United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Pejt ioid«s and Toxic Substance*
Washington DC 20460
February 1982
oEPA
Magnesium Phosphide
Pesticide Registration
Standard
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Acknowledgements
I. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
David Brooks Project Manager
II. Support Team
A. Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)
Ed Brittin Residue Chemist
Stan Gross lexicologist
William Burnam Supervisory lexicologist
Robert Hoist Plant Physiologist
Harry Craven Aquatic Biologist
Russel Farringer Wildlife Biologist
Hudson Boyd Environmental Chemist
B. Benefits and Field Studies Division (BFSD)
William Gross Entomologist
Roger. lioltorf Economist
E. David Thomas Supervisory Entomologist,
Section Head
C. Registration Division
lachman Bhatia Product Manager
William Miller Supervisory Product Manager
III. Special Acknowledgement
A. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
Paul Lapsley Branch Chief
'Joan Viarshawsky Section Head
Paul Parsons Project Manager
Barbara Moore Secretary
Tbnda Hicks Clerk Typist
B. Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)
Ken Bailey Scientific Policy Staff
Julian Donoso Residue Chemist
Nancy Dodd Residue Chemist
Norma Whetzel Residue Chemist
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TABEE GF CONTEMPS
I. How to Register Under a Registration Standard 1
A. Organization of the Standard 1
B. Purpose of the Standard 1
C. Requirements to Reregister Under the Standard 3
D. "Product-Specific" Data and "Generic" Data.. 3
E. Data Compensation Requirements Under
FIFHA 3(c)(l)(D) 4
P. Obtaining Data to Pill Data Gaps;
FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B) 5
G. Amendments to the Standard 6
II. Regulatory Position 8
A. Introduction 8
B. Description of Chemical 8
C. Regulatory Position 8
D. Regulatory Rationale 9
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard 11
F. Tolerance Reassessment I"7
III. Summary of Data Requirements 19
A. Introduction 19
B. Generic Data Requirements, Table III .A 19
C. Product-Specific Data Requirements for
Manufacturing-Use, Table III.B, and End-Use
Products, Table III.C 20
IV. Product Chemistry..... 42
A. Introduction 42
B. Chemical Identity 42
C. Manufacturing Process 43
D. Discussion on the Formation of Impurities
(and Unintentional Ingredients) 43
E. Declaration and 'Certification of Ingredient
Limits 43
F. Product Analytical Methods and Data 44
G. Physical/Chemical Properties 44
H. Summary of Data Gaps 47
V. Environmental Fate 48
A. Use Summary 48
B. Environmental Fate Profile 58
C. Exposure Profile 50
D. Summary of Data Gaps 51
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
VI. Toxicology 52
A. Introduction 52
B. Application 52
C. lexicological Assessment 53
D. Hunan Poisoning Case Reports 56
E. Permissible Exposure Limits <• 57
F. Food Tolerances 57
G. Summary of Data Gaps • 58
VII. Residue Chemistry 59
A. Introduction 59
B. Fumigation and Aeration Periods 59
C. Metabolism in Plants and Animals 59
D. Analytical Methods 60
E. Residue Data 60
F. Summary of Data Gaps 61
VIII. Ecological Effects 62
IX. Confidential Annex 63
X. Bibliography 64
A. Guide to Use of Bibliography
B. Section 1: Citations Considered to be Part of
the Data Base Supporting Registrations Under
the Standard
C. Section 2: Citations Judged to be Inappropriate
for Use in Developing this Standard
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I. How to Register Under a Registration Standard
A. Organization of the Standard
•Hie first part of this document explains the purpose of a Registration Standard
and summarizes the legal principles involved in registering or reregistering
under a Standard. The second part presents the Agency's regulatory position
and rationale. The third part sets forth the requirements, in tabular form,
that must be met to obtain or retain registration for products covered by this
particular Registration Standard. In the remaining parts, the Agency reviews
the available data by scientific discipline, discusses the Agency's concerns
with the identified potential hazards, and logically develops the conditions
and requirements that would reduce those hazards to acceptable levels.
B. Purpose of the Standard
Section 3 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
provides that "no person in any State may distribute, sell, offer for sale,
hold for sale, ship, deliver for shipment, or receive and (having so received)
deliver or offer to deliver to any person any pesticide which is not registered
with the Administrator [of EPA]." TO approve the registration of a pesticide,
the Administrator must find, pursuant to Section 3(c)(5) that:
(A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for
it?
(B) its labeling and other material required to be submitted
comply with the requirements of this Act;
(C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable
adverse effects on the environment; and
(D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly
recognized practice it will not generally cause unreasonable
adverse effects on the environment.
In making these findings, the Agency reviews a wide range of data which
registrants are required to submit, and assesses the risks associated with the
use of the proposed pesticide. However, the established approach to making
these findings has been found to be defective on two counts.
First, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its predecessor agency,
the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), routinely reviewed
registration applications on a "product-by-product" basis, evaluating each
product-specific application somewhat independently. In the review of products
containing similar components, there was little opportunity for a retrospective
review of the full range of pertinent data available in Agency files and in the
public literature. Thus the "product-by-product" approach was often
inefficient and sometimes resulted in inconsistent or incomplete regulatory
judgments.
Second, over the years, as a result of inevitable and continuing advances in
scientific knowledge, methodology, and policy, the data base for many pesti-
cides came to be considered inadequate by current scientific and regulatory
standards. Given the long history of pesticide regulation in several agencies,
it is even possible that materials may have been lost from the data files.
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When EPA issued new requirements for registration in 1975 (40 CFR 162) and
proposed new guidelines for hazard testing in 1978 {43 FR 29686, July 10, 1978
and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978) and in 1980 (45 FR 72948, November 3, 1980),
many products that had already been registered for years were being sold and
used without the same assurances of human and environmental safety as was being
required for new products. Because of this inconsistency, Congress directed
EPA to reregister all previously registered products, so as to bring their
registrations and their data bases into compliance with current requirements
[see FIFRA Section 3(g)].
Facing the enormous job of re-reviewing and call ing-in new data for the
approximately 35,000 current registrations, and realizing the inefficiencies of
the "product-by-product" approach, the Agency decided that a new, more
effective method of review was needed.
A new review procedure has been developed. Under it, EPA publishes documents
called Registration Standards, each of which discusses a particular pesticide
active ingredient. Each Registration Standard summarizes all the data
available to the Agency on a particular active ingredient and its current uses,
and sets forth the Agency's comprehensive position on the conditions and
requirements for registration of all existing and future products which contain
that active ingredient. These conditions and requirements, all of which must
be met to obtain or retain full registration or reregistration under Section
3(c)(5) of FIFRA, include the submission of needed scientific data which the
Agency does not now have; compliance with standards of toxicity, composition,
labeling, and packaging; and satisfaction of the compensation provisions of
FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D).
Hie Standard will also serve as a tool for product classification. As part of
the registration of a pesticide product, EPA may classify each product for
"general use" or "restricted use" [FIFRA Section 3(d)]. A pesticide is
classified for "restricted use" when some special regulatory restriction is
needed to ensure against unreasonable adverse effects to man or the
environment. Many such risks of unreasonable adverse effects can be lessened
if expressly designed label precautions are strictly followed. Thus, the
special regulatory restriction for a "restricted use" pesticide is usually a
requirement that it be applied only by, or under the supervision of, an
applicator who has been certified by the State or Federal government as being
competent to use pesticides safely, responsibly, and in accordance with label
directions. A restricted use pesticide can have other regulatory restrictions
[40 CFR 162.11(c)(5)] instead of, or in addition to, the certified applicator
requirement. These other regulatory restrictions may include such actions as
seasonal or regional limitations on use, or a requirement for the monitoring of
residue levels after use. A pesticide classified for "general use", or not
classified at all, is available for use by any individual who is in compliance
with State and local regulations. The Registration Standard review compares
information about potential adverse effects of specific uses of the pesticide
with risk criteria listed in 40 CFR 162.11(c), and thereby determines whether a
product needs to be classified for "restricted use." If the Standard does
classify a pesticide for "restricted use," this determination is stated in Part
II of this Standard.
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C. Requirement to Reregister Under the Standard
FIFRA Section 3(g), as amended in 1978, directs EPA to reregister all currently
registered products as expeditiously as possible. Congress also agreed that
reregistration should be accomplished by the use of Registration Standards.
Each registrant of a currently registered product to which this Standard
applies, and who wishes to continue to sell or distribute such product in
commerce, must apply for reregistration. This application must contain
proposed labeling that complies with this Standard.
EPA will issue a notice of intent to cancel the registration of any currently
registered product to which this Standard applies, if the registrant fails to
comply with the procedures for reregistration set forth in the Guidance Package
which accompanies this Standard.
D. "Product-Specific" Data and "Generic" Data
In the course of developing this Standard, EPA has determined the types of data
needed for evaluation of the properties and effects of products to which the
Standard applies, in the disciplinary areas of Product Chemistry, Environmental
Fate, Toxicology, Ecological Effects and Residue Chemistry. These determina-
tions are based primarily on the data Guidelines proposed in 1978 (43 FR 29686,
July 10, 1978, and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978), and in 1980 (45 FR 72948,
November 3, 1980), as applied to the use patterns of the products to which this
Standard applies. Where it appeared that data from a normally applicable
Guidelines requirement were actually unnecessary to evaluate these products,
the Standard indicates that the requirement has been waived. On the other
hand, in some cases studies not required by the Guidelines may be needed
because of the particular composition or use pattern of products the Standard
covers; if so, the Standard explains the Agency's reasoning. Data guidelines
have not yet been proposed for the Residue Chemistry discipline, but the
requirements for such data have been in effect for some time and are, the
Agency believes, relatively familiar to registrants. Data which the Agency has
found are needed to evaluate the registrability of some products covered by the
Standard may not be needed for the evaulation of other products, depending upon
the composition, formulation type, and intended use of the product in
question. The Standard states which data requirements apply to which product
use categories (see Part III).
The various kinds of data normally required for registration of a pesticide
product can be divided into two basic groups:
1) data that are "product-specific," i.e., data that relate only to the
properties or effects of a product with a particular composition (or a
group of products with closely similar composition); and
2) "generic" data that pertain to the properties or effects of a particular
ingredient, and thus are relevant to an evaluation of the risks of all
products containing that ingredient (or all such products having a certain
use pattern), regardless of any such product's unique composition or use.
The Agency requires certain "product-specific" data for each product to
characterize the product's particular composition and physical/chemical
properties (Product Chemistry), and to characterize the product's acute
toxicity (which is a function of its total composition). The applicant for
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registration or reregistration of any product, whether it is a manufacturing-
use or end-use product, and without regard to its intended use pattern, must
submit or cite enough of this kind of data to allow EPA to evaluate the
product. For such purposes, "product-specific" data on any product other than
the applicant's are- irrelevant, unless the other product is similar in
composition to the applicant's. (Where it has been found practical to group
similar products for purposes of evaluating, the Standard indicates guideline
requirements that support similar products.) "Product-specific" data on the
efficacy of particular end-use products are also required where the formulation
may affect public health or where failure of efficacy could cause oublic health
problems (see 44 FR 27932, May 11, 1979).
All other data needed to evaluate pesticide products concern the properties or
effects of a particular ingredient (normally a pesticidally active ingredient,
but in some cases a pesticidally inactive or "inert" ingredient). Some data
in this "generic" category are required to evaluate the properties and effects
of all products containing that ingredient, e.g., the acute LD5Q of the
active ingredient in the technical or purest grade (see proposed 40 CFR 163.81-
l(a), 43 FR 37355).
Other "generic" data are required to evaluate all products which both contain a
particular ingredient and are intended for certain uses (see proposed 40 CFR
163.82-1, 43 FR 37363, which requires subchronic oral testing of the active
ingredient with respect to certain use patterns only). Where a particular data
requirement is use pattern dependent, it will apply to each end-use product
which is to be labeled for that use pattern (except where such end-use product
is formulated from a registered manufacturing-use product permitting such
formulations) and to each manufacturing-use product with labeling that allows
it to be used to make end-use products with that use pattern. Thus, for
example, a subchronic oral dosing study is needed to evaluate the safety of any
manufacturing-use product that legally would be used to make an end-use, food
crop pesticide. However, if an end-use product's label specified that it was
for use only in ways that did not involve a food/feed exposure or repeated
human exposure via the oral route, then the subchronic oral study would not be
relevant to the evaluation of the manufacturing-use product.
If a registrant of a currently registered end-use product wishes to avoid the
costs of data compensation under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D) or data generation
under Section 3(c)(2)(B) for "generic" data that are required only with respect
to some use patterns, he may elect to delete those use patterns from his
labeling at the time he reregisters his products. An applicant for
registration of a new product under this Standard may similarly request
approval for only certain use patterns.
E. Data Compensation Requirements Under FIFRA 3(c)(l){D)
Under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D), an applicant for registration, reregistration
or amended registration must offer to pay compensation for certain existing
data the Agency has used in developing the Registration Standard. Compensation
must be offered for all data which are described by all the following criteria:
1) the data were first submitted to EPA or to its predecessor agency, USDA, or
FEA on or after January 1, 1970;
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2) the data were submitted to EPA (or USDA or FDA) by sane other applicant or
registrant in support of an application for an experimental use permit or a
tolerance, an amendment adding a new use to a registration, or for reregistra-
.tion, or to support or mair •-.1 in effect an existing registration;
3) the data are relevant to the Agency's decision to register or reregister
the applicant's product under the Registration Standard, taking into account
the applicant's product composition and intended use pattern(s);
4) the data are determined by EPA to be valid and usable in reaching
regulatory conclusions; and
5) the data are not those for which the applicant has been exempted by FIFHA
Section 3(a)(2}(D) from the study to offer to pay compensation. (This
exemption applies to the "generic" product, not to "product-specific" data.
The exemption is available only to an applicant whose end-use product is
formulated from another registered manufacturing-use product containing that
active ingredient.)
An applicant for reregistration of an already registered product under this
Standard, or for registration of a new product under this Standard, accordingly
must determine which of the data used by EPA in developing the Standard must be
the subject of an offer to pay compensation, and must submit with his
application the appropriate statements evidencing his compliance with FIFRA
Section 3(c)(l)(D). An applicant would never be required to offer to pay for
"product-specific11 data submitted by another firm. In many, if not in most
cases, data which are specific to another firm's product will not suffice to
allow EPA to evaluate the applicant's product; that is, will not be useful to
the Agency in determining whether the applicant's product is registrable.
There may be cases, however, where, because of close similarities between the
composition of two or more products, another firm's data may suffice to allow
EPA to evaluate some or all of the "product-specific" aspects of the
applicant's product. In such a case, the applicant may choose to cite that
data instead of submitting data from tests on his own product, and if he
chooses that option, he would have to comply with the offer-to-pay requirements
of Section 3(c)(l)(D) for that data.
Each applicant for registration or reregistration of a manufacturing-use
product, and each applicant for registration or reregistration of an end-use
product, who is not exempted by FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(D), must comply with the
Section 3(c)(l)(D) requirements. This is with respect to each item of
"generic" data that relates to his product's intended uses.
A detailed description of the procedures an applicant must follow in applying
for reregistration (or new registration) under this Standard is found in the
Guidance Package for this Standard.
F. Obtaining Data to Fill Data Gaps; FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)
Seme of the kinds of data EPA needs for its evaluation of the properties and
effects of products to which this Standard applies have not been submitted to
the Agency (or, if submitted, have been found to have deficiencies rendering
them inadequate for making registration oriented decisions) and have not been
located in the published literature search that EPA conducted in preparation of
this Standard. Such instances of missing but required data are referred to in
this Standard as "data gaps."
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FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(B), added to FIFRA by the Congress in 1978, authorizes
EPA to require registrants to whom a data requirement applies, to generate (or
otherwise produce) data to f ill such "gaps" and submit tliose data to EPA. EPA
must allow a reasonably sufficient period for this to be accomplished. If a
registrant fails to take appropriate and timely steps to fill the data gaps
identified by a Section 3(c)(2)(B) order, his product registration may be
suspended until the data are submitted. A mechanism is provided whereby two or
more registrants may agree to share in the costs of producing data for which
they are both responsible.
The Standard lists, in Part III, the "generic" data gaps and "product-specific'1
data gaps for end-use products. It also notes the classes of products to which
these data gaps pertain. The Standard also points out that to be registered
under the Standard, a product must be supported by certain required "product-
specific" data on one currently registered product, but may lack such data on
another. Only those Standards which apply to a very small number of currently
registered products will attempt to state definitively the "product-specific"
data gaps on a "product-by-product" basis. {The Standard will, in some cases,
note which data EPA possesses that would suffice to satisfy certain "product-
specific" data requirements for a category of products with similar composition
characteristics.)
As part of the process of reregistering currently registered products, EPA will
issue FIFRA Section 3(c)(2){B) directives requiring the registrants to take
appropriate steps to fill all identified data gaps, \*iether "product-specific"
or "generic" data gaps. The Guidance Package for this Standard details the
steps that must be taken by registrants to comply with Section 3(c)(2)(B).
In addition, FIFRA Section 6(a)(2) requires the registrant to submit factual
information raising concerns of possible unreasonable adverse effects of a
pesticide. The registrant should notify the Agency of interim results of
studies in progress, if those results show possible adverse effects.
G. Amendments to the Standard
Applications for registration \*iich propose uses or formulations that are not
presently covered by the Standard, or which present product compositions,
hazard data, toxicity levels, or labeling that do rot meet the requirements of
the Standard, will automatically be considered by the Agency to be requests for
amendments to the Standard. In response to such applications, the Agency may
request additional data to support the proposed amendment to the Standard, or
may deny the application for registration on the grounds that the proposed
product would cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment. In the
former case, when additional data have been satisfactorily supplied, and
providing that the data do not indicate the potential for unreasonable adverse
effects, the Agency will then amend the Standard to cover the new registration.
Each Registration Standard is based upon all data and information available to
the Agency's reviewers on a particular date prior to the publication date.
This "cut-off" date is stated at the beginning of the Part II,C. Any
subsequent data submissions and any approved amendments will be incorporated
into the Registration Standard by means of addenda, which are available for
inspection at EPA in Washington, D.C., or copies may be requested from the
Agency. When all of the present "data gaps" have been filled and the submitted
data have been reviewed, the Agency will revise the Registration Standard.
Thereafter, when the Agency determines that the internally maintained addenda
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have significantly altered the conditions for registration under the Standard,
the document will be updated and reissued for publication.
Vihile Registration Standard discusses only the uses and hazards of products
containing the designated active ingredient(s), the Agency is also concerned
with the potential hazards of sore inert ingredients and impurities.
Independent of the development of any one Standard, the Agency has initiated
the evaluation of sane inert pesticide ingredients. Where the Agency has
identified inert ingredients of concern in a specific product to which the
Standard applies, these ingredients will be indicated in the Guidance Package.
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II. Regulatory Position
A. Introduction
Part presents the Agency's regulatory position and rationale based on an
evaluation of all registered products containing magnesium phosphide as the
sole active ingredient with the same use patterns described in this Standard. }
After briefly describing the chemical, this Part presents the regulatory, ---- l
position and rationale, the criteria by which applications for registration of
magnesium phosphide products will be approved, additional labeling considera-
tions and requirements related to the tolerance reassessment, if applicable. A
summary of the data requirements is contained in Part III. Discussion of the
data upon which this regulatory position is based is presented in each of the
disciplinary chapters. Parts IV through VIII.
B. Description of Chemical
Magnesium phosphide is a restricted use, nondomestic fumigant, for use only by
certified applicators for the control of insects in raw agricultural
commodities, processed foods and animal feeds, and other nonfood/nonfeed
commodities (including tobacco). Magnesium phosphide is also registered for
the control of burrowing rodents in noncrop areas. Although magnesium
phosphide is the registered active ingredient for this pesticide, phosphine
gas, which is liberated in the presence of moisture, actually performs the
fumigant action for this pesticide. The American Chemical Society's Chemical
Abstracts Service (CAS) number for magnesium phosphide is 12057-74-8 and the
EPA Shaughnessy number is 066504. Currently, there are no technical or
manufacturing-use products registered with the Agency. Magnesium phosphide end-
use products are produced in an intergrated- formulation system. That is, the
technical material is formulated directly into an end-use product.
C. Regulatory Position
Magnesium phosphide, as decribed in this Standard, may be registered for sale,
distribution, and use in the United States. The Agency has considered the
limited amount of scientific data concerning magnesium phosphide and phosphine
obtained from the open literature as of October, 1981, and the data submitted
to the Agency by the registrants through the time of publication of this
Standard (February, 1982). Based on review of these limited data, the Agency
finds that none of the risk criteria found in Section 162.11(a) of Title 40 of
the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) were met or exceeded for magnesium
phosphide and that it does not appear to cause unreasonable adverse effects
when applied in accordance with proper label directions and precautions.
Magnesium phosphide products currently registered may be reregistered subject
to the conditions imposed for data requirements. New products may be
registered under this Standard and are subject to the same requirements.
Revised label requirements will be addressed in the Guidance Package which
accompanies this Standard and any special label requirements for this pesticide
will also be described in Part II. E of this Standard (see 40 CFR 162.10 for a
detailed description of standard labeling requirements) .
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D. Regulatory Rationale
A review of the available data regarding the end-use products of magnesium
phosphide and its principle active agent, phosphine, shows that much informa-
tion that could be used to support registration and reregistration is not
available. "Hie Agency has the prerogative not only to request information to
satisfy the data Guidelines proposed in 1978 and 1980, but may also require
additional testing. Uiese additional tests may be requested by the Agency if
it believes that particular concerns regarding the health or environmental
effects of a pesticide must be evaluated. In sane cases, this additional
testing may be deferred pending the Agency's review of specific test protocols
developed by the registrant or the completion of other related tests the Agency
requires for registration of a product (e.g., tiered testing).
It is the policy of the Agency not to automatically request guideline informa-
tion just because a particular guideline exists. Each element of the guideline
is considered individually with regard to the pesticide's uses, exposure and
risk. If the Agency concludes that specific elements of the data guidelines
are required to prepare a comprehensive Registration Standard, the data will be
requested.
The Agency has concluded that it should continue registration for this product
for the following reasons:
1) Because phosphine gas has a high acute inhalation toxicity, the insecticide
uses of magnesium phosphide are restricted to certified applicators who are
required to wear protective clothing and a respirator during the application
process. Certified applicators are also required to wear protective clothing
(e.g., gloves) when applying magnesium phosphide as a rodenticide. Conse-
quently, the Agency does not believe the use of this pesticide presents any
unreasonable acute risk when used in accordance with label instructions.
2) No significant chronic adverse effects have been uncovered in the review of
studies pertinent to magnesium phosphide or phosphine. These studies include
some which, while failing to meet guideline requirements, provide a level of
qualitative information. As a result of examining these studies, the Agency
has concluded that there is no immediate cause for regulatory concern regarding
the chronic effects of magnesium phosphide or phosphine gas.
3) In accordance with FIFRA, the Agency does not routinely cancel the regis-
tration of products or withhold registration merely for the lack of data (see
Sections 3(c)(2)(B) and 3(c)(7) of FIFRA). Rather, the publication of this
Standard provides a mechanism for identifying data needs, and registration of
magnesium phosphide under this Standard allows for the improvement of labels
during the period in which the required data are being generated. When these
data are received, they will be reviewed by the Agency and the registerability
of the chemical will be reassessed.
4) If the label instructions are followed, applicators should not be exposed
to measurable levels of the pesticide during the fumigation of commodities.
However, reentry data are being required to evaluate more precisely the
air concentrations of phosphine in fumigation facilities, if any, following the
fumigation process.
5) The Agency has required label revisions for the rodenticido fumigant
products which will eliminate potential hazards to nontarget organisms.
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Because of the unique properties of this pesticide and the restrictions on its
use, the Agency is waiving or reserving some data requirements for magnesium
phosphide or phosphine for the following reasons:
1) The label requires the application site to be airtight and capable of
containing the liberated phosphine gas. Consequently, there should be no
exposure to the applicator or others who live or work in the immediate fumiga-
tion area. When aerating the application site after fumigation, the label also
requires the applicator to wear protective equipment (e.g., respirator) when
testing the site to certify that phosphine gas has been reduced to levels safe
for reentry. The current reentry level, 0.3 ppm, is based on acute and
subchronic inhalation studies for phosphine gas established through the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Permissible Exposure
Level (PEL). It is possible that this level may not protect the applicator
from other chronic adverse effects. However, the post-fumigation atmosphere
theoretically should decrease to some concentration approaching zero as the
site is further aerated. Thus, the Agency will hold in abeyance further
testing for teratology, mutagenicity, and subchronic inhalation until the
Agency receives and reviews the requested environmental reentry data to
determine the exposure, if any, to the applicator. If there is significant
exposure to the applicator based on this review, the existing PEL may not be
adequate to protect applicators reentering magnesium phosphide-treated storage
areas from other chronic adverse effects and the flgency may require these
studies.
2) Three types of tolerances have been established for magnesium phosphide for
the amount of phosphine in or on commodities: 1) 0.1 ppm on raw agricultural
commodities (40 CFR Section 180.375); 2) 0.01 ppm on processed foods (21 CFR
Section 193.255); and 3) 0.1 ppm on animal feed (21 CFR Section 561.268). The
tolerance of 0.1 ppm is being allowed for raw agricultural commodities since
residual phosphine will probably dissipate frcm the commodity or will be
converted to oxy-acids of phosphorus which the ftgency has determined to be
toxicologically insignificant. Any unceacted magnesium phosphide which might
remain if the formulations are added to the commodity is expected to be
converted to minute amounts of phosphine gas which is readily dissipated from
the commodity upon further aeration. However, radiolabeled phosphorus studies
(see Part VI, Residue Chemistry) indicate that a substantial portion (about
30%) of the phosphine conversion products have not been identified. Thus the
Agency will hold in abeyance requirements for chronic feeding, onccgenicity,
metabolism, and reproductive studies until these unidentified residues are
identified. If the Agency concludes, when these residues are chemically
characterized, that they are toxicologically insignificant, the requirement for
chronic feeding, onccgenic, metabolism, and reproduction studies will be
waived.
3) The results of the literature review indicated potential phosphine residues
at levels below the established tolerance on processed foods and animal feed.
Although there are no data establishing the fate of such minute residues,
phosphine oxidizes readily to the relatively innocuous oxy-acids of phos-
phorus. Consequently, the Agency has reserved the requirements for animal
metabolism data and data on storage stability of the sample until the
unidentified residues are identified. If the Agency cannot determine that
these unidentified residues are toxicologically insignificant, the Agency may
require the animal metabolism and storage stability data.
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4) The Agency has considered any product containing magnesium phosphide to be
as highly toxic as the phosphine gas which is liberated from magnesium
phosphide and has placed these products in Toxicity Category I for labeling
purposes based on acute and subchronic inhalation studies. The usual toxicity
studies to rate magnesium phosphide products for other categories based on
dermal, eye, or oral effects appear unwarranted. Thus, the Agency is waiving
all of the acute toxicity studies for all magnesium phosphide products.
5) The Agency has previously requested that environmental fate data and
residue data for phosphine be generated to support the registration/re-
registration of products containing aluminum phosphide under the Aluminum
Phosphide Registration Standard (EPA, 1981). Because both magnesium phosphide
and aluminum phosphide generates the same toxic agent, phosphine, and both
pesticides have similar use patterns, the generic data requirements (see Tables
III.A-1 through 4) are identical. Therefore the Agency will accept the generic
data currently being developed under the Aluminum Phosphide Registration
Standard to support the registration/reregistration for products containing
magnesium phosphide.
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard
To be subject to this Standard, magnesium phosphide products must meet the
following conditions:
- contain magnesium phosphide as the sole active ingredient which generates
the fumigant, phosphine, and have the same use patterns described in this
Standard;
- bear required labeling; and
- conform to the acute toxicity limits, product composition, and use
pattern requirements stated below.
The applicant for registration or reregistration of magnesium phosphide
products subject to this Standard must comply with all terms and conditions
described in this Standard, including a commitment to fill data gaps on a time
schedule specified by the Agency as indicated in the Guidance Package and, when
applicable, offer to pay compensation to the extent required by Sections
3(c)(l)(D) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA),
as amended, 7 U.S.C. 136a(cHl)(D). As discussed in Part I and in the
Guidance Package, applicants for registration of magnesium phosphide products
under this Standard must contact the Agency for specific instructions,
including updated information on data requirements, and contact companies
whose data may be cited and to whom compensation must be offered.
11
-------
1. Manufacturing-Use Magnesium Phosphide Products
Although there are no manufacturing-use magnesium phosphide products registered
with the Agency, the Agency would consider registration of these products as
indicated below:
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Range
To be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use magnesium phosphide
products must conform to the requirements stated below:
Active Ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
ii. Acute Ibxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of manufacturing-use magnesium phosphide
products in the toxicity categories indicated by a •yes:"
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute dermal toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute inhalation yes yes yes yes
toxicity
Primary eye yes yes yes yes
irritation
Primary dermal yes yes yes yes
irritation
iii. Use Patterns
To be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use magnesium phosphide
products must be labeled to allow for formulation into end-use fumigants which
are intended only for one or a combination of the following use patterns:
1) Food/Feed, Nondonestic, Indoor Use (raw agricultural commodities)
2) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (animal feed)
3) Pood/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (processed commodities)
4) NonfoodAtonfeed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (including tobacco)
5) Itonfood/Nonfeed, Nondonestic, Outdoor Use (rodent control)
iv. Required Labeling
All manufacturing-use magnesium phosphide products must bear appropriate
labeling as specified in 40 CFR 161.10. The Agency may, after review of data
to be submitted under this Standard, impose additional labeling requirements.
12
-------
2. End-Use Magnesium Phosphide Products
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Range
16 be covered under this Standard, end-use magnesium phosphide products must
conform to the requirements stated below:
Active Ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
Inert Ingredient: Only those inert ingredients which are exempt from
the requirements of a tolerance [see 40 CFR Section
180.1001 (c)l are acceptable as ingredients in products
which are mixed directly with commodities. However,
for those products registered only as "space fumigants"
(i.e., products such as the "Pumicel" which are not
mixed with commodities), the formulating inerts need
not be exempted. The "Fumicel" products do contain
inerts which are not cleared and cannot be currently
mixed directly with commodities.
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
Because the fumigant in this pesticide is acutely toxic, all uses are
restricted to certified applicators. The Agency will consider registration of
end-use magnesium phosphide products in the toxicity categories indicated by a
"yes:"
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute dermal toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute inhalation yes yes yes yes
toxicity
Primary eye yes yes yes yes
irritation
Primary dermal yes yes yes yes
irritation
iii. Use Patterns
Ob be covered under this Standard, end-use magnesium phosphide products
formulated as discs, plates, pellets, or tablets must be labeled as a
fumigant for one or more of the following uses*:
1) Food/Feed, Nbndomestic, Indoor Use (raw agricultural commodities)
2) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (animal feed)
3) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (processed commodities)
4) Nonfood/Nonfeed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (including tobacco)
5) Nonfood/Nonfeed, Nondomestic, Outdoor Use (rodent control)
* A comprehensive description of application rates, sites, pests and limita-
tions that the Agency has accepted can be found in the EPA Index to Pesticide
Chemicals-Magnesium Phosphide (EPA, 1981).
13
-------
iv. Required Labeling
All magnesium phosphide end-use products must bear appropriate labeling as
specified in 40 CFR 161.10*. The Agency may, after review of data to be
submitted under this Standard, impose additional labeling requirements.
Currently, all registered magnesium phosphide products contain adequate
specialized labeling statements regarding the use of protective clothing,
appropriate application rates, notification of appropriate authorities when
applying the product, and safe disposal of spent magnesium phosphide residues.
Currently registered products display many specialized labeling precautions.
For those uses indicated, the following label statements are-required:
Product Chemistry Statements
The following physical or chemical hazards, and storage and disposal state-
ments must appear on the label:
Physical or Chemical Hazards
"Keep away from liquid or water as this causes immediate release
of gas. Piling of tablets or the dust from their decomposition
may cause a temperature increase and a flash could occur.
