCH 87 1713 73. 30.8 44 7 KITCHEN PKH 80
9 BEDROOM PKP 197 8190 144. 244 34 4 LIVING OcPDCH 87 1440 33 29.S 40.7 IITCHEH PKH 80
II LIVING ecPDCH 230 3049 14 17.S B 9 KITCHEN PKH 57 7719 7. 9.5 9 B BEtffOON PKP 127
10 LIVING ocPOCH 230 3138 9. 774 KITCHEN PKH 52 2249 7. 10.2 7 BElPOOn PKP 127
IOBEOROON PKH 80 3554 34 22.9 15 2 LIVING ocPOCH 123 1440 31. 21.4 17.3 KITCHEN PKP 37
11 BEDPOOH PKH BO 3554 23. 19 4 12.9 LIVING ocPOCH 123 1440 27. 16.7 17.3 KITCHEN PKP 37
BBEOPOON PKH 142 M93 134 129 17.4 LIVING ocPOCH 51 1713 43. 22 3B.2 KITCHEN PKP 28
II KDVOOH PKH 112 4193 70 IS 1 22.B LIVIM3 ocPDCH SI 1713 54 IS.3 33.4 KITCHEN PKP 20
II BEDROOn PKH 112 3403 54 2.0 5.7 LIVING ocPOCH 74 1549 30 23.2 38.4 KITCHEN PKP 30
9 BEDROOM PKH 112 3861 103 7.4 9.7 LIVIfC ocPOCH 74 1789 34 23.5 42.7 KITCHEN PKP 30
13 2ND FLOOR PKP 230 6011 123. 20.7 12.3 LIVING ocPOCH 184 4011 33. 22.S 17.3 KITCHEN PKH 90
BTJOaOOR PKP 230 0371 54. T.I 8.5 LIVING ocPOCH 184 4191 10. 17.S 7.7 KITCHEN PKH 90
14 LIV. m. ocPOCH 73 2404 9 IS.S 13.S BED ROOM PKH 102 3479 4. 30.4 0.2 KITCHEN PKP 33
7 LIV. RN. ocPOCH 73 2354 12. 18.8 14.1 BED RN. PKH 102 3403 7. 954.6 171 .5 KITCHEN PICP U
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TWEE 70* AIR EKHAJCE WT» (TEM1 CALIFORNIA - WINTER SEASON)
SOUKC cu C7!
3473 45.8 14.1
3575 II S SI
2177 Hi It 1
7*77 13.7 13 3
7171 1 8 1.
7371 1.7
3347 7.7
3t73 II. 1 7.
7t77 K.6 78.
7371 n 78.
M3I 5.4 t.
4747 3.s 3.
3771 It II.
3771 14.4 17
_ 3473 37 IB.
i 3473 SI 14.
£ 3134 28.7 II.
3S75 Si n.
4S7 3S.3 7
7474 17.4 1
3705 i.l 1
3134 f.l 11.
zo* i ion i tout ion:
1 C33 WILT. WILT llflLI. EJIFILT
, 41. o 37 40.7 70 8 -14
i 11.4 717 7 157.7 77 7 103
, 33.7 52.4 47 7.1 3
1 37.7 S31 44.8 S.t 37.
4.6 -174.1 718.3 -11.8 56.
4.3 7188 U7.I 77.S 5i
0.7 -758 i -443 74.7 70*5.
D.7 170.8 855*4 105.5 1577.
437 74.3 548 -73 -SI.
384 -3.7 74.5 7*5.4 348.
S3 9 -148.1 707.7 305.* -117.
11.7 71.7 7257 *J 8 -«5.
IB.t 753.4 -777.4 -1*3 4*8
20.2 487.7 -4031.4 -7774 4170.
48 7S.7 7S.3 3S.S 31.
34.7 73 7 4 & -27 17
43.1 588 7S.S II 8.
7 47.4 74.7 2.7 77.3 37.
1 12.7 -21.7 57.3 -SS8.3 -7577.1
t 7.8 -1.4 7S.1 73.8 1272.'
k 22.7 107.7 2S7.I 77.7 -12.4
1 28.8 I47.S 158 -6.4 -0.
! 70NI 3 70* •
Iff III. EXMIT
40 7 54 !
124 * 180 '
t* 4 34
50 31.
S7I 6 -347.
417 t. 34
4877.S 3077
1*407 -8142
74.7 77
-217.3 -357.
37.2 97
447 443
184 378
131.4 757
37 * 37.
40.7 -73.
75.7 47.
-37.7 40.
1 I5S 7115.'
! 278.7 -77
I 47.4 -7.
1 52 35.
1 ZONE 1
Rlt ACH Rl
i 145.4 0 71 51
r 560 3 3.17 785
78 4 0.77 l<
83 4 0 87 14
1174.7 10.77 -21 '
1173 7 10.78 -17
48.4 0 25 -12
-850.1 -3 15 ISO
47 0.31 70.
54.S 0.78 -301.
SI 1.4 2.77 777
7*4.1 3.74 337
-1*75.4 -70.U -1347
-17074.3 -117.44 -7074
55 7 0.37 31
370.3 7.7S 375.
47 7 0 41 30.
37.2 0.33 -45.
> 87.7 0.38 17.
k 283 4 1.23 -174
r 417 & 47
1 200.2 3.83 -75.
! R7
1 71 (
1 IB*
i 7.;
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) 115
133.
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(13 R3I R77 ACH R2.
1 54 7 5* 8 134 4 2 77 77
135 177 544. 1 II 3 754.
1 71.4 18.5 1377 487 75.
77.1 72.3 138 4 S.07 78.
4281 1135 & 474.7 15.54 251.
454.1 771.1 433.1 IS 84 24|.
573.7 -277.8 1305 044 -2472.
-75S7.4 -1470.3 103 0.5 -1778
-10 -70 4 878 7 7.S4 748.
377.4 211.7 -3717.7 -45 14 -4134
7.3 -43 479.2 13 13 88
181 2 207.5 487 2 7.37 174.
374.2 -300.7 -1170 -7.44 -730.
1101.7 -131.7 -7ISS7 -57.78 -743.
-0.4 -IBS 771 1 S.3I 171.
-7 4 -I07S.B 7485 48.7 714.
11.4 7.5 3*07 4.77 353.
100.1 -18.2 387 i S07 321.
7.5 -431.8 -11540 -42.8 -2501.
344.S 1744.7 7180.1 37.01 7438.
134.7 223.2 151.8 1.47 SB
I47.S 177.4 4.3 0.04 31
1 R37 R3
43 S 174.
158 7 SIS
110.7 1*3.
114.7 170
443.2 1751.
378 4 HIS.
48 S 273
-153.4 -771*
830.7 813
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73 7 130
81 7S4
372. i 351
147.2 287
204 .S 273.
2114.7 747.
317 370.
341.1 383
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7i.7 247
1 38.1 203.
20* 3 10IAI
1 ACH WE. RAIC
2.7S 78.5
8 71 443 S
7 14 ID* 1
2.74 107
14.41 427
14.43 710.7
47.SS 47IS.I
-144 27 1734. S
10 12 77.4
-SO 07 42.2
1.02 174.4
5.73 404
7.37 274 4
7.7* 371 .S
7.74 73.8
34.41 107.3
10.36 75.7
10.17 81.7
-2S.87 -42S
71.13 321.1
7.32 237
4.14 173 2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TWEE M« AIR EKHWZ DMA ITEM CALIFORNIA - UINTCR SEASON)
STAMMRO DEVIATION >
TOTAL 10* 1 10NT 2 20*.)
WE. ACN SOIKE VOLUC Cll C2I C3I SOWCE VOLUC CI2 C72 C32 SOURCE VOLIK
0.34 S 10 7 IS Mb 2.72
I.S)
OS7
OS3
28t
3.45
1.31
126
Olf
0.17
O.S8
1.40
O.S4
OU
0.42
0 0.41
• 042
£ OK
0.3S
0.68
1.14
0.77
10 l.» 031 CSS
10 1 77 1.33 1 07
10 351 t 34 I 13
10 0 It O.S7 0 SI
10 0.34 01 031
10 S.S3 MS O.OS
10 1.13 0.42 O.I
10 II 68 2.23
10 11.43 2.41
10 1.42 I.2S
10 0.95 0 7
10 3.4 2.27
10 2.32 1.14
10 1J.4& t 29
10 7 LSI
10 S.4 0.20
10 10.34 0.74
10 12.30 2.07
10 S.4I 0.11
10 o.ia i.ss
10 i.a i.ao
.83
14
.81
.71
.S2
.21
.74
.28
.57
17
.23
.as
.35
.41
ID 4.14 2.21 2 16
ID 1 33 04 04?
ID 1 44 S 41 2.13
10 1 41 S 13 2 81
10 D.I7 1.22 018
10 O.U 1 01 0 34
10 0 1.33 0 01
10 0 M4 0 04
10 2 34 3 08 4 47
10 3.31 2 15 4 07
10 0 77 0.15 0.1B
10 0 72 1.02 0.7
10 312 2.14 1.23
10 2.27 1.87 1 23
10 1.34 2.2 382
10 5.14 1 S3 3.34
10 3 2 32 3 84
10 3.IS 2.3S 4.27
10 3 35 2.25 1.23
10 1.85 I.2S 0.77
to
ID
10
ID
10
10
10
10
10
10
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 20* 3
CI3 C23 C33 IN. M!E EX. MTE IN. RATE EX. MTE IN. RATE EX. RATE Rll ACH1
SB 1.44 4.14 119 73.8 1.4 23.
.15 0 38 1 14 47.9 77.
.45 3.14 3 37 8.3 9
31 3 32 3 27 8.7 ID
18 0 14 0 14 111 117.
.17 01 0.13 119 170.
.19 05 0 09 42.2 85.
.11 0.77 0.07 104.1 3580.
.18 2 81 4.39 23 3 10
2 3 2.82 3.04 1S4.5 312.
10 0.54 0 47 S 31 137 3 92
ID 1
10
1.35 0.34 1.12 S7.4 11
1.4 1.11 1.84 7104 2445.
10 1.44 1.21 2.02 7107 1 1771
10
10
3.7 1 88 48 5.5 7.
S.I 1.44 3.49 1439 108.
10 2 87 2 11 4 31 8.7 9.
10
to :
10
5.4 2.17 4.74 6 IS.
40.4 73
11.7 19.
12 7 21
71.4 88
42.4 49.
IS 8 557
18 7 1043.
142.7 220.
3277.5 SOIS.
113.3 155
37.4 9
611.2 2250.
4117.4 91511.
21.2 39.
218 510.
305 64
69.8 61.
1.53 2.4 1.29 375.4 628 8437.4 128214.
1 94 1.2 0.78 202.9 230.7 715 4 S22S.
12.7 2S.S 41.
37.8 67.
14 23.
IS 21.
162.
102.
6B2.
844.
153.
3429.
18.
77.
17
611.
ia.
120.
33.
315
196.
435.
6341.
221.
4925.
22
104.
S49.
2081.
35.
SUO.
64.
656 64.
1850.4 120954.
875.7 S494.
10 0.42 3.04 0.82 S 10 O.U 1.4 2.27 323 44.1 13.8 21 I7.S 48.
10 0.79 15.48 17.15 S 10 0.94 3.14 2.88 29.8 41.8 4.1 0.8 20.1 31.
123.
1
1
213.
242.
10.
464.
12.
201.
213.
225
5708
115318
9.
874.
0.23
07
0.12
0.13
2.92
2.43
0.04
1.73
0.07
1.02
0.93
099
71.06
2432.04
0.01
618
10 0.0*
7.6 0 07
36 016
375.7 1 64
100 1.4
S9.I 0.83
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TWEE TONE MR EKCHNCE DM* ITEM CALIFORNIA • WINTER SEASON)
117
R21 RI3
R3I
•7? KM
R73
R3Z R33 ACM HSE BATE MSE. ACH FOOTNOTES
74.7
104.3
10.4
11.3
73.7
59.3
73
447
SO 7
4720.7
159.5
141.3
4412.7
IUII4.4
188
1583.4
343
84
757.4
14559
17.9
9.4
373
81.9
4.4
74
138
948
88.4
149
3284
2573
370.3
1897
5754.5
190985.2
75.9
4772.9
9
23.2
4722.2
8414.7
45.1
I.I
32
81 2
11.2
12
178.4
1584
87.2
40448
47.1
4414
734
95.2
1709.1
14408.7
15.1
4354
39.2
81
142.3
1403.4
47.2
44.3
344
70
8.4
10.2
SOI 9
289.4
473
591 2
341.7
7577.2
384
101 S
1274
4141 S
22
1114.4
9.1
23.8
4341.1
BBSS 8
74.S
43.4
38.4
174.7
40 9
43
89.7
87
70 1
778
7295 7
53B95.7
790.5
1475
4041.9
114211 3
141
8474.1
333.5
340.3
154 704.8
33044.4
74
0.7
O.BI
7.44
1 57
1.59
3.38
3.11
01
0.11
7445
42094
545
7.79
37.92
941.47
7.7B
170.07
4.37
444
B40.5
17944
077
0.01
398
93.7
39.8
41 5
1138
934
584.7
1197.3
7IS8.1
51388.7
457
83.2
1110
14917.8
170.4
3494.3
344.2
371.2
33141.2
34343
254
1.3
31 4
73 3
44.7
49.3
187.4
179.1
11.9
80.4
73934
57933.1
32.8
447
984 9
7430.7
1777
7488
379.2
355.1
145947 1
34775.5
14.5
II. 1
17
104 8
SO 8
53.4
3905
787 8
447 1
4983.7
7250.7
55387.1
70.3
130.4
780 4
35B3
1177
3070.4
341.3
337
31743.9
382444
S3.9
48.5
o ei
1.85
048
0 71
S 19
3.78
7.87
84 45
78 07
489 37
0 17
1.07
7.57
94
4.03
107.39
9.59
8.95
344.1
473.42
1.47
I.S
7 1
31 1
81
8 (
114 e
41
480 C
737
IS
3F
55.
41.
340.
3594.
4
2
17.
7158.
ITS.
21.
20.
003 1
fl.17 1
0 04 1,
0 05 1.
0 74 7.
0 34 1.
0 IB
0 13
0 01
001
0 08
0.14
054
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.04
004
0.17
0.11
0.14
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
FOOTNOTE TABLE FOR AIR EXCHANGE DATA (TEAK CALIFORNIA -WINTER)
1. Calculated correctly using • three inni division.
2. Original three zone calculation not correct. Resorted Total ACH and House ACH
Standard Deviation Mere calculated using the tuned and volute
•eighted PFT concentrations.
3. Original three zone calculation not correct. Resorted Total ACH and House ACH
Standard Deviation are lean values calculated by single PFT type determinations
of the .hole house ACH.
4. Original three zone calculation not correct. Recalculated as a tio
zone division for determining Total ACH and House ACH Standard Deviation.
7. These hoies Here considered aoartients so the air exchange saioles «re not
analyzed during the •inter season studv.
6. This hoie «as an aaartient. Reietber that the air infiltrating into
aoartients iav coie iro» both outside and other aeartrents. Therefore a
pollutant source iav be in another hoie and source strength calculations iav
be unreliable.
G-1B
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
I)
CL
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY
ASSOCIATED UNIVERSITIES. INC
Upton. Long Island. New York 11973
(516)2B2x
Department of Applied Science FTS 666'
Building 426
December 9, 1987
Mr. Kent Thomas
Research Triangle Institute
Analytical and Chemical Sciences
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Dear Kent:
Enclosed are the results of the 288 CATSamplers you sent us July 31,
1987, for the TEAM Los Angeles study. Included is hard copy of the whole
house ACH summary, and the results of the standard and blank controls. The
surom.iry of the results are Included as files on the flexible disk. There has
been a revision in the information provided in these files to include the
zonal temperatures, number of sources, and number of samplers. The heading
files hs-/<5 been updated as well. Please refer to the revised instructions.
There are 30 houses that were calculated as 2 zones as well as 3 zones
because the concentrations of all the tracers in 2 of the zones were close to
being equal that the errors were large and many rates were negative. The 2
zone reduction was done two ways; 1) by eliminating a tracer and averaging
the 2 CATSamplers for the new enlarged zone; and 2) by adding the sources
together and using & zone volume weighted average. Those results which were
Jone by iddlng the sources together are indicated by an "R" at the end of the
ft\f 'tame or house code In the case of the ACH hardcopy. You may choose the
results that you want, however, we have more confidence in those results
obtained by adding the sources together (the "R" results).
HatJ copy of the two zone results are included so that you may know which
2 zonei uere merged. There are 4 periods of houses done as 2 zones for other
reason.- House 722900TF (both periods) were set up as two zones and house
72267"''-I was also set up as a two zone by having the CATS in the living
toon. L'ouse 722520TF2 was done as a 2 zone because there was a faulty
If there are any questions, please call.
Sincerely,
Robert V. Goodrich
Environmental Chemistry Division
RUG/mm 6-19
Enclosures
UiE> Oe^o: CAf.t E^DO*.AS-
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
RTI TEAM LA ACH'S AND STD.DEV.
PERCENT
"OUSE CODE 9 ZONES ACH STD.DEU STD.DEV
72Z512TF1 3 2.79 0.29 10.39
722512TF2 3 2.20 0.21 9.78
722520TF1 3 1.43 0.12 8.38
722520TF2 2 1.49 0.14 S.E2
722538TF1 3 0.49 0.10 20.24
722538TF1 2 0.51 0.05 10.36
722538TF1R 2 0.53 0.07 12.41
72253BTF2 3 2.27 0.24 10.67
722546TF1 3 0.89 0.08 9.27
722546TF2 3 2.60 1.92 73.91
722546TF2 2 2.00 0.49 24.78
72254ETF2R 2 1.32 0.18 13.80
722553TF1 3 0.94 0.10 10.37
722553TF2 3 1.15 0.12 10.56
722579TD1 3 0.65 0.35 53.56
722579TD1 2 0.53 0.06 10.68
722579TD1R 2 0.53 0.05 9.74
722579TD2 3 1.90 0.28 14.83
722579TD2 2 1.74 0.18 10.63
722579TD2R 2 1.69 0.17 9.82
7225791F1 3 0.53 0.05 9.76
7225/9TF1 2 0.53 0.05 9.00
722579TF1R 2 0.53 0.05 9.89
722579TF2 3 1.92 0.17 8.94
722579TF2 2 1.98 0.19 9.67
722587TF1 3 1.72 36.17 2109.03
722S87TF1 2 0.84 0.08 9.29
722587TF1R 2 0.90 0.09 9.59
7225:37TF2 3 1.51 0.27 18.06
7225U7TF2 2 1.52 0.16 10.61
722587TF2R 2 1.61 0.19 11.77
72259STF1 3 1.23 0.11 8.77
72253STF1 2 1.19 0.12 10.11
722S35TF2 3 4.50 0.38 8.55
722b95TF2 2 5.44 1.84 33.87
V22603TF1 3 2.32 0.23 9.92
722603TF1 2 2.20 0.21 9.34
722603TF1R 2 2.38 0.23 9.78
722S03TF2 3 1.98 1.07 53.92
722633TF2 2 2.54 0.27 10.54
722fa03TF2R 2 2.76 0.28 10.07
7226J1TF1 3 3.81 0.50 13.14
7226UTF2 3 5.94 0.68 11.37
722629TF1 3 3.12 0.44 14.12
722629TF2 3 1.95 0.20 10.17
722637TF1 3 0.98 0.18 17.93
722637TF2 3 1.02 0.17 16.45
722S45TF1 3 1.30 0.14 10.63
722645TF2 3 6.14 0.65 10.63
722BS2TD1 3 4.04 0.33 8.13
722552TD2 3 9.99 0.97 9.72
722652TF1 3 3.90 0.32 8.18
722652TF2 3 11.15 1.00 8.98
722S60TF1 3 1.32 0.14 10.99
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
722EB0TF2
722678TF1
722B7BTF2
722BBBTF1
722BB6TF2
722694TF1
722694TF2
722702TFI
722702TF1
722702TF2
722702TF2
722702TF2R
72271BTF1
722710TF1
722710TF1R
722710TF2
722728TF1
722728TF2
722728TF2
722728TF2R
72273ETF1
72273BTF2
722744TF1
722744TF1
722744TF1R
722744TF2
722744TF2
722744TF2R
722751TF1
722751TF1
722751TF1R
722751TF2
7227E9TF1
722769TF1
7227B9TF1R
72276 9TF2
722769TF2
722769TF2R
722777TD1
722VV7TD1
722777TD1R
722777TD2
722 t mD2
722V77TD2R
722//7TF1
7227 /7TF1
7227V7TF1R
7227V7TF2
722V77TF2
722777TF2R
722785TF1
722785TF1
7227H5TF1R
7227G'iTF2
722801TF1
72280! TF2
722801TF2
72:80)TF2R
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
•>
fc
2
3.57
8.73
1.43
3.14
4.94
1.12
2.73
-0.B3
0.39
3.B7
19.02
2.94
1.35
1.40
1.44
1.72
1.02
4.34
4.19
4.42
3.37
1.25
4.47
1.10
1.18
2.80
2.E3
2.74
0.E8
0.E8
0.E8
2.03
0.5E
0.4B
0.51
1.05
0.9B
1.00
3.8E
3.80
3.79
5.28
5.29
5.28
3.95
3.94
3.93
5.20
5.22
5.20
0.37
0.3E
0.35
0.62
-38.35
9. IE
9. IE
9. IE
0.39
O.C8
0.22
0.EE
0.77
0.09
0.27
2.79
0.31
1.31
E31.47
0.33
0.24
0.13
0.15
0.1E
0.08
0.49
0.5E
0.58
0.48
0.12
48.04
0.12
0.12
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.07
0.0E
0.07
0.19
0.10
0.07
0.07
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.E5
0.52
0.52
0.58
0.E0
0.E0
0.82
0.55
0.5B
C.54
0.58
0.57
0.13
0.04
0.04
2.E3
84. 4E
1.33
1.37
1.37
10.81
11.07
IB. 58
20.94
15.49
6.03
9.88
-8E29.E1
78.07
35.71
3319.59
11.19
17.91
9.07
10.12
9.05
8.00
11.25
13.28
13. IE
14.20
9.55
1074.12
10.95
10.35
11.00
10.95
10.54
9. BE
9.05
10.01
9.15
18.29
14.88
13.00
14.59
14.00
13.31
IB. 70
13. El
13.81
11.01
11.30
11.41
20.84
14.04
14.29
10.48
11.08
10.94
36.03
10. BE
9.83
423. 0E
-::0.23
14.55
14.93
14.96
6-21
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
722819TF1
722819TF2
722827TF1
722B27TF2
722835TF1
722B35TF2
722843TF1
722843TF2
722843TF2
722843TF2R
722850TF1
7228S0TF1
722850TF1P
722850TF2
7228S8TF1
7226B8TF2
72287BTD1
722876101
72287BTD1R
722876TD2
72287BTF1
72287BTF2
722884TF1
722B84TF2
722892TF1
722892TF2
722900TF1
722900TF2
722918TF1
722913TFJ
722018TF1R
722918TF2
722918TF2
722918TF2R
722926TF1
722926FF2
7,?2934TF1
7^2934TF1
722934TF1R
722934TF2
722934TF2
722934TF2R
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
•>
4.
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
T
18. IB
6.17
O.G9
C.50
2. 64
4.28
1.65
4.01
8.74
12. 4b
3.04
2.90
3.05
9.02
0.59
1.0B
0.45
0.40
0.39
1.13
0.43
1.08
7.08
7.85
1.5B
5.31
1.70
4.41
0.74
0.77
0.82
1.47
1.25
1.30
2.99
2.07
2.80
2.55
2.58
2.71
2.E8
2.54
55.62
0.82
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.37
0.42
5.25
1.35
1.85
0.34
. 0.33
0.31
0.94
0.05
0.09
0.23
0.04
0.04
0.11
0.08
0.10
1.28
0.79
0.14
0.48
0.17
1.22
0.10
0.07
0.08
2.64
0.11
0.14
0.49
0.26
0.46
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
306.33
13.28
38.02
52.55
11.13
8.54
25.72
131.08
15.46
14.83
11.07
11.46
10.10
10.38
8.66
8.87
50.68
9.97
9.56
9.76
17.73
8.83
18.12
10.04
9.23
S.ll
9.77
27.62
13. 64
5.52
9.61
179.66
9.17
10.67
16.38
12.55
16. SB
11.72
11.62
10.95
9.47
9.83
G-22
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
RTI TEAM-LA STANDARD AND BLANK CONTROLS
-— ra I/UL. 1 1 tns — -
RTI.
ID
TCI
TC2
TC3
TC4
TC5
TCE
TC7
TC8
TC9
TB1
TB2
TB3
TB4
TBS
TBE
TB7
TB8
TBS
TB10
TB1J
TB12
CATS
10
6418
589
455
3371
3204
8282
984E
E185
1101E
11388
10E90
10429
9021
8204
1E1S
9B91
E099
1005E
9E02
9575
2085
PMCH
ACT.
4.738
J.42E
0.477
4.738
1.42E
0.477
4.738
1.42E
0.477
ANAL.
5.174
J.E40
0.554
5.107
1.E29
0.405
5.455
1.598
0.521
0.000
0.052
0.000
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.004
0.001
0.004
0.001
0.000
PDCH
ACT.
4.850
1.4E0
0.488
4.850
1.4E0
0.488
4.850
1.4E0
0.488
ANAL.
4.852
1.591
0.549
4.007
1.372
0.253
4.42E
1.312
0.489
0.000
0.204
0.001
0.006
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
PMCP
ACT.
4.510
1.358
0.454
4.510
1.358
0.454
4.510
1.358
0.454
ANAL.
4.E50
1.390
0.441
4.958
1.39B
0.401
5.042
1.39E
0.472
0.000
0.571
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.034
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
FILE*
TUBE I
E837A5
EB39A1E
E839A17
E845A10
E845A12
E649A20
E851A7
E851AB
E853A17
E837A4
E837A5
E839A18
E845A11
E845A13
E845A14
B853A1E
E849A19
E849A21
E851A9
E852A17
E853A18
i of
'/.J.ff. t s.cf.
/ 3
+ 7
- 3
*0
/ 3
- \2
7.0
G-23
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
Analytical and Chemical Sciences
MEMORANDUM
TO: Doris Smith
FROM: Kent Thomas
DATE: 4/6/8R
SUBJECT: TEAM California 1987 air exchange QC. QA Information.
There is some information which we can use to evaluate the
quality of the air exchange data for TEAM California during the
winter and summer season of 1987. However, we will have to take
much of the information at face value. Blank and control tubes
were prepared and carried to the field during both seasons: the
background contamination appears to be insignificant and the
recovery from controls appears to be acceptable for the winter
season and good fur the summer season. A standard deviation
Is calculated for each air exchange calculation using assumed
errors in house volume measurement, tracer emission rates, and
measured tracer concentration differences when more than one
collection tube Js used in each house. The sample data cover
letters describe possible errors In collection, analysis and
explanations of why and how house zones were evaluated and
treated.
