Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment

CD A u-s- Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-77-1 36b ^B i^ f\ Office of Research and Development Laboratory rv-r^ Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 November 1977 MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Volume II. MEG Charts and Background Information Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development Program Report ------- RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into seven series. These seven broad categories were established to facilitate further development and application of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The seven series are: 1. Environmental Health Effects Research 2. Environmental Protection Technology 3* Ecological Research 4. Environmental Monitoring 5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies 6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR) 7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the effort funded under the 17-agehcy Federal Energy/Environment Research and Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy systems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic energy supplies in an environmentally—compatible manner by providing the necessary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analyses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environmental issues. REVIEW NOTICE This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommen- dation for use. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. ------- EPA-600/7-77-136b November 1977 MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Volume II. MEG Charts and Background Information by J.G. Cleland and G.L. Kingsbury Research Triangle Institute P.O. Box 12194 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Contract No. 68-02-2612 W.A. 10 Program Element No. EHE623A EPA Task Officer: T. Kelly Janes Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 Prepared for U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Research and Development Washington, D.C. 20460 ------- APPENDIX E MEG Charts and Background Information Summaries for 216 Chemical Substances ------- INTRODUCTION Consistent with the methodology developed for establishing Multimedia Environmental Goals in Sections 3 - 7, 216 chemical substances are addressed in this report. MEG charts along with the Background Information Summaries for these substances are presented in this appendix which Includes 162 organic compounds and 54 inorganic substances. The charts and summaries (presented on facing pages) are arranged in the order that they appear on the MEG's master list. Although all substances on the master list have not yet been addressed, at least one entry from each major organic category and from each inorganic subgroup has been included in the MEG charts. E-3 ------- CATEGORY: 1A HETHAHE: CK4 (marsh gas, methyl hydride). A colorless, odorless, flammable, tasteless gas. WIN; 1H STRUCTURE; If H-C-H A 760. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 16.04; mp: -182.48; bp: -164 d: 0.466164 to 0.5547; soluble; vap. d: 0.6; vap. press.: 1 atm at -161.5°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Rural background concentration In air is reported as 1.2 to 2.0 ppm {ref. 1). This is equivalent to 780 to 1,000 ug/m3. Methane does not participate appreciably In photooxidatlon reactions. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No significant physiologic effects are reported for exposed workers. Aquatic toxlcity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION: Classified as a simple asphyxiant by ACGIH. TLVSA • 5,000 ppm or 3,270 mg/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 3.27 x TO6 yg/m3 (5,000 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 3.27 x 106 • 4.9 x 107 ug/i Land, Health: A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 • >1.0 x 105 Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC AH1 7-800 EPCAHla " S'000/420 • 11-9 EPCHH1 " 1S * 7'800 " K17 13'8 x 3>27° " '5 50 x >1,000 - >50,000 E-4 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 1A METHANE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.M8/m3 (ppmVol) Wttar.pg/l (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt» 1. Bawd on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT - B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factor A. Minimum Acute Toxicity EffhMM Based on Hsallh Effects 3.27E6 [5,000) 4.9E7 Baud on Ecetosicjl EHwa >1.0E5 B. Ambimt L«M\| Goal* Band on Haaltfi Effaett 7,800 (11.9) 45,000 BaMdoo Ecological Effeett >50,000 C. Eliminnim of Diuhva* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. \|ic/m3 (ppmVol) {ppmWt) Lend, ji 9/9 (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Heelth Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Healdt Effects 7,800 (11.9) 45,000 B. Bated on Ecological Effects > 50 ,000 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Beted on Heal Effects E-5 ------- CATEGORY: 1A WtN: ETHANE: C2H6 (bimethyl, methylmethane, dimethyl, ethyl hydride). STRUCTURE: A colorless, flammable, odorless gas. H-C-CH, PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 30; mp: -172; bp: -88.6; d: 0.572!108; vap. d: 1.04; slightly soluble; vap. press.: 760 mm at -88.6°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Rural concentration 1n air Is reported as 3.6 ppbc (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 2.2 vg/m3. Ethane participates to a very limited extent 1n photooxldation reactions (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No significant physiologic effects are reported for exposed workers. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant. TLVSA » 5,000 ppm or 6,122 rag/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 6.12 x 106 vg/m3 (5,000 ppra) Air, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 6.12 x 106 « 9.2 x 10* pg/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 " 1()3 x 6'122/<20 ' U.6° EPCAHla " S-000/20 • U-9 PP™ EPC«H1 " 1S 14'600 " 2'2 x ]0* EPCHH2 " 13>8 x 6'122 " 8'4 x 1fl E-6 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 1A ETHANE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.pg/m3 (pprn Vol) Water, fiy/l (ppmWt) Land, MO/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exiiting Standard* NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Dewloping Technology Engineering El timate» (R&D Goab) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 6.12E6 (5,000) 9.2E7 Bawd on Ecological EffecH B. Ambient Lewi Goal' Baled on Health Effecu 14,600 (11.9) 84,000 Baud on Ecatogied Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' 2.2 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, nt/m* (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppmWt) Land.w/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Propoted Ambient Standards or Criteria A.Bnedon Health Effect! B. Beted on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Heelth Effect! 14,600 (11.9) 84,000 B. Bend on Ecological Effect! III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Beted on Health Effect* E-7 ------- WIN; 3H STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 1A PROPANE; C3Hg (dlmethylmethane). A colorless, flammable gas. CHCH«CH. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 44.09; bp: -42.1; d: 0.5854'44'5; vap. d: 1.56; slightly soluble; vap. press.: 760 nro at -42.1°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Rural background concentration 1n air 1s reported as 1.4 to 8.4 ppbc (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.84 to S.O ug/m3. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers. Aquatic toxlclty: Tla 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION: Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant. TLV - 5.000 ppm or 9.000 mg/ro3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 9.00 x 106 ug/m3 (5,000 ppm) Mater. Health: 15 x 9.0 x 106 - 1.35 x 108 ug/t Land, Health: Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x >1.000 >1.0x TO5 Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPCAm • 103 x 9,000/420 • 21,400 pg/m3 EPCAHla " 5«°°0/420 ' n-9 PP" EPCWU " 15 * 21«°° ' 3-2 x 1(j5 >'9/' EPCHHZ " 13'8 x 9t00° " 1>2 x 1() EPCWE1 " 50 x >lt000 " >50-000 E-8 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 1A PROPANE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) W«tW. M9/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards MSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Baud on Health Effects 9.0E6 (5,000) 1.35E8 Based on Ecological Effects >1.0E5 B. Ambient Lewi Goal Based on Health Effects 21 ,400 (11.9) 120,000 Based on Ecological Effects >50,000 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.84-5.0 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. 50, 000 Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutant! Bawd on Hearth Effects E-9 ------- 1A WLN: STRUCTURE! 4H CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 n-butane CATEGORY: BUTANES: C^Q • n-BUTANE: • ISOBUTANE: (trlmethylmethane, 2-methylpropane). Colorless gas; faint disagreeable odor. PROPERTIES; n-butane; mol. wt: 58,1; bp: -0.1; d: 0.599; vap. press: 2 atm at 18.8°; vap. d: 2.046; soluble. Isobutane: mol. wt.: 58.1; bp: -0.5; d: 0.557; vap. press: 760 ran at -11.7°; vap. d: 2.01; soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Participation 1n photooxldatlon reactions 1s extremely limited (ref. 3). Isobutane Is more reactive than n-butane and forms Isobutyl and tertiary butyl radicals. Rural background concentration 1s reported as 1.1 to 19.5 ppbc for n-butane (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.65 to 11.5 ug/m . A level of 0.8 ppb Isobutane Is reported 1n urban atmosphere CH3 CHj-CH-CH3 Isobutane (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 1.8 ug/m 5.000 ppn (ref. 4). The odor detection limit for butanes 1s TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Exposure to high concentrations of butane produces narcosis (ref. 4). LC5g for n-butane (Inhalation, rat): 658 mg/m3 (24 hours). Aquatic toxlclty for n-butane: TLm 96: > 1,000 pom (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION! TLV • 1,400 rag/m (600 ppm) for n-butane Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 1.40 x 106 ug/m3 (600 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 106 • 2.1 x 107 Land. Health: A1r. Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 ->1.0 x 105 ug/i Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC^, • 103 x 1.400/420 • 3,450 ug/m3 ^AHla * 600/420 ' !•« ppai EPCV(H1 " 1S x 3'450 " 52-000 EPCMH2 * 13<8 x 1>4°° * 19>00° EPCWE1 * 50 x >1.000 • >50,000 E-10 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 1A BUTANES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.ng/m3 (ppmVol) Water, M9/1 (ppmWt) Land,jug/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Stenderdt NSPS, BIT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering EttinutM (R&D Goalt) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitr Effluant Beted on Heetth Effecti 1.4E6 (600) 2.1E7 Bated on Ecological Effects >1.0E5 B. Ambient Lntt God* BMdon Hulth Effecti 3,450 (1.43) 19,000 Bated on Ecological Effects >50,000 C. Eliminetionof Discharge Netural Background* 0.65-11.5 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.na/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. ig/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Beted on Health Effects B, Beted on Ecological Effeca II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Beted on Heel Effects 3,450 (1.43) 19,000 B. Bewdon Ecological Effects > 50 ,000 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Beted on Heehh Effect! E-ll ------- CATEGORY! IB CTHYLENE; CgH4 (ethene) A colorless, flanmable gas with sweet odor and taste. WLN: 1 Ul STRUCTURE; CH PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 28; mp: -169.4; bp: 103.9; d: 0.610; vap. d.: 0.98; vap. press.: 760 mm at -103.7; slightly soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Rural background concentration 1n air 1s reported as 2.9 to 41.6 ppbe(ref. 1). This is equivalent to 1.7 to 24 pg/m3. Ethylene participates to a limited extent 1n photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3). Ethylene is produced naturally by plants and acts as a plant hormone (ref. 5). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers. Toxlclty to plants: Exposure to 0.04 ppm for 3-4 hours 1s reported to cause leaf eplnasty In tomato (ref. 6); exposure to 0.001 ppm for 1 day has resulted 1n leaf eplnasty 1n African marigold (ref. 7). Ethylene "Is the only hydrocarbon that should have adverse effects on vegetation at ambient concentrations of 1 ppm or less." (ref. 5). Aquatic toxldty rating: TUn 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Classified by ACGIH as simple asphyxiant. TLVSA - 5,000 ppm or 5,710 mg/m3. On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 5.71 x 106 ug/ra3 (5,000 ppm) Hater, Health: 15 x 5.7 x 106 • 8.6 x 107 ug/f. Land, Health: A1r. Ecology: 1.00 ug/m Hater, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 104 vg/t Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC^, • ID3 x 5,710/420 - 13,600 EPCAHla " 5'000/420 • 15 x 13,600 • 2.0 x 10 ug/t EPCWC • 13.8 x 5,710 - 7.9 x 104 ng/t EPCAE -0.1 x 1 -0.1 yg/ra3 « 50 x 100 - 5,000 yg/i E-12 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 1B ETHYLENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,/jg/m3 (ppmVol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land. MB/8 (ppmWt) 1. BaMd on Bast Technology A. ExUting Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Dtnloping Technology EnginMring Eitimatn (R&DOoah) - II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acut* Toxldty Effluant BiMdon Hialth Effaeu 5.71E6 (5,000) 8.6E7 BaMd on Ecological Effactt 1.0EO 1.0E4 B. Ambimt Lanl Goal* BaMd on HulthEHtett 13,600 (119) 79,000 BaMd on Ecological Effactt 0.1 5,000 C. Elimination of DiMharga Natural Background 1.7-24 To ba multipliad by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS (pji'mVoH (ppmWt) Land, ftg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. BaMd on HaalthEffacn B. BaMd on Ecological Effaca II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. BaMd on Health Effactt 13,600 (11.9) 79,000 B. BaMd on 0.1 5,000 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Haahh Efhrctj E-13 ------- CATEGORY: IB PROPYLENE: CjHg (propane). A colorless flammable gas. HIM: 2U1 STRUCTURE; H H H-OC-CH, PROPERTIES: Molecular wt.: 42.1; mp: -185; bp: -47.7; d: (liquid) 0.581; vap. press.: 10 atm. at 19.8; vap. d.: 1.5; soluble NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Rural background levels 1n air are reported as 0.6 to 2.9 ppbc (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 0.34 to 1.7 . Propylene participates substantially In photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers. Toxldty to plants: Exposure to 50 ppm for 48 hours produces eplnasty In tomato petiole; 72 hour exposure to 1,000 ppm causes declination In sweet pea seedlings (ref. 3). 50 ppm Is equivalent to 86,000 vg/m3. High concentrations of propylene In water tend to Increase the biological oxygen demand. Aquatic toxldty rating: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Classified by AC6IH as simple asphyxiant. TLV-j • 5,000 ppm. This 1s equivalent to 8,600 mg/m . Water criteria for total dissolved gases applies. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 8.6 x 106 wg/m3 (5.000 ppm) Air. Ecology: 86.000 x 48/24 - 1.7 x 105 yg/«3 Water, Health: IS x 8.6 x 10S - 1.3 x 107 ug/i Water, Ecology: 100 x J.OOO • 105 ug/i Land, Health: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPC, EPC 'AH1 'AHla 10 x 8.600/420 - 20,000 ug/l EPCWH1 ' 1S x 20,000 • 3 x 10 uJ/1 EPCWH2 ' 13'8 X 8<60° " K2 X 10 M9/t EPCA£ • 0.1 x 86.000 x 2 • 1.7 x 104 ug/m3 50 x.>1,000 - >50.000 E-H ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS IB PROPYLENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. Aig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/I (ppm Wt) Land, w/g (ppmWt) 1, Bawd on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT S. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Beeedon Health Effects 8.6E6 (5,000) 1.3E7 Based on Ecological Effects 1.7E5 >1.0E5 B. Ambient Lent Goal* Based on Heal* Effort. 20,000 (11.9) 120,000 Based on Ecological Effect! 17,000 >50,000 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.34-1.7 •To be multiplied fay dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.jjg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jis/l (ppm Wt) Land, 119/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 20,000 (11.9) B. Based on Ecological Effects 17,000 >50,000 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Based on Health Effects E-15 ------- CATEGORY: 1C ACETYLENE; CgHg (ethyne, ethine). A colorless, flammable gas with garlic odor. WLN: STRUCTURE: HC s CH PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 26.04; mp: -81.8; bp: -84.0; d: 0.6181^32; vap. press.: 40 atm at 16.8-C; vap. d: 0.91; slightly soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Rural concentration 1n air Is reported as 0.9 to 11.4 ppbc (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.48 to 6.0 pg/m3. Acetylene participates to a very United extent 1n photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers. Toxiclty to plants—exposure to 50 ppm for 48 hours causes eplnasty In tomato petiole; exposure to 250 ppm for 72 hours causes declination In sweet pea seedlings (ref. 3). 50 ppm is equivalent to S3 mg/m . REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Acetylene 1s classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant. TLVSA - 5,000 ppm or 5,300 mg/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 5.31 x 106 ug/m3 (5.000 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 5.31 x 106 - 8.0 x 107 ug/t Land, Health: Air, Ecology: 53,000 x 2 » 1.06 x 105 ug/m3 (100 pom) Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC • 103 x 5,300/420 • 12,600 wg/m3 EPC AH1 AH1a " H-9 ppm EPCVH1 ' 15 x 12,600 » 1.9 x 10 ug/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 5<30° ' 7'3 x 10* EPCAE • 0.1 x 53,000 x 2 • 10,600 ug/w3 (10 ppm) E-16 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 1C ACETYLENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.jio/m3 (ppmVol) Water, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Baead on Bait Technology A. Exiiting Standirdi NSPS. BIT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimatet (R&O Goili) II. Band on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Haalth Effect! 5.31E6 (5,000) 8.0E7 Bawd on Ecological Effacti 1 . 06E5 (100) B. Ambient Level Goal* BtMdon Heal in Effects 12,600 (11.9) 73,000 Bated on Ecoloalol Effect! 10,600 (10) C. Elimination of DiKharg* Natural BadtgnNind* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.MQ/m3 (ppmVol) Watw.MD/l (ppmWt) Land. Mg/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Propoaed Ambient Standards or Criteria A.BMdan Health Effecn B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Bated Estimated , P0nnis$JbM Conoontr&tion A. BtMdon Hetlth Effacti 12,600 (11.9) 73,000 B. Bated on Ecological Effect! 10,600 (10) Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Band on Haalth Effecn E-17 ------- CATEGORY: 2A U- Gl METHYL CHLORIDE: CHjCl (chloromethane). STRUCTURE; A colorless, poisonous gas. ., I H-C-C1 PROPERTIES; \| Molecular wt: 50.49; mp: -97.73; bp: -24.2; H d: 0.91594 ; vap. d: 1.78; vap. press: 5 atmospheres at 22" C; slightly soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The concentration of methyl chloride 1n rural atmosphere 1s reported as 530 ppt (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 0.530 ppb or 1.09 ug/m3. The odor recognition level for methyl chloride 1s 22.5 mg/m3 (ref. 3). Methyl chloride may be explosive In air 1n range of 10.7 to 17.2 percent by volume (ref. 9). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Methyl chloride as well as Us metabolites, methanol and hydrochloric acid, are toxic to animals and humans. Severe poisoning results In effects to the central nervous system and other effects upon the liver, kidneys, and bone marrow (ref. 9). Concentrations below 30 ppm (average time-weighed exposure) appear to have no effect on exposed workers (ref. 4). LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,800 nig/kg. LDLj> (Inhalation, rat): 6,500 mg/m3. Aquatic toxiclty: Tim 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 210 mg/m3 (100 ppm). Chlorinated hydrocarbons are under consideration for addition to the list of compounds for Toxic Effluent Standards (ref. 10). On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List. Candidate for Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry. Institute of Toxicology (ref. 11). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 2.1 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm) A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.1 x 105 • 3.2 x 106 ug/i Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 • >1.0 x 105 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.2 x 106 • 6.4 x 103 wg/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 105- 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPCAH1 - 103 x 210/420 - 500 ug/m3 EPCAHla • 100/420 • 0.24 ppm EPCMH1 • 15 x 500 « 7,500 vg/t EPC,^ • 50 x >1,000 - >50,000 ug/i EPCWH2 " 13>8 * Z1° ' Zl90° H9/t EPCLH " °-°°2 x Z%90° " 5>8 u9/g EPCLE " °-002 x 50'000 ' 10° "9/9 E-18 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 2A METHYL CHLORIDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. /ig/rn3 (ppm Vol) Water, ji a/1 (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Baud on Hearth Effects 2.1E5 (100) 3.2E6 6.4E3 Based on Ecological Effects >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Lend Goal* Bawd on Heal* Effects 500 (0.24; 2,900 5.8 Based on Ecological Effects 50,000 100 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 1 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.Mfl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, Mi/I (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 500 (0.24) 2,900 5.8 B. Sand on Ecological Effects > 50, 000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-19 ------- CATEGORY: 2A GIG STRUCTURE: ci-c-ci I H HETHYLENE CHLORIDE: CH2C12 (dfchloromethane, methylene bichloride). A colorless liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 84.94; mp: -95.1; bp: 40; d: 1.3266^°; vap. press: 400 mm at 24.1° C; vap. d: 2.93; soluble In about 50 parts water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; The concentration of dlchloromethane In rural atmosphere 1s reported as 3.0 ppt (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 0.003 ppb or 0.01 wg/m. The odor threshold ranges from 25 to 50 ppm (ref. 9). Olchloromethane 1s permitted as an additive to food for human consumption by the Food and Drug Administration (ref. 12). Its principle use 1s as a solvent 1n food processing. Methylene chloride has been Identified 1n samples from public drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of < 5.0 ug/i (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Methylene chloride 1s probably the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (ref. 4). The primary effect of exposure via Inhalation Is temporary narcosis; 1t 1s, however, dangerous to the eyes (ref. 9). Severe poisoning has resulted from exposure to very high concentrations (several thousand ppm). Exposure to 500 ppm for 8 hours via Inhalation 1s reported to result In toxic effects to the blood of a human; exposure to 500 ppm for 1 yr has resulted In effects to the central nervous system (ref. 2). Tests on nearly 2,000 animals at levels as high as 3,500 ppm show dlchloromethane to be relatively Innocuous, and did not Indicate any carcinogenic response (ref. 14). LD5Q (oral, rat): 2,136 mg/kg. LC. (Inhalation, guinea pig): 5,000 ppm/2 hr. Aquatic toxidty: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Methylene chloride Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. Recommendation for occupational exposure Is 75 ppm, time-weighted average, with a peak concentration of 500 ppm (ref. 15). 75 ppm Is equivalent to approximately 260 mg/m . TLV » 720 mg/m3 (200 ppm). On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2. On Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Priority 1 List (ref. 8). Chlorinated hydrocarbons are under consideration for addition to the 11st of compounds for Toxic Effluent Standards (ref. 10). MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 2.60 x 105 ug/m3 (75 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 2.60 x 105 * 3.9 x 106 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.9 x 106 • 7.8 x 103 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Mater, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 10* vg/t Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC 'AH1 103 x 260/420 -619 EPCyH1 • 15 x 619 • 9.180 ug/i EPCyH1 • 13.8 x 260 • 3,590 ug/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 3.590 -7.2 ug/g EPCME1 « 50 x 100 - 5,000 EPCLE - 0.002 x 5,000 • 10 ug/g E-20 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 2A GOALS METHYLENE CHLORIDE Air, jug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. fig/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineenng Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent BaMd on Health Effects 2.6E5 (75) 3.9E6 7.8E3 Band on Ecological EffecH 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Lent Goal* Based on Health Effects 619 3,590 7.2 Based on Ecological Effects 5000 10 C. Elimination of Dischargs Natural Background* 0.01 <5 t •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air.jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 619 3,590 7.2 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect! t Public drinking water. E-21 ------- CATEGORY: 28 VINYL CHLORIDE: CH2CHC1 (chloroethene, chloroethylene). A colorless liquid or gas. WLN: G1U1 STRUCTURE: w ,C1 \ PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 62.50; mp: -153.8; bp: -13.~37; d: 0.9106J5; vap. d: 2.15; vap. press: 2,600 mm at 25° C; slightly soluble; flammable. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Chloroethene polymerizes 1n light or In presence of a catalyst. Chloroethene releases phosgene and hydrogen chloride when heated to decomposition. The concentration of chloroethene In rural atmosphere Is reported as < 5 ppt (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to < 0.005 ppb or < 0.013 ug/m . Vinyl chloride has been Identified In samples of public drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 10 ug/t (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Chloroethene acts as an anesthetic at high concentrations. There Is a wide margin between the anesthetic and lethal concentrations (ref. 4). Circulatory and bone changes 1n the fingertips of workers handling chloroethene are reported (ref. 9). Chloroethene has been associated with a rare form of liver cancer. Chloroethene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 7323. The carcinogenic responses resulted from exposure via Inhalation; the lowest dosage reported Is 250 ppm administered for 4 hr/day for 260 days to a rat. Assuming total absorption of material In the air breathed, breathing volume of 0.73 t/mln and weight of rat as 0.113 kg (ref. 3), the dosage corre- sponds to 25.6 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number calculated using this number 1s extremely small. Since cancer In humans has been associated with chloroethene, further study Is warranted for determining a permissible concentration. Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: over 1.000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 510 mg/m3 (200 ppm). (Vinyl chloride Is classified by ACGIH as a human carcinogen. Reassignment of TLV 1s pending further data acquisition.) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Include standards of emissions of vinyl chloride from vinyl chloride manufacturers or poly vinyl chloride manufacturers (ref. 16). OSHA Standard for Exposure to Vinyl Chloride: 1 ppm 8 hr/day time-weighted exposure (ref. 17). 1 ppm 1s equivalent to 2.55 mg/nH. NIOSH recommended standard for occupational exposure 1n polymerization facilities 1s to eliminate exposure at detectable levels (ref. 18). EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 2.55 x 103 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 2.55x 103 • 3.8 x 104 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002X 3.8 x 104 • 76 tig/l A1r, Ecology: Mater, Ecology: 100 x 1,000 « 1.0 x 105 «g/l Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10s « 200 wg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC. • 103 x 510/420 - 1,200 wg/m3 EPC 'AHla 200/420 • 0.5 ppm EPCUH1 • 15 x 1,200 • 18.000 ug/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 51° * 7%04° "9/Z EPC • 0.002 x 7.038 • 14 ug/g EPC LH EPC AC1 l) x 2.55/420 • 6 AC1a • 1/420 « 0.002 ppm • 15 x 6 • 90 ug/t • O.OOZ x 90 • 0.2 ;,g/g EPCWE1 " 50 x >1'000 " >50,000 EPCL£ - 0.002 x 50,000 • 100 wg/g E-22 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 2B EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. MO/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exiting Stindirdi NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate* (R&D Goal!) II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acuta Toxicity Effluent Bawd on Health Effect! 2.55E3 3.8E4 7.6E1 Bawd on Ecological Effect! >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Law! Goal' Bnedon Health Effects 6 (0.002) 90 0.2 Bated on Ecological Effect! >50,000 100 C. Elimination of Diieharga Natural Background* <0.01 <10 t •To be multiplied by dilution factor Mr.itglm3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppmWt) Land, /ig/fl (ppm Wt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effacn 1,200 (0.5) 7,040 14 B. Brad on Ecological Effect! > 50, 000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bend on Health Effeco 6 (0.002) 90 0.2 t Public drinking water. E-23 ------- CATEGORY: 3 1.4-OIOXANE: C4Hg02 (1,4-dlethylene dioxide). A colorless, flammable liquid with a faint odor. PROPERTIES; 750. WIN! T60 OOTJ STRUCTURE: H, CH, V Molecular wt: 88.10; mp: 11; bp: 10l'3U; d: 1.030; vap. press: 40 mm at 25.2; mlsclble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All ethers tend to form explosive peroxides. The odor-recognition level for 1,4-dloxane Is reported as 620 mg/m (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: High concentrations of dloxane vapor produce eye, nose, and lung Irritation, and cause severe damage to kidneys and liver. A human death has been reported resulting from one week exposure to an average concentration of 470 ppm of dloxane vapors (ref. 4). Exposure to 5,500 ppm for 1 minute caused eye effects (ref. 2). Dloxane may be absorbed through the sMn. L05(J (oral, rat): 7,120 mg/kg. Dloxane appears 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The ordering number Is 4111. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 416 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1$ 0.01. Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 1,000 - 100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV = 180 rag/m3 (50 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 1.80 x 105 ug/m3 (50 ppra) Water. Health: 15 x 1.80 x 105 « 2.7 x 106 pg/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 106 • 5.4 x 103 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 « 1.0 x 104 yg/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 20 pg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 • 103 x 180/420 • 428 ug/m3 EPCAHU • 50/420 -0.12 ffi" EPCym • 15 x 428 • 6,420 ug/l EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 18° " 2f48° u9/t • 0.002 x 2,480 • 5 ug/g EPCME, » 50 x 100 • 5,000 ug/i EPCLE - 0.002 x 5,000 = 10 ug/g E-24 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL V»UAU> 1,4-DIOXANE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Mr.ua/m3 {ppm Vol) Water, ng/l (ppmWt) Land, 119/3 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) • II. Based on Ambient Factor A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.80E5 (50) 2.7E6 5.4E3 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Lenl Goal* Based on Health Effects 428 (0.12) 2,480 5 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air./iU/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. MB/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmVVt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 428 (0.12) 2,480 5 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutant- Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-25 ------- CATEGORY: 4 WLN: G202G 2.2'-DICHLORODIETHYL ETHER; C4H8C120 (b1s-2-chloroethyl ether). 8TRUCTUREi A colorless, clear liquid with a pungent odor. C1-CH2-CH2-0-CH2-CH2-C1 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 143.02; mp: -51.7; bp: 178; d: 1.2199; vap. press: 1.4 mm at 25; Insoluble; vap. d: 4.93. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All ethers tend to form explosive peroxides. The odor of 2,2'-d1ch]orod1ethyl ether 1s easily detected at concentrations of 35 ppm (ref. 9). B1s(2-chloroethyl)ether has been Identified 1n samples from public drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 0.42 ug/i (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; 2,2'-Dichlorod1ethyl ether acts as an Irritant to eyes and upper respiratory tract and affects the kidneys and liver In varying degrees. It Is absorbed through the skin (refs. 9, 19). Concentrations of 35 ppm are nearly free of Irritative effects (ref. 9). L050 (oral, rat): 75 mg/kg. LCL (Inhalation, rat): 1,000 ppra/45 mln. 2,2'-Dich1orod1ethyl ether appears 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The ordering number Is 3111. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 33 gin/kg. The adjusted ordering nunter 1s 0.09. Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 1,000 - 100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV = 30 mg/m3 (5 ppai). EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 3.0 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 104 - 4.5 x 105 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 105 • 900 ug/t Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 104 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 • 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC 'AH1 'AHla 10J x 30/420 • 71 ug/nr • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm 15 x 71 • 1,070 ug/i EPCWH2 ' 13>8 x 30 " 414 U9/' EPCLH • 0.002 x 414 • 0.8 ug/g EPCHE1 • 50 x 100 • 5,000 ug/t EPCU • 0.002 x 5.000 • 10 E-26 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL bii v irvx^nf TIUII i «u GOALS Air, iig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ng/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 2, 2'-DIC HLORODItETflYL ETHTR EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.0E4 (5) 4.5E5 9.0E2 Bared on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 71 (0.01) 414 0.8 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Backyound* <0.4t To b« multiplied by dilution factor Air,/aa/m3 (ppm Vol) Wattr, jig/1 (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Btsedon Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 71 (0.01) 414 0.8 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPublic drinking water. E-27 ------- CATEGORY: 5A HETHANOL: CH40 (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, carblnol). A colorless, flammable, mobile liquid. WUN: Ql STRUCTURE; CH3OH PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 32.04; bp: '64.96; mp: -97.8; d: 0.7914 g/ml; vap. press: 160 ran at 59.4°; rrriscible with water; vap. d: 1.11. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Hethanol Is a product of the destructive distillation of wood. Methanol may be formed by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen In the presence of catalysts. Rural concentration 1n air 1s reported as 1.2 ppb (ref. 1). to be as low as 4. permitted 1n foods for human consumption (ref. 9). This 1s equivalent to 1.6 ug/m . The odor recognition level for methanol 1s reported to be as low as 4.8 mg/m (ref. 3). Methanol Is a common air contaminant. It 1s used as a food additive TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Methanol possesses narcotic properties and 1s an Irritant to the mucous membranes. It Is considered a cumulative poison due to the low rate of excretion once 1t 1s absorbed. In the body, methanol Is oxidized to formaldehyde and formic acid; both these metabolites are toxic. Methanol mainly affects the nervous system, particularly the optic nerve. Severe exposures may eventually cause death or blindness (ref. 9). Methanol Is absorbed through the skin. The lowest lethal oral dose for humans 1s listed as 340 mg/kg. Ingestion of 100 mg/kg by humans has resulted in effects to the eyes; inhalation of 300 ppm has resulted In effects to the central nervous system (ref. 2). The biological half-life for methanol 1s reported as 0.289 days or about 7 hours (ref. 20). LD5Q (oral, rat): 13 g/kg. LCgg (inhalation, monkey): 1,000 ppm. Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96 (ref. 2): over 1,000 ppm. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 260 mg/m3 (200 ppm). Methanol Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document; recommended standard Is 200 ppm with a ceiling of 800 ppm (ref. 21). Listed on Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 11). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 2.6 x 105 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 2.6 x 105 • 3.9 x 106 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.9 x 106 • 7.8 x 103 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 • >1.0 x 105 pg/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC •AH1 'AH la 10J x 260/420 "619 • 200/420 • 0.5 ppm IS x 619 • 9.300 ug/t 13.8 x 260 • 3.600 ug EPCWH1 EPCWH2 CPCLH • 0.002 x 3,600 • 7.2 ug/g EPCHE1 « 50 x >1.000 • >50.000 wg/l EPCLE • 0.002 x 50,000 • 100 ug/g E-28 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 75A METHANOL Air, po/m (ppm Vol) Water, itgft (ppmWt) Land,Mfl/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. ExIitingStaitdardl NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eithnatn (R&D Goali) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxkity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 2.6E5 3.9E6 7.8E3 Baud on Ecological Effecti >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Level Goal Baaed on Health Effect! 619 (0.5) 3,600 7.2 Bawd on Ecological Effecti >50,000 100 C. Elimination of Ditch at ge Natural Background* 1.6 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Witer.pd/l (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bwdon Health Effacti B. BMdon Ecological Effecti II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Health Effecti 619 (0.5) 3,600 7.2 B, Bawd on Ecological Effecti >50,000 TOO III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effect! E-29 ------- CATEGORY: 5A WLN: QZ STRUCTURE: CH3CH2OH ETHANOL! C2HgO (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol). A clear, flammable, colorless, fragrant liquid with a burning taste. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 46.07; bp: 78.5; mp: -116; d: 0.7893; vap. press: 275 mm at 54.8°; completely mlsdble with water; vap. d: 1.59. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Ethyl alcohol Is produced commercially by the fermentation of grains or molasses. Ingestlon causes an Inebriating effect. Rural concentration 1n air Is reported as 1.2 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 2.25 ug/m • The odor recognition level for ethanol 1n air 1s 21-93 rng/m (ref. 3). Ethanol has been Identified In samples from public water supplies 1n concentrations of 5 vg/t (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Ethyl alcohol Is rapidly oxidized In the body, mainly to carbon dioxide and water. Cumulative effects do not occur, but repeated Ingestlon can lead to chronic alcoholism. Exposure to concentrations over 1,000 ppm may cause headaches, Irritation to upper respiratory tract and eyes, and drowsiness and Inability to concentrate (ref. 9). The lowest lethal dose reported for humans 1s 2,000 mg/kg. The lowest toxic dose reported Is 50 mg/kg (ref. 2). The biological half-life for ethanol Is reported as 10 hours (ref. 22). L050 (oral, rat): 13.7 g/kg (ref. 9). Carcinogenic effects In mice have been observed as a result of Urge doses. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 3112. The lowest dose resulting 1n a carcinogenic effect Is 100 gm/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 0.03. The compound 1s not considered a highly active carcinogen. Aquatic toxiclty: Tim 96: >1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV 1,900 mg/m (1,000 ppm) (based primarily on Irritative rather than toxic properties). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 1.9 x 106 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 1.9 x 106 - 2.9 x 107 ug/i Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 » >1.0 x 105 wg/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.9 x 107 • 5.8 x 10* ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC •AH1 10J x 1,900/420 • 4,520 ug/mj EPCAHU • 1.000/420 • 2.4 ppm EPCWH1 * ^ x 4,520 • 68.000 ug/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 1>90° " 26>00° "9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 26,000 * 52 ug/g EPCWE1 • 50 x >1,000 • >50,000 ug/ EPCLE • 0.002 x 50,000 • loo ug/g E-30 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 5 A ETHANOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,/ig/m3 (ppmVol) Hater. jig/I (ppmWt) Land, fjg/g (pptn Wtl 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimates (R&D Godt) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Bawd on Health Effect! 1.9E6 2.9E7 5.8E4 Bawd on Ecological Effect! >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Le«el Goal" Bated on Health Effect. 4,520 (2.4) 26.00C 52 Band on Ecological Effects >50,000 100 C. Elimination of Ditch arm Natural Background* 2.25 <5t •To IN multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. M9/m3 (ppmVoO Water, MO/I (ppmWt) Land, MB/9 (ppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bind on Health Effect! B. BaMdon Ecological Effectt II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. BlMdon Health Effeeti 4,520 (2.4) 26,000 52 B. Bated on Ecological Effect! >50,000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Hearth Effacu tPublic drinking water. E-31 ------- CATEGORY: 1-PROPANOL: 5A (n-propyl alcohol, 1-hydroxypropane). WLN: Q3 STRUCTURE: A colorless, volatile liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 60.09; bp: 97.1;mp: -126.1; d: 0.8044; vap. press.: 198 nm (65.94° C); very soluble 1n water; vap. d: 2.08. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: In Industrial areas, ambient concentration of 1-propanol Is reported as 61.8 ppm, or 152 mg/m3 (ref. 1). Propanol 1s not used as extensively as other alcohols; uses Include solvents, synthetic resins, laquers, cleaners, and Pharmaceuticals (ref. 23). Propanol has been Identified 1n samples from public drinking water supplies at a concentration of 1.0 vg/t (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 1-Propanol 1s slightly more toxic than 2-propanol, which Is not considered an Important toxic hazard (ref. 9). The principal action of 1-propanol Is that of a mild narcotic (ref. 4). Depressant action 1s similar to ethyl alcohol (ref. 24). Ingestlon of 5,700 mg/kg of 1-propanol resulted 1n death for a human (ref. 2). LD50(oral, rat): 1,870 mg/kg. LCLo(1nhalat1on, rat): 4,000 ppm/4 hr. The compound has produced carcinogenic effects 1n rats at very high dosages. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4112. The lowest dosage to produce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 6 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.7. Propanol Is not considered a highly active carcinogen. Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: 1.000-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV = 500 mg/m3 (200 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS! A1r. Health: 5.0 x 105 ug/m3 (200 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 5.0 x 105 • 7.5 x 106 vg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 106 • 1.5 x 10* ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 • 1.0 x 10* vg/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 * 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC^ - 103 x 500/420 • 1,200 ug/m3 EPCAHla " 200/42° • 0-5 ppm EPC^ • 15 x 1,200 - 18,000 vg/t EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 50° * 6900 M9/£ - 0.002 x 6.900 • 13.8 ug/g 50 x 100 " 5,000 ug/i EPCL£ • 0.002 x 5,000 « 10 ug/g E-32 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS _5A 1-PROPANOL Air,jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) . Land, JJO/B (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Bawd on Health Effects 5.0E5 7.5E6 1.5E4 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Lewi Goal Based on Health Effects 1,200 (0.5) 6,900 13.8 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 152,000 (61.8)t " •To be multiplied fay dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MJ/I (ppmWt) Und,^g/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Band Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 1,200 (0.5) 6,900 13.8 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Based on MM!* Effecft tValire is reported for industrial areas. ^Public drinking water. No rural concentration is reported. E-33 ------- CATEGORY: 5A n-BUTANOL: Cfl^Q (butyl alcohol). A colorless, volatile liquid. WLN: Q4 STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 74.12; mp; -79.9; bp: 117.7; d: .aiogjg; vap. d: 2.56; vap. press.: 6.5 urn at 25°; solubility: 7.7 percent 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 1-Butanol The rural concentration for 1-butanol 1s reported as 126 ppb (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 381 wg/m . The odor recognition level for 1-butanol Is reported as 33 mg/m3 (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Due to low volatility, few cases of poisoning In Industry have been reported. Toxic effects of n-butanol include eye irritation with comeal inflammation, slight headache and dizziness, slight Irritation of nose and throat, and dermatitis on fingers (ref. 9). No narcotic or irritative effects are anticipated at 100 ppm (302 mg/m3) (ref. 4), although Inhalation by humans at 25 ppm (76 mg/m3) has been reported to cause Irritative effects (ref. 2). LOSO (oral, rat): 790 mg/kg. LC50 (Inhalation, rat): 78,000 ppm for 4 hours (ref. 4). Aquatic toxiclty: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV « 150mg/m3 (50 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.50 x 105 ug/m3 (50 ppm) Hater, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 105 • 2.25 x 101 Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 106 • 4.5 x 103 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 -:>l.o x 105 ug/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 pg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC •AH1 'AHla 103 x 150/420 • 357 ug/m3 • 50/420 - 0.12 ppm EPCHH1 • 15 x 357 • 5.400 ug/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 15° " 2t07° EPCLH - 0.002 x 2,070 » 4 ug/g 50 x >1,000 • >50,000 vg/t EPCLE - 0.002 x 50,000 • 100 ug/g E-34 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 5A n-BUTANOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,;ig/m* (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/8 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.50E5 (50) 2.25E6 4.5E3 Based on Ecological Effects >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on I Based on Heal* Effect, *J- 357 (0.12) 2,070 4 >50,000 100 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background" 381 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, (ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppm Wt) Lend, jig/a (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 357 (0.12) 2,070 4 B. Based en Ecological Effects >50,000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effects E-35 ------- CATEGORY; 5A WIN: ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL: C4H1Q0 (2-methyl-l-propanol, isobutanol). STRUCTURE: A clear, sweet-smelling liquid. CH3CHCH2OH PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 74.12; bp: 108.3; fp: -108; d: 0.8032\|°; vap. d: 2.56; vap. press.: 12.2 urn at 25°; solubility: 10 percent in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Isobutyl alcohol has a higher vapor pressure than 1-butanol; hence, under similar conditions, higher concentrations of Isobutyl alcohol will be encountered (ref 23). 2-Hethyl-1-propanol (Isobutyl alcohol) TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Isobutyl alcohol 1s considered more toxic than 1-butanol (ref. 4). It may be a skin Irritant (ref. 23). Effects of exposure to high air concentrations have caused eye and throat Irritation, loss of appetite and weight, and corneal effects (ref. 23). It acts as a narcotic in high concentrations (ref. 24). LD5Q (oral, rat): 2,460 mg/kg. LCLo (inna1ation» rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours. Isobutyl alcohol has produced carcinogenic effects 1n rats at very high dosages. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4112. The lowest dose to produce carcinogenic effects Is 9 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.5. The compound 1s not considered a highly active carcinogen. Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 150 mg/m3 (50 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r. Health: 1.50 x 105 ug/m3 (50 ppm) Hater, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 105 - 2.25 x 106 vg/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 106 - 4.5 x 103 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 100 x 100 • 1.0 x 10 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 « 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 « 103 x 150/420 EPC 'AH! a • 150/420 15 x 357 357 ug/m 0.12 ppm 5,400 vg/t • 2,070 EPCHH2 " 13>8 x 1 EPC1U • 0.002 x 2,070 • 4 ug/g ••LH EPCyE1 » 50 x 100 * 5,000 ug/t EPCLE * 0.002 x 5,000 « 10 ug/g E-36 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 5A iSOBUTYL ALCOHOL Air./ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. vtl\ (ppm Wt) Lmd.fig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bawd on Beit Technology A. E xiiting Standardi NSPS. BIT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ettimatei (R&D Go«l«l II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baled on Health Effects 1.50E5 (50) 2.25E6 4.5E3 Bawd on Ecological Effect! 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effect* 357 (0.12) 2,070 4 Bated on Ecological Effect! 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Ditcharge Natural Background* •To b» multiplied by dilution factor Air./ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ug/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL COALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effectt B. Bnedon Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! 357 (0.12) 2,070 4 B. Beted on Ecological Effecu 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Heal* ENaeni E-37 ------- CATEGORY: 5A PENTANOLS. primary: C5H120 (amyl alcohols). n-Pentanol: clear liquid, mild characteristic odor. 2-Methyl-l-butanol: liquid. 2,2 -01methyl-1-propanol: volatile crystals, peppermint odor. 3-Methyl-l-butanol: liquid; characteristic, disagreeable odor; repulsive taste; poisonous vapors. PROPERTIES: l-pentanol 2-methyl-l-butanol 2,2-dlmethyl-1-propanol 3-methyl-1-butanol NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Amy! alcohols are present in fusel oils. Pentanol has been found in samples from public drinking water supplies at concentrations of 1.0 vg/l (ref. 13). molecular wt. bp 88. 88. 88. 88. Ib 15 15 15 137. 1 128 114 132 i ^9 53 -117.2 0. 0. 0. 0. d 515 816 812 813 solubility slightly slightly slightly slightly vap. 1 mm 16 mn 1 mm press. at 13.6° « at 20° at 10° vap.d ~3tt54~ 3.00 3.04 WLN/STRUCTURE: Q5/CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH n-Pentanol , (amyl alcohol) CH3CH2CH CH2OH QlY2/2-Methyl-l-butanol , (active amyl alcohol) CH3CHCH2CH2OH CH3 Q2Y/3-Methyl-l-butanol, (Isoamyl alcohol) ,CH3 CH-C-CH,OH 2, 2-D1methyl -1-propanol , (neopentyl alcohol) TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Arayl alcohols are about 4 times as toxic as ethyl alcohol. However, they are absorbed slowly due to low volatility and low solubility 1n body fluids. Vapors Irritate eyes and upper respiratory tract (ref. 9). 2-Methyl-l-butanol can cause giddiness, headache, coughing, nausea, vomiting, deafness, and delerium (ref. 9). 3-Methyl-l-butanol can cause central nervous system depression and narcosis (ref. 24) and has caused Irritation In humans at 150 ppm (ref. 2). 1 -pentanol 2-methyl-l-butanol 2 ,2 ' -dimethyl -1 -propanol 3-methyl-l-butanol L050 (oral ,rat) 3,030 mg/kg 4,920 mg/kg 1,300 mg/kg T°lO (oral, rat) 27 g/kg caused carcinogenic effects Aquatic toxlclty TUn 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2) The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 3 methyl-1-butanol Is 4112. The adjusted ordering number is 0.15. It 1s not considered a highly active carcinogen. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (Isoamyl alcohol): 360 mg/m3 (100 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 3.60 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm) A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 105 • 5.4 x 106 vg/l Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 5.4 x 106 • 1.1 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology: 100 x 100 « 1.0 x 10 ug/t 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 « 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC 'AH1 EPC, 'AMI a 10J x 360/420 • 860 wg/mj • 100/420 - 0.24 ppm EPCUH1 • 15 x 860 • 12,900 vg/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 36° " 5'°°0 EPCLH " °'002 * 5>00° " ' EPCWE1 " 50 x 10° " 5>00° EPCLE « 0.002 x 5,000 - 10 pg/g E-38 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 5A GOAL5 PENTANOLS (PRIMARY) Air, vg/irp {ppm Vol) Water. fig/I IppmWt) Land, fij/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 3.60E5 (100) 5.4E6 1.1E4 Based on Ecological Effecb 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 860 (0.24) 5,000 10 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* It •To b» multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air./i9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, tig/0 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Heal* Effects B. Baud en EcMOQICBl Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Brad on Health Effects 860 (0.24) 5,000 10 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Polhitarrtj BMd on H«Wi Effect - tPublic drinking water. E-39 ------- CATEGORY; 2-PROPANOL: SB (Isopropyl alcohol, 2-hydroxypropane). WLN: QY STRUCTURE: Rubbing alcohol. A clear, colorless, volatile liquid; faint odor. CH3-CHCH3 OH PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 60.09; bp: 82.4; mp: -88.5; d: 0.7351; vap. d: 2.07; vap. press.: 33 mm at 20° C; misdble 1n all proportions with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The odor threshold level for 2-propanol Is approximately 90 mg/m (refs. 3,25). Isopropyl alcohol 1s permitted 1n food for human consumption (ref. 9). The ambient air concentration In Industrial areas Is reported as 153 ppm (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 375 mg/nr. Acetone has been Identified as a human etabollte of 2-propanol (ref. 25). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 2-Propanol acts as a local Irritant and In high concentration as a narcotic. It can cause eye Irritation, comeal burns, and other eye damage. It 1s not considered an Important toxic hazard (refs. 4,9). Ingestlon of large quantities can cause flushing, headache, dizziness, mental depression, nausea, vomiting, narcosis, anesthesia, and coma (ref. 24). Ingestlon of 2,371 mg/kg caused death 1n a human; a concentration of 400 ppra caused Irritative effects (ref. 2). LDjg (oral, rat): 5,840 mg/kg. There is no evidence that Isopropyl alcohol 1s a carcinogen (ref. 25). Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 980 mg/m3 (400 ppm). Isopropyl alcohol Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure, time-weighted average. Is 400 ppm with a celling value of 800 ppm (ref. 25). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 9.8 x 105 ug/m3 (400 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 9.8 x 105 • 1.5 x 107 ug/l Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 107 • 3.0 x 104 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 10* vg/t 0.002 x i.o x io4 - 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: 3 EPCAH1 • 103 x 980/420 EPC AHla 2,300 ug/nr ' 400/420 • 0.95 ppm 15 x 2.300 • 34,500 ug/C EPCWH2 " 13 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 50 2-PROPANOL Air.wi/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ng/l (ppmWt) Land, (ig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Bait Technology A. Existing Slander* NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Damtoping Technology EnginMring Ettirnatn (R&D Goalt) II. Band on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Band on Health Effects 9.8E5 (400) 1.5E7 3.0E4 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Lml Goal* Bawd on Health Effects 2,300 (0.95) 13,500 27 Bawd on Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' 375,000f •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.^g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ------- CATEGORY: 5B 2-BUTAHOL (s-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol). WLN: QY2 STRUCTURE: A colorless, volatile liquid; wine-like odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 74.12; bp: 99.5; mp: -B9; d: 0.8084; vap. press.: 10 urn (20° C); vap. d: 2.55; soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: OH TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Indications are that 2-butanol Is less toxic than n-butanol, although little information is available. The TLV is established to prevent narcotic and irritative effects (ref. 4). LD5Q (oral, rat): 4,400 rag/kg (ref. 4). LDU (inhalation, rat): 16,000 ppm/4 hr. Aquatic toxlcity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm {ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV » 450 rag/m3 (150 ppra). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: Hater Health: Land. Health: 4.5 x 105 iig/m3 (150 ppm) 15 x 4.5 x 105 • 6.75 x 106 wg/i 0.002 x 6.75 x 106 • 1.35 x 104 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x >l.OOO « >1.0 x 105 ug/l Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: _3 EPC EPC •AMI AHla 10J x 450/420 • 1,070 ug/mj 1 150/420 ppm - 0.4 ppm 15 x 1.070 • 16,000 ug/> EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 450 • 6,200 ug/t EPC,_H « 0.002 x 6,200 • 12.4 ug/g EPCWE1 " 50 x >1>00° " >SO'000 wg/ EPCLE • 0.002 x 50,000 « 100 ug/g E-42 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 5B 2-BUTAIMOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.MQ/m3 (ppmVol) Water, ug/t IppmWt) Land. Ml (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. pevdoping Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goali) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.5E5 (150) 6.75E6 1.35E4 Band on Ecological Effects. >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effect! 1,070 (0.4) 6,200 12.4 Based on Ecological Effects >50,000 100 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,ug/m3 (ppmVol) Water, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land,j»9/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Band Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 1,070 (0.4) 6,200 12.4 B. Based on Ecological Effect! > 50, 000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutant* Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-43 ------- CATEGORY: 58 WMJ /STRUCTURE: PEMTANOLS, iecondary: C5H120 (amyl alcohols). Liquid, characteristic odor. PROPERTIES: Z-pentanol 3-pentanol molecular wt. 88.15 88.15 119.3 0.8098' ,20 115.6 .815 3-methyl-2-butanol 88.15 113 .819 25 20 solubility 1n water slightly slightly QY3/ vap. — QY282/ 3.03 3.04 OH 2-Pentanol slightly 3.04 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Amyl alcohols are present In fusel oil. OH 3-Pentanol CH,CHCHCH3 „ OH 3-Methyl-2-butano1 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 2-Pentanol Irritates eyes and mucous membranes; can cause giddiness, headache, coughing, nausea, deafness, deleHun, methemogloblnuria, and glycosurla (ref. 9). Isoamyl alcohol can cause throat Irritation at 100 ppm (ref. 4). LDcp (oral. rat) 2-pentanol 3-pentanol 3-methyl-2-butano1 30 cc of amyl alcohols, (primary component, Isoamyl alcohol), has caused death (ref. 24). Toxiclty to man Is considerably greater than ethanol. 1,470 rag/kg 1,870 mg/kg no details available REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; _3 TLV » 360 mg/nT" (100 ppm for Isoamyl alcohol, a primary pentanol). (The TLV for Isoamyl alcohol 1s a reasonable limit for the secondary pentanols as well. LD50 [oral, rat] for Isoamyl alcohol 1s 1,300 mg/kg.) The MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 3.6 x 10S wg/m3 (100 ppm) A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 105 • 5.4 x 106 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 5,4 x 106 • 1.1 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 'AH1 •AMI a EPC.u, • 10J x 360/420 - 860 ug/mj • 100/420 • 0.24 ppm 15 x 860 > 12.900 u ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 5B GOALS PENTANOLS (SECONDARY) Air.pg/m3 (ppmVol) Waur.MB/l (ppmWt) Land,jig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Exutjng Standard! NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ettimatet (R8.D Goall) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxirity Effluent Beted on Health EffecO 3.6E5 (100) 5.4E6 1.1E4 BtMdon Eeologicd Effectt B. Ambwnt Lenel Goal* BeHdon Health Effectt 860 (0.24) 5,000 10 BtMdon Ecological Effects C. EMminetion of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fia/m3 (ppmVel) Wattr./ig/i (PpmWt) LMd.fig/g (ppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Band on Health Effectt B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effectt 860 (0.24) 5,000 10 B. Bated on Ecological Effectt III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Baaed on Health Effect* E-45 ------- CATEGORY; SB 1-PHENYLETHANOL: C8H100 (methylphenylcarblnol, o-methy1benzyl alcohol). PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 122.18; bp: 203; fp: 21.4; d: 1.0129; vap. press.: 0.1 m at 20"; vap. d: 4.21. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: WLN: QYR STRUCTURE: TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No Information Is available concerning the toxic effects of 1-phenylethanol. LD50 (oral, rat): 400 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATK)MS: 45 x 400 • 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 15 x 1.8 x 10* • 2.7 x 105 ug/l Air. Health: Water, Health: Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 103 - 540 M9/9 A1r, Ecology: Water. Ecology: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC, •AH2 'AH3 > 0.107 x 400 • 43 ug/mj • 0.081 x 400 - 32 ug/m3 EPCUH1 • 15 x 32 • 480 ug/l EPCWH2 ' °'4 x 40° " 16° V9ft 0.002 x 160 - 0.3 «9/g E-46 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 5B 1-PHENYLETHANOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, po/m^ CppmVoO Watered/I (ppmWt) Land, (19/9 (ppmWt) I. Baied on Beit Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Enginnring Estimates (R&D Go3lll II. Baaed on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxidty Effluent Baud on Health Effect* 1.8E4 2.7E5 5.4E2 Bawd on Ecological Efffccti B. Ambient Level Goal* Baud on Health Effects 32 160 0.3 Bawd on Ecological 'Effect! C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air.fig/m3 (ppmVol) Water, jig/1 (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Propoted Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effectt B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effacti 32 160 0.3 B. Bated on Ecological Effeett III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effeett E-47 ------- CATEGORY: 5C t-SUTAHOL: C4H1Q0 (2-methyl-2-propanol, t-butyl alcohol). A colorless liquid, or rhombic prisms or planes; caraohor- like odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 74.12; mp: 25.3; bp: 82.8; d: 0.789; vap. press.: 40 mm at 24.5°; vap. d: 2.55; misclble in all proportions with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: WLN: QX STRUCTURE: p. CH3-C-CH3 OH t-Butanol has been Identified 1n public water supply samples In concentration of 0.01 wg/i (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Butyl alcohols are not considered serious toxic hazards {ref. 9). but may be Irritating to skin (ref. 23). Effects of long term continuous dosage were not Injurous 1n animals tested (ref. 9). LD5Q (oral, rat): 3,500 rag/kg. Aquatic toxlcity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 300 mg/m3 (100 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 3.00 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 3.0 x 105 • 4.5 x 106 Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 106 • 9 x 103 u'J/n A1r, Ecology: Water. Ecology: 100 x>1.000 • >1.0 x 105 ug/i Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC, AMI 10J x 300/420 -710 ug/mj EPCAH1a • 100/420 • 0.24 ppm • 15 x 710 - 10,700 ug/i EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 30° * 4>14° ug/' EPCLH • 0.002 x 4.140 » 8.3 ug/g EPCH£1 • 50 x >1,000 « >50,000 EPCLE - 0.002 x 50.000 « 100 ug/g E-48 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS t-BUTANOL Air.//9/m3 (ppmVol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land.M/9 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Best Technology A. Editing Standardi NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering EttimatM (R&D Goali) II. Bated on Ambient Factort A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Ban) on Health Effeco 3.0E5 (100) 4.5E6 9.0E3 Burton Ecological Effect! >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Letd Goal* Baud on Health Efftett 710 (0.24) 4,140 8.3 Bawd on Ecological Effect! ^0,000 100 C. Elimination of DiKhargt Natunl Background* O.Olt •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air.fig/m3 (ppmVol) (ppmWt) (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effeen B. Baaed on Ecologicel Effects It. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effect! 710 (0.24) 4,140 8.3 B. Bawd on Ecologicel Effects >50,000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effect! tPublic water supply. E-49 ------- CATEGORY: t-PENTANOl: 5C (t-pentyl alcohol t-amyl WLN: QX2 STRUCTURE: alcohol), (t indicates tertiary.) Volatile liquid; characteristic odor, burning taste. PROPERTIES: Molecular vrt: 88.15; bp: 102; mp: -8.4; vap. press.: 10 nra at 17.2°; vap. d: 3.03; d: 0.8059; soluble in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Amyl alcohols are present in fusel oil. CH, CH,CH,-C-CH, 3 2 j OH Z-Methyl-2-butanol TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No information related to the toxic effects of tertiary pentanol on humans is documented. Based on animal studies, the toxicity appears to be about three times that of the primary pentanols. LD50 (oral, rat): 1,000 ing/kg. Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 1,000 • 4.5 x 104 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 10* • 6.8 x 105 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 6.8 x 105 • 1.4 x 103 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 - >1.0 x 10s ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC, EPC. •AH2 0.107 x 1,000 ^M3 - 0.08T x 1.000 15 x 81 • 1.220 ug/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 * lf000 " 14'00 EPCLH • 0.002 x 14.000 - 28 w 107 ug/nr 81 ug/m3 U0/l 50 x >1,000 • >50,000 ug EPCL£ • 0.002 x 50.000 > 100 ug/g E-50 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 5C t-PENTANOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,^g/m3 (ppmVol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, MS/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxiaty Effluent Bated on Health Effects 4.5E4 6.8E5 1.4E3 Bawd on Ecological Effect! >1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Le>el Goal* Based on Hnllh Effects 81 1,220 28 Bated on Ecological Effaca >50,000 100 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fio/m3 (ppmVol) Wittr.fig/l (ppmWt) Ltnd,«ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 81 1,220 28 B. Bated on Ecological Effects > 50, 000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutant* Based on Health Effects E-51 ------- OH OH •-U-, I I H H CATEGORY: 6A WLN: Q2Q ETHYLENE GLYCOL; CgHgOg (l,2-d1hydroxyethane, 1,2-ethanediol). STRUCTURE: Ethylene glycol 1s an odorless, colorless, viscous. poisonous liquid with a sweet taste. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 62.06; mp: -11.5; bp: 198; d: 1.1088; vap. press.: 13 mm at 93°; vap. d: 2.14; completely mlsclble with water; hygroscopic. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Ethylene glycol may be formed by the add hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. The low vapor pressure precludes exposure to vapors at room temperature (ref. 4). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Ingestlon of 1,500 mg/kg has resulted In death for a human (ref. 2). When Ingested. It causes central nervous system effects and kidney Injury (ref. 9). Exposure to concentrations greater than 140 mg/m Is reported to cause Irritation and other effects (ref. 4). LDj,, (oral, rat): 5.840 mg/kg. Ethylene glycol appears 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The ordering number Is 3121. The lowest dosage to Induce an oncogenlc response Is reported as 4 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 0.78. Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2}. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 10 mg/m3 (partlculate). TLV • 260 mg/ra3 (100 ppm) (vapor). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 1.0 x 104 pg/m3 Water. Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 • 1.5 x 105 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 105 > 300 ug/g Air. Ecology: Mater, Ecology: 100 x 100 • 1.0 x 104 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 - 20 yg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 10/420 • 24 ug/m3 EPC^, - 15 x 24 - 360 «g/i EPCWH2 " 13>8 x 10 " 14° "9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 140 • 0.3 ug/g EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 - 5,000 vg/i EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 » 10 ug/g E-52 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS ETHYLENE GLYCOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS (ppmVol) Water, fig/I {ppmWt) Land,fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goal.) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E4 1.5E5 3.0E2 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Lernl Goal* Bated on Health Effects 24 140 0.3 Bated on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.jig/m3 (ppmVol) Water, fig/1 (ppmWt) Land,(ig/g (ppmWt, 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on H.»l« Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Band on Health Effects 24 140 0.3 B. Based on Ecological Effect! 5,000 10 III, Zero Threshold Pollutanti Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-53 ------- CATEGORY: 6a SU!; T30TJ BIG 1-CHLORO-2.3-EPOXYPROPANE: CjHjCIO (ep1ch1orohydr1n). STRUCTURE! A colorless, mobile liquid with an Irritating, « chloroform-like odor. CH2 CHCH^CI PROPERTIES: Molecular Mt: 92.53; bp: 117.9; mp: -25.6; d: 1.801; vap. press.: 10 mn at 16.6; vap. d: 3.29; slightly soluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The threshold for odor recognition Is about'10 ppm (ref. 26). This Is equivalent to approximately 40 mg/m . TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Eplchlorohydrln 1s Irritating and toxic by Inhalation, Ingestlon, or skin contact. Marked nose and eye Irritation occur at levels over 100 ppn (ref. 26). As low as 20 ppm Is reported to cause eye effects (ref. 2). LDM {oral, rat): 90 nig/kg. LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 "hours. Eplchlorohydrln Is cumulative (ref. 4), and chronic exposure may cause kidney Injury (ref. 24). Eplchlorohydrln appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3101. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 720 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 4.3. Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: 100-10 ppn (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REPUTATION: TLV - 20 mg/m3 (5 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 7 x 104/4.3 » 1.6 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.6 x 104 • 2.4 x 105 ug/t Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 - 1.0 x 103 ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.4 x 105 - 480 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 ' ]°3 * zo/42° ' ** "9/1"3 EPCAHla * 5/42° " °'01 ppm EPCWH1 • !5 x 48 • 720 wg/i EPCWE1 « 50 x 10 • 500 ug/l EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 2° ' 276 »9/i EPCLH - 0.002 x 276 • 0.55 ug/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 4.3) • 39 pg/m3 EPCy,. • 15 x 39 • 585 ug/t EPC,C • 0.002 x 585 • 1.2 ug/g E-54 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 6B GOALS 1-CHLORO-2,3-EPOXYPROPANE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.pj/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Lind.fig/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Exiitin« Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering EstinwtM (R&O Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxioity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 1.6E4 2.4E5 4.8E2 Buedon Ecologies Effecu 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Laid Goal' Bated on Health Effeen 39 276 0.55 Baled on Ecological Effect. 500 1 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.Mfl/m3 (ppmVoll Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Propond Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effecti B. Batadon Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Huftn Efncti- 48 (0.01) 276 0.55 B. Bawd on Ecological Effect. 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effecu 39 585 1.2 E-55 ------- VJUN: VHH STRUCTURE; 0 H - C - H CATEGORY; 7A FWHALDEHYDE; CHgO (methanal, methyl aldehyde, •ethylene oxide). A colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. PROPERTIES; • Molecular wt.: 20.03; up: -92; by: -21; d: 0.815; vap. d: 1.067; very soluble; vap. press.: 10 m at -88°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde. It Is catalytlcally reduced to nethanol or oxidized to formic add. A 37-percent formaldehyde solution 1s called formalin. There Is some evidence that formaldehyde Is a natural constituent of the atmosphere at a few parts per billion (ref. 27). Odor recognition level Is 0.060 to 1.20 mg/m3 (ref. 3). Photooxldation of formaldehyde Is reported as 51 percent in 5 hours for an Initial concentration of 15 ppm (ref. 3). Formaldehyde 1s emitted to the atmosphere In gasoline and diesel exhaust, from coal combustion, fuel-oil combustion, and from wood burning (ref. 27). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH ErTgCTS; Formaldehyde is an Irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. Eye irritation 1s experienced by some persons at concentrations of 0.1 ppm (.ref. 27). Concentrations as low as 0.3 to 2.7 ppm cause irritatio In humans exemplified by annoying odor, prickling irritation of mucous membranes, and disturbed'sleep (ref. 4). The lowest lethal oral dose to a human is 36 mg/kg (ref. 2). U>$o (oral, rat): 800 mg/kg. LC^ (inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 hours. Formaldehyde Is Included in the HIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List. The EPA/HIOSH ordering number is 4101; lowest dosage to produce an oncogenic response is 96 mg/kg; adjusted ordering number: 42.7. Exposure to <0.2 ppm for two days caused plant leaf symptoms and necrosis in petunia (ref. 3). This is equivalent to 0.247 mg/m3. A concentration of 95 mg/t In water can cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28). Aquatic toxiclty: TLm 96 - 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. B6COSNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC BEqUtATIOM: TLV - 3 mg/m3 (2 ppm). On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8). MINIMUM ACUTJ TOXtCTTY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104/42.7 - 1.6 x 103 ug/m3 uater. Health: 15 x 1.6 x 103 • 2.4 x 10* ug Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.4 x 10* « 48 ug/g Air. Ecology: 247 x 2 • 494 pg/«r Hater, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g EPC AHla ESTIMATED PBRMISSISLl CONCENTRATIONS! ^"•AHI " '°3 x 3/42° " 7'14 ~'~3 • 2/420 • 0.004 ppm • 15 x 7.14 • 107.1 • 13.8 x 3-41.4 pg/t 0.002 x 41.4 - 0.08 ug/g £?CAC2 - 103/(6 x 42.7) • 3.9 ug/n3 E?CWC • 15 x 3.9 - 58.5 ug/t £?CLC - 0.002 x 58.5 • 0.12 ug/g EPC,,, EPC^ • 100 x 0.247 x 2 - 49 ug/nT EPCUE1 • 50 x 10 - 500 ug/t EPC,^ ' 95,000 ug/t (to prevent tainting) EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g E-56 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 7A FORMALDEHYDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air./ig/m3 fppmVol) Water, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land. MB/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Bated on Health Effects 1.6E3 2.4E4 4.8E1 Bated on EcologicaC Effects 5.0E2 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient U«el Goal* Bated on Health Effect* 3.9 41.4 0.08 Bated on Ecolooical Effects 49 500 1 C. Etiminatian of Discharge Natural Background* ~3 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.po/m3 (ppmVol) Water, f ------- CATEGORY: 7A WLN: YH1 ACETALDEHYDE; C^O (acetic aldehyde, ethanal. ethyl aldehyde}. STRUCTURE! A colorless, fuming liquid; pungent, fruity odor. g H-C-CH3 PROPERTIES; Molecular wt.: 44.05; mp: -121; bp: 20.8; d: 0.780-0.790 g/ml; vap. press.: 760 mm at 20.2°; vap. d: 1.52; soluble In all pro- portions In hot water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Aldehydes can be catalytlcally reduced to alcohols. Rural concentration In air Is reported as 0.3 ppb (ref. 1}. This Is equivalent to 0.0003 ppn or 0.530 ug/n . Odor recognition range Is 130 to 412 ug/n (ref. 3). Photooxldatfon of acetaldehyde 1s reported as 12 percent 1n five hours for Initial concentration of 5 ppn (ref. 3). Acetaldehyde has been found In samples of public drinking water supplies at concentrations of 0.1 ug/i (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Acetaldehyde Is an eye and respiratory system Irritant and a central nervous systen narcotic (refs. 4,9). The ACGIH TLV 1s substantially higher than the USSR Unit of 3 ppra (ref. 4). A concentration of 50 pput causes Irritative effects 1n humans (ref. 4). LDg,, (ora.1, rat): 1,930 ng/kg. LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppa for 4 hours. REGULATORY ACTIQM8. STANDARDS CRITERIA. RECOQNmON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REqULATION; TLV » 180 ng/m3 (100 ppm). (Recouoended to prevent excessive eye Irritation and potential Injury to the respiratory tract.) MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 1.8 x 105 ug/n3 (100 ppm) A1r. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 10S « 2.7 x 106 ug/l Hater, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 106 - 5.4 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 " 1() x 180>'420 ' 43° EPCAH1a " 100/42° * °-24 PP" EPCyH1 - 15 x 430 • 6.450 u9/t EPCUH2 * 13'8 x 18° " 2>4a° ug/ EPCLH • 0.002 x 2,480 • 5 ug/g E-58 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 7A ACETALDEHYDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air./utfm3 (ppmVol) Water, /u g/l (ppmWt) Lend, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standardi N5PS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baled on Health Effects 1.8E5 (100) 2.7E6 5.4E3 Sued on Ecological Etfeeu B. Ambient Lent Goal* Baud on Health Effect. 430 (0.24) 2,480 5 Bawd on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Diteharga Natural Background- 0.53 O.lt •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS AiT.ng/ro3 (ppmVol) (ppm'wt) Land, pg/g IppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 430 (0.24) 2,480 5 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutant! Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPublic drinking water supplies. E-59 ------- CATEGORY: 7A ACBOLEIM: C3H40 (acrylic aldehyde, propenal). A colorless or yellowish liquid; disagreeable choking odor. WLN: VH1U1 STRUCTURE: 8 H-C-OCH, PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 56.06; bp: 52.5; rap: -87; vap. press.: 214 mm at 20°; vap. d: 1.94; d: .8389; very soluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; An urban concentration of 0.003 ppm has been reported (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 6.9 ug/m . Odor recognition levels ranging from 480 to 4,500 ug/ra are reported (refs. 3, 29). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Acroleln, because of Its unsaturation. Is much more toxic and Irritating than the saturated aldehydes. It causes respiratory Irritation 1n concentrations as low as 1 ppm (ref. 2). The lowest reported lethal concentration of acroleln for man 1s 153 ppm for 10 minutes (ref. 2). The compound causes lacrlmatlon at 0.67 ppm after 20 seconds (ref. 27). LD5Q Coral, rat): 46 mg/kg. LCL(J exhalation, rat): 8 ppm for 4 hours. Aquatic toxlclty: TUn 96: <1 ppm (ref. 2). Toxlclty to vegetation: Alfalfa sustained oxldant type damage when exposed to 250 wg/m3 (0.1 ppn) for 9 hours (ref. 30). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REqUlATK>N: TLV - 0.25 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm). Acroleln appears on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 250 ug/m3 (0.1 ppm) Hater, Health: 15 x 250 - 3.75 x 103 ug/l Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x TO3 - 7.5 vg/g Air. Ecology: 250 x 9/24 • 94 ug/m3 Water, Ecology: 100 x <1 • <100 vg/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 vg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAm • 103 x 0.25/420 • 0.6 ug/m3 EPCAHla " °-1/42° ' O-00024 PP1 EPCWH1 " 1S °'6 " 9 "9/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °'25 " 3>S "9/l - 0.002 x 3.5 • 0.007 pg/g EPCAE -0.1 x 250 x 9/24 • 9 wg/m3 50 x <1 • <50 ug/i EPCL£ - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g E-60 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 7A ACROLEIN Air.jio/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppmWt) Land, fn>/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Band on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS.BIT.BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.0 Goals) 11. Bated on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute Toxidty Effluent Based on Health Effect! 2.5E2 (0.1) 3.75E3 7.5EO BeKdon Ecological Effect! 9.4E1 <1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient UM! Goal Bated on Health Effects 0.6 (2.4E-4) 3.5 0.007 Bawd on Ecological Effect! 9 <50 ., C. Elimination of Discharge Netural Background* 6.9t •to b» multiplied by dilution factor Air.Mft/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MB/1 (ppmm) Lmd./ig/g (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated ParmiMible Concentration A. Baud on Health Effects 0.6 (2.4E-4) 3.5 0.007 B. Beted on Ecological Effects 9 <50 0.1 Ml. Zero ThreahoU Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effects tConcentratlon Is reported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-61 ------- WLN; VH2 STRUCTURE: 0 CATEGORY: 7A PROPIONALDEHYDE: CjHgO (propanal, propaldehyde, propyl aldehyde). A colorless liquid; suffocating odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular t: 58.1; bp: 48; mp: -81; d: 0.807; vap. d: 2.0; vap. press.: 300 am at 25°; soluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Rural background concentration In air 1s reported to be 0.5 to 3.8 ppbc' (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 0.16-1.27 ppb or 0.38-3.01 ug/m3. Photooxldatlon of proplonaldehyde Is reported as 25 percent In 6 hours for an Initial concentration of 19 ppm (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; The acute toxic properties of proplonaldehyde are similar to other small aldehydes. It Is a local Irritant to eyes and mucous meabranes and acts as a central nervous systan narcotic. LD^ (oral, rat): 800 mg/kg LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 8.000 ppa for 4 hours. Aquatic toxlclty: TLa 96: 1.000-100 ppn (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOaHITIOH. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATIOM; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 45 x 800 • 3.6 x 10 ug/n3 Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 104 * 5.4 x 105 »g/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.4 x 105 • 1.1 x 103 ug/g Air. Ecology: Water. Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 104 Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10* * 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 • °-l07 x 800 • 86 ug/»3 EPCAH3 -0.081 x 800 • 65 ug/m3 EPCHH1 • 15 x 65 • 980 ug/t EPCVH2 a 0.4 x 800 • 320 wg/1 EPCLH - 0.002 x 320 • 0.6 ug/g • 50 x 100 - 5.000 ug/t EPCLE - 0.002 x 5.000 - 10 ug/g E-62 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 7A PROPIONALDEHYDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water. 0g/l (ppmWt) Land.wj/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Bated on Health Effects 3.6E4 5.4E5 1.1E3 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 65 320 0.6 Based on Ecological Effectt 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.38 to 3.01 To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fig/m" (ppm Vol) Water, fig/t (ppmWt) Land.fijYg (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Band Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 65 320 0.6 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Based on Health Effects E-63 ------- CATEGORY: 7A WLN; VH3 BUTYRALDEHYDE: C^O (butanal, butrlc aldehyde, n-butyl aldehyde). STRUCTURE: A colorless, flanmable, liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 72.1; mp: -100° C; bp: 74.7° C; d: 0.8024°; vap. d: 2.5; ralsclble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; A concentration of 580 mg/ra3 1s reported to cause Irritative effects 1n humans (ref. 2). L05Q (oral, rat): 2,490 mg/kg. Aquatic toxldty: TUn 96: 10-1 ppn (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 2,490 « 1.1 x 105 ug/ra3 Water. Health: 15 x 1.1 x 10s - 1.65 x 106 Pg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.65 x 106 • 3.3 x 103 wg/9 Air, Ecology: Hater. Ecology: 100 x 1 • 100 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC AH2 EPCAH3 £PCMH1 EPCWH2 EPCLH " 0.107 x 2.490 • 266 ug/ro 0-081 x 2>49° " 20Z 15 x 202 • 3.030 vg/ °'4 x 2>49° " 1>00° °-°°2 x 1>00<) " 2 Wf • 50 x 1 « 50 pg/t EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/g E-64 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 7 A BUTYRALDEHYDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,/in/m3 {ppm Vol) Water, ug/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D GoaJl) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.1E5 1.65E6 3.3E3 Bated on Ecological Effect! 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Health Effects 202 1,000 2 Based on Ecological Effect! 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Atr./ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effect) II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Health Effect! 202 1,000 2 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Hearth Effects E-65 ------- CATEGORY: 7A BEMZALDEHYDE: CjHgO (phenylaldehyde, benzenecarblnal. benzole aldehyde). A colorless liquid; bitter almond odor. WLN: VHR STRUCTURE. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 106.09; rap: -26; bp; 178.1; d: 1.04325; vap. d: 3.65; vap. press.: 1 mm at 26.2"; sparingly soluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Occurs in kernels of bitter almonds (ref. 24). Used as synthetic flavoring substance (ref. 9). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzaldehyde acts as a weak local anesthetic. It 1s narcotic In high concentrations and may cause dermatitis (ref. 24). L05Q Coral, rat): 1,300 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 45 x 1,300 • 5.85 x 104 wg/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 5.85 x 104 - 8.8 x 105 Land. Health: 0.002 x 8.8 x 105 - 1.8 x 103 vg/g Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC AH2 'AH3 0.107 x 1,300 • 140 ng/nT 0.081 x 1.300 • 105 pg/m3 EPCWH1 " 1S x 10S * 1>S8° "9/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x 1l30° " S2° EPCLH • 0.002 x 520 • 1 ug/ E-66 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 7A BENZALDEHYDE Mr.itg/m3 (ppmVol) Water. jig/I (ppmWt) Land, /ifl/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bawd on Health Effect! 5.85E4 8.8E5 1.8E3 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lent God* Band on Health Effect! 105 520 1 Bated on Ecological C. EHminitian of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air. fig/m3 (ppmVol) Witcr, fig/I ------- CATEGORY; 7B WLN: L6V BUTJ C D 0 ISOPHORQNE: CgH^O (Isoacetophorone, 3,5,5-tr1methyl-2- STRUCTURE: cyclohexene-1 one). A water-white liquid; peppermint odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular rt: 138.09; bp: 215.2; mp: -8.1; d: 0.9229; vap. press.: .44 mm at 25°; vap. d: 4.77; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Due to Its low volatility. Isophorone Is not a dangerous Industrial hazard (ref. 31). Concentrations of 9.5 pg/t of Isophorone have been found In samples from public drinking water supplies (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Isophorone Is one of the most toxic of the ketones. It Is an Irritant at 25 ppm or 141 mg/«3. In high concentrations. Isophorone Is a kidney poison (ref. 9). Concentrations of 5-8 ppm for a month are reported to cause fatigue and malaise (ref. 4}. LDSO (oral, rat): 2,330 mg/kg. LDLo (Inhalation, rat): 1.840 ppn for 4 hours REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm). On EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air,' Health: 2.5 x 10 wg/m3 (5 ppm) Air. Ecology: Wattr. Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.75 x 105 wg/i Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 105 • 750 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 " 1t)3 x 25/42° ' a "S/™3 EPCAHla " 5/42° " 0<01 PP" EPCUH1 ' 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t EPCWH2 * 13.8 x 25 • 345 vg/l EPCLH " °-002 * 345 • 0.7 ug/g E-68 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 7B ISOPHORONE EMISSION LEVEL COALS Mr.ftg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, itg/\ tppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Bated on BMt Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering EitinutM (R&D Gods) II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2. SEA 3.75E5 7.5E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Coal' Based on Health Effects 60 (0.01) 345 0.7 Bated on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 9.5t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.Mj/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MS/1 (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Beted on Health Effects 60 (0.01) 345 0.7 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPublic drinking water supplies, E-69 ------- CATEGORY: « LN: VHQ FORHIC ACID; CHO Onethanolc acid). STRUCTURE: A colorless, fining liquid; pungent odor. OH C • 0 PROPERTIES: H Molecular wt: 46.03; rap: 8.4; bp: 100.7; d: 1.220; vap. d: 1.59; vap. press.: 43 mn at 25"; mlscible with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Formic add 1s the first In the aliphatic series of carboxyllc acids. It Is a strong reducing agent and Is more highly dissociated 1n water than 1s acetic add. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Fornlc acid acts as an Irritant to mucous membranes, eyes, and skin. Workers exposed to IS ppm conplalned of nausea (ref. 4). Chronic absorption nay cause albunlnurla and hematurla (ref. 24). LD50 (oral, rat): 1.210 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQUtATTOM; TIV - 9 ng/n3 (5 ppo). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 9 x 103 yg/ra3 (5 ppn) A1r. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 9 x 103 • 1.4 x 105 ug/t Water. Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.4 x 105 • 280 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 - 103 x 9/420 • 21 gg/in3 EPCAHla " S/42° " °'01 ppnl EPC^ • IS x 21 • 315 ug/i EPCUH2 " 13'8 x 9 ' 124 U9/1 EPCLH - 0.002 x 124 • 0.25 ug/9 E-70 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 8A FORMIC ACID Air, fty/m (ppm Vol) Watw , fig/I (ppmWt) Land.MO/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1 . Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates IR&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 9.0E3 (5) 1.4E5 2.8E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Heal* Effects 21 (0.01 124 0.25 Based on Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.ftg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppmWt) Land, jJB/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effect] II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 21 (0.01) 124 0.25 B. Sued on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-71 ------- CATEGORY: M WLN: QV1 ACETIC ACID; CHjCOjH (ettianolc add). STRUCTURE. A clear, colorless liquid; pungent odor. CH3-C«0 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 60.05; mp: 16.6; bp: 118.1; d: 1.049; vap. press.: 11.4 am at 20"; vap. d: 2.07; nlsclble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Organic adds are emitted to the atmosphere In large quantities from coal-fired boilers. An average of 12.4 Ib of organic add (as acetic add) per ton of coal burned 1s reported for one large plant (ref. 27). Acetic add Is formed by the air oxidation of acetaldehyde. Bacterial oxidation of ethyl alcohol also results 1n formation of acetic acid. The concentration of acetic acid In rural atmosphere 1s reported as 1.0 ppm (.ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 2.45 mg/m3. (This value is representative of an agricultural area and 1s not Indicative of a natural background concentration.) The odor recognition level 1s reported as 2.7 mg/m (ref. 3). High concentrations of organic adds 1n water cause a lowering of the pH. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Vapors of acetic add may cause Irritation of mucous membranes, lacrlmatlon. conjunctivitis, and dermatitis (ref. 9). Irritative effects are produced In humans by 816 ppm for 3 minutes (ref. 2). Conjunctlval Irritation has occurred at 10 ppm (ref.'4). LD50 t°ra1> rat): 3-310 Kg/kg. LCj. (Inhalation, mouse): 5,620 ppm for 1 hour. Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV - 25 mg/m3 (10 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 2.5 x 10 Mg/m3 (10 ppra) Air. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.8 x 10S pg/t Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 - 1.0 x TO3 ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.8 x 105 - 760 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 " lfl3 x 25/420 ' M "S/"3 EPCAHla " 10/42° " 0<02 ppw EPCWH1 • 15 x 60 • 900 iig/i EPC^, • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/i EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 25 ' 34S "Q/* EPCLH • 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g E-72 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 8A ACETIC ACID EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,^g/m3 (ppmVo)) Water, 09/1 (ppmWt) Land.jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Bait Technology A. Exiitinj Standard* NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Etttmetet (R&D Goalt) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimmn Acute Toxirity Effluent Baled on Health EHectt 2.5E4 3.8E5 7.6E2 Bated on Ecological Effecu 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal* Beiedon Health Effects 60 (0.02) 345 0.7 Baud on Ecological Effecti 500 1 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To to multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fig/m3 (ppmVol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land,M«/y (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effecti B. Bated on Ecological Effecti II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effecti 60 (0.02) 345 0.7 B. Bated on Ecological Effecu 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Hearth Effects E-73 ------- CATEGORY: 8A WLN: QVR BENZOIC ACID: CgHgCOOH (benzenecarboxylic acid. STRUCTURE; phenyl formic acid). White needles or powder. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 122.13; bp: 249.2; mp: 122.4; begins to sublime at around 100°; volatile with steam; solubility: 0.34 g/100 g; soluble In hot water; vap. press.: 1 ran at 96"; vap. d: 4.21. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benzole acid may be formed by the air oxidation (in presence of catalyst) of toluene. It occurs in nature in both free and combined states. Most berries contain benzole acid—0.05 percent (ref. 24). In water, benzole acid is more highly dissociated than acetic acid but less than formic acid. It is used in preserving foods and In curing tobacco (ref. 24). Concentrations of 15 ug/t have been found in samples of public drinking water supplies (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzole acid Is an Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes (ref. 24). 6 mg/kg applied to human skin has resulted In a toxic response (ref. 2). Severe toxic effects have not been reported. LDgg(oral, rat): 3.040 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACT1OMS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 45 x 3,040 • 1.4 x 105 ug/m3 Air. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 1.4 x 105 • 2.1 x 106 ug/i Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.1 x 106 • 4.2 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 * °'107 * 3>04° * 32S EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 3.040 - 246 ug/m3 EPCWH1 " 15 x 246 - 3,700 wg/l EPCWH2 " °'4 x 3tMO " 1t22° ug/l • 0.002 x 1.220 - 2.4 ug/g E-74 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 8A BENZOIC ACID Air.jiQ/rn3 (ppffl Vol) Water, (jg/l (ppmWt) Lmd,f ------- CATEGORY: 8A PHTHAHC ACID: o-phtnalic acid). Colorless crystals. (1,2-benzenedlcarboxyllc add, PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 166.14; rap: 210-211 (decomposes, sublimes); d: 1.593; solubility: 0.7 g/100 g; very soluble In hot water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Phthallc add Phthallc acid Is an aromatic dlcarboxyllc acid. Both carboxyllc acid functions may react to form salts, esters, amide, or anhydride. The anhydride reacts with water, reforming the phthallc add. In water, one carboxyllc acid function Is Ionized to a greater extent than Is acetic acid, formic add, or benzole acid; 1on1zat1on of the second carboxyllc acid function occurs less readily. Phthallc add may be formed by the hydrolysis of benzene-!.2-d1n1tr1le or by oxidation of 1,2-dlnethyl benzene. Phthallc anhydride TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Phthallc add acts as an Irritant to skin, eye, and upper respiratory system. LD^ (oral, rat): 4,600 rag/kg. Teratogenlc effects due to phthallc add are reported. A 4 percent Incidence of congenital defects resulted 1n chicks receiving 3 to 20 mg via the yolk sac or air cell before Incubation (ref. 32). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on this data 1s 1101. It is not possible to extrapolate to rag/kg the dosage administered directly to the egg yolk sac of a chick, so adjusted ordering number cannot be determined from this data. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (phthallc anhydride): 6 mg/ra3 (1 ppm). (Phthallc acid Is formed by the reaction of phthallc anhydride and water.) MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 6.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm) A1r. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 6.0 x 103 • 9.0 x 104 ug/t Water. Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 9.0 x 10* - 180 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 * 6/420 • 14 wg/m3 EPC 'AHIa 1/420 1 0.002 ppm 15 x 14 • 210 ug/l EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 6 " 83 u9'1 EPC\|_H • 0.002 x 83 • 0.2 ng/g E-76 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 8A PHTHALIC ACID Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol> Water, itgft (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&DGoalt) II. Band on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxirity Effluent Bated on Heilth Effect! 6.0E3 (1) 9.0E4 1.8E2 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level God* Bated on Health Effects 14 (0.002) 83 0.2 Bawd on Ecological Effects - C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To ba multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Atr,ug/m3 (ppm Vol) W«tar,jug/l (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effect! B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Beted on Health Effect! 