GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR THE CLASSIFICATION
OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
DRAFT
Office of Solid Waste
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Waterside Mall
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
November 1979
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This manual was prepared by Versar, Inc., 6621 Electronic Drive,
Springfield, Virginia 22151, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-4767 with
Lawrence Davies serving as Versar project manager. The EPA project officer
was Susan Absher. The EPA technical director for this manual was Kenneth
Shuster.
The Versar contributors were: Russell Cummings, Richard Wigh, Dale
Montgomery, Mary Carpers, Jon Byroade, Michael Christopher, Robert Cochran,
William Hassett, Ellen Haley, Carey Burch, Philip Abell and Donald Spiegel.
EPA Office of Solid Waste contributors and reviewers included: John
Skinner, Kenneth Shuster, Truett DeGeare, Lawrence Graves, George Dixon,
Christopher Ryne, David Noble, Les Otte, Allen Geswein, and Burnell Vincent.
In addition, a number of EPA Office of Research and Development staff
members contributed to this effort, in particular, Richard Brunner, Michael
Flanders and A. J. Klee. Dr. Charles Moore of Ohio State University assisted
in development of the gas screening and prioritization model.
The assistance of all the State solid waste programs is particularly
appreciated. Each State supplied information on its current solid waste
disposal regulations, procedures, and permit programs. In addition, 18
States also participated on the National Governors' Association task force
to assist EPA in the development of the manual, under the chairmanship of
Jack Carmichael of Texas. Further, solid waste staff from the States of
Pennsylvania and Minnesota enabled and assisted Versar and EPA in
preliminary testing of the manual procedures at eight disposal facilities.
Finally, the assistance afforded by the National Solid Waste Management
Association, Governmental Refuse Collection and Disposal Association, and
the American Public Works Association in the development of the manual
is greatly appreciated.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTICN
CHAPTERS
Chapter 1 - Air
Chapter 2 (a) - Safety - Explosive Gases
Chapter 2(b) - Safety - Fires
Chapter 2(c) - Safety - Bird Hazards to Aircraft
Chapter 2(d) - Safety - Acoass
Chapter 3 - Surface Water
Chapter 4 - Ground Water
Chapter 5 - Endangered and Threatened Species
Chapter 6 (a) - Disease: Vectors
Chapter 6(b) - Disease: Sewage Sludge and Septic Tank Punpings
Chapter 7 - Application to Land Used for the Production of Pood
Chain Crops
Chapter 8 - Floodplains
APPENDIX A - Open Dump Inventory Reporting Form
v
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INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to assist States in evaluating
existing solid waste disposal facilities to identify the facilities which
do not comply with the "Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal
Facilities and Practices" (the Criteria). The Criteria were promulgated
on September 10, 1979, (44 FR 53438) under the authority of Sections 4004
and 1008 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976
and Section 405 (d) of the Clean Water Act. The Criteria were published in
the Federal Register on September 13, 1979 (Vol. 44, No. 179, p. 53438).
Those facilities that are evaluated by the States and found not to comply
with the Criteria will be reported to the Environmental Protection Agency
and published in the Open Dump Inventory as required by Section 4005 of
RCRA. This Guidance Manual for the Classification of Solid Waste Disposal
Facilities is designed as a decision-maker's guide for those responsible
for allocating resources and for managing facility evaluations for the
Open Dump Inventory. It contains suggested procedures representing EPA's
synthesis of the state-of-the-art for evaluating existing facilities
against the Criteria. This manual may also be used by disposal facility
managers in examining their facilities.
This manual provides technical guidance on setting priorities for
the Inventory and on determining whether a particular facility violates the
Criteria. Because no Federal enforcement actions result from such a
determination, the manual does not address legal or enforcement issues
(e.g., chain of custody, site access, inspection procedures, due process) .
However, to the extent that the State may use the results of these
evaluations in any subsequent State enforcement actions, the evaluation
procedures employed should take into account State legal requirements.
The Criteria provide minimum national standards for the protection of
health and the environment from adverse effects resulting from solid
waste disposal. The use of this manual's procedures to evaluate existing
disposal facilities should go far in providing for uniform and consistent
judgments in the application of the Criteria. Every effort has been
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extended to make this document understandable, practical, complete, and
technically accurate and to provide that results obtained are replicable.
It must be emphasized, however, that the Criteria, not the Guidance Manual,
are the determining factors for the classification of facilities. While the
States are not bound to use the procedures found in this document to
evaluate facilities, EPA expects the States to either use the Guidance
Manual or equivalent procedures (i.e., ones which achieve the same results),
as approved by the appropriate EPA Regional Office, for development of the
Inventory.
EPA expects that field use of the manual will produce new data, expand
the state-of-the-art of evaluations, and lead to changes in some of the
procedures contained herein. In addition, EPA intends to continue field
tests and data collection and to reflect procedural advancements in future
revisions of the Guidance Manual.
The Subtitle D Program
The Subtitle D Program of RCRA seeks to improve solid waste management
in the United States through funding of grants to States to support the
development and implementation of State solid waste management plans. These
plans are being developed in accordance with guidelines promulgated under
Section 4002 (b) of RCRA on July 31, 1979 (44 FR 45066}. In accepting a
Subtitle D grant, the State agrees to develop a State plan which lays out
a scheme for closing or upgrading existing open durtps (i.e., those facilities
found to be in violation of the Criteria) and to prohibit new open dumps.
the State also agrees to work toward development of regulatory powers to
implement the plan; i.e., to enforce the prohibition of new open dumps and
the closure or upgrading of existing open dumps.
The annual State grant application (the "work program") will be
developed with public participation and include a list of those facilities
which the State intends to evaluate against the Criteria during the year.
The list will indicate facilities for which the State has substantial data.
The Guidance Manual will aid in making determinations for those Criteria
elements for which the State must gather further information or do further
analysis of existing information in order to determine whether the facilities
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should be listed in the Inventory. Clearly, the States will not be able to
evaluate all disposal facilities in one year. The State plan, which is also
subject to public participation and public hearing, will lay out a scheme
for time-phasing the facility evaluations. This scheme must be based on:
(1) potential health and environmental impacts of facilities;
(2) availability of State regulatory and enforcement powers; and
(3) availability of resources.
The States' general priorities have been set for F5f 80, and the
procedures in the Guidance Manual will help the States determine which of
the priority facilities are most likely to cause potential health and
environmental impacts (i.e., violate the Criteria) and require greater
scrutiny. The manual will also aid in establishing priorities in
subsequent years' work programs.
The Open Dump Inventory
Under Section 4005 (b) of RCRA, EPA is required to "publish an inventory
of all disposal facilities or sites in the United States which are open
dumps within the meaning of this Act." An open dump is a disposal facility
which does not comply with the Criteria.
Using this manual or equivalent procedures, the States will use
Subtitle D grant funds to identify those facilities which violate the
Criteria. EPA encourages the States to evaluate each facility for all of
the Criteria elements, particularly where the facility is expected to be
upgraded. However, EPA will publish as the "Open Dump Inventory" a list
of all facilities which the States have found to fail any one or more of
the Criteria.
It should be noted that a facility may only be listed in the Open
Dump Inventory for violation of the Criteria, and not for violation of
more stringent State or local standards. EPA recommends that the States
inform all concerned parties (e.g., facility managers and users) of the
classification of a facility as an open dump prior to EPA's publication
of that facility in the Open Dump Inventory.
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EPA will supply open dump inventory reporting forms to the States
(see Appendix A). While the States may delegate facility evaluation work
to sub-State agencies or private firms, or use field information gathered
by a State, local or Federal agency (e.g., the NPDES permitting agency) /
the forms must be signed and submitted to EPA by a responsible State
official. By October 1 of each year, the States are to submit a form to the
EPA Regional Office for each disposal facility found to violate the Criteria
during that fiscal year (October 1-September 30). Annually, EPA will
publish in the Federal Register the list (Inventory) of those facilities
identified by the States as violating the Criteria. The Federal Register
notice will explain that EPA is reporting on part of the State planning
process and that the Inventory is a planning tool intended to provide
information to the public and to help the States set priorities for their
solid waste management programs. The listing of a particular facility does
not constitute a legal determination subjecting any party to Federal sanctions
under RCRA.
Coverage of the Manual
The procedures detailed in this manual are specifically targeted at the
evaluation of existing solid waste disposal facilities. While the Criteria,
as explained in the September 13, 1979 Federal Register, apply to a broad
range of disposal activities, the following assumptions and conditions
regarding the use of the manual must be reviewed carefully prior to
commencing evaluations:
(1) The manual is designed for the evaluation of currently operating
solid waste disposal facilities. (For purposes of the Criteria, the
term "disposal facility" is used to mean those facilities involved in
the placement of solid waste on the land and not such facilities as
transfer stations, incinerators, resource recovery plants, etc.).
Thus, the manual is not intended for use in evaluating permit
applications for new facilities or for the design of such new
facilities.
(2) With the exceptions listed in (3) below, the manual is designed
to be used for evaluations of the following solid waste disposal
facilities:
4
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(a) municipal waste landfills;
(b) industrial waste landfills, both off site and on site;
(c) sludge and other waste landspreading facilities, including
those accepting sludges or wastes from:
sewage treatment plants,
water supply treatment plants,
air pollution control facilities,
industrial or commercial facilities,
mining and agricultural operations.
(d) surface impoundments of solid, liquid, or semisolid wastes;
(e) facilities for the disposal of septic tank pumpings.
(3) For purposes of the Inventory, the manual is not intended for use
in the following cases:
(a) facilities where agricultural wastes (e.g., manure and crop
residues) are returned to the soil as fertilizers or soil
conditioners;
(b) facilities where overburden resulting from mining operations
is deposited when the overburden is intended for return to
the mine site;
(c) land application of:
domestic sewage and
treated wastewater from publicly-owned treatment works.
(d) point sources of irrigation return flows or industrial
discharges which are subject to permits under Section 402
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act;
(e) source, special nuclear, or by-product material as defined
by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954;
(f) location and operation of septic tanks;
(g) hazardous waste disposal facilities subject to regulation
under Subtitle C of PCRA;
(h) underground well injection facilities subject to regulations
for State Underground Injection Control Programs (proposed as
40 CFR Part 146); and
(i) backyard burning and waste composting.
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(4) The State nay evaluate an inactive facility and submit the results
to EPA if the State believes the inactive facility may be causing
adverse health or environmental effects and if the State feels that it
is important to upgrade such a facility. However, the State should be
cautioned when using the manual for evaluating inactive facilities;
the manual was designed specifically for operating facilities and the
procedures may not be applicable to inactive facilities.
(5) Regulations to be promulgated under Subtitle C of RCRA will define
hazardous wastes and set forth the procedures for operators of
hazardous waste disposal facilities to notify EPA and apply for permits.
Prior to promulgation of these regulations, States may evaluate any
disposal facility according to the Criteria, at the State's discretion.
After promulgation of the Subtitle C regulations, however, hazardous
waste facilities will be subject to the Subtitle C regulatory scheme.
(6) Facilities on Federally-owned or leased land are subject to
evaluation against the Criteria. States are encouraged to work with
agencies responsible for Federal lands on plans for and conduct of
the facility evaluations. Facilities on Federal lands are subject to
Federal, State and sub-State requirements for solid waste management
(RCRA, Section 6001).
(7) Facilities on Indian lands may be classified if the State secures
the approval of the tribe which has jurisdiction. EPA will provide
further guidance to the States on this issue.
Guidance Manual Format
The manual addresses each Criteria element in a separate chapter. The
chapters follow the organization and format listed below.
1. Criterion and Definitions
The wording of each criterion is reproduced as presented in the
Federal Register (44 FR 53438-53468, September 13, 1979).
2. Inventory Procedure
This section contains a brief discussion of each Criterion's
significance, including possible adverse health and environmental
6
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effects of violation of the Criterion. Also presented is a summary
of the suggested approach for evaluations for purposes of the Open
Dunp Inventory.
Given the limited resources to develop the Open Dunp Inventory,
the evaluation approach presented in this manual consists of suggested
schemes to eliminate facilities from further consideration, priority
ranking schemes, and then procedures to determine non-compliance.
For each Criterion, there are a number of questions to be answered
in order to efficiently develop the Inventory, focus on priority
facilities or groups of facilities, and to identify violations of the
Criterion. These questions are organized into a logical sequence which
is depicted in a decision flow chart for each Criterion. The meaning
of the flow chart terms is as follows:
(a) "Does not comply" means that the facility is an open dump
for that reason.
(b) "Complies" means complies with that Criterion, or portion
thereof.
In either case (a) or (b) above, the evaluator should go on to the
next box indicated in the flow chart or to the next Criterion if there
is no further box indicated. This procedure should be followed for
all criteria. If the flow charts and procedures contained in this
manual have been followed from beginning to end, a facility will have
been evaluated against the full Criteria and all reasons (if any)
for the facility to be classified as an open dump will have been
identified.
3. Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
Each question posed in the flow chart is restated in the text and
step-by-step procedures, methods, and techniques for answering each
question are presented.
As indicated previously, the procedures for evaluation of facilities
involve:
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(a) Elimination schemes
The first step in most evaluation procedures in this manual
involves elimination of some facilities from further consideration.
This elimination step is designed to rule out or quickly rate
facilities to which the Criterion does not apply or where non-
compliance or the likelihood of non-compliance is easily
determined.
(b) Ranking schemes
In order to optimize the use of limited resources for evaluating
facilities and to focus attention on these facilities most likely to
violate the Criteria (i.e., have a high probability of causing
adverse effects), ranking schemes are presented. The emphasis on
ranking schemes is greatest for those situations where the
determinations are time consuming or expensive to make, and where
the adverse effect involves public health or safety.
(c) Determination schemes
Specific technical procedures are provided for identifying
non-complying facilities. These procedures are for performance
evaluations (i.e., measuring or predicting adverse effects) and/or
substitute operational evaluations (i.e., evaluating the adequacy
of techniques employed to control adverse effects). For purposes
of the Inventory and State planning activities, substitute
operational evaluations are acceptable in lieu of performance
evaluations where the state-of-the-art establishes a direct cause
and effect relationship betoreen adverse effect and operational
technology (e.g., cover soil effectively controls rats).
4. Checklist
At the end of each chapter is a suggested decision checklist to be
used for each disposal facility. The checklist summarizes the flow
chart questions and provides a place indicating the determination
for each specific facility.
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Additional Issues
(1) EPA believes that the current state-of-the-art precludes definitive
determination of non-compliance with the Ground Water and Gas Criteria
without monitoring.
(2) EPA recomnends that no disposal facility be classified as an open
dump without an on-site field evaluation which reflects the current
operational and physical conditions of the facility.
(3) Field inspections should take into account how seasonal variations
will affect data results. For example, rainy seasons inpact surface
leachate seeps; saturated or frozen surfaces increase methane migration
and concentrations; vectors appear seasonally; birds migrate; etc.
(4) States must use their judgment in determining whether a violation
observed on a single site visit constitutes non-compliance, taking
into account the seriousness of the violation and any previous history
of violations.
(5) The manual is designed to be used by State managers, inspectors,
and evaluators who have been sufficiently trained to apply the
procedures. College degrees are not required, but a science background
and/or solid waste management experience is preferred.
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CHAPTER 1
AIR
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
§257.3-7 Air.
(a) The facility or practice shall not
engage in open burning of residential.
commercial, institutional or industrial
solid waste. This requirement does not
apply to infrequent burning of
agricultural wastes in the field,
silviculture! wastes for forest
management purposes, land-clearing
debris, diseased trees, debris from
emergency clean-up operations, and
ordnance.
(b) The facility or practice shall not
violate applicable requirements
developed under a §tate implementation
plaq apprpyed or promulgated by the
Administrator pursuant to Section 110 of
the~Clean Air Act.
(c) As used in this section "open
burning" means the combustion of solid
waste-without (1) control of combustion
air to maintain adequate temperature for
efficient combustion, (2) containment of
the combustion reaction in an enclosed
device to provide sufficient residence
time and mixing for complete
combustion, and (3) control of the
emission of the combustion products.
2.0 Inventory Procedure
For the purpose of the Inventory the approach is to initially
identify disposal facilities which do not practice open burning of
wastes. Facilities which practice open burning must then be evaluated
for the type of waste burned and compliance with the State Implementation
Plan developed pursuant to the Clean Air Act.
The compliance decision flow chart is presented in Figure 1-1.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Is open burning of solid waste practiced at the facility?
The first step in evaluating a facility for the air criterion is
to determine whether open burning is practiced (flow chart question 1).
A facility that uses trench or pit incinerators practices open burning
because such incinerators do not control emissions (see discussion of
air criterion in preamble to 40 CFR Part 257).
1-1
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B OK* tOt
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2
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11. COMMERCIAL.
on mnTRiAL
IPM ItMEO
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I NT
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THE FACILITYT
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r
YES
t
DOES THE FACIll
OTEi *UR*m I*
WITH THE STATE
PlAI ATfBOVEB
Y THE AOWWIS1
TO SECTION 111
CLEAN AIR ACTT
1
rv CONTROL THE
ACCORDANCE
MPLEinNTATION
9R PROMULGATED
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IF THE
NO
I
YES
COMPLIES
its
DOES NOT COMPLY
COMPLIES
DOES NOT COMPLY
NOTE DASHED MR MMCATES THE NEED TO CONTTNK TO THE NEXT FLOWCHART OKSTIM
FHJOTI 11 HOW CHART-AIR
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In general, this criterion does not apply to surface inpoundments
and landspreading facilities since their operation does not involve
open burning. There might, however, be special cases of combustible
waste disposal and open burning at these types of facilities. These
cases should be evaluated as outlined below.
The procedure for determining whether open burning is being
practiced is to:
(a) study the previous history of the facility through:
past inspections
design plan and permit conditions {does facility have a
variance which allows open burning?)
complaints of open burning
interview with local air quality agency
(b) conduct a field inspection
visual observation of active open burning (including
evidence of underground fires)
evidence of previous burning, such as
- burning pits
- ash piles
- smoldering
Where open burning is not practiced, the facility complies with
the Air Criterion. If open burning is practiced, the next step is
to determine the type(s) of waste being burned (flow chart questions
2 and 3).
3.2 Are residential, commercial, institutional, or industrial solid
wastes open burned at the facility?
Where open burning is practiced, from past history or field
inspection, determine if the wastes burned are residential, commercial,
institutional, or industrial. If any of these wastes are open burned,
then the facility does not comply with the Air Criterion.
1-3
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3.3 Are field agriculture wastes, forest management silvicultural
wastes/ land-clearing debris, diseased trees, debris from
emergency cleanup operations, or ordnance open burned at the
facility?
If none of these wastes are open burned, then the facility
complies with the Criterion. If the wastes are open burned, the
evaluation must continue to determine if they are open burned in
accordance with the State Implementation Plan.
3.4 Does the facility control the open burning of these wastes in
accordance with the State Implementation Plan (SIP), approved
or promulgated by the Administrator pursuant to Section 110 of
the Clean Mr Act?
The State or local agency responsible for air pollution control
should be consulted to determine whether the burning of the wastes
is in compliance with the SIP (flow chart question 4). If the agency
is unable to make this determination, obtain from the agency the
general and facility specific requirements of the SIP and regulations
or guidelines developed thereunder for the open burning of field
agricultural wastes, forest management silvicultural wastes, land-
clearing debris, diseased trees, debris from emergency cleanup
operations, or ordnance. Examine variances, permits, or exemptions
for burning and the conditions thereof. For example, open burning may
be limited to certain
hours of the day
seasons of the year
atmospheric conditions
designated burn areas
number of times per year
distances from the working face, public roads, highways,
residences, etc.
notification requirements to the air agency, solid waste office,
or fire department stating when open burning occurs
times when adequate fire protection is available
exemptions for certain areas of the State
1-4
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Determine if the facility operates in accordance with the SIP and
the applicable variances, permits and exemptions by:
Study of the past history of the facility, including inspection
and citizen complaint records
Field inspection (s) for visual observations of active or previous
burning
If there are violations of the conditions qf the SIP, the facility
does not comply with the Air Criterion.
1-5
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Chapter 7
AIR
Criterion Compliance Decision
d Complies
QDoes Not amply
1. Is open burning of solid wastes practiced at the facility?
D YES (Continue to 2)
D Records of previous open burning
D Visual observation of open burning
DPhysical evidence of previous open burning
D NO (COMPLIES)
D Facility is a surface impoundment and does not open burn wastes
D Facility is a landspreading operation and does not open burn
wastes
D Landfill which does not open burn
2. Are residential, commercial, institutional, or industrial solid wastes
open burned at the facility?
[] YES (Does not comply)
D Records of previous open burning
D Visual observation of open burning
DPhysical evidence of previous open burning
D NO (Continue to 3)
3. Are landclearing debris, diseased trees, debris from emergency clean-up
operations, silvicultural and agricultural wastes, or ordnance open
burned at the facility?
[U YES (Continue to 4)
D Records of previous burning
D Visual observation of open burning
D Physical evidence of previous open burning
D NO (COMPLIES)
4. Dees the facility control air emissions in accordance with the State
Inplemantation Plan (SIL) approved or promulgated by the administrator
pursuant to Section 110 of the Clean Air Act?
Q YES (COMPLIES)
G Opinion given by State agency managing the SIP
n Variances or permits under SIP examined
D Visual observations of open burning comply with SIP
n NO (Does not comply)
1-6
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CHAPTER 2 (a)
SAFETY - EXPLOSIVE GASES
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
5257.3-8 Safety.
(a) Explosive gases. The
concentration of explosive gases
generated by the facility or practice
shall not exceed:
(1) Twenty-five percent (25%) of the
lower explosive limit for the gases in
facility_slructures (excluding gap control
or recovery system components); and
(2) The lower explosive limit for the
gases at the property boundary.
(e) As used in this section:
(3) "Explosive gas" means methane
(CH,).
(4) "Facility structures" means aqy
buildings and sheds or utility or -
drainage lines on the facility.
(5) "Lower explosive limit" means the
lowest percent by volume of a mixture
of explosive gases which will propagate
a flame in air at 25*C and atmospheric
pressure
2.0 Inventory Procedure
Due to the large number of solid waste disposal facilities at
which methane is likely to be generated, and the time involved to
monitor a facility for determination of compliance, the Inventory
procedure includes the ranking of facilities according to their
potential for possible migration problems at the time of the Inventory.
The entire classification process consists of:
(1) The elimination from further consideration (compliance) of
certain facilities at which methane is not generated and at which
methane is prevented from migrating beyond the property boundary
and accumulating in facility structures;
(2) Ranking of the remaining facilities based on the potential
for any methane hazard at the time of the Inventory;
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(3) Determination of compliance by monitoring.
Figure 2(a)-l presents the compliance decision flow chart.
2.1 Other Definitions
As used in this chapter for the purpqse of the Inventory:
(1) "Property boundary" means the perimeter of the property on
which a facility is sited; or the perimeter of the property,
including buffer zones, which is designated as a facility by
appropriate local and State regulations or permits; whichever
is lesser.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Is methane generated?
Certain disposal facilities will either not generate any methane,
or such minor amounts, that they may be assumed to comply with the
Explosive Gases Criterion without any monitoring. The data needed to
make this determination includes:
(a) The type of waste, organic or inorganic, disposed of at the
facility;
(b) The method of disposal, i.e., landfilling, surface impoundment,,
or landspreading;
(c) The age of the facility;
(d) Operating conditions at surface impoundments.
This information can be collected from permit and inspection records,
field observations, and interviews with the facility owners or operators.
2(a)-2
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ro
1
IS METHANE GENERATED?
Y£S
I
IS METHANE PREVENTED FROM
MIGRATING BEYOND THE
PROPERTY BOUNOAAY AND
ACCUMULATING IN FACILITY
STRUCTURES!
NO
NO
1
RANK FACILITIES ACCORDING
TO THE POTENTIAL FOR ANY
METHANE HAZARD AT THE
TIME OF THE INVENTORY
4
00 THE CONCENTRATIONS
OF METHANE AS DETER-
MINED BY MONITORING.
EXCEED 15X OF THE LEL
IN FACILITY STRUCTURES
OR LEL AT THE
PROPERTY BOUNDARY?
VES
1
NO
COMPLIES COMPLJES COMPLIES
YES
DOES NOT COMPLY
FIGURE 2U)I FLOW CHART-SAFETY-EXPLOSIVE GASES
11/19
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Those facilities which may be assumed to comply for the purpose
of the Inventory are:
(a) Landfills
(1) Any landfills that have not in the past and do not
presently accept organic waste, since no methane will be
generated. Coal and peat processing waste, incinerator,
composting, resource recovery residues and septic tank
pumpings should be considered organic wastes.
(2) Any landfills that are less than one year old, even those
accepting organic waste, since they are not old enough to be
of concern.
(b) Landspreading Facilities - Since methane production is an
anaerobic process, all landspreading facilities may be assumed to
comply as, in general, the waste is maintained in an aerobic
condition.
(c) Surface Impoundments - Since any methane generated is prevented
from migrating by the liquid, it may be assumed that all surface
impoundments comply with the Criterion, for the purpose of the
Inventory. Should the State find a surface impoundment where
methane is being generated with a facility structure in contact
with the liquid, then the Gas Criterion evaluation may need to be
conducted for that case.
3.2 Is methane prevented from migrating beyond the property boundary
and accumulating in facility structures?
At some disposal facilities, water, saturated soil or impervious
rock naturally prevent the migration of any methane generated, or
migration is controlled with venting or gas recovery systems and therefore
the facility complies with the Criterion.
Data needed to make this determination include:
The location and types of facility structures;
Hydrogeologic conditions surrounding the disposal area;
Property boundaries;
2 (a)-4
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Information on any venting, migration control, or gas
recovery systems;
Recent monitoring records.
Example landfills are:
Any landfill which is at all times entirely surrounded
(sides and botton) inside the property boundaries by water
or saturated (e.g. surface water interconnected to ground
water) or impervious rock and at which there are no
facility structures located inside the surrounding barrier
or on top of the waste deposit. Examples would be a
facility in a marsh or swamp, a facility on an island where
the property boundary is at or outside the edge of the water,
or a facility where a high ground water table is being
lowered inside the property boundary by open drainage
tenches.
Any landfill with recent monitoring records which show that
both sections of the criterion are being met in accordance
with the requirements of the monitoring section (3.4).
Conversely, if recent records show the levels stipulated by
the Criterion are being exceeded in facility structures,
or at or beyond the property boundary, the facility is not in
compliance and the evaluation may proceed to the next
criterion.
3.3 Ranking of facilities based on the potential for any methane hazard
at the time of the Inventory.
The preceding sections have dealt with the elimination from further
consideration of facilities which due to certain conditions comply with
both provisions of this Criterion. The only facilities remaining to be
evaluated are landfills. Due to the fact that very few landfill
facilities are being monitored for gas, and the time involved in
monitoring, a ranking technique is presented in this section, so that
those facilities with the greatest potential methane hazard at the time
of the Inventory can be given top priority for evaluation. The scheme
separates facilities into high, medium and low monitoring priorities
2 (a)-5
-------
based on a history of methane related events, field observation, and
methane migration distance prediction charts.
3.3.1 Ranking Based on Methane Related Events
Facilities with the following characteristics should be given
highest monitoring priority:
1. A history of methane related fires or explosions in facility
or off-site structures, including non-pressurized utility lines;
2. Where existing monitoring data at facility structures and off-
site structures indicate that the requirements of the criteria may
be being exceeded. This group should also include those facilities
where migration control devices have been installed to control a
historical problem in on- or off-site structures.
For further evaluation of these highest priority facilities, proceed
to the monitoring section (3.4). For the remaining facilities, continue to
the second ranking step.
3.3.2 Ranking Based on Preliminary Field Observations
Certain facilities can be assigned monitoring rankings from simple
field observations. A scale plot plan of the facility and the surrounding
land use within 1/4 mile of the facility, including the location of
facility and off-site structures, is needed. The property boundaries
and the solid waste limits should be on the map. A recent scale aerial
photo might also be used. From this map, photo or plot plan, and an
on-site inspection, the following rankings can be assigned:
(a) Low Priority - those facilities at which there are no of f-site
structures within 1,200 feet of any side of the solid waste limits;
(b) Medium Priority - those facilities where within 1,200 feet
of any side of the solid waste limits there are no off-site
structures and no facility structures, but at which there is
evidence of unhealthy or dead vegetation outside or near any
property boundary.
2 (a)-6
-------
Note: Vegetation destruction is not necessarily related to the
explosive gas hazard, but it may be good indicator of methane
migration.
(c) Highest Priority - those facilities located in sand or gravel
pits and at which there are off-site or facility structures within
300 feet of any side of the solid waste limits.
For further evaluation of the facilities ranked in this section,
proceed to the monitoring Section 3.4. For the remaining facilities
that have not been eliminated or ranked, proceed to the third ranking
step 3.3.3.
3.3.3 Ranking "Based on Methane Migration Distance Prediction Charts
It is difficult to rank the remaining landfills by potential
hazard without an estimate of the distance the methane may have migrated
at the time of the Inventory. Migration distance charts have therefore
been developed for Inventory ranking. These estimated distances, when
compared to the location of the facility structures, property boundaries,
and off-site structures, can then be used to establish a monitoring
priority for the remaining landfills.
A basic methane migration distance prediction chart and appropriate
corrective factor charts were produced by imposing a set of simplifying
assumptions on a general methane migration computer model. These charts
should not be used for any purpose other than Inventory ranking because
of the number of assumptions that had to be made to produce them. An
example of a landfill is shown in Figure 2 (a)-2 along with 2 cross-
sections. Conditions along each side of the waste deposit are typical
conditions that could be encountered. A similar sketch or plan of a
facility being evaluated should be prepared. The land use within % mile
of the solid waste limits, including off-site and facility structures,
should be on the map. The property boundaries and solid waste deposit
limits should also be plotted, as has been done in Figure 2(a)-2.
2(a)-7
-------
\
c? o o o
WOODED LOWLAND
Q O
AGRICULTURAL
SOLID WASTE
-4T
SECTION A-A
-«- 50' 200' -
P B.
m I
SECTION 8-8
FIGURE 21.1-2 EXAMPLE LANDFILL (NOT TO SCALEI
153 HOUSE
2 (a)-8
-------
Additional data needs are:
1. The age of the site from the initial disposal of organic waste;
2. The average elevation of the bottom of the solid waste;
3. Natural boundaries and topography around the site;
4. The average elevation below the solid waste of a gas impervious
boundary, such as the ground water table or a rock formation
consisting of granite, marble or shale.
Two calculations of migration distance from the waste boundary
are needed for each aide of the landfill, to determine if the Criterion
is satisfied:
(1) The 5 percent (LED distance for property boundaries.
(2) The 1.25 percent (1/4 LEL) distance for facility structures
on or off site.
After preparation of the sketch and cross-sections, the determination
of the estimated migration distances begins with the use of Figure 2 (a)-3
for the 5 percent lower explosive limit (LEL) methane migration distance
and for the 1.25 percent (1/4 LEL) distance. These distances are then
modified, if necessary, with the corrective factors for depth and
surrounding soil surface permeability, Figures 2 (a) 4 and 5. The final
distances of migration for each side of the landfill can then be plotted
on the landfill sketch for comparison to property boundary and structure
locations, and the priority determined using Table 2(a)-2.
Uhcorrected Migration Distances - The use of Figure 2(a)-3
requires the age of the site and the type of soil extending out from
each side of the solid waste deposit. The graph is entered with the
site age, moving up to the appropriate soil type and methane concentration
(1.25 or 5 percent). Interpolations between the sand and clay lines
on the graph can be made for other soils, using the following general
guidance;
2 (a)-9
-------
I
t-1
O
300
I
ui
5
o
DC
(9
100
J: SAND-1.25% V,
CLAY-1.25%
SAND-5%
CLAY-5X 5 3
8 10 12
SITE AGE-YEARS
16
18
20
FIGURE 2(a)3 5% AND 1.25% METHANE MIGRATION DISTANCE
-------
2.5
2.0
100' DEEP
g 1.5
a
o
u
50' DEEP
25'
(*;*
.5
8 10 12
SITE AGE-YEARS
14 16 18 20
FIGURE 2U)4 CORRECTION FACTORS FOR LANDFILL DEPTH BELOW GRADE
-------
K)
I
M
ro
tt
o
I-
u
UJ
cc
tt
o
u
, .IMPERVIOUS-100' DEEP
IMPERVIOUS-100' DEEP
. IMPERVIOUS -25' DEEP
2.0
3.0
8 10 12
SITE AGE-YEARS
14
16
20
FIGURE 2U) 5 CORRECTION FACTORS FOR SOIL SURFACE VENTING CONDITION AROUND LANDFILL
-------
Soil Name USCS Classification Chart Use
Clean (no fines) gravels and sands QW, GP, SW, SP Sand
Silty gravels and sands, silt,
silty and sandy loam, organic
silts GM, SM, ML, QL, MH Interpolate
Clayey gravels and sands, lean,
fat and organic clays QC, SC, CL, CH, OH Clay
The uncorrected migration distance from the solid waste limit can
then be read on the left for the appropriate site age and soil type.
If the soil along a given boundary is stratified and the variability
extends from the waste deposit to the property boundary, the most
permeable unsaturated thickness should be used In entering the charts.
For example, if dry clean sand underlies surficial silty clays, the
uncorrected migration distance should be obtained using the sand line.
of the chart. Where there are questions as to the extent of particular
soils along a boundary, helpful information can be obtained fron Soil.
Conservation Service Soil Survey Maps. Field inspection, SCS maps and
permit boring information should be sufficient. Additional borings are
not necessary as this is only a ranking procedure. Where there is
doubt, use the most permeable soil group present.
For the example landfill in Figure 2(a)-2, the uncorrected
5 percent methane migration distances for a 10 year old landfill
would be (Figure 2(a)-3).
Section A-A: East side, 10 years, sand = 165'
West side, 10 years, sand = 165'
Section B-B: South side, 10 years, sand =165'
North side, 10 years, clay = 130'
2 (a)-13
-------
The corresponding unoorrected distances for the 1.25 percent
methane migration would be:
Section A-A: East side, 10 years, sand = 255'
West side, 10 years, sand = 255'
Section B-B: South side, 10 years, sand = 255'
North side, 10 years, sand = 200*
The corrective multipliers for the example site would be:
Section A-A: East side, 10 years, 20' deep =1.0
West side, 10 years, 20' deep =1.0
Section B-B: South side, 10 years, 10' deep =0.95
North side, 10 years, 50' deep =1.4
Venting Conditions Correction - The corrective factors for the
surrounding soil venting conditions are obtained using the chart in
Figure 2 (a)-5. This chart is based on the assumption that the
surrounding surficial soil is ijnpervious 100 percent of the time.
Thus the value read from the chart must be adjusted, based on the
percentage of time the surrounding surficial soil is saturated or
frozen and the percentage of land along the path of gas migration from
which gas venting to the atmosphere is blocked all year (asphalt or
contrete roads or parking lots, shallow perched ground water, surface
water bodies not interconnected to ground water). The totally
impervious corrective factor is only used when the landfill is entirely
surrounded at all times by these conditions. If both time and area
adjustments are necessary, the percentages are additive. Estimates
to the nearest 20 percent are sufficient. An adjusted corrective
factor is obtained by entering the chart with site age and obtaining
the totally impervious corrective factor for the appropriate depth
and soil type and then entering this value in the following equation:
Adjusted corrective factor =
[Impervious corrective factor)-!] x [% of impervious time or area] + 1
2 (a)-14
-------
When free venting conditions are prevalent most of the year, simply use
1.0 (no correction) . For depths less than 25' deep, use the 25' value.