I can only check BNL's calculations for one zone cases.
I have done this earlier for two or three calculations and they
rfere correct. I do not have the mathematical model information
for calculating multi-compartment mass balance silmultaneous
equtionc which are used for the multi-zone cases. Ke have no
test for the overall accuracy of BNL's air exchange measurements.
There were no snethods which were easily available for measuring
the air exchange rates during this type of study and there are
no other labs available for analyzing PFT tracer collection tubes.
G-24
R>st Office Box 12194 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Telephone 919541-6000
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
There are two other concerns which I have about the quality
of the air exchange data. First, we sampled in several apartments
during both seasons. During the winter season we analyzed samples
for only one apartment and did not analyze the samples for 6 other
apartments. During the summer season we analyzed samples for all
nf the apartments. The problem with measuring air exchange rates
In apartments and then calculating source strengths based upon
measured concentration Indoors and outdoors is that the source
of the pollutant may be In another apartment. We did not measure
air exchange between apartments nor did we measure pollutant
concentrations in apartments other than the respondent's.
Therefore, the source strength information nay be suspect and
the questionnaire data does not Include sources in other
apartments. For the apartments which we did determine air
rates multi-zone determinations were made and it was decided that
the inter-zone mixing within the apartment was useful information
to have. However, this inter-zone mixing data will not be used
by RTI for the source strength calculations.
A second potential problem with the data should be noted for
the summer season. During this season many or most of the
respondents had their windows open and there were often strong
breezes blowing through the homes. It Is very difficult to
perform accurate air exchange measurements under these conditions
using any method. The data reported by BNL was actually better
than I expected in terms of standard deviations for overall
air exchange. There is nothing we can do about this problem
but it is worth noting.
G-25
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TEAM AIR EXCHANGE DATA
EXPLANATION OF BNL DATA FILES HEADER CODES
HOUSE ID
START TIME
STOP TIME
HOURS
ZONE ID
TRACER
VOLUME
SOURCE
C12
ZONE INFILT
ZONE EXFILT
R12
ZONE ACH
TOTAL HSE RATE
TOTAL HSE ACH
:RTI sample code and sampling period
:Time air exchange Measurement begins
:Tine air exchange measurement ends
:Duratlon of air exchange measurement
description of zones within a home being sampled
:Type of chemical tracer used in each zone
:Volume of zones being measured in cubic meters
or cubic feet
:Total rate of tracer emission in nL/hour
:Concentratlon of the tracer compound released
in Zonel as measured in 2one2 in pL/L
:Inflltratlon rate of outdoor air into a zone
in cubic meters/hour
:Exfiltration rate of indoor air to the outdoors
in cubic meters/hour
:Rate of air flow from Zonel to Zonc2
in cubic meters/hour
:Air exhange rate for a particular zone
:Overall infiltration rate of outdoor air into
the house in cubic meters/hour for the
:Overall air exchange rate for the whole house
in air changes/hour
G-26
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
SHOE »C til BOWS DATA ITEM CALIFORNIA - SUNO IW7I
STMT ST«T STOP STOP f»* IK NO. SOURCE NO. STANDARD DEVIATION ->
HOUSE 10 tllC DATE TIIE DATE HOURS TRACER VOUK TOP. SOURCES RATE CATS AVG. COHC TOT.RATE ACHT VOUIC SKE RATE COC. TOT.RATE AWT
7R877TFI 07-1H7B7 07-17-1787 O.it O.tt
72Z8Z7TT7 I7'tt I7-I7-IW17-M 07-I7-1W 10 «H BM 71 2 2U1 3 75.3 35.4 0.5 S 10 38.45 18.4 0.2k
en
ro
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
IK All BOWK MM ITEM ULirOMI* - 91KB 11871
HOUSE 10
777570TF2
77267BTFI
772707TFI
7771DOTFI
77210DTF2
777S38TFI
777571IF1
777546TFZ
772571TOI
777403TFI
777587TFI
g, 777587TF2
I 777403TF7
TO 77770ZTFZ
7227I4TFI
772714TF2
777741TFI
777741TFZ
772777TF1
7727m01
777777TF2
tUllllvl
772613TF2
7271I8IFI
7721IBTF2
777134TFI
777134TF2
777S41TF2
TIC
07H5
11-70
11-22
70-20
01-43
11-14
70-55
07-36
70-55
11-24
70-45
07-42
08-76
08=50
11-16
08>22
70.13
07-35
18.18
1107
04-73
04-23
08.45
11-10
04-03
11-20
00-34
DATE TIK DATE
07-10-1187 17-49 07-10-1187
07-12-1987 04-70 07-13-1107
07-13-1187 08-47 07-14-1167
07-10-1987 01-40 07-19-1187
07-19-1187 17-39 07-19-1167
08=75
10-20
17=34
10-70
0877
07-40
17-43
14-11
14:04
08:27
14-13
07-37
17.55
04-14
04=14
16-31
14-31
14-10
04.03
14-00
00:34
14-12
ZONEI
HOURS 10
10 LIVING
11 LIV/BEO
13 LIVING
13 LIVINE
6 LIVING
13 LIV/BEO
13 LIV/KIT
10 LIV/KIT
13 LIV/KIT
13 LIV/BEO
11 LIV/KIT
10 LIV/KIT
8 LIV/BED
7 LIV/KIT
13 LIV/KIT
8 LIV/KIT
II LIV/KIT
10 LIV/KIT
11 LIV/KIT
II LIV/KIT
10 LIV/KIT
10 LIV/KIT
7 LIV/KIT
II LIV/KIT
10 LIV/KIT
13 LIV/KIT
8 LIV/KIT
r/ ZONE 2
TRACES
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
gcPDCH
PKH
ttPDCH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
PKH
VOUIC
90
104
77
SI
SI
144
276
187
296
124
IS2
152
124
98
145
255
322
322
95
95
95
95
249
112
112
224
224
(ATE
7674
4101
3176
78S9
3153
5315
8724
8164
8774
4113
7510
7111
4406
7877
7016
6751
6703
5131
6334
6331
6472
6472
7039
7841
7111
7641
7674
Cll
14.4
76.3
37.9
71.9
17.4
58.5
43.5
734
40.4
14
39.2
14.6
11.9
70.2
70.7
0.7
45.1
41.6
22.2
21.4
12.6
12.9
1.9
47
35.S
24
12.3
C2I 10
9.4 BEDROOM
IS.I KITOCN
43.7 KIT/BED
14.3 BEDROOM
14.1 BEDROOn
31.3 KITCHEN
17.4 BEDROOM
6.1 BEDROOM
16.7 BEDROOM
9.2KITOCN
11. 1 BEDROOM
S.5 BEDROOM
1
.5 KITCHEN
.2 BEDROOM
.6 BEDROOM
.5 BEDROOM
.4 BEDROOM
.7 BEDROON
.4 BEDROON
.4 BEDROOM
.6 BEDROOM
.7 BEDROOM
.9 BEDROOM
.9 BEDROOM
.9 BEDROOM
.3 BEDROOM
.5 BEDROON
TRACE!
DtPOCH
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
OtPOCH
ecPOCH
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
ocPOCH
PKP
PKP
PKP
PKP
VOUIC (ATE
62
41
146
44
44
35
230
75
230
27
126
128
27
127
192
62
273
273
74
74
74
74
44
69
69
103
103
7684
3737
4329
3815
4705
4371
4703
11SO
67D3
3171
3579
3427
3737
3381
4049
3815
5362
5347
2743
2713
2802
2602
3319
2802
2570
2802
2602
C12
6.
24.
23.
14.
i.
4
7.
21.
8.
9.
20.
U.
10.
6.
U.
7.
27.
12.
6.
7.
3.
3.
1.
24.
12.
2.4
7
02 INFU-I BBMLT-l IIFIL-2 EVILT-2 111
14.4
22.S
27
32.4
6.9
102.7
34.3
9.7
30.4
14.3
17.2
17.1
10.3
S.4
11.7
4.3
13.9
8.7
4
4.2
3.5
3.4
13.9
24.4
22.8
3.6
4.7
105.1
111.8
367.1
103.
-411.
84.
100.
291.
124.
ITS.
102.
373.
279.
125.
112.
456.
121.
77.
-41.
-15.
174.
126.
3555.
77.
164.
134.
S14.7
146.4
8.1
114.2
72.7
117.8
76.1
167.7
311
181.7
271.4
175.3
370.7
201.9
111.4
143.5
45.9
-111
•56.2
116.8
116.7
347.8
315.4
3161.8
61.9
170.9
266.4
348.4
121 .S
57.1
-277.4
S4.6
676
U
177
45.1
150.8
164.3
150.4
77.4
138.2
541.2
284
444.7
181
516.5
710.7
441.9
711.1
771.2
93.1
65.9
76.8
705.8
314.1
78.2
140.8
-24.S
87.4
223.9
16.9
100.2
-46.4
15.7
130.3
127.*
60.4
215.8
467.4
253.1
677.4
413.8
450
SS7.4
571.8
S37.8
$54.7
-313.S
73.8
90.7
S73.S
487.4
241.9
342.1
-584.5
164.4
711.4
121
207.8
814.4
223.9
494.6
787
553.
1033.
S4Z.
336.
2430.
141
170.7
477.6
4S3.4
438.4
444
4134.3
140
117.2
347.9
766.6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
no me AH Dowa MM (row OLIFOWM - aim nrn
AM
2.4J
l!o4
-7.43
3.47
13.17
0.04
0.7
4.34
0.74
3.11
1.1
3.43
^ ••J*
T 5.74
IN» 7.32
*° 1.55
OS
0.53
4.53
48
4.75
4.83
14.42
1.75
1.01
1.55
3.42
012
13.5
331.1
-700.7
III. 7
510.8
44.1
30.1
473.5
47.2
245.4
143.7
IB2.S
831.1
342.1
113.3
2372.7
271.1
227
311. 1
334.1
770.6
300.7
I72.S
50.1
41.2
71.4
410.S
Bl B2
134.1 215
230.4 311.2
440.4 -173.1
81 140.5
1122.1 1314.0
34.1 55.1
107 215.1
515 440.4
17.3 113
311.5 441.7
184.1 314.3
171.5 757.7
754.3 170.1
434.7 104.1
774.2 477.3
1700.1 28S7.5
31.1 453
13.5 713.5
447.2 1071.0
441 776. 0
443.1 IODI.7
517.2 1071.1
571.1 245.7
67.2 134
27.3 110
211.8 785.3
250.1 732.7
TOTAL
AOB RATE
3.41 274.6
7.74 140.7
-6.57 87.7
3.07 140.2
30 1 414.7
1.42 15
0.14 277.1
4.77 314.6
0.84 277.4
14.55 357.6
7.44 7S7.7
7.03 451. 1
35.71 417.7
4.70 446.8
7.40 374.5
34.74 773.3
1.44 302.1
2.72 513.0
13.47 441.3
13.17 444.5
13.71 805.4
11.13 700.1
4 07 3440.3
1.54 143.7
1.33 741.7
7.44 041.1
7.13 831
STNCARO DEVIATION
AtHT VOL1 SOUKC1
1.41
0.73
0.31
1.7
4.41
0.53
0.53
1.37
0.53
2.30
0.1
1.61
2.76
2.14
1.10
2.74
O.SI
1
3.13
3.71
5.2
5.70
12.44
0.82
1.3
2.50
2.54
10
10
10
10
to
10
10
10
10
10
to
10
10
10
10
10
to
10
10
10
10
10
to
10
10
10
10
1.41
— >
Ml
1.44
7.53
3.71
2.11
1.24
585
4.35
2.34
4.04
1.4
3.72
1.48
1.17
2.02
2.07
0.07
4.51
4.18
2.77
2.14
1.28
1.21
1.11
3.55
2.4
1.23
14.31
C2I VOL2 SOWCK
0.14
0.70
4.37
1.43
l.4t
3.13
1.74
0.41
1.47
0.12
I.II
0.55
075
0.47
0.70
0.35
0.34
0.47
0.44
0.44
0.74
0.77
1.11
0.71
0.23
0.15
2.1
10
10
10
10
10
10
to
10
10
10
to
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
• 10
10
10
to
(12
043
241
0.34
1.45
0.40
4.7
0.77
2.12
001
075
2.04
1.10
1.07
0.81
1.14
0.73
7.71
1.77
0.48
0.72
0.37
0.36
7.72
1.74
0.74
0.7
10.15
C77 HFILTI WIITI IITILT2 BFILT2 Rll ADM 112 Bl B2
1.44 23 335 21.1 31.8 47.4 0.41 23.4 34.4 37.7
2.75 73.1 46.3 74.6 63.1 777.7 1.24 231.7 151.5 181.2
2.5 315.1 110.7 343 707.4 473.1 8.53 740.2 102.8 1124.1
3.74 11.7 76.7 16.1 73.6 34.5 0.7 21.0 21.6 3I.S
0.87 200.6 107.7 707.2 217.4 773 5.4 240.4 S37.S 516.4
10.77 14.3 14.0 4.1 0.4 21.2 0.15 11.3 1.3 1.8
3.43 70.3 78.4 24.5 30.1 31.1 0.11 8.2 23 32.2
0.17 07.4 110.7 53 108 277.5 1.51 185.1 275.7 160.8
3.81 77.3 30.6 22.0 27.1 33.6 0.12 1.1 21 21
1.43 <4.l 70.1 42.4 48.S ID7.B 0.01 00.5 16.1 10
1.72 27.1 41.2 30.1 45.2 Sfl.l 0.31 44.5 53.1 63.2
1.71 42.1 77 26 40 14.8 0.65 45.1 44.4 44.5
1.03 100.1 147.1 14.5 151.1 470.2 3.47 417.4 370.7 374.3
0.54 50.4 03 100 177.1 108.5 1.15 77.4 117.1 174.5
1.17 32.4 48.1 50.8 46.4 41 0.44 50.3 50.3 84.5
0.43 270.0 471.4 241.3 400.4 1202 4.73 1411.3 1147.1 1400.5
1.31 17.1 53.S 44.1 47 25.2 0.00 41.7 8.1 71
0.87 14.4 44.4 83.2 107.1 27.3 0.01 57.4 21.7 111
0.4 61.7 44.5 133.2 145 85.7 0.13 80.1 132.8 204.6
0.42 47.5 71.1 176.4 147.4 13.7 1.01 17.4 135.4 205.1
0.35 45.4 07.1 117.2 138.2 107.2 1.18 70.5 112.4 148.2
0.34 71.1 87.3 178.3 148.4 1IB.3 1.72 74.1 177.4 183
2.87 17.2 70.5 17.8 28.3 41.4 0.76 50.3 43.7 SI.7
2.20 24.1 28.5 12.3 15.7 30.8 0.21 8.5 5.7 17.1
0.38 34.1 44.4 103.4 104.7 SI 0.24 14.7 44.S IIS.l
0.47 84.8 108.7 70.2 100.1 125.2 0.58 18.1 51.1 111.7
4.37 S.S 7.4 S.3 7.7 8.3 0.12 8.2 3.1 1.2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
KB W€ Ml OOWCE OWfi (IBM ULIFORNU • SUfd IM7I
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</pre><hr><pre>
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</pre><hr><pre>
-------
FOOTNOTE TABLE FOR AIR EXCHANGE DATA (TEAM CALIFORNIA - SUNNER SEASON)
i
ui
en
1. Calculated correctly using • thru iont division.
4. Original three tone calculation not correct. Recalculated at • tio
tone diviiion for determining air exchange data.
S. Calculated correctly ai a tm font diviiion.
A. Air exchange data not calculated.
8. TKii hoie HI an avartient. Reieiber that air infiltration into
aprtienti MX coie troi both outside and other apartunts. Theretoroi a
pollutant source My be In another hoie and sourci strength calculations ny
be unreliable.
9. HISSING DATA ENTRY EXPLANATION
A. Respondent no. 7225&-1 MS saipled at the MM tiie in the saie hoie
as respondent no. 72252-0. Only one air exchange aeatureient us
performed at each tiie period. For data uhich applies to 72256-1 please set data for
722S20TF1 and 7Z2S20TF2.
B. Respndent no. 72279-3 MS saipled at the sue tiie in the saie hoie
as respondent no. 72278-5. Only one air exchange wasureient MS
perfontd at each tiie period. For data iMch applies to 72279-3 pleiie ice the data for
72278STF1 and 7Z2785TF2.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX H
Chromatograms from Portable GC
H-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
ARKA*.
RT
0.33
0.2')
0.5:.
0.73
0 7G
AREA TYPK
2484900 PV
200" GOO VH
3254500 PK
4.<764t-07 »SHH
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AK.'HT
0.072
0.132
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0.30L'
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4.cr.s
0.745
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83.SOI
Figure H-1.50 yL benzene •» 50 yL trichloroethylene; gain
integrator atten. - 6.
50;
H-2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
AHA TYPE Ak/HT
0.14
23M66B Vt i
E SC15t*87 *K: 0.673
Figure H-2. 50 wL trlchloroethylene; E»in • 50; integrator atten. • 8
H-3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
in
(vGl
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Figure H-3. 1000 yt zero air-can *1; gain • 50; inteerator atten. - 8.
H-4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
r*"!
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Figure H-4. 1000 ML *ero air-can f2; gain - 60; lnte£rator atten. • 8
H-5
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
si
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Figure H-5. House no. 1; participant no. 71276-0; root; adjacent to
attached garage; gain - 100; integrator atten. * 8.
PID: 210075041
H-6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
y
K\
6.61
6.13
6.23
6.33
6.44
6.55
1.37
et
1.71
1.75
£.£J
i
£.££
£.36
32551PD
TYPE AR/HT ARZft:;
SEH 6.666 1.415
SHH 6.6C4 6.C£3
SHH 6.631 6 677
SHH G.6c:6 6.481
SHH 6.677 6.45£
SHH 6.422 16 C2t
.7tS9E*07 SHH 6323 £
18£.3-3(10 DSHH 6.632 6
DSHH 6.643
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SHH « 189
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I5t5»e DStlH 6.644 6.£3i
9f1730 OSHH 6.623 6.145
643
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6. £51
i.sei
Figure H-6. Mouse no. 1; participant no. 71276-0; den; gain
inteerator atten • 6.
PID: 210075041
100;
H-7
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
AF.Eft'/.
R7
e oi
e 13
el 33
6.45
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12.117
193
136
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e cue
e.ett
e 001
o eifr
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Figure H-7. House no. 1; participant no. 71276-0; participant's bedrooir.;
gain - 100; integrator atten. - 8.
P1D: 110075041
H-8
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
r.
c.ei
O.KE
*.33
TfTfc AR/H1 AREA'/!
VEV
IVT-
2 C6?<E-»1'7 TPV e.420
1VL
41.703
4.
Figure H-8.
House no. 2; participant no. 71278-6; living roo«;
gain • 60; Integrator atten. • 8.
H-9
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
PRLA';
R1
e.ei
C.l£
*.£e
e.3t
e.si
2. 3f
AktA TYFE AK/HT
3i*ttxse itu c.ess
3322*0 D1BP e.6£«
1641^6 DIPS' e.W7
1J0310 BV B.641
3<3370 EE H.223
1.682
D.WP
6.73S
e.c?e
1 WS
Figure H-9. House no. 3; participant no. 71300-8; kitchen;
lain » 50; integrator alien. • 8.
H-10
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
e.
AKE-*
Rl APIA TYPE AR/HT
fc *I 3 336.JE*07 SEfc 6.433
0 1£ 34371D TBF e.e32
P £1 l^i't'j? IF'P 6.031
8.3S Z.319?£*Ci7 TPV (
3C
e tn
48 t
Figure H-10. Hou»e no. 4; participant no. 71273-7; living TOOK;
fain * 50; integrator attcn. • 8.
H-ll
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
AREA;:
e.ei
C 13
*.£!
C.32
1.2?
1.76
TYFt
7S-33SO T&V
1SHH
1VP
33^300 T^F
AF/HT
6.1M
O.e«
6.626
D.412
6.146
9.C6I
I.C'J?
e 19'/
77.133
fe.54f.
<.CH
Figure H-ll. House no. 4; participant no. 71273-7; bathroom
gain - 50; Integrator atten. - 8.
H-12
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
AFTA'/.
e.i?
&
ftkllA TfPL
<<4 :•.«?* sui; o«.e5i
, --- ' '-•••«
i tl
P. 347
e.t?e
6.191
S!M €.3777i>C;7 I5HH 6'.161 f*-^2
J.I9 ^elSciie It*' C».105
Figure H-12. House no. 5; participant no. 71272-9; kitchen;
gain • 50: Integrator atten. • 8.
PID: 2230)9069
H-13
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
e fci
e lc
8 £6
1 IS
ftflft TVIl
Mciioe SE«
f.?a?D TEt
7.2I«?3E«0? TiHH
TBF
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e.ese
t.63<J
« 197
e
P.
85' .
Figure H-13. House no. 6; participant no. 71272-9; bedroon
jaln • 50; Integrator «tten. • 8.
H-1A
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
e ei
6 1£
e
1
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23
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</pre><hr><pre>
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</pre><hr><pre>
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</pre><hr><pre>
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</pre><hr><pre>
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APPENDIX I
QA Activities - Winter Season
QA Systems Audit of Sample Collection
Proposed SOP Revisions
Systems Audit Checklist
Recomendations of Previous Audit Reports
</pre><hr><pre>
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TOTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (TEAM)
FOLLOW-UP STUDY IN CALIFORNIA
INTERIM REPORT
QA SYSTEMS AUDIT OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
D. 6/Sti\ith. RTI QA Off Jeer
'Date
</pre><hr><pre>
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1.0 Introduction
This interim report summarizes quality assurance (QA) activities for
the TEAM: Follow-up Study in California. The work is being performed for
the U.S. EPA and California Air Resources Board (CARB).
The purpose of this Interim report is to present an overview of QA
activities and to report on completed audit activities. The
responsibilities of the QA Officer include conducting periodic audits of
data collection and measurement systems (TEAM Follow-up Study in
California, Part III: Quality Assurance Project Plan). Specifically, the
activities are outlined below:
Systems Audits
Six major study components will be periodically audited by the RTI QA
Officer.
Sample design,
Survey operations,
Preparation of sampling materials/supplies,
Sample collection activities in the field,
Analytical measurement systems
Data entry and processing.
Performance Audits
Spiked Tenax cartridges, supplied by EKSL, EPA/RTP.
Spiked water samples, supplied by EMSL, EPA/RTP.
This report is an assessment of the field sampling based on a site
visii from February 11 to February 14, 1987, in the Los Angeles area. The
audit was based on RTI/ACS-SOP-812-001.
2.ft Background
The regular sampling activities in the greater Los Angeles area were
performed by two 2-person teams over a period of approximately 3 weeks
(Ft*'n; t-arv 6 to February 26). During this time, four different 2-person
•sainpJ i .g teams contributed to this effort. There was an overlap of one
«0ui; I.-' ? day between the arrival of one group and the departure of the
other In addition, a site administrator was in the field from February 3
to Fftbi iiary 2ft (two individuals with one day overlap), and one additional
chrmu.'. sample'! for eight days with the portable GC.
Fuld intciviewers enlisted candidate participants at selected
house jlds and relayed appointment schedules to the sampling teams A
total of 55 study subjects is projected in this phase of the project.
</pre><hr><pre>
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Field sampling equipment and other supplies were transported to the
site (RTI/ACS-SOP-340-001) for use in the collection of the following
samples:
Sample RTI/ACS-SOP No.
Breath 337-001 Revision 1-A
Personal Air 331-001 Revision 1-A
Fixed-Site Air (Outdoor) 331-002 Revision 1-A
Hater 322-001
Pump Calibration* 361-001
Fixed-Site Air (Indoor) 331-003 Tentative
Fixed-Site Air (Canister)
Air Exchange
*
For perosnal and fixed-site air (indoor and outdoor).
The materials were stored in the Workroom (RTI/ACS-SOP-431/432/437-001)
and transported to RTI (RTI/ACS-SOP-461/462/467-001) with the appropriate
chain-of-custody documentation (RTI/ACS-SOP-410-001-A).
A normal audit was conducted in the field according to RTI/ACS-SOP-812-
001. The objectives were to:
Establish adherence to SOPs;
Provide an objective assessment of overall quality of sample
collection;
Identify potential problem areas;
Evaluate mortifications which have been made to satisfy negative
findings from previous audits; and
Recommend or evaluate modifications in routine operations to
improve efficiency and/or performance quality of specific field
activities.
Above all. the focus is upon assessing the impact of all sample
collection activities on the quality of the data. The audit results are
presented in Lhe following section, based on the objectives stated above.
3.0 Adherence to SOPs
The SOPs shown in Table 1 are applicable to the field sampling effort.
Prior to field sampling it became apparent that certain SOP revisions were
necessary However, few of the modifications changed the nature of the
operation but were necessary to either achieve consistency among SOPs or to
</pre><hr><pre>
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TABLE 1. RTI/ACS-SOPS APPLICABLE TO FIELD SAMPLING
RTI/ACS-SOP No.
(Issue Date)
Responsible
Author
SOP Title
331-001, Rev. 1 (4/84) JTK
331-001-A (2/87) LCM
331-002, Rev. 1 (4/84) JTK
331-002-A (2/87) LCM
331-003 (Tentative) LCM
332-001, Rev. 1 (4/84) JTK
332-001-A (2/87) LCM
337-001, Rev. 1 (4/84) JTK
337-001-A (2/87) LCM
340-001 (12/83) JTK
350-001 (12/83) KWT
350-001-A (2/87) LCM
350-002 (12/83) JTK
350-002-A (2/87) LCM
361-001 (12/83) JTK
410-00] (12/83) PAB
410-001-A (2/87) PAB
431-001 (Air), Rev. 1 PAB
(4/84)
432-001 (Water), Rev. 1 PAB
437-001 (Breath). Rev. 1 PAB
461-001 (Air) (12/83) PAB
462-001 (Water) PAB
467-001 (Breath) PAB
861 002 (Air) (12/83) PAB
862-002 (Water) PAB
867-002 (Breath) PAB
Collection of Personal Air Samples
Collection of Fixed Site Air Samples
Collection of Indoor Fixed-Site Air
Samples
Collection of Water Samples
Collection of Breath Samples
Shipment of Field Sampling Equipment
Site Workroom Procedures and Rules
Maintenance and Use of the Van
Calibration of DuPont P-125A Constant
Flow Samples
Using Sampling Protocol/Chain-of-
Custody Sheets in the Field
Storage of Samples at the Field
Sampling Site
Shipment of Samples from the Field to RTI
Shipment of QC Samples to the Field
Sampling Site
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
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TABLE 1 (continued)
RTI/ACS-SOP No. Responsible
(Issue Date) Author SOP Title
861-003 (Air) (12/83) PAB Exposure of QC Samples
861-003-A (2/87) LCM
862-003 (Water) PAB
862-003-A (2/87) LCM
867-003 (Breath) PAB
867-003-A (2/87) LCM
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
reflect improvements or minor modifications to certain operations.