Protect from moisture, open flames or heat."
Storage and Disposal
"Store only in cool, dry locked, and ventilated room. Protect
from moisture, open flames or heat. Dispose of containers by
flushing several times with water, crush and bury."
Residue Chemistry Statements
For those magnesium phosphide end-use products for use on foods and feeds, the
following statements concerning aeration of the fumigated commodity must
continue to appear on the labeling to prevent the established tolerances from
being exceeded:
"Fumigated foods and feeds shall be aerated for at least two days
(48 hours)."
"Tobacco, when fumigated in warehouse or under tarpaulin, shall
be aerated for at least two days (48 hours), but when fumigated
in hogsheads the aeration time shall be at least 72 hours."
* The magnesium phosphide products should also conform to the June 5, 1980
Federal Register notice (45 FR 37884) announcing the initiation of the Label
Improvement Program. On December 4, 1980, the Office of Pesticide Programs,
EPA, requested that registrants having registered products containing magnesium
phosphide modify their labels if the product has use directions for the
fumigation of boxcars, hopper cars, railroad cars, vans, trailers, trucks,
structures, warehouses, food processing plants, barges or on shipboard (in
transit or shiphold). The labels of the currently registered products
containing magnesium phosphide have been updated to the Agency's labeling
requirements.
14
-------
Because magnesium ptiosphide end-use products must not be added directly to
processed foods during the fumigation process, the following precautionary
statements must continue to appear on the labeling to prevent contamination of
these commodities:
"Under no condition should any processed food, feed or tobacco be
permitted to ccme into contact with magnesium phosphide or with
the residues of spent magnesium phosphide except when added
directly to processed brewer's rice, malt, and com grits stored
by breweries for use in the manufacturing of beer."
The following statements must continue to appear on the labeling where
magnesium phosphide pellets or tablets are used with moisture permeable
envelopes to ensure proper disposal of the pesticide and to preclude phosphine
exposure to commodity retailers:
"When pellets (or tablets) of magnesium phosphide are placed in
moisture permeable envelopes, the envelopes shall be fastened to
a substantial support; place no more than 10 pellets (no more
than 2 tablets) into one envelope."
"Magnesium phosphide shall not be placed in or attached to
packages or cartons intended for retailers."
Ecological Effects Statements
The Environmental Hazards section of the labeling for rodenticide uses of
magnesium phosphide must include the following statement:
"This product is highly toxic to wildlife and fish. All burrows
should be checked for signs of nontarget animals and! if they are
present, burrows should not be treated."
Because the rodenticide use of magnesium phosphide end-use products may be
hazardous to a number of nontarget mammalian, avian, and reptilian species, the
following statements must appear in the precautionary section of the labeling
under the heading "Endangered Species Consideration:"
1) Black-Footed Ferret:
"Do not use this product in the range of the Black-footed ferret.
Contact the nearest U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office
(Endangered Species Specialist) before the product is used. They
will arrange for a ferret survey of the proposed use site."
2) Utah Prairie Dog:
The directions for use for controlling prairie dogs must include
the following restriction: "except Utah prairie dogs."
15
-------
3) San Joaquin Kit Fox:
"This pesticide should not be used within I mile of active dens
of the San Joaquin kit fox in the following California counties:
Kern, Kings, Fresno, San Luis Cbispo, Merced, Monterey, Santa
Barbara, Ventura, TUlare, and San Benito. Prior to use, contact
the California Department of Fish and Game for recanmendations.11
4) Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard:
"Hi is pesticide should not be used in the range of the Blunt-
nosed leopard lizard in the following California counties: Kern,
Fresno, Kings, Madera, Merced, and TUlare. Prior to use, contact
the California Department of Fish and Game for reconmendations."
5) Eastern Indigo Snake:
"Do not use this product in the range of the Eastern Indigo snake
in the following states: Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida."
6) Desert Tortoise:
"This pesticide should not be used in the critical habitat of the
Beaver Dam slope population of the Desert tortoise in Utah. This
comprises an area extending from the southwest facing slope of
the Beaver Dam Mountains, across Highway 91, west along the
Arizona border and 10 miles to the Nevada border."
Toxicology Statements
Because the labeling for the currently registered end-use products contains
sufficient specialized precautionary statements regarding complete application
procedures, the use of protective clothing and respirator, and updated precau-
tions required for magnesium phosphide under the Agency's Label Improvement
Program, the labeling of the various magnesium phosphide end-use formulations
should continue to include the following statements for all uses:
"RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE"
"For retail sale to and use only by certified applicators
or persons under their direct supervision and only those uses
covered by the certified applicator's certification."
"Not for use or storage in or around inhabited areas."
16
-------
F. Tolerance Reassessment
1. Tolerances in the United States
The tolerances established for magnesium phosphide in or on raw agricultural
commodities (40 CFR Section 180.375) for residues of the fumigant, phosphine,
are as follows:
Commodity* Residue in ppm
Almonds 0.1
Barley 0.1
Beans, cocoa 0.1
Beans, coffee 0.1
Cashews 0.1
Corn 0.1
Com, pop 0.1
Cottonseed 0.1
Dates 0.1
Filberts 0.1
Millet 0.1
Nuts, Brazil 0.1
Nut, pistachios 0.1
Oats 0.1
Peanuts 0.1
Pecans 0.1
Rice 0.1
Rye 0.1
Sorghum 0.1
Soybeans 0.1
Sunflower, seed 0.1
Walnuts 0.1
Wheat 0.1
Tolerances have been established for magnesium phosphide in processed foods
(21 CFR Section 193.225) and animal feeds (21 CFR Section 561.268) for residues
of the fumigant, phosphine. Such residues may not exceed 0.01 ppm on processed
foods and 0.1 ppm en animal feed.
* Sufficient data have been submitted to established 0.1 ppm as the crop-group
tolerance for both grain crops and nuts. The terms "grain crops" and "nuts"
include crops in addition to those listed above [see 40 CFR 180.34(f)].
17
-------
2. Canadian and CODEX Tolerances
Although not officially accepted, CODEX has recommended j osphino tolerances as
follows:
Commodity Residue in ppm
Cereals, raw 0.1
Cocoa beans* 0.01
Nuts*, raw 0.01
Peanuts*, raw 0.01
Breakfast cereals 0.01
Flour and other milled products 0.01
Dried foods 0.01
Dried fruit 0.01
Dried vegetables 0.01
Spices 0.01
In Canada, residues of phosphine >0.1 ppm are not permitted in raw cereals,
soybeans, processed food, or animal feeds.
As noted in Section VII.B of this Standard on metabolism, studies reviewed for
the Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard (EPA, 1981) show that under
typical fumigation conditions, phosphine reacts irreversibly with raw
agricultural commodities and probably with most processed foods and feeds.
These data also indicate these irreversibly bound residues are quantitatively
dependent upon the conditions of fumigation. Under conditions typical to the
fumigation of wheat, such residues ranged in amount from about _V5 ppm. These
residues have been partly (about 70%) identified as the oxy-acids of
phosphorus (phosphoric, phosphorus, and hypophosphorus) which the Agency
considers toxicologically insignificant. The identity of the remaining residue
(about 30% of the total) constitutes a significant data gap for this Standard
and the Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standards for the reassessment of the
tolerances established for magnesium phosphide. Data which would resolve this
data gap for both Standards were requested in the Aluminum Phosphide
Registration Standard (EPA, 1981).
* Except for these three items and the more extensive list of items (raw
agricultural commodities and processed foods) for which tolerances have been
established in the United States, the tolerances being considered for adoption
by CODEX and those of this country are in agreement. Data reviewed for the
Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard indicate that should CODEX officially
accept these tolerances, the currently accepted treatment of these three items
by directly mixing with products of aluminum and magnesium phosphide would
cause residues (consisting of phosphine per se, unidentified reaction
products of phosphine with fumigated commodity and product non-volatiles
impregnated with unreacted phoshide) which would exceed the 0.01 ppm CODEX
tolerance.
18
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III. Sunmary of Data Requirements
A. Introduction
Applicants for registration of end-use magnesium phosphide products must cite
or submit the information identified as required in the tables in this Part.
The tables applicable to end-use products indicate whether the product to be
tested is the technical grade or the formulation. Data generated on one
formulation may be used to satisfy the data requirement for a substantially
similar formulation, based on the chemical composition as indicated by the
Confidential Statement of Formula (CSF). Information on which product-specific
data requirements are already satisfied is available in the Guidance Package
and in Table III.B and C of this Standard.
Preceding each requirement, with the exception of Residue Chemistry, are listed
the Proposed Guidelines which describe the type of data and when the data are
required to be submitted. Justification for the test requirement is provided
in the Guidelines (see 43 FR 29696 of July 10, 1978 and 43 FR 373.36 of August
22, 1978). A discussion of why data additional to that already specified in
the Guidelines are necessary, or why data usually required are not necessary
for this chemical, is explained in footnotes to the tables. Areas where
additional data may be required as the result of tiered testing are indicated.
Bibliographic citations in the following tables indicate that the study listed
accomplishes one of the following:
1) provides all the information required by the guideline
requirement; or
2) provides partial information required by the guideline requirement
which is elaborated on by an accompanying footnote.
The word "yes" under the heading "Does EPA have data to partially or totally
satisfy this requirement?" means that the requirement has been fully satisfied,
unless otherwise noted.
The Agency requires the submission of residue and environmental fate data
requested in Tables III.A-2 and 4 of this Standard to support the
registration/reregistration of products containing aluminum phosphide under the
Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard (EPA, 1981). Because both aluminum
phosphide and magnesium phosphide generate the same toxic agent, phosphine, and
both pesticides have similar use patterns, the generic data requirements for
these two chemicals are identical. Thus, the Agency will accept generic data
developed under the Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard to support the
registration/rerogistration of products containing magnesium phosphide.
B. Generic Data Requirements, Table III.A
This table discusses those data that pertain to the properties or effects of
magnesium phosphide as an active ingredient. Thus, these data arc relevant to
an evaluation of the risks of all products containing magnesium phosphide.
Providing data to fill generic data requirements is generally the
responsibility of the registrant(s) of manufacturing-use magnesium phosphide
products. However, because there are no manufacturing-use products registered,
the registrants of end-use magnesium phosphide products must assume this
responsibility.
19
-------
Registrants of end-use products containing magnesium phosphide are advised that
if the Agency does not receive commitments to fill data gaps identified in
Table III. A within 90 days of issuance the Guidance Package, the end-use
product registrations may be suspended. r
Applicants for registration or reregistration of end-use magnesium phosphide
products must acknowledge reliance on existing data which f ill indicated data
requirements under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D). These data are listed under the
column "Bibliographic Citation" in Table III .A.
C. Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use, Table III.B, and
End-Use Magnesium Phosphide Products, Table III.C
These tables discuss those data that relate only to the properties or effects
of a product with a specific composition (or substantially similar composi-
tion). Thus, these data are required of each formulation (or substantially
similar product) to characterize the product's particular composition and
physical/chemical properties, and to characterize the product's acute
toxicity. Providing data to fulfill these requirements is the responsibility
of each applicant for the registration or reregistration of a manufacturing-use
or an end-use magnesium phosphide product. If the Agency has data which
fulfill this requirement for a particular product(s), this is indicated in the
table and in the Guidance Package accompanying this Standard.
Product-specific data may be acknowledged under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D) only
if the Agency has established that one product is substantially similar to
another product for which the Agency has received acceptable data.
20
-------
Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Product Chemistry (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
163.61-8(c)(l)
Name of Test Are
for
Product Identity:
- Identity of ingre-
dients
- Statement of
composition
Manufacturing
process, described
Discussion on forma-
tion of impurities
Composition limits:
- Actives, all
- Impurities >0.1%
- Analytical
methods
- Composition
data
Color
Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic
this Standard? Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
'yes
yes
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
partial-/
i /
partial-'
partial^/
partial-/
no
partial^/
partial-/
partial^/
GS0097005
G50097005
GS0097005
GS0097005,
GS0097002
—
GS0097005
GS0097005
GS0097005
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)7
If so, when due.
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
February, 1982
21
-------
Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Product Chemistry (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are
Citation for
163.61-8(0(2} Odor
163.61-8(c)(3) Melting Point
163.61-8(c)(4) Solubility
163.61-8(c)(5) Stability
163.61-8 (c) (6) Octanol/Water
Partition
Coefficient
163.61-8(c) (7) Physical State
163.61-8(c>(8) Density or Specific
Gravity
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
no*/
yes
yes
Composition
Technical grade of
active ingrdient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
partial^
partial^/
partial^/
partial^
yes
partial^/
Bibliographic1
Citation
(MRID ft)
GS0097005
G5009700S
GS0097005
GS0097005
GS0097005
GS0097005
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)-
If so, when due.
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
no
yes/8 months
February, 1982
22
-------
Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Product Chemistry (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test
Citation
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID 1)
Mast Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)7
If so, when due.
163.61-8(c)(9) Boiling Point
163.61-8(c)(10) Vapor Pressure rx£
163.61-8(c)(ll) pH
I/ Even though some of the data requirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for sortie technical grade of active ingredients used to
formulate end-use products, the Agency has not received data to support all end-use products. These data requirements must be met by each
applicant at the time of registration or registration. Note: Currently, no technical grade of the active ingredient is registered.
2/ Patent literature reviewed for the Zinc Phosphide Standard (Tanaka, 1968, MRID #005014567) indicates impurities associated with zinc
phosphide include both phosphorus and zinc diphosphide (ZnP ); it would be reasonable to assume similar impurities, MgP, and phosphorus,
occur in technical magnesium phosphide. Information and data more specifically related to the impurities in magnesium phosphide is required.
3/ The Agency has received acceptable methodology for the analysis of both the technical magnesium phosphide and registered products, whether
~ for manufacturing-use or end-use. The Agency, however, has not received analytical results by this procedure for the registered composi-
tions. Such results are also required for technical magnesium phosphide which is used to produce registered products.
4/ Data are required for the solubility of the technical material in commom solvents (e.g., chloroform, carbon disulfide) in accordance with the
Guideline's standard of acceptable testing.
5/ These physical/chemical property data requirements are not needed to support the registration of products under this Standard for the fol-
lowing reasons: 1) property #6 (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient) is not required for compounds like magnesium phosphide which are highly
ionic or which are decomposed by water; 2) properties #9 (Boiling Point) and #10 (Vapor Pressure) are not required because the technical
material is a solid at room temperature; and 3) property #11 (pH) is not required because the active ingredient is insoluble or is
decctiposed by water.
February, 1982
23
-------
Table III.A-2 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Environmental Fate (see Part V)
Guidelines
Citation
163.62-7(b)
163.62-8
-------
liable III;&=2 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Environmental Fate (see Part V)- (cont'd)
V While the available phosphine toxicology studies are inadequate, the Agency believes that in most cases the actual exposure to phosphine is
sufficiently low that a worst case analysis will support present uses of magnesium phosphide in the absence of additional phosphine toxicology
studies. However, the Agency requires additional exposure monitoring data to support the conclusion that current levels of phosphine expo-
sure are toxicologically insignificant. Iherefore, for each site or similar group of sites for which entry into treated (confined) areas is
likely, the Agency requires adequate exposure monitoring data. Data should measure the actual concentration(s) of phosphine to which workers
will be exposed following reentry into treated (confined) areas when following accepted magnesium phosphide label directions. To preclude
unnecessary studies from being conducted, the registrant is strongly urged to consult with appropriate Agency scientists (i.e., Hazard
Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide Programs) before initiating the phosphine exposure monitoring studies. For useful background
information, consult the reference to hydrolysis and volatility in the Agency's Guidelines. The Agency will accept the data generated
under the Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard (EPA, 1981) to support the registration/reregistration of products containing magnesium
phosphide.
2/ Because magnesium phosphide reacts with water to release the fumigant, phosphine, studies should analyze phosphine concentrations.
3/ Hie requirement for submission of these data is currently being reserved pending the review and modification of testing protocols. Because
the use patterns (enclosed areas) currently registered are not similar to other agricultural pesticides (outdoor), the Agency is re-examining
the need for these data requirements.
4/ The kinetics of phosphine release and dissipation cannot be determined quantitatively from these studies.
5/ Data necessary to meet this requirement will be provided by data front Section 163.62-7(b), 163.62-B(f)(3), and 163.62-8(g).
February, 1982
25
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Table III.Ar3 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
D
163.81-6
163.81-7
Name of Test
Acute Oral
Tbxicity
Acute Dermal
Tbxicity
Acute Inhalation
Taxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Acute Delayed
Neurotoxicity
Are Data Required .
for this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
«y
«*
Composition
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade o£
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
no
no
partial^/ 005001354
no
no
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, when due.
noV
J/
«y
,»v
noV
February/ 1982
26
-------
Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.82-1
163.82-2
163.82-4
163.82-5
163.83-1
163.83-2
163.83-3
Name of Test Are
for
Subchronic Oral
Subchronic Dermal
Subchronic Inhala-
tion
Subchronic
Neurotoxicity
Chronic Feeding
Study
Oncogenicity
Taratogenicity
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
no2/
yes
noV
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID ft)
this Requirement?
no
no
no
no
no
Mast Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2}(B)?
If so, when due.
reserved^/
reserved^'
reserved^/
reserved^/
reserved6/
February, 1982
27
-------
Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.82-4
163.84-1
163.84-2
163.84-3
163.84-4
163.85-1
Name of Ttest
Reproduction
Mutagenicity
Metabolism
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
(imposition
technical grade of
active ingredient
•technical grade of
active ingredient
Radiolabeled
analytical grade
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data bo Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MID ft)
this Requirement?
no
no
no
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, when due.
reserved^
reserved^'
reserved^/
I/ The acute toxicity studies are required for labeling purposes. The severest labeling restriction (i.e, the signal word DANGER and
~ skull and crossbones) has been imposed on the end-use magnesium phosphide products due to the highly acute inhalation toxicity of
phosphine which can be readily evolved from the formulation. Therefore, all of the acute toxicity requirements on the technical
grade of active ingredient products have been waived.
2/ This study was considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and complete details concerning all test parameters were not
provided.
3/ This study is required when repeated dermal exposures are expected with the end-use products. No dermal exposure to these formula-
tions is expected.
4/ Magnesium phosphide or phosphine are not organophosphorus compounds nor do they produce cholinesterase inhibition,
5/ These requirements are being reserved until the Agency receives and reviews the residue chemistry data (e.g., identification of
unknown residues). If the Agency determines that these unidentified phosphine residues are toxicologically significant, these
studies may be required.
6/ These requirements are being reserved until the Agency receives and reviews the required environmental fate data (e.g., volatility
~ and reentry). If there is any exposure to phosphine during reentry, the Agency may require these studies.
February, 1982
28
-------
Table III.A-4 Generic-Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Residue Chemistry (-see Part VTI)
Guidelines
Citation
~
Name of Test
Nature of the
Residue
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
yes
Composition Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
partial^
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
005018681, 005008303,
005007621, 005008840,
005015384, 005013027,
005020467, 000005813,
005012115
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under PIFRA 3{c)(2)(B)T
If so, when due.
yes/12 months
Metabolism
in Animals
Analytical
Methods
Residue Data:
yes
yes
005007190, 005007724
005007845
no
1. Raw Agricul- yes - yes 005007190,
tural Com- 005013439,
modities 005022032,
005013276,
005012293,
000005767,
005007845,
000005935,
005019407,
000005686,
000005783,
005020467,
000005696,
GS0097002
000006724, no
005016260,
000005750,
000005671,
000005905,
000005719,
000005685,
005007830,
005014054,
000005781,.
005020562,
005016893,
005015520,
February, 1982
29
-------
Table ill.A-4 Generic-Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Residue Chemistry (see Part VII) (oont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test .Are Data Required. Corpostion Does EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Citation for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID I) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B}?
this Requirement? If so, when due.
Residue Data (cont'd):
2. Processed yes yes 000005750,
Foods and 000022007,
Feeds 000005776,
000005786,
000005696,
000022017,
000005777,
000005905,
000005935,
005022032,
G50097002
000005775, no
000022026,
000005774,
000022008,
000022015,
005012293,
000005768,
005007190,
000020578,
000022913,
3. Milk, Meat, Eggs
and Poultry
Residue Data Follow-
ing Aeration of
Guuiiunodity
Storage Stability
Data for Residues
in Commodities
yes
yes
000020578, 000022017,
000005686
no
February, 1982
-------
Table III.A-4 Generic-Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide, Residue Chemistry (see Part VII) (cont'd)
I/ In support of this Standard, recent studies (see Part VII) conducted with radiolabeleri phosphine ( P), were reviewed which indicate
phosphine reacts irreversibly with grain and other fumigated ccmnodities to form oxy-acids of phosphorous and unidentified, water-insoluble,
residue(s). Ttie Agency is therefore requesting further study on the nature of the residue, specifically that the unidentified residue
(ca 0.7 ppm) be identified. After reviewing the requested data, if the Agency cannot determine that these unidentified residues are toxico-
logically insignificant, the Agency may request additional studies to support the continued registration of magnesium phosphide products
(refer to those data requirements Indicated by footnote 12). The Agency will accept the data generated under the Aluminum Phosphide
Registration Standard (EPA, 1981) to support registration/rereglstratlon of products containing magnesium phosphide.
2/ Because of the very small residues of phosphine which result from the currently accepted uses of magnesium phosphide, the fugitive nature of
~ phosphine per se, and the labeling restriction against mixing the end-use products with animal feeds, the Agency will not require these data
at this time. "However, if the Agency determines that these unidentified residues are toxicolcgically significant, these studies may be
required.
V An acceptable analytical method can also be found in Volume II of the Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM), Pesticide Reg. Sec. 180.225, 1981
Edition (Note: PAM is published and revised periodically by the Food and Drug Administration).
February, 1982
31
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
Name of Test Are
for
Product Identity:
- Identity of ingre-
dients
- Statement of
ounposition
Manufacturing
process, described
Discussion on forma-
tion of impurities
Certified limits:
- Actives, all
- Impurities >0.1%
- Analytical
methods
- Composition
data
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Bach manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Bach manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Does F.PA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID 1)
this Requirement?
no
no
no
no
no
no
partial^ GS0097005
partial^ GS0097005
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under F1FRA 3
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Data-Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide Manufacturing-Use.Products, Product .Chemistry (see.Part IV) (cont'd)
GuidelinesName of TestAre Data RequiredCompositionDoes EPA HaveBibliographicMust Additional
Citation for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, when due.
163.61-8 Physical/Chemical Property Data (cont'd)-^
-8(c)(16) Miscibility
-8(c)(17) Viscosity
-8(c)(18) Corrosion Character- yes Bach manufacturing- no - yes/8 months^
istics use product
-8(c)(19) Dielectric Breakdown no^/
Vbltage
I/ Even though some of the requirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for some products, references cannot be cited to support
other products, except for 163.61-7. These data are not required to be submitted since there are currently no manufacturing-use products
registered; data indicated will be required to support the registration of each such product at the time of registration. Note: The data
requirements for products intended for manufacturing-use and those end-use products produced by an intergrated-femulation system are the same.
2/ The Agency has received acceptable methodology for the analysis of both the technical magnesium phosphide and registered products, whether
for manufacturing-use or end-use. Such results are required to establish the composition limits which the registrant certifies for his
product.
3/ For the technical magnesium phosphide used to formulate the manufacturing-use product, a description of the manufacturing process and dis-
cussion on the formation of ingredients are required." Data are also required for the physical/chemical properties as indicated in
Table III.A-1.
V These physical/chemical property data requirements are not needed to support the registration of products under this Standard for the following
reasons: 1) property #11 (pH) is not required because the active ingredient is insoluble and decomposes in water; 2) property #13 (Flammabi-
lity) is normally required only for flammable liquids. (However, because of the flammable nature of magnesium phosphide, flammability data
in accordance with the guideline requirements will be needed for manufacturing-use products); 3) properties #16 (Miscibility) and
#17 (Viscosity) are required only for liquids; and 4) property #19 (Dielectric Breakdown Voltage) is not required because the product is not
Applied directly to electrical wires.
February, 1982
34
-------
Table III.B-2 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Magnesium Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test
Acute Oral
ibxicity
Acute Dermal
Taxicity
Acute Inhalation
Toxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no?y
Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID ft)
this Requirement?
Each manufacturing- no
use product
Each manufacturing- no
use product
Each manufacturing- partial-?/ 005007354
use product
Each manufacturing- no
use product
Each manufacturing- no
use product
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)7
If so, when due.
noV
noi/
no^/
noi/
no*/
February, 1982
-------
Table III.&-2 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Magnesium Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-7
Name of Test
Acute Delayed
Neurotoxicity
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
no*/
Ccnposition Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID f)
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2){B}?
If so, when due.
I/ The acute toxicity studies are required for labeling purposes. The severest labeling restriction (i.e., the signal word DANGER and
• skull and crossbones) has been imposed on the end-use magnesium phosphide products due to the highly acute inhalation toxicity of
phosphine which can be readily evolved frcm the formulation. Therefore, all of the acute toxicity requirements on the
manufacturing-use products have been, waived.
y This study was considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and complete details concerning all test parameters were not
provided.
3/ This study is required when repeated dermal exposures are expected. No dermal exposure to these formulations is expected.
4/ Magnesium phosphide or phosphine are not organcphosphorus compounds nor do they produce cholinesterase inhibition.
February, 1982
36
-------
liable III.C-I Product-Specific Data Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide End-Use Products, Product Chemistry-' (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
Name of Test Are
for
Product Identity:
- Identity of ingre-
dients
- Statement of
composition
Manufacturing
process, described
Discussion on forma-
tion of impurities
Certified limits:
- Actives, all
- Impurities > 0.1%
- Analytical
methods
- Conposition
data
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Conposition
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes
yes
partial^/
partial-?/
no
no
partial^
partial^/
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID «}
GS0097005, GS0097006,
GSOG97007, GS0097008,
GS0097009
GS0097005, GS0097006,
GS0097007, GS0097008,
GS0097009
GS0097005
GS0097005
-
G50097005
GS0097005
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2}(B)7
If so, when due.
no
no
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
February, 1982
37
-------
Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Data-Requirements for Magnesium Phosphide End-Use Products, Product Chemistry^/ (see Part IV).. (oont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are
Citation for
163.61-8 Physical/Chemical Property
r*(c)(l) Color
-8(c)(2) Odor
-8(c)(7) Physical State
-8(c)(8) Density or
Bulk Density
-8(c)(ll) pH
-8(c)(12) Storage Stability
-8(c)(13) Flammability
-8 ( c) ( 14 ) Oxidizing/Reduction
-8(c)(15) Explosiveness
-8(c)(16) Miscibility
-8{c)(17) Viscosity
Data Required
this Standard?
Data
yes
yes
yes
yes
no^
yes
yes!/
yes
yes
no*/
no^
Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID ft)
this Requirement?
Each end-use no
product
Each end-use no
product
Each end-use yes-/
product
Each end-use no
product
Each end-use no
product
Each end-use no
product
Each end-use no
product
Each end-use no
product
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, when due.
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
February, 1982
38
-------
Cable III.C-1 Product-specific Data Requirenents for Magnesium Phosphide End-Use Products, Product Chemistry*/(see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test
Citation
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3{c)(2)(B)7
If so, when due.
163.61-8 Physical/Chemical Property Data (cont'd)
-8(c)(18) Corrosion Character- yes Each end-use no - yes/8 months
istics product
-8(c)(19) Dielectric Breakdown no 5/
Voltage
I/ Even though some of the requirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for some products, references cannot be cited to support
other products, except for 163.61-7. These requirements must be submitted by each applicant at the time of registration or reregistration.
Data indicated in Table III.A-1 will also be required to support the registration of each end-use product since no technical grade or
manufacturing-use products are registered. The data requirements for products intended for manufacturing-use and those end-use products
produced by an intergrated-fomulation system are the same.
2/ Patent literature reviewed for the Zinc Phosphide Standard (Tanaka, 1968, MRID #005014567) indicates impurities associated with zinc phosphide
include both phoshporus and zinc diphosphide (ZnP_); it would be reasonable to assume similiar impurities, MgP, and phosphorus, occur in
technical magnesium phosphide. Information and data more specifically related to the impurities in magnesium phosphide are required.
3/ The Agency has received acceptable methodology for analysis of both the technical magnesium phosphide and registered products, whether for
manufacturing-use or end-use. The Agency, however, has not received analytical results by this procedure for the registered compositions.
Such results are required to establish the composition limits which the registrant certifies for his product.
4/ The Agency has information to support all currently registered end-use products [information was provided in the Confidential Statement of
Formula (CSF)].
5/ These physical/chemical property data requirements are not needed to support the registration of products under this Standard for the following
~ reasons: 1) property #11 (pH) is not required because the active ingredient is insoluble and decomposes in water; 2) property #13 (Flammabi-
lity) is normally required only for flammable liquids. (However, because of the flammable nature of magnesium phosphide, flammability data
in accordance with the guideline requirements will be needed.); 3) properties #16 (Miscibility) and #17 (Viscosity) are required only for liquid
and 4) property #19 (Dielectric Breakdown Voltage) is not required because the product is not applied directly to electrical wires.
February, 1982
39
-------
Table III.C-2 Product-Specific 'Data-Requirements for End-Use Magnesium Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see- Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
a
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test
Acute Oral
Toxicity
Acute Dermal
Tbxicity
Acute Inhalation
Tbxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no?/
Composition
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #}
this Requirement?
no
no
partial^/ 005007354
no
no
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, when due.
noi/
no*/
no^
noi/
no*/
February, 1982
40
-------
Table III.C-2 Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Magnesium Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-7
Name of Test
Acute Delayed
Neurotoxicity
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
no*/
Composition Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)7
If so, when due.
I/ The acute toxicity studies for end-use products are required for labeling purposes. The severest labeling restriction (i.e., the signal
word DANGER and skull and crossbones) has been inposed on the end-use magnesium phosphide products due to the highly acute inhalation
toxicity of phosphine which can be readily evolved from the formulation. Therefore, all of the acute toxicity requirements on the
end-use products have been waived.
2/ This study was considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and complete details concerning all test parameters were not
provided.
3/ This study is required when repeated dermal exposures are expected. No dermal exposure to these formulations is expected.
4/ Magnesium phosphide or phosphine are not organcphosphorus compounds nor do they produce cholinesterase inhibition.
February, 1982
41
-------
IV. Product Chemistry
A. Introduction
FIFRA 3(c)(2)(A) requires the Agency to establish guidelines for registering
pesticides in the United States. Subpart D of these guidelines requires a
registrant to provide data on the composition of his product and the physical
and chemical properties of both the formulated product and the active
ingredient(s) in the product. These data are needed by the Agency to
characterize products and to assess environmental and health effects from their
use.
To evaluate product composition, the Agency requires: 1) the submission of a
detailed manufacturing process for pesticides including data on the composition
of starting and intermediate materials; 2) a discussion of the presence in a
product of unintentional ingredients formed during, or subsequent to,
manufacture; 3) declaration of the upper and lower limits for each active and
intentionally added inert ingredient, and the upper limit for each impurity; 4)
certification that ingredient limits will be maintained for all quantities of
the product sold or distributed in commerce; and 5) analytical methods, and
data obtained by these methods, for each active ingredient and identifiable
impurity at or in excess of 0.1% of the product weight. The Agency may require
methods and data for impurities below 0.1% of the product weight when highly
toxic impurities are present.
The Agency also requires data on the physical and chemical properties of the
pesticide. For example, data are needed concerning the identity and physical
state of the active ingredient (e.g., melting and boiling points, vapor
pressure, and solubility). Data are also required on those properties of the
formulated product that are clearly related to necessary labeling cautions
(e.g., flammability, corrosion characteristics, and storage stability).
TO assist applicants in meeting these requirements and to accelerate the
Agency's review and evaluation of the submitted data, the guidelines include
criteria for acceptable testing of products and an appendix with references to
literature sources containing appropriate testing protocols.