For the example site, the adjusted corrective factors for frozen or
wet soil conditions 50 percent of the year are:
q~,4-.jnn A_A. East side (ignore narrow road,
section *. sand^ 2QI deep^ 1Q = (2. 2-1) (.50)+! = 1.6
years old)
West side (sand, 20' deep, 10
years old) = (2.2-1) (.50)+! =1.6
Section B-B- S°Uth side (sand' 10> deep' 10
Section B B. = (2i2_1} (.50)+1 = Ip6
North side (clay, 50' deep, 10
years old) = (1.5-1) (.50)+! = 1.25
Once the surface venting factors have been tabulated in Table 2(a)-l,
the corrected distance can be obtained by multiplying across the chart
for each side of the landfill. These values can then be plotted on the
original scale plan to describe contours of the 5 percent and 1.25 percent
methane concentrations or simply compared to the distances from the
waste deposit to structures of concern (Figure 2 (a) -6) . The comparisons
are then used with Table 2 (a) -2 to arrive at the ranking or priority for
facility monitoring.
3.4 Do the concentrations of methane, as determined by monitoring,
exceed 25 percent of the TiKL in facility structures or T.RT. at
the property boundary?
In order to determine compliance with the criterion it is necessary
to monitor facilities for methane gas at facility structures and at the
property boundaries. The ranking sequence provides the order of which
landfills, and which boundaries or structures, should be monitored first.
2 (a)-15
-------
The distance of methane movement at a site at a particular time
is influenced by a number of factors, including the stratification
and moisture content of soils and the venting conditions at the soil
surface surrounding the waste deposit. The location of probes and the
timing of samples is therefore very important to the accuracy of a
compliance determination.
For field measurements it is recommended that a combustible gas
indicator be used to determine methane concentrations as a percent of
the LEL. The indicator should be of the hot-wire ttfieatstone bridge
type (catalytic combustion). The thermal conductivity type of meter
is not recommended because of carbon dioxide interference. Instructions
on the use and calibration of these instruments should be obtained
from the manufacturer. These meters normally measure metliane concentration
as a percentage of the LEL rather than percent methane. Some models are
equipped though to measure both. High concentrations of methane
(75 percent) sometimes cause erratic performance with the percent LEL
meter. Therefore, meters which are capable of reading methane
concentrations directly are recommended as a chech in the event of
erratic percent LEL readings. Alternate instrumentation could include
the collection of samples in vacuum bottles, with lab analysis using
a gas partitioner or chromatograph.
3.4.1 Monitoring in Facility Structures
Monitoring in a facility structure should normally be done after
the building has been closed overnight or for a weekend, and when the
soil surface has been wet or frozen for several days. Sampling should
be done in confined areas where gas may accumulate, such as basements,
crawl spaces, near floor cracks, attics and around subsurface utility
connections. Gas recovery and gas control equipment need not be
sampled. The results, location, date and time for each sample should
2(a)-16
-------
be recorded. If any of the readings are equal to or greater than
1/4 I£L, then the facility is not in compliance. If all the readings
are less than 1/4 U2L, the facility is in compliance, it might be
desirable to repeat the tests at a later date or under different
climatic conditions to verify the readings.
3.4.2 Monitoring at the Property Boundary
Monitoring points should be located along the top priority
property boundaries of the site first. There should be at least
2 monitoring points along a boundary. The exact location of these
points should take into account any gas permeable seams; such' as dry
sand or gravel, alignment with an off-site point of concern, proximty
of the waste deposit, areas where there is dead or unhealthy vegetation
that might be due to gas migration, and areas where underground
construction might have created a natural path for gas flow (utility
lines).
In soils that are of uniform depth, probes or sampling points
should be at least 3 feet below the ground surface. Where dry sand,
gravel or more gas permeable soil strata might interconnect the waste
deposit and the property boundary, multiple sampling points should be
used, with the uppernost one three feet deep and additional ones in
the permeable layers.
For shallow sampling points (31), a bar punch may be used. A
rubber stopper or gas impervious seal must be placed over the top of
the hole for at least an hour before sampling. This will allow the
gas to displace air that entered the hole while punching it. Information
on the use of the bar punch may be obtained from a local gas utility
company or a manufacturer. A photo is shown in Figure 2(a)-fi. Shallow
sampling points may also be excavated with a hand auger and be constructed
with the various probes shown in Figures 2(a)-7 through 2(a)-10.
2(a)-17
-------
HOUSES
\
A /
v
\
\v .
^
,
LOW 1
PRIORITY
i
I
\
4
t
/
\
|
1
\
1
.
\
^, -"
^f
.
^~* -
MEDIUM PRIORITY
,.
AHATCHWHOOP
LANDFILL
LOW PRIORITY
5!s
^^^.^^^
^^-s^-.-..
-^ \
\ Nx
L.^
I
1
1
i
tt
HIGHEST ^3
PRIORITY* _ .
.
** 1.2BX
/ /
r-*-".C '
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1.2S
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1 f
1
n
i
i
]
/
i
i
ISl
LSI
HIGHEST PRIORITY RESULTS FROM STRUCTURES WITHIN 300'
IN SANO. NOT FROM CONCENTRATION CONTOURS
FIGURE 2(i)-6 EXAMPLE LANDFILL METHANE CONCENTRATION CONTOURS (NOT TO SCALE)
2(a)-18
-------
USING TOGO STICK- (BAR HOLE MAKER)
TO MAKE A GROUND GAS SAMPLING
HOLE
WITHDRAWING A GROUND GAS SAMPLE
THROUGH AN EXPLOSIMETER
CLOSE-UP OF EXPLOSIMETER
SOURCE: FRANK FLOWERS
FIGURE 2
-------
MASKING TAPE OVER
END OF PROM 7
DEPTH OF
PROBE
CLOTH TO M WRAPPED
AND TIED AROUND
PERFORATED END OF
TUBING
BACK FILLED
MATERIAL
- DEPTH AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROSE
MARKED ON TAPE WITH WATERPROOF
INK PEN. THEN WRAP WITH CLEAR
TAPE
CEMENT PLUG
T
i'i
1
PERFORATION* V MIN. (CAN USE
HAND DRILL. KNIFE POINT. OR
OTHER SHARP INSTRUMENT TO
PERFORATE TUBE END)
WEIGHT IA ROCK OR LEAD WEIGHT
CAN IE TAPED OR TIED TO
BOTTOM OF PROBEI
SOURCE: SCS ENGINEERS
FIGURE 21.1-8 SCHEMATIC OF A TYPICAL GAS PROBE PLACEMENT
2(a)-20
-------
SOURCE: LOS ANGELES COUNTY SANITATION DISTRICTS
FIGURE 2ia) 9 TYPICAL DISASSEMBLED GAS PROBE
2(a)-21
-------
CAP
PERFORATED P.V.C.
PIPE COVERED WITH
FIBERGLASS CLOTH
V-2' SCREEN
MATER TABLE
LEGEND:
IMPERMEABLE PLUGS
PEA GRAVEL
BOREHOLE CUTTINGS
SOURCE: ENVIRONMENT CANADA
FIGURE 2(iMO MULTI-LEVEL PERMANENT GAS PROBE INSTALLATION
2(a)-22
-------
GAS SAMPLING TUBE
GAS PROBE
SOURCE: SCS ENGINEERS
TYPICAL SECTION
INO SCALE)
FIGURE 2
-------
Multiple probe installations may be placed in the same hole, or in
separate holes in the same location. Normally a boring rig or portable
power auger will be needed to excavate for the installation of the
deeper probes. Deep probes should not be sampled for at least 24 hours
after installation. Non-pressurized utility lines leaving the site or
alongside it should also be monitored.
When sampling with a combustible gas indicator, samples should be
withdrawn with the vacuum pump or hand bulb until a constant reading
is obtained. When vacuum bottles are being used, at least the volume of
air or gas in the probe and line should be withdrawn before taking a
sample. The location or probe number, the time and date and the results
should be recorded.
If the site has a gas control or recovery system in operation,
the sampling points should be located at the property boundary on
the opposite side of any trench or pipes with respect to the disposal
area and the property boundary. It may be necessary to locate the
sampling points off the facility if the control system is located at
the property boundary.
Sanpling should preferably be done when the soil surface has been
wet or frozen for several days. The results, location, date and time
should be recorded. If any of the readings are equal to or greater
than the T.RT. (5 percent) , then the facility is not in compliance. It
might be desirable to repeat the tests at a later date or under different
climatic conditions to verify the readings. Where pumping control
systems are being used, samples should be taken when all pumps have
been shut down for their maximum time during normal operation.
2(a)-24
-------
TABLE 2(a)-l
METHANE MIGRATION DISTANCE TABULATING POFM
Landfill
Sic3e
E
W
ro S
fi-
T
S N
Methane Uncorrected
Concentration Distance
5%
1.25%
5%
1.25%
5%
1.25%
5%
1.25%
165'
255'
165'
255'
165'
255'
130'
200'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Correction
for Depth
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.95
0.95
1.4
1.4
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Correction Corrected
for Venting Distance
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.25
1.25
= 264'
= 408'
= 264' *
= 408' *
= 250' *
= 388' *
= 228'
= 350'
(2251 max.)
(2251 max.)
(2251 max.)
(2251 max.)
* IJhen these distances are plotted on the landfill sketch, they exceed the distance to the creek,
which acts as a barrier to the gas migration. Thus the distance to the creek is the maximum
migration distance.
-------
TABLE 2(a)-2
DISPOSAL FACILITY RANKING - METHANE GAS MIGRATION
ro
to
ESTIMATED METHANE O3NCENTRATION AT APPROPRIATE DISTANCE
Location of
Structure
of Concern
Off-site
On-site
>5% Methane at
an Off-Site
or Facility
Structure
Highest
Highest
>5% Methane at the
Property Boundary
But Less than
5% at an Off-
Site Structure
Medium
<5% Methane
at the
Property
Boundary
Low
<5% but >1.25%
Methane
at the
Facility
Structure
High
<1.25%
Methane
at the
Facility
Structure
Low
-------
Chapter 2(a)
SAFETY - EXPLOSIVE GftSES
Criterion Compliance Decision
n Complies
CH Does Not Comply
1. Is methane generated?
D ₯ES (Continue to 2)
D Landfill with organic waste
D Surface impoundment generating methane with a facility
structure in contact with the liquid
Q NO (COMPLIES)
O Landfill with no organic waste
D Landfill less than one year old
D Surface impoundment with no structures located adjacent to
or above the disposal area
D Landspreading operations
2. Is methane prevented from migrating beyond the property boundary and
accumulating in facility structures?
D YES (COMPLIES)
D Facility located on impervious rock
G Facility located on saturated soil or surrounded by surface
water
D Facility with gas venting or recovery systems
D Facility with recent monitoring records showing no migration
n NO (Does not comply - continue to 3)
3. Ranking of facilities based on potential for methane hazard at the time
of the Inventory.
[U High priority (continue to 4)
D History of methane-related fires or explosions
D Monitor ing results that indicate a migration problem
D Location in sand and gravel pits, and facility or off -site
structures within 1200 feet
O Ranking from Table 2 (a) -2
CU Medium priority
D Vegetative stress within 1200 feet, but no facility or off-
site structures
D Ranking fron Table 2 (a) -2
2 (a) -27
-------
Chapter 2 (a)
SAFETY - EXPLOSIVE GASES
(Continued)
D Low priority
DNo off-site structures within 1200 feet
D Ranking from Table 2 (a)-2
4. Do the concentrations of methane, as determined by monitoring, exceed
25 percent of the LEL in facility structures or the LKTi at the property
boundary?
DYES (Does not comply)
n NO (COMPLIES)
2(a)-28
-------
CHAPTER 2 (b)
SAFETY - FIFES
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
(b) Fires. A facility or practice shall
not pose a hazard to the safety of
persons or property from fires. This may
be accomplished through compliance
with 8 257.3-7 and through the periodic
application of cover material or other
techniques as appropriate.
(e) As used in this section:
(8) "Periodic application of cover
material" means the application and
compaction of soil or other suitable
material over disposed solid waste at
the end of each operating day or at such
frequencies and in such a manner as to
reduce the risk of fire and to impede
disease vectors' access to the waste.
2.0 Inventory Procedure
The Fires Criterion is satisified when a facility does not pose
a hazard to the safety of persons or property from fires. The general
procedure is to first eliminate from farther consideration (complies)
those facilities handling non-flammable wastes.
The remaining facilities are then evaluated for:
compliance with the Air Criterion
periodic cover application
adequate operating procedures to control fires should
they occur
The compliance decision flow chart is shown in Figure 2(b)-l.
3.0 Itesolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Does the facility have the potential for fire occurrence?
A facility which receives only non-flammable or non-combustible
waste, such as rock and earth, or processing wastes and non-combustible
-------
OJ
I
M
1
DOES THE FACILITY HAVE
THE POTENTIAL FOR
FIRE OCCURRENCE'
\
YES
2
DOES THE FACILITY COMPLY
WITH SECTION 2573-7. THE
AIR CRITERIONT
NO
' \
YES
!-»
3
IS PERIODIC COVER
MATERIAL APPLIED SO
AS TO REDUCE THE
RISK DF FIRE?
NO
i i
NO
r-*-
4
ODES THE FACILITY HAVE
ADEQUATE OPERATING
PROCEDURES TO CONTROL
FIRES SHOULD THEY
OCCUR'
1
1
YES '
1 \
1
NO
F
COMPLIES DOES MOT COMPLY COMPLIES ' DOES NOT COMPLY
YES
cowpiirs
NOTE- DASHED LINE INDICATES THE NEED TO CONTINUE TO THE NEXT FLOWCHART QUESTION
FIGURE 2(b) I FLOW CHART-SAFETY-FIRES
11/79
-------
sludges, liquids and aqueous solutions does not have the potential
for a fire hazard and therefore it complies with the Fire Criterion.
If a facility accepts flammable or combustible waste, the next
step is to determine whether it meets the Air Criterion, (Flow chart
question 2; see Chapter 1.)
3.2 Does the facility comply with Section 257,3-7, the Air Criterion?
A facility is limited by the Air Criterion to only open buring
of agriculture wastes in the field, silvicultural wastes for forest
management purposes, land-clearing debris, diseased trees, debris from
emergency clean-up operations and ordnance; and, further, must not
violate the applicable requirements developed under a State
Implementation Plan (SIP) approved or promulgated by the Administrator
pursuant to Section 110 of the Clean Air Act.
The evaluation procedure is merely to determine if the facility
has complied with the Air Criterion, Chapter 1.
3.3 Is periodic cover material applied?
For the purpose of the Inventory, the application and compaction
of soil or other suitable materials over all combustible solid waste
at the end of each operating day is sufficient to reduce the risk of
fire and satisfy the requirements of the criterion. For those landfill
facilities operating 24 hours per day, it is sufficient to apply cover
once each operating day. These facilities which do not practice daily
covering of all combustible waste or that open burn must next be
evaluated for the adequacy of any periodic cover and other fire control
techniques.
For landspreading operations handling combustible solid waste,
incorporation of all waste into the soil at th«: end of each operating
day in accordance with Chapter 7 is sufficient to meet periodic cover
requirements.
2(b)-3
-------
3.4 Does the facility have adequate operating procedures to control
fires should they occur?
Where a facility does not or cannot completely cover all
combustible solid waste at the end of each operating day or where
open burning is practiced, (even in compliance with the Air Criterion)
it is necessary to employ adequate operating techniques to prevent
and/or control fires,' including underground fires.
(a) At a landfill where open burning is practiced,.common
control measures include:
supervision while burning is practiced
limitation of access to users while burning occurs
established arrangements with the local fire department
earth stockpiles near the burning area
arrangements for, or on-site availability of heavy
equipment to control spread of fire
water supply under sufficient pressure
fire extinguishers
presence of firebreaks or firelanes
Determination of compliance is facility specific with regard to
whether one or more of these measures is sufficient to assure that
the open burning does not pose a hazard to the safety of persons or
property. A review of existing records and/or new inspections will be
needed to make this determination.
(b) A landfill, where cover material is not applied to all
combustible waste at the end of each operating day, must also be
evaluated. The following should be considered in deciding whether
there is a fire hazard.
2(b)-4
-------
previous inspections and reports
permit conditions (for a fire protection plan)
complaint record
the frequency of spreading and compacting of all
combustible waste
supervision of waste unloading to ensure that hot loads
and special wastes that have a high potential for
starting fires are unloaded a safe distance from the
working face. (Also, supervision of the waste unloading
area is required to prevent users from intentionally or
accidentally setting waste on fire.)
the practice of extinguishing hot or burning loads with
soil or water before incorporating them into the fill
presence of earth stockpiles located near the working
face
presence of a water supply under sufficient pressure
available at the working face
presence of fire extinguishers on all solid waste handling
equipment
established arrangements with the local fire fighting
department
arrangements for availability of heavy equipment to
extinguish fires
presence of firebreaks or firelanes
Determination of compliance is facility specific as to whether
those methods being employed are sufficient so that fires do not
pose a hazard.
2(h)-5
-------
(c) For surface impoundments the determination is again facility
specific. The evaluation should include whether combustible
wastes are properly handled or stored to prevent fire and the
techniques that are employed to control fires. The following
factors should be considered:
mixing of wastes to reduce flammability
presence of suitable fire extinguishing equipment for
the type of waste (water under pressure, foam, properly
rated extinguishers)
arrangements with local fire department or trained
on-site personnel
ability to rapidly drain wastes and control inflow
ability to isolate waste
accessibility to the impoundment by fire fighting
equipment
(d) At landspreading facilities where combustible waste is being
handled, site specific determinations should consider the
following factors:
availability of suitable fire extinguishing equipment
for the type of waste (water under pressure, foam, or
properly rated extinguishers)
arrangements with local fire department
accessibility to the facility by fire fighting equipment
2(b)-6
-------
Chapter 2(b)
SAFETY - FIRES
Criterion Compliance Decision
D Complies
DDoes Not Comply
1. Does the facility have the potential for fire occurrence?
DYES (Continue to 2)
NO (COMPLIES)
DFacility receives only non-flammable, non-combustible wastes
2. Does the facility comply with Section 257.3-7, of the Air Criterion?
D YES (COMPLIES)
Dlhe facility controls the occurrence of fires through
compliance with Section 237.3-7
DNO (Continue to 3)
3. Is periodic cover material applied so as to reduce the risk of fire?
D YES (COMPLIES)
Dine facility applies and compacts cover over combustible
solid waste at the end of the operating day
DThe facility applies and compacts cover at least once
every 24 hours
QThe facility incorporates all waste into the soil at the
end of the operating day
[I] NO ('Jontinue to 4)
4. Does the facility have adequate operating procedures to control fires
should they occur?
d YES (COMPLIES)
DLandfill minimizes fire hazards when conducting open burning,
such as:
DSupervision during burning
DLimiting access during burning
DEstablished arrangements with the local fire department
DEarth stockpiles near the burning area
DOn-site availability of heavy equipment to extinguish fires
DWater supply under sufficient pressure is available
DFire extinguishers are available
D Firebreaks or fire lanes are present
2(b)-7
-------
Chapter 2(b)
SAFETY - FIRES
(Continued)
D Landfill minimizes fire hazards by proper operating procedures:
D Previous inspections and reports indicate no problem
D Permit conditions are being followed (for a fire
protection plan)
D No complaints have been made
D Records of local fire department indicate no citations
have been given
D High frequency of spreading and compacting all combustible
wastes
D Waste materials with high fire potential are unloaded a
safe distance from the working face
D Unloading of wastes adequately supervised
D Hot or burning loads are extinguished with water or soil
before incorporating into the fill
D Earth stockpiles are located near the working face
D Water supply under sufficient pressure is available at
the working face
G Fire extinguishers present on all equipment and buildings
D Arrangements are established with local fire fighting
departments
D On-site availability of heavy equipment to extinguish fires
D Firebreaks, fire lanes are present
n Surface impoundment minimizes fire hazards by proper handling
and storage of liquid wastes:
D Wastes are mixed to reduce flammability
D Suitable fire extinguishing equipment is present
D Established arrangements with local fire department or
trained on-site personnel
D Wastes can be rapidly drained or waste flow can be controlled
D Waste can be isolated
D Impoundment is readily accessible by fire-fighting equipment
O Landspreading facility minimizes fire hazards by proper operating
procedures :
D Suitable fire-fighting equipment is available
D Established arrangements with local fire department
D Facility is readily accessible by fire-fighting equipment
NO (Does not comply)
2(b)-3
-------
CHAPTER 2(c)
SAFETY - BIRD HAZARDS TO AIRCRAFT
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
(c) Bird hazards to aircraft. A facility
or practice disposing of putrescible
wastes that may attract birds and which
occurs within 10.000 feet (3.048 meters)
of any airport runway used by turbojet
aircraft or within 5,000 feet (1.524
meters) of any airport runway used by
only piston-type aircraft shall not pose a
bird hazard to aircraft.
(e) As used in this section:
(1) "Airport" means public-use airport
open to the public without prior
permission and without restrictions
within the physical capacities of
available facilities.
(2) "Bird hazard" means an increase
in the likelihood of btrd/aircraft
collisions that may cause damage to the
aircraft or injury to its occupants.
(7) "Putrescible wastes" means solid
waste which contains organic matter
capable of being decomposed by
microorganisms and of such a character
and proportion as t»j be capable of
attracting or providing food for birds.
2.0 Inventory Procedure
Solid waste disposal facilities have been found by study and
observation to be artificial attractants of birds, often providing a
feeding, watering and roosting area. In the vicinity of airports, an
increase in bird populations may increase the probability of a bird
strike to aircraft. Thus, disposal facililities located in the
vicinity of airports, with uncontrolled populations of birds, may
contribute to a bird hazard to aircraft.
For the purpose of the Inventory, the classification process
consists of:
(1) The elimination from further consideration (compliance)
of certain facilities based on their location (distance to
airports).
(2) The elimination from further consideration (compliance)
of certain facilities based on the type of waste received
(non-putrescible).
-------
1
IS THE DISPOSAL FACILITY
WITHIN THE SPECIFIED
DISTANCES OF A PUBLIC-
USE AIRPORT*
\
YES
2
DOES THE FACILITY. ACCEPT
FOR DISPOSAL. PUTRESCIBLE
WASTE THAT MAY ATTRACT
BIRDS?
NO
i i
YES
]
DOES THE DISPOSAL FACILITY
POSE A BIRO HAZARD 10
AIRCRAFT?
NO
r \
NO
r
YES
DOES NOT COMPLY
NJ
COMPLIES
COMPLIES
COMPLIES
NJ
FIGURE 2(cll FLOW CHART -SAFEIY-BIRD HAZARDS TO AIRCRAFT
11/79
-------
(3) Ranking of the remaining disposal facilities based on
airports with known bird hazards.
(4) The determination of whether a disposal facility poses a
bird hazard to aircraft.
The compliance decision flow chart is presented in Figure 2(c)-l.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Is the disposal facility within the specified distances of a
public-use airport?
Disposal facilities farther than 10,000 feet from any airport
runway used by turbojet aircraft or 5,000 feet from any airport runway
used only by piston-type aircraft automatically comply with the
criterion. Most of these determinations will be obvious. Where there
are questions about classification of the airport, the type of aircraft
using the runway, and the exact distance, the following procedures and
definitions may be used.
Public-use airport, as defined in the criteria, means that anyone
(the public) may use the airport without prior permission and without
restrictions within the physical capacities of available facilities.
This would include those airports that have restrictions based on
safety or environmental considerations, such as:
The number of planes per hour
The hours of operation (noise or safety considerations)
Types of planes; runways too short for turbojet planes
This does not include airports such as:
Those restricted to specific individual or company planes
Agricultural runways
Private individual's airstrips (not open to the public)
2(c)-3
-------
Up-to-date listings of public-use airports are contained in the
appropriate regional Airport/Facility Directory published by the U.S.
Department of Gomnerce, NQAA, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Maryland,
20852. The regions for which the directory is published are shown in
Figure 2(c)-2.
""] *" ^^
r>>
Figure 2(c)-2
Where there are questions about the type of aircraft using the
runway, the airport owner or operator should be contacted. If turbojet
aircraft regularly use the runway in non-emergency situations, the
2(c)-4
-------
10,000 foot distance would apply. These situations would include,
but not be limited to:
Scheduled or non-scheduled commercial passenger or
freight service
Private traffic
Military aircraft
The distance from the runway is measured radially from the end
of the runway. The runway is defined as "a defined rectangular area,
on a land airport prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft
along its length." (FAA Glossary). Examples of measuring out from
a runway are shown in Figure 2(c)-3.
The determination of distance can be made on recent USGS ~lh min
maps, scale aerial photos of the area, or plot plans of the facility
and the surrounding area. Measurement to the disposal facility would
be to the solid waste boundary, as defined on Page 4-1. If no portion
of the facility is within the 10,000 or 5,000 foot radial distance
from the end of the runway, the facility complies with the criterion.
If the facility or portion thereof lies within the specified distance
the evaluation should proceed to the next section.
3.2 Does the facility accept for disposal putrescible waste that
may attract birds?
This determination is YES, if the disposal facility accepts any
of the following:
residential wastes
food wastes, food marketing wastes, food processing wastes
such as agricultural wastes, or food canning wastes
sewage sludge
septic tank pumpings
2(c)-5
-------
A BOTH RUNWAYS HANDLING SAME TYPE OF AIRCRAFT
FIGURE Ztcll MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE FROM RUNWAY
2(c)-6
-------
a RUNWAYS HANDLING DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
C SINGLE RUNWAY. EITHER TYPE OF AIRCRAFT
FIGURE »c)3 (CONTINUED) MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE FROM RUNWAY
2(c)-7
-------
animal manures
animal carcasses
similar putrescible wastes
This determination is NO, and the facility complies with the
Criterion, if the facility receives only:
fill dirt
clean construction and demolition wastes
inorganic wastes such as ash, metals, plastics, glass,
ceramic, rubber, mineral, or chemical wastes
bulky wastes such as large auto parts, tires, stoves,
and refrigerators
similar non-putrescible wastes
State discretion should be used if the facility receives only:
land clearing debris
industrial wastes such as leather, cartons, paper, pulp,
lumber, sawdust, bark
processed wastes such as incinerator residue, shredded, or
baled wastes
3.3 Does the disposal facility pose a bird hazard to aircraft?
In order to pose a bird hazard to aircraft, the disposal facility
must attract birds and increase the likelihood of bird/aircraft collisions
that may cause damage to the aircraft or injury to its occupants. The
complexity that can be involved in this determination precludes immediate
evaluations of all of those facilities not previously eliminated.
Therefore, it is recommended that facilities be ranked according to their
potential to pose a bird hazard. The suggested order of ranking is:
2(c)-8
-------
(a) First Priority - Those facilities which are located within
the specified distances of an airport identified by FAA as having
a solid waste related bird hazard. These facilities are listed
in Appendix 2(c)-l.
(b) Second Priority - Those facilities which are located within
the specified distances of an airport identified by FAA as having
a bird hazard to aircraft. These airports are listed in
Appendix 2(c)-2.
(c) Third Priority - Those facilities which are located within the
specified distances of an airport known to the State Solid Waste
Office as having a bird hazard to aircraft. A list of such
facilities might be obtained from existing office records of:
previous complaints
past inspection reports
previous study or knowledge of a potential problem
and by contacting or referring to:
Airport owners/operators
State aviation office
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. EPA Regional Offices
State Wildlife offices
Bird hazard specialists
Airman's Information Manual, Part 3A (published by the
National Flight Data Center)
(d) lowest Priority - Those facilities which are located within the
specified distances and have not previously been eliminated or
ranked.
2(c)-9
-------
The evaluations should be made in the order of the priorities,
in consultation with the FAA, the State aviation office, the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service and the owners and operators of the airport and the
disposal facility. The compliance decision should be made by the State
Solid Waste Office.
The initial step in the evaluation of first, second and third
priority facilities is to determine whether the bird populations of
the facility are greater than natural populations in the area, for
each species. If it is shown that the populations are less or
similar, then the Facility is in compliance with this criterion.
It is inadequate that this be determined through one field inspection,
since birds may occur at the facility only during certain times of the
day, during inclement weather, or certain times of the year. This
should be shown through several field inspections and previous study if
available. If it is shown that birds are attracted to the disposal
facility, further analysis is necessary to determine if these birds
pose a hazard to aircraft.
For facilities assigned a low priority, the initial step in the
evaluation is to contact the airport to determine if there has been a
history of bird strikes. If there has not been, it may be assumed that
the facility complies with the criterion for the purpose of the Inventory.
If there is a history of bird strikes at the airport the evaluation
should proceed with the study of populations, as previously discussed.
It is now known that:
the disposal facility is located within the specified distances
of a public-use airport;
the disposal facility receives putrescible waste;
2 (c) -10
-------
birds are attracted to the disposal facility (i.e., bird
populations on-site are greater than naturally occur in
the area);
a bird hazard exists at the airport.
It remains to be determined whether the disposal facility
contributes to the bird hazard at the airport or whether the bird
hazard is solely due to other attractants, such as the: airport itself
or other off-site features.
The most reliable method to determine if the facility does or does
not contribute to the bird hazard at the airport is to establish the
flight patterns of the species of concern. Methods to establish bird
flight patterns include visual observation; radar tracings of birds
actively flying from the disposal facility to the airport area; marking
birds at the disposal facility and recapturing or seeing them at the
airport area; or examination of stomach contents of dead birds in the
airport area to evidence previous feeding at the disposal facility. If
birds attracted by the disposal facility do indeed fly across the landing
or departure pattern for aircraft within the specified distances of the
airport, the facility is not in compliance with this Criterion.
If the flight patterns of the birds cannot be clearly established,
a comparison should be made of the birds at the airport which are
posing the hazard, with the birds at the disposal facility and with the
birds at other surrounding areas in the vicinity of the airport. The
characteristics and occurrence of the bird population at the airport
may be similar enough to birds in surrounding areas to indicate that
the birds are entering the airport from these surrounding areas.
-------
To make such a comparison, all areas in the vicinity of the airport,
as well as any airport features capable of attracting birds, should be
identified. Such areas are:
crop land
water - especially standing bodies of water and wetlands
vegetation, especially forests
open areas - fields (especially recently disturbed),
grasses, golf courses
animal feeding operations
solid waste handling at the airport
The bird population in these areas should be identified and
characterized. The characteristics of the bird population at the
airport, the disposal facility, and these other surrounding areas
should be compared. Characteristics of bird population to be compared
are:
species of birds - What species poses the hazard at the airport?
Does the disposal facility, or other surrounding areas support
this species?
number of birds - What is the approximate number of birds at
the airport? Is it a flock, or single birds? Does the disposal
facility or surrounding areas support this number of birds?
daily occurrence - What part of the day do the birds usually
occur at the airport? Morning, evening, or all day? Does this
bear any relationship to the daily occurrence of birds at the
disposal facility or other surrounding areas?
seasonal occurrence - What are the seasonal patterns of birds
at the airport? Are birds most numerous during spring and autumn
migration or during winter due to heat and food availability at
the disposal facility or other surrounding areas?
2(c)-12
-------
weather conditions - Are birds seeking shelter from inclement
weather at the airport? Disposal facility? Surrounding areas?
After a comparison of the birds at the airport, the disposal facility
and other surrounding areas, evidence should be weighed to determine
the attractant of the birds posing the hazard.
If the bird population at the airport appears to be more clearly
related to the bird population of the other surrounding areas than to
the bird population of the disposal facility, then the other surrounding
areas pose the bird hazard and the disposal facility is in compliance
with this criterion.
If the bird population at the airport appears to be more closely
related to the bird population at the disposal facility than to the bird
population of the other surrounding areas, the disposal facility poses
the bird hazard and the disposal facility is not in compliance with this
criterion.
2(c)-13
-------
Appendix 2(c)-1
AIRPORTS HAVING
SOLID WASTE RELATED
BIRD HAZARD
2 (c) -14
-------
AIRPORTS WITH BIRD HAZARDS
ALASKAN REGION
ASSOCIATED CITY
Kodiak, Alaska
Homer, Alaska
Anchorage, Alaska
AIRPORT NAME
Kodiak State
Hcmer
Merrill Field
NORTHWEST REGION
Renton, Washington
Hoquiam, Washington
Bremerton, Washington
Renton Municipal
Bowerman
Kitsap County
PACIFIC REGION
None
WESTERN REGION
San Francisco, California
Oakland, California
Stockton, California
Santa Barbara, California
Concord, California
San Francisco International
Metropolitan Oakland
Stockton Metropolitan
Santa Barbara Municipal
Buchanan Field
SOUTHWEST REGION
None
GREAT LAKES REGION
Benton Harbor, Michigan
Escanaba, Michigan
Lansing, Michigan
Duluth, Minnesota
International Falls, Minnesota
Ross Field
Delta County
Capital City
Duluth International
Falls International
2(c)-15
-------
AIRPORTS WITH BIRD HAZARDS (continued)
SOUTHERN REGION
ASSOCIATED CITY AIRPORT NAME
Atlanta, Georgia Hartsfield Atlanta International
Augusta, Georgia Bush Field
CENTRAL REGION
Omaha, Nebraska Eppley Airfield
ROCKY 1VPUNTAIN REGION
Salt Lake City, Utah Salt ls^e o^ international
Cgden, Utah Ogden Municipal
NEW ENGLAND REGION
None
EASTERN REGION
Newark, New Jersey Newark International
Trenton, New Jersey Mercer County
Atlantic City, New Jersey Atlantic City Municipal
Atlantic City, New Jersey NAFEC/Atlantic City
New York, New York John F> Kennedy International
New York, New York IjSL Guardia
Disposal facilities may not necessarily be within the specified
distances of these airports
Listing subject to updating by FAA
2(c)-16
-------
Appendix 2(c)-2
AIRPORTS HAVING A
KNOWN BIRD HAZARD
2(c)-17
-------
AIRPORTS WITH BIRD HAZARDS
ALASKAN REGION
ASSOCIATED CITY
None
AIRPORT NAME
NORTHWEST REGION
Seattle, Washington
Moses Lake, Washington
Lewiston, Idaho
Pocatello, Idaho
Salem, Oregon
Medford, Oregon
Astoria, Oregon
Idaho Falls, Idaho
Boeing Field/King County
Grant County
Lewiston-Nez Perce County
Pocatello Municipal
McNary Field
Hertford-Jackson County
Clatsop County
Fanning Field
PACIFIC REGION
Pago Pago, Samoa
Honolulu, Hawaii
Kahului, Hawaii
Lihue, Hawaii
Lanai City, Hawaii
Pago Pago International
Honolulu International
Kahului, International
Lihue International
Lanai
WESTERN REGION
Los Angeles, California
Sacramento, California
Sacramento, California
Santa Ana, California
Napa, California
San Diego, California
Fresno, California
Burbank, California
Santa Monica, California
Livermore, California
Palo Alto,California
Los Angeles International
Sacramento Metropolitan
Sacramento Executive
John Wayne/Orange County
Napa County
San Diego International
Fresno Air Terminal
Hollywood Burbank
Santa Monica Municipal
Livermore
Palo Alto
2(c)-18
-------
AIRPORTS WITH BIRD HAZARDS (continued)
ASSOCIATED CITY
AIRPORT NAME
WESTERN REGION (continued)
Long Beach, California
Santa Maria, California
Torrance, California
Compton, California
Phoenix, Arizona
Reno, Nevada
Long Beach/Daugherty Field
Santa Maria Public
Torrance Municipal
Compton Airport
Phoenix-Sky Harbor
Reno International
SOUTHWEST REGION
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Lawton, Oklahoma
New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans, Louisiana
Monroe, Louisiana
Tulsa International
Lawton Municipal
Lakefront International
New Orleans International
Monroe Regional
GREAT LAKES REGION
South Bend, Indiana
Detroit, Michigan
Detroit, Michigan
Detroit, Michigan
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Kalamazoo, Michigan
Muskegon, Michigan
Chicago, Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
Moline, Illinois
Alexandria, Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
Appleton, Wisconsin
Green Bay, Wisconsin
La Crosse, Wisconsin
Manitowoc, Wisconsin
Ililwaukee, Wisconsin
Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Michiana Regional
Detroit City
Detroit Metropolitan
Willow Run
Kent County International
Kalamazoo Municipal
Muskegon County
Merrill C. Meigs
Chicago Midway
Quad City
Chandler Field
Holman Field
Outagamie County
Austin-Straubel Field
La Crosse Municipal
Manitowoc County
General Mitchell Field
Witbnan Field
2(c)-19
-------
AIRPORTS WITH BIRD HAZARDS (continued)
ASSOCIATED CITY
AIRPORT NAME
SOUTHERN REGION
Tampa, Florida
Sarasota/Bradenton, Florida
Ft. Myers, Florida
Miami, Florida
Orlando, Florida
St. Petersburg/Clearwater, Florida
Melbourne, Florida
Marathon, Florida
Jacksonville, Florida
Key West, Florida
Lake Okeechobee
Brunswick, Georgia
Birmingham, Alabama
Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Anniston, Alabama
Louisville, Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky
Wilmington, North Carolina
Memphis, Tennessee
Nashville, Tennessee
Christiansted, Virgin Islands
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Tampa International
Saraso ta-Bradenton
Page Field
Miami International
Orlando International
St. Petersburg/Clearwater Int'l
Melbourne Regional
Marathon Flight Strip
Jacksonville International
Key West International
Lake Okeechobee Municipal
Glynco Jetport
Birmingham Municipal
Muscle Shoals
Anniston - Calhoun County
Standford Field
Blue Grass
New Hanover County
Memphis International
Nashville Metropolitan
Alexander Hamilton
Puerto Rico International
CENTRAL REGION
Wichita, Kansas
Sioux City, Iowa
Columbia, Missouri
St. Louis, Missouri
Kaiser, Missouri
Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Wichita Mid-Continent
Mason City Municipal
Columbia Regional
Lambert-St. Louis International
Lee C. Fine Memorial
Cape Girardeau Municipal
2(c)-20
-------
AIRPORTS WITH BIRD HAZARDS (continued)
ASSOCIATED CITY
AIRPORT NAME
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION
Bismarck, North Dakota
Watertown, South Dakota
Helena, Montana
Cody, Wyoming
Bismarck Municipal
Watertown Municipal
Helena
Cody Municipal
NEW ENGLAND REGION
Willimantic, Connecticut
New Haven, Connecticut
Boston, Massachusetts
Hyannis, Massachusetts
Willimantic - Windcm
Tweed - New Haven
General Edward Lawrence Logan
Barnstable Municipal
EASTERN REGION
Buffalo, New York
Ithaca, New York
Islip, New York
Teterboro, New Jersey
Farmingdale, New York
Poughkeepsie, New York
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Greater Buffalo International
Tompkins County
Islip McArthur
Teterboro
Republic Airport
Dutchess County
Capital City
Disposal facilities may not necessarily be within the
specified distances of these airports
Listing subject to updating by FAA
2(c)-21
-------
Chapter 2(c)
SAFETY -
BIRD HAZKRDS TO
Criterion Ocmpliance Decision
DComplies
DDoes Not Comply
1. Is the disposal facility within the specified distances of a public-use
airport?
