-------
CATEGORY:
15
TOLUENE; CjHg (methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane).
A clear, colorless liquid; sweet, pungent, benzene-like
odor.
14.5
WLN: IR
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 92.13; mp: -96; bp: 110.6. 14.5
Insoluble In water; vap. press.: 36.7 mm at 30° C; vap. d: 3.14.
d: 0.8669
20.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Toluene Is a constituent of coal tar; It 1s generally associated with benzene and xylene. Rural concen-
tration In air 1s reported as 3.0 to 18.2 ppbc (0.4 to 2.6 ppb, or 1.5 to 9.8 vg/m ) (ref. 1).
Odor recognition level Is reported as 1.03 to 140 ug/m3 (0.27 to 37 ppb) (ref. 3) and the odor threshold
level, 2.14 ppm (8 mg/m3) (ref. 29). Toluene participates to a limited extent 1n photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3).
Toluene has been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 11 ug/t (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acute poisoning may result from exposure to high concentrations of toluene; a narcotic effect 1s produced.
Human death has resulted from exposure to 10.000 ppm (ref. 4). Toluene 1s more acutely toxic than benzene;
however, severe blood disorders of the type associated with benzene are not reported. Inhalation of 100 ppm
has resulted In psychological effects and 200 ppm has affected the central nervous system In humans (ref. 2).
Irritative effects to eyes, mucous membranes, and the upper respiratory tract have resulted from exposure to
200 to 500 ppm (ref. 56). Toluene may be absorbed through the skin as well as by Inhalation (ref. 56), although
the Inhalation route 1s far more Important. There 1s evidence to Indicate that at equilibrium, the average
toluene concentration per liter of blood 1s 2.4 mg for each 100 ppm toluene In the environmental air (ref. 57).
The biological half-life for toluene Is reported to be 0.083 days (ref. 20).
LD5Q Coral, rat): 5,000 tag/kg. LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4.000 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). Concentrations of 0.25 mg/i can cause tainting of fish
flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC HEOULATION;
TLV » 375 mg/m3 (100 ppm). Toluene 1s on EPA's Consent Decree Priority III List.
Toluene Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
to toluene 1s 100 ppm as an 8-hour per work day time-weighted average. A celling value of 200 ppm 1s
reconnended (ref. 56).
Toluene 1s on the First Priority Chemicals List of Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.75 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Hater. Health: 15 x 3.75 x 105 • 5.6 x 106 ug/i
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 10 * 1 x
103
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.6 x 10° • 1.1 x 10* ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1 x 10J • 2 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 ' lt)3 x 375/420 ' 893 u9/m3
EPCAHla " 100/4ZO " 0-24ppm
EPCWH1 • !5 x 893 • 13,400 ug/l
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 375 " 5t200 "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 5,200 - 10 ug/g
EPCHE1 - 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
EPCWE2 " 25° U9/" ^to P"***"* tainting)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 250 • 0.5 ug/g
E-146
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
TOLUENE
Air, ng/irP
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1 . Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.75E5
(100)
5.6E6
1.1E4
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
893
(0.24)
5,200
1.0
Based on
Ecological
Effectt
250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1.5 to
9.8
lit
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bind on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
893
(0.24)
5,200
10
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
tDrinking water supplies.
E-147
-------
CATEGORY: 15
ETHYL BENZENE: C
(ethyl benzol, phenylethane).
WLN: 2R
STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid; aromatic odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt:
vap. press.:
106.16; rap: -94.9; bp: 136.2; d: 0.8669;
10 mn at 25.9°; vap. d: 3.66; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Rural concentration 1n air 1s reported as 0.5 to 1.6 ppbc (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.06-0.20 ppb »
0.3-0.87 ug/m . Urban concentrations as high as 111 ppbc (13.9 ppb, or 60 vg/m ) have been reported (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethyl benzene 1s an Irritant to mucous membranes, skin, and eyes; and a narcotic 1n high concentrations. It
Is the most severe skin Irritant of the benzene series. A concentration of 200 ppm causes eye Irritation and
gives warning of dangerous concentrations (refs. 4, 57). A concentration of 100 ppm for 8 hours caused Irrita-
tive effects 1n a human (ref. 2). It 1s absorbed through the skin as well as through the lungs. No chronic
effects of exposure are reported.
UD50 (oral, rat): 3.500 rag/kg.
LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxlcity: TUn 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
Concentrations of: <0.25 mg/t can cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 435 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
On EPA's Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 4.35 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water. Health:
15 x 4.35 x 105 • 6.5 x 106 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.5 x 10° • 1.3 x 10* ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 10 « 1.0 x 10J ug/t
0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH1
'AHla
10J x 435/420 -1,040 ug/mj
> 100/420 • 0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 * 1S * 1»040 " 15'600
EPCjfltt " 13.8 x 435 • 6,000 ug/i
EPCLH ' 0-002 x 6,000 • 12 wg/g
EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 « 500 ug/t
EPC,.,- * 250 ug/i (to prevent tainting)
EPC.p • 0.002 x 250 - O.S ug/g
E-148
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
ETHYL BENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.35E5
(100)
6.5E6
1.3E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Ditch ar g*
Natural Background*
0.3 to
0.87
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,*ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «j/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-149
-------
CATEGORY: 15 WLN: L56T&J
1NOAN; CgH1Q Chydrindene). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 118.19; mp: -51.4; bp: 176; d: 0.964;
Insoluble In water; solubility nay be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Indan is present in coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LOL() Coral, rat): 5,000 mg/kg.
Indan may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Indan Is not included In the compounds tested thus far for carcinogenic activity (ref. 60).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 5.000 - 2.25 x 105 ug/m3 Air. Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 105 « 3.4 x 106 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.4 x 106 • 6.8 x 103 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 5,000 • 535 ug/m3
EPCAH3 -0.081 x 5,000 • 405 ug/m3
EPCym - 15 x 4.05 x 103 • 6,000 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 * 5'000 * 2'000 "9"
EPCLH • 0.002 x 2.000 - 4 Mg/9
E-150
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
INDAN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.25E5
3.4E6
6.8E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
405
2,000
4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jiQ/tl
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
405
2,000
4
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-151
-------
CATEGORY: 15 WLN: L56 BHO
INDENE: -CgH8 (indonaphthene). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 116.2; mp: -1.8; bp: 181.6; d: 0.996;
insoluble in water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Indene is found in coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LDLo (subcutaneous, rat): 1,000 rag/kg.
Serious systemic responses my result from exposure to high concentrations of Indene absorbed primarily
through inhalation (ref. 4).
The epoxide is considered inactive as a skin carcinogen in animals (ref. 59).