B. Chemical Identity
In the United States, magnesium phosphide is the preferred name for the pesti-
cide which is the subject of this Registration Standard. It is also the name
recommended by the American Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service
(CAS). Additional identifying characteristics of magnesium phosphide include:
molecular formula, M33P2; CAS Registry No., 12057-74-8; and molecular
weight, 134.87.
Information and data contained in Pesticide Petition 7F1985 (Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., 1977, MRID #GS0097003) show that magnesium phosphide is stable when dry,
but reacts with water, including atmospheric moisture, to liberate the
fumigant phosphine. The petition also includes the molecular formula for
phosphine, PH^; its molecular weight, 34.00; and its CAS Registry No., 7803-
51-2.
42
-------
C. Manufacturing Process
All of the end-use products of magnesium phosphide which the Agency has
registered are produced by the integrated-femulation system technique (i.e.,
formulated with a technical magnesium phosphide, the composition of which is
not registered with the Agency). Tb support such registrations, the guidelines
require from each registrant a description of the manufacturing process for the
technical magnesium phosphide used to formulate the product from each
registrant.
lb be considered adequate, a description must indicate whether the technical
magnesium phosphide is produced by a continuous or batch process, provide
information and data on the "beginning" or starting materials (e.g., their
identity and composition), the manufacturing equipment, the physical conditions
controlled during the process, and a flowchart listing the chemical reactions
(and their duration) which are used to manufacture the technical magnesium
phosphide. This description must also indicate any impurities that may be
present in the technical material and any purification steps included in the
manufacturing process.
On the basis of the above criteria, the information and data received by the
Agency on the manufacturing process of magnesium phosphide are not adequate.
For information and data which the Agency has received on the manufacturing/
formulating process for magnesium phosphide, see the Confidential Annex, Part
IX; product composition data are protected under Section 10 of FIFRA.
D. Discussion on the Formulation of Impurities (and Unintentional
Ingredients)
In accordance with the product chemistry guidelines (Section 163.61-5), the
registration of each magnesium phosphide product produced by an integrated-
formulation system must be supported by a discussion of the impurities that
may be present in the product at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% (1,000
ppm). The discussion is to be based on established chemical theory and the
required description of the manufacturing process (Section 163.61-4), with
consideration given to the impurities present in both the manufacturing
reactants and formulating materials. Data to meet this requirement have not
been submitted to support the registration of any magnesium phosphide product.
E. Declaration and Certification of Ingredient Limits
The Confidential Statements of Formula for the products registered under this
Standard (those containing magnesium phosphide as the sole source for
generating the active agent, phosphine) should be revised to indicate upper and
lower limits for both the magnesium phosphide and any intentionally added
inerts which are >0.1%. Upper limits must be stated for all impurities >0.1%
and any other impurities (<0.1%) which might increase the potential hazards
of the product (i.e., impurities that might increase the amount of diphosphine
which is evolved with phosphine). Such impurities would include binary
compounds of magnesium and phosphorus other than magnesium phosphide
(Mg3P2).
43
-------
F. Product Analytical Methods and Data
Official methods of analysis by the -Association of Official Analytical Chemists
(AOAC), or by similar organizations, have not been established for magnesium
phosphide. However, the submissions reviewed for the Aluminum Phosphide
Registration Standard indicated a procedure which would also be applicable to
the formulations of magnesium phosphide. In this procedure, the metallic
(aluminum, magnesium or zinc) phosphide content of the product is calculated on
the basis of evolved phosphine. The analysis is accomplished by reacting the
product with water and acid; the phosphide is converted to phosphine; the
phosphine is swept with nitrogen into an adsorption vessel containing a
solution of mercuric (II) chloride; a reaction occurs [PH-j + 3HgCl2—>
P(HgCl)3 + 3HC1]; the hydrochloric acid produced is titrated with standard
alkali; and the metal phosphide content is then calculated. The basis of this
procedure was suggested in 1953 by White and Bushey (MRID #005010196) [Also see
EPA Manual of Chemical Methods for Pesticides and Devices].
If the technical magnesium phosphide contains a manufacturing impurity for
which an upper limit must be certified because it may increase the potential
hazard of end-use products, the manufacturer will be required to provide
suitable methodology for monitoring this impurity in registered products.
G. Physical and Chemical Property Data
Because magnesium phosphide has not been registered as a manufacturing-use
product, the product chemistry data requirements (as specified by the
guidelines) are those of an end-use product produced by an integrated-
focmulation system. For such end-use products, data are normally required for
the properties numbered 1, 2, 7, 8 and 11 through 19 in Table VT.A. For the
unregistered technical grade of magnesium phosphide used to formulate such end-
use products, data are normally required for properties #1 through #11.
However, because of the special characteristics of magnesium phosphide, some of
these requirements would not be applicable to either the technical grade or to
the registered products/ whether for end-use or manufacturing-use. These
exceptions and the requirements for data on the physical/chemical properties of
both the unregistered technical magnesium phosphide and registered products are
summarized in Table IV.A.
44
-------
TABIE IV.A
Physical/Chemical Properities for Magnesium Phosphide
Physical/Chemical Property Bid-use products
(MRID t)
(1) Color
(2) OJor
(3) Melting point
(4) Solubility
(5) Stability
Data Required
Data required
Not required
Not required
Not required
(6) Octanol/Water
partition coefficient Not required
(7) Physical state
(8) Density (or
bulk density)
(9) Boiling point
(10) Vapor pressure
(U) pH
(12) Storage stability
(13) Flanraability
(14) Oxidizing/Reduction
Potential
Solids, all
products
Data required
Not required
Not required
Not required
Data required
Data required 3/
Technical material
(MRID #)
Data required
Data required
Data required
Data required I/
Data required 2/
For ionic compounds;
not required
Crystalline
(GS0097005)
Data required
Not required, need for
liquids only
Not required, products are
solid at room temperature
Not required (decomposes
in water)
Not required
Not required
Data required 3/ Not required
45
-------
TABIE IV.A (Cont'd)
Physical/Chemical Proper!ties for Magnesium Phosphide
Physical/Chemical Property End-use products Technical material
(MRID f) (MRID f)
(15) Explosiveness Data required 3/ Not required
(16) Miscibility Not required; Not required
need for liquids
only
(17) Viscosity Not required; Not required
need for liquids
only
(18) Corrosion Charact-
eristics Data required Not required
(19) Dielectric Constant
Voltage Not required; Hot required
because the
applicator does
not directly applied
Mchp2 to electrical
components
I/ For each technical composition of magnesium phosphide, data are needed
for its solubility in common laboratory solvents (e.g., chloroform and carbon
disulfide) in accordance with the Guideline's standards for acceptable
testing.
2/ Data showing the effect of small amounts of impurities (alkali, acids,
and metallic ions) on the stability of technical magnesium phosphide are
needed.
V Flammability, oxidizing/reductions, and explosiveness data are
required for magnesium phosphide products in accordance with the guideline
requirements for acceptability. Such data are required because of the
chemical similarity of phosphides of magnesium, aluminum and zinc, and
because the U.S. Deji i: transportation classified the phosphides of both
zinc and aluminum as flammable solids. It should be noted that flanmability
and explosion hazards of these products are also associated with the
evolution of phosphine. Phosphine, like other ignitable gases, is explosive
in air between certain concentrations. For phosphine these concentrations
are, by volume, 1.79% to 1.89% or about 26 mg/liter (Dittmar, 1960, MRID
#000005669).
46
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Additional information on the explosiveness of phosphine was also provided.
According to a submission (Duford, 1961, MRID #000005681) reviewed for the
Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard, the heat (which might be provided by
a heated surface) and the temperature (between 100-150 C) needed to initiate
ignition of phosphine is partly dependent upon the presence of evolved
impurities, such as diphosphine (P2H4) and higher phosphines. For aluminum
phosphide and presumably for magnesium phosphide, the purity of the evolved
phosphine is dependent upon the purity of the phosphide (Pluck, 1973, MRID
#000005813). The submission by Duford (1961, MRID #000005681) also included
data for the ignition of phosphine-air concentrations typical of those used to
fumigate wheat and other commodities, whether from products of aluminum
phosphide or magnesium phosphide.
H. Summary of Data Gaps
Data reviewed during the development of the Aluminum Phosphide Registration
Standard (EPA, 1981) indicate that the flanmability and explosive hazards
associated with phosphine fumigation were increased by the presence of small
amounts of diphosphine (P^tfy) and other impurities which were evolved with
the phosphine. Because tne amount of such evolved impurities increased when
the aluminum phosphide was not pure, the Agency required for aluminum phosphide
information and data on the manufacturing process together with the discussion
on product impurities specified by Sections 163.61-4 and -5 of the guidelines.
These data are also required for magnesium phosphide. The product chemistry
data gaps for magnesium phosphide products are detailed in Tables III.A-1, &-1
and C-l of Part III.
47
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V. Environmental Fate
A. Use Summary
Magnesium phosphide is a fumigant registered for the control of insects,
primarily Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, in raw agricultural commodities,
processed food, animal feed, and nonfood/nonfeed products (including tobacco)
stored in warehouses, grain elevators, and ships. Phosphine gas, generated
from the reaction of magnesium phosphide with ambient moisture, is the toxic
agent. No data were found for annual sales volume of this pesticide, possibly
because it has not yet been marketed. In addition to the previously mentioned
uses, magnesium phosphide is registered for use as a rodenticide.
Magnesium phosphide is available as 32.3% active ingredient plates and 66%
active ingredient pellets and tablets for space fumigation, and as 49.6% active
ingredient discs for rodent control. As a restricted use pesticide, magnesium
phosphide can be applied only by certified applicators. Pellets and plates are
placed in moisture permeable envelopes and located in storage areas without
contact with the food/feed commodity. Spent material is disposed of by burial
or by saturating with water. Treated areas must be placarded with warning
signs until completely aerated and safe for reentry.
The Agency has given acceptance for magnesium phosphide as a restricted use
rodenticide for the control of burrowing moles and rodents: Marmot sp.
[woodchucks and yellow-belly marmot (rockchucks)], prairie dogs (except Utah
prairie dogs), Norway and roof rats, ground squirrels, voles, house mice,
gophers, and chipmunks. The products can only be used in noncrop areas and
must not be applied within 15 feet of inhabited structures (i.e., the distance
of linear diffusion for phosphine gas does not exceed 15 feet under this
application condition) or to burrows which may open under or into occupied
buildings. Magnesium phosphide is applied by adding 1 to 2 discs (formulated
product) to the rodent burrow, packing the opening with crumpled newspaper
and finally sealing the opening tightly by shoveling soil over the entrance.
The newspaper prevents the soil from covering the discs and slowing their
action. The lower rate (1 disc) is required for smaller burrows (e.g., rats,
voles, ground squirrels, house mice, chipmunks) or under moist soil conditions,
and the higher rate (2 discs) for larger burrows (e.g., wcodchueks, prairie
dogs, gophers) or when the soil moisture is very low. Reopened burrows may be
retreated 1 to 2 days after initial treatment. Because of the small amount of
product used in this manner, the Agency does not expect the phosphine gas
liberated from the magnesium phosphide product to remain in soil or water, .or
to remain in the vapor state for an extended period of time. Thus, an assess-
ment of potential reentry hazard is not necessary for this use.
3. Environmental Fate Profile
No data were found as to the fate of magnesium phosphide. Because of similar
use patterns, the Agency believes that the following information about aluminum
phosphide would apply to magnesium phosphide.
48
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1. Microbiological - Effects of Pesticides on Microbes.
Ruschel and DaCosta (1966, MRID #005016261) treated "Rico 23" bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) seeds with aluminum phosphide by using three grams Phostoxin^
tablets per cubic meter of defined area. Treated and control seeds were
inoculated with a pure culture of Bhizobium phaseoli F33 (a nitrogen-fixing
bacterium), sown in pots containing sandy soil (pH 4.5), and maintained under
greenhouse conditions. The plants were sampled during the blooming period, and
the following determinations for each plant were made: nodule number, dry
weight, and percentage of nitrogen in the aboveground part of the plant.
Phosphine had no apparent effect on nodulation (number of nodules) in bean
plants grown from treated seed. However, the competency (i.e., ability to fix
nitrogen) of the nodules was not reported.
2. Reentry
Childs et al. (1968?, MRID #000005691; 19??, MRID #000005735) reported
phosphine gas concentrations in tobacco warehouses declined from 100-400 ppm
to 1-5 ppm after aeration for 24 hours when fumigated with 3 grams aluminum
phosphide tablets (55% A1P) at 20 tablets/1,000 cubic feet. Phosphine gas
concentrations were the same at the 1- and 14-foot sampling heights above the
floor. Concentrations of phosphine gas in air within tobacco hogsheads
declined from 100-400 ppm to <13 ppm after aeration for 48 hours. Warehouse
temperature and relative humidity were monitored continuously at a central
point in the building with a 7-day hygrothermograph located 4 feet above the
floor next to the center aisle. In all warehouses the temperature, ranged from
68° to 96°F (20° to 35°C) and the relative humidity from 47 to 63%.
However, temperature and humidity effects on phosphine gas release and
dissipation were not discernible from the data.
Levels of phosphine gas peaked at 1,200 ppm 3 days after application of
aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin® at 165 pellets/1,000 cubic feet, purity
unspecified) in a polyethylene-covered enclosure containing lined fiberboard
cases of tobacco (Bdmond et al., 1971, MRID #000005737). Phosphine gas
dissipated to nondetectable levels (<0.1 ppm) in air surrounding the cases
24 hours after removal of the cover even though the gas was present at
111-125 ppm inside the lined cases. Therefore, under warehouse conditions with
aeration, the phosphine gas released from closed cases should be present at
<0.1 ppm in the surrounding air.
Nelson (1970, MRID #000005797) found that phosphine concentrations in the air
inside enclosed stacks of raisins peaked at 761 ppm and declined to 479 and
7 ppm v/ithin 6 and 50 days, respectively, after application of aluminum
phosphide (purity unspecified) at 45 tablets/1,000 cubic feet. The rate of
decline was not linearly related to the application rate. However, 99% of the
pliosphine gas inside enclosed stacks of raisins would be dissipated in the
treated area 50 days after treatment without aeration. The level of phosphine
gas in the treatment area with aeration was not determined for reentry.
49
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Tuft (I960, MRID £000005664) detected phosphine gas in the air surrounding
wheat* (approximately 200 pounds) treated with aluminum phosphide
(Phostoxin®, 55% AlP) at 10 tablets per ton of wheat. The concentration in
the air space around the wheat was 198 ppm one hour after treatment. This
concentration had increased to a maximum level of 1,535 ppm at 56 hours after
treatment and then decreased rapidly for about 150 hours without aeration.
After 260 hours no phosphine was detected in the air surrounding the wheat.
The level of phosphine gas in the treatment area with aeration was not
determined for reentry.
Lauhoff Grain Company (1966, MRID #000005662) fumigated cornmeal in sealed
boxcars with aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin®, 55% AlP) at a rate of 165
pellets/1,000 cubic feet. When whole pellets were used, phosphine gas levels
42-46 hours after fumigation ranged from <10 to 68 ppm .(median 17)**. Data
were extremely variable in boxcars treated with crushed or ground pellets,
where phosphine gas concentrations ranged from <10 to 384 ppm (median 26) 24
hours after fumigation. Therefore, the kinetics of phosphine release and
dissipation cannot be generalized from these data.
In summary, phosphine gas generated from aluminum phosphide pellets and tablets
is expected to decline rapidly in treated areas upon aeration. These levels of
phosphine gas in the air surrounding the treated commodities should not be
confused with the amount of residues in or on treated commodities (see Part
VTI, Residue Chemistry). Temperature and moisture also influence the release
and dissipation of phosphine gas, however, data from these studies were
insufficient to assess these factors. Therefore, reentry intervals and the
kinetics of phosphine release and dissipation cannot be determined
quantitatively from these studies.
C. Exposure Profile
Adequate data are not available to fully assess the potential for exposure of
humans and wildlife to magnesium phosphide. Soil mobility data for assessing
the groundwater contamination potential and bioaccumulation data are not
available; however, the registered uses of magnesium phosphide are not expected
to result in these types of exposure hazards. Exposure of wildlife (nontarget
organisms) is unlikely to occur for the insecticide uses, given the use of
magnesium phosphide as a fumigant for enclosed areas. However, the Agency is
concerned about the fumigation of rodent burrows Which may result in exposure
hazards to endangered species (see Part VIII, Ecological Effects).
The greatest potential for direct exposure of humans is during handling,
application, and reentry operations. Respiratory exposure is expected to be
the main route of exposure because the toxic agent, phosphine, is a gas. Data
for quantifying such exposures are lacking. Preliminary studies show that
concentrations of phosphine gas released during fumigation with aluminum
* Air samples were removed at intervals (time) from a 60-gallon fiber drum
containing common California red wheat through a glass tube inserted into the
center of the drum, and approximately 2 feet below the surface of the grain.
** Samples of the gas were removed just before the boxcars were opened.
50
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phosphide decline rapidly in treated areas upon aeration (Childs et al.,
19??, MRID# 000005735; Childs et al., 1968?, MRID #000005691; Edmond
et al., 1971, MRID f000005737; Nelson, 1970, MRID #000005797; Tuft, 1960,
MRID #000005664; and Lauhoff Grain Company, 1966, MRID #000005662). However,
inconsistencies in the data .make it impossible to quantitate the duration, air
volume, and method of aeration required to dissipate phosphine gas to safe
levels in the application sites. After the Agency receives and evaluates the
Required reentry data for the insecticide use, the Agency may require that
'"phosphide levels be monitored prior to reentering work areas*. Respirators
jointly approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA)
and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) [designed
for phosphine gas protection] should be worn by workers entering the fumigated
areas until the phosphine gas dissipates to a safe level. The post-fumigation
levels theoretically should decrease to some concentration approaching zero as
the site is further aerated, but data are needed to determine the exposure
levels, if any, to the applicator.
Dermal exposure may occur even when protective clothing is used because
phosphine gas can penetrate a variety of materials, including polyethylene.
Data for assessing such exposures are unavailable.
D. Summary of Data Gaps
Die data gaps that are to be filled are hydrolysis, volatility and reentry**.
There are data gaps relating to disposal and storage, microbial metabolism
(effects of pesticides on microbes) and activated sludge metabolism. However,
pending review and modification of the testing protocols or a reassessment for
the necessity for these data (i.e., disposal and storage, microbial metabolism,
and activated sludge metabolism), it is currently not necessary to satisfy
these data gaps.
* Due to the lower volume of use (one or two discs/burrow) and the use of
the product away from inhabited areas, reentry data requirements will not be
required for the rodenticide use.
** The Agency will accept the data generated under the Aluminum Phosphide
Registration Standard (EPA, 1981) to support registration/reregistration of
products containing magnesium phosphide.
51
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VI. Toxicology
A. Introduction
Because of the highly toxic nature of phosphine and the ease with which it can
be released from magnesium phosphide, the toxicity of magnesium phosphide has
been assumed to be that of phosphine itself, thus, the Agency has used the
toxicological data on phosphine in regulating magnesium phosphide formulations
and has not required the usual toxicological studies on magnesium phosphide or
its formulations.
B. Application
The following discussion includes the application procedure which is required
by the current labeling. The applicator, who must be certified, is required
to notify the authorities such as the health departments, police departments
and the fire departments so that any additional precautions may be taken, and
emergencies may be handled promptly. The applicator should verify that the
application site will properly contain the liberated phosphine and that the
site is adequately secured against possible exposures to the surrounding
areas. Posting warning signs and securing the areas with locks may be
necessary to prevent workers from accidently entering a fumigated site.
After the magnesium phosphide is applied, concentrations of phosphine are
allowed to build to the level (1,000 ppm may be necessary) needed for the
fumigation process. Field sampling methods may be used to verify the level
achieved within the site (above 1,000 ppm). "High level" air sampling tubes
which measure phosphine levels from 15 to 3,000 ppm are commercially
available. When checking the levels of phosphine, the applicators are required
to wear gas masks and canisters jointly approved by the Mining Enforcement and
Safety administration (MESA) and the National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH). Such gas masks are to be retained at the fumigation site
in cases of emergencies requiring entry into the site.
The applicator or his designee are required to measure the areas surrounding
an application site to verify that there is no leakage from the site into
surrounding living or working areas. For this, the applicator may use "low
level" sampling tubes which measure levels of phosphine in the range of 0.1 to
4 ppm.
After the fumigation process is completed, the applicator is required to
aerate the site until phosphine levels are at or below 0.3 ppm so that the site
may be opened and workers may safely enter the area. The applicator should
verify that the aeration procedures do not discharge directly into areas in
which humans may be working or living. The applicator, wearing protective
clothing and a respirator, measures the air over and around the commodity which
has been fumigated using low-level sampling tubes to insure that phosphine
levels are at or below 0.3 ppm.
For the rodenticide use, the magnesium phosphide is applied by placing 1 to 2
discs per burrow. The burrows are sealed tightly with soil over the
entrance.
52
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C. Toxicological Assessment
1. Acute Exposure Tbxicity Sunmary
Table VI .A, Acute Inhalation Toxicity Summary for Phosphine, provides a
conparison of different inhalation studies by descending chamber concentra-
tions. Exposures generally lasted until animals started dying. Overall, the
higher the concentration, the smaller the time interval to death. One study
(Waritz and Brown, 1975, MRID #005007354) determined a LCc0 concentration of
11 ppm or approximately 0.014 rag/liter. Although the study was classified as
supplementary*, the lAjQ derived from this study and information from the
other studies cited in Table VI .A are sufficient to indicate that phosphine is
highly toxic by the inhalation route, and for labeling purposes is in toxicity
category I. Signs of toxicity resulting from acute exposure were primarily
respiratory irritation and dyspnea (Waritz and Brown, 1975, MRID #005007354).
The Agency requires no further acute toxicity studies using any route of
administration (i.e., oral, dermal, inhalation, eye) for magnesium phosphide or
phosphine.
2. Repeat Exposure Tbxicity Summary
Table VI.B, Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity for Phosphine, summarizes the
results of two major subchronic inhalation studies (Muller, 1940, MRID
SGS0025022 and Klimner, 1969, MRID *|GS0025018). The results showed that as the
exposure concentrations of phosphine decreased from 20 ppm to 5 ppm, the time
interval to death generally increased. However, the increased time interval to
death differed between the too studies.
Klimner was able to maintain three species of animals without overt signs of
toxicity for over 800 hours. The study was conducted over a six month period
in which the test animals were exposure to phosphine at 2.5 ppm and 1 ppm for
six hours/day for five days/week and four hours on Saturdays. At the next
highest dose of 5 ppm, there were deaths in two of three species after approxi-
mately 30 hours. Thus, 2.5 ppm of phosphine can be considered as a no-observed-
effect level (NOEL) for lethal effects and overt signs of toxicity during
subchronic inhalation exposure.
Neither study would be judged adequate in evaluating all biological parameters
deemed necessary by more modem toxicological requirements. Body weight
changes, hematolcgy, blood chemistry, organ weights, gross and histopathology
evaluations were not performed in either study. Numbers of animals per dose
were usually too low. Nevertheless, the studies do provide a good estimate of
the dose-response relationship for the toxic effects of phosphine with
different species.
* This study is considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and
complete details concerning all test parameters were not provided.
53
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TABIE VI .A
Acute Inhalation Tbxicity Study Summary for Phosphine
Concentration
(ppm)
Exposure
Species Time to Death
Citations
60,000-
70,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
600
540
403
400
300
205
167
167
167
160
151
150
140
120
120
120
60
54
54
54
50
42-50
25
25
25
25
25
11
(0.014 mg/1)
Continuous
25 minutes
Continuous
10 minutes
Continuous
Continuous
46 minutes
30 minutes
Continuous
75 minutes
100 minutes
100 minutes
100 minutes
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
110 minutes
130 minutes
130 minutes
130 minutes
Continuous
6.5 hours
6.5 hours
6.5 hours
150 minutes
Continuous
4 hours
4 hours
8.5 hours
8.5 hours
8.5 hours
4 hours
Frog
Cat
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Rabbit
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat
Rabbit
Rat
Hen
Turkey
Cat
Rat
Cat
Rabbit
Rat
Rat
Cat
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat
Rat
Guinea pig
Rabbit
Cat
Rabbit
Rat
Rat
3 hours
51 minutes
33 minutes
10 minutes
1 hour
35 minutes
36 minutes
50 minutes
2 hours
66 minutes
93 minutes
90-98 minutes
70-75 minutes
50-64 minutes
68, 74, 80
minutes
160 minutes
97 minutes
103-130 minutes
110-125 minutes
79-123 minutes
4 hours
5-6.5 hours
4-5.5 hours
4-5.5 hours
4-5 hours
5-7 hours
4 hours
4 hours
8.5 hours
5-8.5 hours
7-8 hours
I£50
JU
Brilliant, 1882a
Brilliant, 1882a
Henderson & Bubois,
1879a
Meissner, 1924a
Rebmann, 1933a
Jakote, 1904a
Klimner, 1969
Jakote/ 1909a
Rebmann, 1933a
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Jakote, 1904a
Klimner, 1969
Klimmer, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Rebmann, 1933a
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Jakote, 1904a
Muthu, 1980
Muller, 1940
Muller, 1940
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Klimner, 1969
Waritz & Brown,
1975
a. Parkin, 1972.
54
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Table VI.B
Subchronic Inhalation Tbxicity Summary for Phosphine
Concentra-
tion (ppm)
20
20
14.8 and
10
8.3
8.3
5
5
5
2.5
1
Exposure
[hr/day (hr)
x days (d)]
4 hr x 2 d
4 hr x 2 d
4 hr x 6 d
4 hr x 7-14 d
4 hr x 4-5 d
4 hr x 47 d
4 hr x 6 d
48 hr
(continuous)
80 hr
(continuous)
820 hr3
816 hra
Species
Babbit
Guinea pig
Babbit
Babbit
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rabbit
Cat
Guinea pig
Rat
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat (2)
Rat (2)
Cat
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat
Rat
Time to
death
[hours (hr)or
days (d)l
2 d
2 d
6 d
7-15 d
4, 6 d
—
6 d
35.5-45.5 hr
24-32 hr
27-36 hr
30 hr
32-48 hr
—
_
°/4b
0/4b
0/10b
0/4B.
0/10°
Reference
Muller, 1940
Muller, 1940
Muller, 1940
Muller, 1940
Muller, 1940
Muller, 1940
Muller, 1940
Klinnter, 1969
Kl inner, 1969
Klimmer, 1969
Klinnter, 1969
Klimmer, 1969
Klinmer, 1969
Klinmer, 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Klinmer, 1969
Klinmer, 1969
Klinmer, 1969
a. Six hr/day, 5 day/wk, 4 hr on Saturdays.
b. Zero deaths out of four (or ten) treated animals.
55
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Until the results o£ reentry data are received and evaluated concerning
exposure to phosphine from registered uses of magnesium phosphide, the Agency
will not request additional subchronic inhalation studies at this time*.
D. Human Poisoning Case Reports
The flgency does not have any information involving human pesticide exposure
from magnesium phosphide possibly because magnesium phosphide has not been
marketed since it was first registered in 1979 for use in the United States.
However, the Agency does have information involving exposure to aluminum
phosphide which releases the same toxic agent, phosphine, as magnesium
phosphide.
The Agency's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System (1981) reported 29 incidents
involving human pesticide exposure frcm aluminum phosphide. These incidents
occurred frcm 1966 to March, 1981 and involved an estimated 80 to 90 people.
Seventy-one of the exposed persons received medical treatment while an
additional 33 persons were hospitalized, with a total of 2 fatalities.
In 22 incidents, pesticide exposure occurred when aluminum phosphide was used
as a grain fumigant. Truck drivers, pesticide applicators, railroad, warehouse
and mill workers, laborers and cargo crew members constituted the majority of
personnel exposed in this manner. Two home-related incidents, involving 9
children under the age of 16 (one of which died) and one adult, were also
reported. These two home-related incidents were clearly a misuse since the
user disregarded the label instructions. The other incidents were attributed
to accidental pesticide spills or were of undetermined origin. In all of these
incidents, exposure to aluminum phosphide or phosphine occurred through
improper handling of the pesticide (not wearing required protective clothing),
incomplete aeration procedures (i.e., not determining phosphine levels prior to
reentry or not wearing the required respirator), or improper rates of
application of the pesticide to the commodities.
In the literature, 12 studies dating from 1936 to 1980, reported case
histories of human exposure to phosphine gas. A total of 129 persons were
exposed to the gas in varying situations. These studies have described
gastrointestinal disorders which included vcmiting and diarrhea, and nausea as
the most prevalent symptoms. Headache, dizziness and breathing difficulties
were also noted. In the survivors, recovery times ranged from 24 hours to
1 month following exposure. Autopsy findings indicated that pulmonary edema
and congestive heart failure were the most frequent causes of death from
phosphine gas exposure.
One of these studies (Zipf et al., 1967, MRID #005017653) which addressed a
suicide attempt with Phostoxin® provided a description of medical treatment
following aluminum phosphide poisoning. The authors recommended a rapid and
thorough stomach evacuation irrigation, irrigation with 1% potassium
permanganate solution or magnesium peroxide and treatment with activated
charcoal and sodium sulfate. Thereafter, inmediate administration of oxygen.
* The ftgency will accept the data being requested under the Aluminum Phosphide
Registration Standard (EPA, 1981} to support the registraticn/reregistraticn of
products containing magnesium phosphide.
56
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they indicated, will help to prevent death from circulatory system collapse and
pulmonary edema. When renal insufficiency is present, extracorporeal
hemodialysis proved effective.
E. Permissible Exposure Limits
The American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACIH, 1971) has established
a normal allowable occupational exposure limit (TLV) of 0.3 ppm for phosphine
based on acute and subchronic inhalation studies. This has also been adopted
by National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 1979) and
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (NIOSH/OSHA, 1978) as a
permissible exposure limit (PEL). Both the TLV and the PEL represent time
weighted averages of airborne concentrations which should not cause harm to
workers exposed eight hours per day, five days per week throughout a working
lifetime.
Because the Agency is concerned about adverse chronic effects, other than overt
symptoms and lethality, we reserve the decision to require seme studies, such
as mutagenicity and teratology, until the results of reentry data can be
evaluated. If there is significant chronic exposure to the applicator based on
this review, the Agency may require these studies.
F. Food Tolerances
Considering that phosphine is a gas and thus only low levels of phosphine
residues are expected in treated food commodities, it is anticipated that the
public which consumes phosphine-treated food commodities will be exposed to
toxicologically insignificant quantities of phosphine per se (sec Part VII,
Residue Chemistry). As no significant dietary exposure to phosphine is
expected, no chronic feeding, oncogenic, metabolism or reproduction studies are
required for phosphine.
However, chemically uncharacterized residues are found in food commodities as a
result of phosphine treatment (see Part VII, Residue Chemistry). There is a
chronic feeding/oncogenic study (Hackenberg, 1969, MRID #000026937; 1971, MRID
f000026938; 1972, MRID #000006000) in which rats were fed a phosphine-treated
diet and were presumably exposed to levels of chemically uncharacterized
residues which result from phosphine treatment. The Hackenberg study is an
inadequate measure of the possible hazards arising from the consumption of
these residues. The levels of this chemically uncharacterized substance are
unknown and are very likely below the maximum tolerated dose. Therefore, the
study, at best, is very insensitive. Nevertheless, it provides no evidence
that any harm will result from consumption of phosphine-treated food
commodities. It is therefore reasonable to defer the requirement for chronic
feeding, oncogenic, metabolism and reproduction studies pending a determination
of the chemical nature of the chemically uncharacterized residues.
If the Agency concludes, when these residues are chemically characterized, that
they are toxicologically insignificant, the requirement for chronic feeding,
oncogenic, metabolism, and reproduction studies will be waived. If no
determination can be made, chronic feeding, oncogenic, metabolism, and
reproduction studies may be required. Therefore, the requirement for these
57
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studies is being deferred until the residues are chemically characterized, and
the Agency reviews the results*.