[U YES (Continue to 2)
D10,000 feet from any airport runway used by turbojet aircraft
D5/000 feet from any airport runway used by piston-type aircraft
QNQ (COMPLIES)
2. Does the facility receive putrescible waste?
Q YES (Continue to 3)
DFood waste
DSewage sludge, septic tank pumpings
DAnimal manures
D Animal carcasses
mothers
DNO (COMPLIES)
3. Does the facility pose a bird hazard to aircraft?
QYES (Does not comply)
DBird populations of the facility are greater than natural
populations in the area
DFacility attracts birds
D There is a bird hazard at the airport from areas outside the
airport
DFlight patterns of the birds show that birds do fly from the
disposal facility to the airport area
QNO (COMPLIES)
D Bird populations of the facility are less than or equal to
the natural populations in the area
DFacility does not attract birds
DBird attraction is due to the airport facility
DFlight patterns of birds show that they do not fly from the
disposal facility to the airport
2(c)-22
-------
CHAPTER 2(d)
SAFETY - ACCESS
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
[d] Access. A facility or practice shall
not allow uncontrolled public access so
as to expose the public to potential
health and safety hazards at the
disposal site.
2.0 Inventory Procedure
Injury to persons may result frcrn the materials and activities
associated with solid waste disposal facilities. The sources of
hazards include:
(a) operation of heavy equipment and haul vehicles,
(b) exposure to waste including sharp objects, pathogens, and
toxic, explosive, or flammable materials,
(c) accidental or intentional fires, and
(d) excavations and earth-moving activities.
lor purposes of the Inventory the public is defined as "authorized
persons" and "unauthorized persons." Authorized persons are those with
permission to be on or within the facility.
TO be in compliance with this Criterion, a facility must provide
adequate measures for controlling entry of the public to the facility
and, where appropriate, control authorized persons within the facility
so as to protect them from potential health and safety hazards. The
compliance decision flow chart is shown in Figure 2(d)-l.
3.0 resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Is access of unauthorized persons into the facility controlled?
Facility access must be controlled to prevent unauthorized
persons from entering the facility. This is accomplished through:
-------
1
IS ACCESS BY UNAUTHORIZED
PERSONS INTO THE FACILITY
CONTROLLED?
YES
NO
DOES NOT COMPLY
ARE AUTHORIZED PERSONS
CONTROLLED WITHIN THE
FACILITY SO AS TO NOT
EXPOSE THEMSELVES TO
POTENTIAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY HAZARDS?
YES
COMPLIES
NO
DOES NOT COMPLY
to
to
NOTE: DASHED LINE INDICATES THE NEED TO CONTINUE TO THE NEXT FLOWCHART QUESTION
FIGURE 2
-------
(1) artificial (man-made) control, and/or
(2) natural controls.
Compliance with this Criterion is based on a facility-specific
determination of the facility's physical constraints to access by
unauthorized persons.
The sources of information needed to make the determinations are;
(1) review of the past history of the facility through:
(a) previous inspections, records and permit conditions
indicating controlled access into the faciXity
(b) records of accidents at the facility due to a lack of
controlled access
(2) field inspection.
The assessment should be based on the following:
(1) Artificial controls
(a) Gates - Access at all facilities should be limited to
entrances that have gates which can be locked when the site
is unsupervised. Depending on the natural controls present
at the facility, entrance gates may be all that are needed
to control unauthorized entry.
{b) Fences - Fencing requirements are dependent on the natural
controls and remoteness of the facility. At some facilities
it is necessary to construct fences at selected points along
the boundary or in some cases along the circumference of the
facility to keep out unauthorized persons. This is especially
true if the facility is located in an urban area associated
with high usage and close proximity to populated areas.
The type of fencing needed {chain link, farm type, etc.) is
also facility specific according to the needs of the facility.
(2) Natural GDntrols - The topography and vegetation on or near
the facility may be adequate to control access. Examples of natural
controls existing or developed at a facility are trees, hedges,
berms, ditches, cliffs, ravines or embankments associated with
railroads and roadways. At some remote facilities access control
2 (d) -3
-------
(other than locked gates) may be satisfied by the distance of the
facility from a major roadway or by its location within a larger
land area where the public is restricted.
3.2 Are authorized persons controlled within the facility so as to
not expose them to potential health and safety hazards?
Methods of control of authorized persons within the facility
include the following:
unloading area supervision
lighting
information and directional signs
prohibition of scavenging
control of salvaging
trafficable roadways
alternate discharge point
internal fencing or barriers (berms, ditches, etc.)
The sources of information needed to' make this determination are:
(1) Review of the past history of the facility through:
(a) Previous inspections, records and permit conditions
indicating control methods within the facility
(b) Records of accidents at the facility due to inadequate
control
(2) Field inspection.
TJie assessment should be based on the following:
(1) Supervision of the unloading area(s) should occur in a
manner which clearly directs users as to where and where not
to discharge wastes. This supervision must take place whenever
the landfill gates are unlocked.
(2) For those facilities operating after dark, lighting must be
provided at the unloading area.
(3) Information and directional signs may be necessary. A facility
may need to have such information as hours of operation, authorized
users, waste types accepted or excluded, where specific waste types
or vehicle types are to be unloaded, appropriate warning signs,
2(d)-4
-------
owner or operator emergency telephone numbers, and facility rules
posted at the entrance and within the facility. Directional signs
may be necessary within the facility to direct drivers to the
appropriate unloading area, assist in traffic control and to regulate
speed within the facility.
(4) Scavenging (the uncontrolled removal of materials at a
disposal facility) should not be allowed.
(5) Salvaging is the controlled removal and handling of waste
material for utilization. Examples of salvagable material are
metals, glass, paper, bricks and bulky items. Compliance in this
case must focus on the salvaging procedures. Generally, the
material to be salvaged should not be unloaded at the working face
but should be unloaded at a separate salvage area. Materials
should be removed from the facility daily or properly stored so
they do not create a hazard.
(6) Trafficable Roadways - Internal access roads should be main-
tained so that traffic will flow smoothly and will not be interrupted
by ordinary inclement weather.
(7) Provisions for Alternate Discharge Point - Bulk containers or
roll-off units may be provided at an unloading area at a separate
location within the facility for small vehicles to dispose of waste.
This area should be located away from the working face to reduce
the potential for accidents.
(8) Internal fencing or barriers (berms, ditches, etc.) may be
used to control the movement of vehicles or persons within the
facility.
2{d)-5
-------
Chapter 2(d)
SAFETY - ACCESS
Criterion Compliance Decision
n Complies
QDoes Not Comply
1. Is access of unauthorized persons into the facility controlled?
D YES (COMPLIES)
Natural controls:
D Trees and hedges
D Berms and ditches
DCliffs and ravines
D Remoteness
Artificial controls:
DGates
QFences
GNO (Continue to 2)
2. Are authorized persons controlled within the facility so as to not expose
them to potential health and safety hazards?
D YES (COMPLIES)
D Supervision of the unloading area
DAdequate lighting
D Posting information and direction s j.gns
DProhibition of scavenging
D Control of salvaging
DTrafficable roadways
D Alternate discharge point
(Does not comply)
2(d)-6
-------
-------
CHAPTER 3
SURFACE WATER
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
§?57.3-3 Surface Water.
la] A facility or practice shall not
cause a discharge of pollutants into
waters of the United States that is in
violation of the requirements of the
National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) under
Section 402 of the Clean Water Act. as
amended.
(b) A facility or practice shall not
cause a discharge of dredged material or
fill material to waters of the United
States that is in violation of the
requirements under Section 404 of the
Clean Water Act. as amended.
(c) A facility or practice shall not
cause non-point source pollution of
waters of the United States that violates
applicable legal requirements
implementing an areawide or Statewide
water quality management plan that has
been approved by the Administrator
under Section 208 of the Clean Water
Act. as amended.
(d) Definitions of the terms "Discharge
of dredged material", "Point source".
"Pollutant". "Waters of the United
States", and "Wetlands" can be found in
the Clean Water Act. as amended. 33
U.S.C. 1251 et seq., and implementing
regulations, specifically 33 CFR Part 323
(42 FR 37122. July 19.1977).
2.0 Inventory Procedure
The Inventory classification procedure involves determining if a
facility complies with the requirements of 3 Sections of the Clean Water
Act; Section 402, Section 404, and any applicable legal requirements
developed under Section 208. The procedure is to determine whether any
of these requirements are applicable to the facility, and if so, whether
the facility complies. The decision procedure flow chart is shown in
Figure 3-1.
A disposal facility operating within waters of the United States,
discharging pollutants into waters of the United States, or placing
fill material with the primary purpose of waste disposal into waters
of the United States will require a Section 402 (NPDES) permit.
A disposal facility discharging dredged or fill material into
waters of the United States will require a Section 404 permit.
Applicable discharges include, but are not limited to, the disposal
of dredged material and the placement of dikes or levees (e.g. fill
material) to restrain waste from entering surrounding waters. Facilities
3-1
-------
1
IS THERE A POINT-SOURCE
DISCHARGE OF POLLUTANTS
INTO WATERS OF THE U S.7
1
3
IS THERE A D
DREDGED MAI
FILL MATERIA
OF THE U.S.?
1
YES
2
DOES THE FACILITY VIOLATE
THE NPDES (402)
1
r- i '
ISCHARGE OF
ERIAb OR
L TO WATERS
YES
4
DOES THE FACIL
THE SECTION 404
1
NO 1
T
5
IS THERE A NON-POINT
SOURCE DISCHARGE FROM
THE FACILITY'
i
NO
i
YES
REQUIREMENTS?
NO
F
TV VIOLATE
REQUIREMENTS?
NO
6
DOES THE FACILITY CAUSE
NON-POINT SOURCE
POLLUTION OF WATERS OF
THE US. THAT VIOLATES
THE APPLICABLE LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS IMPLEMENTING
AN AREAWIDE OR STATE-
WIDE WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT PLAN THAT
HAS SEEN DEVELOPED AND
APPROVED BY THE
ADMINISTRATOR UNDER
SECTION 208 OF THE CLEAN
WATER ACT. AS AMENDED?
'
NO
r
YES
1*. DOES NOT COMPLY
1
1
1
1
_^_ _ _ _ J
YES
» DOES NOT COMPLY
1
1
1
1
^ j
YES
». DOES NOT COMPLY
COMPLIES
COMPLIES
NOTE DASHED LINE INDICATES THE NEED TO CONTINUE TO THE NEXT FLOW CHART QUESTION
FIGURE 3-1 FLOWCHART-SURFACE WATER
11/79
3-2
-------
may require both a 402 and a 404 permit.
State and area wide 208 water quality management plans address
non-point source pollution of surface waters. A facility located in
an area covered by a 208 plan which is implemented by legal requirements
for contol of non-point source pollution from solid waste disposal
facilities must comply with such requirements.
2.1 Definitions
The following definitions are from the regulations for the 402
(NPDES) permit program (40 CFR 122).
(a) "Discharge of Pollutant(s)" includes (in reference to waters
of the United States): any addition of any pollutant or combination
of pollutants to navigable waters from any point source, or. . .
surface runoff which is collected or channelled by man; discharges
through pipes, sewers, or other conveyances owned by a State,
municipality or other party which do not lead to treatment systems;
and discharges through pipes, sewers, or other conveyances, leading
into treatment systems owned in whole or in part by a third party
other than a State or a municipality.
(b) "Point source" means any discernible, confined and discrete
conveyance, including but not limited to. any pipe, ditch, channel,
tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock,
concentrated animal feeding operations, vessel or other floating
craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term
does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture.
(c) "Pollutant" means dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator
residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions,
chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat,
wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and
industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into
water.
(d) "Waters of the United States." This term includes:
(1) All waters which are currently used, were used in the
past, or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign
3-3
-------
commerce, including all waters which are subject to the ebb
and flow of the tide;
(2) Interstate waters, including interstate wetlands;
(3) All other waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers,
streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sand-
flats and wetlands, the use, degradation or destruction of
which would affect or could affect interstate or foreign
commerce including any such waters:
which are or could be used by interstate or foreign
travelers for recreational or other purposes;
from which fish or shellfish are or could be taken
and sold in interstate or foreign commerce;
which are used or could be used for industrial
purposes by industries in interstate commerce;
(4) All impoundments of waters otherwise defined as
navigable waters under this paragraph;
(5) Tributaries of waters identified in paragraphs (l)-(4)
of this section, including adjacent wetlands; and
(6) Wetlands adjacent to waters identified in paragraphs
(l)-(5) of this section ("Wetlands" means those areas that
are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a
frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under
normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation
typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
Wetlands generally include playa lakes, swamps, marshes,
bogs, and similar areas such as sloughs, prairie potholes,
wet meadows, prairie river overflows, mudflats, and natural
ponds); provided that waste treatment systems (other than
cooling ponds meeting the criteria of this paragraph) are
not waters of the United States.
The following definitions are from the regulations for the 404
(dredge and fill) permit program (33 CFR 323) .
(e) "Discharge of dredged material" means any addition of dredged
material into the waters of the United States. The term includes,
3-4
-------
without limitation, the addition of dredged material to a specified
disposal site located in waters of the United States and the runoff
or overflow from a contained land or water disposal area. Discharges
of pollutants into waters of the United States resulting from the
onshore subsequent processing of dredged material that is extracted
for any commercial use (other than fill) are not included within
this term and are subject to Section 402 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act even though the extraction and deposit of
such material may require a permit from the Corps of Engineers.
The term does not include plowing, cultivating, seeding and
harvesting for the production of food, fiber, and forest.products.
(f) "Discharge of fill material" means the addition of fill
material into waters of the United States. The term generally
includes, without limitation, the following activities: placement
of fill that is necessary to the construction of any structure in
a water of the United States, the building of any structure or
impoundment requiring rock, sand, dirt, or other material for its
construction; site-development fills for recreational, industrial
commercial, residential, and other uses; causeways or road fills;
dams and dikes; artificial islands; property protection and/or
reclamation devices such as riprap, groins, seawalls, breakwaters,
and revetments; beach nourishment; levees; fill for structures such
as sewage treatment facilities, intake and outfall pipes associated
with power plants and subaqueous utility lines; and artificial
reefs. The term does not include plowing, cultivating, seeding
and harvesting for the production of food, fiber, and forest
products.
(g) "Dredged material" means material that is excavated or dredged
from waters of the United States.
(h) "Fill material" means any material used for the primary purpose
of replacing an aquatic area with dry land or of changing the bottom
elevation of a waterbody. The term does not include any pollutant
discharged into the water primarily to dispose of waste, as that
activity is regulated under Section 402 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act) Amendments of 1972.
3-5
-------
T.O Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
This manual does not recommend ranking facilities for the evaluation
of the Surface Water Criterion. The pollution potential is significant,
but little effort has been concentrated thus far on using the mechanisms
of the Clean Water Act to address the problem. Although a large number
of facilities are located in or adjacent to waters of the United States,
only a small percentage currently have 402 (NPDES) permits. Also, many
208 plans either do not address non-point source pollution from solid
waste disposal facilities or, where such provisions are found, are not
implemented by legal requirements.
3.1 Is there a point source discharge of pollutants to the waters
of the United States?
A facility which causes a point source discharge of pollutants
to waters of the United States violates this Criterion unless it has
applied for or is operating in compliance with a 402 (NPDES) permit.
To determine whether there is a point source discharge of pollutants,
check the facility location, design and operational history, conduct
a field inspection, or check with the appropriate 402 (NPDES) permit
program to see whether the facility requires a permit (e.g. has a
point source discharge). The following types of discharges are
considered as point sources and will require evaluation as to whether
they violate 402 (NPDES) requirements (Question 3.2).
(a) Landfills - point source discharge of pollutants include:
A discharge from a leachate collection system into waters
of the United States, including leachate from discrete
channels or fissures.
A discharge fron an on-site leachate treatment system
directly into waters of the United States. Leachate
that is conveyed to off-site treatment facilities (e.g.
sewage treatment plants) is not considered as a point
source discharge from the facility.
3-6
-------
A direct discharge of solid waste into waters of the United
States where the primary purpose is for disposal rather
than filling.
A discharge of surface runoff which is collected or
channelled by man.
In general, where there is a discharge of solid waste into the
waters of the United States (diked or not), the primary purpose may be
assumed to be disposal rather than filling unless clear evidence to
the contrary is available. This evidence might include zoning changes
or the purchase of waste for fill. When the discharge is fill material,
the primary purpose may be assumed to be filling, rather than disposal,
and there is not a point source discharge requirement.
(b) Surface Impoundments - point source discharge of pollutants
includes:
location in waters of the United States.
clearly delineated outflows to waters of the United
States such as discharges from pipes, outfalls, spillway
structures and channels.
(c) Landspreading Operations - point source discharge of pollutants
includes:
discharge to waters of the United States from any outfall,
pipe, or clearly delineated channel that drains a land-
spreading area where the waste is not incorporated into
the soil as defined in Chapter 7.
landspreading operations located in waters of the United
States where the waste is not applied for the purpose
of enhancement of vegetative growth.
If there is a point source discharge, a facility must be evaluated
against the 402 (NPDES) requirements. If there is no point source
discharge, the facility complies with this part of the Criterion.
3.2 Does the facility violate the 402 (NPDES) requirements?
If a facility has a point source discharge, and is not operating
in compliance with or has not applied for a 402 (NPDES) permit, then it
3-7
-------
does not comply with this part of the Criterion. If a facility has
a 402 permit but is in violation of that permit, it does not comply
with this part of the Criterion.
The above determinations can be made in the office by contacting
the State NPDES program (if the State has authority over the program)
or the Regional Office of the Federal EPA.
3.3 Is there a discharge of dredged material or fill material to
waters of the United States?
A 404 (dredge and fill) permit is required for the placement of
any material for the purposes of fill into waters of the United States,
as well as the discharge of dredged material for the purposes of
disposal or fill. In general, there is a discharge of dredged or fill
material to waters of the United States when:
the primary purpose of the facility is for filling and the
filling is conducted within the waters of the United States.
The primary purpose of the facility is for disposal and there is
a dike, levee or other containment structure constructed within
the waters of the United States to prepare an area to receive
waste material. (In this case, the dike, levee or other
containment structure constitute fill material.)
The determination of whether this discharge is to the waters of
the United States is obvious in many cases. Permit information or field
inspection can be used to determine the location of the filling or diking
with respect to any waters of the United States. There will be
circumstances where the determination will not be obvious, particularly
in areas that are not inundated at all times of the year. Examples
might be:
some wetlands
mudflats and sandflats
intermittent freshwater streams (refer to the Floodplains
Chapter, for guidance on the minimum size that must be considered
based on the "headwaters" of the stream).
3-8
-------
In these instances guidance as to whether the area is "waters of
the United States" or as to where the boundaries of the area are might
be obtained, through:
District office of the Corps of Engineers (see Figure 3-2)
Wetland maps, including State, local and National Wetland
Inventory naps
Maps resulting from the Coastal Management Zone Act
United States Forest Service
United States Geological Survey
Soil Conservation Service
Examination of the prevalent vegetation near the solid waste
boundary for vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated
soil conditions (hydrophytes).
Title 33 - Navigation and Navigable Waters, Regulatory Programs
of the Crops of Engineers, PR 42(138):37122-37164
Wherever it is determined that there is a discharge of dredged or
fill material to waters of the United States, a 404 permit is required.
If no permit is required, proceed to Section 3.5 for the non-point source
determination.
3.4 Does the facility violate the Section 404 requirements?
If a facility discharges dredged or fill material into waters of
the United States and is not in compLaince with or has not applied for
a 404 (dredge and fill) permit, then it does not comply with this part
of the Criterion.
The above determination can be made from in-house permit records,
by contacting the District Office of.the Corps of Engineers, or the
owner or operator of the facility.
It should be noted that the Corps of Engineers issues 3 types of
404 permits:
Individual, issued through district office
General (200 existing), issued through district office
3-9
-------
NORTH PACIFIC
V
s
PHILADfLPHIA
.NORTH
ATLANTIC
NORFOtK
SOUTH PACIFIC
The Stale ol AlasVa 15 under the
iiiMMlK nor, ol the Alaska District,
Noilh Pacific Division
The Slate of Hawaii and islands m
Hip Pacihr are mrluded in Honolulu
llistiirt Partlir Orean Division with
Hf .HI-PHI if*, ,it Honolulu. Hawaii
The lerf itory ol Puerto RiCO and the
II S Virgin IsUnds are included m
larh^nnville DtOnel. Soulh AManhc Division
SOUTH ATLANTIC
LOWER
MISSISSIPPI
VALLEY
nisiRin BOUNDARIES
OtVISION MEADQllARlt RS
DISTRICT MFAnQUARIE RS
A DIVISION AND DISTRICT HI ADOIJAR IF
FIGURE 3-2 DISTRICT OFFICES OF THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
-------
Nationwide permits or exemptions. Information on these can
be obtained from the District Engineer's Office or by
consulting FR 42(138); Title 33, Regulatory Programs of
the Corps of Engineers.
As a result, some facilities or discharges of dredged or fill
material might not have an individual permit, but might comply under
a general or nationwide permit.
3.5 Is there a non-point source discharge from the facility?
Surface impoundments usually do not have non-point source
discharges unless there is leakage, frequent spillage or overtopping.
Some landspreading facilities and landfills might not have non-point
source discharges where runoff and other water are totally contained
within the site and evaporated or discharged as a point source.
These facilities may be assumed to comply with any non-point source
requirements. It is assumed that all other facilities have a non-point
source discharge.
3.6 Does the facility cause non-point source polluting of the waters
of the United States that violates applicable legal requirements
implementing an areawide or Statewide water quality management
plan that has been developed and approved by the Administrator
under Section 208 of the Clean Water Act, as amended?
This assessment should begin by determining if the facility is
located in an area with an approved 208 plan (see Table 3-1). This
can be done by contacting the State office that is in charge of preparing
and implementing the 208 plan. If a facility is not located in an area
with an approved 208 plan, the facility is in compliance with this
part of the Surface Water Criterion.
If a facility is located in an area with an approved 208 plan,
obtain a copy of the 208 plan and the applicable legal requirements
implementing the 208 plan.
Applicable requirements under 208 are normally control methods,
measures or practices to prevent or reduce water pollution, referred
3-11
-------
TABU; 3-1
STA'IUS or 208 PLANS - OCLOULIK 1, 1979
Ul
l->
M
,^/Suae/Ar.a
I OMUL-noW
MAINE
Greater Portland
Southern Mauie
Northern Manic
Androscogcjin
Southern Keniiebee
Berkshire County
Cape Cod
Martha's Vineyard
Northern Middlesex
Old Colotiy
Metro Boston
Central Ma^s
Montachusetts
South A~'&Lern Mass
NfW HAMPSHIRE
S. Rocking] tarn
lakes Region
raojc isi AND
VEflMOWT
II NEW OCISCY
ttercer County
Ckx-an County
Cape May
Sussex County
Atlantic County
Tri-Coujity
l> - Partial
btatc
Cert
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XP
XP
X
X
X
State
KI?A state EPA
App Itoj/State/Area Cert App
11 NhW WRK
Nassau-Suffolk, I,. I. X
X Westchester
X Erie-Niagara
X New York City
X Southern Tier
X Central New York
VIRGIN ISUVNDS
PUERTO RICO
North Metro
X
ITT OCLrtHftRE
X New Castle County X X
Sussex County
DISTOICT OF COI1M3IA
x Metro Washington XP
Baltimore X X
WiNNSYI.VANrA
XP Southwestern Penna
XI? Delaware Valley
(Philadelphia)
VIRGINIA
llamiori Roads
Roanoke X X
RJ ctvnoncl-Cra tec
SonUiwest Viryinia
X WKS-f VTRGINIA K!>
B-C-K-P X
*Addition this reijorting period TOI'AL
State
Recj/State/Area Cert
IV -UWM
BirminghdiTi
Vtest Alalsai'ti
South Alabana
nORTDA
Bay Ctounty
Orlando
Volusia County
Brevard County
Palm Beach County
Pensacola
Sara so ta
Broward County
Tainpa Bay
Metro Dade Couiity
Tal laliassee-I eon
C. Florida (BartowJ
BORGIA
Macon-Bibb
Savannah
Atlanta
KENTUCKY
Louisville
MISSISSIPJ5!
Tennessee Valley
NORTH CAROLINA
Triangle 3 (Raleigh)
Land of Sky
(Asheville)
141 Certified
95 Approved
XP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XP
X
X
X
I;PA
XI1
X
XI1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
KP
XP
X
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-1
STATUS OP 208 PLANS - OCTOBER 1, 1979
(continued)
OJ
State
Itoi/S Late/Area Cert
IV SOUTH CAROLINA
Central Midlands
Appalachian
Low Country
Charleston
Waccamaw
TWNESSEK
Memphis
Knoxville
Chattanooga
Mid-Cumber land
First Tenn-Va
V ILLINOIS
Southwestern Metro
Nor theas tern (Chic)
Greater Egypt
INDIANA
Northwestern
South Bend
Muncie
Indiana Heartland
West Central
MICHIGAN
Detroit
Kalainazoo
Flint
Jackson
Sacjinaw
W. Ml Sloreljne
Grand Rapids
I^UISlltJ
P - Partial
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
State
EPA
App
XP
X
X
XP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
State EPA
Reg/State/Area Cert App
MICHIGAN (continued)
Eastern Upper Penin
Northwest (Traverse)
Northeast (Gaylord)
Western Upper Penin
Southwestern
Central Upper Penin
MINNESOTA
Metro St. Paul
OHIO
OKI (Cincinnati)
Toledo
Miami Valley
Eastgate (Youngstown)
Northeast (Akron)
Northeast (Cleveland)
WISCONSIN
Milwaukee
Madison
Pox Valley (Neenah)
VI ARKANSAS
Metro Little Rock
Pine Bluff
Arkhoma (Ft. Smith)
LOUISIANA
NEW MEXICO
OKLAHOMA
Indian Nations
Oklahoma City
*Addition this reporting period
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
TOTAL
State
Reg/State/Area Cert
VI TEXAS
North Central
Southeast
Houston-Calves ton
Alamo Area
Coastal Bend
Lower Rio Grande
Texarkana
Central Texas
VII IOWA
Central (Des Homes)
Chariton Valley
KANSAS
Mid America
MISSOURI
East-West Gateway
Ozark Gateway
NEBRASKA
VIII COLORADO
Pikes Peak
Pueblo
Denver
Colorado West
Northwest
Larimer-Weld
MONTANA
Mid-Yellowstone
Flathead
Yellowstone-Tongue
Blue Ribbons
141 Certified
95 Approved
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EPA
App
X
XP
X
X
X
X
X
(continued)
-------
TAUIi: 3-1
STATUS Or 208 PLANS - OCTOBLK 1, 1979
(continued)
I-1
J*
Rcjj/.S La te/Arc-a
VIII NORTH DAKOTA
Lewis & Clark
SOUTH DAKOTA
Sixtli District
(Rapid City)
Sou tlieas torn
UTAH
MountainlanJ
Uintali Basin
Salt Lake
Weter River
Southeastern
rive County
WYOMING
Powder River
Soutliwest
Teton Comity
INDIAN TRIUCS
Blackfoot
Cheyenne
Ft. Peck
Ft. Uelknap
Wind River
Three Triljes
Turtle Mountain
1' - L'artial
State r.PA State
Cert AHJ Reg/State/Area Cert
X IX ARIZONA
X Tucson
Central Arizona
* * District 4
Southeastern
Northern (Flagstaff)
Marioopa (Phoenix)
CALIFORNIA
* * Ventura
x x Monterey Day
x x San Diego
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Sacramento
Tahoe
HAWAII
NEVADA
Washoe (Reno)
Carson County
Clark Co (Las Vegas)
TRUST TERRITORIES
GUAM
NEVADA INDIAN TRIBE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
State *Addition tins re|x>rtiny |«riocl
EPA
APP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TOTAL
Reg/State/Area
X ALASKA
Anchorage
IDAHO
Southeast
Ada
Panhandle
OREGON
Columbia
(Portland)
Mid Willamette
Lane
Rogue Valley
WASHINGTON
Clark County
Seattle
Snohomish
INDIAN TRIBE
SlObltone
141 Certified
95 Approved
State EPA
Cert App
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
XP XP
X X
X X
X X
-------
to as Best Management Practices. These might include treatment
requirements, operating and maintenance procedures, schedules of
activities, prohibitions of activities, and other management practices
to control plant site runoff, spillage, leaks, sludge or waste
disposal or drainage from raw material storage.
Determine by office review if any requirements have been placed
on the solid ^rjaste disposal facility. Field inspection will be
necessary to determine if these requirements have or have not been
violated. If the facility does not meet its 208 requirements,
then it does not comply with this part of the Criterion.
If 208 requirements have not been placed on the solid waste
disposal facility, the facility is in compliance with the Surface
Water Criterion.
3-15
-------
Chapter 3
SURFACE WATER
Criterion Compliance Decision
D Complies
Dooes Not Comply
1. Is there a point source discharge of pollutants to waters of the
United States?
DYES (Continue to 2)
D Facility has a Section 402 (NPDES) permit
D Landfill with a discharge fron a leachate collection system
D Landfill with a discharge from an on-site leachate treatment
system
D Landfill with a direct discharge of solid waste into waters
of the U.S.
D Surface impoundment with a discharge from a pipe or outfall
D Surface impoundment with a discharge from an eroded channel
D Surface impoundment with a discharge from a spillway structure
D Surf ace impoundment located in waters of the U.S.
(U Landspreading operations with a discharge frcm an outfall
pipe, or channel that drains the landspreading area where
the waste is not incorporated into the soil
Dlandspreading operations located in waters of the U.S. where
waste is not applied for enhancement of vegetative growth
DNO (GO to 2)
2. Does the facility violate requirements for NPDES permits established
pursuant to Section 402 of the Clean Water Act?
D YES (Does not comply - continue to 3)
D Facility has a 402 permit, but is in violation of the permit
D Facility has not applied for a 402 permit
QNO (Continue to 3)
D Facility operates according to 402 permit requirements
D Facility has applied for a 402 permit
3. Is there a discharge of dredged material or fill material to waters of
the United States?
pYES (Continue to 4)
DNO (GO to 5)
3-16
-------
Chapter 3
SURFACE WATER
(Continued)
4. Does the facility violate requirements established pursuant to
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act?
[~] YES (Does not comply - continue to 5)
D 404 permit, but is in violation of that permit
DFacility has not applied for a 404 permit
QNO (Continue to 5)
D Facility operates in compliance with its 404 permit
D Facility has applied for a 404 permit
5. Is there a non-point source discharge from the facility?
[~|YES (Does not comply - continue to 6)
DSurface impoundment'with spillover, overtopping, or leakage
O Other
Q]NO (Continue to 6)
DLandfill or landspreading facility that totally contains
runoff or other water
Pother
6. Does the facility cause non-point source polluting of the waters of the
U.S. that violates applicable legal requirements implementing an
areawide or Statewide water quality management plan that has been
developed and approved by the Administrator under Section 208 of the
Clean Water Act, as amended?
DYES (COMPLIES)
D Facility not in an area with an approved 208 plan
D Facility in an area with an approved 208 plan and complies
with all applicable requirements
DNo 208 requirements have been placed on the facility
(Does not comply)
3-17
-------
-------
CHAPTER 4
GROUND WATER
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
S 257.3-4 Ground Water.
(a) A facility or practice shall not
contaminate an underground drinking
water source beyond the solid waste
boundary or beyond an alternative
boundary specified in accordance with
paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Only a State with a solid waste
management plan approved by the
Administrator pursuant to Section 4007
of the Act may establish an alternative
boundary to be used in lieu of the solid
waste boundary. A State may specify
such a boundary only if it finds that
such a change would not result in
contamination of ground water which
may be needed or used for human
consumption. This finding shall be
based on analysis and consideration of
all of the following factors:
(1) The hydrogeological
characteristics of the facility and
surrounding land;
(2) The volume and physical and
chemical characteristics of the leachate;
(3) The quantity, quality, and
directions of flow of ground water -
(4) The proximity and withdrawal
rates of ground-water users;
(5) The availability of alternative
drinking water supplies;
(6) The existing quality of the ground
water including other sources of
contamination and their cumulative
impacts on the ground water and
(7) Public health, safety, and welfare
effects.