Appendix A describes the nature of each revision and presents
recommendations for revising or re-writing the SOPs affected.
The mechanism to make effective a needed change in a SOP is described
in a memo dated January 31, 1984, from the QA Office. It requires
processing a Proposed SOP Revision Form (RTI/ACS-84/10) with signatures
from the Task/Lab Manager, the RTI QA Officer, and the ACS Vice-President.
This action produces the SOP with the proposed revision(s) and is valid for
30 days. Within a 30-day period, the revision(s) must be formally
incorporated into the SOP or the revision(s) incorporated into a new SOP.
Otherwise, the proposed revisions are no longer effective and the original
SOP becomes the approved protocol. One new SOP was prepared (331-003) and
authorized; since co-signatures could not be obtained at that time, the
RTI/ACS-84/10 Form with attachments was issued by the QA Officer as a memo
authorization for implementing approved SOP modifications (see RTI/ACS-SOP-
100-001, Section 5.5).
The SOP changes brought about in this manner have the same validity and
permanence as described above.
Table 2 is a summary of adherence to SOPs which apply to sampling in
the fielJ. Overall, the field activities generally were carried out in
accordance t.o the SOPs. However, review of SOPs was begun ton late to be
effective for this study; they were not used at all during the audit trip.
4.0 Assessment of Overall Quality of Sample Collection
An on-site technical systems audit was conducted at the site to
evaluate the following subject area (QAPP):
Sample collection methods;
Sample preservation;
Sample storage;
Chain-of-Custody Forms;
Collection schedules;
Calibration of collection devices;
Work load;
Cash Incentive procedures;
Collection and management of survey Instruments:
Sample shipment to RTI; and
Specific pi obiem areas.
</pre><hr><pre>
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TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF ADHERENCE TO SOPs APPLICABLE TO FIELD SAMPLING
ACS/RTI-SOP-
Content
Adherence
340-001
350-002-A
861-002
862-002
867-002
350-001-A
361-001
410-001-A
331-001-A
Shipment of Held
sampling equipment
Use of van
Shipment of QA
samples to field
Site workroom
Calibration of DuPont
P-125 samplers
SP/COC sheets
Collection of personal
air
Not evaluated.
Not evaluated.
Not followed; should have been
reviewed before shipment to field.
Followed. with the following
exceptions: 2.2.1.3 and portions of
5.2.
Followed.
Generally followed; when problems
arose, SOP not consulted.
Generally followed; problems
referred to site administrator; SOP
not consulted.
33J-002-A
331-003
332-001-A
337-001-A
431-001
432-001
437 003
d6J -003-A
862-003-A
867-003-A
461-001
462-001
467-001
Collection of outdoor
fixed-site air
Collection of indoor
fixed-site air
Collection of water
samples
Collection of breath
Storage of sample at
site
Generally followed; problems
referred to site administrator; SOP
not consulted.
Generally followed; problems
referred to site administrator; SOP
not consulted.
Followed.
Generally followed. with the
following exception: 3.1.7.
Generally followed, with the
following exception: 3.2.3.3.
Exposure of QC samples Followed.
Shipment of samples
from the field
Followed.
</pre><hr><pre>
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TABLE 3. RECONCILIATION OF PREVIOUS AUDIT FINDINGS WITH REMEDIAL ACTION
Recommendation/Finding
Resolution
TEAM-California (1984)
1. More thorough training for
sampling personnel needed.
2. Chemist should have a copy of
the participant screening
questionnaire (PCF) during
appointment scheduling.
3. Need better Spanish version of
PCF.
Not implemented. If anything, need is
greater now.
Use of tear-out sheets appear to be
helping.
Need not evident.
4. Make dummy cartridge (breath)
distinguishable from sample
cartridge.
5. SOPs not useful as checklists
to ensure proper sequence of
steps.
6. Take steps to avoid cord pro-
blems on Nuterh pump.
7. Use clean-looking incentive
money.
8. Resolve difficulties with 24-
hour screener with survey
director.
9. Tubing too short on some
personal air samplers.
10. Problems keeping the 2 Nutech
pumps at same flowrate.
I'l DuPont sampler flowrate some-
f in""; 'ran away'.
12 'Breach ol confidentiality
nearly occuired.
SOP modified with steps to distinguish
dummy cartridge.
Unresolved; SOPs used primarily as a
reference by supervisory personnel; not
all reflect current procedures.
SOP modified with steps to prevent this
problem.
New $100 bills obtained before going to
field.
Modifications have improved administration
of 24-hour screener. Soire items still
ambiguous.
Modifications made in personal air
samplers; still a burden to participant.
Pumps thoroughly evaluated and
overhauled, if necessary, before being
sent to field. No problems noted.
More pumps 'ran away' this trip.
Problem unresolved.
Workplan included additional pre-
cautions to ensure confidentiality.
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
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TABLE 3 (continued)
Recommendation/Finding
Resolution
TEAM-HEAL (1985)
1. Participant found personal air
monitoring burdensome.
2. All necessary equipment not
always in the van.
3. Secure storage needed for
storage of Tenax to prevent
contamination.
See No. 9 above.
See No. 4 below.
A number of improvements have been made
in preparation and storage of Tenax.
Preliminary findings indicate possibility
of contamination has been reduced.
4. Sampling team members were
overburdened.
5. Activity log not well-adminis-
tered nor clear.
Still a serious problem in the field and
in the lab.
See No. 8 above.
</pre><hr><pre>
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The personnel in the field at the time of the audit included the site
administrator, two of the four 2-person sampling teams and the chemist
responsible for the portable GC. The specific experience for each
individual in previous TEAM or related field work is indicated below:
NJ: G'BORO NO INAIR CAL HEAL
Pre-
Pilot I II III 1984
Site Administrator: xxxx x x x x
Team A - Experienced: x X X
- Inexperienced
Team B - Experienced: x
- Inexperienced
Special - Portable GC: x
The Quality Assurance Audit Checklist to evaluate work areas is
Included as Appendix B. It is an interim report; it will be necessary to
interview all field personnel to complete the report.
5.0 Identification of Potential Problem Areas
It is a primary purpose of quality assurance efforts to anticipate and
resolve potential problems before the quality of performance is
compromised. Toward this goal, a QAPP was prepared as part of the work
plan for this study and distributed to task managers, meetings were
attended with the ACS project management staff commencing January 23, 1987,
to iliscuss the status of the study; the QA Officer was available for
consultation during the course of the study. Thus, many potential problems
were avoided.
However, some problems did arise during the study. Some have the
potential to affect the quality of the data. Therefore, steps must be
taken to resolve these problems in order to maintain acceptable performance
and data quality. These are discussed below:
Excessive work load. During the field audit, it was observed that
most of the staff worked at least 15 hours a day without a break,
sometimes not even for meals. This has a great potential for
adversely affecting operations.
</pre><hr><pre>
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Inadequate preparation of sampling equipment. Although there may
always be unanticipated equipment problems, much time was spent in
the field preparing equipment for use; most of this should have
been done before shipment to the field. Example: Canisters were
not weatherized, tiaers had to be programmed in the field, high
failure rate of DuPont pumps. On the other hand, Tenax was well-
prepared, spirometers presented no problems, fixed-site sampling
trains presented no problems.
Too many new protocols and techniques were scheduled for the
manpower and time available. Indoor fixed-site (Tenax), canister
sampling, air-exchange measurements, portable GC. and portable
computer were new to TEAK sampling, and in some cases, not field-
tested. In all cases, except Indoor fixed-site Tenax sampling and
use of portable GC, acceptable performance may not be achieved due
to lack of time and experience.
Staff experience. The training for field interviewers was clearly
inadequate. This made field sampling more difficult for the
chemists, and potentially limits the number of residences that
might be sampled. Most training of the chemists was done in the
field. This was not adequate, particularly for those operations
which do not have an SOP. A demonstration of proficiency before
going to the field should be required of all field sampling
personnel.
6.0 Resolution of Findings of Previous TEAM Audits
The QA final reports and QA systems audits of field sampling for TEAM-
CaJifornia (February. 1084) and TEAM-HEAL, RTF (June, 1985) were reviewed
as Uiey are the most recent and pertinent reports. The negative findings
and recommendations were reviewed and are included in Appendix C. A
si^iiinry of findings and recommendations and evaluation of remedial action
taV- •; is shottn in Table 3.
7.0 Kecommendaltons
7,i SOPs
The concensus of those who use and support the use of SOPs is that
idvances in method'.-'.ogy and new methodologies have made most, if not all.
TEAm SOPs inadequate. Before TEAM activities resume, time should be set
aside (approximately 2 weeks) to review format and re-write or revise SOPs.
</pre><hr><pre>
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7.2 Staff Training
ACS has a staff of experienced, capable analytical chemists for field
sampling and laboratory activities. This expertise was not effectively
transferred to inexperienced staff for this study. As has been noted
before, competency Bust be demonstrated before going to the field;
otherwise, the quality of sampling may suffer. The training of
Interviewers was inadequate. There is some reason to believe that more
training would not have helped in this case. The interviewer program used
for "An Investigation of Infiltration and Indoor Air Quality", New York
State EKDA, is the most effective system observed to date.
7.3 Work Load
The work load was clearly excessive in the field as well as in the
laboratory. The result in the field was fatigue, frustration, short-cuts,
and lost samples.
7.4 New Methodology
TEAM sampling has evolved over eight or so years, with modifications
and additions constantly being evaluated. This study included not only
modification and additions to 'standard' TEAM methods, but many new
assignments.
Canister sampling;
Air exchange measurements;
Indoor fixed-site (Tenax) measurements;
Use of portable GC; and
Use of portable computer, including new SP/COC forms.
This was too muc»? to attempt during this study. In particular,
canister sampling methodology was not ready for field evaluation; staff
wen- not prepared to implement air exchange protocol; and use of the
port.ih'e computer and new forms was not adequately tested before use in the
f <!?!<; The procedures used for the portable GC should be a model; the
prnl.1 •:•••: was dev'loped ind tested before it was included in the study, the
che-ii) : '.ising it .-MS trained and familiar with objectives, and the protocol
coii\<- :ie evaluated easily from the data acquired. The same is true for
induur fixed-site ;ampling (Tenax).
7.5 ' m'ormation
important information from completed studies does not always transfer
to tbtt next study. For this study, key people were not involved in the
</pre><hr><pre>
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study early enough to be as effective as possible. Reports, in particular
QA reports, have been Ineffective in having an impact on succeeding
studies. At the present time an ideal situation exists for effectively
transferring important study information. It is recommended that a de-
briefing of TEAN-Callfornia staff be held for the benefit of TEAM-Baltimore
staff, and so on.
</pre><hr><pre>
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PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Collection of Breath Samples
RTI/ACS-SOP-337-001, Revision 1
SOP Section(s) Revised:
2.0 Addition/Substitution of material items.
3.2.10 Addition of a CAUTION to prevent short circuit.
3.4.18 and subsequently, Eliminate references to use of methanol.
Figures 6 and 7, Protocol and COC, replaced with new form (Figure 6),
and subsequent figures re-numbered.
3.6 Addition/substitution of material itens.
4.0 and subsequently, change collection of a breath sample to collection
of three breath samples from each participant.
4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.32 Substitute use of Teflon tube for use of glass wool
plug on top of Tenax cartridge.
4.3.28, 4.3.29 Modify volume and rate of sampling.
Recommendation: Revise SOP to reflect current methodology.
</pre><hr><pre>
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PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Exposure of QC Samples
RTI/ACS-SOP-861-003
862-003
867-003
SOP Section(s) Revised:
Figures 2 and 3, Protocol and COC, replaced with new form (Figure 2),
and subsequent figures re-numbered. References in text corrected to
reflect new form.
5.0 References to controls from pern system and flash system deleted;
they are simply FC or LC.
6.0 References to field blanks for breath samples deleted; only
spirometer blanks collected. References to comtrols from perm system and
flash system deleted; they are somply FC or LC.
6.22 References to glass wool plug on top of Tenax cartridge deleted;
use of Teflon tube added.
Recommendation: Revise SOP to reflect current methodology.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Maintenance of the Van
RTI/ACS-SOP-350-002
SOP Sectlon(s) Revised:
Title: Change "Van" to "Sampling Vehicle"
Change "Van" to "Sampling Vehicle" throughout.
3.1 Modified Log Form substituted.
Recommendation: Allow Revision to expire; write new SOP for "sampling
vehicles".
</pre><hr><pre>
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PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Collection of Hater Samples
RTI/ACS-SOP-332-001, Revision 1
SOP Sectlon(s) Revised:
Figures 2 and 3, Protocol and COC, replaced with new form (Figure 2),
and subsequent figures re-numbered. References in text corrected to
reflect new form.
3.2 Delete references to bottled water.
Recommendation: Allow Revision to expire; Write new SOP for current
needs.
</pre><hr><pre>
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PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Site Workroom Procedures and Rules
RTI/ACS-SOP-350-001
SOP Sectlon(s) Revised:
2.2.5, 2.2.6. 3.1.1 Deletion of references to nethanol for cleaning of
splrometer mouthpieces, and substitution of the use of portable
sterl1Izer.
6.2.3 Deletion of section regarding shipment of weather data;
re-numbering subsequent sections.
2.2.11 Addition of section for portable computer and associated
equipment.
Recommendations: Write new SOP to reflect current usage.
</pre><hr><pre>
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PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Using Sampling Protocol/COC Sheets in the Field
RTI/ACS-SOP-410-001
SOP Sectlon(s) Revised:
Modify Figures and text throughout for new SP/COC forms generated by the
portable computer.
Extensive modifications to Sections dealing with Code for Samples -
3.1.2 and subsequent sections.
Addition of Sections describing use of the portable computer.
Recommendations: Allow Revisions to expire. Write 3 new SOPs:
1. Assignment of sample codes.
2. Use of SP/COC forms generated by the portable computer
3. Use of the portable computer
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Collection of Personal Air Samples
RTI/ACS-SOP-331-001, Revision 1
SOP Section(s) Revised:
3.2.1, 3.4 Modification of target sample volume.
3.3. 3.4 Substitute sections referring to glass wool plug on top of
cartridge with use of Teflon tubing.
3.1.2 Substitute portable computer-generated SP/COC forms; substitute
Figures 2 & 3 with new Figure 2 and re-number subsequent Figures.
Recommendations: Revise SOP to reflect current methodology.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Collection of Outdoor Fixed-Site Air Samples
RTI/ACS-SOP-331-002, Revision 1
SOP Sectlon(s) Revised:
Title: "Outdoor" added to title.
2.9 Thermometer added
3.0 Extensive revisions reflecting sampling approach, sampling schedule,
SP/COC forms, sampling volume, use of Teflon tubing instead of glass
wool on top of cartridge.
Recommendation: Allow Revisions to expire. Write new SOP to reflect
current methodology for outdoor fixed-site air sampling.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
PROPOSED SOP REVISIONS
Collection of Indoor Fixed-Site Air Samples
RTI/ACS-SOP-331-003
Recommendations: Hrite SOP reflecting current methodology for collecting
indoor air samples on Tenax.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
SYSTEMS AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR FIELD SAMPLE COLLECTION
1.0 INTERVIEWER APPOINTMENT SCHEDULE
I.I Are BOruing and afternoon/evening appointments scheduled with
sufficient time between sampling visits?
Many problems with schedules were noted during audit. Interviewers
appeared to have little understanding of what was expected of them.
1.2 Are entries legible and understandable?
Yes.
1.3 Are there incidences of inconsistency between the date and the day
of the week?
There were several instances of incorrect appointments on schedule.
Is there misuse (or nonuse) of the terms street, road, avenue,
etc.? For example, the entry "704 Maple" is not sufficient; the
entry "704 Maple St." is not useful if there is only a Maple Ave.
and/or Maple Road but DO Maple St.
No. Some mixups with addresses.
1.5 When dealing vitb, a nultifamily unit, is the description of
participants residence clear and sufficient?
Yes.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
1.6 In general, bow far ahead were sampling appointments Bade?
Varied from several days to a week.
1.7 Comment on specific deficiencies of the interviewer appointment
schedule and/or recommend measures which vould improve the manner
in which appointment scheduling is carried out.
The Interviewers were not prepared to properly schedule appointments.
A lot of time was spent by the site administrator and sampling team
members dealing with these problems.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
2.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION • GENERAL
2.1 Has the participant received from the interviewer • true under-
standing of the study and what is expected of bin/her?
In general, yes. Participants observed had participated in previous
TEAM studies.
2.2 Do sampling personnel arrive on time at the participant's residence?
Not always. Scheduling problems and sampling burden caused some
delays.
2.3 Are sampling personnel suitably dressed and do they interact with
participant in a professional manner?
For the most part, yes. Team members A2 and B2 Interacted with
participants particularly well.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
3.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS - AIR
3.1 Are air collections being performed according to the approved SOP?
Yes.
3.2 Comment on samples not collected due to pump failure; tubing
separated from pump, etc.
Excessive number of pump failures; one cartridge lost (broken)
while putting in Teflon tube. This is a problem with breath
samples- CaCO. raises height of cartridge in tube.
3.3 Are fixed air samples being positioned in resonable locations?
Yes.
Comment on treatment of quality control samples when scheduled
for exposure.
Field control and blank samples placed in paint can, transported
in van, and taken into house during visit without opening culture
tubes.
3-5 Identify specific deficiencies; recommend improvements.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
4.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS - BREATH
4.1 Are breath collections being performed according to the approved
SOP?
Yes.
4.2 Describe purging of exhale air bags prior to reuse.
Two purges in the workroom as soon as possible after use. then
fill with helium.
4.3 Indicate volume of nethanol maintained at study site, where the
solvent is being stored and verify that bottles containing this
material are clearly identified as such.
N/A. Portable sterilizer used in bathroom of workroom.
4.4 Comment on treatment of quality control samples when scheduled
for exposure.
Field control placed in paint can. transported in van to home
without opening culture tube.
4.5 Identify specific deficiencies; recommend improvements.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
5.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS - WATER
5.1 Are water collections being performed according to the approved
SOP?
yes.
5.2 Comment on time/amount of water run from tap before sample colleciton.
Not observed.
5.3 Comment on vapor space noted in samples.
None noted.
Is there a cooler for immediate chilling of sample?
yes.
5.5 Comment on treatment of quality control samples when scheduled for
exposure.
Field control and blank samples are placed in cooler, transported
In the van, taken into the house without opening bottles.
5.6 Identify specific deficiencies; recommend improvements.
None.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
6.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION
6.1 Breath collections: Is Drierite or some other drying agent placed
in botton of culture tubes?
Yes.
6.2 Water collections: Do vater collection bottles contain sodium
thiosulfate?
Yes.
6.3 Other collections:?
N/A
6.4 Comment on specific deficiencies of preservation methods and/or
recommend measure which would benefit these procedures.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
7.0 SAMPLE STORAGE
7.1 Describe Banner in which samples are stored in Workroom.
Air. Breath; Helium-purged Telar bag.
Refrigerator.
Other; N/A
7.2 Comment on specific deficiencies with regard to sample storage
and/or recommend measures which would benefit these procedures.
Comment on adherence to Sample Storage SOP.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
8.0 CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY FORMS
8.1 Review the completed chain-of-custody/sampling protocol fonts and
check for the following:
(a) legibility • 0K
(b) completeness • Some incomplete because of problems with
computer entry.
(c) QA entries - OK; forms actually checked three times. Large
number of errors detected in each check.
(d) consistency (e.g., sample volume values on front and back of
sheet) - OK, except for breath (error in program) and problems
trying to enter "9" flow.
8.2 Comment on specific deficiencies in implementation of cbain-of-
custody procedures and/or recommend measures which would benefit
this phase of the study. Comment on adherence to chain-of-custody
SOP.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
9.0 SAMPLING SCHEDULE
9.1 Are the sampling schedules being followed?
yes, with a fev exceptions;.
9.2 What extenuating circumstances have caused a variance vitb the
sampling schedule?
Conflict with participant schedule. Excessive burden on one team.
9.3 When necessary, are the modifications in the sampling schedule
explained and documented?
Yes.
Comment on specific deficiencies of the sampling schedule and/or
recommend measures which would benefit this scheme.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
10.0 CALIBRATION OF COLLECTION DEVICES
10.1 Air Collections:
When/where are the personnel air pumps calibrated?
In workroom before leaving or in participant's home.
How many individual calibration determinations are averaged to
give rate reported on Sampling Protocol form?
Three.
10.2 Breath Collections:
When were Nu-Tech pumps last calibrated?
10.3 Other Collections:
10.4 Comment on specific deficiencies of calibration procedures and/or
recommend measures which would benefit this operation. Comment
on adherence to Calibration SOPs.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
11.0 WORK LOAD
11.1 Is work load being distributed fairly among campling teams?
Yes.
11.2 Comment on whether work load tends to be (a) too excessive;
potential of compromising QC and sampling methodology, (b) as
projected; reasonable balance between sampling activity and free
time, and (c) too slow; evidence of idle time and unexpected
efficiencies in sampling effort.
Workload Is very excessive.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
12.0 CASH INCENTIVE PROCEDURES
12.1 Are sufficient funds on band for the projected amount of cash
incentive needed?
Yes.
12.2 Where are funds maintained?
In hotel safe deposit box.
12.3 What is the mechanism for withdrawal of incentive cash? Be specific.
Box requires key to open; signature also required.
Is there a person responsible for the maintenance of incentive
funds and for providing other sample collection teams with
necessary cash incentives? Identify this person.
Yes, site administrator.
12.5 Are the receipt copies for funds dispersed being maintained in an
orderly fashion, and are periodic balance checks being made against
these receipts?
Yes.
12.6 Comments on any part of the cash incentive procedure which is de-
ficient, and/or recommend measures which should benefit the overall
incentive protocol:
None.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
13.0 COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
13.1 List documents picked up by sampling team during initial visit
to participant. Describe Banner in which these documents are
stored in the Workroom, the node of shipment to RTI, and their
fate on arrival at RTI.
13.2 List documents generated as a result of sampling team activity.
Describe Banner in which these documents are stored in the Workroom,
the mode of shipment to RTI, and their fate on arrival at RTI.
13.3 Comment on specific deficiencies of the survey instrument procedure,
and/or recommend measures to benefit same.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
14.0 SAMPLE SHIPMENT TO RTI
14.1 Describe the Banner in vbicb samples are packaged (use of bubble-
wrap or otber packaging materials or containers).
Air, Breath; Sponge
Water: Not observed
Other; Not observed
14.2 Describe means for chilling/freezing samplings during transit.
Air Breath; None
Water; Cold packs
Other; None
14.3 Describe shipping containers.
Air, Breath: Trunks
Vater: Not observed
Other; Not observed
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
24.4 How are camples being shipped back to FTI, and what is the expected
tine of transit? Mention carrier.
Air. Breath; Federal Express, P-l
Water; Not observed
Other; Not observed
14.5 Comment on specific deficiencies of the sample shipment procedures
and/or recommend measures which would benefit the overall sample
shipment protocol. Comment on adherence to Sample Shipment SOP.
Sample shipments were made and received during audit visit.
Federal Express office was close, shipping went well and was
well-managed.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
15.0 MISCELLANEOUS
15.1 Indicate my unexpected problems or observations noted in any
phase of the study.
1. Interviewers not providing required participants and appointments,
at least initially.
2. Sampling burden was severe. Sampling staff taking short-cuts,
falling asleep because of work load and long hours.
3. Large number of technical problems occurred during audit visit -
pump failures, broken cable on portable GC, timer problems for
canister samplers.
(continued at bottom of page)
15.2 Indicate overall assessment of sample colleciton activity.
Sampling went well considering problems encountered and burden on staff.
15.3 Does field staff have Dames of local authorities in the event of
an accident or emergency (e.g., local health official)?
Not posted.
(continued from 15.1)
4. Sampling schedule not complete; not enough questionnaires.
5. Problems keeping track of CATS and emitters.
6. Large number of problems with portable computer generated forms.
Contained errors; were not quite correct; required 3 separate QA
steps.
7. Site administrator needed car on several occasions - none available.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TEAM-CALIFORNIA
Recommendations;
A list of recommendations for implementation in further work is given
below.
(1) A Bore thorough training session should be conducted for
inexperienced sampling personnel before they are sent to the field. A
minimum amount of skill should be demonstrated before the novice is allowed
to sample at the site. For example, the Individual should be able to
assemble and disassemble a personal air sampler, to confidently administer
the 24-hour exposure screener, to set up the spirometer for a breath
collection, and to demonstrate awareness about he sample chain-of-custody
procedures. The use of SOPs should be helpful in this effort.
(2) It would be helpful for the chemist to have a copy of the
participant screening questionnaire during appointment scheduling.
Potential problems due to errors in transcription during the telecon may be
eliminated by checking interviewer data against this form. It also gives
the sample collector an additional edge when visiting the participant for
the first time, particularly in a complex family setting. In the event of
a gross misunderstanding, it eliminates the possibility of sampling the
wrong household member.
(3) The Participant Consent Form (PCF) for Spanish-speaking
participants who do not understand English should be written in Spanish.
There was a Spanish version available for use in translating the PCF from
English to Spanish, but it was poorly written. The participant signs the
form written in English (without first-hand knowledge of what it says)
rather than a Spanish PCF which he/she understands. The Spanish
translation was signed and retained by the participant. The Spanish
document should be rearranged so that the signature is on the same page as
the text.
(4) By some means, make the dummy cartridge (through which one-half of
the sample is pumped) more distinguishable from the sample cartridge.
(5) Although the SOPs are excellent reference documents, many are not
useful as a checklist to ensure that the proper sequence of steps are
followed and that nothing has been omitted. Such checklists should be
generated. This would be particularly important for helping inexperienced
sampling personnel.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
(6) The circumstances which lead to the burned out Nutech cord should
be investigated and precautions taken so it never happens again.
(7) A point should be made to use incentive money which has not been
circulated or is reasonably clean-looking. The image of the study an the
field personnel (not to mention RTI) can easily be influenced by such a
practice.
(8) Before the next sampling trip, it is suggested that the Survey
Director (H. Zelon) meet with field personnel to discuss the 24-hour
exposure screener and to resolve some of the difficulties experienced
during its administration.
Findings
Prior to the actual sampling period, the Nutech cords on one pump were
re-attached incorrectly with the result that one cord overheated and
burned.