Indene may be present in soot, coal tar. and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 45 ng/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.5 x 104 pg/m3 (10 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 104 - 6.75 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 105 - 1.35 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 1C|3 * 45/42° " 107
EPCAHla " 10/4ZO " °'024 ppm
EPCWH1 " 15 x 107 * 1-605
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 45 ' 6Z1 "9/1
EPCLH - 0.002 x 621 • 1.2 ug/g
E-152
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
INDENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/rrP
(ppm Vol)
Water. figl\
(ppm Wt)
Land. »ig/g
(ppm Wt)
I, Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. 8PT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E4
(10)
6.75E5
1.4EO
Based on
Ecological
Effectt
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
107
(0.024)
621
1.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd en
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
107
(0.024)
621
1.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-153
-------
CATEGORY: 15 WIN: RR
BIPHEHYL: C12H1Q (bibenzene, dlphenyl, phenylbenzene, PH). STRUCTURE:
White or colorless scales; pleasant odor.
20
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 154.2; mp: 71; bp: 2S5.9; d: 0.8660
1.989677; vap.d: 5.31; vap. press: 1 ran at 70.6°; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Blphenyl Is produced by thermal dehydrogenatlon of benzene (ref. 57).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Reported effects resulting from exposure to blphenyl Include Irritation and Injury to respiratory
passages; no chronic effects are documented (ref. 4). Exposure by Inhalation to 4,400 ug/m3 caused
Irritative effects 1n a human (ref. 2).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 3.280 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.0 x 103 ug/m3 (0.2 ppra)
Hater, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 • 1.5 x 104 gg/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AH1
- 10° x 1/420 • 2.4
EPC
AHla
°-2/420 ' 0.0005 ppm
EPCWH1 * 1S x 2-4 • 36 ug/l
- 13.8 x 1 • 13.8 wg/t
0.002 x 13.8 • 0.03 i,g/g
E-154
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
BIPHENYL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/rn^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goali)
-
II. Based on Ambient F acton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*
1.0E3
(0.2)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
EHectj
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.4
(5.0E-4)
13.8
0.03
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, «|/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jsg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Be led on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.0005)
13.8
0.03
8. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-155
-------
ortho-
meta-
CATEGORY: 15
XYLENES: CgH10 (dimethylbenzene. xylol).
A mobile, flammable liquid.
m-xylene: colorless liquid.
o-xylene: colorless liquid.
p-xylene: colorless plates or prisms at low temperature.
PROPERTIES:
m-xylene
o-xylene
p-xylene
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Xylenes include meta, ortho, and para structures. The meta Isomer predominates in mixtures. The
odor threshold in air for p-xylene is 0.47 ppm (2 mg/m ) (ref. 29). Rural background concentrations
are reported as follows (ref. 1):
Rural Concentration
1RD
Hoi. wt
106.2
106.2
106.2
PPb
ppb;
0.
; 1
0.
6-5.
.9-3
3-0.
2
.8
9
ug/m3)
ug/m )
wg/n )
All three Isomers nave been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies in concentrations less
than 5 ug/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Xylenes are absorbed through skin as well as by inhalation (ref. 9). They may be narcotic in high
concentrations. Chronic toxicity is not well known, but xylenes are considered less toxic than benzene
(ref. 24). Effects of exposure to xylenes may be similar to effects from toluene but with a higher degree
of toxicity (ref. 4). Concentrations of 200 ppm Is irritating to eyes, nose, and throat (refs. 4, 57).
Since occurrence of xylenes Is generally associated with benzene, the specific toxic potential of xylenes
is difficult to isolate.
n-xylene
o-xylene
p-xylene
xylene (mixture)
LD50
(oral, rat)
5,000 mg/kg
5.000 mg/kg
5.000 mg/kg
4.300 mg/kg
LCLo
(inhalation, rat)
8,000 ppm/4 hours
6,700 ppm/4 hours
LCLo
(inhalation, mouse)
6,920 ppm
3,460 ppm
Aquatic toxicity
TLra96: 100-10 ppm
TLm96: 100-10 ppm
TU96: 100-10 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 435 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
Xylene is the subject of a NIOSH criteria document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to
xylene is 100 ppm as a 10-hour-workday, time-weighted average. A ceiling of 200 ppm is reconnended. (Xylene
as used in the document refers to any one of a combination of the Isomers of xylene) (ref. 61).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.35 x 105 pg/m3 (100 ppm)
Hater, Health: 15 x 4,35 x 105 • 6.5 x 106 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.5 x 106 - 1.3 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10
1.0 x 10
,3
?
2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 « 103 x 435/420
EPC
•AHla
100/420
1.040 ug/mj
0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 " 1S * 1i04° " 15'600
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 435 - 6.000 ug/t
12 ug/g
EPCLH « 0.002 x 6.000
EPCH£1 • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
EPCWE2 " 25° M9'1 ^To Prevent tainting)
EPCL£ - 0.002 x 250 -0.5 ug/g
E-156
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
XYLEIMES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,j,g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicify Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.35E5
(100)
6.5E6
1.3E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Heal* Effects
1 ,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
Based on
Ecological
Eftectt
250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.3 to
5.2
<5t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, /«g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tDrinking water supplies.
E-157
-------
CATEGORY:
15
WIN: L66+TJ
STRUCTURE:
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE: C10H12 (tetralln, tetrallne).
A colorless liquid; menthol odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular Ut.: 132.2; mp: -35.79; bp: 207.57.
79.3610; d: 0.9707; vap. press: 1 inn at 38°; vap. d: 4.55; Insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tetrahydronaphthalene is produced by the catalytic hydrogenst1on of naphthalene (ref. 57).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Tetrahydronaphthalene 1s an irritant in low concentrations. Narcotic effects result from exposure to
high concentrations (ref. 9).
LOM (oral, rat): 2,860 mg/kg.
LC, (inhalation, guinea pig): 275 ppm for 8 hours for 17 days.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUIATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 2860 • 1.3 x 105 gg/ra3
Hater. Health: 15 x 1.3 x 105 • 2.0 x 106 gg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 10° • 4.0 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 gg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 gg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 2.860 • 306 ug/m3
EPCAH3 " °-081 x 2>86° " 232
EPCyH1 • 15 x 232 • 3,480 wg/l
EPCWH2 " °-4 x 2'860 " 1>14
EPCLH - 0.002 x 1.140 • 2.3 Mg/g
EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 « 500 wg/l
EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
E-158
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/irP
(ppm Vol)
Water. *tg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Bated on Bett Technology
A. Existing Standardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B Ddmlaping Tnchnoloqy
Engineering Ettimatet
(R&O Goali)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acutt
Tonieity Effluent
Baud on
Hmlth Elfecn
1.3E5
2.0E6
4.0E3
Bated on
Ecoloojcal
Effacti
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambnnt Unl God*
Baud on
H«illh Effwu
232
1,140
2.3
Bmdon
Ecological
Effacti
500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arg*
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
232
1,140
2.3
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on HaaHh Effacti
E-159
-------
CATEGORY: 16A WfcN: GR
CHLOROBENZENE: CgHjCl (phenyl chloride). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid, faint, not unpleasant odor.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 112.56; mp: -45.6; bp: 131-132;
d: 1.1058; vap. d: 3.88; vap. press: 10 mn at 22°; solubility In water: 49 mg/100 ml at 20°C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Odor threshold level for chlorobenzene 1s reported as 0.21 ppm (ref. 29). Chlorobenzene has been found
In samples of U.S. drinking water supplies at levels of less than 5 ug/l (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chlorobenzene 1s a central nervous system depressant and may affect the liver and kidneys (ref. 62).