(c) As used in this section:
[1] "Aquifer" means a geologic
formation, group of formations, or
portion of a formation capable of
yielding usable quantities of ground
water to wells or springs.
(2) "Contaminate" means introduce a
substance that would cause:
(i) The concentration of that
substance in the ground water to exceed
the maximum contaminant level
specified in Appendix I. or
(ii) An increase in the concentration of
that substance in the ground water
where the existing concentration of that
substance exceeds the maximum
contaminant level specified in Appendix
(3] "Ground water" means water
below the land surface in the zone of
saturation.
(4) "Underground dnnking water
source" means:
(i) An aquifer supplying drinking
water for human consumption, or
(ii) An aquifer in which the ground
water contains less than 10,000 mg/1
total dissolved solids.
(5] "Solid waste boundary" means the
outermost perimeter of the solid waste
(projected in the horizontal plane) as it
would exist at completion of the
disposal activity.
Appendix I
The maximum contaminant levels
promulgdted herein are for use in determining
whether solid waste disposal activities
comply with the ground-water criteria
({ 257 3-i) Analytical methods for these
contaminants may be found in 40 CFR Part
141 which should be consulted in its entirety.
1. Maximum contaminant levels for
inorganic chemicals. The following are the
maximum levels of inorganic chemicals other
than fluoride:
Contaminant
Laval (mllignira par
Man
Afiamc
Banum
Cadmium
Chromium
Laad
Mancury
Nitrata (as N)
Sawnun
Stfvar
DOS
1
0010
005-
005
0002
10
001
005
4-1
-------
The maximum contaminant levels for
fluoride are:
Temperature1
degrees
Fahrenheit
53 7 and below
S3 8 to 58 3
58 4 to 63 8
63 9 to 70 6
70710792 . .
79 3 to 90 5
Degree*
Celsius
. . 12 and below . _
_ 12 1 lo 146 . .
. . 14710 176
. 17710214
21 5 to 26 2.
. 26 3 to 32 5 .
Level
(fTulbgrwni
per liter)
24
22
20
18
18
14
1 Annual average ol the maximum daily at temperature.
2. Maximum contaminant levels for
organic chemicals. The following are the
maximum contaminant levels for organic
chemicals:
Level
() Chlonnated hydrocarbons
Endrm (12.3.4.10.lO-He»acnloro-6.7-«po«y-
M.4a.5.8.7.8.8a-octahydro-1.4-erxJo, ando-
5.8-dimeinano naphthaienel .. .
Lmdane (1.2 3,4.5.6-HeMChlorocycloheiane.
gammanonief _... _
Methoitychlor (1.1.1-Tnchloro-2.2-o» (p-meth-
onyphenyl) ethane)
Toupnen* (C.X.^VTechmcal cMonnated
camphane. 67 to 68 percent chlorine)
(b) CWorocrienonyr
2 4-0 (2.4-OcfHorophenojry^cetic Kid)
245-TP Sdvn (2.4.5-
TneMorophenoiryprepanic acid) _ _
par liter)
00002
0004
01
0005
Ot
001
3 Maximum microbiological contaminant
levels. The maximum contaminant level for
coliform bacteria from any one well is as
follows:
(a) using the membrane filter technique.
(1) Four coliform bacteria per 100 millihters
if one sample is taken, or
(2) Four coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters
in more than one sample of all the samples
analyzed in one month.
(b) Using the five tube most probable
number procedure, (the fermentation tube
method) in accordance with the analytical
recommendations aet forth in "Standard
Methods for Examination of Water and
Waste Water". American Public Health
Association. 13th Ed. pp. 662-688. and using a
Standard sample, each portion being one fifth
of the sample:
(1) If the standard portion is 10 milliliters.
coliform m any five consecutive samples
from a well shall not be present in three or
more of the 25 portions, or
(2) If the standard portion is 100 milliliters,
coliform in any five conaecutive samples
from a well shall not be present in five
portions in any of five samples or in more
than fifteen of the 25 portions.
4 Maximum contaminant levels for
radium-226. radium-228. and gross alpha
particle radioactivity. The following are the
maximum contaminant levels for radium-226.
radium-228. and gross alpha particle
radioactivity:
(a) Combined radium-226 and radium-228
5 pCi/1;
(b) Gross alpha particle activity (including
radium-226 but excluding radon and
uranium)15 pCi/1.
Proposed Amendment
^.Maximum contaminant levels for other
than health effects
The following are the maximum levels for
odor, taste and miscellaneous contaminants:
Contaminant
Level
Chloride
Color .
Copper
Foamng agents
Iron
Manganese
Odor
pH
SuHate
TDS
Zinc . .
250 mg/l
15 Color units.
1 mg'l
0 5 mg/l
03 mg/l
0 05 mg/l
3 Threshold odor-No
85-85
250 mg/l
500 mg/l
-. 5 mg/l
2.0 Inventory Procedure
Facility compliance (or non-compliance), for the purpose of the
Inventory, will be based on the results of monitoring for contamination,
except in those cases where ground water contains more than 10,000 mg/l
total dissolved solids and is not being used as a human drinking water
source. Since the time involved precludes immediate monitoring of all
facilities, the procedure includes the ranking of facilities according
to their contamination potential so that a monitoring priority can be
assigned. The process consists of:
(a) Elimination from further consideration (compliance) of
those facilities at which the ground water contains more than
4-2
-------
10,000 mg/1 IDS and is not being used as a human drinking water
source.
(b) Ranking of the remaining facilities based on their contamination
potential, considering the type of facility, hydrogeologic conditions,
and operating procedures.
(c) Determination of compliance based on monitoring to detect
actual contamination.
The compliance decision flow chart is presented in Figure 4-1.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Does ground water contain more than 10,000 mg/1 TDS and is it
not being used as a human drinking water source?
The ground water in question is that contained in the
shallowest geologic formation (aquifer) capable of yielding
usable quantities of ground water. The natural or background
concentration of TDS in the ground water may be determined from
existing ground water data and reports. Such reports should
cover an area that includes the facility and should give
average TDS concentrations for the ground water of concern.
Sources of information are:
USGS "Water Resources Investigations" reports for the area
State water, natural resources, or geologic survey reports
City or county health agency or water agency
Local drilling contractors' records
Records of drilling from site permit data.
If not available from the above sources, TDS concentrations may
be determined by testing the ground water. Standard sampling and
analysis procedures to be used may be found in the references listed
below. Samples should be drawn from the nearest existing well(s) ,
if any, pumping from the ground water source of concern.
(1) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
13th Edition, American Public Health Association, 1971.
4-3
-------
1
DOES GROUND WATER CONTAIN
MORE THAM 10.000 m|/l TOS
AMD IS IT HOT BEMG USED
AS A KUMAR DRINKING
WATER SOURCE?
1
YES
f
HO
^
2
RANK FACILITIES ACCORDING
TO THEIfl CONTAMINATION
POTENTIAL
3
HAS AH UNDERGROUND
DRINKING WATER SOURCE
BEEN CONTAMINATED BY
THE FACILITY BEVOHD
THE SOLID WASTEIOR
ALTE RN ATE ) BOUNDARY'
1
MO
r
COMPLIES COMPLIES
YES
DOES NOT COMPLY
I
*>.
FIGURE 4-1 FLOWCHART-GROUND WATER
11/79
-------
(2) Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastesf Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. (EPA-625/6-
74-003)
(3) 1978 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23 (Water:
Atmospheric Analysis), ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
After making the determination, proceed as follows:
(1) If the ground water contains less than 10,000 mg/1 TDS,
continue to Section 3.2.
(2) If the ground water contains more than 10,000 mg/1 TDS
and is not being used as a human drinking water source, then
the facility complies with this Criterion.
If reports or sources of information indicate no usable quantities
of ground water present beneath the site, the facility complies with
this Criterion. If there are no data available and no wells exist,
continue to the next Section (3.2).
3.2 Rank Facilities According to their Contamination Potential
Facilities remaining after the elimination step must be monitored
for contamination. However, it is not possible to monitor all sites
at once; therefore, they will be ranked, and given a monitoring priority,
based on hydrogeolagic conditions, operating procedures, and facility
type.
3.2.1 Sole Source Aquifers
Top priority for monitoring must be assigned to those facilities
located in recharge areas of sole source aquifers. The five sole
source aquifers designated to date by EPA are described in the following
issues of the Federal Register.
San Antonio, Texas area; FR 12-16-75
Spokane, Washington area; FR 2-9-78
Northern Guam; FR 4-26-78
Nassau and Suffolk County, New York; FR 6-21-78
Fresno, California; FR 9-10-79
4-5
-------
If the facility is located in a recharge area of one of these
aquifers, ranking is not necessary. The facility should be given
top priority for itonitoring. Therefore, proceed to Section 3.3.
3.2.2 Ranking Procedure for Landfills
The ranking procedure for landfills not located in the recharge
zone of a sole source aquifer is based on aquifer and unsaturated zone
characteristics. The procedure was developed from documented landfill
case studies, discriminant analysis techniques, and the Surface
Impoundment Assessment technique, and is intended to assign the highest
priority to those facilities that have the highest contamination
potential with respect to ground water. The assigned monitoring
priority may be modified to a slight extent by consideration of
certain facility design or operational measures.
The ranking procedure requires the input of three (3) values that
describe the facility and its hydrcgeologic setting (Figure 4-2). Methods
for estimating these values are as follows:
(1) Unsaturated zone thickness, meters.
(a) For uniform soils, use the minimum distance from the
bottom of the landfill to the seasonal high level of the
ground water in an unconfined aquifer, or to the top of a
confined aquifer, whichever is shallowest. Perched aquifers
should also be considered if they are capable of supplying
usable quantities of water.
(b) Neglect the thickness of any highly-fractured rock layers.
(c) For layered series of soils or rock having similar
hydrologic properties (permeability), use the entire thickness.
(d) For equally thick layers of soils or rock having
dissimilar hydrologic properties (greater than 2 orders of
magnitude permeability difference), use only the thickness
of the least permeable layer. This layer must be continuous
under the entire facility and at least 1 meter thick. Other-
wise, utilize the thickness of the more permeable strata.
4-6
-------
DISPOSAL FACILITY
UNSATURATEO ZONE
PERMEABUITY
UMSATURATED ZONE
THICKNESS
SATURATED ZONE
PERHEABIIITY
FIGURE 42 VARIABLES FOR RANKING
-------
(e) For layers of soils or rock with different thickness
and hydrologic properties, two options are available.
Either use the thickness of the layer with the least
permeability, or use the total combined thickness with a
weighted permeability (calculated in the next step, 3.2.2(2)) .
(2) Unsaturated zone permeability, cm/sec.
(a) For the soil or rock selected in (1) , select an
appropriate permeability fron Table 4-1.
(b) If the permeability is available from permit or site
investigation data, utilize that value rather than Table 4-1.
(c) For multi- layered sequences requiring a weighted
permeability, use the following equation:
Ti + T2 + T3 + ... T
where T = thickness of each layer in meters
K = permeability of each layer in cm/sec
Note: if several layers with widely varied hydrologic
properties are present, the equation may produce an erroneously
high number for the low-permeability thickness. This should
be considered in such a situation.
(3) Saturated zone permeability, cm/sec.
(a) For a uniform soil or rock aquifer, select the appropriate
permeability from Table 4-1.
(b) For layered sequences of soil or rock, select the
appropriate permeability from Table 4-1 for the uppermost
saturated layer. If the upper layer is less permeable than
an underlying stratum and is less than 1 meter in thickness,
select the permeability from Table 4-1 for the underlying
layer.
4-8
-------
TABU: 4-1
REPRESENTATIVE PERMEABILmES OF EARTH MATERIALS
Soil Type:
Gravel,
coarse to
medium sand
Fine to
very fine
sand
Clayey sand,
coarse to
medium silt
Fine silt.
clayey silt
Sandy clay.
silty clay
Clay
Rock Type:
vo
Limestone
(fractured
cavernous)
Evaporites
Basalt lava
Fractured
igneous and
metanorphic
rock
Poorly
cemented
sandstone
Moderately
cemented
sandstone
Fractured
shale
Hell-cemented
sandstone
Mudstone
Siltstone
Unfractured
shale,
igneous and
metamorphic
rock
Representative
Permeability
(cm/sec)
1- 10~
10"2- 10"' 10""- 10~5 10"s- 10"s 10~6- 10 "'
10~
-------
(c) If the permeability is available form other information
sources such as ground water reports or permit data, utilize
that value rather than Table 4-1.
The facility's ranking (monitoring priority) is obtained from
Table 4-2 utilizing the above three values.
(4) Modification to the ranking.
After considering the above factors, the investigator may
choose to modify the monitoring priority slightly, after considering
certain site-specific characteristics. These characteristics are
described below. If a change in priority is deemed appropriate, the
following guidance should be observed:
(a) The modification may be used to move a facility from a
high monitoring priority to a medium monitoring priority,
or vice versa.
(b) The modifications should rarely be used to move a facility
from a medium monitoring priority to a low monitoring priority.
(5) Site specific characteristics.
(a) Initial quality and use of ground water.
Ground water beneath the facility may be used for human
consumption; used for other purposes; or not currently used.
Facilities overlying ground water that is currently used as
drinking water or that are close to drinking water wells
should have the highest monitoring priority.
(b) Infiltration.
The quantity of leachate generated is dependent on the
amount of infiltration through the waste mass. While it is
difficult to predict the relative impact on ground water
quality based on leachate quantity, in general it may be
assumed that facilities with greater infiltration should
have higher priorities. In dry areas of the United States
with no recharge to ground water (no leachate is likely to
be produced due to infiltration) and where no water is added
from other sources, all but those landfills where the waste
4-10
-------
TABLE 4-2
MONITORING PRIORITY
Saturated Zone
Permeability
(on/sec)
>io-
io-u - io"6
<10~6
Unsaturated Unsaturated Zone
Zone Permeability
Thickness (m) (cm/sec)
<1 MA*
1-3 >10-
10-" - 10~6
10~"
10 - io~6
<10~s
>10 >10~2
10'2 - 10-
10
10-" - io-6
<10~6
3-10 >10~2
io-z - io~6
<10" '
>10 >10~ *
10""
10 - io~6
<10~6
>3 >10~l>
10- - io-s
<10~6
Monitoring
Priority
High
High
Medium
Low
High
Medium
Low
High
Medium
Low
High
High
Medium
Low
High
Medium
Low
r tedium
Low
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium
Low
Low
* NA = Not applicable.
4-11
-------
is within 1 meter of ground water may be assigned a lower
priority. General estimates of infiltration can be obtained
using Figure 4-3. High net infiltration areas should be
assigned higher priority. Judgment should be used based on
local conditions, especially in the West. However, the
investigator is cautioned against greatly modifying the
monitoring priority with this factor, since even a small
amount of leachate can have an impact on ground water quality.
(c) Liners and leachate collection systems.
Facilities that have taken measures to predict and control
leachate migration through synthetic liners and/or leachate
collection usually constitute less of a contamination potential
than facilities without these measures. There might be concern
if the liners leak. Adjustment of priorities where liners
and collection systems are installed will have to be based on
the State experience with the particular facility.
(d) Karst terrain.
Karst areas are characterized by solution channels and
fractured limestone. Contaminants may reach the water table
relatively undiluted, and may travel quickly to other areas.
For this reason, facilities located in karst terrain should
have a slightly higher monitoring priority even in situations
where the water table is very deep.
(e) Floodplains.
Facilities located on a floodplain may be underlain by
somewhat permeable material and a shallow ground water system
that discharges into a stream or river. These facilities
may be subject to reverse discharge into the facility or
extreme infiltration by flood waters, and any leachate
released into the ground water will discharge into the river
or stream. However, many of these facilities may have some
form of flood protection, or they may be designed to control
ground water discharge. The investigator must consider the
pros and cons of a facility located in a f loodplain and
4-12
-------
I
H
Ul
AVERAGE POTENTIAL INFILTRATION
LESS THAN -10 IN/YEAH
H] -10 TO 0 IN/YEAR
0 TO 10 IN./YEAR
10 TO 20 IN/YIAH
20 TO 30 IN./YEAR
^1 MORE THAN 30 IN /YEAH
AFTER FUMGAROLI. 1(71
FIGURE 43 GENERAL ESTIMATES OF INFILTRATION
-------
FIGURE 43 (COMTINUED) NORMAL ANNUAL RUNOFF IN THE UNITED STATES. IN INCHES. (U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY)
-------
and determine if it should be assigned a higher or lower
monitoring priority.
(£) Operational quality.
If the facility is operating under a State permit, then the
investigator should determine if all the conditions relative to
ground water protection specified in the permit are being met in
the daily operation of the facility. If they are not, it may be
appropriate to assign higher monitoring priority. Also, other
operating practices that might enhance or reduce leachate
generation (such as accepting a large amount of liquid waste,
or not diverting runoff from the working area) should be
evaluated by the investigator.
(g) Waste type.
The case histories utilized in the discriminant analysis
included facilities that had handled "hazardous" waste and
failed to indicate any change in contamination potential
based on waste type, especially when the facility ranking
was based on the secondary standards that are now proposed
as an amendment to the Criteria. Therefore, there should be
no change in monitoring priority based on waste type except
for those facilities handling non-water soluble, non-decomposable
inert solids. Facilities handling such waste should be assigned
a lower priority.
3.2.3 Ranking of Surface Impoundments
The ranking procedure for surface impoundments is based on the
Surface Impoundment Assessment (SIA) System now in use by the EPA. The
procedure considers hydrogeologic characteristics and assigns a rating
for each of several parameters. The ratings are then entered into a
table and a monitoring priority is read from the table.
Following the instructions in A Manual for Evaluating Contamination
Potential of Surface Impoundments (SIA Manual) (EPA-570/9/78-003),
complete Steps 1 and 2 for rating the unsaturated and saturated zones
4-15
-------
at the facility location. Using these values, enter Table 4-3 to
find the monitoring priority. The data necessary for completing these
steps may already be available frcm another State Agency or the EPA
Office of Drinking Water, if the Surface Impoundment Assessment is
being done or has been completed for the facility.
The monitoring priority may be modified to some extent by site
specific characteristics. Applicable ranking guidance contained in
Section 3.2.2 should be used to modify the ranking of surface
impoundments.
Liquid depth and base linings are of concern in estimating
infiltration. Waste type must be taken into account as explained
in Step 4 of the SIA Manual, rather than as discussed for landfills.
Table 4-3 is based on moderate (4-7) waste hazard potential ratings.
Therefore, facilities handling wastes with higher waste hazard
potentials (8-9) should be assigned a higher priority, and those with
wastes with lesser ratings (1-3) should be assigned a lower priority.
3.2.4 Ranking of Landspreading Facilities
In general, most landspreading facilities do not constitute a
serious ground water pollution problem, although contamination has
been known to occur. These facilities should be ranked as follows:
(a) Those disposal facilities which handle sewage sludge only,
and which apply sludge at rates greater than the crop or
vegetative nitrogen demand, will use Section 3.2.2 and Table 4-2
to determine a priority.
(b) Those facilities handling other wastes which contain
concentrations of any metal or organic constituent in excess of
those listed in the Criterion, Appendix I, should also use
section 3.2.2 and Table 4-2 to determine a priority.
(c) All other landspreading facilities should be given a low
priority for monitoring.
4-16
-------
TABLE 4-3
MONITORING PRIORITY - SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
Saturated
Zone Rating
Unsaturated
Zone Rating
Monitoring
Priority
6A,6A, 3A
4C, 3C, 1C
2E, IE, OE
9A-9K, 6B, 7B, 8B,
7C, 5D
6C, 4D, 3E, IF
All others
9C-9K, 8B, 9Af 9B,
7B, 7C
6C, 6B, 5D, 4D
All others
9E-9K, 9A-9D, 8B, 7B,
6B
7C, 5D
All others
High
Medium
Low
High
Medium
Low
High
Medium
Low
*Based on moderate waste hazard potential
4-17
-------
Guidance for Ranking of Landspreading Facilities Handling
Sewage Sludge
To determine whether the sludge nitrogen (N) is being applied
in excess of crop or vegetative demand, it is preferable to obtain
an analysis of NHi,-N content, NOs-N content, and organic nitrogen
content of the sludge. If this is not available, use the following
average values:
Ibs available
where sludge is surface applied: ton of sludge
anaerobically digested 21
aerobically digested 13
other - calculate
where sludge is incorporated in the soil:
anaerobically digested 37
aerobically digested 17
other - calculate
Calculations:
Obtain the N requirement from Table 4-4. (A)
Calculate the available N in the sludge:
- where sludge is incorporated into the soiJ:
percent NHi>-N in sludge x 20 = Ib NHi»-N/ton of sludge (B)
- where sludge is surface applied:
percent NHi*-N in sludge x 10 = Ib NHi»-N/ton of sludge (B)
percent organic N x 2 = Ib organic N/ton of sludge (C)
Determine any residual sludge N in the soil from Table 4-5. (E)
Calculate the sludge application rate necessary for crop
demand:
Rate (tons/acre) = (B} + (C)
If the sludge application rate is greater than the nitrogen demand
rate calculated in Step 4, then the facility should be assigned a
priority from section 3.2.2 and Table 4-2. Otherwise, a low monitoring
priority may be assumed.
4-18
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TABLE 4-4
ANNUAL NITRO'SN (N) DEMANDS OF CROPS*
Crop
Corn
Com silage
Soybeans
Grain sorghum
Wheat
Oats
Barley
Alfalfa
Orchard grass
Brome grass
Tall fescue
Bluegrass
Yield/acre
150 bu
32 tons
50 bu
4 tons
60 bu
100 bu
100 bu
8 tons
6 tons
5 tons
3.5 tons
3 tons
N (Ib/acre)
185
200
257t
250
125
150
150
450-1-
300
166
135
200
* Values reported are from reports by the Potash Institute of America and
are for the total above-ground portion of the plants. For the purpose
of estimating nutrient requirements for any particular crop year,
complete crop removal can be assumed.
t Legumes obtain N from symbiotic N2 fixation so fertilizer N is not
necessary. Where crop yields are less, reduce the nitrogen demand
by the ratio of the reduced yield to that listed in the table.
4-19
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Guidance for Facilities Handling Other Waste
Landspreading facilities that dispose of other wastes will be
ranked using Table 4-2. "Other wastes" here means wastes or sludges
that contain concentrations of any metal or organic constituent in
excess of those listed in the Criterion/ Appendix I. Facilities
that accept such waste usually receive an analysis of the sludge from
which the metals and organics content may be determined. If no such
analysis is available, the investigator must obtain a representative
sample of the sludge and have it analyzed for those parameters listed
in Appendix I.
If the concentrations of metals or organics are in excess of those
listed in the Criterion, Appendix I, assign the facility a monitoring
priority based on Section 3.2.2 and Table 4-2. If concentrations
are not exceeded, assign the facility a low priority.
3.3 Has an underground drinking water source been contaminated by the
facility beyond the solid waste (or alternate) boundary?
To determine if a facility does not comply with the Criterion,
ground water monitoring must be conducted. Reference should be made
to Procedures Manual for Ground Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal
Facilities (EPA-530/SW-611) for guidance on evaluation of existing
monitoring systems, and on design and installation of new monitoring
systems.
Facilities that receive a high monitoring priority in the previous
section (3.2) should be monitored first, followed by medium-priority
facilities. Low priority facilities should be monitored after all
other facilities have been evaluated. The monitoring wells should be
placed to detect contamination beyond the solid waste boundary, unless
an alternate boundary has been specified by the State in accordance
with the Criterion. If no alternate boundary has been specified, the
solid waste boundary is to be used.
3.3.1 Evaluating Existing Monitoring Systems
If the facility has an adequate existing monitoring system that
is correctly placed with respect to the solid waste or alternate
boundary, this system may be used for the purpose of the Inventory.
4-20
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If a facility has a monitoring system with wells downgrandient to the
applicable solid waste or alternate boundary, this system may be used
for a non-compliance determination if contamination is detected in
accordance with Section 3.3.4.
The adequacy of the existing monitoring system must be evaluated,
preferably with the assistance of a hydrogeologist. Obtain drilling
logs for each well in the system and a map of the site showing well
locations. The objective of the system is to obtain representative
samples of ground water and to detect contamination in underground
drinking water sources beyond the appropriate boundary. Generally,
the uppermost aquifers will be of concern. Consider these factors:
(a) Number and location of wells.
The system should have at a minimum one well hydraulically
upgradient from the site and at least two wells downgradient.
The static water levels reported for the wells should indicate
the local hydraulic gradient. The downgradient wells should be
located as close as is practicable to the solid waste (or
alternate) boundary without being drilled through the waste.
Wells located in waste should not be used for determinations.
Upgradient and downgradient wells should be located so that samples
are obtained from the same horizon of water-bearing material. When
downgradient wells are being evaluated, local variations in the
hydraulic gradient (such as may be caused by a nearby pumping well
or a ground water mound beneath the facility) should be considered,
as well as any vertical gradients.
For a compliance determination, existing wells inside the solid
waste boundary may be used when no contamination is detected. Otherwise,
additional wells will have to be installed at, or in close proximity to,
the applicable boundary.
(b) Construction of wells.
Well casings should be a minimum of to\ro inches in diameter,
preferably four inches, to allow for ease of pumping and sampling,
A bentonite clay or cement seal or plug should be in place around
the casing, finished at the surface with a cement or earth mound
4-21
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sloped away from the well to prevent surface drainage down the
casing. The top of the well should be covered with a locking
cap and protected against vandalism and destruction by mobile
equipment. Sufficient labeling should be present indicating the
well location and number. Casing and well screens should be plastic,
unless the waste type involved contains organic pollutants or is
corrosive to plastic. In these cases it will be necessary to use
steel well casing. Metal well parts may give false readings in
metal analyses. Determine, from the driller's log, if drilling
mud or additives were used during well construction. If they were,
ensure that the wells were properly developed (flushed) and that
all traces of drilling mud were removed.
If, in the estimation of the investigator, the existing system
is adequate, proceed to 3.3.3.
3.3.2 New Monitoring Systems
If a new monitoring well or additions to an existing system must
be installed at the site, the system must be designed and installed
considering additional items:
(a) Test borings or geophysical studies may have to be made to
determine the water table gradient and location. Well locations
can then be based on this information.
(b) Wells should be drilled or augered without the use of drilling
mud, if possible. If hydraulic mud is used, the well must be
flushed properly.
(c) A well screen of sufficient length and correct slot size
must be installed. Plastic screens are recommended for most
applications, except when plastic is not compatible with the waste
type, or when casing lengths exceed 50 feet. (The weight of the
casing may compress the screen and close the slots.) A gravel pack
should be installed around the screen to avoid picking up sediment
when the well is pumped.
(d) The downgradient wells should be placed to sanple ground
water at the point where contamination is most likely. This
4-22
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depends to a large extent on the site hydrogeology and facility
type and construction. Examples are included in EPA-530/SW-611.
Upgradient wells should then be set to sample f ran the same
water-bearing horizon(s).
(e) If monitoring will be conducted at an alternate boundary and
this boundary is removed from the facility, monitoring wells
should be installed at several points between the boundary and
the facility. This will assist the investigator in determining
whether any contamination observed at the alternate boundary is
originating at the facility.
(f) Wells should not be installed in areas where waste has been
or will be deposited.
(g) Resistivity or similar methods might prove useful in locating
monitoring wells.
3.3.3 Monitoring Parameters and Sampling
Ground water can be monitored for the specific contaminants (MCL's)
listed in the Criteria, or for tracers or indicators of potential
contamination. The following monitoring parameters are suggested as
part of the program because of their mobility and persistence, their
known association with the waste type, and their inclusion in the Criteria
and the proposed amendment. Additional or other parameters may be used
at State discretion if experience indicates the parameter to be useful
in contamination evaluations. Determinations of non-compliance for the
Inventory can only be made on the basis of the contaminants contained in
the final Criteria. Analytical methods for the following parameters are
referenced in Appendix I of the Criterion.
(a) T-gnd-Fjlls - Total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, iron,
manganese (particularly for municipal landfills). Additional
contaminants may be added, or some of the above removed, depending
on the variety of waste type and the prevalence of a contaminant in
a particular waste, e.g., copper and chromium should be added for
metal plating wastes. Refer to Table 4-6.
(b) Surface Impoundments - Total dissolved solids and at least
three additional contaminants listed in the final Criteria that
4-23
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TABLE 4-6
CONSTITUENTS IN INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER HAVING
SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL FOR GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION ' )
MINING (SIC 10, 11, and 12)
ph
Sulfate
Nitrate
Chloride
Total dissolved
solids
Phosphate
Copper
Nickel
Lead
Zinc
Tin
Vanadium
Radium
Phenol
Selenium
Iron
Chrcmium
Cadmium
Uranium
Magnesium
Silver
Manganese
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Aluminum
Gold
Fluoride
Cyanide
COD/BOD
TOC
pH
Atrmonia
PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC 26)
Pulp and Paper Industry (SIC 261 and 262)
Phenols
Sulfite
Color
Heavy metals
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Total dissolved
solids
Biocides
CHEMICALS AND AT.T.TED PRODUCTS (SIC 28)
Organic Chemicals Industry (SIC 286)
COD/BOD
pH
Total dissolved
solids
Alkalinity
TOC
Total phosphorus
Heavy metals
Phenols
Cyanide
Total nitrogen
(continued)
4-24
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TABLE 4-6
(continued)
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC 28) - (continued)
Inorganic Chemicals, Alkalies, and Chlorine Industry (SIC 281)
Acidity/alkalinity Chlorinated benzenoids Chromium
Total dissolved and polynuclear Lead
solids aromatics Titanium
Chloride Phenols Iron
Sulfate Fluoride Aluminum
COD/BOD Total phosphorus Boron
TOC Cyanide Arsenic
Mercury
Plastic Materials and Synthetics Industry (SIC 282)
COD/BOD Phosphorus Armenia
pH Nitrate Cyanide
Phenols Organic nitrogen Zinc
Total dissolved Chlorinated benzenoids Mercaptans
solids and polynuclear
Sulfate aromatics
Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry (SIC 2873)
Ammonia Sulfate COD
Chloride Organic nitrogen Iron, total
Chromium compounds pH
Total dissolved Zinc Phosphate
solids Calcium Sodium
Nitrate
Phosphate Fertilizer Industry (SIC 2874)
Calcium Acidity Mercury
Dissolved solids Aluminum Nitrogen
Fluoride Arsenic Sulfate
pH Iron Uranium
Phosphorus Cadmium Vanadium
Radium
(continued)
4-25
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TABLE 4-6
(continued)
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS (SIC 29)
Petroleum Refining Industry (SIC 291)
Ammonia Chloride Nitrogen
Chromium Color Odor
COD/BOD Copper Total phosphorus
pH Cyanide Sulfate
Phenols Iron TOC
Sulfide Lead Turbidity
Total dissolved Mercaptans Zinc
solids
PRIMARY METALS (SIC 33)
Steel Industry (SIC 331)
pH Cyanide Tin
Chloride Phenols Chromium
Sulfate Iron Zinc
Ammonia Nickel
ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES (SIC 49)
Power Generation Industry (SIC 491)
COD/BOD Copper Phosphorus
pH Iron Free chlorine
Polychlorinated Zinc Organic biocides
biphenols Chromium Sulfur dioxide
Total dissolved Other corrosion Heat
solids inhibitors
Oil and grease
Municipal Sewage Treatment (SIC 495)
pH Nitrate Sulfate
COD/BOD Ammonia Copper
TOC Phosphate Lead
Alkalinity Chloride Tin
Detergents Sodium Zinc
Total dissolved Potassium Various Organics
solids
4-26
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are mobile in the soil and intrinsic to the waste type. Refer
to Table 4-6.
(c) Landspreading Facilities
(1) Sewage Sludge - Total dissolved solids, nitrate, chloride
and at least one additional contaminant listed in the final
Criteria which has high levels in the sludge.
(2) Other Wastes - Total dissolved solids and at least
three additional contaminants listed in the final Criteria
that are mobile and intrinsic to the waste type. Refer to
Table 4-6.
A parameter might also be selected because the concentration in
the background water is already at or above the level specified in the
Criteria.
Sampling technique in ground-water monitoring is very important,
and standard methods such as those outlined in Handbook for Monitoring
Industrial Wastewater (USEPA, 1973) or Procedures Manual for Ground
Water Monitoring at Solid Waste Disposal Facilities (EPA-530/SW-611)
should be used. A brief set of guidelines follows:
(a) Check equipment and make arrangements with the laboratory
and for sample transportation.
(b) Measure the static water level in the well.
(c) Flush the well to remove standing water. An amount equal to
five1 times the volume of the casing should be removed in high-
yield formations (in low permeability strata, one volume will
suffice).
(d) Allow the well to recharge to the static water level (may
require more than one day).
(e) Clean and/or flush sampling equipment with distilled or
drinking water betaveen samples.
(f) Where appropriate, filter sample during collection. Non-
aerated conditions must be maintained; therefore, do not allow
the water to bubble or splash into the sample container and
filter.
4-27
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(g) Preserve the sample and pack in ice, if necessary, for
shipment.
(h) Clean equipment. Make sure well is securely capped.
3.3.4 Interpretation of Data
Casual interpretation of ground water monitoring data can sometimes
be misleading. Several types of variation can be introduced into
ground water monitoring data. Sampling error can be reduced by adhering
to the practices outlined in Section 3.3.3. The effects of natural
fluctuation in ground water quality can be reduced by increasing sampling
frequency. The sampling interval should be based on seasonal factors,
the distance to the wells from the waste deposit, and the rate of ground-
water movement. Measurement error can be reduced by splitting a sample
and evaluating the analysis of each split with the Student t-test, as
outlined in Appendix 4-1.
Two options are suggested for data interpretation. The first
option utilizes indicator parameters or tracers and is designed to
provide a quick, low-cost indication of potential contamination. The
second option is based on the Criteria MCL's only.
Option 1;
(a) Analyze upgradient samples for parameters suggested in
Section 3.3.3, depending on the facility type. Note: if
more than one upgradient well is sampled, use the well that
is clearly upgradient, based on flow direction and location
with respect to the facility. If this determination cannot be
made, use the mean value of all upgradient wells.
(b) Analyze downgradient wells for the same parameter (s), and
compare the highest concentration (s) with the upgradient value.
(c) If downgradient concentration (s) are less than upgradient,
the facility complies with the Criterion.
(d) If downgradient concentration (s) are greater than upgradient,
the procedures in Option 2 must be followed.
Option 2;
(a) Analyze downgradient samples for all parameters suspected
to be released by the facility (see Section 3.3.3 and Table 4-6).
4-28
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If this is not known, analyze for all parameters in Appendix 1.
(b) If the highest downgradient concentrations do not exceed
the MCL's, the facility complies with the Criterion.
(c) If the highest downgradient concentrations exceed the MCL's,
analyze upgradient samples for the same parameters. Note: if more
than one upgradient well is sampled, use the well that is clearly
upgradient based on flow direction and location with respect to the
facility. If this determination cannot be made, use the mean value
of all upgradient wells.
(d) If the upgradient value does not exceed the MCL's, the facility
does not comply.