G. Sunmary of Data Gaps
All required toxicology studies are reserved pending the receipt and evalution
of residue and reentry data. When the chemically uncharacterized residues
which result from the treatment of food commodities with phosphine are
characterized and evaluated, the Agency will determine whether chronic
feeding/oncogenic, metabolism and reproduction studies are required. When the
reentry data are received are! evaluated to determine if there is any exposure
to the applicator, the Agency will determine whether mutagenicity, teratology
and additional subchronic inhalation studies are required.
* The Agency will accept the data generated under the Aluninvsn Phosphide
Registration Standard (EPA, 1981) to support the registration/reregistration of
products containing magnesium phosphide.
58
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VII. Residue Chemistry
A. Introduction
Products of both aluminum phosphide and magnesium phosphide are used primarily
as a source of the fumigant phosphine. Both types of products are currently
registered with directions for blending directly with raw agricultural
commodities, and as space fumigants for processed foods, feeds, non-food items
such as tobacco stored in cornierial establishments. Recently, both types of
products were accepted for use as rodenticides. When these products are used
as space fumigants, the resulting residues are limited to phosphine per se and
its reaction products with the commodity. However, when mixed with raw
agricultural commodities, the residues also include small amounts of the
product which are impregnated with magnesium phosphide.
As with aluminum phosphide, the recommended application rates for magnesium
phosphide vary with the nature of the pest and the tightness of the structure
(e.g., bin, warehouse, railcar). To effectively fumigate with phosphine, the
commodity should be at a temperature >^ 40°F (4.4°C) and the humidity
about 60%. A detailed sumnary of the accepted application rates for magnesium
phosphide can be found in the EPA Index to Pesticide Chemicals-Magnesium
Phosphide (EPA, 1981). In brief, the application rates of magnesium phosphide
products are as follows: 1) when mixed with the commodity, application rates
of magnesium pliosphide range between 4 and 12 grams per ton of commodity (or 48
to 360 grams per 1,000 bushels) and 2) when not mixed with the commodity,
application rates ate between 60 grams and 250 grams of phosphine per 1,000
cubic feet of volume fumigated (or 2.12 mgs and 8.83 mgs per liter).
As products for fumigation, the phosphides of magnesium and aluminum have been
accepted for essentially the same uses. Both types of products are used to
fumigate raw agricultural commodities (e.g., wheat), processed foods and feeds,
empty beehives, nonfood items (e.g., tobacco, seeds), and commercial
establishments (e.g., cereal mills).
B. Fumigation and Aeration Periods
The length of the fumigation period is dependent upon the temperature of the
commodity. Commodities at 54-59°F (12.2-l5°C) should be fumigated at least
four days. If the commodity is between 60-68 F (15.6-20°C), the time
should be at least three days; if over 68°F (20°C), the time must be not
less than two days. No fumigation should be made at tempeartures below 40 F
(4.4°C). The aeration period following fumigation should be at least two
days.
C. Metabolism in Plants and Animals
Data reviewed for the Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard (EPA, 1981) show
that the highest residues of phosphine occur when the product has been mixed
directly with the fumigated commodity. These residues resulted because small
amounts of unreacted phosphide remain with the product non-volatiles. In
registering products formulated with the phosphides of either aluminum or
magnesium, the Agency has not required residue data individually for each
product; the Agency assumed that residues of such unreacted phosphide are not
significantly dependent upon the formulation of the end-use product.
59
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The reviewed submissions for magnesium phosphide, including those for the
phosphides of aluminum and zinc, do not contain data showing the plant
metabolites of phosphine per se. These submissions, which support the
currently established tolerances for residues resulting from fumigations with
phosphide, indicate only minute (>0.01 ppm) residues of phosphine per se (which
were readily removed by aeration) and the Agency does not require either plant
of animal metabolism studies at this time.
However, based on recent studies conducted with 32P-labeled phosphine and
nuclear activation studies using unlabeled phosphine, the Agency requested for
the Aluminum Phosphide Registration Standard (EPA., 19931) data which would
identify phosphine residues which were not indicated by earlier studies using
less sophisticated methodology. The requested data, which is also needed to
support the magnesium phosphide standard, may indicate the need for metabolism
studies.
The more recent studies indicate about 70% of the irreversibly bound residue of
phosphine consists of the oxy-acids of phosphorus (phosphoric, phosphorus, and
hypophophosphorus), the amount of the residue remaining unidentified in these
studies was significant. For example, in a typical phosphine fumigation of
wheat, the unidentified residue consists of about 30% of the total T»-
residue, about 0.7 ppm. The Agency, therefore, has requested that the
remaining residue be identified and recognized as safe or studied in accordance
with the Agency's Guideline requirements.
D. Analytical Methods
The current Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM), 1981, \fol II, contains the
official analytical procedure for enforcing the established tolerances for
residues of phosphine in or on raw agricultural commodities, processed foods
and feeds. Currently, the methodology is considered valid for phosphine
residues which are >^ 0.01 ppm.
E. Residue Data
Sufficient data have been submitted to show that the phosphine release rate
from the registered magnesium and aluminum phosphide products ace not
significantly different (DEGESCH, America, Inc., 1977, MRID #GS0097002).
Because the two phosphides have essentially the same uses, the residue data
supporting the aluminum phosphide products are considered valid for products of
magnesium phosphide. [Note: The carryover of significant amounts of residue,
either of phosphine per se or of magnesium phosphide (or aluminim phosphide)
into processed commodities and into meat, milk, poultry and eggs would not be
expected.]
60
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F. Summary of Data Gaps
As discussed in Section C, Metabolism by Plants and Animals, phosphine reacts
irreversibly with treated commodities. Grain fumigation studies conducted with
^-phosphine indicate these irreversibly bound residues consisted of both
the oxy-acids of phosphorus (<2.5 ppm) and unidentified residues (ca 0.7
ppm). These studies also indicated that the same or similar residues, in about
the same quantities, are present in all commodities fumigated with phosphine.
Thus, in order to evaluate the hazards that would be associated with the use of
magnesium phosphide, the flgency is requiring that these unidentified residues
of phosphine be either identified chemically and recognized as safe, or tested
in accordance with the Agency's Guidelines*.
* Ttie Agency will accept the data generated under the Aluminum Phosphide
Registration Standard {EPA, 1981) to support the registration/reregistraticn of
products containing magnesium phosphide.
61
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VIII. Ecological Effects
Subpart Er Hazard Evaluation: "Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms," of the
Proposed Guidelines issued on July 10, 1978, describes the fish and wildlife
data requirements needed by the Agency to assess the hazards of pesticides to
nontarget organisms and to provide for adequate precautionary labeling. There
are no fish and wildlife toxicity studies en magnesium phosphide. However,
such data will not be required to support the use patterns covered by this
standard because 1) magnesium phosphide, in the presence of moisture,
decomposes rapidly to produce phosphine gas; 2) the treatment sites for the
insecticide use are enclosed or covered during treatment, thereby precluding
exposure to fish and wildlife? and 3) the residual phosphine will be diluted
upon release into the surrounding air when venting a treated area. Ihus, the
Agency will waive the ecological effects data requirements regarding the
currently registered uses (i.e., the fumigation of foods, feeds, processed
foods and feeds in enclosed structures, and the fumigation of rodent burrows)
for magnesium phosphide products.
The use patterns of magnesium phosphide for controlling burrowing rodents and
moles could destroy nontarget mammalian, avian, and reptilian species that prey
on these pests or are utilizing their burrows at the time of application. The
following endangered species were determined to be in jeopardy through the use
of this product*: 1), Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes); 2) Eastern
Indigo snake (Drymarchon corals cauperi); 3) San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes
macrotis mutica); 4) Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens); 5) Blunt-
nosed leopard lizard (Gamelia; Crotaphytus); and 6) Desert tortoise
(Gopherus agassizii). The Agency has required labeling changes for
products covered by this Standard to reduce and/or eliminate potential hazards
to nontarget organisms; i.e., endangered species (see Part II).
* These species were determined through formal Section 7 consultation with the
Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
62
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IX. Confidential Annex
Persons wishing to read the contents of this annex, which contains Confidential
Business Information, are requested to contact the United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Information Services Branch
(Freedom of Information), for further details.
-63
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X. Bibliography
A. Guide to Use of This Bibliography
1. Content of Bibliography
This bibliography contains citations of all the studies reviewed by EPA in
arriving at the positions and conclusions stated elsewhere in this Standard.
The bibliography is divided into 3 sections: 1) citations that contributed
information useful to the review of the chemical and considered to be part of
the data base supporting registrations under the Standard; 2) citations
examined and judged to be inappropriate for use in developing the Standard; and
3) standard reference material. Primary sources for studies in this
bibliography have been the body of data submitted to EPA and its predecessor
agencies in support of past regulatory decisions, and the published technical
literature.
2. Units of Entry
The unit of entry in this bibliography is called a "study." In the case of
published materials, this corresponds closely to an article. In the case of
unpublished materials submitted to the Agency, the Agency has sought to
identify documents at a level parallel to a published article from within the
typically larger volumes in which they were submitted. The resulting "studies"
generally have a distinct title (or at least a single subject), can stand alone
for purposes of review, and can be described with a conventional bibliographic
citation. The Agency has attempted also to unite basic documents and
commentaries on them, treating them as a single study.
3. Identification of Entries
The entries in this bibliography are sorted by author, date of the document,
and title. Each entry bears, to the left of the citation proper, a nine-digit
identifier. This number is unique to the citation, and should be used at any
time specific reference is required. This number is called the "Master Record
Identifier," or "MRID." It is not related to the six-digit "Accession Number"
which has been used to identify volumes of submitted data (see paragraph
4(d)(4) below for further explanation).
4. Form of the Entry
In addition to the Master Record Identifier (MRID), each entry consists of a
bibliographic citation containing standard elements followed, in the case of
materials submitted to EPA, by description of the earliest known submission.
The bibliographic conventions used reflect the standards for the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) and was expanded to provide for certain
special needs. Some explanatory notes of specific elements follow:
a. Author
Whenever the Agency could confidently identify one, the Agency has chosen to
show a personal author. When no individual was identified, the Agency has
shown an identifiable laboratory or testing facility as author. As a last
resort, the Agency has shown the first known submitter as author.
64
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b. Document Date
When the date appears as four digits with no question marks, the Agency took it
directly from the document. When a four-digit date is followed by a question
mark, the bibliographer deduced the date from evidence in the document. When
the date appears as (19??)f the Agency was unable to determine or estimate the
date of the document.
c. Title
This is the third element in the citation. In some cases it has been necessary
for the Agency bibliographers to create or enhance a document title. Any such
editorial insertions are contained between brackets.
d. Trailing Parentheses
This is the third element in the citation. In some cases it has been necessary
for the Agency bibliographers to create or enhance a document title. Any such
editorial insertions are contained between brackets.
e. Trailing Parentheses
For studies submitted to us in the past, the following elements describing the
earliest known submission (in addition to any self-explanatory text) are
included within the trailing parentheses.
1) Submission Date. Immediately following the word
"received" appears the date of the earliest known
submission.
2) Administrative Number. The next element, ironedlately
following the word • underr" is the registration number,
experimental permit number, petition number, or other
administrative number associated with the earliest known
submission.
3) Submitter. The third element is the submitter, fol
lowing the phrase "submitted by." When authorship is
defaulted to the submitter, this element is omitted.
4) Volume Identification. The final element in the
trailing parentheses identifies the EPA accession number of
the volume in which the original submission of the study
appears. The six-digit accession number follows the symbol
"CDL," standing for "Company Data Library". This accession
number is in turn followed by an alphabetic suffix which shows
the relative position of the study within the volume. For
example, within accession number 123456, the first study would
be 123456-A; the second, 123456-D; the 26th,123456-Z and the
27th 123456-AA.
65
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MAGNESIUM PHOSPHIDE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 1
Citations Considered 1b Be Part Of The Data Base Supporting
Registration Under The Standard
-------
OFFICE CF PESTICIEE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Product Chemistry (Part IV)
tfRID #
GS0097007
GS0097008
GS0097006
GS0097009
GS0097002
000005G69
Citation
DEGESCH Merica, Incorporated (197?) DEGESCH Magtoxin Pellets.
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under 402135-10)
DEGESCH Merica, Incorporated (197?) DEGESCH Magtoxin Pellets
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under 40235-11)
DBGESCK Merica, Incorporated (197?) Funi-Cel© Rlate.
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under 40285-8)
DEGESCH Merica, Incorporated (197?) Kagtoxin Pellets Prepae
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under 40285-12)
DEGESCH America, Incorporated (1977) Phostoxin (Unpublished study
received June 13, 1977 under unknown submission; CDL: 234589)
Dittaiar (1960) Examinations for Itesting of the Phostoxin Method
Regarding Fire and Explosion Safety. (English translation; un-
published study received Aug 25, 1960 under 5857-1; prepared by
Bundesanstalt fuer Materialpruefung for Deutsche Gesellschaft
fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung ro.b.H., submitted by ttiostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022500-A)
000005681 Dufour, R.R. (1961) Report on Funigant: MH7330. Includes six
methods dated dated Apr 12, 1961. (Unpublished study received
Jun 12, 1961 under 5857-1; prepared by Underwriters*
Laboratories, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022509-
A)
000005813 Fluck, E. (1973) The Fate of Phosphinc in the Atmosphere.
(Unpublished study received Apr 27, 1976 under 5857-5; prepared
by Univ. Stuttgart, Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhantora, Calif.; CDL:234588-C)
GS0097005 Pestcon System, Incorporated (1977) Physical/Chemical Property
Data [Fund-Cell (Unpublished study received on unknown date-
under 5857-5)
GS0097003 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1S77) [Chemistry -Jata] (Unpublished
study received June 8, 1977 under Pesticide Petition 7F19G5,
6F0508, 2F1184, 5H1650, 6H2052 and 2H2665; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:230638)
-------
OFFICE CF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANT3ARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considared to bG.Pc*rt of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standar:!
Product Chemistry (Part IV) (Cont'd)
MKID * Citation
005014567 Tanaka, Y. (1963) Chemical reaction at high temperature and high
pressure, V: kinetics of solid state reaction of zinc with
phosphorus to form Zn^P, undor high pressure. Review of
Physical Chemistry of Japan 33(2):137-150.
-------
OFFICE CF PESTICIDE PiVGETvMK
:? [-RATION STANDARD RIDLTOGRAPIIY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MKID #
000005735
000005691
000005737
000005662
000005797
005016261
000005664
Environmental F.ite (Part V)
Citation
Childs, D.P. ; Cverby, J.E.; Hiffenegger, D. (19?V) PhosphinG fumi-
gation of flue-cure! tobacco warehouses for control of tlie ciga-
rette beetle. Tobacco 168 (21): 20-25. (Also In unpublished sub-
mission received May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:230915-B)
Childs, C.P.; Overby, J.E.; Niffenegger, D. (1968?) Phosphine Fumi-
gation of Flue-Cured Tobacco /Jarehouses for Control of tlic Ciga-
rette Beetle. (Unpublished study received Feb 4, 1969 under
5357-1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural research Service, Market
Quality Research Div. and Bicmetrical Services, submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhaitora, Calif.; CDL:224452-A)
Edmond, D.E.; Hadden, R.; YUf G. (1971) The penetration of phos-
ptjine gas into lined tobacco casos during atmospheric fvmiga-
tion. Ttobacco (Jul 23): 103-106. (Also In unpublished sub-
mission received May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc.; Allvwibm, Calif.; CDL: 230915-D)
Lauhoff Grain Conpany (1966) Cooperative Experimental Firnigation of
Rolling Boxcars Using Phostoxin, August, 1966. (Unpublished
study received Oct 14, 1966 under unkno\/n admin, no.; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alharabra, Calif.; CDL: 10415C-A)
Nelson, H.D. (1970) Fumigation of riatural Raisins with Phosphine.
Ey Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality Research Div.
Viashington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. (Marketing re-
search report no. 886; available from Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U.S. Covt. Print. Off.; also In unpublished submission
received on unknoi/n date under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alharabra, Calif.; CTL:028351-S)
Ruschel, A.P.; Da Costa, W.F. (1966) Fixacao simbiotica de
nitrogenio atioosferico em feijao (* Phaseolus vulgar is L.).
III. Influencia de alguns inseticidas e fungicidas.
[Symbiotic fixing of atnosphcric nitrogen in tho Frencli bnan
(Phaseolus vulgar is L.). III. effect of some insecticides
and fungicides.] Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira. [Brazilian
Agricultural and Veterinciry Itesearch.] 1:147-149.
Tuft, T.O. (1960) Disappearance of Pliosphine from Vlheat.
lished study received Sep 27, 1960 under 5857-1; prepared by
Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhamtara, Calif.; CDL:121164-A)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIEE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MUD *
000326937
000026938
000006000
GS0025018
GS0025022
005007354
005017653
•toxicology (Part VI)
Citation
Hackenberg, U. (1969) Investigation Report: 2 Years Sbxicity Stud-
ies with Phostoxinm(R)—Treated Food on Rats. (Unpublished
study received Aug. 2, 1971 under 2F1134; prepared hy Institut
fuer Industrielle und Biologische Forschung, sutanitted by Phos-
toxin Sales, Inc., Alhairbra, Calif.; CDL:221725-L)
Hackcnberg, U. (1971) Chronic Ingestion by Rats of Standard Diet
Treated with Aluminum phosphide. (Unpublished study received
Aug 2f 1971 under 2F1184; prepared by Institut fuer Industrielle
und Biologische Itorschung, submitted by Rrostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhanbra, Calif.; CDL:221725-M)
Hackenberg, U. (1972) Chronic ingestion by rats of standard diet
treated with Aluminum phosphide. Toxicology and Applied Pharma-
cology 23(1):147-158. (Also In unpublished submission received
Apr 23, 1976 under 6704-73; submitted by U.S. Dept. of Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.; CEL:224029-G)
Kliraner, O.R. (1969) Beitrag zur Wirkungdes Phoshorwasserstoffes
(PIU) [Study of the Action of Phosphide (PlU). Chronic
Phosphine Poisoning.] Arch. Toxikol.; 224: 164-187.
Muller, VI. (1940) Uber Phosphorwasserstoff vergiftung
(Tierversuche). [The Hydrogen Piiosphide Intoxication (Animal
Experiments). Report I. Acute and Subacute Intoxication.]
Naunyn- Schmiederberg's. Archiv. fur Experiraentelle Pathlogie
und Pharroakologie, 95: 134-193.
Waritz, R.S.; Brovm, R.M. (1975) Acute and subacute inhalation
toxicities of phosphine, phenylphosphine and
triphenylphosphine. American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 36(6):452-458.
Zipf, K.E.; Arndt, T.; Heintz, R. (1967) Klinische Beobachtuncjen
bei einer Phostoxin-Vergiftung. [Clinical findings in a
phostoxin (phosphine) poisoning.] .J\rchives of Tbxicoloyy
22(4):209-222.
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OEYIOE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISYHATIljq STANDARD DIBLIOGRAHTY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standar:!
MRID #
005015520
005007190
000005685
000005768
000005905
000005767
GS0097002
005012293
Residue Chemistry (Part VII)
Citation
Breyer, D. (1973) Untersuchungen der Phospliorwasserstoffrueclstaende
in Getreidenach der Behandlung mit pulverfoermigen Begasungs-
Praeparaten. [Analyses of phosphine residues in cereals after
treatment with powdered fumigating products.! Die Muehle +
y.ischfuttertechnik. ["Hie Mill + Mixed Feed Technology.]
110 (43): 699-700.
Bruce, R.B.; Bobbins, A. J. ; Tuft, T.O. (1962) Phosphine residues
fron phostox in- treated grain. Journal of Aqricultural and Food
Cliemistry 10(1): 13-21.
Bruce, R.B. (1958) Bake-out Studies — Phostoxin Treated Grain; Resi-
due Analysis — Phostoxin Treated Grain — Kansas; Supplement to Re-
port Dated Apr 30, 19513. (Unpublished study recc-ived Sep 25,
1958 under 5857-1; prepared by Ilazloton Laboratories, Inc. for
Ifollyrfcod Tfermite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:025959-C)
Bruce, R.B. (1958) Phosphine Residues in *3heat Oil; Recovery of
Phosphine: Supplement to Reports Dated April 30, 1953 and Sep-
tember 19, 1958. (Unpublished study including letter dated Oct
15, 1958 from H. Rauscher to U.S. Food and Drug Administration
and Pesticide Regulations Section, received Oct 20, 1958 under
5857-1; prepared by Ilazloton Laboratories, Inc. for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL: 02250fi-A)
Bruce, R.B. (1958) Phosphine Residues on Grain. (Unpublished study
received Oct 20, 1961 under 5U57-1; prepared by Ilazleton Labora-
tories, Inc. for Hollywood "Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhantora, Calif.; CDL:120707-A)
Bruce, R.B. (1959) Residue Study— Milo: Supplement to Reports Dated
April 30, 1958, September 19, 1958, September 22, 1958, and
October 17, 1958. (Unpublished study received Muy 12, 1959
under 5857-1; prepared by llazleton Laboratories, Inc. for Holly-
wood 'Itermite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022505-B)
DDGESCII America, Incorporated (1977) Phostoxin (Unpublished study
received June 13, 1977 under unkno\/n submission; CDL: 234589)
Dhaliwal, G.S.; Lai, R. (1974) Studies on the behaviour, sorption
and residues of phosphine in fumigated conmcdities. Bulletin
of Grain Technology 12(l):14-24.
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OFFICE OF PESTICIEE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD DIELIOGRAPilY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Dase Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
Citation
000005935 Dieterich, W.H.; Mayr, G.; Hild, K.; Sullivan, J.B.; Murphy, J.
(1967) Hydrogen phosphide as a fumigant for foods, feeds and
processed food products. Pages 135-149, In Residue Reviews:
Volume 19. New York: Springer-Verlag. TSlso In unpublished
submission received Sep 25, 1969 under OF0890; submitted by
Hawaii, Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii; CDL:093187-V)
005008303 Dieterich, W.H.; Mayr, G.; Hild, K.; Sullivan, J.B.; Murphy, J.
(1967) Hydrogen phosphide as a fumigant for foods, feeds and
processed food products. Pages 135-149, In Residue Reviews.
Vol. 19. Edited by F.A. Gunther. Tfew York: Springer.
005015384 Disney, R.W.; Fowler, K.S. (1972) Residues in cereals exposed to
hydrogen phosphide. Pages 99-101, In Radiotracer Studies of
Chemical Residues in Food and Agriculture, Proceedings of a
Combined Panel and Research Coordination Meeting; Oct 25-29,
1971, Vienna, Austria. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic
Energy Agency.
005007845 Dumas, T. (1978) Modified gas chromatographic determination of
phosphine. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists 61(1):5-7.
005020467 Dumas, T.. (1980) Phosphine sorption and desorption by stored wheat
and com. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
28(2):337-339.
005012115 Fluck, E. (1973) The chemistry of phosphine. Pages 1-64, In
Inorganic Chemistry. New York: Springer-Verlag. (Topics in
current chemistry, no. 35)
000005813 Fluck, E. (1973) The Fate of Phosphine in the Atmosphere. (Unpub-
lished study received Apr 27, 1976 under 5857-5; prepared by
Univ. Stuttgart, Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie; submitted by
Phostoxin Gales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:234588-C)
005010681 Freyman, I.R.; Sosedov, N.I. (1957) Vliyaniye fosforistogo vodoroda
na kachestvo pshenitsy. [The effect of phosphine on the quality
of wheat.] Trudy, Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-Isskedivatel'skii
Institut 2erna i Produktov Ego Pererabotki. [Transactions, All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of Grain and Grain
Products.] (33):37-54.
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OFFICE OF PESTICICE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD DIBLIOGRAFHY
Citations 'Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
KRID # Citation
005016260 Guvener, A.; Ahmet, F.; Iz, Y. (1970) Phostoxin'le ilacli bazi
hububat cesitleri ve findiklarda phosphin bakiyelerinin
arastirilanasi. [Investigation of phosphine residues in cereals
and hazelnuts after fumigation with phostoxin tablets.] Bitki
Koruma Bulteni. IPlant Protection Bulletin.] 10(4):242-250.
000005777 Hild, K.; Mayr, G. (1964) Recovery Test: [Aluminum phosphide]. In-
cludes three methods dated Sep 8, 1964 entitled: Analytical De-
termination of ALP (in Form of PH 3) with a Modified '/fhite
and Busney Method, Analytical Method for the Determination of
Vitamin A, and Analytical Method for the Determination of Vita-
min B2 (Riboflavin). (Unpublished study received Mayvt6,
under 5857-4; prepared by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer .
lingsbekaempfung m.b.H., submitted by Phostoxin Sales; Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009859-E)
000020578 Hild, K.; Mayr, G. (1965) Fumigation of Processed Food with Phos-
toxin-Pellets under Gastight Tarpaulin and Determination of
Aeration Time: Laboratory Report *to. 6501. (Unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5hl650; prepared by Deutsche
Gesellsfchnft fuer Schacdlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., submitted by
by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Va;
CDL:221604-C)
005022032 Kavadia, V.S.; Chandrasekaran, K.N.; Sharma, N. (1979) Extent of
phosphine residues in cereals and cereal products. Pages 77-
77, In Proceedings of the 1st Indian Convention of Food
Scientists and Technologists; Jun 23-24, 1978, Mysore, India.
Mysore, India: Association of Food Scientists and
Technologists.
005019407 Kohno, M.; Matsuo, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Saito, R.; Sato, K.; Tonaru,
K. (1974) Rinka aruminiumu kunjozai ni yoru chozo tabako gaichu
bojo ni kansuru kenkyu (dai san ho). Atarashii zaikei no rinka
aruminiumu kunjozai no jitsuyo shiken. [Studies on the
fumigant effects of aluminum phosphide against stored-tobacco
insects. Report III. An application test of a new type of
aluminum phosphide fumigant.] Nippon Sombai Kosha Chuo
Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku. [Scientific Papers of Central
Research Institute, Japan Monopoly Corporation.] (116):35-42.
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID #
000005719
005020562
005014270
000022913
005007830
005007724
005013276
005007621
005013027
005014054
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
Citation
Leesch, J.G. (1974) Fumigations of Farmers Stock Peanuts with Phos-
phine Derived from Aluminum phosphide: Progress Report No. 1.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Apr 13, 1974 from J.G.
Leesch to J.O. Hibbard, received Hay 10, 1974 under 2543-59;
prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region,
Stored-Product Insects Research and Development Laboratory,
Chemical Control Research Unit, submitted by Research Products
Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:009822-F)
Leesch, J.G.; Gillenvjater, H.B.; Davis, R.; Wilson, R., Jr. (1979)
Phosphine "and methyl bromide fumigation of shelled peanuts.
Peanut Science 6(1):13-26.
Leesch, J.G.; Highland,
pallets. Journal of
13(1)-.43-50.
H.A. (1973) Fumigation of shrink-wrapped
the Georgia Entomological Society
Murphy, J.B., Tacey, ? (1968) Final Report: Phosphine Residues from
Phostoxin Treated Chocolate Products. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Apr. 5, 1972 under 2F1184; prepared by Hazleton Labora-
tories, Inc., for Vogel-Ritt, Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-R)
Muthu, M.; Kashi, K.P.; Majumder, S.K. (1978) A simple method of
determining the sorption affinity of foodstuffs to phosphine.
Chemistry and Industry (4):129-131.
Nowicki, T.W. (1978) Gas-liquid ohrcmatography and flame photo
metric detection of phosphine in wheat. Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 61(4):829-836.
Panetsos, A.; Kilikidis, S. (1973) Toxicotis kai ypolimatiki
drasis tou phostoxin. [Toxicity and residual effects of
phostoxin.] Chemika Chronika, Genike Elkdosis. [Chemical
Chronicle, General Edition.] 33(7):146-149.
Robinson, J.R. (1972) Residues containing phosphorus following
phosphine treatment: measurement by neutron activation.
Journal of Stored Products Research 8(1):19-26.
Robinson, J.R.; Bond, E.J. (1970) The toxic action of phosphine—
studies with terminal residues in biological materials.
Journal of Stored Products Research 6(2):133-146.
Rohrlich, M.; Breyer, D. (1970) Ueber Silobegasung von Weizen mit
Phosphorwasserstoff (Detia-Gas-Ex-B). [Fumigation of wheat in
silos with phosphine (Detia-Gns-Ex-B).] Muehle 107(35):519-520.
-------
OFFICE CF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data F.ase Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
MRID # Citation
005016C93 Itohrlich, M.; Meuser, F. (1969) Untersuchungen an mit
Phosphorwasserstoff begastem Getreide. II. Y.itteilung:
•Technologische Aspekte der Begasung mit Phostoxin-Pellcts.
[Research on grain fumigated with hydrogen phosphide. Report
II: technological aspects of fumigation with Phostoxin
pellets.] Getreide und Mehl 19(2):9-14.
000005750 Rosebrook, D. (1972) Evaluation of Phosphine Preparation Detia Gas
EX-B, Final Report: MKE Project No. 3502-C. Includes four
methods dated Jan 20, 1972. (Unpublished study received May 2,
1972 under 2548-59; prepared by Midwest Research Institute, sub-
mitted by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:006384-A)
000005696 Rosebrook, D.D. (1972) Evaluation of Phosphine Preparation Detia
EX-B: Final Report: MRI Project Ho. 3502-C. (Unpublished study
received Feb 3, 1972 under 2548-59; prepared by Midwest Research
Institute, submitted by Research Products Co., Salina, TCans.;
CDL:100862-A)
000005774 Sullivan, J.B. (1966) Phosphine Residues from Phostoxin-Fumigatecl
Food Samples. (Unpublished study including letter dated Sep 12,
1973 from J.B. Sullivan to E.A.R. Liscombe, received May 6, 1974
under 5857-4; prepared by I-Iazleton Laboratories, Inc. for Holly-
wood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009879-A)
000005775 Sullivan, J.B. (1966) Phosphine Residues from Phostoxin Treated
Feed and Food Samples. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974
under 5857-4; prepared by Hazelton Laboratories, Inc. for Itolly-
wood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhantora, Calif.; CDL:009879-B)
000005776 Sullivan, J.B. (1966) Phosphine Residues from Phostoxin Treated
Cereals. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974 under 5B57-4;
prepared by Ilazleton Laboratories, Inc. for Kellogg Co., sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009G7y-C)
000005786 Sullivan, J.B. (1969) Final Report: Determination of Phosphine
Residues in Egg Yolk Samples: Project No. 129-156. (Unpublished
study including letter dated Dec 7, 1972 from L. Shipman to EiA.
Lipscomb [sic], received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4; prepared by
Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. for General Foods Corp., submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL-.009C79-S)
-------
OFFICE CF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
RE5GIi5rRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
MRID ft Citation
000005636 Sullivan, J.B. (1969) Fumigation of and Determination of Phosphine
Residues in Flue-Cured Tobacco Samples: Final Report. (Unpub-
lished study received Feb 4, 1969 under 5857-2; prepared by
Ilazleton Laboratories, Inc. for Hollyirood Termite Control Co.,
Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.; CDL:007792-3)
C00005781 Sullivan, J.B. (1972) Analyses of Fumigated Deglet Noor Dates for
Phosphine residues. (Unpublished study received tlay 6, 1974
under 5857-4; prepared by Ilazleton Laboratories, Inc. for U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009879-K)
000006724 Sullivan, J.B. (1972) Phosphine Residue and Recovery Studies in
Com, Milo, Wheat and Rye Grains. (Unpublished study received
on unknown date under unknown admin, no.; prepared by Hazleton
Laboratories for Phostoxin Sales, Inc., submitted by ?; CDL:
0904G3-B)
000005783 Sullivan, J.B. (1973) Final Report: Determination of Phosphine
Residues in Unprocessed Adriatic Figs and Inshell Almonds.