Spanish translation of Participant Consent Form is poor.
Tubing on at least one personal air sampler was too short. This cat ---d
the tubing (between the filter and cartridge) to buckle when positioned
normally in the vest.
The Jower glass joint used on at least one cartridge assembly was
larger in diameter than the others and caused difficulty in tightening.
Keeping the two Nutech pumps, which are positioned in parallel, at the
samn flowrate (1.0 L/min) requires setting the back pressure at
slightly different -'alues between 5 and 7 inches Hg.
Two J^oidences were noted where the DuPont sampler flowrate Increased
by 30 to 50% over the collection period.
Difficulty was observed in the interpretation of certain questions in
thi? 24-hour exposure screener.
plan, to allow TV coverage of the breath collection at participant's
rcsl^nce was • insidered, scheduled, but the event never materialized.
Plan.;, were con.->-^red to accompany personnel from the California Air
Resor-rce Board (' ARE) to selected participant houses so that they nay
pl-tcr> air sampler*, next to ours.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TEAM-HEAL (19B5)
Findings;
1. Air sampling went well; participant had problems with pump; participant
also did not wear pump all day - too much of a burden. All necessary
equipment was not always in the van.
2. Tenax cartridges were stored in an area used for work other than HEALS
at times; the possibility exists for contamination under these
circumstances. Adequate work space dedicated to this work is necessary
to prevent possibility of contamination.
3. Sampling team members were overburdened.
4. Survey specialist should have looked over documents thoroughly before
leaving participant's home. Some items were unclear and a definitive
answer was not always provided.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX J
Sample Collection Schedules - Winter Season
J-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE J-2. SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE - WINTER SEASON - SUBSET HOMES
Participant
Code
Totals
Participant
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I-
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
20
AV
D Q QC F D
Set
Z
2 20
1 2
2D 2
2
2D 2
2
2
1 2
2
2 2 2 20 2
XV
Q QC F D
Set
3
3
3 3D
1 3
3
3
1 3
2D 3
3
3
2 2 30 3
IX
Q QC
Set
1
3D
1
1
3 3
\-
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
30
BR
D Q QC
Set
1
1
3D
1
3D
333
F D
6
6
6
6
6 6
6
6
6
6
6
60 6
AEx
BQC CQC
1
1
1
1
1
3 2
CN
F D
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
40
O.L
Set
1
1
2
Matrix Type
AV • Personal Air
XV = Fixed-Site, Outdoor (Tenax)
IX = Fixed-Site, Indoor (Tenax)
BR = Breath
AEx = A1r Exchange
CN = Canister
Sample Type
F = Field Sample
D = Duplicate
"D" 1n this column Indicates collection on cartridges containing deuterated compounds.
Q = Samples Scheduled for the QA Laboratory
"D" In this column Indicates collection on cartHdge(s) containing deuterated compounds.
QC Sets « A Field Blank Plus a Field Control
BQC = Field Blank
CQC = Field Control
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE J-l. SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE - REGULAR HOMES
Part. Part.
Code No.
F
AV
D Q QC
F
Set
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Totals
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
90
20
1
2D
1
1
2D
20
1
2D
2D
1
20
20 1
20 1
20
10 10 6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
90
XV IX
0 Q QC F 0 Q
Set
3
1 3
20 3
3
20 3
3 3D
3
3 3D
20 1 3
3
3
20 3
3
3 3D
3
1 3 3D
2D 3
3
3
3
2D 3
3
1 3 3D
20 3
3
3 3D
3
3
3
2D 1 3
3
3
3 3D
3 3D
2D 3
3
1 3
3
2D 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
10 10 6 135 12 12
(continued)
J-2
QC
Set
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
9 135
BR
0 Q QC
Set
1
3D
1
3D
1
3D
1
3D
3D 1
3D 1
3D
1
3D
1
1
12 12 9
F
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
180
AEx
D BQC
1
1
1
4 1
1
1
4
1
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
16 15
CQC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE J-l. (concluded)
Matrix Type
AV = Personal A1r
XV * Fixed-Site, Outdoor (Tenax)
IX = Fixed-Site, Indoor (Tenax)
BR - Breath
AEx - A1r Exchange
Sample Type
F = Field Sample
D = Duplicate
"D" 1n this column indicates collection on cartridges containing
deuterated compounds.
Q = Samples Scheduled for the QA Laboratory
"D" in this column indicates collection on cartrldge(s) containing
deuterated compounds.
QC Set = A Field Blank Plus a Field Control
BQC = Field Blank
CQC = Field Control
J-3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE J-2. SAMPlb COLLECTION SCHEDULE - WINTER SEASON - SUBSET HOMES
Parttc-;w.-
Code
Totals
Participant
dumber
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
*"
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
20
AV
D Q QC 1- D
Set
2
2 2D
1 2
2D 2
2
2D 2
2
2
1 2
2
2 2 2 20 2
XV
Q QC F D
Set
3
3
3 3D
1 3
3
3
1 3
2D 3
3
3
2 2 30 3
IX
Q QC
Set
1
3D
1
1
3 3
F D
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3D
3
3
3
30 3
BR
Q QC
Set
1
1
1
3D
3 3
F D
6
6
6
6
6 6
6
6
6
6
6
60 6
AEx
BQC CQC
1
1
1
1
1
3 2
CN
F D
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
40
Set
1
1
2
Matrix Type
AV = Personal Air
XV = Fixed-Site, Outdoor (Tenax)
IX = Fixed-Site, Indoor (Tenax)
BR = Breath
AEx = Air Exchange
CN = Canister
Sample Type
F - Field Sample
D = Duplicate
"D" 1n this column Indicates collection on cartridges containing deuterated compounds.
Q = Samples Scheduled for the QA Laboratory
"D" In this column Indicates collection on cartrldge(s) containing deuterated compounds.
QC Sets = A Field Blank Plus a Field Control
BQC = Field Blank
CQC = Field Control
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE J-3. SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE - WATER
Participant
Code
Totals
Participant
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
_2
16
QC
D Q Sets Location
1 1
1 la
1 1
1 ia
^^^ ^^^ BWV^^^^^B
2 24 sets
QC Set = A blank plus a control.
Indicates QC set will be sent to the QA lab.
J-5
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX K
Quality Control Data - Winter Season
K-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-l. PERMEATION TUBE STABILITY - WINTER AND SUMMER SEASONS
Winter Season Summer Season
Compound
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachl oroethyl ene
Ethyl benzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dioxane
1,2-Dibromoethane
perfluorobenzene
Perfluorotoluene
Perfluorotoluene
Ratea
148
181
396
262
525
530
716
125
232
668
215
6447
3118
3368
%RSDb
0.4
2.7
1.2
0.5
5.4
0.4
9.3
2.3
0.3
7.0
3.1
6.3
7.1
8.1
Nc
2
3
2
2
3
3
5
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
Rate
148
181
399
264
480
538
528
124
230
412
209
7445
3618
3821
%RSD
1.5
5.9
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.8
1.5
0.2
1.8
1.0
0.5
2.0
3.3
1.6
N
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
aPermeat1on rate (ng/mln).
bPercent relative standard deviation.
CN = number of calibrations performed.
K-2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-2. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS
FINNIGAN 3300, DATABASE 1
February 26 - March 18, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, l-Tr1chl oroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trlchloroethylene
£-D1oxane
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl benzene
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
n-Nonane
o-Pinene
m-Dichlorobenzene
E-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
Llmonene
n-Undecane
n-Dortecane
m/z
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
57
166
91
91
104
91
57
136
146
146
57
136
57
57
Mean
1.029
.612
.758
.949
.638
.164
.246
.518
.167
.445
1.955
1.180
.656
1.230
.459
.046
1.093
.781
.563
.087
.635
.854
CVa
18.5
20.6
17.1
60.1
13.7
16.7
31.1
13.7
17.6
18.1
14.1
29.0
34.2
16.0
20.1
17.1
14.0
21.1
20.9
13.7
19.9
92.6
RRF
Out-of-Control Situations
3/4
3/11 3/13 3/16 3/17 3/18
3/17 3/18
2/27 3/3 3/6 3/9 3/11
3/12 3/13 3/16 3/17 3/18
2/27 3/4 3/6 3/9 3/10
3/11 3/12 3/13 3/16 3/17
3/18
2/27
2/26 2/27 3/6 3/9 3/11
3/12 3/13 3/16 3/17 3/18
2/26
2/27 3/6 3/11 3/12 3/13
3/16 3/17 3/18
3/17
2/27 3/9 3/17
2/27 3/6 3/9 3/17 3/18
3/6 3/17 3/18
2/27 3/6 3/9 3/12 3/17 3/18
3/6
3/3 3/6
Coefficient of variation; n=14.
K-3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-3. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS
FINNIGAN 3300, DATABASE 2
March 25 - May 13, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
l,2-D1chloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Trlchloroethylene
2-Dioxane
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachl oroethyl ene
Ethyl benzene
E-Xyl ene
Styrene
o-Xyl ene
n-Nonane
o-P1nene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p_-D1chlorobenzene
n-Decane
Limonene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
m/z
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
57
166
91
91
104
91
57
136
146
146
57
136
57
57
Mean
1.165
.911
.923
1.710
.753
.177
.219
.550
.240
.471
2.020
1.350
.874
1.355
.607
.050
1.108
.847
.671
.088
.838
.844
CVa
17.7
14.9
13.8
20.0
15.0
19.0
49.6
14.8
21.7
18.3
15.4
16.6
17.6
14.8
19.5
16.9
13.6
19.0
24.2
16.6
20.9
25.9
RRF
Out-of-Control Situations
4/24 4/27 4/28 5/1 5/5
5/11 5/13
4/14
4/6 4/16
4/27 4/28 5/5
4/24 4/27
4/14 5/6 5/8
3/30 3/31 4/14 4/24 4/27
4/28 4/29 5/1 5/6 5/13
3/31 4/16 5/6 5/8
3/30 3/31 4/16 4/27
5/1 5/6
3/30 3/31 4/15 4/24
4/27 4/28 5/1 5/6 5/13
3/31 4/15 4/16 4/24 4/27
4/28 5/1 5/6 5/13
4/14 4/15 4/24 4/29/4/30
5/1 5/4 5/7 5/13
3/31 4/14 4/15 4/27 4/30
5/1 5/5 5/7 5/13
4/29
3/31 4/14 4/16
3/31 4/6 4/24 4/27 4/28
4/29 4/30 5/1 5/13
3/30 3/31 4/8 4/14 4/15
4/23 4/24 4/27 4/28 4/30
5/1 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/12 5/13
3/31 4/14 4/15 4/22 4/23
4/24 4/27 4/28 4/29 5/4
5/11 5/12 5/13
3/30 4/14 4/15 4/22 4/24
4/27 4/28 5/1 5/5 5/7
5/8 5/12 5/13
aCoeffic1ent of Variation; n=29.
K-4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-4. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS
FINNIGAN 4021, DATABASE 1
February 23 - March 17, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Tri chloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Trichloroethylene
2-Dioxane
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl benzene
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
n-Nonane
a-Pinene
m-Dichlorobenzene
g-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
Limonene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
m/2
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
57
166
91
91
104
91
57
136
146
146
57
136
57
57
Mean
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
0
1
1
2
2
2
.458
.251
.878
.622
.574
.203
.232
.584
.965
.531
.943
.888
.366
.778
.050
.082
.209
.056
.497
.128
.542
.438
CVa
11
13
10
24
11
12
44
13
14
17
19
12
20
12
13
15
25
15
20
15
17
17
.5
.9
.2
.0
.4
.1
.2
.8
.7
.4
.6
.2
.6
.3
.5
.8
.3
.1
.5
.0
.6
.2
RRF
Out-of-Control
2/27
3/13
2/26
2/26
3/5
2/26
2/26
2/23
3/13
3/5
3/5
2/26
3/5
3/16
3/5
3/5
3/16
2/27
3/10
3/5
3/16
2/26
3/16
Situations
3/6 3/10 3/11
3/6
3/12
3/16
3/5
3/12 3/16
3/16
3/6 3/12
3/6 3/16
3/11
3/12
3/13 3/16
Coefficient of variation, n=14.
K-5
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-5. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS
FINNIGAN 4021, DATABASE 2
March 19 - April 27, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Tri chl oroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachlorlde
TMchloroethylene
p_-D1oxane
1,2-01 bromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
g-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
n-Nonane
o-P1nene
m-Dichlorobenzene
2-Dichlorobenzene
n-Decane
Umonene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
3/1
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
57
166
91
91
104
91
57
136
146
146
57
136
57
57
Mean
1.311
.906
.731
3.613
.501
.214
.156
.711
.994
.590
3.328
2.090
1.560
1.823
2.040
.090
1.253
1.037
2.478
.135
2.569
2.481
CVa
38.2
30.4
23.9
35.7
19.0
15.0
31. 5b
11.7
10.6
16.1
17.2
21.7
15.4
16.8
23.0
18.2
14.2
13.9
19.9
15.9
18. 2C
16. 1C
RRF
Out-of-Control Situations
4/7 4/8 4/9 4/10 4/16
4/17 4/23 4/27
4/13 4/23 4/27
3/31
4/1 4/7 4/8 4/10 4/13
4/16 4/23 4/27
3/30 4/1 4/14 4/23 4/27
3/31 4/1 4/13 4/23 4/27
4/23
4/1 4/23 4/27
3/31 4/1 4/13 4/23
3/31 4/1 4/23 4/27
4/14 4/23 4/27
4/14 4/23 4/27
4/23 4/27
3/30 3/31 4/13 4/14 4/15
4/16 4/17 4/23 4/27
4/23 4/27
4/23 4/27
3/30 4/1 4/13 4/16 4/23
4/27
4/23
Coefficient of variation; n=19.
bn=15.
cn=18.
K-6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-6. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 3300
February 26 - March 18, 1987
Date
2/26/87
2/27/87
3/3/87
3/4/87
3/5/87
3/6/87
3/9/87
3/10/87
3/11/87
3/12/87
3/13/87
3/16/87
3/17/87
3/18/87
Mean
SD
CV
236
58.4
53.7
54.5
54.2
55.8
59.8
55.4
57.9
53.5
56.2
53.4
54.0
57.5
56.5
55.8
2.0
3.5
217
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
186
,
68.6
66.3
67.2
69.8
66.2
64.7
68.5
66.4
65.4
66.6
63.5
66.0
64.3
64.6
66.3
1.7
2.6
m/z
167
Relative
17.2
17.7
17.8
19.2
17.4
16.4
17.2
16.8
17.6
17.0
16.7
18.1
16.5
16.3
17.3
.75
4.4
117
Abundance
44.7
42.9
45.6
51.9
42.5
41.8
44.2
44.7
44.4
43.5
44.3
48.4
41.0
41.5
44.4
2.8
6.2
93
16.0
14.8
15.1
17.6
14.6
13.2
14.6
14.5
13.9
13.8
14.4
15.5
13.6
13.2
14.6
1.1
7.8
79
7.6
7.3
7.3
8.4
7.0
6.3
6.8
7.0
6.8
6.6
7.0
7.8
6.4
6.4
7.0
.57
8.1
69
25.0
21.3
23.4
27.5
23.4
20.1
22.7
22.5
20.4
21.0
22.2
22.5
20.9
21.4
22.4
1.9
8.5
Historical Tolerances
Mean
Range
56
46-65
100
100
66
55-77
16
11-19
46
16
34-58 9-23
8
4-12
28
16-39
K-7
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-7. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 3300
March 25 - May 13, 1987
Date
3/25/87
3/26/87
3/27/87
3/30/87
3/31/87
4/6/87
4/7/87
4/8/87
4/9/87
4/10/87
4/13/87
4/14/87
4/15/87
4/16/87
4/22/87
4/23/87
4/24/87
4/27/87
4/28/87
4/29/87
4/30/87
5/1/87
5/4/87
5/5/87
5/6/87
5/7/87
5/8/87
5/11/87
5/12/87
5/13/87
Mean
SD
CV
236
53.0
53.1
55.4
53.1
54.0
43.0
44.4
45.8
46.4
44.5
44.0
46.3
43.5
47.6
44.4
44.3
45.8
43.9
44.1
44.0
45.1
46.4
47.4
45.1
49.8
47.8
48.4
45.9
48.3
44.8
47.0
3.4
7.3
217
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
186
,
72.5
73.1
71.5
74.5
73.7
75.8
76.2
75.5
77.0
78.7
77.4
76.8
76.5
79.2
76.4
77.5
78.4
79.4
78.1
79.6
77.4
77.8
77.4
79.2
76.0
75.6
76.4
77.9
79.2
78.2
76.8
2.0
2.7
m/z
167
Relative
19.7
19.8
19.1
20.2
20.4
22.4
21.9
21.4
21.4
22.6
22.8
20.9
22.1
22.9
21.7
21.7
22.4
22.8
21.7
21.9
21.5
21.3
20.9
21.6
20.9
20.8
21.2
22.7
21.9
22.2
21.5
0.96
4.5
117
93
79
69
Abundance
57.2
58.9
54.5
60.4
59.0
62.7
64.5
62.0
61.7
64.9
69.4
64.8
61.7
71.4
62.2
61.1
64.3
67.8
69.9
67.4
64.9
66.5
65.2
66.2
62.5
61.8
62.6
68.9
66.5
71.3
64.1
4.1
6.3
19.4
19.5
18.3
20.5
20.3
21.9
23.2
23.6
23.2
23.1
24.7
25.2
22.0
26.3
22.3
22.0
22.3
24.5
27.2
26.2
24.8
25.0
23.3
24.2
21.9
22.2
20.6
23.9
24.0
25.3
23.0
2.1
9.3
9.4
9.7
9.1
9.7
10.2
13.3
14.1
13.5
13.3
13.6
15.4
15.3
13.2
15.5
13.5
13.0
13.7
14.8
16.8
16.2
15.4
15.5
14.9
15.0
13.4
13.9
12.7
15.5
15.0
15.9
13.7
2.1
15.5
32.0
32.1
30.8
33.4
32.9
34.6
39.5
36.6
39.6
38.4
42.8
45.4
38.5
48.5
37.1
37.6
40.4
43.8
50.8
47.9
45.2
46.9
44.6
45.7
38.5
41.4
35.4
42.6
45.6
49.4
40.6
5.6
13.8
Historical Tolerances
Mean
Range
56
46-65
100
100
66
55-77
16
11-19
46
16
34-58 9-23
8
4-12
28
16-39
K-8
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-8. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 4021
February 23 - March 17, 1987
Date
2/23/87
2/24/87
2/25/87
2/26/87
2/27/87
3/2/87
3/3/87
3/5/87
3/6/87
3/10/87
3/11/87
3/12/87
3/13/87
3/16/87
Mean
SD
CV
236
64.3
66.5
67.8
64.9
68.4
66.7
65.4
67.6
68.6
60.3
64.1
65.0
64.3
63.9
65.6
2.2
3.3
217
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
186
,
55.0
55.0
55.0
55.7
54.8
55.5
54.7
56.2
56.3
58.6
56.1
55.9
55.5
56.6
55.8
1.0
1.7
m/z
167
Relative
12.2
12.9
11.8
12.2
11.8
12.1
11.9
12.0
12.0
14.0
12.4
12.0
12.3
12.8
12.3
0.6
4.6
117
Abundance
37.4
36.1
33.2
36.4
33.3
35.0
34.2
35.1
34.7
48.0
39.6
37.7
38.2
41.2
37.2
3.8
10.1
93
15.9
15.4
14.2
15.7
14.4
15.2
14.8
15.5
15.3
20.6
16.9
16.2
16.3
17.8
16.0
1.6
9.8
79
10.3
9.7
8.6
9.7
8.6
9.3
8.9
9.4
9.4
13.9
10.5
10.0
10.3
11.0
10.0
1.3
12.9
69
40.1
39.7
36.1
39.6
37.0
39.3
39.0
39.7
40.2
52.1
40.8
38.6
40.4
44.6
40.5
3.7
9.2
Historical Tolerances
Mean
Range
75
69-81
100
100
59
55-63
12
11-13
39
15
35-43 14-16
7
6-8
29
26-31
K-9
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-9. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 4021
March 19 - April 27, 1987
Date
236
217
186
m/z
167
117
93
79
69
% Relative Abundance
3/19/87
3/20/87
3/24/87
3/25/87
3/26/87
3/27/87
3/30/87
3/31/87
4/1/87
4/7/87
4/8/87
4/9/87
4/10/87
4/13/87
4/14/87
4/15/87
4/15/87
4/17/87
4/23/87
4/27/87
Mean
SD
CV
64.8
65.3
64.8
75.5
66.6
65.9
65.6
66.9
68.7
79.8
79.5
78.6
77.4
74.1
74.7
75.2
87.8
75.9
79.3
78.1
73.2
6.5
8.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
55.6
56.1
55.9
56.8
56.0
56.4
56.6
56.1
56.3
54.9
54.7
56.0
55.2
54.9
54.6
54.4
50.3
54.3
54.7
54.4
55.2
1.4
2.5
12.6
12.5
12.3
11.8
12.6
12.5
12.4
12.0
11.8
11.2
11.0
11.4
11.4
11.8
11.6
11.6
11.1
11.6
11.9
11.1
11.8
.52
4.4
Historical
Mean
Range
75
69-81
100
100
59
55-63
12
11-13
38.4
38.7
37.8
35.3
36.8
37.8
36.8
34.9
34.3
30.7
30.6
32.8
33.6
34.1
32.7
31.8
34.8
32.6
34.2
31.9
34.5
2.4
7.1
Tolerances
39
16.4
17.0
16.4
15.5
16.1
16.4
16.2
15.4
15.2
13.3
13.4
13.9
14.4
15.2
14.5
13.5
15.3
13.7
14.6
13.5
15.0
1.2
7.7
15
35-43 14-16
10.3
10.4
10.1
9.4
9.7
10.1
9.8
9.3
9.1
7.4
7.4
7.7
8.1
8.4
8.1
7.5
10.1
8.0
8.4
7.8
8.8
1.0
11.9
7
6-8
42.1
42.4
40.9
41.9
39.7
42.0
41.0
39.9
38.9
34.5
37.0
37.6
37.7
38.6
36.3
35.0
38.5
35.4
38.9
38.5
38.8
2.4
6.1
29
26-31
K-10
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-10. RESULTS OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHECKS3 -
FINNIGAN 3300
February 26 - March 18, 1987
Date
2/26/87
2/27/87
3/3/87
3/4/87
3/5/87
3/6/87
3/9/87
3/10/87
3/11/87
3/12/87
3/13/87
3/16/87
3/17/87
3/18/87
Mean
SD
CV
Target
SNC
48
26
42
78
62
77
38
78
58
90
64
53
49
46
58
17
30
MO
Rd
2.3
1.8
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
2.2
3.9
2.8
6.0
2.9
3.3
2.5
2.4
3.1
1.0
32
»
Acetophenone
79
52
112
77
96
95
93
46
73
63
44
52
62
82
73
20
28
<300
% PAFb
1 -Octanol
69
118
67
53
56
167
71
52
60
54
55
122
120
44
75
41
55
<250
5-Nonanone
89
77
110
118
56
59
80
40
37
107
110
98
61
76
80
26
32
<160
Acidity
.62
.60
NCe
NC
.73
.65
.70
.75
.82
.81
.88
.74
.69
.69
.72
.08
11
.6-1.3
Basicity
.74
.68
NC
NC
.82
.71
.80
.87
.89
.72
NC
.83
.74
.73
.78
.07
9
.6-1.3
aChecks discussed In QAPP.
"XPAF = % peak asymmetry factor.
<jSN - separation number.
GR - resolution.
eNC = not calculated.
K-ll
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-ll. RESULTS OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHECKS3 -
FINNIGAN 3300
March 25 - May 13, 1987
Date
3/25/87
3/26/87
3/27/87
3/30/87
3/31/87
4/6/87
4/7/87
4/8/87
4/9/87
4/10/87
4/13/87
4/14/87
4/15/87
4/16/87
4/22/87
4/23/87
4/24/87
4/27/87
4/28/87
4/29/87
4/30/87
5/1/8/
5/4/87
5/5/87
5/6/87
5/7/87
5/8/87
5/11/87
5/12/87
5/13/87
Mean
SD
CV
Tdvgat
SNC
52
46
65
57
36
52
47
52
54
75
73
62
73
46
58
80
75
73
58
74
61
64
63
74
80
70
90
70
82
78
64
13
20
,,0
Rd
NCe
2.4
3.3
3.2
1.6
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.6
3.2
NC
2.8
2.1
2.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.2
4.0
3.1
3.2
3.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
.5
18
»
Acetophenone
47
46
69
57
68
60
38
60
69
72
30
91
64
32
100
80
60
38
76
79
66
65
86
80
112
83
79
67
8b
70
64
25
39
<300
X PAF^
1 -Octanol
43
40
57
136
38
52
34
52
52
110
50
59
56
56
37
55
53
50
59
70
54
50
51
44
52
48
52
46
61
49
56
19
35
<250
5-Nonanone
107
106
107
97
107
39
61
107
115
52
86
32
91
100
60
53
104
96
103
51
105
90
88
55
65
37
21
79
108
94
79
30
38
<160
Acidity
.52
.54
.63
.77
.63
.67
.59
.59
.57
.69
.55
.53
.55
.41
.61
.70
.69
.72
.70
.61
.35
.29
.63
.49
.62
.38
.50
.45
.68
.46
.57
.12
20
.6-1.3
Basicity
NC
NC
.79
.96
.71
.71
.73
.79
.74
.82
.66
.73
.74
.56
.80
.97
.99
.87
.92
.85
.68
.58
.83
.78
.73
.67
.64
.69
.85
.68
.77
.11
24
.6-1.3
aChecks discussed In QAPP.
kfcPAF = % peak asymmetry factor.
CSN = separation nuir'-.er.
dR = resolution.
eNC = not calculated.
K-12
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-12. RESULTS OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHECK* -
FINNIGAN 4021
February 27 - March 17, 1987
Date
2/23/87
2/24/87
2/25/87
2/26/87
2/27/87
3/2/87
3/3/87
3/5/87
3/6/87
3/10/87
3/11/87
3/12/87
3/13/87
3/16/87
Mean
SD
CV
Target
SNC
85
56
86
90
56
68
84
84
84
84
84
85
56
84
78
12
16
>40
Rd
3.0
4.1
4.9
4.6
4.4
3.3
4.9
4.4
4.6
6.1
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.4
0.7
16
>1
Acetophenone
34
90
30
61
40
50
44
46
52
52
60
73
62
48
53
. 15
28
<300
% PAF&
1-Octanol
50
77
71
84
74
72
76
93
81
88
90
90
90
95
81
12
14
<250
5-Nonanone
42
41
68
76
79
76
54
87
56
93
85
86
68
64
70
16
23
<160
Acidity
.69
.62
.57
.56
.44
.46
.52
.54
.56
.46
.53
.48
.56
.46
.53
.07
13
.6-1.3
Basicity
.60
.63
.58
.67
.58
.48
.56
.60
.54
.44
.50
.48
.60
.43
.55
.07
13
.6-1.3
aChecks discussed in QAPP.
b%PAF = % peak asymmetry factor.
j-SN = separation number.