14 (0.002) 83 0.2 B. Bated on Ecological Effectt III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Hearth Effects £-77 ------- CATEGORY; 8B WIN: QV1Q HYDROXYACETIC ACID: C2H403 (glycolic add, hydroxy- STRUCTURE: ethanolc acid). Colorless, odorless, somewhat hygroscopic leaflets. OH OH H - C - C - 0 PROPERTIES: H Molecular wt: 76.05; mp: 80° (decomposes); soluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Hydroxyacetlc acid Is an o-hydroxy add. In water. It 1s more highly dissociated than acetic acid. It 1s found In sugarcane juice (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Hydroxyacetlc acid Is more toxic than acetic add. It 1s primarily an Irritant to mucous membranes. L05Q (oral, rat): 1,950 rag/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 45 x 1.950 • 8.8 x 104 ug/«3 A1r. Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 8.8 x 10* • 1.3 x 106 wg/t Hater, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.3 x 106 • 2.6 x 103 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 ' °'107 x 1'950 ' Z09 US'"3 EPCAH3 " °-081 x 1.950 • 158 wg/m3 EPCWH1 " 15 x 158 - 2.370 ug/i EPCVIH2 " °'4 x 1>95° " 78° "9/1 EPC,_H - 0.002 x 780 • 1.6 wg/g E-78 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL WAU> HYDRO XY ACETIC ACID Air,^g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bawd on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated cm Ait«bi«rt Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect! 8.8E4 1.3E6 2.6E3 Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Lnel Goal* Based on Health Effects 158 780 1.6 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Ak-.fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MI/I (ppmWt) Land.Mfl/8 JppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on HMltfi Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Baud Estimated ' Permissible Concentration A. Based en Health Effects 158 780 1.6 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissfcle Concentration Based on Hearth Effects E-79 ------- CATEGORY: 3C WLN; ZVH fOfiHMUPE; HCONH2 Cformlc add amide, formylamine, STRUCTURE: aetnanamide). MU A colorless, hygroscopic, viscous, oily liquid. \| 2 c-o PROPERTIES: / " H Molecular wt: 45.04; mp: 2.55; bp: 210.7; decomposes; d: 1.13344°; vap. press.: 29.7 mm at 129.4°; mlsclble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Fonuanride Is a derivative of formic add and 1n water hydrolyzes to form the parent add. Formamlde Is obtained by heating ammonium formate 1n the presence of anmonla. At its boiling point, It decomposes to ammonia and carbon monoxide. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Animal experiments have indicated that repeated exposure to formamlde results 1n cumulative effects, although toxlcity by all routes 1s low. Fornwnlde Is not reported to have presented any serious toxlcologlc hazards 1n Industrial use (ref. 4). It Is considered considerably less acutely toxic than dimethyl formamlde. LD5Q (oral, rat): 7,500 mg/kg. Formamlde has caused teratogenlc effects when 6 g/kg were administered to pregnant rats. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4101, and the adjusted ordering number 1s 0.7. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 30 rog/m3 {20 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 3.0 x 104 vg/o? (20 ppm) A1r. Ecology: Uater, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 10* • 4.5 x 105 ug/t Hater, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 105 - 900 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 - 103 x 30/420 • 71 Pg/m3 EPCAHla " 20/420 " °-05 PP"» EPCWH1 * '5 x 71 • 1,070 ug/t EPCUH2 " 13'8 x 30 > 414 ug/t EPCUH • 0.002 x 414 • 0.8 »g/g E-80 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 8C FORMAMIDE Air. /ig/m3 (ppmVol) Water, »ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. BaMd on Bttt Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engiiutring Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect! 3.0E4 (20) 4.5E5 9.0E2 Bawd on Ecological Effect! • B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effects 71 (0.05) 414 0.8 Bawd on Ecological Effccu C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.pg/m3 (ppmVol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on HM!VI EffvcU B. Bated on Ecological Effects 1 1, Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 71 (0.05) 414 0.8 B. De)Ma on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pothrtants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effects E-81 ------- CATEGORY: 80 PHTHALATE ESTERS; (Including dimethyl phthalate, C10H1()04; dlethyl phthalate, C12H1404; and dl-n-butyl phthalate. C16H2204). Colorless, oily liquids. PROPERTIES: WLN: 10VR BV01; 20VR BV02; °VR Bm STRUCTURE: (where R and R' are alkyl groups) o-01nethyl phthalate Dlethyl-o- phthalate 01 -n- butyl -n-phthal ate molecular wt 194.19 222.24 278.35 bp 238.8 29.5 340 mp 5.5 -40.5 d 1.1905f 1.1175° 1.047* vap. d 6.69 7.66 9.58 vap. press. 1 nn at 100.3° 1 mm at 108.8° 1 mn at 148.2° solubility in water 0.43 g/100 ml Insoluble 1:2.500 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; The phthalate esters are dlalkyl esters of phthallc add and are comnonly used as Insect repel 1 ants. Dlethyl phthalate has been found 1n samples from public drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 1.0 ug/1; dimethyl phthalate. 0.82 ug/i; and dlbutyl phthalate. 5.0 yg/l (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; The phthalate esters are not considered highly toxic. Exposure via skin has been widely tested because of use as an Insect repel1ant, and has rarely caused difficulties. They are somewhat Irritating to the eyes and nose. Accumulation of phthalate esters In humans Is not reported. Ingestlon by a human of 140 mg/kg of dlbutyl phthalate resulted In temporary effects to the central nervous system (refs. 4, 2); Ingestlon of 143 mg/kg of 61s(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dloctyl phthalate caused gastrointestinal tract effects (ref. 2). Teratogenlc effects have been caused In rats by dlbutyl phthalate (TDLo: 874 mg/kg), dlethyl phthalate (TDLo: 1.232 mg/kg). dimethyl phthalate (TDLQ: 1.014 mg/kg), and several other phthalate esters (ref. 2). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for the phthalate, considered collectively based on teratogenlc potential, Is 4101. The adjusted ordering number using the lowest dosage reported for teratogenlc effects from dlbutyl phthalate Is 4.7. Aquatic toxlclty: Even though acute toxlclty 1s of a low degree, phthalate esters are accumulated by certain aquatic species, and reproductive Impairment sometimes occurs (ref. 33,34). TLm 96 for dlbutyl phthalate: 1,000-100 ppm; for benzyl butyl pnthalate. over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV - 5 mg/m3 (for dimethyl phthalate. dlbutyl phthalate. dlethyl phthalate). (The TLV Is recommended to control the mist from the phthalates, since they are often sprayed.) EPA 1976 water quality criteria (proposed): 3 ug/i for freshwater aquatic life (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria: 0.3 ug/t to protect fish and their food supply (ref. 28). Phthalate esters are Included on the EPA Consent Decree Priority II List. MINIMUM ACUTE TDXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 5 x 103 ug/n3 Hater. Health: 15 x 5 x 103 • 7.5 x 10* ng/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 10* - 150 wg/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 5 x 0.3 • 1.5 ug/t 0.002 x 1.5 - 0.003 wg/g ESTIMATED PtRMISSIBLC CONCENTRATIONS! EPC^, - 103 x 5/420 • 12 ug/n3 EPCVIH1 • 15 x 12 - 180 ng/l EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 5 " M U9/1 EPCLH • 0.002 x 69 - 0.14 Mg/g EPCUE1 - 50 x 100 - 5.000 ug/t EPCWES " °' EPC.c • 0.002 x 0.3 - 0.0006 wg/g 103/(6 x 4.3) « 39 wg/m3 ''LE EPCAT EPCWT EPCLT 15 x 39 • 585 0.002 x 585 - 1.2 E-82 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 8D PHTHALATE ESTERS Air./ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land,pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Ban Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BIT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.D Goils) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acuta Toxiesty Effluent Based on Health Efftctt 5.0E3 7.5E4 1.5E2 Based on Ecological Effect! 1.5 3.0E-3 B. Ambient U«al Goal* Based on Health Effects 12 69 0.14 Based on Ecological Effects 0.3 0.0006 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.82 to 5t •To te multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWtl 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Bated on Heal* Effects Ecological Effects 0.3 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 12 69 0.14 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 0.0006 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Based on Health Effects 39 585 1.2 tPublic drinking water supplies. E-83 ------- CATEGORY: ACETON1TRILE: CHjCH (methyl cyanide). A colorless liquid with an odor similar to ether. WLN: NCI STRUCTURE: CH3CN PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 41.03; rap: -41; bp: 81.6; d: 0.783^; vap. press.: 100 am at 27"; vap. d: 1.42; mlscible with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Acetonltrfle Is decomposed by heat. The odor Is reported to be detectable at 40 ppm" or 70 mg/o3 (ref. 4). TOXtC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Hunan death has resulted from exposure to high concentrations of acetonltrlle. Bronchial effects have resulted fron exposure to 160 ppm. Exposure to concentrations below 40 ppm Is not expected to cause organic cyanide poisoning or Injury to the respiratory tract (ref. 4). Animal studies show that different species and Individuals vary widely In susceptibility to acetonitrile (ref. 4). LD5() (oral, rat): 3.800 ng/kg LC,^ (.Inhalation, rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours. Aquatic toxicity: TUn 96: 1.000 ppm REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TUT - 70 mg/m3 (40 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 7.0 x 104 ng/n3 (40 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 7.0 x 104 • 1.05 x 106 vg/l Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.05 x 106 - 2.1 x 103 wg/g Air, Ecology: Hater. Ecology: 100 x 1,000 • 1.0 x 105 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10s - 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC - 103 x 70/420 - 167 EPC AH1 AHla " 40/42° 1S * 167 EPCWH1 EPC«H2 " 13'8 EPCLH ' °-°°2 " 2'500 70 " 97° 97° ' * wg/g EPCH£1 - 50 x 1.000 • 50,000 pg/t EPCLE " °-°°2 x s0'000 ' 10 E-84 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 9 V9UAL3 ACETONITRILE Mr.ng/m3 (ppmVol) Water. M9/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&O Goali) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baled on Health EHecn 7.0E4 (40) 1.05E6 2.1E3 Bated on Ecological Effect! 1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Lnel Goal* Bawd on Health Effects 167 (0.1) 970 2 Bated on Ecological 50.00C IOC C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.pj/m3 (ppmVol) Water. «ig/l (ppmWt) Land.jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 167 (0.1) 970 2 B. Bawd on Ecological Effect* 50,000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effect* E-85 ------- CATEQOttY: 9 AC«YLOHITR1LE: An explosive, fl (cyanoethylene, vinyl cyanide, acrylon). ible liquid with a penetrating odor. WIN: NC1U1 STRUCTURE: CH£ • CHCN PROPERTIE* Molecular wt: 53.04; «p: -82; bp: 78.5; d: 0.8060; vap. press.: 200 «• at 38.7; 100 m at 22.8; vap. d: 1.83; slightly soluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. AMOCUTED COMPOUNDS: The odor threshold level for acrylonltrlle Is reported as 21.4 ppm (ref. 29). Acrylonltrlle can be formed by the reaction of acetylene with hydrogen cyanide. TOXIC moptRTiM. HEALTH Vapors of acrylonltrlle are extrenely toxic and Inhibit respiratory enzymes In cells. It 1s absorbed through the skin with possible formation of cyanide 1n the tissues (ref. 35). There Is little evidence of emulative action on repeated exposure (ref. 9). U>50 (oral, rat): 82 mg/kg. LC^ (Inhalation, rat): 500 pp for 4 hours. Aquatic toxlclty: TUi 96: 100-10 ppa (ref. 2}. A concentration of 18 ng/i of acrylonltrlle In water Is reported to cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 36). RMULATOHY J^TlOMa STAMP^M CI>IT1RIA flECOOMITMN fAMniDATF 1TATU6 KM »ECH4C BMULATK: Acrylonltrlle Is on EM Consent Decree Priority III List. TLV - 45 mt/t? (20 PPM). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV COMCBNTIUTIOMfc A1r, Health: 4.5 x 10 wg/M3 (20 DOM) water. Health: 15 x 4.5 x 10* - 6.75 x 105 Land. Health: 0.002 x 6.7S x 10S - 1.4 x 103 Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 104 ug/t ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10* • 2 ug/g MTIMAT1D MmH«8»Ll CONCINTRATIONt: EPC EPC 'AHl •AHla 103 x 45/420 • 107 iig/m3 20/420 - 0.05 op* 1.600 EPCHH1 ' 1S x 107 EPCUH2 " 13'8 * 4S - 0.002 x 620 • 1.2 ug/g EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t EPCJj., • 18.000 ug/t (to prevent tainting) EPCL£ - 0.002 x 500 - i ug/g ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS ACRYLONltRiLE Air, iiq/m* (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (pptnWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goall) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Heal* Effect! 4.5E4 (20) 6.75E5 1.4E3 Baled on Ecological Effect! 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal* Baaed on Health Effects 107 (0.05) 620 1.2 Baaed on Ecological Effect! 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To b» multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or PropoMd Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 107 (0.05) 620 1.2 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effect! E-87 ------- CATEGORY: 9 WIN: NCR BENZOfimiLE; C7H$N (cyanobenzene, phenyl cyanide). STRUCTURE: A colorless, flammable liquid with an almond-like odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 103; np: -13; bp: 190-192; d: 1.01o]\|; vap. press.: 1 ram at 28.2"; slightly soluble 1n cold water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Benzonltrlle decomposes when heated to give toxic vapors. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzonltrllt Is considered to be highly toxic (ref. 9). LD^ (oral, rat): 720 wg/kg. LCLo t1nhalat1on. rat): 950 ppm for 8 hours REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 720 « 3.24 x 104 ug/ra3 Air, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 3.24 x 104 • 4.9 x 105 ug/t Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.9 x 105 • 980 «g/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 720 • 77 wg/m3 EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 720 • 58 ug/ra3 EPCWH1 • 15 x 58 - 870 wg/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x 72° " 29° "9/l1 EPCLH * °-°°2 x 290 - 0.6 ug/g E-88 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL UUMLO BENZONITRILE Air,M8/m3 (ppmVol) Water, jig/l (PpmWt) Lnd.ug/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exilting Standards NSPS.BPT.BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goal>) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.2E4 4.9E5 9,8E2 Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level God' Based on Health Effects 58 290 0.6 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.ujym3 (ppmVol) Water, ug/l (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Propowd Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Based on Had* Effects B. Based on Ecological Effectt II. Toxieity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 58 290 0.6 B. Baud on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants BMedonH.vlihEff.Ktf E-89 ------- CATEGORY: 9 WIN: NCX&iXCN TETRAHETHYLSUCCrNONITRILE: CgH,^ (TSN.TMSN). STRUCTURE: Crystallizes In plates; nearly odorless. (CH3H-CH PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 136.22; mp: 169 (sublimes); d: 1.070; slightly soluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; (CH3)-C-CN TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Tetramethylsucclnonltrlle Is used as a strong convulsant In experimental animals and In man. It Is absorbed through the skin and detoxified slowly In the body. Cumulative effects were not noted In animal tests. Systemic effects caused 1n exposed workers Included headache, nausea, and convulsions (refs. 4,9). LCLo t1nha1at1on« r«t): 60 PP« for 2-3 hours; 6 pom for 30 hours. LOLo t°ral» «t): 25 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 3 «g/m3 (0.5 ppm) MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 3.0 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 103 - 4.5 x 104 pg/t Mater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 104 • 90 »g/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 " '°3 x 3/42° ' 7 "9/n3 EPCAHla " °-5/420 ' 0-001 ppm EPCWH1 ' 15 x 7 • 105 ug/i EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 3 * 41 "9/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 41 • 0.08 ug/g E-90 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 9 TETRAMETHYLSUCCINONITRILE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppm Wt) Land,ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Bated on Best Technology A. Exiiting Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Gods) II. Band on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acut« Toxicity Effluent Baud on Health Effects 3.0E3 (0.5) 4.5E4 9.0E1 Bawd on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal Bawd on Health Effects (0.001) 41 0.08 Based an Ecological Effectt - C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /ifl/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bawd Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 7 (0.001) 41 0.08 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-91 ------- CATEGORY: 10A ETHYLAMINE: C^N (l-aminoeth«ne, ethanamine) A colorless, flawnable liquid with a strong anrooniacal odor. WIN; 22 STRUCTURE: CH3CH2NH2 PROPERTIES: 15. Molecular wt: 45.10; bp: 16.68; d: 0.689J\|; pKa: 10.75 (ref. 37}; vap. press.: 400 mm at 2°; mlsclble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Ethylaralne Is a strong base and a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 37). Rural concentration In air has been reported as 21 ppb (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 38.7 ug/m3. This value may be unduly high since 1t 1s representative of an agricultural setting. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Experiments with animals Indicate Irritation of the cornea as well as lung, liver, and kidney damage for a 6-week exposure at levels of 100 ppm (ref. 4). tDLo (oral, rat): 400 mg/kg. LC^ (Inhalation, rat): 3,000 ppm/4 hr. Aquatic toxlclty: Tin 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV - 18 mg/m3 (10 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.8 x 104 pg/m3 (10 ppm) Hattr, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 10* • 2.7 x 105 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 105 • 540 yg/g Air, Ecology: Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC ;AHI 'AH la 10J x 18/420 - 43 • 10/420 > 0.024 ppn ^Sml ' !5 x 43 • 645 ug/l EPCy\|Q « 13.8 x 18 • 248 yg/t EPCLK " °-002 x 248 • 0.5 wg/g EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 • 500 ug/l EPC • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g E-92 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 10A ETHYLAMINE Air.pu/m3 (ppmVol) Water, jjg/l (ppmWt) Land, jij/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Batt Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Dmloping Technology Engineering. Estimate* (R&D Goals) II. Baiad on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Hs»lth Effects 1.8E4 (10) 2.7E5 5.4E2 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 43 (0.024) 248 0.5 Based on Ecological Effects ' 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fio/m3 (ppmVol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Und.pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Heal Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bawd Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 43 (0.024) 248 0.5 B. Based on Ecological Effects 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-93 ------- CATEGORY: 10A ETHANOLAHINE: C^NO (2-am1noethanol. 2-hydroxylethylamlne). A colorless, oily liquid; faint, ammonlacal odor. STRUCTURE: H2NCH2CH2OH 2-Am1noethanol PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 61.10; bp: 171-172°; pIC: 9.44 (ref. 38); 9fl * d: 1.0222JJ; mlscible with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Ethanolamlne Is a strong base, and a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 37). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Animal studies Indicate that ethanolamlne has an Irritant and necrotlc effect on the skin (.ref. 4). LOgQ (oral, rat): 2,100 mg/kg. Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV - 6 rog/m3 (.3 ppm) (level believed sufficient to prevent systemic effects). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 6.0 x 103 wg/m3 (3 ppm) Wtttr, Health: 15 x 6 x 103 - 9.0 x 104 ug/ Land. Health: 0.002 x 9.0 x 104 • 180 ug/g Air, -Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 1.0 x 10* ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 1(T • 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; _3 EPC, "AH1 'AHIa lO0 x 6/420 • 14 Hg/«r 3/420 • 0.007 ppm "SHI • « x 14 - 21 EPCUH2 * 13lB x 6 ' 83 »«9/1 EPC,_H • 0.002 x 83 • 0.17 wg/g 50 x 100 - 5,000 ug/t EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 « 10 ug/g E-94 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS IDA ETHANOLAMINE Air.^g/m3 (ppmVoJ) Water, vyfl (ppmWt) Land, MO/O (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BIT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 6.0E3 (3) 9.0E4 1.8E2 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Hcstth Effects 14 (0.007) 83 0.17 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Ajr.tig/m3 IppmVol) Water, py/l (ppmWt) Land, (j»/g (pprnWt) 1. Currant or Propoeed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Band Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 14 (0.007) 83 0.17 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Based on Health Effects E-95 ------- CATEGORY: 10A BUTYLAHINES: C4HnN (aminobutanes). Liquid, ainnoniacal odor. Molecular wt: 73.16; soluble in water. PROPERTIES' l-ara1nobutane 2-am1nobutane 2-methv 1 -n-ami noorooane nip -50 -104 -72.65 bp 78 63 44-46 -? 0.724 0.695 WLN: Z4, ZY2, ZX STRUCTURE: l-Am1nobutane 2-Aminobutane CH3CH2CHCH3 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Aliphatic amines are strong bases. The odor of butylamine Is slight at less than 1 ppm (ref. 37). NH 2 CH, CHj—C-NH2 2-Amino-2-methyl propane TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Contact with liquids, solutions, or vapors of aliphatic amines causes strong, local Irritation. l-am1nobutane 2-aminobutane 2-a«1 no-2-methyl propane LD50 oral, rat 500 mg/kg 380 mg/kg 180 mg/kg LCLo Inhalation, rat 4,000 ppm/4 hr The aquatic toxicity rating for 2-araino-2-raethylpropane (tert-butylamlne) is reported as TLra 96: > 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 15 mg/m3 (5 ppm): skin. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.5 x 104 wg/m3 (5 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 10* • 2.25 x 105 u Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 105 - 450 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 « >1.0 x 105 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 5- 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 'AH1 J x 15/420 • 36 ug/nr EPCAHla * 5/42° " °-01 P""1 EPCWH1 " !5 x 36 « 540 ug/f EPCHH2 • 13.8 x 15 « 207 i,g/l EPC LH "9/9 EPCHE1 • 50 x>1.000 • --50.000 vg/t. EPCLE - 0.002 x 50,000 « 100 wg/g E-96 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 10A BUTYLAMINES Air.jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bawd on Beit Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goth) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effeett 1.5E4 (5) 2.25E5 4.5E2 Bawd on Ecological Effect! ->1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Baiedon Health Effect! 36 (0.01) 207 0.4 Bated on Ecological Effect. > 50,000 TOO C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To b* multiplied by dilution factor Air,pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Hater, jij/l (ppm Wt) Land,fig/y (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effects 36 (0.01) 207 0.4 B. Based on Ecological Effects >50,000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Perminble Concentration Bawd on Health Effects E-97 ------- CATEGORY: IDA WIN: CYCLOHEXYLAH1NE: CfiH13N (aminocyclohexane, hexahydroanlline). STRUCTURE: A liquid, with a strong, fishy, amlne odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 99.06; mp: -17.7; bp: 134°; d: 0.8191; pKa: 10.79 (ref. 37); completely nrisclble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Cyclobexylamlne is a known metabolite of cyclamates (refs. 4,39). It 1s a strong base. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Vapors of cyclohexylanlne are strongly Irritating although, at concentrations below 10 ppn, acute effects are absent (ref. 4). L050 (oral, rat): 710 mg/kg. Cyclohexylanlne appears (as the sulfate) 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4111. The lowest dose (as the sulfate) to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s 11 g/kg. This 1s equivalent to 5.5 g/kg of cyclohexylamlne. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.74. Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV « 40mg/m3 (10 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 4.0 x 10* ug/ra3 (10 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 4.0 x 104 • 6.0 x 105 wg/' Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.0 x 105 • 1.2 x 103 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 =• 1.0 x 10* Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 » 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAW - 103 x 40/420 - 95 ug/m3 EPCAHla " 10/42° " °'024 PP™ EPCWHl" 1S x 9S - M30 wg/i EPCWH2 " 13-fl x ° " 55° u9/r EPCLH " °-°°2 x 55° ' EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 « 5,000 ug/i EPCLE « 0.002 x 5.000 - 10 Mg/g E-98 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 10A CYCLOHEXYLAMINE Air /jg/m (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land, MO/9 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates IR&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 4.0E4 (10) 6.0E5 1.2E3 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effects 95 (0.024) 550 1 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background •To b« multipliad by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS (ppm Vol) (ppm'wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Baud on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 95 (0.024) 550 1 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-99 ------- CATEGORY: 10B WIN: T3MTJ ETHYIEHEMHIE; C^N (azlrldlne, azacyclopropane). STBUCTURE; A colorless liquid; Intense, aimonlacal odor; fumes In air. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 43.07; mp: -73.96; bp: 55-56; d: 0.832; • vap. press.: 160 mm at 20"; vap. d: 1.48; mlsdble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Ethylenelmlne Is an extremely reactive compound; It undergoes ring-opening reactions similar to those undergone by ethylene oxide (ref. 39). Ethylenelraine hydrolyses in water to give ethanolanrfne. Ethylenelnlne Is polymerized to polyethylenelmlne. which Is used as a flocculant 1n water treatment. Polyethylenelmlne 1s also used 1n the paper and textile Industries (ref. 40). The anmonlacal odor of ethylenelmlne Is detectable at 2 ppm (ref. 41). Ethylenelmlne 1s not known to occur In nature (ref. 40). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Ethylenelnlne 1s regarded as highly toxic by Inhalation, skin contact, and Ingestlon. It Is a potent Irritant, causing blisters. Toxic effects due to a 2-3 minute exposure to the vapor were not apparent until after 3 hours (ref. 4). Ethylenelraine causes chromosome aberrations In namnallan cells (ref. 42). It Is reported to cause cancer In mice and 1n rats, and the animal studies show that a high Incidence of hepatomas and pulmonary tumors result from oral administration (ref. 40). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4212. The lowest toxic dose to Induce carcinogenic effect In animals Is recorded as 20 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 210.6. LDjQ (oral, rat): 15 mg/kg. LCL(} (Inhalation, rat): 25 ppm/8 hr. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 1 »g/m3 (0.5 ppn). (This TLV does not consider the carcinogenic potential of ethylenelmlne.) Ethylenelmlne Is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). Ethylenelnlne Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 17), Including monitoring, control methods, and medical surveillance. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/210.6 • 332 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 332 - 5 x 103 i»g/i Mater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 x 103 • 10 ug/g Land, Ecology ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPCAH1 " 1!)3 * 1/42° " 2'4 "9/m3 EPCAHla " O-5/420 " O-001 PP™ 1S « 2.4 • 36 tig/I EPCUH2 * 13'8 * ' * u ng/l EPCy, • 0.002 x 14 - 0.028 wg/g EPCAC2 " 1<\|3/W x 210'6) " °'8 •'S/™3 • 15 x 0.8 - 12 ug/i 0.002 x 12 • 0.024 ug/g E-100 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 10B ETHYLENEIMINE Air, ugltt? (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l (ppmWt) Land. pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Beet Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimatts (R&D Go«li) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baud on Health Effect! 3.32E2 5.0E3 1.0E1 Bawd on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effects 0.8 12 0.024 Bated on Ecological Effeca C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.jifl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. M9/I (ppmWt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 2.4 (0.001) 14 0.028 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.8 12 0.024 E-101 ------- CATEGORY; 10B WLN: 1H1 D1HETHYUWINE: C2H7N. STRUCTURE: A colorless gas with a strong ammonlacal odor. (CH3)2NH PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 45.09; bp: 7.4; d: 0.6804^°; vap. press.: 2 atm at 25° {ref. 37); vap. d: 1.55; mlsclble with water; pK : 10.61 (ref. 37). a NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Dlmethylanlne Is a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 37). Aliphatic amines are strong bases. The rural concentration of dimethylamine 1s reported as 89 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 163.80 wg/m3. This value Is probably unduly high because It Is representative of an agricultural setting. The odor recognition level Is reported as 1.10 mg/m3 (ref. 3) and the odor threshold as 0.047 ppm or 0.09 mg/m3 (ref. 29). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Dlmethylamlne Is similar to ammonia In Its chemical and lexicological properties. It 1s a strong Irritant to eyes and upper respiratory tract. LDjQ Coral, rat): 698 mg/kg. Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). A concentration of 7 mg/i In water Is reported to cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 36). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION- CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 18 mg/i Is much lower.) TLV • 18 mg/m (10 ppn). (This level Is established to prevent respiratory Irritation. The odor threshold MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm) A1r. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 104 - 2.7 x 10s pg/i Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 - 1 x 103 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 10S - 540 wg/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1 x 103 - 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 " 1(>3 x 18/42° " 43 p9/ln3 ^AHla ' 10/42° " °'024 PP™ EPCMH1 • 15 x 43 • 645 ug/t EPCy^ • 50 x 10 • 500 wg/z • 13.8 x 18 • 248 ug/t » 0.002 x 248 • 0.5 ug/g EPCL£ • 0.002 x 500 « 1 vg/g E-102 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 10B DIMETHYLAMINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.8E4 (10) 2.715 5.4E2 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Bawd on Health Effects (0.024) 248 0.5 Based on Ecological Effects 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Watar, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based oo Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 43 (0.024) 248 0.5 B. Based on Ecological Effect* 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-103 ------- CATEGORY: IOC WLN: ZR ANILINE; CgH?N (phenylaralne, anrinobenzene). STRUCTURE; An oily liquid; colorless when freshly distilled, darkens on exposure to air and light; disagreeable odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 93.11; bp: 184.13; d: 1.0217; pkfa: 9.3 (ref. 44); vap. press.: 1 ma at 34.8" C; volatile with steam; soluble 1n water, soluble In I1p1ds (ref. 44). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Aniline was first produced by the dry distillation of Indigo. It has also been Isolated from coal tar. It has. In general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines; 1t 1s a weak base. It 1s widely used as an Intermediate in the production of chemicals used In dyes, photographic chemicals. Pharmaceuticals, and In the rubber Industry (ref. 44). The odor recognition level for aniline Is reported as 0.37-4.15 mg/m3 {ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; The biological half-life of aniline 1s reported as 0.120 day for man (ref. 20). Aniline may be absorbed through the skin as well as through Inhalation and cases of acute, as well as chronic, poisoning are reported (ref. 4). The oxygen transport ability of hemoglobin Is Impaired by aniline; human death has resulted from ex- posure to high concentrations of aniline (ref. 45). Ingestlon of 350 mg/kg has also resulted 1n human death. LD5Q {oral, rat): 440 mg/kg. LCcg (Inhalation, rat): 250 pom for 4 hours. There are no adequate data to Indicate that aniline 1s carcinogenic to man or to animals (ref. 44). However, several aniline derivatives have produced oncogenlc responses 1n test animals (ref. 2). Aquatic toxlclty: 96-hour TLm 1s 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 19 mg/m3 (5 ppra) skin. Aniline is Included 1n the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology First Priority Chemicals List {ref. 8). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.9 x 104 ug/ra3 (5 ppm) Air. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 1.9 x 10* • 3.0 x Id5 gg/m3 Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.0 x 10s • 600 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 ' 1t)3 * 19/42° " 45 u9/q\|3 EPCAHla " 5/42° " °'02 ppm EPCWH1 " 1S x 45 " 67S "9/l EPCWE1 • 50 x 10 - 500 EPCWH2 " 13>8 x 19 " 262 ug/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 262 • 0.5 ug/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g E-104 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 10C ANILINE Air,M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Exilting Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estinwttt (R&D Goah) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxictty Effluent BsMdon Health Effect! 1.9E4 (5) 3.0E5 6.0E2 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Lnel Goal' Bawd on Health Effects 45 (0.02) 262 0.5 Baiedon Ecological Effect! 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS AhMig/m3 (ppm Vol) (ppm'wt) Land,pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bend on Health Effect! B. Beted on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Pentiifjible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 45 (0.02) 262 0.5 B. Bated on Ecological EftVcu 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baud on Health Effect! E-105 ------- CATEGORY: IOC AMINOTOLUENES; C?HgN (methyl anilines, toluldines). 2-Aminotoluene: light yellow liquid; becomes darker on exposure to air and liquid. 3-Amlnotoluene: liquid. 4-Aralnotoluene: leaflets, wlnelike odor, burning taste. PROPERTIES: WLN:ZR B, ZR C, STRUCTURE: ZR 0 2-Aralno toluene 3- Aral no toluene 4- Ami no toluene Molecular wt 107.16 107.16 107.16 m£ -14.7 -30.4 43.7 b£ 200.23 203.35 200.55 ,20 d4 0.9984 0.9889 0.9619 Solubility In water Slightly' soluble Slightly soluble Slightly soluble NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 2-Ami notol uene (o-Tolu1d1ne) Amlnotoluenes are formed by reduction of the corresponding nltrotoluenes. 3-Aminotoluene (m-Toluldine) NH- 4-Ami notoluene (p-Tolu1d1ne) TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Aromatic amines are readily absorbed through the skin. The toxlclty of toluldlnes 1s considered to be similar to that of aniline (ref. 45). Inhalation of vapor of the ortho Isomer results In Intoxication and Irritation of the kidney and bladder. A concentration of approximately 100 ppra 1s considered the maximum endurable for an hour without serious consequences (ref. 9). )-« (oral, rat) 2-Aminotoluene 3-Amlnotoluene 4-Aminotoluene 900 wg/kg 974 ing/kg 656 ing/kg Each of the amlnotoluenes Is reported to produce oncogen1c responses 1n animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number, considering the compounds collectively, 1s 4212, and the lowest dose to produce an oncogen1c response Is 6,600 wg/kg. The adjusted ordering number for the compounds collectively 1s 636. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 22 ng/m (5 ppn) for 2-am1notoluene. This TLV does not reflect carcinogenic potential of the amlnotoluenes. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIdTY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 10/638 - 110 wg/m3 A1r, Ecology: Mater, Health: 15 x 110 • 1.65 x 103 gg/t Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.65 x 103 • 3 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC AMI AHIa 10J x 22/420 • 52 ug/mj - 5/420 • 0.01 ppm EPCMH1 • 15 x 52 • 780 ug/i EPCWH2 13>8 * a " 304 EPCLH * °'°°2 x 30* " °-6 "9/9 EPC AC2 °'26 M - 15 x 0.26 - 4 ug/t EPCL(- - 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g E-106 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x IOC AMINOTOLUENES Air,pa/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing St»ndard« NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitinutts (R&O Goali) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.10E2 1.65E3 3.0EO Bated on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Le»el Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.26 4 0.008 Based on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.jifl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MB/I {ppm Wt) Land, 119/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Propoted Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Sued on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 52 (0.01) 304 0.6 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.26 4 0.008 E-107 ------- -CATEGORY: IOC WLN: ZR X X DIHETHYLAHILIHES: CgH^N (xylidlnes, aminodiroethylbenzenes). STRUCTURE: Of the six isomerlc xylidines, all except xylidlne are liquids above 20° C. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 121.09; bp: 213-226°; d: 0.97-0.99; sparingly soluble In water, soluble In liplds. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The Six Isomerlc xylidines may be formed by the reduction of the corresponding nltro compounds. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: ToxIcUy of dimethyl anilines has been compared to that of aniline and methyl aniline. Depending on the species tested, the compound appears to be less toxic, equally toxic, or more toxic than the other compounds (ref. 4). (oral, rat) (In mq/kq) LD-. (oral, rat) (In mq/kq) 2.3-xylldlne 2,4-xylldlne 2.5- xylldlne 2,6-xylldlne 933 3.4-xylldlne 467 3,5-xylldlne 1.297 xy 11 dine 840 (mixture of isomers) 812 707 670 LC50 (Inhalation, mouse): 149 pom for 7 hours (ref. 4). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 25 mg/m3 (5 ppra) skin for xylidlnes. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 2.5 x 104 ug/rn3 (Sppra) Air. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.75 x 105 wg/i Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 105 • 750 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 25/420 • 60 ug/«3 EPCAH1a " 5/42° " °'01 PP"1 EPCHH1 ' 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 25 • 345 iig/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g E-108 ------- MULTIMEDIA GOALS Air, uq/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. MO/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 10C DIMETHYLANILINES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eltimattt (R8.D Goalil II. Band on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baud on Health Effect! 2.5E4 (5) 3.75E5 7.50E2 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Bawd on Health Effects 60 (0.01) 345 0.7 Bated on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air, Mj/m (ppm Vol) Wattr, MJ/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Band on Health Effecn B. Bated on Ecological Effecn II. Toxidty Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 60 (0.01) 345 0.7 B. Bated on Ecological Effecti III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effeett E-109 ------- ZR DR STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 10C 4-AH1NOBIPHENYL: C^H^M (p-phenylan111ne, 4-b1phenylam1ne). Colorless crystals that darken on exposure to light and air. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 169.24; mp: 50-2; bp: 302; slightly soluble 1n cold water; volatile 1n steam; soluble In llplds (ref. 46). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS! 4-Am1nobiphenyl has, 1n general, the properties of primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base. The main commercial use of 4-am1nob1phenyl 1n the past was that of an antloxldant 1n rubber (ref. 46). 4-Ara1nob1phenyl 1s a metabolite of 4-n1trob1phenyl (ref. 43). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS! A high Incidence of bladder carcinomas was reported for a group of workers occupationally exposed to 4-an1nob1phenyl (ref. 46). 4-Am1nobiphenyl has also caused cancer In animals (ref. 2). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7526. The lowest toxic dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 140 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 54. LD5(J Coral, rat): 500 rag/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS fOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; 4-AHiinobiphenyl 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). 4-Anlnoblphenyl 1s designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautloons for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 17). 4-Aminobiphenyl 1s recognized by ACGIH as being potentially carcinogenic to humans. No TLV has been assigned to 1t. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 7 x \04/54 • 1.3 x 103 ug/m3 Water. Health: IS x 1.3 x 103 - 2.0 x 104 ug/l Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 104 • 40 ug/g A1r. Ecology: Water. Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 53'5 °-107 EPCAH3 " °'081 " 500 • 40.5 ug/m AH2 15 x 40.5 • 608 EPCWH2 " 0<4 x 500 • 200 ug/l EPCLH " °-°°2 x 200 • 0.4 pg/g EPC • 103/C6 x 54) 3 AC2 3 ug/m 15 x 3 • 45 ug/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 45 • 0.1 wg/g E-110 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS X IOC 4-AMIIMOBIPHENYL Air, iig/m3 {ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppm Wt) Land,pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.3E3 2.0E4 4.0E1 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Health Effects 3 45 0.1 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* "To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, wj/m (ppm Vol) Water, 0g/l (ppmWt) Land.Md/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permittible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 40.5 200 0.4 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 3 45 0.1 E-111 ------- CATEGORY: IOC WIN; ZR OR DZ BENZIDINE: C^H^Ng (4,4'-d1am1nod1phenyl, STRUCTURE: 4-4'-d1pheny1ened1am1ne). Colorless crystals; darken on exposure to light and air. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 184.26; mp: 125; bp: 400740; slightly soluble In cold water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benzldlne has, 1n general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base. Benzldlne and Its salts are used In the synthesis of dyes (ref. 46). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Benzldlne 1s believed to be absorbed through the skin as well as through Inhalation. LD50 Coral, rat): 309 ing/kg. A high Incidence of bladder tumors among workers handling benzldlne Is reported (refs. 4, 46). Inhalation of 18 mg/n for 13 years resulted 1n carcinoma In exposed workers (ref. 2). The compound Is reported to cause cancer 1n animals also. Cancer resulted In rats exposed Intermittently via Inhalation to 10 rag/ra3 for 56 weeks. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7426. The lowest toxic dose reported to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s 2.100 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 3.5. Aquatic toxlclty: TLn 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC BEQUIAT10H: Benzldlne production Is recognized by ACGIH to be associated with a substance or substances considered potential human carcinogens. No TLV has been assigned. Benzldlne Is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). Benzldlne Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (.ref. 17). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 45 x 309 - 1.4 x 10 pg/m Water, Health: IS x 1.4 x 104 - 2.1 x 10s u Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.1 x 105 - 420 vg/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 » 100 ug/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 » 0.2 vg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 'AH2 0.107 x 309 • 33 wg/nr EPCAH3 " °'081 * 309 " K "9/m3 EPCVM1 ' 15 x 25 ' 375 "S/1 EPCWH2 ' 0.4 x 309 - 124 wg/l EPCLH » 0.002 x 124 • 0.25 vg/g EPC, 'AC2 103/(6 x 3.5) • 48 iig/nj 15 x 48 • 720 wg/l EPCLC • 0.002 x 720 • 1.4 ug/g EPCUE1 • 50 x 1 - 50 ug/t EPCLE - 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 vg/g E-112 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 10C BENZIDINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I Air, Md/rn^ (ppm Vol) Water, ^g/1 (ppm Wt) Land, Ml/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.4E4 2.1E5 4.2E2 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal1 Bated on Health Effects 25 124 0.25 Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jifl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Hnlth Ef facts B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 25 124 0.25 B. Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 48 720 1.4 E-113 ------- CATEGORY; "C WtN: L66J BZ l-AMINOHAPHTHALEME; C1QHgN (1-naphthylaiQlne, STRUCTURE: a-Naphthylamlne). White crystals; darken on exposure to tight and air. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 143.19; mp: 50: sublimes; bp: 300; d: 1.1229^; vap. press.: 1 OB at 104° C; soluble to 0.167 percent In H20 at 25°; volatile 1n steam. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; l-Naphthy1am1ne does not occur as such 1n nature, but has been Isolated from coal tar (ref. 44). It has, In general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Exposure to 1-anlnonaphthalene contaminated with 4-10 percent 2-amlnonaphthalene Is associated with human bladder cancer (ref. 44). The metabolite. N-hydroxy-1-naphthalene, has also been shown to be carcinogenic (ref. 43). Animal studies Indicate the compound Is less carcinogenic than the 2-1 sower amlnonaphthalene . The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 1-amlnonaphthalene Is 3101. The lowest toxic dose to Induce an oncogenlc response Is 25 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 124. LDgg (oral, rat): 779 mg/kg. Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 10-1 pom (ref. 2). HEeULATDRY ACTIONS. STANDAHOS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS TOR SfKlfK REqUlATMMt l-Anlnonaphthalene Is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees to 1-naphthylam1ne have been established, taking Into consideration evidence that l-naphthy1am1ne may cause cancer (ref. 17). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS! Air. Health: 7 x 104/124 • 564 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Utter, Health: 15 x 564 • 8.5 x 103 ug/t Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 • 100 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 8.5 x 103 • 17 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPCAH2 " °'107 x 779 " &KHQ • 0.081 x 779 - 63 wg/m3 EPC\|M1 • 15 x 63 • 946 ug/t EPC)£1 - 50 x 1 - 50 ug/t • 0.4 x 779 - 312 pg/l 0.002 x 312 • 0.6 ug/g EPC,^ - 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 124) - 1.3 ug/ra3 EPCyj. • 15 x 1.3 - 20 ug/t EPC. , • 0.002 x 20 - 0.04 ug/g E-114 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 10C 1-AMINONAPHTHALENE (ppmVol) Water, ;j 9/1 (ppmWt) Land, rUfl/o (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.64E2 8.5E3 1.7E1 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goat Based on Health Effects 1.3 20 0.04 Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To b» multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. fig/m (ppmVol) Water, MB/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (pom Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 63 312 0.6 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 1.3 20 0.04 E-115 ------- CATEGORY; loc (2-naphthy1am1ne, WLN: L66J CZ STRUCTURE: 2-AM1NONAPHTHALENE: B-naphthylamlne). White crystals that darken on exposure to light and air; volatile with steam. PROPERTIES: ,98. Molecular wt: 143.19; rap: 113; bp: 306; d: 1.0614™; vap. press.: Iran at 108° C; volatile In steam; slightly soluble 1n cold water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; 2-Naphthylamlne does not occur as such In nature, but 1s formed by the pyrol1s1s of nitrogen-containing organic natter. It has been Isolated from coal-tar (ref. 44). It has. In general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Epldenlologlcal studies have shown that occupational exposure to 2-amlnonaphthalene Is strongly associated with the occurrence of bladder cancer. There 1s no doubt that the compound Is a human bladder carcinogen (ref. 44). 2-Amlnonaphthalene Is also reported to cause cancer In several animal species. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7628. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 18 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 423.8. L05Q Coral, rat): 727 rag/kg. Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: 2-Amlnonaphthalene 1s recognized by ACGIH as a carcinogenic agent In humans. No TLV has been assigned. 6-fophthylamlne was the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees to 2-naphthylamlne has been established taking Into consideration substantial evidence that 2-naphthylamlne 1s known to cause cancer (ref. 17). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; 7 x 10/423.8 • 165 wg/m3 '3 Air, Health: Water. Health: IS x 165 Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 10 2.5 x 10 ,3 5 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 ug/i Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 'AH2 78 ug/m3 0.107 x 727 EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 727 - 59 ug/mj EPCHH1 " 1S " 59 " 3,500 wg/t EPCVW2 " °'4 x 727 " W1 "9/t 0.002 x 291 - 0.6 ug/g 0.4 ug/m3 15 x 0.4 - 6 ug/t 0.002 x 6 • 0.012 ug/g EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 423.8) EPC LC EPCUE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/t EPC.c " 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g E-116 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x IOC 2-AMINONAPHTHALENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BIT. BAT B, Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect. 1.65E2 2.5E3 5.0EO Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effect! 0.4 6 0.012 Based on Ecological Effect! 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jjo/m (ppm Vol) Water. pg/\| (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 59 291 0.6 B. Based on Ccological Effwtt 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 0.4 6 0.012 E-117 ------- CATEGORY: 10D WLN: INI4R STRUCTURE: N.H-OIHETHYLANILINE: CgH^N (dimethylphenylanrine). An oily liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular vrt: 121.18; bp: 194.15; d: 0.9557; slightly soluble In water; soluble In llplds. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; N,N-D1methylan1l1ne Induces toxic responses through Inhalation or by absorption through the skin (refs. 4, 45). The toxic effect Is considered similar to that of aniline (ref. 4). Ingestlon ef 50 mg/kg has resulted in human death (ref. 2). LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,410 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm) skin. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 2.5 x 104 ug/tn3 (Sppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104- 3.75 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 105 - 750 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PtRMIS«BlE CONCENTHATIONS: EPCAH1 " 1()3 x 25/420 ' 60 W9/1"3 EPCAH1a • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm EPCWH1 - 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t EPCHH2 ' 13-8 « 25 • 345 wg/t EPC,_H - 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g E-118 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 10D EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.5E4 (5) 3.75E5 7.5E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lend Goal* Based on Health Effects 60 (0.01) 345 0.7 Baud on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To b» multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 60 (0.01) 345 0.7 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baud on Health Effects E-119 ------- CATEGORY; " WtN: NNU1 &2/1 DIAZOHETHANE: CHjNg (dlazlrlne, azlmethylene). STRUCTURE; A yellow gas; musty odor. H-C - N » N: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 42.05; rap: -145; bp: -23° (ref. 41); decomposes 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Dlazomethane is considered a hazardous chemical due to Us Instability toward heat, shock, and oxidizing agents. Because of Its explosive nature and Its toxldty, dlazomethane Is generated and used In situ when needed as a reagent. Photolysis of dlazomethane yields nitrogen and the very reactive d1 radical methylene. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Dlazooethane Is a highly toxic compound; Its toxldty 1s comparable to that of phosgene. Skin Irritation, chest discomfort, asthmatic symptoms, and development of hypersensltlvlty has been reported by chemists working with dlazomethane (ref. 41). Exposure to high concentrations of dlazomethane have resulted 1n human death (ref. 41). TC^tlnhalatlon, rat): 272 mg/kg Exposure to dlazomethane 1s reported to cause oncogen1c responses In animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4223. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response Is reported as 54 ng/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 78. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION! TLV - 0.4 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm). This TLV does not recognize oncogenlc potential of dlazomethane. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 4 x 102 ng/m3 (0.2 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 4 x 102 • 6 x 103 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 6 x 103 • 12 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 " 1()3 x °'4/420 ' } "9/1"3 EPCAHla " O'2/420 " °- MO5 PP"» EPCWH1 ' 15 x 1 • 15 ug/l EPCWH2 * 13<8 x °-4 " 5>S "9/l EPC^ - 0.002 x 5.5 • 0.01 ug/g EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 78) - 2 ug/m3 EPC^. - 15 x 2 • 30 ug/t EPC,. • 0.002 x 30 - 0.06 ug/g ^C E-120 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 11 DIAZOMETHANE Air. jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, vv/\ (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g [ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.0E2 (0.2) 6.0E3 1.2E1 Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Based on Health Effects 1 (0.0005) 5.5 0.01 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 1 (0.0005) 5.5 0.01 B. Based on Ecological Effects • III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effects 2 30 0.06 E-121 ------- STRUCTURE: H2N-N-CH3 CATEGORY: 1] HOnOHETHIfLHYDRAZINE: CN2Hg (methylhydrazine). Honomethylhydrazine 1s a liquid at room temperature, fumes In air, and has an ammonia-Hke odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 46.08; mp: < -80; bp: 87745; vap. press.: 49.6 ran at 25° C (ref. 41); pK: 8.0 (ref. 47); soluble in water. a NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Monomethylhydrazine is synthesized for use as a rocket fuel. It dissolves in water to give a weakly basic solution. Monomethylhydrazine undergoes autooxidation in air to give nitrogen, methanol, carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and various carbon or nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (ref. 47). The odor detection level for monomethylhydrazine 1s reported as 1-3 ppm (ref. 4). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: As a group, hydrazine derivatives are local Irritants, convulsants, and hemolytlc agents which are absorbed by all routes of administration. Monomethyhydrazlne 1s the most toxic of the methyl derivatives of hydrazine (refs. 4, 41). LD50(oral, rat): 33 mg/kg. LC,-0(inhalation, rat): 74 ppm for 4 hours. Monomethylhydrazine is reported to have caused both carcinogenic and teratogenlc effects In animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number, based on carcinogenic potential or on teratogenlc potential, Is 3212. The lowest dose resulting 1n an oncogenic response is 3,000 mg/kg; the adjusted ordering number is 1. The lowest dose to produce a teratogenlc effect is 100 mg/kg; the adjusted ordering number based on teratogenic potential Is 32. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV » 0.35 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm). This TLV does not recognize oncogenic or teratogenlc potential of monomethylhydrazine. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 3.5 x 102 ug/m3 (0.2 ppm) Uater, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 102 * 5.25 x 103 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.25 x 103 - 10.5 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 'AHl 10J x 0.35/420 • 0.8 »g/mj EPCAHU • 0.2/420 - 0.0005 ppm EPCWH1 * 15 x °'8 " '2 "9/1 EPCWH2 * 13-8 * °-35 * s "y/; LPC,H • O.OOr x 5 • 0.01 »g/ ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 11 MONOMETHYLHYDRAZINE Air, /g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Beit Technology A. Existing Standardi NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factort A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.5E2 (0.2) 5.25E3 1.1E1 Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level Goal Btsedon Health Effect! 0.8 (0.0005) 5 0.01 Based on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, 119/9 (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effecti 0.8 (0.0005) 5 0.01 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 5 75 0.15 E-123 ------- CATEGORY: 11 WLN: ZNU1 N.N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE: C^Hg (1,1-dimethylhydrazine, STRUCTURE: dlmazlne, unsymnetrical dlmethylhydrazine). A colorless liquid that fumes 1n air with an ammonlacal H,CS or "fishy" odor. H C/N-NH2 PROPERTIES: 3 Molecular wt: 60.11; bp: 63752; d: 0.791422; vap. d: 2; vap. press.: 157 nm at 25° C; pK : 7.21 (ref. 47) mlsdble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: N,N-D1methylhydraz1ne Is synthesized almost exclusively for use as a rocket fuel. It 1s described as Insensitive to shock {ref. 47), but can Ignite spontaneously If absorbed 1n Materials with large surface areas. Solutions In water are weakly alkaline. Odor recognition level for H,N-d1methylhydraz1ne 1s reported as 0.3 - 1 ppm (ref. 47). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; As a group, hydrazlne derivatives are local Irritants, convulsants, and hemolytlc agents, which are absorbed by all routes of administration (ref. 41). N.H-D1methy1hydraz1ne 1s not considered as toxic as hydrazlne or monomethylhydrazlne (ref. 47). N,N-D1methylhydrazine Is reported to have caused cancer 1n mice. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenic potential 1s 3111. The lowest dose to induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 7,902 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.39. LD50 (oral, rat): 122 mg/kg. LC50 (.Inhalation, rat): 252 ppm for 4 hours. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION: TLV * 1 mg/B3 (0.5 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r. Health: 1 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) A1r. Ecology: Hater. Health: 15 x 1 x 103 « 1.5 x 104 ug/l Vtater, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: LPCAH] « 103 x 1/420 -2.4 i,g/m3 EPCAHla • 0.5/420 • 0.001 ppm EPCWH1 " 15 x 2l4 " 36 U9/' EPCyH2 • 13.8 x 1 • 13.8 ug/«. EPCLH • 0.002 x 13.8 - 0.03 »g/g E-124 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 11 ISI, N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I {ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Bawd on Bejt Technology A. Exiiting Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E3 (0.5) 1.5E4 3.0E1 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal' Bated on Health Effects 2.4 (0.001) 13.8 0.03 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Baiadon Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 2.4 (0.001) 13.8 0.03 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-125 ------- CATEGORY: 11 WLN; N.N'-OIMETHYLHYDRAZINE: C^Hg (l,2-dimethylhydraz1ne, STRUCTURE: dimethylhydrazlne}. N.N'-Dlmethylhydrazine Is a colorless liquid that H3C-N-N-CH3 fumes 1n air; amroonlacal odor. H \|!\| PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 60.12; rap: -9; bp: 81753; d: 0.8274; vap. press.: 100 mm at 28° (ref. 44); nriscible with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: N.N'-dimethylhydrazlne is not known to occur freely in nature. It is manufactured only in experimental quantities (ref. 44). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: As a group, hydrazine derivatives are local Irritants, convulsants. and hemolytic agents which are absorbed by all routes of administration (ref. 41). LD50 Coral, rat): 100 mg/kg. N.N'-Dlmethylhydrazlne is reported to cause oncogenic effects in animals. A possible metabolite of N.N'-dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane. produced a high yield of carcinomas of the colon in rats (ref. 44). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4415. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response is 2 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 2208. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/2,208 • 32 Mg/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 32 • 5 x 102 ng/t Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 x 102 • 1 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 " °'107 x 10° ' n "9/m3 EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 100 • 8 ug/m3 EPCHH1 " 15 x 8 " 12° "9/l EPCWH2 " O-4 * 100 • 40 ug/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 40 - 0.08 M9/g EPCAC2 > 103/(6 x 2.208) - 0.075 ug/m3 EPCWC - 15 x 0.075 • 1.1 ,,g/f. EPCLC " 0-°°2 " I-' - 0.002 t,g/g E-126 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 11 N, N'-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.2E1 5.0E2 l.OEO Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Leml Goal* Bawd on Health Effects 0.075 1.1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. Mi/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible' Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 8 40 0.08 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.075 1.1 0.002 E-127 ------- CATEGORY: 11 WLN: RUHR STRUCTURE: H H 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE: C12H12N2 (hydrazobenzene). Colorless tablets from ethanol-ether. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 184.26; mp: 131 (decomposes); Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Hydrazobenzene is formed by mild reduction of azobenzene. In the presence of mineral acids, hydrazobenzene rearranges to benzldlne. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Little Is reported regarding the acute or chronic toxic properties of hydrazobenzene. Its properties are probably similar to other hydrazene derivatives. Hydrazobenzene 1s an active hemolysln (ref. 41). LD5Q (oral, rat): 301 mg/kg. Exposure to hydrazobenzene 1s reported to produce neoplastlc effects in rats and in mice. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4224. The lowest dose to produce the oncogenlc effect 1s 5,280 ng/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.8. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Diphenylhydrazene 1s on the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 301 1.35 x 10* wg/m3 Hater, Health: 15 x 1.35 x 104 - 2.0 x 105 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 105 * 400 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 301 • 32 ug/m3 EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 301 • 24 ug/m3 EPCvml • 15 x Z4 - 360 ug/l EPCWH2 " 0-* x 301 * 1ZO "9/l EPCLH " 0.002 x 120 • 0.24 Mg/9 E-128 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 11 1, 2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (RSD Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1 . 35E4 2.0E5 4.0E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effect! 24 120 0.24 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Water, jifl/l (ppm Wt) Land, ug/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Basad on Health Effects 24 120 0.24 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-129 ------- WLN: 1N1&R DNUNR STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 11 p-DIHETHYLAHINOAZOBENZENE : C14H15N3 (butter or methyl yellow, 4-d1methylam1noazobenzene. C.I. Solvent Yellow 2). Yellow leaflets. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt.: 225.8; mp: 114-117; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; P-Dlmethylamlnoazobenzene Is manufactured almost exclusively for Us use as a coloring agent. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Conwlttee on Food Additives considers p-d1methylam1noazobenzene unsafe for use In food (ref. 48). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Contact dermatitis has been observed In factory workers exposed to p-dlmethylamlnoazobenzene (ref. 48). Exposure to p-dimethylamlnoazobenzene Is reported to cause cancer In animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 5425. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s 155 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 35. Azo dyes carclnogenesls 1s affected by dietary factors and by hormones (ref. 49). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: P-Dtraethylamlnoazobenzene 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). P-Olmethylamlnoazobenzene Is designated by OSHA as a cancer-suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 17). FDA has declared p-dlmethylamlnoazobenzene a carcinogen (ref. 24). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104/35 - 2.0 x 103 ug/m3 Mater, Health: 15 x 2 x ID3 • 3.0 x 104 ug/L Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.0 x 104 • 60 ug/g Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 35) • 5 ug/m3 - 15 x 5 • 75 ug/l • 0.002 x 75 « 0.15 ug/g E-130 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 11 V7UAL* p-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE Air, fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MS/I (ppmWt) Land, iig/g (ppcnWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 2.0E3 3.0E4 6.0E1 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 5 75 0.15 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, JIB/I (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Heal* Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 5 75 0.15 E-131 ------- CATEGORY: « VVLN: WHIM H-HITROSOOIHETHYLAMINE: CjHgNgO (dimethylnitrosoamlne). STRUCTURE: A yellow liquid. /CH 0 -N - N^ 3 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 74.08; bp: 154; d: 1.0048; miscible with water In all proportions; soluble in lipids. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Formation of nltrosoamlnes may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The precursors associated with nitrosoamlne formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides) are ubiquitous In nature. Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals, excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microblal reduction of nitrates (ref. 50). Nitrosoamines are rapidly decomposed by photolysis. Estimated concentrations of nltrosoamlnes include the following: air (major population centers)—0.2 ug/m ; drinking water—<1 ug/day; dietary intake—a few ug/day (ref. 50). There 1s some indication that traces of N-n1trosod1methylam1ne occur in various foods (ref. 46). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The biological activity of dimethylnltrosoamlne (or Its metabolites) Includes acute and chronic toxlcity, carclnogenicity, and teratogenlclty 1n experimental animals. LD50 (oral, rat): 26 mg/kg. LD50 (Inhalation, rat): 78 ppm (4 hours). N-N1trosod1methylam1ne 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4429. The lowest dosage resulting In an oncogenlc response 1s 0.075 mg/kg (ref. 50). The adjusted ordering number Is 59,053. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty Is 3101. The lowest dosage to produce teratogenlc effects 1s 13 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on teratogenidty 1s 238.5. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; Nltrosoamlnes. including N-N1trosod1methylam1ne appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. Nitrosoanines are included In the ACG1H List of Industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Han. No TLV is specified. N-Nitrosod1methy1an1ne is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). OSHA Standards dealing with exposure of employees to N-nitrosodimethylamlne have been established, taking into consideration substan- tial evidence that the compound 1s known to cause cancer (ref. 17). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 10/59,053 • 1.2 ug/w3 Air, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 1.2 • 18 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 18 - 0.036 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 -0.107 x 26 • 2.8 ug/m3 EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 26 - 2.1 ug/m3 EPCWH1 " 15 x 2.1 • 31.5 ..g/l EPCyjg • 0.4 x 26 - 10.4 wg/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 10.4 • 0.02 ug/g EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 59,053) • 0.003 ug/m3 EPCAT « 103/(6 x 238.5) • 0.70 ug/m3 15 x 0.003 • 0.045 ug/t EPC^ • 15 x 0.7 • 10.5 ug/t 0.002 x 0.045 • 9 x 10"5 ug/g t" I Ot ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 12 N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.2EO 1.8E1 3.6E-2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effects 0.003 0.045 9xlO"5 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* <0.2t <* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppmWt) Land, pg/fl (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 2.1 10.4 0.02 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.003 0.045 9x1 O"5 tValue is representative of major population centers. .is reported. {Drinking Water. E-133 No rural concentration ------- CATEGORY: 12 S£fc!li: °NN2iz N-HITROSODIETHYLAHINE: C4H1QN20 (dlethylnitrosoaralne). STRUCTURE: A yellow, volatile liquid. 0-N - N 2H5 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 102. 14; bp: 176.9; d: 0.9422J0; moderately soluble In water, soluble In Uplds. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Formation of nltrosoamlnes may occur In air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The precursors associated with nltrosoamlne formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides) are ubiquitous 1n nature. Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals, excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the mlcroblal reduction of nitrates (ref. 50). Nltrosoamlnes are rapidly decomposed by photolysis. Estimated concentrations of nltrosoamlnes Include the following: air (major population centers) — 0.2 pg/rn ; drinking water-- " °'66 "g/ 15 x 0.29 - 4.4 ug/l EPCj^ - 15 x 0.66 • 9.9 ug/t 0.002 x 4.4 - 0.009 ug/g EPCLT • 0.002 x 9.9 • 0.02 ug/g E-134 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 12 IM-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. (ig/rn3 (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxiccty Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.2E2 1.8E3 3.6EO Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lewi Goal' Based on Health Effects 0.29 4.4 0.009 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* <.2t <* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. uglm3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, ^fl/a (ppm Wl) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Perminibla Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 12.7 62.8 0.13 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.29 4.4 0.009 tValue is representative of major population centers. is reported. tDrinking water. E-135 No rural concentration ------- CATEGORY: 13A WIN: SHI HETHANETHIOl: CH3SH (methyl mercaptan). STRUCTURE: A colorless gas; odor of rotten cabbage. H H-C-SH PROPERTIES: fr Molecular wt: 48.1; mp: -123.1; bp: 7.6; d: 0.868; vap. d: 1.66; vap. press.: 2 atmos at 26.1°; slightly soluble in hot water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Methanethiol is found in coal tar. It is also formed catalytically from methanol and hydrogen sulfide. The odor of methanethiol Is stronger and more unpleasant than that of hydrogen sulfide (.ref. 4). The odor threshold level is reported as 0.0021 ppm (ref. 29). Methanethlol 1s flamnable and emits S02 on burning. It will also react with hot water or steam (ref. g). TOXICJROPERTIESJEAL.TH EFFECTS: There Is a close toxicologlc similarity between methanethlol and hydrogen sulfide. Acute toxldty is characterized by respiratory effects, including respiratory paralysis and edema {ref. 4). LDjg (subcutaneous, mouse): 2.4 rug/kg. LCLo Clnhalation, rat): 10,000 ppm. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV * 1 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.0 x 103 ug/ra3 (0.5 ppm) A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 « 1.5 x 104 ug/l Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 vg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH, « 103 x 1/420 - 2.4 ug/m3 EPCAHla * °-5/420 ' 0-001 ppm EPCWH1 " 1S x 2'4 * 36 "9/l tPCWH2 " l3'8 x ' " 13'8 u9'' EPC^ - 0.002 x 13.8 - 0.03 i,g/g E-136 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 13A METHANETHIOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. /jg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. ng/l (ppmWt) Land, ug/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E3 (0.5) 1.5E4 3.0E1 Bawd on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 2.4 (0.001) 13.8 0.03 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, ttgfm (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bnerion Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 2.4 (0.001) 13.8 0.03 B. Based on Ecological Effect III. Zero Threshold Pollutant* Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect! E-137 ------- CATEGORY: 13A WLNj SH2 ETHANETHIOL: CjHgSH (ethyl mercaptan. ethyl tMoalcohol). STRUCTURE; A colorless liquid; penetrating, garlic odor. H H PROPERTIES: H H Molecular wt: 62.13; mp: -147; bp: 36.2; d: 0.83907; vap. d: 2.14; vap. press.: 400 ran at 17.7°; slightly soluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The most significant characteristic of ethanethlol Is the Intense odor. The odor threshold 1s also reported as 1 ppb (ref. 29). Rural background concentration 1s reported as 1 ppb (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 2.5 \|ig/m . Ethanethlol reacts with water, steam, acid, or heat to produce toxic and flammable vapors, such as SOX (ref. 9). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; The lowest concentration of ethanethlol resulting In a toxic response In a human 1s reported as 4 ppm. This concentration resulted 1n effects to the central nervous system (ref. 2). Hydrogen sulfide 1s considered to be 10 times more toxic than ethanethlol (ref. 4). Only slight acute toxlclty for ethanethlol 1s Indicated by animal responses. LC5Q (Inhalation, rat): 4,420 ppm (ref. 4). LD50 (oral, rat): 682 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 1 mg/m (0.5 ppm) (based on Intense odor). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 1.0 x 103 yg/m3 (0.5 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 • 1.5 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 10* - 30 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 1/420 -2.4 pg/m3 EPCAHla " °-5/42° ' °-001 PP™ EPCWH1 * 1S * 2-4 ' 36 "9/1 EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 1 " 13>8 M9/1 EPCIH - 0.002 x 13.8 • 0.03 ug/g E-138 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 13A ETHAN ETHIOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. /ifl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (pptnWt) Land, /ig/g (ppm Wt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Gods) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E3 (0.5) 1.5E4 3.0E1 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 2.4 (0.001) 13.8 0.03 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 2.5 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baseelon Health Effects 2.4 (0.001) 13.8 0.03 B. Bisedon Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-139 ------- CATEGORY: 13A WLN: SH4 STRUCTURE: n-BUTANETHIOL: C4H1QS (n-butyl mercaptan, 1-butanethiol, n-butyl-thloalcohol). H H H H A colorless, mobile liquid; heavy skunk-like odor. I 1 ] I "•"L™l»~L~C~5n PROPERUES: MM Molecular wt: 90.18; rap: -116; bp: 98; d: 0.8365; vap. d: 3.1; slightly soluble in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The odor threshold for butanethiol is reported ranging from 0.001 to 0.0001 ppm; the odor is readily noticeable at 0.1 to 1 ppm (ref. 4). This compound occurs infamously in skunk oil (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Odor is the most significant Characteristic of n-butanethiol. Toxicity is believed to be slight and similar to the toxicity of the other thiols. The lowest concentration to have a toxic effect on a human is 10 mg/m3 for 3 hours (ref. 2). LC5Q (inhalation, rat): 4,020 ppm for 4 hrs. LD50 (oral, rat): 1,500 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 1.5 mg/m3 {0.5 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.5 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 103 - 2.25 x 10* ug/t Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 104 - 45 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAm » 103 x 1.5/420 «3.6 ug/m3 EPCAH)a » 0.5/420 - 0.001 ppm EPC^j • 15 x 3.6 « 54 pg/l EPCHH2 * 13'8 x 1-5 " Z1 ug/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 21 • 0.04 ug/g E-140 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 13A n-BUTANETHIOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ftg/irr (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. E Kit ting Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&DGoato) - II. Based on Ambient Fee ton A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Bated on Health Effects 1.5E3 (0.5) 2.25E4 4.5E1 Baud on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Heal* Effect! 3.6 (0.001) 21 0.04 Sued on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Ditch at ge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, wj/m (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effect* II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Band on Health Effect! 3.6 (0.001) 21 0.04 B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effect! E-141 ------- CATEGORY: 14A WLN: "SQR STRUCTURE: BENZENESULFONIC ACID: CgHgSOj (phenylsulfonic add). Benzenesulfonic acid crystallizes as colorless plates from water. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 158; mp: 43-44, 65-66 (anhydrous); very soluble in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Sulfonic acids are highly polar compounds. They are strong acids, being completely ionized in aqueous solutions. They may be fused with alkali to sulfonates which are hydrolyzed in acid to phenols. Benzenesulfonic acid Is decomposed by heat (100-175° C) to benzene and sulfuHc add. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzenesulfonic add Is a strong acid. Contact of benzenesulfonic add with the skin may result in irritation or burns. It is very Irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (ref. 24). LD5Q (oral, rat): 890 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 45 x 890 • 4.0 x 10* wg/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 4.0 x 104 • 6.0 x 10 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.0 x 105 • 1.2 x 103 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 890 • 95 M08° "9/t EPCWH2 * °'4 x 89° " 356 "9/t • 0.002 x 356 • 0.7 ug/g E-142 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 14 A BENZENESULFONIC ACID EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.Aig/m3 (ppm Vof) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, tig/g (ppm Wt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Tachnology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals! II. Based on Ambient F acton A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 4.0E4 6.0E5 1.2E3 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Heal* Effecu 72 356 0.7 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, )ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, //g/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) I. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 72 356 0.7 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-143 ------- CATEGORY: 15 WLN: R BENZENE: CgH, (benzol, phenylhydride, phene). STRUCTURE: A clear, colorless liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 78.11; mp: 5.5; bp: 80.1; d: 0.87865?°; vap. press: 100 mm at 26.1° C; vap. d: 2.77; solubility in water: 1,780 mg/t at 25° (ref. 52); soluble in tissue lipids. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATCDjOMroUNDS: Benzene occurs in straight-run petroleum distillates and in coal-tar distillates. Rural background for benzene Is reported as 0.1 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 0.017 ppb or 0.054 gg/m . The odor recognition level is 10.5 to 210 mg/m (ref. 3). Benzene participates to a very limited degree in photooxidation reactions (ref. 3). Benzene has been Identified 1n at least one drinking water supply in the United States In concentrations as high as 10 vq/l (ref. 13). There Is a strong indication that plants may perform a major role in the degradation and synthesis of benzene in the environment (ref. 52). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzene is an acute and chronic poison. It 1s absorbed through the skin, but most often poisoning occurs through inhalation. The rate of absorption of benzene through the skin has been reported to be 0.4 mg/on /hr (ref. 53). It 1s estimated that 50 percent to 70 percent of benzene inhaled may be absorbed through the lungs (ref. 53). In acute poisoning, benzene acts as a narcotic. Chronic poisoning Is characterized by damage to the blood-forming tissues and changes in body organs, including the lymph nodes (ref. 54). Inhalation of 210 ppm has resulted in blood disorders for exposed workers (refs. 4,2,9). Benzene can induce chromosomal aberrations in humans (ref. 54). Benzene is listed in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/MIOSH ordering number is 7222. Inhalation of 2,100 mg/m for 4 years has resulted 1n cancer in an exposed worker, and large doses of benzene painted repeatedly on the skin of mice have resulted in some incidence of skin carcinomas. TDLO'S assoc'iated w'itn tnese tests are extremely high and are probably not indicative of the true carcinogenic potential of benzene. An epidemiological study conducted by NIOSH indicates that the incidence of leukemia in workers exposed to benzene Is at least five times the expected incidence (ref. 54). Benzene is toxic to aquatic life: 96 hour - TLmIIO-100 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: 30 mg/m (10 ppm). ACGIH classified benzene as an Occupational Substance Suspected of Oncogen1c Potential for workers. (Evidence linking benzene to leukemia was limited at the time the TLV was established.) Benzene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. Benzene is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document (ref. 55). The Labor Department has issued emergency temporary standards limiting worker exposure to benzene to 1 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average concentration, with a ceiling level of 5 ppm for any 15-minute period during the 8-hour day (ref. 54). The emergency standard is based on conclusive evidence that exposure to benzene presents a leukenia hazard (ref. 54). The standard also prohibits repeated or prolonged skin exposure to liquid benzene. /IINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A"1r, Health: 3.0 x 103 ug/m3 Water. Health: 15 x 3.0 x 103 * 4.5 x 104 vg/l Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 104 « 90 i.g/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 « 1.0 x 10 Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 « 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC • 103 x 30/420 = 71.4 ug/m3 EPC 'AHla 10/420 - 0.024 ppm EPCHH1 EPC 'UH2 15 x 71.4 13.8 x 30 1.071 ug/t 414 \,g(t EPC\|H - 0.002 x 414 • 0.83 ng/g 7.1 ,,q/m3 "LH EPCAC, « 10J x 3/420 EPCH£1 « 50 x 10 * 500 ug/l EPCLE * 0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g EPC. •LC • 15 x 7.1 • 107 ug/i 0.002 x 107 - 0.21 E-144 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 15 BENZENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fg/irr (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Bast Technology A. E xii ting Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technolouy Engineering Ettimatet (R&D Goali) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 3.0E3 4.5E4 9.0E1 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goel* Bated on Health Effects 7.1 107 0.21 Bated on Ecological Effects 500 1 C. Elimination of Diicharge Natural Background* 0.054 lot •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. pa/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I ------- CATEGORY: 15 TOLUENE; CjHg (methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane). A clear, colorless liquid; sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor. 14.5 WLN: IR STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 92.13; mp: -96; bp: 110.6. 14.5 Insoluble In water; vap. press.: 36.7 mm at 30° C; vap. d: 3.14. d: 0.8669 20. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Toluene Is a constituent of coal tar; It 1s generally associated with benzene and xylene. Rural concen- tration In air 1s reported as 3.0 to 18.2 ppbc (0.4 to 2.6 ppb, or 1.5 to 9.8 vg/m ) (ref. 1). Odor recognition level Is reported as 1.03 to 140 ug/m3 (0.27 to 37 ppb) (ref. 3) and the odor threshold level, 2.14 ppm (8 mg/m3) (ref. 29). Toluene participates to a limited extent 1n photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3). Toluene has been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 11 ug/t (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Acute poisoning may result from exposure to high concentrations of toluene; a narcotic effect 1s produced. Human death has resulted from exposure to 10.000 ppm (ref. 4). Toluene 1s more acutely toxic than benzene; however, severe blood disorders of the type associated with benzene are not reported. Inhalation of 100 ppm has resulted In psychological effects and 200 ppm has affected the central nervous system In humans (ref. 2). Irritative effects to eyes, mucous membranes, and the upper respiratory tract have resulted from exposure to 200 to 500 ppm (ref. 56). Toluene may be absorbed through the skin as well as by Inhalation (ref. 56), although the Inhalation route 1s far more Important. There 1s evidence to Indicate that at equilibrium, the average toluene concentration per liter of blood 1s 2.4 mg for each 100 ppm toluene In the environmental air (ref. 57). The biological half-life for toluene Is reported to be 0.083 days (ref. 20). LD5Q Coral, rat): 5,000 tag/kg. LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4.000 ppm for 4 hours. Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). Concentrations of 0.25 mg/i can cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC HEOULATION; TLV » 375 mg/m3 (100 ppm). Toluene 1s on EPA's Consent Decree Priority III List. Toluene Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to toluene 1s 100 ppm as an 8-hour per work day time-weighted average. A celling value of 200 ppm 1s reconnended (ref. 56). Toluene 1s on the First Priority Chemicals List of Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 3.75 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm) Hater. Health: 15 x 3.75 x 105 • 5.6 x 106 ug/i A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 * 1 x 103 Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.6 x 10° • 1.1 x 10* ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1 x 10J • 2 vg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 ' lt)3 x 375/420 ' 893 u9/m3 EPCAHla " 100/4ZO " 0-24ppm EPCWH1 • !5 x 893 • 13,400 ug/l EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 375 " 5t200 "9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 5,200 - 10 ug/g EPCHE1 - 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t EPCWE2 " 25° U9/" ^to P"**" tainting) EPCLE • 0.002 x 250 • 0.5 ug/g E-146 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 15 TOLUENE Air, ng/irP (ppm Vol) Water, ng/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1 . Bawd on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.75E5 (100) 5.6E6 1.1E4 Based on Ecological Effect! 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal' Bated on Health Effects 893 (0.24) 5,200 1.0 Based on Ecological Effectt 250 0.5 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 1.5 to 9.8 lit •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bind on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 893 (0.24) 5,200 10 B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! 250 0.5 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect! tDrinking water supplies. E-147 ------- CATEGORY: 15 ETHYL BENZENE: C (ethyl benzol, phenylethane). WLN: 2R STRUCTURE: A colorless liquid; aromatic odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: vap. press.: 106.16; rap: -94.9; bp: 136.2; d: 0.8669; 10 mn at 25.9°; vap. d: 3.66; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Rural concentration 1n air 1s reported as 0.5 to 1.6 ppbc (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.06-0.20 ppb » 0.3-0.87 ug/m . Urban concentrations as high as 111 ppbc (13.9 ppb, or 60 vg/m ) have been reported (ref. 1). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Ethyl benzene 1s an Irritant to mucous membranes, skin, and eyes; and a narcotic 1n high concentrations. It Is the most severe skin Irritant of the benzene series. A concentration of 200 ppm causes eye Irritation and gives warning of dangerous concentrations (refs. 4, 57). A concentration of 100 ppm for 8 hours caused Irrita- tive effects 1n a human (ref. 2). It 1s absorbed through the skin as well as through the lungs. No chronic effects of exposure are reported. UD50 (oral, rat): 3.500 rag/kg. LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm for 4 hours. Aquatic toxlcity: TUn 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). Concentrations of: <0.25 mg/t can cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 435 mg/m3 (100 ppm). On EPA's Consent Decree Priority III List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 4.35 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 4.35 x 105 • 6.5 x 106 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.5 x 10° • 1.3 x 10* ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 100 x 10 « 1.0 x 10J ug/t 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC 'AH1 'AHla 10J x 435/420 -1,040 ug/mj > 100/420 • 0.24 ppm EPCWH1 * 1S * 1»040 " 15'600 EPCjfltt " 13.8 x 435 • 6,000 ug/i EPCLH ' 0-002 x 6,000 • 12 wg/g EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 « 500 ug/t EPC,.,- * 250 ug/i (to prevent tainting) EPC.p • 0.002 x 250 - O.S ug/g E-148 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 15 ETHYL BENZENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, tig/g (ppm Wt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B, Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.35E5 (100) 6.5E6 1.3E4 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 1,040 (0.24) 6,000 12 Bated on Ecological Effects 250 0.5 C. Elimination of Ditch ar g* Natural Background* 0.3 to 0.87 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, «j/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 1,040 (0.24) 6,000 12 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 250 0.5 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-149 ------- CATEGORY: 15 WLN: L56T&J 1NOAN; CgH1Q Chydrindene). STRUCTURE: A colorless liquid. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 118.19; mp: -51.4; bp: 176; d: 0.964; Insoluble In water; solubility nay be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Indan is present in coal tar. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: LOL() Coral, rat): 5,000 mg/kg. Indan may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Indan Is not included In the compounds tested thus far for carcinogenic activity (ref. 60). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 5.000 - 2.25 x 105 ug/m3 Air. Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 105 « 3.4 x 106 ug/l Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.4 x 106 • 6.8 x 103 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 5,000 • 535 ug/m3 EPCAH3 -0.081 x 5,000 • 405 ug/m3 EPCym - 15 x 4.05 x 103 • 6,000 ug/t EPCWH2 " °'4 5'000 * 2'000 "9" EPCLH • 0.002 x 2.000 - 4 Mg/9 E-150 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 15 INDAN EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) 1 . Based on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.25E5 3.4E6 6.8E3 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal Bawd on Health Effects 405 2,000 4 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ug/l (ppm Wt) Land, jiQ/tl (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 405 2,000 4 B. Bated on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-151 ------- CATEGORY: 15 WLN: L56 BHO INDENE: -CgH8 (indonaphthene). STRUCTURE: A colorless liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 116.2; mp: -1.8; bp: 181.6; d: 0.996; insoluble in water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Indene is found in coal tar. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: LDLo (subcutaneous, rat): 1,000 rag/kg. Serious systemic responses my result from exposure to high concentrations of Indene absorbed primarily through inhalation (ref. 4). The epoxide is considered inactive as a skin carcinogen in animals (ref. 59). Indene may be present in soot, coal tar. and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 45 ng/m3 (10 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 4.5 x 104 pg/m3 (10 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 104 - 6.75 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 105 - 1.35 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 " 1C\|3 * 45/42° " 107 EPCAHla " 10/4ZO " °'024 ppm EPCWH1 " 15 x 107 * 1-605 EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 45 ' 6Z1 "9/1 EPCLH - 0.002 x 621 • 1.2 ug/g E-152 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 15 INDENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/rrP (ppm Vol) Water. figl\ (ppm Wt) Land. »ig/g (ppm Wt) I, Bated on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. 8PT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factor! A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.5E4 (10) 6.75E5 1.4EO Based on Ecological Effectt B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 107 (0.024) 621 1.2 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, ug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd en Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 107 (0.024) 621 1.2 B. Bated on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-153 ------- CATEGORY: 15 WIN: RR BIPHEHYL: C12H1Q (bibenzene, dlphenyl, phenylbenzene, PH). STRUCTURE: White or colorless scales; pleasant odor. 20 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 154.2; mp: 71; bp: 2S5.9; d: 0.8660 1.989677; vap.d: 5.31; vap. press: 1 ran at 70.6°; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Blphenyl Is produced by thermal dehydrogenatlon of benzene (ref. 57). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Reported effects resulting from exposure to blphenyl Include Irritation and Injury to respiratory passages; no chronic effects are documented (ref. 4). Exposure by Inhalation to 4,400 ug/m3 caused Irritative effects 1n a human (ref. 2). LD5Q (oral, rat): 3.280 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV = 1 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.0 x 103 ug/m3 (0.2 ppra) Hater, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 • 1.5 x 104 gg/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC 'AH1 - 10° x 1/420 • 2.4 EPC AHla °-2/420 ' 0.0005 ppm EPCWH1 * 1S x 2-4 • 36 ug/l - 13.8 x 1 • 13.8 wg/t 0.002 x 13.8 • 0.03 i,g/g E-154 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 15 BIPHENYL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/rn^ (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) I . Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.D Goali) - II. Based on Ambient F acton A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect* 1.0E3 (0.2) 1.5E4 3.0E1 Bated on Ecological EHectj B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Bated on Health Effect! 2.4 (5.0E-4) 13.8 0.03 Bated on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. fig/m* (ppm Vol) Water, «\|/l (ppm Wt) Land, jsg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Be led on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 2.4 (0.0005) 13.8 0.03 8. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-155 ------- ortho- meta- CATEGORY: 15 XYLENES: CgH10 (dimethylbenzene. xylol). A mobile, flammable liquid. m-xylene: colorless liquid. o-xylene: colorless liquid. p-xylene: colorless plates or prisms at low temperature. PROPERTIES: m-xylene o-xylene p-xylene NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Xylenes include meta, ortho, and para structures. The meta Isomer predominates in mixtures. The odor threshold in air for p-xylene is 0.47 ppm (2 mg/m ) (ref. 29). Rural background concentrations are reported as follows (ref. 1): Rural Concentration 1RD Hoi. wt 106.2 106.2 106.2 PPb ppb; 0. ; 1 0. 6-5. .9-3 3-0. 2 .8 9 ug/m3) ug/m ) wg/n ) All three Isomers nave been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies in concentrations less than 5 ug/i (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Xylenes are absorbed through skin as well as by inhalation (ref. 9). They may be narcotic in high concentrations. Chronic toxicity is not well known, but xylenes are considered less toxic than benzene (ref. 24). Effects of exposure to xylenes may be similar to effects from toluene but with a higher degree of toxicity (ref. 4). Concentrations of 200 ppm Is irritating to eyes, nose, and throat (refs. 4, 57). Since occurrence of xylenes Is generally associated with benzene, the specific toxic potential of xylenes is difficult to isolate. n-xylene o-xylene p-xylene xylene (mixture) LD50 (oral, rat) 5,000 mg/kg 5.000 mg/kg 5.000 mg/kg 4.300 mg/kg LCLo (inhalation, rat) 8,000 ppm/4 hours 6,700 ppm/4 hours LCLo (inhalation, mouse) 6,920 ppm 3,460 ppm Aquatic toxicity TLra96: 100-10 ppm TLm96: 100-10 ppm TU96: 100-10 ppm REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 435 mg/m3 (100 ppm). Xylene is the subject of a NIOSH criteria document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to xylene is 100 ppm as a 10-hour-workday, time-weighted average. A ceiling of 200 ppm is reconnended. (Xylene as used in the document refers to any one of a combination of the Isomers of xylene) (ref. 61). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 4.35 x 105 pg/m3 (100 ppm) Hater, Health: 15 x 4,35 x 105 • 6.5 x 106 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.5 x 106 - 1.3 x 104 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 1.0 x 10 ,3 ? 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 « 103 x 435/420 EPC •AHla 100/420 1.040 ug/mj 0.24 ppm EPCWH1 " 1S * 1i04° " 15'600 EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 435 - 6.000 ug/t 12 ug/g EPCLH « 0.002 x 6.000 EPCH£1 • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t EPCWE2 " 25° M9'1 ^To Prevent tainting) EPCL£ - 0.002 x 250 -0.5 ug/g E-156 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 15 XYLEIMES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,j,g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicify Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.35E5 (100) 6.5E6 1.3E4 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Heal* Effects 1 ,040 (0.24) 6,000 12 Based on Ecological Eftectt 250 0.5 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' 0.3 to 5.2 <5t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS o Air, /«g/m (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 1,040 (0.24) 6,000 12 B. Based on Ecological Effect! 