(Unpublished study including letters dated Nov 9 and 21, 1972
from H.D. Nelson to J.B. Sullivan, received May 6, 1974 under
5857-4; prepared by Ilazleton Laboratories, Inc., for U.S. Agri-
cultural Research Service; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhanbra, Calif.; CDL:009879-M)
000022007 Sullivan, J.B.; Starr, ? (1966) Phosphine Residues from Phostoxin
Treated Processed Dried Fruits. (Unpublished study received
Apr. 5, 1972 under 2F1184; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories,
Inc., for Hollywood '^termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-8)
000022017 Sullivan, J.B.; Tacey,?; Sucher,? (1969) Fumigation of and Deter-
mination of Pliosphine Residues in Whole Almonds, Walnuts, Raw
Peanuts and Roasted Peanuts: Final Report. (Unpublished study
received Apr. 5, 1972 under 2F1184, prepared by Ilazleton Labora-
tories, Inc., for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-0)
000022015 Sullivan, J.B.; Sucher, ?; Ibning, ? (1969) Final Report: Determi-
nation of Phosphine Residues in Spice Samples: Project *fc>. 990-
103. (Unpublished study including letter dated Apr. 11, 1969
from J.B. Sullivan to Douglas H. Ackerman, received under
2F1184, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Mhainbra, Calif.;
CDL:090995-L).
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PRDGRftMS
KEGISTRATICN STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supportijig
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VEI) (Cont'd)
MRID
Citation
000022026 Sullivan, J.B.; Wboldridge, ? (1966) Pnosphine Residues from
Phostoxin-Fumigated Food Samples. (Unpublished study received
Jan. 21, 1967 under 6F05081; prepared by Hazleton Labora-
tories, Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhainbra,
Calif.; CDL:090598-H)
000022008 Sullivan, J.B.; Wboldridge, ? (1967) Phosphine Residues from
Phostoxin Treated Rice Polish, Mixed Cereal, Teething Biscuits,
Meat Sticks, and Junior Beef. (Unpublished study received Apr.
5, 1972 under 2F1184; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhantora, Calif.; CDL:090995-C)
005008840 Tkachuk, R. (1972) Phosphorus residues in wheat due to phosphine
fumigation. Cereal Chemistry 49(3):258-267.
005013439 Vardell, H.H.; Cagle, A.; Cooper, E. (1073) Phosphine residues on
soybeans fumigated with aluminum phosphide. Journal of
Economic Entomology 66{3):EOO-801.
000005671 Wagner, R.M. (1962) Determination of Phosphine Residues in Commer-
cial Wheat Flour: Project *: 20-0222-33. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Jan 17, 19G2 under 5857-1; prepared by Hazleton Nuclear
Science Corp., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alharabra,
Calif.; CDL:022502-A)
-------
MAGNESIUM PHOSPHIEE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 2
Citations Judged To Be Inappropriate For Use In
Developing This Standard
-------
MRID #
005007192
005007350
005021332
000024146
005016343
G50025062
G50025048
000005657
G50025056
000026930
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
Addamiano, A. (1960) On the preparation of the phosphides of
aluminum, gallium and indium. Journal of the American Chemical
Society 82:1537-1540.
Ahmad, M. (1976) Effect of phosphine fumigation on the germination
of edible legume seeds. Journal of Stored Products Research
12(3):211-212.
Albertazzi, G. (1979) Difesa antiparassitaria del grano con
moderni metodi di lotta [Modern methods for pest control in
stored wheat] Ttecnica Molitoria. [Milling Techniques!
30(5):338-342.
Alkan, B.; Ozer, M. (1962) Studies on the toxic effects of Alumin-
ium phosphide (Phostoxin and Delicia) tablets on granary
insects. A translation of: Aluminium phosphide (Phostoxin ve
Delicia) tabletlerivle hububat ambar boceklerine karsi toksik
etkilerinin arastirilmasi. Page ?, 104, 105, In 1962 Yearbook
of the University of Ankara Faculty of Agriculture: Number
2. By ? N.P. (In unpublished submission received on
unknown date alib under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc. Alhambra, Calif., CDL: 123570-B)
Almeida, W.F. (1963) Toxicidade da fosfina para o homern.
[Tbxicity of phosphine for humans.] Biologico 28(9):266-267.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial (ACGIH) (1980)
Phosphine. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed.
Pages 337-8.
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) (1964)
Hygienic Guide Series. Phosphine. ATI. Indust. Hyg. J. 25:314-
316.
Andersen, V.S. (1957) Report on the Specialist y^eting on Stored
Food Products, Held at Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia: The Scien-
tific Council for Africa South of the Sahara (C.S.A.), 21st-26th
January 1957. (Unpublished study received ttov 15, 1957 under
5U57-EX-1; prepared by Agro-Chem, South Africa, submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:127352-L)
Animal Sciences and Index Branch (1980), EPA. Registration
Standards Phase I. Qualitative Use Assessment for Aluminum
Phosphide (066501), Sept. 19, 1980.
Anon. (19??) Phostoxin for the Fumigation of Grain Bulk. Frank-
fort (Main), Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbe-
kaempfung m.b.H. (Also In unpublished study received Aug 2,
1971 under 2F1184; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:221725-A)
-------
Citations F.xamined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID ft Citation
005003139 Anon. (1964) Phosphine (hydrogen phosphide, phosphoretted
hydrogen). American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
25:314-316.
005010034 Anon. (1964) Pregled sredstava za zastitu bilja u Jugoslaviji.
[Survey of products for the plant protection in Yugoslavia.]
Biljna Zastita 8(8/10):177-220.
005007795
000022023
005010553
005008317
005016257
005004172
GS0025001
GS0025002
005011570
005008873
005007193
Anon. (1966) FtQ/blKO monographs on fumigants.
Toxicology 4:434.
Food and Cosmetics
Anon. (1968) Phostoxin as a sanitation control measure. IWithout
Titleli 13(7):274-277. (Also ^n unpublished submission received
on unknown date under 6F0503; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090598-B)
Anon. (1969) Simple treatment will protect farm-stored grain.
Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 10(11):465-466.
Anon. (1969) Uganda: control of poisons: miscellaneous provisions.
International Digest of Health Legislation 20(1):154-155.
Anon. (1970) Methods zur Bestimnung von Phosphorwasserstoff.
[Method for the determination of hydrogen phosphide.] Nahrung
14(8):717-719.
Anon. (1973) Common names of pesticides. Revised list—February
1973. PANS 19(2):287-306.
Anon. (1973) Determination of Phosphine Residues from Food
Products Fumigated with Phostoxin (1973) Food Additives
Analytical Manual, Food Additives Reg. 121.281, 121, 1178.
Prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia.
Anon. 1973) Fumigation with Aluminum Phosphide Preparations,
Precautionary Measures. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food, London, Her Majesty's Stationary Office 10 1/2 p Net,
pp. 1-8.
Anon. (1975) Recommended methods for the detection and measurement
of residues of agricultural pests to pesticies: tentative
method for adults of sane major pest species of stored cereals,
with methyl bromide and phosphine—FAQ method no. 16. FAO
Plant Protection Bulletin 23(1):12-25.
Anon. (1979) Allocation for insecticides and its price.
Pesticides 13(5):58.
Ardley, J.H. (1975) Comparison of two phosphine gas-releasing
products for fumigation of infested bulk wheat. International
Pest Control 17(6):10,12-13.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID fc Citation
005009779 Awasthi, M.D.; Misra, S.S.; Verma, S.; Handa, S.K.; Dewan, R.S.
(1971) Phosphine residues fron "celphos" fumigated wheat gains
var. Kalyan Sona. Bulletin of Grain Technology 9(1):36-39.
000005713 Awasthi, M.D.j Misra, S.S.; Verma, S.; Handa, S.K.; Dewan, R.S.
(1971) Phosphine residues from Celphos fumigated wheat gains
var. Kalyan Sona. Bulletin of Grain Technology IX(1):35-39.
(Also In unpublished submission received Apr 10, 1972 under 449-
540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:003373-I)
005008300 Back, K.C.; Thomas, A.A.; MacEwen, J.D. (1972) Reclassification of
Materials Listed as Transportation Health Hazards. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Transporation, Office of Hazardous
Materials. (Department of Transporation report no.
TSA-20-72-3; available from: OTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-214 270)
005009576 Bagent, J.L. (1969) Fumigate stored rice to reduce loss to
insects. Rice Journal 72(3):15-16.
005009577 Baker, A.A.; Taylor, R.W.D. (1974) A review of the fumigation of
railtrucks during transit in East Africa. Tropical Stored
Products Information 26:17-32.
005011560 Barker, P.S. (1974) A theoretical consideration of the behaviour
of air-fumigant mixtures in stored grains in relation to the
law of gases. Manitoba Entomologist 3:80-84.
005009578 Barker, P.S. (1974) Hydrohen phosphide concentration gradients in
wheat. Manitoba Entomologist 8:85-89.
005009579 Barker, P.S. (1975) Comparison of two formulations of hydrogen
phosphide for the control of adults of Tribolium castaneum
(Herbst) and adults and eggs of Cryptolestcs ferrugineus
(Stephens). Manitoba Entomologist 9:13-16.
005010410 Barker, P.S. (1975) Control of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults
and Crypotolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults and eggs with
hydrogen phosphide in grain at temperatures between 1 and 11
degrees C. Manitoba Entomologist 9:23-28.
005010409 Barker, P.S. (1975) Survival of eggs of the rusty grain beetle,
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), in dry and damp wheat
treated with hydrogen phosphide, Manitoba Entomologist
9:5-8.
005009769 Barker, P.S. (1975) The responses'of eight strains of Tribolium
castaneum (Herbst) to hydrogen phosphide. Manitoba
Entomologist 9:39-42.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005013864 Barrett, W.J.; Dillon, H.K. (1978) Development of Methods for the
Determination of Elemental Phosphorus and Phosphine in Air.
Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service. (DHEW (NIOSH) publication no.
78-177).
005012050 Bazhenov, V.K.; Soloshenko, V.I.; Alyarashi, R.A. (1975)
Energy-band structure of solid solutions based on aluminum
phosphide and arsenide. Soviet Physics-Semiconductors. A
translation of: Fizika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov
8(11): 1392-1394.
005009301 Beer, S.Z. (1968) Synthesis and solution growth of aluminum
phosphide, I. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of
AIME 242(3):424-428.
005009302 Beer, S.Z. (1968) Synthesis and solution growth of aluminum
phosphide, II. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of
AIME 242(3):428-432.
005007358 Bell, C.H. (1976) The tolerance of developmental stages of four
stored product moths to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products
Research 12(2):77-86.
005007346 Bell, C.H. (1977) Toxicity of phosphine to the diapausing stages
of Ephestia elutella, Plodia interpunctella and other
Lepidoptera. Journal of Stored Products Research
13(4):149-158.
005007357 Bell, C.H.; danville, V. (1973) The effect of concentration and
exposure in tests with methyl brcmide and with phosphine on
diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella (Huebner) (Lepidoptera,
Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 9(3):165-170.
005007353 Bell, C.H.; Hole, B.D.; Evans, P.H. (1977) The occurrence of
resistance to phosphine in adult and egg stages of strains
of Phyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae).
Journal of Stored Products Research 13(2):91-94.
005010635 Benes, V.; Cerna, V. (1970) Tolerances of pesticide residues in
Czechoslovakia. Pages 75-85, In Residue Reviews. Vol. 33.
Edited by F.A. Gunther. New York: Springer.
005009570 Bengston, M. (1972) Control of grain storage insects on farms.
Queensland Agricultural Journal 93(10):553-555.
005013941 Berck, 3. (1965) Determination of fumigant gases by gas
chrcmatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
13(4):373-377.
-------
MRIP ft
GS0025003
000005937
000005946
GS0025004
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
Berck, B. (1968) Potentiometric Determination of Phosphine,
J. Agr. Food Chem; 16, (3): 415-418.
Berck, B. (1968) Sorption of phosphine by cereal products. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 16(3):419-425. (ftlso In un-
published submission received Sep 25, 1969 under OF0890; aib-
mitted by Hawaii, Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii; CDL:
093187-2)
Berck, B.; Westlake, W.E.; Omther, F.A. (1970) Microdetermination
of phosphine by gas-liquid chrcmatograpny with microcoulometric,
thermionic, and flame photanetric detection. Journal of Agri-
cultural and Pood Chemistry 18(1):143-147. (Also In unpub-
lished submission received Mar 3, 1971 under OF0890; submitted
by Hawaii, Dept. of Agricuture, Honolulu, Hawaii; CDL:093186-B)
Berck, B.; F.A. (1970) Rapid Determination of Sorption Affinity of
Phosphine by Fumigation within a Gas Chrcmatographic Column.
J. Agr. Food Chem.; 18 (1) 148-153.
005016682 Bevenue, A. (1967) Gas chrcmatograpny: applications and limitations
in pesticide residue analysis. Pages 3-45, In Additional
Principles and Methods of Analysis. Edited by G. Zweig and
J. Sherraa. New York: Academic Press. (Analytical methods for
pesticides, plant growth regulators and food additives, vol. V)
005009574 Bharadwaj, R.K.; Banerjee, S.K. (1973) Phostoxin for control
of Eriophyes mangiferae (Acarina; Eriophyidae) associated
with malformation disease in mango. Florida Entomologist
56(2):147-148.
005009132 Bhatia, S.K.; Bansode, P.C. (1972) Studies on n-=...--.*nce to
insecticides in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). IV.
Susceptibility of a p,p'DDT-resistant strain to same fumigants.
Indian Journal of thtomology 33(l):45-49.
005007347 Bhatia, S.S. (1976) Effects of fumigants on the water loss
in Periplaneta americana (L.). Proceedings of the Indian
Academy of Sciences, Section B 83(1):18-25.
000005665 Blickenstaff, W.N. (1961) [Characteristics of Phostoxin]. (Unpub-
lished study received Oct 23, 1961 under unknown admin, no.;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.? CDL:
104121-A)
GS0025005 Blumenthal, H. (1961) Conments on Phosphine (Unpublished submission
received Nov. 8, 1961 under OH0593; CDL: 221591)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005013274 Bogs, D.; Braasch, D. (1977) Der Gladiolenblasenfuss
(Taeniothrips sinplex Moris) an Gladiolenknollen im Lager und
seine Bekaempfung mit Blausaeue und Phosphorwasserstoff.
[Gladiolus thrips (Taeniothrips siiiplex Moris) on gladiolus
corms in storage and its control with hydrocyanic acid and
phosphine.] Nachrichtenblatt fuer den Pflanzenschutz in der
D.D.R 31(10):205-208.
005016346 Bollaerts, D.; Tahon, J. (1968) Utilisation de 1'hydrogene
phosphors dans la lutte centre les petits mamniferes
souterrains. [Use of hydrogren phosphide against small Trammels
living under ground.] Mededelingen Rijksfaculteit
Landbouwwetenschappen, Gent. [Communications of the State
University of Agricultural Sciences, Ghent.] 33(3):777-784.
005007813 Bond, E.J.; Dumas, T. (1967) Loss of warning odour from phosphine.
Journal of Stored Products Research 3:389-392.
005007188 Bond, E.J. (1978) Use of tritiated phosphine for studies on
absorption of the fumigant by insects. Journal of Economic
Entomology 71(5):844-846.
GS0025006 Bond, 5.J.; Monro H.A.U. (1961) The Toxicity of Various Funigants to
the Cadelle, Ttenebroides Mauritanieus. Journal of Economic
Entomology. 54 (3): 451-454.
005007348 Bond, E.J.; Robinson, J.R.; Buckland, C.T. (1969) The toxic action
of phosphine: absorption and symptoms of poisoning in insects.
Journal of Stored Products Research 5(4):289-298.
005007187 Bond, E.J.; Sellen, R.A.; Dumas, T. (1977) Control of insects with
phosphine in open-ended bin spouts. Journal of Economic
Entomology 70(1):22-25.
005008134 Bond, E.J.; Upitis, E. (1973) Response of three insects to
sublethal doses of phosphine. Journal of Stored Products
Research 8(4):307-313.
005014321 Bontoyan, VI.R. (1978) Report on pesticide formulations:
herbicides, fungicides, and miscellaneous. Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 61(2):313-320.
005021438 Bontoyan, W.R. (1980) Report on pesticide formulations:
herbicides, fungicides, and miscellaneous. Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 63(2):226-227.
005014677 Bourdin, J.; Viel, G. (1970) Sur Ic degagement cle I'hydrogene
phosphore dans le traitement des cereales stockees par les
pastilles de phosphure d1aluminium. [Phosphorus hydride
emission during the treatment of stored grains with aluninum
phosphide pellets.] Phytiatrie-Phytopharmacie 19(l):19-25.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005007189 Drekke, O.L.; Stringfellow, A.C. (1978) Aflatoxin in corn: a note
on ineffectiveness of several fumigants as inactivating agents.
Cereal Chemistry 55(4)-.518-520.
005000993 British Crop Protection Council (1974) Pesticide Manual: Basic
Information on the Chemicals Used as Active Components of
Pesticides. Edited by H. Martin and C.R. Worthing. 4th ed.
London, England: British Crop Protection Council.
005016905 Brockwell, J.; Robinson, A.C. (1976) Effects of commercial
organo-phosphorus insecticides on the growth in culture,
viability in seed pellets, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation
of Khizobium spp. Field Station Record 15(1):15-26.
005007349 Brown, W.B.; Hcseltine, H.K. (1968) Loss of phosphine on timber
dunnage treated with copper naphthenate. Journal of Stored
Products Research 4(1):91-92.
000005769 Bruce, R.B. (1958) Bake-Out Studies—Phostoxin Treated Flour; Re-
covery of Phosphine; Residues on Wheat: Supplement to Reports
Dated Apr 30, 1953, September 19, 1958, and September 22, 1958.
(Unpublished study including confidential data, received Oct 20,
1958 under 5857-1; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. for
Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CCL:022506-B)
000005904 Bruce, R.B. (1958) Phosphine Residues on Grain. (Unpublished study
received May 12, 1958 under 5857-EX-l; prepared by Hazleton Lab-
oratories, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submit-
ted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CEL:127352-D)
005007599 Buchanan, J.VJ.; Hanrahan, R.J. (1970) A comparative study of the
gas-phase radiation chemistry of phosphine and ammonia.
Radiation Research 42(2):244-254.
005007600 Buchanan, J.W.; Hanrahan, R.J. (1970) The radiation chemistry of
plTosphinc-ammonia mixtures in the gas phase. Radiation
Research 44(2):296-304.
GS0025007 Dyers, R.E. (1980) Evaluation Methods for Furaigant Control of
Eastern Woodchuck. Pest Control; Sept., 1980: pp. 24 and 26.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
GS0025008 Carlson, S.D. (1968) Respiration of Confused Flour Beetle Adults in
CO2 or N2 and After Sublethal Fumigation. Journal of
Economic Entomology; 61 (1): 125-131.
005014883 Castro, J.A.; Zerba, E.N.; Licastro, S.A. de; Picollo, M.I.; Wood,
E.J.; Ruvcda, M.A.; Moutier Aldao, E.M. de; Libertella, R.
(1976) Toxicity of methyl bronide and other gaseous
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G50025049 Casv/ell Reading Files of the Toxicology Branch. This was
supplemented with the private files of Charles Frick, past
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005019787 Cha, C.W. (1974) Gusuhjae jungdockuy jungsangua chiryo. [The
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005009800 Champ, B.R.; Dyte, C.E. (1977) FAD global survey of pesticide
susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAD Plant Protection
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005009317 Chandurkar, P.S.; Dhaliwal, G.S.; Mookherjee, P.B. (1972)
Behaviour of phosphine gas in a rat burrow. Bulletin of Grain
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005009078 Chaudhry, M.I.; Ahmad, A. (1975) Trial of poisonous gases and
baits against porcupines. Pakistan Journal of Forestry
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005008920 Chefurka, W.; Kashi, K.P.; Bond, E.J. (1975) Phosphine, an
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000020573 Chemische Fabrik Dr. Werner Freyberg (19??) Detia Gas-EX-H for
the Destructions of Stored Products of All Kinds. (Unpub-
lished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; submitted by
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000020576 Chemische Fabrik Dr. Werner Freyberg (1965) Experimental
Report on Fumigation of Barges Carrying Peanut Shells with Detia-
Gas-EX-R-Pouch-Chains in Hamburg, March 5r 1965. (Unpublished
study received Oct 21, 1974 under 2548-59; submitted by
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005009320 Childs, D.P. (1969) Phosphine—something new in fumigation.
Tobacco 16B(17):77.
GS0025010 Childs, D.P. (1972) Experiment: Tobacco Consignment Fumigated in
Containers While in Transit, Container Nevis.
000005749 Childs, D.P. (1973) Special Report: Phosphine Fumigation of Tobacco
in Overseas Freight Containers with Detia (R)* Formulation: R
73-3. (Unpublished study including part III, R 73-9, received
Nov 5, 1973 under 2548-59; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Re-
search Service, Mid-Atlantic Area, Stored-Tobacco Insects Inves-
tigations Laboratory, submitted by Research Products Co.,
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005015132 Childs, D.P. (1975) Control of insects that attack stored tobacco.
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Brooklyn, N.Y.: American Chemical Society, Chemical Marketing
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005009324 Childs, D.P.; Fletcher, L. (1974) Phosphine (Detia Gas EX-B) for
fumigation of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco Science XVIII:39-91.
005013966 Childs, D.P.; Overby, J.E.; Hadden, R.L. (1971) Phosphine fumiga-
tion of tobacco in freight containers (Part II). Tobacco
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005009318 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.C.; Watkins, B.J. (1969) Phosphine
fumigation of flue-cured tobacco for control of the cigarette
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005015127 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E. (1970) Phosphine fumigation of tobacco
in louvered warehouses. Tobacco Science 14:49.
-------
Citations Exanined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID * Citation
005009323 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E. (1971) Phosphine fumigation of tobacco
in louvered warehouses. Tobacco Science 14:49.
005009325 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E. (1974) Permeability of paper, plastic,
and apertured films to phosphine. Tobacco Science XVXII:92-94.
GS0025011 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Cox, E.L.; Hiffenegger, D. (1973)
Technology—Phosphine Fumigation—Concentrations, Temperatures,
Tbxicity. Tobacco, Dec. 28, 1973, pg. 76-80.
000005748 Chillis, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Cox, E.L.; Niffenegger, D. (1973) Toxi-
city of Phosphine at Various Concentrations and Temperatures to
the Cigarette Beetle. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agricul-
ture. (ARS-S-16; also In unpublished submission received Nov 5,
1973 under 2548-59; submitted by Research Products Co., Salina,
Kans.; CDL:025370-A)
005008302 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Hadden, R.L. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (Part II). Tobacco
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005013966 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Hadden, R.L. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (Part II). Tobacco
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005009319 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Niffenegger, D. (1969) Phosphine
fumigation of flue-cured tobacco warehouses for control of the
cigarette beetle. Tobacco Science 13:64-69.
005008301 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Niffenegger, D. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (Part I). Tobacco
172(1):33-36.
005012112 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Niffenegger, D. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (part 1). Tobacco
Science 15:1-4.
000005736 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Watkins, B.J. (1969) Phosphine fumiga-
tion of flue-cured tobacco for control of the cigarette beetle—
laboratory tests. Tobacco (Nov 14):49-52. (Also In unpub-
lished submission received May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:230915-C)
005009802 Chinnery, A.B. (1966) Fumigation of grain: use of aluminium
phosphide. Fertiliser and Feeding Stuffs Journal
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID # Citation
005009326 Chu, F.Y.; Oka, T. (1974) "Forbidden" rotational spectra of
phosphine and arsine. Journal of Chemical Physics
60(11):4612-4618.
005010416 Ciraci, S.; Batra, I.P.; Tiller, W.A. (1975) Electronic structure
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000005672 Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (1966) Working Paper on
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Aluminium phosphide in Grain and Grain Products. (CCPR.66.13;
First Session Jan 17-22, 1966, The Hague, The Netherlands;
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submitted by Phostoxiin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
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005012837 Cleve, II. (1971) Schaedlinge in Getreide und die
muellfreitechnischen Moeglichkeiten zu ihrer Entfernung.
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und Mehl 21(5):39-43.
005010199 Cogburn, R.R. (1967) Fumigation of bucket elevators with phosphine
gas to control rice weevil and red flour beetle adults.
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000005755 Cogbum, R.R. (1972) A New Formulation of Aluminum phosphide as a
Fumigant for Sacked Milled Rice. (Unpublished study received
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000005754 Cogburn, R.R. (1972) Rice Fumigated with Detia Gas EX-B. (Unpub-
lished study including letters dated Jan 28, Feb 11 and Oct 10,
1972 from R.R. Cogbum to Richard Bigler, received Jan 17, 1973
under 2548-59; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service,
Market Quality Research Div., Stored-Rice Insects Investiga-
tions, submitted by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:
100854-C)
000005723 Cogburn, R.R. (1974) Detia EX-B (R)* for phosphine fumigation in
sacked milled rice. Journal of Economic Entomology 67(3):436-
438. (Also In unpublished submission received Jan 6, 1977 under
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005012946 Cogburn, R.R.; Gillenwater, H.B. (1972) Interaction of gamma
radiation and fumigation of confused flour beetles. Journal of
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID * Citation
005012322 Cogburn, R.R.; Tilton, E.W. (1963) Phosphine tablets: an effective
and versatile fumigant, advantageous where product is stored in
sacks. Grain and Feed Journal Consolidated 120(12):41.
000005800 Cogburn, R.R.; Tilton, E.W. (1963) Studies of phosphine as a fumi-
gant for sacked rice under gas-tight tarpaulins. Journal of
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mission received Sep 17, 1964 under 5857-1; submitted by Phos-
toxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CCL:028351-X)
000005658 Cole, H.F. (1957) New method for fumigation of grain in bulk.
Milling CXXVIII(5):134. (Also In unpublished submission re-
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000020579 Conacher, M.J. (1968) How Canada Controls the Quality of Her Export
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Technical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 2, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.;
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pared by Canada, Board of Grain Commissioners for Hollywood Ter-
mite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL: 123567-A)
005009328 Cornes, M.A.; Adeyemi, S.A.O. (1969) A comparison of phosphine and
ethylene dibronide for the fumigation of cowpeas in polythene
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005012945
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Cotton, R.T. (1960) Use of phosphide for fumigation.
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Northwestern
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for fatal granulomatous meningo-encephalitis resulting in a
severe progressive arteritis and gross cerebral hemorrhages:
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poisoning. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society 29
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Courville, C.B. (1966) Confusion of presumed toxic gas poisoning
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severe progressive arteritis and gross cerebral hemorrhages:
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poisoning. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Societies
29 (2)-.76-86.
-------
000022018
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000020580 Courville, C.B. (1968) A Guide for the Medical Profession in Cases
of Suspected Phosphine Poisoning. (Unpublished paper presented
at the Phostoxin Sales and Technical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3,
1968, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on unknown
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lished study received Apr 5, 1972 under 2F1184, prepared by
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Calif.; CDL:090995-Q)
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Danthanarayana, W.; Fernando, S.N. (1970) Biology and control of
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DEGESCH ftnerica. Incorporated (1944?) Method of Analysis for
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[Phostoxinl. (Unpublished study received Aug 9, 1977 under
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000005760 DEGESCH Merica, Incorporated (1977) Report on Phostoxiin (R)* New
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005009316
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005759 DEGESCH America, Incorporated 91977) Report on Phostoxin (R)*
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cooperation with univ. Frankfurt, institut fuer physikalische
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-------
ttRID ft
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
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Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. (19??)
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published study received on unknown date under 5857-1; submitted
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-------
MRID #
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35(2):134-140.
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-------
MRID #
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-------
HRID ft
Citations Examinea and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
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tolerances, pesticide chemicals in or on raw agricultural commo-
dities. FR:45, 26330-31.
GS0025050 EPA (1981) EPA Index to Pesticide Chemicals. Aluminum Phosphide.
Issued 7/22/80. With Memo: Transmission of RS Chemical
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Sciences and Index Branch to Addressees, dated June 8, 1981.
(Received 6/15/81).
GS0097011 EPA (1981) Index to Pesticide Chemicals, Magnesium Phosphide.
Issued 9/11/79. With memo: Transmission of RS chemical
Magnesium Phosphide Index Entry from Acting Head, Index Section,
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Vortraege (OMKEK-Technoinform: Budapest) pp 59^70.
000005780 Estelle, W. (1965) Box Car Fumigation of Bulk Milo, Texas, 1965.
(Unpublished study received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009879-1)
000005811 Estelle, W. (1975) Experimental Railcar Fumigations at Reduced Dos-
age. (Unpublished study received Apr 27, 1976 under 5857-5;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif."; CDL:
234588-A)
000005677 Excel Industries, Limited (19??) Celphos (Aluminium phosphide).
(Unpublished study received Oct 5, 1971 under 5857-1; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:120711-A)
000005706 Excel Industries, Limited (1951?) Rate of Evolution of PII 3, NH*3@
and CO*2@ from Altcninium-phosphide Formulations at Different Re-
lative Humidities. (Unpublished study received Apr 10, 1972
under 449-540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:
003373-B)
000005708 Excel Industries, Limited (1967*) Dosages Required to Give 100%
Mortality of All Stored-Prcducts and Their Life Stages in Pres-
ence of Load (Table 1). (Unpublished study received Apr 10,
1972 under 449-540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.;
CDL:003373-D)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID # Citation
000005710 Excel Industries, Limited (1972) Determination of Undecomposed AlP
Residue in 0.5 Gm Pellets of Celphos. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Apr 10, 1972 under 449-540; submitted by Ttechne Corp.,
Kansas City, to,; CDL:OQ3373-F)
005007609
005007048
005020957
005010101
005011569
005018288
GS005055
Fachmann, I.; Gokhale, M.S. (1972) Aluminium phosphide
a versatile fumigant. Pesticides 6(10):22-23,29.
"Phosfume11
Fairchild, E.J., ed. (1977) Agricultural Chemicals and Pesticides:
A Subfile of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. (Pagination includes 46 pages
numbered i-xlvi; available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB-274
748)
Fam, E.Z.; Kamel, A.H.; Mahdi, tt.T.; Sheltawy, E.K. (1974) The
effect of repeated fumigation on the germination of certain
vegetable seeds. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of
Egypt, Economic Series (VII):85-89.
FAQ Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Jtesidues (1968) 1967
Evaluations of Sane Pesticide Residues in Food: Report of the
1967 Joint Meeting of the FRO Vforkng Party of Experts and the
WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. Rone, Italy: Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAD Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues (1972) Hydrogen
phosphide. Pages 289-295, In 1971 Evaluations of Some
Pesticide Residues in Food: The Monographs. By the Joint
Meeting of the FAQ Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues.
Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. (WHO pesticide
residues series no. 1; WHO technical report series no. 502; FAO
agricultural studies no. 88)
Ft® Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues (1973)
Pesticide Residues in Food. Report of the 1972 Joint Meeting
of the FAD Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues and
the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. Geneva,
Switzerland: World Health Organization. (WHO technical report
series no. 525; FAQ agricultural studies no. 90}
Fairhall, L.T. (I960). Phosphine. pp. 91-92 in Industrial
Toxicology, Hafner Publishing Company.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005650 Feuersenger, M. (I960) Uber die bestinmung von schadlingsbekampf-
unganitteln in lebensmitteln. [On the determination of pesti-
cides in foodstuffs.] Bundesgesundheitsblatt (10):149-152.
(Also In unpublished submission including English translation,
received 1960 under unknown admin, no.; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:126334-A)
005008037 Fishbein, L.; Flamm, W.G. (1972) Potential environmental chemical
hazards: Part II. Feed additives and pesticides. Science of
the Ibtal Environment 1(1):31-64.
GS0025013 Fletcher, L.W.; Gverby, J.E.; Childs, D.P.; Dean, T.A. (1974)
Kedrying of Tobacco Strips and Its Effect on Mortality of
Cigarette Beetles. Tobacco Science; 35: 34-35.
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gisch-toxikologischer Hinsicht. [Modern Industrial
Intoxications] Archiv fuer experiinentelle Pathologic and
Pharmokologie; 138:65-02
GG0052504 Flury, F. (1929) Modem Industrial Intoxications (Translation).