°R = resolution.
K-13
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-13. RESULTS OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHECKS3 -
FINNIGAN 4021
March 19 - April 27, 1987
Date
3/19/87
3/20/87
3/24/87
3/25/87
3/26/87
3/27/87
3/30/87
3/31/87
4/1/87
4/7/87
4/8/87
4/9/87
4/10/87
4/13/87
4/14/87
4/15/87
4/16/87
4/17/87
4/23/87
4/27/87
Mean
SD
CV
Target
»c
67
84
93
81
37
84
56
59
48
68
89
84
84
84
68
68
86
68
84
77
73
14
20
>40
Rd
4.5
4.2
3.0
4.5
3.8
4.4
4.5
4.2
4.4
4.8
4.5
4.5
4.9
4.3
4.7
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.8
2.8
4.3
.5
12
»
Acetophenone
52
54
63
46
62
41
64
56
48
45
39
NC
38
38
53
39
40
39
51
49
48
8
18
<300
% PAFb
1-Octanol
73
68
88
71
85
87
76
92
95
78
62
NC
92
61
70
58
76
45
83
60
75
13
18
<250
5-Nonanone
50
79
93
50
73
73
66
44
70
78
58
NC
73
56
54
40
64
59
61
62
63
13
20
<160
Acidity
.50
.51
.43
.55
.45
.41
.51
.54
.56
.56
.64
NC
.48
.56
.51
.59
.57
.51
.52
.50
.52
.05
10
.6-1.3
Basicity
.74
.62
.45
NCe
NC
NC
NC
.82
.64
.53
.75
NC
.54
.49
.61
.65
.62
.67
.54
.44
.61
.11
18
.6-1.3 .
aChecks discussed 1n QAPP.
"%PAF = % peak asymmetry factor.
CSN - separation number.
°R - resolution.
eNC ~ not calculated.
K-14
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-14. CALIBRATION DATA FOR WATER SAMPLE ANALYSIS - WINTER SEASON
Analyte
BromocMchloro-
methane
Level
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cone.
ng/mL
29.6
19.8
14.8
9.90
3.96
1.98
.99
.99
Response
1
1496
1108
813
539
212
126
63
63
(x 10-3) .
2
1288
991
837
563
324
118
80
80
Run Number:
3
1451
1088
830
546
245
130
57
57
Average
Response
1412
1062
827
549
260
125
67
67
Equation Coefficients:
CO = 5095
Cl = 62694
C2 = -506.9
.99933
Trichloro-
ethylene
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7.46
4.96
1.99
.994
.496
.248
.0994
.0496
14438
11757
5376
2487
1069
610
182
100
13490
9712
3734
1936
1073
537
179
80
21018
15513
5573
2615
1234
562
200
83
Equation Coefficients:
CO = -190182
Cl = 2882541
C2 = -87348
.99874
Dlbromochloro-
methane
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7.36
4.90
1.96
.980
.490
.244
.244
.244
7116
6185
2316
795
388
280
280
280
5999
4560
1821
660
271
218
218
218
7367
5723
1638
998
521
148
148
148
Equation Coefficients:
CO = -164954
Cl = 1208834
C2 = -33369
.99609
16315
12328
4894
2346
1237
590
187
88
6827
5218
1843
818
393
215
215
215
(continued)
K-15
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE K-14. (concluded)
Analyte
Bromoform
Level
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cone.
ng/mL
7.36
4.92
1.96
.982
.492
.246
.246
.246
Response
1
3172
3008
919
372
162
61
61
61
(x 10-3) _
2
3170
2029
708
274
130
44
44
44
Run Number:
3
3781
2600
730
309
131
49
49
49
Average
Response
3374
2546
786
318
141
51
51
51
Equation Coefficients:
CO = -134742
Cl = 568028
C2 = -11299
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7.54
5.04
2.02
1.01
.504
.252
.101
.0504
15760
14329
6123
2817
1329
657
167
103
Equation Coefficients:
CO = -286366
Cl = 3339537
C2 = -102275
Chlorobenzene
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7.48
4.98
1.99
.996
.498
.248
.248
.248
6715
5541
2000
883
435
214
214
214
Equation Coefficients:
CO = -176418
Cl = 1186081
C2 = -23966
.9940
16278
11380
4268
2135
1298
603
182
103
24666
17527
6726
2921
1395
650
179
96
.99846
6242
4583
1476
697
393
194
194
194
.99691
8832
6005
2190
773
421
176
176
176
18901
14412
5706
2624
1341
637
176
101
7265
5376
1888
784
416
195
195
195
K-16
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX L
QA Activities - Summer Season
QA Systems Audit of Sample Collection
L-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TOTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (TEAM)
FOLLOW-UP STUDY IN CALIFORNIA
INTERIM REPORT
QA SYSTEMS AUDIT OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
./3"
'Smith, RT1 QA Officer Date
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
1.0 Introduction
This report summarizes quality assurance (QA) activities for the TEAM:
Follow-up Study in California. Second Trip. The work is being performed
for the U.S. EPA and California Air Resources Board (CARB).
The purpose of this report is to present an overview of QA activities
and to report on completed audit activities. The responsibilities of the
QA Officer include conducting periodic audits of data collection and
measurement systems (TEAM Follow-up Study in California, Part III: Quality
Assurance Project Plan). Specifically, the activities are outlined below:
Systems Audits
Six major study components are to be periodically audited by the RTI QA
Officer.
Sample design,
Survey operations,
Preparation of sampling materials/supplies,
Sample collection activities in the field,
Analytical measurement systems
Data entry and processing.
Perforoance Audits
Spiked Tenax cartridges, supplied by EMSL, EPA/RTP.
This report is an assessment of the field sampling based on a site
visit from July 9 through July 11, 1987. in the Los Angeles area. The
audit was based on RTI/ACS-SOP-812-001.
2.0 Background
The regular sampling activities in the greater Los Angeles area were
performed by two 2-person teams and a special "air-exchange" team over a
period of approximately 2 weeks (July 8 to July 20). During this time,
several different 2-person sampling teams contributed to this effort. In
addition, a site administrator was in the field during set-up and sampling.
i ield interviewers enlisted candidate participants at selected
households and relayed appointment schedules to the sampling teams. A
totai of 44-45 study subjects is projected in this phase of the project.
Field sampling equipment and other supplies were transported to the
site (RTI/ACS-SOP-340-001) for use in the collection of the following
samples:
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
Sample RTI/ACS-SOP No.
Breath 337-001 Revision 2 Tentative
Personal Air 331-001 Revision 2 Tentative
Fixed-Site Air (Outdoor) 331-002 Revision 2 Tentative
Hater • 322-001 Revision 1 Tentative
Pump Calibration* 361-001 Revision 1 Tentative
Fixed-Site Air (Indoor) 331-003 Tentative
Fixed-Site Air (Canister)
Air Exchange
*For personal and fixed-site air (indoor and outdoor).
The materials were stored in the Workroom (RTI/ACS-SOP-43I/432/437-001)
and transported to RTI (RTI/ACS-SOP-461/462/467-001) with the appropriate
chain-of-custody documentation (RTI/ACS-SOP-410-001).
A normal audit was conducted in the field according to RTI/ACS-SOP-812-
001. The objectives were to:
Establish adherence to SOPs;
Provide an objective assessment of overall quality of sample
collection;
Identify potential problem areas:
Evaluate modifications which have been made to satisfy negative
findings from previous audits; and
Recommend or evaluate modifications in routine operations to
improve efficiency and/or performance quality of specific field
activities.
Above all. the focus is upon assessing the impact of all sample
collection activities on the quality of the data. The audit results are
presented in the following sections, based on the objectives stated above.
3.0 Adherence to SOPs
The SOPs shown in Table 1 are applicable to the field sampling effort.
Prior *o field sampling some SOP revisions were initiated. No revised SOPs
were reviewed prior to field sampling; therefore. SOPs in use in the field
are "tentative". Table 1 shows status of applicable RTl/ACS-SOPs.
Protocols were developed for air-exchange measurements and canister
sampling. Adherence to protocols was not followed as closely as SOPs
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
because (1) these methods are being evaluated, and (2) methodology for
canister sampling has undergone changes since the protocol was written.
Table 2 is a summary of adherence to SOPs which apply to sampling in
the field. Overall, the field activities generally were carried out in
accordance to the SOPs. The SOPs are present in the field, but do not
represent a primary reference.
4.0 Assessment of Overall Quality of Sample Collection
An on-site technical systems audit was conducted at the site to
evaluate the following subject areas (QAPP):
Sample collection methods;
Sample preservation;
Sample storage;
Chain-of-Custody Forms;
Collection schedules;
Calibration of collection devices;
Work load;
Cash incentive procedures;
Collection and management of survey instruments;
Sample shipment to RTI; and
Specific problem areas.
The personnel in the field at the time of the audit included the site
administrator, the four sampling team members and the chemist responsible
for the air exchange study. The specific experience for each individual in
previous TEAM or related field work is indicated below:
Site Administrator - Coordinator for February 1987, TEAM-California;
Coordinator for TEAM-HEAL; previous sampling
experience, TEAM
Team A - Coordinator for TEAM-Baltimore: previous sampling
experience TEAM and NYSERDA
- Sampling experience, TEAM
Team B - Sampling experience, TEAM
- Sampling experience. TEAM
Special - Sampling experience, TEAM and NYSERDA; air exchange
experience
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 1. RTI/ACS-SOPs APPLICABLE TO FIELD SAMPLING
RTI/ACS-SOP No.
(Issue Date)
331-001, Rev. 2
Tentative
331-002. Rev. 2
Tentative
331-003 (Tentative)
332-001, Rev. 2
Tentative
337-001, Rev. 2
Tentative
340-001 (12/83)
350-001 (12/83)«
350-002 (12/83)b
361-001, Rev. 1
Responsible
Author
JTK
LCM
JTK
LCM
LCM
JTK
MAM
JTK
SOC
JTK
KWT
JTK
JTK
SOP Title
Collection of Personal Air Samples
Collection of Outdoor Fixed-Site Air
Samples
Collection of Indoor Fixed-Site Air
Samples
Collection of Water Samples
Collection of Breath Samples
Shipment of Field Sampling Equipment
Site Workroom Procedures and Rules
Maintenance and Use of the Van
Calibration of DuPont P-125A Constant
Tentat ive
410-001 (12/83)a
PAB
PAB
431-001 (Air), Rev. 1
(4/84)
432-001 (Water), Rev. 1 PAB
437-001 (Breath). Rev. 1 PAB
461-001 (Air) (12/83) PAB
462-001 (Water) PAB
467-001 (Breath) PAB
801 -002 {Air) (12/83) PAB
862-002 (Water) PAB
867-002 (Breath) PAB
8C1-003 (Air) (12/a3)a PAB
862-003 (Water)9 PAB
367-003 (Breath)* PAB
Flow Samples
Using Sampling Protocol/Chain-of-Custody
Sheets in the Field
Storage of Samples at the Field
Sampling Site
Shipment of Samples from the Field to RTI
Shipment of QC Samples to the Field
Sampling Site
Exposure of QC Samples
aRevision recommended; applicable
bSOP may be dropped f-'om "Current
SOP no longer correct.
Use List."
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
Overall, the sample collection Mas proceeding Hell. This improved
situation can be attributed to several factors:
The participants were extremely cooperative. Some have
participated over the entire 3-year sampling effort in California.
The procedures now used by the survey operations staff and field
interviewers are much improved, and problems have been reduced
significantly.
All sampling team members have recent or extensive experience.
The work load is reasonable and distributed fairly evenly among
staff members.
Improved coordination with CARB has resulted in improved fixed-
site sample collection.
The Quality Assurance Audit Checklist to evaluate work areas is
included as Appendix A. It is not complete; some work areas were not
evaluated.
5.0 Identification of Potential Problem Areas
It is a primary purpose of quality assurance efforts to anticipate and
resolve potential problems before the quality of performance is
compromised Toward this goal, a QAPP was prepared as part of the work
plan for this study and distributed to task managers; meetings were
attended with the ACS project management staff to discuss the status of the
study, the QA Officer was available for consultation during the course of
the study; some data and reports were available from the most recent
studies Thus, many potential problems were avoided.
i'leVi sampling efforts, by their nature, involve intensive effort by
the staff, time and equipment constraints, and problem-solving as
situations arise. Overall, the field sampling went well, and no problems
or 'Jituations were observed which would adversely affect data quality. The
area-: which have the potential to affect data quality and some items of
n are outline below.
1 ParLicipants The field sampling staff was always cognizant of
the safet> and comfort of the participants. In some cases this
required extra effort and time.
2. Sample Har.alino. All field staff members took proper care of
samples an.,! sampling devices to ensure integrity of all samples.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
Work Load. The work hours mere long and intensive, but not
excessive. No major problems mere observed.
Training. All team members had sampling experience; this resulted
in fairly smooth operation. Minor problems arose because of
personnel switches among sampling teams and because several team
members had not been active in sampling recently. The field
interviewers appear to be well-trained, and the appointment
scheduling procedures were working well. Some minor scheduling
problems were observed - one incorrect address, consecutive
appointments to distant from one another, and some confusion about
first (air-exchange) appointments.
Preparation of Sampling Equipment/Supplies. Although there may
always be unanticipated equipment problems, one of the goals of
pre-sampling activities is to keep these problems to a minimum.
Overall, equipment was we11-prepared. There were some shortages
(Tenax, some spare parts).
Observers. In addition to the QA Officer, observers from CARB and
EPA were present for at least one full sampling day. Although
this is sometimes necessary and can be helpful to all parties, it
does place a burden on the field sampling staff both in time spent
and maintaining participant confidentiality.
Questionnaire. A short questionnaire was administered to the
participant during the last visit. There are some differences
among sampling staff members in the administration of the
questionnaire which affect the response. Also, the participants
seem to have difficulty with several questions, including judging
average daytime and nighttime temperatures.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF ADHERENCE TO SOPs APPLICABLE TO FIELD SAMPLING
ACS/RTI-SOP-
Content
Adherence
340-001
350-002
861-002
862-002
867-002
350-001
361-001
410-001
331-001
331-002
331-003
332-001
337-001
431-001
432-001
437-001
861-003-A
862-003-A
867-003-A
461-001
462-001
467-001
Shipment of field
sampling equipment
Use of van
Shipment of QC
samples to field
Site workroom
Not evaluated.
A
B
Followed, with exceptions.
Calibration of DuPont Followed.
P-125 samplers
SP/COC sheets
B
Collection of personal Followed
air C
Collection of outdoor Followed; partially evaluated.
fixed-site air
Collection of indoor
fixed-site air
Collection of water
samples
Collection of breath
Storage of sample at
site
Followed.
C
Not evaluated.
Followed; few exceptions
C
Followed.
Exposure of QC samples Followed.
Shipment of samples Followed.
from the field
A-SOr not currently in use.
B-SOP needs to be updated; current practices not reflected in SOP.
C-In practice, questions and problems were resolved by other sampling team
members, not by referring to SOP.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX A
SYSTEMS AUDIT CHECKLIST
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
SYSTEMS AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR FIELD SAMPLE COLLECTION
1.0 INTERVIEWER APPOINTMENT SCHEDULE
1.1 Are Doming and afternoon/evening appointments scheduled with
sufficient time between sampling visits?
For the most part, thpre were few scheduling problems;
occasionally appointments were too distant from one
another for the times scheduled.
1.2 Are entries legible and understandable?
Yes.
1.3 Are there incidences of inconsistency between the date and the day
of the week?
No.
Is there misuse (or nonuse) of the terns street, road, avenue,
etc.? For example, the entry "704 Maple" is not sufficient; the
entry "704 Maple St." is not useful if there is only a Maple Ave.
and/or Maple Road but no Maple St.
One instance of incorrect address.
1.5 When dealing with, a nultifamily unit, is the description of
participants residence clear and sufficient?
Yes.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
1.6 ID general, bow far ahead vere sampling appointment* Bade?
At least one week.
1.7 Comment on specific deficiencies of the interviewer appointment
schedule and/or recommend measures which would improve the manner
in which appointment scheduling is carried out.
Schedule was good; only minor problems. Some improvements could
be made, but overall, the system worked well.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
2.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION - GENERAL
2.1 Has the participant received from the interviewer a true under-
standing of the study and what is expected of him/her?
In general, yes. Participants observed had participated in previous
TEAM studies.
2.2 Do sampling personnel arrive on time at the participant's residence?
Yes.
2.3 Are sampling personnel suitably dressed and do they interact with
participant in a professional manner?
On some occasions, sampling team members couldn't answer all questions
a participant had due to time limitations.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
3.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS - AIR
3.1 Are air collections being performed according to the approved SOP?
Yes.
3.2 Comment on camples not collected due to pump failure; tubing
separated from pump, etc.
All samples observed collected - no losses.
3.3 Are fixed air samples being positioned in resonable locations?
Yes
3.4 Comment on treatment of quality control samples when scheduled
for exposure.
Field control and blank samples placed in paint can, transported
in van, and taken into house during visit without opening culture
tubes.
3.5 Identify specific deficiencies; recommend improvements.
None
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
4.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS - BREATH
4.1 Are breath collections being performed according to the approved
SOP?
Yes.
4.2 Describe purging of exhale air bags prior to reuse.
Purged in the workroom as soon as possible after use, then filled
with helium.
4.3 Indicate volume of methanol maintained at study site, where the
solvent is being stored and verify that bottles containing this
material are clearly identified as such.
N/A. Portable sterilizer used in bathroom of workroom.
4.4 Comment on treatment of quality control samples when scheduled
for exposure.
Field control placed in paint can, transported in van to home without
opening culture tube. Spirometer blank collected using spirometer
apparatus.
4.5 Identify specific deficiencies; recommend improvements.
No significant problems. Some older participants have problems
getting into and out of the van. Complete set of spare parts for
spirometer should be in van. Still difficult to reinsert Teflon
tube in culture tube after Drierite is added.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
5.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION METHODS - WATER
5.1 Are water collections being performed according to the approved
SOP?
Not observed.
5.2 Comment on tine/amount of water run from tap before sample colleciton.
Not observed.
5.3 Comment on vapor space noted in samples.
None noted.
5.6 Is there a cooler for immediate chilling of sample?
Yes.
5.5 Comment on treatment of quality control samples when scheduled for
exposure.
Field control and blank samples are placed in cooler, transported in
the van, taken into the house without opening bottles.
5.6 Identify specific deficiencies; recommend improvements.
None.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
6.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION
6.1 Breath collections: IB Drierite or some other drying agent placed
in bottom of culture tubes?
Yes.
6.2 Water collections: Do water collection bottles contain sodium
tbiosulfate?
Yes.
6.3 Other collections:?
N/A
Comment on specific deficiencies of preservation methods and/or
recommend measure which would benefit these procedures.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
7.0 SAMPLE STORAGE
7.1 Describe Banner in which samples are stored in Workroom.
Air. Breath; Helium-purged Tedlar bag
; Refrigerator
Other; N/A
7.2 Comment on specific deficiencies with regard to sample storage
and/or recommend measures which would benefit these procedures.
Comment on adherence to Sample Storage SOP.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
8.0 CHAIN-OF-CU5TODY FORMS
8.1 Review the completed chain-of-custody/sampling protocol forms and
check for the following:
(a) legibility • OK
(b) completeness - Not evaluated
(c) QA entries - Not evaluated
(d) consistency (e.g., sample volume values on front and back of
sheet) - Not evaluated
8.2 Comment on specific deficiencies in implementation of chain-of-
custody procedures and/or recommend measures which would benefit
this phase of the study. Comment on adherence to chain-of-custody
SOP.
Chain-of-Custody/Sampling Protocol Sheets and procedures associated
with them change constantly; difficult to evaluate.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
9.0 SAMPLING SCHEDULE
9.1 Are the sampling schedules being followed?
Yes, with a few exceptions.
9.2 What extenuating circumstances have caused a variance with the
sampling schedule?
Participant scheduled for canister sampling not appropriate.
9.3 When necessary, are the modifications in the sampling schedule
explained and documented?
Yes.
9.A Comment on specific deficiencies of the sampling schedule and/or
recommend measures which would benefit this scheme.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
10.0 CALIBRATION OF COLLECTION DEVICES
10.1 Air Collections:
When/where are the personnel air pumps calibrated?
In workroom before leaving or in van on the way to participant's home.
How many individual calibration determinations are averaged to
give rate reported on Sampling Protocol form?
Three.
10.2 Breath Collections:
When were Nu-Tech pumps last calibrated?
10.3 Other Collections:
10.4 Comment on specific deficiencies of calibration procedures and/or
recommend measures which would benefit this operation. Comment
on adherence to Calibration SOPs.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
11.0 WORK LOAD
11.1 Is vork load being distributed fairly among sampling teams?
Yes.
11.2 Comment on whether work load tends to be (a) too excessive;
potential of compromising QC and sampling methodology, (b) as
projected; reasonable balance between sampling activity and free
time, and (c) too slow; evidence of idle time and unexpected
efficiencies in sampling effort.
Workload is demanding, not excessive.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
12.0 CASH INCENTIVE PROCEDURES
12.1 Are sufficient funds on hand for the projected amount of each
incentive needed?
Yes.
12.2 Where are funds naintained?
In hotel safe deposit box.
12.3 What is the mechanism for withdrawal of incentive cash? Be specific.
Box requires key to open; signature also required.
Is there a person responsible for the maintenance of incentive
funds and for providing other sample collection teams with
necessary cash incentives? Identify this person.
Yes, site administrator.
12.5 Are the receipt copies for funds dispersed being maintained in an
orderly fashion, and are periodic balance checks being made against
these receipts?
Yes.
12.6 Comments on any part of the cash incentive procedure which is de-
ficient, and/or recommend measures which should benefit the overall
incentive protocol:
None/
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
13.0 COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
13.1 List documents picked up by sampling team during initial visit
to participant. Describe manner in which these documents are
stored in the Workroom, the node of shipment to RTJ, and their
fate on arrival at RT1.
Participant Consent Form
24-Hour Questionnaire
13.2 List documents generated as a result of sampling team activity.
Describe manner in which these documents are stored in the Workroom,
the node of shipment to RTI, and their fate on arrival at RTI.
13.3 Comment on specific deficiencies of the survey instrument procedure,
and/or recommend measures to benefit sane.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
14.0 SAMPLE SHIPMENT TO BIJ
14.1 Describe the Banner in vbicb camples are packaged (use of bubble-
wrap or otber packaging materials or containers).
Air. Breath: Sponge
Water; Not observed
Other; Not observed
14.2 Describe means for chilling/freezing samplings during transit.
Air Breath: None
; Cold packs
Other; None
14.3 Describe shipping containers.
Air. Breath; Trunks
Vater; Not observed
Other; Not observed
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
14.4 How are samples being chipped back to RTI, end what is the expected
tiae of transit? Mention carrier.
Air. Breath; Federal Express, P-l
Water; Not observed
Other: Not observed
14.5 Comment on specific deficiencies of the sample shipment procedures
and/or recommend measures which would benefit the overall sample
shipment protocol. Comment on adherence to Sample Shipment SOP.
Sample shipments were made and received during audit visit. Federal
Express office was close, shipping went well and was well-managed.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
15.0 MISCELLANEOUS
15.1 Indicate any unexpected problems or observations acted in any
phase of the study.
15.2 Indicate overall assessment of sample colleciton activity.
Sampling went well; problems encountered were dealt with effectively.
15.3 Does field staff have names of local authorities in the event of
an accident or emergency (e.g., local health official)?
Not posted.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX M
Sample Collection Schedules - Summer Season
M-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE M-l. SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE - TEAM CALIFORNIA - SUMMER SEASON
I
I\J
Participant Participant
Code Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
AV
F D Q QC
Set
2
2
2 1
2
2 2D
2
2
2 2D
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2 2D
XV
F D Q QC
Set
2
2
2 2D
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2 2D
2
2
IX
F D Q QC
Set
3
3
3
3 1
3
3 3D
3
3 1
3
3
3
3 1
3
3
3
BR
F D Q QC
Set
3
3
3
3 3D
3 1
3 3D
3
3 1
3
3
3
3 1
3
3 3D
3 1
AEx
F D BQC
6
6
6
6 1
6
6 1
6 6
6
6
6 1
6
6 1
6
6
6 6
CQC
1
1
1
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE M-l. (continued)
I
CO
Participant Participant
Code Number
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
AV
F D Q QC
Set
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2 2D
2
2
2 2D
2 1
2
XV
F D Q QC
Set
2
2
2
2 1
2 20
2
2
2 2D
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
IX
F D Q QC
Set
3 1
3 3D
3
3
3
3 3D
3 1
3
3
3
3
3 1
3
3
3
BR
F D Q QC
Set
3
3
3 1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 3D
3
AEx
F D BQC CQC
6 1
6 6 1
6 1
6
6
6
6 1 1
6
6 1
6
6
6 6 1
6 1
6
6 1
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE M-l. (continued)
Participant Participant
Code Number
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
AV
F D Q QC
Set
2
2
2
2
2 2D
2
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
XV
F D Q QC
Set
2
2
2 20
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2 2D 1
2
2
2
2
IX
F D Q QC
Set
3 30
3 1
3
3
3
3 1
3
3
3 3D
3
3 3D
3 1
3
3
BR
F D Q QC
Set
3 1
3
3
3 3D 1
3
3 1
3
3 3D
3
3
3 1
3
3
3
AEx
F D BQC
6
6
6
6
6
6
6 6
6
6
6 1
6
6 1
6
6
C0C
1
1
1
Totals 88 8 4 5 88 8 45 132 12 6 9 132 12 6 9 264 24 12
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE H-l. (concluded)
Matrix Type
AV = Personal Air
XV = Fixed-Site, Outdoor (Tenax)
IX = Fixed-Site, Indoor (Tenax)
BR = Breath
AEx = Air Exchange
Sample Type
F = Field Sample
D = Duplicate
"D" in this column indicates colletion on cartridges containing
deuterated compounds.
Q = Samples Scheduled for the QA Laboratory
"D" In this column Indicates collection on cartrldge(s) containing
deuterated compounds.