250 0.5 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tDrinking water supplies. E-157 ------- CATEGORY: 15 WIN: L66+TJ STRUCTURE: TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE: C10H12 (tetralln, tetrallne). A colorless liquid; menthol odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular Ut.: 132.2; mp: -35.79; bp: 207.57. 79.3610; d: 0.9707; vap. press: 1 inn at 38°; vap. d: 4.55; Insoluble in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Tetrahydronaphthalene is produced by the catalytic hydrogenst1on of naphthalene (ref. 57). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Tetrahydronaphthalene 1s an irritant in low concentrations. Narcotic effects result from exposure to high concentrations (ref. 9). LOM (oral, rat): 2,860 mg/kg. LC, (inhalation, guinea pig): 275 ppm for 8 hours for 17 days. Aquatic toxicity: TLm96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUIATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 45 x 2860 • 1.3 x 105 gg/ra3 Hater. Health: 15 x 1.3 x 105 • 2.0 x 106 gg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 10° • 4.0 x 103 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 gg/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 gg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 2.860 • 306 ug/m3 EPCAH3 " °-081 x 2>86° " 232 EPCyH1 • 15 x 232 • 3,480 wg/l EPCWH2 " °-4 x 2'860 " 1>14 EPCLH - 0.002 x 1.140 • 2.3 Mg/g EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 « 500 wg/l EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g E-158 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 15 TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/irP (ppm Vol) Water. tg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) I. Bated on Bett Technology A. Existing Standardi NSPS. BPT. BAT B Ddmlaping Tnchnoloqy Engineering Ettimatet (R&O Goali) II. Bated on Ambient Factor A. Minimum Acutt Tonieity Effluent Baud on Hmlth Elfecn 1.3E5 2.0E6 4.0E3 Bated on Ecoloojcal Effacti 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambnnt Unl God* Baud on H«illh Effwu 232 1,140 2.3 Bmdon Ecological Effacti 500 1 C. Elimination of Ditch arg* Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/1 (ppmWt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! 232 1,140 2.3 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on HaaHh Effacti E-159 ------- CATEGORY: 16A WfcN: GR CHLOROBENZENE: CgHjCl (phenyl chloride). STRUCTURE: A colorless liquid, faint, not unpleasant odor. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 112.56; mp: -45.6; bp: 131-132; d: 1.1058; vap. d: 3.88; vap. press: 10 mn at 22°; solubility In water: 49 mg/100 ml at 20°C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Odor threshold level for chlorobenzene 1s reported as 0.21 ppm (ref. 29). Chlorobenzene has been found In samples of U.S. drinking water supplies at levels of less than 5 ug/l (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Chlorobenzene 1s a central nervous system depressant and may affect the liver and kidneys (ref. 62). It has only sl-1ght Irritant qualities (ref. 9). A narcotic effect was observed when animals were exposed to concentrations of chlorobenzene above 1,200 ppra (ref. 4). Little Information 1s available on human effects from repeated exposure to sub- narcotic concentrations (ref. 9). LDgQ (oral, rat): 2,910 mg/kg. Aquatic toxlcity: TUn96: 100-1 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV 350 mg/m3 (75 ppm). Chlorobenzene Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority 2 List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 3.50 x 105 ug/m3 (75 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 > 5.25 x 106 wg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.25 x 106 • 1.05 x 104 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 -100 ug/i Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH, • ID3 x 350/420 • 830 Hg/m3 EPC 'AHla 75/420 - 0.18 ppm EPCWH1 " 1S x 83° " 12'500 " EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 35° " 4f83° EPCLH • 0.002 x 4,830 -9.7 »g/g EPCWE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/l EPCLE • 0.002 x so - o.l ug/g E-160 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 16A CHLOftOBENZENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, f/g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/l (ppm Wt) Land, /jg/9 (ppmWt) 1 . Based on Bait Technology A. Existing Stamfords NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Dovotoping Technology Enginnering Estimates (R8.D Goalf) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.50E5 (75) 5.25E6 1.05E4 Bated on Ecological Effect! 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 830 (0.18) 4,830 9.7 Bated on Ecological Effeeb - 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 5t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/l {ppm Wt) Land, jjo/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 830 (0.18) 4,830 9.7 B. Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect) , tDrinking water supplies. E-161 ------- CATEGORY: ISA 1.2-DICHLORQBENZENE: CgH4Cl2, (o-dichlorobenzene). A colorless liquid. WLN: GR BG STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 147.01;mp: -17; bp: 180; d: 1.3048; Vap. d: 5.07; vap. press: 1.56 mm at 25°; Insoluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The odor of o-dlchlorobenzene may be detected at 50 ppm (300 mg/m ) (ref. 62). o-01chlorobenzene has been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies in a concentration of 1 wg/i (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Toxlcity of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is similar to that of other aromatic chloro compounds; however, the o-isomer of dlchlorobenzene is somewhat more toxic than the m- or p-forms. It causes central nervous system depression, can Injure the liver and kidneys, and 1s Irritating to skin and mucous membranes (ref. 9). Exposure to concentrations above 90 ppm affected test animals (ref. 4). LCj_0 (inhalation, rat): 707 ppm for 7 hours. LDLo (°ra1> 9uinea Pig); 2,000 mg/kg. Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr TLm (for mixed dlchlorobenzene Isomers): 10 to < 1 ppm (ref. 2). A concentration of 0.25 mg/i of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is reported to cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV » 300 mg/m3 (50 ppm). On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 3.0 x 105 wg/m3 (50 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 3 x 10S * 4.5 x 106 ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 106 • 9.0 x 103 ug/g Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 ug Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC^ « 103 x 300/420 EPC 714 ug/mj 50/420 • 0.12 ppm 15 x 714 « 10,700 ug/i EPCHH2 ' 13.8 x 300 • 4.140 aq/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 4.140 • 8.3 ug/g EPCyE1 « 50 x 1 ' 50 ug/i EPC^ « 250 ug/l EPCLE - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g E-162 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 16A V7UAL3 Air, iig/nP (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, MS/9 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates IR&D Goals) - 1,2-DICH LOROBENZENE II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.0E5 (50) 4.5E6 9.0E3 Based on Ecological Effect! 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Lent Goat" Bawd on Health Effects 714 (0.12) 4,140 8.3 Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* It •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, (ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/n (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 714 (0.12) 4,140 8.3 B. Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tDrinking water supplies. E-163 ------- WLN: GR OG STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 16A 1.4-OICHLOROBENZENE: CgH4C12 (p-D1chlorobenzene). Volatile crystals with characteristic, penetrating odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 147.01; mp: 53; bp: 174; d: 1.2884; vap. d: 5.07; vap. press: 10 ran at 55°; insoluble In water; sublimes at ordinary temperatures. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The odor threshold level is 15-30 ppm (90-180 rag/m ) in air (ref. 62). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has been found in a concentration of 1 ug/t in samples of U.S. drinking water supplies (ref. 13). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Vapors of 1,4-dichlorobenzene can cause Irritation to skin, throat, and eyes; repeated exposure to high concentrations may cause liver injury and central nervous system depression (refs. 24, 62). Ingestion of 300 mg/kg by a human has resulted in unspecified toxic effects (ref. 2). LDgQ (oral, rat): 500 mg/kg. Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr. TLm for mixed dlchlorobenzene isomers: 10 to < 1 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 450 mg/m3 (75 ppm). On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 4.5 x 105 wg/m3 (75 ppm) Water. Health: 15 x 4.5 x 105 • 6.75 x 106 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 10 - 1.35 x 10 yg/g 6 - * Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 * 100 ug/t Land, Ecology: O.C02 x 100 * 0.2 »g/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: it-* [PC, •AHl EPC 10J x 450/420 • 1.070 i.g/mj •AHla " 75/42° " °-18 ppm • 15 x 1.070 • 16.100 ug/e. EPCHH2 * 13'8 x 45° ' 6'210 "9/l EPCLH » 0.002 x 6.210 • 12 ug/g EPCyE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/1 EPCL£ - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g E-164 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 16A 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, Aig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. M9/1 (ppmWtl Land, jjg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Exitting Standard* NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimatai (H&D Goal!) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent BaMdon Health Effect! 4.5E5 (75) 6.75E6 1.35E4 Bund on Ecological Effect! 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Lewi Goal' Based on Health Effect! 1,070 (0.18) 6,210 12 Bawd on Ecological Effect! - 50 0.1 C. Elimination of DiKharge Natural Background* It •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m (ppm Vol) Water. MO/1 (ppmWt) Land, V9/9 (pnmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Baled on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 1,070 (0.18) 6,210 12 B. Baiad on Ecological Effect! 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect! tDrinking water supplies, E-165 ------- CATEGORY: 16A 2-CHLOROTOLUENE: CyHjCl (o-chlorotoluene. 1 methyl-2- chlorobenzene, o-tolyl chloride). A colorless liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 126.59; mp: -35.1;bp: 159.15; d: 1.0825; vap. press: 10 ran at 46.2°; slightly soluble in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Toxldty of 2-Chlorotoluene Is similar to that of other aromatic chloro compounds. Animal exposure to concentrations above 1,000 ppm has resulted In narcotic effects (see ref. 4). LD50 (oral, rat): > 1,600 mg/kg (ref. 4). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 250 mg/tn (50 ppm) based on analogy with other chlorinated benzenes. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 2.5 x 105 ug/ra3 (50 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 105 • 3.75 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 106 - 7.5 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCftH1 • 103 x 250/420 • 600 ug/m3 EPCAHla " SO/42° " °'12 ppm EPCWH1 ' IS x 600 • 9,000 EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 2SO " 3450 EPCLH " 0'002 x 3'4SO " 1 U9 E-166 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 16A 2-CHLOROTOLUENE Air,pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Sundirdi NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ettimates (R&D Goali) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxlclty Effluent Bated on Health Effects 2.5E5 (50) 3.75E6 7.5E3 Based on Ecological Effect! - B. Ambient Lewi Goal- Bawd on Health Effects 600 (0.12) 3,450 7 Batadon Ecological Effect C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air.pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, MB/fl (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effect* II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 600 (0.12) 3,450 7 B. Bated on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baaed on Health Effects E-167 ------- ci. CATEGORY: 16A WLN: (PCB's) POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS: C12C1n (aroclors). STRUCTURE! Depending on the degree of halogenation, polychlorinated biphenyls vary from colorless, oily liquids to black resins. PROPERTIES: bp: 278-475; slightly soluble in water; 100 to 1,000 ug/t (ref. 28). The density, boiling point, and melting point increase with chlorine content (ref. 33); soluble in lipids (ref. 33). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Polychlorinated biphenyls are produced by the chlorination of biphenyl. They are remarkably stable and resist attack by water, acids, and bases. They are not easily biodegraded (ref. 29). Biphenyls may have 1 to 10 attached chlorine atoms, making possible over 200 compounds (ref. 28). Concentrations of PCB's ranging from 2.0-2.8 ug/t in the Milwaukee River have been reported; concentration In Lake Michigan Is reported as 0.01 ug/t (ref. 33). It is estimated that 41 to 45 percent of the general population of the United States have PCS levels of 1.0 mg/kg or higher In adipose tissue (ref. 28). PCB's are not believed to be naturally occurring compounds, but are manufactured as mixtures containing specified amounts of chlorine. Such mixtures are referred to by the trademark name Aroclors followed by a four-digit number; the last two digits of the number indicate the percentage of chlorine. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Exposure to PCB's can cause acne, respiratory tract Irritation and liver Injury (ref. 4). PCB's are considered to be cumulative poisons, and they may be absorbed through the skin (ref. 4). Workers exposed to 0.1 mg/m3 of the vapors of Aroclor 1242 experienced effects (ref. 4). Animal studies indicate that acute toxiclty of the PCB's varies with the specific mixture. Mixture Aroclor 1221 Aroclor 1232 Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1248 \JJRn (oral, rat Su1n mg/kg 3.980 4,470 4,250 11,000 Mixture Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 Aroclor 1262 LD,n (oral , rat) suin mg/kg 1,295 1,315 11,300 Mixture Aroclor 1268 Aroclor 2565 Aroclor 4465 LD5n (oral, rat) 3U1n mg/kg 10,900 6,310 16,000 Polychlorinated biphenyls have produced carcinogenic responses in rats and mice. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for PCB's considered collectively is 4212. The lowest dosage to produce a carcinogenic effect is 1,200 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 3.5. Aquatic Toxiclty: The cumulative potential of PCB's is of great concern in considering toxiclty to aquatic life. PCB's at 0.01 ug/t in water have been known to accumulate in fish up to 200,000 times the water concentration. 96-hr TLm's range generally between 1 and 10 ug/t (ref. 33). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: 0.5 mg/ia (for chlorodiphenyls containing 542 chlorine) TLV: 1 mg/m (for chlorodiphenyls containing 42S chlorine) Polychlorinated biphenyls are on EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. Completion of NIOSH criteria document of PCB's is scheduled for 1977 (ref. 2). EPA 1976 water quality criteria (proposed): 0.001 ug/t for freshwater and marine aquatic life and for consumers thereof (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria: 0.002 ug/i for protection of aquatic life. PCB concen- trations In whole fish should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg of the wet weight for protection of fish-eating birds and mammals (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health:500 ug/m3 Water. Health: 15 x 500 • 7.5 x 103 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 103 • 15 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1.2 ug/m3 EPCHH1 • 15 x 1.2 • 18 >;g/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °-5 " 7 "9/1 EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water. Ecology: 5 x 0.001 • 0.005 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 0.005 « 1 x 10~5 ug/g EPCHES • 0.001 ug/t EPCLE « 0.002 x 0.001 - 2 x 10"6 ug/g E-168 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 16A POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's) Air, iug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppfflWt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&O Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.0E2 7.5E3 1.5E1 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E-3 l.OE-5 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 1-2 7 0.014 Based on Ecological Effects 0.001 2x1 O"6 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0 0 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.ug/rn3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Baled on Ecological Effects 0.001 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 1.2 7 0.014 B. Bated on Ecological Effect! 2xlO"6 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Hearth Effects E-169 ------- CATEGORY: 168 g-CHLOROTOLUENE: CjHyCI (benzyl chloride). A colorless liquid with an unpleasant. Irritating odor. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: ,20 126.59; rap: -43; bp: 179.3; WLN: G1R STRUCTURE: d: 1.102\|g; vap. d: 4.36; vap. press: 11 nra at 66°; Insoluble 1n water NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS! a-Chlorotoluene decomposes when heated 1n the presence of Iron (ref. 24). The odor threshold In air for benzyl chloride 1s reported as 0.047 ppm or 0.24 mg/in (ref. 29). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: a-Chlorotoluene Is highly Irritating to eyes and upper respiratory tract. At 16 ppm (83 mg/m ) for 1 minute, It Is Intolerable to man (ref. 4). LD5Q (oral, rat): 1.231 mg/kg. LC5Q (Inhalation, rat): 150 ppm for 2 hours. a-Chlorotoluene appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/N10SH ordering number 1s 4101. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 2100 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering nunber 1s 1.9. Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV - 5 mg/m3 (1 ppm). On Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 11). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 5.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm) Hater. Health: 15 x 5 x 103 • 7.5 x 10* ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 * 1.50 ug/g Air. Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 ug/t 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC.U1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 Hg/m3 EPC AHla 1/420 • 0.002 ppm EPCVIH1 • 15 x 12 • 180 ug/i EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 5 ' 69 U9/1 EPC^ • 0.002 x 69 • 0.14 «g/g EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 1.9) • 88 ug/m3 EPCyj. • 15 x 88 • 1.320 ug/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 1.320 • 2.6 ug/g EPCHE1 " 50 x 50 EPCLE • 0.002 x so « o.l ug/g E-170 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 16B a-CHLOROTOLUENr EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. jig/m3 (ppmVol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land.fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS,BPT.BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering EitlnwlM (R&DGoali) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxidty EffliMitt Bated on Health Effects 5.0E3 0) 7.5E4 1.50EO Bated on Ecological Effect* 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Bawd on Health Effects 12 (0.002) 69 0.14 Bawd on Eeotogicat Effaco 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural flacfcnrDunrf* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.M9/m3 (ppmVol) WMw,pg/l (ppmWt) tmd,fio/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard or Criteria A. Buadon Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 12 (0.002) 69 0.14. B. Bated on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants BaeWa on HMnn Efftctt 88 1,320 2.6 E-171 ------- CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR NITROBENZENE; CgHgNOg. STRUCTURE: A colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid or bright yellow crystals with odor similar to volatile oil of almonds. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 123; mp: 6; bp: 210-11; d: 1205; vap. press.: Inn at 44.4; vap. d: 4.25; soluble in about 500 parts water; volatile with steam. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; All nltro compounds are potentially explosive. The odor threshold 1n air for nitrobenzene Is 0.0047 ppm or 23 wg/m3 (ref. 29). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Nitrobenzene Is toxic by Ingestlon and by Inhalation. It Is readily absorbed through the skin. Effects of exposure Include cyanosis, methenogloblnenrla, and central nervous system effects (ref. 24). A woman Is reported to have experienced blood effects as a result of Ingesting 200 ing/kg of nitrobenzene (ref. 2). LD^ Coral, dog): 750 mg/kg. LOLo (oral, rabbit): 700 mg/kg. Aquatic toxlclty: Tin 96: 100-10 ppm. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REPUTATION: Nitrobenzene 1s on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. TLV • 5 ng/n3 (1 ppm) skin. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r. Health: 5.0 x 103 yg/m3 (1 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 5.0 x 103 - 7.5 x 104 yg/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 • 150 yg/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 yg/t Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 yg/m3 1/420 • 0.002 ppm • 15 x 12 • 180 ug/t EPCHHE 13'8 x 5 " " u^t 0.002 x 69 - 0.14 yg/g EPCHE1 - 50 x 10 - 500 yg/t EPCL£ • 0.002 x 500 • 1 wg/g E-172 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 17 NITROBENZENE Air, iig/m (ppm Vol) Water, MS/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.0E3 (1) 7.5E4 1.5E2 Based on Ecological Effect! 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Lent Goal* Beted on Health Effects 12 (0.002) 69 0.14 Bawd on Ecological 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,ug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jug/I (ppmWt) Land, MO/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Beted on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effects 12 (0.002) 69 0.14 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissfcle Concentration Beted on Health Effects E-173 ------- CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR DR 4-NITROBIPHENYL: C12HN02 (p-n1trob1phenyl, 4-n1trod1phenyl ). STRUCTURE: Crystallizes as yellow needles from ethanol. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 199; mp: 114-114.5; bp: 340 at 760 mm; Insoluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 4-N1trob1pheny1 Is reduced in the presence of activated Iron to the corresponding a mine. All nltro compounds are potentially explosive. There 1s evidence that 4-n1trob1pheny1 Is metabolized In vivo to 4-am1nob1phenyl, a highly carcinogenic aromatic amlne (ref. 44). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: LD^ Coral, rat): 2,230 rag/kg. 4-Nltroblphenyl 1s recognized as one of the more potent human bladder carcinogens (ref. 4). Human bladder cancer has been linked with occupational exposure. In high concentrations (5,500 rag/kg), the compound has produced bladder cancer 1n dogs (refs. 2,43). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 4>n1trob1phenyl 1s 7212. Considering carcinogenic potential of 4-nltroblphenyl together with that of Its metabolite, 4-am1nod1phenyl, the EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7526, and the lowest dosage resulting 1n an oncogenlc response Is 140 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number for the compounds considered collectively Is 54. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: 4-nltrodlphenyl Is classified by ACGIH as a human carcinogen. No TLV has been assigned; because of the high Incidence of cancer, no exposure by any route should be permitted. 4-nltrodlphenyl 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). 4-n1trod1phenyl Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 17). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104/54 • 1.3 x 103 ng/rn3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 - 2.0 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 10* - 40 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 " °'107 x 2'230 " 239 "9/n\|3 EPCAH3 " °-081 * 2>23° * 18° uS/a\|3 EPCUH1 " 1S x 18° * 2>70° EPCWH2 " °'4 x 2>23° " 89° 0.002 x 890 - 2 ug/g EPCAC2 • 10/(6 x 54) - 3 wg/m3 15 x 3 • 45 wg/l 0.002 x 45 • 0.1 wg/g r -if A ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS X 1.7 4-IMITROBIPHENYL Air.pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. M9/1 (ppmWt) Land.pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exiiting Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eftimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.3E3 2.0E4 4.0E1 Based on Ecological Effect) B. Ambient U»el Goal* Bawd on Health Effects 3 45 0.1 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.Mfl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. MO/1 (ppmWt) Land, pg/g, (pprnWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Band on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 180 890 2 B. Baied on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 3 45 0.1 E-I75 ------- CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR BG l-CmORO-2-NITROBENZENE: CgH^Cl (o-chloronltrobenzene). STRUCTURE: Yellow crystals. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 157.6; mp: 32-33; bp: 245-246; d: 1.305; insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All nitro compounds are potentially explosive. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Intoxication from l-chloro-2-nltrobenzene may be serious. It can cause poisoning by the pulmonary route, and its effects are cumulative. Cyanosis and blood changes also occur. This compound Is more toxic than its para isomer (ref. 9). L050 (oral, rat): 288 mg/kg. Aquatic toxicity: TLw 96: 1,000-100 ppm. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 288 - 1.3 x 104 Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 104 • 2.0 x 105 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 105 • 400 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 104 \>q/L Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 - 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 ' °'107 « 288 - 31 ug/ai3 EPCAH3 ' 0-081 x 288 • 23 ug/ra3 EPCWH1 ' 15 " 23 • 345 ug/l EPCWHZ ' 0.4 X 288 • 115 ug/t tPCLH - 0.002 x 115 • 0.2 ug/g EPCWE1 - 50 x 100 - 5,000 ug/t EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 « 10 ug/g E-176 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 17 1-CHLOR6-2-NITROBENZEN E EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Wattr. jig/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.3E4 2.0E5 4.0E2 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 23 115 0.2 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Haalth Effects B. Baud on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 23 115 0.2 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Based on Health Effects E-177 ------- CATEGORY: 17 NITROTOLUENES: 2-nitrotoluene: 3-nitrotoluene: 4-nitrotoluene: (methylnitrobenzenes). yellow liquid. liquid. yellowish crystals. 2-Nitrotoluene (o-nitrotoluene) WLN: WNR B; WNR C; UNR D STRUCTURE: 3-Nitrotoluene (m-nitrotoluene) 4-Nitrotoluene (p-nltrotoluene) PROPERTIES: 2-nitro toluene 3-n1tro toluene 4-nltro toluene NATURAL OCD Hol. wt. 137.13 137.13 137.13 LJRRENCE. RIP -10 15.5 53-54 CHARAC bp 222 231.9 238 TERISTI 4° 1.163 1.157 1.286 CS. AS rfater Solubility insoluble 0.5 g/i water insoluble SOCIATED COMPOU vap. d 4.72 4.72 4.72 NDS: vap. press. 1 iim at 50° 1 urn at 50.2° 1 mm at 53.7" All nitro coapounds are potentially explosive. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The nitrotoluenes are low-grade methemoglobin formers; cases of poisoning are uncommon. They are signifi- cantly less toxic than nitrobenzene; however, the different isomers exhibit different levels of toxlcity (ref. 4). They can be absorbed through the Intact skin and the respiratory tract (ref. 45). 2- nitro toluene 3-nltrotoluene 4- nitro toluene LDgo (oral, rat) 891 rag/kg 1,072 rag/kg 2,144 mg/kg Aquatic toxlcity TLm 96: 100-10 ppnt REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 30 mg/ar (S ppm). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 3.0 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm) Hater, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 104 • 4.5 x 105 u Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 105 • 900 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 10J ug/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10J - 2 yg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 30/420 - 71 ug/m3 EPCftHU • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm EPC^j • 15 x 71 • 1,065 ug/i EPCWH2 • 13'8 x M • 414 "9/l LH • 0.002 x 414 - 0.8 ug/g EPCHE1 « 50 x 10 » 500 gg/t EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g E-178 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 17 V<->AL:> NITROTOLUENES Air, /ij/rn3 (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.0E4 (5) 4.5E5 9.0E2 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Lewi Goal Based on Health Effects 71 (0.01) 414 0.8 Based on Ecological Effects 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBI ENT LEVEL GOALS (ppm Vol) Water, uj/l (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 71 (0.01) 414 0.8 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Based on Heahn Effects E-179 ------- CATEGORY: 17 WLN: DINITROTOLUENES; CjHgN^. STRUCTURE: D1n1trotoluenes crystallize mainly In the form of yellow needles from ethanol or carbon disulfide. PROPERTIES: 2,6-D1n1trotoluene 3,4-D1n1trotoluene All Isomers NO, Hoi. wt. 182.14 182.14 182.14 mp 66 58.3 52-93 bo subl 1mes to 300"C d 1.283 1.259 1.259- 1.321 solubility Insoluble Insoluble to slightly soluble vap. d. 6.27 (for 2.4 Isomer) NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All nltro compounds are potentially explosive. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Toxic effects of dlnltrotoluenes are similar to those of other aromatic nltro compounds. It causes central nervous system and blood disorders (ref. 4). Dlnltrotoluenes may be absorbed through the skin. 2 , 3- dl nl troto 1 uene 2, 4-d1n1tro toluene 2 ,5-dlnl tro toluene 2, 6-d1n1tro toluene 3,4-dlnltrotoluene 3 , 5-dl nl trotol uene LD50 Coral, rat) 1,122 tag/kg 268 ing/ kg 707 ing/kg 177 rag/kg 177 ng/kg Aquatic toxldty TUn 96: 100-10 ppm Tim 96: 100-10 ppm TLm 96: 100-10 ppm TLm 96: 100-10 ppm TLm 96: 100-10 ppm REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Dlnltrotoluenes are on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. TLV - 1.5 mg/m3 (By analogy with limits recommended for nltro and dlnltro-benzenes). On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 1.5 x 103 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 • 2.25 x 104 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 104 - 45 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPC 103 x 1.5/420 -3.6 ug/ra3 'AMI £PCWH1 ' 15 x 3.6 - 54 ug/t EPCym - 13.8 x 1.5 - 21 ug/t EPCLH • °-002 x 21 • 0.04 ug/g EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t EPCLE « 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g E-180 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 17 DINITROTOLUENES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Mr.ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, ug/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.5E3 2.25E4 4.5E1 Based on Ecological Effeca 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effects 3.6 21 0.04 Based on Ecological Effect] 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,/J9/m (ppm Vol) Wattr, MO/1 (ppmWt) Land, ug/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Health Effects 3.6 21 0.04 B. Based on Ecological Effects 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-181 ------- CATEGORY: ISA WLN: QR STRUCTURE: O, PHENOL: CgHgOH (carbolic add, hydroxybenzene, oxybenzene, phenic acid, phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide). Colorless needles, characteristic odor; reddens on exposure to air and light. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 94.11; rap: 43; bp: 181.75; d: 1.072 at 20°/4°; vap. press.: 1 im at 40.1°C; vap. d: 3.24; soluble in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Q The odor threshold for phenol Is reported as 0.047 ppm or 180 ug/m (ref. 29}. Because of Its low volatility, however, phenol Is primarily of concern as a water contaminant rather than an air contaminant. Phenol Is obtained from coal tar (refs. 24, 63). If phenolic compounds are present in waters that are chlorinated for disinfection, chlorophenols may be formed (ref. 28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Phenol 1s absorbed through the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and through the skin. Acute and chronic poisoning may result from exposure. Chronic poisoning results In damage to the liver and kidney (ref. 9). Human ingestion of 14 mg/kg has resulted in gastrointestinal effects, and Ingestion of 140 mg/kg 1s reported to cause death to a human (ref. 2). LDSO (oral, rat): 414 mg/kg. Phenol 1s Included In the NIOSH list of suspected carcinogens. The N10SH ordering number Is 3121. The lowest TDL(J 1s 4,000 mg/kg; the adjusted ordering number 1s 0.78. There 1s no specific evidence of human cancer attributable to phenol (ref. 63). Experiments with Drosophilia have shown phenol to be highly mutagenic (ref. 64). Aquatic toxicity: TUn 96: 100-10 ppm. As low as 79 vg/i are toxic to minnows in freshwater after 30 minutes (ref. 28). Concentrations of 1 to 10 rog/l In water result in tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV * 19 mg/m3 (5 ppm). On EPA Consent Decree Priority III 11st. On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8). Phenol Is the subject of a NIOSH criteria document. NIOSH recommends exposure to phenol vapor, solid, or mists be limited to 20 mg/nr1 as a time-weighted average for up to a 10-hour workday (ref. 65). EPA 1976 Mater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 yg/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: (for phenols) (ref. 66). Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 * 500 ug/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: Water, Health: Land. Health: 1,9 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm) 5x1-5 ug/t 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC, •AH1 EPC 'AHla 10J x 19/420 • 45 ug/i. 5/420 • 0.01 ppm EPCHH1 " 15 x 4S " 67S "9/i EPCHH2 ' '3.8 x 19 • 260 u9/l EPS(HS ' ' "''' (phenolic compounds) EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g EPCWE1 " 50 x 10 EPCWE2 * 1>000 u9 EPCWES " 10° v^1 50° t (to Prevent tainting) (Pn'no11c compounds) EPCU • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 E-182 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 18A PHENOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fiy/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BIT. BAT B, Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factor! A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 1.9E4 (5) 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 45 (0.01) 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effect! 100 0.2 C. Eliminiition of Diicherge Ntttural Backpountf* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,jg/ro3 (ppm Vol) Water, MB/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Propowd Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. Baaed on Health Effects It B. Based on Ecological Effects TOOt II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 45 (0.01) 260 0.002 B. Based on Ecological Effects 500 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutantt Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPnenol c compounds E-103 ------- CA IY: ISA CRESQLS: CgH4OHCH3 (cresyllc acid, methylphenol, hydroxytoluene). m-cresol: colorless or yellowish liquid, phenolic odor; o-cresol: crystals or liquid, phenolic odor; p-cresol: crystals, phenolic odor. ^feculafwt: 108.37; density,,: 1.034-1.047; vap. d: 3.72; soluble in water. WIN: STRUCTURE: ortho meta m-cresol o-cresol p-cresol mp bp 11 30 35.5 202 191 201.8 vap. press. 0.153 ran at 2S>°C 0.245 am at 25°C 0.108 nro at 25°C I NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Cresols are methyl-substituted hydroxy benzene compounds, i.e. methyl phenols. Ortho, meta and para compounds occur. The meta Isomer predominates 1n mixtures (ref. 24) Odor recognition level for cresols ranges from 0.9 to 1.21 mg/m or 0.20 to 0.27 ppm (ref. 3). 3 The odor threshold 1n air for p-cresol 1s reported as 0.001 ppm or 4 ug/m (ref. 29). Cresols are obtained from coal tar (ref. 24). Due to the low vapor pressure and dis- agreeable odor, cresols usually do not present an acute Inhalation hazard (ref. 63). Cresols are highly resistant to biological oxidation (ref. 67). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Toxic properties of cresols are similar to those of phenol. Cresols may be absorbed through the skin. Respiratory hazard 1s low because of low volatility. Absorption may cause damage to liver, kidney and nervous system (ref. 9). Order of toxldty beginning with most toxic 1s reported to be as follows: p-cresol; o-cresol; phenol; m-cresol (ref. 4) LD5Q (oral, rat) m-cresol o-cresol p-cresol 242 rag/kg 121 mg/kg 207 mg/kg Toxldty to aquatic life: tainting of fish may result from concentrations of 0.07 mg/t of mixed cresol isomers (ref. 28). The toxic concentration of p-cresol is 5 ppm for rainbow trout (ref. 36). The 96-hour LCgQ for p-cresol 1s reported as 19 mg/t (ref. 68). For mixed cresol Isomers, the 96-hour TLm Is reported as 10-1 ppm {ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV for Cresol (all Isomers): 22 mg/m3 (5 ppm). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 jig/tat any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66-). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 2.2 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm) Water, Health: 5x1-5 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water. Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE COMC6NTRATIOMg: EPC EPC AH, AHla EPCWH1 EPCWH2 EPCWHS 103 x 22/420 - 52 ug/n3 " 5/42° ' 0-Olpp* 15 x 52 « 780 ug/t 13'8 « 22 - 304 ug/t 1 "9/t (Phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g EPCWE1 " 50 x 1 • 50 ug/t EPCWE2 " 70 EPCWES " 10° EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 compounds) 0.1 ug/g E-184 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 18A Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppmWt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.2E4 5.0EO l.OE-2 Bawd on Ecological Effecn 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Based on Health Effects 52 (0.01) 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effect! 70 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background- •To b« multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /i9/m (ppm Vol) Wmr.ng/l (ppmWt) Land, Atg/g lppmWt» 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects It B. Bated on Ecological Effects loot II. Toxicity Basad Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baled on Health Effects 52 (0.01) 304 0.002 B. Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration BawdM Health Effects tPhenolic compounds. E-185 ------- CATEGORY: ISA PHENYLPHENOLS: (hydroxybiphenyls, biphenylols QR BR; QR CR; QR DR STRUCTURE: 170.21; insoluble in water. OH _ mp 58-60 165-167 78 bp 286 305-8 sublimes >300 d 1.213 vap. press. 1 mm at 100°C 10 mm at 176°C para- ortho, meta, or para phenylphenols). o-phenylphenol: white, flaky crystals; mild, characteristic ordor. p-phenylphenol: needles. m-phenylphenol: needles. PROPERTIES: o-phenylphenol p-phenylphenol m-phenyl phenol NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Phenylphenols are monosubstltuted phenolic compounds. Ortho, meta, and para phenylphenols are formed. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The toxic properties of phenylphenols are probably similar to those of the other phenols. Animal studies indicate that acute and chronic toxldty Is mild for o-phenyl phenol (ref. 63). LD50 (oral, rat): 2,700 mg/kg (for o-phenylphenol). Neoplastlc effects have resulted from the subcutaneous administration to mice of 1,000 mg/kg of the para Isomer. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101; the adjusted ordering number Is 3.1. Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 1 mg/z of o-phenylphenol (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 vg/t of phenol (including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ugA of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; aopllcatlon factor of 0.05 (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/i (ref. 66). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 7 x 104/3.1 Hater, Health: 5x1-5 vg/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 - 0.01 ug/g 2.25 x 104 pg/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 v Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 « 1 g/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 * °'107 * 2>70° " 29° u9/m3 EPCAH3 « 0.081 x 2.700 • 220 ug/m3 EPC«H1 " 15 x 22° ' 3-300 "9A EPCHH2 " °'4 x 2>70° * 1'080 "9/* EP^WHS * ' w9'1 (phenolic compounds) EPCLH * 0'002 x 1 " °'°°2 "3/9 EPCAC, • 103/(6 x 3.1) • 54 ug/m3 EPCHC " '5 x 53 • 810 pg/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 810 - 1.6 ug/g tPCKE-2 " 1t0(JO EPCHES * 10° EPCL£ • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g tainting) (Phen<>l1c compounds) E-186 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS ISA PHENYLPHENOLS EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, \|19/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Gods) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect* 2.25E4 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effect. 54 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effect! 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, »tg/m3 (ppm Vol) W««r,MB/l (ppmWt) Land, MB/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effect! It B. Based on Ecological Effects loot II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Band on Health Effects 220 1,080 0.002 B. Bawd on Ecological Effecn 1,000 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effect! 54 810 1.6 tPhenolic compounds. E-187 ------- CATEGORY: ISA WLN: STRUCTURE: XYLENOLS: CgH3OH(CH3)2 (dimethylphenols, dimethylhydroxy- benzenes). Colorless or white crystals or needles. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 122.17; mp: 27-75; bp: 210-225 (one Isomer rjblir.ies); d: 0.9650^°-0.983o\|°; vap. press.: 1 ran at 52° to 1 mm at 66°; soluble to slightly soluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Xylenols are dlsubstltuted phenols. Several Isomers are formed since numerous substitution site combinations are possible. The properties of the various Isomers differ somewhat. Xylenols will probably occur 1n combination. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Toxic properties of the xylenols are similar to those of phenol and other phenolic compounds. The lowest L0j0 (oral, rat) reported for a specific xylenol 1s 296 mg/kg for 2,6-xylenol. It Is probable that mixtures of the various Isomers would prove less toxic than 2,6-xylenol. Oncogen1c effects have been reported as a result of animal exposure via skin to five specific xylenol Isomers. Considering the compounds collectively the EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3111, and the lowest dosage resulting In an oncogenlc response 1s 4,000 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.8. Aquatic toxldty: 96-hr LC5Q for fat head minnow: 14 tng/l (ref. 68). Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 1 to 5 mg/t In water (ref. 69). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/i of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Leve1s for alternate source selection: 1 -g/i (ref. 66). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATION: Air, Health: 45 x 296 • 1.3 x 104 ug/m Water. Health: 5 x 1 « 5 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 * 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: _3 EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 296 32 ug/mj EPCAH3 -0.081 x 296 « 24 ug/uf EPCWH1 • 15 x 24 « 360 EPCWH2 * °'4 * 296 " 12 EPCyuc * 1 ug/t (phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 1 -0.002 ug/g EPCHE1 • 50 x 14,000 • 7 x 103 ug/t EPCWE2 ' 1'000 EPCWES ' 10° M {Phenol1c compounds) EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g E-188 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x ISA XYLENOLS EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, iig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, ng/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.3E4 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 1.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effect! 24 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MB/' (ppm Wt) Land, ^g/j (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects It B. Bawd on Ecological Effects loot II. Toxicity Band Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 24 0.002 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effect! tPhenolic compounds, E-189 ------- CATEGORY: ISA ALKYI CRESOLS; CgH3OHCH3CnH2n+1 (methyl ethylphenols). WLN; STRUCTURE: There are 12 possible structural isomers for each substituted alkyl gro'ip. For example, there are 12 isomers of methylethylphenoi. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt. >122; very slightly soluble; higher boiling points than the corresponding xylenols. Where R, and H, are any alkyl groups. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Alkyl cresols are disubstituted phenols with one of the substitution groups being methyl. An example of an alkyl cresol is methyl ethylphenoi. A number of Isomers are possible depending on the substitution sites. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Toxic properties are expected to be similar to xylenols. LDjjg (rat): 530 rag/kg for 6 ethyl-m-cresol. The route of administration was not reported. value is the lowest UD reported for the alkyl cresols. This REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects in aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of O.OS (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 45 x 530 • 2.4 x 10* ug/m3 Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g Airi Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 5 x 100 * 500 ug/t 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC \|AH2 'AH3 0.107 x 530 • 57 ug/nT 0.081 x 530 • 43 ug/m3 EPCHH1 • 15 x 43 • 640 ug/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x 53° " 12 u9/t EPCWHS ' 1 "^ (Phenolic compounds) EPC • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g EPCWES " (Pheno11c compounds) EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g E-190 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 18A ALKYL CRESOLS EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, iig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ngt\ (ppm Wt) Land, MB/9 (ppm Wt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.4E4 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Lewi Goal Based on Health Effects 43 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water. M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects It B. Based on Ecological Effects lOOt II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 43 212 0.002 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects tPhenolic compounds. E-191 ------- CATEGORY: 18B CATECHOL: CgH4(OH)2 (pyrocatechol, o-dlhydroxybenzene, o-benzend1o1, l,2-d1 hydroxybenzene, o-hydroxyphenol, 2-hydroxyphenol). White or colorless leaflets. c750. ,21. WIN: QR BQ STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 110.08; mp: 105; bp: 245'""; d: 1.344' soluble; vap. press.: 10 mm at 118.3°; vap. d: 3.79; sublimes readily; soluble 1n 2.3 parts water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Catechol Is a dlhydrlc phenol. When heated, catechol emits highly toxic fumes; 1t Is volatilized by steam. methyl pyrocatechol. A related compound 1s TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Catechol 1s similar to phenol 1n Its toxic properties causing convulsions and Injury to the blood. Is absorbed through the skin as well as through Inhalation (refs. 9, 63). The repeated absorption of sublethal doses by animals may Induce methemogloblnemla, leukopenla, and anemia (ref. 63). LDgg (rats, oral): 3,890 mg/kg. Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 0.8 to 5 mg/i of catechol (ref. 28). It REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV - 20 mg/m3 (5 ppm) (Trial). EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic Mater supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/t (for phenols) (.ref. 66). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 2.0 x 104 ug/m3 (Sppm) Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 5 x 100 « 500 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 EPCAH1, ' 5/420 • 103 x 20/420 • 48 ug/m3 0.01ppm 15 x 48 • 720 ug/t EPCut» " 13-8 x 20 • 280 ug/t H(l£ EPCWHS " 1 "''* (Pncno1''c compounds) 0.002 x 1 - 0.002 ug/g EPCWE2 EPCWES EPC, LH • 800 ug/t (to prevent tainting) • 100 ug/t (phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g E-192 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 18B CATECHOL Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimat«s IR&D Goilt) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 2.0E4 (5) 5.0EO 1.0E-2 Bated on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 48 (0.01) 1 0.002 Baud on Ecological Effect! 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! It B. Beted on Ecological Effect! loot II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 48 (0.01) 280 0.002 B. Bated on Ecologicar Effect. 800 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effect! tPhenolic compounds. E-193 ------- CATEGORY: 1BC INDANOLS: CHO (hydroxyhydrindene, hydroxyindene). WLN: L56T&J GQ STRUCTURE: Plates, triclinic prisms, or needles. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 134.18; mp: 40-56; bp: 255. II NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Indanol may or may not be phenolic, depending on the site of hydroxy substitution. Structure I is a phenol, II is not. Little information regarding Indanols is available. The physical properties described are for 1-indanol, 4-indanol, and 5-Indanol. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Toxic properties are probably similar to but milder than phenol. moderate toxidty and a high degree of Irritation (ref. 9). L050 (oral, rat): 3,250 mg/kg for a 5-1ndanol. Limited animal experiments suggest REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 ffor phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962--Levels for alternate source selection: 1 yg/t (for phenols) (ref. 66). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 45 x 3,250 • 1.5 x 105 gg/m3 Air, Ecology: Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/l Water. Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 wg/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 3,250 • 350 ug/m3 EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 3,250 • 260 yg/m3 EPCWH1 " 15 x 26° " 3>90° EPCWH2 " °'4 x 3'250 " 1>30° M9/l EPCWHS " 1 "9/t IPhenoHc compounds) EPCLH - 0.002 x 1 - 0.002 wg/g EPC EPC 'WES IE' * 100 ug/i (phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g E-194 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 18C INDANOLS Air, /ig/m3 fppm Vot) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land. ug/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.5E5 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effect! 260 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, ftg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ug/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects It B. Bated on Ecological Effects loot II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 260 1,300 0.002 B. Band on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPhenolic compounds. E-195 ------- CATEGORY: 19 2-CHIOROPHENOL: CgHgOCl (o-chlorophenol). Light amber liquid; distinct odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 138.6; mp: 9.0; bp: 174.9; d: solubility in water: 2.85 g In 100 ml at 20°. WLN: QR BG STRUCTURE: 1.263; vap. press.: 1 m at 12.1°C; NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The chlorophenojs are primarily water and soil contaminants. Chlorlnatlon of phenols 1n aqueous solution can occur under conditions similar to those used In chlorine disinfection (ref. 70). Chlorophenols are stronger adds than phenols because of the chlorine atoms. They, like phenols, will form ethers, esters, and salts with metals, amines, etc. Aqueous photolysis may lead to hydroxyl substitution for the chlorines and polymer formation. In terms of biological degradation, chlorophenols are much more environmentally stable than the parent phenol. Mlcrobial decomposition of 2-chlorophenol required 3 to 9 days for complete disappearance as compared to 1 to 2 days for phenol (ref. 70). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Chlorophenols may be absorbed through the skin as well as by Inhalation of the vapors. They are considered corrosive to skin and eyes, and the vapors are Irritating and toxic. L050 (oral, rat): 670 mg/kg. 2-chlorophenol 1s included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121, and the lowest toxic dose resulting 1n an oncogenic response Is 38 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 0.09. Concentrations of 0.0001 to 0.015 mg/i in water may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 36, 33). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/i (for phenols) (ref. 66). Candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Limitations (ref. 10). On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 670 « 3.0 x 104 wg/m3 Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water. Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC AH2 'AH3 0.107 x 670 0.081 x 670 72 54 EPCWH1 • 15 x 54 • 810 ug/l EP^WH2 * "'* x 6^° * 2^° "9yr< • 1 »g/t (phenolic compounds) 0.00? x 1 - 0.002 ug/g EPC LH EPC, EPC, EPC WE2 WES LE E-196 0.1 ug/t (to prevent tainting) 100 ug/t (phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 0.1 • 0.00001 ug/g ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 19 GOALS 2-CHLOROPHENOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, MS/9 (ppmWt) I . Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates ------- CATEGORY: 19 2.4-DICHLOROPHENOL: Colorless crystals. C6H4OC12. WIN: STRUCTURE: QR BG DG PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 163.0; mp: 45; bp: 210-211; d: 1.383oc; vap. d.: 5.62; vap. press: 1 mm at 53° C; solubility in water: 0.45 g in 100 ml at 20°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The chlorophenols are primarily water and soil contaminants. Chlorinatlon of phenols in an aqueous solution can occur under conditions similar to those used 1n chlorine disinfection (refs. 36,28). Chlorophenols are stronger acids than phenols because of the chlorine atoms. They, like phenols, will form ethers, esters, and salts with metals, amines, etc. It has been identified in samples of U.S. drinking water supplies at 36 vig/£ (ref. 13). In terms of biological degradation the chlorophenols are much more environmentally stable than the parent phenol. The rate of decomposition further decreases as the number of chlorine atoms Increases. Hicrobial decomposition of 2,4-d1chlorophenol required 5 to 9 days for complete disappearance as compared to 1 to 2 days required for phenol (ref. 70). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Chlorophenols may be absorbed through skin as well as by Inhalation of the vapors. They are considered corrosive to skin and eyes, and vapors are Irritating and toxic. Dlchlorophenols are more toxic than monochlorophenols. LD5Q(oral, rat): 580 mg/kg. 2.4-dichlorophenol is included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest TDLQ affecting an oncogenlc response 1s 312 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 10. Concentrations of 0.0004 to 0.014 mg/Z in water may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 36,33). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/4 of phenol (including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Mater Quality Criteria: 1 vg/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 yg/£ (for phenols) (ref. 66). On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 7 x 104/10 • 7 x 103 ng/m Water, Health: 5x1-5 ug/l Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 « 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 5 x 100 * 500 yg/l Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC; EPC 'AH2 •AH3 0.107 x 580 0.081 x 580 62 ug/m 47 ug/m3 EPCW1 - 15 x 47 « 705 vg/C EPC^j - 0.4 x 580 » 232 yg/f EPCHHS * 1 U9'£ (Ph6110^0 compounds) EPCLH « 0.002 x 1 « 0.002 ug/g EPCAC, • 103/(6 x 10) - 17 ug/m3 " 15 x 17 EPCL(- • 0.002 x 255 255 ug/f 0.5 ug/g EPCWES EPCLE to Prevent * 10° u9/'£ (phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 0.4 - 0.0008 ug/g E-198 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL x 19 VVJAL> 2,4-DICHLOROPHEIMOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, 0g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 7.0E3 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Lewi Goal' Based on Health Effects 17 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects 0.4 0.0008 C. Elimination of Ditch urge Natural Background •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, po/g, (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects It B. Based on Ecological Effect) loot II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 47 232 0.002 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 0.4 0.0008 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect) 17 255 0.5 tPhenolic compounds, E-199 ------- CATEGORY; 20 CgH5N03 (o-nUrophenol). 2-NITROPHENOL: 2-nitrophenol crystallizes as yellow needles from ethanol; peculiar aromatic odor. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 139.12; mp: 44.9; bp: 216; d: 1.495; vap, press: 1 mm at 49°; sparingly soluble in cold water; volatile in steam. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All nitro compounds are potentially explosive. Nitrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric acid with phenols. WIN: WNR 3Q STRUCTURE; TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 2-nttrophenol is a stronger acid than phenol. Contact of 2-nitrophenol with the skin may cause irritation or burns. It 1s absorbed through Intact skin and through the respiratory tract (ref. 45). Liver and kidney damage has been observed in experimental animals (ref. 9). LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,297 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/£ of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects in aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/« (for phenols) (ref. 66). 2-Nitrophenol is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS? Air, Health: 45 x 1,297 • 5.8 x 10* ug/m3 Water, Health: 5x1-5 ug/l Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 vg/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 * 500 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 « 1 vg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: • 0.107 x 1.297 • 139 wg/m 3 EPCAH3 • 0-081 x 1.297 105 ug/tiT EPCVffll « 15 x 105 - 1,580 vg/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x ll297 " 52° ug/i EPCVHS ' ' "''* (Pheno11c compounds) • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 vg/g 100 vg/i (phenolic compounds) EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 » 0.2 vg/g £-200 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 20 2-IMITROPHEIMOL Category Air, ;ug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, 09/1 (ppmWt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.8E4 5.0EO 1.0E-2 Bated on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goal- Based on Health Effects 105 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects TOO 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air, ng/m (ppm Vol) Watsr, MB/I (ppmWt) Land, wj/g (ppm Wt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects It B. Based on Ecological Effects lOOt II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 105 520 0.002 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect! tPhenolic compounds, E-201 ------- WNR CQ STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 20 3-NITROPHENOL: CgHgNOj (m-n1trophenol). 3-nltrophenol can be crystallized from an aqueous solution of hydrochloric add. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 139.12; mp: 97; bp: 194 at 70 ran; d: 1.485^°; soluble In hot water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All nitro compounds are potentially explosive. NUrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric acid with phenols. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; 3-N1trophenol 1s a stronger acid than phenol. Contact of 3-nitrophenol with the skin may cause Irritation or bums. LD5Q (oral, rat): 447 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 pg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 yg/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/1 at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: (for phenols) (ref. 66). A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 • 500 yg/l Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 ' 1 ug/g MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 447 - 2.0 x 10* ug/m3 Water, Health: 5x15 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 yg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: • 0.107 x 447 • 48 ug/mj 0.081 x 447 • 36 yg/m3 EPCAH3 EPCj^ • 15 x 36 - 540 ug/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x 47 " 18° U9/1 EPCWHS " 1 u9'1 (Pnewltc compounds) EPCLH - 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 yg/g EPCWES * 10° w9^ (Phenol1c compounds) EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 pg/g E-202 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 20 3-NITROPHENOL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Heal* Effects 2.0E4 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goat* Based on Health Effects 36 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Water, ug/l (ppm Wtl Land, ptg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effect! It B. Based on Ecological Effects lOOt II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 36 180 0.002 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects tPhenolic compounds, E-203 ------- WtN: UNR DQ STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 20 4-NITROPHENOL: CgHgNOj (p-nltrophenol). p-N)trophenol occurs In two forms: colorless prisms obtained by crystallization from toluene above 63, and yellow crystals obtained by crystallization from toluene below 63. Ordinary p-n1trophenol 1s a mixture of both forms; odorless. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 139.12; mp: 114; bp: 279 20 d: 1.479 ; decomposes at 279; soluble in hot water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All nltro compounds are potentially explosive. Nltrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; p-Wtrophenol 1s a stronger add than phenol. Contact of p-n1 trophenol with the skin may cause Irritation or bums. The biological half-life of p-n1trophenol In man 1s reported as 0.041 days (ref. 20). Experiments have shown 1t to cause central nervous system depression and blood effects (ref. 9). LD5Q (oral, rat): 350 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 pg/J. of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/Z. of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of O.OS (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref, 6F) P-N1trophenol Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r. Health: 45 x 350 • 1.6 x 104 ug/m3 Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 " °-107 x 350 • 37 ug/m3 EPCflH3 -0.081 x 350 • 28 ug/m3 EPCWH1 • !5 x 28 • 420 vg/t EPCy^2 ° 0-* * 350 • 140 ug/l 1 ug/< (phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g E-204 EPCVES EPC IE * 100 vg/i (phenolic compounds) 0.002 x 100 » 0.2 ug/g ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 20 4-NITROPHENOL Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/8 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimetes (R&D Goals) 11. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.6E4 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effects 28 1 0.002 Based on Ecological 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.wi/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ^g/l (ppmWt) Land, M9/9 (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects It B. Based on Ecological Effects loot II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 28 140 0.002 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPhenolic compounds, E-205 ------- CATEGORY: 20 DINITROPHENQLl: CgH^Og (dlnltrohydroxybenzenes). Dlnltrophenols crystallize as colorless or yellowish crystals. WLN: WNR XQ XNW STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Hgl.wt.l 2,4-d1n1troph«nol TS4.11 2.5-d1n1trophenol 184.11 2.6-d1n1trophenol 184.11 All Isomers NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHA mp 115 108 63 63-144 RACTER bD sublimes ISTICS. AS d 1.683 1.672-1.702 SOCIATED CO solubility slightly sol. slightly sol. insol. MPOUNOS: wap.d. 6.X 6.35 All nltro compounds are potentially explosive. NUrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Dlnltrophenols are stronger adds than phenol. Contact of dlnltrophenols with the skin may cause Irritation or burns; they are readily absorbed through Intact skin and through the respiratory tract (ref. 24). Ingestlon of 36 mg/kg of 2,4-d1n1tropheno1 has resulted 1n human death (ref. 2). Animal experiments Indicate that dlnltrophenols are more toxic than nltrophenols. They can cause Increases in metabolism and temperature, dermatitis, and eye and nerve damage (ref. 24). LDLo (°ral« rat': 30 m9A9 for dlnltrophenol (presumably this 1s for a mixture of the various Isomers.) The lowest LD^g (oral, rat) for a single dlnltrophenol Homer 1s reported as 30 mg/kg for 2,4-d1n1trophenol. Aquatic toxlclty: 96-hour TLm for 2,4-d1n1trophenol 1s 10-1 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: EPA 1976 Mater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 yg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/l of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations. 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/i (for phenols) (ref. 66). 2,4-d1n1tropheno1 Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 30 « 1.35 x 103 ug/m3 Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/l Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water. Ecology: Land. Ecology: 5 x 100 • 500 ug/l 0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: .3 EPC AH2 - 0.107 x 30 • 3.2 EPCAH3 * °-081 x 30 " 2-4 »9/m EPCW1 » 15 x 2.4 - 36 ug/l EPCHH2 " 0'4 x 30 " 12 ug/l EPCWHS * 1 u3/t (Phenolic compounds) EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 - 0.002 ug/g EPCWE1 * 50 x 50 EPCWES " 10° w9/t (Pneno11c compounds) EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/g E-206 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 20 DINITROPHENOLS Air./ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/1 (ppmWt) Land, MB/B (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Gods) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.35E3 5.0EO l.OE-2 Bawd on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient U«el God* Bawd on Health Effects 2.4 1 0.002 Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 C, Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, 0g/m (ppm Vol) Wattr.pg/1 (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects It B. Based on Ecological Effects lOOt II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 2.4 12 0.002 B. Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPhenolic compounds. E-207 ------- CATEGORY: 20 4.6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL: CyHg^Og (2,4-dinitro-o-cresol, 2-methyl-4,6-din1trophenol, DNOC). Crystallizes as yellow prisms from ethanol. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 198; mp: 87.5; sparingly soluble in water; vap. d: 6.82; moderately volatile with steam. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: All nitro compounds are potentially explosive. Nitrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols. WLN: WNR BQ C ENW STRUCTURE: N02 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 4,6-D1n1tro-o-cresol 1s a stronger add than cresol. Contact of 4,6-d1n1tro-o-cresol with the skin may cause Irritation or burns. 4,6-D1n1tro-o-cresol 1s absorbed through the skin. The biological half-life of d1n1tro-o-cresol 1n man Is reported as 5.78 days (ref. 20). of 1 mg/m has resulted 1n central nervous system effects in an exposed human (ref. 2). L0j0 (oral, rat): 25 mg/kg. LCL(J (Inhalation, cat): 40 mg/m3. Aquatic toxlcity: TLn 96: 10-1 ppm (ref, 2). Inhalation REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 1s on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (0.025 ppm) EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 vg/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 vg/i of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 2C). M.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations. 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 -<;/> (for phenols) (ref. 66). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 200 ug/ra3 (0.025 oom) Water, Health: Sxl-5 i,g/l Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 » 500 vg/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC, EPC AH1 •AHla 103 x 0.2/420 • 0.025/420 EPCWH1 1S x °'5 " 7'5 EPCWH2 * 13'8 * °-2 " 3 EPCWHS 0.5 ug/raj 6 x 10" ppm compounds) EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 i.ci/g EP ICH£1 =• 50 x 1 = 50 ug/?- EPCHES = 10° u9'' (Phenol'lc compounds) EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 0.1 ug/g E-208 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XX 20 4.6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL Air. /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. ug/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxrcity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.0E2 (0.025) 5.0EO l.OE-2 Based on Ecological Effeeti 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.5 fcxlO-5) 1 0.002 Band on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jxg/m (ppm Vol) Water, jig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, f/g/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects It B. Based on Ecological Effects loot II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects (6xl6-5) 3 0.002 B. Bated on Ecological Effect* 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tPhenolic compounds. E-209 ------- CATEGORY: 20 2.4.6-TRINITROPHENOL: CgH^Oy (picric add). Yellow crystals; odorless. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 229.11; mp: 121.8; explodes above 300°; d: 1.763; vap. d: 7.90; slightly soluble 1n water. WLN: WNR BQ CNW ENH STRUCTURE: OH NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Picric acid 1s a hazardous chemical. It Is a known explosive. It reacts with metals to form plcrates, which are also explosive. Nltrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: ID'1). Picric acid 1s a strong add ( Contact of picric add with the skin may cause Irritation, burns, or allergic reactions (ref. 24). Picric acid 1s absorbed through the skin. Ingestlon of 1 to 2 grams 1n man causes severe poisoning (ref. 4). LDLo (unknown route of administration, dog): 60 mg/kg. LOLo (oral, rabbit): 120 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV « O.Vmg/m3 (0.01 ppm). EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 yg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/i of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration no greater than 100 yg/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection: 1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r. Health: 100 yg/nT (0.011 ppm) Water, Health: 5x15 yg/l Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 vg/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 5 x 100 500 0.002 x 500 • 1 yg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC4ll, • 103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 yg/m3 EPCAHla " °-on/42° ' 2-6 x 10 "5 ppm 15 x 0.24 - 3.6 yg/l EPCWH2 " 13'8 * °'1 " 1>4 U9/1 EPCWHS " 1 u9^1 (phenolic compounds) EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 yg/g EPCWES * ^ v^1 (Pnenol1c compounds) EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 yg/g E-210 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL xx 20 <UAL5 2.4.6-TRINITROPHENOL Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ngfi (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimatei (R&D Goalf) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Besed on Health Effects 1.0E2 (0.011) 5.0EO l.OE-2 Bawd on Ecologicel Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Lewi Goal Bend on B»«o' «« Heal Effects \| ^^ 0.24 C2.6E-5) 1 0.002 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Neturel Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,i8/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ;ig/l (ppmWt) Land, M9/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects It B. Bated on Ecological Effect! loot II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect. 0.24 (2.6x10-5) 1.4 0.002 B. Beted on Ecological Effect 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Beted on Health Effects tPhenolic compounds. E-211 ------- CATEGORY; 21 NAPHTHALENE: C1QHg (moth flakes, naphthalln, naphthaline, naphthene, tar camphor, white tar). Colorless nwnocllnlc crystals, aromatic odor. WLN: L66J STRUCTURE; oTo PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 128.18 nip: 80.55, bp: 218. 87.510; d: 1.02S320, 0.9625J000; vap. press: 1 mm at 52.6° C; vap.d: 4.42; very low solubility 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfacant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Naphthalene Is among the lower molecular weight polycycllc hydrocarbons comprising the volatile portion of the benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4). Concentrations of 3.8 to 11.2 ug/m 1n urban air are reported (ref. 1). Naphthalene Is associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment 1n winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); groundwater and surface treated water: 1,000 pg/kg (ref. 58). 0.001 vg/t - 0.025 vg/t (ref. 58); upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; LOSQ (oral, rat): l,780mg/kg. Naphthalene may cause Irritation 1n concentrations of 15 ppm, and serious damage to eyes may result from continuous exposure (ref. 4). Naphthalene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Naphthalene 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4101. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen 1c response Is reported as 3.500 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 1.17. Naphthalene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59). Naphthalene has been rated as moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. The 96-hour TLm 1s reported as 1-10 ppm (ref. 2). Naphthalene In concentrations of 1 mg/t may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 28, 69). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Naphthalene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 2. TLV: 50mg/m3 (10 ppm) TLV for coal-tar pitch: 0.2 mg/m [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acrfdlne, phenanthrene, and fluorene collectively. The purpose of the TLV Is to minimize concentrations of higher weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).] MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 5.0 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm) Mater, Health: 15 x 5.0 x 104 • 7.5 x 105 \ig/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 105 • 1.5 x 103 ug/g Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 vg/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC^ • 103 x 50/420 -119 ug/m3 EPCAH1a * 10/42° " °'02 ppm • 15 x 119 • 1,785 EPCHH2 " 13t8 x 50 " 69° EPCLH " 0.002 x 690 • 1.38 ug/g EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 1.17) - 142 ug/m EPCyj. - 15 x 142 • 2.130 ug/t EPCLC - 0.002 x 2.130 • 4.26 pg/g EPCWE1 ' 50 x 1 • 50 vg/t EPCWE2 " 1>00° vgfi ( EPCLE - 0.002 x so • o.i ug/g tainting) E-212 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 NAPHTHALENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, jifl/g (ppmWt) 1. Band on Bait Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goali) - II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 5.0E4 (10) 7.5E5 1.5E3 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Lml Goal Bawd on Health Effect! 119 (0.02) 690 1.38 Band on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 3.8-11.2t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.us/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ug/l (ppm Wt) Land, jug/g (ppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Heal* Effectt B. Based on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 119 (0.02) 690 1.38 B. Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 142 2,130 4.26 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-213 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L C666J ANTHRACENE: C14H10 STRUCTURE: Colorless, nwnocl1n1c plates (when pure) with violet fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 178; mp: 216.2-216.4; bp: 340, 226.553; d: 1.28325; vap.press.: 1 mm at 145.0° C; sublimes; vap. d: 6.15; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Anthracene Is among the lower molecular weight polycycllc hydrocarbons comprising the volatile portion of the benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4). Concentrations of 0.5252 yg/1,500 m3 and Z pg/1,000 m3 In urban air are reported (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.00035 to 0.002 ug/nr. Anthracene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH, (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter 1n seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/ra3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 vg/t - 0.025 vg/t (ref. 58); upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 yg/kg - 1,000 wg/kg (ref. 58). upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 wg/kg - 1,000 yg/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No specific Information Is available relative to acute toxic properties of anthracene. Anthracene nay be present 1n soot, coal-tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Anthracene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4112. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 3,300 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 1.25. Anthracene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Anthracene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV (coal tar pitch volatile}: 0.2 rag/m3. [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acrldlne, phenathrene, and fluorene, collectively. The purpose of the TLV 1s to minimize concentrations of higher-weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).] MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 10/1.25 • 5.6 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 5.6 x 104 - 8.4 x 105 »g/t Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 8.4 x 105 • 1.68 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 1.25) • 133 yg/m3 EPCyp " 15 x 133 • 1,995 vg/t EPCL(. « 0.002 x 1,995 • 4.0 ug/g E-214 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 ANTHRACENE Air, //g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land, MS/9 ------- WLN: LB666J STRUCTURE; CATEGORY; 21 PHENANTHRENE: CUH1(). Monocllnlc crystals from alcohol; solutions exhibit faint blue fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 178; mp: 101; bp: 340; d: 0.98004; vap. press.: 1 mn at 118.3; vap. d: 6.14; Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solubility: 2 percent solution In olive oil (ref. 72). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Phenanthrene 1s among the lower molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons comprising the volatile Concentrations of 0.6102 ug/1,500 m3 This 1s equivalent to 0.0004 to 0.006 ug/m3. portion of the benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4). and 6 ug/1,000 m 1n urban air are reported (ref. 1). Phenanthrene 1s associated with paniculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PPAH, (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/ra3 (ref. 71); groundwater and surface-treated water: 0.001 ug/i - 0.025 yg/Z (ref. AAS); upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 j»g/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; LDjQ (oral, mouse): 700 mg/kg. Phenanthrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Phenanthrene 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 71 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 44. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Phenanthrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV (coal-tar pitch volatlles): 0.2 mg/m . [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acrldlne, phenanthrene. and fluorene. collectively. The purpose of the TLV Is to minimize concen- trations of higher weight polycyclic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4)]. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104/44 • 1.59 x 103 ug/m3 Water. Health: 15 x 1.59 x 103 - 2.39 x 104 ug/l Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.39 x 104 - 47. B ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 ' 0<107 x 70° " 75 EPCAH3 " °'081 x 70° ' 57 AH2 ' " • 15 x 57 • 855 EPCWH2 " °'4 x 70° ' 28° EPCLH • 0.002 x 280 • 0.56 yg/g 103/(6 x 44) » 3.8 ug/m3 15 x 3.8 - 57 Vg/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 57 • 0.114 ug/g EPC AC2 E-216 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 PHENANTHRENE Air. jio/m' (ppm Vol) Water, «ig/l (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Dtvdoping Technology Enginttring Eitimatu (R&D Go) II. Based on Ambient F acton A. Minimum Aeuu Toxidty Efflutirt Bawd on Htrith Effect! 1.59E3 2.39E4 4.8E1 BiMdon Ecological Ettet> 8. Ambimt LtMl Goal* Baud on Htjin EffwD 3.8 57 0.114 BiMdon Ecological EffKB C Elimination of DiKharga Natural Background* •To ba multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Watar.fig/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1, Currant or PropOfad Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. BaMden H.Jth Etlwn B. Bawd on Ecological Efften II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Ptrminibl* Concentration A. BaMdim Hti»th Effacti 57 280 0.56 B. BaMden Ecological Efftcti III, Zero Threshold PoNutants Ettimated Permiuibta Concentration Baud on HaMi Efftea 3.8 57 0.114 E-217 ------- CATEGORY; 21 WLN: L E6 C666J NAPHTHACENE: C18H12(2,3-bcnzanthracene, tetracene, chrysogen) STRUCTURE; Crystallizes from xylene In orange leaflets; solutions show slight green fluorescence. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 228.28; mp: 341; sublimes in vacuo; insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Naphthacene occurs 1n coal tar. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Naphthacene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Naphthacene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: Air, Ecology: Water, Health: Water, Ecology: Land. Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; E-218 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 NAPHTHACENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baled on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal- Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fio/m* (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWtt Land, tg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-219 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L 06 B666J BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE: C18H12 (benzo(b)phenanthrene, STRUCTURE: 1,2-benzanthracene, 2.3-benzophenanthrene, BA). Crystallizes In the form of plates from ethanol. Solutions exhibit greenish-yellow fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Holecular wt.: 228.28; mp: 158-9; bp: 400° C; sublimes; Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities in water (ref. 58); 11p1d solubility: 0.6 mg/0.2 ml neutral, sterile olive oil (ref. 72). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benz(a)anthracene occurs in coal tar and 1s associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH. The lowest urban air concentration reported for benz(a)anthracene Is 44.69 ug/m3 (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.029 yg/m3. Concentrations of BA In soils (nonlndustrlal areas) ranging from 5-20 ug/kg have been reported (ref. 73). Other concentrations of BA are reported as follows: (a) drinking water - 23.2 ug/m ; (b) cooked meat or fish - 189 ug/kg; (c) vegetables - 230 ug/kg; (d) roasted coffee - 14.2 ug/kg (ref. 73). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; LD,0 (Intravenous, mouse): 10 mg/kg. Benz(a)anthracene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Benz(a)anthracene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3124. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 2 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 1562. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively]. Benz(a)anthracene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/1,562 • 44.8 ug/m3 Mater. Health: 15 x 44.8 • 672 vg/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 672 - 1.34 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC 'AH2 •AH3 0.107 x 10 0.081 x 10 1.07 ug/m3 0.81 ug/m3 EPCWH1 " 15 x °'81 EPCHH2 " °'4 x 10 - 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g EPCAK • 103/(6 x 1.562) • 0.11 ug/m3 EPCy,. • 15 x 0.11 » 1.65 vg/t EPCLC - 0.002 x 1.65 • 0.003 ug/g E-220 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XX 21 BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE Mr.ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Und,»ia/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Bett Technology A. Exiiting Standard NSPS. BPT. BAT B. DtMtopineTaclmolow Engineering Estimate! (R&DGoal!) II. Based on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acutt Toxlcity Effluent Baud on Health Effects 4.5E1 6.7E2 1.3EO BiHdon Ecologicil Efftcn B. AmbMflt Uttl Goal* BaHdoH Htalth EffMtt o.n 1.65 0.003 BaMdon Ecologial EWecB C EllmlnMioael Diuhtrat 0.029t 0.023? 0.02 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.MH/m3 (ppm Vol) W«tr.M»/l (ppm Wt) Land,pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Propoeed Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. BMW! on Huhh Effect! B. Bntdon Eeeteojcil Efftea II. Toxieity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A.B»»don Hulth Effects 0.81 4.0 0.008 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutant* B»«d o« H«lth Elftcu o.n 1.65 0.003 tReported for urban atr. No rural concentration is reported. ^Drinking water. E-221 ------- CATEGORY: 21 C20H16' (9,10-d1methy1-1,2- WLN: L 06 B666J CJ STRUCTURE: CH 7,12-OIHETHYLBENZ(a)ANTHRACENE: benzanthracene, OMBA). Crystallies as greenish-yellow plates from acetone-alcohol. maximum fluorescence at 440 nm. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt.: 256.33; mp: 122-123; Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58), and by purines such as caffeine (ref. 24); lipid solubility: 50 mg/ml in trlbutyrin (ref. 74). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Although 7,12-d1methylbenz(a)anthracene has not been positively identified In products of coal pyrolysis, the molecular weight fraction corresponding to the compound has teen isolated. It is generally presumed to be associated with particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and with coal tar. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; LD5Q (oral.mouse): 340 ng/kg. 7,l2-D1methylbenz(a)anthracene is known to be highly carcinogenic 1n experimental animals (ref. 59). Experimental evidence also indicates that 1t Is a teratogenic agent in rats (ref. 75). 7,12-D1methylbenz(a)anthracene 1s Included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/H10SH ordering number based on carcinogenlcity is 5,729. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is 21 ug/kg, and the adjusted ordering number Is 272,809. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty is 4,102. with the lowest dosage being 20 ng/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 205. REOIILATORV ACTIONS. OTAMDAHM. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC BEgUjATIOfl; TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.) MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r. Health: 7 x 104/272,809 • 0.26 yg/m3 Hater. Health: 15 x 0.26 • 3.9 vg/t Land. Health: 0,002 x 3.9 • 0.008 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 " 0>107 * 34° * 36<* "9/l°3 EPC.u, • 0.081 x 340 • 27.5 ug/m3 AnJ 15 x 27.5 - 413 ng/l EPCHH2 ' 0>4 x 3° " 136 M8/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 136 • 0.27 wg/g EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 272.809) EPC^ • 15 x 0.006 • 0.009 0.002 x 0.009 0.0006 ug/m 1.8 x 105 ng/g EPC 'AT EPCU 103/(6 x 206) -0.8 «g/m3 15 xO.8 « 12 vg/l 0.002 xi2 • O-02* cg/g E-222 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL xxx 21 GOALb 7, 12-DIMETHYLBENZ(a)ANTHRACENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. itg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppmWt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals! II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.6E-1 3.9EO 8.0E-3 Based on Ecologies! Effects B. Ambient Level Goat" Bated on Heal Effects 0.0006 0.009 l.SxlO"5 Based on Ecological Effect* C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multipliod by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 4 Air, pg/rrr (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pd/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Baaed on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Basadon Health Effects 27.5 136 0.27 B. Baaed on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.0006 0.009 l.SxlO"5 E-223 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L C6 B666J BENZO(c)PHENANTHRENE: CjgHjg (3,4-benzophenanthrene). STRUCTURE: Crystallizes In the form of needles from ethanol. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 228.30; mp: 68; Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities NATURAL OCctfRREMCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; The urban air concentration for benzo(c)phenanthrene 1s reported as 9.781 yg/1.500 m3 (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 6.5 ng/m . The compound probably occurs as a constituent of partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Although not considered to be a highly active carcinogen alone, benzo(c)phenanthrene Is included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 1.220 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 2.56. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV » 0.2 mg/ra3 (for partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.) MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/2.56 » 2.73 x 10* yg/m3 Air, Ecology: Mater. Health: 15 x 2.73 x 104 - 4.1 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.1 x 105 • 820 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 2.5) • 66.7 ug/m3 EPCyg • 15 x 66.7 • 1,000 ug/l EPC,_C - 0.002 x 100 • 2.0 gg/g E-224 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 BENZO(c)PHENANTHRENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Mr.ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land, (ig/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.73E4 4.1E5 8.20E2 Based on Ecological E tracts B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 66.7 1,000 2.0 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' 0.0065t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, Mj/m (ppm Vol) Water, Ml/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (opm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effect* 66.7 1,000 2.0 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-225 ------- CATEGORY: 21 «yi: L E6 B666J STRUCTURE* CHRYSENE: C18H12 (1,2-benzophenanthrene, benz(a)- ' phenanthrene). Crystallizes in the form of plates; solutions and crystals exhibit blue fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 228.28; mp: 255-256; sublimes In vacuo; bp: 448; d: 1.27420; insoluble in water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58); llpld solubility: 7.5 percent solution In olive oil (ref. 73). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Chrysene occurs in coal tar, 1s formed during distillation of coal, and 1s a product of pyrolysls of many fats and oils. Chrysene Is associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). Environmental concentrations of Chrysene are reported as follows: urban air—0.023 mg/m (ref. 1); surface water--!1.8-38.2 yg/m3; sand—15 yg/kg (ref. 73). Maximum concentrations of Chrysene In foods are also reported: cooked meat or f1sh«173 ug/kg; vegetables—395 yg/kg; roasted coffee--19.1 ug/kg (ref. 73). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Chrysene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Car- cinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Chrysene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122. The lowest dose to induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 99 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 31.5. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Chrysene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV • 0.2 mg/ra3 (for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/31.5 • 2.22 x 103 yg/a3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.22 x 103 - 3.33 x 104 yg/i Water. Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.33 x 104 * 66.6 yg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 31.5) • 5.29 yg/m3 15 x 5.29 • 79.4 yg/l 0.002 x 79.4 - 0.16 yg/g E-226 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 CHRYSENE" Air.fig/rri3 (ppm Vol) Water. MB/I (ppmWt) Land, MB/9 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Go«l<) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect. 2.22E3 3.33E4 6.6E1 Based on Ecological Eileen B. Ambient Level Goal' Bawd on Health Effects 5.29 79.4 0.16 Bawd on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 2.3xlO~5t 0.01 to 0.04 0.015 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, MB/I" (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Healdi Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects 5.29 79.4 0.16 tReported for urban air. No rural concentration is reported. E-227 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WIN: METHYL CHRYSENES: C19H,4 (methy1-l,2-benzophenanthrene). STRUCTURE The 4-oethyl and 5-roethyl chrysenes exhibit fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 242; mp: 117-254; Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Methyl chrysenes are associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons and with coal tar. The urban-air concentration for methyl chrysenes Is reported as 6.195 ug/1500 m (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 4.1 ng/m . Methyl chrysenes have also been detected In the polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of marine sediments (ref. 76). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Methyl chrysenes may be present In soot, coal tar, oils, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Five methyl chrysenes are listed In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The collective EPA/NIOSH ordering number for the five compounds Is 3123. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response Is reported as 80 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number for the methyl chrysenes collectively 1s 39. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATTON; TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104/39 • 1.79 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Hater. Health: 15 x 1.79 x 103 - 2.69 x 104 ug/l Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.69 x 104 - 53.8 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 39) • 4.3 Mg/m3 EPCy,. • 15 x 4.3 • 64.5 ug/l EPCLC • 0.002 x 64.5 • 0.129 ug/g E-228 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 METHYL CHRYSENES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Mr.ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ngl\ (ppm Wt) Land, pa/9 (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.8E3 2.7E4 5.4E1 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Letel Goal* Based on Health Effeco 4.3 64.5 0.13 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' (K004t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m (ppm Vol) \ Water. /18/I (ppmWt) Land, MS/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological EffecO II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects 4.3 64.5 0.13 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-229 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L B6 H666J TRIPHENYLENE: C18H12 (1,2-3,4-dibenznaphthalene). STRUCTURE: Crystallizes in the form of long needles; solutions exhibit blue fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 228.28; mp: 199; sublimes; bp: 425; d: 1.302; Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Trlphenylene occurs to a small extent 1n coal tar. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; THphenylene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Triphenylene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.] MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r. Health: A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: Water, Ecology: Land, Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: E-230 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 TRIPHENYLENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, Mg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/l (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate* (R&D Qoah) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects Bated on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effects Bated on Ecological Effects ' C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water, us/I (ppm Wt) Land, ;ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on He.lth Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects; III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baled on Heel* Effects E-231 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L666 B6 2AB PJ PYRENE: C16H10 (benzo(def Jphenanthrene). STRUCTURE: Crystallizes as pale yellow plates; solutions show slight blue fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 202; mp: 149-50; sublimes; bp: > 360; d: 1.27l\|3; Insoluble 1n water; solubility nay be inhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Pyrene occurs 1n coal tar. It Is also obtained by the destructive hydrogenatlon of hard coal. The lowest reported concentration of pyrene In urban areas Is 0.45 mg/m (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 450 pg/m3. Pyrene 1s associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: air (urban environment In winter 1n seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/n3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface- treated water: 0.001 ug/i - 0.025 wg/i (ref. 58); upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS! Pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Although not considered a highly active carcinogen alone, pyrene Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest toxic dose reported to produce an oncogenlc response 1s 10 g/kg. This Is equivalent to 10.000 mg. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.3. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; Pyrene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV • 0.2 ng/m3 (for part1culate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 7 x 104/0.3 • 2.3 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.3 x 105 • 3.45 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.4$ x 106 - 6.9 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAC2 • 103/C6 x 0.3) • 555. 6 ug/»3 IS x 555.6 • 8.333 EPCLC • 0.002 x 833 • 16.7 «g/g E-232 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 PYRENE Air, fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Be»t Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II, Baud on Ambient Factor! A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.3E5 3.45E6 6.9E3 Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 555.6 8,333 16.7 Based on Ecologies! Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 450t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,(i9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, //g/l (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 555.6 8,333 16.7 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-233 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: DIMETHYL PYRENES: C18H14 (3,4 and 4,5-dimethylpyrenes). STRUCTURE: Crystallize in the form of plates from petroleum ether. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 232; insoluble in water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Alkyl pyrenes have been isolated from coal tar and from soot (ref. 77). Dimethyl pyrenes are associated with particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment in winter in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 vq/t - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58): upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1.000 ug/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Dimethyl pyrenes nay be present in soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). There Is no evidence to indicate that the dimethy pyrenes alone are carcinogenic. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV -0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively]. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: A1r, Ecology: Water. Health: Water, Ecology: Land, Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; E-234 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 21 v»OAL5 DIMETHYL PYRENES Air, itgfm3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppmWt) Land, «ig/g (ppmWtl EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Batt Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factor A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects 8. Ambient Uvrt Go)' Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effcctt C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background- •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, iig/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm mi Land, jjg/g (ppmWtl I. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects 8. Bated on Ecological Effects - II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Perminible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baud on Health Effects E-235 ------- CATEGORY: 21 BENZO(g)CHRYSENE: C22H14 (1,2-3.4-d1benzophenanthrene). Crystallizes as colorless needles from glacial acetic add. WUN: L C6 16 B666J STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 278.36; mp: 114.5; bp: 135; Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benzo(g)chrysene probably occurs as a constituent of partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Although not considered to be a highly active carcinogen alone. benzo(g)chrysene Is Included on the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3123. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 720 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 4.34. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 0.2 wg/m3 [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.] MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104 x 4.34 • 1.6 x 10 Water, Health: 15 x 1.6 x 104 • 2.42 x 105 Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.42 x 10s • 4.84 Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPC •AC2 x 4.34) • 38.4 ug/m3 • 15 x 38.4 - 576 EPC,_C - 0.002 x 576 • 1.15 ug/g E-236 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 21 GOAL5 BENZO(g)CHRYSENE Air, fig/irr (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.6E4 2.42E5 4.8E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Based on Health Effects 38.4 576 1.15 Based on Ecological C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jag/m (ppm Vol) Water, MS/) (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects 38.4 576 1.15 E-237 ------- CATEGORY: 21 «LN: L D6 J6 C666J DIBENZ(a.c)ANTHRACENE: C22H14 (l,2-3,4-d1benzanthracene, STRUCTURE: benzo(b)trlphenylene). Crystallizes as colorless needles from ethanol; solutions show blue fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 278.22; rap: 200-2; Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities in water (.ref. 58); I1p1d solubility: 0.6 mg In 0.2 ml olive oil (ref. 78). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: D1benz(a,c)anthracene 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: air (urban environment In winter in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 ug/i - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58); upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1.000 ug/kg (ref. 58). The concentration of d1benz(a,c)anthracene in urban air 1s reported as 13,348 pg/1,500 m (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.88 ng/m . TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 01benz(a,c)anthracene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). 01benz(a,c)anthracene Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s 440 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 7.09. There Is disagreement regarding the cardnogenlcity of d1benz(a,c)anthracene (ref. 59). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOONmON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION; TLV • 0.2 mg/m (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/7.09 - 9.9 x 103 ng/m3 Air, Ecology: Uater, Health: 15 x 9.9 x 103 • 1.5 x 10S wg/i Mater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 10S • 300 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 7.09) • 23.5 ng/m3 EPCy,. • 15 x 23.5 • 353 ug/t EPCIC • 0.002 x 353 -0.7 ug/g E-238 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 21 VJVAL3 DIBENZ (a. clANTHRACENE Air, /ig/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, tig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, fig/S (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bawd on Health Effect! 9.9E3 1.5E5 3.0E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Baud on Health Effects 23.5 353 0.7 Bated on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background1 0.0009t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects - B. Based on Ecological Effect! III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 23.5 353 0.7 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-239 ------- STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 21 DIBEMZ(a.h)ANTHRACENE: C22HU (1,2-5,6-dlbenzanthracene. DB(a.h)A). Crystallizes In the form of silvery leaflets from acetic acid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 278.33; mp: 262; sublimes; solubility In water: 0.0005 rog/l at 27° (ref. 73); llpld solubility: 8 mg/ml 1n trlbutyrln (ref. 74). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Environmental concentration of D8(a,h)A are reported as follows: urban air— 3.2-32 gg/ 1,000 m ; soils (Iceland)-- 0-2.3 ug/kg (ref. 73). DB(a,h)A has also been detected In cooked meats and vegetables (ref. 73). The compound 1s probably a constituent of participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: LDLo tlntravenous, mouse): 10 mg/kg. D1benz(a,h)anthracene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). DB(a,h)A 1s considered an active carcinogen and causes aberrations 1n mammalian cells (ref. 42). It 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4529. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response Is reported as 0.006 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 754,833. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; D1benz(a>h)anthracene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV > 0.2 mg/m3 (for participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 7 x 104/754,833 • 0.093 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 0.093 • 1.4 vg/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 » 0.107 x 10 • 1.07 ug/nr • 0.081 x 10 • 0.81 ug/m3 EPC AH3 "9/t EPCWH1 * 1S x °'81 " EPCWH2 " °'4 x 10 * EPCLH « 0.002 x 4.0 - 0.008 ug/g • 103/(6 x 754,833) • 0.0002 ug/m3 EPC 'AC2 • 15 x 0.0002 • 0.003 ug/l • 0.002 x 0.003 • 6 x 106 ug/g F-240 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xxx 21 DIBENZfa, h)ANTHRACENE Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, M9/9 (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Dnetoping Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxic. ty Effluent Bated on Health Effects 9.3E-2 1.4EO 3.0E-3 Based on Ecotogical Effects B. Ambient Lewi Goal' Based on Health Effects 0.0002 0.003 6x1 O"6 Baled on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background 0.0032 to 0.032t 0 to 0.0023 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, jip/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.81 4.0 0,008 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 0.0002 0.003 6x1 O"6 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-241 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L D6 B6666 2AB -TJ BENZO(a)PYRENE: C2(JH12 (1,2-benzpyrene, B(a)P STRUCTURE: Yellowish plates; benzene solutions exhibit violet fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 252.30; rap: 179; bp: 496-510; vap. press: 10 nm at 310-312°C; Insoluble in water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); lipid solubility: 25 mg/ml in tributyrin (ref. 79). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benzo(a)pyrene occurs In coal tar and In all kinds of soot and smoke. Environmental concentration of B(a)P is reported as follows: urban air—0.04-0.4 ug/l,000 m (refs. 1,3); forest, woods, sand (nonlndustrial areas)--0-127 wg/kg (ref. 73). Other maximum concentrations reported Include: drinking water—23.4 yg/m ; cooked meat or fish—107 ug/kg; vegetables—8 ug/kg; roasted coffee—15 wg/kg (ref. 73). The chemical half-life of benzo(a)pyrene In the atmosphere Is reported as less than 1 day with solar radiation and several days without solar radiation (ref. 8). 8enzo(a)pyrene 1s associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: LDgg (subcutaneous, rat): 50 ing/kg. Benzo(a)pyrene is considered to be an active carcinogen. It has been shown to cause chromosome aber- • rations 1n mammalian cells (ref. 42). Experimental evidence Indicates that B(a)P 1s a mutagenlc and tera- togenlc agent in the mouse (ref. 2). Benzo(a)pyrene appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenic responses, is 6629. The lowest dose to induce a carcino- genic response is reported as 2 ug/kg. The adjusted number is 3,314,500 based on cardnogenlcity. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty 1s 3102. The lowest dose resulting in teratogenic effects 1s 240 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on teratogenlclty is 12.9. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; Benzo(a)pyrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV • 0.2 mg/n3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/3,314,500 - 0.02 vg/n3 Water. Health: 15 x 0.02 • 0.3 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 0.3 - 0.006 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC, AH2 0.107 x 50 0.081 x 50 AH3 EPCyH1 • 15 x 4.1 EPC^ » 0.4 x 50 EPCLH • 0.002 x 20 5.35 ug/mj 4.1 yg/m3 61.5 yg/t 20 ug/l 0.04 yg/g EPC AC2 103/(6 x 3,314,500) - 5 x 10"5 "5 15 x 5 x 10 0.002 x 7.5 x 7.5 x 10"4 ug/l 10"4 • 1.5 x 10 "6 wg/9 E-242 EPCAT - 103/(6 x 12.9) • EPC,., • 15 x 12.9 • 194 12.9 EPC LT 0.002 x 194 • 0.39 vg/g ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xxx 21 BENZO(a)PYRENE Mr.ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, ng/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate* (RScD Goali) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect* 2.0E-2 3.0E-1 6.0E-3 Bawd on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Uvel Goat* Bated on Health Effect! 5.0E-5 7.5E-4 1.5E-6 Bated on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 4E-5 to 4E-4t 0.02} 0 to 0.13§ •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water. jigj/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/fl (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Eff.cn II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 4.1 20 0.04 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baud on Health Effects 5 x 10"5 7.5 x 10"4 1.5 x 10-6 ^Reported for urban atmosphere. tDrinking water. §Sand, non-industrial areas. E-243 ------- CATEGORY; 21 —: : Prisms or plates from benzene. BENZO(e)PYRENE: C-nH,,, (4,5-benzopyrene). STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 252; mp: 178-9; sublimes at 250° (4 urn); Insoluble In water, solubility my be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solubility: 2.5 percent In olive oil (ref. 72). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Benzo(e)pyrene Is a constituent of the high-boiling coal tar (ref. 77). It has been Isolated from soils (ref. 81). The lowest reported urban concentration for benzo(e)pyrene Is 0.90 ng/m (ref. 1). Benzo(e)pyrene Is associated with partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface- treated water: 0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1.000 wg/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzo(e)pyrene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Benzo(e)pyrene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3223. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 140 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 23. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/23 • 3.04 x 103 wg/m3 Air. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 3.04 x 103 - 4.56 x 104 ug/i Hater. Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.57 x 10* • 91.2 «g/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 23) • 7.25 iig/m3 - 15 x 7.25 - 109 ug/l « 0.002 x 109 • 0.22 ug/g E-244 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 BENZO(e)PYRENE Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, M9/9 (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 3.04E3 4.56E4 9.12E1 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Coal' Bated on Health Effects 7.25 1 09 0.22 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,/J9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Beted on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 7.25 109 0.22 E-245 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WIN; L666 L6 K6 2AL STRUCTURE: PERYLEHE: C2QH12 (perl-dlnaphthalene, dlbenz(de.kl) anthracene). Yellow to colorless plates from toluene. lOl PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 252.34; mp: 277-279; sublimes 350-400° C; d: 1.35; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Perylene occurs In coal tar and 1n high-boiling petroleum fractions. The lowest reported urban level for perylene 1s given as 0.10 ng/m (ref. 1). Perylene Is associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH havt been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surf ace- treated water: 0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 i/g/kg - 1000 vg/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; There 1s no report of oncogenlc responses 1n animals or humans which are attributable to this compound. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: Water. Ecology: Land. Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; E-246 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 PERYLENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /i 9/1 (ppm Wt) Land, MB/9 (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) tl. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects Baud on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* O.OOOlt •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effects tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-247 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L F6 E6 B666J PICENE: C22H14 (l,2-7,8-d1benzphenanthrene, d1benzo(a,1) STRUCTURE: phenanthrene). Crystallizes 1n the form of plates with bluish fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 278.33; mp: 367; sublimes 300° C; bp: 518-20; Insoluble In water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Plcene Is found 1n tar oils from soft coal and 1n petroleum. The rural concentration for plcene 1s reported as 0.0974 ug/1,500 m (ref. 4). This 1s equivalent to 0.06 ng/m3. Plcene probably occurs as a constituent of partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Plcene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Plcene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 111 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 28. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 7 x 104/28 - 2.5 x 103 ug/m3 ' Air. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 103 • 3.75 x 104 vg/t Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 104 • 75 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPCAC2 • lO3/^ x 28) « 5.95 yg/m3 • 15 x 5.95 « 89.3 ug/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 89.3 - 0.18 gg/g E-248 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 PiCEiME EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, 08/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate* (R&D Goalil II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent BiMdon Health Effects 2.5E3 3.75E4 7.5E1 Bated on Ecological Effect. B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effect! 5.95 89.3 0.18 Based on Ecological Eff»cti C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.00006 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, «ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. BaMdon Health Effects B. Baud on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration / A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 5.95 89.3 0.18 E-249 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L 06 B66 D666 2AB ASJ DIBENZO(a,h)PYRENE: C-.^-.fdibenzofb.def) - chrysene, STRUCTURE: DB(a.h)P). Crystallizes as gold-orange plates from trichlorobenzene. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 302; mp: 315; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: D1benzo(a,h)pyrene is a constituent of coal-tar pitch. It may be formed by pyrolysls of anthracene. D1benzo(a,h)pyrene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 ug/«. - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58); upper • layer of Earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: D1benzo(a,h)pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Oibenzo(a,h)pyrene is Included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcino- genic response is reported as 165 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 18.9. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV » 0.2 mg/m3 [for partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively]. MINIMUM ACUTE TDXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/18.9 • 3.7 x 103 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 3.7 x 103 - 5.55 x 104 ug/£ Water. Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 5.55 x 104 • 111 pg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCflc2 - 103/(6 x 18.9) • 8.8 ug/m3 EP^ * 15 x 8.8 « 132 vg/l EPCLC « 0.002 x 132 * 0.26 ug/g E-250 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 DIBENZO(a, hJPYRENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.7E3 5.55E4 1.1E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 8.8 132 0.26 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,j»«/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, (ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 8.8 132 0.26 E-251 ------- CATEGORY; 21 WLN; L D6 B66 P666 2AB A+J STRUCTURE: DIBENZOta.DPYRENE: C24H,4 (benzo(rst)pentaphene). Crystallizes as greenish-yellow needles or plates, benzene solutions exhibit blue fluorescence. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 302; mp: 281.5; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); I1p1d solubility: 2.5 mg In 0.2 ml tr1-octano1n (ref. 72). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s present In coal tar (ref. 73). D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH, (ref. 72). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: A1r (urban environment 1n winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 yg/l - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58): upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 yg/kg - 1,000 yg/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 01benzo(a,1)pyrene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3225. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 2 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 1612. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 0.2 rag/m [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydre recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively]. TLV • 0.2 rag/m3 [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS! Air, Health: 7 x 104/1.612 - 43.4 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 43.4 - 651 vg/l Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 651 • 1.3 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x 1,612) • 0.1 yg/m3 EP^ « 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 W/l EPC,_C • 0.002 x 1.5 • 0.003 vg/9 E-252 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 21 DIBENZO(a, OPYRENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jjg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, iig/l (ppmWt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 4.3E1 6.5E2 1.3EO Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level Goal' Baled on Health Effect! 0.1 1.5 0.003 Based on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Netural Background* "To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, jig/l (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effect! B. Bued on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Baud Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effect! III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Besed on Health Effects 0.1 1.5 0.003 E-253 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L D66 K666 B6JAB A«J OIBENZOta.DPYRENE: CMH14 (dlbenzo(def.p)chrysene, STRUCTURE; 1,2-9,10-dlbenzopyrene). lOlQj Colorless prisms from cyclohexane. (^"•N PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 302.24; mp: 164; Insoluble In Mater, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solubility: 0.6 mg/0.2 ml olive oil (ref. 72). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; D1benzo(a,l}pyrene Is probably not a naturally occurring 1saner. Its synthesis has been reported (ref. 73). Investigations previous to 1966 concerning d1benzo(a,l)pyrene were probably carried out with d1benzo(a,e)f1uo- ranthene (ref. 73). If the compound occurs In the atmosphere. It will probably be associated with participate poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; D1benzo(a,1)pyrene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3101. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 48 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering num- ber Is 64.6. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV » 0.2 mg/m (for particulate polycycllc carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). TLV » 0.2 mg/m3 (for parti cu late polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104/64.6 « 1.08 x 103 wg/ra3 A1r, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 1.08 x 103 • 1.6 x 10* ug/t Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.6 x 104 • 32 yg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 64.6) • 2.6 wg/ra3 EPCyj. • 15 x 2.6 • 39 »g/t EPCLC - 0.002 x 39 • 0.078 ug/g E-254 ------- MULTIMEDIA GOALS DIBENZCHa. DPYRENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. (tg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exiiting Standardi NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.08E3 1.6E4 3.2E1 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 2.6 39 0.08 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jifl/m* (ppm Vol) Water, «ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, fig/9 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Sued on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effects 2.6 39 0.08 E-255 ------- CATEGORY: 21 Bid* L666 B6 C6 06 4ABCD VJ BENZO(ghi)PERYLENE: C22H12 (1,12-Benzoperylene). STRUCTURE: Leaflets from benzene; exhibits bright green-yellow fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 276; mp: 222-3; insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities in water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benzo(ghi)perylene occurs in tar and in smoke-polluted atmospheres. The urban concentration for benzo- (ghi)perylene is reported as 3.27 ng/m (ref. 1). Benzo(gh1)perylene is associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: A1r (urban environment in winter in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/l (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1,000 vg/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzo(ghi)perylene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Topical application of benzo(ghi)perylene in acetone solution (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, 3,4- and l.2-benzopyrene,l,2,5,6-d1benzanthracene, and 1,2-benzanthracene) induced four tumors in 225 mice (ref. 60). Data pertinent to the carcinogenic potential of benzo(ghi)pery- lene alone are currently not available. The compound is probably not a highly active carcinogen. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Benzo(ghi)perylene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV « 0.2 rog/m3 (for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: Air, Ecology: Water. Health: Water, Ecology: Land, Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: E-256 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 BENZQ(ghi)PERYLENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Amb ent Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.003t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tValue is for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-257 ------- CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L666 B6 C6 D6 E6 6A6CDEF A&J CORONENE: C24H12 (hexabenzobenzene). STRUCTURE: Yellow needles from benzene; solutions exhibit bluish-violet fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 300.36; rap: 438; bp: 525; d: 1.377; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Urban concentrations of coronene are reported ranging 1.252 ng/1,500 m3 to 2.13 ng/m3 (ref. 1). Coronene 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment 1n winter 1n 9 3 seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 ng/i - 0.025 ug/l (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 wg/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Coronene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Topical application of coronene In acetone solution (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, 3,4- and 1,2-benzopyrene. 1,12-benzperylene, anthanthrene, 1,2,5,6-dlbenzanthracene, and 1,2- benzanthracene) Induced four tumors 1n 225 mice (ref. 60). Data pertinent to the carcinogenic potential of coronene alone are currently unavailable. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: A1r, Ecology: Mater. Health: Uater, Ecology: Land, Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! E-258 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 21 CORONENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) . II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.002t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Water, fij/l (ppm Wt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWt) I. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-259 ------- WUN: STRUCTURE: CATEGORY; 22 FLUORENE: C13H1Q (2,3-benzlndene, dlphenyleneaiethane). Fluorescent, colorless flakes. PROPERTIES! Molecularftwt: 166.15; mp: 116-117; bp: 293-295; d: 1.203 ; vap. p: 10 urn at 146.0°C; Insoluble in water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Fluorene 1s among the lower molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons comprising the volatile portion of the benzene soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4). Fluorene 1s associated with partlculate polycyclic aroma- tic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: A1r (urban environment 1n winter 1n seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground- water and surface-treated water: ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58). 0.001 ug/i - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Fluorene may be present in soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcin- ogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). There 1s currently no evidence to indicate that fluorene alone Is carcinogenic. Subcutaneous Injection of fluorene In a 1:1 molar ratio to benzo(a)pyrene showed no Inhibitory effect on the carclnogenlclty of B(a)P (ref. 72). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Fluorene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV (coal tar pitch volatlles): 0.2 mg/m3. [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acridlne, phenanthrene, and fluorene, collectively. The purpose of the TLV is to minimize concentrations of higher weight polycyclic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).] MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: Water, Health: Land, Health: Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: E-260 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 22 FLUORENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. pg/m (ppm Vol) Water, f/g/l (ppm Wt) Land, figfg (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, H0/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. jig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, (ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A.Bastdon Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-261 ------- CATEGORY: 22 WLN; L C6566 1A PJ FLUORANTHENE: C16H1Q (benzo{j,k)fluorene). STRUCTURE: Colorless needles or plates from alcohol. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 202.26; mp: 110; Insoluble in water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Fluoranthene 1s present 1n coal tar (ref. 77) and 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: A1r (urban environment In winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground- water and surface-treated water: 0.001 pg/i - 0.025 wg/t (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 pg/kg - 1.000 »g/kg (ref. 58). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: L050 (oral, rat): 2,000 rug/kg Fluoranthene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Topical application of fluoranthene in acetone (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, B(a)P, B(e)P, perylene, anthanthrene, DB(a,j)A, and BA) Induced four tumors 1n 225 mice (ref. 60). There 1s currently no evidence to Indicate that fluoranthene alone 1s carcinogenic. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). Fluoranthene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 2. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 2,000 > 9.0 x 10 wg/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 9 x 104 - 1.4 x 106 vg/i Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.4 x 106 » 2.8 x 103 pg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 * O-1"7 * 2,000 • 214 ug/m3 EPCAH3 " 0'081 x 2%00° " 162 "9/m3 EPC^ - 15 x 162 • 2.430 ug/t EPCWH2 " °'4 * 2'000 " 80° u9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 800 • 1.6 ug/g £-262 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL 22 VWML3 PLUORAIMTHENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m3 (ppm Vof) Water, fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1 . Bated on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 9.0E4 1.4E6 2.8E3 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Health Effects 162 800 1.6 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Q Air. M9/rn (ppm Vol) Water , M9/I {ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 162 800 1.6 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-263 ------- CATEGORY; 22 WLN: L 06 C6566 1A TJ BEHZOU )FLUORAHTHENE: C2()H12 (10,11-benzo- STRUCTURE: fluoranthene, B(j)F). Yellow plates or needles from alcohol. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 252.32; mp: 165; Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Benzo(j)fluoranthene may be obtained from coal tar and from the high-temperature pyrolysls of anthracene, naphthalene, tobacco constituents, and other organic compounds (ref. 73). A concentration of B(j)F 1n urban atmosphere 1s reported as 1.3 ng/m3 (ref. 1). Benzo(j)f1uoranthene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). Other environmental concentrations of B(j)F (with B(b)F) are reported as follows: soil—15 to 110 ug/kg; drinking water—I to 14.0 yg/nr oils of certain fruits and 1n cooked foods (ref. 73). (ref. 73). It has also been detected 1n TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Benzo(j)f1uoranthene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Benzo(j)fluoranthene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 288 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 10.8. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/10.8 • 6.5 x 103 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 6.5 x 103 « 9.8 x 104 Land. Health: 0.002 x 9.8 x 104 • 200 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x 10.8) * 15.4 Mg/m3 • 15 x 15.4 • 231 »g/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 231 • 0.5 gg/g E-264 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 22 BENZO(j)FLUORANTHENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ngl\ (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 6.5E3 9.8E4 2.0E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal- Bated on Health Effects 15.4 231 0.5 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* O.OOlt "To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m (ppm Vol\| Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated •Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 15.4 231 0.5 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-265 ------- CATEGORY: 22 WLN: L C65 K666 1A BENZO(b)FLUORANTHENE: C2QH12 (benz(e)acephenantrylene, STRUCTURE: 2,3-benzofluoranthene, B(b)F). Needles from benzene. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 252; mp: 167; Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58); 11p1d solubility: 0.6mg/2 ml olive o11 (ref. 72). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benzo(b)fluoranthene Is formed by the high-temperature pyrolysis of anthracene, some tobacco constituents, and other organic compounds (ref. 73). Benzo(b)f1uoranthene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aro- matic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). Concentrations of benzo(b)f1uoranthene measured 1n urban atmosphere range from 0.54 ng/m3 to 22 ng/m3 (ref. 1). Other environmental concentrations of B(b)F with B(j)F are reported as follows: drinking water~0.8 to 11.5 ug/m3; soils (nonlndustrlal)--lS to 110 ug/kg (ref. 73). It has also been detected 1n foods, leaves of various trees, and algae (ref. 73). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Benzo(b)fluoranthene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Benzo(b)fluoranthene appears 1n NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 40 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 78. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Benzo(b)fluoranthene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV = 0.2 mg/m (for partlculate polycycll carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). TLV = 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/78 - 900 vg/m3 A1r. Ecology: Mater, Health: 15 x 900 • 1.34 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.34 x 10 26.9 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCftc2 • 103/(6 x 78) « 2.1 ng/m3 EPCHC = 15 x 2.1 =• 31.5 pg/t EPCLC - 0.002 x 31.5 - 0.06 ug/g E-266 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 22 BENZO(b)FLUORANTHENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water. i>g/\ ------- CATEGORY; 22 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE; C21H16 (benz(j)aceanthrylene- 1,2-d1hydro-3-methyl, 20-methylcholanthrene) Straw-yellow needles from benzene. WIN: L E6 06656 1A T&a&T&J R STRUCTURE: »20. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 268.37; mp: 176.5-177.5; d: 1.28' Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solu- bility: 12 mg/ml In trlbutyrln (ref. 74). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; 3-Methylcholanthrene may be formed by the pyrolytlc degradation of cholesterol derivatives {ref. 24). The compound may occur as a constituent of participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; 3-Hethylcholanthrene 1s a known carcinogen. It causes chromosome abberatlons 1n mammalian cells (ref. 42). The compound Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The ordering number 1s 5829. The lowest dose to Induce a response 1s reported as 0.312 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 18,683. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/18,683 * 3.75 yg/m3 Water. Health: 15 x 3.75 • 56 gg/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 56 « 0.112 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water. Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC.-, - 103/(6 x 18,683) • 0.009 ug/ra3 IS x 0.009 • 0.14 ug/i ,-4 EPCLC • 0.002 x 0.14 • 2.8 x 10"* ug/g E-268 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 22 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jug/mj (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Bated on Best Technology A. Existing Standard] NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Baud on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect] 3.8EO 5.6E1 1.1E-1 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Leml Goal' Based on Health Effects 0.009 0.14 3 x 10"4 Baud on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background1 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ;ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated , Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.009 0.14 3xlO"4 E-269 ------- CATEGORY; 22 WLN; L E6 C5666 B6 3ABC BJ INDENOd,2.3-cd)PYRENE: C22H12 (2,3-0-phenylenepyrene, IP). STRUCTURE: Yellow plates or needles from light petroleum, greenish fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 276.34; mp: 162.5-164; Insoluble in water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water; llpld solubility: 0.6 mg/2 ml olive oil (ref. 72). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 1s present In coal tar. It 1s formed by high-temperature pyrolysls of tobacco constituents (ref. 73). Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene Is associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydro- carbons, PPAH (ref. 71). Environmental concentrations of 1ndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene are reported as follows: air dust—0.96 mg/kg; soils (forest)—0.6 mg/kg; drinking water—0.1 to 12.6 ug/m3 (ref. 73). It has also been detected 1n oils from certain fruits, leaves of various kinds of trees, and in algae (ref. 73). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Indenofl,2,3-cd)pyrene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 72 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 43. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1. TLV » 0.2 rag/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/43 • 1.63 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.63 x 103 • 2.4 x 10* i>g/i Water. Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.4 x 104 - 48 Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC • 103/(6 x 43) AC2 • x • 3.9 wg/m 15 x 3.9 • 58.5 pg/t 0.002 x 58.5 • 0.1 wg/g E-270 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS INDENOd, 2,3-cd)PYRENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fjg/l (ppm Wt) Land, MB/9 (ppm Wt) 1. Baied on Beit Technology A. Exiiting Standard! NSPS, BCT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate* (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 1.63E3 2.4E4 4.8E1 Bated on Ecological Effecn B. Ambient Lent Goal* Bawd on Health Effect! 3.9 58.5 0.1 Bawd on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Ditcharge Natural Background* 0. 0001-0. 01 t 0.6 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m (ppm Vol) Water, ng/\ (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect! 3.9 58.5 0.1 tDrinking water. E-271 ------- WLN: T6NJ STRUCTURE: CATEGORY: 23A PYRIDINE: CjHgN (azabenzene, azine). Colorless liquid; sharp, penetrating odor, burning taste. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 79.10; mp: -42; bp: IIS.5; d: 0.9819' vap. press: 10 mn at 13.2° C; vap. d: 2.73; pKa: 5.23 (ref. 82); soluble 1n water. 020. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Pyridlne and Its methyl derivatives are usually obtained from the degradation of coal. As a typical heterocycllc aromatic compound, pyrldlne undergoes both nucleoph111c and electrophUlc substitutions. Pyridlne 1s photolytlcally active (ref. 83). The basicity of pyrldlne 1s less than that of aromatic amines (ref. 84). The odor threshold for pyrldlne Is reported as 0.021 ppra or approximately 68 ug/m (ref. 29). The rural concentration of pyrldlne 1s reported as 21 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 67.7 ug/m . (This level is probably high since 1t 1s representative of an agricultural area.) TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Pyrldlne Is mildly Irritating to the skin and causes depression of the central nervous system. Mild symptoms are reported from exposure to 10 ppm. Chronic poisoning may result 1n damage to liver, kidney, and bone marrow (ref 4). L05Q (oral, rat): 891 mg/kg. LC50 (Inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm for 4 hr. Toxlclty to aquatic life: The 96-hr Tim Is reported ranging from 1,000 to 100 ppm (ref. 2). Pyrldlne In water In concentrations as low as 5 mg/l may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 69, 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 15 mg/m (5 ppm). (The TLV is sufficient to prevent acute or chronic poisoning but Is sub- stantially higher than the odor threshold.) MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.50 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm) Water, Health: 15 x 1.50 x 104 - 2.25 x 105 Mg/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 105 • 450 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 « 1.0 x 10 ug/t Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC AH1 103 x 15/420 -35.7 ug/m3 EPCAHa " 5/42° ' °'012 ppm 15 x 35.7 • 535.5 EPCUH2 * 13'8 x 15 " 20? "9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 207 « 0.414 ug/g EPCWE1 - 50 x 100 • 5,000 ug/t EPCUE2 « 5.000 ug/t (to prevent tainting) EPC,. • 0.002 x 5,000 • 10 ug/g E-272 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 23A PYRIDINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/m (ppm Vol) Water, ug/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Detefoping Technology Engineering Estimates IR&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1 . 50E4 (5) 2.25E5 4.5E2 Based on Ecological Effect. 1.0E4 2.0E1 B. Ambient Lewi God* Based on Health Effects 35.7 (0.012) 207 0.414 Based on Ecological Effect! 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Diicharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, wj/m (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppmWt) Lend, jig/g (ppm Wt) I. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effeett II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 35.7 (0.012) 207 0.414 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-273 ------- CATEGORY: 23A PICOLINES: CgH?N (2-methylpyrldlne, 3-methylpyrldlne. 4-methy1pyHd1ne). The plcollnes have a strong, unpleasant odor. WLN: STRUCTURE; PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: CH, 93.14; bp: 129-145; d: 0.95 to 0.97 15. pK : 5.68-5.96 (ref. 82); soluble In water. Q NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Pyrldlne, plcollnes, and Iut1dines are usually obtained by the degradation of coal. They display aromatldty 1n their substitution reactions. As bases they are less basic than aliphatic amines (ref. 84). fyrldlne and pyr1d1ne-r1ng compounds are photolytlcally active (ref. 83). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The plcollnes are Irritating to the eyes and to the respiratory tract (ref. 41). 2-plcollne 3-p1col1ne 4-p1col1ne L05Q (oral , rat) (ref. 2) 790 mg/kg 800 mg/kg 800 mg/kg L0100 (Inhalation, rat) (ref. 41) 15,400 ppn/1.5 hr 8,700 ppm/2.2 hr 8,000 ppm/2 hr Certain pyrldlne compounds are reported to cause tainting of fish (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 790 - 3.56 x 10* wg/rn3 Water, Health: 15 x 3.56 x 104 - 5.34 x 105 Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.33 x 105 - 1.07 x 10 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 790 -84.5 ng/m3 EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 790 -64.0 yg/m3 EPCWH • 15 x 64 » 960 ug/l EPCWH2 " °'4 * 79° " 3'6 "9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 316 - 0.63 ug/g E-274 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23A PICOL1NES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/l (ppm Wt) Land, ug/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT" B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.56E4 5.34E5 1.07E3 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 64 316 0.6 Based on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,pg/m (ppm Vol) Watar, «ig/l (ppmWt) Land, ny/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 64.0 316 0.6 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-275 ------- CATEGORY: COLLIDINES: 23A N (trimethylpyridlnes, ethyl methyl pyri dines). WLN: STRUCTURE; PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 121; bp: 165-198; d: 0.9130-0.9352; (ref. 82); sparingly soluble 1n water. CH3J3 CH3 C2H5 : 7.1-7.45 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; ColHdines are found In low temperature tar. In general, they exhibit characteristics of aromatic compounds. As bases they are stronger than pyrldlne. Pyrldlne and Its derivatives are photolytlcally active (ref. 83). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; The simple alkyl derivatives of pyrldlne act as local Irritants (ref. 41). 2-Hethy1-5-ethyl-pyr1dine is listed as a corrosive liquid (ref. 2). LOSO (oral, rat): 1,540 mg/kg for 5-ethyl-2-methylpyr1d1ne. Aquatic toxlclty: The 96-hr TUn for 2-methyl-5-ethyl-pyr1d1ne 1s reported as 100 to 1,000 ppm (ref. 2). Certain pyridine compounds cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDAR08. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 1,540 • 6.93 x 104 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 6.93 x 104 « 1.04 x 106 ug/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.04 x 106 - 2.08 x 103 Mg/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 « 1.0 x 104 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 « 20 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 1.540 • 165 ug/m EPCAH3 " °'081 x 1>54° " 12S g9/m EPCWH1 • '5 x 125 • 1,875 ug/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x lf540 * 616 "9/l EPCLH " 0-°°2 x 616 -1.23 vg/g EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 « 5,000 ug/t EPCLE « 0.002 x 5.000 • 10 «g/g E-276 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23A COLLIDINES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, //9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, ng/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goali) 11. Bawd on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute ToxicitY Effluent Based on Health Effects 6.93E4 1.04E6 2.08E3 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 2.0E1 8. Ambient L««el Goal* Bated on Health Effects 125 616 1.23 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C, Elimination of Ditch arga Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m3 (ppm Vol) rtawr, /jg/l (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 125 616 1.23 B. Based on Ecological Effecti 5,000 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-277 ------- CATEGORY: 23B QUINOLINE: CgHyN (1-benzaz1ne. ch1nol1ne. benzo(b)pyrldlne). ISOQUINOLINE: (leucollne, benzo(c)pyrldlne). Liquids with strong odors. wu\|. T66 BNJ ' T66 CIW STRUCTURE! QuIncline 1.09f; Isoqulnollne PROPERTIES: Qulnollne: Molecular wt: 129.1; mp: -15; bp: 237.7; d: vap. press: 1 mm at 59.7° C; soluble In hot water. Isoqulnollne: Molecular wt: 129.1; mp: 26.48; d: 1.091^; slightly soluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Qulnollne and Isoqulnollne are Isolated 1n small amounts from coal tar. They are less basic than aliphatic amines. Compounds containing the pyrldlne ring are photolytlcally active (ref. 83). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Toxlclty Information for qulnollne Is very sparse. It Is a mild Irritant. L05Q (oral, rat): 460 mg/kg for qulnollne. LDgg Coral, rat): 350 mg/kg for Isoqulnollne. Concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 rag/t 1n water my cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28, 69). REGULATORY ACTIONS STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 350 • 1.58 x 104 ug/m3 Air. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.58 x 10 • 2.36 x 105 Mg/t Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.36 x 105 - 473 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 'AH2 0.107 x 350 • 37.5 ug/m3 EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 350 • 28.4 ug/m3 EPCUH1 • 15 x 28.4 - 426 ug/t EPCWH2 ' °4 « 350 • 140 ug/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 140 - 0.28 ug/g EPCUE1 « 500 (to prevent tainting) EPCL£ - 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g E-278 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23B QUINOLINE, ISOQUINOLINE Air, jig/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, iigft (ppm Wt) Land, jug/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.58E4 2.36E5 4.7E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Heal* Effects 28.4 140 0.28 Based on Ecological Effaces 500 1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Band Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 28.4 140 0.28 B. Based on Ecological Effects 500 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-279 ------- CATEQORY: 23B WLN; T66 BNJ C 2-HETHYLQUINOLINE: CuHgN (qulnaldlne). STRUCTURE: Colorless, oily liquid with qu1no11ne-11ke odor. PROPERTIES: ^ AS-A Molecular wt: 143.2; bp: 246-247; d: 1.06; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 2-nethylqu1nol1ne occurs In snail amounts In coal tar. In general. It exhibits properties of aromatic compounds. Compounds containing the pyrldlne ring are photolytlcally active (ref. 83). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 2-methylqu1nol1ne 1s a respiratory tract Irritant (ref. 9). LD5Q (oral, rat): 1.230 mg/kg. Certain qulnollne compounds are reported to cause tainting of fish (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 1,230 • 5.54 x 10* ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 5.54 x 104 - 8.31 x 105 ng/t Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 8.31 x 105 » 1.66 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 1.230 • 132 ng/m3 EPCA(O • 0.081 x 1.230 • 100 ug/m3 EPCyH1 • 15 x 100 « 1,500 gg/i EPCWH2 * °'4 x ''23° ' 492 "&* EPCLH « 0.002 x 492 - 0.98 ug/g E-280 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23B 2-METHYLQUIIMOLINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, Ml/I (ppm Wt) Land, n g, s (ppmWl) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.54E4 8.31E5 1.66E3 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effect! 100 492 0.98 Based on Ecological EffecH C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, j/g/rr, (ppm Vol) Water, jug/I (ppm Wt) Lnnd, «ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Baser! on Health Effects 8. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 100 492 0.98 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-281 ------- CATEGORY: 23B WLN: T C666 BNJ ACRIDINE: C13HgN (10-azaanthracene, benzo(b)quinol1ne, STRUCTURE: dibenzo(b,e)pyr1dine). Small colorless crystals, dilute solutions exhibit violet fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 179.21; mp: 111; sublimes; bp: 345-346; pKa: 5.6 (ref. 85) d: 1.00520; vap. press.: 1 run at 129.4°; slightly soluble 1n hot water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Acridities may be found in coa! tar and pitch.' They are associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The concentration of acrldlne 1n urban atmosphere 1s reported as 0.67 ug/1,500 m (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 0.00045 ug/m3. The acridlnes are classified as weak bases. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Acrldlne 1s Irritating to skin and to mucous membranes (ref. 85). Acrldlne may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man (85, 73). There 1s no evidence to Indicate that acrldlne alone 1s carcinogenic to man or to animals. LD5Q (oral, rat): 2,000 Big/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (coal tar pitch volatlles): 0.2 mg/m3. [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acrldlne, phenanthrene, and fluorene, collectively. The purpose of the TLV 1s to minimize concentrations of higher-weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).] A candidate for the 11st for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 45 x 2,000 9.0 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 9.0 x 104 « 1.35 x 106 ugAt Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.35 x 106 « 2.70 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology. ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 " 0<107 x Z>00° " 214 W1"3 EPCAH3 " °-0fll x 2t°°° " 162 u9/n\|3 • 15 x 162 • 2.430 ug/t EPCWH2 * °'4 * 2>00° " 80° u9/ EPC • 0.002 x 800 • 1.6 ug/t E-282 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23B ACRIDINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jug/1 (ppmWt) Land, vg/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factor! A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 9.0E4 1.35E6 2.70E3 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 162 800 1.6 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.00045t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS n Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 162 800 1.6 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-283 ------- CATEGORY: 23B WIN: T 06 B666 CNJ 8ENZ(c)ACRIDINE: C17HnN (o-chrysldine, a-naphthacr1d1ne) STRUCTURE: Benz(c)acr1d1ne crystallizes 1n the form of needles from aqueous ethanol; solutions show green fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 229.29; rap: 108; p ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23B BENZ(c)ACRIDINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. jug/m3 fppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) t. Baiod on 8e$t Technology A. Exllting St«irfarfli NSPS. OPT. BAT B. Developing Tochnologv Enginnring Eitimatn (R&D Goalt) II. Based on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute Toxin tv Effluent Baud on Hoallh Effecti 1.05E4 1 . 58E5 3.16E2 Baud on Ecological Effecti B. Ambient Level Oo>l* Bmdon Health Effacti 25 375 0.75 Bated on EcoloQtcal Effactt C. Elimination of Dllcharga Natural Background' o.ooost •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/'l (ppmWt) Land, /ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bned on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! B. Band on Ecological Effect! III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baud on Health Effscti 25 375 0.75 tAverage for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-285 ------- CATEGORY: 23B WLN: T E6 D6 B666 NNJ DIBENZ(a.J)ACRIDINE: C21H13N (1,2-7,8-d1benzacr1d1ne). STRUCTURE: Oibenz(a,j)acrid1ne crystallizes as yellow needles. Sulfudc acid solutions of the compound exhibit greenish fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 279.35; mp: 216, solubility in water may be enhanced by the presence of add Impurities In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Acr1d1nes may be found In coal tar and pitch. They are associated with paniculate poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The average atmospheric urban concentration of d1benz(a,j)acr1d1ne 1n the United States 1$ reported as 0.04 ug/1.000 m3 (ref. 59). The acridities are classified as weak bases. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: 01benz(a,j)acr1d1ne may be present in soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man, (refs. 85. 73). D1benz(a,j)acr1d1ne 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122. The lowest toxic dose to Induce an oncogen1c response 1s 11 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 284. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 [for paniculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively]. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 7 x 104/284 - 246 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 2.46 x 102 » 3.70 x 103 pg/£ Hater, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.70 x 103 - 7.4 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 284) - 0.59 pg/m3 EPCWC * 15 x 0.59 - 8.85 pg/t EPCLC > 0.002 x 8.85 - 0.02 ug/g E-286 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 23B DIBENZ(a,j)ACRIDINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! IMSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&O Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.46E2 3.7E3 7.4EO Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.59 8.85 0.02 Bated on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 4xlO~5t "To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect* 0.59 8.85 0.02 tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-287 ------- CATEGORY; 23B WLN: T G6 D6 B666 CNO DIBENZ(a.h)ACRIDINE: C21H13(1,2-5,6-Dibenzacridine). STRUCTURE: 01benz(a,h)acr1dine is obtained as yellow crystals fro» ethanol; solutions of the compound exhibit fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 299.35; mp: 228; solubility in water may be enhanced by the presence of acids as impurities in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Acridines may be found In coal tar and pitch. They are associated with paniculate poly eye lie aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The average atmospheric urban concentration of d1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne in the United States 1s reported as 0.08 ug/1,000 m3 air (ref. 59). The acridines are classified as weak bases. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; D1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man (refs. 85, 73). D1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne 1s included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3124. The lowest toxic dose to induce a carcinogenic response 1s 10 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 312.4. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 0.2 mg/»3 [for paniculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively]. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/312.4 • 224 pg/m3 A1r. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.24 x 102 » 3.36 x 103 ug/£ Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.36 x 103 » 6.72 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCftc2 • 103/(6 x 312.4) • 0.53 ug/m3 EPCy,. • 15 x 0.53 « 8.0 ug/f EPCLC • 0.002 x 8.0 • 0.016 ug/g E-288 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 23B DIBENZ(a,h)ACRIDINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/n3 (ppm Vol) Water, jug/1 (ppmWt) Land, MT/'a (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.2E2 3.36E3 6.7EO Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.53 8.0 0.016 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 8xlO"5t "To ba multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /is/m' {ppm Vol) Water. /ifl/t (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects li. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 0.53 8.0 0.016 tReportea for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. E-289 ------- CATEGORY: 23B WIN: T E6 06 B666 CNJ DIBENZ(c.h)ACRIDINE; C21H13N (3,4-5,6(d1benzacr1d1ne). STRUCTURE; D1benz(c,h)acr1d1ne Is obtained as yellow crystals from ethanol. Solutions of the compound exhibit fluorescence. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt.: 279.35; mp: 189; sublimes; solubility 1n water may be enhanced by the presence of adds as Impurities In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Acridities may be found In coal tar and pitch. They are associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PpAH (ref. 71). The acrldlnes are classified as weak bases. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; ' 01benz(c,h)acr1d1ne may be present In soot, coal tar. and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man (refs. 85, 73). Although not considered to be a highly active carcinogen alone, dibenz(c.h) acridlne Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response Is reported as 1,020 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 3.06. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 0.2 mg/ra [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively]. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/3.06 « 2.3 x 10* ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.3 x 104 « 3.45 x 105 vg/t Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.45 x 105 • 690 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 3.06) • 54.5 pg/m3 15 x 54.5 • 817.5 u8/£ 0.002 x 817.5 • 1.6 wg/g E-290 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23B DIBENZ(c, h)ACRIDINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. uo/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I ------- CATEGORY: 23B WLN: 2.3-BENZ-4-AZAFLUORENE; C^H^N (11-Indeno(l,2-b)- STRUCTURE; quinoline) Colorless needles from benzene. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 217; np: 169-70; bp: 412. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 2,3-Benz-4-azafluorene 1$ a constituent of anthracite pitch. It Is associated with participate polycyclic organic natter (ref. 71). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No Information 1s available regarding toxic effects of carcinogenic potential for this compound alone. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV » 0.2 »g/in3 (for partlculate poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r. Health: Air. Ecology: Water, Health: Water, Ecology: Land. Health: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; 1-292 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23B 2,3-BEINIZ-4-AZAFLUORENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Baled on Best Technology A. Exiiting Standard! NSPS, BIT, BAT - B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimate) (R&D GoBliI II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lewi Goal' Beted on Health Effect! Beted on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Ditch eroa Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. //g/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! B. Bated on Ecological Effect! III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects F.-293 ------- CATEGORY: 23C WLN: TSMJ PYRROLE; C4H5H (l-aza-2,4-cyclopentad1ene, azole, STRUCTURE: d1v1ny1ene1m1ne). Colorless liquid when freshly distilled, darkens on exposure to sir, odor similar to that of chloroform. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 67.10; bp: 130; d: 0.9691J°; vap. d.: 2.31; pKb: 13.6 (ref. 41); sparingly soluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Pyrrole occurs 1n coal tar and bone oil. The pyrrole ring 1s part of Important, naturally occurring compounds, Including haemln, chlorophyll, bile pigments, and many alkaloids (refs. 86,38). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Pyrrole 1s generally regarded as having a low degree of toxlclty (ref. 41). LDe. (subcutaneous, mouse): 61 ing/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 61 • 2.7 x 103 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Mater, Health: 15 x 2.7 x 103 • 4.05 x 104 ug/i Water. Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.05 x 104 • 81 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 61 -6.5 ug/m3 £PCAH3 " °'081 x 61 ' 5 "S/1"3 EPCWH1 " 15 x 5 • 75 ug/l EPCyH2 • 0.4 x 61 - 24 ug/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 24 » 0.05 ug/g E-294 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23C PYRROLE Air, Mg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. Mg/l (ppm Wt) Land, M9/9 (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Beit Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effecn 2.7E3 4.05E5 8.1E1 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effect! 5 24 0.05 Based on Ecological C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, MD/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ftg/l (ppmWt) Land, MB/8 (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 5 24 0.05 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effecn E-295 ------- CATEGORY; 23C WLN: T56 BMJ INDOLE: C8HyN (2,3-benzopyrrole. 1-azaindene. 1-benzazole). STRUCTURE: Colorless leaflets from water. Pleasant odor when pure. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 117.09; mp: 52; bp: 253-4; soluble In hot water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Indole occurs In coal tar, 1n jasmine, orange blossom, and other flower oils, and with skatole tn feces (ref. 87). Indole-3-acet1c acid Is an Important plant growth hormone (ref. 88). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: L050 (oral, rat): 1.000 rag/kg. Indole Is Included In NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 480 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 6.5. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 7 x 104/6.5 « 1.1 x 10* ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 1.1 x 104 - 1.65 x 105 vg/l Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.65 x 105 • 330 vg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 * °'107 x 1'000 ' 107 M9/m3 EPCAH3 " °'081 x 1>00° " 81 "9/l"3 EPCWH1 • 15 x 81 • 1,200 ng/t EPCWH2 * °'4 x 1>00° * 40° ug/l EPCLH « 0.002 x 400 • 0.8 ug/g EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 6.5) • 26 ng/m3 EPCyC « 15 x 26 • 390 ug/l EPCn- - 0.002 x 390 - 0.8 wg/g E-296 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23C INDOLE Air.MBfal3 (ppmVol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT 8. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) • II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.1E4 1.65E5 3.3E2 Bawd on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Based on Health Effects 26 390 0.8 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 'To be multiplied by dilution factor «J Air, pg/m fppm Vol> Water. (/a/I (ppm Wtl Land, pg/g (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 81 400 0.8 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 26 390 0.8 E-297 ------- CATEGORY; 23C CARBAZOLE: C,,HQN (9-azafluorene, d1benzo(b,d)pyrro1e. WLN: T B656 HHJ STRUCTURE: dlphenylenelmlne). Colorless, slightly fluorescent plates. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 167.20; rap: 245; bp: 355; d: l.lflj8; vap. press: 400 rim at 323; Insoluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Carbazole occurs In anthracene oil of coal tar. Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated from plants (ref. 88). It Is a weaker base than dlphenylanlne (ref. 87). Carbazole Is associated with partlculate polycyclic organic matter (ref. 71). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Carbazole 1s a known allergen (ref. 9). LDSO (oral, rat): 500 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 0.2 «g/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TUV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 45 x 500 2.25 x 104 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 104 - 3.4 x 10S Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.4 x 105 - 680 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC 'AH2 EPC 'AH3 0.107 x 500 • 54 iig/m3 0.081 x 500 • 41 ug/m3 EPC«H1 • 15 x 41 • 615 wg/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x 50° ' 200 wg/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 200 - 0.4 ug/g E-298 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23C CARBAZOLE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air./ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppmWt) Land,fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS.8PT.BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.D Goalt) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.25E4 3.4E5 6.8E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lent Goal Based on Health Effects 41 200 0.4 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jjj/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppmWt) Land, ug/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 41 200 0.4 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Hearth Effects E-299 ------- CATEGORY: 23C DIBENZO(a.1)CARBAZOLE: C2(JH13N (7H-d1benzo{a,1}carbazole, 1,2-7,8-d1benzocarbazole). Colorless leaflets from acetic acid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 267.34; mp: 221; Insoluble In water. WLN: T E6 D6 B566 CHJ STRtXTTURE: NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Carbazoles are In general weak bases (ref. 87). Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated from plants (ref. 88). The compound nay be associated with participate polycycllc organic matter. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; 01benzo(a,1)carbazo1e appears In NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3121. The lowest toxic dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 510 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 6. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of ppah collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 7 x 104/6 • 1.2 x 104 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 1.2 x 104 • 1.8 x 105 Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.8 x 105 • 360 ug/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLt CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 6) • 28 »g/m3 EPCy,. - 15 x 28 - 420 ug/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 420 - 0.8 ug/g E-300 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23C DIBENZOfa, OCARBAZOLE Category Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, /jg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bawd on Beit Technology A. Existing Sundardi NSPS, BIT, BAT - B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) - II. Band on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effect! 1.2E4 1.8E5 3.6E2 Bawd on Ecological EffecU B. Ambient Level God* Based on Health Effects 28 420 0.8 Bated on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* "To be multiplied by dilution factor Air,jig/m3 (ppm Vol) WMar.w/l (ppmWt) Land, M9/fl (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Heahh Effects 28 420 0.8 E-301 ------- CATEGORY; 23C DIBENZO(c.g)CARBAZOLE: 3,4-5,6-d1benzocarbazole) Colorless needles from ethanol. (7H-D1benzo(c,g)carbazo1e, WLN: T 06 C6 B566 MU STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 267.34; mp: 158; insoluble 1n water; llpld solubility: 0.3 mg/0.25 ml tHcaprylln (ref. 73). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS! Carbazoles are. In general, weak bases (ref. 87). Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated from plants (ref. 88). 01benzo(c,g)carbazole Is associated with participate polycycllc organic matter (ref. 71). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; 01benzo(c,g)carbazo1e Is a carcinogen 1n the mouse, rat, hamster, and possibly In the dog (ref. 73). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 5429. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 8 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 679. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS! Air, Health: 7 x 104/679 - 103 pg/m3 Hater. Health: 15 x 103 • 1.5 x 103 wg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 103 • 3 wg/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 679) • 0.24 ug/m3 15 x 0.24 • 3.6 vg/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 3.6 • 0.007 ug/g E-302 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 23C DIBENZO(c, g)CARBAZOLE Air, fig/m3 (ppmVol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exilting Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) • II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.03E2 1.5E3 3.0EO Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effecu 0.24 3.6 0.007 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,n9/m3 (pom Vol) Water, no/1 (ppmWt) Lwd/(io/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.24 3.6 0.007 E-303 ------- CATEGORY: 23C WIN: T F6 C6 8566 MMJ DIBEKZO(a.q)CARBAZOLE: CHN (7H-d1benzo(a,g)- STRUCTURE: carbazole, 1 ,2-5,6-dibenzocarbazole). Colorless needles from acetone. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 267.34; mp: 231; Insoluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Carbazoles are 1n general weak bases (ref. 87). Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated from plants (ref. 88). The compound may be associated with participate poly cyclic organic matter. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; D1benzoCa,g)carbazole appears 1n NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is 270 ntg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 11.6. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for part1culate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 7 x 104/11.6 • 6 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 6 x 103 • 9 x 104 ug/l Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 9 x 104 « 180 pg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAC2 - io3/(6 x 11.6) « 14 EPCyj. « 15 x 14 • 210 ug/l EPCLC • 0.002 x 210 • 0.4 pg/g E-304 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 23C DIBENZOia, g)CARBAZOLE Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, >ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL COALS 1. Bated on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factor! A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 6.0E3 9.0E4 1.8E2 Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Based on Health Effects 14 210 0.4 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.i/g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppmWt) Land,pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated PermissMe Concentration Based on Health Effects 14 210 0.4 E-305 ------- CATEGORY: 24 WIN: T50TJ TETRAHYDROFURAN: C^gO (1,4-epoxybutane. cyclotetramethylene STBUCTURE: oxide). Colorless liquid; penetrating odor. /°\ H2C CH2 PROPERTIES: HZ10° "9'1 EPCLH • 0.002 x 8.100 - 16 ug/g E-306 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 24 TETRAHYDROFURAN Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, u.g/1 (ppmWt) Land, M9/8 (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&DGoali) II. Band on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.9E5 (200) 9.0E6 1.8E4 Baled on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effects 1,400 (0.5) 8,100 16 Bawd on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, j/g/m (ppm Vol) Water, (IB/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (pprnWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 1,400 (0.5) 8,100 16 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-307 ------- CATEGORY: 25 THIOPHENE: C^S Uhiofuran). Clear, colorless liquid; disagreeable odor. WUN: STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 84.14; rap: 29.8; bp: 84; d: 1.06494; vap. press: 40 mm at 12.5°; vap. d: 2.9. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Thiophene occurs 1n small amounts in coal tar. Pyrolysls of thiophene at 800° to 825° gives methane, hydrogen sulflde. and hydrogen as the only gaseous products. In the presence of orthophosphoHc acid, thiophene polymerizes to give oligomers (ref. 90). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: No Information is available on the possible toxic effects of thiophene. LCLo (Inhalation, mouse): 8,700 ppm LDLo (1ntraPer"it°neal, mouse): 100 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 100 • 4.5 x 103 Water. Health: Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 10D « 1.35 x ug/m 15 x 4.5 x 103 • 6.75 x 104 ug/t ioz , wg/g Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC 'AH2 'AH3 0.107 x 100 • 1 0.081 x 100 • 8 ng/mj EPCWH] • 15 x 8 » 120 ug/t EPCWH2 ' °-* X 100 « 40 i:g/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 40 « 0.08 i.g/g E-308 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 25 THIOPHENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, Mg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppmWt) Land.jig/g (ppmWtl 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) • II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.5E3 6.75E4 1.35E2 Besedon Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effects 8 40 0.08 Based on Ecological Effect! a Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,jjj/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, MO/1 (ppmWt) Lnd,tig/g (ppmWtl 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 8 40 0.08 B. Besed on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-309 ------- CATEGORY; 25 WLN; T5SJ B. T5SJ C HETHYLTHIOPHENES: STRUCTURE; s 2-methylthlophene, CgH6S. I ^IT 3 3-methylthlophene, CgHgS. " Colorless liquids, disagreeable odor. 2-Methylthlophene PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 98; bp: 112, 114738 m. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 3-Methylthlophene 2-Methylth1ophene and 3-methylthlophene are found In coal tar. Methylthlopenes polymerize at high temperatures to form oilgoners. Oxidation of alkyl thlophenes gives thlophenecarboxyllc acids In low yield (ref. 90). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: No information Is available on the possible toxic effects of mthylthlophenes. LDgg (1ntraper1toneal, mouse): 500 mg/kg for 2-methylthlophene. LD5Q (Intraperltoneal. mouse): 512 mg/kg for 3-methylthlophene. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 45 x 500 • 2.25 x 104 ng/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 104 « 3.4 x 10s ug/i Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.4 x 105 - 700 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 500 • 54 ug/m3 EPCAH3 • 0-081 x 500 • 41 i.g/m3 EPCWH1 • 15 X 41 • 615 £PCwH2 • °.4 x 500 • 200 ug/i EPCLH • 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g E-310 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 25 METHYLTHIOPHENES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, ^g/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT 6. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&O Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.25E4 3.4E5 7.0E2 Bawd on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Uvel Goal* Based on Health Effects 41 200 0.4 Bawd on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,ig/m3 (ppm Vd) Water, fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effect B. Bawd on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 41 200 0.4 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-311 ------- CATEGORY: 25 8«J* T56 BSJ BENZO(b)TH10PHENE: CgHgS (benzotMofuran, STRUCTURE; 2,3-benzothlophane. thlanaphthene). Colorless liquid; naphthalene-like odor. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 134.20; mp: 32; bp: 221-2; volatile In steam; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Benzo(b)th1ophene Is present In lignite tar. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No Information 1s available on the possible toxic effects of benzo(b)th1ophene. LDLo ClntrapeHtoneal, mouse): 512 ng/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATIOM: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 45 x 512 - 2.3 x 10* wg/m3 Air, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 2.3 x 104 - 3.5 x 105 yg/t Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.5 x 1Q5 - 700 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 • O-W x 512 • 55 wg/m3 &CM3 • 0.081 x 512 - 41 ug/m3 EPCj,H1 • 15 x 41 • 615 ug/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x 51Z " 20S M9/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 205 - 0.4 ug/g E-312 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS — _ 25 BENZO(b)THIOPHENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,/iO/m3 (ppmVol) Wattr.fig/l (ppmWt) Land.jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Exhting Standards NSPS.BPT.BAT B. Dewloping Technology Enginaaring Eitimatat (R8.D GoaU) II. Bawd on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toricity Effluant Bawd on Hulth Effects 2.3E4 3.5E5 7.0E2 BaMdon Ecological Effects B. Amkiant Laval Goal* Btwdon nMHh Eftacti 41 205 0.4 Band on Ecological Effac* C. Elimination of Dochiroa Natural Background* •To ba multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, ntfm (ppmVol) WMw.f II. Toxicity Bawd Et«nNM«] PafiiiiMiple CoMoeiilntion A. Baudot! Htalth Effacu 41 205 0.4 B. Baaadoii Eeologtaa- IMMU III. ZwoThmtoU Pollutants Baaad on Haalth Eftacn E-313 ------- CATEGORY-. 26A WLN: 1 4-PB- TETRAHETHYLLEAD; C4H12Pb (tetramethylplunbane). STRUCTURE: A colorless liquid. (CHj^Pb PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 267.35; mp: '242.92° K; bp: 101; d: 1.99; vap. press: SO mm at 33.2° C; vap. d: 9.2. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Tetramethyllead Is a common additive for gasoline, and thus a common air pollutant. For urban and rural con- centrations of lead, see category 46. Tetramethyllead does not occur In nature (ref. 91). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Tetramethyllead Is a highly toxic compound. It can be absorbed by Inhalation or skin contact. There 1s some evidence that tetrame thy Head 1s less toxic 1n man than tetrae thy Head (ref. 92). Tetramethyllead 1s more volatile than tetraethyllead, but no apparent difference has been found 1n the levels of lead 1n the urine of workers exposed to either compound (ref. 4). No specific Indication of carclnogenlclty has been reported. LD5Q Coral, rat): 109 rag/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV « 0.1 SO ing/m3 (0.014 ppro). Lead compounds are Included 1n the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List. See also Lead and Lead Compounds as Lead, category 46. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r. Health: 150 vg/m3 (0.014 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 150 • 2.25 x 103 wg/t Water. Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 103 - 4.5 ug/9 Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH] - 103 x 0.15/420 - 0.36 ug/m3 EPCAHla " °-014/420 ' 3 x l0"5 PP™ 15 x 0.36 « 5 EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °'15 " 2 "9/i EPCLH • 0.002 x 2 - 0.004 wg/g E-314 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 26A TETRAMETHYLLEAD Air./ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M3/1 (ppmWt) Land, j/g/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on B«it Technology A. Exiiting Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology EnginMring Estimates (R&D Goals) - It. Bated on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effectt 1.5E2 (0.014) 2.25E3 4.5EO Baled on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal' Bated on Health Effects 0.36 !3xlO-5) 2 0.004 Baled on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Ditch ergo Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,/ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land, nfl/8 (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Hwallh £f facts B. .Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 0.36 (3x10-5) 2 0.004 B. Bawd on Ecological Effecti III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effecti E-315 ------- CATEGORY: 26A WLN: 2-PB-2&2&2 TETRAETHYLLEAD: C8H20Pb (tetraethylplumbane). STRUCTURE; A colorless, oily liquid; pleasant odor. (C2H5)4Pb PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 323.45; six polymorphic forms; mp: 135.6-141° K; bp: 198-200 with decomposition; d: 1.659 at 18°; vap. press: 1 urn at 38.4; 50 mn at 108.4° C; insoluble in water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Tetraethyllead is a common additive for gasolines. It decomposes under ultraviolet light to triethyllead (ref. 9). Both tetraethyl and triethyllead are toxic and are known air contaminants. See category 46. The tetraethyllead In gasolines is usually converted to lead halides or lead phosphates (ref. 91). Some unchanged tetraethyllead enters the urban atmosphere and finds its way to soils and plants. At 800 m from a manufacturing plant, tetraethyllead was found In plants at a level of 1 mg/kg (ref. 91). Tetraethyllead decomposes slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at elevated temperatures (ref. 91). Tetraethyllead does not occur 1n nature (ref. 91). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Tetraethyllead is a highly toxic compound. It can be absorbed by Inhalation or skin contact. The main metabolite found in rats Is triethyllead (ref. 92). A concentration of 100 mg/m3 for 1 hour may produce illness (refs. 4, 92). In cases of accidental tetraethyllead Intoxication in man, lead levels In urine are high, but may be normal or nearly so In blood (ref. 92). Tetraethyllead 1s considered to be more toxic 1n man than tetramethyl- lead tref. 92). LOLo Coral, rat): 17 rag/kg LCjjg (Inhalation, rat): 6 ppm or 79 mg/m3 Tetraethyllead 1s reported to cause cancer In mice. The EPA/HIOSH ordering number 1s 3101. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 86 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 36. Aquatic toxiclty: 96 hr. TLm: <1 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 0.100 mg/m3 (0.0075 ppm). Lead compounds are included in the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 100 ug/m3 (0.0075 ppm) A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 100 • 1.5 x 103 yg/t Water, Ecology: 100 x <1 - <100 ng/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 103 • 3 ug/g Lane", Ecology: 0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH] • 103 x 0.1/420 - 0.24 tig/m3 EPCflH1a • 0.0075/4ZO • 1.8 x 10"5 ppm EPCWH1 " 1S x °'24 " 3'6 U9/1 EPCW£1 " 50 x <1 - <50 uq/i EPCLi(j9 ' '3-8 x 0.1 • 1.4 pg/t Wn£ * £PCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 « 0.003 Mg/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 Hg/g EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x 36) • 4.6 ug/m3 EPCMC • 15 x 4.6 • 70 ug/l EPCLC • 0.002 x 70 • 0.14 ug/g E-316 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 26A TETRAETHYLLEAD EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,/ Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, itg/m (ppm Vol) Watar, ^g/l (ppm Wt) Ltnd, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 0.24 (1.8x10-5) 1.4 0.003 B. Based on Ecological Effects - <50 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 4.6 70 0.14 E-317 ------- CATEGORY: 26A MERCURY MOWHETHYLMERCURY, (W3Hg+)2 DIHETHYLMERCURY. (CH^Hg Dlmethylmercury 1s volatile. PROPERTIES: (Dimethlmercury) Molecular wt: d: 3.069; Insoluble In water. STRUCTURE: HjC-Hg-CHj Dimethylme-cury + 3 c 230.66; bp: 96; NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Methylmercury compounds are the most common alkylmercury compounds. Dlmethylmercury and monomethylmercury are of concern primarily as water pollutants or as contaminants In the tissues of animals; they have been found In fish and In bird flesh and also In bottom sediments (ref. 24). In large fish the ratio of methylmercury to total mercury Is high, approaching 100 percent (refs. 93,94). The natural concentration of mercury In seawater 1s about 0.1 ug/i (ref. 28). This concentration Includes alkylmercury as well as the other compounds of mercury. Mercury tends to accumulate In bottom sediments of streams, where certain microbes may synthesize monomethyl and dlmethylmercury from mercury Ions (ref. 94). Continuous levels of monomethyl- mercury In the water may result. The process of methylatlon may be significant 1n the uptake and distribution of mercury In fish and In the mobilization of mercury In deposits In bottom sediments Into the general environment (ref. 94). The amount of methylmercury compounds found In plant produce Is very small or ,i1l (ref. 93). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Alkylmercury compounds are the mercury compounds most toxic to man. The biological half-life of mono- methylmercury in man Is reported to be 70 days. Honornethylmercury has been associated with teratogenlc effects: An epidemic of cerebral palsy with toxic encephalopathy occurred In Minlooto, Japan, and the cause was felt to be maternal ingestlon of fish contaminated with monomethylmercury (ref. 32). (Since levels of methylmercury resulting in the teratogenlc effects are not reported, an adjusted ordering number cannot be calculated.) Mercury concentrates In the brain, liver, and kidneys of livestock as alkylmercury; the mercury level in tissues should not exceed 0.5 ppm (ref. 28). Organomercurials can cause skin burns, and can also be absorbed through the skin (ref. 9). B1oaccumu1at1on of monomethylmercury In aquatic organisms results from mercury In the water and from ingested food. Biological accumulation from water may be as high as 10,000 times (ref. 28). The biological half-life of monomethylnercury In fish may be on the order of 2 years (ref. 28). ToxicHy to fish: 0.2 ug/t of monomethylmercury 1s lethal to fathead minnows In 6 weeks; 0.1 ug/t affects some phytoplankton (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. TLV « 0.01 mg/m3 (0.001 ppm) for alkyl mercury, as mercury. Food and Drug Administration Guideline: Maximum allowable concentration of mercury In edible portions of fish: 0.5 ug/g (ref. 28). See also category 83 for additional regulations for mercury. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 10 pg/m3 (0.001 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 10 « 150 ng/t Water. Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 150 - 0.3 Mg/g Land, Ecology: 0.1 x 0.2 - 0.02 ug/t 0.002 x 0.02 > 4 x 105 wg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC AHI AH1a 2.4 x 10'6 ppm 10J x 0.01/420 • 0.024 • 0.001/420 15 x 0.024 • 0.36 EPCUH2 * 13.8 x 0.01 • 0.14 EPCLH « 0.002 x 0.14 « 0.0003 ug/g EPCU£1 - 0.05 x 0.2 EPC EPC, WE3 500/10.000 0.01 ug/t 0.05 ug/t ,-S 0.002 x 0.01 • 2 x 10"3 pg/g E-318 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XX 26A ALKYL MERCURY Air, ug/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on B«st Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate] (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 1.0E1 (0.001) 1.5E2 3.0E-1 Based on Ecological Effect! 2.0E-2 4.0E-5 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.024 (2.4x_ TO'6) 0.14 0.0003 Bated on Ecological Effects 0.01 2x1 O"5 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* O.lt •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land. MO/ B (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxieity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.024 (2.4x10-6) 0.14 0.0003 B. Bated on Ecological Effects O.OT 2x1 O"5 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects •(•Concentrations of Hg in seawater. E-319 ------- CATEGORY: 26A "JUt ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS: Cl-e.. mono, d1, trl. and tetraalkyltln or STRUCTURE: aryltin derivatives). R4Sn PROPERTIES: Tetraraethyltln: bp: 76.6; mp: -55; d.: 1.290525. Where R 1s an aryl or alkyl group. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Organotln compounds find use as fungicides. Insecticides. Insect chaws terll ant, antifoul Ing agents, and for killing parasitic worms. As fungicides they are used to dust potatoes and sugar beet crops. The short half-life of the compounds In the field and the fact that they do not penetrate the plant makes them safe for this application (ref. 95). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Organotln compounds may be absorbed through the skin. Human deaths have resulted from oral use of organotln compounds In the treatment of skin disorders (ref. 96). The toxlclty of the d1 alkyl tin compounds Is characterized by their Irritative action and production of a lesion of the bile duct and liver (ref. 96). Trlalkyltin compounds differ from dialkyl derivatives In that their toxlclty 1s manifested by an apparent brain damage (ref. 96). Tetraalkyltln compounds are toxic to manuals. Toxic symptoms develop slowly and death may occur a long time after exposure. There Is some evidence that tetraalkyltlns are converted Into trlalkyltlns 1n manuals (ref. 95). L050 loral, rat): 16 mg/kg for tetraethyltln. Some trialkyltin compounds are quite toxic to higher plants (ref. 95). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 0.1 rog/m3 as Sn (for organotln compounds). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 100 tig/ra3 Air, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 100 • 1.500 ug/t Water. Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.500 • 3 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAm « 103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 ug/m3 * 15 x 0.24 • 3.6 EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 0.1 • 1.4 EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003 vg/g E-320 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 26A ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Mr.ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ngfl (ppmWt) Land, M8/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Exiiting Sundardi NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bawd on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bawd on Health Effecti T.OE2 1.5E3 3.0EO Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambimt Unl Goal* Bawd on Health Effects 0.24 1.4 0.003 Bated on Ecological Effecti C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. Mi/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, /ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Heal* Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.24 1.4 0.003 B. Bated on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects E-321 ------- CATEGORY: 26B ^i: L5 AHJ A-2 Fe- STRUCTURE: FERROCENE; C10H10Fe (d1cyclopentad1e«yl1ron). Orange-yellow crystalline solid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 186.05; mp: 173; sublimes >100»; Insoluble In water; volatile In steam. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS! Ferrocene may form directly by the reaction of cyclopentadlene and Iron under pressure. The compound decomposes upon heating. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; No Information Is available as to the possible carcinogenic effects of ferrocene. LDgg (oral, rat): 1,320 rog/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS! A1r. Health: 45 x 1,320 - 6.0 x 10* ng/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 6 x 104 • 9.0 x 105 yg/t Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 9.0 x 105 • 1.8 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 * °'107 x 1l32° " 14° "9/m3 EPCAH3 * 0<081 x 1>32° " 107 Wfa* EPC^, • 15 x 107 • 1.600 ug/t EPCWH2 " °'4 x 1>32° ' 53° EPCLH - 0.002 x 530 • 1 pg/g E-322 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 26B FERROCENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. M9/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxitity Effluent Baled on Health Effects 6.0E4 9.0E5 1.8E3 Band on Ecological Effects B. Ambient U«d Goal* Bated on Health Effect* 107 530 1 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.MO/m3 (ppm Vol) Wattr.pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Heal* Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 107 530 1 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-323 ------- CATEGORY: 268 WLM: L50J 0-2-NI- NICICELOCENE: CI()HIONI (d1-cyclopentad1enyln1ckel). STRUCTURE; Green needles from petroleum ether. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 189; np: 171-173; Insoluble 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; LDgo Coral, rat}: 490 mg/kg. Nickelocene Is reported to cause cancer In anlnals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4202. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 208 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 20.2. REQULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; Nickel compounds are Included In the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1. See also Nickel and Nickel Compounds, as Nickel, category 76. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICtTY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 7 x 104/20.2 - 3.5 x 103 wg/«3 Air, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 103 - 5,2 x ID4 ug/i Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 5.2 x 104 - 100 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 490 - 52 pg/m3 EPCAH3 "0.081 x 490 - 40 ug/m3 EPCyH1 • 15 x 40 • 600 pg/t EPCWH2 * °'4 x 490 - 200 ug/t EPCLH - 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 20.2} • 8 ug/m3 EPCyC • 15 x 8 • 120 ug/t EPCLC • 0.002 x 120 • 0.2 ug/g E-324 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS X 26B NICKELOCENE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,/ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, itg/\ (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Beit Technology A. Exitting Standards NSPS, BIT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&O Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.5E3 5.2E4 1.0E2 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient L«nl Goat* Based on Health Effects 8 120 0.2 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.jJ9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. ------- CATEGORY; 26C WIN: T66 BNJ JO 2-CU- COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE: C-jgH^OgCu (8-qu1nol1nol- STRUCTURE: copper II chelate). Intense blue crystals. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 351.86; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Copper complexes of synthetic origin are of Interest In the study of binding of copper to proteins and enzymes (ref. 97). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Copper Is an essential trace netal for animals and man. but minute amounts 1n water are toxic for algae, bacteria, and other unicellular forms (ref. 96). LDjg (IntrapeHtoneal, mouse): 67 ng/kg. Copper 3-hydroxyqu1nol1ne Is reported to cause cancer In nice. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101. The lowest dosage to Induce an oncogen 1c response Is reported as 156 ing/kg. The EPA/NIOSH adjusted ordering number Is 20. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQN1TION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: Copper compounds are on EPA Consent Decree List: Priority 3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 67 • 3.0 x 103 »g/m3 Air, Ecology: Mater, Health: 15 x 3 x 103 • 4.5 x 104 ng/i Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 104 • 90 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 • 0-107 x 67 • 7 ug/m3 EPCAH3 " 0>081 x 67 " 5 M9/ra3 EPCWH1 • 1S * 5 • 75 ug/t EPCUH2 " °'4 x 67 " 27 "9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 27 • 0.054 ug/9 EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 20) « 8.3 wg/m3 • 15 x 8.3 - 125 ug/i EPCU -0.002 x 125 « 0.25 ug/g E-326 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 26C COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ng/l (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate* (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.0E3 4.5E4 9.0E1 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Lent Goal- Based on Health Effects 5 27 0.054 Bated on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 5 27 0.054 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 8.3 125 0.25 E-327 ------- CATEGORY! 27 LITHIUM AND LITHIUM COMPOUNDS (AS LITHIUM): LI. A silver-gray metal; the first member of the alkali metals. WLN: LI STRUCTURE: LI Li PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 3; group la; atomic wt: 6.94; mp: 180.5; bp: 1.336 ±5; d: 0.53420; valency: +1; decomposes H20, evolving H0; vap. press: 1 mm at 723°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Lithium Is the lightest of the nongaseous elements and is very reactive. Practically all of them are water-soluble. The concentration of lithium In rural atmosphere Is reported to be 0.0029 ug/m (ref. 1). Lithium forms one series of compounds. The concentration of lithium In rural » Occurrence In the Earth's crust of lithium Is 0.005 percent by weight (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The lithium Ion is highly toxic to humans. Levels above 25 ug/m of lithium hydride cause sneezing (ref. 64). Lithium Is noncumulatlve (ref. 96). Lithium toxiclty in humans is partially dependent on sodium Intake; the lower the sodium Intake, the more toxic lithium becomes (ref. 96). A dosage of 350 mg/kg Is reported to produce teratogenlc effects In rats. The EPA/MIOSH ordering number based on teratogenldty Is 4101 and the adjusted ordering number Is 11.4. Lithium is a phytotoxic element. The most sensitive plant species 1s citrus; a slight toxiclty 1n citrus results at 60 to 100 ug/t In Irrigation water (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION: TLV (Lithium Hydride. L1H): 0.025 mg/m3. (This is equivalent to 0.022 mg/m3. as lithium.) NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria, 1972. recoanndations are for Irrigation water, based on phytotoxicity: 2.5 mg/i for use on all soils, except for citrus; 0.075 mg/t for citrus for all soils (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 22 Water, Health: 15 x 22 - 330 vg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 330 - 0.7 ug/g Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 5 x 75 « 375 ug/i Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 375 * 0.75 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.022/420 • 0.05 wg/n3 EPCWH1 " 1S * °'W ' °'75 EPCWH2 " 13>8 x °-022 * °' EPCLH - 0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 ug/g EPC^ES • 75 ug/t («* Irrigation) EPCLE • 0.002 x 75 • 0.15 ug/g EPCftT - 103(6 x 11.4)-14.6 iig/n3 EPC^ • 15 x 14.6 • 219 pg/t EPCLT > 0.002 x 219 • 0.4 ug/g E-328 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x •""27"" LITHIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Mr.iigtm3 (ppmVol) Water, /ig/l (ppmWt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engino«ring Estimate! (R&D Goal!) II. Bated on Ambient Factora A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 2.2E1 3.30E2 7.0E-1 Baud on Ecological Effect! 