Archiv exper. Pathol. Pharmakol. 133:65-82.
005015379 Flury, F. (1937) Ueber Phosphorwasserstoff. [On phosphine.]
Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde 13(3):26-28.
GS0025041 Flury and Zernick (1931). riydrogen Phosphide (Phosphine) Pages 169-
171 in "Schudliche Case", Julius Springer, Berlin.
000024413 Food and Agricultural Organization, and World Health
Organization,(1973) Pesticide Residues In Food (Report of the
1972 Joint Meetings of the FAQ Working Party of Experts on
Pesticide Residues and the 7JHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues.) Rome, Italy. (FAD Agricultural Studies No. 90; WHO
Technical Report Series lfc>. 525) (Also In unpublished
submission re-ceived July 15, 1974 under 5857-4; submitted by
Pestcon Systems, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 027049)
000022022 Freyberg, W. (19??) Detia™(R) Gas-Ex-B for the Destructions of
Stored Product Pests of All Kinds. VIeinheim, W. Germany; Chem-
ische Fabrik Dr. Werner Freyberg. (English, Frendi and Spanish
text; also"1In™unpublished submission received Jan. 21, 1967
under 6F0508; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:090598-A
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MR3D £ Citation
GS0025015 Freyberg, W. 1964. Test Report on the Flat Storage Fumigation of
Wheat with Detia GAS-EX-B. (Unpublished study received June
26, 1981; submitted by Research Products Company, Salina,
Kansas).
00501632 Freyberg, G. (1974) Rueckstandsprobleme bei der Getreidebogasung.
[Residue problens in grain fumigation.) Getreide, Mchl und
Brot 28(9):241-243.
005009136 Freyberg, W.f inventor; (1963) Mittel zur Bekaerapfung von
Insekten und Nagetieren. [Preparation for control of insects
and rodents.] German (Fed. Rep.) auslegeschrift 1,155,631.
Oct 10. 7 p. Int. d. A Oln.
GS0025044 Furuno, J., Sugawara, N., and Ikeda, 51. (197G). A fatal case
poisoned by hydrogen phosphine and the simultaneous separation
of inorganic gases by gas chrcmatography. Dull. Yamagachi Med.
Sch. 23(1-2):49-58.
000005673 Gauditz, I. (1961) Fumigation of Ground Red Chili Peppers with
Phostoxin Tablets: Project #: 20-0106-32. (Unpublished study
received Jun 12, 1961 under 5857-1j prepared by Flazleton Nuclear
Science Corp. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:121109-A)
005009803 Geofftoy, G.L.; Gladfelter, W.L. (1978) Synthesis,
characterization and molecular dynamics of phosphine and
phosphite substituted iron-ruthenium carbcnyl clusters.
Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 175:49.
005014269 Glass, A. (1956) Account of suspected phosphine poisoning in a
submarine. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service
42(4):184-187.
00000572B Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1973)
Fumigation with Aluminium phosphide Preparations: Precautionary
Measures, 1972. London: Ifer Majesty's Stationery Office.
(p. 7 only; also In unpublished submission received Jan 6, 1977
under 2543-62; submitted by Research Products Co., Salina,
Kans.; CDL-.227591-B)
005009786 Greaves, J.H.; Choudry, M.A.; Khan, A.A. (1977) Pilot rodent
control studies in rice fields in Sind, using five
rodenticides. Agro-Ecosystems 3(2):119-130.
005018854 Green, M.B. (1977) Fumigants. Pages 204-210, In Chemicals for
Crop Protection and Pest Control. Oxford, England: Pergamon
Press.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000027591 Green, N.A. (1978) Certificate of Survey. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Dec. 14, 1979 under 5857-1; prepared by Superintendence
Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:241473-B)
000027592 Green, N.A. (1978) Certificate of Survey. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Dec. 14, 1979 under 5857-1; prepared by Superintendence
Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:241473-C)
005010197 Grothaus, R.H.; Jackson, S.C.; Batchelor, R.; Keenan, VI.L. (1974)
An Emergency Control Procedure for Insecticide-Resistant Body
Lice. Camp Lejeune, N.C.: Naval Medical Field Research
Laboratory. (Haval Medical Field Research Laboratory, vol.
XXIV, no. 7; available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; AD-778 346)
005009583 Grothaus, R.H.; Jackson, S.C.; Haskins, J.R.; Sims, G.L., Jr.
(1973) An Environmentally Improved Method of Fire Ant Control
for High Maintenance Areas. Camp Lejeune, N.C.: Naval Medical
Field Research Laboratory. (Available from: T7TIS, Springfield,
VA; AD-763 371)
000005771 Gunn, J.W. (1958) Fumigation of Elevator Bins at Garden City Co-
op's Tennis, Kansas Line Elevator with Phostoxin. (Unpublished
study including summary statement, received Oct 20, 1958 under
5857-1; prepared by Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc. in co-
operation with U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022506-D)
005008846 Gunn, J.W. (1959) Phostoxin: new tablet forn grain fumigant. Pest
Control 27(7):29.
000005766 Gunn, J.W. (1959) Report on Milo Fumigation. (Unpublished study
received May 12, 1959 under 5857-1; prepared by Hollywood Ter-
mite Control Co., Inc. in cooperation with Bureau of Rodent &
Weed Control and Seed Inspection, California Seed Laboratory,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
022505-A)
000005670 Gunn, J.W. (1959) Report on Milo Fumigation. (Unpublished study
received Sep 27, 1960 under 5857-1; prepared by Hollywood Ter-
mite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022501-A)
000005648 Gunn, J.W. (1963) Discussion of Points at Issue in the Article—The
Pesticide Phostoxin—with Suggested Changes. (Unpublished study
including letter dated Mar 16, 1963 from J.W. Gunn to A.W.
Motley, received Mar 20, 1963 under unknown admin, no.; prepared
by Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:104122-A)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID ft Citation
000005661 Gunn, L.H.; Shuyler, H.R.; Morris, O.W.; Wilbur, D.A., Jr. (1963)
Preliminary Report on Experimental Fumigation Using Hew Phos-
toxin Pellets. (Unpublished study received Mar 6f 1963 under
unknown admin, no.; prepared by Hollywood Termite Control Co.,
Inc., submitted by Fhostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CBL:
104144-A)
005012957 Gunn, W. (1960) Phostoxin. Association of Operative Millers
Bulletin 1960:2489.
000020572 Gunther, F.A.; Liscombe, B.A.R.; Hazleton, L.W.; et al. (1969)
Panel Discussion: Residues in General from Both Domestic and
International Viewpoints. (Unpublished paper presented at the
Phostoxin Conference; Feb 12-14, 1969, los Angeles, Calif.;
unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; pre-
pared by Univ. of California—Riverside, Citrus Research Center
Hollywood Termite Control Co., submitted by Thostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL-.123561-G)
005009735 Gupta, D.S.; Chillar, B.S. (1971) Penetration power and
effectiveness of various fumigants in vrtieat against Tribolium
castaneum (Herbst.). Bulletin of Grain Technology
9(3):172-176.
000005705 Gupta, D.S.; Chillar, B.S. (1971) Penetration power and effective-
ness of various fumigants in wheat against Tribolium casta-
neum (Herbst). Bulletin of Grain Technology IX(3):172-176.
(Also In unpublished submission received May 10, 1972 under
449-540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:
003374-A)
005019229 Gupta, R.C.; Dave, S.K.; Shah, M.P.; Kashyap, S.K. (1979) A
monitoring study of workers handling pesticides in warehouses
and godowns. Journal of environmental Science and Health, Part
3 14(4):405-416.
GS0025016 Hallermann, W. and O. Pribilla. (1959) Todliche Vergiftungen mit
Phosphorwasserstoff. [Cases of Fatal Poisoning with Pliospine]
Archiv fur Tbxikologie 17(4): 219-242.
000005773 Harada, T. (1962) A Study on a New Fumigant, Phostoxin (Hydrogen
phosphide). (Unpublished study received Mar 18, 1964 under
5857-1; prepared by Japan, Agriculture-Forestry Dept., Food Re-
search Institute, Pest Laboratory, submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:026134-B)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKCD # Citation
005020086 Harada, T. (1968) Shinkunjozai "hosutokishin" (rinkasuiso) ni
kansuru kenkyu (dai 6-ho): "hosutokishin" no hakka, bakuhatsu ni
kansuru shiken.- [Studies of the new fumigant "phostoxin11
(hydrogen phosphide). VI: Ignition and explosion tests of
"phostoxin".] Shokuryo Kenkyujo Kenkyu Hokoku. [Food Research
Institue, Research Report.] (23):56-60.
005016584 Harada, T. (1968) Shokuryo no hozo to henshitsu hoshi ni kansuru
"haikuroru" ho to shinkunjozai "hosutokishin11 tono kikaku
shiken. [The oomparative experiment of food preservation
between "high-chlor" method and fumigation with "phostoxin".]
Shokuryo Kenkyujo Kenkyu Hokoku. [Food Research Institute,
Research Report.] (23):71-78.
005007836 Harger, R.N.; Spolyar, L.W. (1958) Toxicity of phosphine, with a
possible fatality from this poison. A.M.A. Archives of
Industrial Health 18:497-504.
005008845 Hawkes, C. (1973) Assessment of phosphine fumigation as a plant
quarantine measure against Spodoptera littoralis. Annals of
Applied Biology 75(3) -.393-399.
000005683 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1958) Summary of Preliminary
Report on Extraction and Recovery of Phosphine from Wheat. (Un-
published study received Sep 25, 1958 under 5857-1; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhantora, Calif.; CDL:022499-A)
000005732 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1958) The Chemistry, Residue
and Toxicology of Phostoxin. (Unpublished study received Jul
19, 1963 under 5857-1; prepared for Hollywood Termite Control
Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhanbra, Calif.;
CDL:230469-B)
000005912 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1965) Food Additive Petition
[use of Phostoxin on processed foods such as flour, rice, and
ground spices]. (Unpublished study received Nov. 3, 1965 under
5H1650; CDL: 221604)
000002961 Hazleton Laboratories Incorporated (1965?) Fumigation of
Eight Varieties of Processed Dried Fruits with Phostoxin
(Unpublished Study received April 5, 1972 under 2F1184 (Vol. 1
of 3); submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alharabra, CA; CDL:
090995)
000022006 Hazleton Laboratories Incorporated (1965?) Fumigation of Eight
Varieties of Processed Dried Fruits with Phostoxin (Unpublished
study received April 5, 1972 under 2F1184 (Vol. 2 of 3);
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 090994)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000059001 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1966) Food Additive Petition
[residue tolerance for Phostoxin on cereal grains]. (Unpub
lished study received Aug. 19, 1966 under 5H1650; CDL: 221605)
000060850 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated. (1966) Phosphine Residues
from Phostoxin-Fumigated Food Samples. (Unpublished study
received Dec. 21, 1966 under 6F0500; CDL: 090598, Vol. 1 of 2)
000012028 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1966) Phosphine Residues from
Phostoxin-Fumigated Food Samples. (Unpublished study received
Dec. 21, 1966 under 6F0508; CDL: 092794, Vol. 2 of 2)
000022021 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1966) Reasonable Grounds
in Support of the Petition; I Phosphine'!. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Jul 18, 1966 under 6F0508; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif., CDL:092794-F)
000020581 Hazleton L.W. (1968) Phostoxin™(R) Regulatory Status. (Unpub-
lished paper presented at the Phostoxin Sales and Technical
Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished
study received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by Hazle-
ton Laboratories, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co, sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123567-C)
000044477 Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. (1969) Fumigation of and Determination
of Phosphine Residues in Flue-Cured Tobacco Samples (Unpublished
study received Feb. 4, 1969 under 5857-1; submitted by Pestcon
Systems, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 007791)
000026936 Hazleton Laboratories (1971) Investigations Made with Respect to
Safety of Phostoxin. (Unpublished study received Aug 2, 1971
under 2F1184; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CCL:221725-J)
000022924 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1972?) Phosphine Residue and
Recovery studies in Com, Milo, Wheat and Rye Grains. (Unpub-
lished study received May 25, 1972?; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 098463)
00006722 Heiman, D. (1977) Reducer! Dosages—Peanut Warehouses. (Unpublished
study received Jul 17, 1979 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:233831-G)
000005910 Henderson, Y.; Haggard, H.W. (1943) Noxious Gases and the Princi-
ples of Respiration Influencing Their Action. 2nd and rev. ed.
New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. (pp. 242-243 only; Pmerican
Chemical Society, Monograph series; also In unpublished sub-
mission received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-63; submitted by Re-
search Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:2275U6-B)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged! to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID I Citation
005015513 Hertel, W. (1973) (Contamination von Getreide und
Getreideerzeugnissen. [Contamination of cereals and their
products.] Qualitas Plantarum-Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
XXIII(1/3):269-279.
005007788 lleseltine, H.K. (1969) Fumigation—the final resort. Chemistry
and Industry (41):1405-1408.
005014267 Heseltine, H.K. (1973) A guide to fumigation with phosphine in the
tropics. Tropical Stored Products Information (24):25-36.
000005678 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of Aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain—1: General considerations.
Milling CXXIX(24):676-677. (Also In unpublished submission re-
ceived Mar 10, 1958 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CEL:120712-A)
000005679 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of Aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain—2: The fumigation of grain
in deep silo, bins and in floor storage warehouses. Milling
CXXIX(25):730-732,752. (Also In unpublished submission received
Mar 10, 1958 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:120712-B)
000005680 Heseltine, U.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of Aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain—3: The fumigation of grain
stored on the farm. Milling CXXIX( 26)-.774-775,778,783. (Also
In unpublished submission received Mar 10, 1958 under 5857-1;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
120712-C)
005009292 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain-2: the fumigation of grain
in deep silo bins and in floor storage warehouses. Milling
129 (25) .-730-732, 752.
005013765 Heseltine, U.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain-3: the fumigation of grain
stored on the farm. Milling 129(26):774-775,778,783.
005007789 Heuser, S.G.B. (1973) Determination of residues arising from
fumigation practice. Pesticide Science 4(3):409-416.
005007725 Heyndrickx, A.; Van Peteghem, C.; Van Den Heede, M.; Lauwaert, R.
(1976) A double fatality with children due to fumigated wheat.
European Journal of Toxicology 9(2):113-118.
005007833 Highland, H.A.; Schoenherr, W.H.; Winburn, T.F.; Lawson, D.E.
(1979) Phosphine and methyl bromide fumigation of commodities
in woven plastic or paper bags. Cereal Foods World
24(1):19-21,26.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005912 Hild, K.; Mayr, G. (1965) Fumigation of Animal Food v/ith Phosphinel
Recovery Test: Laboratory Report Mo. 6502. (Unpublished study
received Mar 23, 1965 under 5H1650; prepared by Deutsche Gesell-
schaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., submitted by Hazleton
Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Va.; CDL:221604-E)
005009787 Hindmarsh, P.S. (1977) The long-term storage of hybrid maize seed
in Zambia using polythene-lined sacks. Tropical Science
19 (3):141-145.
005007611 Hole, B.D.; Bell, C.H.; Mills, K.A.; Goodship, G. (1976) The
toxicity of phosphine to all developmental stages of thirteen
species of stored product beetles. Journal of Stored Products
Research 12(4):235-244.
000022025 Hollywood Termite Control Company, (19??) Phostoxin grinder-blower,
Alhambra, Calif.: Hollywood. (Also In unpublished submission
received Jan 21, 1967 under 6F0508; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090598-G)
000005791 Hollywood Termite Control Company, Incorporated (I960*) Training
Outline for Safe Practices in Handling and Using Phostoxin.
(Unpublished study received Jan 28, 1964 under 5857-2; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022497-A)
000005661 Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc. (1963) [Accident Report
Involving Phostoxin] (Unpublished study received Feb. 12, 1963
under 5857-Q; CDL: 104143)
GS0025063 Hoitor£f R.C. (1980) Preliminary quantitative usage analysis of
aluminum phosphide. Memo to W.G. Phillips, August 11, 1980
005015910 Horak, E. (1966} Proti hrabosum v krechtech. [Control of rodents
in storages.] Za Vysokou Urodu 14(10):392-393.
005007608 Howe, R.W. (1973) The susceptibility of the immature and adult
stages of Sitophilus granarius to phosphine. Journal of Stored
Products Research 8(4):241-262.
005012036 Howe, R.W. (1974) Problems in the laboratory investigation of the
toxicity of phosphine to stored product insects. Journal of
Stored Products Research 10(3/4):167-181.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005790 Hubert, P.P. (1960) Data on Fumigation of Milo (Sorghum) with Phos-
toxin under Plastic Tarpaulins at Djibouti, French Scmaliland.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Apr 8, 1960 from P.P.
Hubert to Herr G. Strasburger, received Oct 17, 1960 under 5857-
1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Plant Pest
Control Div., Regional Insect Control Project, submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022504-A)
005008(149 Hubert, P.P. (1962) Emergency fumigation operation combines heat,
humidity and phos toxin. Agricultural Chemicals
17(2):20-21,103.
005007614 Hughes, J.G.; Jones, A.T. (1963) The estimation of phosphine in
air. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
24(2):164-167.
005016351 Ilic, B.; Popovic, N. (1973) Vergleichende Untersuchung von
Phosphorwasserstoff entwickelnden Praeparaten zur
Getreidebegasung. [Comparative analysis of preparations
generating hydrogen phosphide for grain fumigation.] Anzeiger
fuer Schaedlingskunde, Pflanzen- und Umweltschutz
XLYI (8):117-121.
000005722 Iman, M.; Kilin, D. (1973) Detia Gas-EX-B Experiment against Stor-
age Insect Pest on Rice. (Unpublished study received Jan 6,
1977 under 2548-63; prepared by Indonesia, Ministry of Agricul-
ture, Central Research Institute for Agriculture, Pest and
Disease Div. in cooperation v/ith Hoechst Indonesia P.T. and
Badan Urusan Logistic, submitted by Research Products Co.,
Salina, Kans.; CDL:227588-C)
GS0025051 Information Services Branch (1979-80) Author-Sequence Bibliography,
Case GS0025 Aluminum Phosphide 12/19/79; Addendun, 12/19/79 -
9/11/80; Addendum Addendum, 12/19/79.
000060291 International Bio-Research, Inc. (1977) Acute Oral Toxicity of
Aluminum Phosphide in Rats (unpublished study received
April 11, 1977 under 2548-AG; CDL: 233304).
005009304 lordanou, N. (1976) Control of Stored Grain Insects in Cyprus.
Nicosia, Cyprus: Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute.
(Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute technical bulletin no.
20)
005015120 Isa, A.L.; Kamel, A.H.; Fain, E.Z.; Awadallah, W.H. (1970) On the
effect of certain fumigants on the overwintering corn borers
larvae. Agricultural Research Review 48(1):43-47.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005015519 Ivanova, N.T.; Vislykh, N.A.; Vbevodina, V.V.; Protasova, L.A.;
Frangulyan, L.A. (1978) Khroraatograficheskoe opredelenie
kisloroda, azota i dvuokisi ugleroda v gidridakh.
[Chronatographic determination of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide in hydrides.] Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. [Industrial
Laboratory.] 44(6)-.649-650.
005007735
005013970
000005688
005009582
GS0025052
005007723
005009294
005011568
005012291
Jaoobson, F.B. (1977) Food protection: residues and tolerances.
Manufacturing Confectioner 57(4):63-65.
Jaoobson, F.B. (1979) Pesticide residues.
Confectioner 59(4):77-80.
Manufacturing
Jay, E.G. (1974) Phosphine for Control of the Greater Wax Moth.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Dec 17, 1974 from E.G.
Jay to Richard Heiman, received May 14, 1975 under 5857-1; pre-
pared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region,
Stored-Product Insects Research and Development Laboratory, sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:222878-E)
Jayaraman, A.; Newton, R.C.; Kennedy, G.C. (1963) High pressure
studies on diamond and zincblende structures, melting and
polymorphism. Pages 297-306, In Proceedings of the 1st
International Congress on Diamonds in Industry; May 28-Jun 2,
1962, Paris. Edited by P. Greene. London, England:
Industrial Diamond Information Bureau.
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141-42 in "Cccupational Diseases and Industrial Medicine".
W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
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clinical aspects of bulk wheat fumigation with aluminum
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Joshi, G.P. (1974) Toxicity of certain chemicals on Oryzaephilus
mercator F. (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Applied Entomology and
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Joubert, P.C.; Du Ibit, D.M. (1969) The development and yield of
plants derived from fumigated seeds. I. Maize.
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Kamel, A.H.; Fam, E.Z.; Mahdy, M.T.; Sheltawy, E.M. (1973) The
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
M1OD f Citation
005020959 Kamel, A.H.; Fam. E.Z.; Mahdi, M.T.; Sheltawi, E.M. (1974) The
phytotoxic effect of carbon bisulphide, methyl bromide and
hydrogen phosphide on the germination of seeds of certain field
crops. Dulletion of the Entomological Society of Egypt,
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005015645 Kapp, W.; Neubecker, P.; Brehm, H.P., inventors; Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., assignee
(1975) Schaedlingsbekaempfungsmittel und festes
Oxydationsmittel in einer gemeinsamen Verpackung. [Pest
control agent and solid osidizer in a cannon package:
environmentally safe phosphine-releasing fumigant.] German
(Fed. Rep.) offenlegungsschrift 2,414,548. Oct 2. 23 p. Int.
Cl.
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6 p. Int. Cl.
005007624 Kashi, K.P. (1974) Toxic action of phosphine on insects.
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of carbon dioxide on the toxicity of phosphine to Sitophilus
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absorption and circular dichroic spectra of cytochrome £ and
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phosphine detection. Pesticide Science 6(5):511-514.
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005013442 Kirkiacharian, S.B. (1974) Tobacco fumigation with phosphine.
Tobacco 176(19):38,40.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MR1D # Citation
GS0025065 Klimmer, O.R. (1958) Toxicology of Phosphine (Translation) REPORT
submitted by Phostoxin....PSD-81-131 Received June 4, 1981
000005791 Klimmer, O.R. (1958) Toxicology of Phosphine (Unpublished study
received April 20, 1964 under unknown submission; CDL: 022496)
GS0025057 Klimmer, O.R. (1969) Contribution of the study of the action of
phosphine (PH-j). The question of the so-called chronic
phosphine poisoning. (Translation) Archiv Toxicol. 24 (2/3):
164-187
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Respiratory Protection Against Phosphine. Pittsburgh, Pa.:
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circular no. 8291)
005014682 Kobayashi, Y.; Meguro, T. (1967) Kenchikan ni yoru kukicho
rinkasuiso no jinsoku teiryo. [A rapid method for
microdetermination of phosphine in air by means of detector
tubes.1 Bunseki Kagaku. [Japan Analyst.] 16(12):1359-1364.
005011347 Kroeller, E. (1968) Untersuchungen zur Restinengen-Bestimmung von
Phosphorwasserstoff in Lebensmittlen. [Investigations on
determination of residual quantities of hydrogen phosphide in
foods.1 Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 64(1):6-9.
005020479 Kuhn, H.; Marek, J.; Iteif, H. (1971) Die Begasung von Tabak mit
Phospnin: Rueckstandsanalyse und Degustation [Gassing of tobacco
with phosphine: residue analysis and degustation] Pages 191-203,
In Facliche Mitteilungen der Oesterreichischen Tabakregie. No.
12. Vienna, Austria: Austria Tabakwerke AG.
005007623 Kulkarni, J.H.; Sardeshpande, J.S.; Bagyaraj, D.J. (1975)
Effect of seed fumigation on the symbiosis of Rhizbbium so.
with Arachis hypogaea Linn. Zentralblatt fuer
Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankhpiten und
Hygiene, Abteilung 2 130(1):41-44.
005008917 Lai, S.S.; Varma, B.K. (1974) Attack of Cadra cautella (Wlk) in
stored onions at Hyderabad, A.P. Bulletin of Grain Technology
12(3):238-239.
GS0025020 Lamedica, C.D. (1979) Contribution to the Research Study for Now
Formulas to Funigate and Control Insects that Attach Store
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Research Products Company, Salina, Kansas).
-------
Citations Examined and fudged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005016703 Laue, G. (1955) Die Tbxikologie des Phosphorwasserstoffes und die
gesetzlichen Bestimnungen fuer seine Anwendung unter besonderer
Beruecksichtigung der Schaedlingsbekaempfung. [Toxicology of
hydrogen phophide and the legal ordinances for its application
with special emphasis on pest control.] Nachrichtenblatt des
Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Braunschweig) 8:13-20.
005008141 Leesch, J.G.; Gillenwater, H.B. (1976) Fumigation of pecans with
methyl bromide and phosphine to control the pecan weevil.
Journal of Economic Entomology 69(2): 241-244.
005014270 Leesch, J.G.: Highland, H.A. (1978) Fumigation of shrink-wrapped
pallets. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 13(1):43-
50.
005007739 Leesch, J.G.; Redlinger, L.M.; Gillenwater, H.B.; Davis, R.;
Zehner, J.M. (1978) An in-transit shipboard fumigation of corn.
Journal of Economic Entomology 71(6):928-935.
005011346 Leonhardt, G.; Topol, I.; Unger, K.; Meisel, A. (1972) Zur
Interpretation der Itoentgenemissionsbanden von All I
BV-Verbindungen. [Interpretation of the X-ray emission bands
of AIII BV-compounds.] Annalen der Physik (Leipzig)
23 (3):245-254.
005021181 Lin, T.; (1972) Gu sheon tue kon yuea sheen yue faan tsre shre
neann. Determination of rice weevil ("tSitophilus™.
oryzae Linne) resistance to insecticides and the development
of substitutive chemicals. T'ai-Wan Nung Yeh Chi K'an.
Taiwan Agriculture Quarterly. 8(4):115-123.
005017093 Lin, T.; Horng, L.M. (1977) Si how sen yu how da sen fong tze
chung ku hi chon gee yin shiang chung tz fa ya se yen.
[Studies on the effectiveness of the fumigant Celphos and
Phostoxin against granary insects and their effects on the
germination of seeds.] Chung-Hua Nung Yeh Yen Chiu. [Journal
of Agricultural Research of China.] 26(1):72-80.
000053B91 Lindgren, D.L. (1961) [Using Methyl Bromide and Hydrogen Phosphide
in the Fumigation of Paprika and Chili Powder.] (Unpublished
study received Jan. 25, 1961 under 5U57-1; submitted by Pestcon
Systems, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 022510)
005009307 Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E. (1967) Relative toxicity of hydrogen
phosphide to various stored-product insects. Journal of Stored
Products Research 2(2):141-146.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID £ Citation
000005674 Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E.; Krohne, H.E. (1953) Preliminary
Studies on Hydrogen phosphide as a Fumigant. (Unpublished study
received Mar 17, 1958 under 5857-1; prepared by Univ. of Cali-
fornia—Riverside, Agricultural Experiment Station, Citrus
ExperLuent Station, Dept. of Entomology for Hollywood Ttermite
Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL-.123572-A)
000005772 Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E.; Strong, R.G. (1958) Studies on Hy-
drogen phosphide as a fumigant. Journal of Economic Entonology
51(6):900-903. (Mso In unpublished submission received Oct 6,
1960 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif; CEL:022507-A)
000005788 Liscombe, E.A.R. (1963) Fumigation of Grain in Transit with Phos-
toxin. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4;
prepared for Canada, Dept. of Agriculture, Board of Grain Com-
missioners, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:009879-Y)
005013369 Liscombe, E.A.R. (1963) Recently registered hydrogen phosphide in
tablet form as a grain fumigant. Research for Farmers
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000005789 Liscombe, E.R.A. (1965) The Effectiveness of Phostoxin for Control
of Mites and Insects in Stored Grain. (Unpublished study re-
ceived May 6, 1974 under 5857-4; prepared for Canada, Dept. of
Agriculture, Research Branch, submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CEL:009G79-Z)
000005649 Long, K.J.; Squier, A.L. (1962) Phostoxin Box-Car Fumigation. (Un-
published study received Aug 5, 1965 under 5857-1; prepared by
Kellogg Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:123575-A)
005020599 Loewenthal, M. (1949) Phosphorwasserstoffvergiftung. (Phosphine
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005011177 Lund, M. (1976) Control of the European .nole, Taloa
eruopaea (sicl. Pages 125-130, In Proceedings of the
Vertebrate Pest Conference. Vol. 7. Sacramento, Calif.:
Vertebrate Pest Conference.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID, £ Citation
005015909 Lutzmann, L.; Xienitz, M.; Klosterkoetter, W. (1963)
Phosphorwasserstoffvergiftung bei Transport von Ferrosilizium.
[Hydrogen phosphide (phosphinc) poisoning during the
transportation of ferrosilicon.J Medizinische Welt
(2):114-116.
005020953 Mahdi, M.T.; Sheltawy, E.M.; Kamel, A.H.; Fam, E.Z. (1974) The
effect of alternating fumigation with carbon bisulphide and
hydrogen phosphide on the viability of seed of certain crops.
Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series
(VIII):31-83.
005006646 Malanoski, A.J.; Cunnings, J.G.; Ifelrich, K.; Williams, S.; Puma,
B.J.; Butler, S.W. (1979) Report of Subcommittee E on
recommendations for official methods. Journal of the
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005007734 Malone, B. (1971) Analytical methods for the determination of
fumigants. Pages 21-60, In Residue Revievs. Vol. 38. lieu
York: Springer.
005008137 Marriott, R.C.; Odom, J.D.; Sears, C.T., Jr. (1973) Phosphorus
compounds: 1. Phosphine. Pages 1-4, In Inorganic Syntheses.
Vol. 14. New York: McGraw-Hill.
005018601 Matsuncbu, M.; Mori, T. (1968) Shuka mechiru oyotai rinka suiso
kunjo ga birumugi shushi no hatsuga ni oyobosu eikyo. [Effect
of methyl branide and hydrogen phosphide fumigation on the
germination of malt barley.] Pages 61-65, In Shokubutsu
Boekisho Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku. [Research Bulletin of the Plant
Protection Service, Japan.] No. 5. Yokohama, Japan: Norinsho
Yokohama Shokubutsu Boekisho.
005007722 Matthews, R.H.; Fifield, C.C.; Hartsing, T.F. (1970) Effects of
fumigation on v/heat in storage. II. Physical and eating
eating qualities of breads and rolls. Cereal Chemistry
47(5):587-591.
005007716 Matthews, R.H.; Fifield, C.C.; Hartsing, T.F.; Storey, C.L.;
Dennis, H.M. (1970) Effects of fumigation on \riieat in storage.
I. Physical measurements of flour. Cereal Chemistry
47(5):579-586.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged bo be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID f Citation
000027593 Mayberry, J.K.; Metz, F.I.; Seiwald, P. (1974) The Evaluation of
Phosphine Preparation Etetia Gas Ex-B: disposal of Bags: Project
No. 3502-C. (Unpublished study received Jun G, 1974 under 2548-
59; prepared by Midwest Research Institute, submitted by Re-
search Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:009580-A)
005020400 Mayr, G.E. (1974) Einfluss der Kuehlenbegasung mit Blausaeure,
Methylbromid und Phospliorwasserstoff auf die Mehlqualitaet.
[Effect of mill fumigation with prussic acid, methyl bromide,
and hydrogen phosphide on flour quality.] Getreide, Mehl und
Brot 28(4):91-95.
005018500 McClelian, W.C.; Yu, G. (1973) Retention of phosphine gas with 2
mil polyethylene. Tobacco Science XVII:24.
005009776 McFarlane, J.A. (1969) Stored products insect control in Kenya.
Tropical Stored Products Information 18:13-23.
005009780 McGaughey, W.H. (1975) Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis and
granulosis virus treatments of stored grain with four grain
fumigants. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 26(2):247-250.
000006731 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by; CDL:098463-I)
000006726 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by ; CDL: 098463-D)
000006728 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-F)
000006729 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: '/Juninum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
•technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-G)
000006730 McGill, L.A. (1972) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study including letter dated Jan 24, 1972 from II.D.