It has only sl-1ght Irritant qualities (ref. 9).
A narcotic effect was observed when animals were exposed to concentrations of chlorobenzene above
1,200 ppra (ref. 4). Little Information 1s available on human effects from repeated exposure to sub-
narcotic concentrations (ref. 9).
LDgQ (oral, rat): 2,910 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxlcity: TUn96: 100-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 350 mg/m3 (75 ppm).
Chlorobenzene Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority 2 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 3.50 x 105 ug/m3 (75 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 > 5.25 x 106 wg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.25 x 106 • 1.05 x 104 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 -100 ug/i
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH, • ID3 x 350/420 • 830 Hg/m3
EPC
'AHla
75/420 - 0.18 ppm
EPCWH1 " 1S x 83° " 12'500 "
EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 35° " 4f83°
EPCLH • 0.002 x 4,830 -9.7 »g/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/l
EPCLE • 0.002 x so - o.l ug/g
E-160
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16A
CHLOftOBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, f/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/9
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Bait Technology
A. Existing Stamfords
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Dovotoping Technology
Enginnering Estimates
(R8.D Goalf)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.50E5
(75)
5.25E6
1.05E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
830
(0.18)
4,830
9.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effeeb
-
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
5t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
{ppm Wt)
Land, jjo/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
830
(0.18)
4,830
9.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect)
,
tDrinking water supplies.
E-161
-------
CATEGORY: ISA
1.2-DICHLORQBENZENE: CgH4Cl2, (o-dichlorobenzene).
A colorless liquid.
WLN: GR BG
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 147.01;mp: -17; bp: 180; d: 1.3048;
Vap. d: 5.07; vap. press: 1.56 mm at 25°; Insoluble
1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The odor of o-dlchlorobenzene may be detected at 50 ppm (300 mg/m ) (ref. 62).
o-01chlorobenzene has been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies in a concentration
of 1 wg/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxlcity of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is similar to that of other aromatic chloro compounds; however, the
o-isomer of dlchlorobenzene is somewhat more toxic than the m- or p-forms. It causes central nervous
system depression, can Injure the liver and kidneys, and 1s Irritating to skin and mucous membranes
(ref. 9). Exposure to concentrations above 90 ppm affected test animals (ref. 4).
LCj_0 (inhalation, rat): 707 ppm for 7 hours.
LDLo (°ra1> 9uinea Pig); 2,000 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr TLm (for mixed dlchlorobenzene Isomers): 10 to < 1 ppm (ref. 2).
A concentration of 0.25 mg/i of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is reported to cause tainting of fish flesh
(ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 300 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 3.0 x 105 wg/m3 (50 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 3 x 10S * 4.5 x 106 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 106 • 9.0 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 ug
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 • 0.2
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC^ « 103 x 300/420
EPC
714 ug/mj
50/420 • 0.12 ppm
15 x 714 « 10,700 ug/i
EPCHH2 ' 13.8 x 300 • 4.140 aq/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 4.140 • 8.3 ug/g
EPCyE1 « 50 x 1 ' 50 ug/i
EPC^ « 250 ug/l
EPCLE - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g
E-162
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
16A
V7UAL3
Air, iig/nP
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
-
1,2-DICH
LOROBENZENE
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E5
(50)
4.5E6
9.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Lent Goat"
Bawd on
Health Effects
714
(0.12)
4,140
8.3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
It
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/n
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
714
(0.12)
4,140
8.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tDrinking water supplies.
E-163
-------
WLN: GR OG
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 16A
1.4-OICHLOROBENZENE: CgH4C12 (p-D1chlorobenzene).
Volatile crystals with characteristic, penetrating odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 147.01; mp: 53; bp: 174; d: 1.2884;
vap. d: 5.07; vap. press: 10 ran at 55°; insoluble In
water; sublimes at ordinary temperatures.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The odor threshold level is 15-30 ppm (90-180 rag/m ) in air (ref. 62). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has been
found in a concentration of 1 ug/t in samples of U.S. drinking water supplies (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vapors of 1,4-dichlorobenzene can cause Irritation to skin, throat, and eyes; repeated exposure to
high concentrations may cause liver injury and central nervous system depression (refs. 24, 62). Ingestion
of 300 mg/kg by a human has resulted in unspecified toxic effects (ref. 2).
LDgQ (oral, rat): 500 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr. TLm for mixed dlchlorobenzene isomers: 10 to < 1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 450 mg/m3 (75 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.5 x 105 wg/m3 (75 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 4.5 x 105 • 6.75 x 106 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 10 - 1.35 x 10 yg/g
6 -
*
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 * 100 ug/t
Land, Ecology: O.C02 x 100 * 0.2 »g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
it-*
[PC,
•AHl
EPC
10J x 450/420 • 1.070 i.g/mj
•AHla " 75/42° " °-18 ppm
• 15 x 1.070 • 16.100 ug/e.
EPCHH2 * 13'8 x 45° ' 6'210 "9/l
EPCLH » 0.002 x 6.210 • 12 ug/g
EPCyE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/1
EPCL£ - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g
E-164
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16A
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, Aig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/1
(ppmWtl
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exitting Standard*
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatai
(H&D Goal!)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BaMdon
Health Effect!
4.5E5
(75)
6.75E6
1.35E4
Bund on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.18)
6,210
12
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
-
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
DiKharge
Natural Background*
It
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, V9/9
(pnmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Baled on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.18)
6,210
12
B. Baiad on
Ecological Effect!
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
tDrinking water supplies,
E-165
-------
CATEGORY: 16A
2-CHLOROTOLUENE: CyHjCl (o-chlorotoluene. 1 methyl-2-
chlorobenzene, o-tolyl chloride).
A colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 126.59; mp: -35.1;bp: 159.15; d: 1.0825;
vap. press: 10 ran at 46.2°; slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Toxldty of 2-Chlorotoluene Is similar to that of other aromatic chloro compounds. Animal exposure to
concentrations above 1,000 ppm has resulted In narcotic effects (see ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): > 1,600 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 250 mg/tn (50 ppm) based on analogy with other chlorinated benzenes.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 2.5 x 105 ug/ra3 (50 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 105 • 3.75 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 106 - 7.5 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftH1 • 103 x 250/420 • 600 ug/m3
EPCAHla " SO/42° " °'12 ppm
EPCWH1 ' IS x 600 • 9,000
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 2SO " 3*450
EPCLH " 0'002 x 3'4SO " 1 U9
E-166
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16A
2-CHLOROTOLUENE
Air,pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Sundirdi
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimates
(R&D Goali)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxlclty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.5E5
(50)
3.75E6
7.5E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
-
B. Ambient Lewi Goal-
Bawd on
Health Effects
600
(0.12)
3,450
7
Batadon
Ecological
Effect*
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/fl
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect*
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
600
(0.12)
3,450
7
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baaed on Health Effects
E-167
-------
ci.
CATEGORY: 16A WLN:
(PCB's) POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS: C12C1n (aroclors). STRUCTURE!
Depending on the degree of halogenation, polychlorinated
biphenyls vary from colorless, oily liquids to black
resins.
PROPERTIES:
bp: 278-475; slightly soluble in water; 100 to 1,000 ug/t
(ref. 28). The density, boiling point, and melting point
increase with chlorine content (ref. 33); soluble in lipids
(ref. 33).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Polychlorinated biphenyls are produced by the chlorination of biphenyl. They are remarkably stable and
resist attack by water, acids, and bases. They are not easily biodegraded (ref. 29). Biphenyls may have
1 to 10 attached chlorine atoms, making possible over 200 compounds (ref. 28). Concentrations of PCB's
ranging from 2.0-2.8 ug/t in the Milwaukee River have been reported; concentration In Lake Michigan Is
reported as 0.01 ug/t (ref. 33).
It is estimated that 41 to 45 percent of the general population of the United States have PCS levels of
1.0 mg/kg or higher In adipose tissue (ref. 28). PCB's are not believed to be naturally occurring compounds,
but are manufactured as mixtures containing specified amounts of chlorine. Such mixtures are referred to
by the trademark name Aroclors followed by a four-digit number; the last two digits of the number indicate
the percentage of chlorine.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Exposure to PCB's can cause acne, respiratory tract Irritation and liver Injury (ref. 4). PCB's are
considered to be cumulative poisons, and they may be absorbed through the skin (ref. 4). Workers exposed
to 0.1 mg/m3 of the vapors of Aroclor 1242 experienced effects (ref. 4). Animal studies indicate that acute
toxiclty of the PCB's varies with the specific mixture.
Mixture
Aroclor 1221
Aroclor 1232
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1248
\JJRn (oral, rat
Su1n mg/kg
3.980
4,470
4,250
11,000
Mixture
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Aroclor 1262
LD,n (oral , rat)
suin mg/kg
1,295
1,315
11,300
Mixture
Aroclor 1268
Aroclor 2565
Aroclor 4465
LD5n (oral, rat)
3U1n mg/kg
10,900
6,310
16,000
Polychlorinated biphenyls have produced carcinogenic responses in rats and mice. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number for PCB's considered collectively is 4212. The lowest dosage to produce a carcinogenic
effect is 1,200 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 3.5.
Aquatic Toxiclty: The cumulative potential of PCB's is of great concern in considering toxiclty to
aquatic life. PCB's at 0.01 ug/t in water have been known to accumulate in fish up to 200,000 times the
water concentration. 96-hr TLm's range generally between 1 and 10 ug/t (ref. 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 0.5 mg/ia (for chlorodiphenyls containing 542 chlorine)
TLV: 1 mg/m (for chlorodiphenyls containing 42S chlorine)
Polychlorinated biphenyls are on EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
Completion of NIOSH criteria document of PCB's is scheduled for 1977 (ref. 2).
EPA 1976 water quality criteria (proposed): 0.001 ug/t for freshwater and marine aquatic life and for
consumers thereof (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria: 0.002 ug/i for protection of aquatic life. PCB concen-
trations In whole fish should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg of the wet weight for protection of fish-eating birds and
mammals (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health:500 ug/m3
Water. Health: 15 x 500 • 7.5 x 103 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 103 • 15 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1.2 ug/m3
EPCHH1 • 15 x 1.2 • 18 >;g/t
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °-5 " 7 "9/1
EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 5 x 0.001 • 0.005 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 0.005 « 1 x 10~5 ug/g
EPCHES • 0.001 ug/t
EPCLE « 0.002 x 0.001 - 2 x 10"6 ug/g
E-168
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
16A
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's)
Air, iug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppfflWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E2
7.5E3
1.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E-3
l.OE-5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1-2
7
0.014
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.001
2x1 O"6
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0
0
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ug/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Baled on
Ecological Effects
0.001
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1.2
7
0.014
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
2xlO"6
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Hearth Effects
E-169
-------
CATEGORY: 168
g-CHLOROTOLUENE: CjHyCI (benzyl chloride).
A colorless liquid with an unpleasant. Irritating odor.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt:
,20
126.59; rap: -43; bp: 179.3;
WLN: G1R
STRUCTURE:
d: 1.102|g; vap. d: 4.36; vap. press: 11 nra
at 66°; Insoluble 1n water
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
a-Chlorotoluene decomposes when heated 1n the presence of Iron (ref. 24).
The odor threshold In air for benzyl chloride 1s reported as 0.047 ppm or 0.24 mg/in (ref. 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
a-Chlorotoluene Is highly Irritating to eyes and upper respiratory tract. At 16 ppm (83 mg/m ) for
1 minute, It Is Intolerable to man (ref. 4).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1.231 mg/kg.
LC5Q (Inhalation, rat): 150 ppm for 2 hours.
a-Chlorotoluene appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/N10SH ordering number 1s
4101. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 2100 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering nunber 1s 1.9.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 5 mg/m3 (1 ppm).
On Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 11).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 5.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm)
Hater. Health: 15 x 5 x 103 • 7.5 x 10* ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 * 1.50 ug/g
Air. Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 1 - 100 ug/t
0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.U1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 Hg/m3
EPC
AHla
1/420 • 0.002 ppm
EPCVIH1 • 15 x 12 • 180 ug/i
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 5 ' 69 U9/1
EPC^ • 0.002 x 69 • 0.14 «g/g
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 1.9) • 88 ug/m3
EPCyj. • 15 x 88 • 1.320 ug/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 1.320 • 2.6 ug/g
EPCHE1 "
50 x
50
EPCLE • 0.002 x so « o.l ug/g
E-170
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16B
a-CHLOROTOLUENr
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land.fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS,BPT.BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering EitlnwlM
(R&DGoali)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxidty EffliMitt
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E3
0)
7.5E4
1.50EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect*
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
Bawd on
Eeotogicat
Effaco
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural flacfcnrDunrf*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.M9/m3
(ppmVol)
WMw,pg/l
(ppmWt)
tmd,fio/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Buadon
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
12
(0.002)
69
0.14.