(e) If the upgradient value exceeds the MCL's, additional monitoring
should be done to detect significant increases in downgradient
concentrations. Statistical evaluation is recommended (see Appendix
4-1).
When the evaluations are being made, caution should be exercised
in evaluating the initial analyses of iron and manganese or other
contaminants which might result from a well casing or disturbance of
the soil. Also, in areas where there are other potential sources of
contamination such as industrial activity, sewers, septic systems, and
disposal facilities, contamination may originate from another upgradient
source. Careful checking of upgradient well results, over a period of
time, should be done to determine that the facility is actually the source
of contamination.
4-29
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APPENDIX 4-1
APPUECATICN OF STUDENT t-TEST TO MONITORING DATA
4-30
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APPLICATION OF STUDENT t-TEST TO MONITORING DATA
The t-test is a method of comparing two samples to determine if there
is a significant difference between them. The test relies on the assumption
of normality and that sample pairs be observed under the same conditions.
The test uses sample means in its comparison; therefore, it is essential
that each sample be split for several analyses (as the number of splits
approaches 1, the validity of the test approaches "zero").
The data are processed as shown in this example:
Upgradient wells: #1
Downgradient wells:
#2 - well cap tampered
with; do not use.
#3
#4
Samples Split for 5 Analyses Each, Analyzed for Chloride
Analysis
1
2
3
4
5
Well
#1
75 ppn
105
31
64
92
meani=73
Difference
From Meanj
2
32
42
9
19
Well
#3
Difference
From Means
295 ppn 32
220
246
271
284
sumi=104 mean3=263
43
17
8
21
Well
#4
300
297
260
275
289
sum3=121 mean.l=284
Difference
From Meant,
16
13
24
9
5
sumi^e?
Calculate SQ, the sample variance (using one ugradient and one
downgradient well).
+ (sum3)
m + n2 -2
= (104) 2+ (121) 2
5 + 5-2
= 3,182
m = no. of splits, well #1
nz = no. of splits, well #3
4-31
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Calculate t:
t = meani - means
nz
= 73 - 263
3,182 /I 1
55
= 0.094 (disregard signs)
Compare t with the number opposite the value of (m + na-2) in Table 4-1-1.
If t is less than this number, there is no significant difference between
the samples.
TABLE 4-1-1
t DISTRIBUTION AT 95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE LEVEL
m + n2-2 t ni + na-2
1 12.706 11 2.201
2 4.303 12 2.179
3 3.182 13 2.160
4 2.776 14 2.145
5 2.571 15 2.131
6 2.447 16 2.120
7 2.365 17 2.110
8 2.306 18 2.101
9 2.262 19 2.093
10 2.228 20 2.086
4-32
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Chapter 4
GROUND WATER
Criterion Compliance Decision
Q Complies
| | Does Not Comply
1. Does ground water contain more than 10,000 mg/1 TDS, and is it not being
used as a human drinking water source?
YES (COMPLIES)
D Ground water is not present beneath the site
D Ground water has more than 10,000 mg/1 TDS, TDS =
and is not used as a human drinking water source
D Ground water is not present in usable quantities beneath
the site
NO (Continue to 2)
O Ground water has less than 10,000 mg/1 TDS
D Ground water is beinq used as a drinking water source
2. Rank facility according to its contamination potential.
Landfills
DFacility overlies sole source aquifer (high priority)
DFacility has a history of leachate problems (high priority)
D Ranking from Table 4-2
Saturated zone permeability cm/sec
Unsaturated zone thickness m
Unsaturated zone permeability cm/sec
DFacility is in an area where precipitation is exceeded by
evaporation plus transpiration (low priority)
I I High priority
I | Medium priority
[ | Low priority
Surface Impoundments
Ranking from Table 4-3
Saturated zone rating
Unsaturated zone rating
priority
|[Medium priority
| [Low priority
4-33
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Chapter 4
GROUND WfllER
Continued
Landspreading Facilities
D Sludge nitrogen is being applied in excess of crop or
vegetative demand (high priority)
D Ranking from Table 4-2 for industrial waste facilities
[~] High priority
[~] Medium priority
[~] Low priority
3. Has an underground drinking water source been contaminated by the
facility beyond the solid waste (or alternate boundary)?
rn YES (Does not comply)
D Monitoring shows contamination of a drinking water source
Contaminating substances and concentrations
NO (COMPLIES)
Q Facility does not overlie a drinking water source
CH Monitoring shows no contamination beyond the solid waste
(or alternate boundary)
4-34
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-------
CHAPTER 5
ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
(a) FacUltiea or practices shall not
cause or contribute to the taking of any
endangered or threatened species of
plants, fish, or wildlife.
(b) The facility or practice shall not
result in. the destruction or advene
modification of the critical habitat of
endangered or threatened species as-
identified in 50 CFR Part 17.
(c) As used in this section:
(1) "Endangered or threatened
species" means any species listed as
such pursuant to Section 4 of the
Endangered Species Act
[2] "Destruction or adverse
modification" means a direct or indirect
alteration of critical habitat which
appreciably diminishes the likelihood of
the survival and recovery of threatened
or endangered species using that
habitat
(3) 'Taking" means harassing,
harming, punning, hunting, wounding,
killing, trapping, capturing, or collecting
or attempting to engage in such conduct
2.0 Inventory Procedure
The approach to the endangered species criterion for the purpose
of the inventory is as follows:
(a) Eliminate from further consideration (i.e. complies) if the
facility is not located: (1) within a listed critical habitat, or
(2) within a portion of endangered or threatened species range.
(b) Eliminate from further consideration {i.e. complies) if the
facility has passed an environmental assessment which considered
the facility's impacts upon endangered and threatened species and
critical habitats.
5-1
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(c) Determine if the facility results in the destruction or adverse
modification of the critical habitat of an endangered or threatened
species as identified by 50 CFR Part 17.
(d) Determine if the facility causes or contributes to the taking
of an endangered or threatened species of plants, fish, or wildlife.
Figure 5-1 presents the compliance decision flow chart.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Is the facility within a critical habitat or the range of an
endangered or threatened species as listed pursuant to the
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1530 et. seq. as amended)
in 50 CFR Part 17?
This is determined by referring to the synopsis of the 50 CFR Part
17 listings of endangered and threatened species (Appendix 5-A), and
critical habitats (Appendix 5-B) , promulgated by the Office of Endangered
Species (OES) of the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of
Interior. Discussions should be held with the State agency or agencies
involved in management, control, and regulation of plants, fish, or
wildlife and/or the OES to determine where the species is actually known
to occur within the State. OES assistance may be necessary to clarify
those instances where the range is not State specific and to ensure
that the listing is current. This information from the State agencies
or the OES should be compiled on maps delineating known areas of concern
for each species.
The evaluation is made by siirply comparing the facility location
to the State map. If the facility is not located in a critical habitat
nor within the range of an endangered or threatened species as identified
by the QF-.q or State agency, then the facility complies with the Endangered
Sped es Cri terion .
3.2 Has there been an assessment which enables the determination that
the facility neither results in the destruction or adverse
modification of the critical habitat of endangered or threatened
species nor causes or contributes to the taking of any endangered
or threatened species of plants, fish, or wildlife?
5-2
-------
I
IS THE FACILITY WITHIN A
CRITICAL HABITAT OR THE
RANGE OF AN ENDANGERED
OR THREATENED SPECIES AS
LISTED PURSUANT TO THE
ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
OF 1971 (16 U.S.C IS30 ET
SEQ AS AMENDED) IN SO
CFR PART 177
YES
HAS THERE BEEN AN
ASSESSMENT WHICH ENABLES
THE DETERMINATION THAT
THE FACILITY NEITHER
RESULTS IN THE DESTRUCTION
OR ADVERSE MODIFICATION OF
THE CRITICAL HABITAT OF
ENDANGERED OR THREATENED
SPECIES NOR CAUSES OH
CONTRIBUTES TO THE TAKING
OF ANY ENDANGERED OR
THREATENED SPECIES OF PLANTS.
FISH. OR WILDLIFE?
NO
DOES THE FACILITY RESULT IN
THE DESTRUCTION OR ADVERSE
MODIFICATION OF CRITICAL
HABITATS AS IDENTIFIED IN
50 CFR PART 177
NO
COMPLIES
YES
DOES NOT COMPLY
i
'
Ul
NO
DOES THE FACILITY CAUSE OR
CONTRIBUTE TO THE TAKING OF
ANY ENDANGERED OR THREATENED
SPECIES OF PLANTS. FISH. OR
WILDLIFE?
NO
COMPLIES
YES
I
DOES NOT COMPLY
NOTE DASHED LINE INDICATES THE NEED TO CONTINUE TO THE NEXT FLOWCHART QUESTION
FIGURE
FLOW CHART-ENDANGERED SPECIES
11/79
-------
There are several instances where previous evaluations may enable
this determination to be made for a specific facility.
(a) If the State has a cooperative agreement with the OES under
Section 6{c) of the Endangered Species Act whereby the State
endangered species program maintains an active and adequate program
for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species
in accordance with the ESA, check with the State endangered species
agency or agencies for a previous assessment of the facility.
Where the facility has passed the State endangered species program's
assessment of the facility's likely impact upon endangered and
threatened. . . species and critical habitats, then the facility is
in compliance with this Criterion. When no State cooperative
agreement exists under the ESA but an equivalent assessment has
been made for the facility during the permit process and it passed/
then the facility is in compliance with this Criterion. Such an
assessment is usually made as part of the State's review, inspection,
or permit procedures for various State programs or through the State
comments on a Federal permit application by the facility (i.e. a
Clean Water Act Section 404 permit). This question is resolved by
checking past records of the facility.
(b) Where the facility is on Federal land or Federal money is
involved in the construction or operatipn of the facility, an
assessment of the facility's impacts on endangered or threatened
species might have been made by the Office of Endangered Species, a
State having a cooperative agreement, or the involved Federal agency.
If the facility passed this assessment then the facility complies
with this Criterion. Check the past records of the facility
with the Office of Endangered Species or the involved Federal agency
to determine this.
(c) Where the facility has an individual permit under Section 404
of the Clean Water Act, and the environmental assessment conducted
prior to the issuance of the permit contained an assessment that the
facility was unlikely to adversely impact upon endangered and
5-4
-------
threatened species and critical habitats, then the facility is
in compliance with this criterion. This can be determined by
checking the records of the facility. If necessary, consult
with the appropriate Army Corps of Engineers District or the State
404 permitting agency (where applicable).
(d) If the facility has been evaluated for the Endangered Species
Act provisions (according to (a), (b), or (c) above) and if the
facility passed as a result of a settlement made to prevent
adverse impact, and the facility complies with this settlement,
then, for the purpose of the Inventory, the facility complies with
this Criterion.
(e) In addition, for the purpose of the Inventory, if ESA
evaluations have been made nearby with no adverse impacts noted
and the appropriate State wildlife agencies indicate that the same
situation exists at the facility under consideration, then the
facility complies with this Criterion. This past environmental
assessment determination will have to be done through State
discretion based on the circumstances. Normally, the facility
will have records or information about this assessment.
3.3 Does the facility result in the destruction or adverse modification
of the critical habitat as identified in 50 CFR Part 17?
The-mere location of a facility within a critical habitat does not
necessarily mean that the facility will result in the destruction or
adverse modification of that habitat (e.g., a facility located in a
valley may be within the critical habitat of an endangered bat, but
the bat may only exist in caves near the ridge tops, remaining
unaffected by the facility below).
If the facility is in a critical habitat and no previous assessments
have been made, the State must conduct its own assessment in order to
make a determination. This assessment should be carried out in
consultation with or assistance from the appropriate State agencies
(endangered species or fish and wildlife offices), regional OES office,
5-5
-------
university study team, or private consultant. If a Federal Agency
is involved through lending aid, project permit or other activities,
check with that Federal Agency to see if the OES determination has
been or will be made. Determinations will be facility specific and
made on the best judgment of the evaluator(s). The factors to be
considered in making a determination are:
type of critical habitat
size of critical habitat and size of facility
sensitivity of critical habitat to adverse impacts
species characteristics for which the critical habitat has been
designated (e.g., requirements for food, harborage, water,
reproduction, etc.)
proximity of facility to critical habitat (e.g., location of
facility vis-a-vis species)
facility design and operational characteristics
Where it is determined that a facility does not directly or
indirectly result in the destruction or adverse modification of a
critical habitat in a manner which appreciably diminishes the likelihood
of the survival and recovery of the threatened and endangered species
using that habitat, then the facility complies with this portion of
the criterion.
3.4 Does the facility cause or contribute to the taking of any
endangered or threatened species of plants, fish, or wildlife?
If it has been determined that the facility results in the
destruction or adverse modification of a critical habitat, then the
facility results in the taking of the subject endangered species, and
the facility does not comply with this part of the criterion.
If the facility is located within the portion of the range where
the species is endangered or threatened, and no previous study has
been conducted, the facility must be evaluated for the taking of
endangered or threatened species. Assistance should be obtained as
listed in 3.3 of this chapter.
5-6
-------
The decision determining the effects of disposal facilities
on endangered or threatened species will be facility specific and made
on the best judgment of the evaluator(s).
(a) The factors to be considered in making a determination are:
type of species or species habitat
species characteristics (e.g., nesting and breeding
behavior; range; food, water, and harborage needs;
growth cycles)
sensitivity of species or habitat to adverse environmental
impacts
proximity of facility to species.or species habitat
facility size, design, and operational characteristics
(b) Specific factors for determining whether a facility is causing
or contributing to the "taking" of endangered or threatened species
are:
harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, wounding, killing,
trapping, capturing, or collecting of species (this
constitutes a "taking" and non-compliance with this
criterion)
loss or adverse modification of habitat (including air and
water pollution inpacts)
infringement on breeding, nesting, and feeding activities
interference with species movement
The latter three factors may or may not constitute a "taking" and
require careful consideration and expert consultation on the factors
listed in (a) before making the determination.
5-7
-------
APPENDIX 5-A
LIST OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
5-8
-------
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 17,1979
PART II
DEPARTMENT OF
THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife
LIST OF ENDANGERED
AND THREATENED
WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
Republieation
5-9
-------
3636
RULES AND REGULATIONS
[4310-55-M]
Title SOWildlife and Fisheries
CHAPTER IUNITED STATES FISH
AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPART-
MENT OF THE INTERIOR
PART 17ENDANGERED AND
THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
Republicatien of the Li*t of Specie*
[NOTE This document is reprinted from
the Issue ol Monday. December 11. 1978 (43
FR 58030).}
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service.
Interior.
ACTION: Republlcatlon of the U.S.
List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife and Plants.
SUMMARY: The Service hereby
issues a republication of the list of En-
dangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants. An annual publication of this
list is required under the Endangered
Species Act of 1973 (18 U.S.C. 1531-
1543: 87 Stat. 884).
DATE: This list is inclusive of Septem-
ber 30. 1978.
ADDRESSES: Comments concerning
this republication should be sent to
the Director (OES). U-S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. U.S. Department of
the Interior. Washington. D.C. 20240.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT:
Mr. Keith M. Schreiner, Associate
DirectorFederal Assistance. Wash-
ington. D.C. 20240, telephone 202-
343-4646.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
The list incorporates species officially
listed as Endangered or Threatened
since the republication of the list in
the FEDERAL REGISTER, July 14. 1977
(42 FR 36420). These new species are
African elephant. San Clemente Ion-
gerhead shrike. San Clemente sage
sparrow, giant anole. Mona boa. Mona
ground iguana., island night lizard.
New Mexican ndge-nosed rattlesnake.
Atlantic salt marsh snake, eastern
indigo snake, green sea turtle, logger-
head turtle. Olive (Pacific) Ridley sea
turtle, pine barrens tree frog, golden
coqui. Alabama.caveflsh, slender chub.
spotfln chub, leopard darter, slack-
water darter, yellowfin madtom. little
kern golden trout, greenback cut-
throat trout. Chittenango ovate amber
snail, flat-spired three-toothed snail.
Iowa Pleistocene snail, noonday snail.
painted snake coiled forest snail. Stock
Island tree snail. Virginia fringed
mountain snail, tan riffle shell. So-
corro isopod. Virginia round-leaf birch.
Contra Costa wallflower. McDonald's
rock cress. Santa Barbara Island live
forever. Rydberg milkvetch. hairy
rattleweed. San Clemente broom. Ha-
waiian wild broadbean. unnamed Pha-
celia, San Diego pogogyne, persistent
tnllium. San Clemente Island bush-
mallow. Eureka evening-primrose. An-
tloch Dunes evening primrose. Cramp-
ton's orcutt grass. Eureka dune grass.
Texas wild-nee, northern wild monk-
shood. San Clemente Island Larkspur.
salt marsh bird's-beak. San Clemente
Island Indian paintbrush, and Furbish
lousewart. Populations of both the
gray wolf and the bald eagle have
been reclassified. The Mexican duck
has been removed from the list as di-
rected by the rulemakmg published in
the July 25. 1978. FEDERAL REGISTER
(43 FR 32258-32261). Errors detected
in the FEDERAL REGISTER. July 14. 1977
(42 FR 36420) list have been corrected.
and some scientific names have been
changed to reflect current usage.
Dated: November 20, 1978.
LYNN A. GREENWALT.
Director, Fish and
Wildlife Service.
1. The table in 50 CFR 17.11 is re-
vised to read as follows:
FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 44, NO. 12WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 17; 1979
5-10
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CTR PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANGCRRD AND THREATENED SPECIES
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Cannon
Name
MAWALS:
Bat, gray
Bat, Hawaiian hoary
Bear, brown or
grizzly
Cougar, eastern
Deer, Columbian
white- tailed
Deer, key
Ferret, blade- footed
Fox, Northern Swift
Pox, San Joaquin kit
Jaguarundi
Jaguarundi
Manatee, West Indian
(Florida)
Species
Scientific
Name Population
Myotis grisescens
Lasiurus cinereus
saiotus
Ursus arctos horribilis
Felis ooncolor couguar
Odoooileus virginianus
leucurus
Odocoileus virginianus
clavium
Hustela mgripes
Vulpes velox hetes
Vulpes nacrous mutica
Felis yagouaroundi
caocmitli
Felis yagouaroundi
tolteca
Trichcchus manatus
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened
Distribution or Endangered
NA Central and South-
eastern USA
NA USA (Hawaii)
USA - 48 Ifolarctic
oonternunous
states
NA Eastern North America
NA USA (Washington, Oregon)
NA USA (Florida)
NA USA (Western),
Western Canada
NA USA (Northern Plains) ,
Canada
NA USA (California)
NA USA (Texas), Mexico
NA USA (Arizona) , Mexico
NA USA (Southeastern),
Caribbean Ocean,
South America
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Status
E
E
T
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
C
E
When special
Listed Rules
13 NA
2 NA
9 17.40(b)
6 NA
1 NA
1 NA
1,3 NA
3 NA
1 NA
IS WL
IS NA
1,3 NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CFR PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
t-1
to
Canton
Name
MAMMALS:
Mouse, salt marsh
harvest
Otter, Southern Sea
Panther, Florida
Prairie Dog, Utah
Pronghom, Sonoran
Rat, Morro Bay
kangaroo
Squirrel, Delmarva
Peninsula fox
Wolf, gray
Itolf, gray
Wolf, red
BIRDS:
Akepa, Hawaii.
(honeycreeper)
Akepa, Maui
(honeycreeper)
Species
Scientific
Name
ReithEDdontcntys
raviventris
Enhydra lutris nereis
Felis concolor ooryi
Cynomys parvidens
Antilocapra americana
sonoriensis
Dipodcmys heermanni
morroensis
Sciurus niger cinereus
Canis lupus
Cams lupus
Canis rufus
Loxops ooccinea
coccinea
Loxops coccinea ochracea
Population
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
USA (48 conter-
minous State
other than MN) ,
Mexico
MN
NA
NA
NA
Range
Known
Distribution
USA (California)
California
Florida
USA (Utah)
USA (Arizona) , Mexico
USA (California)
USA (Maryland)
A2, ID, MI, KT, KM, ND,
OR, TX, HA, IK, Wf. MX
Nortliern Minnesota
Texas, Louisiana
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
Portion of Range
Where Threatened
or Endangered
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
ENTIRE
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Status
E
T
E
E
E
E
E
E
T
E
E
E
When
Listed
2
21
1
6
1.3
2
1
1,6,13
15,35
35
2
2
2
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.40(d)
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CFR PART 17 LISTINGS OT ENtttNO-inCD AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - endangered and Tlureatened Wildlife
V
I-1
GJ
Canron
Maine
BIRDS:
Akialoa, Kauai
(honeycroepei)
AKiapolaau
(lioneycreepei-)
Albatross, short-
Lai led
BoLwhite, masked
(quail)
Condor, California
Coot, Hawaiian
Crane, Mississippi
sandhill
Creeper, Hawaiian
Creeper, Molokai
(Kakawahie)
Creeper, Oaliu
(Alauwahio)
Crow, Hawaiian
(Mala)
Curlew, Eskino
Dove, Palau ground
Species
Scientific
Name
llcmignathus prooerus
llenugnathus wilsoni
DioniQciAa alhat'j^u**
Colinus virginianus
ridgwayi
Gymnogyps californianus
Fulica americana alai
Grus canadensis pulla
Ixixops maculata mana
Loxoi^s maculata flamnea
laxops maculata maculata
Corvus tropicus
Numenius borealis
Gallicolunl>a canifrons
Population
NA
MA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Range
Known
Distribution
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
North Pacific Ocean:
Japan, Soviet Union,
USA
USA (Arizona) , Mexico
(Sonora)
USA (OR.CA) , Mexico
(Baja California)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Mississippi)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
Alaska to Argentina
West Pacific Ocean:
USA (Palau Islands)
Portion of Range
Where Threatened
or Endangered
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Eii tire
Entire
Entire
Entire
entire
Entire
Entire
Status
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
C
E
E
C
E
When
Listed
1
1
3
1.3
1
2
6
10
2
2
1
1.3
1
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
KA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CTR PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANCiRTO AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
V
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Ccmon
Naiitt
BIRDS:
Duck, Hawaiian
(Koloa)
Duck. Laysan
Eagle, bald
Eagle, bald
Falcon, American
peregrine
Falcon, Arctic
peregrine
Find), Laysan
(honeycreeper)
Finch, Ninoa
(hoaoycreeper)
Flycatcher, Tinian
monarch
Gallinule, Hawaiian
Goose, Aleutian
Canada
Goose, Hawaiian
(tlene)
Species
Scientific
Name
Anas wyvil liana
Anas laysanensis
llaliaeetus
leuoocephalus
llaliaeetus
leuoocephalus
Falco peregnnus anatum
Fa loo peregnnus
tundrius
Telespyza
(=Psittirostra) cantans
Telespyza
(=Psitti rostra) ultima
Monarcha takatsukasae
Fallinula chloropus
sandvicensis
Brauta canadensis
leucopareia
Branta sandvicensis
Population
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Range
Known
Distribution
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
North America south to
northern Mexico
North America south to
northern Mexico
Canada, USA, Mexico
Alaska to Greenland,
south to South America
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
Western Pacific Ocean: USA
USA (Hawaii)
Western USA (AK, HA,
OR, CA), Japan
USA (Hawaii)
Portion of Range
Where Threatened
or Endangered Status
Entire E
Enure E
(conterminous states E
other than HA, OR,
m, wi, MI)
USA [HA, OR, WM. T
SE, MI)
Entire E
Entire E
Entire E
Entire E
Entire E
Entire E
Entire E
Entire E
When Special
Listed Rules
1 NA
1 NA
1,34
1,34 17.41la)
2,3 NA
2,4 NA
1 NA
1 NA
3 NA
1 NA
1,4 NA
1 NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CKR PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPDCIES
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Cannon
Name
BIRDS.
Hawk, Hawaiian do)
Honey creeper,
ciested (Akohekohe)
Kite, Everglade
(snail kite)
Megapode, La
Perouse's
y tlillerbird, NiJoa
l_i (willow warbler)
Nukupuu
(honeycreeper)
Ou (luneycreeper)
Owl, Palau
Pallia (honoycrecpeir)
Parrot, Puerto Kican
Parrotbill, flaui
( honeycreeper)
Pelican, brown
Petrel, Hawaiian
ilarK-rumoed
S[X2cies
Scientific
Name Population
Butfio solit^rius
Palmcna dolef
Rostrhamus sociabilis
plumbsus
Hegapodius laperouse
Acrocephalus familiaris
kingi
Henugnathus lucidus
Psitti rostra psittacea
Otus podargina
Psittirostra bailleui
Amazona vittata
Pseudonestor xanthophrys
Pelecanus occidentalis
occiden talis
Pterodroma phaeopyyia
sandwichensis
NA
NA
NA
-NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened
Distribution or Endangered
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Florida)
Western Pacific Ocean:
USA (Palau Islands,
(larianas Islands)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
Western Pacific Ocean:
USA (Palau Islands)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Puerto Rico)
USA (Hawaii)
USA, West Indies. Central
and South America:
Coastal
USA Clawau)
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Status
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
r1
When
Listed
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
2.-1
1
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
riA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CPU PART 17
LISTINGS OF ENDANfil'.RED AMD THREATENED SPCCILb
(continued)
Ul
17.11 - Endangered and Tlireatened Wildlife
Ccnron
Name
BIRDS.
Pigeon, Puerto
Rican plain
Poo-uli
Prairie chicken,
Attwater's greater
Rail, California
clapper
Rail, Light- footed
clapper
Rail, Yuma clapper
Shearwater,
Newell 's Manx
Shrike, San Clcrnente
loggerhead
Sparrow, Cape Sable
Sparrow, dusky
seaside
Sparrow, San
Clemente sage
Sparrow, Santa
Barbci ra song
Starling, Ponape
mountain
species
Scientific
Name
Columba inernata
webiorei
Helamprosops phaeosoma
Tynpanuchus cupido
attwaten
Rallus loi>)j rostris
obsoletus
Kallus longirostris
levipes
Rallus longirostris
yumanonsis
Puffinus puf finus
newelli
Lanius ludovicianus
mearnsi
Ammospiza mar i tuna
mirabilis
Annospiza maritina
niqrescens
Amphispiza belli
Clemen tae
Melospiza melodia
graminoa
Aulonis pelzenu
Population
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened
Distribution or Endangered
USA (Puerto Rico)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Texas)
USA (Califo-ria)
USA (California),
Mexico (Da]a California)
Mexico (Sonora) , USA
(Arizona, California)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (California)
USA (Florida)
USA (Florida)
USA (California)
USA (California)
Western Pacific Ocean:
USA (Caroline Islands)
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
tin tire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
entire
Entire
Uhen
Status Listed
E 2
E 10
E 1
E 2
E 2
E 1
T 10
E 26
E 1
C 1
T 26
E G
E 4
Special
Rules
NA
NA
MA
NA
NA
NA
tJA
tlA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF SO CFR PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECICS
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Common
Nams
BIRDS:
Stilt, Hawaiian
Tern, California
least
Thrush, large Kauai
Thrush, Malokai
Ui (Olomau)
l_i Thrush, small Kauai
-J (Puaiohi)
Warbler (wood),
Bacnman's
Uarbler (wood),
Kirtland's
Whip-poor-wi 11 ,
Puerto Rican
'.-flute-eye, Ponape
great
Woodpecker, ivory
billed
Woodpecker, red-
cockaded
Species
Scientific
Name Population
llunantopus himantopus NA
knudseni
Sterna albifrons NA
browni
Phaeomis obscurus NA
myadestina
Phaeomis obscurus rutha NA
Phaeomis palmeri NA
Vermivora bachraanii NA
Dendroica kirtlandu NA
Caprunulgus noctitherus NA
Rukia sanfordi NA
Campephilus principalis NA
Picoides (=Dendrccopos) NA
borealis
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened
Distribution or Endangered
USA (Hawaii) Entire
Mexico. USA Entire
(California)
USA (Hawaii) Entire
USA (Hawaii) Entire
USA (Hawaii) Entire
Cuba, USA Entire
(Southeastern)
USA, West Indies: Entire
Bahama Islands
USA (Puerto Rico) Entire
Western Pacific Ocean: Entire
USA (Caroline Islands)
Cuba, USA (Southcentral
and southeastern)
USA (Southcentral and Entire
Southeastern)
(Ihen Special
Status Listed Rules
C 2 NA
E 2,4 NA
E 2 NA
C 2 NA
El NA
E 1.4 NA
E 1,4 NA
E 6 NA
E 4 NA
E 3 NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CFR PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Cannon
Name
REPTILES:
Alligator, American
Species
Scientific
Name
Alligator
nussissippiensis
Population
Wherever found in
the wild, except
Range
Known
Distribution
Southeastern United
States
Portion of Range
Where Threatened
or Endangered
Entire
When Special
Status Listed Rules
C 11 NA
Alligator, American Alligator
mississippiensis
Ul
Alligator, American Alligator
in those areas
where it is listed
as Threatened, as
set forth below.
In the wild in
Florida and in
certain areas
of Georgia,
Louisiana, (except
in Cameron,
Vermilion, and
Calcasieu Parishes),
South Carolina and
Texas, as set forth
in Sec. 17.42
-------
SYNOPSIS OP 50 CFR PftKT 37 LISPINGS OT DIDANCERetJ AND TURKATOIUD SPDCICb
(continued)
17.11 - r.rvdaivjered and Threatened Wildlife
Camon
Name
REPTlIfS:
Lizard, blunt-nosed
leopard
Lizard, Island night.
Rattlesnake, New
Mexican ridge-rosed
Snake, Atlantic
salt marsh
bnake, eastern indicjo
Snake, San Francisco
garter
turtle, green sea
AI1PIIIB1ANS.
Cocjiu, golden
Salamander, desert
s lender
Salamander, Red Hills
Salamander , Santa
Cruz long-toed
Species
Scientific
Name
Crotaphytus siTus
Klauberina riversiana
Crotalus willardi
obscurus
Population
I1A
MA
NA
Nerodia fasciata taeniaba MA
Orymarchon oorais coupen NA
Thamnophis sirtalis
tetrataenia
Chelonta mydas I
Lleutherodactylus
jasperi
Batrachoseps aridus
Pliaeognathus hubnchti
Anoystana macrodactylun
croceun
NA
breeding colony
populations in
Florida and on
the Pacific
coast of Mexico
NA
tIA
NA
NA
Range
Portion of Range
Known Micro Threatened
Distribution or endangered
USA (California)
USA (California)
USA (New Mexico) ,
Mexico
USA (Florida)
USA
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CTR PART 17 LISTINGS OF LNDANTERII) AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
to
o
17.11 - LndanrjoroJ and Threatened Wildlife
CQiiiun
Name
Species
Scientific
Nane
AMP'IIBIANS: (continued)
Salcunaixlei , Texas Typlgnolge rathburu
blind
Toad, Houston Bufo houstonensis
Treelrog , Pine
Darrens
FISHES:
Bony tail, Pahranatjat
Cavofish, Alabama
Chub, humpback
Chub, Moliave
Chub, s lender
Chub, spotfin
Cisco, Iong3aw
Cui-ui
Dace, Kendall Mann
Springs
Dace, Moapa
Darter, bayou
DarLcr, fountain
Darter, Leopard
Darter, Maryland
llyla andersonii
Cila rolxista 3ordani
Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni
Gila cypha
Gila mohavensis
llybopsis cahru.