3.75E2 7.5E-1 B. Ambient Level OoeC Bated on Heal* Effect! 0.05 0.3 0.0006 Baud on Cartlfuiin e»l ccoioycpi Effect! 75 0.15 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' 0.003 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,/ifl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/1 (ppmWt) Ltnd, «ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects 75 II, Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.05 0.3 0.0006 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.15 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 14.6 219 0.4 E-329 ------- CATEGORY: 27 W&& LI H LITHIUM HYDRIDE: L1H. STRUCTURE: White, translucent, crystalline mass; darkens on exposure to light. L1H PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 7.95; mp: 680; d: 0.82; decomposes 1n water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Lithium hydride 1s a stable saltHke compound. It Is formed when lithium and hydrogen are combined at elevated temperatures. Lithium hydride reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide (L10H) and hydrogen. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Toxlclty of lithium hydride for experimental animals 1s marked by Irritation and corroslveness (ref. 96). Levels above 25 ug/m3 of llthlun and skin on test animals (ref. 4). LDLo (Inhalation, rat): 22 rag/n See also Lithium and Lithium Compounds, as Lithium. 3 3 Levels above 25 ug/m of lithium hydride produce sneezing. Levels exceeding 10 mg/ffl eroded body fur LDLo (Inhalation, rat): 22 rag/m3 for 4 hours. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION! TLV - 0.025 mg/in3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r. Health: 25 ug/w3 A1r, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 25 • 375 wg/t Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 375 • 0.75 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.025/420 -0.06 ug/m3 EPCMm « 15 x 0.06 • 0.9 ug/i EPCWH2 " 13>S * Ol025 * 0<3 U9/1 EPCLH • 0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 ug/g E-330 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL x 27 V7WMLO LIT Mr.vg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, «ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exuting Standard) HSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) HIUM HYDRIDE II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.5E1 3.75E2 7.5E-1 Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.06 0.3 0.0006 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, j/a/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppmWt) Land, (ifl/fl (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect! 0.06 0.3 0.0006 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-331 ------- CATEGORY: 29 POTASSIUM /HID POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS (AS POTASSIUM); K (kallum). Soft, ductile, silver-white, very reactive metal. WIN: KA STRUCTURE: K Ka PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 19; group la; atomic wt: 39.09; mp: 63.65; bp: 765; d: 0.862; soluble; vap. press: 8 nn at 432° C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Potassium is an alkali-metal element, which reacts violently with water forming potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen. It oxidizes rapidly in air. Rural background concentration in air is 0.4 to 2.8 ug/m (ref. t). The mean potassium concentration in analyses of U.S. surface water is 4.3 rag/l with a range of 370 to 0.06 mg/z (ref. 28). Potassium is considered an essential nutrient for plants and necessary for animals. Occurrence in the Earth's crust is 2,59 percent by weight (ref. 24). Potassium salts are common in feldspars, salt deposits, and naturally occurring brines (ref. 99). TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS; The toxicity of potassium compounds is almost always that of the anion (ref. 9). Exposure to dust or mist of potassium hydroxide causes eye and respiratory tract irritation and nasal septum lesions (ref. 4). LDL(J (oral, rat) potassium chloride - 2,430 mg/kg. Aquatic toxicity: 432 ppm KC1 is threshold of immobilization for Daphnia magna (ref. 28). This Is equivalent to '230 ppm, as K. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. BECOONITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOULATION: TLV (for potassium hydroxide. KOH): 2 mg/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 2 x ID3 ug/m3 as KOH Air. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2 x 103 » 3.0 x 104 ug/i,as KOH Hater, Ecology: 100 x 230 « 2.3 x 104 ug/A as K Land, Health: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC 'AH1 103 x 2/420 ' 5 ug/ra3 as KOH EPCHH1 • 15 x 5 • 75 ug/t as KOH EPCHE1 • 50 x 432 « 21,600 ug/t as KC1 E-332 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 29 POTASSIUM Air, iigfm3 ------- CATEGORY: 32 ™£' .BE BERYLLIUH AND BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS BERYLLIUM): Be STRUCTURE: (glulcinium). Be gg+2 A hard, light, grayish-white, crystalline metal. PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 4; group 2a; atomic wt: 9.0122; mp: 1283; bp: 2970; d: 1.85; valency: +2; insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Beryllium resembles magnesium and aluminum in its chemical properties. It is divalent and forms one series of compounds. Beryllium is environmentally hazardous as an air contaminant. The chloride and nitrate are highly soluble in water. Rural background concentration in air is reported as 0.00013 to 0.000042 ug/m (ref.1) Concentrations of beryllium in freshwater in the United States have been measured ranging 0.01 to 1.22 ug/t with a mean of 0.19 vg/t (ref. 28). Natural concentration in seawater is reported as 6 x 10~4 wg/i (ref. 28). Occurrence in the earth's crust Is 2 to 10 ppm (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Beryllium Is toxic through all routes of absorption, but the major hazard to health is via Inhalation. Berylliosis. a severe lung disease, develops from chronic exposure to soluble as well as Insoluble compounds as paniculate 1n air. Apparently, the particle size of the beryllium dust is a critical factor with regard to its potential for causing berylllosls (ref. 41). The lowest toxic concentration reported for humans 1s .1 mg/rn3 (ref. 2). The LD50 (oral, rat) for BeCl2 1s 86 mg/kg or 9.7 mg/kg as beryllium. cn.,u,ncu Beryllium and five beryllium compounds are reported to cause cancer in animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for beryllium and its compounds collectively Is 6429. The lowest dose producing a carcinogenic response is 35 ug/m3 as BeS04 • 4H20 Inhaled by a monkey for 24 hrs (ref. 2,46). This corresponds to a maximum absorption of 0.4 ug/kg as Be assuming respiratory volume of 0.844 i/m1n and the weight of the monkey as 5 kg (ref. 2. 3). The adjusted ordering number is 16,072,500. Toxlclty to fish: 96 hr. LCen for the fathead minnow is 0.15 mg/i as BeCl? in soft water (ref. 28). Beryllium has been reported to be concentrated 1,000 times In marine organisms (ref. 33). Beryllium is phytotoxlc. Inhibiting photosynthesis in plants. In nutrient solutions, 0.5 mg/f of beryllium reduced growth of bush beans (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC HCOUUATION: Beryllium Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. NIOSH recommends that occupational exposure to beryllium and Us compounds not exceed 2 ug/m3 as a time-weighted average for an 8-hour workday. A celling of 25 ug/w3 is recommended (ref. 102). TLV - 0.002 mg/m3. Beryllium 1s classified by ACGIH as an "Occupational Substance Suspect of Oncogen 1c Potential for Workers," based on United epidemlologlcal evidence and demonstration of benign or malignant growths in test animals. National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Not more than 10 grams In 24 hrs or emissions which result 1n maximum outplant concentration of 0.01 ug/m3, 30-day average (ref. 16). Candidate for list for Toxic Effluent Standards (ref. 10). On EPA Consent Decree Priority f List. EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 11 ug/t for the protection of aquatic life 1n soft fresh water; 1,100 ug/t for the protection of aquatic life 1n hard fresh water; 100 ug/t for continuous Irrigation on all soils (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria recommendation for marine aquatic life: Hazard level— 1.5 mg/t; Minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.1 mg/t; Application factor: 0.01 (applied to 96- hr LC5Q). Recommendation for irrigation water: 0.10 mg^t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 2 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 2 30 ug/t Water, Ecology: 5 x 11 <• 55 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 30 « 0.06 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 55 » 0.11 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 9.7 • 1 ug/m3 EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 9.7 • 0.8 ug/m3 EPC..J, » 15 x 0.8 • 12 ug/l rpr „ i> , •HI WES "9'1 EPCWH2 * °-4 * 9'7 * 4 "'/I EPC.E - 0.002 x 11 - 0.02 EPC1U « 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g un • EPC , • 2/420 • 0.005 wg/«3 EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 16,000,000) • 1 x 10"5 ug/m3 EPCUC- 15 x 0.005 -0,075 ug/l EPC., • 0.002 x 0.075 • 0.00015 ug/g Lb E-334 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 32 BERYLLIUM Air.po/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l ------- CATEGORY: 33 MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS (AS MAGNESIUM): Hg. A silvery metal of the alkaline-earth metal group. WLN: MS STRUCTURE: Mg Mg+ PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 12, group 2a: atomic vrt: 24.305; tnp: 651; bp: 1,120; d: 1.74; vap. press: 1 mm at 621° C; valency: +2; reacts with water to produce H. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Rural background concentration In air is 1.4 to 800 ng/nt3 (ref. 1). Natural concentration of seawater Is 1.3 x 10 gg/i (ref. 28). Magnesium carbonate, chloride, and sulfate are water soluble. Magnesium 1s one of the most common elements of the Earth's crust—2.1 percent by weight (ref. 24). In U.S. surface waters, magnesium composition averages 14.3 mg/J. with a range of 8.5 to 137 mg/Z. (ref. 28). Magnesium-bearing minerals Include magneslte (MgCOJ, bruclte (Mg 0-H20). and dolomite (MgC03-CaC03) {ref. 96). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Concentration of calcium and magnesium 1n water Influences the toxlclty of heavy metals (ref. 69). The toxlclty of magnesium compounds Is usually that of the anlon. Metallic magnesium may cause local skin effects (ref. 9). Inhalation of magnesium dust can cause metal fume fever (ref. 24). LDLo (oral, dog): 230 ing/kg. At 7.2 ppm, magnesium Inhibits the growth of Botryococcus (ref. 28). 24-hour LCsg: 3,391 ppm for Daphnla magna as MgCU (ref. 28). This 1s equivalent to 866 ppm as Mg2. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV (Magnesium Oxide fume): 10 mg/m3, MgO M.W. - 40.3.; (as Mg): 24.3/40.3 x 10 • 6 rog/m3 (based on TLV for MgO fume). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r. Health: 6 x 103 wg/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 6 x 103 • 9 x 10 Land. Health: 0.002 x 9 x 104 - 180 Air, Ecology: Mater, Ecology: 100 x 866 > 8.7 x 104 ug/4 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 8.7 x 104 - 174 wg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC AHI 14 « 15 x 14 • 210 vg/l EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 6 " 83 P9/i EPCLH • 0.002 x 83 - 0.2 ug/g £PCyE1 - 50 x 866 - 43,300 vg/t EPCLE • 0.002 x 43,300 - 87 ug/g E-336 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 33 MAGNESIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. (ij/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exiiting Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ettimate! (R&D God.) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluant Based on Health Effect! 6.0E3 9.0E4 1.8E2 Bawd on Ecological Effacu 8.7E4 1.74E2 B. Ambient Level God* Baud on Health Effecu 14 83 0.2 Baud on Ecological Effaco 43,300 87 C. Elimination of Diicharge Natural Background* 1 . 4-BOO 14,300, 1.3xl06t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. MQ/m (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, MB/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Heal* Effect. B. Baud on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! 14 83 0.2 B. Bated on Ecological Effect! 43,300 87 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effecu tFor seawater. E-337 ------- CATEGORY: 33 HA6NESIUH OXIDE; HgO. White powder. WLN: STRUCTURE: MgO PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 40.31; mp: 2,500-2,800; d: 3.65-3.75; solubility 1n water: 6.2 mg/i at 20°, 86 mg/i at 30°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: HgO 1s primarily an air contaminant. Particle densities for HgO agglomerates are 3.65 g/cm3 for normal and 0.35 g/cm3 for floe (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Toxic effects are similar to but less marked than those caused by zinc oxide; fever and blood effects are caused by exposure. HgO dust 1s considered a mild hazard (ref. 4). TC^ (Inhalation, human): 400 mg/m3 produced unspecified toxic effects. Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppn. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 10 mg/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS! A1r, Health: 1.0 x 10* wg/m3 Mater, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 10* • 1.5 x 105 w Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 105 • 300 ug/g Air. Ecology: Mater. Ecology: 100 x 1.000 1.0 x 10 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1 .0 x 105 • 200 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPC AH1 x 10/42° ' 24 EPCWH1 ' '5 x 24 - 360 EPCy^ • 13.8 x 10 • 138 ug/1 EPCLH - 0.002 x 138 • 0.3 ug/g EPCUE1 • 50 x 1,000 - 50,000 Hg/t EPCLE - 0.002 x 50.000 - 100 ug/g E-338 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 33 MAGNESIUM OXIDE Air. /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pgjg (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Bett Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bawd on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E4 1.5E5 3.0E2 Based on Ecological Effect! 1.0E5 2.0E2 B. Ambient Level God* Based on Health Effect! 24 138 0.3 Based on Ecological Effect! 50,000 TOO C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* "To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effect! B. Bated on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 24 138 0.3 B. Based on Ecological Effect! 50,000 100 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effect! E-339 ------- CATEGORY; 35 STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS (AS STRONTIUM): Sr. STRUCTURE: A hard, silvery-white, ductile and malleable metal; a sr Sr member of the alkaline earth group. PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 38; group 2a; atomic wt: 87.63; mp: 769; bp: 1,384; d: 2.54; vap. press: 10 m at 898° C; valency: +2; decomposes water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: The physical and chemical properties of strontium are Intermediate between those of calcium and barium. It Is a reactive metal; 1t oxidizes readily In air and reacts vigorously In water forming the hydroxide and evolving H2- Strontium forms only divalent compounds. The artificial Isotopes Sr and Sr occur as constituents of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions. The concentration of strontium In rural atmosphere Is reported as 0.023 ug/m (ref. 1). Strontium occurs primarily as the minerals celestlte (SrSO^) and strontlantlte (SrCOj) (ref. 96). . TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Strontium has not been Identified as an essential trace element In either plant or animal metabolism. It resembles calcium In Its metabolism and behavior In the body. The naturally occurring Isotopes are not highly toxic (ref. 98). LOLo (Intravenous, rat] for SrCl2: 123 mg/kg; molecular wt SrC12: 158.5. LDLo (as Sr): 87.6/158.5 x 123 « 68 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 45 x 68 » 3,060 vg/m3 Air, Ecology: Mater. Health: 15 x 3,060 • 46,000 ng/i Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 46,000 - 92 wg/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 " °'107 X " 73 EPCAH3 " 0>081 68 " 5>5 - 15 x 5.5 • 83 vg/i EPCWH2 " °'4 * M " ll *IL EPCLH • 0.002 x 27 • 0.05 ug E-340 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 35 STRONTIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, Aig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exilting Standaidi NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eltimatai (RftD Goali) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Bated on Health Effectt 3.0E3 4.6E4 9.2E1 Bated on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal Bated on Health Effecb 5.5 27 0.05 Batadon Ecological Effect. C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.023 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect. B. Bawd on Ecological Effect. II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Health Effect! 5.5 27 0.05 B. Baiadon Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects E-341 ------- CATEGORY; 36 WLN: BA BARIUM AMD BARIUH COMPOUNDS (AS BARIUM): Ba. STRUCTURE: A white, soft metal. ta ** PROPERTIES: Atomic number 56, an element of the calcium family group 2a; Atomic wt: 137.34; mp: 752; bp: 1,600; d: 3.5120; valency: +2; reacts with water; evolves Hg. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Rural background concentration 1n air Is measured as zero (ref. 1). Soluble barium compounds Include the acetate, halldes, hydroxide, thlocyanate, and tMosulfate. Concentration In freshwater as Indicated from hydrologlc benchmark samples ranged fron 0-900 pg/t; out of 22 samples. IS were zero (ref. 64). In samples of surface waters 1n the United States, the barium concentration ranged from 2-340 vg/t with a mean of 43 wg/i (ref. 28). Natural concentration of seawater Is 20 ug/t (ref. 28). Essentially no food contains barium In appreciable amounts (ref. 28). Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is O.OS percent by weight (ref. 24). It 1s found 1n nature only In combination with other elements; the two main minerals are barlte (BaS04) and wither 1te (SaCOj) (ref. 101). Trace quantities of barium are also found In coal (ref. 101). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Soluble barlun compounds are highly toxic when Ingested, while Insoluble compounds are generally nontoxlc .(ref. 101). The fatal dose of BaClg for man Is 0.8-0.9 g (0.55-0.6 g as Ba) (ref. 96). BaHum stimulates all muscle types, causes vasoconstrlctlon, and Initially stimulates and then paralyzes the central nervous system. BaO and BaCOj have caused respiratory Injury In man (ref. 96). Barium Is readily excreted, and probably noncumulatlve (ref. 33). LDLQ (oral, rat): 335 Dig/kg as BaCl2 (or 220 ing/kg as Ba). Teratogenlc effects—Barium: 20 mg of BaCl2 Injected Into chick yolk sac resulted In curled toes In about 50 percent of the survivors (ref. 32). The NIOSH ordering number Is 1101. TOLo (as Ba) - 878 ing/kg (assuming wt. of 15 grams for chick). The adjusted ordering number - 1101/878 • 1.25. Toxlclty to aquatic life: LC.g for PZanorbie glabratue (snail) 1s reported as 11 ppm, time unspecified (ref. 28); 500 ppm barium nitrate (as Ba) Is toxic to Stickleback (ref. 36). Barium can be concentrated In goldfish by a factor of 150 (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIOMS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNIT1ON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATIOM; TLV (soluble compounds): 0.5 mg/m3. EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 mg/i for domestic water supply (health) (ref. 33); 1 mg/t for drinking water Is also specified In National Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards (ref. 102). Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. 1962—Levels for Source Rejection (ref. 102), and NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972 (ref. 28). NAS/NAE recommendation for marine aquatic life: application factor—0.05 (to be applied to 96 hr LC50); hazard level—1 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.5 mg/t (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 500 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Hater, Health: 5 x 1,000 • 5,000 ug/t Hater, Ecology: 5 x 500 « 2.500 wg/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 5,000 - 10 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 2.500 - 5 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1 ng/m3 EPCHH1 ' 15 x 1 • 15 ug/t £PCHH2 " 13'8 x °-5 ' 7 "9/1 EPCHHS " 1>00° M9/t EPCHES " 50° EPCLH " 0>002 x 1>00° " 2 "9/9 EPCLE " °'002 x 50° E-342 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS X 36 BARIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, iigjl (ppm Wt) Land, pg/o, (ppmWtt 1. Bated on Bait Technology A. Exiiting Standardi NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ettimate* (R8.D Goah) II. Baled on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 5.0E2 5.0E3 1.0E1 Bated on Ecological Effecti 2.5E3 5.0EO B. Ambient Level Got)* Bated on Health Effect! 1 1,000 2 Bated on Ecological Effect! 500 1 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* 0 43, 20t •To be multiplied by dilution factor . AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effecti 1,000 B. Bated on Ecological Effect! 500 II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! 1 2 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration BMd on Health Effecti tFor seawater. E-343 ------- CATEGORY: 37 BORON AND BORON COMPOUNDS (AS BORON): B. Monocllnic crystals, yellow or brown amorphous powder. WLN: B STRUCTURE; 8 B ,+3 PROPERTIES: Atonic number: 5; group 3a; atomic wt: 10.81; mp: 2,300; bp: 2,550 (sublimes); d: 2.34; valency: -1-3; Insoluble; vap. press at 2,413°K: 1.56 x 10"5 atn. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Natural concentration In seawater 1s 4.5 mg/l (ref. 28). Natural concentration 1n freshwater averages 0.1 mg/t, with a maximum of 5.0 mg/t reported (ref. 33). Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust, In compound forms, 1s about 0.001 percent (ref. 24). Boron occurs 1n nature as the minerals borax (sodium borate) and colemanlte (calcium borate) (ref. 28). Boron Is a known constituent of coals; 1t has been found 1n ash from selected U.S. coals (ref. 103). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Boron Is not a highly toxic element. It does not accumulate significantly In body tissues (ref. 28). Serious effects to humans are not reported for reasonable exposures. LD 50 . muse): 2,000 mg/kg. Aquatic toxlcity: Boron Is mildly toxic to fish. The 96-hr LC5(J for Gambuaia affinie (topmlnnow) Is reported as 3,600 mg/t for sodium borate (ref. 28). There Is no evidence that boron Is cumulative. Phytotoxlclty: Sensitive crops such as citrus show toxic effects from 0.5 to 0.75 mg/t of boron 1n irrigation water (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (Boron Oxide, 8,0,): 10 mg/mj, KU B-0, « 69.6: (as Boron): 21.6/69.6 x 10 3.10 mg/m3. Report of the Committee on Water Qualit/Crlteria, 1968, recommended a limit of 1 mg/l In drinking water. A later Conwittee determined the limit was unnecessary (ref. 28). NAS/NAE Hater Quality Criteria, 1972: Recommendation for marine aquatic life—application factor—0.1 (to be applied to 96-hr LCSO); hazard level-- > 5.0 mg/l; minimal risk of deleterious effects— < 5.0 mg/l. Recommendation for livestock waters«5.0 mg/t. Recommendation for Irrigation water~0.75 mg/l for use on sensitive crops on all soils; 1 mg/t for semitolerant crops; 2 mg/t for tolerant crops (ref. 28). EPA Water Quality Criteria, 1976 (proposed): 750 ug/t for long-term irrigation on sensitive crops (ref. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; A1r, Health: 3.1 x 103 ug/m3 Water, Health: ^5 x 3.1 x 103 « 4.7 x 10* yg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.7 x 10* - 93 33). Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 5 x 5 x 103 - 2.5 x 104 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 2.5 x 104 - 50 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCA1I1 « 103 x 3.1/420 « 7.4 ug/m3 "AH1 15 x 7.4 • EPCVH2 " 13'8 x 3J EPCLH » 0.002 x 43 111 ug/t " 43 H9/l • 0.09 ug/g 5,000 ug/t EPCLE - 0.002 x 5,000 > 10 ug/g E-344 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 37 BORON EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air,jio/m3 (pptn Vol) Water, ng/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1 . Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimitn (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Based on Health Effects 3.1E3 4.7E4 9.3E1 Based on Ecological Effects 2.5E4 5.0E1 B. Ambient Lenl Goal* Bated on Health Effect! 74 43 0.09 Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 10 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 100, 4, SOOt •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.Aig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land, 119/9 (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 5,000 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 7.4 43 0.09 B. Based on Ecological Effects 10 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tfor seawater. E-345 ------- CATEGORY; 37 fit!: STRUCTURE: BORON OXIDE: BjO-j (boric anhydride, boron sesquloxlde, boron trl oxide, fused boric acid, boric acid glass). B2°3 Rhombic crystals or colorless vitreous material. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 69.6; mp: 460; bp: 1,860; d: 2.46 ± 0.01; soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS! Boron oxide My occur In atmosphere as participate matter or aerosols. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Boron oxide 1s not considered highly toxic (ref. 4). TO. (inhalation, rat): 470 mg/nr produced mild nasal Irritation. TLLQ (Inhalation, dog): 57 wg/m3 produced Increased urine volume and acidity, and Increased creatlnlne coefficient (ref. 4). See also Boron and Boron Compounds as Boron. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITtON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TU - 10 mg/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS! Air. Health: 1.0 x 104 yg/rn3 A1r. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 • 1.5 x 105 ug/l Water. Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 10S « 300 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 • 103 x 10/420 • 24 ug/m3 • 15 x 24 « 360 yg/i EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 10 " 138 U9/1 EPCLH • 0.002 x 138 - 0.3 ug/g E-346 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 37 BORON OXIDE Air. /ig/m' (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate (R&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A, Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E4 1.5E5 3.0E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 24 138 0.3 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land, «ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Band on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 24 138 0.3 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-347 ------- CATEGORY: 38 ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS (AS ALUMINUM). Al. A silver-white, light, ductile metal; an earth metal. WIN: AL STRUCTURE: Al Al'1 PROPERTIES: Atomic number 13; group: 3a, atomic wt: 26.98; mp: 660.2; bp: 2467; d: 2.702; valency: +3; insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Aluminum is readily oxidized and covered with a film of Al^O,. It is soluble in acid or alkali. Aluminum forms one series of compounds; the aluminum ion 1s Al . Many aluminum compounds are water soluble. Rural concentration of aluminum in air is reported as 800 ng/m3 to 43 ug/m3 (ref. l). This Is equivalent to 0.8 to 43 ug/m . The natural concentration of aluminum in seawater Is 10 ug/t (ref. 28). Soluble aluminum is reported in U.S. surface waters as high as 3 mg/t , but this is a rare occurrence (ref. 28). Most edible grasses contain about 15-20 mg/kg of aluminum (ref. 28). At 8.8 percent by weight, aluminum is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust (ref. 24). Aluminum occurs as the minerals bauxite (A1203' HjO), cryolite (3NaF-AlF3), spinel (MgO'AljO ) and feldspars such as orthoclase (KjO-AI^-SSIO^) and micas such as muscovite (KgO-SAl-O,- 6S102-2H-0) (ref. 96). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Although aluminum Is not highly toxic element, large quantities may produce deleterious effects, such as pulmonary flbrosis'from inhalation of aluminum powder (ref. 9). A level of 4,000 mg/kg in diet caused phosphorous deficiency in chicks (ref. 28). Aquatic toxiclty: a concentration of 0.07 mg/t aluminum nitrate, as Al, is toxic to stickleback [Gasteros- teus aculeatus] (ref. 28). Aluminum 1s reported to be concentrated 10,000 times in fish muscle, and 15,000 times in benthic algae (ref.28). Aluminum compounds may adversely off ect benthic organisms (e.g. clams, crabs, oysters, lobsters) (ref. 28). High concentrations of aluminum 1n soils with low pH causes restricted root growth in plants (ref. 104). Growth reductions 1n wheat and orange seedlings were reported in nutrient solutions with O.lmg/t of aluminum (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS.STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUIATION: TLV (A1203): 10 mg/m°; molecular wt (A1203): 101.96 Based on TLV for Al^O. as Al: 5.3 mg/m . NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria, 1972 - Recommendation for marine aquatic life: application factor— 0.01 (to be applied to 96 hr LCjg); hazard level—I.5 mg/t ; Minimal risk of deleterious effects — 0.2 mg/t . Recommendation for protection of livestock: 5 mg/t . Recomaendation for irrigation water: 5.0 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 5.2 x 103 ug/m3Air. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 5.3 x 103 • 8 x 104 ug/t Water. Ecology: 5 x 200 = 1,000 vg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 8 x 10 - 160 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1,000 - 2 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC 'AH1 • 10° x 5.3/420 " 12.6 vg/t EPCWH1 " 15 x 12'6 " EPCMH2 « 13.8 x 5.3 EPC. u • 0.002 x 73 • 190 gg/i 73 ug/t 0.15 ug/g EPCH£S - 200 ug/i EPCLE • 0.002 x 200 « 0.4 ug/g E-348 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 38 ALUMINUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, jug/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, Mfl/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate* (R8.D Goalsl II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.2E3 8.0E4 1 . 6E2 Based on Ecological Effectt 1.0E3 2.0EO B. Ambient Level Goal* Baud on Health Effectt 12.6 73 0.15 Based on Ecological Effectt 200 0.4 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on H«lth Effect. B. Based on Ecological Effectt 200 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 12.6 73 0.15 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 0.4 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects E-349 ------- CATEGORY: 38 WLN: AL2.03 STRUCTURE: ALUMINUM OXIDE: Al,0, (alundum, alumina, corundum). _____—— i j _ White powder or colorless hexagons. 23 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 102; nip: 2020; bp: 2977; d: 3.75; Insoluble; % Aluminum: 53; vap. press: 1 mm at 2,158° C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Aluminum oxide Is present as partlculate matter 1n the atmosphere. Particle densities for aluminum oxide agglomerates are 3.75 g/cra3 for normal and 1.18 g/cm3 for floe (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS! There Is no firm evidence of pneumocon1os1s resulting from exposure to aluminum oxide (ref. 4). It Is considered to be a nuisance partlculate. See also Aluminum and Aluminum Compounds, as Aluminum. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV • 10 mg/ro ; classified as nuisance partlculate by ACGIH. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.0 x 10 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 » 1.5 x 105 vg/t Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 105 « 300 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC^ « 103 x 10/420 • 24 ug/m3 EPC^, • 15 x 24 • 360 ug/t EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 10 " 138 W/l EPCLH - 0.002 x 138 - 0.3 ug/g E-350 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 38 ALUMINUM OXIDE Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, ^9/9 (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1 . Based on Bast Technology A. Exilting Standard] NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates IR&D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E4 1.5E5 3.0E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal* Bawd on Heal* Effects 24 138 0.3 Bated on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background" "To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL COALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Water, jig/1 (ppmWt) Land, j/g/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 24 138 0.3 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-351 ------- CATEGORY; 39 GALLIUM AND GALLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS GALLIUM): Ga STRUCTURE: A grayish, install 1c element. ^ Qa+3 PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 31; group 3a; atomic wt: 69.72; mp: 29.78; bp: 2.403; d: solid 5.90429'6, liquid 6.09529'8; valence: +2, +3; Insoluble; vap. press: 0.004 inn at 1,000°C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Gallium Is a close analog of aluminum. It forms gallous (+1) and gallic (+3) compounds, the +3 valence being more stable. It forms alums of the general formula MGa (S04)2 • 12H20. (M 1s a monovalent metal.) Many gallium compounds hydrolyze In water to form a hydrated gallium oxide. Gallium suboxlde, formed by reduction of the sesquioxide, 1s volatile. Gallium Is not present In significant amounts 1n seawater or In other natural waters (ref. 98). Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 5 x 10 percent (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: In humans, gallium has caused metallic taste, skin rashes, and bone marrow depression (ref. 24). LDLo (subcutaneous, rat): 110 mg/kg for gallium. Gallium compounds generally have a low order of toxlcity. Intravenous Injections up to 15 mg/kg body weight are tolerated without harm by experimental animals; however, larger doses produce hemorrhaglc nephritis (ref. 24). Gallium Is slowly eliminated from the body of animals after Injection of soluble gallium salts. It 1s similar to the tissue distribution of bismuth and mercury In the body (ref. 24). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 45 x 110 » 4,950 ug/m3 A1r. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 4,950 - 7.4 x 104 ug/l Mater. Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.4 x 104 • 150 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 110 • 12 pg/m3 EPCAH3 " 0-081 x 110 • 9 ug/m3 EPCj^ « 15 x 9 • 135 ug/l EPCWH2 ' 0.4 x 110 • 44 Ug/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 44 • 0.09 gg/g E-352 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 39 GALLIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. iig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates IR&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.0E3 7.4E4 1.5E2 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effects 9 44 0.09 Baud on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* Ot •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, MflAn (ppm Vol) Water, jig/l (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 9 44 0.09 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tFresh and marine waters. E-353 ------- CATEGORY; 41 WIN; TL THALLIUM AMD THALLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS THALLIUM): T1. STRUCTURE: A rare element of the gallium/Indium family. A n T1+ T\|+3 bluish-white very soft metal. PROPERTIES: Atomic Number: 81; group: 3a; atomic wt.: 204.37; mp: 303.5; bp: 1,460; d: 11.862; valence +1, +3; Insoluble; vap. press: 1 mm at 825°C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Thallium Is the lightest element having naturally occurring radioactive Isotopes. Thallous (valence +1) and thai He (+3) compounds are formed. Thallous compounds are more common; the carbonate, chloride, nitrate, and phosphate are water soluble. Concentration In natural seawater Is 0.1 ug/l (ref. 28). Concentration In the Earth's crust 1s 0.7 ppm (ref. 24). Igneous rocks are estimated to contain 30 g thallium/ton (ref. 96). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Thallium and thai He compounds are extremely toxic by all routes of Intake, causing both acute and chronic poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning Include loss of hair, abdominal pain, pains In legs, neurological abnormali- ties, mental retardation, and psychoses (ref. 4). Toxlclty 1s largely Independent of valence state (ref. 96). The salts are cumulative salts analogous to lead. LDjg (oral, rat): 23 mg/kg for thallium carbonate. This 1s equivalent to 20 mg/kg, as Tl. There 1s no reported evidence In the references cited to Indicate that thallium or Its compounds are carcinogenic. Toxlclty to aquatic life: Concentrations of 2 to 4 mg/i adversely affect Daphnla sp. (water flea)(ref. 28). Thallium Is reported to be phytotoxic for tobacco plants. It has been suggested that the phytotoxlclty of thallium may be due to Interference with potassium-dependent processes 1n light of the similar Ionic radii. Ionic radius for potassium Is 1.33A. for thallium, 1.44A (ref. 105). REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. TLV (soluble compounds) • 0.1 mg/m (based largely on analogy with other highly toxic heavy metals). Thallium Is classified by ACGIH as an Industrial Substance Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Kan. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 100 ug/m3 A1r. Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 100 * 1,500 yg/l Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 1,500 - 3 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC.u, • 10 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 mil EPCWHI ' 15 x °-24 • 3-6 EPCWH2 " 13<8 x 0>1 * 1-4 EPCLH » 0.002 x 1.4 • 0.003 pg/g E-354 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 41 THALLIUM Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppm Wt) Land, yy/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E2 1.5E3 3.0EO Based on Ecological Effeca B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effects 0.24 1.4 0.003 Based on . Ecological Effeco C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, iiffm (ppm Vol) Water, wi/l (ppmWt) Land. pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.24 1.4 0.003 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-355 ------- CATEGORY! 42 CARBON MONOXIDE: CO A colorless, odorless gas. WLN: CO STRUCTURE; CO PROPERTIES! Molecular wt: 28.01; mp: -199; bp: -191.5; d: 1.250 gA at 0° 1.15 g/n at 25° {ref. 106); solubility: 3.5 aiT/100 ml at 0°, ' 2.32 cm3/100 ml at 20°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide are reported ranging 0.05 to 1.4 ppm, the average concen- tration being 0.3 ppm (refs. 1. 3). This 1s equivalent to 0.06 to 1.6 yg/m3, averaging 0.3 ng/m3. The density of CO 1s similar to that of air. The National A1r Quality Standards reference method for detection of CO utilizes nond1sp«rs1ve Infrared spectrometry (ref. 3). Carbon monoxide Is a product of incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. There 1s some evidence that certain soil fungi may convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (ref. 106). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The effect of carbon monoxide on the body is asphyxiation. Carbon monoxide has an affinity for hemoglobin 200-250 times that of oxygen (ref. 106). Combination of CO with hemoglobin prevents Og from reaching tissues. Symptoms of poisoning occur when the CD-hemoglobin complex in blood exceeds 10 percent; concentrations of 80 percent are fatal (refs. 4, 9). A concentration of 400-500 ppm may be safely tolerated for 1 hr (ref. 9). However, exposure to 650 ppm for 45 min caused toxic effects for a man (ref. 2). The biological half-life Is reported as 2 hours (ref. 22). The degree of harm associated with expo- sure to carbon monoxide is a product of the concentration times the length of exposure. The following equations for estimating effects for exposures of a few hours are reported: hours x ppm = 300 (no percep- tible effect); hours x ppm - 600 (just perceptible effect); hours x ppm - 900 (headache and nausea); hours x ppm - 1500 (dangerous to life) (ref. 107). Effect on plants: Exposure to 500 ppm for 2 days produced eplnasty 1n tomato petiole (ref. 3). , Carbon monoxide did not produce harmful effects on higher plant life at concentrations below 115 mg/m (100 ppm) during exposures of 1-3 weeks on over 100 species (ref. 108). Effect on aquatic life: Concentrations of ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 42 CARBON MONOXIDE Air, pg/m3 {ppm Vol) Water, fig/I (ppmWt) Land, ng/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.0E4 (35) 6.0E5 Based on Ecological Effects 1.2E5 (100) 6.0E1 B. Ambient Le«l Goal* Bated on Health Effects 10,000 (9) 552 Based on Ecological Effect! 10,000 (9) 30 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background' 0.3 (0.3) •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /xg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. /JB/I (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects 10,000 (9) B. Based on Ecological Effects 10,000 (9) II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 552 B. Bated on Ecological Effects - 30 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects E-357 ------- CATEGORY: 42 WLN: OCO CARBON DIOXIDE: C02 (carbonic acid gas, carbonic anhydride, STRUCTURE: dry ice). co A heavy odorless, colorless incombustible gas. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 44.01; nip: -56.6 at 5.2 atmos.; bpr -78.5 (sublimes). d: 1.977 g/« al 0"; v,ip. U: I.b3; max solubility: 0.33'j6 q/100 nl at 0" C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Carbon dioxide generally comprises about 0.03 percent by volume of dry air or 300 ppm (ref. 3). This is equivalent to 539 mg/m . The concentration in the exhaled breath may be as hiqh as 6.6 percent (ref. 107). The solubility of C0? In water changes drastically with changes in water temperature. Concentrations of C02 in freshwater «;re generally below 5 mg/t {ref.'28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Except as a contributor to oxygen deficiency! carbon dioxide does not offer serious Industrial exposures (ref. 107). Humans exposed to 50,000 pom of CO. experience pronounced respiratory stimulation (ref. 4). Teratogenii MOct'. in rats and rabbits hava been reported when the preqnant animals were exposed to f> or 10 percent CO.,. roipoctively (refs. 3?., ?). These effects may be due to oxygen deprivation. Free COg in water may adversely affect aquatic life, although it 1s not considered a major hazard. An effect called qas-hubble disease Is produced in fish by excessive dissolved gases in water (ref. 33). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV * 9.000 mg/m3 (5.000 ppm). Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 9 x 106 uq/m3 (5.000 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water. Health: Water, Ecology: Land. Health; Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC - 539,000 nq/m (300 ppm) (natural background). E-358 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 42 CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. /icj/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fjg/l (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 9.0E6 (5,000) Based on Ecological Effect! B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects Based on Ecological EHeeti C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 539,000 (300) •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.A.g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 539,000 (300) B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-359 ------- CATEGORY: 44 WLN= GE GERMANIUM AND GERMANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS GERMANIUM): Ge. STRUCTURE: A gray-white metalloid, crystalline and brittle. fie Se+2 6ef4 PROPERTIES; Atomic number: 32; group 4a; atomic wt: 72.59; mp: 937.2; bp: 2,700; d: 5.36; valency; +2 or +4; Insoluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Germanium, which is an element of the carbon family forms germanous (Ge+ ) and germanic (Ge* ) compounds. Germanic compounds are generally more stable. Germanium hydride, GeH^ (germane) Is a colorless gas (see Toxic Properties). Occurrence in the Earth's crust Is about 0.0007 percent (ref. 24). Germanium is not found in the free state In nature, but always In combination with other elements (ref. 96). Some coals also contain germanium (ref. 96). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Germanium compounds are generally of a low order of toxiclty. They are thought to resemble other organo- metals, which are usually more toxic than Inorganic forms. Animal studies indicate that germanium after absorption 1« widely distributed throughout the hndy and is not selectively retained 1n any tissue (ref. 96). At high exposure levels germanium disturbs the water balance 1n maimiuls leading to dehydration, hemoconcentra- tlon, fall in blood pressure, and hypothermia (ref. 96). Germanium hydride Is considered moderately toxic, but can cause death of experimental animals at 150 ppm. It Is simllarto, but less toxlq than, arsine and stibine and causes a hemolytic response (refs. 4,9). Germanium dioxide stimulates generation of red blood cells (ref. 9). LDLb (subcutaneous, rabbit): 586 mg/kg for germanium. LDjQ (IntrapeHtoneal, rat): 750 mg/kg for germanium dioxide. Germanium Is taken up by cereals, especially oats, from Ge-bearing soils (ref. 96). REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (Germanium Tetrahydrlde, Geh^): 0.6 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm). This 1s equivalent to 0.56 mg/m3 as Ge. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 560 uci/ra* A1r, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x h6() • MOO pg/l Water, Kcology: Land. Health: 0.00? x 11.400 « 17 ug/g land, Tcology: ESTIMATED PERMISMBtE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAm • 103 x 0.56/420 • 1.3 pg/m3 = 15 x 1.3 - 20 i,g/l EPCUH2 * 13'8 * °'56 " 8 "9/l EPCLH * 0.002 x B - 0.016 ug/9 E-360 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS X 44 GERMANIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ug/m (ppm Vol) Water, fig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standardt NSPS. 8PT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (nftO Goalt) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effocn 5.6E2 8.4E3 1.7E1 Bated on Ecological Effectt B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 1.3 8 0.016 Bated on Ecological Effectt C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, Mfl/m (ppm Vol) Water, itg/t (ppm Wt) Land, cg/M (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Bated on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! 1.3 8 0.016 B. Bated on Ecological Effect! HI. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-361 ------- CATEGORY: 46 LEAD AND LEAP COMPOUNDS (AS LEAD): Pb (Plumbum) Bluish-gray, soft metal. WLN: PB STRUCTURE: Pb Pb +2 Pb PROPERTIES: Atomic Number 82; group 4a; atomic wt: 207.2; mp: 327.5; bp: 1,744; d: 11.343716; vap. press: 1 rnn at 973°; valency: +2, +4; Insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Lead forms divalent and tetravelent compounds. Rural background concentration in air Is reported as 0.002 to 0.47 ug/m3 (reft. 1,93). Another source reports concentrations ranging 0.022 to 0.0% ug/m3 lead as a constituent of gross suspended partlculates 1n non-urban air (ref. 3). Concentrations of lead in fresh- water as measured 1n Hydrologlc Benchmark samples range 0 to SO ug/t; 71 out of 108 samples were 0 (ref. 64). Natural concentration In seawater 1$ reported as 0.02 vg/t (ref. 28). The lead content of rural U.S. soils 1s reported as 10-15 119/9 (ref. 33). Occurrence 1n the earth's crust Is 0.002 percent or 15 g/ton (ref. 24). The average adult total Intake of lead has been estimated as 254 vg/day (ref. U3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; The compounds of lead are poisonous, usually In proportion t.o their solubility. The toxlclty of partlculate lead Is dependent on the particle size. Ingested lead is largely captured by the liver and excreted In bile. Lead absorbed through Inhalation results In toxic effects from smaller amounts. Lead poisoning results In hemolysis of red blood cells, lesions of the kidneys, liver, male gonads. nervous system, and blood vessels. Lead Is a cumulative poison. The biological half-life 1s reported as 6 months (ref. 22). Cattle are resistant to lead toxicosis, but lead may accumulate in tissues or In milk 1n levels that could be toxic to man (ref. 28). Several lead salts are reported to cause. oncogen 1c effects in animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number considering the lead compounds collectively Is 4214. The lowest dosage, as lead, to result In tumors In animals Is 555 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 7.6 (excluding lead chroma te). There Is evidence that exposure to lead Increases the Incidence of abortion and stillbirths (ref. 32). It 1s known that lead 1s transferred across the human placenta. Exposure to lead has resulted In teratogenlc effects 1n animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty considering lead compounds collectively is 4202. The lowest dosage reported to produce effects In offspring Is 31 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number fs 136. Aquatic toxlclty: Reproductive Impairment of Daphnla magnla. occurs at concentrations of 30 iioyi (ref. 33). — Phytotoxlclty: Normally >25 mg/t of Pb In nutrient solutions 1s required to produce toxic effects In plants {ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTION. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (Inorganic fumes and dusts, as Pb): 0.15 mg/mj (oncogenic or teratogenlc potential not considered). Inorganic lead Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document; the NIOSH recommendation agrees with ACGIH TLV (ref. 111). On EPA's Consent Decree Priority I List. Candidate for 11st for ToxIcPollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). Under study for designation under National Emission standards for Hazardous A1r Pollutants (ref. 16). National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations: 0.05 oxj/i (ref. 102). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, Level', for Source Rejection: 0.05 mg/i (ref. 66). EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health)--50 ug/t; for sensitive freshwater resident species— 0.01 times 96-hour LC$o (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 197? Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply- -0.05 rog/l; for freshwater aquatic life-- maximum concentrations of 0.03 mg/t; for marine aquatic life—application factor of 0.01 (applied to 96-hour tCso) as a 24-hour average; hazard level— 0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.01 mg/t; for livestock water— 0.1 mg/t; for irrigation— 5.0 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions reconnendatlons for soil concentrations: For most soils— 1.000 kg/hectare (ref. 112). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 150 ug/m3 Water, Health: 5 x 50 « 250 ug/l Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 - 0.5 vg/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 • 50 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 vg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPC •AH1 • 103 x 0.15/420" 0.36 Mg/m3 EPCWH1 " 1S x °'36 EPCWH2 " 13<8 °' EPCWHS EPC EPC 1H •AC2 EPC L(. ' 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 vg/g • 103/(6 x 7.6) • 22 Mg/m3 15 x 22 • 330 ug/l 0.002 x 330 • 0.7 vg/g EPCHES EPCL£ • • 10 ug/t 0.002 x 10 • 0.02 vg/g 103/(6 x 136) « 1 M9/m3 15 x 1 - 15 yg/t EPCLT » 0.002 x 15 - 0.03 pg/g EPC, AT E-362 ------- MULIIMtUIA XX ENVIRONMENTAL 46 GOALS LEAD EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, //g/l (ppmWt) Land, MB/9 (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.D Goals) - II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.5E2 2.5E2 5E-1 Baled on Ecological Effects 5.0E1 1E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Health Effects 0.36 50 0.01 Based on Ecological Effects 10 0.02 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.002- 0.47 0-50 O.OZt 10-15 •To be) multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. iiglm3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, MQ/fl (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard! or Critoria A. Based on Health Effects 50 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 10 II. Toxieity Band Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Band on Health Effects 0.36 0.1 B, Bdied on Ecological Effects 0.02 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 1 0.03 tFor seawater. E-363 ------- CATEGORY: 47 AMMONIA: NH} (ammonia gas). A colorless gas, extremely pungent odor. WLN: ZH STRUCTURE: A \ H H PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 17.03; mp: -77.7; bp: -33.35; d: 0.771; vap. press: 10 atra at 25.7° C; vap. d: 0.6; solubility in water: 90 g In 100 mi at 0°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Urban air concentrations of ammonia are reported as 2-10 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 1.4 to 7 pg/m . The odor of amonla 1s detectable at <5 ppm (ref. 99). Ammonia 1s present 1n most waters as a normal biological degradation product of nitrogenous organic matter (ref. 33). Total ammonia In water consists of Ionized (NH4) and un-lonized (NH3). The equilibrium between the two species Is Influenced by temperature, pH, and Ionic strength. 1s favored by Increasing temperatures and Increasing pH. Amnonla Is produced as a byproduct of coal-conversion processes. The NH, species TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Amnonla 1s primarily an Irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. No chronic effects are reported from low-level exposure (refs. 4, 114). The lowest concentration reported to cause Irritation 1n a human 1s 20 ppm via Inhalation (ref. 2). Exposure to 10,000 ppm for 3 hours resulted In death for a human (ref. 2). The biological half-life for ammonia 1s reported as <20 minutes (ref. 22). The LC50 (Inhalation, rat) Is 2,000 ppm for 4 hr. Effects on plants—most sensitive species 1s mustard plant (refs. 114, 3); 4-hr exposure to 2,100 yg/m3 resulted 1n marking of 15 percent of the leaf area (ref. 3). Toxlclty of ammonia to aquatic life 1s attributed to the un-lonized species, NHj. TUn 96 ranges from 10-1 ppm (ref. 2). Levels of un-lonized ammonia >0.20 mg/i have been shown to be toxic to some aquatic species (ref. 33). Amnonla consumes dissolved oxygen as a result of Its biochemical oxidation to nitrite and nitrate (ref. 28). The presence of anmonla 1n water also Increases the chlorine demand for the purpose of chemical disinfection. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TU • 18 rog/m3 (25 ppm). Ammonia 1s the subject of a N10SH criteria document. NIOSH recommends a celling concentration of 50 ppm as determined by a 5-mlnute sampling period for occupational exposure to ammonia (ref. 115). Ammonia is listed 1n the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Second Priority Chemicals List (ref. 11). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply—0.5 mg/i (ammonia nitrogen); for freshwater aquatic life—maximum concentration of 0.02 mg NH./i; application factor of 0.05 (to be applied to 96-hr LC5Q; for marine aquatic llfe—NHj hazard level: 0.4 mg/J. ; minimal risk of deleterious effects: 0.01 mg/t; aopHcation factor of 0.1 (to be applied to 96-hr LC5£)) (ref. 28). ETA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.02 mg/t (as NHj) for freshwater aquatic life (ref. 33). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (25 ppm) "- r~° """ - " lnn - 1cn -'-3 Water, Health: 5 x 500 • 2.5 x 103 ug/i. Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 103 • 5 gg/g Air, Ecology: 4/24 x 2.100 - 350 ug/nr Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 50 ug/i Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 u9/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC, AMI 103 x 18/420 • 43 i,g/m3 AHla 25/420 • 0.06 ppm 15 x 43 • 645 ug/t 13'8 x 18 * 2SO "9/t EPCWHS * 50° uq/rt O.OOZ x 500 • 1 i.g/g EPC U) EPC • 0.1 x 4/24 x 2.100 • 35 ug/nT AE - SO x 1 • 50 ug/l EPCWES * 10 v^1 EPCL£ • 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g E-364 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 47 AMMONIA Air. MO/rn3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on B«t Technology A. Editing Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimaiet (BiO Ooali) II. Based on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Ba»d on Health Effecti 1.8E4 (25) 2.5E3 5.0EO Bated on Ecological Effect! 3.5E2 5.0E1 l.OE-1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effect! 43 (0.06) 500 1 Bated on Ecological Effecti 35 10 0.02 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 1.4-7 t To be multiplied by dilution factor Air.MO/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, (ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, jug/g (ppm Wt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effecti 500 B. Bawd on Ecological Effecti 10 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! 43 (0.06) 1 B. Based on Ecological Effects 35 0.02 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effect! Report for urban atmosphere E-365 ------- CATEGORY; 47 WIN; ZQ HYDRAZINE: N2H4 (Diamide). STRUCTURE: Colorless, oily hygroscopic liquid, fuming in air', penetrating odor resembling that of ammonia. H2N NH2 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 32.06; mp: 1.4;bp: 113.5; d: 1.008 g/cm3 at 20"; vap. d: 1.11; vap. press: 14.4 mm at 25°; pK^ « 5.52; mlscible with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Hydrazlne is considered a hazardous chemical due to its Instability toward heat or oxidizing agents. It is strongly basic (ref. 41). Hydrazlne has been identified in the gas phase of tobacco (ref. 59). The median detectable concentration (Irritation and/or odor) is 3 to 4 ppm for less than 1 minute (ref. 41). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Hydrazlne Is a powerful irritant and very toxic by Ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption (ref. 41). Absorption appears to be rapid and excretion or detoxication is slow (ref. 41). It is considered to be a cumulative poison (ref. 47). Inhalation of high concentrations of hydrazine has resulted In damage to lungs, liver, and kidneys In experimental animals (refs. 4, 41); chronic exposure resulted 1n bone marrow depression, fatty livers, and an abnormal incidence of tumors (refs. 4, 2). LDjg (oral, rat): 60 mg/kg. LC,jg (Inhalation, rat): 570 ppm for 4 hours. Hydrazlne is reported to cause tumors in mice (refs. 4, 44) and in rats (ref. 44). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 4224. The lowest dosage resulting in a carcinogenic response Is 400 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 10.6. Derivatives of hydrazine are reported to cause tumors in experimental animals (ref. 2) and have caused chromosome aberrations In mammalian cells (ref. 42). Aquatic toxicity: Hydrazlne Is reported to be harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (ref. 116). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOBMITION. CANDIDATE 8TATU« FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: 1.3 mg/m3 (1 ppm). Intended change—TLV: 0.15 mg/m (0.1 ppm) (ACGIH recognizes hydrazine as an industrial substance suspect of carcinogenic potential for man). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 150 ug/m3 (0.1 ppm) Air, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 150 - 2.25 x 103 ug/t Water, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 103 - 4.5 ug/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION: ri'CAH) - I03 x 1.3/470 - 3.1 uq/m3 EPCAH)a - 1/420 - 0.002 ppm 15 x 3.1 • 46.5 \|.g/t 13'8 x 1-3 " 18 EPCLH » 0.002 x 18 « 0.04 ug/g EPCAC, - 103 x 0. 15/420 • 0.36 ug/m3 EPC,r? • 103/(6 < 10.6MS.7 « 15 x 0.36 • 5.4 uQ/» tPCj_c * 0.002 x 5.4 • 0.01 ug/g E-366 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 47 HYDRAZINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pn/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/1 (ppmWt) Land, jig/o, (ppmWt) 1. Bated on Best Technology A. E xiiting S ------- CATEGORY: «' HYDROGEN CYANIDE: HCN (hydrocyanic acid). Colorless liquid with characteristic odor. WIN: STRUCTURE: HCN PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 27.03; mp: -13.4; bp: 25.7; vap. d: 0.94; vap. press: 807.23 ran at 27.22° C; misclble with water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS. Hydrogen cyanide Is one of the commonly occurring forms of cyanide. The odor recognition level of HCN is 2 to 5 ppm (ref. 35). In water, a significant fraction of the cyanide exists as HCN up to about pH8; the fraction increases as the pH decreases. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Cyanide inhibits oxygen metabolism (ref. 33) and is absorbed very rapidly by inhalation; the liquid and the vapor are absorbed through Intact skin (ref. 35). At 0.3 mg/f., HCN is immediately fatal to man; 0.02 to 0.04 mg/t produces symptoms after several hours (ref. 35). There are reports of chronic as well as acute poisoning by HCN (ref. 4). LOLQ (Inhalation, rat): 0.IZ mg/t (ref. 35). LDyj (Inhalation, dog): 0.0/-0.04 mq/i (raf. 35). Hydrogen cyanide produced injury to orange trees at 1,100 ppm for 40 minutes (ref. 123). This is equivalent to 1,212 mg/m . Aquatic toxicity: Cyanide is much more toxic to fish than to man (ref. 28). It Is probably the most toxic form of cyanide in water (ref. 33). Cyanide Is lethal to brook trout, Salvelinus fontlnalis. at 50 ug/i; at 10 ug/t, swimming ability is affected (ref. 33). flJGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: IT mg/m3 (10 ppm) Regulations and criteria pertinent to cyanide follow: Cyanide appears on EPA's Consent Decree List, Priority 3. It has been designated for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulation: Levels for Source Rejection—0.2 mg/i; Levels for Alternate Source Select1on--0.l mg/r. cyanide (ref. 66). HAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: for public water supply sources-0.2 mg/t cyanide; for fresh- water aquatic life—maximum concentration of 0.005 mg/t. as CN-; application factor of 0.05 (to be applied to 96-hour LCrg); for marine aquatic life—hazard level: 0.01 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects: 0.005; application factor of 0.1 (to he applied to 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. ?8). EPA 1976 Water Quality CrUorla (proposed): 5.0 i.i)/». for frrshwater and marine aquatic life and wild- life ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 47 HYDROGEN CYANIDE Air, itg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, jig/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Beit Technology A. (: xitting Standmilt NSI-S. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology tnoiniierinu. Eitlmnlvt (R&D Goalt) II. Based on Ambient Factort A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baudot! 1 lonlth Effect. 1.1E4 5.0E2 l.OEO Bimdon Ecotoajcai EHucn 3.4E4 2.5E1 5.0E-2 B. Ambimt Level Goal* fined on Heclih Efftcti 26 (0.024) 100 0.2 B Mid on Ecologicil EffMh 3,400 5 0.01 C. Elimination off Ditch aroi N«tur«l BKkqrolHMt' To ba multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, M9/rn (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, po/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Brad on Health Effects 100 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effects 26 (0.024) 0.2 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 3,400 0.01 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-369 ------- CATEGORY: 47 WIN: NC HO/2; NC NA; KA CN AU3U.I CffeHlOEO. AVCH-: ('.odium cyanide, potassium cyanide) STRUCTURE: White deliquescent oowder, odor of bitter almonds. LN~ NaCN PROPERTIES: KCN MaCN—Molecular wt: 49.02; mp: 563.7; bp: 1,496; vap. press: 1 mm (817° C); ,, KCN--Molecular wt: 65.11; tup: 634.5; d: 1.52°; soluble In water. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Cyanides occur In nature bound In the form of glycosldes (I.e., amygdalin) In certain plants and seeds (ref. 24). The odor of alkali cyanides 1s due to the formation of HCN by the hydrolysis of the cyanide ion In water absorbed from air. The alkali cyanldns are readily soluble In water. When the simple salts dissociate in water, the CN- Ion combines with the hydrogen Inn to form hydrocyanic acid, HCN, or with heavy metals to form metallocyanlde complexes (ref. 33). Physical and chemical conditions will determine the forms of cyanide eventually resulting from solutions of the Alkali cyanide. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The alkali cyanides are acutely toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, and Ingestion. They are among the most rapidly acting of all poisons (ref. 35). Cyanide toxicity is essentially an Inhibition of oxygen metabolism (ref. 33). If chronic poisoning does occur, it Is rare (ref. 35). Human Ingestion of up to nearly 5 rig/day over a long term did not result in harmful effects (ref. 33). Alkali cyanides are more irritating than HCN as a result of the alkalinity (ref. 4). Ingestion of 2,857 wg/kg as NaCN has resulted in human death (ref. 2). LDSQ (oral, rat): 6,440 gg/kg. (for NaCN) , 10 mg/kg (for KCN). Aquatic toxicity: Free cyanide concentrations from 0.05 to 0.01 mg/i as CN have proved fatal to many sensitive fishes; the effective toxicant Is generally HCN (ref. 28). See also Hydrogen Cyanide. REGULATORY ACTION! STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOULATION: TLV: "i imj/m3 (sklri) r.yanldei appear on EPA".. Consent Decree List. Priority 3. Cyanides are desinnated to be addressed by Toxk Pollutant Effluents Standards (ref. 10). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations: Levels for Source Rejection— 0.2 mg/».; Levels for Alternate Source Selection— 0.1 mg/i cyanide (ref. 66). ...,,.. NAS/NAE 1972 Mater Quality Criteria: for public water supply sources— 0.2 mg/t cyanide; for freshwater aquatic life-maximum concentration of 0.005 mg/«. as CN-; application factor of 0.05 (to be applied to 96-hour LC5Q); for marine aquatic life— hazard level: 0.01 irxj/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects: 0.005; application factor of 0.1 (to be applied to 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. 28). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 5.0 yg/i for freshwater and marine aquatic life and wildlife (ref. 33). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS AS CN= Air, Health: 5 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Hater. Health: 5 x 100 • 500 i.g/i Hater. Ecology: 5 x 5 - 25 ug/t Land. Health: 0.00? x 500 • 1 pq/«l Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 25 - 0.05 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS AS CN: EPCAH) - 103 x 5/420 • 12 ug/m3 EPC^,,, - 15 x 12 • 180 u ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 47 ALKALI CYANIDES EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, >ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Bated on Beit Technology A. Exiuinti Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing TeChnofaxiy Enginimring Eitlmatm (R&D Ooili) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bund on Health Etfucti 5.0E3 5.0E2 l.OEO Baud on Ecological Effaca 2.5E1 5.0E-2 B. Ambient Le«l Goal* Bned on Hgalth Effects 12 TOO O.H Baud on Ecological Erfecti 0.01 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To b» multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, >/9/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, Mt/fl (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects 100 B; Baaadon Ecological Effect! 5 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Band on Health Effects 12 0.2 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.01 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Band on Health Effects E-371 ------- CATEGORY: 48 PHOSPHORUS: P (white, yellow, red, violet, or black pnosphorir, >. A nonnetalllc element; white, yellow, reddish brown, violet, yellow, or black amorphous powder or rhombic or monoclinic crystals. PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 15; group 5a; atomic wt: 30.975; valency: +3, +5, -3; White or yellow—molecular wt: 123.92; mp: 44; bp: 280; d: 1.82; insoluble; vap. d: 4.42; vap. press: 1 mn at 76.6°; ): 590: bp: 280:d: 2.2:insoluble; vac. D: 4.77. NCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: WLN: p STRUCTURE: 4 +3 -3 See Phosphate, Phosphorus compounds. Phosphorus Is the second member of the nitrogen group. Elemental phosphorus forms numerous allotroplc forms Including white or yellow, red, and black phosphorus. White phosphorus 1s the most highly reactive and most toxic allotrope. Elemental phosphorus exists as P4 rather than as atomic phosphorus. Red phosphorus Is formed by heating white phosphorus to 240°C. Red phosphorus reacts slowly 1n water to form phosphate. Yellow phosphorus has a distinct odor (ref. 117). Phosphorus often exists as a covalently bonded compound and 1t forms binary saltllke phosphides. Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 0.12 percent {ref. 24). Phosphorus generally as phosphate occurs In all fertile soil. It Is an essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones (ref. 24). In surface waters of the United States the average concentration of phosphorus (Including elemental and combined species) 1s reported as 0.087 ug/f., with a range of 0.001-5 ug/i (ref. 28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Red phosphorous is relatively harmless unless white phosphorus is present as an Impurity. Yellow or white phosphorus is one of the most highly toxic inorganic substances (ref. 4). Chronic effects in man include liver Injury, necrosis of jaw bone, anemia, brittle bones, and tooth and eye damage (ref. 9). The lowest lethal dose reported for a human Is 1.4 mg/kg administered orally (ref. 2). Phosphorus may be absorbed through the skin, as well as by ingestfon or through the respiratory tract (ref. 117). LD50 (skin, rat): 100 mg/kg. Aquatic toxldty: Elemental phosphorus Is highly toxic and bioaccumulates In aquatic organisms; a concentration factor as high as 25,000 has been reported with the largest concentration found 1n liver (ref. 28). LC5Q (48 hr) • 0.0105 pom for lepomis macrochlrus (blueglll) (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; TLV (yellow or white phosphorus): 0.1 mg/m . EPC 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.10 ug/i yellow (elemental) phosphorus for marine or t--tuar1ne waters (ref. 33). NA5/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life and wildlife elemental phosphorus: hazard level—1 ug/l; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hour LC5Q). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: _3 Air, Health: 100 Water. Health: 15 x 100 « 1.5 x 104 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 • 30 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 5 x 0.1 * 0.5 -3 Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 0.5 » 1 x 10 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH] • 103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 ug/m3 tPCWH1 - 15 x 0.24 - 3.6 i,g/«. EPC^ • 13.8 x 0.1 • 1.4 uq/l EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003 ug/g EPC EPC WES IE* • 50 x 0.0105 - 0.5 ug/i • 0.10 ug/z 0.002 x 0.1 - 0.0002 ug/g E-372 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XX 48 ELEMENTAL PHOSPHORUS EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, »ig/l (ppm Wtl Land, ig/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Deraloping Tachnoloiry Engineering Eitimatai IRUDGolM II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent BeMd on Health ffl.cn 1.0E2 1.5E4 3.0E1 Baud on Ecological Effect 5 E-l 1 E-3 B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Baled on He.llh Effect! 0.24 1.4 0.003 Bated on Ecological Effect. 0.1 0.0002 C. Elimination of Ditch arp Nature! Background* 0.087t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, Mg/m (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, iig/y (ppmWt) 1. Current or Propoted Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Buedon Health Effects B. Bawd on Ecological Effects 0.10 II. Toxicity Baled Estimated Permissible Concentration A. BaMdon Heal Effects 0.24 1.4 0.003 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.0002 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects tConcentration reflects both elemental and combined species. E-373 ------- CATEGORY: 48 WLN; PHOSPHATE: PO/3. 8TBUCTUBE: The anlon of phosphoric acid. PC."3 4 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 94.97; soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Phosphate occurs as a salt of phosphoric acid. It may exist as tertiary (M3P04); monohydrlc (M,,HP04); or dlhydHc (MHjPO^) where H Is a monovalent metal Ion. These salts are generally Mater soluble. Background levels for total phosphorus Including phosphate are reported below 100 ug/t for rivers and below 50 ug/t where streams enter lakes and reservoirs (ref. 69). Concentration 1n relatively uncon- tamlnated lakes 1s usually 10 to 30 ug/t total phosphorus (ref. 28). High phosphorus content Is an Impor- tant factor In eutrophlcation. Nuisance algae blooms have resulted from 0.3 g/m /yr for a lake with a mean depth of 20 meters (ref. 28). The nitrogen/phosphorus ratio for natural waters 1s generally 10:1. Total phosphate concentrations exceeding 100 ug/t can Interfere with the coagulation process In water- treatment plants (ref. 33). TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS; Phosphate 1s not directly toxic to man or to aquatic organisms. It Is a major algae nutrient and may affect aquatic life Indirectly by contributing to the rate of eutrophlcation of lakes and reservoirs (ref. 28). BEOUtATOHY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; A total phosphorus criterion to control nuisance aquatic growths 1s currently evolving but 1s not yet presented (ref. 33). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: Air. Ecology: Water, Health: Water, Ecology: Land, Health: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: E-374 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 48 PHOSPHATE Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, tig/l (ppm Wt) Land. M9/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Batnd on Beit Technology A. f KUtlna SlemUnlt NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Devalonlnii Technology Engineering Eittmatei (HUD Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute ToMidty Effluent Based on Health Effects Bnedon Ecological Efieeti B. Ambient Level Goal* Bisedon Health Effects Baud on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* 100 t < 50 \| 10-30 f •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS o Air, pg/m (ppm Vol) Water. pg/\| (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Baied on Health Effect! B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects t For rivers t Where streams enter lakes and reservoirs t Total phosphorus for lakes E-375 ------- CATEGORY: 48 WLN: H3 P PHOSPHINE: PH3 (hydrogen phosphide). STRUCTURE: A colorless gas, odor of decaying fish. H PROPERTIES: Molecular Ht: 34.04; mp: -133; bp: -87.5; d: 1.529 g/i at oa C; vap. press: 20 atm at -3° C; slightly soluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Phosphlne Is formed by the alkaline hydrolysis of phosphorus. The odor threshold Is reported to be 0.021 ppm (ref. 29). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Phosphlne Is a very toxic gas. Acute poisoning 1s characterized by depression of the central nervous system and lung irritation. Chronic poisoning may result from continued exposure to very low concentrations (refs. 4. 9). The lowest reported concentration causing death for a person Is 1,000 ppm; duration of the exposure Is not specified. Inhalation of 8 ppm for 1 hour caused pulmonary effects 1n a human (ref. 2). LO (Inhalation, rat): 11 ppm for 4 hr. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV * 0.4 mg/m (0.3 ppm) (this TLV does not take Into consideration the possibility of chronic phos- phorus poisoning from phosphlne [ref. 4]). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 400 wg/«i3 (0.3 ppm) Air. Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 400 * 6 x 103 i,g/». Water, Ecology: land. Health: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 " ]°3 * °-4/420 ' °-95 EPCAHla " °-3/420 " 0-°°07 PP EPC,^ • 15 x 0.95 • 14 wg/l EPCHH2 " 13'8 * °'4 " 5 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 48 PHOSPHINE Air, jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l (ppm Wt) Land, MS/9 (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exiiting Sundardt NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ettimatat (RoVD Goali) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent B tied on Health Erfmn 4.0E2 6.0E3 Baled on Ecological Effect. B. Ambient Level God* Beted on Heelth Effecn 0.95 (0.0007) 5.5 Bated on Ecologleai Effect* C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background- •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, Mj/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/\| (ppm Wt) Land, (jg/n (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effect! B. Based on Ecological Effect. II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Heelth Erfacti 0.95 (0.0007) 5.5 B. Bawd on Ecological Effectt III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Bated on Health Effects E-377 ------- WLN: AS STRUCTURE: As -3 +5 4 +3 CATEGORY: 49 ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS (AS ARSENIC): As (metallic arsenic, gray or black arsenic, yellow arsenic). Gray, brittle metal I hexagonal-rhombic crystals or yellow cubic crystals (As4). As PROPERTIES: As Atomic number: 33; group: 5a; atonic wt: 74.92; mol. wt: 299.64; sublimes at 613° C; d: 5.729 at 14° C; vap. press: 1 mm at 372° C; valency: -3, +3, +5; Insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Arsenic occurs widely In nature as the sulflde, arsenide and sulf arsenides of heavy metals. The compounds formed are analogous to those of phosphorous. Yellow arsenic, the nonmetalUc form, As^ 1s formed at 500* C by rapid condensation of arsenic vapor. It 1s photosensitive and changes to gray arsenic on exposure to light. Arsenic forms three series of compounds: -3: arsenides (MjAs where M Is a tnonovalent metal); +3: arsenous; +5: arsenic. Arsenic acid (HAsO^ • 1/2H,,0) is water soluble See also Arsenic THoxIde and 3 (ref. 1). The natural An arsenate fs a salt of arsenic add and contains the radical AsO^ Arslne. Rural background concentration of arsenic In air 1s reported as 0.05 ng/m concentration of arsenic 1n seawater 1s 2.6 wg/t (ref. 28). Background levels In freshwater as Indicated from hydrologlc benchmark samples 1s 0-20 ug/i (refs. 28, 69). Arsenic content 1n U.S. drinking water supplies ranges from a trace to 0.1 mg/t (ref. 28). The total dally Intake of arsenic from food averages 900 ug for adults (ref. 28). A range of 0.2-80 kg/ha of As exists In soils with a typical level around 12 kg/ha (ref. 118). Occurrence of arsenic 1n the earth's crust 1s 0.0005 percent (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; The toxlclty of arsenic 1s believed to be related to Its valence state, the trlvalent species being the most toxic. Compounds of arsenic may be absorbed by inhalation, Ingestlon, and through the skin (ref. 117). Excretion Is slow, requiring up to 10 days after acute absorption and sometimes more than a year after prolonged absorption (ref. 117). Arsenic 1s a cumulative poison producing long-term chronic effects In mammals. Industrial poisoning due to arsenic has caused dermatitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and perforation of the nasal septum (ref. 4). LDL(J (Intramuscular, rat): 25 rag/kg. The amounts of As (primarily In Its arsenate form) producing toxlclty 1n sensitive plants vary from 110-340 kg/ha for sandy to clayey soils respectively (ref. 23). A concentration of 0.5 mg/i 1n nutrient solutions is toxic to pineapple, and orange seedlings, and reduces tomato yields by 80 percent (ref. 33). Arsenic concentrations of 1.1 to 2.2 mg/t are toxic to pike perch (Stlzostedlon vitreum) in 2 days (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: 0.5 mg/m (for arsenic and compounds [as metal]). Intended change—TLV: 0.25 mg/m (for inorganic compounds, as As). Inorganic arsenic 1s the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. NIOSH recommends that no worker be exposed to > 0.002 mg/m . Compliance with all sections of the recommended standard will prevent noncarclnogenlc adverse effects from arsenic (ref. 119). Arsenic 1s under study for National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (ref. 16). It is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It appears on the EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. FDA lists permissible levels of arsenic In food as follows—muscle meats: 0.5 ppm; edible meat by- products: 1.0 ppm; eggs: 0.5 ppm (ref. 28). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (health)--SO ug/t; for Irrigation of crops—100 ug/t (ref. 33). NAS/KAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sources—0.1 mg/i; for marine aquatic Hfe: hazard level—0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hour LCcn); for 11vestock--0.2 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t (for continuous use on all soils) (ref. 28). 50 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: r ng/m3 Water, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 - 0.5 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: _3 A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 • 50 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g EPC, AH1 FPC HH1 EPCWES EPCLH ' • 2/420 -0.005 ug/mj « 15 x 0.005 • 0.75 ug/t - 13.8 x 0.002 • 0.03 ug/t « 50 ug/t 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g EPCWES EPC, IE * 10 ug/t 0.002 x 10 0.02 ug/g E-378 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 49 ARSENIC EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/tfp (ppm Vol) Water, »gl\ (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) 1 . Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT • B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goalil II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effecn 2.0EO 2.50E2 5.0E-1 Bated on Ecological Effect! 5.0E1 l.OE-1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effeen 0.005 50 0.1 Baud on Ecological Effects 10 0.02 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.00005 0-20, 2.6 t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, MB/m3 (ppm Vol) Watar, fig/1 {ppm Wt) Land, ug/g (ppmWt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Heal* Effect* 50 B. Based on Ecological Effect* 10 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effect* 0.005 0.1 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 0.02 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effect! t For seawater E-379 ------- CATEGORY: 49 WIN: AS H3 ARSINE: AsH3 (arsenic hydride, hydrogen arsenide, arsenous STRUCTURE: hydride, arseniuretted hydrogen). ^ A colorless gas, garlic odor. \| H - As - H PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 77.92; mp: -116.3; bp: -55; d: 2.695 (gas), 1.689 at 84.9 (liquid); vap. d: 2.66; solubility: 20 mt per 100 ml H20. NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Arslne may be formed by the reduction of arsenic compounds In acid by active metals such as zinc or magnesium. Odor recognition level for arslne Is 1.84 mg/m (ref. 3). This Is equivalent to approximately 0.6 ppm. Arslne decomposes when heated to 300°, depositing arsenic. On exposure to light, moist arslne decomposes quickly, depositing arsenic. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Arslne Is extremely toxic; 3 to 10 ppm can cause poisoning symptoms 1n a few hours. A number of cases of chronic poisoning are also reported. Arslne poisoning 1s characterized by anemia resulting from hemolysls (refs. 4, 9). A concentration of 3 ppm has caused red blood cell effects In a human; 25 ppm for 30 minutes has caused death (ref. 2). Arslne is a recognized carcinogen (ref. 9). See Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm). 1975 NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to Inorganic arsenic. Including arslne, as As: 2 ug/m3 (ref. 119). Arsenic 1s under study for National Emissions Standards for Hazardous A1r Pollutants (ref. 16). It is a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It appears on the EPA Consent Decree Priority I List. Criteria for arsenic iij water are as follows: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (health)—50 vg/t; for irrigation of crops—100 ;.g/i (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sources~0.1 mg/l; for marine aquatic life: hazards level—0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/i; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 9»i-hour UCen)'« for 11vestock--0.2 mg/t; for 1rr1gat1on--0.lO mg/«. (for continuous use on all wils) (r«sf. 28). 50 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: (as As) Air, Health: ? »g/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: •> x 50 • 250 »g/f Water. Ecology: 5 x 10 » 50 vg/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 • 0.5 »q/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 50 » 0.1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: (as As) EPCAH1 > 2/420 ' 0.005 ug/mj EPCWH1 * 15 * 0-°°5 * 0'08 "9/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 * Ol002 * °-03 "9/t £PCWHS " 50 "9/t EPCWES * 10 W9/1 • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 i,g/g EPCL£ « 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g E-380 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 49 ARSINE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, fig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Bawd on Bint Technology A. Exlitlni Sundirdi NSPS. BPT, BAT U. ruvtioping Tonhnolofly Engineering Eitlmetei (R&D Go.UI II. Bnad on Ambient Faeton A. Minimum Acute Toxicltv EffliMnl BtMd on HMlth EHecli 2.0EO 2.50E2 5.0E-1 BiHdon Ecologlcil EflKtl 5.0E1 l.OE-1 B. Ambient L«»l Ooil* BMdon Hiiltfi EKKti 0.005 50 0.1 Biudon Ecolotlttl EtfK« 10 0.02 C. EHmlnition of DlKhargi Ntiuril BKkground* •To to multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. pa/in3 (ppm Vol) Water. MB/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Propotad Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effect! 50 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 10 II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Hulth Effect! 0.005 0.1 B. Bas«d on Ecologies Efftcti 0.02 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bend on Health Effects E-381 ------- CATEOORY: 49 WIN: AS2.03 AHSENIC TRIOXIDE: A^O, (irsisnlc (III) oxide, arsenic STRUCTURE: •. Pb, 1.9 X S' and traces of water (fef- )• TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Arsenic trioxlde has been shown to be acutely toxic to animals and humans. Occupational exposures have resulted in contact dermatitis and sensltizatlon, conjunctivitis, and ulceratlon and perforation of the nasal system (ref. 4). LD50 (oral, rat): 20 rag/kg. Inhalation of 700 ug/nr for 1 year 1s reported to have caused a carcinogenic response 1n humans. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for As203 1s 7121. It Is not possible to determine the dosage effecting the carcinogenic response; hence it is not possible to calculate an adjusted ordering number. Arsenic trioxlde fed to mice did not produce tumors (ref. 91). The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that the role of arsenic 1s uncertain In the Increased lung cancer risk among smelter workers (ref. 91). Aquatic toxlcity: TUn 96: 10-1 ppra. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (production, as As) • 0.05 mg/in (arsenic trioxlde production Is recognized by AC6IH to have carcinogenic or cocarclnoqenic potential). 1975 NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to Inorganic arsenic, Including arsenic trioxidr, as As: 2 ug/m3 (ref. 119). Arsenic Is under study for National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (ref. 16). It is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It appears on the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List. Criteria for arsenic In water are as follows: EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (health)—50 yg/i; for Irrigation of crops—100 v.g/1 (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sources--0.1 mg/i; for marine aquatic life: hazard level--0.05 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/fc; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hour LCSO); for livestock—0.2 mg/i; for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t (for continuous use on all soils) (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: (as As) Air, Health: 2 ug/m Air, Ecology: Hater, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 ug/t Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 » 50 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 O.S ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: (as As) EPCAH1 • 2/420 -0.005 ug/m3 rf>CWHl ' 15 x °-OOS " "-08 u<)/t EPCWE1 " 50 x ' " 50 "9/t EPCWH2 " 13'8 * °-002 " °'03 U9/1 EPCWHS " M "9/t EPCHES " 10 u9/t CLH •" i'jr — •• "UtC " "»' * EPC. „ • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/m3 EPCLE « 0.002 x 10 « 0.02 ug/g E-382 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 49 ARSENIC TRIOXIDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/in3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/9 (ppmWt) 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.0EO 2.50E2 5.0E-1 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E1 l.OE-1 8. Ambient Lewi Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.005 50 0.1 Bated on Ecological Effecn 10 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, ijg/tn (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, >ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Hmltfi Effect! 50 B. Based on Ecologkal Effecn 10 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.005 0.1 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.02 lit. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-383 ------- CATEOOBY: SO WtN: SB ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS (AS ANTIMONY): Sb (antimony STRUCTURE: black, stlbluw). +3 Sb Sb. Sb Rhonbohedral, blue-white, brittle, lustrous substance. SbR3 Sb02" SbO PROPERTIES: (R is tn alkyl group.) Atomic number: 51; group 5a; atomic wt: 121.75; mp: 630.5; bp: 1,380; d: 6.684 at 25"; vap. press: 1mm at 886° C; valency: +3, +5; insoluble NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Antimony 1s a metal of the arsenic family. It forms compounds analogous to those of phosphorous and • arsenic. Compounds derived from trivalent antimony are more common and Include antimonous or stibnous. (Sb3); stlblnes (SbR}, where R is an alkyl group); antinomies, (Sb02); and antlmonyl, (SbO). The most Important antimony-containing mineral Is stlbnite, Sb2$3 (ref. 96). A concentration of 7.4 ng/m has been reported In urban air (ref. 1). Natural concentration 1n seawater is 0.45 ug/t (ref. 28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Effects of intoxication may Include skin Irritation, Inflammation of mucous membranes, and nervous system and gastrointestinal effects (ref. 9). Chronic poisoning may result from inhalation of antimony or its compounds. The lowest toxic concentration reported for human Is 4.700 ug/m3 for 20 weeks. The relative order of toxlcity, Intraperltoneally. of antimony compounds beginning with the most toxic Is: metallic antimony, antimony trisulflde, antimony pentasulflde, antimony trloxlde, and antimony pentoxide (ref. 4). LOM (oral, rat): 100 ng/kg for antimony. Toxlcity to aquatic life: The 96-hr Lf5Q for fathead minnow 1s 80 ppm (antimony trloxlde) (ref. 28). This Is equivalent to 67 ppm as Sb. Antimony can be concentrated by various marine forms to over 300 times the amount present in seawater (re'. 28). Concentrations as low as 1 mg/t. as Sb. have produced effects in fish (ref. 10). BEBULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS- CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE »TATU» TOR 8PEC\|f 1C REGULATION; TLV: 0.5 mg/m3 (for antimony and compounds [as Sb] except antimony trloxlde). Antimony compounds are Included In the EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. Antimony 1s a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). NAS/NAE Hater Quality Criteria, 1972: For marine aquatic life—hazard level: 0.2 mg/i; application factor: 0.02 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 500 pg/m3 (except SbgOj) Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 500 • 7.5 x 103 ug/i Hater. Ecology: 200 vg/l Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 103 • 15 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCtNTRATIONi: EPCAH, • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1.2 pg/m3 EPC,^, - 15 x 1.2 • 18 pg/l EPC-E3 • 0.2 x 200 • 4 EPCKH2 " 13'8 x °'5 " 7 "'^ • 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 pg/g EPCL£ • 0.002 x 40 • 0.08 E-384 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 50 ANTIMONY Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.0E2 7.5E3 1.5E1 Based on Ecological Effects 2.0E2 4.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Health Effects 1.2 7 0.014 Baud on Ecological Effects 40 0.08 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.007 t 0.45 f •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, pg/a (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 1.2 7 0.014 B. Baud on Ecological Effects 40 0.08 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects t Reported for urban air. No rural concentration is reported. * For seawater E-385 ------- CATEGORY: 50 ANTIMONY TR10XIDE: SbgQj {antlwonous oxide). STRUCTURE: A colorless or white, cubic or rhombic, odorless. ^ g tasteless powder. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 291.5; mp: 656; bp: 1550 (sublimes); d: 5.2; slightly soluble; vap. press: 1 ran at 574" C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Antimony trloxlde 1s associated with participate matter 1n the atmosphere. Normal density for Sb203 is 5.5? g/cm3; floe density Is 0.63 g/cm3 (ref. 3). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Chronic dally Inhalation of high levels (45 mg/m ) by guinea pigs resulted 1n pneumonltls and liver effects; occasional exposure to rats did not produce such effects. Carcinogenic effects 1n test animals are not reported 1n the references cited for this report. LD5Q (oral, rat): >20 g/kg (ref. 24). Aquatic toxlclty: The acute dose 96-hour LC5Q 1s 80 ppm for fathead minnow. Plmephales promelas (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: 0.5 mg/m3 (for handling and use. as Sb). Antimony trloxlde production Is classified by ACGIH as suspect of carcinogenic potential for man. TLV: 0.05 mg/m (for antimony trloxlde production). Antimony compounds are Included 1n the EPA Consent Decree Priority III List. Antimony Is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972. for antimony: For marine aquatic life—hazard level: 0.2 mg/t; application factor: 0.02 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: SO ug/m3 Air. Ecology: Water, Health: 15 x 50 • 750 ug/t Water. Ecology: 200 ug/t, as Sb Land. Health: 0.002 x 750 • 1.5 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 200 « 0.4 ug/g, as Sb ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 "1.2 ug/m3. as Sb EPCWH1 * 1S x '-2 ' 18 "9/1' as Sb EPCWE3 * °'2 x Z0° = 40 U9/1* as Sb EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °'5 * 7 "9/t< s Sb EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 ug/g, as Sb EPCLE - 0.002 x 40 0.08 ug/g EPCAC, « 50/420 • 0.1 ug/m3 • 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 ug/t - 0.002 x 1.5 ' 0.003 ug/g E-386 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 50 ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Category Air , j/g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exiiting Standard! NSPS. DPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ettlmetei m&O Goal!) 11. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxlcity Effluent Bmiidon Health Effect! 5.0E1 7.5E2 1.5EO Bmdon Ecolojlcal Efftcn 2.0E2 4.0E-1 B. Ambient Ural Goal* Blind on Health EHMtt 0.1 1.5 0.003 Bawd on Ecological Effect! 40 0.08 C. Elimination of Ditcher ge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air. ita/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, Mfl/l (pom Wt) Land, cu/fl (ppmWt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Baxdon Haalth Effwtt B. Bawd on Ecotoofed Effaetj II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Htalth EffKtt 1.2 7 0.014 B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! 40 0.08 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baled on Health Effect! 0.1 1.5 0.003 E-387 ------- CATEGORY: 51 WLN: BI BISMUTH AND, BISMUTH COMPOUNDS (AS BISHUTH): 81. STRUCTURE: A pink. t11v«ry, brittle metal of the arsenic group. g1 BJ»3 g1+5 810* M3B1 B1R3 [H is a monovalent metal; R 1s PROPERTIES an a]ky, gn)up] Atonic number: 83; group Sa, atomic wt: 208.98; mp: 271.3; bp: 1,420-1,560; d: 9.8; valency: +3, +5; Insoluble; diaraagnetlc; vap. press: 1 mm at 1,021° C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Bismuth forms two series of compounds. Trlvalent compounds are: BIsmutMdes (M^BI), Blsmuthans (81 ), Blsanithyl (BIO), and Blsmuthlnes (B1R,). (N 1s a monovalent metal and R is an alkyl group.) Pentavalent : ' ' ' +^i compounds are called Blsmuthlc (BI ). Rural background concentration In air 1s 0.0004 ug/m to 0.0030 ug/m (ref. 1). Natural concentration In seawater Is 0.02 ug/t (ref. 28). Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust 1s 0.2 ppra (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Bismuth Is considered as one of the less toxic of the heavy metals. However, It can cause kidney damage and behaves similarly to lead In the body (ref. 9). LDjQ for dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth (Intravenous, rat): 13 mg/kg; molecular wt, dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth: 302. (as BI): 209/302 x 13 « 9 mg/kg (based on LD5Q for dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: A TLV has been specified for bismuth tellurlde, BIjTe^ 10 mg/m ; the effects of exposure appear to be mild and reversible (ref. 4). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 45 x 9 • 405 ug/m3 Air, Ecology: Water. Health: 15 x 405 • 6.1 x 10 ug/t Hater, Ecology: Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.1 x 103 • 12 ucj/g Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 9 • 1.0 ug/«3 EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 9 • 0.7 i,q/m3 FPCHH1 " 1S x °'7 " t0'5 "9/l EPCWH2 " °'4 * 9 " 3'6 v ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XX 51 BISMUTH Mr,ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land. ;jg/9 (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS I. Based on Beit Technology A. Exiiting Standardi NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Enginxring Eitimatn IR&D Goals) II. Baud on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acutt Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 4.1E2 6.1E3 1.2E1 Bated on Ecological Effecb B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Bated on HeaMl Effecti 0.7 3.6 0.007 Bated on Ecological Effecti C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* 0.0004- 0.003 0.02t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.tig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, >ig/l (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effecti II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effect! 0.7 3.6 0.007 B. Based on Ecological Effecti III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects For seawater E-389 ------- CATEGORY: 52 WLNi 000 OZONE: °3 (triatomlc oxyqen). STRUCTURE: A faint blue gat, characteristic, pungent odor. n /\ o o PjROPERTJEf: Molecular wt: 40.0; mp: 193. l>\|i: -II 1.9; gas d: 2.144 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 52 OZONE Air, /g/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, Mfl/l (ppm Wt) Lend, M9/9 (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimate! (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baied on Health Effects 2.0E2 (0.1) Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal' Based on Health Effects 160 (0.08) Based on Ecological Effects 160 (0.08) C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background 20 - 40 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, ------- CATEGORY: 53 WIN: SCO CARBONYL SULFIDE: COS (Carbon oxysulfide). STRUCTURE: A colorless gas. S - C - 0 PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 60.07; mp: -138; bp: -50.2; d: (11q) 1.Z4 at -87° C; (gas) 1.073; yap. d: 2.1; solubility: 54 mis per 100 mis at 20° C; vap. press: 760 mm at -49.9° C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Carbonyl sulflde liberates H^S upon decomposition/reduction. Although slightly soluble In water, carbonyl sulflde 1s an air contaminant rather than a water problem. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Carbonyl sulflde may be narcotic In high concentration. It Is only a slight Irritant to the lungs and acts principally upon the central nervous system (ref. 117). LCj_0 (Inhalation, mouse): 2,900 pom for 24 hrs. This 1s equivalent to 7,102 mg/m3. Assuming absorption of the total amount of contaminant In the breathing volume, this concentration over 24 hours corresponds to a dosage of 9.828 rag/kg. (The weight of the mouse 1s estimated as 25 g and tidal breathing rate as 0.024 i/mln (refs. 2,3). Derived LDLo: 9,828 mg/kg. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION; MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 45 x 9,828 • 4.4 x 105 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: Water, Ecology: Land, Health: Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS! EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 9,828 - 1,050 ug/m3 EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 9,828 • 800 ug/m3 E-392 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 53 CARBONYL SULFIDE Air, iigfm3 (ppm Vol) Water, MB/I (ppmWt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS t. Baied on Best Technology A. Existing Sundardi NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Bawd on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxiatv Effluent Based on Health Effects 4.4E5 Based on Ecological Effects B. Ambient Level Goal- Based on Health Effects 800 Based on Ecological Effects C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, MO/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, ity/t (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Band on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effect! 800 B. Bawd on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-393 ------- CATEGORY: 53 WLN: H2 S HYDROGEN SULF1DE: HjS (sulfur hydHde, hydrosulfurlc STRUCTURE: add). ' HS Colorless, poisonous, flammable gas with odor of rotten eggs. PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 34.08; mp: -85.5; bp: -60.4; d: 1.539; vap. press: 20 atmos. at 25.5° C; vap. d: 1.189; very soluble: 4,000 mg/i at 20° C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Hydrogen sulflde 1s a significant pollutant In both air and water. The odor recognition level for hydrogen sulflde gas 1s reported as low as 0.0015 mg/m (ref. 3); the perception level Is 0.002 mg/i (ref. 24). In water, soluble sulfldes react to form HS" or HgS. The equilibrium between HS' and H2S 1s affected by the pH of the water, formation of HgS being favored by low pH. Hydrogen sulflde may be generated by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in water (ref. 28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS; Exposure to high concentrations (500-1,000 ppm) of H^S may result in systemic poisoning (ref. 4). The primary effect resulting from exposure to low concentrations (< 20 ppm) 1s to the eyes (conjunctivitis). The biological half-life of hydrogen sulflde is reported as < 20 m1n (ref. 22). Death of a human resulted from inhalation of 600 ppm for 30 minutes (ref. 2). U>50 (Inhalation, rats): 713 ppm (1 hr). Exposure to H^S Is reported to cause marking of leaves of plants, particularly young plants; 150,000 ug/m for 4 hours caused 100 percent marking of leaf area of lamb's quarters (Chenopodiuin murale) (ref. 3). Molecular HgS is highly toxic to fishes. Effects to bluegill are reported from concentrations of 0.001 mg/i (ref. 121). Both acute and chronic effects from exposure have been noted 1n various species (refs. 28, 121). At levels of 0.02-0.7 ng/t, walleye (Stlzostedion vltreum) eggs did not hatch (ref. 33). 96-hour LC50 for northern pike (Esox lucius): 17-32 ug/t (ref. 33). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV > 15 mg/m (10 ppm) (this level 1s specified to prevent eye Injury; odor threshold is much higher). EPA, 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 2 ug/t as undlssodated HgS for fish and other aquatic life, fresh and marine water (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria for sulflde: For freshwater aquatic life—0.002 mg/i; for marine aquatic life—hazard level: 0.01 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects: 0.005 rag/t; application factor: 0.1 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC.n (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 1.5 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm) Air, Ecology: Hater. Health: 15 x 1.5 x 103 • 2.25 x 104 u ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 53 HYDROGEN SULFIDE Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, po/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimatei (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health EffecO 1.5E4 (10) 2.3E4 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 36 (0.024) 207 Bated on Ecological Effects 2 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Beted on Ecological Effeco 2 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effects 36 (0.024) 207 B. Bated on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects E-395 ------- CATEGORY: 53 CARBON 01SULF1DE: CS2 (carbon bisulfide). Clear, colorless liquid; characteristic odor. WLN: SCS STRUCTURE: cs, PROPERTIES; Molecular wt: 76.13; mp: -110.8; bp: 46.5; d: 1.261; vap. press: 400 ran at 28° C; vap. d: 2.64; water solubility: 0.22 g at 25°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Although carbon dlsulflde 1s a liquid at standard conditions. 1t has a very high vapor pressure. I' Is significant primarily as an air contaminant. The odor recognition level of CSg Is 0.05 to 2.6 mg/m' (refs. 3, 29). Upon decomposition In air. carbon dlsulflde emits S02 and SOj. Carbon dlsulflde undergoes hydrolysis to hydrogen sulflde when treated with water or alkali at 400° to 500" C. With sulflde Ion. CS? may form thlocarbonates. CS32. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Carbon dlsulflde may be absorbed through skin as well as through the lungs. Both acute and chronic exposures damage the central nervous system. Repeated exposure to levels of 40 to 50 ppm have been associated with headache, fatigue. Irritability. Insomnia, and other symptoms (ref. 4). Ingestlon of 14 mg/kg resulted 1n the death of a human; 4,000 ppra for 30 minutes also caused a death. Central nervous system effects resulted from a concentration of 50 rng/m for 7 years (ref. 2). The biological half-life for carbon dlsulflde Is reported as 0.036 days and for Its metabolite, 0.058 days (ref. 20). to.. (IntrapeHtoneal, rat): 400 mg/kg See also Hydrogen Sulflde. Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 1,000-100 ppra. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION: TLV (skin) • 60 mg/m (20 ppm) (the TLV Is established to prevent systemic effects; the odor recognition level Is much higher). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: Water. Health: Land, Health: 6.0 x 10* ug/m3 (20 ppm) 15 x 6.0 x 10* « 9 x 105 A1r. Ecology: Water, Ecology: Land, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 10H ug/t ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH] • 103 x 60/420 • 143 ug/m3 £PCAHla • 20/420 • 0.05 ppm EPCy^ • IS x 143 • 2.150 ug/t EPCWH2 ' 13'8 * 60 " 83° u'/l EPC HE1 • 50 x 100 • 5.000 ug/l E-396 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 53 CARBON DISULFIDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/I (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Bait Technology A. Exilting Sundardl NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimatei (R&D Goal.) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicjty Effluent Based on Health Effect! 6.0E4 (20) 9.0E5 Baaed on Ecological Effects 1.0E4 B. Ambient Lew) Goal- Bated on Health Effect! 143 (0.05) 830 Baled on Ecological Effect! 5,000 C. Elimination of DiKharge Natural Background* •To b« multiplied by dilution factor Air, M9/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Ba»d on Health Effects B. Bated on Ecological Effects II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Band on Health Effect! 143 (0.05) 830 B. Based on Ecological Effects 5,000 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baled on Health Effects E-397 ------- CATEGORY: 54 WLN: SE SELENIUM AND SELENIUM COMPOUNDS (AS SELENIUM): Se. STRUCTURE: Steel-gray, nonmetallic element; amorphous, or crystalline. $e Se+4 Se -2 Se PROPERTIES: Atomic no: Gray Amorphous Crystalline 34; group 6; atomic wt: flip d bp 217 4.81 688 4.28 • ;-no 4.«6 78.96; valency: 2, 4, solubility insol reacts with water 6. vap. press 1 mm at 356°C NATURAL OCCURBEUCE CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS Selenium Is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur in its various forms and In its compounds. Urban concentration of selenium In air 1s reported as 4.4 ng/m (ref. 1). Concentration in freshwater as indicated from hydrologlc benchmark stations ranged from 0 to 22 ug/i; out of 16 samples, 5 were zero (ref. 64). Natural concentration in seawater Is 0.45 wg/fc (ref. 28). Selenium occurs in nature usually In the sulfide ores of the heavy metals (ref. 24). Selenium may be present in soil as basic ferric selenate, calcium selenate, and as elemental selenium. It is present In the Earth's crust at about 0.09 ppm (ref. 24). Normal soil concentrations are low, from 0.02 to 4.0 kg/ha. A typical level is 0.4 kg/ha (ref. 118). Selenium Is recognized as a dietary essential for humans; daily requirement 1s 200 ug for adults. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Both acute and chronic effects from exposure to selenium 4re reported. It can be Inhaled, Ingested, or absorbed through the skin (ref. 117). Symptoms appear similar to those of arsenic poisoning (ref. 33). It can cause respiratory tract irritation and systemic effects. LD5Q (Intravenous, rat): 6 mg/kg; LCLQ (Inhalation, rat): 33 mg/kg/B hr. Oncogen1c effects resulting fron exposure to selenium are not reported although teratogenlc effects were produced In chicks and In mice (ref. 32). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlc responses is 3213. The lowest dosage reported to cause a teratogenlc effect 1s O.S mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 6426. Aquatic toxlclty: Selenium is considered dangerous to the aquatic environment. It may be passed through the food chain and accumulated In fish. As sodium selenlte. 2.0 mg/t are toxic to goldfish (Carasslus auratus) in 8 days (ref. 33). Small amounts of selenium added to soils may Increase the selenium content in forages. Concentrations 1n soil of 0.2 kg/ha can produce 1.0 to 10.5 mg/kg in tissues of forage and vegetable crops. Cattle are adversely affected by concentrations > 4 mg Selenium per kg of forage (ref. 28). Crop plants are damaged by accumulation of large amounts of selenium. Some grain crops will exhibit chlorosis. There is usually inhibition of growth (ref. 122). REQULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION. TLV: 0.2 mg/ra (for selenium compounds, as Se). Selenium Is a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It is Included 1n the EPA Consent Decree List. Priority III. National Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards: 0.01 mg/t, as Se (ref. 102). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. Levels for Source Rejection: 0.01 mg/t. as Se (ref. 66). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health)—10 ug/t; for marine and freshwater aquatic life—application factor: 0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LCjg) (ref. 33). • NAS/NAE Mater Duality Criteria, 1972: For public water supply sources—0.01 mg/t; for marine aquatic life: hazard level—0.01 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.005 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC-J; for 11vestock--0.05 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.02 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). w MINIMUM ACUTE TQXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 200 pg/m3 Air. Ecology: Hater. Health: 5 x 10 - 50 wq/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC AH, EPCHH1 EPCUH2 EPCWHS EPCLH • 103 x 0.2/420 -0.5 wg " 1S " °'5 " 7'5 "9/l * 13>8 x 0<2 ' 2 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 54 SELENIUM (ppm Vol) Water, M9/I (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Exilting Standard! NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Eitimatei (R&D Qoatt) II. Based on Ambient factors A. Minimum Acute Toxieity Effluent Bated on Health Effect! 2.0E2 5.0E1 l.OE-1 Bated on Ecological Effect* 2.5E1 5.0E-2 B. Ambient Level Goal* Baled on Health Effect! 0.03 10 0.001 Bated on Ecological i_ Effect! 5 0.01 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.004t 0 - 22 0.45 f •To bo multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Aif.nfl/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land, MB/8 (ppm Wt) 1. Currant or Propond Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Beted on Health Effect! 10 B. Bated on Ecological Effects 5 II. Toxieity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baud on Health Effectl 0.5 0.03 B. Bated on Ecological Effect! 0.01 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baud on Health Effect) 0.03 0.001 t For urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported. : For seawater E-399 ------- CATEGORY: 54 WLN: H2 SE HYDROGEN SEIENIDE: H2$e (selenium hydride). STRUCTURE: Colorless poisonous gas; disagreeable odor of decayed horseradish. H.Se PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 80.98; mp: -60.4; Dp: -41.5; gas density: 3.664760 (air); vap. press: 10 atm at 23.4° C; solubility (in water: 270 mi/100 mt at 22.5°. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Hydrogen selenide is formed by the action of dilute acids on metallic selenides. Selenium Mill combine directly with hydrogen at temperatures below 250° C to form H.Se. Hydrogen selenide unites directly with 3 most metals to form metal selenides. The odor recognition level for hydrogen selenide is 1.00 mg/m (ref. 3). Hydrogen selenide gas is Important as an air contaminant. Because the gas is highly soluble in water, (t is also a potential water contaminant. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Systemic poisoning as well as pulmonary irritation may result from exposure to hydrogen selentde. Liver damage is reported from exposed experimental animals (ref. 4). It 1s generally considered to be more toxic than elemental selenium. The lowest toxic dose affecting the central nervous system of a human is 0.2 ppm. See also Selenium and Selenium Compounds. LC50 (inhalation, guinea pig): 1 mg/m3/8 hr. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV >0.2 mg/m'1 (0.05 ppm). Standards and criteria applicable to selenium compounds include the following: Selenium 1s a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It is Included in the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority III. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards: 0.01 mg/t, as Se (ref. 102). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, Levels for Source Rejection: 0.01 mg/t, as Se (ref. 66). EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health)—10 ug/t; for marine and freshwater aquatic life—application factor: 0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LC,Q) (ref. 33). NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972: For public water supply sources-O.OT mg/t for marine aquatic life: hazard level—0.01 jng/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.005 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to the 96-hr LCen); for livestock—0.05 mg/t; for irrigation—0.02 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). so MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 200 l.g/mj (0.05 ppm) Air. Ecology: Water. Health: 5 x 10 - 50 pg/i. as Se Water. Ecology: 5 x 5 • 25 ug/t. as Se Land. Health: 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 i.g/g. as Sa Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 25 • 0.05 ug/g. as Se ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 " 103 x 0.2/420 • 0.5 EPCAH1a " °-05/420 * °-0001 ' EPCW1 - 15 X 0.5 • 7.5 Mfl/t EPCW2 * 13'8 x °'2 " 2-8 "9/ EPCWS " 10 >9/l ug/m3 ipm 'i EPCWES " 5 w9/t EPC, • 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/9 EPCL£ • 0.002 x 5 - 0.01 wg/9 E-400 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 54' HYDROGEN SELENIDE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air.pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Watar, Mfl/l (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology EnginMring Eitimitai (R&D Qo.li) II. Bated on Ambient Facton A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Basad CMI Hud Effecti 2.0E2 (0.05) 5.0E1 l.OE-1 Bawd on Ecologies Effaeti 2.5E1 5.0E-2 B. Ambient Level Goal* Bated on Health Effect* 0.5 (0.0001) 10 0.02 Bated on Ecological Effect! 5 0.01 C. Elimination of Ditch arga Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air.m/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land. w/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effects 10 B. Bawd on Ecological Effect! 5 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bawd on Health Effecti 0.5 (0.0001) 0.02 B. Bawd on Ecological Effecti 0.01 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effecti E-401 ------- CATEGORY; 55 WLN: TE TELLURIUM AND TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS (AS TELLURIUM): STRUCTURE; Te (sylvanlum).Te Te* S11very-white, metallic, brittle, and lustrous element; forms rhombic crystals. TeO," TeO.* PROPERTIES; Atonic number:. 52; group 6a; atonic tut: 127.61; mp: 452; bp: 989.9; d: 6.24; vap. press: 1 mm at 520°:C; valency: -Z, +4, +6 (most conmon valence state Is +4 as TeO^ ); Insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Tellurium, a homolog of sulfur and selenium. Is a nonmetal. It Ionizes to tellurldes and tellurous compounds {Te"). Tellurium also forms tellurltes (Te03) and tellurates and telluric (Te04") compounds. Tellurium ha1Ides decompose In water. Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 0.002 pom (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Ingestlon or Inhalation of as little as 40 ug of tellurium 1n soluble form has caused breath odor. There are no reports of serious Illness from Industrial exposure to tellurium and Us compounds (ref. 14). The unstable gas, hydrogen tellurlde (H2Te). Is highly toxic, but its presence 1s unlikely (ref. 40). Tellurlte and tellurate are toxic when fed to rats at concentrations of 25 to 50 ppra (ref. 4). Tellurium compounds can be absorbed by Ingestlon, Inhalation, or through the skin (ref. 117). Intoxication causes a garlic odor In breath and perspiration. LD (subcutaneous, dog) 290 mg/kg as tellurium. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV - 0.1 mg/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 100 ug/mj A1r, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 100 • 1.5 x 103 ug/t Water, Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 103 • 3 i.g/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 " 1()3 x °'1/420 " °-24 EPCNH1 " 1S x °'24 " 3'6 U9/1 EfCWZ " 13'8 x°-1 " K4 "9/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 • 0.003 ug/g E-402 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 55 TELLURIUM Mr,ng/m3 ------- CATEGORY: 60 SCANDIUM: Sc. A silvery-white, soft, light metal. WLN; SC STRUCTURE- STRUCTURE. Sc +3 PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 21; group 3b; atomic wt: 44.95; valancy: 3; d: 2.985; mp: 1,538; bp: 2,832. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Scandium occurs 1n th« Earth's crust at 5 to 6 ppm (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Toxic properties are not established (ref. 9). LD50 (oral, mouse): 4,000 mg/kg for scanadlura chloride, ScCU. This 1s equivalent to 1,184 rag/kg as Sc. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 45 x 1,184 » 5.3 x 104 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 5.3 x 10 » 8x 105 ug/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 8x 10 1.6 x 10 ug/g Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: Land, Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPC EPC AH2 'Z7 °'107 x l>184 AH3 Of0fl1 • lfl84 " "9/ EPC^, • 15 x 96 • 1,440 ug/l EPCWH2 " °'4 x lt184 * 474 u9/l EPCIU « 0.002 x 474 • 0.9 wg/g Ln E-404 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS Air, ng/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, nj/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.3E4 8.0E5 1.6E3 Based on Ecological Effect] B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 96 474 0.9 Based on Ecological Etfeen C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 96 474 0.9 B. Based on Ecological Effects III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-405 ------- CATEGORY: 62 WLN: TI TITANIUM AND TITANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS T1TANT1UH): TI. STRUCTURE: A dark-gray, amorphous metal.., ,. . . Ti Ti •* TI* T103"2 Ti04"4 TiO+2 PROPERTIES: Atonic number: 22; group 4b; atomic wt: 47.90; valency: +2, +3. +4; Insoluble; mp: 1,677; bp: 3,277; d: 4.506-4.400. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Titanium has +2. »3 and. +4 valence states with 1 being most common. It forms several Ions: ntanous Ion (Tl+3); Titanic (on (T1+4); m-Tltanate Ion (T10,); o-THanate Ion (T10/4); Tltanyl +? Ion (TIO ). Titanium ha1 Ides are decomposed by water; the oxides and hydroxides are Insoluble. T1,(SOJ, Is soluble in water. e. «* j * Rural background concentration in air is 0.003 to 0.15 ug/m (ref. 1). Natural concentration in seawater Is 2 ug/i (ref. 28). Titanium Is the ninth most abundant element 1n the Earth's crust, at 0.63 percent by weight (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Titanium 1s classified as physiologically Inert to humans. Titanium 1s not reported as an intoxicating agent; titanium oxide dusts are considered nuisances. However, titanium tetrachlorlde is Irritating and corrosive (ref. 9). LCLo (inhalation, mouse): 10 mg/m3 for T1C14: molecular wt: 189.7 Aquatic toxlcity: Titanium Is mildly toxic to fish: 96-hr LCjg for fathead minnow 1s 8.2 ppm In soft water for titanium sulfate (ref. 28). TLm 96 (for titanium tetrachlorlde): 1.000 to 100 ppm (ref. 2). Titanium Is effectively excluded by plants (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV for titanium dioxide, classified as a nuisance paniculate: 10 mg/m , molecular wt: TIO,: 79.9 as TI: 47.9/79.9 x 10 - 6 ing/m3 (except T1C14). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 6 x 103 ug/m3 (except as T1O4) Air. Ecology: Waiter, Health: 15 x 6 x 10J • 9 x 104 pg/t Water. Ecology: 100 x 8.2 * 820 t>g/t. as T1(S04)2 Land. Health: 0.00? x 9 x 104 • 180 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 820 - 1.6 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: LPf.AH, « JO3 x 6/420 • 14 «g/m3. as Ti (except T1C14) rPClU • !5 x 14 « 210 ng/t EPC^ « 50 x 82 « 4.10fr ug/i. as T1(S04)2 rpCWH2 • 13.8 x 6 • 83 ug/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 83 • 0.17 i.g/g EPCL£ - 0.002 x 4,100 - B yg/g, as T1(S04)2 E-406 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 62 TITANIUM Air, /tg/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/l (ppm Wt) Land, /jg/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Baud on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent Based on Health Effects 6.0E3 9.0E4 1.8E2 Based on Ecological Effecn 8.2E2 1.6EO B. Ambient Level Goal Based on Health Effects 14 83 0.17 Based on Ecological Effects 4,100 8 C. Elimination of Ditch arge Natural Background* 0.003 - 0.15 2 t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, (ij/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l (ppm Wt) Land, ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Basedofi Haiti Effects B. Bmdon Ecological EHectl II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 14 83 0.17 B. Based on Ecological Effects 4,100 8 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects t For seawater E-407 ------- CATEGORY:65 VANADIUM. V. Light gray or white powder, lumps, or crystals. WLN:v STRUCTURE: vo -3 VO -2 VO ,+3 PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 23; group 5bi atomic weight: 50.94; valency: 2, 3, 4, 5; mp: 1,917; bp: 3,000; d: 6.11; Insoluble; vap, press: 10 mm at 12.2° C (for vanadyl trichloride, VOClj). NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Vanadium assumes several series of compounds: Vanadous (v"); Vanadlc (V+3), Vanadyl (ous) (VO); orthovanadate (V04~3); Metavanadate (V03"); Vanadyl(lc) (V0+3). The +5 valence state 1s more comnon. Vanadates are salts of Vanadlc acid, HVOj. Vanadium Is present In tht Earth's crust at 0.01 percent by weight (ref. 24). Vanadium concentrated by certain organisms during the formation of oil-bearing strata In geological time 1s present 1n coal and oil {ref. 28). Vanadium Is a comnon air contaminant; It enters the atmosphere through combustion of fossil fuels, particularly oil (ref. 38). Rural background concentrations measured 1n air range from 0.005 to 0.024 vg/m (ref. 1). The natural concentration of vanadium In seawater 1s 2 ug/J. (ref. 28). It has been found In U.S. surface waters In concentrations up to 0.3 mg/t; most samples however, are less than 0.05 mg/i (ref. 28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Vanadium 1s toxic by all routes of administration, with the pentavalent compounds exhibiting the highest degree of toxlclty. Inhalation causes respiratory system effects. Including tracheltls, bronchitis, pulmonary edema, and bronchial pneumonia. Dermatitis and conjunctivitis may also occur. Workers exposed to 0.5 to 2.2 mg/m of V-0, had eye and bronchial Irritation; 0.2 to 0.5 mg/m has caused respiratory symptoms (ref. 4). 3 Eye effects are reported at 100 vg/m (ref. 2). Chronic effects have not been reported (ref. 9). LDgQ (oral, mouse): 23 mg/kg for vanadium pentoxide. In air, 0.5 to 1.0 vg/m produced noticeable effects to plants (ref. 25). Flax, soybeans, and peas showed' toxlclty to vanadium at 0.5 to 2.5 mg/t In nutrient solutions (ref. 28). Aquatic toxlclty: 96-hour LC,..,: 4.8 ppm for fathead minnow, Plmephales promelas (as vanadyl sulfate) (ref. 28) or 1.5 ppm, as V. REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (V,0,): dust, 0.5 mg/m3, as V. 3 fume, 0.05 mg/m , as V. NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life—application factor of 0.05 (to be applied to 96-hour t-C50); for livestock—0.1 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 500 pg/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 500 - 2.5 x 103 yg/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 103 « 5 ug/g Air, Ecology: 1.0 ug/m Water, Ecology: 100 x 1.5 - 150 vg/t m Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 150 • 0.3 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC EPC EPC, AH1 'UH1 WH2 - 10J x 0.5/420 • 1.2 pg/m4 15 x 1.2 " 18 ug/l 13.8 x 0.5 - 7 ug/t EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 - 0.014 ug/g EPCAE • 0.1 x 1.0 « 0.1 ug/mj EPCWE1 • 60 x 1.5 - 75 ug/t EPCHES • 0.05 x 1500 - 75 ug/i 0.002 x 75 » 0.15 ug/g EPC LE E-408 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x- 65 VANADIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m^ (ppm Vol) Watar, ^ig/l (ppm Wt) Land, jjg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Bast Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS, BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum AcuU Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 5.0E2 2.5E3 5.0EO Based on Ecological Effects l.OEO 1.5E2 3.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 1.2 7 0.014 Based on Ecological Effect! 0.1 75 0.15 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.005- 0.024 <50 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, «ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, fjg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effect! 75 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 1.2 7 0.014 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.1 0.15 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects E-409 ------- CATEGORY: 68 CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS (AS CHROMIUM): Cr. STRUCTURE: Very hard metal; cubic blue-white crystals. r+- f>n Chromium compounds are highly colored. 2 Cr+3 002 PROPERTIES: Crf>4= C^O Atomic no: 24; group 6: atomic wt: '51.996; mp: 1,890; bp: 2,642; d: 7.20; vap. press: 1 mm at 1,616° C; valency: 3,2,6. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Chromium occurs principally as chromites (CrO?~). Other compounds include chromous (Cr ), chromic (Cr+3), and hexavalent chromium as chromyl (Cr02+2). Chromates (CrO^) and dichromates (CryOj-) may also occur. The concentration of Cr in rural atmosphere Is reported as 0.012 to 0.001 Ug/m3 (ref. 1). Concentration of hexavelent chromium as indicated from hydrologic benchmark samples ranges from zero to 30 vg/t; out of nine samples, four were 0 (ref. 64). Seawater concentration of chromium 1s reported as about 0.04 ug/t (refs. 28,69). The trlvalent form is not likely to he present in waters of pH5 or above because of the very low solubility of the hydrated oxide. Chromium occurs In the Earth's crust at 100 to 300 ppm (ref. 24). Concentration in soil averages about 40 ppm (ref. 126). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: All chromium compounds are considered poisonous. There is some indication that under long-term exposure, trivalent and hexavalent forms may exhibit similar toxicities. Hexavalent chromium is generally considered more hazardous than trlvalent chromium. Exposure to chromium in air results in injury to nasal tissues of exposed workers. Other respiratory problems also result, involving cancer of the respiratory tract (associated with exposure to high concentrations) (ref. 4). Inhalation of 4,500 ug/m3 chromium for 5 years has resulted in pulmonary effects In humans (ref. 2). LDjo (oral, rat): 1,870 mg/kg, for CrCla. This 1s equivalent to 615 mg/kg as Cr+3. There 1s an excessive risk of lung cancer among workers in the chromate-produdng industry (ref. 91). Cancer In a human has resulted from exposure to 110 ug/«3 of Crt>3 (ref. 27). Duration of exposure is not reported. Chromium and numerous chromium compounds are reported to cause cancer in rats and in mice (refs. 2,91). EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 7327. The lowest dosage resulting in a carcinogenic response is 1 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 7327. Aquatic toxicity: Chromium Is toxic to aquatic life, the most sensitive marine species being the oyster; 10 to 12 u9/i may be lethal to oysters (ref. 28). Chromium exhibits a biocumulatlve effect in aquatic organisms; some phytoplankton can accumulate 2.300 times the concentration in water (ref. 28). Chromium concentrations of 0.5 ng/i in water solutions and 10 mg/kg In soil cultures reduced soybean yields (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV: 0.1 mg/a3 for chromic acid and chroutes, as Cr03 (or 0.05 mg/m3, as Cr+e) 0.5 mg/m3 for chromium and Insoluble chronic chromous salts, as Cr. ACGIH lists certain Insoluble chromates as human carcinogens. TLV for these compounds is not specified. Chromates are Included in the National Cancer Institute List of Carcinogens to Man. On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List and Candidate for list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards: 0.05 rog/t, as chromium (ref. 102). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations. Levels for Source Rejection: 0.05 mg/i, as Cr+6 (ref. 66). HAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria, for chromium: For public water supply sources: 0.05 mg/i; for freshwater aquatic life: 0.05 mg/i; for marine aquatic life: hazard 1evel--0.1 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.05 mg/t (0.01 mg/i for oyster areas); application factor— 0.01 (to be applied to the 96-hour LCjo); for Irrigation: 0.1 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). Chromium (VI) Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure, considering potential carcinogenlcity of Cr+6, is 1 yg/nH (ref. 127). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health): 50 pg/t; for freshwater aquatic life: 100 wg/t (ref. 33). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 1 wg/m3 Air, Ecology: Water, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 vg/i Water. Ecology: 5 x 50 • 250 yg/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 * 0.5 u9/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 250 - 0.5 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPC • 103 x 0.05/420 » 0.12 wg/m3 15 * °-12 " 1- 13'8 x0'05 * ° EPCHHS " M M9'£ EPCWES EPCLH • 0.002 x 50 =• 0.1 pg/t EPCWES * 10 U9/1 f°r °ster are»s) EPCHH1 EPCHH2 EPCAC1 » 1/420 « 0.002 ug/m3 EPCLE - 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 pg/g 3 3 EPCAC2 « 10/(6 x 7327) « 0.02 pg/m EPCyj. - 15 x 0.002 * 0.03 ug/l EPC.r • 0.002 x 0.03 - 0.0001 Mg/g LC E-410 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xxx 68 CHROMIUM Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/1 (ppmWt) Land, M9/9 (ppmWtt EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BIT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects l.OEO 2.5E2 5.0E-1 Based on Ecological Effects 2.5E2 5.0E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.002 50 0.0001 Based on Ecological Effects 50 10 t 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.012- 0.001 0 - 30, 0.04 f 40 •To be multiplied by dilution factor Air, jig/m (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/1 (ppmWt) Land, ig/g (ppm Wt) AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects 50 . B. Bated oo Ecological Effects 50, 10 t II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.12 0.1 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.002 0.0001 i — J t For oyster areas For seawater E-411 ------- CATEGORY! 69 MOLYBDENUM AND MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS (AS MOLYBDENUM): Mo. Cubic, silver-white, metallic crystals or gray-black powder. WLN: HO STRUCTURE: Ho Mo" Mo Mo PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 42; group 6b; atomic wt: 95.94; mp: 2.617; (M 1s a monovalent metal.) bp: 4,825; d: 10.28; vap. press: 1 m at 3,102; valency: -2, 3, 4, 5, 6; insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Molybdenum Is a heavy metal of the chromium group. Most molybdenum compounds are derived from molybdenous (Mo"), molybdic (Mo3 or Mo6), and molybdate (Mo04= or Mo^). The rural background concentration for molybdenum In air is reported as 0.001 to 0.0032 yg/i. (ref. I). Natural concentration In seawater is 10 i.g/i (ref. 28). Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 1 to 1.5 ppm (ref. 24). Molybdenum Is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. An average concentration of 2 i>g/g in soils 1s reported (ref. 128). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Molybdenum compounds exhibit a low order of toxicity for exposed workers (ref. 4). Molybdenum trioxide and ammonium molybdate are more toxic than the metal or the dioxide (ref. 4). Signs of molybdenum poisoning are loss of appetite, listlessness. diarrhea, and reduced growth rate (ref. 96). LDjg (intraperitoneal, mouse): 160 mg/kg. There is an Interrelation between molybdenum and copper In the nutrition requirements for sheep and cattle. Copper poisoning Is associated with low molybdenum levels In forage; copper starvation is associated with high molybdenum levels (ref. 98). MolybdosU of cattle was associated with alsike clover grown In soils that had 0.01 to 0.10 mg/t of molybdenum In saturation extracts (ref. 28). Phytotoxlcity Is negligible, but plants accumulate molybdenum In proportion to the amount in the soil (ref. 28). Aquatic toxicity: Marine molluscs are reported to have a concentration factor of 60 times the concentration In water (r«f. 28). 96-hr LC-n for fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Is 70 mg/t (for molybdic anhydride). REqULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (soluble compounds): 5 mg/m3. (Insoluble compounds): 10 mg/m . MAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life: 24-hr average--0.02 times 96-hr LCjjp; for Irrigation—0.010 mg/t. for continuous use on all soils (based on animal toxlcities from forage) (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 5 x 103 ug/rn3 Water, Health: 15 x 5 x 103 - 7.5 x 104 yg/t Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 =• 150 yg/g Air, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 100 x 70 « 7 x 103 yg/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 7 x 10 - 14 yg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: tPC 'AMI EPCHH1 EPC, UH2 10J x 5/450° W9/1 EPCHEJ - 20 x 70 - 1 .400 yg/t EPCWES - 10 ug/i (for Irrigation) EPC LE 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 E-412 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 69 MOLYBDENUM Air, /ig/m^ (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Baud on Be»t Technology A. ExIltinoSlWlnrdl NSPS. BPT, BAT U. Dnmloptnn T.chnolinv Engineering Euimatai (R8.D Go.li) II. Baud on Ambient Factori A. Minimum Acute To.icltv Etllu.nl BiMdnn Heal* Eileen 5.0E3 7.5E4 1.5E2 Bawd on Ecological EfleCtt 7.0E3 1.4E1 B. Ambient Laval Goal" Baud on Heal* Effeeti 12 70 0.14 BaMdon Ecological Effaca 1,400 10 t 0.02 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.001- 0.0032 10 t 2 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m (ppm Vol) Wlttr. ffl/1 (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/g (ppmWt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Baiadon Health Effactt - B. Bawdon Ecological Effect* 10 t II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. BaMdon Health Effactt 12 70 0.14 B. Based on Ecological Effects 1,400 0.02 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Baud on Health Effects t For irrigation For seawater E-413 ------- CATEGORY: 70 WLN: .WO TUNGSTEN AND TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS (AS TUNGSTEN): W (wolfram). STRUCTURE: A steely gray to white, cuttable, forgeable, and splnnable metal. u w+6 w+4 w+5 w+6 PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 74; group 6b; atomic wt: 183.85; mp: 3,410; bp: 5,930; d: 19.3; valency: +2, +3, +4, +5, and +6; Insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Tungsten forms compounds of several oxidation states. The most stable and most coimon valence state 1s +6, and such compounds are acidic. Tungsten oxides are Insoluble. Tungsten hexachlorlde and tungsten trlsulflde are slightly soluble in water. Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust Is about 1.5 ppm (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: The toxlclty associated with tungsten 1s greatly effected by the solubility of the specific tungsten compound present, with the soluble compounds exhibiting the greater degree of toxlclty. Tungsten 1s generally considered to be more toxic than molybdenum; however, certain tungsten compounds, such as tungsten carbide, are biologically Inert. No serious toxic effects are associated with tungsten. LD50 (Intraperltoneal, rat): 5.000 rag/kg. Tungsten Is effectively excluded by plants; phytotoxtcity 1s not a problem (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (Tungsten and compounds, as U) soluble: 1 mg/m3; Insoluble: 5 mg/m3. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 1.0 x 103 pg/m3 A1r, Ecology: Hater, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 • 1.5 x 104 ug/i Hater. Ecology: Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 - 30 ug/g Land. Ecology: ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; ]°3 x l/42° * 15 x 2.4 • 36 " ]°3 x l/42° * 2-4 "a EPCWH2 ' 13.8 x 1 • 14 Mg/t EPCLH « 0.002 x 14 • 0.03 ug/g E-414 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS 70 TUNGSTEN EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. jig/I (ppmWt) Lend. pj/9 (ppm WO 1. Based on Sett Technology A. Editing Standard! NSW. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Ei tlmatet (RftO QoMi) II. Baud on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baudon Health Effect! 1.0E3 1.5E4 3.0E1 BMdon Ecological Effect! B. Ambiini Level Goal* Beted on Heelth Effect! 2.4 14 0.03 Bawd on Ecological Effect! C. Elimination of Diicharge Natural Background* •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. ngtm3 (ppm Vol) Water, po/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Propoted Ambient Standard! or Criteria A. Bawd on Health Effect! B. Baiedon Ecological Effect! II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Baiedon Health Effect! 2.4 14 0.03 B. Baiedon Ecological Effect! III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effect! E-415 ------- CATEGORY: 71 WLN: MN MANGANESE AND MANGANESE COMPOUNDS (AS MANGANESE): Mn STRUCTURE; (colloidal manganese). Reddish-gray or silvery, hard, brittle, metallic element. ,.„ H + u +3 rul pin Pin MnO," MnO, MnO." PROPERTIES; 344 Atomic number: 25; group 7b: atomic wt.: 54.938; rap: 1,2443; bp: 1,962; vap. press: 1 nrn at 1292° C; valency: 2, 3. 4, 6,~7; decomposes water, evolving H2- NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Manganese exhibits five valence states, the divalent manganous (M ) being the most common. Manganic (Mn+3) and manganlte compounds (MnO.) are less common than manganates (MnO. ) or permanganates (MnO.~). Rural background concentration or manganese 1n air Is reported as 0.005 to 0.047 «g/m3 (ref. 1). Manganese occurs as a constituent of gross suspended particles ranging from 0.005 to 0.012 ug/m3 In nonurban atmosphere (ref. 3). Manganese compounds may act as catalysts In the oxidation of some air pollutants, producing even more undesirable pollutants (ref. 129). Natural concentration In seawater Is 2 ug/t (ref. 28). In an analysis of U.S. surface waters, the manganese concentration mean was 29.4 ug/t with a range of 0.20 to 3,230 ug/l (ref. 28). Manganese Is a trace element In food, with the average human Intake being 10 ing/day (ref. 33). Manganese 1s considered an essential trace element for animals, Including nan, and plants (ref. 130). Occurrence In the Earth's crust 1s 0.085 percent (ref. 24). Soils have an average manganese content of 800 to 850 ug/g. Manganese 1n the soil Is found 1n a water-soluble form 1n the soil solution, In the exchangeable Mn2+ as organically bound manganese, and as various manganese oxides (ref. 28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Manganese compounds are not In general regarded as highly poisonous due to the manganous 1on alone (ref. 130). The strong oxidizing properties of manganates and permanganates can cause skin Irritation. Respiratory damage my also occur with exposure. Chronic poisoning may result from Inhalation of manganese or Its compounds (ref. 129). The lowest concentration causing toxic effects 1n human 1s reported to be 11 mg/ra3; exposure was by Inhalation and resulted In central nervous system effects (ref. 2). LO.Q (Intraperltoneal, mouse): 53 mg/kg. AqOatle tox1city: Bioaccunulatlon factors of 12,000 are reported for marine molluscs (ref. 33). An acute dose 96-hr LC,,. of 1,400 ppm 1s reported for rainbow trout (Salmo galrdnerl). carp, (Cyprlnus carplo). and Paphnla (?gf. 24). SoTl concentrations of 2.5 ppm have caused their effects 1n soybeans; soil effects, however, depend on a variety of factors such as pH and moisture (ref. 131). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (manganese and compounds, as Mn): 5 mg/m3. U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962, Levels for Alternate Source Selection: 0.05 iig/t manganese (ref. 66). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (welfare): 50 ug/z; for protection of consumers of marine molluscs: 100 ug/t (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water sources: 0.05 rog/i; for marine aquatic life: hazard level--0.1 mg/»; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0,02 mg/t; application factor—0.02 (to be applied to 96-hr LCeg; for Irrigation—0.20 mg/i for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air. Health: 5 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology: Water, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 ug/t Water, Ecology: 5 x 20 - 100 ug/t Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 • O.S wg/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS; EPCAH1 • 10J x 5/420- 12 wg/nT EPC^, • 15 x 12 • 180 yg/l EPCy^ • 13.8 x 5 • 70 ug/l EPCS " 50 u9/t HES " 20 "9/)l EPCLH • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/g LE • 0.002 x 20 • 0.04 ug/g E-416 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 71 MANGANESE EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air. pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. ug/l (ppm Wt) Land, jjg/g (ppm Wt) I. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standard! NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R8.D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxictty Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.0E3 2.5E2 5.0E-1 Based on Ecological Effects 1.0E2 2.0E-1 B. Ambient Level God* Based on Health Effects 12 50 0.1 Based on Ecological Effects 20 0.04 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.005- 0.047 29.4 2t 800-850 "To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air. Jig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, no/I (ppm Wt) Land, tig/g IppmWt) 1. Current or Propond Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects 50 B. BaMd on Ecologkal Effect! 20 II. Toxicity Bated Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 12 0.1 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.04 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tFor seawater. E-417 ------- CATEGORY: 74 COBALT AMD COBALT COMPOUNDS (AS COBALT). Co A magnetic, steel-gray, pinkish, ductile metal. WIN: CO STRUCTURE: Co Co+2 Co3 Cobaltous (valence +?) PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 27; group 8; atomic wt: 58.93; bp: 2,900; mp: 1.495; d: 8.92; insoluble; valency: 1,2,3. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Cobalt is an clement of the iron group. It forms two series of compounds: and cobalt1c (+3). thp cobaltous form being more stable. Rural background concentration measured in air is reported as zero Mg/m to 0.00? iig/m (ref. 1). Natural concentration In srawater is 0.4 ni/i (ref. 78). Concentration in freshwater as indicated from a survey of U.S. surface water', frnm zero l.o 'i 11(4/1 with .1 mean of 1.0 i.p/> (rpf. ?B). Occurrence In earth's crust is (1.001 - 0.00? percent (r>f. ?4). Average soil concentration ts reported as 8 ug/g (ref. 128). Cobalt is an essential trace element, and is associated with vitamin B,., in animals (ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Some pulmonary effects, an allergic-type dermitills, digestive changes, and liver and kidney damage resulting from exposure to cobalt and Its compounds have been reported (refs. 4,9). Cobalt and Its salts are cumulative (ref. 96). LOLo (oral, rat): 1,500 mg/kg, for cobalt. LD,-,, (oral, rat): 80 mg/kg, for CoCl«; this Is equivalent to 36 mg/kg as Co . Ingestion of 1,500 ng/kg of CoC12 has caused death to a child (ref. 2). Cobalt and cobalt nitrate, oxide and sulflde are reported to produce oncogenic effects in anlnals (ref. 2). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number, considering the cobalt compounds collectively 1s 4204. The lowest TO. is 2.5 mg/kg as Co. The adjusted ordering number 1s 1682. Aquatic toxicity: Concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/>. inhibited growth in small carp. Cyprinus carpio (ref. 28). At 0.04 mg/t, cobalt retarded growth in Chjprella. (algae) and Euglena (ref. 132). Cobalt 1s cumulative in several aquatic species: concentration factors as high as 2.5 x 10 are reported (ref. 28). Phytotoxlcity: At 0.1 mg/t , cobalt is toxic to tomato plants (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (Cobalt metal fume and dust): 0.1 mg/m [Intended change to 0.05 mg/m , recognizing potential hypersensltivlty of some Individuals and associated pulmonary effects.] NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For livestock: 1 rag/.; for irrigation: 0.050 mg/f for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 50 ug/ra3 Water. Health:' IS x 50 • 750 vg/i Land, Health: 0.002 x 750 1.5 u9/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: rPC AHl • is x o.i? • I.B l"PCWH2 ' 13'8 X 0.7 « 0.002 x 0.7 • 0.001 M9/9 EPC^2 • 103/(6 x 1682) • 0.1 uq/m3 EPCy,. • 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 ng/m3 • 0.002 x 1.5 • 0.003 wg/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 50 • 250 vg/i. Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 250 « 0.5 ug/g EPCLE • 50 vq/t (for Irrigation) 0.002 x so • o.i ug/g E-418 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 74 COBALT EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. vgl\ (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Hmed on Bast Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Baud on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 5.0E1 7.5E2 1.5EO Based on Ecological Effects 2.5E2 5.0E-1 B. Ambient Lewi Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.1 0.7 0.001 Based on Ecological Effects 50 0.1 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0 to 0.002 0.4t 8 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air,»jg/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, /ig/H (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effects B. Based on Ecological Effects 50t II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.12 0.7 0.001 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.1 III. Zero Threshold Po llutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Hearth Effects 0.1 1.5 0.003 •iTor seawater. tFor irrigation. E-419 ------- CATEGORY: 75 NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS {AS NICKEL). Ni A silvery-white, hard metal. WLN: NI STRUCTURE: PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 28; group 8; atomic wt: 58.71; mp: 1453; bp: 2732; d: 8.90; vap. press: 1 mm at 1810°; valency: -l,0,l,+2,+3,+4; insoluble. Ni Ni +2 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Nickel is similar to iron and cobal as well as copper in its chemical properties. The metal oxide is extremely resistant to alkali such as NaOH even at high temperatures. The nickel atom assumes several oxidation States; nickelous compounds, valence +2; are the most common. Anhydrous nickelous salts are yellow; hydrous salts are green. An Important zero valence nickel compound Is nickel carbonyl . ; Concentrations of nickel In rural atmosphere are reported ranolng from 0.0006 to 0.021 ug/m3 (ref. 1). Nickel has been measured as 0.01 percent of gross suspended particulate in nonurban atmosphere (ref. 3). The concentration of dissolved nlcki-l In natural freshwatcrs ranqo1, from 3 to 86 ng/t; Suspended nickel ranqes from 5 to 100 M100 Mg/p. may adversely effect several aquatic species (ref. 33). Concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/t (N1++) are toxic to tomato, oats, and other plants In sand and solution culture (ref. 28). Nickel salts are reported to substantially affect the biological oxidation of sewage (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV-0.1 mg/m-'1, soluble compounds, as Ni. Nickel sulflde roasting Is recognized by ACGIH as an industrial process having carcinogenic potential. A TLV of 1.0 mg/m3 Is tentative. The new NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to nickel is 15 pg/m3. the value was lowered due to evidence of nasal and lung cancer resulting from nickel exposure (ref. 134). Nickel 1s included 1n the NCI list of carcinogens to man. Nickel 1s a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It 1s listed as Priority I on the EPA Consent Decree List, EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.01 of the 96-hour LCso for freshwater and marine aquatic life (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For freshwater aquatic life: application factor—0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso): for marine aquatic life: hazard level—0.1 mg/t; minimal risk level—0.002 mg/i; application factor—0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for irrigation: 0.2 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). Recommendation of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions: nickel concentration for most soils—100 kg/hectare (ref. 112). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 15 ug/m3 Water, Health: 15 x 15 - 225 ug/t Lan-j, Health: 0.002 x 225 • 0.45 ug/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 2 = 10 ug/t Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 10 * 0.02 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCEMTBATifiMB. EPCAH1 " I0* x °-1/'120 " °-24 "g/m3 EPCWH1 ' '5 x 0.?4 • 3.6 u ------- mULIIfVICUlM yyy ENVIRONMENTAL ** GOALS NICK?L Air, pg/m (ppm Vol) Water, i>g/\ (ppmWt) Land, jig/g (ppmWt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Bated on Best Technology A. EniHingStindardl NSPS. DPT. BAT B. Dawloping Technology Engineering EltimaMi (R&O Goilll II. Bated on Ambient Factor* A. Minimum Acute Toxicitv Effluent BtMti an Health Effecti 1.5E1 2.3E2 4.5E-1 Btudon Eeologleil Effucti 1.0E1 2E-2 B. Ambiint Level Goal* BiMd on He.lth Eff«cO 0..035 0.6 0.001 BMW) on Ecological Effects 2 0.004 C. Elimination of DiichargB Natural Background* 0.0006- 0.021 3 - 86, 5 - 7 t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/1 (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Currant or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Bated on Health Effecti B. Bated on Ecological Effecti 2 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Bated on Health Effecti 0.24 1.4 0.003 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.004 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bawd on Health Effects 0.04 0.6 0.001 t For seawater E-421 ------- CATEGORY: 76 NICKEL CARBONYL. Ni(CO)4 (Nickel tetracarbonyl). A colorless, mobile, volatile, liquid. PROPERTIES: Molecular wt: 170.75; bp: 43; no: -25; d: 1.32 at 17"; vap. press: 320.6 am at 20°; solubility 0.018 g per 100 ml H20; X Nickel: 34.7. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS; Nickel carbonyl Is a zerovalent nickel compound. It forms by the reaction of CO on finely divided nickel at 200* C and 100-400 atmospheres. Decomposition of nickel carbonyl results in liberation of carbon monoxide and pure nickel. Nickel carbonyl has a characteristic odor that is detectable at 1-3 ppcn (ref. 96). See Nickel and Nickel Compounds, as HI. TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Nickel carbonyl is extremely toxic. The primary effect of acute poisoning is pneumonitus. Inhalation Is the most serious absorption route. Toxic symptoms probably are caused by both the nickel and carbon monoxide liberated in the lungs (ref. 9). The lowest reported concentration lethal to a person is 57 ppm for 30 minutes (ref. 2). Chronic exposure has been associated with cancer of the lung and nasal sinuses (ref. 4). LCjn (inhalation, rat): 240 mg/«3 for 30 minutes. Nickel carbonyl administered Intravenously and via inhalation Is reported to produce cancer in rats (refs. 2.133). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4121. The lowest toxic dose producing a carcin- ogenic response Is 157 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 26. Aquatic toxiclty: TLw96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV •= 0.35 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm) [Earlier TLV of 0.007 mg/m3 (0.001 ppm) was raised due to lack of substantial evidence that the compound Is carcinogenic.] The following regulations pertain to nickel and Its compounds, as Ni. The new NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to nickel 1s 15 u3/m3. The value was lowered due to evidence of nasal and lung cancer resulting from nickel exposure (ref. 134). 43 iig/m3 N1(CO)4 Is equivalent to 15 ug/m3 as NI. Nickel Is Included In the NCI list of carcinogens to man. Nickel Is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It Is listed as Priority I on the EPA Consent Decree List. EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.01 of the 96-hour LC50 for freshwater and marine aquatic life (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: For freshwater aquatic life: application factor-0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for marine aquatic life: hazard level --0.1 mg/t; minimal risk level— 0.002 mg/t; application factor— 0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCen); for Irrigation: 0.2 rog/t for continuous use o<\| all soils (ref. 28). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air. Health: 43 yg/m3 Air, Ecology: water, Health: 15 x 43 • 645 Mg/i Hater, Ecology: 5 x 2 « 10 wg/t. as NI Land, Health: 0.002 x 645 * 1.3 i.g/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g, as N1 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH1 * '°3 * °-3S/420 - 0.8 ,,g/m3 EPCAHla * °-05/W ' 0.0001 ppm fPCw, • 15 x 0.8 • 12 ug/t EW^ • 2 Mg/i . as NI EPCHH2 " 13'8 x °'35 " 5 "9/e EPCLH - 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 wg/g Epr - 0.002 x 2 « 0.004 Mg/g . as NI £PCAC1 • 43/420 • 0.1 ug/m3 EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 26) -6.4 Mg/m3 EPC^ -15 x 0.1 • 1.5 wg/« EPC.- • 0.002 x 1.5 • 0.003 ug/g LC E-422 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 76 NICKEL CARBONYL EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Category Air, ng/rrP (ppm Vol) Water, ng/\ (ppmWt) Land, fig/g (ppmWt) 1. Beted on Beit Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Tuchnology EnginMring Estimates (R8.D Goals) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Baud on Health Efftcn 4.3E1 6.5E2 1.3EO Bated on Ecological Effect* l.OElt 2E-2 t B. Ambi.nl Level Goal* Based on Heal* Effects 0.1 1.5 0.003 Based on Ecological Effects 2 t 0.004t C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* •To ba multiplied by dilution factor Air, pg/rn (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppmWt) Land, « ------- CATEGORY: 7« Jk!i: CU COPPER AND UIB'KRUJMPUUNOS (AS CQPI'IRJ,, Cu (cuprum): STRUCTURE: An oramie. due till1, inallrdble metal. Cu r(J4 Cu'2 PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 29; group lb; atomic wt: 63.546; nip: 1,083 i 0.1; (>p: 2336; d: 8.92; Insoluble; vap. press: 1 nm at 1628°C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: + 1 iO Copper forms two series of compounds, cuprous (Cu ) and cupric (Cu ). Cupric compounds are the more stable. They ionize in aqueous solution. , Rural background concentration in air is reported as 0.01 to 0.41 ug/nr (ref. 1). Another source reports concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 0.078 as a constituent of suspended particulates In non- urban air (ref. 3). Copper salts are in the form of dusts and mists: metallic copper may occur as fume (ref. 4). Concentration in freshwater as indicated from hydrologic benchmark samples ranges from zero to 40 pg/t; out of 126 samples 87 were zero (ref. 64). Another report indicates that the average fresh- water copper concentration in U. S. surface water 1s 13.8 vq/t with a range of 0.8-280 ug/». (ref. 28). Natural concentration in seawater is reported as 0.001 mg/i. (ref. 28) to 0.02 mg/i. (ref. 24). Copper imparts a taste to water fn concentrations as low as 1 mq/t (ref. 33). Occurrencp in earth's crust is 70 ppm (ref. 24). Copper Is found In soils at about 20 i. in nutrient solutions are toxic to a . number of pi ants (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOONITIOM. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (metallic copper fume): 0.2 rog/«3. TLV (dusts and mists): l wg/m3. Copper Is included on EPA Consent Decree Priority 111 List. U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Watnr Regulations, 1962, levels for Alternate Source Selection: 1.0 mg/i (ref. 66). CPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): for domestic water supplies (welfare): 1.0 mg/t; for freshwater and marine aiguatfc lift?: application factor—0.1 (to be applied to 96-hour LCjo, nnnaerated btoassay)(ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: lor public wat«r supply sources: 1 mg/».; for freshwater aquatic life: application fnctor--0.l (to no x °-5 7-r> "9/ • 1 .000 ,,g/r EPCW s - 10 pr\i E-424 [PC.H « O.oo;' x 1000 - 1 vy/t pr\i ' °-°°7 * 10 " °-z ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 78 COPPER Air. fig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jjg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) EMISSION LEVEL GOALS 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT. BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A, Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effects 2.0E2 5.0E3 1.0E1 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E1 l.OE-1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.5 1,000 2 Based on Ecological Effects 10 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background" 0.01 to 0.41 13.8 1 to 20t 20 •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water. ,.g/l (ppm Wt) Land, jiij/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects 1,000 B. Based on Ecological Effects 10 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.5 2 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects tFor seawater. E-425 ------- CATEGORY: 79 WLN: .A6 SILVER AND SILVER COMPOUNDS (AS SILVER). Ag (argentum). STRUCTURE: A white, lustrous, and malleable metal: regular crystalline structure. Ag Ag* PROPERTIES: Atomic number 47; an element In the gold family; group Ib; atomic wt: 107.868; mp: 960.5; bo- 1950; d: 10.5; valency: +1. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Rural background concentration measured In air 1s zero wg/n3 (ref. 1). Particle densities for silver agglomerates are 10.5 g/cc for normal density and 0.25 g/cc for floe density (ref. 3). Host silver compounds are insoluble; the nitrate, Ag N03 Is soluble. Natural concentration in seawater Is 0.3 ug/i (ref. 28). Concentration In freshwater as indicated from hydrologic benchmark samples ranges from zero to 50 vg/t; out of 18 samples, 11 were zero (ref. 64). Occurrence 1n the earth's crust Is 0.1 ppm {ref. 24). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Exposure to minor amounts of silver over long periods result in permanent skin discoloration. Many of the silver salts are Irritating to skin and mucous membranes (ref. 24). Skin effects are noted In a human exposed to 1 mg/m3 (ref. 2). Silver is cumulative In the body; the biological half-life Is reported to be about 3 days (ref. 2fi). Intravenous administration of 700 ug/kg as colloidal silver has resulted 1n human death (ref. 2). L050 (oral, mouse): 100 mq/kij for colloidal silver. LD5Q (oral, mouse): 50 ng/kq for AgNOj (32 mg/kq. ~~n EPCL(. « 0.002 x 1,470 > 3 E-426~~ ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS x 79 SILVER EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, pg/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, /jg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Bated on Beit Technology A. EHif ting Standard* NSPS. BPT. HAT 0. Damluplng Technology Engineering Eitlmetoi (RK.D Ooslt) II. Baled on Ambient Factort A. Minimum Acute Tnxicity Efflwmt Beted on Health Effacu 1.0E1 2.5E2 5E-1 BaMdiin Ecolngiol Eff.cn 5EO 1E-2 B. Ambient Leral Goal- Baud on Health Effecti 0.024 50 0.1 Baud on Ecolofllcal EHecO 5 0.01 C. Elimination of Ditch two* Natural Background* 0 0-50, 0.3 t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /jg/m (ppm Vol) Water, pg/l (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (pom Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standard* or Criteria A. Bawd on Hailth Effecli 50 B. Bawd on Ecological Effecti 5 II. Toxicity Band Eitimated Permissible Concentration A. Bmdon Health Effecti 0.024 0.1 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.01 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Bated on Health Effects 98 1470 3 t For seawater E-427 ------- CATEGORY: 81 ZINC AND ZINC COMPOUNDS ( AS ZH) PROPERTIES: Atonic wt: 65.38; atomic no.: 30; valence: group: 2b; mp: 419.5; bp: 908; d: 7.14; insoluble; vap press.: 1 nm at 487° C. WIN: ZH STRUCTURE: Zn Zn* 2; NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Zinc occurs in the earth's crust at 0.02 percent by weiijhl. (ref. 24). It is usually found In nature as the sulflde (ref. 33). Human intake of zinc is about 10-15 rmj/day (rpf. %). Rural zinc are reported between 0.013 and 0.2 gq/in3 (ref. 1). 7inc playi a vital metabolic role as a trace element In biological systems. In an analysis of U.S. surface waters, the mean zinc concentration was 51.8 tig/* *	(ref. 28). Phytotoxicity: Zinc concentration', of 0.4-1.6 mg/. in nutrient solutions are toxic to certain varieties of soybeans (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (for zinc oxide fuses): 5 mg/m ; (for zinc oxide dust, nuisance particulate): 10 mq/m ; 5 mg/m ZnO is equivalent to 4 mg/m3 as Zn. Zinc oxide is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure is 5 mg/m3 as a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek time-weighted average. A ceiling concentration of 15 mg/n3 is also recommended (ref. 135). Zinc Is included on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority III. It Is a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, Levels for Alternate Source Selection: 5 mg/t (ref. 66). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies, (welfare): 5,000 Mg/t; for freshwater aquatic life: application factor—0.01 (to be applied to the 96-hour LCso) (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply: 5 mg/t; for freshwater aquatic life: application factor—0.0005 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for marine aquatic life: hazard level-- 0.1 mg/t: minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.02 mg/r.; application factor: 0.01 (to be applied ».o the 96-hour LC$fl); application factor 0.001 when other heavy metals (Cu, Cd) are present; for livestock; 25 ng/c: for irrigation: 2.0 rnq/i for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). Recommendations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions: Zinc concentrations inmost soils: M)0 kg/heclon- (ref. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 4 x 103 ug/m3 Water. Health: 5 x 5.000 • 2.5 x Hi" u«i/f. land. Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 10s 50 n«/q Air, Fcolony: Water. Ecology: 5 x 20 « 100 ,,g/t. land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 = 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: fPC AH1 £PC LH » 103 x 4/420 * 9.5 ,,g/n3 • 15 x 9.5 * 143 ug/i * 13.8 x 4 • 55 MS/t ' 5,000 Mg/i 0.002 x 5.000 • 10 ug/9 = 50 x 0.87 = 43.5 u9/* EPCHES = 20 ug/i EPC, U 0.002 x 20 * 0.04 vg/g E-428 ------- MULTIMEDIA tINVIKUNMblMIAL 81 GOALS Z,NC EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water, jig/1 (ppm Wt) Land, /jg/g (ppm Wt) 1 . Based on B««t Technology A. Exhting Sundanji NSPS. BPT. BAT B. D«»elo\|Mn« Technology Engineering Estimatei (R&D Goalt) II. Bated on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acuta Toxicity Effluent Bated on Health Effects 4.0E3 2.5E4 5.0E1 Bated on Ecological Effects 1.0E2 2E-1 B. Ambient Level Goal* Baled on Health Effect! 9.5 5,000 10 Baud on Ecological Effects 20 0.04 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.013-0.2 52, 2 t 58 To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water. MO/1 (ppm Wt) Land, / ------- CATEGORY: H? CADMIUM ANO CADMIUM COMPOUNDS (AS CADMIUM), Cd: A white, ductile metal. PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 48; an element Of the Zinc family; group 2b; atomic wt: 112.4; «ip: 320.9; bp: 765; d: 8.61; insoluble; generally divalent (<2); vap. press: 1 mm at 394''C. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Cadmium emitted to the atmosphere is generally In the form of particulates-as the oxide, sulfide, or sulfate (ref. 136). Rural background concentration in air is 0.0004 to 0.028 ug/m3 (ref. 1). Most natural waters contain <10 ug/t (ref. 28). Natural concentration of seawater is 0.02 (ref. 28) to -0.1 ug/t (refs. 28, 69). Soil background levels from 0.2-1. 4 kg/hectare (average - 0.1) are Indicated (ref. 118). Occurrence in earth-s crust is 0.1-0.2 ppm (ref. 24). Normal daily Intake by humans is estimated as 72 ug/day of Cd (ref. 113). Pure cqdjRium metal is not found in nature. It occurs usually with zinc; the weight ratio of cadmium to zinc varies from 0.0002 to 0.002 (ref. 137). Cadmium does not form organic compounds as does mercury pr lead. TOXIC PROPERTIES,, HEALTH EFFECTS: Cadmium Is highly toxic (ref. 136). Inhalation or ingestlon of cadmium produces both acute and chronic effects. Inhalation of 0.01-0.27 mg/m3 resulted in pulmonary and renal effects for exposed worker (ref. 4). Inqestlon of 13-15 ppm in popslcles was toxic to children (ref. 96). Maximum normal body burden is 20-30 mg (ref. 93). The biological half life is 16-33 years, estimate (ref. 93). Minimum detectable health effects have been theoretically associated with lonq-term (25-30 years) exposure to air concentration of ?.5 ug/m3 (ref. 136). Ll»so (oral, rat): Tt mg/kij for CdO. This Is equivalent to 63 mq/kq as Cd. Cadmium and sevrr.il cadmium compounds ar> reported to produce oncogenic and teratogenic effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that occupational exposure to cadmium in some form (possibly Ihe ox1d«) increase the risk of cancer in man (ref. 133). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number basr.l on oncogenic potential for cadmium and If. compounds collectively is 7329. The lowest dose reported to (iroduce an nncogenlc response in an animal Is 1 mq/ky. as Cd. The adjusted ordering number is 73?'). Ihe LPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratoqenic effect-, is 4305. The lowest dose to produce A teratogenic effect is 1 mg/kg. as Cd. The adjusted ordering number is 4305. Aquatic toxlclty: Acute lethal concentration for most freshwater fish varies from 0.01 to 10 mg/l (ref. 69). Reproduction of .Daphnla inaqna at reduced to 0.0005 mq/». (ref. 28). The 7 day LCso for rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) 1s~0.008-0.01 ppm (ref. 28). Cadmium is a~3angerous, cumulative poison. A concentration factor up to 1000 has been reported f v^Jif 7H^ Zinc and copper increase toxlcity (refs. 28, 69). Oysters may concentrate cadmium from very low levels in ambient water (ref. 28). Phytotoxicity: There is evidence that cadmium in soil is taken up by certain plants (ref. 136). Yields of beans, turnips, and beets are reduced by 0.10 mg/i in nutrient solutions (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (dust and salts, as Cd; cadmium oxide fume, as Cd): 0.05 mg/m3. Cadmium oxide production is classified by ACGIH as "Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Han." Cadmium is designated for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards because of toxlcity to aquatic life (ref. 10). It appears on EPA Consent Decree. Priority 1 list. National Interim Primary Drinking Mater Regulations: 0.010 mg/l (ref . 102). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations- Levels for Source Rejection: 0.01 mg/l (ref. 66). LPA Hater Quality Criteria 1976 (proposed): For domestic water supply (health): 10 \><)/>. for freshwater aquatic life: soft water--0.4-4 im/i; for hard watpr-- 1.2-1? ng/i ; for marine: 5 vqf>. NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972: for public water supply sources— 0.10 mq/t; for freshwater aquatic Hfc: for hard water (>100 m«j/»., as CaCOs): nwx1mum--0.03 mg/»., safe level~0.003 mg/i; for soft water (-100 ntg/t, as CaC03): maximum— 0.004 mq/», safe level— 0.0004 mg/l; for marine aquatic life: hazard level -0.01 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.2 ng/i; application factor— 0.01 (to be applied to 96-hour LCjo), lower 1n presence of copper and/or zinc; for livestock: SO ug/t; for Irrigation: 0.010 mg/i for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). Recommendation of U. S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Colleges: Concentration of cadmium (most soils}— 10 kg/hectare (ref. 112). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: A1r, Health: 7 x 104/7329 - 10 ng/m3 Hater, Health: 5 x 10 - 50 ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 Mg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: trc.u, " 103 x 0.05/420 • 0.12 Mg/m3 - ,5 x 0.12 - 1.8 ,g/i - 13.8 x 0.05 - 0.7 Mfl/i (for CdO. Air, Ecology: Hater, Ecology: 5 x 0.2 - 1 ug/i Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1 = 0.002 vg/g - 0.4 ug/l (freshwater, soft) - 0,2 yg/« (-fine) EPC EPCAC1 r.PCA(7 LPCVK tpci<: • 0.002 x 10 • 0.02 vg/g • 103 x 0.05/420 - 0.12 ug/«3 (' as Cd) - II)3 x (C x /3?9) • 0.02 Mg/m3 - 1'. x 0.02 •» O.'J n<]/l 0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 n9/g EPC 'AT - 0.002 x «-«- 0-000 - 103/(6 x 4305) - 0.04 15 x 0.04 * 0.6 0.002 x 0.6 • 0 E-430 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 82 CADMIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, fig/m3 (ppm Vot) Water, pg/l (ppm WO Land, /ig/g Ippm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS. BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&D Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxtcity Effluent Based on Health Effects 1.0E1 5.0E1 l.OE-1 Based on Ecological Effects l.OEO 2.0E-3 B. Ambient Level Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.02 10 0.0006 Based on Ecological Effects 0.4 0.2 0.0004 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 0.0004 to 0.028 <10t 0.02 - O.lf •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m (ppm Vol) Water, ng/l (ppm Wt) 1 mid, fig/H (Pl»n Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Health Effects 10 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.4t 0.2t II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.12 0.02 B. Dated on Ecological Effects 0.0004 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects 0.02 \| 0.0006 • •iFor freshwater. tFor seawater. E-431 ------- MERCURY. AND. MERCURY COMPOUNDS (AS MERCURY) except Alky): STRUCTURE: Mercury. H<) (quick si Ivor). Hg+l H^+2 A silvery, liquid, metallic element. PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 80; group 8a; atomic wt: 200.61; mp: -38.87; bp: 356.6; d: 13.546; vap. press: 1 mm at 126. 2°C; valency: +1, +2; insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Mercury is associated with particulate matter in the atmosphere. Background concentration in U. S. rivers and streams is reported as <0.5 Mg/t (ref. 64) with most less than 0.1 ugA (ref. 28). Natural concentration in seawater ranges 0.03 ug/i (ref- 69) to 0.1 »g/i (ref. 28). Biological methylation may occur in bottom sediments resulting in continuous levels of methyl mercury in the water (ref. 28). A normal range for Hg present in soils is 0.02-0.6 kg/hectare (ref. 118)- Occurren.:- in earth', crust is 0.5 ppm (rel. ?«). Human In lake of mercury averages 5-10 i.g/day (ref. 93). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Acute and chronic i-HVcls may result. from human exposure In riicrtury. Inhalation of 1.2 to 8.5 mg/tir has rpsult.Pi) In acute illness (rpf. :i): ImiPStion of 11?') mo/k'i has resulted in human death (ref. 2). Inhalation ol 169 in\|/«-' for 40 years has caused central nervous system effects (ref. 2). Mercuric salts are morn soluble )n the digestive tr.ic t and hence more toxic than mcrc.unius salt.s. The biological half life of mercury Is S wri-U (ref. 2?). Except for certain occupational exposures, food, particularly fish, is the greatest i.ontributor to the human body burden of mercury (ref. 28). Certain mercury compounds have demonstrated oncogeni«; or (.erotogenic potential (ref. 2, 32). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on oncogenic potential (consirtorinii the compounds collectively as Hg) is 4202. The lowest dosage producing tumors is 400 mg/k<\|. The adjusted ordering number is 10.5. The teratogenic based ordering number is 7202. The lowest dosage resulting in a teratogenic response is 500 yg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on a teratogenic potential is 14400. Aquatic toxi city: Concentrations over 3 uq/i (as mercuric sulfate) are toxic to salmon egs, Oncorhynchus nerka and 0. gorbuscha (ref. 28). Acute 96-hour LCsp for fish: 1 mg/t for inorganic mercury (ref. 28). Biological magnification up to 27.000 times the water concentration has been reported (ref. 33). The mercury is stored in organisms generally as methyl mercury. Fish eating birds and manuals are affected by excessive mercury in water because of their position at the top of the food ^ TLV = 0.05 ing/m . (For all forms except alky}. The TLV does not recognize oncogenic or teratogenic potential). Inorganic mercury is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure, as an 8-hour workday time-weighted average is 0.05 mg/nv* (ref. 139). EPA National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants have been established limiting mercury emissions to 2300 g/24 hours from mercury ore processing facilities and mercury cell chlor-alkali plants and 3200 g/24 hrs from facilities that, process wastewater treatment plant sludges (ref. 16). Mercury is on the" list for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). Mercury is on the EPA Consent Decree List. Priority 1. FOA guidelines for the maximum level of Hg in edible portions of fish flesh is 0.5 i.g/c. (ref. 28). National Interim Primary Drlnkinn Water Regulations: 0.002 mg/l. (ref. 102). EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health): 2.0 iig/i; for freshwater aquatic life and wildlife: 0.05 ug/t; for marine aquatic life: 0.10 \> (ref. 33). NAS/NA1 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sotm.es: 0.002 HK)/».; for freshwater aquatic life: total mercury body burden in aquatic oraanisms--O.S iig/g wet weight; average total con- centration- -0.05 wg/«; maximum at any time or place — 0.2 pg/i; for marine aquatic life: hazard level — 0.10 ug/t; for livestock: 10 i>g/i (to prevent human consumption of animal tissue containing > 0.5 ppm Hg) (ref. 28). . MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 50 iig/m3 Air. Ecology: 10 ug/m3 Water. Health: 5 x 2 « 10 ug/t water. Ecology: 5 x 50 « 250 vgft Land. Health: 0.002 x 10 • 0.02 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.01)2 x 250 • 0.5 yg/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONa: tPCAHl • 103 x 0.05/420 • 0.12 ug/m3 EPC^ - 0.1 x 10 - 1 ug/m3 tPCHHl " 1S x °'12 " l'a u9/t EPCWES " 50 "9/' EPCWH2 * 13'8 * 0>OS * °'7 "9/t t-PCUHS • 2 Mg/l tPClu • 0.002 x 2 • 0.004 ug/g EPC. , > 0.00? x 50 • 0.1 ng/g Ln i ' -j Lt o -> tPCAC? • 10J/(6 x 10.5) • 16 n9/» EPCAT « 103/(6 x 14.400) • 0.01 ,,g/mj [PCUC - If. x 16 « 240 u«\|/t EPC^ • 15 x 0.01 - 0.15 yg/t IPC,C - O.o0i> x 240 • 0.5 wg/g EPCUT " 0.002 x 15 - 0.03 vg/g E-432 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS XXX 83 MERCURY EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. y ------- CATEGORY: g$ URANIUM AND URANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS URANIUM). U: A hard, heavy, nickel-white, radioactive metal. WLN: UR STRUCTURE: U U4 PROPERTIES: Atomic no: 92; group 3b; atomic wt: 238.03; mp: 1132.3; bp: 3818; d: 18.95; valency: +3. H. +5, 6; insoluble. NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: Uranium principally forms tetravalent (uranous) or hexavalent (uranic, uranyl, or uranate) compounds. The oxide U03 forms uranates with bases and uranyl salts with acids. Uranium minerals may contain phosphates and vanadates of rare earths. Natural uranium consists of the isotopes U238 and U235 in the ratio of 140:1. U235 is the fissionable Isotope. Occurrence In the earth's crust is 2 x 10" percent (ref. 28). It averages about 3 g/ton of rock (ref. 96). The natural concentra- tion in seawater is 3 ug/t (ref. 28). Uranium does not occur naturally in most waters above a few micrograns per liter (ref. 28). TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS: Natural uninlum Is highly toxic by virtue of its biochemical activity as well as its radioactivity. The most Important route of exposure to uranium Is Inhalation of Insoluble partlculate. Radiation exposure is considered cumulative. There is no evidence linking exposure to levels of 0.15 to 0.25 mg/m3 (both soluble and insoluble U compounds) with Injury to kidney or to blood (ref. 4). LD50 (''"^ravenous, rat): 400 mg/kg for uranium chloride, (250 mg/kg as U4). The biological half life of uranium in bone and kidney is reported as 300 days (ref. 96). Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour LCjg for fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: 2.8 mg/t (uranyl sulfate 1n soft water) (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (Natural soluble and Insoluble compounds, as U): 0.2 mg/m3. Regulations for Protection against Radiation: Maximum concentrations of materials released to unrestricted areas: Soluble compounds in air: 3 x 10'Z uc/ml (9 Mg/m3); insoluble compounds 1n air: t x 10-": pc/ml (6 ug/mJ); soluble and Insoluble compounds 1n water: 2 x 10-5 uc/ml (60,000 ug/'.). One cone of natural uranium Is equivalent to 3,000 kg (ref. 140) NAS/NAE 197? Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life: hazard level—0.5 mall; minimal risk of deleterious effects-0.1 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LC50) (ref. 28). The pharmacology and toxicology of Industrially important uranium compounds has been extensively studied (ref. 141). MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS; Air, Health: 9 icg/m3 Water. Health: 60,000 ug/i Land. Health: 0.002 x 60.000 - 120 «g/g A1r, Ecology: Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 » 500 Hg/». Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: EPCAH] = 200/420 ' 0.5 ug/m3 EPCWH] • 15 x 0.5 £PCWH2 13-8 x °' EPCLH - 0.002 x 3 7.5 ug/t * 3 "9/1 0.006 ug/g EPC EPC WES LE * 10° U9/1 0.002 x 100 0.2 ug/g E-434 ------- MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS xx 85 URANIUM EMISSION LEVEL GOALS Air, /ig/m3 (ppm Vol) Water. ng/\ (ppm Wt) Land, pg/g (ppm Wt) 1. Based on Best Technology A. Existing Standards NSPS, BPT, BAT B. Developing Technology Engineering Estimates (R&O Goals) II. Based on Ambient Factors A. Minimum Acute Toxicity Effluent Based on Health Effect! 9EO 6.0E4 1.2E2 Based on Ecological Effects 5.0E2 l.OEO B. Ambient Lenl Goal* Based on Health Effects 0.5 3 0.006 Based on Ecological Effects 100 0.2 C. Elimination of Discharge Natural Background* 3 t •To be multiplied by dilution factor AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS Air, Mfl/m (ppm Vol) Water. MS/I (ppm Wt) Land. (iQ/g (ppm Wt) 1. Current or Proposed Ambient Standards or Criteria A. Based on Haalth Effects B. Based on Ecologkal Effects 100 II. Toxicity Based Estimated Permissible Concentration A. Based on Health Effects 0.5 3 0.006 B. Based on Ecological Effects 0.2 III. Zero Threshold Pollutants Estimated Permissible Concentration Based on Health Effects t For seawater E-435 ------- REFERENCES 1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-02-1325 for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from Tucker, W. 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Prepared by Syracuse University Research Corporation under Contract No. 68-01-2202 for Environmental Protection Agency. Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 238 074 (1973). E-441 ------- 71. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter (PPOM). Star Series. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. EPA-600/6- 74-001 (1975). 72. National Cancer Institute. Survey of Compounds Which Have Been Tested for Carcinogenic Activity: 1961-1962 Volume. Prepared by John I. Thompson and Co., Rockville, MD under Contract No. NIH-69-2086 for National Cancer Institute. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Public Health Service Publication No. 149. 73. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 3, Lyon, France. A World Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1973). 74. Kennedy, G. Y. Simple Gastric Fistula Tube. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 36, 415-417 (1970). 75. Tomatis, L., Mohr, U. Transplacental Carcinogenesis. IARC Scientific Publication No. 4., Lyon, France. A World Health Organization Publica- tion (WHO), Geneva (1973). 76. Blumer, M., Youngblood, W. W. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils and Recent Sediments. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA. WHOI-76-26 (1976). 77. Clar, E. J. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. Academic Press, London (1964). 78. National Cancer Institute. Survey of Compounds Which Have Been Tested for Carcinogenic Activity: 1970-1971 Volume. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD under Contract No. NIH-NCI-E-71-2266 for National Cancer Institute. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Public Health Service Publication No. 149. 79. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 5, Lyon, France. A World Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1974). 80. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1972). 81. Blumer, M. Benzopyrenes in Soil. Science, 134, 474-475 (1961). 82. Tennenbaum, L. E. Alkylpyridines and Arylpyridines. In: Klingsberg, E., Ed., The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Vol. 14, Pyridine and Its Derivatives Part 2. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, NY (1961). E-442 ------- 83. Gillam, A. D., Stern, E. S. The Selective Absorption of Some Hetero- cyclic Compounds. In: An Introduction to Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy, Second Edition. Edward Arnold (Publishers), Ltd., London (1957). 84. Barnes, R. A. Properties and Reactions of Pyridine and Its Hydrogenated Derivatives. In: Klingsberg, E., Ed., The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Vol. 14, Pyridine and Its Derivatives, Part 1. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, NY (1960). 85. Acheson, R. M. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Third Edition. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY (1976). 86. Livingstone, R. Compounds Containing a Five-Membered Ring with One Hetero Atom from Group V: Nitrogen. In: Coffey, S., Ed., Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Second Edition, Vol. 4, Part A. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam (1973). 87. Livingstone, R. Compounds Containing Five-Membered Rings with One Hetero Atom from Group V: Nitrogen; Fused-Ring Compounds. In: Coffey, S., Ed., Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Second Edition, Vol. 4, Part A. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company^ Amsterdam (1973). 88. Stapleford, K. S. J. The Indole Alkaloids. In: Coffey, S., Ed., Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Second Edition, Vol. 4, Part B. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam (1973). 89. Livingstone, R. Compounds Containing a Five-Membered Ring with One Hetero Atom of Group VI: Oxygen. In: Coffey, S., Ed., Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Second Edition, Vol. 4, Part A. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam (1973). 90. Livingstone, R. Compounds with Five-Membered Rings Having One Hetero Atom from Group VI: Sulphur and Its Analogues. In: Coffey, S., Ed., Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Second Edition, Vol. 4, Part A. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam (1973). 91. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 2, Lyon, France. A World Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1973). 92. Kehoe, R. A. Industrial Lead Poisoning. In: Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963). 93. World Health Organization (WHO). Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and the Contaminants Mercury, Lead, and Cadmium: 16th Report of the Joint FAO-WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Tech. Report No. 505, Geneva (1972). E-443 ------- 94. Jensen, S., JernelOv, A. Biological Methylation of Mercury in Aquatic Organisms. Nature, 223, 753-754 (1969). 95. Luitjen, J. G. A. Application and Biological Effects of Organotin Compounds. In: Sawyer, K. A., Organotin Compounds, Vol. 3. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY (1972). 96. Stokinger, H. E. The Metals (Excluding Lead). In: Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963). 97. Patterson, G. S., Holm, H. R. Structural and Electronic Effects on the Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials of Copper (II) Chelate Complexes. Bioinorg. Chem., 4, 257-275 (1975). 98. Hampel, C. A. The Encyclopedia of Chemical Elements. Rheinhold Book Corporation, New York, NY (1968). 99. Patty, F. A. Alkaline Materials. In: Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963). 100. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Beryllium. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. U.S. Health Services and Mental Health Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. HSM 72-10268 (1972). 101. Miner, S. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Barium and Its Compounds: A Literature Review. Prepared by Litton Systems, Inc., under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administration. Available from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. APTD 69-28 (1969). 102. Environmental Protection Agency. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations Implementation. Title 40 Code Federal Regulations Part 141. 103. Durocher, N. L. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Boron and Its Compounds: A Literature Review. Prepared by Litton Systems, Inc., under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administration. Available from Technical Information Center, Environ- mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. APTD 69-31 (1969). 104. Berg. W. A., Vogel, W. G. Toxicity of Acid Coal-Mine Spoils to Plants. In: Hutnik, R. J., Davis, G., Eds., Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land, Vol. 1. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, NY (1973). E-444 ------- 105. Siegel, B. Z., Siegel, S. M. A Selective Role for Potassium in the Phytotoxicity of Thallium. Bioinorg. Chem., 4, 93-99 (1975). 106. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council Committee on Toxicology. Guides for Short-Term Exposures of the Public to Air Pollutants: Guide for Carbon Monoxide. Available from National Techni- cal Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 244 338 (1973). 107. Patty, F. A. Inorganic Compounds of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon. In: Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963). 108. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 190 261 (1970). 109. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Carbon Monoxide. Avail- able from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 212 629 (1972). 110. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards. Title 40 Code Federal Regulations Part 50. 111. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Lead. Avail- able from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 214 265 (1972). 112. Ryan, J. Factors Affecting Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals from Soil Appli- cation of Residuals. In: Proceedings of National Conference on Disposal of Residuals on Land, St. Louis, MO, September 1976. 113. Jelinek, C. F., Mahaffey, K. R., Corneliusen, P. E. Establishment of Regulatory Levels for Heavy Metals in Food in the U.S.: International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Ontario, Canada, October 31. 1975. 114. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council Committee on Toxicology. Guides for Short-Term Exposures of the Public to Air Pollutants. IV: Guide for Ammonia. Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 244 336 (1972). 115. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Ammonia. Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 246 699 (1974). E-445 ------- 116. U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. Chemical Hazards Response Information System (CHRIS): A Condensed Guide to Chemical Hazards. Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. AD/A-002 390 (1974). 117. Patty, F. A. Arsenic, Phosphorus, Selenium, Sulfur, and Tellurium. In: Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised Edition, Vol. 2. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963). 118. Page, A. L., Chang, A. C. Trace Elements and Plant Nutrient Constraint of Recycling Sewage Sludges on Agricultural Land. In: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Complete Water Reuse: Water's Inter- face with Energy, Air, and Solids, Chicago, IL (1975), sponsored by American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY (1975). 119. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic - New Criteria. HEW Publication NO. (NIOSH)75-149 (1975). 120. Sunshine, I., Ed., Handbook of Analytical Toxicology. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH (1969). 121. Smith, L. L., Oseid, D. M., Olson, L. E. Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulfide to the Fathead Minnow. Environ. Sci. Techno!., 10, 6, 565-568 (1976). 122. Stahl, Q. R. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Selenium and Its Com- pounds: A Literature Review. Prepared by Litton Systems under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administration. Avail- able from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. APTD 69-49 (1969). 123. Thomas, M. D. Gas Damage to Plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 2 (1951). 124. Athanassiadis, Y. C. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Vanadium and Its Compounds: A Literature Review. Prepared by Litton Systems under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administra- tion. Available from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protec- tion Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. APTD 69-48 (1969). 125. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Vanadium: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1974). 126. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Chromium: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1976). E-446 ------- 127. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Chromium (VI). Avail- able from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 248 595 (1975). 128. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Develop- ment. Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Manganese. Star Series. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. EPA-600/6-75-002 (1975). 129. Sullivan, R. J. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Manganese and Its Compounds: A literature Review. Prepared by Litton Systems under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Adminis- tration. Available from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. APTD 69-39 (1969). 130. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Manganese. Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce Springfield, VA. PB 242 291 (1975). 131. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Manganese: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1973). 132. Coleman, R. D., Coleman, R. L., Rice, E. L. Zinc and Cobalt Bioconcen- tration and Toxicity in Selected Algal Species. Botanical Gazzette, 132 (1971). 133. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 11, Lyon, France. A World Health Organization Publication (WHO), Geneva (1976). 134. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Nickel. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 77- 164 (1977). 135. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Zinc Oxide. Available from National Technical Information Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 246 693 (1975). 136. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Cadmium. Star Series. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. EPA-600/6-75-003. 137. Athanasiadis, Y. C. Preliminary Air Polltuion Survey of Cadmium and Its Compounds: A Literature Review. Prepared by Litton Systems under E-447 ------- Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administra- tion. Available from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. APTD 69-32 (1969). 138. Stahl, Q. R. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Mercury and Its Compounds: A Literature Review. Prepared by Litton Systems under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administra- tion. Available from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protec- tion Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. APTD 69-40 (1969). 139. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Mercury. Avail- able from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 222 223 (1973). 140. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Standards for Protection against Radia- tion. Title 10 Code Federal Regulations Part 20. 141. Voegtlin and Hodge, Eds. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1953). E-448 ------- ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS CHARTS D 1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist TLV . Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in Workroom Air. Adopted by ACGHI for 1976. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist, Cincinnati, OH (1976). 2. Christensen, H. E., Luginbhyl, T. T., Eds. Suspected Carcinogens: A Subfile of the NIOSH Toxic Substance List. Tracor Jitco Inc., Rockville, MD. DHEW Publication NO. (NIOSH) 75-188 (1975). 3. Commerce Clearing House Editorial Staff. Topical Law Reports. Commerce Clearing House Inc., Chicago, IL. 4. Grasselli, J. G., Ritchey, W. M., Eds. Atlas of Spectral Data and Physical Constants for Organic Compounds, Second Edition. Chemical Rubber Co. Press, Inc., Cleveland, OH (1975). 5. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Definitive Rules for Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. 1957 Rules. Parts A, B, C. Butter-worth Scientific Publications, London (1971). 6. Latimer, W. M., Hildebrand, J. H. Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry, Third Edition. The Macmillan Company, New York, NY (1952). 7. Moeller, T. Inorganic Chemistry: An Advanced Textbook. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY (1952). 8. Morrison, R. T., Boyd, R. W. Organic Chemistry, Second Edition. Allyn and Bacon Inc., Boston, MA (1971). 9. Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An Ordering of the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List Based Only on Data Con- tained in the List. Available from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 251 851 (1976). 10. Weast, R. C., Ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th Edition. Chemical Rubber Company Press, Inc., Cleveland, OH (1976). E-449 ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing) . REPORT NO. EPA-600/7-77-136b 2. 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO. «. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment, Volume n. MEG Charts and Background Information 5. REPORT DATE November 1977 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. J. G. Cleland and G. L. Kingsbury 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Research Triangle Institute P.O. Box 12194 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. EHE623A 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO. 68-02-2612, W.A. 10 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS EPA, Office of Research and Development Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND.PERIOD COVERED Task Final; 3-10/77 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE EPA/600/13 IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP task officer for this report is T. Kelly Janes, Mail Drop 61, 919/541-2851. ie. ABSTRACT The report gives results of a study of the derivation of Multimedia Environ- mental Goals (MEG's). MEG's are levels of significant contaminants or degradents (in ambient atr, water, or land, or in emissions or effluents conveyed to the ambient media) that are judged to be: appropriate for preventing certain negative effects in the surrounding populations or ecosystems; or representative of the control limits achievable through technology. In the context of deriving MEG's, Volume I: offers perspective on the broad range of contaminants whose control is vital to both industry and the public; further develops and defines indicators designating contaminants which must be given priority consideration for immediate control and for subsequent rese- arch; brings existing and emerging data together for use in environmental assessment; and explores some basic methodologies which provide the present MEG's, and which also suggest directions for refined methodologies. MEG's are projected for more than 650 pollutants: of these, 216 receive full attention in Volume II. 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group Pollution Environmental Engineering Assessments Pollution Control Multimedia Environ- mental Goals Environmental Assess- ment 13B 05E 14B 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report) Unclassified 21. NO. OF PAGES 451 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thi page) Unclassified 22. PRICE EPA Form 2220O (1-73) E-450 -------