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
BaeWa on H*Mnn Efftctt
88
1,320
2.6
E-171
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR
NITROBENZENE; CgHgNOg. STRUCTURE:
A colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid or bright yellow crystals with
odor similar to volatile oil of almonds.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 123; mp: 6; bp: 210-11; d: 1205; vap. press.: Inn
at 44.4; vap. d: 4.25; soluble in about 500 parts water; volatile with steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
The odor threshold 1n air for nitrobenzene Is 0.0047 ppm or 23 wg/m3 (ref. 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Nitrobenzene Is toxic by Ingestlon and by Inhalation. It Is readily absorbed through the skin. Effects
of exposure Include cyanosis, methenogloblnenrla, and central nervous system effects (ref. 24).
A woman Is reported to have experienced blood effects as a result of Ingesting 200 ing/kg of nitrobenzene (ref. 2).
LD^ Coral, dog): 750 mg/kg.
LOLo (oral, rabbit): 700 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tin 96: 100-10 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REPUTATION:
Nitrobenzene 1s on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
TLV • 5 ng/n3 (1 ppm) skin.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r. Health: 5.0 x 103 yg/m3 (1 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.0 x 103 - 7.5 x 104 yg/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 • 150 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 yg/t
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 yg/m3
1/420 • 0.002 ppm
• 15 x 12 • 180 ug/t
EPCHHE * 13'8 x 5 " " u^t
0.002 x 69 - 0.14 yg/g
EPCHE1 - 50 x 10 - 500 yg/t
EPCL£ • 0.002 x 500 • 1 wg/g
E-172
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
17
NITROBENZENE
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3
(1)
7.5E4
1.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Beted on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
Bawd on
Ecological
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Beted on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissfcle Concentration
Beted on Health Effects
E-173
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR DR
4-NITROBIPHENYL: C12HN02 (p-n1trob1phenyl, 4-n1trod1phenyl ). STRUCTURE:
Crystallizes as yellow needles from ethanol.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 199; mp: 114-114.5; bp: 340 at 760 mm;
Insoluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
4-N1trob1pheny1 Is reduced in the presence of activated Iron to the corresponding a mine.
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
There 1s evidence that 4-n1trob1pheny1 Is metabolized In vivo to 4-am1nob1phenyl, a highly carcinogenic
aromatic amlne (ref. 44).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD^ Coral, rat): 2,230 rag/kg.
4-Nltroblphenyl 1s recognized as one of the more potent human bladder carcinogens (ref. 4). Human bladder
cancer has been linked with occupational exposure. In high concentrations (5,500 rag/kg), the compound has
produced bladder cancer 1n dogs (refs. 2,43). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 4>n1trob1phenyl 1s 7212.
Considering carcinogenic potential of 4-nltroblphenyl together with that of Its metabolite, 4-am1nod1phenyl,
the EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7526, and the lowest dosage resulting 1n an oncogenlc response Is 140 rag/kg.
The adjusted ordering number for the compounds considered collectively Is 54.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
4-nltrodlphenyl Is classified by ACGIH as a human carcinogen. No TLV has been assigned; because of the
high Incidence of cancer, no exposure by any route should be permitted.
4-nltrodlphenyl 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
4-n1trod1phenyl Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers
are prescribed (ref. 17).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/54 • 1.3 x 103 ng/rn3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 - 2.0 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 10* - 40 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 " °'107 x 2'230 " 239 "9/n|3
EPCAH3 " °-081 * 2>23° * 18° uS/a|3
EPCUH1 " 1S x 18° * 2>70°
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 2>23° " 89°
0.002 x 890 - 2 ug/g
EPCAC2 • 10/(6 x 54) - 3 wg/m3
15 x 3 • 45 wg/l
0.002 x 45 • 0.1 wg/g r -if A
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
1.7
4-IMITROBIPHENYL
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/1
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eftimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E3
2.0E4
4.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effect)
B. Ambient U»el Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
3
45
0.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mfl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g,
(pprnWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Band on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
180
890
2
B. Baied on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
3
45
0.1
E-I75
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR BG
l-CmORO-2-NITROBENZENE: CgH^Cl (o-chloronltrobenzene). STRUCTURE:
Yellow crystals.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 157.6; mp: 32-33; bp: 245-246; d: 1.305;
insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Intoxication from l-chloro-2-nltrobenzene may be serious. It can cause poisoning by the pulmonary route,
and its effects are cumulative. Cyanosis and blood changes also occur. This compound Is more toxic than
its para isomer (ref. 9).
L050 (oral, rat): 288 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: TLw 96: 1,000-100 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 288 - 1.3 x 104
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 104 • 2.0 x 105 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 105 • 400 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 104 \>q/L
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 - 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 ' °'107 « 288 - 31 ug/ai3
EPCAH3 ' 0-081 x 288 • 23 ug/ra3
EPCWH1 ' 15 " 23 • 345 ug/l
EPCWHZ ' 0.4 X 288 • 115 ug/t
tPCLH - 0.002 x 115 • 0.2 ug/g
EPCWE1 - 50 x 100 - 5,000 ug/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 « 10 ug/g
E-176
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
17
1-CHLOR6-2-NITROBENZEN E
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Wattr. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E4
2.0E5
4.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
23
115
0.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Haalth Effects
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
23
115
0.2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Based on Health Effects
E-177
-------
CATEGORY:
17
NITROTOLUENES:
2-nitrotoluene:
3-nitrotoluene:
4-nitrotoluene:
(methylnitrobenzenes).
yellow liquid.
liquid.
yellowish crystals.
2-Nitrotoluene
(o-nitrotoluene)
WLN: WNR B; WNR C; UNR D
STRUCTURE:
3-Nitrotoluene
(m-nitrotoluene)
4-Nitrotoluene
(p-nltrotoluene)
PROPERTIES:
2-nitro toluene
3-n1tro toluene
4-nltro toluene
NATURAL OCD
Hol. wt.
137.13
137.13
137.13
LJRRENCE.
RIP
-10
15.5
53-54
CHARAC
bp
222
231.9
238
TERISTI
4°
1.163
1.157
1.286
CS. AS
rfater Solubility
insoluble
0.5 g/i water
insoluble
SOCIATED COMPOU
vap. d
4.72
4.72
4.72
NDS:
vap. press.
1 iim at 50°
1 urn at 50.2°
1 mm at 53.7"
All nitro coapounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The nitrotoluenes are low-grade methemoglobin formers; cases of poisoning are uncommon. They are signifi-
cantly less toxic than nitrobenzene; however, the different isomers exhibit different levels of toxlcity
(ref. 4). They can be absorbed through the Intact skin and the respiratory tract (ref. 45).