Hybopsis monacha
Coregonus alpenae
Chasmistes cu]us
Rhinichthys osculus
thermalis
Modpa conacea
ELheostana rulirum
Ctlieostcma Conticola
Percina panUierina
Etlieostana sellare
Population
MA
MA
Florida
NA
MA
NA
NA
tIA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened
Distribution or Endangered
USA (Texas)
USA (Texas)
USA (Florida)
USA (Nevada)
USA (Alalxma)
USA (Az.trr.wY)
USA (California)
USA (TO,VA)
USA (VA.TN.NC)
USA (Lakes Michigan,
Huron and Erie)
USA (Nevada)
USA (Uyoning)
USA (Nevada)
USA (Mississippi)
USA (Texas)
USA (AR.OK)
USA (HaryLand)
Entire
Entire
entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Mien
Status Listed
E
E
C
E
T
E
E
T
T
E
C
E
E
T
E
T
E
1
2
29
15
28
1
2
28
28
1
1
2
1
10
2
31
1
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.4
17.44
NA
MA
NA
NA
17.44
NA
17.44
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OP 50 CTR PARI1 17 LJST1NCB OT CNDANO3CD AND TURHATDCD SPECIE;
(continued)
ISJ
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Species Range
Coninjn
Name
I-ESIIES:
Daiter, Okaloosa
Dartur, slackwater
Darter, snai 1
Darter, watercress
Gambusia, Biy Bend
Garabiisia, Clear
Craek
Gambusia, Pccon
Killifisli, Pohrurap
Madlcm, Scioto
.'ladtohi, yellowfin
Pike, blue
Pupfisli, Comandie
Springs
Pupfisli, Devil's Hole
Pupfish, Owens River
Pupfasli, Tecojja
Pupfish, Warm
Springs
Squawfish, Colorado
River
Scientific
NOILC
Ethuostoma okaloosae
Etlieostoma boschunqi
Percina tanasi
Etheostoma nuchale
Gambusia qaigei
Gambusia heterochir
Gambusia nobilis
EinpcLridiythys latos
Noturus Lraudrum
Moturus flavipinnis
StizosLedion vitreum
glaucum
cyprinodon elegans
Cypriiodon diabolis
Cyprinodon radiosus
Cyprnxidon ncvadcnsis
calidae
Cypririodon neyadensis
pectoral is
Ptychodieilus lucius
Poixilation
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Known
Distribution
USA (Florida)
USA (AL,TN)
USA (Tennessee)
USA (Alabama)
USA (Texas)
USA (Texas)
USA (Texas)
USA (Nevada)
USA (CSuo)
USA (TN.VA)
USA (Lakes Erie
and Ontario)
USA (Texas)
USA (Nevada)
USA (California)
USA (California)
USA (Nevada)
USA (AR.CA.CO,
NM.UT.WY)
Portion of Ranje
Where Tltreatcnod
or endangered
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Lnti re
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Status
E
T
E
E
E
C
E
E
n
T
E
E
C
D
E
E
E
When
Listed
6
28
12
2
1
1
2
1
10
28
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
Special
Rules
NA
17.44
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.44(c)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS Of 50 CTR PARF 17 LISTINGS OP 17JnftNCJ1HED AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continual)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Y1
to
10
Canton
Nane
risims:
Stickleback,
unaniDrei.1 three-
Stunjeon, shortnose
Topminnow, Gila
Trout, Arizona
Trout, Gila
Tiout, greenback
cutthroat
Trout, Lahontan
cuttlirodt
Trout, little kern
golden
TrouL, Paiute
cutthroat
Houndfin
Speaes
Scientific
Name Population
Gasterosterus aculeatus
williamsonn
Acipenser brevi rostrum
Poeciliopsis occidentalis
Salno apache
Salmo gilae
Salmo clarki stomias
Salno clarki henshawi
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Range
Portion of Range
Known Hhere Threatened When
Distribution or Endangered Status Listed
USA
USA
of
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
(California)
(Atlantic Coast
US and Canada)
(Arizona) , Mexico
(Arizona)
(New Mexico)
(Colorado)
(California,
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
E
E
E
T
E
T
T
2
1
1
8
1
1,38
8
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
17. 44 (a)
NA
NA
17. 44 (a)
Nevada)
Salmo aquabonita whitei
Saljno clarki sclenins
Plagopterus argentissuiuis
NA
NA
NA
USA
USA
USA
(California)
(California)
(Arizona, Nevada,
Entire
Entire
Entire
T
T
E
37
8
2
17.44(e)
17. 44 (a)
tlA
Utah)
SNAItS:
Snail, Chittenango
ovate amber
Snail, flat-spired
three- toothed
Snail, Iowa
Pleistocene
Succinea
chi ttcnangoensis
Triodopsis platysayoides
Discus macclintocki
NA
NA
NA
USA
USA
USA
(New York)
(West Virginia)
(Iowa)
New York
Entire
Entire
T
T
E
41
41
41
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CFK PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANCTRCD AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Uildlife
Ul
N>
Id
Cannon
Name
SNAILS:
Snail, noonday
Snail, painted
snake coiled forest
Snail, Stock Island
tree
Snail, Virginia
CLAMS:
Pearly mussel,
Alabama lanp
Pearly mussel,
Appalachian monkey-
face
Pearly mussel,
birdwing
Pearly mussel,
Cumberland bean
Pearly mussel,
Cumberland monkey-
face
Pearly mussel,
Curtis
Pearly mussel,
dromedary
Species
Scientific
Name Population
Mesodon-clarki nantahala NA
Anquispira picta NA
Orthalicus reses NA
Polygynscus virginianus NA
Lampsilis virescens »A
Quadrula sparsa NA
Conradilla caelata NA
Villosa <=Micrcnya) NA
trabalis
Quadrula intermedia NA
Epioblasma (=Dysnomia) NA
florentina curtisi
Dromus drcmas NA
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened When
Distribution or Endangered Status Listed
USA (North Carolina) Entire
USA (Tennessee) Entire
USA (Florida) Entire
USA (Virginia) Entire
USA (Alabama) Entire
USA (VA.TN) Entire
USA (VA.TO) Entire
USA (Kentucky) Entire
USA (VA.TN) Entire
USA (Missouri) Entire
USA (VA.TN) Entire
T 41
T 41
T 41
T 41
E 15
E 15
C 15
E 15
E 15
C 15
E 15
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CM* PART 17 LISTINGS OP OHWIGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
(ijimon
Name
CllifE:
Pearly itussel,
green-blossom
Pearly mussel,
Iliggin's eye
Pearly mussel,
orange- footed
Pearly mussel,
pale lilliput
Pearly mussel,
pink mucket
Pearly niussel,
Sampson's
Pearly mussel,
tubercled-blossom
Pearly mussel,
turgid-blossom
Pearly mussel,
utute cat's eye
Pearly mussel,
i/tule wartyback
Pearly mussel,
yellow-b lesson
Species
Scientific
Name
Cpioblasna (=Dysnomia)
torulosa gubernacolus
Lampsilis higginsi
Plethobasis cooperianus
Tosolasma (=Carunculina)
cylinderella
E^unpsilis orbiculata
orbiculata
Epioblasma (=Dysnomia)
sampsoni
Epioblasma (=Dysnomia)
torulosa torulosa
Epioblasnu (=Oysncnu.a)
turgidula
Epioblasma (=Dysnaiu.a)
sulcata delicata
Plethobasis cicatricosus
Epioblasma (=Dysnorua)
Elorentiaa florcntina
Population
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Range
Known
Distribution
USA (Vfl.TO)
USA (MN,WI,IL,MO)
USA (AL.TN)
USA (AL.TO)
USA (LA.W.TO)
USA (IN, IL)
USA (KY,IL,,TO,W)
USA (Tennessee)
USA (Oil, HI, IN)
USA (AL,TO)
USA (1'ennessee)
Portion of Range
Wliere Threatened
Or endangered
rntme
Entire
Entire
Entice
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Status
E
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
E
Mien
Listed
15
15
15
15
IS
IS
15
15
15
15
15
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CTR PART 17 IJSTINGS OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Y1
to
U1
Ccnnion
Name
CLAMS:
Pig toe, fine-rayed
Pigtoe, rough
Pig toe, shiny
Pocketbook, fat
Riffle shell clam,
tan
CRUSTACEANS:
Isopod, Sooorro
INSECTS:
Butterfly, Bahama
swallowtail
Butterfly, El
Segundo blue
Butterfly, Lange's
mctalmark
Butterfly, Lotis
blue
Butterfly, mission
blue
Butterfly, San Bruno
elfin
Butterfly, Schaus
swallowtail
Species
Scientific
Name
Fusoonaia caneolus
Pleurobana plenum
Fusoonaia edgariana
Potamilus (=Proptera)
capax
Epioblasma walkeri
Population
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Exosphaeroma thermposhilus NA
Papilio andraanon USA
bonhotei
Sni]uuiaeoides
battoides allyni
Apodemia mormo large i
Lycaeides argyrognomon
lotis
Icaricia icarioides
missionensis
Callophrys nossii
bayensis
Papilio ariatodemis
ponoeanus
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Range
Known
Distribution
USA (VA.AL.TO)
USA IKY.VA.TO)
USA (VA,AL,TN)
USA (AR,K»
USA (TO.VA.KY)
USA (Nev; Mexico)
US'* (Florida)
Bahamas
USA (California)
USA (California)
USA (California)
USA (California)
USA (California)
USA (Florida)
Port-ion of Range
Where Threatened
or Endangered
Entire
Entire
Entice
Entire
Entire
Entire
USA
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
entire
Entire
Status
E
E
E
E
E
E
T
E
E
E
E
C
T
When
Listed
15
15
15
15
15
36
13
14
14
14
14
14
13
Special
Rules
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.47
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.47
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CFR PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANGERED AND TIIREATCNEl SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered
Cannon
Name
INSECTS:
Butterfly, Smith's
blue
PLANTS:
Ul Virginia round-
1 leaf birch
K)
McDonald's rock
cress
Contra Costa wall-
flower
and Threatened Wildlife
Species
Scientific
Name Population
Shinimiaeoides enoptes NA
smithi
Detulaceae, Birch
family:
Betula uber NA
Brassicaceae, Mustard
family:
Arabis macdonaldiana NA
Erysimum capitatum var. NA
anqustatum
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened When Special
Distribution or Endangered j tat us Listed Rules
USA (California) Entire E 14 NA
USA (Virginia) Entire E 39 NA
USA (California) Entire E 44 NA
USA (California) Entire E 39 NA
Santa Barbara Island
liveforever
Crassulaceae, Stonecrop
family:
Dudleya traskiae NA
RydLerg milk-vetch
hairy rattleweed
San Clemente broom
Hawaiian wild broad-
bean
Fabaceae, Pea family:
Astragalus perianus NA
Baptisia arachnifera NA
Lotus scoparios ssp. NA
traskiae
Vicia menziesn NA
USA (California)
USA (Utah)
USA (Georgia)
USA (California)
USA (Hawaii)
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
Entire
T
E
E
39
39
39
26
39
NA
NA
NA
NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF SO CFK PART 17 LISTINGS OF ENDANGERED fND THREATENED SPECIES
(continued)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
Ccjuiun
PLANTS:
Unnamed phacelia
San Diego pagagyne
Persistent Lrilliun
San Clemente Island
bushmallow
Eureka evening-
[jrimrose
Antioch Dunes
evening primrose
Cranston's OrcuLt
grass
Species
Scientific
Name Population
llydrophyllaceae,
Waterleaf family:
Pliacelia argillacea NA
Lamiaceae, Mint
family:
Pogogyne abramsn MA
Liliaceao, Lily
family:
Trilliun persistens NA
Malvaceae, Mallow
family:
Malacothaenus NA
Clementinas
Onagraceae, Evening
primrose family:
Oenothera avita NA
ssp. eurekensis
Oenothera deltoides NA
ssp. howellii
Poaceae, Grass family:
Orcuttia mucronata NA
Range
Portion of Range
Known Where Threatened When Special
Distribution or Endangered Status Listed Rules
USA (Utah) Entire E 44 NA
USA (California) Entire E 44 NA
USA (GA.SO Entire E 39 NA
USA (California) Entire E 26 NA
USA (California) Entire E 39 NA
USA (California) Entire E 39 NA
USA (California) Entire C 44 NA
(continued)
-------
SYNOPSIS OF 50 CTR PART 17 LISTINGS OP ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES
(continueJ)
17.11 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
T
to
00
Cannon
Name
PLANTS:
Eureka dune grass
Texas wild-rice
Northern wild
nionkshooJ
b
-------
APPENDIX 5-B
CRITICAL HABITATS
5-29
-------
CRITICAL HABITATS
Species
Snail darter (No Map Available)
Florida manatee (No Map Available)
Indian bat (No Map Available)
American crocodile
California condor (No Map Available)
Yellow-shouldered blackbird
St. Croix lizard
Giant anole
Mississippi sandhill crane
Everglade Kite
American Peregrine falcon
Cape Sable seaside sparrow
Dusky seaside sparrow
Morror Bay kangaroo rat
Palila
Alabama caveifsh (No Map Available)
Slackwater darter
Slender chub
Spotf in chub
Yellowf in madtcm
Florida Pine Barrens treefrog
Golden coqui
Leopard darter
Houston toad
Mona boa
Mona ground iguana
Gray wolf
Little Kern golden trout
Whooping crane
Date of
Federal Register
04/01/76
09/24/78
09/24/76
09/24/76
09/24/76
11/19/76
06/03/77
07/21/77
08/08/77
08A1/77
08/11/77
08AV77
08/1V77
08/1 1/77
08/11/77
09/09/77
09/09/77
09/09/77
09/09/77
09/09/77
11/11/77
11/11/77
01/27/78
01/31/78
02/03/78
02/03/78
03/09/78
04/13/78
05/15/78
Map
Index
loc.
1
2,4,10
3,1
4
5,19
6
6
6
7
8
9
4
10
11
12
13
13
14
1
14
15
6
16
17
6
6
18
19
20
5-30
-------
CRITICAL HABITATS (continued)
Map
Date of Index
Species Federal Register Loc.
New Mexico ridge-nosed rattlesnake 08/04/78 21
Conta Costa wallflower and Antioch Dune 08/31/78 22
evening primrose
Leatherback sea turtle 09/26/78 23
Source: Office of Endangered Species, DOI, October 1979.
5-31
-------
I
u>
CRITICAL HABITATION LOCATION
-------
Chapter 5
ENDANGERED SPECIES
Criterion Compliance Decision
Dooes Not Comply
1. Is the facility within a critical habitat or the portion of the range
where endangered or threatened for an endangered or threatened species as
listed pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1530
et seq. as amended) in 50 CFR Part 17?
DYES (Continue to 2)
D NO (COMPLIES)
2. Has there been an assessment which enables the determination that the
facility neither results in the destruction or adverse modification of
the critical habitat of endangered or threatened species, nor causes
or contributes to the taking of any endangered or threatened species
of plants, fish, or wildlife?
DYES (COMPLIES)
DFacility has passed assessment made by State, according
to facility records
UFacility has passed assessment made by OES or other
Federal agency
Dfacility has an individual 404 Permit with an assessment
section
DFacility has passed evaluation as a result of settlement
made to prevent adverse impact
DNearby assessments have indicated comparable situation at
facility is not a problem
DNO (Continue to 3)
3. Does the facility result in the destruction or adverse modification of
a critical habitat?
Factors considered:
Type of critical habitat
Size of critical habitat
Sensitivity of critical habitat to adverse impacts_
Critical habitat species characteristics_
Proximity of facility to critical
Facility design and operational characteristics_
5-33
-------
Chapter 5
ENDANGERED SPECIES
(continued)
DYES (Does not comply - Continue to 4)
DNO (Continue to 4)
4. Does the facility cause or contribute to the taking of any endangered or
threatened species of plants, fish, or wildlife?
Factors considered;
Type of species and species habitat
Species characteristics
Sensitivity of species and species habitat to adverse impacts
Proximity of facility
Facility size, design, and operational characteristics
Adverse impacts considered:
Harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, wounding, killing, trapping,
capturing, or collecting species (direct violation of ESA, does
not comply)
Adverse modification or loss of habitat (including air & water
pollution)
Infringgnent on breeding, nesting, and feeding activities
Interference with species movement
DYES (Does not comply)
(COMPLIES)
5-34
-------
-------
CHAPTER 6 (a)
DISEASE: VECTORS
1.0 Criterion
(a) Disease Vectors The facility or
practice shall not exist or occur unless
the on-site population of disease vectors
is minimized through the periodic
application of cover material or other
techniques as appropriate so as to
protect public health.
(c) As used in this section:
(2) "Disease vector" means rodents.
flies, and mosquitoes capable of
transmitting disease to humans.
(3) "Incorporated into the soil" means
the injection of solid waste beneath the
surface of the soil or the mixing of solid
waste with the surface soil.
(4) "Periodic application of cover
material" means the application and
compaction of soil or other suitable
material over disposed solid waste at
the end of each operating day or at such
frequencies and in such a manner as to
reduce the risk of fire and to impede
vectors' access to the waste.
2.0 The approach for compliance with the Disease Criterion for purposes of
the Inventory is as follows:
(a) For rodents and flies, procedures to evaluate landfills and
landspreading facilities are presented. Rodents and flies are
not of concern, at surface impoundments because they are not
attracted to such facilities. For purposes of the Inventory
the rodent of concern is the rat.
(b) For mosquitoes, procedures for evaluation of all three
facility types are presented.
(c) Facilities which landspread sewage sludge and septic tank
pumpings are covered in Section 6(b) and are not subject to
this section.
The compliance decision flow chart is presented in Figure 6(a)-1.
-------
DOES THE FACILITY MINIMIZE THE ON-SITE POPULATION OF
DISEASE VECTORS THROUGH THE PERIODIC APPLICATION OF
COVER MATERIAL OR OTHER TECHNIQUES AS APPROPRIATE
SO AS TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH?
YES
COMPLIES
NO
DOES NOT
COMPLY
FIGURE 6(a)-1 FLOW CHART-DISEASE VECTORS
11/79
6(a)-2
-------
2.1 Definitions
"Putrescible wastes" means solid waste which contains organic
matter capable of being decomposed by microorganisms and of such a
character and proportion as to be capable of attracting or providing
food for disease vectors.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Question;
Does the facility minimize the on-site population of disease vectors
through the periodic application of cover material or other techniques
as appropriate so as to protect public health?
(a) Rats and Flies
(1) Landfills
- Rats and flies are only of concern at facilities
which accept wastes attractive to these vectors.
If a facility does not accept putrescible wastes and
is not a breeding ground or habitat for rats the
facility complies.
- For facilities which accept putrescible wastes,
the primary control technique is the application of
periodic cover material. 1b determine if the facility
practices this technique, it will be necessary to
assess the history of the facility through records
of inspections and complaints and to make a final
inspection. If both the records and the field
inspection indicate that daily cover is being
practiced the facility complies. The state can
determine that the application of adequate cover is
being practiced even if during certain times of the
year it is less than daily due to weather conditions.
- If the cover practice is less than daily, then other
techniques such as:
6 (a)-3
-------
repe Hants,
insecticides or rodenticides,
composting or processing,
predatory or reproductive control,
may be considered sufficient control to determine
compliance.
- If the cover practice is less than daily (due to
conditions other than weather) and the above techniques
are not used or are determined by the state to be
insufficient to minimize the rats and flies at the
facility, the facility does not comply.
(2) Landspreading
When putrescible wastes, such as food processing wastes,
are landspread there is a potential for the attraction of
rats and flies. The preferred method of controlling these
vectors is to incorporate the waste material into the soil.
It may also be necessary to treat some wastes with a process,
such as biological digestion or composting (see 6(b)
Appendix 2), to render the material less attractive to the
vectors. In some cases, treatment may be acceptable in
lieu of incorporation. If only non-putrescible wastes are
being applied, the facility complies.
The actual determination of the presence of rats and
flies will be made by inspecting the facility for evidence
of these vectors and evaluating past inspection and complaint
records. If the waste is incorporated and/or treated
sufficiently or there is no evidence of these vectors, the
facility complies.
If the facility practices a technique such as the
application of rodenticide or insecticide which consols
these vectors to the satisfaction of the state, the facility
complies. If there is evidence of rats or flies or past
6 (a)-4
-------
inspections indicate there is a problem with these vectors
and no attempt is being made to control them, the facility
does not comply.
(b) Mosquitoes
(1) Landfills and Landspreading Facilities
The presence of standing water is the only mosquito
attractant associated with landfills and landspreading
facilities. If water is allowed to stand for more than
three days, it can be used by mosquitoes for breeding.
Some places water will tend to collect include:
- depressions over the surface
- open containers
- tires stored in a separate area of the fill
- ponds from excavating soil
- leachate storage
- siltation basins
If a facility is operated so as to minimize standing
water, mosquitoes will be controlled and the facility complies.
A facility can also comply, regardless of standing water, if
an insecticide spraying program exists which the state
determines is sufficient to protect the public health. To
decide that a facility does not comply with the criterion
it will be necessary to determine that standing water exists,
that it supports a population of mosquito larvae, and that
the resultant population of adult mosquitoes is sufficient
to be a hazard to the public health.
(2) Surface Impoundments
A surface impoundment can serve as a breeding site
for mosquitoes. If present, the larvae will be found
near the edge of the impoundment and near vegetation or
organic debris. The mosquito potential can be minimized
by operational controls such as agitating the surface
6 (a)-5
-------
or varying the level of the water. Also the presence of
other aquatic organisms which feed on mosquito larvae or
compete for food will restrict the population. Adult
mosquitoes can be controlled with an insecticide program.
The facility complies with this Criterion if
mosquito larvae are not observed at the facility or the
mosquito population is restricted by the above techniques
to the satisfaction of the state.
The facility does not comply if the State determines
it to pose a public health problem due to the mosquito
population.
6(a)-6
-------
Chapter 6(a)
DISEASE; VECTORS
Criterion Compliance Decision
CU Complies
Not Comply
1. Does the facility minimize the on-site population of disease vectors
through the periodic application of cover material or other techniques
as appropriate so as to protect public health?
YES (COMPLIES)
Rats and Flies
Landfills
D
D
Facility applies daily cover
Facility is not one which applies daily cover
Type of facility
Reason why daily cover is not necessary
D
Schedule for application of cover
Facility practices other techniques
- Repellants
- Insecticides or rodenticides
- Composting or processing
- Predatory or reproductive control
Landspreading
D Is waste material putrescible?
D Is the waste material incorporated into the soil?
Mosquitos
and
D No visual observation of mosquitoes, mosquito larvae,
or flies
D Waste is incorporated
D Waste is properly treated prior to application
D No presence or potential for standing water
D Records of inspections show no evidence of disease vector
problems
6 (a)-7
-------
Chapter 6(a)
DISEASE; VECTORS
Criterion Compliance Decision
(continued)
Mosquitos (continued)
Surface Impoundments
D Facility provides environmental control techniques
D Varying water level
D Agitation of water
D Removal of vegetation
D Presence of aquatic life
n No visual observation of mosquito larvae
D Effective insecticide program
NO (Does not ccmply)
6 (a)-8
-------
CHAPTER 6(b)
DISEASE:
SEWACE SLUDS: AND SEPTIC TANK PUMPINGS
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
(b) Sewage sludge and septic tank
pumpings (Interim Final). A facility or
practice involving disposal of sewage
sludge or septic tank pumpings shall not
exist or occur unless in compliance with
paragraphs (b) (1). (2) or (3) of this
section.
(1) Sewage sludge that is applied to
the land surface or is incorporated into
the soil is treated by a Process to
Significantly Reduce Pathogens prior to
application or incorporation. Public
access to the facility is controlled for at
least 12 months, and grazing by animals
whose products are consumed by
humans is prevented for at least one
month. Processes to Significantly
Reduce Pathogens are listed in
Appendix II. Section A. (These
provisions do not apply to sewage
sludge disposed of by a trenching or
burial operation.)
(2) Septic tank pumpings that are
applied to the land surface or
incorporated into the soil are treated by
a Process to Significantly Reduce
Pathogens (as listed in Appendix II.
Section A), prior to application or
incorporation, unless public access to
the facility is controlled for at least 12
months and unless grazing by animals
whose products are consumed by
humans is prevented for at least one
month. (These provisions do not apply
to septic tank pumpings disposed of by a
trenching or burial operation.)
(3) Sewage sludge or septic tank
pumpings that are applied to the land
surface or are incorporated into the Boil
are treated by a Process to Further
Reduce Pathogens, prior to application
or incorporation, if crops for direct
human consumption are grown within 18
months subsequent to application or
incorporation. Such treatment is not
required if there is no contact between
the solid waste and the edible portion of
the crop; however, in this case the solid
waste is treated by a Process to
Significantly Reduce Pathogens, prior to
application; public access to the facility
is controlled for at least 12 months; and
grazing by animals whose products are
consumed by humans is prevented for at
least one month. If crops for direct
human consumption are not grown
within 18 months of application or
incorporation, the requirements of*
paragraphs (b) (1) and (2) of this section
apply. Processes to Further Reduce
Pathogens are listed in Appendix II.
Section B.
(c) As used in this sections
(1) "Crops for direct human
consumption" means crops that are
consumed by humans without
processing to minimize pathogens prior
to distribution to the consumer.
(2) "Disease vector" means rodents,
flies, find mosquitoes capable of
transmitting disease to humans.
(3) "Incorporated into the soil" means
the injection of solid waste beneath the
surface of the soil or the mixing of solid
waste with the surface soil
(4) "Periodic application of cover
material" means the application and
compaction of soil or other suitable
material over disposed solid waste at
the end of each operating day or at such
frequencies and in such a manner as to
reduce the risk of fire and to impede
vectors' access to the waste.
(5) 'Trenching or burial operation"
means the placement of sewage sludge
or septic tank pumpings in a trench or
other natural or man-made depression
and the covering with sod or other
suitable material at the end of each
operating, day such that the wastes do
not migrate to the surface.
-------
B Processes to Further Reduce Pathogens
Composting: Using the within-vessel
composting method, the solid waste is
maintained at operating conditions of 55* C
or greater for three days. Using the static
aerated pile composting method, the solid
waste is maintained at operating conditions
of 55* C or greater for three days. Using the
windrow composting method, the solid waste
attains a temperature of 55* C or greater for
at least 15 days during the composting period.
Also, during the high temperature penod.
there will be a minimum of five turnings of
the windrow.
Heat dryng: Dewatered sludge cake is
dned by direct or indirect contact with hot
gases, and moisture content is reduced to 10
percent or lower. Sludge particles reach
temperatures well in excess of 80* C. or the
wet bulb temperature of the gas stream in
contact with the sludge at the point where it
leaves the dryer is in excess of 80* C.
Heat treatment: Liquid sludge is heated to
temperatures of 180* C for 30 minutes.
Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion: Liquid
sludge is agitated with air-or oxygen to
maintain aerobic conditions at residence
times of 10 days at 55-60* C. with a volatile
solids reduction of at least 38 percent. ..
Other methods: Other methods or operating
conditions may be acceptable if pathogens
and vector attraction of the waste (volatile
solids) are reduced to an extent equivalent to
the reduction achieved by any of the above
methods.
Any of the processes listed below, if added
to the processes described in Section A
above, further reduce pathogens. Because the
processes listed below, on their own, do not
reduce the attraction of disease vectors, they
are only add-on in nature.
Beta ray irradiation: Sludge is irradiated
with beta rays from an accelerator at dosages
of at least 1.0 megarad at room temperature
(ca. 20* C).
Comma ray irradiation: Sludge is
irradiated with gamma rays from certain
Isotopes, such as "Cobalt and '"Cesium, at
dosages of at least 1.0 megarad at room
temperature-tea. 20* C).
Pasteurization: Sludge is maintained for at
least 30 minutes at a minimum temperature of
70'C.
Other methods: Other methods or operating
conditions may be acceptable if pathogens
are reduced to an extent equivalent to the
reduction achieved by any of the above add-
on methods.
A. Processes to Significantly Reduce
Pathogens
Aerobic digestion: The process is
conducted by agitating sludge with air or
oxygen to maintain aerobic conditions at
residence times ranging from 60 days at 15* C
to 40 days at 20* C with a volatile solids
reduction of at least 38 percent.
Air Drying: Liquid sludge is allowed to
drain and/or dry on under-drained sand
beds, or paved or unpaved basins in which
the sludge is at a depth of nine inches. A
minimum of three months is needed, two
months of which temperatures average on a
daily basis above 0* C.
Anaerobic digestion: The process is
conducted in the absence of air at residence
times ranging from 60 days at 20* C to 15
days at 35* to 55* C. with a volatile solids
reduction of at least 38 percent.
Composting: Using the within-vessel. static
aerated pile or windrow composting methods,
the solid waste is maintained at minimum
operating conditions of 40* C for 5 days. For
four hours during this period the temperature
exceeds 55* C.
Lime Stabilization: Sufficient lime is added
to produce a pH of 12 after 2 hours of contact.
Other methods: Other methods or operating
conditions may be acceptable if pathogens
and vector attraction of the waste (volatile *
solids) are reduced to an extent equivalent to
the reduction achieved by any of the above
methods.
6 (b) -2
-------
2.0 Inventory Procedure
This Criterion applies to all landspreading facilities where
sewage sludge or septic tank pumpings are applied to the surface of
the land or incorporated into the soil. The Criterion addresses the
potential hazard of vectors and pathogen transmission by controlling
public access, agricultural practices, and treatment procedures.
For the purpose of the Inventory, it will be necessary to interview
the sewage treatment plant owner/operator, sewage sludge or septic
tank punpings hauler, and/or landspreading facility owner/operator to
determine if the waste has been properly treated, access is controlled,
and the prescribed agricultural practices are followed. The treatment
facility and operating plans and records may need to be inspected, as
well as the landspreading facility. Figure 6(b)-l presents the
compliance decision flow chart.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Are sewage sludge or septic tank pumpings applied to the surface
of the land or incorporated into the soil?
(a) To determine the location of disposal sites for septic tank
pumpings and sewage sludge, contact the appropriate government
regulatory agency such as the State or local Health Department
and the water pollution control agency. Should these agencies
not have the appropriate information, contact the individual
scavenger companies and sewage treatment plants for information
on their disposal method and site.
(b) This Criterion is concerned with all landspreading facilities,
including both food chain and non-food chain lands. Trenching
or burial operations are not subject to these provisions.
3.2 Are crops planted for human consumption within 18 months after
application of waste?
(a) The determination that crops grown for human consumption are
not planted can be made if the crop grown is not ordinarily
consumed by man or if the operating plan specifically precludes
6(b)-3
-------
t
ARE SEWAGE SLUDGE OR SEPTIC
TANK PUMPIHGS APPLIED TO THE
LAND SURFACE OR INCORPORATED
INTO THE SOU?
VES
ARE CROPS FOR HUMAN CON-
SUMPTION PLANTED WITHIN II
MONTHS AFTER APPLICATION
OF WASTE?
r
COMPLIES
VES
B»
DOES THE WASTE CONTACT
THE FOOD PORTION OF
THE CROP?
NO
IS SEWAGE SLUDGE. RATHER
THAN SEPTIC TANK
PUMPINGS. THE WASTE
MATERIAL BEING APPLIED?
VES
B»
VES
»
VES
IS THE WASTE TREATED BV
A PROCESS TO FUTHER
REDUCE PATHOGENS?
COMPLIES
DOES NOT COMPLY
HAS THE WASTE BEfN TREATED
BV A PROCESS TO SIGNIFICANTLY
REDUCE PATHOGENS AND IS
ACCESS CONTROLLED
-1! MONTHS FOR THE PUBLIC
-I MONTH FOR GRAZING
ANIMALS?
VES
COMPLIES
NO
HAS SEPTIC TANK PUMP-
INGS BEEN TREATED BV A
PROCESS TO SIGNIFICANTLY
REDUCE PATHOGENS OR IS
ACCESS COHTROLLED
-12 MONTHS FOR THE PUBLIC
-I MONTH FOR GRAHNG
AHIMALS?
[NO
DOES NOT COMPLV
VES
COMPLIES
NO
DOES NOT COMPLY
n/n
FIGURE SIU-1 FLOW CHART-OKEASE-SEWAGE SLUDGE AND SEPTIC TANK PUMPING!
-------
the crop from this use. The determination must be made based on
crops planted at the time of the Inventory as to whether they are
grown for human consumption. If they are not for human consumption,
proceed to 3.5.
(b) If the crops planted at the time of the Inventory are for
human consumption, then it must be determined:
- when the crop was planted
- the date of the last waste application
The treatment plant operator is one source of information on
sludge application dates and the facility farmer may have a
record of when the crop was planted.
3.3 Does the waste contact the food portion of the crop?
Contact with the food portion can be either by direct application
of the waste material to the growing crop or by rainfall splash
subsequent to application. Therefore, the points of concern are the
timing and method of application and the type of crop grown. Crops
which bear the food portion close to the ground such as is the case
with many vegetables should be considered to have contact between the
food portion and the waste. Taller growing crops such as many grains
and citrus fruits can be considered not to have contact with the
waste so long as it is applied in a manner or at a time that direct
contact does not occur.
If there is any question concerning the food portion of the
crop, consult with:
the facility operator
the facility farmer or other local farmers
buyers such as grain dealers and co-ops
Ajricultural Extension Service
State Department of ^riculture
State University Agriculture Department
6(b)-5
-------
3.4 Is the waste treated by a process to further reduce pathogens?
Acceptable processes for the further reduction of pathogens are
listed in Appendix II, Section B of the Criteria. Verification that
an accepted process for additional pathogen reduction is used must be
obtained. Specific information should be available from the records
of the sewage treatment plant or septic tank hauler where the material
originated. Other sources of information are the State and local
health and water pollution control agencies. If this verification
cannot be made the presumption is that an appropriate additional
pathogen reduction process has not been utilized.
3.5 Is sewage sludge the waste material being applied?
Sewage sludge and septic tank pumpings are treated somewhat
differently by the Criterion. Determine which substance is being
applied at the facility.
3.6 Has the sludge been treated by a process to significantly reduce
pathogens and is access controlled - 12 months for the public,
and 1 month for grazing animals whose products are consumed by
man?
(a) Acceptable processes for reducing pathogens are listed in
Appendix II, Section A, of the Criteria. Verification that an
accepted process for pathogen reduction is used must be obtained.
Specific information should be available from the records of
the sewage treatment plant or septic tank hauler where the
material originated. Other sources of information are the State
and local health and water pollution control agencies. If this
verification cannot be made the presumption is that an appropriate
pathogen reduction process has not been utilized.
(b) Specific access controls are addressed in the access section
of this manual. Where waste is applied to public access areas
positive control measures should be taken; however, in the case
of private farmland, this should not be necessary unless the
area is subject to frequent trespass by the general public.
6(b)-6
-------
The farmer, his family and employees are considered "authorized
persons" as covered in Chapter 2(d).
3.7 Has the waste been treated by a process to significantly reduce
pathogens or is access prevented - 12 months for the public and
1 month for grazing animals whose products are consumed by roan?
The requirements for septic tank pumpings are identical to those
for sewage sludge as addressed by Question 3.6, except that either
access must be controlled or a pathogen reduction process must be used
rather than both.
6(b)-7
-------
Chapter 6(b)
SEWAGE SLUDGE AND SEPTIC
TfiNK PUMPINGS
Criterion Compliance Decision
CH Complies
Not Comply
Are sewage sludge or septic tank pumpings applied to the surface of the
land or incorporated into the soil?
[] YES (Continue to 2)
Q NO (COMPLIES)
D Facility is a trenching or burial operation
Are crops planted for human consumption within 18 months after applicatior
of waste?
QYES (Continue to 3)
D Crops grown at time of inventory are for human consumption
n Information from operating plan
n Past usage or crops in the'.vicinity
n Information from facility owner/operator
Q] NO (Continue to 5)
Does the waste contact the food portion of the crop?
D YES (Continue to 4)
D Direct application or rainfall splash
n Crops with food portion close to the ground
Q Taller crops that receive application early in growing stage
(Continue to 6)
Is the waste treated by a process to further reduce pathogens?
G YES (COMPLIES)
D Verification of acceptable process frcm appropriate source
Source used
H] NO (Does not ccmply - continue to 5)
D Verification cannot be made
6 (b) -8
-------
Chapter 6(b)
SEWAGE SLUDGE AND SEPTIC
TANK PUMPINGS
(Continued)
5. Is sewage sludge the waste material being applied?
t] YES (Continue to 6)
Q NO (Continue to 7)
6. Has the sludge been treated by a process to significantly reduce pathogens
and is access controlled - 12 months for the public, and 1 month for
grazing animals whose products are consumed by man?
Q YES (Both reduction process and access control must be checked)
(COMPLIES)
D Verification of acceptable process from appropriate souroa
Source used
DAppropriate access controls are used in public access areas
DFacility is on private farmland not subject to frequent
trespass
Q NO (Does not comply)
D Verification cannot be made
QNo access controls are used
n Facility is on private farmland subject to frequent trespass,
and access is not controlled
7. Has the waste been treated by a process to significantly reduce pathogens
or is access prevented - 1?. months for the public and 1 month for grazing
animals whose products are consumed by man?
D YES (COMPLIES)
D Verification of acceptable process from appropriate source
Source used
OAccess controlled
NO (Does not comply)
6(b)-9
-------
-------
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION TO LAND USED FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF FOOD CHAIN CROPS
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
§ 257.3-5 Application to land used for the
production of food-chain cropa (Interim
final).
(a) Cadmium. A facility or practice
concerning application of solid waste to
within one meter (three feet) of the
surface of land used for the production
of food-chain crops shall not exist or
occur, unless in compliance with all
requirements of paragraph (a)(l) (i)
through (iii] of this section or all
requirements of paragraph (a)(2) (i)
through (iv) of this section.
~ (l)(i) The pH of the solid waste and
soil mixture is B-.5 or greater at the time
of each solid waste application, except
for solid waste containing cadmium at
concentrations of 2 mg/kg (dry weight]
or less.
(ii) The annual application of
cadmium from solid waste does not
exceed 0.5 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha)
on land used for production of tobacco,
leafy vegetables or root crops grown for
human consumption. For other food-
chain crops, the annual cadmium
application rate does not exceed:
Time period
Annual Cd
Application rata*
(kg/ha)
Present to Juna 30. 1984
July 1. 1984 to Dec. 31. 1986
Beginning Jan. 1,1987 .
20
125
OS
(iii] The cumulative application of
cadmium from solid waste does not
exceed the levels in either paragraph
(a)(l)(iii](A) of this section or paragraph
(a)(l)(iii](B] of this section.
(A) ,_
Maximum cumulative application (kg/ha)
Sod canon Background sod pH Background sod pH
excnango capacity <65
(rneq/IOOg)
5-15 __
5
10
20
(B) For soils with a background pH of
less than 6.5, the cumulative cadmium
application rate does not exceed the
levels below: Provided, That the pH of
the solid waste and soil mixture is
adjusted to and maintained at 6.5 or
greater whenever food-chain crops are
grown.
Sodcarx
lOOfl)
atylrmq/
Maximum
cumuUjtN»
application (kg/ha)
<5
5-15
5
10
20
(2)(i) The only food-chain crop
produced is animal feed.
(ii] The pH of the solid waste and soil
mixture is 6.5 or greater at the time of
solid waste application or at the time
the crop is planted, whichever occurs
later, and this pH level is maintained
whenever food-chain crops are grown.
(iii] There is a facility operating plan
which demonstrates how the animal
feed will be distributed to preclude
ingestion by humans. The facility
operating plan describes the measures
to be taken to safeguard against
possible health hazards from cadmium
entering the food chain, which may
result from alternative land uses^
(iv] Future property owners are
notified by a stipulation in the land
record or property deed which states
that the property has received solid
waste at high cadmium application rates
and that food-chain crops should not be
grown, due to a' possible health hazard.