QC Set = A Field Blank Plus a Field Control
BQC = Field Blank
CQC = Field Control
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE M-2. SAMPLE COLLECTION SCHEDULE - WATER
TEAM FOLLOW-UP - SUMMER SEASON
Participant
Code
Participant
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TOTALS
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
14
Water
QC
D 0 Sets
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
2 24
M-6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX N
Quality Control Data - Summer Season
N-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-l. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS -
FINNIGAN 3300, DATABASE CF
August 3 to August 14, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
p_-Dioxane
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Te trachl oroethy 1 ene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
£-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-
ethane
n-Nonane
a-P1n<?ne
m-Di ch^orobenzene
£-D1 chlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-Dichlorobenzene
Limonene
n-Undecane
n-DndPcane
m/z
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
114
166
112
106
106
104
106
168
128
136
146
146
142
146
136
156
170
Mean
.776
.387
.722
2.095
.508
.191
.263
.642
.047
.487
1.594
.932
.721
1.274
.643
.049
.041
.047
1.412
1.162
.049
1.052
.089
.038
.027
CVa
19.6
14.7
14.7
47.9
24.8
10.5
35.9
14.1
20.1
4.6
9.0
5.7
10.0
22.0
19.4
16.7
19.8
21.9
33.6
29.9
37.8
35.5
9.1
20.2
43.4
RRF
Out-of-Control Situations
8/3
8/3 8/13
8/4
8/3 8/10
8/4
8/3 8/5 8/6 8/7 8/8 8/11
8/12 8/13 8/14
8/12 8/13
8/3 8/5 8/10 8/12
8/3
8/4
8/3 8/4 8/10
8/4 8/10
8/13
aCV - coefficient of variation; n = 10.
N-2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-2. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS -
FINNIGAN 3300, DATABASE CC
September 4 to October 9, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Trlchloroethylene
p_-Dioxane
1,2-Dlbromoethane
ri-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
j>-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-
ethane
n-Nonane
a-Pinene
tn-Di Chlorobenzene
p_-0i Chlorobenzene
n-Decane
q-D1 Chlorobenzene
Umoneno
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
m/z
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
114
166
112
106
106
104
106
168
128
136
146
146
142
146
136
156
170
Mean
.929
.363
.485
1.095
.434
.127
.061
.239
.031
.381
.651
.334
.422
.610
.447
.037
.031
.035
.727
.771
.034
.631
.083
.039
.033
CVa
25
30
36
48
31
36
60
39
49
24
34
37
41
42
44
46
49
40
35
32
37
34
43
32
33
RRF
Out-of-Control Situations
9/14
9/17
9/30
9/4
9/22
10/5
9/23
9/18
10/5
9/11
9/29
10/9
9/18
9/17
9/22
10/1
9/11
9/23
10/6
9/30
9/23
9/14
9/30
9/23 9/30
9/23 9/24
10/2
9/14 9/17
9/24 9/29
10/9
10/8
10/5 10/9
9/15 9/23
10/1 10/6
9/29
9/18
9/30
9/24
10/9
aCV - coefficient of variation; n = 21.
N-3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-3. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS -
FINNIGAN 3300, DATABASE CN
October 26 to November 20, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1, 1-Tri chloroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Trlchloroethylene
£-Dioxane
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
j>-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-
ethanc
n-Nunane
o-Plriene
M-D1 chlorobenzene
g-Oi Chlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-DI chlorobenzene
Limonone
^-Undecane
n-Dodecane
B/z
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
114
166
112
106
106
104
106
168
128
136
146
146
142
146
136
156
170
Mean
1.193
.647
.706
1.987
5.12
.194
.246
.493
.050
.570
1.315
.686
.723
1.083
.674
.072
.049
.054
1.173
1.002
.047
.933
.089
.048
.042
CV*
34.0
8.2
22.6
31.9
16.6
16.4
17.5
11.6
16.3
11.9
10.1
11.4
8.8
10.4
9.4
24.0
14.2
21.6
19.0
13.4
14.5
10.0
15.7
17.5
9.0
RRF
Out-of-Control Situations
11/10
11/11 11/17
10/29 11/12 11/17
11/6
11/17
11/17
10/26 11/2 11/4 11/5 11/6
11/9 11/12 11/18 11/19
11/20
11/12
11/11 11/19
11/11
11/11 11/18
10/30 11/4 11/11 11/19
11/4 11/11 11/18 11/19
11/12
11/9 11/12 11/20
11/4 11/12 11/18 11/20
10/29 10/30 11/11 11/17
10/30 11/4 11/10 11/11
11/17
11/4 11/9 11/12 11/17
10/30 11/4 11/6 11/11
11/4
10/29
aCV = coefficient of variation; n = 21.
N-4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-4. SUMMARY OF DAILY RESPONSE FACTOR CHECKS -
FINNIGAN 4021
August 21 to September 8, 1987
Target Compound
Chloroform
1,2-Dlchloroethane
1,1, 1-Tri chl oroethane
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Trichloroethylene
2-Dioxane
1,2-Dibromoethane
n-Octane
Tetrachl oroethyl ene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
2-Xylene
Styrene
o-Xylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachl oro-
ethane
n-Nonane
o-Plnene
m-Dichlorobenzene
£-Di chlorobenzene
n-Decane
o-D1chlorobenzene
Limoncne
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
m/z
83
62
97
78
117
134
88
107
114
166
112
106
106
104
106
168
128
136
146
146
142
146
136
156
170
Mean
1.679
1.256
1.010
4.712
0.703
.286
.311
.857
.165
.817
2.439
1.224
1.305
2.224
1.166
.116
.157
.153
2.120
1.639
.155
1.476
.246
.134
.141
CVa
63.2
13.0
10.0
30.8
6.6
19.1
40.2
4.4
16.3
10.4
6.4
4.8
4.6
5.1
5.2
10.1
10.4
6.4
8.5
4.9
10.5
5.2
5.4
33.3
6.4
RRF
Out-of-Control Situations
8/28 9/3 9/4
8/24 8/25 8/26 8/27 8/28
8/31 9/2 9/4
8/24 8/25 8/26 8/27 8/28
8/31 9/1 9/2 9/3 9/4 9/8
8/26 8/28
aCV = coefficient of variation; n = 21.
N-5
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-5. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 3300
August 3 - August 14, 1987
Date
Code
236
217
186
m/z
167
X Relative
8/3/87
8/4/87
8/5/87
8/6/87
8/7/87
8/10/87
8/11/87
8/12/87
8/13/87
8/14/87
Mean
SD
CV
Mean
Range
A757
A762
A766
A776
A781
A788
A797
A812
A823
A837
50
50
53
56
53
57
53
53
53
2
4
56
47-65
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
100
100
74
77
78
68
76
64
71
71
72
4
6
Historical
66
55-77
18
19
19
16
20
15
18
17
18
2
9
117
Abundance
56
53
52
35
52
32
46
42
46
8
18
93
19
18
18
10
17
10
15
13
15
3
23
79
9
9
9
5
9
5
7
6
7
2
23
69
34
33
32
16
31
15
25
22
26
7
28
Tolerances
16
46
11-19 34-58
16
9-23
8
4-12
28
17-39
N-6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-6. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 3300
September 3 - October 9, 1987
Date
9/3/87
9/8/87
9/10/87
9/11/87
9/14/87
9/15/87
9/16/87
9/17/87
9/18/87
9/21/87
9/22/87
9/23/87
9/24/87
9/29/87
9/30/87
10/1/87
10/2/87
10/5/87
10/6/87
10/8/87
10/9/87
Mean
SD
CV
Mean
Range
Code 236
A874
A878
A886
A890
A896
A905
A905
A923
A932 60
A941 59
A952
A965
A976
A988
A995
A1002
A1008
A1016
A1024
A1033
A1039
60
0.5
1
56
47-65
m/z
217 186 167 117 93 79 69
X Relative Abundance
100 61 14 39 12 7 20
100 64 15 43 14 8 24
100 62 14 41 13 8 22
0 2 0.5 2 1 0.5 2
0235879
Historical Tolerances
100 66 16 46 16 8 28
100 55-77 11-19 34-58 9-23 4-12 17-39
N-7
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-7. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 3300
October 26 to November 12, 1987
Date
Code
236
217
186
m/z
167
% Relative
10/26/87
10/27/87
10/28/87
10/29/87
10/30/87
11/02/87
11/03/87
11/04/87
11/05/87
11/06/87
11/09/87
11/10/87
11/11/87
11/12/87
11/13/87
11/16/87
11/17/87
11/18/87
11/19/87
11/20/87
Mean
SD
CV
Mean
Range
A1065
A1072
A1081
A1088
A1093
A1099
A1108
A1118
A1033
A1152
All 54
A1170
A1186
A1201
A1216
A1230
A1244
A1261
A1272
A1286
58
58
57
58
57
59
58
59
58
58
58
1
1
56
46-65
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
100
100
61
59
61
59
61
59
60
61
60
60
60
1
1
Historical
66
55-77
15
14
15
14
14
14
15
15
14
15
15
1
3
117
Abundance
45
43
44
40
44
42
42
44
40
45
43
2
4
93
16
15
15
13
16
15
15
16
14
16
15
1
6
79
10
9
9
8
10
9
9
10
8
10
9
1
8
69
29
27
28
24
30
23
27
37
33
30
29
4
14
Tolerances
16
46
11-19 34-58
16
9-23
8
4-12
28
17-39
N-8
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-8. SUMMARY OF PFT TUNE DATA - FINNIGAN 4021
August 21 - September 8, 1987
m/z
Date
Code
236
217
186
167
% Relative
8^21/87
8/24/87
3/25/87
6/26/87
8/27/87
8/28/87
8/31/87
9/1/87
9/2/87
9/3/87
9/4/87
9/8/87
Mean
SO
CV
Z982
Z989
Z1000
Z1012
Z1025
Z1038
Z1050
Z1063
Z1075
Z1087
Z1097
Z1108
62
62
62
62
62
63
62
63
62
63
63
64
62
0.6
1
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
55
56
57
57
56
55
56
55
55
55
55
54
56
1
2
Historical
Mean
Range
75
69-81
100
100
59
55-63
12
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
0.4
4
117
Abundance
33
34
35
34
33
33
34
33
33
32
33
30
33
1
4
93
14
14
15
14
14
14
15
14
14
14
14
13
14
0.5
4
79
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
0.4
4
69
33
34
35
36
34
34
34
33
34
34
36
30
34
2
4
Tolerances
12
39
11-13 35-43
15
14-16
7
6-8
29
27-31
N-9
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-9. RESULTS OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHECKS3 -
FINNIGAN 3300
Date
SNC
3
Rd Acetophenone
i PAF&
1-Octanol 5-Nonanone
Acidity
Basicity
August 3 to August 14, 1987
8/3/87
8/4/87
8/5/87
8/6/87
8/7/87
8/10/87
8/11/87
8/12/87
8/13/87
8/14/87
Mean
SD
CV
9/4/87
9/8/87
9/10/87
9/11/87
9/14/87
9/15/87
9/16/87
9/17/87
9/18/8/
9/21/87
9/22/87
9/23/87
9/24/87
9/29/87
9/30/87
i (\ f 1 /U 7
1V/ X / v •
10/2/8/
f.0/5/87
10/6/87
10/8./R7
Mean
SD
CV
48
42
63
Ie
I
58
59
54
8
14
63
59
57
60
2.5
4.2
2.2
I
2.8
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
0.3
15
3.7
2.5
3.2
K6
2.8
.79
29
126
149
196
271
227
140
113
175
54
31
September
180
112
137
223
163
42
26
160
53
128
160
88
160
110
125
39
31
4 to October
250
78
207
93
157
73
47
(continued)
N-10
100
108
105
53
108
53
61
84
25
30
9, 1987
100
164
47
170
120
50
42
0.61
0.44
0.50
0.4
0.4
0.44
0.34
0.45
0.08
18
0.60
0.67
0.46
0.58
0.58
.08
13
0.86
0.76
0.82
0.90
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.84
0.04
4.7
1.2
0.99
0.99
0.86
1.01
12
12
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-9. (continued)
X PAFb
Date SNC Rd Acetophenone 1-Octanol 5-Nonanone Acidity Basicity
October 26 to November 12, 1987
10/26/87
10/27/87
10/28/87 57 3.8 55 158 69 1.04 0.89
10/29/87
10/30/87
11/2/87
11/3/87
11/4/87
11/5/87
11/6/87
11/9/87
11/10/87 56 3.5 86 176 88 0.99 1.0
11/11/87
11/12/87
Target >40 >1.0 <300 <250 <160 .7-1.3 7-1.3
aChecks discussed In QAPP.
b%PAF = % peak asymmetry factor.
CSN - separation number.
GR = resolution.
el = interference prevented calculation.
N-ll
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-10. SUMMARY OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHECKS3 -
FINNIGAN 4021
PAFb
Code Date SNC RD Acetophenone 1-Octanol 5-Nonanone Acidity Basicity
Z982 8/21/87
Z989 8/24/87
Z1000 8/25/87 51 4.0 50 76 56 0.52 0.78
Z1012 8/26/87
Z1025 8/27/87
Z1038 8/28/87
Z1050 8/31/87
Z1063 9/1/87
Z107b 9/2/87
Z1087 9/3/87 57 3.5 42 63 57 0.53 0.72
Z1097 9/4/87
Z1108 9/8/87
Target >40 >1.0 <300 <250 <160 .7-1.3 .7-1
^Checks discussed 1n QAPP.
bjSPAF - % peak asymmetry factor.
°SN = separation number.
dR = resolution.
N-12
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-ll. CALIBRATION DATA FOR WATER ANALYSIS - SUMMER SEASON
Response (x 10~3) -
Analyte
Bromodlchloro-
methane
Trichloro-
ethylene
Dibromochl ore-
methane
Bromoform
Level
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1707
1129
857
605
240
131
61
35
21904
14315
4710
2040
777
293
98
44
6920
4305
1144
469
110
67
25
-
2690
1274
224
131
40
-
-
~
2
1820
1223
987
684
212
107
53
21
20986
14179
4575
2081
772
312
112
42
6100
4739
1080
504
116
52
18
-
2514
1629
364
176
43
-
-
•
Run Number: Average
3
1475
1003
723
510
166
87
40
11
21696
14492
5142
2017
869
342
112
48
6325
4712
1213
395
179
76
15
-
2705
1708
348
146
85
-
-
~
Response
1591
1066
795
588
203
110
50
23
21800
14404
4926
2038
823
318
105
46
6622
4509
1179
432
144
71
20
-
2698
1491
286
138
62
_
-
—
(continued;
N-13
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-ll. (concluded)
Response (x 10~3) - Run Number: Average
Analyte
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
Chlorobenzene
Level
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
25750
16294
5260
2497
870
402
151
62
7996
5193
1545
[Lost]
240
122
33
-
2
25288
15878
5371
2430
881
404
112
66
7871
5203
1601
756
240
136
34
-
3
25938
16980
5533
2516
1033
331
132
77
8216
5266
1610
733
298
158
34
-
Response
25844
16637
5396
2506
952
367
142
70
8106
5230
1577
744
270
140
34
-
N-14
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE N-12. PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION (%RSD)
FOR DUPLICATE CANISTER SAMPLES - F/D RESULTS -
SUMMER SEASON
Target Compound Na % RSD
Methyl chloride 0
Vinyl chloride 0
Ethyl chloride 0
1,1-Dichloroethylene 0
Methylene chloride 0
Allyl chloride 0
trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene 0
Chloroform 0
Carbon tetrachloride 2 1.6
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2 2.1
c_is-l,2-Dichloroethylene 0
Trichloroethylene 0
Tetrachloroethylene 0
aN = number of pairs, both having measurable data.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX 0
RESPONSES TO STUDY AND EXPOSURE ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRES
0-1
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. FREQUENCIES AND PERCENTAGES OF RESPONSES TO HOUSEHOLD
QUESTIONNAIRE - WINTER SEASON
Q.I
Q.4
Q.6
Q.7A
Q.7C
Q.8A
Q.8B
Q.8D
Presently Employed:
Yes
No
Status, If not employed:
Housewife
Student
Unemployed
Retired
Disabled
Cigarette Smoking Status:
Current Smoker
Ex-Smoker
Never Smoked
Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked
Per Day:
Less than 1/2 Pack
1/2 Pack or More But Less
Than 1 Pack
1 Pack or More But Less Than
1-1/2 Packs
1-1/2 Packs or More But Less
Than 2 Packs
Usually Inhale the Smoke:
Yes
No
Anyone Else 1n Household Smoke
Cigarettes:
Yes
No
Visitors or Guests Smoke In House:
Yes
No
Rooms Smokers Smoke 1n Most Often
Between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm:
None
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen
Den
Master Bedroom
Other Bedroom
Other Room
(continued)
0-2
Frequency
29
22
12
4
0
6
0
11
13
27
3
3
2
3
10
1
13
38
30
21
23
6
19
10
16
2
0
0
Percentage
56.9
43.1
54.5
18.2
27.3
21.6
25.5
52.9
27.3
27.3
18.2
27.3
90.9
9.1
25.5
74.5
58.8
41.2
45.1
11.8
37.3
19.6
31.4
3.9
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
Frequency Percentage
Q.8E Rooms Smokers Smoke 1n Most Often
Between 6:00 pm and 7:00 am:
None 25 49.0
Living Room 3 5.9
Dining Room 22 43.1
Kitchen 12 23.5
Den 19 37.3
Master Bedroom 2 3.9
Other Bedroom 0
Other Room 0
Q.9A Smoke a Pipe on a Regular Basis:
Yes 0
No 51 100.
Q.9D Smoke a Cigar on a Regular Basis:
Yes 0
No 51 100.
Q.9G Use Snuff on a Regular Basis:
Yes 0
No 51 100.
Q.9J Use Chewing Tobacco on a Regular Basis:
Yes 0
No 51 100.
Q.10 Respondent or Member of Household
Pursue the Following Hobbles:
A. Painting:
Yes, Respondent 2 3.9
Yes, Other Household Member 2 3.9
Yes, Both 0
No 47 92.2
B. Furniture ReflnlsMng:
Yes, Respondent 4 7.8
Yes, Other Household Member 1 2.0
Yes, Both • 0
No 46 90.2
C. Scale Models:
Yes, Respondent 2 3.9
Yes, Other Household Member 2 3.9
Yes, Both 0
No 47 92.2
(continued)
0-3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
Frequency
Q.ll
Q.12A
Q.12B
Q.13A
Q.13B
D. Gardening:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
E. House Plants:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
F. Automobile or Bicycle Repair:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
Worked With or Used Pesticides or
Herbicides Outdoors For More Than
1 Hour at a Time 1n the Last 6 Months:
Yes
No
Respondent or Household Member Used
Pesticides 1n Home 1n Past 6 Months:
Yes
No
In Which Rooms:
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen
Den
Master Bedroom
Other Bedroom
Other Room
Pay Someone to Have Home Treated For
Pests in Past 6 Months:
Yes
No
Number of Times In Past 6 Months:
1
2
3
4
9
10
5
27
21
12
4
14
6
6
2
37
4
47
12
39
8
1
7
3
5
1
1
11
40
9
1
0
1
Percentage
17.6
19.6
9.8
52.9
41.2
23.5
7.8
27.5
11.8
11.8
3.9
72.5
7.8
92.2
23.5
76.5
66.7
8.3
58.3
25.0
41.7
8.3
8.3
21.6
78.4
81.8
9.1
9.1
(continued)
0-4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
Q.13E
Q.13F
Q.14A
Q.15
Q.16A
Q.16B
Drapes, Carpeting, or Furniture In Home
Commercially Cleaned 1n Past 6 Months:
Yes
No
Number of Times:
1
2
3
Areas of Home Household Members
Spend Most of Waking Hours:
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen
Den
Master Bedroom
Other Bedroom
Other Room
Any of the Following In Home:
A. Central A1r Conditioning:
Yes
No
B. Window A1r Conditioning:
Yes
No
C. Portable Circulating Fan:
Yes
No
D. Celling Exhaust Fan:
Yes
No
E. None of These:
Yes
No
Fireplace 1n Home:
Yes
No
Damper Open Now:
Yes
No
(continued)
0-5
Frequency
9
42
6
2
1
34
4
38
20
25
5
1
1
50
1
50
20
31
8
43
26
25
29
22
19
10
Percentage
17.6
82.4
66.7
22.2
11.1
66.7
7.8
74.5
39.2
49.0
9.8
2.0
2.0
98.0
2.0
98.0
39.2
60.8
15.7
84.3
51.0
49.0
56.9
43.1
65.5
34.5
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
Frequency
Q.17A
Q.18A
Q.19
Q.20A
Q.20B
Q.20C
Q.20D
Q.20E
Q.20F
Now Using Mothballs or Moth Crystals
In Home:
Yes
No
Use Indoor A1r Fresheners:
Yes
No
Use Bathroom Deodorants Attached
To Wall or Toilet Bowl:
Yes
No
Water Supplied by a Municipality
or Corporation:
Yes
No
Use Water Supplied by Municipality
or Corporation for Drinking and
Drink Mixes at Home:
Al ways
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Use Bottled Water:
Yes
No
Drink Water From Sink or
Refrigerator Tap:
Yes
No
When Drinking Water From Tap, Does
Water Run for a Time Before Filling
Glass or Drink First Water Out of Tap:
Usually Run Water For A Time
Usually Drink First Water Out
of Tap
Have a Filter on Water Tap or Any Other
Type of Filter That Purifies Water:
Yes
No
1
50
36
15
11
40
49
2
33
2
7
7
17
34
41
10
25
16
6
45
Percentage
2.0
98.0
70.6
29.4
21.6
78.4
96.1
3.9
67.3
4.1
14.3
14.3
33.3
66.7
80.4
19.6
61.0
39.0
11.8
88.2
(continued)
0-6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
Frequency
Q.21A
Q.21B
Q.22
Q.23
Residential Garage Attached to or
Contained 1n Same Building as Home:
Yes
No
How Often Smell Gasoline or
Automobile Odors 1n Adjacent Rooms:
Frequently
Sometimes
Never
Store Any of Following Items In any
Structure Attached To or Part of Home:
A. Kerosene:
Yes
No
B. Gasoline:
Yes
No
C. Gasoline-Powered Lawn Mower:
Yes
No
0. Automobile:
Yes
No
E. Motorcycle:
Yes
No
F. Pesticides, Insecticides, or
Lawn and Garden Chemicals:
Yes
No
Store Cleaning Supplies 1n Following
Places:
A. Kitchen:
Yes
No
B. Kitchen Has Odor:
Usually
Sometimes
Never
28
23
0
4
24
3
48
8
43
10
41
22
29
4
47
11
40
41
10
2
8
31
Percentage
54.9
45.1
14.3
85.7
5.9
94.1
15.7
84.3
19.6
80.4
43.1
56.9
7.8
92.2
21.6
78.4
80.4
19.6
4.9
19.5
75.6
(continued)
0-7
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
C. Utility Room:
Yes
No
D. Utility Room Has Odor:
Usually
Sometimes
Never
E. Bathroom:
Yes
No
F. Bathroom Has Odor:
Usually
Sometimes
Never
G. Basement:
Yes
No
Q.24 Store Paints, Varnishes, or Paint
Thinner or Removers 1n the Following
Places:
A. Attached Garage:
Yes
No
Not Applicable
B. Odor Near These Materials:
Yes
No
C. Basement:
Yes
No
Not Applicable
E. Attic:
Yes
No
Not applicable
G. Attached Shop or Workroom
Yes
No
Not applicable
Frequency
13
38
1
2
10
27
24
0
8
19
0
51
21
11
19
1
20
0
2
49
0
21
30
0
12
39
Percentage
25.5
74.5
7.7
15.4
76.9
52.9
47.1
29.6
70.4
100.
41.2
21.6
37.3
4.8
95.2
3.9
96.1
41.2
58.8
23.5
76.5
(continued)
0-8
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-1. (continued)
Q.25
Q.26
I. Any Other Area or Room:
Yes
No
J. Odor Near These Materials:
Yes
No
Sex:
Male
Female
Race:
Hispanic
American Indian/Alaskan Native
Black, not of Hispanic origin
Asian/Pacific Islander
White, not of Hispanic origin
Frequency Percentage
Q.27
Age:
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
71-80
81-90
4
47
2
2
24
27
4
1
4
3
39
6
11
11
7
6
6
3
1
7.8
92.2
50.0
50.0
47.1
52.9
7.8
2.0
7.8
5.9
76.5
11.8
21.6
21.6
13.7
11.8
11.8
5.9
2.0
0-9
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. FREQUENCIES AND PERCENTAGES OF RESPONSES TO 24-HOUR RECALL
EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE - WINTER SEASON
Q.1A
Q.1B
Q.1C
Q.1D
*
Q.2A
Q.2B
Q.2C
Q.3A
Q.3B
Q.3C
Pumped Gas During Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
Vapor Lock Device 1n Use:
Yes
No
Type of Gas:
Leaded
Unleaded
What Time:
AM
PM
Clothes 1n House That Have Been
Dry Cleaned in Past Week:
Yes
No
Wore Any of These Clothes In Past
24 Hours:
Yes
No
How Long These Clothes Were Worn:
8 hours
9 hours
12 hours
Smoke Any Cigarettes During First
Monitoring Period:
Yes
No
How Many Cigarettes Smoked:
1-5
6-10
Smoke Any Cigarettes During Second
Monitoring Period:
Yes
No
Frequency
6
45
6
0
1
5
1
4
9
42
3
6
1
1
1
9
42
5
4
12
38
Percentage
11.8
88.2
100.
16.7
83.3
20.0
80.0
17.6
82.4
33.3
66.7
33.3
33.3
33.3
17.6
82.4
55.5
44.4
24.0
76.0
(continued)
0-10
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.3D
<M
Q.5A
Q.5B
Q.5C
How Many Cigarettes Smoked:
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
Used Any of the Following Tobacco
Products 1n Past 24 Hours:
A. Pipes:
Yes
No
B. Cigars:
Yes
No
C. Snuff:
Yes
No
D. Chewing Tobacco:
Yes
No
In The Same Room or Enclosed Area With
Someone Smoking 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
Time Exposed to Others' Smoke:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hour or More but Less Than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
3 Hours or More but Less Than 4
4 Hours or More but Less Than 5
5 Hours or More but Less Than 6
6 Hours or More but Less Than 7
8 Hours or More but Less Than 9
9 Hours or More
How Many People Were Smoking
(Including Yourself):
1
2
3
4
16
6
4
0
2
0
49
1
48
0
49
0
49
26
25
7
5
3
2
3
2
2
1
1
13
7
3
2
1
Percentage
50.0
33.3
16.7
100.
2.0
98.0
•
100.
100.