2- nitro toluene
3-nltrotoluene
4- nitro toluene
LDgo (oral, rat)
891 rag/kg
1,072 rag/kg
2,144 mg/kg
Aquatic toxlcity
TLm 96: 100-10 ppnt
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 30 mg/ar (S ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.0 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm)
Hater, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 104 • 4.5 x 105 u
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 105 • 900 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 10 • 1.0 x 10J ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10J - 2 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 30/420 - 71 ug/m3
EPCftHU • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm
EPC^j • 15 x 71 • 1,065 ug/i
EPCWH2 • 13'8 x M • 414 "9/l
LH • 0.002 x 414 - 0.8 ug/g
EPCHE1 « 50 x 10 » 500 gg/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g
E-178
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
17
V*<->AL:> NITROTOLUENES
Air, /ij/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E4
(5)
4.5E5
9.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBI ENT LEVEL GOALS
(ppm Vol)
Water, uj/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Based on Heahn Effects
E-179
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN:
DINITROTOLUENES; CjHgN^. STRUCTURE:
D1n1trotoluenes crystallize mainly In the form of yellow needles
from ethanol or carbon disulfide.
PROPERTIES:
2,6-D1n1trotoluene
3,4-D1n1trotoluene
All Isomers
NO,
Hoi. wt.
182.14
182.14
182.14
mp
66
58.3
52-93
bo
subl 1mes
to 300"C
d
1.283
1.259
1.259-
1.321
solubility
Insoluble
Insoluble
to slightly
soluble
vap. d.
6.27
(for 2.4
Isomer)
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic effects of dlnltrotoluenes are similar to those of other aromatic nltro compounds. It causes
central nervous system and blood disorders (ref. 4).
Dlnltrotoluenes may be absorbed through the skin.
2 , 3- dl nl troto 1 uene
2, 4-d1n1tro toluene
2 ,5-dlnl tro toluene
2, 6-d1n1tro toluene
3,4-dlnltrotoluene
3 , 5-dl nl trotol uene
LD50 Coral, rat)
1,122 tag/kg
268 ing/ kg
707 ing/kg
177 rag/kg
177 ng/kg
Aquatic toxldty
TUn 96: 100-10 ppm
Tim 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Dlnltrotoluenes are on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
TLV - 1.5 mg/m3 (By analogy with limits recommended for nltro and dlnltro-benzenes).
On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 1.5 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 • 2.25 x 104 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 104 - 45 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC
103 x 1.5/420 -3.6 ug/ra3
'AMI
£PCWH1 ' 15 x 3.6 - 54 ug/t
EPCym - 13.8 x 1.5 - 21 ug/t
EPCLH • °-002 x 21 • 0.04 ug/g
EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
EPCLE « 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
E-180
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
17
DINITROTOLUENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E3
2.25E4
4.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effeca
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
3.6
21
0.04
Based on
Ecological
Effect]
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/J9/m
(ppm Vol)
Wattr, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effects
3.6
21
0.04
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-181
-------
CATEGORY:
ISA
WLN: QR
STRUCTURE:
O,
PHENOL: CgHgOH (carbolic add, hydroxybenzene, oxybenzene,
phenic acid, phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide).
Colorless needles, characteristic odor; reddens on exposure
to air and light.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 94.11; rap: 43; bp: 181.75; d: 1.072 at 20°/4°;
vap. press.: 1 im at 40.1°C; vap. d: 3.24; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Q
The odor threshold for phenol Is reported as 0.047 ppm or 180 ug/m (ref. 29}. Because of Its low volatility,
however, phenol Is primarily of concern as a water contaminant rather than an air contaminant.
Phenol Is obtained from coal tar (refs. 24, 63).
If phenolic compounds are present in waters that are chlorinated for disinfection, chlorophenols may
be formed (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Phenol 1s absorbed through the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and through the skin. Acute
and chronic poisoning may result from exposure. Chronic poisoning results In damage to the liver and kidney
(ref. 9). Human ingestion of 14 mg/kg has resulted in gastrointestinal effects, and Ingestion of 140 mg/kg
1s reported to cause death to a human (ref. 2).
LDSO (oral, rat): 414 mg/kg.
Phenol 1s Included In the NIOSH list of suspected carcinogens. The N10SH ordering number Is 3121. The
lowest TDL(J 1s 4,000 mg/kg; the adjusted ordering number 1s 0.78. There 1s no specific evidence of human
cancer attributable to phenol (ref. 63).
Experiments with Drosophilia have shown phenol to be highly mutagenic (ref. 64).
Aquatic toxicity: TUn 96: 100-10 ppm. As low as 79 vg/i are toxic to minnows in freshwater after 30 minutes
(ref. 28). Concentrations of 1 to 10 rog/l In water result in tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 19 mg/m3 (5 ppm). On EPA Consent Decree Priority III 11st. On First Priority Chemicals List of the
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8).
Phenol Is the subject of a NIOSH criteria document. NIOSH recommends exposure to phenol vapor, solid, or
mists be limited to 20 mg/nr1 as a time-weighted average for up to a 10-hour workday (ref. 65).
EPA 1976 Mater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 yg/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
(for phenols) (ref. 66).
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 * 500 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health:
Water, Health:
Land. Health:
1,9 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm)
5x1-5 ug/t
0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC,
•AH1
EPC
'AHla
10J x 19/420 • 45 ug/i.
5/420 • 0.01 ppm
EPCHH1 " 15 x 4S " 67S "9/i
EPCHH2 ' '3.8 x 19 • 260 u9/l
EPS(HS ' ' "''' (phenolic compounds)
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE1 " 50 x 10
EPCWE2 * 1>000 u9
EPCWES " 10° v^1
50°
t (to Prevent tainting)
(Pn'no11c compounds)
EPCU • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2
E-182
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18A
PHENOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fiy/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.9E4
(5)
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.01)
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
100
0.2
C. Eliminiition of
Diicherge
Ntttural Backpountf*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,j*g/ro3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Propowd Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Baaed on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
TOOt
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.01)
260
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutantt
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPnenol c compounds
E-103
-------
CA
IY:
ISA
CRESQLS: CgH4OHCH3 (cresyllc acid, methylphenol, hydroxytoluene).
m-cresol: colorless or yellowish liquid, phenolic odor;
o-cresol: crystals or liquid, phenolic odor;
p-cresol: crystals, phenolic odor.
^feculafwt: 108.37; density*,,: 1.034-1.047;
vap. d: 3.72; soluble in water.
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
ortho
meta
m-cresol
o-cresol
p-cresol
mp bp
11
30
35.5
202
191
201.8
vap. press.