(b) Polychlonnated Biphenyls (PCBs).
Solid waste containing concentrations of
PCBs equal to or greater than 10 mg/kg
(dry weight] is incorporated into the soil
when applied to land used for producing
animal feed, including pasture crops for
animals raised for milk. Incorporation of
the solid waste into the soil is not
required if it is assured that the PCB
7-1
-------
content is less than 0.2 rag/kg (actual
weight) in animal feed or less than 1.5
mg/kg (fat basis) in milk.
(c) As used in this section:
(1) "Animal feed" means any crop
grown for consumption by animals, such
as pasture crops, forage, and grain.
(2) "Background soil pH" means the
pH of the soil prior to the addition of
substances that alter the hydrogen ion
concentration.
(3) "Cation exchange capacity" means
the sum of exchangeable cations a soil
can absorb expressed in milli-
equivalents per 100 grams of soil as
determined by sampling the soil to the
depth of cultivation or solid waste
placement, whichever is greater, and
analyzing by the summation method for
distinctly acid soils or the sodium
acetate method for neutral, calcareous
or saline soils ("Methods of Soil
Analysis, Agronomy Monograph No. 9."
C. A. Black, ed., American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp 091-
901.1965).
(4) "Food-chain crops" means
tobacco, crops grown for human
consumption, and animal feed for
animals whose products are consumed
by humans.
(5) "Incorporated into the soil" means
the injection of solid waste beneath the
surface of the soil or the mixing of solid
waste with the surface soil.
(8) "Pasture crops" means crops such
as legumes, grasses, grain stubble and
stover which are consumed by animals
while grazing.
(7) "pH" means the logarithm of the
reciprocal of hydrogen ion
concentra tion.-
(8) "Root crops" means plants whose
edible parts are grown below the
surface of the soil.
(9) "Soil pH" is the value obtained by
sampling the soil to the depth of .
cultivation or solid waste placement.
whichever is greater, and analyzing by
the electrometric method. ("Methods of
Soil Analysis. Agronomy Monograph
No. 9," C.A. Black, ed.. American
Society of Agronomy. Madison.
Wisconsin, pp. 914-026,1965.)
2.0 Inventory Procedure
This Criterion is applicable only to facilities where solid waste
is applied to land used for the production of food chain crops.
Although a facility may comply with this Criterion, it still must
comply with all of the other criteria.
The approach to this Criterion is to divide the Criterion into its
two areas of concern:
Cadmium is addressed by two approaches: one controls the
application rate and the other controls the crop and its
marketing. Both approaches require control of pH.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are addressed by method of
application.
7-2
-------
The compliance decision flow charts are contained in Figures 7-1
and 7-2.
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flew Chart Questions
3.1 Is solid waste applied within one meter of the surface of land
used for the production of food chain crops?
(a) "Applied within one meter of the surface of land" refers to
waste being injected, spread on the surface, or plowed into the
soil. For the purpose of the Inventory, landfills, regardless of
cover depth, are not subject to these requirements.
(b) "Food chain crops" are tobacco, crops grown for human
consumption, and animal feed for animals whose products are
consumed by man.
(c) The land is to be considered "for the production of food chain
crops," if the crop grown at the tine of the Inventory is
ordinarily ingested by man or by animals whose products are
consumed by man, unless there is an operations or marketing
plan which precludes the crop from this use. Specific information
on the potential consumers or uses of particular crops should be
available through any of the following sources:
the facility operator
the facility farmer or other local farmers
buyers such as grain dealers and co-ops
local Agricultural Extension Service
State Department of Agriculture
State University Agriculture Department
(d) If possible, perform the inspection during the growing season;
however, if no crop is being grown at the time of the Inventory
the determination can be made based on information from the
operating plan, past usage of the facility, crops grown in the
vicinity, or discussion with the owner, operator, or facility
farmer.
7-3
-------
n mn nnt «mito mtni
on «nn 01 in m»«ti of
uio OHO ro> nn nooocim
Of looo nun norn
inn « om«mo nw
men onoviTRAiu HOW IHI
oar a fa n omnium n
nrtcion KRIWI i> oauin
urn ruvnu uriio«ni in
! nuiH
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tut lumr
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uiu uo TMI
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on»» >i in i« or
« in ran nn cmr a
nuntD Macircvfii Occam
mm
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-J
I
a in owonnro pH
OMAitn IHM 11 on «n
mm «noo«n »ri
OOMOI imi mi nson
mi im ton i* win 01
AimjinitD M « on
muni omnm rooo
auio non nn nomr
» in conruim »niuiim
or MMOM imiof o I Hto
mm ac Of its KM i
n M/kt mil > rit or »n
m it >ita mil crc
oi»«irii IBM in
ou im ramumi uniuiioo
or CWBXI imioio r *».'
B in >nou imunoo
Mil or cumm m n
an of i IIM n n »i*»
MIIO Iflm AHD II K|*t
uiti in/in
1
rr ait B imno 10 luo
OKO ran fn rmoociiM of
loowco uw« notiuui
oo looi coon ran now!
nranioo a IHI turnm
iow«c Mil ira » 01
ti r» h rt« fiiin
fit
it
S 1HE CADWOM COMCE01MIIO*
KB Ml
1
II
B in »" Of IHI IOIIVUIE
MlVimil II OR 6RIAIEH kt
THC IME 01 AfrllCAIIOH'
BOtS mi COMFtV
DOCI mi coviv
DOES MI COHPIT
DOES HOt COMPLY
FIGURE 71 APPLICATION TO LAND USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD CHAIN CROPS-CADMIUM
-------
Ul
1
IS SOLID WASTE APPLIED
WITHIN ONE METER OF THE
SURFACE OF THE LARD USED
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
ANIMAL FEED?
TES
1
IS THE WASTE INCORPORATED
INTO THE SOIL?
NO
DOES THE WASTE CONTAIN CON-
CENTRATIONS OF PCBi EQUAL TO
OR GREATER THAN II n| PER
V
1- 1
VES
4
IS THE MILK OR ANIMAL FEED
MONITORED TO ASSURE THAT
THE PCI CONCENTRATION IS
LESS THAN 1 S m| PER k| (FAT
BASIS IN MILK) OR LESS THAN
II «i| PER tq IN THE
ANIMAL FEED?
NO
r
COMPLIES VES COMPLIES
t
DOES NO
1"
COMPLIES
NO
r
COMPLY
FIBII
TZ APPLICATION TO LAND OSED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD CHAIN CROPS-PCI
11/79
-------
3.2 Is there an operating plan which demonstrates how the crop is to
be distributed to preclude ingestion by humans and provides
safeguards to prevent possible health hazards resulting from
alternative future uses of the land?
(a) To determine if the facility is meeting this requirement, read
the operating plan and discuss with the operator or facility
farmer the chain of possession of the crop after harvest. To
comply, the crop must be distributed so that there is no chance
of ingestion by humans; for example, it could be sold directly to
a dairy farm or feed lot where it would be fed to cattle. The
operating plan must also describe the measures being taken to
safeguard against possible health hazards from cadmium entering
the food chain, which may result from alternative future land uses.
Some future land uses, such as the establishment of vegetable farms
or home vegetable gardens, could result in significant dietary
increases of cadmium. Such provisions in the facility operating
plan could include: dedication of the facility as a public park,
placement of fresh top soil over the site, or removal of the
contaminated soil. If the facility meets this requirement,
continue through the crop control option (question 3.3). If it
does not, continue through the application rate option (Question
3.5).
3.3 Does a notice appear in the land records notifying any future
owners that the property has received solid waste at high
cadmium application rates and that food chain crops should not be
grown, due to a possible health hazard?
Obtain a copy of the land records from the owner or the State
or local government land records department. If the notice does not
appear, the facility does not comply with the Criterion.
3.4 Is the solid waste and soil mixture at pH 6.5 or greater at the
time of solid waste application or at the time the crop is
planted, whichever occurs later?
7-6
-------
Obtain a sample of the soil where waste has been applied
following the guidelines in Appendix 7-1. If the pH of the sample
is 6.5 or higher or if the pH is close to this range and pH control
is being attempted, the facility complies; if not, the facility does
not comply.
3.5 Is the background soil pH greater than 6.5 or are there adequate
safeguards to assure that the soil pH will be naintained at 6.5
or higher whenever food chain crops are grown?
The background soil pH refers to the pH of the soil prior to the
addition of a substance that alters the hydrogen ion concentration.
The primary sources of information on background soil pH will be the
Soil Conservation Service maps and reports and the local Agricultural
Extension Service. In the absence of information from these sources,
a laboratory analysis must be performed. Obtain the sanple from areas
in the vicinity of the facility which have not been recently subjected
to pH adjustment such as fence rows, fields that have been fallow for
some time or forested areas.
The second way to comply with the pH greater than 6.5 requirement
is to control the soil pH whenever food chain crops are grown. This
method is intended only for facilities that are closely managed by the
solid waste generator. The generator must clearly demonstrate long-
term safeguards that will assure the soil pH will be naintained at
6.5 or higher whenever food chain crops are grown. Such safeguards
could include a facility management plan which would consist of routine
soil pH monitoring and liming the soil when necessary, or a statement
in writing from the facility owner that this requirement will be met.
3.6 Has the cumulative application of cadmium exceeded 5 kg/ha with
a CEC less than 5; 10 kg/ha with a CEC 5-15; or 20 kg/ha with a
CEC greater than 15?
Section 257.3-5(a)(1)(iii) contains a matrix showing the maximum
cumulative application of cadmium allowed for the described background
soil pH and cation exchange capacity. Due to a general lack of
accurate records and the rigor of determining compliance by other means
7-7
-------
a screen has been developed. For the purpose of the inventory the
maximum cumulative cadmium application has been converted from
kilograms of cadmium per hectare of soil area to a soil cadmium
concentration in milligrams per kilograms. The levels are listed in
the table below:
Cation Exchange Cumulative loading Soil Cadmium Concen-
Capacity Rate, kg/ha tration, mg/kg
<5 5 2.27
5-15 10 4.5
>15 20 9.08
The conversion was made using a typical plow depth, soil density,
and background cadmium concentration.
With the upper limits of the matrix stated in terms of soil cadmium
concentrations, a comparison can be made with the current cadmium
concentration to identify facilities that need additional soil monitoring
and analysis to verify compliance.
(a) The soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) information may be
available from the Soil Conservation Service or the local
Agricultural Extension Service. In the absence of information
from these sources, a laboratory analysis must be performed.
Obtain the sample from areas in the facility which have been
receiving solid waste (see Appendix 7-1).
(b) To determine the soil cadmium concentration, obtain a sample
for analysis in the area to which waste is to be applied (see
Appendix 7-1).
(c) If the analysis shows the cadmium concentration to be less
than the soil concentrations given above, the facility complies.
(d) If the analysis shows the cadmium concentration to be in
excess of the soil concentrations given above, further analysis
will be necessary to prove non-compliance.
(e) Determine the cumulative cadmium loading as described in
Appendix 7-1. If the application is determined to exceed the
7-8
-------
rates listed in the Criterion, the facility does not comply.
If it is less, the facility complies.
3.7 Has the cumulative application of cadmium exceeded 5 kg/ha?
Due to a general lack of accurate records and the rigor of
determining compliance by other means a screen has been developed.
For the purpose of the Inventory the maximum cumulative application
has been converted from kilograms of cadmium per hectare of soil area
to a soil cadmium concentration of 2.27 milligrams per kilogram.
The conversion was made using a typical plow depth, soil density, and
background cadmium level.
(a) To determine the soil cadmium concentration, obtain a sample
from analysis in the area to which waste has been applied (see
Appendix 7-1).
(b) If the analysis shows the cadmium concentration to be less
than 2.27, the facility complies.
(c) If the analysis shows the cadmium concentration to be greater
than 2.27, further analysis will be necessary to prove non-
compliance.
(d) Determine the cumulative cadmium loading as described in
Appendix 7-1. If the application is determined to exceed
5 kilograms per hectare, the facility does not comply. If it
is less, the facility complies.
3.8 Is the annual application rate of cadmium in excess of 2 kg per
ha (1.25 kg per ha after 1/1/84 and 0.5 kg per ha after 1/1/87)?
(a) Estimate the amount of waste which is applied to the facility
in the past twelve months. It may be possible to obtain all this
information from the operating records, or it may be necessary to
analyze the waste for solids content and cadmium concentration
(see Appendix 7-1), and obtain information from the operator on
the total amount of material which would be expected to be
applied in one year.
7-9
-------
(b) With this information, compliance with the criterion can be
determined from Figure 7-3.
3.9 If waste is applied to land used for the production of tobacco,
leafy vegetables, or root crops for human consumption, is the
cadmium loading rate less than 0.5 kg per ha per year?
(a) "Root crops" are plants whose edible parts are grown below
the surface of the soil.
(b) Similarly, "leafy vegetables" are those whose leaves are
ordinarily ingested by humans, such as lettuce and cabbage.
If there is any question as to the use of any portion of the
crop, inf ormaticn could be available through:
the facility operator
the facility farmer or other local farmers
buyers such as grain dealers and co-ops
local Agricultural Extension Service
State Department of Agriculture
State University Agriculture Department
(c) Estimate the total amount of waste which has been applied
in the past twelve months and analyze the waste material for
cadmium concentration (see Appendix 7-1). With this information
compliance can be determined from Figure 7-4.
3.10 Is the cadmium concentration in the waste less than 2 mg per kg?
Obtain a sample of the waste as suggested in the sampling and
analysis (see Appendix 7-1). If the analysis shows the waste to contain
less than 2 mg per kg of cadmium, the site complies,
3.11 Is the pH of the soil/Vraste mixture 6.5 or greater at the time
of application?
Obtain a sample of the soil/waste mixture in the area of the field
that has received waste most recently (see Appendix 7-1). If the pH
is 6.5 or greater, or if it is close to this range and pH control is
being attempted, then the facility complies; continue to the
Polychlorinated Biphenyls section of this Criterion.
7-10
-------
FIGURE 7-3 ANNUAL CADMIUM APPLICATION DECISION GRAPH (2.0 Kg/hi) (EFFECTIVE UNTIL JUNE 30. 19841
Total 100
Waste 44
AppUed 9Q
Dry
Metric
Tons/Ha
Dry Tons
=er Acre
30
337?
70
3O
60
50
40
30
1277
20
10
47?
Does Not
Conply
Complies
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Cadmium Concentration rag/kg (dry weight)
Note: If values are not on the chart then use the following equation
to calculate the allowable loading rate.
500
Cd concentration ita/kg
(dry weight)
allowable loading rate MT/HA
If the point falls clearly above the line, the facility does not
conply. If the point falls clearly below the line, the facility complies.
If however, the point falls on or near the line, it will be necessary to
jud^ the reliability and accuracy of the information used in making
the determination.
7-11
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FIGURE 74 ANNUAL CADMIUM APPLICATION DECISION GRAPH FOR TOBACCO, LEAFY VEGETABLES,
AND ROOT CROPS (0.5 Kg/hi) (DRY WEIGHT)
Total
waste 21
Applied
Dry
Metric 177?
Tons/Ha
Dry Tons
per Acre 30
ITT
20
10
4TT
Does Hot
Corply
GOTO lies
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 30 90 100 110 120 130 140
Cadmium Concentration
Mote: If the point falls clearly above the line, the facility does not
cnrply. If the point falls clearly below the line, it complies.
However, if the point falls on or near the line, it will be necessary
to judge the reliability and accuracy of the information used in
making the determination. If values are not on the chart, then use the
following aquation to calculate the allowable loading rate:
2,000
Cd concentration (rag/Kg)
(dry weight)
allowable loading rate MT/HA
7-12
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4.0 Resolution of Decision Flew Chart Questions (Table 7-2) (Polychlorinated
Biphenyls)
4.1 Is solid waste applied within one meter of the surface of land
used for the production of animal feed?
(a) "Applied within one meter of the surface of land," refers to
waste being injected, spread on the surface, or plowed into the
soil. For the purpose of the Inventory, landfills are not
subject to these requirements regardless of cover depth.
(b) The land is to be considered "for the production of animal
feed" if the crop grown at the time of the Inventory is ordinarily
ingested by animals whose products are consumed by man, unless
there is an operations or marketing plan which precludes the crop
from this use. Specific information on the potential consumers
or uses of particular crops should be available through any of
the following sources:
the facility operator
the facility farmer or other local farmers
buyers such as grain dealers and co-ops
local Agricultural Extension Service
State Department of Agriculture
State University Agriculture Department
(c) If possible, perform the inspection during the growing season.
However, if no crop is being grown at the time of the Inventory,
the determination can be made based on information from the
operating plan, past use of the facility, crops grown in the
vicinity, or discussion with the owner, operator, or facility
fanner. If solid waste is not being applied to land used for
the production of animal feed, this Criterion does not apply;
continue to the next Criterion.
4.2 Is the waste incorporated into the soil?
"Incorporate into the soil" means the injection or mixing of
the solid waste into the soil. Some methods of incorporation
7-13
-------
consist of chisel plow injectors, plow furrow cover equipment on
tank trucks, surface spread ing followed by plowing or discing; and
flexible hose attachments on moldboard or disc plows. If the
waste is incorporated into the soil, the facility complies; continue
to the direct ingestion section of this Criterion.
4.3 Does the waste contain concentrations of PCBs equal to or greater
than 10
(a) Obtain a sample, following the suggestions in the Sampling
and Analysis section of Appendix 7-1.
(b) If the lab analysis shows the FOB concentration to be less
than 10 rcg/kg, the facility complies. If it shows greater than
10 mg/kg, the facility does not comply.
(c) If the analysis shows PCBs to be greater than 50 ppm, other
USEPA regulation applies. See CFR Part 761, Polychlorinated
Biphenyls.
4.4 Is the milk or animal feed monitored to assure that the PCBs
concentration is less than 1.5 mg/kg (fat basis) in the milk or
less than 0.2 mgAg in the animal feed?
To comply with this question, the animal feed and milk must be
monitored at the time of sale or harvest. If no monitoring is done
or if analysis shows that the limits are exceeded, the facility does
not comply. If monitoring shows the crop to be within the limits,
the facility complies. If limits are exceeded, State or Federal
agencies should be consulted for guidance on disposition of the
product.
7-14
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APPENDIX 7-1
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
7-15
-------
This Criterion will, in many cases, require sampling and analysis of
the solid waste, the soil, the soilAraste mixture, and occasionally the
crop. All of the analysis can be run from one sample of each material.
Sampling may be far more critical in obtaining representative results than
the method of analysis.
Solid Waste Sampling
Since it is difficult to get a truly representative sample of solid
waste materials, the following suggestions are offered:
utilize experienced personnel;
take a composite sample from various points;
take a large sample, mix well, and transfer to the lab sample
container; and
if in a mixing tank, sample where the waste is moving.
Experienced personnel are suggested, since there will be many
varying situations and it will be necessary to choose the most representative
sampling point.
Soil Sampling
The laboratory (e.g., agricultural extension service) can offer some
guidance on sample size and sampling techniques, however, the following
should always be followed:
(a) Divide fields into areas for sampling. Areas that have been
used for different crops or that have a different soil appearance
should be sampled separately. Each sampling area should not exceed
ten acres.
(b) Composite samples should be taken from 15 to 20 locations. Each
sample should be taken to a depth of six inches or the plow depth.
Surface litter should be excluded.
(c) Mix the sample in a clean plastic bucket and place the quantity
required by the laboratory in the sample container.
(d) Do not sample unusual areas in the field such as low spots, wet
spots, old fence lines, or the edge of the field.
7-16
-------
Sampling the Soil/Waste Mixture
The soil/waste mixture can be sampled following the suggestions under
the Soil Sampling above if there is sufficient mixing. In many cases, mixing
will be limited, such as where waste is injected or applied to the surface
without incorporation. In such cases, it will be necessary to mix the
material with a spade or similar instrument in the selected sampling spots.
The material should be mixed to plow depth.
Laboratory Analysis
The laboratory selected should use accepted and approved techniques
for all the required analyses. Some sources of acceptable methods of
analysis are:
(a) Sampling and Analysis of Soils, Plants, Wastewaters, and Sludge,
Suggested Standardization and Methodology; North Central Region
Publication 230, Research Publication 170. (soil cadmium, waste
cadmium)
(b) Various Food and Drug Administration publications. (PCB analysis
for milk and animal feed)
(c) Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes,
EPA, 1974. (general reference)
(d) "Methods of Soil Analysis," C.A. Black (American Society of
Agronomy) 1965. (soil pH and cation exchange capacity)
(e) Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (PCB analysis for
milk, animal feed, and waste material)
Methodology approved by these sources or by other widely accepted
groups or publications will be acceptable for the purpose of the Inventory.
Cumulative Cadmium Application
To determine the cumulative cadmium application, obtain an analysis of
the background soil cadmium concentration, soil cadmium concentration where
solid wastes have been applied, normal depth of tillage, and soil density.
(a) The background soil cadmium concentration refers to the cadmium
concentration prior to the addition of solid waste. Obtain a soil
7-17
-------
sample from areas in the vicinity of the facility with the same soil
type which have not had solid waste applied to them. Such areas might
include fence rows, forested areas, or fields which have not received
solid waste (see Soil Sampling).
(b) To determine the soil cadmium concentration (mgAg)» obtain a
representative sanple from the zone of cultivation for analysis in
the area to which waste is to be applied (see Sampling the Soil/Waste
Mixture).
(c) To determine the normal depth of tillage, ask the operator what
cultivation practices are used in the area to which waste is applied.
To convert inches to the required meters, multiply by 0.025 (inches
x 0.025 = meters).
(d) The soil density (kg/ha) may be available from the Soil Conservation
Service or the local Agricultural Extension Service. In the absence
of information from these sources, a laboratory analysis must be
performed.
Calculate cumulative cadmium loading in kg/ha =
[Soil Cd Concentration (mg/kg) -Background (mgAg) 1 { [Soil density
(kg/m3)] [depth of tillage (m) ] [10,000 m2/ha]>
7-18
-------
Chapter 7
APPLICATION TO LflND USED FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF FOOD CHAIN CROPS
Criterion Compliance Decision
C] Complies
C] Does Not Comply
1. Is solid waste applied within one meter of the surface of land used
for food chain crops?
YES (Continue to 2)
NO (COMPLIES)
D The land is not used for the production of food chain crops
D Facility is a surface impoundment
D Facility is a landfill
2. Is there an operating plan which demonstrates how the crop is to be
distributed to preclude ingestion by humans and provides safeguards to
prevent possible health hazards resulting from alternative future uses
of the land?
YES (Continue to 3)
DCrop distribution is controlled to prevent ingestion by humans
OOperating plan describes safeguards against possible entry
of cadmium into food chain
Description
NO (Go to 5 )
3. Does a notice appear in the land records notifying any future owners
that the property has received solid waste at high cadmium application
rates and that food chain crops should not be grown, due to a possible
health hazard?
Q YES (Continue to 4)
I""! NO (Does not comply - continue to 4)
7-19
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Chapter 7
APPLICATION TO LAND USED FOR THE
PEODUCTION OF FOOD CHAIN CROPS
(Continued)
4. Is the solid waste and soil mixture at pH 6.5 or greater at the time of
solid waste application or at the time the crop is planted, whichever
occurs later?
G YES (COMPLIES)
[j NO (Does not comply - continue to 5)
5. Is the background soil pH greater than 6.5 or are there adequate
safeguards to assure that the soil pH will be maintained at 6.5
or higher whenever food chain crops are grown?
Q YES (Continue to 6)
QSCS maps or reports, or local agricultural extension service
DLaboratory analysis
DpH of soil is controlled whenever food chain crops are
grown.
Q NO (Go to 7)
6. Does the soil cadmium concentration exceed 5 kg/ha with a CEC of
less than 5, or 10 kg/ha with a CEC of 5 to 15, or 20 kg/ha
with a CEC greater than 15?
CU YES (Does not comply)
Q NO (COMPLIES - Go to 8)
7. Has the cumulative application of cadmium exceeded 5 kg/ha?
Dkg/ha cadmium in soil
Dkg/ha cumulative application
P] YES (Does not comply - continue to 8)
r~] NO (COMPLIES - continue to 8)
8. Is the annual application rate of cadmium in excess of 2 kg/ha
(1.25 kg/ha after VV84 and 0.5 kg/ha after 1/1/87)?
Dkg/ha/yr cadmium application rate (see Figure 7-3)
(Does not comply - continue to 9)
(Continue to 9)
7-20
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Chapter 7
APPLICATION TO LAND USED FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF FOOD CHAIN CROPS
(Continued)
9. If waste is applied to land used for the production of tobacco, leafy
vegetables or root crops for human consumption, is the cadmium loading
rate less than 0.5 kg/ha/year?
D Crop grown
(Continue to 10)
D Land is not used for production of these crops
D Cadmium loading is less than 0.5 kg/ha/yr
r~]NO (Does not comply - continue to 10)
10. Is the cadmium concentration in the waste less than 2 mgAg?
D mg/kg - cadmium concentration _
(COMPLIES - continue to 11)
(Continue to 11)
11. Is the pH of the soil/waste mixture 6.5 or greater at the time of
application?
(COMPLIES- continue to 12)
[~~]NO (Does not comply - continue to 12)
12. Is the waste incorporated into the soil?
YES (COMPLIES)
NO (Continue to 13)
13. Does the waste contain concentrations of PCB's equal to or greater than
10 mgAg?
[~]YES (Continue to 14)
D Analysis indicates 10 mgAg or more
Q NO (COMPLIES)
D Analysis indicates less than 10 mgAg
DNo known significant source of PCB's
7-21
-------
Chapter 7
APPLICATION TO LBND USED FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF FOOD CHAIN CROPS
(Continued)
14. Is the milk or animal feed monitored to assure that the PCB concentrations
are less than 1.5 mg/kg (fat basis) in milk, or less than 0.2 mg/kg
in animal feed?
(COMPLIES)
(Does not comply)
7-22
-------
-------
CHAPTER 8
FLOODPIAINS
1.0 Criterion and Definitions
§257.3-1 Ftoodptatau.
(a) Facilities or practices in
floodplains shall not restrict the flow of
the base flood, reduce the temporary
water storage capacity of the floodplain.
or result in washout of solid waste, so as
to pose a hazard to human life, wildlife,
or land or water resources.
(b) As used in this section:
(1) "Based flood" means a flood that
has a 1 percent or greater chance of
recurring in any year or a flood of a
magnitude equalled or exceeded once in
100 yean on the average over a
significantly long period.
(2) "Floodplain" means the lowland
and relatively flat areas adjoining inland
and coastal waters, including flood-
prone areas of offshore islands, which
are inundated by the base flood.
(3) "Washout" means the carrying
away of solid waste by waters of the
base flood.
2.0 Inventory Procedure
The determination of facility compliance for the purposes of
the Inventory consists of four parts:
(1) The elimination from further consideration (compliance) of
those floodplain facilities which due to certain operational
characteristics do not have a reasonable probability of posing
a hazard;
(2) The elimination from further consideration (compliance) of
facilities which are not located in the floodplain;
(3) The determination of whether a hazard is posed due to
restriction of flow and reduction of temporary water storage
capacity (flood hazard assessment);
8-1
-------
(4) "Hie determination of whether a hazard is posed due to washout
of the solid waste (washout hazard assessment).
For those facilities requiring a flood hazard assessment in part 3,
a ranking procedure for establishing priorities is included. Figure 8-1
presents the compliance decision flow chart.
2.1 Further Definitions
As used in this chapter:
(a) "Pose a hazard" itEans to place human life, wildlife, or land
or water resources in a position of jeopardy or risk, or to
place in a position of being adversely impacted, i.e., impairment
of use, reduction of value, or decreasing its ability to function
as part of the natural system;
(b) "Wildlife" means all unrestrained and uncultivated animals
that obtain the necessities of life from the natural environment
without substantial aid from man at any point during their life
cycle;
(c) "Land Resources" means the components of the land, including
but not limited to: uplands, wetlands and submerged lands, soils,
agricultural lands, vegetation, minerals, beaches and dunes, and
amenities;
(d) "Water Rssources" means those waters that are used or may be
used in the future, for navigation, agriculture, recreation,
fisheries, power production, municipal or industrial water supply,
or the maintenance of natural biological communities; and
(e) "Headwaters" means the point on a non-tidal stream above
which the average annual flow is less than five cubic feet per
second.'
8-2
-------
00
1
B THI SOLID WASTE APPLIED
10 THE LAND SOHFACE AMD
INCORPORATED mo THE
son FOR IKE PDRPOSE m
KKFICIAL UTILIZATION «
A Nil CONDITIONER OR
FERTILIZER?
1
COM
YES
'LIES
m
i
IS THE FADIITV M THE
IN YEAR FLOOOPLAINT
1
COW
0
LIES
YES
1
DOES THE FACI
THE FLOW OF
OR REDUCE TH
HATCH STORAG
SO AS TO POSE
TO HUMAN LIFI
OR LARD OR
RESOURCES'
\
DDES HOI
LITV RESTRICT
FHE BASE FLOOD
E TEMPORARY
E CAPACITY
A HAZARD
. WILDLIFE.
ATEfl
N
4
IS THE FACILITY PROTECTED
AGAINST WASHOUT IV THE
USE FLOOD SO AS NOT TO
POSE A HAZARD TO HUMAN
LIFE. miDLIFE. OR LAHD OR
WATER RESOURCES?
YES
r \
r COMPLY 1 DDES HOI
0
COMPLY
YES
COMPLIES
DTE DASHED LIME INDICATES THE MEED TO COKTIIIUE TO THE RE XT FLOW CHART ODETTfO*
FIGURE H FIOWCHART-FLOOOPLAINS
-------
3.0 Resolution of Decision Flow Chart Questions
3.1 Is the solid waste applied to the land surface and incorporated
into the soil for the purpose of beneficial utilization as a
soil conditioner or fertilizer?
Landspreading for the beneficial utilization of solid waste does
not normally change the elevation of the natural land surface and
therefore meets the flow restriction and temporary water storage
requirements of the Criterion. At those facilities that incorporate
the waste into the soil for the purpose of improving growth by
utilization as a soil conditioner or fertilizer, it may be assumed
that the erosion or washout potential is minimized by the enhanced
vegetation. Therefore, for the purpose of the Inventory, any
landspreading facility that satisfies the following requirements
complies with the Floodplain Criterion.
(a) The waste is incorporated into the soil in accordance with
the requirements of the criterion regarding application to land
used for the production of food chain crops.
(b) The waste is used for a soil conditioner or fertilizer to
improve vegetative growth.
(c) The waste disposal area is being used for vegetation at the
time of the Inventory or will be during the next crop season.
NOTE: A landspreading facility which does not satisfy the
above requirements should be evaluated for a washout
hazard.
3.2 Is the facility located in the 100-year floodplain?
Checking the following situations in the sequence outlined is
suggested as an initial step to determine whether a facility, or
portion thereof, is located in a floodplain. It is assumed that the
appropriate base and operating elevations of the facility are known.
(a) Where existing permits or operation applications state
that no portion of the facility is in the 100-year floodplain,
as defined by the Criterion, and the application is signed by
8-4
-------
a responsible official or party, then for the purposes of the
Inventory, the facility complies with the Criterion.
(b) Where existing 100-year floodplain naps indicate that no
portion of the facility is in the 100-year floodplain, as defined
by the Criterion, the facility complies with the Criterion.
Production and availability of floodplain naps will vary from
region to region. Maps are generally available from the following
sources.
State Flood Control Agencies or other departments
Federal Emergency Management Agency (HUD) Flood Insurance
Rate Map (FIRM) or Flood Hazard Boundary Map (FHBM) (an
example is shown in Figure 8-2).
Local and Regional Planning and Zoning Agencies
Soil Conservation Service - U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Federal Housing Administration (HUD)
U.S. Geological Survey
Bureau of Land Management - Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation - Department of the Interior
Tennessee Valley Authority
River Basin Commissions and Special Flood Control Districts
Local and State agencies involved with public works
construction, i.e., bridges, culverts, highways, channel
iitprovements and urbanization studies.
(c) Where a facility is located a short distance between two
points where the 100-year flood level is known, a reasonably
accurate estimate of the flood level at the facility can be
made by interpolating between the two known points based on the
channel slope or the slope of other known floods through the
entire reach. The points might consist of any combination of
USGS gauge records, floodplain maps, historical records, or
levels predicted for other uses such as bridge and highway
design. This method should only be used where the entire
8-5
-------
ELCVAT10N
(mrnovoi
f llM in
ono toot
D.12
113
ELEVATION REFERENCE MARKS
DI KRirrtoN or LOCATION
U.S. G-jotofftcAi Survvy >l*n<>.,r()&r.>M di«k MMft-MfJ ..En* 1O4" Mt in iopo« concrvn pott
lluah with ttound IOCBIM m iff* city pvrlt. 4.7 lop tl*n0« of fir. hydrant [ nonhotMt
larttvclion ol Filth SUOM and MMtWChw.Mn.vSUVM.
Top ol railroad ipiko protecting from north t.d* of oowor polo.
*tov« ni ( louihoHt CWIMH of intorMCtton
9(r*oi nd Buittw Sti«*i
d CIOM on >*) tind of couth hoodwaM of ftocond Slraot OVM tho Tritwnrv to Pfjckea
Nun Crook.
Top of mlrood odi* hoed proi*c(ing front north lid* of powor po4o. p"jto«>m«t»>iy ono fool
bov* tho ground, locotod at foutr>M*t eorrwr of lntoraocito«t of CanvMo Strooi tnd Iho
KEY TO MAP
WO Yo-r Hood aoundarv -
100- Yoor Flood Bound.rv -
FLOOD FRINGE
100 V.., Flood Boundary -
500 Vaar Flood Boundary -
Appnuimata IWYoM -
Flood loundary
C/oaa S*cnon Lina
Etovation ftotoronca Mar*
RI-arMila
NOTIITOUWII
Boundarm ol tho floodwava wot* computad at eroaa aoctlona and
imarpolatad botwaan croM aactlona Tha floodwavi won baaad on
hydraulic conaidorallona without regard to oconomre. logo), or
political factors.
Thla mop WM proporod to »uppon minimum Hood ploin manago-
mmt rogulottom: it may not show til aroot ubjocl to flooding in
in. community or all planimotric faaturoi oun.d. ipocial flood
For adrommg map panala. ia« tapaiataiy printod lnd«« to Mop
Nnak.
FIGURE 8-2 FLOOD BOUNDARY AND FLOODWAY MAP
8-6
-------
floodplain between the two points is fairly straight and
uniform with respect to dimension and roughness. If the f loodplain
is not uniform, then this type of estimate should only be used as
a quick indicator. If it can be verified with a conveyance
calculation, it may be assumed to be accurate enough for the
Inventory.
(d) Where the facility is located in a small unmapped drainage
area, and it is apparently not in the backwater area of the
floodplain of another larger drainage area, the facility complies
if the contributing drainage area in acres as determined from
topographic maps is less than:
43,560 T Average annual runoff in inches (Figure 8-3)'
If the contributing drainage area is less than the figure derived
from the equation, then it is considered a headwaters area with
an average annual flow of less than 5 cubic feet per second. For
For the purposes of the Inventory, a facility in a headwaters area
is in compliance with this Criterion.
In the western portion of the country this might not be
applicable because of highly irregular flows. Check with the
District Office of the Corps of Engineers to determine whether
this method is applicable or whether a "median" runoff rather
than "average" runoff should be used.