CD A u-s- Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Environmental Research      EPA-600/7-77-1 36b
^B i^ f\ Office of Research and Development  Laboratory                       rv-r^
                      Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 November 1977
             MULTIMEDIA
             ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS
             FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
             Volume II. MEG Charts
             and Background Information
             Interagency
             Energy-Environment
             Research and Development
             Program Report

-------
                       RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
 Research reports of the Office of Research and  Development, U.S.
 Environmental Protection Agency,  have been grouped  into seven series.
 These seven broad categories were established to  facilitate further
 development and application of environmental technology.  Elimination
 of  traditional grouping was consciously planned to  foster technology
 transfer and a maximum interface  in related fields.   The seven series
 are:

     1.  Environmental Health Effects Research
     2.  Environmental Protection Technology
     3*  Ecological Research
     4.  Environmental Monitoring
     5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
     6.  Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports  (STAR)
     7.  Interagency Energy-Environment Research  and  Development

 This report has been assigned to  the INTERAGENCY  ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series.   Reports  in this series result from
 the effort funded under the 17-agehcy Federal Energy/Environment
 Research and Development Program.   These studies  relate to EPA's
mission to protect the public health and welfare  from adverse effects
 of pollutants associated with energy systems.   The  goal of the Program
 is to assure the rapid development of domestic  energy supplies in an
 environmentally—compatible manner by providing the necessary
 environmental data and control technology.  Investigations include
 analyses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health
 and ecological effects;  assessments of,  and development of, control
 technologies for energy systems;  and integrated assessments of a wide
 range of energy-related environmental issues.

                           REVIEW NOTICE

This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal
Agencies, and approved for publication.  Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
 policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names
 or commercial products constitute endorsement  or recommen-
 dation for use.
 This document is available to  the  public  through the National Technical
 Information Service, Springfield,  Virginia  22161.

-------
                                       EPA-600/7-77-136b
                                           November 1977
MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS
  FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
            Volume II. MEG Charts
        and Background  Information
                          by

                    J.G. Cleland and G.L. Kingsbury

                     Research Triangle Institute
                        P.O. Box 12194
                 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
                      Contract No. 68-02-2612
                         W.A. 10
                    Program Element No. EHE623A
                    EPA Task Officer: T. Kelly Janes

                 Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                  Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
                   Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
                        Prepared for

                 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                   Office of Research and Development
                      Washington, D.C. 20460

-------
                  APPENDIX E
MEG Charts and Background Information Summaries
          for 216 Chemical Substances

-------
                              INTRODUCTION
     Consistent with the methodology developed for establishing  Multimedia
Environmental Goals in Sections 3 - 7,  216 chemical  substances are  addressed
in this report.  MEG charts along with  the Background Information Summaries
for these substances are presented in this appendix which Includes  162  organic
compounds and 54 inorganic substances.   The charts and summaries (presented
on facing pages) are arranged in the order that they appear on the  MEG's
master list.  Although all substances on the master list have not yet been
addressed, at least one entry from each major organic category and  from
each inorganic subgroup has been included in the MEG charts.
                                  E-3

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CATEGORY:
               1A
 HETHAHE:  CK4 (marsh gas, methyl hydride).
  A colorless,  odorless, flammable, tasteless gas.
                                                              WIN;     1H
                                                              STRUCTURE;
                                                                       If
                                                                    H-C-H
                                                                       A
                                            760.
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  16.04; mp:  -182.48; bp:   -164
  d:  0.466164 to 0.5547;  soluble; vap. d:   0.6;
  vap. press.:  1 atm at -161.5°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Rural  background concentration In air  is reported as 1.2  to 2.0 ppm {ref.  1).  This is
  equivalent to 780 to 1,000 ug/m3.  Methane does not participate appreciably In photooxidatlon
  reactions.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     No significant physiologic effects are  reported for exposed workers.
     Aquatic toxlcity:  TLm  96:  over 1,000  ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  Classified  as a simple asphyxiant by ACGIH.
  TLVSA • 5,000 ppm or 3,270 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  3.27 x TO6 yg/m3 (5,000 ppm)
  Water, Health:  15 x 3.27 x 106 • 4.9 x  107 ug/i
  Land, Health:
                                                                  A1r,  Ecology:
                                                                  Water, Ecology:  100 x >1,000 • >1.0 x 105
                                                                  Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC
     AH1
                            7-800
  EPCAHla "  S'000/420 • 11-9
  EPCHH1  " 1S * 7'800 " K17
          13'8 x 3>27° "  *'5
                                                                          50 x >1,000 - >50,000
                                               E-4

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MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      1A
METHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.M8/m3
(ppmVol)
Wttar.pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt»
1. Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
-
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity EffhMM
Based on
Hsallh Effects
3.27E6
[5,000)
4.9E7
Baud on
Ecetosicjl
EHwa
>1.0E5
B. Ambimt L«M| Goal*
Band on
Haaltfi Effaett
7,800
(11.9)
45,000
BaMdoo
Ecological
Effeett
>50,000
C. Eliminnim of
Diuhva*



*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. |ic/m3
(ppmVol)
{ppmWt)
Lend, ji 9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heelth Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Healdt Effects
7,800
(11.9)
45,000

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

> 50 ,000

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Beted on Heal* Effects



                               E-5

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CATEGORY: 1A                                                 WtN:
 ETHANE:  C2H6  (bimethyl, methylmethane, dimethyl, ethyl  hydride). STRUCTURE:
  A colorless, flammable, odorless gas.                                  H-C-CH,
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  30; mp:   -172; bp:  -88.6; d:  0.572!108;
  vap. d:   1.04; slightly soluble; vap.  press.:  760 mm at  -88.6°.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Rural  concentration  1n air Is reported as 3.6 ppbc (ref. 1).  This 1s equivalent to 2.2 vg/m3.
  Ethane participates to  a very limited  extent 1n photooxldation  reactions (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     No significant physiologic effects  are reported for exposed workers.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
  TLVSA » 5,000 ppm or 6,122 rag/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  A1r, Health:  6.12 x  106 vg/m3 (5,000 ppra)                    Air,  Ecology:
  Hater, Health:  15  x 6.12 x 106 «  9.2 x 10* pg/i               Water,  Ecology:
  Land, Health:                                               Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 " 1()3 x 6'122/<20 ' U.6°
  EPCAHla " S-000/*20 • U-9 PP™
  EPC«H1 " 1S * 14'600 " 2'2 x ]0*
  EPCHH2 " 13>8 x 6'122 " 8'4 x 1fl
                                                 E-6

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MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    1A
ETHANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(pprn Vol)
Water, fiy/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standard*
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Dewloping Technology
Engineering El timate»
(R&D Goab)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
6.12E6
(5,000)
9.2E7

Bawd on
Ecological
EffecH



B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Baled on
Health Effecu
14,600
(11.9)
84,000

Baud on
Ecatogied
Effect!



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
2.2


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, nt/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.w/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A.Bnedon
Health Effect!



B. Beted on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Heelth Effect!
14,600
(11.9)
84,000

B. Bend on
Ecological Effect!



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Beted on Health Effect*



                               E-7

-------
                                                              WIN;         3H
                                                              STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 1A

PROPANE;   C3Hg (dlmethylmethane).
  A colorless, flammable gas.                                                CH*CH«CH.


PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  44.09; bp:  -42.1;  d:  0.5854'44'5;
  vap.  d:  1.56; slightly soluble; vap. press.:  760 nro at -42.1°.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

     Rural background concentration  1n air 1s reported as 1.4 to 8.4 ppbc (ref. 1).  This
  1s equivalent to 0.84 to S.O ug/m3.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers.
     Aquatic toxlclty:   Tla 96:  over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
  TLV   - 5.000 ppm or 9.000 mg/ro3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  9.00 x 106 ug/m3 (5,000 ppm)
  Mater. Health: 15 x 9.0 x 106 - 1.35 x 108 ug/t
  Land, Health:
                                                             Air, Ecology:
                                                             Water, Ecology:  100 x >1.000 * >1.0x  TO5
                                                             Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!

  EPCAm • 103 x 9,000/420 • 21,400 pg/m3
  EPCAHla " 5«°°0/420 '  n-9 PP"
  EPCWU " 15 * 21«*°° ' 3-2 x 1(j5 >'9/'
  EPCHHZ " 13'8 x 9t00°  " 1>2 x 1()
                                                             EPCWE1 " 50 x >lt000 " >50-000
                                                E-8

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
	 1A
PROPANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
W«tW. M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
MSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effects
9.0E6
(5,000)
1.35E8

Based on
Ecological
Effects

>1.0E5

B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
21 ,400
(11.9)
120,000

Based on
Ecological
Effects

>50,000

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.84-5.0


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. 50, 000

Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutant!

Bawd on Hearth Effects



                                E-9

-------
               1A
                                                               WLN:
                                                               STRUCTURE!
                                                                             4H
                                                                   CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
                                                                       n-butane
CATEGORY:
BUTANES:  C^Q
  •  n-BUTANE:
  •  ISOBUTANE:  (trlmethylmethane, 2-methylpropane).
  Colorless gas; faint disagreeable odor.
PROPERTIES;
  n-butane;  mol. wt:  58,1;  bp:  -0.1; d:  0.599;
  vap.  press:  2 atm at 18.8°; vap. d:  2.046;  soluble.
  Isobutane:  mol. wt.:  58.1; bp:  -0.5; d:  0.557;
  vap.  press:  760 ran at -11.7°; vap. d:  2.01; soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
  Participation 1n photooxldatlon reactions 1s extremely  limited (ref. 3).  Isobutane Is more
  reactive than n-butane and  forms Isobutyl and tertiary  butyl radicals.  Rural  background
  concentration 1s reported as 1.1 to 19.5 ppbc for n-butane  (ref. 1).  This 1s  equivalent
  to 0.65 to 11.5 ug/m .  A level of 0.8 ppb Isobutane Is reported 1n urban atmosphere
    CH3
CHj-CH-CH3
 Isobutane
  (ref.  1).  This Is equivalent to 1.8 ug/m
  5.000  ppn  (ref. 4).
                                             The odor detection limit for butanes  1s
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
  Exposure to high concentrations of butane produces narcosis  (ref. 4).
  LC5g for n-butane (Inhalation, rat):  658 mg/m3 (24 hours).
  Aquatic toxlclty for n-butane:  TLm 96:  > 1,000 pom (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION!
  TLV • 1,400 rag/m  (600 ppm) for n-butane
  Classified  by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  1.40 x 106 ug/m3 (600 ppm)
  Water, Health: 15 x 1.4 x 106 • 2.1 x 107
  Land. Health:
                                                              A1r. Ecology:
                                                              Hater, Ecology:   100 x >1,000 ->1.0 x  105 ug/i
                                                              Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC^,  •  103 x 1.400/420 • 3,450 ug/m3
  ^AHla * 600/420 ' !•« ppai
  EPCV(H1  "  1S x 3'450 " 52-000
  EPCMH2  *  13<8 x 1>4°° * 19>00°
                                                              EPCWE1 * 50 x >1.000 • >50,000
                                                     E-10

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     1A
BUTANES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.ng/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/1
(ppmWt)
Land,jug/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Stenderdt
NSPS, BIT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering EttinutM
(R&D Goalt)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitr Effluant
Beted on
Heetth Effecti
1.4E6
(600)
2.1E7

Bated on
Ecological
Effects

>1.0E5

B. Ambient Lntt God*
BMdon
Hulth Effecti
3,450
(1.43)
19,000

Bated on
Ecological
Effects

>50,000

C. Eliminetionof
Discharge
Netural Background*
0.65-11.5


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.na/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Beted on
Health Effects



B, Beted on
Ecological Effeca



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Beted on
Heel* Effects
3,450
(1.43)
19,000

B. Bewdon
Ecological Effects

> 50 ,000

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Beted on Heehh Effect!



                                E-ll

-------
CATEGORY!
               IB
 CTHYLENE;  CgH4  (ethene)
  A colorless, flanmable gas with sweet odor and taste.
 WLN:        1 Ul
 STRUCTURE;
                    CH
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  28; mp:  -169.4;  bp:  103.9;
  d:  0.610; vap. d.:  0.98; vap.  press.:  760 mm at -103.7;
  slightly soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Rural background concentration 1n air 1s reported as 2.9 to 41.6 ppbe(ref.  1).  This is
  equivalent to  1.7 to 24 pg/m3.  Ethylene participates to a limited extent 1n photooxldatlon
  reactions (ref. 3).
     Ethylene is produced naturally by plants and acts as a plant hormone (ref.  5).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     No significant physiologic properties are reported  for exposed workers.
  Toxlclty to  plants:  Exposure to  0.04 ppm for 3-4 hours  1s reported to cause
  leaf eplnasty  In tomato (ref. 6); exposure to 0.001  ppm  for 1 day has
  resulted 1n  leaf eplnasty 1n African marigold (ref.  7).  Ethylene "Is the
  only hydrocarbon that should have adverse effects on vegetation at ambient
  concentrations of 1 ppm or less."  (ref. 5).   Aquatic  toxldty rating:   TUn 96:
  1,000-100 ppm  (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  Classified by ACGIH as simple asphyxiant.
  TLVSA - 5,000 ppm or 5,710 mg/m3.
  On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical  Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref.  8).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  5.71 x 106 ug/ra3 (5,000 ppm)
  Hater, Health: 15 x 5.7 x 106 • 8.6 x 107 ug/f.
  Land, Health:
A1r. Ecology:  1.00 ug/m
Hater,  Ecology:  100 x 100 -  104 vg/t
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC^,  •  ID3 x 5,710/420 - 13,600
  EPCAHla " 5'000/420
         •  15 x 13,600 • 2.0 x 10  ug/t
  EPCWC •  13.8 x 5,710 - 7.9 x 104 ng/t
EPCAE -0.1 x 1 -0.1 yg/ra3

      « 50 x 100 - 5,000 yg/i
                                                        E-12

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       1B
ETHYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,/jg/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land. MB/8
(ppmWt)
1. BaMd on Bast Technology
A. ExUting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Dtnloping Technology
EnginMring Eitimatn
(R&DOoah)


-
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acut*
Toxldty Effluant
BiMdon
Hialth Effaeu
5.71E6
(5,000)
8.6E7

BaMd on
Ecological
Effactt
1.0EO
1.0E4

B. Ambimt Lanl Goal*
BaMd on
HulthEHtett
13,600
(11*9)
79,000

BaMd on
Ecological
Effactt
0.1
5,000

C. Elimination of
DiMharga
Natural Background*
1.7-24


*To ba multipliad by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
(pji'mVoH

(ppmWt)
Land, ftg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. BaMd on
HaalthEffacn




B. BaMd on
Ecological Effaca




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. BaMd on
Health Effactt
13,600
(11.9)
79,000


B. BaMd on
0.1
5,000


III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Haahh Efhrctj




                               E-13

-------
CATEGORY: IB
PROPYLENE:  CjHg (propane).
  A colorless flammable gas.
                                                             HIM: 2U1
                                                             STRUCTURE;
                                                                        H H
                                                                      H-OC-CH,
PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt.:  42.1; mp:  -185; bp:  -47.7;
  d:   (liquid) 0.581; vap. press.:  10 atm. at 19.8;
  vap.  d.:  1.5; soluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Rural  background levels  1n air are reported as 0.6 to 2.9 ppbc (ref. 1).  This Is equivalent
to 0.34 to  1.7
                     .  Propylene participates substantially In photooxldatlon reactions  (ref. 3).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     No significant physiologic properties are reported for exposed workers.
     Toxldty to plants:  Exposure to 50 ppm for 48 hours produces eplnasty In tomato petiole; 72 hour
  exposure to 1,000 ppm causes  declination In sweet pea seedlings (ref.  3). 50 ppm Is equivalent to
  86,000 vg/m3.
     High concentrations of propylene In water tend to Increase the biological oxygen demand.
     Aquatic toxldty rating:  TLm 96:  over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     Classified by AC6IH as simple  asphyxiant.
     TLV-j • 5,000 ppm. This 1s  equivalent to 8,600 mg/m .
     Water criteria for total dissolved gases applies.

 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
     Air. Health:   8.6 x 106 wg/m3 (5.000 ppm)       Air. Ecology:   86.000 x  48/24 - 1.7 x 105 yg/«3
     Water, Health: IS x 8.6 x 10S  - 1.3 x 107 ug/i   Water, Ecology:  100  x  J.OOO •  105 ug/i
     Land, Health:                                   Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC,
EPC
        'AH1
        'AHla
              10* x 8.600/420 - 20,000 ug/l
     EPCWH1 ' 1S x 20,000 • 3 x 10  uJ/1
     EPCWH2 ' 13'8 X 8<60° " K2 X 10  M9/t
                                                  EPCA£ • 0.1 x 86.000 x  2 • 1.7 x 104 ug/m3
                                                          50 x.>1,000 -  >50.000
                                            E-H

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
IB

PROPYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. Aig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, w/g
(ppmWt)
1, Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



S. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Beeedon
Health Effects
8.6E6
(5,000)
1.3E7

Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.7E5
>1.0E5

B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effort.
20,000
(11.9)
120,000

Based on
Ecological
Effect!
17,000
>50,000

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.34-1.7


•To be multiplied fay dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jis/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, 119/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
20,000
(11.9)


B. Based on
Ecological Effects
17,000
>50,000

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Based on Health Effects



                               E-15

-------
CATEGORY:
              1C
ACETYLENE;   CgHg (ethyne, ethine).
  A colorless, flammable gas with garlic odor.
                                                               WLN:

                                                               STRUCTURE:
                                                                            HC s CH
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  26.04; mp:  -81.8; bp: -84.0;  d:  0.6181^32;
  vap. press.:  40 atm at 16.8-C; vap. d:  0.91; slightly soluble.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Rural  concentration 1n air Is reported as  0.9 to 11.4 ppbc (ref.  1).  This 1s
  equivalent to 0.48 to 6.0 pg/m3.  Acetylene participates to a very  United extent
  1n photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     No significant physiologic  properties are  reported for exposed workers.
  Toxiclty to  plants—exposure to 50 ppm for 48 hours causes eplnasty In tomato petiole;
  exposure to  250 ppm for 72 hours causes declination In sweet pea seedlings (ref.  3).
  50 ppm is equivalent to S3 mg/m .
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  Acetylene  1s classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
  TLVSA - 5,000 ppm or 5,300 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  5.31 x 106 ug/m3 (5.000 ppm)
  Water.  Health:  15 x 5.31 x 106 - 8.0 x 107  ug/t
  Land, Health:
                                                             Air, Ecology: 53,000 x 2 » 1.06 x 105  ug/m3 (100 pom)
                                                             Water, Ecology:
                                                             Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC    • 103 x 5,300/420 •  12,600 wg/m3
EPC
     AH1
     AH1a
                     " H-9  ppm
  EPCVH1 ' 15 x 12,600 » 1.9 x 10  ug/t
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 5<30° ' 7'3 x 10*
                                                           EPCAE • 0.1  x  53,000 x 2 • 10,600 ug/w3 (10 ppm)
                                                      E-16

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        1C
ACETYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air.jio/m3
(ppmVol)

Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Baead on Bait Technology
A. Exiiting Standirdi
NSPS. BIT, BAT






B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatet
(R&O Goili)






II. Band on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Haalth Effect!
5.31E6
(5,000)
8.0E7



Bawd on
Ecological
Effacti
1 . 06E5
(100)




B. Ambient Level Goal*
BtMdon
Heal in Effects
12,600
(11.9)
73,000



Bated on
Ecoloalol
Effect!
10,600
(10)




C. Elimination of
DiKharg*
Natural BadtgnNind*






*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.MQ/m3
(ppmVol)
Watw.MD/l
(ppmWt)
Land. Mg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Propoaed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A.B*Mdan
Health Effecn



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
, P0nnis$JbM Conoontr&tion
A. BtMdon
Hetlth Effacti
12,600
(11.9)
73,000

B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
10,600
(10)


Ml. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Band on Haalth Effecn



                                   E-17

-------
CATEGORY:   2A                                                  *U*-   Gl
METHYL CHLORIDE:  CHjCl (chloromethane).                          STRUCTURE;
  A colorless, poisonous gas.                                            .,
                                                                        I
                                                                     H-C-C1
PROPERTIES;                                                             |
  Molecular wt:  50.49; mp:  -97.73; bp:   -24.2;                          H
  d:  0.91594 ; vap. d:  1.78; vap.  press:   5 atmospheres
  at 22" C; slightly soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     The concentration of methyl chloride  1n rural atmosphere 1s reported as
  530 ppt (ref. 1).  This Is equivalent to 0.530 ppb or 1.09 ug/m3.   The odor
  recognition level for methyl chloride 1s 22.5 mg/m3 (ref. 3).
     Methyl chloride may be explosive In air 1n range of 10.7 to 17.2 percent
  by volume  (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     Methyl chloride  as well as Us metabolites, methanol and hydrochloric acid,
  are toxic to animals and humans.  Severe poisoning results In  effects to the
  central nervous  system and other effects upon the liver, kidneys, and bone
  marrow (ref.  9).  Concentrations below  30 ppm (average time-weighed exposure)
  appear to have no effect on exposed workers (ref. 4).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  1,800 nig/kg.
     LDLj> (Inhalation, rat):  6,500 mg/m3.
     Aquatic toxiclty:  Tim 96:  over 1,000 ppm (ref.  2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV • 210  mg/m3 (100 ppm).
     Chlorinated  hydrocarbons are under consideration for addition to the list of
  compounds for Toxic Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
     On EPA Consent Decree Priority II  List.
     Candidate  for Second Priority Chemical  List of the Chemical Industry.  Institute  of Toxicology (ref.  11).

MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  2.1 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)              A1r,  Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 2.1 x 105 • 3.2  x 106 ug/i      Water,  Ecology:  100 x >1,000 • >1.0  x  105 ug/i
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 3.2 x 106 • 6.4 x 103 wg/g    Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 105- 200  ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
  EPCAH1  -  103 x 210/420 - 500 ug/m3
  EPCAHla •  100/420 • 0.24 ppm
  EPCMH1  •  15 x 500 « 7,500 vg/t                 EPC,^ • 50 x  >1,000 - >50,000 ug/i
  EPCWH2  "  13>8 * Z1° ' Zl90° H9/t
  EPCLH " °-°°2 x Z%90° " 5>8 u9/g               EPCLE " °-002  x 50'000 ' 10° "9/9
                                                        E-18

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
	2A
 METHYL CHLORIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air. /ig/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ji a/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)





II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Baud on
Hearth Effects
2.1E5
(100)
3.2E6

6.4E3

Based on
Ecological
Effects

>1.0E5

2.0E2

B. Ambient Lend Goal*
Bawd on
Heal* Effects
500
(0.24;
2,900

5.8

Based on
Ecological
Effects

50,000

100

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mfl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Mi/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
500
(0.24)
2,900
5.8
B. Sand on
Ecological Effects

> 50, 000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-19

-------
CATEGORY:
               2A
                                                                         GIG
                                                                STRUCTURE:
                                                                          ci-c-ci
                                                                              I
                                                                              H
HETHYLENE CHLORIDE:  CH2C12 (dfchloromethane,  methylene
  bichloride).
  A colorless liquid.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   84.94; mp:  -95.1; bp:  40; d:   1.3266^°;
  vap. press:  400 mm  at  24.1° C; vap. d:  2.93; soluble In about
  50 parts water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     The concentration of dlchloromethane In rural  atmosphere 1s reported as 3.0 ppt  (ref. 1).  This Is
  equivalent to 0.003  ppb or 0.01 wg/m.  The odor threshold ranges from 25 to 50 ppm (ref. 9).
     Olchloromethane 1s permitted as an additive to food for human consumption by the Food and Drug
  Administration (ref. 12).  Its principle use 1s as a solvent 1n food processing.
     Methylene chloride has been Identified 1n samples from public drinking water supplies 1n
  concentrations of <  5.0 ug/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Methylene chloride 1s probably the least toxic of the  chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents  (ref. 4).  The
   primary effect of exposure  via Inhalation Is temporary  narcosis; 1t 1s, however, dangerous to the eyes
   (ref. 9).  Severe poisoning has resulted from exposure  to very high concentrations (several thousand ppm).
   Exposure to 500 ppm for 8 hours via Inhalation 1s reported to result In toxic effects  to the blood of a
   human; exposure to 500 ppm  for 1 yr has resulted In effects to the central nervous system  (ref. 2).  Tests  on
   nearly 2,000 animals at levels as high as 3,500 ppm show  dlchloromethane to be relatively  Innocuous, and did
   not Indicate any carcinogenic response (ref. 14).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  2,136 mg/kg.
     LC.   (Inhalation, guinea pig):  5,000 ppm/2 hr.
     Aquatic toxidty:  TLm 96:  1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     Methylene chloride Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document.  Recommendation  for occupational exposure Is
  75 ppm, time-weighted average, with a peak concentration of 500 ppm (ref.  15).   75  ppm Is equivalent to
  approximately 260 mg/m .
     TLV » 720 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
     On EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 2.
     On Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Priority 1 List (ref. 8).
     Chlorinated hydrocarbons are under consideration  for addition to the 11st of  compounds for Toxic Effluent
  Standards (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOX1CITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:  2.60 x 105 ug/m3  (75 ppm)
  Water, Health:  15 x 2.60 x 105 * 3.9 x 106 ug/i
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.9 x 106 • 7.8 x 103 ug/g
                                                      A1r,  Ecology:
                                                      Mater, Ecology:  100 x 100 -  1.0  x  10* vg/t
                                                      Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 10  • 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC
     'AH1
           103 x
               260/420 -619
EPCyH1  • 15 x 619  •  9.180 ug/i
EPCyH1  • 13.8 x 260  • 3,590 ug/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 3.590 -7.2 ug/g
                                                      EPCME1 « 50 x 100 - 5,000

                                                      EPCLE - 0.002 x 5,000 • 10 ug/g
                                            E-20

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                            2A
GOALS METHYLENE CHLORIDE

Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineenng Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BaMd on
Health Effects
2.6E5
(75)
3.9E6
7.8E3
Band on
Ecological
EffecH
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
619
3,590
7.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5000
10
C. Elimination of
Dischargs
Natural Background*
0.01
<5 t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air.jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
619
3,590
7.2

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!




t  Public drinking water.
                                 E-21

-------
CATEGORY:    28
VINYL CHLORIDE:   CH2CHC1  (chloroethene, chloroethylene).
  A colorless liquid or gas.
                                                                 WLN:    G1U1
                                                                 STRUCTURE:
                                                                         w
                                                                                  ,C1
                                                                                \
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   62.50;  mp:   -153.8; bp:  -13.~37; d:  0.9106J5;
  vap. d:  2.15; vap.  press:   2,600 mm at 25° C; slightly soluble;
  flammable.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Chloroethene polymerizes 1n  light or In presence of a catalyst.  Chloroethene releases
  phosgene and hydrogen chloride  when heated to decomposition.
     The concentration of chloroethene In rural atmosphere Is reported as < 5 ppt (ref. 1).
  This 1s equivalent to < 0.005 ppb or < 0.013 ug/m .
     Vinyl chloride has been  Identified In samples of public drinking water supplies 1n
  concentrations of 10 ug/t (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Chloroethene acts as an anesthetic at high concentrations.  There Is a wide margin between the anesthetic
   and lethal concentrations (ref.  4).  Circulatory and bone changes 1n the fingertips of workers handling
   chloroethene are reported (ref.  9).  Chloroethene has been associated with a rare form of liver cancer.
      Chloroethene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number  1s
   7323.  The carcinogenic responses resulted from exposure via  Inhalation; the lowest dosage reported  Is
   250 ppm administered for 4 hr/day for 260 days to a rat.  Assuming total absorption of material  In the
   air breathed, breathing volume of 0.73 t/mln and weight of rat as 0.113 kg (ref. 3), the dosage corre-
   sponds to 25.6 g/kg.  The adjusted ordering number calculated using this number 1s extremely small.  Since
   cancer In humans has been associated with chloroethene, further  study Is warranted for determining a
   permissible concentration.
      Aquatic toxlclty:  TLm 96:   over 1.000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV • 510 mg/m3 (200 ppm).   (Vinyl chloride Is classified by ACGIH as a human carcinogen.
  Reassignment of TLV 1s pending further data acquisition.)
     National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Include standards of emissions  of vinyl
  chloride from vinyl chloride manufacturers or poly vinyl  chloride manufacturers (ref.  16).
     OSHA Standard for Exposure  to Vinyl Chloride:  1 ppm  8  hr/day time-weighted exposure (ref.  17).
  1 ppm 1s equivalent to 2.55 mg/nH.
     NIOSH recommended standard  for occupational exposure  1n polymerization facilities  1s to  eliminate
  exposure at detectable levels  (ref.  18).  EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  2.55 x 103 ug/m3
  Water, Health:  15 x 2.55x  103 • 3.8 x 104 ug/t
  Land, Health:  0.002X 3.8 x 104 • 76 tig/l
                                                           A1r,  Ecology:
                                                           Mater, Ecology: 100 x   1,000 «  1.0 x 105 «g/l
                                                           Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 10s « 200 wg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC.
         • 103 x 510/420 - 1,200 wg/m3
  EPC
     'AHla
            200/420 • 0.5 ppm
  EPCUH1 • 15 x 1,200 • 18.000 ug/t
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 51° * 7%04° "9/Z
  EPC   • 0.002 x 7.038 • 14 ug/g
  EPC
     LH
  EPC
     AC1
            l)  x 2.55/420 • 6
     AC1a • 1/420 « 0.002 ppm
        • 15 x 6 •  90 ug/t
        • O.OOZ x 90 • 0.2 ;,g/g
                                                           EPCWE1 "  50 x  >1'000 " >50,000

                                                           EPCL£ - 0.002  x 50,000 • 100 wg/g
                                                        E-22

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
2B
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiting Stindirdi
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goal!)



II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acuta
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effect!
2.55E3
3.8E4
7.6E1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!

>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Law! Goal'
Bnedon
Health Effects
6
(0.002)
90
0.2
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!

>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Diieharga
Natural Background*
<0.01
<10 t

•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Mr.itglm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/fl
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effacn
1,200
(0.5)
7,040
14
B. Brad on
Ecological Effect!

> 50, 000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bend on Health Effeco
6
(0.002)
90
0.2
 t  Public  drinking water.
                                 E-23

-------
CATEGORY:     3

1.4-OIOXANE:   C4Hg02  (1,4-dlethylene  dioxide).
  A colorless, flammable liquid with  a  faint odor.
PROPERTIES;
                                        750.
      WIN!    T60 OOTJ
      STRUCTURE:
                                                                   H,
                 CH,
                                                                      V
  Molecular wt:  88.10; mp:  11; bp:  10l'3U; d:  1.030;
  vap. press:  40 mm at 25.2; mlsclble with water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     All ethers tend to form explosive peroxides.
     The odor-recognition  level for 1,4-dloxane  Is reported as 620 mg/m  (ref.  3).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      High concentrations of dloxane vapor produce eye, nose,  and  lung Irritation,  and cause severe damage to
   kidneys and  liver.  A human death has been reported resulting from one week exposure to an average concentration
   of 470 ppm of dloxane vapors  (ref. 4).  Exposure to 5,500 ppm for 1 minute caused  eye effects (ref. 2).
   Dloxane may  be absorbed through the sMn.
      L05(J (oral, rat):  7,120 mg/kg.
      Dloxane appears 1n the NIOSH Suspected  Carcinogens List.  The ordering number Is 4111.  The lowest dose to
   Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 416 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering  number 1$ 0.01.
      Aquatic toxldty:  TLm 96:  1,000 - 100 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

      TLV = 180 rag/m3 (50 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r, Health:  1.80 x 105 ug/m3  (50 ppra)
   Water. Health:   15 x 1.80 x 105 « 2.7 x 106 pg/i
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.7 x 106 • 5.4 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:  100 x 100 « 1.0 x  104 yg/t
Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 20 pg/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAH1  • 103  x  180/420 • 428 ug/m3
   EPCAHU • 50/420 -0.12 ffi"
   EPCym  • 15 x 428 • 6,420 ug/l
   EPCWH2  " 13'8 x 18° " 2f48° u9/t
        • 0.002 x 2,480 • 5 ug/g
          EPCME, » 50 x 100 • 5,000  ug/i

          EPCLE - 0.002 x 5,000 =  10 ug/g
                                            E-24

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
V»UAU> 1,4-DIOXANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ua/m3
{ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, 119/3
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
•
II. Based on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.80E5
(50)
2.7E6
5.4E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lenl Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
428
(0.12)
2,480
5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air./iU/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmVVt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
428
(0.12)
2,480
5
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant-
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-25

-------
CATEGORY:   4                                                  WLN:     G202G

2.2'-DICHLORODIETHYL ETHER;  C4H8C120  (b1s-2-chloroethyl  ether).   8TRUCTUREi
  A colorless, clear liquid with a pungent odor.
                                                                     C1-CH2-CH2-0-CH2-CH2-C1
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   143.02; mp:  -51.7;  bp:   178; d:  1.2199;
  vap. press:   1.4 mm at 25; Insoluble; vap. d:  4.93.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     All ethers tend to form explosive peroxides.  The odor of 2,2'-d1ch]orod1ethyl  ether 1s easily detected
  at concentrations of 35 ppm (ref. 9).
     B1s(2-chloroethyl)ether has been Identified 1n samples from  public drinking water supplies
  1n concentrations of 0.42 ug/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      2,2'-Dichlorod1ethyl ether acts as an Irritant to eyes  and upper respiratory tract and affects the
   kidneys and liver In varying degrees.  It Is absorbed through the skin (refs.  9, 19).  Concentrations
   of 35 ppm are nearly free  of Irritative effects (ref. 9).
      L050 (oral, rat):  75 mg/kg.
      LCL  (Inhalation, rat):  1,000 ppra/45 mln.
      2,2'-Dich1orod1ethyl ether appears 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.   The ordering number Is 3111.
   The lowest dose to Induce  a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 33 gin/kg.   The adjusted ordering nunter 1s 0.09.
      Aquatic toxldty:  TLm  96:  1,000 - 100 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV = 30 mg/m3 (5 ppai).
     EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  3.0 x 104  ug/m3 (5 ppm)
  Water, Health:  15 x 3.0 x  104 - 4.5 x 105 ug/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.5  x 105 • 900 ug/t
                                                       Air, Ecology:
                                                       Water, Ecology:   100  x  100 - 1.0 x 104
                                                       Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 104 • 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC
  EPC
     'AH1
     'AHla
         10J x 30/420 • 71 ug/nr
        • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm
         15  x 71 •  1,070 ug/i
EPCWH2 ' 13>8 x 30  " 414 U9/'
EPCLH • 0.002 x 414 • 0.8 ug/g
                                                          EPCHE1 • 50 x 100 • 5,000 ug/t

                                                          EPCU • 0.002 x 5.000 • 10
                                                      E-26

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
bii v irvx^nf TIUII i «u
GOALS

Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)

2, 2'-DIC
HLORODItETflYL ETHTR
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E4
(5)
4.5E5
9.0E2
Bared on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Backyound*
<0.4t
*To b« multiplied by dilution factor

Air,/aa/m3
(ppm Vol)
Wattr, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Btsedon
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



  tPublic drinking water.
                                  E-27

-------
CATEGORY:
               5A
HETHANOL:  CH40 (methyl  alcohol, wood alcohol, carblnol).
  A colorless, flammable, mobile liquid.
                                                              WUN:     Ql
                                                              STRUCTURE;
                                                                       CH3OH
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  32.04;  bp:  '64.96; mp:  -97.8; d:  0.7914 g/ml;
  vap. press:  160 ran at 59.4°; rrriscible with water; vap.  d:   1.11.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Hethanol Is a product of the destructive distillation of wood.  Methanol may be formed by the reaction
  of carbon monoxide and hydrogen In the presence of catalysts.   Rural concentration 1n  air 1s reported as
   1.2 ppb (ref. 1).
   to be as low as 4.
   permitted 1n foods for human consumption (ref. 9).
                   This  1s equivalent to 1.6 ug/m .   The odor recognition level  for methanol 1s reported
to be as low as 4.8 mg/m (ref. 3).  Methanol Is a common air contaminant.   It  1s used as a food additive
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Methanol possesses narcotic properties and 1s an Irritant to the mucous membranes.   It  Is considered
   a  cumulative poison due to the low  rate of excretion once  1t 1s absorbed.   In the body, methanol Is oxidized
   to formaldehyde and formic acid;  both these metabolites  are toxic.  Methanol mainly affects the nervous
   system, particularly the optic nerve.  Severe exposures  may eventually cause death or blindness (ref. 9).
     Methanol Is absorbed through the skin.  The lowest lethal oral dose for humans 1s listed as 340 mg/kg.
   Ingestion of 100 mg/kg by humans  has resulted in effects to the eyes; inhalation of 300 ppm has resulted
   In effects to the central nervous system (ref. 2).  The  biological half-life for methanol  1s reported as
   0.289 days or about 7 hours (ref. 20).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  13 g/kg.
     LCgg (inhalation, monkey):   1,000 ppm.
     Aquatic toxicity:  TLm 96 (ref.  2):  over 1,000 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV • 260 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
     Methanol Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document; recommended standard Is  200 ppm with a
   ceiling of 800 ppm (ref. 21).
     Listed on Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical  Industry Institute of  Toxicology  (ref. 11).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  2.6 x 105 ug/m3
  Water, Health:  15 x 2.6 x 105 •  3.9 x 106 ug/i
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.9 x 106  •  7.8 x 103 ug/g
                                                             A1r, Ecology:
                                                             Water, Ecology:   100 x  >1,000 • >1.0 x 105 pg/i
                                                             Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 10  • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC
  EPC
   •AH1
   'AH la
 10J x 260/420  "619
• 200/420 •  0.5 ppm
 IS x 619 •  9.300 ug/t
 13.8 x 260  • 3.600 ug
EPCWH1
EPCWH2
CPCLH • 0.002  x  3,600 •  7.2 ug/g
                                                               EPCHE1 « 50 x >1.000 • >50.000 wg/l

                                                               EPCLE • 0.002 x  50,000  •  100 ug/g
                                                         E-28

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
	  75A
METHANOL

Air, po/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, itgft
(ppmWt)
Land,Mfl/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. ExIitingStaitdardl
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eithnatn
(R&D Goali)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxkity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.6E5
3.9E6
7.8E3
Baud on
Ecological
Effecti

>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baaed on
Health Effect!
619
(0.5)
3,600
7.2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effecti

>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Ditch at ge
Natural Background*
1.6


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Witer.pd/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bwdon
Health Effacti



B. B*Mdon
Ecological Effecti



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effecti
619
(0.5)
3,600
7.2
B, Bawd on
Ecological Effecti

>50,000
TOO
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effect!



                              E-29

-------
CATEGORY:
    5A
WLN:    QZ
STRUCTURE:
                                                             CH3CH2OH
ETHANOL!  C2HgO (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol).
  A clear, flammable, colorless, fragrant liquid with a
  burning taste.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  46.07;  bp:  78.5; mp:  -116; d:   0.7893;
  vap. press:  275 mm at 54.8°; completely mlsdble with water;
  vap. d:  1.59.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Ethyl alcohol Is produced  commercially by the fermentation of grains or molasses.
   Ingestlon causes an Inebriating effect.
     Rural concentration 1n air Is reported as 1.2 ppb (ref.  1).  This 1s equivalent to 2.25 ug/m •
     The odor recognition level  for ethanol 1n air 1s 21-93 rng/m  (ref. 3).
     Ethanol has been Identified In samples from public water supplies 1n concentrations of 5 vg/t (ref.  13).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Ethyl alcohol Is rapidly oxidized In the body, mainly to  carbon dioxide and water.  Cumulative effects do not
   occur, but repeated Ingestlon can lead to chronic alcoholism.  Exposure to concentrations over 1,000 ppm may
   cause headaches, Irritation to upper respiratory tract and eyes, and drowsiness and Inability to concentrate
   (ref. 9).  The lowest lethal dose reported for humans 1s 2,000 mg/kg.  The lowest toxic dose reported Is
   50 mg/kg (ref. 2).  The biological half-life for ethanol Is  reported as 10 hours (ref. 22).
      L050 (oral, rat):  13.7 g/kg (ref. 9).
      Carcinogenic effects In mice have been observed as a result of Urge doses.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
   is 3112.  The lowest dose resulting 1n a carcinogenic effect Is 100 gm/kg.  The adjusted ordering number 1s
   0.03.  The compound 1s not considered a highly active carcinogen.
      Aquatic toxiclty:  Tim 96:  >1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV * 1,900 mg/m  (1,000 ppm) (based primarily on Irritative rather than toxic properties).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  Air, Health:  1.9 x 106 ug/m3                       A1r,  Ecology:
  Water. Health:  15 x 1.9 x 106 - 2.9 x 107 ug/i      Water,  Ecology:  100 x >1,000 » >1.0 x 105 wg/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.9 x 107 • 5.8 x 10* ug/g    Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0  x 105 • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
     •AH1
10J x 1,900/420  • 4,520 ug/mj
  EPCAHU • 1.000/420 • 2.4 ppm
  EPCWH1 * ^ x 4,520 • 68.000 ug/t
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 1>90° "  26>00° "9/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 26,000 * 52 ug/g
                                           EPCWE1 • 50 x >1,000 •  >50,000 ug/

                                           EPCLE • 0.002 x 50,000  •  loo ug/g
                                                      E-30

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      5 A
ETHANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,/ig/m3
(ppmVol)
Hater. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fjg/g
(pptn Wtl
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimates
(R&D Godt)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effect!
1.9E6
2.9E7
5.8E4
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!