51.0
49.0
26.9
19.2
11.5
7.7
11.5
7.7
7.7
3.8
3.8
50.0
26.9
11.5
7.7
3.8
(continued)
0-11
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.6
Q.7A
Q.7B
Q.7C
Q.8
Q.8B
Q.9
Q.9B
Q.10
Q.10R
Used or Worked With Insecticides,
Pesticides, or Herbicides 1n Past
24 Hours:
Yes
No
Work Today 1n Regular Occupation:
Yes
No
Unemployed
Time Went to Work:
AM
PM
Time Left Work:
AM
PM
Used or Been Near Paints/Solvents
In Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1-2 Hours
Used or Been Near Odorous, Vaporizing
Glues or Adhesives 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1-2 Hours
Used or Been Near Moth Crystals, Room
A1r Fresheners or Bathroom Deodorizers
In the Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1-2 Hours
Continuously
0
51
11
29
11
10
1
0
11
8
43
6
2
5
46
3
1
14
37
10
1
1
Percentage
100.
21.6
56.9
21.6
90.0
9.1
100.
15.7
84.3
75.0
25.0
9.8
90.2
75.0
25.0
27.5
72.5
83.3
8.3
8.3
(continued)
0-12
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.ll
Q.11B
Q.12
Q.12B
Q.13
Q.13B
Q.14
Q.14B
Q.15
Q.15B
Used or Been Near Petroleum Products
(Excluding Pumping Own Gas) 1n Past
24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1-3 Hours
4-6 Hours
7-9 Hours
Used or Been Near Auto/Truck/Lawn Mower
Exhausts In Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hour or More but Less Than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
3 Hours or More but Less Than 4
4 Hours or More but Less Than 5
Used or Been Near Cleaning Solutions
In Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hour or More but Less Than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
Used or Been Near Flea Collars, Flea
Powder, or Pet Shampoo 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
Used or Been Near Aerosol Sprays In
Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For Hov; Long:
Less than 1 Hour
(continued)
0-13
9
42
8
0
0
1
11
40
5
3
1
0
1
16
35
11
2
2
1
50
1
24
27
20
Percentage
17.6
82.4
88.8
11.1
21.6
78.4
50.0
30.0
10.0
10.0
31.4
68.6
73.3
13.3
13.3
2.0
98.0
100.
47.1
52.9
100.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.16
Q.16B
Q.17A
A.17B
Q.17C
Q.17D
Q.17E
Q.18A
Q.18B
Used or Been Near Any Other Product
That Involved Exposure to Chemicals:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hour or More but Less Than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
6 Hours or More but Less Than 7
7 Hours or More but Less Than 8
Take a Shower or Bath in the House or
Elsewhere in Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
Bathroom Exhaust Fan On While Taking
a Shower or Bath:
Yes
No
How Long Did Water Run:
1-10 Minutes
11-20 Minutes
21-30 Minutes
In a Swimming Pool, Sauna, Spa, or Hot
Tub 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
2 Hours
Anyone Else Take a Shower or Bath 1n
the House 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
How Many Baths and Showers Were Taken:
1
2
3
4
10
9
42
2
3
1
1
1
45
6
6
39
25
17
2
1
48
1
42
9
8
19
7
7
1
Percentage
17.6
82.4
25.0
37.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
88.2
11.8
13.3
86.7
56.8
38.6
4.5
2.0
98.0
100.
82.4
17.6
19.0
45.2
16.7
16.7
2.4
(continued)
0-14
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.19
Q.20A
Q.20B1
Q.20B2
Q.20C
Q.21
Dishwasher 1n Use While Participant Was
1n House 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
Clotheswasher 1n Use While Participant
Was 1n House 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
How Many Loads Washed With Hot or Warm
Water:
None
1
2
3
How Many Loads Washed With Cold Water:
None
1
2
Was Bleach Used:
Yes
No
Number of Hours Spent 1n the Following
Environments During Past 24 Hours:
A. Indoors at Home:
0-4 Hours
5-9 Hours
10-14 Hours
15-19 Hours
20-24 Hours
B. Indoors, For Occupational Work:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
C. Indoors, For Other Activities:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
11-15 Hours
16-20 Hours
7
44
13
38
4
7
1
1
6
6
1
1
12
0
4
13
12
22
42
1
8
24
20
4
1
2
Percentage
13.7
86.3
25.5
74.5
30.8
53.8
7.7
7.7
46.2
46.2
7.7
7.7
92.3
7.8
25.5
23.5
43.1
82.4
2.0
15.7
47.1
39.2
7.8
2.0
3.9
(continued)
0-15
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Frequency
D. Outdoors, For Occupational Work:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
E. Outdoors, For Other Activities:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
11-15 Hours
16-20 Hours
Q.22A In Past 24 Hours, Which of the Following
Combustion Sources Did Participant Use In
Home:
A. Gas Cooking Range or Oven:
Yes
No
B. Gas Water Heater:
Yes
No
C. Gas Clothes Dryer:
Yes
No
D. Gas or Kerosene Space Heater:
Yes
No
E. Fireplace:
Yes
No
F. Wood Stove:
Yes
No
G. Gas Furnace:
Yes
No
H. Other Combustion Appliance's:
Yes
No
45
4
2
5
40
5
0
1
27
24
23
28
15
36
6
45
4
47
0
51
19
32
2
49
Percentage
88.2
7.8
3.9
9.8
78.4
9.8
2.0
52.9
47.1
45.1
54.9
29.4
70.6
11.8
88.2
7.8
92.2
100.
37.3
62.7
3.9
96.1
(continued)
0-16
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Q.23 During Past 24 Hours, Was Any of the
Following Drunk:
A. Cola Soft Drinks:
Yes
No
B. Non-Cola Soft Drinks:
Yes
No
C. Canned Juices:
Yes
No
D. Milk:
Yes
No
E. Beer:
Yes
No
F. W1ne:
Yes
No
G. Coffee, Tea:
Yes
No
H. Tap Water and Tap Water Drinks:
Yes
No
I. Bottled Water:
Yes
No
Q.24A Usual Daytime Temperature in Home
During Past 24 Hours:
60-65
66-70
71-75
76-80
Frequency
4
47
14
37
21
30
11
40
6
45
38
13
30
21
10
41
0
51
6
34
10
1
Percentage
7.8
92.2
27.5
72.5
41.2
58.8
21.6
78.4
11.8
88.2
74.5
25.5
58.8
41.2
19.6
80.4
100.
11.8
66.7
19.6
2.0
(continued)
0-17
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE 0-2. (continued)
Q.24B
Q.25
Q.26
Q.27
Frequency
Usual Nighttime Temperature In Home
During Past 24 Hours:
46-50
51-55
56-60
61-65
66-70
71-75
Use Any of the Following Cooling
Appliances In House 1n Past 24 Hours:
A. Window Air Conditioner:
Yes
No
B. Portable Circulating Fan:
Yes
No
C. Celling Exhaust Fan:
Yes
No
D. Central A1r Conditioning System:
Yes
No
Windows or Outside Doors Opened In Home
During Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
One-Way Trips Taken During Past 24 Hours:
A. Number:
By Truck
By Auto/Van
By Skateboard
B. Length of Time:
1-15 Minutes
16-30 Minutes
31-45 Minutes
46-60 Minutes
61-90 Minutes
91-120 Minutes
121-150 Minutes
151-180 Minutes
C. Traffic:
Heav^'or Moderate
Light
2
1
15
16
14
2
0
51
4
47
4
47
1
50
47
4
23
96
1
80
31
0
7
1
0
0
1
63
54
Percentage
4.0
2.0
30.0
32.0
28.0
4.0
100.
7.8
92.2
7.8
92.2
2.0
98.0
92.2
7.8
19.2
80.0
0.8
66.7
25.8
5.8
0.8
0.8
53.8
46.2
U-JO
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX P
RESULTS OF STEPWISE REGRESSIONS - WINTER SEASON
P-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
-o
I
r\>
TABLE P-l. RESULTS OF STEPWISE REGRESSION9 FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS WITH OVERNIGHT BREATH CONCENTRATIONS AS THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLES AND 24-HOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE VARIABLES, HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
VARIABLES AND OUTDOOR LEVELS AS PREDICTORS - WINTER SEASON
1,1,1-Trlchloro-
ethaneb-c
24-Hour Activity and Exposure Variables
Q1A. Pumped gas
Q2A. Dry cleaned clothes
Q3. Number of cigarettes smoked 2 (-)
overnight and daytime
Q5A. In room with smoker
QSB. Time exposed to cigarette
smoke
Q5C. Number of people smoking
Q7A. Worked today 3 (*)
Q8. Paints/solvents
Q9. Glues 6 (-)
Q10. Moth crystals, room air
fresheners, bathroom
deoderlzers
Qll. Petroleum products 1 (+)
Q12. Auto/truck/lawn mower
exhaust
Q13. Cleaning solutions 5 (-)
Q15. Aerosol spray
Q17A. Shower or bath
Q19. Dishwasher
Q20A. Clotheswasher
Q22A. Gas cooking
Q22B. Gas water heater
Q22C. Gas clothes dryer
Q22D. Gas or kerosene heater
Q22E. Fireplace
Q22G. Gas furnace
Tetrachloro- p-Dlchloro- Number of
Benzene ethyl ene benzene n-Decane Llmonene Times Selected"
2 (4) 1
1 (+) 2
« (+) 1
3 (+) 1 (*) 3
3 (-) 2
4 (+) 2
1
4 (-) 1
5 (+) 1
1 (+) 1
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-l. (continued)
-o
1,3,1-Trlchloro-
ethanebic
025B. Circulating 1m
Q25C. Celling exhaust fan
026. Windows open
Household Questionnaire Variables
01. Employed
Q8A. Living with smoker
Q8B. Visitor who smokes 4 (+)
Q13E. Drapes, carpeting, furni-
ture professionally cleaned
Q15C. Portable circulating fan
Q15D. Celling exhaust fan
Q16A. Fireplace
020C. Bottled water used
Q21A. Attached garage
Q22B. Stored gasoline
Q22C. Stored lawn mower 7 (-)
Q22D. Stored automobile
Q22F. Stored pesticides
Q23A. Stored cleaning supplies
In kitchen
Q23C. Stored cleaning supplies
In utility room
Q23E. Stored cleaning supplies
In bathroom
Tetrachloro- p_-Dlchloro- Number of
Benzene ethylene benzene n-Decane Llmonene Times Selected"
1 (+) 1
5 (-) 1
1
4 (+) 1
2 (*) 1
2 (-) 1
2 (*) 1
3 (-) 1
1
3 (+) 2 (-) 2
Outdoor Air Concentration 1 (+)
icontinueoj
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-l. (concluded)
R2 - CORR2
R - CORR
Adjusted* R2
Sample Size
1,1.1-Trlchloro-
ethanebic
.58
.76
.49
43
Benzene
.46
.68
.40
43
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
.74
.86
.71
43
g-Dlchloro-
benzene
.38
.62
.34
42
n-Decane
.69
.83
.63
39
Llmonene
.18
.42
.14
42
aAll questionnaire variables In the final model were significant at the .10 level. All regressions were run on
LN (concentration) levels.
>>The column Indicates that LN (concentration) is a linear function of the variables Indicated. The correlation
coefficient for the regression 1s R • CORR.
cThe number In the column Indicates the most significant questionnaire variable, the second most significant;
(+) - regression coefficient Is positive; (-) • regression coefficient Is negative.
^Number of times over the selected compounds that the questionnaire variable was selected by stepwlse
regression procedure.
'Adjusted for degrees of freedom.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
•o
in
TABLE P-2. RESULTS OF STEPWISE REGRESSION^ FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS WITH DAYTIME BREATH CONCENTRATIONS AS THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLES AND 24-HOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE VARIABLES, HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
VARIABLES AND OUTDOOR LEVELS AS PREDICTORS - WINTER SEASON
1,1,1-Trlchloro- Tetrachloro- g-Dlchloro- Number of
ethaneb>c Benzene ethylene benzene n-Decane Llmonene Times Selected11
24-Hour Activity and Exposure Variables
Q1A. Pumped gas
Q2A. Dry cleaned clothes
Q3. Number of cigarettes smoked
overnight and daytime
Q5A. In room with smoker
Q5B. Time exposed to cigarette
smoke
Q5C. Number of people smoking
Q7A. Worked today
08. Paints/solvents 2 (+)
09. Glues
010. Moth crystals, room air
fresheners, bathroom
deodeHzers
Qll. Petroleum products 1 (+)
Q12. Auto/truck/lawn mower
exhaust
013. Cleaning solutions
015. Aerosol spray
Q17A. Shower or bath 4 (+)
Q19. Dishwasher
Q20A. Clotheswasher
Q22A. Gas cooking
Q22B. Gas water heater
Q22C. Gas clothes dryer 3 (-)
Q22D. Gas or kerosene heater
Q22E. Fireplace
Q22G. Gas furnace
I M 1
2 (+) 1 (+) 2
5 (+) 1 {+) 2 (+) , . 4
4 (- 1
3 (+) 1
2 (+) » (-) 5 (*) 4
8 (-) 1
1
4 (+) 7 (*) 2
3 (-) 9 (-) 2
4 (+) 1
1
5 (+) 1
6 (+) 6 (+) 2
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-2. (continued)
1,1,1-Trlchloro- Tctrachloro- £-D1chloro-
ethaneDic Benzene ethylene benzene n-Decane
Q25B. Circulating fan o (-) 7 (-)
Q25C. CeU'ng exhaust fan
Q26. Nlndott ooer 3 (*)
Xob:.enoid Questionnaire Variables
Ql. Employed
Q8A. Living with smoker 2 (-)
Q8B. Visitor who smokes
Q13E. Drapes, carpeting, furnl- 3 (+)
ture professionally cleaned
Q15C. Portable circulating fan
Q15D. Celling exhaust fan
Q16A. Fireplace 8 (-)
Q20C. Bottled water used
Q21A. Attached garage
Q22B. Stored gasoline 6 (-) 4 {+)
Q22C. Stored lawn mower
022D. Stored automobile
Q22F. Stored pesticides
Q23A. Stored cleaning supplies
In kitchen
Q23C. Stored cleaning supplies 4 {+) 7 (+)
In utility room
Q23E. Stored cleaning supplies
In bathroom
Outdoor Air Concentration 5 (+) 1 (4)
Number of
Llmonene Times Selected1*
2
1
1
1 (-) 1
1
2 (+) 1
5 (-) 3
3 (-) 3
2
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-2. (concluded)
R2 - CORR2
R - CORR
Adjusted* R*
Sample Size
1.1.1-Trlchloro-
ethaneb-c
.64
.80
.57
38
Benzene
.79
.89
.73
39
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
.59
.77
.54
39
g-Dlchloro-
benzene
.78
.88
.71
39
n-Decane
.79
.89
.72
35
Llmonene
.49
.70
.41
39
•All questionnaire variables In the f'.na'i model were significant at the .10 level. All regressions Mere run on
LN (concentration) levels.
"The column Indicates that LN (concentration) Is a linear function of the variables Indicated. The correlation
coefficient for the regression Is R - CORR.
cThe number In the column Indicates the most significant questionnaire variable, the second most significant;
(*) • regression coefficient Is positive; (-) • regression coefficient Is negative.
^Number of times over the selected compounds that the questionnaire variable Mas selected by stepMlse
regression procedure.
'Adjusted for degrees of freedom.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
CO
TABLE P-3. RESULTS OF STEPWISE REGRESSION3 FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS WITH OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR CONCENTRATIONS AS THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND 24-HOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE VARIABLES, HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
VARIABIES AND OUTDOOR LEVELS AS PREDICTORS - WINTER SEASON
l.l.i-Trlchloro-
ethanebic
Q1A. Pumped gas
Q2A. Dry cleaned clothes
Q3. Number of cigarettes smoked
overnight and daytime
Q5A. In room with smoker
Q5B. Time exposed to cigarette
smoke
Q5C. Number of people smoking
Q7A. Worked today
Q8. Paints/solvents
Q9. Glues
0.10. Moth crystals, room air
fresheners, bathroom
deoderl zers
Qll. Petroleum products
Q12. Auto/truck/lawn mower
exhaust
013. Cleaning solutions
015. Aerosol spray
Q17A. Shower or bath
019. Dishwasher 1 (-)
020 A. Clothes washer
Q22A. Gas cooking
022B. Gas water heater
Q22C. Gas clothes dryer 4 (-)
Q22D. Gas or kerosene heater
Q22E. Fireplace 5 (-)
Q22G. Gas furnace
Tetrachloro- g-Olchloro-
Benzene ethyl ene benzene n-Decane
4 (+)
8 (-) 2 (+)
7 (-) ^ 6 (-)
1 (-) 5 i-j 1 (-)
4 '-' ! !;!
5 {+)
1 (-)
a-
Plnene Llmonene
6 (*)
8 (+)
4 (+)
f.%
81:1
it! 1H
Number of
Times Selected"
1
1
3
1
2
2
5
3
2
1
1
4
1
(continued;
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-3. (continued)
TJ
\O
1,1,1-Trlchloro- Tetrachloro- p-Dlchloro-
ethane°ic Benzene ethylene benzene n-Decane
0258. Circulating fan 3 (*)
Q25C. Celling exhaust fan
02fc b inflows open
Household Questionnaire Variables
01. Employed
08 A. Living with smoker
Q8B. Visitor who smokes 4 (-)
Q13E. Drapes, carpeting, fuml- 3 (*)
ture professionally cleaned
Q15C. Portable circulating fan
0150. Celling exhaust fan 3 (-) 2 (-)
Q16A. Fireplace
QZOC. Bottled water used 7 (+) 9 (-) 5 (+)
021A. Attached garage
Q22B. Stored gasoline
Q22C. Stored lawn mower
Q22D. Stored automobile 6 (-) 2 (-)
Q22F. Stored pesticides
023 A. Stored cleaning supplies 3 (-)
In kitchen
Q23C. Stored cleaning supplies 6 (+)
In utility room
Q23E. Stored cleaning supplies
In bathroom
Outdoor Air Concentration 2 (+) 2 (+) 1 (*)
a- Number of
Plnene Llmonene Times Selected11
14 (+) 2
3 (-) 1
10 (-) 1
7 (+) 2
Z (-) 3
3
9 (+) 1
2
1
1
3
(continued;
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-3. (concluded)
R* • CORR2
R - CORR
Adjusted* R?
Sample Size
1,1,1-Trlchloro-
ethanebic
.71
.84
.64
40
Benzene
.93
.96
.90
30
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
.36
.60
.29
40
g-Dlchloro-
benzene n-Decane
.44 .71
.66 .84
.33 .65
39 36
a-
Plnene
.94
.97
.89
36
Llmonene
.20
.45
.16
39
•All questionnaire variables In the final model were significant at the .10 level. All regressions were run on
LN (concentration) levels.
DThe column Indicates that LN (concentration) Is a linear function of the variables Indicated. The correlation
coefficient for the regression Is R - CORR.
cThe number In the column Indicates the most significant questionnaire variable, the second most significant;
(+) > regression coefficient Is positive; (-) - regression coefficient Is negative.
"Number of times over the selected compounds that the questionnaire variable was selected by stepwlse
regression procedure.
7* 'Adjusted for degrees of freedom.
t-f
o
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-4. RESULTS OF STEPWISE REGRESSION* FOR SELECTED COMPOUNDS WITH DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR CONCENTRATIONS AS THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLES AND 24-HOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE VARIABLES, HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
VARIABLES AND OUTDOOR LEVELS AS PREDICTORS - WINTER SEASON
1,1,1-Trlchloro- Tetrachloro- p-Olchloro- «- Number of
ethane"'c Benzene ethylene benzene n-Decane Plnene Llmonene Times Selected"
24-Hour Activity and Exposure Variables
QIA. Pumped gas
Q2A. Dry cleaned clothes
Q3. Number of cigarettes smoked
overnight and daytime
Q5A. In room with smoker 3 (+)
Q5B. Time exposed to cigarette
smoke
Q5C. Number of people smoking
Q7A. Worked today 1 (+)
Q8. Paints/solvents
Q9. Glues
Q10. Moth crystals, room air
fresheners, bathroom
deoderlzers
Oil. Petroleum products 4 (+)
Q12. Auto/truck/lawn mower
exhaust
Q13. Cleaning solutions
015. Aerosol spray
Q17A. Shower or bath
019. Dishwasher
Q20 A. Clothes washer
Q22A. Gas cooking
Q22B. Gas water heater
Q22C. Gas clothes dryer
Q22D. Gas or kerosene heater
Q22E. Fireplace
Q22G. Gas furnace
4 (-) 1
4 * 1
6 (-) 1
1
3 (+) 1
5 (+) 2
8 (-) 2 M 6 (-) 3
7 (*) 1
5 (+) 1
3 (*) 1 (-) 3
1 (-) 1 (-) 2
5 (-) 3 (+) 2
2 (-) 2 (-) 2
3 (-) 1
2 (+) 1
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-4. (continued)
1,1,1-Trlchloro- Tetrachloro- p-Dlchloro-
ethaneDic Benzene ethylene beniene n-Decane
Q25B. Circulating fan 7 (+) 2 (+)
Q25C. Celling exhaust fan
Q2fi Hi.idows open
Household Questionnaire Variables
QI. Employed
Q8A. Living with smoker
Q8B. Visitor who smokes
Q13E. Drapes, carpeting, fumt- 4 (*)
ture professionally cleaned
Q15C. Portable circulating fan
Q1SO. Ceiling exhaust fan
Q16A. Fireplace
Q20C. Bottled water used
•o Q21A. Attached garage
»L Q22B. Stored gasoline 6 (*)
ro Q22C. Stored lawn mower 6 (-)
Q22D. Stored automobile
Q22F. Stored pesticides
Q23A. Stored cleaning supplies 5 (-) 7 (-)
1n kitchen
Q23C. Stored cleaning supplies 8 (+)
In utility room
Q23E. Stored cleaning supplies 1 (-)
1n bathroom
Outdoor Air Concentration 2 (+) 9 (*) 1 (+) 1 (+)
«- Number of
Pinene Llmonene Times Selected"
2
2 (-) 1
r (-) i
i
4 (-)
3 (+) 1
1
1
2
1
6 (+) 2
5 (+} 5
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-4. (concluded)
1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane°ic Benzene
R2 . CORR2
R • OW
Adjusted* R2
Sample Size
.72
.85
.65
36
.96
.98
.94
25
Tetrachloro- p-Dlchloro- «-
ethylene benzene n-Decane Plnene
.72
.85
.64
36
.57
.75
.52
35
.42
.65
.38
31
.71
.84
.64
32
Llmonene
.68
.83
.60
35
"All questionnaire variables IP me final model were significant at the .10 level. All regressions were run on
LN (concentration) levels.
"The column indicates that LN (concentration) Is a linear function of the variables Indicated. The correlation
coefficient for the regression 1s R « COSR.
CThe number In the column Indicates the most significant questionnaire variable, the second nost significant;
(+) - regression coefficient Is positive; (-) • regression coefficient 1s negative.
^Number of times over the selected compounds that the questionnaire variable was selected by stepwlse
regression procedure.
'Adjusted for degrees of freedom.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-S. GEOMETRIC MEANS {/ig/m3) AND STANDARD ERRORS OF OVERNIGHT BREATH CONCENTRATIONS FOR THOSE
24-KOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE AND HOUSEHOLD VARIABLES SELECTED IN THE STEPWISE PROCEDURE9 - WINTER SEASON
I
t-t
4*.
Compound
1,1,1-Trlchloroe thane
Tetrachloroethylene
n-Decane
Benzene
g-Dlchlorobenzene
Variable
Activity and Exposure Questionnaire
Q13. Exposed to cleaning solutions
No
Q22A. Exposed to gas cooking
No
07 A. Worked In regular occupation
No
Household Questionnaire
Q13E. Furnishings conmerclally cleaned
No
QZOC. Use bottled Mater
no
Q23C. Store cleaning supplies In utility rooi
No
Q15C. Portable circulating fan
No
Sample
Size
15
33
25
23
11
37
8
40
16
32
n 12
36
19
29
Geometric
Mean
4.80
8.66
4.56
7.98
1.81
0.57
7.51
2.56
5.25
2.34
6.25
2.42
1.93
0.42
Geometric
Standard
Error
.14
.26
.12
.25
.34
.20
1.39
1.22
1.36
1.24
1.36
1.23
1.65
1.39
aOnly those variables with geometric means significantly different at the .05 level are presented.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-6. GEOMETRIC MEANS (>«g/m3) AND STANDARD ERRORS OF DAYTIME BREATH CONCENTRATIONS FOR THOSE
24-HOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE AND HOUSEHOLD VARIABLES SELECTED IN THE STEPWISE PROCEDURE* - WINTER SEASON
-O
•_•
01
Compound
Variable
Sample
Size
Geometric
Geometric Standard
Mean Error
Activity and Exposure Questionnaire
Benzene
Tetrach 1 oroethy 1 ene
p-Dlchlorobenzene
n-Decane
qil.
08.
022A.
Q10.
Q22A.
Q7A.
Q8.
on.
Exposed
No
Exposed
No
Exposed
No
Exposed
No
Exposed
No
Worked
No
Exposed
No
Exposed
No
to petroleum products
to paints/solvents
to gas cooking
to month crystals, etc.
to gas cooking
In regular occupation
to paints/solvents
to petroleum products
9
39
8
40
26
22
12
36
26
22
11
37
8
40
9
39
9.02
1.81
16.7
4.41
4.12
7.75
3.44
0.60
0.54
1.76
1.81
0.37
2.31
0.40
1.52
0.42
.64
.27
.68
.12
.15
.29
.68
.36
.49
.44
.40
.19
.60
.17
.59
.19
(continued)
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-fi. (continued)
-o
!-•
CT»
Compound
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Llnonene
Variable
Household Questionnaire
Q13E. Furnishings commercially cleaned
No
Q8A. Anyone else In house smoke
No
Q8B. Visitors or guests smoke In house
No
Q20C. Use bottled water
No
Sample
Size
8
40
12
36
28
20
15
33
Geometric
Nean
9.44
1.86
3.76
6.24
15.8
28.8
31.6
16.6
Geometric
Standard
Error
1.45
1.28
1.18
1.20
1.19
1.25
1.23
1.19
'Only those variables with geometric means significantly different at the .05 level are presented.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-7. GEOMETRIC MEANS fog/m3) AND STANDARD ERRORS OF OVERNIGHT PERSONAL AIR CONCENTRATIONS FOR THOSE
24-HOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE AND HOUSEHOLD VARIABLES SELECTED IN THE STEPWISE PROCEDURE* - WINTER SEASON
Compound
g-Dkhlorobenzene
n-Decane
a-Ptnene
Llmonene
Q17A.
019.
Q15.
Q22E.
Q22G.
Q25B.
Q22E.