0.153 ran at 2S>°C
0.245 am at 25°C
0.108 nro at 25°C
I
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cresols are methyl-substituted hydroxy benzene compounds, i.e. methyl phenols. Ortho,
meta and para compounds occur. The meta Isomer predominates 1n mixtures (ref. 24)
Odor recognition level for cresols ranges from 0.9 to 1.21 mg/m or 0.20 to 0.27 ppm
(ref. 3). 3
The odor threshold 1n air for p-cresol 1s reported as 0.001 ppm or 4 ug/m (ref. 29).
Cresols are obtained from coal tar (ref. 24). Due to the low vapor pressure and dis-
agreeable odor, cresols usually do not present an acute Inhalation hazard (ref. 63).
Cresols are highly resistant to biological oxidation (ref. 67).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties of cresols are similar to those of phenol. Cresols may be absorbed through the skin.
Respiratory hazard 1s low because of low volatility. Absorption may cause damage to liver, kidney and
nervous system (ref. 9). Order of toxldty beginning with most toxic 1s reported to be as follows:
p-cresol; o-cresol; phenol; m-cresol (ref. 4)
LD5Q (oral, rat)
m-cresol
o-cresol
p-cresol
242 rag/kg
121 mg/kg
207 mg/kg
Toxldty to aquatic life: tainting of fish may result from concentrations of 0.07 mg/t of mixed cresol
isomers (ref. 28). The toxic concentration of p-cresol is 5 ppm for rainbow trout (ref. 36). The 96-hour
LCgQ for p-cresol 1s reported as 19 mg/t (ref. 68). For mixed cresol Isomers, the 96-hour TLm Is reported
as 10-1 ppm {ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV for Cresol (all Isomers): 22 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 jig/tat any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66-).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.2 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 5x1-5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE COMC6NTRATIOMg:
EPC
EPC
AH,
AHla
EPCWH1
EPCWH2
EPCWHS
103 x 22/420 - 52 ug/n3
" 5/42° ' 0-Olpp*
15 x 52 « 780 ug/t
13'8 « 22 - 304 ug/t
1 "9/t (Phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE1 " 50 x 1 • 50 ug/t
EPCWE2 " 70
EPCWES " 10°
EPCLE • 0.002 x 50
compounds)
0.1 ug/g
E-184
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18A
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.2E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effecn
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
70
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background-
•To b« multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /i9/m
(ppm Vol)
Wmr.ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, Atg/g
lppmWt»
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
It
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Basad Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baled on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
304
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
BawdM Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-185
-------
CATEGORY: ISA
PHENYLPHENOLS:
(hydroxybiphenyls, biphenylols
QR BR; QR CR; QR DR
STRUCTURE:
170.21; insoluble in water. OH _
mp
58-60
165-167
78
bp
286
305-8
sublimes
>300
d
1.213
vap. press.
1 mm at 100°C
10 mm at 176°C
para-
ortho, meta, or para phenylphenols).
o-phenylphenol: white, flaky crystals; mild,
characteristic ordor.
p-phenylphenol: needles.
m-phenylphenol: needles.
PROPERTIES:
o-phenylphenol
p-phenylphenol
m-phenyl phenol
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Phenylphenols are monosubstltuted phenolic compounds. Ortho, meta, and para phenylphenols
are formed.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The toxic properties of phenylphenols are probably similar to those of the other phenols. Animal
studies indicate that acute and chronic toxldty Is mild for o-phenyl phenol (ref. 63).
LD50 (oral, rat): 2,700 mg/kg (for o-phenylphenol).
Neoplastlc effects have resulted from the subcutaneous administration to mice of 1,000 mg/kg of the
para Isomer. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101; the adjusted ordering number Is 3.1.
Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 1 mg/z of o-phenylphenol (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 vg/t of phenol (including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ugA of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; aopllcatlon factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/i (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/3.1
Hater, Health: 5x1-5 vg/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 - 0.01 ug/g
2.25 x 104 pg/m3
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 v
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 « 1
g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 * °'107 * 2>70° " 29° u9/m3
EPCAH3 « 0.081 x 2.700 • 220 ug/m3
EPC«H1 " 15 x 22° ' 3-300 "9A
EPCHH2 " °'4 x 2>70° * 1'080 "9/*
EP^WHS * ' w9'1 (phenolic compounds)
EPCLH * 0'002 x 1 " °'°°2 "3/9
EPCAC, • 103/(6 x 3.1) • 54 ug/m3
EPCHC " '5 x 53 • 810 pg/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 810 - 1.6 ug/g
tPCKE-2 " 1t0(JO
EPCHES * 10°
EPCL£ • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g
tainting)
(Phen<>l1c compounds)
E-186
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
ISA
PHENYLPHENOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, |19/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*
2.25E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect.
54
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, »tg/m3
(ppm Vol)
W««r,MB/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
220
1,080
0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecn
1,000
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
54
810
1.6
tPhenolic compounds.
E-187
-------
CATEGORY:
ISA
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
XYLENOLS: CgH3OH(CH3)2 (dimethylphenols, dimethylhydroxy-
benzenes).
Colorless or white crystals or needles.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 122.17; mp: 27-75; bp: 210-225 (one Isomer rjblir.ies);
d: 0.9650^°-0.983o|°; vap. press.: 1 ran at 52° to 1 mm at 66°; soluble
to slightly soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Xylenols are dlsubstltuted phenols.
Several Isomers are formed since numerous substitution site combinations are possible.
The properties of the various Isomers differ somewhat. Xylenols will probably occur 1n combination.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties of the xylenols are similar to those of phenol and other phenolic compounds. The
lowest L0j0 (oral, rat) reported for a specific xylenol 1s 296 mg/kg for 2,6-xylenol. It Is probable that
mixtures of the various Isomers would prove less toxic than 2,6-xylenol.
Oncogen1c effects have been reported as a result of animal exposure via skin to five specific xylenol Isomers.
Considering the compounds collectively the EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3111, and the lowest dosage resulting
In an oncogenlc response 1s 4,000 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.8.
Aquatic toxldty: 96-hr LC5Q for fat head minnow: 14 tng/l (ref. 68).
Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 1 to 5 mg/t In water (ref. 69).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/i of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Leve1s for alternate source selection:
1 -g/i (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATION:
Air, Health: 45 x 296 • 1.3 x 104 ug/m
Water. Health: 5 x 1 « 5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 * 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
_3
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 296
32 ug/mj
EPCAH3 -0.081 x 296 « 24 ug/uf
EPCWH1 • 15 x 24 « 360
EPCWH2 * °'4 * 296 " 12
EPCyuc * 1 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 1 -0.002 ug/g
EPCHE1 • 50 x 14,000 • 7 x 103 ug/t
EPCWE2 ' 1'000
EPCWES ' 10° M
{Phenol1c compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g
E-188
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
ISA
XYLENOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
1.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
24
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/'
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/j
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
It
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
tPhenolic compounds,
E-189
-------
CATEGORY:
ISA
ALKYI CRESOLS; CgH3OHCH3CnH2n+1 (methyl ethylphenols).