Nelson to John A. Mattei, received on unknown date under unknown
admin, no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food
Science and Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-H)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKED # Citation
000006727 McGill, L.A. (1972) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide!.
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-E)
000005798 McGregor, H.E. (1961) Evaluation of phosphine gas as a fumigant for
shelled yellow com stored in concrete silo-type storage.
Northwestern Miller 265(13):38-39. (Also In unpublished sub-
mission received Sep 17, 1964 under 5857-1; submitted by Phos-
toxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CEL:028351-T)
000005808 McGregor, H.E. (1965) Progress Report: Fumigation of Processed
Foods with Phosphine. (Unpublished study received Oct 13, 1965
under 5H1650; submitted by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls
Church, Va.; CDL:221604-B)
000005796 McGregor, H.E. (1967) Pilot mill fumigation with phosphine. North-
western Miller (Apr):15. (Also In unpublished submission
received on unknown date under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CCL-.028351-G)
000026939 McGregor, H.E. (1971) Progress Report: Soybean Fumigation with
Phosphine. (Unpublished study received Aug. 2, 1971 under
2F1184; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Market
Quality Research Div., Stored Product Insects Research Branch,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, CaliC. 1 CDL;
221725-N)
005009790 McGregor, H.E. (1974) Soybean fumigation with phosphine
labstract]. Pages 151-152, In Proceedings of the North Central
Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Vol. 29.
Wooster, Ohio: Entomological Society of America, North Central
Branch.
005007715 McGregor, H.E. (1974) Soybeans: fumigation with phosphine.
Journal of Economic Entomology 67(3):439-441.
000020569 McGregor, H.E. (1969) Phosphine Fumigation for Control of Pink
Bollworm inn Planting Cottonseed Stored in Shipping bags. (Un-
published paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Conference;
Feb 12-14, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received
on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural
Research Service, Market Quality Research Div. for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:1235G1-C)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID it Citation
000006721 McGregor, H.E.; Davidson, L.I. (I960) Fanigation of Shelled Yellow
Corn with Aluminium phosphide Tablets. (Stored-ProdUict Insects
Section special report A-252; unpublished study received Jul 17,
1979 under 5857-1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Marketing Ser-
vice, Marketing Research Div., Stored-Grain Insects Laboratory,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhainbra, Calif.; CDL:
238831-E)
000005694 McGregor, II.E.; Davidson, L.I. (1966) Phosphine fumigation of proc-
essed comnodities. Northwestern Miller 273(5): 11-12. (Mso In
unpublished submission received May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; sub-
mitted by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:100360-C)
000005716 McGregor, H.E.; White, G.D. (1969) Bulk cottonseed fumigation with
phosphine for pink bollworm control. Cotton Gin and Oil Mill
Press 70(19):7-8. (Also In unpublished submission received May
10, 1974 under 2548-59; submitted by Research Products Co.,
Salina, Kans.; CDL-.009822-B)
000005717 McGregor, H.E.; White, G.D. (1971) Effect of Phosphine against the
Pink Bollworm in Bagged Cottonseed. By Agricultural Research
Service, Market Quality Research Div. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture. (Marketing research report no. 913;
available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; 1971 O—409-976; also In unpub-
lished submission received May 10, 1974 under 2548-59; submitted
by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:009822-C)
G50025021 McLeod, W.S. (1961) Aluminum Phoshide (unpublished submission
received Oct. 18, 1961 under 5857-1; submitted by Pestcon
Systems, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 120704)
005010195 Mead-Briggs, A.R.; Trout, R.C. (1975) A field evaluation of the
effectiveness of a phosphine fumigant for mole conrol. Agro-
Ecosystems 2(1):1-13.
005008931 Melnikov, N.N.; Shevchenko, M.G. (1971) Hygienic normalization of
pesticide residues and their tolerance levels in foodstuffs in
the U.S.S.R. Pages 1-9, In Residue Reviews. Vol. 35. Edited
by F.A. Gunther. New York: Springer.
005019856 Meuser, F. (1972) Ueber die Stoffwechselruhe des Getreides und
ihre Abhaengigkeit von aeusseren Einfluessen unter Berueck-
sichtigung der Wechselwirkung von Enzymen und Vorratsschutz-
mitteln. [Metabolic quiescence of grain and its dependency
upon external influences with consideration of the interaction
of enzymes and storage preservatives.] Getreide, Mehl und Brot
26(1):18-28.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MHID 4 Citation
005016704 Meuser, F.; Rajani, C.; Suckow, P. (1977) Sorption von Phosphin
durch Weizenkoerner und Weizenkeime in Abhaengigkeit von den
Begasungsbedingungen. [The effect of fumigation conditions on
the sorption of phosphine by wheat kernels and wheat gem.]
Muehle + Mischfuttertechnik 114(30):435-438.
005017652 Modrzejewski, J.; Myslak, Z. (1967) Zatrucia fosforowodorau
podczas zwalczania szkodnikow zbozowych w elcwatorze portowym.
[Phosphine poisoning during the extermination of com vermin in
a port elevator.] Medycyna Pracy. [Industrial Medicine.]
XVIII(l):78-82.
000020532 Monro, H.A.U. (1968) Fumigation Research at London, Ontario. (Un-
published paper presented at the Phostoxin Sales and Technical
Conference; Jan. 28-Feb. 3, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpub-
lished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared
by Canada, Dept. of Agriculture, Research Branch for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123567-D)
GS0025U73 Monro, H.A.U. (1969) Phosphine pages 145-55, plus general sections
in "Manual of Fumigation for Insect Control," Food and Agri-
cultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
005007783 Monro, H.A.U.; Upitis, E.; Bond, E.J. (1972) Resistance of a
laboratory strain of Sitophilus granarius (L) (Coleoptera,
Curculionidae) to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products
Research 8(3):199-207.
GS0025068 Munro, J.W. (1966) Chapter 11. Chemical Control Measure, pages
179-213 in "Pests of Stored Products," Hutchinson of London.
005009778 Murthy, K.S.R.K.; Srivastava, B.P. (1971) Effect of food on the
susceptibility of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab.
(Bruchidae: Coleoptera) to different fumigants.Indian Journal
of Qitomology 33(2):148-151.
005020084 Muthu, M.; Krishnakumari, M.K.; Muralidhara, X.; Majumder, S.K.
(1980) A study on the acute inhalation toxicity of phosphine to
albino rats. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 24(3):404-410.
005007717 Muthu, M.; Krishnamurthy, T.S.; Majumder, S.K. (1974) An
evaluation of impregnated respirator canister cartons for
phosphine removal from air. Pesticide Science 5(3):245-^249.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID * Citation
005007713 Muthu, M.; Majumder, S.K. (1973) A chranogenic column for
determining phosphine in air. Pesticide Science 4(5):707-711.
005007U29 Muthu, M.; ttajumder, S.K.; Parpia, H.A.B. (1973) Detector for
phosphine at permissible levels in air. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 21(2):104-136.
005008135 Muthu, M.; Harasimhan, K.S.; Sharangapani, M.V.; Majumder, S.K.
(1972) Transmission of methyl bromide and phosphine through
fumigation tarpaulins. International Pest Control 14(6):
12-13,16.
Muthu, M.; Rao, H.R.G.; Majumder, S.K. (1971) A bio-assay metliod
for determining fumigant concentrations in air. International
Pest Control 13(4): 11-14.
Nakakita, 11. (1973) Itokumotsukunjozai no dokusei to zanryu ni
tsuite. [Toxicity and residues of sane grain fumigants.l
Bochu-Kagaku. [Scientific Pest Control.] 38(I):43-66.
Nakakita, H. (1976) Phosphine no sayoten ni tsuit=. [Inhibitory
site of phosphine.] Noyaku Kagaku. [Journal of Pesticide
Science.] 1(3):235-233.
Nakakita, H.; Katsumata, Y.; Ozawa, T. (1971) The effect of
phosphine on respiration of rat liver mitochondria. Journal of
Biochemistry 69(3):539-593.
Nakakita, H.; Saito, T.; lyatomi, K. (1974) Effect of phosphine on
the respiration of adult Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.
(Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products
Research 10(2):37-92.
000005666 National Pest Control Association, Incorporated (1959) Technical
Release: Phostoxin: Number 2-59. (Unpublished study received
Feb 10, 1959 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhanbra, Calif.; CDL:123564-A)
005013443 Navarro, S.; Donahaye, E. (1976) Conservation of wheat grain in
butyl rubber/EPDM containers during three storage seasoas.
Pages 13-23, In Tropical Stored Products Information Mo. 32.
Slough, Bucks, England: Tropical Stored Products Centre,
Tropical Products Institute.
005015121 Navarro, S.; Donahaye, E. (1976) Conservation of wheat grain in
butyl rubber/EPDM containers during three storage seasons.
Tropical Stored Products Information (32):13-23.
005007719
005013093
005016259
005007619
005007613
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the standard
MKID ft Citation
000005652 Neitzert, K. (1953) Influence on the Baking Quality of Wheat by
Phostox of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung
mbll., Frankfurt on Main. (English translation; unpublished
study received Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-EX-l; prepared by Re-
search Institute for Cereal Chemistry, Germany for Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekacmpfung m.b.H., sutmitted by
Phostoxin. Sales, Inc., Alhantira, Calif*; CDL:127352-<;)
000022006 Nelson, u.D. (1965) Fumigation of Eight Varieties (sicl of Processed
Dried Fruits with Phostox in. (Unpublished study including let-
ter dated Sep. 8f 1965 from H.D. Nelson to J. Wilfred Qmn,
received Apr. S, 1972 under 2F1184; prepared by U.S. Agri-
cultural Research Service, Market Quality Research Div., Stored-
Product Insects Research Laboratory, submitted by Fhostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alnanibra, Calif.; CDL:090995-A)
000019917 Nelson, H.D. (1969) Fumigation of Natural Raisins with Phosphine.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Pliostoxin Technical Confer-
rence; Feb. 12-24, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5357-1; prepared by U.S. Agri-
cultural Research Service, Market Quality Research Div., Dried
Fruit and Tree Nut Insects Investigations for Hollywood
Termite tontrol Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123561-D)
005014881 Kelson, H.D. (1970) Fumigation of Natural Raisins with Phosphine.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service. (USDA marketing research report no. 886)
000005802 Nelson, H.D. (1972) iFumigation of Prunes with Phostoxin]. (Unpub-
lished study including letter dated Jun 13, 1972 from H.D. Nel-
son to E.A.H. Lisconte, received on unknown date under 5857-1;
prepared by U.S. ftjricultural Research Service, Market Quality
Research Div., Stored-Product Insects Research Laboratory, sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
028351-ftC)
000005782 Nelson, H.D. (1972) [Mortality of Bdult Sawtoothed Grain Beetle and
Indian Meal Moth Larva, Pupa and AJults]. (Unpublished study
including letter dated Jun 14, 1972 from H.D. Nelson to E.A.R.
Liscombe, received May 6, 1974 under 5357-4; prepared by U.S.
Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality Research Div.,
Stored-Prcduct Insects Research Laboratory, submitted by Phos-
toxin Sales, Inc., Alhaittora, Calif.; CDL:009879-L)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID « Citation
000005803 Nelson, H.D. (1973) Fumigation of Inhull Almonds with Phostoxin.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Mov 26, 1973 from H.D.
Nelson to Richard Heiman, received on unknown date under 5857-1;
prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Western Region,
Northern California-Nevada Area, Stored-Product Insects He-
search Laboratory, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:028351-AD)
000006732 Nelson, H.D. (1973) Fumigation of Inhull Almonds with Phostoxin.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Mov 26, 1973 from H.D.
Nelson to Richard Ileiman, received on unknown date under unknown
admin, no.; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service,
Western Region, Northern California-Nevada Area, Stored-Product
Insects Research Laboratory, submitted by ; CDL:098463-L)
005019788 Nelson, H.D.; Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E. (1973) Fumigation of
field run and processed dates with aluminum phosphide and
methyl bromide [abstract]. Pages 8-8, In Date Growers'
Institute Report No. 50. Indio, Calif.: Date Growers'
Institute.
000022027 Netherlands Ministry of Social Affairs and Public Health (1966)
Residues of Insecticides in Cereals, Imported in the Nether-
lands, 1964/65, Second Report. (Unpublished study received
Jan. 21, 1967 under 6F0508; prepared in cooperation with
Ministry of Agriculture, Committee on Phytopharnacy, submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif., CDL:090598-1)
005007612 Neubecker, F. (1970) Phosphine as a fumigant for stored products.
Gordian 70(6):272-274.
005009305 Nevin, E.J. (1962) Use aboard ship of the pesticide "pnostoxin".
Safety Standards 11(6):6-7.
005014641 Nikodetnusz, E. (1975) Rezultaty toksikologicheskikh issledovanii
na gryzunak. [Results of toxicological studies on rodents.]
Pages 127-136, In Doklady i Soobshcheniya—Mezhdunarodnyi
Kongress po Zashchite Rastenii, 8th. [Reports and Conmunica-
tions—8th International Congress of Plant Protection.]; 1975,
Moscow. Vol. 4. Moscow, USSR: Orgfcomitet VII Mezhdunarodnogo
Ifongressa po Zashchite Rastonii.
GS0025074 NIOSH (1975) Criteria for a Recommended Standard. Occupational
Exposure to Phosphine (External Review DRAFT) by Tftbershaw/
Cooper Associates for National Institutes of Occupational Safety
and Health, Washington, D.C. August 29, 1975, Received 3/13/31.
GS0025064 NIOSH (1977) Phosphine, pages 380-382 in "Occupational Diseases,"
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Washington, D.C.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
GS0025061 NIOSH (1979) Phosphine, page 259 in the "Registry of Toxic effects
of Chemical Substances" (1979). National Institutes of
Occupational Safety and Health, VJashington, D.C.
005016585 Panetsos, A.; Kilikides, S. (1973) Dilitiriasis provaton ek tou
entomoktonou "Fosfini". [A case of sheep poisoning by the
pesticide phosphine.] Hellenike Kteniatrike. [Hellenic
Veterinary Medicine.] 16(3):133-136.
005002431 Papworth, D.S.; Taylor, J.K. (1975) Pesticides used in conmercial
grain stores. Part 3. Journal of Flour and Animal Feed
Milling 157(7):34-35,37.
GS0025071 Parkin, W.E. (1972) Memo: Request to amend 21 CFR 130.225 for
tolerance of residue of the fumigant phosphine from treatment
with aluminum phosphide at 0.1 ppm in or on non-perishable
agricultural connidities to D.M. Baker, February 14, 1972.
Patty, F.A. (1973) Phosphine, HU (Phosphoreted Hydrogen, Hydrogen
Phosphide). Pages 883-84 in ^Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,"
volume II, Academic Press, New York.
Pedersen, J.R. (1966) Phostoxin Atmospheric Vault Fumigation
Tests, April 8-14, 1966. (Unpublished study received Apr. 5,
1972 under 2F1184, prepared by Pillsbury Co., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-K)
005016892 Pereira, A.P.; Almeida, VJ.F. (1971) Inquerito toxicologico
referents a aplicacao de brcmeto de metila, fosfina e malation
em groas armazenados. iToxicological study of the application
of methyl bromide, phosphine and malatliion to sorted coffee
grains.] Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas e Biologicas.
[Brazilian Review of Medical and Biological Research.]
4(1/2):59-66.
GS0025023 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (19??) Evaulation of Residue Data: New Use:
Phostoxin on Tobacco. (Unpublished study received ?/?/19??
under 5857-1 and 5857-2; CDL: 121162)
GS0025024 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (19??) Phostoxin-History of Registration
(Regarding Precautionary Statements) (Unpublished study received
?/?/196? under 5857-1; (CDL: 104146)
GS0025025 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (1963) Memorandum of Conference, December
10, 1962. (Unpublished study receiver] July 25, 1963 under
5857-1; CDL: 104107)
GS0025072
000022912
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to he Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
GS0025026 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (1974) [Phosphine Residue Data in Oof Coo iinto,
Instant Milk and Deglet Noor Dates] (Unpblished study receiver!
Oct. 3, 1974 under 5857-4; CDL: 028209)
000005815 Pliostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) [The Composition of Aluminum
phosphide and Magnesium phosphide]. (Unpublished study received
Apr 27, 197G under 5857-5; CDL:234588-G)
000005787 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Cold Vfeather Itsts with Phos-
toxin. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4;
CDL:009879-W)
000005739 Ptiostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Fish and Wildlife. Summary of
studies 230915-L through 230915-P. (Unpublished study received
May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; CDL:230915-K)
000005319 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Procedure for Calculating Per-
cent Water in 30-20 Type Fumigants. (Unpublished study received
on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:238109-A)
000026935 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Raw Agricultural Commodities,
Animal Feeds, and Processed Foods on Which Phosphine Residue
Analyses Have Been Performed. (Unpublished study received Aug.
2, 1971 under 2F1184; CDL:221725-1)
GS0025054 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Training Outline for Safe
Practices in Handling and Using Phostoxin.
000005770 Phostoxin Salos, Incorporated (1958) [The Number of Rice tteevil
That Emerged from 10-Gram Samples of Wheat Fumigated with Phos-
toxin]. (Unpublished study received Oct 20, 1958 under 5C57-1;
CDL:022506-C)
000005668 Phostoxin Gales, Incorporated (1964) Detia Gas-Ex-B for the De-
struction of Stored Product Pests of All Kinds. (Unpublished
study received on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:123571-A)
000020577 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1967) Milling Fumigation Mix Plant,
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:
028351-D)
000005793 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19C7) Space Fumigation—Phostoxin,
August 5-6, 1967. (Unpublished study including supplement I,
received on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:Q2835l-A)
000026934 Phostoxin sales, Incorporated (1968) Aluminum Phosphide Fumigation
of Raw and Roasted In-Shell Peanuts. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Aug. 2, 1971 under 2F1184; CDL:221725-G)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID t
000005794
000022010
000005795
000005743
000005742
000005813
GS0097010
000027590
GS0025027
005007738
005016355
Citation
Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1972) Space Firnigation of the Bulk-
houses. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under 51)57-
1; CDL:023351-C)
Phos toxin Sales, Incorporated (1972) Fumigationn of Almonds with
Phostoxin at Sacramento. (Unpublished study received Apr. 5f
1972 under 2F1184; CDL:090995-E)
Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1972) Space Fumigation—Plant and
Bulkhouse. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under
5857-1; CDL:028351-E)
Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1974) Comparative F£te of Phosphine
Liberation from Phostoxin (R)* Envelopes, Pliostrays, Prepac and
Detia Bags. (Unpublished study including letter dated Feb 4,
1974 from R. Heiman to E.A.R. Liscoribe, received Mar 1, 1974
under 5857-3? CDL:228311-A)
Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1975?) Shipboard Fumigation of Grain
with Phostoxin (R)*. (Unpublished study received Jul 12, 1976
under 5857-1; CDL: 22524G-nA)
Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1975) Fumi-Cel Testing for Registra-
tion in the United States. (Unpublished study received Jun 13,
1977 under 5857-5; CDL:234539-B)
Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1977) [Fumi-Cel] (Unpublished study
received July ?. 1976 under unknown submission; CDL:230915)
Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1979) Safety of Shipboard Fumiga-
tion. (Unpublished study received Dec. 14, 1979 under 5857-1;
CDL:241473-A)
Pingale, S.V.; Rai, L.; Sarid, J.N.; Kapoor, I.P. (1963) Fumigation
of Food Grains in India with Hydrogen Phosphide, Bulletin of
Grain Technology; 1(3): 41-47.
Polansky, M.M.; Toepfer, E.W. (1971) Effect of fumigation on wheat
in storage. III. Vitamin B-G components of wheat and wheat
products. Cereal Chemistry 48(4):392-396.
Polchaninova, G.A.; Sosiedov, N.I. (1972) Vliyanie razlichnych
fumigantov na posievnye svoistva semyan pshenitsy i yachmenya.
[The effect of different fumigants on the sowing properties of
wheat and barley seeds.] Pages 179-184, In Vliyanie Mikroor-
ganizmov i Protravitelei na Semena. [Effect of Microorganisms
and Disinfectants on Seeds.] Edited by Y.H. \toznyakovskaya,
Z.P. Rybakova, E.A. Daulbaev, V.I. Popov, A.V. Khotyanovich,
f4.S. Shklyar and T.M. Shub.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standar-l
MRID # Citation
005012290 Poplavnoi, A.S. (19G7) Struktura energeticheskikh zoi fosfidn
alyuminiya. [The structure of aluminum phosphide energy
bands.] Fizika Tvurdogo Tela (Leningrad). [Solid State
Physics.] 8(7):2238-2240.
005015592 Popovic, I.B. (1975) Efficacy of hydrogen phosphide applied in
very small concentrations on all stages of the grain weevil
(Sitophilus sp) using short exposure times. Pages 744-747,
In Pesticides: International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry Third International Congress; Jul 3-9, 1974,
Helsinki, Finland. Edited by F. Coulston and r. Korto.
Stuttgart, West Germany: George Thieme. (Environmental
quality and safety, supplement, vol. 3)
000005653 Popp, H. (1953) Phosphine Residues in Fumigated Wheat. (English
translation; unpublished study received Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-
EX-1; prepared by Institute for Legal Chemistry and Microscopy,
Germany for Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung
m.b.H., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:127352-H)
005017107 Praxl, W.; Ehret, R., inventors; Dr. '-ferner Freyberg Chemische
Fabrik, assignee (1978) Verfahren zum Entgiften von phosphid-
haltigen Schaedlingsbekaempfungsmitteln. [Process for
detoxifying pesticides containing phosphides.] German (Fed.
Rep.) offenlegungsschrift 26 48 335. Apr 27. 8 p. Int. Cl. 2
A 62D 3/00.
005007737 Proctor, D.L.; Ashman, F. (1972) The control of insects in
exported Zambian groundnuts using phosphine and polyethylene
lined sacks. Journal of Stored Products Research 3(2):127-137.
005015912 Puzzi, D.; Pereira, H.F.; Bitran, E.A.; Campos, T.B. (1967)
Estudos sobre a acao da tcmperatura na eficiencia dos
fumigantes Brometo de metila e Fosfina no expurgo do caruncho
do cafe— Araecerus fasciculatus (Do Geer). Studies on the
effect of temperature on the fumigants methyl bromide and
phosphines in exterminating the coffoe borer Araecerus fasci-
culatus (De Geer).] [abstract no. 226]. Pages 213-214, In
Reunion Latinoamericana de Fitotecnic Resumenes de Los
Trabajos Cientificos, VII. [Latin America Plant Technique
Meeting, 7th.]; Sep 17-23, 1967, Maracay, Venezuela.
005009795 Qureshi, A.H. (1966) The toxicity of hydrogen phosphide to sane
insect pests of stored products fumigated in 44-gallon drums
containing cocoa. Pages 133-136, In Nigerian Stored Products
Research Institute Annual Report, T966. Lagos, Nigeria:
Federal Ministry of Information. (N.S.P.R.I. technical report
no. 20)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID S Citation
005010198 Qureshi, A.H.; Bond, E.J.; Monro, H.A.U. (1965) TOxicity of
hydrogen phosphide to the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius,
and other insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 53(2):324-
331.
005012053 Radoeff, A.; Schirkenoff, D. (1963) Wirkung der Praeparatc
"Phostoxin" und "Pybutrin" auf Lagerschaedlinge von Reis und
ihr Einfluss auf dessen technologischc Eigenschaften. [Effect
of "phostoxin" and "pybuthrin" on storage pests of rice and
their influence on their technological properties.] Huehle
100(1): 1-3.
005011752 Raghunathan, A.M.; iViutliu, M.; Majumder, 5.K. (1969) Control of
internal fungi of sorghum by fumigation. Journal of Stored
Products Research 5(4):389-392.
000005724 Rai, L.; Sarid, J.N.; Ramasivan, T. (1964) Fumigation of food
grains in India with Hydrogen phosphide. Series III. Sacked
wheat fumigated under rubberised gas-proof-covers. Bulletin of
Grain Technology II(III):75-88. (Also In unpublished submission
received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-63; submitted by Research Pro-
ducts Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:227588-M)
005007792 Rajak, R.L.; Ifewlett, P.S. (1971) Effects of seme synergists on
the insecticidal potency of phosphine. Journal of Stored
Products Research 7(1):15-19.
005009794 Rao, P.V.S.; Subramaniam, T.R.; Abraham, E.V. (1973) Control of
the red palm weevil on coconut. Journal of Plantation Crops
1(1/2):26-27.
000005660 Rauscher, H. (1957) Phostoxin for Grain Fumigation. (Unpublished
study received Dec 13, 1957 under unknown admin, no.; prepared
by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
104142-A)
000005663 Rauscher, H. (1959) Analysis of Phosphine, Carbon dioxide and Am-
monia in Phostoxin Tablets. (Phostoxin reprint £38; unpublished
study received Oct 20, 1961 under unknown admin, no.; prepared
by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
121163-A)
000005809 Rauscher, H. (1964) Introduction: [Phosphine]. (Unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5H1650; prepared by Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung nub.H., submitted by
Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Va.; CDL: 104114-A)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID fr Citation
000020583 ttauscher, H. (1968) Safety. (Unpublished paper presented at the
Phostoxin Sales and Technical Conference; Jan 20-Feb 3, 1978,
Las Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on unknown date
under 5857-1; prepared by Deutsche GcsellschaCt feur Schaed-
lingsbekaempfung m.b.H. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhaubra, Calif., CDL:123567-E)
000020568 Rauscher, H. (1969) More Research on Phostoxin (R). (Unpublished
paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Conference; Feb 12-
14, 1969, IDS Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on un-
known date under 5857-1; prepared by Deutsche Gesellschaft feur
Schaedlingsbekaempfuntj m.b.H. for Hollywood Termite Control Co.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhaitora, Calif.; CDL:
12356i-A)
005012054 Rauscher, H. (1972) Regasungen zum Verratsschuts—Sicherlieit und
Umweltschutz. Fumigation for stored goods protection—safety
and environmental protection. Sentralblatt fuer Arbeitsmedizin
und Arbeitschutz 22(4):105-111.
005012030 Rauscher, H. (1972) Hew agents of control: physical and chemical
aspects of the use of phosphine as a fumigant against stored
product pests. Pages 58-62. In Proceeding of the 3rd British
Pest Control Conference: Oct 5-8, 1971. Saint Helier, Jersey,
Channel Islands. London, England. British Pest Control
Association.
005012645 Rauscher, H.; Barth, H.; Xnoepke, W., inventors; Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., assignee
(1962) Verfahren zur Herstellung von feuchtigkeitsgeschuetztem
MetaUphosphid zur Schaedlingsbekaempfung. [Preparation of
moisture-resistant metal phosphide pesticides.] German (Fed.
Rep.) auslegeschrift 1,127,663. Apr 12. 2 p. Int. Cl. A Oln.
005012669 Rauscher, H.; Khoepke, W.; Barth, H., inventors; Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., assignee
(1962) Feuchtigkeitsgeschuetztes Metallphosphid. [Moisture-
resistant metal phosphide.] German (Fed. Rep.) auslegeschrift
1,131,943. Jun 20. 2 p. Int. Cl. A Oln.
000020575 Rauscher, H.; Mayr, G. (1969) Sorption and Recovery of Phosphine.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Con-
ference; Feb 12-14, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by Deutsche
Gesellschaft feur Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostaxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhantora, Calif.; CDL-.123561-J)
005008136 Rauscher, H.; Mayr, G.E.; Sullivan, J.3. (1972) Sorption and
recovery of phosphine. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry 20(2):331-333.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MXID S Citation
000005U21 Redlinger, L.M.; Zettler, J.L.; Leesch, J.G.; Gillenviater, Tl.B.;
Davis, R.; Zenner, J.M. (1978) An In-transit Shipboard Fumiga-
tion of Wheat. (Unpublished study received on unknown date un-
der 5857-1; prepared by U.S. Science and Education Administra-
tion, Federal Research, Stored-Product Insects Research and
Development Laboratory, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.; Al-
hambra, Calif.; CDL:238189-D)
005012091 Redlinger, L.M.; Zettler, J.L.; Leesch, J.G.; Gillenwater, H.B.;
Davis, R.; Zehner, J.M. (1979) In-transit shipboard fumigation
of wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 72(4):642-647.
000005746 Research Products Company (19??) Chemistry Data, (unpublished
study received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-62; CDL: 227594-A)
000005704 Research Products Company (19??) Composition of Detia Gas-EX-*.
(Unpublished study received Aug 10, 1971 under 2548-EX-l; CDL:
126817-D)
000005695 Research Products Company (19??) Decomposition of Detia-Phosnhine
Pellets, Tablets and Bags in Grain. (Unpublished study received
May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; CDL:100860-D)
000005907 Research Products Company (19??) General Specification of Detia Gas-
EX-B. (Unpublished study received Aug 10, 1971 under 2548-EX-l;
CDL:126817-A
000005911 Research Products Company (19??) General Specifications of Detia
Gas-EX-B. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1973 under 2548-
59; CDL:100854-K)
000005702 Research Products Company (19??) Method of Analysis for the Deter-
mination of Aluminium phosphide. (Unpublished study received
Aug 10, 1971 under 2548-EX-l; CDL: 126817-3)
000005757 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Abilene
Flour Mills. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1973 under
2548-59; CDL:100354-G)
000005753 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Hybrid Seed
Com. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1973 under 2548-59;
CDL-.100854-B)
000005752 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Morrison
Grain Company Fumigation. (Unpublished study received Jan 17,
1973 under 2548-59; CDL:100854-A)
000005756 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Tobacoo in
Containers. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1973 under
2543-59; CDL: 100U54-E)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID # Citation
000005903 Research Products Company (1974?) Efficacy Data. Summary of stud-
ies 22758G-C through 227588-E, 22758S-I through 227588-L and
227538-N through 227583-R. (Unpublished study received Jan 6,
1977 under 2548-63; CDL:22753G-A)
000005699 Research Products Company (1974) Fumigation of Alleghany Warehouse
No. 5 (Richmond, Va.)f Oct. 7-11, 1974. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:220058-E)
000005700 Research Products Company (1974) Fumigation of Alleghany Warehouse
No. 7 (Richmond, Va.), Oct. 28-Nov. 1, 1974. (Unpublished study
received Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:220053-F)
000005701 Research Products Company (1974) Fumigation of Alleghany Warehouse
No. 8 (Richmond, Va.), Dec. 9-19, 1974. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:220058-G)
GS0025046 Research Products Company, Inc. (1974) Phosphine (In or On Whole
Spices at 0.01 ppm) (Unpublished study received Nov. 7, 1974
under 5H5067; CDL: 221792)
000005693 Research Products Company (1974) Warehouse Fumigation of Flue-Cured
and Burley Tobacco with Phosphine (Dstia Gas EX-B): September
16-20, 1974). (Unpublished studv received Mar 13, 1975 under
2543-59; CDL:220058-D)
GS0025028 Research Products Company, Inc. (1975) Hybrid Seed Corn Fumigation
with Detia Gas EX-B (Unpublished study received Sept. 11, 1975
under 2548-59; CDL: 220904)
000005727 Research Products Company (1975?) Ttoxicolcgical Data. Sunmary of
studies 227591-B through 227591-F. (Unpublished study received
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000005697 Research Products Company (1975) Report to R & D: Inference Bag
Residue Study No. 5; 3/1/74 thru 4/14/74, Salina, Kansas. (Un-
published study received Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:
220058-C)
000005725 Reynolds, E.M.; Itobinson, J.M.; Ttowells, C. (1967) The effect on
Sitophilus granarius (L.) (coleoptera, curculionidae) of
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-------
Citations Exanined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID fc Citation
005007620 Richardson, H.H. (1974) Freight container fumigation and wood
penetration with phosohine against termites and other insects.
Pest Control 42(3):20-22.