Variable
Activity and Exposure Questlonnlare
Took shower or bath
No
Used dishwasher
No
Exposed to aerosol sprays
No
Used a fireplace
No
Used gas furnace
No
Portable circulating fan
No
Used a fireplace
No
Sample
Size
38
5
4
39
19
24
4
39
17
26
4
39
4
39
Geometric
Mean
3.95
0.86
1.04
3.73
2.14
4.75
0.66
5.50
2.48
6.69
13.1
4.05
4.53
24.9
Geometric
Standard
Error
1.38
1.23
1.28
1.38
1.36
1.21
2.18
1.15
1.34
1.19
1.37
1.20
2.74
1.21
(continued;
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-7 (continued)
Geometric
I
>-»
CO
Compound
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane
n-Decane
a-Plnene
Llmonene
Variable
Household Questionnaire
0220. Stored Automobile
No
Q20C. Use bottled water
No
Ql. Presently employed
No
Q150. Celling exhaust fan
No
Sample
Size
17
26
16
27
25
18
8
35
Geometric
Hean
10.5
24.2
5.67
2.44
6.23
2.89
8.03
26.6
Standard
Error
1.37
1.19
1.25
1.27
1.21
1.33
1.76
1.22
aOnly those variables with geometric means significantly different at the .05 level are presented.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE P-8. GEOMETRIC MEANS fog/m3) AND STANDARD ERRORS OF DAYTIME PERSONAL AIR CONCENTRATIONS FOR THOSE
24-HOUR ACTIVITY AND EXPOSURE AND HOUSEHOLD VARIABLES SELECTED IN THE STEPWISE PROCEDURE3 - WINTER SEASON
Compound
1,1,1 -Trl ehl oroethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
Sample
Variable Size
Q5A.
Q7A.
Q5B.
Q17A.
Q22B.
03.
Q7A.
Q23E.
Activity and Exposure Questionnaire
In same room with smoker
No
Worked In regular occupation
No
Exposed to others smoke 0 to 1 hour
Exposed to others smoke more than 1 hour
Took shower or bath
No
Exposed to gas water heater
No
Smoked 10 or less cigarettes
Smoked more than 10 cigarettes
Worked In regular occupation
No
Household Questionnaire
Stored cleaning supplies In bathroom
No
22
23
8
37
24
9
29
4
10
23
5
6
8
37
17
16
Geometric
Mean
30.7
9.32
47.9
13.3
10.2
22.9
11.0
35.6
25.0
9.44
7.78
5.07
13.3
5.33
8.86
18.6
Geometric
Standard
Error
1.30
1.17
1.68
1.17
1.20
1.31
1.17
1.67
1.42
1.15
1.11
1.14
1.68
1.19
1.20
1.28
aOnly those variables with geometric means significantly different at the .05 level are presented.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX Q
REGRESSIONS OF BREATH OR PERSONAL AIR VS OUTDOOR AIR
Q-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
9
4
3
E
R
s •
N
A
L '
o A o
ro I
n
-1
-a
-3
-4 4
0
1 « Used Dishwasher 0 o
0 • No °
i>
0 0
o
0
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 O 1 O 0
0 0
0 0
0 O
00 O
1 1
0 O
0
0
t
-3.0 -a. 9 -a. o -1.9 -i.o -o.s o.o o. 3 i. o i.s a. o a. 3 3.0
Figure Q-l.
Outdoor Air
Overnight personal air versus outdoor air for p_-dichlorobenzene with dishwasher
use as an indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
INOig/m3)
« *
3
P *
E
R
S '
0
N
A o
L
o o o
0
o
0
o
o
1
0
00
A
I
R
"
-a
-3
1 = Fireplace use
0 = No
-4
-3 *
_*—
1.2
-a. a
-a. 3
-i. n
-1. 3
-o. a
-o. 3
0 2
O. 7
LN(/ig/m3)
Outdoor Air
Flqure Q-2. Overnight personal air versus outdoor air for a-pinene with fireplace
use as an indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
LN(/»g/m3)
p
E
5 •
0
N
A 3
L
2
A
I
R •
-1
-2 »
r
1 « Fireplace Use
0 = No
-3.0
-2.3 -3.0
o o
o o
o
0 O
0 O
00 0
00 O
o
-1.3
-1.0 -0.3 0.0 O. 3 1. O 1.3 3. O 2.3 3. O
Figure Q-3
Outdoor Air
Overnight personal air versus outdoor air for limonene with fireplace
use as an indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
P 7
E
R
I •
N
A
L 9
A «
I
R
1 « Worked 1n Regular Occupation
0 - No
o
O 0
0
o o
1 O O
0
o o
o o
10 0 O
o o
00 o o. o.*o.e i.o i. a «
»* »• • ao aa a- « »-* a B
Figure 0-4.
Outdoor Air
Daytime personal air versus outdoor air for 1,1,1-trichloroethylene with work
as an Indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
o
I
cr«
4
P
E
R
S
0
H
A
L
A
I
R
-i
-a
-i. a
1 = Worked in Regular Occupation
0 • No
o
o o
-0.8
-O 4
0 0
O. 4
0. 8
Outdoor Air
o
o
it o
O 1
o o
0 0
1.2
1. ft
LN(/ig/m3)
Figure Q-5. Daytime personal air versus outdoor air for tetrachloroethylene with work
as an indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
JO
I
B
R
E
A
T
H
a. 3
3. 0
I. 9
1.0
O. 3
0.0
-0. 9
-1.0
-1.9
-a. o
-a. 9
-3. o «
i
-a. •
1 - Worked in Regular Occupation
0 = No
O I
1 t
0
o o
o
o
O O OO 00
o
o
ooo
-a. a
-i. A
-i. o
-O. 4
0. 2
O. 8
1.4 a. o
LN(/jg/tn3)
Outdoor Air
Figure Q-6. Overnight breath versus outdoor air with work as an indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
4
I
B
R
E
A
T
H
o
i
co
-a
-3
-4
-s *
i = Used Petroleum Products
0 = No
i
o
too
o
O 0
-i.o -o. 7 -0.4 -o.i o. a 0.3 o. B t.i i.4 i.7 a. o a. 3 a. fc a.*
Outdoor Air
Figure Q-7. Daytime breath versus outdoor air for benzene with petroleum product
use as an indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
LN(/ig/m3)
B
R
E
A
T
H
9.9
9.0
4.9
' 4.0
3.9
3.0
2. 9
a. o
1.9
1.0
0.9
O. O »
1 • Used Paints/Solvents
0 - No
0 0
o
o o
o o
o. o o
o o
o
-J. I
-O. 7
-O. 3
O. I
O. 9
0.9
1. 3
I. 7
Outdoor Air
Flqure Q-8. Daytime breath versus outdoor
y ,.co AC an indicator variable.
outdoor air for tetrachloroethylene with paints/solvents
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
JO
I
B
R
E
A
T
H
3.0
1.3
. 0
O. 9
0.0
-O. 9
-1.0
-1.3
-a. o
-a. 3
-3.0 •
I
1 « Worked in Regular Occupation
0 - No
o «
O 1
0 0 10 00 0 0 O
0 0
-t.o -o. e -o.« -o. 4 -0.2 o. o o. a 0.4 o. & o. a i.o t.-a t.4
LN(/ig/m3)
Outdoor Air
Figure q-9. Daytime breath versus outdoor air for n-decane with work as an indicator variable.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
B
R
E
A
T
H
a. 9 •
2. o
1.9
1.0
O. 9
0.0
-0.9
-1.0
-1.9
-3.0
-2.9
-3.0 *
I
1 • Used Petroleum Products
0 - No
-1.0
o o
o
O OO 00 0 10
0 O
0.2" 0.4 0.6 O.B
Figure Q-10.
Outdoor Air
Daytime breath versus outdoor air for
use as an indicator variable.
v-Hh petroleum product
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
APPENDIX R
RESPONSES TO HOUSEHOLD AND EXPOSURE ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRES
R-l
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. FREQUENCIES AND PERCENTAGES OF RESPONSES TO HOUSEHOLD
QUESTIONNAIRE - SUMMER SEASON
Frequency
Q.1A
Q.3
Q.5
Q.6A
Q.6C
Q.7A
Q.7B
Q.8A
Presently Employed:
Yes
No
Status, If not employed:
Housewi f e
Student
Unemployed
Retired
Disabled
Cigarette Smoking Status:
Current Smoker
Ex-Smoker
Never Smoked
Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked
Per Day:
Less than 1/2 Pack
1/2 Pack or More But Less
Than 1 Pack
1 Pack or More But Less Than
1-1/2 Packs
1-1/2 Packs or More But Less
Than 2 Packs
Usually Inhale the Smoke:
Yes
No
Anyone Else in Household Smoke
Cigarettes:
Yes
No
Number of People in Household Who Smoke
Cigarettes:
1
2
3
Rooms Smokers Smoke in Most Often
Between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm:
None
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen
Den '
Master Bedroom
(continued)
R-2
25
18
8
3
0
7
0
10
13
20
4
2
3
1
9
1
10
33
6
1
2
20
6
15
7
14
2
Percentage
58.1
41.9
44.4
16.7
38.9
23.3
30.2
46.5
40.0
20.0
30.0
10.0
90.0
10.0
23.3
76.7
66.7
11.1
22.2
46.5
14.0
34.9
16.3
32.6
4.7
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (continued)
Frequency
Q.8B
Q.9A
Q.9D
Q.9G
Q.9J
Q.10
Rooms Smokers Smoke 1n Most Often
Between 6:00 pm and 7:00 am:
None
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen
Den
Master Bedroom
Smoke a Pipe on a Regular Basis:
Yes
No
Smoke a Cigar on a Regular Basis:
Yes
No
Use Snuff on a Regular Basis:
Yes
No
Use Chewing Tobacco on a Regular Basis:
Yes
No
Respondent or Member of Household
Pursue the Following Hobbles:
A. Painting:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
B. Furniture Reflnlshlng:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
C. Scale Models:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
D. Gardening:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
(continued)
R-3
20
3
16
8
15
2
0
43
0
43
0
43
0
43
1
2
0
40
3
0
0
40
2
1
1
39
9
9
6
19
Percentage
46.5
7.0
37.2
18.6
34.9
4.7
100.
100.
100.
100.
2.3
4.7
93.0
7.0
93.0
4.7
2.3
2.3
90.7
20.9
20.9
14.0
44.2
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (continued)
Frequency
Q.ll
Q.12A
Q.12B
Q.13A
Q.13B
Q.13E
E. House Plants:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
F. Automobile or Bicycle Repair:
Yes, Respondent
Yes, Other Household Member
Yes, Both
No
Worked With or Used Pesticides or
Herbicides Outdoors For More Than
1 Hour at a Time 1n the Last 6 Months:
Yes
No
Respondent or Household Member Used
Pesticides 1n Home 1n Past 6 Months:
Yes
No
In Which Rooms:
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen
Den
Master Bedroom
Other Bedroom
Other Room
Pay Someone to Have Home Treated For
Pests 1n Past 6 Months:
Yes
No
Number of Times 1n Past 6 Months:
1
2
Drapes, Carpeting, or Furniture in Home
Commercially Cleaned 1n Past 6 Months:
Yes
No
18
12
2
11
5
5
1
32
3
40
11
32
8
2
8
2
4
1
1
8
35
7
1
9
34
Percentage
41.9
27.9
4.7
25.6
11.6
11.6
2.3
74.4
7.0
93.0
25.6
74.4
72.7
18.2
72.7
18.2
36.4
9.1
9.1
18.6
81.4
87.5
12.5
20.9
79.1
(continued)
R-4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (continued)
Frequency
Q.13F Number of Times:
1
2
3
Q.14 In the Past 6 Months, Respondent or
Someone Else Done Any of the Following
Inside Home:
A. Painted:
Yes
No
B. Obtained New Furniture:
Yes
No
C. Obtained New Carpeting or Other
Floor Covering:
Yes
No
D. Shampooed a Wool or Wool based Carpet:
Yes
No
E. Ref1n1shed Furniture:
Yes
No
F. Reupholstered Furniture:
Yes
No
G. Paneled Walls:
Yes
No
H. Plastered Walls:
Yes
No
I. Remodeled Any Rooms:
Y?s
Nc
6
2
1
8
35
8
35
4
39
5
38
0
43
1
42
0
43
2
41
3
40
Percentage
66.7
22.2
11.1
18.6
81.4
18.6
81.4
9.3
90.7
11.6
88.4
100.
2.3
97.7
100.
4.7
95.3
7.0
93.0
(continued)
R-5
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (continued)
Q.15
Q.16A
Q.17A
Q.18
Q.19A
J. Caulked Bathtubs, Sinks, or
Showed Stalls:
Yes
No
K. Installed New Insulation:
Yes
No
L. Done Anything Else Inside Home
In Past 6 Months:
Yes
No
Areas of Home Household Members
Spend Most of Waking Hours:
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen
Den
Master Bedroom
Other Bedroom
Now Using Mothballs or Moth Crystals
In Home:
Yes
No
Use Indoor A1r Fresheners:
Yes
No
Use Bathroom Deodorants Attached
To Wall or Toilet Bowl:
Yes
No
Water Supplied by a Municipality
or Corporation:
Yes
No
Frequency
3
40
0
43
10
33
28
2
27
15
21
3
0
42
28
14
11
31
41
1
Percentage
7.0
93.0
100.
23.3
76.7
65.1
4.7
62.8
34.9
48.8
7.0
100.
66.7
33.3
26.2
73.8
97.6
2.4
R-6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (continued)
Frequency Percentage
Q.19B Use Water Supplied by Municipality
or Corporation for Drinking and
Drink Mixes at Home:
Always 32 78.0
Usually 2 4.9
Sometimes 3 7.3
Never 4 9.8
Q.19C Use Bottled Water:
Yes 12 28.6
No 30 71.4
Q.19D Drink Water From Sink or
Refrigerator Tap:
Yes 36 85.7
No 6 14.3
Q.19E When Drinking Water From Tap, Does
Water Run for a Time Before Filling
Glass or Drink First Water Out of Tap:
Usually Run Water For A Time 23 63.9
Usually Drink First Water Out 13 36.1
of Tap
Q.19F Have a Filter on Water Tap or Any Other
Type of Filter That Purifies Water:
Yes 3 7.3
No 38 92.7
Q.20A Residential Garage Attached to or
Contained 1n Same Building as Home:
Yes 22 52.4
No 20 47.6
Q.20B How Often Smell Gasoline or
Automobile Odors In Adjacent Rooms:
Frequently 0
Sometimes 3 13.6
Never 19 86.4
Q.21 Store Any of Following Items 1n any
Structure Attached To or Part of Home:
A. Kerosene:
Yes 2 4.8
No 40 95.2
B. Gasoline:
Yes 7 16.7
No 35 83.3
(continued)
R-7
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (continued)
Frequency
C.
D.
E.
F.
Gasoline-Powered Lawn Mower:
Yes
No
Automobile:
Yes
No
Motorcycle:
Yes
No
Pesticides, Insecticides, or
Lawn and Garden Chemicals:
Yes
No
8
34
18
24
4
38
7
35
Percentage
19.0
81.0
42.9
57.1
9.5
90.5
16.7
83.3
Q.22 Store Cleaning Supplies 1n Following
Places:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Kitchen:
Yes
No
Kitchen Has Odor:
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Utility Room:
Yes
No
Utility Room Has Odor:
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Bathroom:
Yes
No
Bathroom Has Odor:
Usually
Sometimes
Never
Basement:
Yes
No
(continued)
R-8
33
9
1
5
27
10
32
1
1
8
23
19
0
5
18
0
41
78.6
21.4
3.0
15.2
81.8
23.8
76.2
10.0
10.0
80.0
54.8
45.2
21.7
78.3
100.
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (continued)
Q.23
Q.24
Q.25
Store Paints, Varnishes, or Paint
Thinner or Removers 1n the Following
Places:
A. Attached Garage:
Yes
No
Not Applicable
B. Odor Near These Materials:
Yes
No
C. Basement:
Yes
No
Not Applicable
E. Attic:
Yes
No
Not applicable
G. Attached Shop or Workroom
Yes
No
Not applicable
I. Any Other Area or Room:
Yes
No
J. Odor Near These Materials:
Yes
No
Sex:
Male
Femal e
Race:
Hispanic
American Indian/Alaskan Native
Black, not of Hispanic origin
Asian/Pacific Islander
White, not of Hispanic origin
Frequency
17
10
15
1
16
0
2
39
0
16
25
0
10
31
4
37
2
2
25
18
5
1
3
1
32
Percentage
40.5
23.8
35.7
5.9
94.1
4.9
95.1
39.0
61.0
24.4
75.6
9.8
90.2
50.0
50.0
58.1
41.9
11.9
2.4
7.1
2.4
76.2
(continued)
R-9
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-l. (concluded)
Frequency Percentage
Q.26 Age:
11-20 5 11.6
21-30 8 18.6
31-40 9 20.9
41-50 5 11.6
51-60 7 16.3
61-70 6 14.0
71-80 2 4.7
81-90 1 2.3
R-10
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. FREQUENCIES AND PERCENTAGES OF RESPONSES TO 24-HOUR
RECALL EXPOSURE AND ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE -
SUMMER SEASON
Q.1A
Q.1B
Q.1C
Q.1D
Q.2A
Q.2B
Q.3A
Q.3B
Q.3C
Q.3D
Pumped Gas During Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
Vapor Lock Device 1n Use:
Yes
No
Type of Gas:
Leaded
Unleaded
What Time:
AM
PM
Clothes 1n House That Have Been
Dry Cleaned 1n Past Week:
Yes
No
Wore Any of These Clothes 1n Past
24 Hours:
Yes
No
Smoke Any Cigarettes During First
Monitoring Period:
Yes
No
How Many Cigarettes Smoked:
1-5
6-10
10-15
16-20
Smoke Any Cigarettes During Second
Monitoring Period:
Yes
No
How Many Cigarettes Smoked:
1-5
6-10
Frequency
5
38
5
0
1
4
2
3
3
40
0
3
9
34
4
5
0
1
10
33
6
4
Percentage
11.6
88.4
100.
20.0
80.0
40.0
60.0
7.0
93.0
100.
20.9
79.1
40.0
50.0
10.0
23.3
76.7
60.0
40.0
(continued;
R-ll
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.4
Q.5A
Q.5B
Q.5C
Q.6
Used Any of the Following Tobacco
Products 1n Past 24 Hours:
A. Pipes:
Yes
No
B. Cigars:
Yes
No
C. Snuff:
Yes
No
D. Chewing Tobacco:
Yes
No
In The Same Room or Enclosed Area With
Someone Smoking 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
Time Exposed to Others' Smoke:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hour or More but Less Than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
3 Hours or More but Less Than 4
4 Hours or More but Less Than 5
5 Hours or More but Less Than 6
6 Hours or More but Less Than 7
7 Hours or More but Less Than 8
8 Hours or More
How Many People Were Smoking
(Including Yourself):
1
2
3-5
6-10
11-20
21-30
Used or Worked With Insecticides,
Pesticides, or Herbicides 1n Past
24 Hours:
Yes
No
(continued)
R-12
0
43
1
42
1
42
0
49
23
20
5
6
5
2
1
1
0
0
3
11
6
3
0
2
1
2
41
Percentage
100.
2.3
97.7
2.3
97.7
100.
53.5
46.5
21.7
26.1
21.7
8.7
4.3
4.3
13.0
47.8
26.1
13.0
8.7
4.3
4.7
95.3
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.7A
Q.7B
Q.7C
Q.8
Q.8B
Q.9
Work Today 1n Regular Occupation:
Yes
No
Unemployed
Time Went to Work:
AM
PM
Time Left Work:
AM
PM
Used or Been Near Paints/Solvents
1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
More Than 10 Hours
Used or Been Near Odorous, Vaporizing
Glues or Adheslves 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
8
17
18
8
0
0
8
8
35
3
3
0
2
1
42
Percentage
18.6
39.5
41.9
100.
100.
18.6
81.4
37.5
37.5
25.0
2.3
97.7
Q.9B For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour 1 100.
Q.10 Used or Been Near Moth Crystals, Room
Air Fresheners or Bathroom Deodorizers
In the Past 24 Hours:
Q.10B
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hour or More but Less Than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
3 Hours or More but Less Than 4
4 Hours or More but Less Than 5
5 Hours or More but Less Than 6
6 Hours or More but Less Than 7
17
26
14
1
1
0
0
0
1
39.5
60.5
82.4
5.9
5.9
5.9
(continued)
R-13
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.ll
Q.11B
Q.12
Q.12B
Q.13
Q.13B
Q.14
Q.14B
Q.15
Q.15B
Used or Been Near Petroleum Products
(Excluding Pumping Own Gas) 1n Past
24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
Used or Been Near Auto/Truck/Lawn Mower
Exhausts in Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hour or More but Less Than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
3 Hours or More but Less Than 4
4 Hours or More but Less Than 5
5 Hours or More but Less Than 6
Used or Been Near Cleaning Solutions
In Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
Used or Been Near Flea Collars, Flea
Powder, or Pet Shampoo In Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
Used or Been Near Aerosol Sprays 1n
Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less than 1 Hour
1-2 Hours
3
40
3
5
38
2
2
0
0
0
1
14
29
14
5
38
4
12
31
11
1
Percentage
7.0
93.0
100.
11.6
88.4
40.0
40.0
20.0
32.6
67.4
100.
11.6
88.4
100.
27.9
72.1
91.7
8.3
(continued)
R-14
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.16
Q.16B
Q.17A
A.17B
Q.17C
Q.17D
Q.17E
Q.18A
Q.18B
Q.19
Used or Been Near Any Other Product
That Involved Exposure to Chemicals:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1-2 Hours
Take a Shower or Bath In the House or
Elsewhere 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
Bathroom Exhaust Fan On While Taking
a Shower or Bath:
Yes
No
How Long Did Water Run:
1-10 Minutes
11-20 Minutes
21-30 Minutes
In a Swimming Pool, Sauna, Spa, or Hot
Tub 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
For How Long:
Less Than 1 Hour
1 Hours or More but Less than 2
2 Hours or More but Less Than 3
Anyone Else Take a Shower or Bath 1n
the House 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
How Many Baths and Showers Were Taken:
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8
9-10
Dishwasher 1n Use While Participant Was
1n House 1n Past 24 Hours:
Yes •
No
(continued)
R-15
6
37
4
1
37
6
4
33
20
14
1
2
33
1
0
1
36
7
21
9
4
1
1
9
34
Percentage
14.0
86.0
80.0
20.0
86.0
14.0
10.8
89.2
57.1
40.0
2.9
5.7
94.3
50.0
50.0
83.7
16.3
58.3
25.0
11.1
2.8
2.8
20.9
79.1
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (continued)
Frequency
Q.20A
Q.20B1
Q.20B2
Q.20C
Q.21
Clotheswasher In Use While Participant
Was 1n House In Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
How Many Loads Washed With Hot or Warn
Water:
None
1
2
How Many Loads Washed With Cold Water:
None
1
2
3
Was Bleach Used:
Yes
No
Number of Hours Spent 1n the Following
Environments During Past 24 Hours:
A. Indoors at Home:
0-4 Hours
5-9 Hours
10-14 Hours
15-19 Hours
20-24 Hours
B. Indoors, For Occupational Work:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
C. Indoors, For Other Activities:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
D. Outdoors, For Occupational Work:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
14
29
4
7
3
8
2
2
2
6
8
0
4
7
13
19
34
3
6
18
23
2
38
4
1
Percentage
32.6
67.4
28.6
50.0
21.4
57.1
14.3
14.3
14.3
42.9
57.1
9.3
16.3
30.2
44.2
79.1
7.0
14.0
41.9
53.5
4.7
88.4
9.3
2.3
(continued)
R-16
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (continued)
E. Outdoors, For Other Activities:
None
1-5 Hours
6-10 Hours
11-15 Hours
16-20 Hours
21-24 Hours
Q.22A In Past 24 Hours, Which of the Following
Frequency
4
27
11
0
0
1
Percentage
9.3
62.8
25.6
2.3
Combustion Sources Old Participant Use In
Home:
A. Gas Cooking Range or Oven:
Yes
No
B. Gas Water Heater:
Yes
No
C. Gas Clothes Dryer:
Yes
No
D. Gas or Kerosene Space Heater:
Yes
No
E. Fireplace:
Yes
No
F. Wood Stove:
Yes
No
G. Gas Furnace:
Yes
No
H. Other Combustion Appliances:
Yes
No
Q.23 During Past 24 Hours, Was Any of the
Following Drunk:
A. Cola Soft Drinks:
Yes
No
(continued)
R-17
18
25
19
24
15
28
1
42
0
43
0
43
1
42
0
43
14
29
41.9
58.1
44.2
55.8
34.9
65.1
2.3
97.7
100.
100.
2.3
97.7
100.
32.6
67.4
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (continued)
B. Non-Cola Soft Drinks:
Yes
No
C. Canned Juices:
Yes
No
D. M1lk:
Yes
No
E. Beer:
Yes
No
F. Wine:
Yes
No
G. Coffee, Tea:
Yes
No
H. Tap Water and Tap Water Drinks:
Yes
No
I. Bottled Water:
Yes
No
Q.24A Usual Daytime Temperature 1n Home
During Past 24 Hours:
60-65
66-70
71-75
76-80
Q.24B Usual Nighttime Temperature 1n Home
During Past 24 Hours:
46-50
51-55
56-60
61-65
66-70
71-75
76-80
(continued)
R-18
Frequency
7
36
23
20
8
35
7
36
33
10
24
19
8
35
0
43
1
13
17
8
1
1
7
8
16
5
1
Percentage
16.3
83.7
53.5
46.5
18.6
81.4
16.3
83.7
76.7
23.3
55.8
44.2
18.6
81.4
100.
2.6
33.3
43.6
20.5
2.6
2.6
17.9
20.5
41.0
12.8
2.6
</pre><hr><pre>
-------
TABLE R-2. (concluded)
Frequency
Q.25
Q.26
Q.27
Use Any of the Following Cooling
Appliances In House 1n Past 24 Hours:
A. Window A1r Conditioner:
Yes
No
B. Portable Circulating Fan:
Yes
No
C. Celling Exhaust Fan:
Yes
No
D. Central A1r Conditioning System:
Yes
No
Windows or Outside Doors Opened In Home
During Past 24 Hours:
Yes
No
One-Way Trips Taken During Past 24 Hours:
A. Number:
By Truck
By Auto/Van
By Walking
By Bicycle
By Bus
B. Length of Time:
1-15 Minutes
16-30 Minutes
31-45 Minutes
46-60 Minutes
61-90 Minutes
91-120 Minutes
121-150 Minutes
C. Traffic:
Heavy or Moderate
Light
0
43
9
34
4
39
0
43
42
1
7
115
6
3
1
94
28
7
1
0
0
2
61
71
Percentage
100.
20.9
79.1
9.3
90.7
100.
97.7
2.3
5.3
87.1
4.5
2.3
0.8
71.2
21.2
5.3
0.8
1.5
46.2
53.8
R-19
</pre><hr><pre>
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