WLN;
STRUCTURE: There are 12 possible structural
isomers for each substituted alkyl
gro'ip. For example, there are 12
isomers of methylethylphenoi.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt. >122; very slightly soluble; higher
boiling points than the corresponding xylenols.
Where R, and H, are any alkyl groups.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Alkyl cresols are disubstituted phenols with one of the substitution groups
being methyl. An example of an alkyl cresol is methyl ethylphenoi. A number
of Isomers are possible depending on the substitution sites.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties are expected to be similar to xylenols.
LDjjg (rat): 530 rag/kg for 6 ethyl-m-cresol. The route of administration was not reported.
value is the lowest UD reported for the alkyl cresols.
This
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects in aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of O.OS (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 530 • 2.4 x 10* ug/m3
Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
Airi Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
5 x 100 * 500 ug/t
0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
|AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 530 • 57 ug/nT
0.081 x 530 • 43 ug/m3
EPCHH1 • 15 x 43 • 640 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 53° " *12 u9/t
EPCWHS ' 1 "^ (Phenolic compounds)
EPC • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
EPCWES "
(Pheno11c compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g
E-190
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18A
ALKYL CRESOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngt\
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.4E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
43
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
lOOt
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
212
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-191
-------
CATEGORY: 18B
CATECHOL: CgH4(OH)2 (pyrocatechol, o-dlhydroxybenzene,
o-benzend1o1, l,2-d1 hydroxybenzene, o-hydroxyphenol,
2-hydroxyphenol). White or colorless leaflets.
c750.
,21.
WIN: QR BQ
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 110.08; mp: 105; bp: 245'""; d: 1.344'
soluble; vap. press.: 10 mm at 118.3°; vap. d: 3.79;
sublimes readily; soluble 1n 2.3 parts water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Catechol Is a dlhydrlc phenol.
When heated, catechol emits highly toxic fumes; 1t Is volatilized by steam.
methyl pyrocatechol.
A related compound 1s
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Catechol 1s similar to phenol 1n Its toxic properties causing convulsions and Injury to the blood.
Is absorbed through the skin as well as through Inhalation (refs. 9, 63).
The repeated absorption of sublethal doses by animals may Induce methemogloblnemla, leukopenla, and
anemia (ref. 63).
LDgg (rats, oral): 3,890 mg/kg.
Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 0.8 to 5 mg/i of catechol (ref. 28).
It
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 20 mg/m3 (5 ppm) (Trial).
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
Mater supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (.ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.0 x 104 ug/m3 (Sppm)
Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 100 « 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1
EPCAH1, ' 5/420
• 103 x 20/420 • 48 ug/m3
0.01ppm
15 x 48 • 720 ug/t
EPCut» " 13-8 x 20 • 280 ug/t
H(l£
EPCWHS " 1 "''* (Pncno1''c compounds)
0.002 x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE2
EPCWES
EPC,
LH
• 800 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
• 100 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
E-192
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18B
CATECHOL
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimat«s
IR&D Goilt)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.0E4
(5)
5.0EO
1.0E-2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
48
(0.01)
1
0.002
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
It
B. Beted on
Ecological Effect!
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
48
(0.01)
280
0.002
B. Bated on
Ecologicar Effect.
800
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
tPhenolic compounds.
E-193
-------
CATEGORY: 1BC
INDANOLS: CHO (hydroxyhydrindene, hydroxyindene).
WLN: L56T&J GQ
STRUCTURE:
Plates, triclinic prisms, or needles.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 134.18; mp: 40-56; bp: 255.
II
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Indanol may or may not be phenolic, depending on the site of hydroxy substitution. Structure I is a
phenol, II is not. Little information regarding Indanols is available. The physical properties described
are for 1-indanol, 4-indanol, and 5-Indanol.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties are probably similar to but milder than phenol.
moderate toxidty and a high degree of Irritation (ref. 9).
L050 (oral, rat): 3,250 mg/kg for a 5-1ndanol.
Limited animal experiments suggest
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 ffor phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962--Levels for alternate source selection:
1 yg/t (for phenols) (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 45 x 3,250 • 1.5 x 105 gg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/l Water. Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 wg/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 3,250 • 350 ug/m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 3,250 • 260 yg/m3
EPCWH1 " 15 x 26° " 3>90°
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 3'250 " 1>30° M9/l
EPCWHS " 1 "9/t IPhenoHc compounds)
EPCLH - 0.002 x 1 - 0.002 wg/g
EPC
EPC
'WES
IE'
* 100 ug/i (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
E-194
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18C
INDANOLS
Air, /ig/m3
fppm Vot)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land. ug/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E5
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
260
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
It
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
260
1,300
0.002
B. Band on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-195
-------
CATEGORY: 19
2-CHIOROPHENOL: CgHgOCl (o-chlorophenol).
Light amber liquid; distinct odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 138.6; mp: 9.0; bp: 174.9; d:
solubility in water: 2.85 g In 100 ml at 20°.
WLN: QR BG
STRUCTURE:
1.263; vap. press.: 1 m at 12.1°C;
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The chlorophenojs are primarily water and soil contaminants.
Chlorlnatlon of phenols 1n aqueous solution can occur under conditions similar to those used In
chlorine disinfection (ref. 70).
Chlorophenols are stronger adds than phenols because of the chlorine atoms. They, like phenols, will form
ethers, esters, and salts with metals, amines, etc.
Aqueous photolysis may lead to hydroxyl substitution for the chlorines and polymer formation.
In terms of biological degradation, chlorophenols are much more environmentally stable than the
parent phenol. Mlcrobial decomposition of 2-chlorophenol required 3 to 9 days for complete disappearance
as compared to 1 to 2 days for phenol (ref. 70).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chlorophenols may be absorbed through the skin as well as by Inhalation of the vapors. They are
considered corrosive to skin and eyes, and the vapors are Irritating and toxic.
L050 (oral, rat): 670 mg/kg.
2-chlorophenol 1s included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121,
and the lowest toxic dose resulting 1n an oncogenic response Is 38 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 0.09.
Concentrations of 0.0001 to 0.015 mg/i in water may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 36, 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/i (for phenols) (ref. 66).
Candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Limitations (ref. 10). On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 670 « 3.0 x 104 wg/m3
Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 670
0.081 x 670
72
54
EPCWH1 • 15 x 54 • 810 ug/l
EP^WH2 * "'* x 6^° * 2^° "9yr<
• 1 »g/t (phenolic compounds)
0.00? x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
EPC
LH
EPC,
EPC,
EPC
WE2
WES
LE
E-196
0.1 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
100 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 0.1 • 0.00001 ug/g