000005906 Richardson, H.H. (1974) Freight container fumigation and wood pene-
tration with phosphine against termites and other insects. Pest
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ceived May 14, 1975 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
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005003628 Richman, D. (1968) Vapor phase growth and properties of aluminum
phosphide. Journal of the Electrochemical Society
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005009813 Riess, C.M.; Flores, S. (1972) Pocket gopher pest species in
Mexico cane areas. Pages 581-583, In Proceedings of the 14th
Congress of the International Society of Sugar-Cane
Technologists, 1971. Baton Itouge, La.: Franklin Press.
005012943 Riley, J. (1969) The fumigation of large cocoa stacks in a
specially designed cocoa warehouse using phosphine: part 2.
Pages 17-22, In Report of the Nigerian Stored Products Research
Institute, 1969. Lagos, Nigeria: Nigerian Stored Products
Research Institute.
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ly Designed Cocoa Warehouse Using Phosphine Part 2. Nigeria:
Federal Ministry of Information. (Technical report no. 1; ex-
tract from Nigerian Stored Product Research Institute annual
report, 1969; also Iri unpublished submission received on unknown
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Gas; the Atomic Weight of Phosphorous, Proc. Roy. Soc. London
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discussion of key-problems indicating the need for use of
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID #
005012529
005020111
005012G6U
005015521
000005696
005007337
GS0025031
GS0025032
005007736
005015124
Citation
Rohrlich, M.; Ifertel, W.; Meuser, F. (1969)
Pflazenschutzmittel rueckstaende im lagernden Getreide und ihre
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Rohrlich, M.; Meuserf F. (1967) Untersuchungen an mit Phosphor-
wasserstoff begastem Getreide. I. Mitteilung: Ueber die
Aktivitaet der Glutaminsaouredecarboxylase nach der Begasung.
[Investigations on grain fumigated with hydrogen phosphide.
I. On the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase after fumiga-
tion.] Getreide und Mehl 17(11):121-125.
Rohrlich, M.; Meuser, F. (1971) Gasfoenaige Schaedlingsbekaemp-
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Getreide. [Gaseous pesticides: their application and effects
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Romminger, K.; Kubel, D. (1971) Beitrag zur Rueckstandsdynamik von
Phosphorwasserstoff in Lebensmitteln. [Report on the residue
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XVI(4):595-603.
Rosebrook, D.D. (1972) Evaluation of Phosphine Preparation Detia EX-
B: Final Report: MRI Project No. 3502-C. (Unpublished study
received Feb 3, 1972 under 2548-59; prepared by Midwest Research
Institute, submitted by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.;
CDL:100862-A)
Roth, H. (1973) Fumigants for quarantine control of the adult
brown dog tick: laboratory studies. Journal of Economic
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Roth, H.; Kennedy, J.W. 1972 Methyl Brcmide and Aluminum Pliosphide
as Fumigants for Control of Adult Boll \teevils. Laboratory
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Rout, G.; Maiti, B.K. 1974 Relative Ibxicity of Some Insecticides
and Fumigants to Granary Mite, Leiodinychus Krameri G. and
R. Canesrini (Uropodidae: Acarina). Bulletin of Grain
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Rout, G.; Parida, S.C. (1968) Studies on hydrogen phosphide
against the red flour beetle in a column of paddy. Journal of
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
KRID S Citation
005000915 Rout, G.j Tripathy, H.M.; 3iswal, L. (1969) Results of application
of aluminum phosphide pellets to rice weevils in an open bin
and to Angounois grain moths under air-tight conditions.
Journal of Economic Entomology 62(3):715-717.
005020563 Rukavishnikov, V.A.; Lebedev, E.N.; Makarov, V.A.; Roshchine, O.N.
(1979) Kinetic investigations of aluminum phosphide hydrolysis.
Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR (English Translation)
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005018682 Rumyantsev, P.O.; Ratanova, V.F.; Solenova, E.A. (1957)
Ibksicheskoe deistvie fosfida alyuminiya na vreditelai zerna.
[The toxic effect of aluminum phosphide on grain pests.]
Trudy, Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Zerna i
Produktov Ego Pererabotki. [Transactions, Ail-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Grain and Grain Products.] (33):55-71.
000013301 Rutgers University (1974) Petition Proposing a tolerance for Zinc
Pliosphide in or on Grapes. (Unpublished study received Sept.
20, 1974 under 5E1551; CDL: 094602)
005009877 Rutledge, J.II. (1966) Phosphine progress—research into new
applications for mills, warehouses and grain elevators.
American Miller and Processor 94(12):14-16,18,24.
000022024 Rutledge, J.H. (1967) Potential uses of Phosphine by pest control
operators. Pest Control ? (?/Jul):ll-14f58f60. (Also In
unpublished submission received Jan 21, 1967 under 6F0508";
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alharobra, Calif.; CDL:
090598-C)
00500C916 Rutledge, J.H. (1968) Phostoxin as a sanitation control measure.
Cereal Science Today 13(7):274-277.
005016890 Sato, K.; Higuchi, Y.; Suwanai, M. (1973) Kunjozai no sayo tokusei
ni kansuru kenkyu (daiippo) azuki-zcraushi no sansoshohiryo ni
yoru rinka suiso no 50% nokku-daun shojo no teisaseru yakuryo
no suisan. [Studies on the characteristics of the actions of
fumigants: I. Calculating the hydrogen phosphide 50% knock
down dose with the Azuki bean weevil Callosobruchus
chinensis L. from the weevil's oxygen uptake.] Bochu-Uagaku.
[Scientific Pest Control.] 38:22-25.
005009777 Sato, K.; Suwanai, M. (1974) Adsorption of hydrogen phosphide to
cereal products. Applied Entomology and Zoology 9(3): 127-.132.
005011565 Schesser, J.H. (1967) Official report/phosphine fumigation of
processed cereal products in rail cars. American Miller &
Processor 95(1):9-13.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005693 Schesscr, J.H. (1967) Official report: Phosphine fimigation of
processed cereal products in rail cars. American Miller &
Processor 95(1):3-13. (Also In unpublished submission received
May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; submitted by Research Products Co.,
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000005747 Schesser, J.H. (1971) Phosphine fumigation of empty railway freight
cars. Northwestern Miller 278(10):11-13. (Also In unpublished
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000005692 Schesser, J.H. (1972) Preliminary Report on Tests with Dotia Gas
EX-B at Kansas City, Mo. and Beaumont, Ttexas. (Unpublished
study including letter dated Feb 23, 1972 from J.H. Schesser to
Richard Bigler, received May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; prepared by
U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Midwest Grain Insects Inves-
tigations Laboratory, Grain Marketing Research Center, submitted
by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:100860-A)
005009297 Schesser, J.H. (1973) Fumigation of diapausing larvae of the
European corn borer with phosphine. Pages 111-112, In
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Society of America.
005007786 Schesser, J.H. (1977) Fumigation of cereal grains and processed
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000020584 Schoenherr, W.H. (1968) Cereal Industry Use of Phostoxin: 1967—
Space Fumigation. (Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin
Sales and Technical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3, 1968, Los
Angeles, Calif., unpublished study received on unknown date
under 5857-1; prepared by Lnuhoff Grain Co. for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif., CDL: 123567-F)
000005690 Schoenherr, W.H.; Rutledge, J.H.; Witt, P.R., Jr. (1966) Phostoxin.
Brewers Digest 41(10):63-68. (Also In unpublished submission
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005020767 Schoettger, R.A. (1974) Toxicity of herbicides being investigated.
Pages 1-5, In Annual Progress Report: 1973-1974, Fish-Pesticide
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRED ft
005016582
G50025045
GS0025033
000005655
005015516
000005751
005018499
GS0025043
000005792
Citation
Schoom, W., inventor; Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlings-
bekaeaipfung m.b.H., assignee (1973) Verfahren zum Behandeln
der nach dem Ausgasen zurueckbleibenden Rueckstaende von
Erdmetallphosphide und/oder Erdalkalimetallphosphido
enthaltenden Schaedlingsbekaempfungsmitteln. [Process for
treating residues of earth metal phosphide and/or alkaline
earth metal phosphide containing pesticides remaining after
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cology of the University of Bonn, March 3, 1953.
Schulz, Hugo, 1890. Aus dem pharmakologischen Institutder
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unpublished study received Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-EX-l; pre-
pared by Technical Univ. of Munich, Chemical Technology Dept.
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submitted by Phostox in Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
127352-J)
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Phosphine Preparation Detia Gas EX-B: Subtask: Disposal of Bags:
Subtask Report: MKI Project No. 3502-C. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Jun 6, 1974 under 2548-59; prepared by Midwest Research
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Shroff, R.D. (1968) Gaseous phosphine. Pesticides l(ll):38-89.
Shultz, H. (1890) Translation: Phosphorous Hydride.
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Archive
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Pellets as a Grain Fumigant: M.R.I. Project No. 2659-C. (Unpub-
lished study including memorandum of conference, received Jan
28, 1964 under 5857-2; prepared by Midwest Research Institute
for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022497-B)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
005013137
005007831
005015113
005015114
005007785
MIUD £ Citation
OOU005G81 Shuyler, H.R. (1963?) A study of the Effectiveness of New Phostoxin
Pellets as a Grain Fumigant (Final report) (Unpublished study
received May 13, 1963? Under 5857-1; prepared by Midwest
Research Institute, M.R.I. Project Mo. 2659-C; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhantora, Calif.
Siebel, W.; Hertel, W. (1969) Schaedlingsbekaempfung und
Muellereitechnik. [Pest control and the technic of milling.]
Muehle 106(42):731-733.
Simwat, G.S. (1975) Control of rose-ringed parakeet in Punjab.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 45(6):269-272.
Sinha, R.N.; Berck, 3.; Wallace, M.A.H. (1967) Effect'of phosphine
on mites, insects, and microorganisms. Journal of Economic
Entomology 60(1):125-132.
Sinha, R.N.; Wallace, H.A.H.; Chebib, E.S. (1969) Principal-
component analysis of interrelations among fungi, mites, and
insects in grain bulk ecosystems. Ecology 50(4):536-547.
Slade, P. (1975) IUPAC Commission on the Development, Improvement,
and Standardization of Methods of Pesticide Residue Analysis.
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
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005007784 Slade, P. (1976) IUPAC Commission on the Development, Improvement,
and Standardization of Methods of Pesticide Residue Analysis.
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
59 (4):894-910.
005013763 Slover, H.T.; Lehmann, J. (1972) Effects of fumigation on wheat in
storage. IV. Tocopherols. Cereal Science Today 49(4):412-415.
GS0025034 Snider, C. and J.R. Allen. 1977. The Detia® Bay Blanke - A new
Fumigation Technique. (Unpublished study received June 26,
1981; submitted by Research Products Company, Salina, Kansas).
GS0025035 Snider, C. and J.R. Allen. 1977. The Detia^ Bag Blanket - A New
Fumigation "technique. (Unpublished study received June 26,
1981; submitted by Research Products Company, Salina, Kansas).
005007617 Sonomura, H.; Miyauchi, T. (1969) Preparation of aluminum phosphide
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000005814 South Africa Bureau of Standards (1976) [Funigation with Phostoxin
Plates]. (Unpublished study including report no. 0561/8583/
M124, received Apr 27, 1976 under 5857-5; prepared in coopera-
tion with United Tobacco Co., Ltd., submitted by Phostoxin
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MIUD # Citation
005009942 Sovljanski, R.; Tasic, M.; Sovljonski, M.; Stojanovic, T. (1969}
Zadesna otrovanja prilikom fumigacije Phostoxincm. [Accidental
poisoning during fumigation with phostoxin.] Arhiv za Higijenu
Rada i Toksikologiju. [Archives of Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology.] 20(2):209-212.
005017092 Spalding, D.H.; Benschoter, C.A.; von Windeguth, D.L.; Xing, J.R.;
Reader, W.F.; Burditt, A.K., Jr. (1977) Methyl bromide and
phosphine fumigation injury to avocados and mangos. Pages
268-270, In Proceedings of the Floric. ;-.ate Horticultural
Society. Vol. 90. LaKe Alfred, Fla.: Florida State
Horticultural Society.
000020535 Spear, P.J. (1968) Fumigation Standards of the National Pest Con-
trol Association and the National Fire Protection Association.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Sales and Tech-
nical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.,
unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1;
prepared by NPCA and 13FPA, Comittee on Pest Control Operations
for Hollywood termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL-.123567-G)
005011564 Srihari, K.; Sridhara, S. (1978) Efficacy of aluminum phosphide to
field rodents. Comparative Physiology and Ecology
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005003120 Srivastava, O.S. (1972) Chemical control of bark-eating caterpillar,
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in guava trees. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 42(9):847
005015123 Storey, C.L.; Davidson, L.I. (1973) Relative Toxicity of Chloro-
picrin, Phosphine, EDC-CC1@4, and CC1*4-CS*2 to Various Life
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of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central
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000005799 Strong, R.G.; Lindgren, D.L. (1960) Germination of cereal, sorghum,
and small legume seeds after fumigation with Hydrogen phosphide.
Journal of Economic Entomology 53(1):1-4. (Also*In unpublished
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
M1UD S Citation
005009788 Subba Rao, P.V.; SubramaniOT, T.R.; Abraham, E.V. (1973) Control
of the rod palm weevil on coconut. Journal of Plantation
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000026933 Sullivan, J.B. (1969) Fumigation of and Determination of Phosphine
Residues in VJhole Almonds, v.'alnuts, Raw Peanuts and Roasted Pea-
nuts: Final Report. (Unpublished study received Aug. 2, 1971
unJer 2F1184; prepared by llazleton Laboratories, Inc., submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhanibra, Calif., CDL:221725-F)
000005778 Sullivan, J.B. (1969) Fumigation of and Determination of Phosphine
Residues in Vrtiole Almonds, Walnuts, Raw Peanuts and Roasted Pea-
nuts: Final Report. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974
under 5857-4; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. for Holly-
wood .Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhairfora, Calif.; CDL:0091179-F)
000022009 Sullivan, J.B. (1972) Analyses of Fumigated Deglet Noor Dates for
Phosphine Residues. (Unpublished study received Apr. 5, 1972
under 2F1184; prepared by Flazleton Laboratories for U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif., CDL:090995-D)
000005687 Sullivan, J.B. (1975) Final Report: Phosphine Residues in Honey
Combs. (Unpublished study received May 14, 1975 under 5857-1;
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000005764 Sullivan, J.B.; Murphy, J.B. (1962/) Procedure for the Determina-
tion of Phosphine Residues from Food Products Fumigated with
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231205-C)
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of Phosphine Residues from Food Products Fumigated with Pliostox-
in. Method dated Mar. 16, 1967. (Unpublished study received
Mar. 23, 1967 unnder 6F0503; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories,
Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
000022016 Sullivan, J.8.; Tacey, ?; Wooldridge, ? (1969) Final Report: Deter-
mination of Phosphine Residues in Egg Yolk Samples: Project
No. 129-156. (Unpublished study including letter dated Dec. 7,
1972 from L. Ghipman to E.A. Lipscomb, received Apr. 5, 1972
under 2F1134, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:090995-N)
000022011 Sullivan, J.3.; Wcoldriclge, ? (1968) Final Report: Phosphine
Residues in Yeast Raise and Cake Donut Samples. (Unpublished
study received Apr. 5, 1972 under 2F1184; prepared by
Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., for F.W. Stock & Sons, submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhantora, Calif.; CDL:090995-G)
000022C14 Sullivan, J.B.; Kooldridge, ?; Tacey, ? (1966) Phosphine Residues
from Phostoxin Treated Feed and Food Samples. (Unpublished
study received Apr. 5, 1972 under 2F1184; prepared by Hazleton
Laboratories, Inc., for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:090995-J)
000022020 Sullivan, J.B; Wcoldridge, ?; Williams, ? (1967) Phosphine
Residue Recovery Experiment from Oats—Feed Grade Type.
(Unpublished study received Mar. 23, 1967 under 6F0508; prepared
by Ilazleton Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhantora, Calif.; CDL:092794-D)
005016927 Suwanai, M.; Ishibashi, S. (1972) Enka biniiru maku ni taisuru
kunjozai no tokasei (Dai 2-ho): Rinkasuiso no enka biniiru ni
taisuru kakusankeisu. [Permeability of pesticides gases
through polyvinyl chloride film. II: diffusion coefficients of
hydrogen phosphide through polyvinyl chlorite.] Itoyaku Seisan
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000020587 Takaoka, I.; Nnito, T. (1968) Insecticidal Tests of Phostoxin.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Sales and Tech-
nical Conference; Jan 2G-Feb 3, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.;
unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared
by Japan Monopoly Corp. for Hollywood Termite Control Co.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:123567-1)
000005715 Techne Corporation (1972) Test Fumigations of Hard Red Winter Vfacat
with Celphos (Aluminum phosphide) 0.5 Gram Pellets at the Cen-
tral Kansas Terminal Elevator, Topeka, Kansas: June 19 through
July 7, 1972. Includes undated method. (Unpublished study in-
cluding letter dated Jul 19, 1972 from T.S. Ifemann to E.D.
Wilber, received Jul 27, 1972 under 449-540; prepared in co-
operation with Langston Laboratories; CDL:019046-C)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID 8 Citation
005014266 Thiem, II. (1973) Ergebnisso von Untersuchungen in Lagerhallen beim
Einsatz phosphinentwickelnder Praeparate gegen Schadinsekten in
Getreidevorraeton. [Results on the use of phosphinp-dev^loping
formulations for controlling insect pests in stored grain.]
Nachrichtenblatt fuer cien Pflanzenschutz in 3er D.D.R
27 (11)-.226-231.
005013530 Thiem, 11.; Bogs, D.; Bischoff, J. (1974) Zur Bckaompfung von
Vorratsschaedlingen mit Phosphorwasserstoff in Getreidsmieten
unter Polyaethylenfolien. [The control of stored-product pests
with hydrogen phosphide in grain stacks under polyethylene
covers.] Nachrichtenblatt fuer den Pflanzenschutz in der D.D.R
28(11):217-220.
005012941
000005726
005005905
Thompson, R.H. (1970) Specifications recommended by the United
Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Pood for the
fumigation of cereals and other foodstuffs against pests of
stored products. Pages 9-25, In EPPO Publications, Series D.
No. 15. Paris, France: Organisation Europeene et
Mediterraneene pour la Protection des Plantes.
Tiltcn, E.W.; Cogbum, R.R. (1965) Phosphine fumigation of rough
rice in upright bins. Rice Journal 68(11):8-9. (Also In unpub-
lished submission received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-63; submitted
by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:227588-Q)
Torkelscn, T.R.; Hayle, II.R.; Itowe, V.K. (1966) Toxicological
hazards and properties of commonly used space, structural and
certain other fumigants. Pest Control
34(7):13-16,18,42,44,46,48,50.
GS0025069
000006723
000006725
Toxicology Branch (no date) Aluminum Phosphide.
contained in the Caswell Files.
000005684
Toxicity Profile
Laboratories (19??) Composition of Phostoxin (R)
Fumigant. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under un-
known admin, no.; submitted by ?; CDL:0984G3-A)
TRw/Hazleton Laboratories (1969) Phosphine Fumigation of Subsis-
tence Items dt the Naval Supply Center, Norfolk, Virginia. (Un-
published study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; submitted by ?; CDL:098463-C)
Tuft, T.O. (1958) Experiment VTI. (Unpublished study including
letter dated Sep 12, 1960 from T.O. Tuft to J. Wilfred Gunn, re-
ceived Sep 27, 1960 under 5857-1; prepared by Ilazleton Labora-
tories, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022499-D)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MUID # Citation
000005647 Tuft, T.O. (1961) Determination of Phosphina in Commercial Wheat
Flour: Project: 20-0173-32. (Unpublished study including letter
dated Get 9, 1961 from R.W. Fogleman to J. Wilfred Gunn, re-
ceived Oct 11, 1961 under 5857-1; prepared by Ilazleton Nuclear
Science Corp., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:022503-A)
GS0025036 Underwood, J.G. (1972) The Radiochcmical Analysis of Phosphine
Residues in Fumigated Tobaccos. Tobacco Science; 124, pgs. 47-
50.
000020574 U.S. Agricultural Research Service (1969) Bulk Cottonseed
Fumigation with Pliosphine. (Unpublished paper presented at the
Phostoxin Technical Conference; Feb 12-14, 1969, Los Angeles,
Calif.; unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1;
prepared by Market Quality Research Div., Mid-West Grain Insects
Investigations for Hollywood Termite Control Co., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CEL:123561-H)
000006720 U.S. Agricultural Research Service (1970) Fumigation of Natural
Raisins with Phosphine. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print.
Off. (Marketing research report no. 886; available from:
G.P.O., Washington, EC; 1970 0-385-793; also In unpublished sub-
mission received Jul 17, 1979 under 5857-1; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:238831-A)
000005744 U.S. Department of Defense (1976) Military Standard: In-Transit
Fumigation of Freight Cars: MIL-STD-1486B. Rev. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. D.O.D. (Also In unpublished submission received May
21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif., CDL:230915-P)
000005740 U.S. Department of Defense, Armed Forces Pest Control Board (1974)
Hydrogen phosphide Fumigation with Aluminum phosphide. Rev.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. D.O.D. (Technical information memorandum
no. 11; available from: AFPCB, Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
Forest Glen Section, Washington, DC; also In unpublished submis-
sion received May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc.; Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:230915-L)
005016891 Vandegraft, E.E.; Shotwell, O.L.; Smith, M.L.; Hesseltine, C.W.
(1973) Mycotoxin production affected by insecticide treatment
of wheat. Cereal Chemistry 50(3):264-270.
005007607 Vardell, H.H.; Cagle, A.; Cooper, E. (1973) Fumigation with
phosphine against stored-prcduct insects in bagged flour in
plywood cverpacks. Journal of Economic Entomology
66(5):1209-1210.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developinrj the Standard
MiUD 3 Citation
OU5013764 Vasilev, L. (19G3) Praktic'nna primena na fastoksinot za suz'oivanje
na rnagatsinskiot shtetnik tutnoviot. [Practical application of
phostaxin in controlling the stored tobacco noth (Ephestia
elutella).] Tutun. [Tobacco.] 13 (9/10)-.227-231.
005016583 Viel, G.; Casanova, X. (1969) Les residus de pesticides dans le
ble. [Pesticide residues in cereals. 1 Pages 375-CG3, Jin
Bulletin '^technique d'Information No. 244. Paris, France:
Ministers dc I1Agriculture.
005015298 Vincent, L.E.; Lindgren, D.L. (1971) Comparison of tlwi sorption of
hydrogen phosphide, methyl bromide, ethylenc dibromide, anci
hydrocyanic acid by wheat and com of different iwisture
contents and load factors. Journal of Fxx>nomic Entomology
64(1):122-123.
005015117 Vincent, L.E.; Lindgren, D.L. (1972) Hydrogen phosphide and ethyl
formate: fumigation of insects infesting dates and other dried
fruits. Journal of Economic Entanology 65(6):1667-1669.
00501511G Vincent, L.E.; Lindgren, D.L. (1972) Toxicity of phosphine to the
life stages of four species of derrnestids. Journal of Economic
Entomology 65(5):1429-1431.
005007720 Vincent, L.E.; Lindgren, D.L. (1975) Toxicity of phosphine and
methyl brcmide at various temperatures and exposure periods to
the four metamorphic stages of Trogoderma variabile. Journal
of Economic Entomology 63(1):53-56.
Vincent, L.E.; Lindgren, D.L. (1977) Toxicity of methyl bromide
and phosphine at various temperatures and exposure periods to
the metamorphic stages of Lasiodenna serricorne. Journal of
Economic Entomology 70(4):497-500.
005015116 Vishwambharan, P.R. (1969) Studies on the efficacy of fumigation
covers made of polyethylene film compared to those made of
rubberized cloth. Bulletin of Grain Technology 7(2):110-114.
GSS0025070 Von Oettingen, W.F. (1947) The Toxicity and Potential Dangers of
Zinc Phosphide and of liydrogren Phosphide (Phosphine): (Review
of the Literature). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Public Health
Service. (Public Health Reports supplement no. 203).
MRID25013535.
005014582 Von Kuemker, R.; Lawless, E.W.; Meiners, A.F.; Lawrence, K.A.;
Kelso, G.L.; Horay, F. (1974) Production, Distribution, Use and
Environmental Impact Potential of Selected Pesticides.
Washington, D.C.: Council on Environmental Quality. (Available
from: OTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-233 795)
005007832
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
;-BlED ?f Citation
005016343 Vught, G. (1976) Phosphure d1aluminium (emploi on agriculture).
[Aluminum phosphide (use in agriculture).] Archives des
Maladies Professionnolles de Medocine du Travail et de Securite
Sociale 36(10/11):683-689.
005013042 Wadsworth, J.T.; Wainman, H.E. (1979) Control of rodents in
butyl-rubber silos using aluminium phosphide preparations.
International Post Control 21(6):132,134-135,138.
000020570 Wagner, G.B. (1969) History of Fumigants for Industrial and House-
hold Uses. (Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin
Technical Conference; Feb 12-14, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.;
unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123551-E)
000022013 Wagner, R.M.; White, R.W. (1962) Determination of Phosphine
Residues in Ccnrnercial Wheat Flour: Wheat Flour Project No. 20-
222-33. (Unpublished study received Apr 5, 1972 under 2F1184;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alharabra, Calif.;
CDL:090995-1)
005007195 Vlairaian, H.E.; Chakrabarti, B.; Allan, E.N.W.; Mills, K.A. (1975)
Fumigation v/ith phosphine of stacked flour in polythene-clad
sacks. International Pest Control 17(5):4-3.
005007194 '.%'ainman, H.E.; Chakrabarti, 13.; Harris, A.H. (1974) Fumigation of
grain in butyl rubber silos. International Pest Control
16(2):5-9.
000005675 Kailis, J.E. (1964) Report on Fumignt: MH7330. Rev. Includes
eleven methods dated Oct 7, 1964. (Unpublished study received
May 31, 1966 under 5857-1; prepared by Underwriters*
Laboratories, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:120700-
B)
005009572 Viang, C.C. (1962) Studies on aluminum and boron phosphides and
cubic boron nitride. Dissertation Abstracts International B
23(9):3154-3155.
000005659 Ward, J.C. (1962) Phostoxin [Letters from Mr. Gunn of Hollywood
Termite Control, Inc., dated Feb. 7, 1962 and Dr. Rauscher of
Degesch, dated Jan. 8, 1962] (Unpublished submission received
Feb. 13, 1962 under 5357-Q; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.;
Alhambra, CA; CDL: 104137)
005012940 Watters, F.L. (1974) Impact of research on grain storage practices
in Canada. EPPO Bulletin 4(3):297-303.
-------
Citations Examinod and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MKID # Citation
005014673 vjebley, D.J.; Harris, A.H. (1977) A comparison of firnigants for
in-bag fumigation. Tronical Stored Products Information
(53):9-17.
005007355 Webster, S.H. (1946) Volatile hydrides of toxicological
importance. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
2U(5):167-132.
005007835 Weil, E.D., inventor; Hooker Chemical Corp., assignee (1962) Sine
phosphide pesticide. U.S. patent 3,029,182. Apr 10. 2 p. Cl.
167-14.
005007356 Welch, R.C. (1975) Cocoa powder: factors in quality control.
Manufacturing Confectioner 55(3):25,27,30-31.
005007199 White, W.E.; Bushey, A.H. (1944) Aluminum phosphide—preparation
and composition. Journal of the American Chemical Society
66:1666-1672.
005010196 White, W.E.; Bushey, A.H. (1953) Aluninum phosphide. Pages 23-25,
In Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4 New York: McGraw-Hill.
000005307 . White, G.D. (1965) Fumigation Tests of Processed Foods with Phos-
phine. (Unpublished study received Oct 13, 1965 under 5II1650;
prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Midwest Grain
Insects Investigations Laboratory, submitted by Hazleton Labora-
tories, Inc., Falls Church, Va.; CDL:221604-A)
000005738 White, G.D.; Jacobson, E.T. (1972) Phosphine fumigation: Effects on
the germination of grass seed. Journal of Econanic Entomology
65(5):1523-1524. (Also In unpublished submission received
May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL-.230915-H)
005015297 Vfaitehead, C.C. (1971) The effects of pesticides on production in
poultry. Veterinary Record 03(5):114-117.
005011341 Wiberg, E.; Mueller-Schiedmayor, G. (1959) Ueber die Ilydrierung
von Phosphor-Halogen-Verbindungen mit MetalIhydriden, I: zur
Kenntnis eines neuen Phosphorwasserstoffs der Ebrmel (PII) jt .
[The hydrogenation of phosphorous-halogen compounds with metal
hydrides, I: a new hydrogen phosphide of tho formula (PH)*x .]
Chanische Derichte 92:2372-2384.
005013138 Wieland, H. (1973) Probleme und Moeglichkeiten der Bekaompfung der
Grossen Vluehlmaus (* Arvicola torrestris L.). [Problems and
possibilities for controlling large black water rat (Arvicola
terrestris L.).] Nachrichtenblatt fuer den Pflanzenschutzclienst-
in der D.D.R 27(1):13-21.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inaippropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MitfD § Citation
GS0025037 Wilber, E.D. 1969. Fumigation of Bulk Flour in Barges and the
Fumigation of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Warehouses. {Unpublished
study received June 24, 1981; submitted by Kbodbury Chemical
Company of Missouri, St. Joseph, Missouri).
000022012 rtilbur, O. (1968) Phostoxin Fumigation—Hillsdale, Michigan.
(Unpublished study received Apr 5, 1972, under 2F1134; prepared
by F.W. Stock & Sons for Hollywood Termib?. tontrol, submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhairibra, Calif.; CDL:090995-H)
000020588 Wilbur, D.A. (19G8) Report from Guyana. (Unpublished paper pre-
sented at the Phostoxin Sales and "technical Conference; Jan 28-
Feb 3, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on
unknown date under 5857-1; prepared-by Kansas State Univ. Dept.
of Entomology for Hollywood 'termite Control Co., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhanibra, Calif.; CDL:123567-J)
GS002503U Wilson, R.; Lovejoy, F.H.; Jaeger, R.J.; Landrigan, P.L. 1980.
Acute Phosphine Poisoning Aboard a Grain Freighter. Journal of
the American Medical Association: 244(2):148-150.
005009580 Winks, R.G. (1970) Phosphine fumigation of farm stored tobacco.
Queensland Agricultural Journal 96(11):747-751.
000005689 Witt, P.R., Jr. (1971) Application of Phostoxin to the Malting and
Brewing Industry. (Unpublished study received Jul 10, 1975
under 5857-1; prepared by Northwestern Malt & Grain Co., sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:224219-D)
005016700 Wolf, F.r Herrmann, R.; Kretzschmar, K., inventors; VEB Delicia,
assignee (1975) Verwendung von Substanzen zur Inhibition der
Selbstentzuendlichkeit bei Phosphorwasserstoff entwicknlnden
Phosphiden. (Use of substances for inhibition of
self-flaranability of phosphine-developing phosphides.] German
(Fed. Rep.) offenlegungsschrift 24 50 251. May 15. 13 p. Int.
C1.32* C 01B 25/03; A 01N 11/00.
GS0025039 Woulfe, M.R. (1966) Phostoxin - Aluminum Phosphide Reg. No. 5857
(Unpublished submission received Oct. 3, 1966 under 5857; CDL:
104124)
000020571 Wykoff, G.H., Jr. (1969) Military Fumigation Tests with Phostoxin.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Confe-
rence; Feb 12-14, 1969, los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5357-1; prepared by USA DSA-DPSC
for Hollywood Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123561-F)
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
-------
MRID £ Citation
000005909 Viyckoff, G.H.; Anderson, R.D. (1970) Fumigation or famine. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157 (11): IMS-
IS 34. (Also In unpublished submission received yay 21, 1976
under 5«57-5; submitted by Fliostoxin Sales, Inc., Alliambrn,
Calif.; CEL:230915-N)
GS0025040 Zeumer, H. 1965. Hydrocjenc phosphide fumigation No. 365 (narrow
bags). (Unpublished study received June 26, 1981; submitted by
Research Products Company, Salina, Kansas).
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