(e) When none of the other determination methods apply, it is
necessary to make an estimate of the 100-year flood level at the
facility location. This estimating requires experience and
knowledge of f loodplain hydraulics and flood flow determination.
The first step is to determine the flood flow at the facility
location. The flood flow is then used to estimate the flood
level. If the State Solid Waste Agency does not have experienced
staff in this area, it is suggested that these estimates and
some of the following determinations be made through consulting
with one of the following:
8-7
-------
FIGURE 83 NORMAL ANNUAL RUNNOFF IN THE UNITED STATES, IN INCHES. (U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY)
-------
The State Agency charged with flood protection or floodplain
management;
Any of the map source agencies previously listed with the
necessary expertise; or
A qualified professional firm.
The following guidance is provided for making estimates of
flood flow and level.
3.2.1 Guidance for Determining the 100-year Flood Flow at the
Facility Location
Determination of flood levels frequently requires that the flood
flow be known at the facility location before the level can be estimated.
Listed in order of preference, the following methods or sources can be
used to obtain the flood flow:
(a) Existing discharge-probability analyses in the vicinity that
may have been performed by State agencies or the USGS;
(b) The U.S. Soil Conservation PL 566 watershed plans;
(c) State Departments of Transportation or local public works
offices, where there has been major construction in the vicinity;
(d) Procedures described in "Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow
Frequency," Bulletin #17A, Water Resources Council, June 1977;2
(e) Recently calibrated regional prediction methods, usually
regression equations which are based on factors such as watershed
areas and stream slopes. These are available for a number of
States and are available from State water agencies or possibly
as technical manuals produced by the USGS;
(f) Transfer methods based on ratios of drainage areas, provided
there is similarity between the two drainage areas and their
temporary storage characteristics; and
(g) Interpolations between known flood flows from points upstream
and downstream.
8-9
-------
3.2.2 Guidance for Determining the 100-year Flood Level at the
Facility Location
Once the flood flow is known at the location of the facility, a
number of methods nay be used to predict the flood level (disregarding
any effects due to the facility).
Suggested procedures are:
(a) Flood profile computational methods, such as the Corps of
Engineers HEC-2 (a computer node! for predicting profiles of various
flood frequencies);3
(b) Step backwater analysis conducted through a series of cross-
sectional analyses between t>ro points of known flood levels,
performed when downstream conditions might control flood profiles
at the facility location; and
(c) Where downstream conditions do not affect the flood level at
the facility, simple conveyance calculations or normal depth
computations, such as Mannings Equation, may be undertaken at the
facility cross-section only.
NOTE: Where possible, the constants used to predict the flood level
-by the above methods sould be checked against a known
historical event, or the flood level should be predicted
using constants calibrated to an historical event.
Compare the estimated flood level with the elevation of the
facility. If no portion of the facility is below the 100-year flood
level, then the facility complies with the Criterion.
3.3 Does the facility restrict the flow of the base flood or reduce
the temporary water storage capacity so as to pose a hazard to
human life, wildlife or land or water resources?
This determination, when conducted for a specific site, is very
complex, costly, and should only be made by a qualified professional.
Therefore, for purposes of the Inventory, the approach for satisfying
this decision flow chart question involves:
8-10
-------
Review of several special cases to see if the facility
fits one of these cases, thereby conplying with this portion
of the Criterion,
Ranking of the remaining facilities prior to an assessment
of the flood hazard potential for each facility,
Perform a flood hazard assessment (e.g., does the facility
pose a hazard to human life, wildlife, or land or water
resources).
3.3.1 Special Cases
Case 1 - If a facility is located in a State where the equivalent
permit or review procedures have considered a facility's flood
alteration impacts, and it has been concluded that the facility does
not pose a hazard to human life, wildlife, or land or water resources,
then the facility complies with this portion of the Criterion. This
includes facility siting decisions made in accordance with regulatory
f Icodway adoption procedures of the National Flood Insurance Program.
Assuming that such an assessment procedure exists at the State or local
level, the question can be resolved by checking the records. It may
be necessary to contact other State or local agencies involved in
floodplain analysis.
Case 2 - If a facility has an individual permit for the discharge
of dredged or fill material (Section 404, Clean Water Act) and the
review of the permit application included a flood hazard assessment
equivalent to the assessment required in this section, and the facility
is in compliance with the permit, then the facility complies with this
portion of the Criterion. Either the Army Corps of Engineers or the
State may have the 404 permit authority for a particular area. It
will be necessary to consult with the Corps or the State 404 permit
authority in order to determine if the flood hazard assessment is
equivalent and to check on the facility's compliance with the permit.
If the facility is not in compliance with its 404 permit, it will be
necessary to make the assessment of the potential flood hazard
outlined later.
8-11
-------
Case 3 - If a facility has already filled the floodplain area, it
encoitpasses to a level equal to or greater than the base flood height,
or if it is completely diked to the base flood level, then continued
vertical expansion and operation will not further alter the base flood
flow or storage capacity so as to pose a hazard, and it may be assumed
to comply with this part of the Criterion.
Where current information on the level of the facility is
available, the question can be resolved by conparing the level of the
facility or dikes to the base flood height. Where no information on
the level of the facility is available, a trip to the facility will be
required. It may help to look for local information on past floods,
as a facility inundated by a lesser flood will obviously be inundated by
the base flood, and a facility that is above a flood of greater
magnitude (such as a 500-year flood) will also be above the base flood.
This information will probably be in the form of local records,
personal testimony, or watermarks on structures or vegetation. Where
it is difficult to visualize the flood height, or a more accurate
determination is necessary, on-site surveying may be required.
Case 4 - If the level of the facility is below the land surface
grade of the floodplain (e.g., in a borrow pit or quarry), then the
facility will not restrict the flood flow and it is unlikely to
reduce the water storage capacity so as to pose a hazard, and it
therefore complies with this part of the Criterion. The level of the
facility is the top of the waste or dike, whichever is highest.
Where current information is available, this can be resolved in
the office by referring to the records to determine the facility level
relative to the land surface grade. Where the necessary information
is not available or up to date, a trip to the facility will be required.
A visual check of the facility level should be sufficient. Where a
more accurate determination is necessary, on-site surveying may be
required. Another possibility would be the analysis of aerial
photography, if both available and recent.
8-12
-------
Note: All facilities in the 100-year floodplain must also protect
against washout of solid waste. Since surface impoundments
need dikes to protect from washout by the 100-year flood, they
cannot be below-grade. On the other hand, landfills located
in the floodway fringe and which are below grade might meet
the washout hazard requirement by covering the waste after
each day's operation and protecting the surface as soon as
each section (including intermediate levels)' is completed. A
landspreading facility which does not meet the requirements in
Section 3.1 of this chapter will need to be evaluated for
washout. If the facility uses dikes to protect from washout,
then refer to Case 3.
Case 5 - If a facility is located in a floodplain where the stream
or river is contained within its channel during the 100-year flood by
a system of dikes, levees, berms, revetments, or other structures such
that the floodplain is no longer subject to flooding, then the facility
may be assumed to comply with this part of the Criterion.
Case 6 - If it can be determined by using any of the computational
methods of Section 3.2.2, or equivalent procedures, that the base
flood level may be raised more than one foot by the location and
operation of the facility, then for the purpose of the Inventory f
it may be assumed that the facility does pose a hazard and does not
comply with this portion of the Criterion. A lesser change in the
predicted level does not mean that the facility complies, as a flood
hazard may still be posed. (The one-foot increase in the base flood
level is the maximum increase allowed in the National Flood Insurance
Program by FEMA.)
3.2.2 Ranking of Facilities Not Oovered by the Special Cases
Any facility located in the 100-year floodplain restricts the
flow of the base flood or reduces the temporary water storage
capacity of the floodplain to some degree. Therefore, the question
is whether the reduction or restriction "poses a hazard to human
life, wildlife, or land or water resources." The procedures discussed
8-13
-------
here are intended to provide guidance for the best possible resolution
of the question.
Since assessing the flood hazard potential for a facility is
complex and costly, it is necessary to establish a priority system.
(a) The first priority will be for those facilities within the
boundaries of (1) a regulatory floodway as adopted under the '
National Flood Insurance Program of the Federal Emergency
Management Agency, HUD, or (2) a "regulatory" floodway or
equivalent mapped by a State or local government or other
organization. Refer to Figures 8-2 and 8-4 for the floodway
delineation.
(b) The remaining floodplain facilities are given priorities
according to their relative flood hazard potential as determined
by their f loodplain and facility characteristics. Table 8-1
shows how these characteristics affect flood hazard potential.
Since these characteristics are so interrelated and site-
specific, no attempt was made to quantify them. The higher the
hazard potential, the higher the assessment priority.
3.3.3 Flood Hazard Assessment
Qice prioritization is completed, an assessment of the flood
hazard must be made in order to resolve the Criterion question. The
assessor should consider the following factors:
(a) base flood characteristics;
flow
velocity
level
cross-sectional areas of the f loodplain
(b) floodplain topography;
(c) floodplain hydrogeology;
(d) facility characteristics;
type (e.g., landfills, surface impoundments, landspreading)
size (cross-sectional area of channel occupied by facility;
volume - acreage and depth)
8-14
-------
oo
100-YEAR FLOOD PLAIN
FLOODWAY
FRINGE
FLOODWAY
FLOOD ELEVATION WHEN
CONFINED WITHIN FLOODWAY
ENCROACHMENT
STREAM
CHANNEL
FRINGE
LINE AB IS THE FLOOD ELEVATION BEFORE ENCROACHMENT.
LINE CD IS THE FLOOD ELEVATION AFTER ENCROACHMENT.
FLOOD ELEVATION
BEFORE ENCROACHMENT
ON FLOOD PLAIN
FIGURE 84 DIAGRAM OF THE 100 YEAR FLOODPLAIN
-------
TABLE 8-1
FLOOD HAZARD RANKING
Floodplain
Characteristics
Increasing Flood Hazard Potential
LOW
High
(1) Location in the
floodplain
(2) Size of watershed
flood fringe
small
floodway
large
(3) Shape of the
floodplain
(4) Percentage of the
floodplain cross-
section area occupied
by the facility
(5) Volume of facility
(acreage and depth)
(6) Flood flow velocity
broad, shallow
small percent
small
low velocity
narrow, v-shaped
large percent
large
high velocity
8-16
-------
location in the floodplain (e.g., floodway or floodway
fringe)
washout prevention methods
impacts on flooding (e.g., restricts flood flow)
(e) natural resources in and adjacent to the floodplain (i.e.,
wetlands, timber resources, soil, wildlife habitat, etc.);
(f) land use in and adjacent to the floodplain.
The flood hazard assessment can be made in-house if the
professional expertise is available. Where the necessary expertise
is not available, technical assistance should be solicited from the
State agency charged with flood protection or floodplain management.
If the State agencies are not in a position to provide the necessary
technical assistance, there are several Federal agencies that may be
consulted.
Soil Conservation Service (USDA) - provides technical
assistance in determining flood hazards, mainly through
the Floodplain Management Assistance Program.
Army Corps of Engineers - provides interpretation of
floodplain data, develops new data, and provides guidance
on assessing and minimizing flood hazards through the
Flood Plain Management Services Program.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USDC) -
provides floodplain information and interpretive assistance
for specific points on larger rivers.
Federal Insurance Administration (HUD)- conducts flood
hazard studies (Flood Insurance Study Reports) for select
areas, also maintains a listing of qualified consulting
engineers.
Geological Survey (USDI) - User Assistance Centers provide
information on flood characteristics, interpretive information
on flood frequency relationships, and identifies areas of
potential flood hazard.
8-17
-------
Bureau of Reclamation (USDI) - flood hydrologists at regional
offices can provide flooding information and interpretive
assistance for locations associated with Bureau projects.
Fish and Wildlife Service (USDI) - provides expertise on
wildlife and habitat resource, preservation, and maintenance.
Tennessee Valley Authority - provides technical assistance
and flood data for the Tennessee Valley Watershed.
Delaware River Basin Commission - provides interpretive
assistance and flood data for the Delaware basin.
Susquehanna River Basin Commission - provides general
information and guidance on floodplain management.
Additional sources of assistance and information are
other river basin commissions, flood control districts,
and regional and local planning agencies.
Where insufficient assistance is available from governmental
agencies, the services of a qualified professional should be obtained.
When the flood hazard assessment concludes that the facility
poses a hazard, it does not comply with the Criterion. All facilities,
complying or not, must still be evaluated for their washout hazard.
3.4 Is the facility protected from washout by the base flood so as
not to pose a hazard to human life, wildlife or land or water
resources?
The criteria objective is to prevent any solid waste from being
carried away by waters of the base flood. Therefore, to comply with
this part of the Criterion, a facility must prevent washout by the
base flood. A facility protected against inundation is not
necessarily protected against washout of the waste. A facility can
be inundated without washing out, and washed out without being
inundated. The former occurs when waste is covered or held by
vegetated soil, and the base flood inundates the surface but does not
erode and wash out waste. The latter can occur when the facility is
8-18
-------
diked or the waste covered up to the 100-year level, but the dike or
covering is insufficient protection and the waste is eroded and
carried away.
3.4.1 Special Cases
TVo cases nay be readily resolved without requiring a washout
hazard assessment.
Case 1 - If a facility is located in a State (or has a 404 permit),
where the equivalent permit, inspection, or review procedures require
the facility to be protected from washout by the base flood, and the
State, or 404 permit process, has determined that the facility is
adequately protected, then the facility complies with the washout part
of the Criterion. The question is resolved by checking the records
of the facility.
Case 2 - If a facility suffers from washout by floods of lesser
magnitude (such as a 50-year flood) than the base flood, then it can
be concluded that the facility will also wash out in the base flood,
and thereby does not comply with this portion of the Criterion.
Determination of washout by lesser floods can be made by referring
to past inspection records or a field check of the site for visible
evidence of washout. Erosion due to surface runoff should not be
considered evidence of washout due to flooding.
3.4.2 Washout Hazard Assessment
Where there has been no equivalent assessment or no evidence of
washout by lesser floods, an evaluation of the washout protection
will be necessary. This can be done on an in-house basis, in
consultation with another State agency, or through the services of a
consultant. Also, the Soil Conservation Service, USDA, might provide
technical assistance in analyzing erosion and washout protection
methods. Other Federal agencies, such as the U.S. Geological Survey
and Army Corps of Engineers might also assist with such an evaluation.
The assessment of a facility's washout hazard potential should
consider the following factors:
8-19
-------
(1) types and effectiveness of washout protection used in each
area of the facility below the 100-year flood level;
dikes
levees
berms
flexible linings
vegetative cover
riprap
diversion of high velocity flows around the facility
change in soil itatrix by chemical alteration
(2) flood flow velocity; using a flood flow velocity of at least
2.5 tines the average velocity over the entire floodplain cross-
section for those portions of the facility in the floodway and
a minimum value of 1.0 times the average velocity over the entire
floodplain corss-section for those portions of the facility in
the floodway fringe.
That is: v = Q/A where
v = average velocity
Q = 100-year flood flow (cfs)
A = cross-sectional area of floodplain
Matrices comparing the types of washout protection with different
flood flow velocities by showing the efficiencies of each type at
different velocities are available in references 4 and 5. These
matrices can be used to help evaluate the adequacy of protection for
each facility.
If a washout hazard assessment determines that a facility is
protected from washout from the base flood, then the facility complies
with this part of the Criterion.
8-20
-------
4.0 References
1. Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, Chapter II, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, July 1977.
2. "Guidelines for Determming Flood Flow Frequency," Bulletin No. 174,
United States Water Resources Council, 2120 L Street, N.W., Washington,
1 D.C. 20037, Revised, June 1977.
3. "HEC-2", The Hydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Davis, California, November 1976.
4. "Design of Stable Channels with Flexible Linings," Hydraulic Engineering
Circular No. 15, October 1975, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration, (USSHD #050-002-00101-9).
5. "Shore Protection Manual," U.S. Amy Coastal Engineering Research
Center, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, 1975. USGPO,
Stock #008-022-0007-1, 3 Volumes.
8-21
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Chapter 8
FLOODPIADSTS
Criterion Compliance Decision
Q Complies
Q Does Not Comply
Is the solid waste applied to the land surface and incorporated into
the soil for the purpose of beneficial utilization as a soil conditioner
or fertilizer?
YES (Complies)
D Waste incorporated into the soil in accordance with requirements
of Section 257.3-5
D Waste used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer
D Disposal area being used (or will be used next season) for
vegetation
NO
(Continue to 2)
Is the facility located in the 100-year floodplain?
YES (Continue to 3)
D
D
Stated in permit or operation applications
State floodplain designation
Federal floodplain designation: agency
D Interpolation between two known points in the 100-year floodplain
D Computations of flood flow and flood level
NO (Complies)
Does the facility restrict the flow of the base flood or reduce the
temporary water storage capacity so as to pose a hazard to human
life, wildlife, or land or water resources?
Special cases:
D Facility located in a state where equivalent review or permit
procedures have considered flood alteration impacts
D Facility has a 404 permit with an equivalent flood hazard
assessment section and is in compliance with the permit
D Facility has filled floodplain or is diked up to or above
base flood level
D Facility is below floodplain grade
8-22
-------
Chapter 8
FLOODPLAINS
(continued)
D Facility located in a floodplain where the channel is diked
to contain the base flood
D Facility increases base flood level more than 1.0 foot
Priority of facility:
D Regulatory floodway area - priority 1
D High flood hazard potential area (Table 1-1) - priority 2
D Low flood hazard potential area (Table 1-1) - priority 3
Factors considered in flood hazard potential assessment:
Base Flood characteristics:
Floodplain topography:
Floodplain hydrogeology:
Facility characteristics:
Natural resources in and adjacent to the floodplain:
Land use in and adjacent to the floodplain:
Q-J YES (Does not comply - Continue to 4)
D NO (Continue to 4)
4. Is the facility protected from washout by the base flood so as not to
pose a hazard to human life, wildlife, or land or water resources?
Factors considered for washout protection:
Types and Efficiency Protection:
D Dike or levee
D Berm
D Flexible linings
D Vegetative cover
D Riprap
D Diversion of surface flow
D Change in soil matrix
D Other
D None
D Flood flow velocity
8-23
-------
Chapter 8
FDDOEPIAINS
(continued)
YES (Complies)
D State washout assessment or 404 permit
D Site analysis of washout protection
NO (Does not comply)
D Washout by flood of lesser magnitude than the 100-year flood
D Site analysis of washout protection
8-24
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
OPEN DUMP INVENTORY REPORTING FORM
A-l
-------
OPEN DUMP INVENTORY REPORTING FORM «"v^oM«ftBTSSV^W,fir&T«58?
X Section 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION '«}
1. Dote of determination
Enter month, day.
and year
Month
Day
Mil
Year
'
2a. Is this an update of a - *~ -t~
previous form? . r I"Y.. » n MA »'
Alark(X)one - / ' Q Yes .2LJNo %
.2b. Is this form being submitted - /<*'._..--._ a
to remove the facility from -. r-*-i v»« 9 1 i un t
j_ , * m i | 1 I CS 21 1 NO r
the open dump Inventory? L J . . . ' . . f-
3. Facility
Identification
4. EPA Surface Impound- . '
ment Assessment No.
If applicable
5. State Facility
Identification Number
If app/ieabfe
6. Name of
facility
7. Facility location
State
State
-
County
Cnty/Clty
1 1 1 1
Place
Place
Asi
Igned Site No. Assigned Facility No.
Category
1 II 1
r
Site
Impoundment
cm
.
Street, road, or other location description
City. town, or place
County name
8. Coordinates of Decrees 1"
facility location I r i
Latitude j |
llnute
State
III
s Seconds Degrees
| | | Lon»itude| | |
9. Other legal description {Rente i Township {Section
If applicable \ j j
10. Land owner
11. Operator
P
1
ZIP code
Minutes S
m
conds
Nemo
Mailing address
City. town, or place
State
ZIP cede
Nome
Mailing address
City. town, or place
State
ZIP code
A-2
-------
Section - GENERAL INFORMATION - Continued
12. Type of facility
Mark (X) one
13. Primary types of
waste received
Indicate noncompliance
with one or more of the
following categories
Mark (X) each category
for which a determination
of noncompliance was
in tide.
1 Q Landfill 4 Q Other - Explain^/
. 2 [~~l Surface impoundment
1 SL~J Land spreading
1 t n Municipal solid waste 6 Q Other Explain*
' 2 n Domestic sewage sludge
4 [ I Agricultural solid waste
5 rn Mining solid waste
Section 11 - NONCOMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL CRITERIA
01 Q Floodplains
02 Q Endangered species
03 | | Surface water
0-4 {""1 Ground water
05 Q Application to food-chain cropland
06 n Disease
07 Q Air
^
09 [~1 Gases
__ _ , io|~l Fires
08 Q] Safety < ZZ _. . , .
11 n Bird/aircraft hazard
12 | | Access
<
: Section III - RESPONSIBLE STATE OFFICIAL
Name
Agency
Mailing address (Number end
Comments
Telephone
1
stnet) City Sate ZIP code
i
.... . ^ .- -
9
,
'
FORM EP*J lt-ll.7«>
A-3
-------
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
A. INTRODUCTION This form is to be used by States in reporting to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) solid waste disposal facilities not in compliance with the "Criteria for Classification of
Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices" (the Criteria) published as 40 CFR 257 on September 13,
1979. A form is to be submitted to EPA for each facility evaluated and found not to be in compliance
with any provision of the Criteria. The names of those facilities submitted will be published by EPA as
the open dump inventory required by Section 4005 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of
1976 (P.L 94-580). This form covers solid waste disposal facilities as defined and described in the
Criteria with exceptions as delineated in the Criteria.
B. COMPOSITION OF FORM Form EPA-2 is composed of three sections. Section I is to provide general
informafion about the date of determination, the location of the facility, the owner and operator of the
facility, and the type of facility in terms of the method of disposal and primary types of waste received.
Section II is for reporting the category of the Criteria for which the facility does not comply.
Section III is for the name and address of the State official responsible for the determination that the
facility does not comply with the Criteria.
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
These specific instructions and guidelines are to assist you in completing the three sections of this form.
JEach instruction is related to a specific section and item of the form. For definitions see part D.
NOTE Work on completing this form should not begin until all procedural and instructional materials
have been thoroughly reviewed.
Section I - GENERAL INFORMATION
Item 1, Date of determination Enter numerics indicating the day on which the facility is evaluated
against the "Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices."
Example February I, 1980 should be coded as
Month Day Year
Item 2a, Is this an update of a previous form?
Mark (X) in the "No" box if the facility has not been evaluated previously.
Mark (X) in the "Yes" box if the facility has been evaluated previously AND an EPA Disposal Facility
Inventory form has been submitted previously for the facility. The EPA Facility Identification number
entered in item 3 of the update form must be the same as the number entered on the initial form.
Update forms may be submitted to update or correct any item(s) in Sections I and II. If this is an update
of a previous form, complete items 1, 2, 3, and 6 in Section I; Section III; and the items which are being
corrected or updated. Use the comments section if necessary.
Item 2b, Is this form being submitted to remove the facility from the open dump inventory? If "Yes,"
complete items 3 through 11 and Section III on the reverse side. If "No," follow the instructions given for
item 2a above.
A-4
-------
Item 3, Facility Identification Number - A master listing of facility identification numbers should be
established before beginning inventory activities and maintained for the duration. The State, county, and
place codes can be found in your reference manual. If a facility crosses county lines, use your best judge-
ment in assigning it to one of the counties. Use the comments section to explain which counties are
involved and the reason for coding the facility to the chosen county. If a facility is not located wholly or
partially within the boundaries of a place listed in your reference manual, enter five zeroes (00000) in the
place codes boxes. If the place code in your reference manual is a 4-digit code, enter it in the first four of
the five boxes allowed for the place code.
EXAMPLE of encoding of EPA facility identification number for a facility located in Autaugaville,
Alabama. Note the 4-digit code entered in the first four boxes of the place code.
Example A -
State
(Alabama)
County
(Autauga)
Place
Assigned Site No. Assigned Facility No.
3
EXAMPLE of facility identification number for a facility not located in a place
Example B -
State County
(Alabama) (Autauga)
Place
Assigned Sue No. Assigned Facility No.
To ensure that each facility evaluated within the State has a unique number', the responsible State official
should assign site and facility numbers sequentially for the duration of the inventory. The site number and
facility numbers should be assigned in sequential order beginning with 0001 and 001 respectively.
Example C -For three facilities operating at one site In Autaugaville. Alabama,
the EPA facility identification numbers should be assigned as follows.
State
County
Assigned Site No. Assigned Facility No.
A-5
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Item 4. EPA Surface Impoundment Assessment Number (SIA number) - A lilt of SIA impoundment
numbers will be supplied to the States when they are available. If this facility is a surface impoundment
which has been selected from the list of surface impoundments assessed for the U.S. EPA's Office of Water
Supply, enter its SIA number here.
Example of an SIA impoundment number for an impoundment located in Autaugaville, Alabama.
Example
State
Cnty/City
Place
Category
Site
o|3|2|2|o
oH7!9!
Impoundment
lololil
If not applicable, enter "NA" as shown
Exomp/e'
State Cnty/City
Place
Category
Site
Impoundment
N
Item 5, State Facility Identification Number - This number is the number, if any, used by the State to
identify the facility. Inclusion of this item is intended to provide those States which have established a
system of identification codes with a cross reference to the EPA identification system. Entries should begin
in the first box, regardless of length. If the State does not have an identification number, enter NA in the
first two boxes.
Item 6. Name of facility - This item refers to the legal name of the facility. If there is no legal name, enter
the name assigned for State record keeping purposes.
Sixty (60) entry spaces on two lines have been allowed for facility name. Reasonable abbreviations are
acceptable. Leave one space between each word in the site name. The first line should end in a complete
word.
Example The Greater Autauga Area Sanitary Landfill (42 total spaces)
Acceptable
T
S
H
A
E
N
I
G
T
R
A
E
R
A
Y
T
E
L
R
A
N
A
D
U
F
T
I
A
L
U
L
G
A
A
R
E
A
Not acceptable
T
A
H
R
E
Y
G
L
R
A
E
N
A
D
T
F
E
I
R
L
L
A
U
T
A
U
G
A
A
R
E
A
S
A
N
I
T
In cases where a facility has no legal name or name of record (e.g.. an unauthorized/promiscuous dump or a
facility used by private concern), enter a description sufficient to identify the circumstances.
Exomp/e
p
R
0
M
I
S
C
U
0
U
S
D
U
M
P
X
Y
Z
D
E
M
0
L
I
T
I
0
N
I
N
C
D
U
M
P
N
0
3
A-6
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lt«m 7. Facility location
Street or road If the facility is not describable in conventional mailing address terms, provide a descrip-
tion sufficient to locate the facility on a county or city map. For example "2.5 miles North on Hampton
Road after the intersection of Route 255." Only 60 spaces are allowed for the street/location description
so descriptions may require the use of reasonable abbreviations.
City, town, or place If the facility is not located in a city or town (see list of places), enter the name by
which the area is commonly known locally or in State records.
State See list of State abbreviations in reference material.
ZIP code See list of ZIP codes for your State in reference material. If the facility is not described in
terms of a mailing address enter "No ZIP" in the first five (5) boxes.
County name Be certain the county name you enter here is the same county for which you entered the
three-digit code in the EPA identification number (item 3).
Examp/e A Street address format
Street, road, or other location description
1
4
3
2
L
I
C
K
S
K
I
L
L
E
T
R
D
Example 8 - Other location description when street address is unavilable
Street, road, or other location description
2
P
A
5
S
T
M
I
R
T
N
£
0
R
2
T
2
H
5
0
N
H
A
M
P
T
0
N
R
D
NOTE This location description lists the name of the road which gives access to the
facility as well as distance and direction from a reference point.
If the facility is located in a place included in the list of places in your reference
materials, enter the name as it appears on that list. Also enter the 2-character State name
abbreviation and ZIP code as they appear in the reference materials.
Example C
City. town, or place
State ZIP code
F
U
L
T|0
N
C
I
T
y
3
6
0
9
8
If a facility is located in an unincorporated town or in an area that has a commonly used
name such as a post office name, that name should be entered.
Exomp/e 0 -
City. town, or place
T|A|L|L| |P|I|N|E|S|
State ZIP code
3
6
0
4
7
A-7
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Item 8. Coordinates of facility location Facility coordinates may be determined using U.S. Geological
Survey quad maps, county highway maps available from the State department of transportation or State
department of highways, or State or local survey maps.
Example A site in Alabama might have coordinates such as -
Decrees Minutes Seconds Degrees
Longitude
Minutes
Seconds
Latitude
\1
Item 9, Other legal description In some States, facility locations are described in terms of range, town-
ship, and section. If this is the case in your State, supply the appropriate codes for range, township, and
section. Because these codes are not of uniform length in every State, the boxes have not been subdivided
to indicate .character positions.
EXAMPLE
i Range (Township (Section
I 1
! 02E !
1
08N ;
30
Item 10, Land owner
Name If the owner is a unit of government, the administering agency, bureau, office, etc., should be
entered as well as the name of the government.
Three examples of Land Owner Names are -
Name
D
E
P
T
0
F
S
A
N
I
T
A
T
N
A
U
T
A
U
G
A
C
I
T
Y
Name
U
S
A
R
M
Y
1
D
E
P
T
0
F
D
E
N
F
E
S
E
1
1
1
Name
D
E
P
T
O|F
N
A
T
U
R
A
L
R
E
S
0
UJR
C
E
S
A
L
Mailing address - Enter the mailing address most commonly used, including 2-character State name
abbreviation and ZIP code as they appear in the reference materials.
Two examples of mailing addresses are -
Mailing address
P
0
B
0
X
1
1
4
5
City, town, or place State
A
U
T
A
U
G
A
V
I
L
L
E
A
L
ZIP code
3
6
0
4
7
Mailing address
1
1
2
3
S
T
A
T
E
0
F
F
I
C
E
B
City, town, or place
A
U
T
A
U
G
A
V
I
L
L
E
U
I
L
State
A
L
D
I
Zl
3
N
G
0 code
T
0
4
7
A-8
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Item 11, Operator's name and address Use the instructions for item 10. If the operator is the same as
owner, enter "SAME" in the first 4 blocks of the name line.
Item 12, Type of facility Every facility should be classified as a landfill, surface impoundment, or
land spreading/facility. If you are uncertain of the type of facility classify it as "Other" and write a brief
explanation. A separate form is to be submitted for each facility, even where more than one facility is
located on the same site.
Item 13, Primary types of waste received Mark (X) the predominant "type or types of waste" received
at the facility.
Section II - NONCOMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL CRITERIA
Indicate which categories of the Criteria for which this facility does not comply.
Section III - RESPONSIBLE STATE OFFICIAL
The State official responsible for determining noncompliance with the Criteria is indicated in this section.
In general the form should be signed by the director of the State solid waste program or a higher level
official.
'. DEFINITIONS
Facility - Any land and appurtenances thereto used for the disposal of solid wastes.
Site Land on which one or more solid waste disposal facilities are located.
Landfill A facility for the disposal of solid wastes involving the placement of solid wastes on or into the
land surface, and usually involving compaction and covering of the disposed solid wastes.
Surface Impoundment A natural topographic depression, artificial excavation, or like arrangement used
for disposal of solid wastes, especially liquids and semi-solids. Also referred to as ponds, pits, lagoons, and
basins.
Land Spreading - Application of solid waste onto land and/or incorporation into the surface soil, including
the use of such waste as a fertilizer or soil conditioner.
Municipal Solid Waste Discarded materials resulting from usual (residential and commercial) community
activities.
Domestic Sewage Sludge Any solid, semisolid, or liquid waste generated from a municipal or community
wastewater treatment plant.
Industrial Solid Waste Discarded material resulting from manufacturing activities.
Agricultural Solid Waste Discarded material resulting from agricultural activities.
Mining Solid Waste Discarded material resulting from mining and milling activities.
County or County Equivalent Following are the primary political and administrative divisions:
1. In 48 States - counties
2. In Louisiana parishes
3. In Alaska boroughs and census areas (Note: This is a change from the "census divisions" recognized
in the 1970 census.)
4. In the District of Columbia District of Columbia
5. In Montana - Yellowstone National Park (in addition to counties)
6. In Georgia, Maryland, Missouri. Nevada, and Virginia - independent cities (in addition to counties);
one in each State except Virginia, which has 41.
7. In Guam Guam
8. In Puerto Rico municipios
9. In the Virgin Islands islands
10. Codes for the outlying areas are those established by the Bureau of the Census. These are:
a American Samoa districts
b Canal Zone court districts
c Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands - administrative districts
d Northern Mariana Islands (if separate from the Trust Territory) - municipalities
Three-digit numeric codes, unique within State or outlying area, have been assigned to each county or
rnuntv eouivalent. Counties are listed alphabetically followed by independent cities listed alphabetically.
A-9
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Place A place listed in the reference materials includes the following:
Incorporated Place A place incorporated as a municipality under the laws of its State, and
recognized as an incorporated place by the U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Notes: (1) This class specifically includes places incorporated as cities and villages, places incor-
porated asboroughs (except in Alaska), and places incorporated as towns except in eight
States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island,
Vermont, and Wisconsin. Townships are not included in this class; they, and "towns" in
the eight States specified possess some or all of the corporate powers common to incor-
porated municipalities elsewhere, but are areally extensive units which are not regarded as
"places" for census purposes.
(2) An inactive incorporated place (an incorporated place with no active governmental
organs) is considered to be an incorporated place as long as it is so regarded by the Bureau
of the Census.
Unincorporated Populated Place (1980 Census Designated Places Only) A concentration of
population which:
a. is a closely settled population center without corporate limits delineated by the Bureau of the
Census,
b. has a name that is in common use locally to refer to it, and
c. is not part of any incorporated place, or of another unincorporated place.
Note: A place is not considered "populated" if it has only daytime (working) population but no
permanent residents, or if it has only seasonal population but no year-round residents, or if its
population consists wholly or largely of prison or institution inmates. To qualify as a populated
place, a community must generally have a population concentration of at least eight permanent
nonfarm households or twenty-five permanent nonfarm residents. However, some named com-
munities with fewer residents may qualify if they have a post office, a railroad station, or one or
more stores. An unincorporated populated place has boundaries and an areal extent. These
boundaries are delimited by the maintenance agent, on the basis of the verifiable extent of a
concentration of residences, and local opinion as to the extent of the area known by the
community name.
Township A geographical-political entity recognized as a township, "town" (in one of eight
States), or plantation (in Maine), which:
B~ a. has a well-recognized name and boundaries; and either
~ c b-1. qualifies as a local government under the laws of its State; or
b-2. formerly qualified as a township, "town," borough, or plantation government at some date
since 1900, and is not now part of an incorporated place or another township, "town," borough,
or plantation.
Notes: (1) This category comprises chiefly townships but also includes plantations in Maine and
"towns" in eight States (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York.
Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin) in which the term "town" is used for areally
extensive units similar to the townships of other States.
(2) Townships and "towns" are never wholly or partly included in other townships or
"towns." However, they often overlap areally with one or more incorporated places,
unincorporated places, or both.
(3) Townships that may exist as administrative subdivisions of counties in certain States,
but that have never exercised local government powers, are not included. Examples are
. the townships of North Carolina and California.
Defense Installation A named base or similar facility of the Department of Defense or one of
its branches, that is included in a current listing of major bases and installations issued for general
circulation by the Department of Defense or one of its branches.
Indian Reservation An area officially so designated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs or by the
State.
A-10
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