>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Le«el Goal"
Bated on
Health Effect.
4,520
(2.4)
26.00C
52
Band on
Ecological
Effects

>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Ditch arm
Natural Background*
2.25
<5t

•To IN multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. M9/m3
(ppmVoO
Water, MO/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bind on
Health Effect!



B. BaMdon
Ecological Effectt



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. BlMdon
Health Effeeti
4,520
(2.4)
26,000
52
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!

>50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Hearth Effacu



   tPublic drinking water.
                                   E-31

-------
CATEGORY:
1-PROPANOL:
               5A
                  (n-propyl alcohol, 1-hydroxypropane).
WLN:   Q3
STRUCTURE:
  A colorless, volatile liquid.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  60.09;  bp:  97.1;mp:  -126.1;
  d:  0.8044; vap.  press.:  198 nm (65.94° C); very
  soluble 1n water; vap. d:  2.08.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     In Industrial  areas,  ambient concentration  of 1-propanol Is reported as 61.8 ppm,  or  152 mg/m3 (ref. 1).
     Propanol 1s not used  as extensively as other alcohols; uses Include solvents, synthetic resins,
  laquers, cleaners, and Pharmaceuticals (ref. 23).
     Propanol has been Identified 1n samples from public drinking water supplies at a concentration of
  1.0 vg/t (ref. 13).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      1-Propanol 1s slightly more  toxic than 2-propanol, which Is not considered an Important toxic
   hazard (ref. 9).  The principal action of 1-propanol Is that of a mild narcotic (ref. 4).   Depressant
   action 1s  similar to ethyl alcohol  (ref. 24).
      Ingestlon of 5,700 mg/kg of  1-propanol resulted  1n death for a human  (ref. 2).
      LD50(oral, rat):  1,870 mg/kg.
      LCLo(1nhalat1on, rat):  4,000  ppm/4 hr.
      The compound has produced carcinogenic effects 1n rats at very high dosages.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering
   number Is  4112.  The lowest dosage  to produce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 6 g/kg.   The adjusted
   ordering number Is 0.7.  Propanol Is not considered a highly active carcinogen.
      Aquatic toxlclty:  TLm 96:   1.000-100 ppm (ref.  2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV =  500 mg/m3 (200 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
   A1r. Health:  5.0 x 105 ug/m3 (200  ppm)
   Water,  Health:  15 x 5.0 x 105 •  7.5 x 106 vg/t
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 7.5 x 106  •  1.5 x 10* ug/g
                                                              Air, Ecology:
                                                              Water, Ecology:
               100 x 100 • 1.0 x 10* vg/t
                                                              Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 10  * 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC^  - 103  x  500/420 • 1,200 ug/m3
  EPCAHla " 200/42° • 0-5 ppm
  EPC^  • 15 x 1,200 - 18,000 vg/t
  EPCWH2  * 13'8 x 50° * 6*900 M9/£
       - 0.002 x 6.900 • 13.8 ug/g
                                                                        50 x  100 " 5,000 ug/i

                                                               EPCL£ • 0.002  x  5,000 « 10 ug/g
                                                   E-32

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                          	_5A
                          1-PROPANOL




Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
. Land, JJO/B
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effects
5.0E5
7.5E6
1.5E4

Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E4
2.0E1

B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,200
(0.5)
6,900
13.8

Based on
Ecological
Effects

5,000
10

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
152,000
(61.8)t
"


•To be multiplied fay dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MJ/I
(ppmWt)
Und,^g/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1,200
(0.5)
6,900
13.8
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Based on MM!* Effecft



  tValire is  reported for industrial areas.
  ^Public drinking water.
No rural concentration is reported.
                                 E-33

-------
CATEGORY:    5A
n-BUTANOL:  Cfl^Q (butyl alcohol).
  A colorless, volatile liquid.
                                                               WLN:    Q4
                                                               STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  74.12; mp;  -79.9;  bp:  117.7;
  d:  .aiogjg; vap. d:  2.56; vap. press.:  6.5 urn at 25°;
  solubility:  7.7 percent 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
                                                                        CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

                                                                          1-Butanol
     The rural concentration for 1-butanol 1s reported as 126 ppb (ref. 1).   This Is equivalent to
  381 wg/m .  The odor recognition level for 1-butanol Is reported as 33 mg/m3  (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Due to low volatility, few cases of poisoning In  Industry have been reported.  Toxic effects
  of n-butanol include eye irritation with comeal inflammation, slight headache and dizziness,
  slight Irritation of nose and throat, and dermatitis on fingers (ref. 9).  No narcotic or
  irritative effects are anticipated at 100 ppm (302 mg/m3) (ref. 4),  although Inhalation by
  humans at 25 ppm (76 mg/m3)  has  been reported to cause Irritative effects (ref. 2).
     LOSO (oral, rat):  790 mg/kg.
     LC50 (Inhalation, rat):   78,000 ppm for 4 hours (ref. 4).
     Aquatic toxiclty:  TLm 96:  over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV « 150mg/m3 (50 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:   1.50 x  105 ug/m3 (50 ppm)
 Hater, Health:   15 x  1.5 x 105 • 2.25 x  101
 Land, Health:  0.002  x 2.25 x 106 • 4.5  x  103 ug/g
                                                             A1r, Ecology:
                                                             Water, Ecology:  100 x >1,000 -:>l.o  x 105 ug/i
                                                             Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 pg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPC
 EPC
   •AH1
   'AHla
 103  x  150/420 • 357 ug/m3
• 50/420 - 0.12 ppm
 EPCHH1  •  15 x 357 • 5.400 ug/t
 EPCWH2  "  13'8 x 15° " 2t07°
 EPCLH - 0.002 x 2,070 » 4 ug/g
                                                                      50 x  >1,000 • >50,000 vg/t

                                                             EPCLE - 0.002  x 50,000 • 100 ug/g
                                                      E-34

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       5A
n-BUTANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,;ig/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/8
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.50E5
(50)
2.25E6
4.5E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects

>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on I Based on
Heal* Effect, **J-
357
(0.12)
2,070
4

>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background"
381


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Lend, jig/a
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
357
(0.12)
2,070
4
B. Based en
Ecological Effects


>50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects




                               E-35

-------
CATEGORY;     5A                                               WIN:
 ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL:  C4H1Q0  (2-methyl-l-propanol,  isobutanol).      STRUCTURE:
  A clear, sweet-smelling  liquid.
                                                                             CH3CHCH2OH
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  74.12;  bp:  108.3; fp:  -108;
  d:  0.8032|°; vap. d:   2.56; vap. press.:  12.2 urn
  at 25°; solubility:  10 percent in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Isobutyl alcohol has a  higher vapor pressure than 1-butanol; hence,
  under  similar conditions,  higher concentrations of Isobutyl alcohol
  will be encountered (ref  23).
          2-Hethyl-1-propanol
          (Isobutyl alcohol)
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Isobutyl alcohol 1s considered more toxic than  1-butanol (ref.  4).   It may be a skin  Irritant
   (ref.  23).  Effects of exposure to high air concentrations have caused  eye and throat Irritation,
   loss of appetite and weight,  and corneal effects  (ref. 23).  It acts as a narcotic in high
   concentrations  (ref. 24).
      LD5Q (oral,  rat):  2,460 mg/kg.
      LCLo (inna1ation» rat):  8,000 ppm for 4 hours.
      Isobutyl alcohol has produced carcinogenic effects 1n rats at very high dosages. The  EPA/NIOSH
   ordering number is 4112. The lowest dose to produce carcinogenic effects Is 9 g/kg.  The adjusted
   ordering number is 0.5.  The  compound 1s not considered a highly active carcinogen.
      Aquatic toxicity:  TLm 96:  1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV - 150 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r.  Health:  1.50 x 105 ug/m3  (50 ppm)
   Hater, Health:  15 x 1.5 x 105  - 2.25 x 106 vg/t
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.25 x 106 - 4.5 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water,  Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
                                                                         100 x 100 • 1.0 x 10*
                                                                         0.002 x 1.0 x 104 « 20 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAH1 « 103 x 150/420
   EPC
     'AH! a
• 150/420
 15 x 357
     357 ug/m
0.12 ppm
5,400 vg/t
• 2,070
  EPCHH2 " 13>8 x 1
  EPC1U • 0.002 x 2,070 • 4  ug/g
    ••LH
EPCyE1  » 50 x  100 * 5,000 ug/t

EPCLE * 0.002  x 5,000 « 10 ug/g
                                            E-36

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              5A
iSOBUTYL ALCOHOL

Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. vtl\
(ppm Wt)
Lmd.fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bawd on Beit Technology
A. E xiiting Standardi
NSPS. BIT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimatei
(R&D Go«l«l



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects
1.50E5
(50)
2.25E6
4.5E3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!

1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect*
357
(0.12)
2,070
4
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!

5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Ditcharge
Natural Background*



•To b» multiplied by dilution factor

Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL COALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effectt



B. Bnedon
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
357
(0.12)
2,070
4
B. Beted on
Ecological Effecu

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Heal* ENaeni



                              E-37

-------
CATEGORY:     5A
 PENTANOLS. primary:  C5H120  (amyl alcohols).

  n-Pentanol:  clear liquid, mild characteristic odor.
  2-Methyl-l-butanol:  liquid.
  2,2 -01methyl-1-propanol:  volatile crystals, peppermint odor.
  3-Methyl-l-butanol:  liquid; characteristic, disagreeable odor;
  repulsive taste; poisonous vapors.
PROPERTIES:
   l-pentanol
  2-methyl-l-butanol
  2,2-dlmethyl-1-propanol
  3-methyl-1-butanol

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Amy! alcohols are present in fusel oils.

     Pentanol has been found in samples from public drinking

  water supplies at concentrations of 1.0 vg/l (ref. 13).
molecular wt. bp
88.
88.
88.
88.
Ib
15
15
15
137. 1
128
114
132
i ^9
53
-117.2
0.
0.
0.
0.
d
515
816
812
813
solubility
slightly
slightly
slightly
slightly
vap.
1 mm
16 mn
1 mm
press.
at 13.6°
« at 20°
at 10°
vap.d
~3tt54~
3.00
3.04
                                                                                           WLN/STRUCTURE:
                                                                                           Q5/CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

                                                                                               n-Pentanol ,
                                                                                              (amyl alcohol)

                                                                                              CH3CH2CH CH2OH
                                                                                           QlY2/2-Methyl-l-butanol ,
                                                                                             (active amyl alcohol)

                                                                                               CH3CHCH2CH2OH

                                                                                                  CH3

                                                                                           Q2Y/3-Methyl-l-butanol,
                                                                                               (Isoamyl alcohol)

                                                                                                   ,CH3

                                                                                                CH-C-CH,OH
                                                                                           2, 2-D1methyl -1-propanol ,
                                                                                           (neopentyl  alcohol)
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Arayl  alcohols are about 4 times as toxic as ethyl  alcohol.  However, they are absorbed slowly due  to
   low volatility and low solubility 1n body fluids.  Vapors  Irritate eyes and upper respiratory tract
   (ref.  9).  2-Methyl-l-butanol  can cause giddiness, headache, coughing, nausea, vomiting, deafness, and
   delerium (ref. 9).  3-Methyl-l-butanol can cause central nervous system depression and narcosis (ref. 24)
   and has  caused Irritation In humans at 150 ppm (ref.  2).
1 -pentanol
2-methyl-l-butanol
2 ,2 ' -dimethyl -1 -propanol
3-methyl-l-butanol
L050
(oral ,rat)
3,030 mg/kg
4,920 mg/kg

1,300 mg/kg
T°lO (oral, rat)


27 g/kg caused carcinogenic effects
Aquatic toxlclty
TUn 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref.
2)



      The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 3 methyl-1-butanol  Is 4112.  The adjusted ordering number is  0.15.
   It 1s  not considered a highly active carcinogen.

 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

      TLV (Isoamyl alcohol):  360 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  A1r, Health:  3.60 x  105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)                 A1r, Ecology:

  Water, Health:  15 x  3.6 x 105 • 5.4 x 106 vg/l          Hater, Ecology:

  Land, Health:   0.002  x  5.4 x 106 • 1.1 x 104 ug/g         Land, Ecology:
                                                                           100 x 100 « 1.0 x 10  ug/t
                                                                          0.002 x 1.0 x 104 « 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC
     'AH1
  EPC,
     'AMI a
           10J x 360/420 • 860 wg/mj

          • 100/420 - 0.24 ppm

  EPCUH1  • 15 x 860 • 12,900 vg/t

  EPCWH2  " 13'8 x 36° " 5'°°0

  EPCLH " °'002 * 5>00° " '
                                                          EPCWE1 " 50 x 10° " 5>00°


                                                          EPCLE « 0.002 x 5,000 - 10 pg/g
                                             E-38

-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                           5A
GOAL5 PENTANOLS (PRIMARY)

Air, vg/irp
{ppm Vol)
Water. fig/I
IppmWt)
Land, fij/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
3.60E5
(100)
5.4E6
1.1E4
Based on
Ecological
Effecb
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
860
(0.24)
5,000
10
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
It
•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air./i9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, tig/0
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effects



B. Baud en
EcMOQICBl Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Brad on
Health Effects
860
(0.24)
5,000
10
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Polhitarrtj

BM*d on H«Wi Effect*

-

  tPublic drinking water.
                                 E-39

-------
CATEGORY;
2-PROPANOL:
               SB
                 (Isopropyl  alcohol, 2-hydroxypropane).
                                                              WLN:    QY
                                                              STRUCTURE:
  Rubbing alcohol.
  A clear, colorless, volatile liquid; faint odor.
                                                                           CH3-CHCH3
                                                                               OH
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  60.09;  bp:  82.4; mp:  -88.5; d:   0.7351;
  vap. d:  2.07; vap. press.:  33 mm at 20° C; misdble 1n
  all proportions with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     The odor threshold  level  for 2-propanol Is approximately 90 mg/m  (refs. 3,25).  Isopropyl alcohol
  1s permitted 1n food for human consumption (ref.  9).
     The ambient air concentration In Industrial areas Is reported as 153 ppm (ref. 1).   This  1s
   equivalent to 375 mg/nr.
     Acetone has been Identified as a human
                                          etabollte of 2-propanol (ref. 25).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      2-Propanol acts as a local  Irritant and In high concentration as  a narcotic.  It can cause eye
   Irritation, comeal burns,  and other eye damage.  It 1s not considered an Important toxic hazard
   (refs.  4,9).  Ingestlon of  large  quantities can cause flushing,  headache, dizziness, mental  depression,
   nausea, vomiting, narcosis, anesthesia, and coma  (ref. 24).  Ingestlon of 2,371 mg/kg caused death
   1n a human; a concentration of 400 ppra caused Irritative effects (ref. 2).
      LDjg (oral, rat):  5,840 mg/kg.
      There is no evidence that Isopropyl alcohol  1s a carcinogen (ref. 25).
      Aquatic toxldty:  TLm 96:  1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV - 980 mg/m3 (400 ppm).
      Isopropyl alcohol Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document.   The NIOSH recommendation for
   occupational exposure, time-weighted average.  Is 400 ppm with a celling value of 800 ppm (ref.  25).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:   9.8 x 105 ug/m3 (400 ppm)
  Water, Health:  15 x 9.8 x 105 • 1.5 x 107 ug/l
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 1.5 x 107 • 3.0 x 104 ug/g
                                                               A1r,  Ecology:
                                                               Water,  Ecology:
                                                               Land, Ecology:
                                                                             100 x  100 - 1.0 x 10* vg/t
                                                                            0.002 x i.o x io4 - 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                                    3
EPCAH1  • 103 x  980/420
  EPC
     AHla
                          2,300 ug/nr
          '  400/420 • 0.95 ppm
          15 x 2.300 • 34,500 ug/C
  EPCWH2  " 13-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        50
2-PROPANOL

Air.wi/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Bait Technology
A. Existing Slander*
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Damtoping Technology
EnginMring Ettirnatn
(R&D Goalt)



II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Band on
Health Effects
9.8E5
(400)
1.5E7
3.0E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lml Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
2,300
(0.95)
13,500
27
Bawd on
Effects

5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
375,000f


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, 
-------
CATEGORY:    5B
2-BUTAHOL
                  (s-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl  alcohol).
                                                               WLN:    QY2
                                                               STRUCTURE:
  A colorless, volatile liquid; wine-like odor.


PROPERTIES:

  Molecular wt:  74.12; bp:  99.5; mp:  -B9;  d:  0.8084;
  vap. press.:   10 urn (20° C); vap. d:  2.55; soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
                                                                            OH
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Indications are that 2-butanol Is less toxic than n-butanol, although little  information is available.
   The TLV is established to prevent narcotic and irritative effects (ref. 4).
      LD5Q (oral, rat):  4,400 rag/kg (ref. 4).
      LDU (inhalation, rat):  16,000 ppm/4 hr.
      Aquatic toxlcity:  TLm 96:   over 1,000 ppm {ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV » 450 rag/m3 (150 ppra).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:
  Hater Health:
  Land. Health:
                4.5 x 105 iig/m3  (150 ppm)
                 15 x 4.5 x 105  • 6.75 x 106 wg/i
                 0.002 x 6.75 x  106 • 1.35 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water,  Ecology:
100 x >l.OOO « >1.0 x 105 ug/l
Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x  10  • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                                  _3
  EPC
  EPC
     •AMI
     AHla
           10J x  450/420 • 1,070  ug/mj
          1  150/420 ppm - 0.4 ppm
           15 x 1.070 • 16,000 ug/>
  EPCWH2 •  13.8 x 450 • 6,200 ug/t
  EPC,_H « 0.002 x 6,200 • 12.4 ug/g
                                                         EPCWE1 " 50 x >1>00° " >SO'000 wg/

                                                         EPCLE  • 0.002 x 50,000 «  100 ug/g
                                                   E-42
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       5B
2-BUTAIMOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air.MQ/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, ug/t
IppmWt)
Land. Ml
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. pevdoping Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goali)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E5
(150)
6.75E6
1.35E4
Band on
Ecological
Effects.

>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.4)
6,200
12.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects

>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,ug/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land,j»9/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,070
(0.4)
6,200
12.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!

> 50, 000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-43
-------
CATEGORY:
               58
                                                               WMJ /STRUCTURE:
PEMTANOLS, iecondary: C5H120 (amyl alcohols).
  Liquid, characteristic odor.
PROPERTIES:
  Z-pentanol
  3-pentanol
                    molecular
                       wt.
                      88.15
                      88.15
                             119.3  0.8098'
                                         ,20
                             115.6   .815
   3-methyl-2-butanol   88.15     113
                                       .819
25
20
solubility
 1n water
 slightly
 slightly
                                                                        QY3/
vap.
—    QY282/
3.03
3.04
                                                                                      OH
                                                                                2-Pentanol
                                                slightly    3.04
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Amyl alcohols are present  In fusel oil.
                                                                                 OH
                              3-Pentanol
                            CH,CHCHCH3

                                „ OH
                              3-Methyl-2-butano1
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     2-Pentanol  Irritates eyes and mucous membranes; can cause giddiness,  headache, coughing, nausea,  deafness,
  deleHun, methemogloblnuria, and glycosurla (ref. 9).   Isoamyl alcohol  can  cause throat Irritation at  100 ppm
  (ref. 4).
                           LDcp (oral.  rat)
     2-pentanol
     3-pentanol
     3-methyl-2-butano1
     30 cc of amyl alcohols, (primary component, Isoamyl alcohol), has caused death (ref. 24).
  Toxiclty to man Is considerably greater than ethanol.
                              1,470 rag/kg
                              1,870 mg/kg
                              no details available
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
                  _3
      TLV  » 360 mg/nT" (100 ppm for Isoamyl alcohol, a  primary pentanol).
      (The TLV for Isoamyl alcohol  1s a reasonable limit for the secondary pentanols as well.
   LD50 [oral, rat] for Isoamyl  alcohol 1s 1,300 mg/kg.)
                                                                                          The
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  3.6 x 10S wg/m3  (100 ppm)                  A1r, Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 3.6 x 105 • 5.4 x 106 ug/i          Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 5,4 x 106 • 1.1 x 104 ug/g        Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
    'AH1
    •AMI a
EPC.u,  • 10J x 360/420 - 860 ug/mj
        • 100/420 •  0.24 ppm
         15 x 860 >  12.900 u
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                        5B
GOALS PENTANOLS (SECONDARY)


Air.pg/m3
(ppmVol)
Waur.MB/l
(ppmWt)
Land,jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Exutjng Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimatet
(R8.D Goall)

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxirity Effluent
Beted on
Health EffecO
3.6E5
(100)
5.4E6
1.1E4
BtMdon
Eeologicd
Effectt

B. Ambwnt Lenel Goal*
BeHdon
Health Effectt
860
(0.24)
5,000
10
BtMdon
Ecological
Effects

C. EMminetion of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fia/m3
(ppmVel)

Wattr./ig/i
(PpmWt)
LMd.fig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effectt




B. Bated on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effectt
860
(0.24)
5,000
10
B. Bated on
Ecological Effectt




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Baaed on Health Effect*




                                E-45
-------
CATEGORY;
              SB
1-PHENYLETHANOL:  C8H100 (methylphenylcarblnol,
  o-methy1benzyl alcohol).

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  122.18; bp:  203;  fp:  21.4; d:  1.0129;
  vap. press.:  0.1 m at 20"; vap.  d:  4.21.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
                                                           WLN:    QYR
                                                           STRUCTURE:
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

      No Information Is available concerning the toxic effects of 1-phenylethanol.
      LD50 (oral,  rat):  400 mg/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATK)MS:
                45 x 400 • 1.8 x 104 ug/m3
                 15 x 1.8 x  10* • 2.7 x 105 ug/l
Air. Health:
Water, Health:
Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.7 x 103 - 540 M9/9
A1r,  Ecology:
Water. Ecology:
Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
  EPC,
     •AH2
     'AH3
       > 0.107 x 400 • 43 ug/mj
       • 0.081 x 400 - 32 ug/m3
EPCUH1  • 15 x 32 • 480 ug/l
EPCWH2  ' °'4 x 40° " 16° V9ft
       0.002 x 160 - 0.3 «9/g
                                           E-46
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             5B
1-PHENYLETHANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, po/m^
CppmVoO
Watered/I
(ppmWt)
Land, (19/9
(ppmWt)
I. Baied on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BIT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Enginnring Estimates
(R&D Go3lll



II. Baaed on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxidty Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect*
1.8E4
2.7E5
5.4E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Efffccti



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effects
32
160
0.3
Bawd on
Ecological
'Effect!



C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air.fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effectt



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effacti
32
160
0.3
B. Bated on
Ecological Effeett



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effeett



                              E-47
-------
CATEGORY:
               5C
t-SUTAHOL:   C4H1Q0  (2-methyl-2-propanol, t-butyl  alcohol).
  A colorless liquid, or rhombic prisms or planes;  caraohor-
  like odor.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   74.12; mp:  25.3;  bp:  82.8; d:  0.789;
  vap. press.:  40  mm at 24.5°; vap. d: 2.55; misclble
  in all proportions with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
                                                               WLN:    QX
                                                               STRUCTURE:
                                                                           p.
                                                                       CH3-C-CH3
                                                                          OH
     t-Butanol has been  Identified 1n public water supply samples In concentration  of
   0.01 wg/i (ref.  13).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

      Butyl alcohols are not considered  serious toxic hazards {ref.  9). but may be Irritating to skin (ref.  23).
      Effects of long term continuous dosage were not Injurous 1n animals tested (ref.  9).
      LD5Q  (oral, rat):   3,500 rag/kg.
      Aquatic toxlcity:   TLm 96:  over 1,000 ppm (ref.  2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV • 300 mg/m3 (100  ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  3.00 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
  Water. Health:   15 x 3.0 x 105 •  4.5 x 106
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 4.5 x 106  • 9 x 103 u'J/n
                                                         A1r, Ecology:
                                                         Water. Ecology:  100 x>1.000 • >1.0 x 105 ug/i
                                                         Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x  105 • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC,
     AMI
           10J  x  300/420 -710 ug/mj
  EPCAH1a • 100/420 • 0.24 ppm
         • 15 x 710 - 10,700 ug/i
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 30° * 4>14° ug/'
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 4.140 » 8.3 ug/g
                                                         EPCH£1  • 50 x >1,000 « >50,000

                                                         EPCLE - 0.002 x 50.000 «  100 ug/g
                                                  E-48
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
t-BUTANOL

Air.//9/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land.M/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Editing Standardi
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering EttimatM
(R&D Goali)



II. Bated on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Ban) on
Health Effeco
3.0E5
(100)
4.5E6
9.0E3
Burton
Ecological
Effect!

>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Letd Goal*
Baud on
Health Efftett
710
(0.24)
4,140
8.3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!

^0,000
100
C. Elimination of
DiKhargt
Natunl Background*

O.Olt

•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air.fig/m3
(ppmVol)

(ppmWt)

(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effeen





B. Baaed on
Ecologicel Effects





It. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
710
(0.24)
4,140

8.3

B. Bawd on
Ecologicel Effects

>50,000

100

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!





tPublic water supply.
                               E-49
-------
CATEGORY:

t-PENTANOl:
              5C
                   (t-pentyl  alcohol t-amyl
                                                               WLN:    QX2

                                                               STRUCTURE:
  alcohol),   (t indicates tertiary.)
  Volatile liquid; characteristic odor, burning taste.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular vrt:  88.15; bp:  102; mp: -8.4; vap. press.:  10 nra at
  17.2°; vap. d:  3.03; d:  0.8059; soluble in water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Amyl alcohols are present in fusel oil.
                                                                            CH,
                                                                     CH,CH,-C-CH,
                                                                       3  2 j
                                                                            OH
                                                                     Z-Methyl-2-butanol
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

      No information related to the toxic effects of tertiary pentanol on humans is documented.  Based on  animal
   studies,  the toxicity appears to be about three times that of the  primary pentanols.
      LD50 (oral, rat):  1,000 ing/kg.
      Aquatic toxicity:  TLm 96:  over 1,000 ppm (ref.  2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

   A1r, Health:  45 x 1,000 • 4.5 x 104 ug/m3
   Water, Health:   15 x 4.5 x 10* • 6.8 x  105 ug/t
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 6.8 x 105 • 1.4  x 103 ug/g
                                                         A1r, Ecology:
                                                         Water, Ecology:  100 x  >1,000 - >1.0 x 10s ug/t
                                                         Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC,
  EPC.
     •AH2
           0.107 x 1,000
    ^M3 - 0.08T x 1.000
           15 x 81 •  1.220 ug/t
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 * lf000 " 14'00
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 14.000 - 28 w
                          107 ug/nr
                          81  ug/m3
                                U0/l
                                                                 50 x >1,000 • >50,000 ug

                                                         EPCL£ • 0.002 x 50.000 > 100 ug/g
                                                  E-50
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        5C
t-PENTANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,^g/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiaty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.5E4
6.8E5
1.4E3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!

>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Le>el Goal*
Based on
Hnllh Effects
81
1,220
28
Bated on
Ecological
Effaca

>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fio/m3
(ppmVol)
Wittr.fig/l
(ppmWt)
Ltnd,«ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
81
1,220
28
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

> 50, 000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*

Based on Health Effects



                               E-51
-------
                                                                          OH  OH
                                                                       •-U-,
                                                                          I    I
                                                                          H   H
CATEGORY:  6A                                                  WLN: Q2Q
ETHYLENE GLYCOL;  CgHgOg (l,2-d1hydroxyethane,  1,2-ethanediol).    STRUCTURE:
  Ethylene glycol 1s an odorless, colorless, viscous.
  poisonous  liquid with a sweet taste.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular  wt:  62.06; mp: -11.5; bp:  198; d:  1.1088;
  vap. press.:   13 mm at 93°; vap. d:  2.14; completely
  mlsclble with  water; hygroscopic.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Ethylene glycol may be formed by the add hydrolysis of ethylene oxide.
     The low vapor pressure precludes exposure to vapors at room temperature (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Ingestlon of 1,500 mg/kg has resulted In death for a human (ref.  2).  When Ingested.  It causes central
 nervous system effects and kidney Injury (ref. 9).   Exposure to concentrations greater than  140 mg/m  Is
 reported to cause  Irritation and other effects (ref. 4).
    LDj,, (oral, rat):  5.840 mg/kg.
    Ethylene glycol appears 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The ordering number Is  3121.  The
 lowest dosage to Induce an oncogenlc response Is reported as 4 g/kg.  The adjusted ordering  number 1s 0.78.
    Aquatic toxlclty:  TLm 96:  1,000-100 ppm (ref.  2}.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV « 10 mg/m3  (partlculate).
    TLV • 260  mg/ra3 (100 ppm) (vapor).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
 A1r, Health:   1.0 x 104 pg/m3
 Water. Health:  15 x 1.0 x 104 • 1.5  x 105 ug/t
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 105 >  300 ug/g
                                                         Air. Ecology:
                                                         Mater, Ecology:   100 x 100 • 1.0 x 104 ug/t
                                                         Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 104 - 20 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPCAH1  •  103 x 10/420 • 24 ug/m3
 EPC^,  -  15 x 24 - 360 «g/i
 EPCWH2  "  13>8 x 10 " 14° "9/t
 EPCLH   •  0.002 x 140 • 0.3 ug/g
                                                          EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 -  5,000 vg/i

                                                          EPCLE  • 0.002 x 5,000 » 10 ug/g
                                                    E-52
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



(ppmVol)
Water, fig/I
{ppmWt)
Land,fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goal.)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lernl Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
24
140
0.3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, fig/1
(ppmWt)
Land,(ig/g
(ppmWt,
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
H.»l« Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
24
140
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!

5,000
10
III, Zero Threshold Pollutanti
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                              E-53
-------
CATEGORY:  6a                                                  SU!; T30TJ BIG

1-CHLORO-2.3-EPOXYPROPANE:  CjHjCIO (ep1ch1orohydr1n).            STRUCTURE!
  A colorless, mobile  liquid with an Irritating,                     «
  chloroform-like odor.                                          CH2  CHCH^CI

PROPERTIES:

  Molecular Mt:  92.53;  bp:  117.9; mp:  -25.6; d:  1.801;
  vap. press.:  10 mn at 16.6; vap. d:  3.29;  slightly soluble 1n water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     The threshold for odor recognition Is about'10 ppm (ref. 26).  This Is equivalent
  to approximately 40 mg/m .
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

      Eplchlorohydrln 1s Irritating and toxic by Inhalation, Ingestlon, or skin contact.   Marked nose and eye
   Irritation occur at levels over 100 ppn (ref. 26).  As low as 20 ppm Is reported to cause eye effects (ref. 2).
      LDM {oral, rat):  90 nig/kg.
      LCLo (Inhalation, rat):  250 ppm for 4 "hours.
      Eplchlorohydrln Is cumulative (ref. 4), and chronic exposure may cause kidney Injury (ref. 24).
      Eplchlorohydrln appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3101.
   The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 720 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering  number 1s 4.3.
      Aquatic toxlclty:  TLm 96: 100-10 ppn (ref. 2).
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REPUTATION:

      TLV -  20 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r,  Health:  7 x 104/4.3 » 1.6 x  104 ug/m3              Air, Ecology:
   Water,  Health:  15 x 1.6 x 104 • 2.4 x 105 ug/t          Water, Ecology:   100 x 10 - 1.0 x 103 ug/i
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.4 x 105 - 480 ug/g              Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

   EPCAH1 '  ]°3 * zo/42° ' ** "9/1"3
   EPCAHla * 5/42° " °'01 ppm
   EPCWH1 •  !5 x 48 • 720 wg/i                             EPCWE1 « 50 x 10 • 500 ug/l
   EPCWH2 "  13'8 x 2° ' 276 »9/i
   EPCLH - 0.002 x 276 • 0.55 ug/g                          EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g
   EPCAC2 •  103/(6 x 4.3) • 39 pg/m3
   EPCy,. • 15 x 39 • 585 ug/t
   EPC,C • 0.002 x 585 • 1.2 ug/g
                                              E-54
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                         6B
GOALS 1-CHLORO-2,3-EPOXYPROPANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.pj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Lind.fig/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiitin« Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering EstinwtM
(R&O Goals)

II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxioity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
1.6E4
2.4E5
4.8E2
Buedon
Ecologies
Effecu
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Laid Goal'
Bated on
Health Effeen
39
276
0.55
Baled on
Ecological
Effect.
500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mfl/m3
(ppmVoll
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propond Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti



B. Batadon
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Huftn Efncti-
48
(0.01)
276
0.55
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect.

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effecu
39
585
1.2
                                E-55
-------
                                                               VJUN: VHH
                                                               STRUCTURE;
                                                                       0
                                                                    H - C - H
CATEGORY; 7A
FWHALDEHYDE;  CHgO (methanal, methyl aldehyde,
  •ethylene oxide).
  A colorless gas with a  pungent, suffocating  odor.

PROPERTIES;
                        •
  Molecular wt.:  20.03;  up:  -92; by:  -21; d:   0.815;
  vap. d:  1.067; very soluble; vap. press.:   10 m at -88°.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde.  It Is catalytlcally reduced  to nethanol or oxidized to formic
  add.  A 37-percent formaldehyde solution 1s called formalin.
     There Is some evidence that formaldehyde Is a natural constituent of the atmosphere at a few parts per
  billion (ref. 27).  Odor recognition level  Is  0.060 to  1.20 mg/m3 (ref.  3).  Photooxldation of formaldehyde
  Is reported as 51 percent in 5 hours for an Initial concentration of 15 ppm (ref. 3).  Formaldehyde 1s emitted
  to the  atmosphere In gasoline and diesel exhaust, from  coal combustion,  fuel-oil combustion, and from wood
  burning (ref. 27).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH ErTgCTS;
     Formaldehyde is an Irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory  tract.  Eye irritation 1s  experienced
  by some persons at concentrations of 0.1 ppm (.ref.  27).  Concentrations as low as 0.3 to 2.7 ppm cause irritatio
  In humans exemplified by annoying odor, prickling irritation of mucous membranes, and disturbed'sleep (ref. 4).
  The lowest lethal oral dose to a human is 36 mg/kg (ref. 2).
     U>$o (oral, rat):  800 mg/kg.
     LC^ (inhalation, rat):  250 ppm for 4 hours.
     Formaldehyde Is Included in the  HIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List.   The EPA/HIOSH ordering number is 4101;
  lowest dosage to produce an oncogenic response is 96 mg/kg; adjusted ordering number:  42.7.
     Exposure to <0.2 ppm for two days caused plant leaf symptoms and  necrosis in petunia (ref. 3). This is
  equivalent to 0.247 mg/m3.  A concentration of 95 mg/t In water can  cause  tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
     Aquatic toxiclty:  TLm 96 - 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).

REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. B6COSNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC BEqUtATIOM:
     TLV - 3 mg/m3 (2 ppm).
     On  First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of  Toxicology (ref. 8).
MINIMUM ACUTJ TOXtCTTY CONCENTRATIONS;
 Air, Health: 7 x 104/42.7 - 1.6 x  103 ug/m3
 uater. Health: 15 x 1.6 x 103 • 2.4 x 10* ug
 Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.4 x 10* «  48 ug/g
                                                          Air. Ecology:  247 x 2 • 494 pg/«r
                                                          Hater, Ecology:   100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t
                                                          Land. Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
 EPC
    AHla
 ESTIMATED PBRMISSISLl CONCENTRATIONS!

  ^"•AHI " '°3 x 3/42° "  7'14  ~'~3
         • 2/420 • 0.004  ppm
         • 15 x 7.14 • 107.1
         • 13.8 x 3-41.4 pg/t
          0.002 x 41.4 -  0.08 ug/g
  £?CAC2 - 103/(6 x 42.7) • 3.9 ug/n3
  E?CWC • 15 x 3.9 - 58.5 ug/t
  £?CLC - 0.002 x 58.5 •  0.12 ug/g
 EPC,,,
EPC^ • 100 x 0.247 x 2 - 49 ug/nT

EPCUE1 • 50 x 10 - 500 ug/t
EPC,^ ' 95,000 ug/t (to  prevent tainting)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 - 1  ug/g
                                                    E-56
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            x
           7A
FORMALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air./ig/m3
fppmVol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land. MB/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.6E3
2.4E4
4.8E1
Bated on
EcologicaC
Effects
5.0E2
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient U«el Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect*
3.9
41.4
0.08
Bated on
Ecolooical
Effects
49
500
1
C. Etiminatian of
Discharge
Natural Background*
~3


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.po/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, f
-------
CATEGORY: 7A                                                   WLN: YH1
ACETALDEHYDE;   C^O  (acetic aldehyde, ethanal. ethyl aldehyde}.   STRUCTURE!
  A colorless,  fuming liquid; pungent, fruity odor.                       g

                                                                      H-C-CH3
 PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt.:  44.05; mp:  -121; bp:   20.8; d:  0.780-0.790 g/ml;
  vap. press.:   760 mm at 20.2°; vap. d:  1.52; soluble In all pro-
  portions In hot water.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Aldehydes can be catalytlcally reduced to alcohols.
     Rural concentration  In  air Is reported as 0.3 ppb (ref. 1}.   This  Is equivalent to 0.0003 ppn or 0.530 ug/n .
  Odor recognition range  Is  130 to 412 ug/n  (ref. 3).  Photooxldatfon  of acetaldehyde 1s  reported as 12 percent
  1n five hours for Initial  concentration of 5 ppn (ref. 3).
     Acetaldehyde has been found In samples of public drinking water supplies at concentrations of 0.1 ug/i
  (ref.  13).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Acetaldehyde Is an eye  and respiratory system Irritant and a central nervous systen narcotic  (refs. 4,9).
      The ACGIH TLV 1s substantially higher than the USSR Unit of 3 ppra  (ref. 4).  A concentration of 50 pput
   causes Irritative effects  1n humans (ref. 4).
      LDg,, (ora.1, rat):  1,930 ng/kg.
      LCLo (Inhalation, rat):   4,000 ppa for 4 hours.
  REGULATORY ACTIQM8. STANDARDS CRITERIA. RECOQNmON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REqULATION;
      TLV » 180 ng/m3 (100 ppm).   (Recouoended to prevent excessive eye Irritation and potential  Injury
   to the respiratory tract.)
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   Air,  Health:   1.8 x 105 ug/n3 (100 ppm)             A1r. Ecology:
   Water,  Health:  15 x 1.8 x 10S « 2.7 x 106 ug/l     Hater, Ecology:
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.7 x 106 - 5.4 x 103 ug/g   Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 " 1()  x 180>'420 ' 43°
  EPCAH1a " 100/42° * °-24 PP"
  EPCyH1 - 15 x 430 • 6.450 u9/t
  EPCUH2 * 13'8 x 18° " 2>4a° ug/
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 2,480 • 5 ug/g
                                              E-58
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           7A
ACETALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air./utfm3
(ppmVol)
Water, /u g/l
(ppmWt)
Lend, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standardi
N5PS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects
1.8E5
(100)
2.7E6
5.4E3
Sued on
Ecological
Etfeeu



B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Baud on
Health Effect.
430
(0.24)
2,480
5
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Diteharga
Natural Background-
0.53
O.lt

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
AiT.ng/ro3
(ppmVol)
(ppm'wt)
Land, pg/g
IppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
430
(0.24)
2,480
5
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutant!
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



tPublic drinking water supplies.
                              E-59
-------
CATEGORY:  7A
ACBOLEIM:  C3H40  (acrylic aldehyde,  propenal).
  A colorless or  yellowish liquid; disagreeable choking odor.
                                                              WLN: VH1U1
                                                              STRUCTURE:
                                                                      8
                                                                    H-C-OCH,
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   56.06; bp:  52.5; rap:  -87; vap. press.:  214 mm at 20°;
  vap. d:  1.94;  d:   .8389; very soluble In water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     An urban concentration of 0.003 ppm has been reported (ref. 1).  This  Is equivalent to 6.9 ug/m .   Odor
  recognition levels  ranging from 480 to 4,500 ug/ra  are reported (refs.  3, 29).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Acroleln, because of  Its unsaturation.  Is much more toxic and Irritating than the saturated aldehydes.
  It causes respiratory  Irritation 1n concentrations as low as 1 ppm (ref.  2).  The lowest reported lethal
  concentration of acroleln for man 1s 153 ppm for 10 minutes  (ref. 2).  The compound causes  lacrlmatlon at
  0.67 ppm after 20 seconds (ref. 27).
     LD5Q Coral, rat):   46 mg/kg.
     LCL(J exhalation, rat):  8 ppm for 4 hours.
     Aquatic toxlclty:   TUn 96:  <1 ppm (ref. 2).
     Toxlclty to vegetation:  Alfalfa sustained oxldant type damage when exposed to 250 wg/m3 (0.1 ppn) for
  9 hours (ref. 30).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REqUlATK>N:

     TLV - 0.25 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm).
     Acroleln appears on  EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air. Health:   250 ug/m3  (0.1 ppm)
  Hater, Health:  15 x  250 - 3.75 x 103 ug/l
  Land, Health:   0.002  x 3.75 x TO3 - 7.5 vg/g
                                                         Air. Ecology:  250 x 9/24 • 94 ug/m3
                                                         Water, Ecology:  100 x <1  • <100 vg/i
                                                         Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 100 • 0.2  vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

 EPCAm • 103 x 0.25/420 • 0.6 ug/m3
 EPCAHla " °-1/42°  '  O-00024 PP*1
 EPCWH1 " 1S * °'6  "  9 "9/t
 EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °'25 " 3>S "9/l
       - 0.002 x 3.5  • 0.007 pg/g
                                                          EPCAE  -0.1 x 250 x 9/24 • 9 wg/m3

                                                                  50 x <1  • <50 ug/i
                                                          EPCL£  - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1  ug/g
                                                      E-60
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        x
       7A
ACROLEIN

Air.jio/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fn>/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Band on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS.BIT.BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.0 Goals)



11. Bated on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxidty Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
2.5E2
(0.1)
3.75E3
7.5EO
BeKdon
Ecological
Effect!
9.4E1
<1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient UM! Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
0.6
(2.4E-4)
3.5
0.007
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
9
<50
.,
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Netural Background*
6.9t


•to b» multiplied by dilution factor

Air.Mft/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/1
(ppmm)
Lmd./ig/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
ParmiMible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effects
0.6
(2.4E-4)
3.5
0.007
B. Beted on
Ecological Effects
9
<50
0.1
Ml. Zero ThreahoU Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects



tConcentratlon Is reported  for urban atmosphere.  No rural  concentration is reported.
                                 E-61
-------
                                                              WLN; VH2
                                                              STRUCTURE:

                                                                 0
CATEGORY:  7A
PROPIONALDEHYDE:  CjHgO (propanal, propaldehyde,  propyl
  aldehyde).  A colorless liquid; suffocating odor.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular *t:   58.1; bp:  48;  mp:  -81; d:  0.807;
  vap. d:   2.0;  vap. press.:  300 am at 25°; soluble  In water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Rural background concentration In air 1s reported to be 0.5 to 3.8 ppbc' (ref. 1).  This Is equivalent
  to 0.16-1.27  ppb or 0.38-3.01  ug/m3.
     Photooxldatlon of proplonaldehyde Is reported as 25 percent In 6 hours for an Initial concentration
  of 19 ppm (ref. 3).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     The acute toxic properties of proplonaldehyde are similar to other small aldehydes.   It Is a local
  Irritant to eyes  and mucous meabranes and acts as a central nervous systan narcotic.
     LD^ (oral,  rat):  800 mg/kg
     LCLo (Inhalation, rat):  8.000 ppa for 4 hours.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  TLa 96:  1.000-100 ppn (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOaHITIOH. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATIOM;
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:   45 x 800 • 3.6 x 10* ug/n3
  Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 104 * 5.4 x  105 »g/i
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 5.4 x 105 • 1.1  x 103 ug/g
                                                        Air. Ecology:
                                                        Water. Ecology:   100 x 100 - 1.0  x 104
                                                        Land. Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 10* * 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

 EPCAH2 • °-l07 x 800 • 86 ug/»3
 EPCAH3 -0.081 x 800 • 65 ug/m3
 EPCHH1 • 15 x  65 • 980 ug/t
 EPCVH2 a 0.4 x 800 • 320 wg/1
 EPCLH - 0.002  x 320 • 0.6 ug/g
                                                                • 50 x 100 -  5.000 ug/t

                                                          EPCLE - 0.002 x 5.000 - 10 ug/g
                                             E-62
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              7A
PROPIONALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. 0g/l
(ppmWt)
Land.wj/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
3.6E4
5.4E5
1.1E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
65
320
0.6
Based on
Ecological
Effectt

5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.38 to
3.01


*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m"
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/t
(ppmWt)
Land.fijYg
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
65
320
0.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Based on Health Effects



                               E-63
-------
 CATEGORY: 7A                                                 WLN;  VH3
BUTYRALDEHYDE:  C^O (butanal, butrlc aldehyde,  n-butyl aldehyde). STRUCTURE:
  A colorless, flanmable,  liquid.
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  72.1;  mp:  -100° C;  bp:  74.7° C;
  d:   0.8024°; vap. d:   2.5; ralsclble with water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    A concentration of 580 mg/ra3 1s reported to cause Irritative effects 1n humans  (ref. 2).
    L05Q (oral,  rat):  2,490 mg/kg.
    Aquatic toxldty:  TUn 96:  10-1 ppn (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:   45 x 2,490 « 1.1 x 105 ug/ra3
Water. Health:  15 x 1.1 x 10s - 1.65 x 106 Pg/t
Land. Health:  0.002 x 1.65 x 106 • 3.3 x 103 wg/9
                                                       Air, Ecology:
                                                       Hater.  Ecology:  100 x 1 • 100
                                                       Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 100 - 0.2  ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPC
   AH2
EPCAH3
£PCMH1
EPCWH2
EPCLH "
          0.107 x 2.490 • 266 ug/ro
          0-081 x 2>49° " 20Z
          15  x 202 • 3.030 vg/
          °'4 x 2>49° " 1>00°
         °-°°2 x 1>00<) " 2 Wf
      • 50 x 1  «  50 pg/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/g
                                           E-64
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            7 A
BUTYRALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air,/in/m3
{ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT






B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D GoaJl)




-

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1E5

1.65E6

3.3E3

Bated on
Ecological
Effect!


1.0E2

2.0E-1

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
202

1,000

2

Based on
Ecological
Effect!


50

0.1

C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*






•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Atr./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect)



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effect!
202
1,000
2
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Hearth Effects



                                E-65
-------
CATEGORY:  7A
BEMZALDEHYDE:  CjHgO (phenylaldehyde, benzenecarblnal.
  benzole aldehyde).
  A colorless liquid; bitter almond odor.
                                                              WLN: VHR
                                                              STRUCTURE.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  106.09;  rap: -26; bp;  178.1; d:  1.04325;
  vap.  d:  3.65; vap. press.:  1 mm at 26.2"; sparingly soluble In water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Occurs in kernels of bitter almonds  (ref. 24).  Used as synthetic flavoring  substance (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Benzaldehyde acts  as  a weak local  anesthetic.   It  1s narcotic In high concentrations and may
  cause dermatitis (ref. 24).
     L05Q Coral, rat):   1,300 mg/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
 Air, Health:   45 x 1,300 • 5.85  x 104 wg/m3
 Water, Health:  15 x 5.85 x 104  - 8.8 x 105
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 8.8 x 105 - 1.8 x 103  vg/g
                                                       Air, Ecology:
                                                       Hater, Ecology:
                                                       Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPC
 EPC
    AH2
    'AH3
         0.107 x 1,300 • 140 ng/nT
         0.081 x 1.300 • 105 pg/m3
EPCWH1  "  1S x 10S * 1>S8° "9/t
EPCWH2  "  °'4 x 1l30° " S2°
EPCLH • 0.002 x 520 • 1  ug/
                                           E-66
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           7A
BENZALDEHYDE

Mr.itg/m3
(ppmVol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, /ifl/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effect!
5.85E4
8.8E5
1.8E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Lent God*
Band on
Health Effect!
105
520
1
Bated on
Ecological



C. EHminitian of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air. fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Witcr, fig/I
-------
CATEGORY;   7B                                                 WLN: L6V BUTJ C D 0
ISOPHORQNE:   CgH^O (Isoacetophorone, 3,5,5-tr1methyl-2-          STRUCTURE:
  cyclohexene-1 one).
  A water-white liquid; peppermint odor.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular *rt:  138.09; bp:   215.2; mp:  -8.1;  d:  0.9229;
  vap.  press.:  .44 mm at 25°; vap. d:  4.77;  Insoluble In water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Due to Its low volatility.  Isophorone Is  not a dangerous  Industrial  hazard (ref. 31).   Concentrations of
  9.5 pg/t of Isophorone have been found In samples from public drinking  water supplies (ref.  13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Isophorone Is one of the most toxic of the ketones.  It Is an Irritant at 25 ppm or 141 mg/«3.  In high
  concentrations. Isophorone Is a kidney poison (ref. 9).   Concentrations of 5-8 ppm for a month are reported
  to cause fatigue and malaise (ref. 4}.
     LDSO (oral, rat):  2,330 mg/kg.
     LDLo (Inhalation, rat):  1.840 ppn for 4 hours
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV:  25 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
    On EPA Consent Decree Priority III  List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air,' Health:   2.5 x  10* wg/m3 (5 ppm)                Air. Ecology:
 Wattr. Health:   15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.75 x 105 wg/i     Water, Ecology:
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.75 x 105 •  750 ug/g         Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

 EPCAH1 " 1t)3 x 25/42° ' a "S/™3
 EPCAHla " 5/42° " 0<01 PP"
 EPCUH1 ' 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t
 EPCWH2 * 13.8 x 25 • 345 vg/l
 EPCLH " °-002 * 345 • 0.7 ug/g
                                           E-68
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
         7B
ISOPHORONE
EMISSION LEVEL COALS
Mr.ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, itg/\
tppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on BMt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering EitinutM
(R&D Gods)



II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2. SEA
3.75E5
7.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Coal'
Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

9.5t

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Beted on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



tPublic drinking water supplies,
                                 E-69
-------
CATEGORY:  «                                                 *LN: VHQ
FORHIC ACID;  CHO   Onethanolc acid).                             STRUCTURE:
  A colorless, fining liquid; pungent odor.                         OH
                                                                 C • 0

PROPERTIES:                                                     H
  Molecular wt:  46.03; rap:  8.4; bp:   100.7; d:  1.220;
  vap. d:  1.59;  vap. press.:  43 mn at 25"; mlscible with water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Formic add 1s the first In the aliphatic series of carboxyllc acids.  It Is a strong reducing agent and
  Is more highly dissociated 1n water  than 1s acetic add.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Fornlc acid acts as an  Irritant to mucous membranes,  eyes, and skin.  Workers exposed to IS ppm
  conplalned of nausea (ref. 4).  Chronic absorption nay cause albunlnurla and hematurla  (ref. 24).
     LD50 (oral, rat):  1.210 mg/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQUtATTOM;
     TIV -  9 ng/n3 (5 ppo).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  9 x 103 yg/ra3 (5 ppn)            A1r. Ecology:
  Water.  Health:  15 x 9 x 103 • 1.4 x 105 ug/t   Water. Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 1.4 x 105 • 280 ug/g     Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAH1  -  103 x 9/420 • 21  gg/in3
  EPCAHla " S/42° " °'01 ppnl
  EPC^  •  IS x 21 • 315 ug/i
  EPCUH2  "  13'8 x 9 ' 124 U9/1
  EPCLH - 0.002 x 124 • 0.25 ug/9
                                            E-70
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        8A
FORMIC ACID

Air, fty/m
(ppm Vol)
Watw , fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.MO/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E3
(5)
1.4E5
2.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effects
21
(0.01
124
0.25
Based on
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jJB/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect]



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
21
(0.01)
124
0.25
B. Sued on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-71
-------
CATEGORY:  M                                                  WLN:  QV1
ACETIC ACID;   CHjCOjH  (ettianolc add).                            STRUCTURE.
  A clear,  colorless liquid; pungent odor.
                                                                    CH3-C«0
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   60.05; mp:  16.6; bp:   118.1;
  d:  1.049; vap.  press.:  11.4 am at 20"; vap. d:  2.07;
  nlsclble with  water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Organic adds are  emitted to the atmosphere In large quantities from coal-fired
  boilers.  An average  of  12.4 Ib of organic  add (as acetic add) per ton of coal burned
  1s reported for one large plant (ref. 27).
     Acetic add Is formed by the air oxidation of acetaldehyde.  Bacterial oxidation
  of ethyl alcohol also results 1n formation  of acetic acid.
     The concentration  of  acetic acid In rural atmosphere 1s reported as 1.0 ppm
  (.ref. 1).  This 1s equivalent to 2.45 mg/m3.  (This value is representative of an agricultural
  area and 1s not Indicative of a natural background concentration.)  The odor recognition level
  1s reported as 2.7 mg/m  (ref. 3).
     High concentrations of organic adds 1n  water cause a lowering of the pH.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Vapors of acetic add may  cause Irritation of mucous membranes, lacrlmatlon. conjunctivitis,
  and dermatitis (ref. 9).  Irritative effects are produced In humans by 816 ppm for 3 minutes
  (ref. 2).  Conjunctlval  Irritation has occurred at 10 ppm (ref.'4).
     LD50 t°ra1> rat):  3-310 Kg/kg.
     LCj. (Inhalation, mouse):   5,620 ppm for 1 hour.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  TLm  96:   100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
   TLV  -  25 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   Air. Health:  2.5 x 10* Mg/m3 (10  ppra)                  Air. Ecology:
   Water. Health:  15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.8 x 10S pg/t         Water,  Ecology:  100 x 10 - 1.0 x TO3 ug/i
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.8 x 105 - 760 ug/g             Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2 ug/g
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

   EPCAH1 " lfl3 x 25/420 ' M "S/"3
   EPCAHla " 10/42° " 0<02 ppw
   EPCWH1 • 15 x 60 • 900 iig/i                            EPC^,  •  50 x 10 • 500 ug/i
   EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 25 ' 34S "Q/*
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g                          EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
                                             E-72
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        8A
ACETIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,^g/m3
(ppmVo))
Water, 09/1
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bait Technology
A. Exiitinj Standard*
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Etttmetet
(R&D Goalt)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimmn Acute
Toxirity Effluent
Baled on
Health EHectt
2.5E4
3.8E5
7.6E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effecu

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Beiedon
Health Effects
60
(0.02)
345
0.7
Baud on
Ecological
Effecti

500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*



•To to multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land,M«/y
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti



B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
60
(0.02)
345
0.7
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecu

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Hearth Effects



                               E-73
-------
CATEGORY:   8A                                                 WLN:  QVR
BENZOIC ACID:   CgHgCOOH (benzenecarboxylic acid.                  STRUCTURE;
  phenyl formic acid).
  White needles or powder.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  122.13; bp:  249.2;  mp:  122.4; begins  to
  sublime at around  100°; volatile with steam; solubility:
  0.34 g/100 g; soluble In hot water; vap. press.:  1 ran at 96"; vap. d:   4.21.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Benzole acid may  be formed by the air oxidation (in presence of catalyst) of
  toluene.
     It occurs in nature in both free and combined states.  Most berries  contain
  benzole acid—0.05 percent (ref. 24).
     In water, benzole acid is more highly dissociated than acetic acid but less
  than formic acid.
     It is used in  preserving foods and In curing tobacco (ref. 24).  Concentrations
  of 15 ug/t have been found in samples of public drinking water supplies (ref. 13).
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Benzole acid Is  an Irritant to eyes,  skin, and mucous membranes (ref.  24).  6 mg/kg
   applied to human skin has resulted In a  toxic response (ref. 2).  Severe  toxic effects have
   not been reported.
      LDgg(oral, rat):  3.040 mg/kg.
  REGULATORY ACT1OMS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   Air. Health:  45 x 3,040 • 1.4  x 105 ug/m3               Air.  Ecology:
   Water.  Health:  15 x 1.4 x 105  • 2.1 x 106 ug/i           Hater, Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.1 x  106 • 4.2 x 103 ug/g         Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAH2 * °'107 * 3>04° * 32S
   EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 3.040 - 246 ug/m3
   EPCWH1 " 15 x 246 - 3,700 wg/l
   EPCWH2 " °'4 x 3tMO " 1t22° ug/l
         • 0.002 x 1.220 - 2.4 ug/g
                                             E-74
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
         8A
BENZOIC ACID

Air.jiQ/rn3
(ppffl Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppmWt)
Lmd,f
-------
CATEGORY: 8A

PHTHAHC ACID:
  o-phtnalic acid).
  Colorless crystals.
                      (1,2-benzenedlcarboxyllc add,
PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:   166.14; rap:  210-211  (decomposes,
 sublimes); d:   1.593; solubility:  0.7 g/100 g; very
 soluble In hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
                                                                Phthallc add
    Phthallc acid  Is an aromatic dlcarboxyllc acid.  Both carboxyllc acid functions may
 react to form salts, esters, amide, or anhydride.  The anhydride  reacts with water,
 reforming the phthallc add.  In water, one carboxyllc acid function Is Ionized
 to a greater extent than Is acetic acid, formic add, or benzole  acid; 1on1zat1on
 of the second carboxyllc acid function occurs less readily.
    Phthallc add may be formed by the hydrolysis of benzene-!.2-d1n1tr1le or by
 oxidation of 1,2-dlnethyl benzene.
                                                                                    Phthallc anhydride
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Phthallc add acts as an Irritant to skin, eye, and upper respiratory system.
    LD^ (oral, rat):  4,600 rag/kg.
    Teratogenlc effects due to phthallc add are reported.   A 4  percent Incidence  of
 congenital defects resulted 1n chicks receiving 3 to 20 mg via  the yolk sac or air
 cell before Incubation (ref. 32).  The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number based on this data  1s
 1101.   It is not possible to extrapolate to rag/kg the dosage administered directly to
 the egg yolk sac of a chick, so adjusted ordering number cannot be determined from this
 data.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV (phthallc anhydride):   6 mg/ra3 (1 ppm).
    (Phthallc acid Is formed by the reaction of phthallc anhydride and water.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air,  Health:   6.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1  ppm)                 A1r.  Ecology:
 Water.  Health:  15 x 6.0 x 103 •  9.0 x 104 ug/t       Water.  Ecology:
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 9.0 x 10*  -  180 ug/g           Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

 EPCAH1 • 103 *  6/420 • 14 wg/m3
 EPC
    'AHIa
           1/420
                1 0.002 ppm
         15 x 14 • 210 ug/l
EPCHH2 "  13'8 x 6 " 83 u9'1
EPC|_H • 0.002 x 83 • 0.2 ng/g
                                                 E-76
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          8A
PHTHALIC ACID




Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol>
Water, itgft
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&DGoalt)





II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxirity Effluent
Bated on
Heilth Effect!
6.0E3
(1)

9.0E4
1.8E2

Bated on
Ecological
Effects





B. Ambient Level God*
Bated on
Health Effects
14
(0.002)

83
0.2

Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
-




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*





•To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Atr,ug/m3
(ppm Vol)

W«tar,jug/l
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!




B. Bated on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Beted on
Health Effect!
14
(0.002)
83
0.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effectt




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Hearth Effects




                               £-77
-------
CATEGORY;  8B                                                WIN: QV1Q
HYDROXYACETIC ACID:   C2H403 (glycolic add, hydroxy-              STRUCTURE:
  ethanolc acid).
  Colorless, odorless, somewhat hygroscopic leaflets.
    OH  OH
H - C -  C - 0
PROPERTIES:                                                        H
  Molecular wt:   76.05; mp:  80° (decomposes);
  soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    Hydroxyacetlc acid Is an o-hydroxy add.   In water. It 1s more highly
  dissociated than acetic acid.   It 1s found In sugarcane juice (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Hydroxyacetlc acid Is more toxic than acetic add.  It 1s primarily an
  Irritant to mucous membranes.
    L05Q (oral,  rat):  1,950 rag/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:  45 x 1.950 • 8.8 x 104 ug/«3                 A1r. Ecology:
  Hater, Health:  15 x 8.8 x 10* • 1.3 x 106 wg/t             Hater, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 1.3 x 106 • 2.6 x 103 wg/g           Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAH2 ' °'107 x 1'950 ' Z09 US'"3
   EPCAH3 " °-081 x 1.950 • 158 wg/m3
   EPCWH1 " 15 x 158 - 2.370 ug/i
   EPCVIH2 " °'4 x 1>95° " 78° "9/1
   EPC,_H - 0.002 x 780 • 1.6 wg/g
                                           E-78
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
WAU> HYDRO XY ACETIC ACID

Air,^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bawd on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)

II. Bated cm Ait«bi«rt Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
8.8E4
1.3E6
2.6E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

B. Ambient Lnel Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
158
780
1.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Ak-.fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MI/I
(ppmWt)
Land.Mfl/8
JppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
HMltfi Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Baud Estimated '
Permissible Concentration
A. Based en
Health Effects
158
780
1.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissfcle Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects



                                E-79
-------
CATEGORY:   3C                                                 WLN; ZVH

fOfiHMUPE;   HCONH2 Cformlc add amide, formylamine,               STRUCTURE:
  aetnanamide).
                                                                    MU
  A colorless, hygroscopic, viscous, oily liquid.                      | 2
                                                                    c-o
PROPERTIES:                                                     /
"                                                                 H
  Molecular  wt:  45.04; mp:  2.55; bp:  210.7; decomposes;
  d:  1.13344°; vap. press.:   29.7 mm at 129.4°; mlsclble
  with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Fonuanride Is a derivative of formic add and 1n water hydrolyzes to form the
  parent add.  Formamlde Is  obtained by heating ammonium formate 1n the presence
  of anmonla.  At its boiling point, It decomposes to ammonia and carbon monoxide.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Animal experiments  have indicated that repeated exposure to formamlde results
  1n cumulative effects, although toxlcity by all routes  1s  low.
    Fornwnlde Is not reported to have presented any serious toxlcologlc hazards  1n  Industrial
  use (ref. 4).  It  Is considered considerably less acutely  toxic than dimethyl formamlde.
    LD5Q (oral, rat):  7,500 mg/kg.
    Formamlde has caused teratogenlc  effects when 6 g/kg were administered to pregnant
  rats.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4101, and the adjusted ordering number  1s  0.7.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
    TLV • 30 rog/m3  {20 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air. Health:  3.0 x 104 vg/o? (20 ppm)                  A1r. Ecology:
 Uater, Health:  15 x 3.0 x 10* • 4.5 x 105 ug/t         Hater, Ecology:
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 4.5 x 105 - 900 ug/g             Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPCAH1 - 103 x 30/420 • 71 Pg/m3
 EPCAHla " 20/420  " °-05 PP"»
 EPCWH1 * '5 x 71  • 1,070 ug/t
 EPCUH2 " 13'8 x 30 > 414 ug/t
 EPCUH • 0.002 x 414 • 0.8 »g/g
                                                     E-80
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        8C
FORMAMIDE

Air. /ig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, »ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. BaMd on Bttt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engiiutring Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
3.0E4
(20)
4.5E5
9.0E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!


•
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
71
(0.05)
414
0.8
Bawd on
Ecological
Effccu



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
HM!VI EffvcU



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



1 1, Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.05)
414
0.8
B. De)Ma on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pothrtants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects



                               E-81
-------
CATEGORY:   80

PHTHALATE ESTERS;   (Including dimethyl  phthalate,

  C10H1()04;  dlethyl phthalate, C12H1404;  and

  dl-n-butyl  phthalate. C16H2204).

  Colorless,  oily liquids.
PROPERTIES:
                                      WLN:  10VR BV01; 20VR BV02;  *°VR Bm

                                      STRUCTURE:
                                                                    (where R and R'  are alkyl groups)
o-01nethyl phthalate
Dlethyl-o- phthalate
01 -n- butyl -n-phthal ate
molecular wt
194.19
222.24
278.35
bp
238.8
29.5
340
mp
5.5
-40.5

d
1.1905f
1.1175*°
1.047*
vap. d
6.69
7.66
9.58
vap. press.
1 nn at 100.3°
1 mm at 108.8°
1 mn at 148.2°
solubility in water
0.43 g/100 ml
Insoluble
1:2.500
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

     The  phthalate esters are dlalkyl  esters  of phthallc add and are comnonly used as Insect repel 1 ants.
     Dlethyl phthalate has been found  1n samples  from public drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 1.0 ug/1;
  dimethyl  phthalate. 0.82 ug/i; and dlbutyl  phthalate. 5.0 yg/l (ref. 13).

TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     The  phthalate esters are not considered  highly  toxic.  Exposure via skin has been widely tested because
  of use  as an Insect repel1ant, and has rarely caused difficulties.  They are somewhat Irritating to the eyes
  and nose.  Accumulation of phthalate esters In  humans Is not reported.  Ingestlon by a human of 140 mg/kg of
  dlbutyl phthalate resulted In temporary effects to the central nervous system (refs. 4, 2); Ingestlon of 143 mg/kg
  of 61s(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dloctyl  phthalate caused gastrointestinal tract effects (ref. 2).
     Teratogenlc effects have been caused In  rats by dlbutyl phthalate (TDLo:  874 mg/kg), dlethyl phthalate

  (TDLo:  1.232 mg/kg). dimethyl phthalate (TDLQ: 1.014 mg/kg), and several other phthalate esters  (ref. 2).

  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for the phthalate, considered collectively based on teratogenlc potential, Is 4101.
  The adjusted ordering number using the lowest dosage reported for teratogenlc effects from dlbutyl phthalate Is
  4.7.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  Even though acute toxlclty 1s of a low degree, phthalate esters are accumulated by
  certain aquatic species, and reproductive Impairment sometimes occurs  (ref. 33,34).  TLm 96 for dlbutyl phthalate:
  1,000-100 ppm; for benzyl butyl pnthalate.  over 1,000 ppm  (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

     TLV - 5 mg/m3  (for dimethyl phthalate. dlbutyl  phthalate.  dlethyl  phthalate).  (The TLV Is

  recommended to control  the mist from the phthalates, since they are often sprayed.)

     EPA 1976 water quality criteria (proposed):   3 ug/i for freshwater aquatic life (ref. 33).

     NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria:  0.3 ug/t to protect fish and their food supply (ref.  28).

     Phthalate esters  are Included on the EPA Consent Decree Priority  II List.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TDXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  Air. Health:  5 x 103 ug/n3
  Hater. Health:  15 x 5 x
103 •
7.5 x 10* ng/t
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 7.5 x  10* - 150 wg/g
A1r, Ecology:

Water, Ecology:

Land, Ecology:
 5 x 0.3 • 1.5 ug/t

0.002 x 1.5 - 0.003 wg/g
  ESTIMATED PtRMISSIBLC CONCENTRATIONS!

   EPC^, - 103 x 5/420 • 12 ug/n3

   EPCVIH1 • 15 x 12 - 180 ng/l

   EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 5 " M U9/1
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 69 - 0.14 Mg/g
                               EPCUE1 - 50 x 100 - 5.000 ug/t

                               EPCWES " °'
                               EPC.c • 0.002 x 0.3 - 0.0006 wg/g

                                       103/(6 x 4.3) « 39 wg/m3
                            ''LE
                                                          EPCAT

                                                          EPCWT
                                                          EPCLT
                                  15 x 39 • 585

                                  0.002 x 585 -
                                                     1.2
                                              E-82
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
               x
               8D
PHTHALATE ESTERS




Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)

Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Ban Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goils)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acuta
Toxiesty Effluent
Based on
Health Efftctt
5.0E3
7.5E4

1.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

1.5

3.0E-3
B. Ambient U«al Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
12
69

0.14
Based on
Ecological
Effects

0.3

0.0006
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

0.82 to
5t

 •To te multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWtl
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bated on
Heal* Effects



Ecological Effects

0.3

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12
69
0.14
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects


0.0006
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Based on Health Effects
39
585
1.2
 tPublic drinking water  supplies.
                                 E-83
-------
CATEGORY:
ACETON1TRILE:  CHjCH (methyl cyanide).
  A colorless liquid with an odor similar to ether.
                                                             WLN: NCI
                                                             STRUCTURE:

                                                                   CH3CN
PROPERTIES;

  Molecular wt:  41.03; rap:  -41; bp:  81.6; d:  0.783^;
  vap. press.:  100 am at 27"; vap. d:   1.42; mlscible with water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Acetonltrfle Is decomposed by heat.  The odor Is reported  to be detectable at 40 ppm"
  or 70 mg/o3 (ref.  4).
TOXtC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Hunan death  has resulted from exposure to high concentrations of acetonltrlle.  Bronchial
 effects have resulted fron exposure to  160 ppm.  Exposure to concentrations below 40 ppm
 Is not expected to cause organic cyanide poisoning or Injury to the respiratory  tract (ref. 4).
    Animal studies show that different species and Individuals vary widely In susceptibility to
 acetonitrile (ref. 4).
    LD5() (oral,  rat):  3.800 ng/kg
    LC,^ (.Inhalation, rat):  8,000 ppm for 4 hours.
    Aquatic toxicity:  TUn 96:  1.000 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

    TUT - 70 mg/m3 (40 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air. Health:  7.0 x 104 ng/n3 (40 ppm)
 Water. Health:  15 x 7.0 x 104 •  1.05 x 106 vg/l
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.05 x 106 - 2.1 x 103 wg/g
                                                       Air, Ecology:
                                                       Hater. Ecology:  100 x 1,000 • 1.0 x 105 ug/t
                                                       Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 10s - 200 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC    - 103 x 70/420 - 167
  EPC
    AH1
     AHla
" 40/42°
 1S * 167
EPCWH1
EPC«H2 " 13'8
EPCLH ' °-°°2
                   " 2'500
                 70 " 97°
                 97° ' * wg/g
                                                EPCH£1 - 50 x 1.000 • 50,000 pg/t

                                                EPCLE " °-°°2 x  s0'000 ' 10
                                           E-84
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
9
V9UAL3 ACETONITRILE




Mr.ng/m3
(ppmVol)

Water. M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goali)



-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health EHecn
7.0E4
(40)
1.05E6
2.1E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!


1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Lnel Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
167
(0.1)
970
2
Bated on
Ecological


50.00C
IOC
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pj/m3
(ppmVol)
Water. «ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
167
(0.1)
970
2
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect*

50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect*



                                E-85
-------
 CATEQOttY:  9

AC«YLOHITR1LE:
  An explosive, fl
                    (cyanoethylene, vinyl cyanide, acrylon).
                   ible  liquid with a penetrating odor.
                                                               WIN: NC1U1

                                                               STRUCTURE:
                                                                      CH£ • CHCN
PROPERTIE*
Molecular wt:  53.04; «p:  -82; bp:   78.5; d:  0.8060;
vap. press.:   200 «• at 38.7; 100 m at 22.8*; vap. d:  1.83;  slightly soluble In water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. AMOCUTED COMPOUNDS:
   The odor threshold level for acrylonltrlle Is reported as 21.4 ppm (ref. 29).
Acrylonltrlle can be formed by the reaction of acetylene with  hydrogen cyanide.
TOXIC moptRTiM. HEALTH
   Vapors of acrylonltrlle are extrenely toxic and Inhibit respiratory enzymes In
cells.  It 1s absorbed  through the skin with possible formation of  cyanide 1n the
tissues (ref. 35).   There Is little evidence of emulative action on repeated
exposure (ref. 9).
   U>50 (oral, rat):  82 mg/kg.
   LC^ (Inhalation,  rat):  500 pp* for 4 hours.
   Aquatic toxlclty:  TUi 96:  100-10 ppa (ref. 2}.
   A  concentration of 18 ng/i of acrylonltrlle In water Is reported to cause tainting
of fish flesh (ref. 36).
RMULATOHY J^TlOMa STAMP^M CI>IT1RIA flECOOMITMN fAMniDATF 1TATU6 KM »ECH4C BMULATK*:
   Acrylonltrlle Is on EM Consent Decree Priority  III List.
   TLV - 45 mt/t? (20 PPM).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV COMCBNTIUTIOMfc
A1r, Health:  4.5 x 10* wg/M3 (20 DOM)
water. Health:  15 x 4.5 x 10* - 6.75 x 105
Land. Health:   0.002 x 6.7S x 10S -  1.4 x 103
                                                            Air, Ecology:
                                                            Hater, Ecology:
                                                                              100 x 10 • 1.0 x 104 ug/t
                                             ug/g
                                                             Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 10* • 2 ug/g
 MTIMAT1D MmH«8»Ll CONCINTRATIONt:
  EPC
  EPC
    'AHl
    •AHla
         103 x 45/420 • 107 iig/m3
          20/420 - 0.05 op*
                    1.600
  EPCHH1 ' 1S x 107
  EPCUH2 " 13'8 * 4S
       - 0.002 x 620 •  1.2 ug/g
                                                             EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
                                                             EPCJj., • 18.000 ug/t (to  prevent tainting)
                                                             EPCL£ - 0.002 x 500 - i ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
ACRYLONltRiLE

Air, iiq/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(pptnWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goall)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Heal* Effect!
4.5E4
(20)
6.75E5
1.4E3
Baled on
Ecological
Effect!

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baaed on
Health Effects
107
(0.05)
620
1.2
Baaed on
Ecological
Effect!

500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or PropoMd Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
107
(0.05)
620
1.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect!



                              E-87
-------
CATEGORY:   9                                                WIN:  NCR
BENZOfimiLE;  C7H$N  (cyanobenzene, phenyl cyanide).              STRUCTURE:
  A colorless, flammable liquid with an almond-like
  odor.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   103; np:  -13;  bp:  190-192; d:  1.01o]|;
  vap. press.:  1 ram at 28.2";  slightly soluble 1n cold water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

    Benzonltrlle decomposes when heated to give toxic vapors.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Benzonltrllt Is considered to be highly toxic (ref. 9).
    LD^ (oral, rat):  720 wg/kg.
    LCLo t1nhalat1on. rat):  950 ppm for 8 hours
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 A1r, Health:  45 x 720 «  3.24 x 104 ug/ra3                  Air, Ecology:
 Hater, Health:  15 x 3.24 x 104 • 4.9 x 105 ug/t           Water, Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.9 x 105 • 980 «g/g                Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 720 • 77 wg/m3
 EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 720 • 58 ug/ra3
 EPCWH1 • 15 x 58 - 870 wg/t
 EPCWH2 " °'4 x 72° " 29° "9/l1
 EPCLH * °-°°2 x 290 - 0.6 ug/g
                                          E-88
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
UUMLO BENZONITRILE

Air,M8/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jig/l
(PpmWt)
L*nd.ug/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standards
NSPS.BPT.BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goal>)

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.2E4
4.9E5
9,8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

B. Ambient Level God'
Based on
Health Effects
58
290
0.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ujym3
(ppmVol)
Water, ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Propowd Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Based on
Had* Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effectt



II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
58
290
0.6
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

BMedonH.vlihEff.Ktf



                               E-89
-------
CATEGORY:  9                                                  WIN:  NCX&iXCN

TETRAHETHYLSUCCrNONITRILE:  CgH,^ (TSN.TMSN).                   STRUCTURE:
  Crystallizes In plates; nearly odorless.
                                                                    (CH3H-CH
PROPERTIES:

  Molecular wt:  136.22; mp:  169 (sublimes); d:  1.070;
  slightly soluble 1n  water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
                                                                    (CH3)-C-CN
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Tetramethylsucclnonltrlle Is used as a strong  convulsant In experimental animals
 and In man.   It Is absorbed through the skin and  detoxified slowly In  the body.
 Cumulative effects were not noted In animal tests.  Systemic effects caused 1n exposed
 workers Included headache, nausea, and convulsions  (refs. 4,9).
    LCLo t1nha1at1on« r«t):   60 PP« for 2-3 hours; 6 pom for 30 hours.
    LOLo t°ral»  «t):  25 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

    TLV • 3 «g/m3 (0.5 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:  3.0 x 103 ug/m3  (0.5 ppm)                   A1r,  Ecology:
 Water, Health:  15 x 3.0 x 103 - 4.5 x 104 pg/t            Mater, Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.5 x 104 • 90 »g/g                Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPCAH1 " '°3 x  3/42° ' 7 "9/n3
  EPCAHla " °-5/420 ' 0-001 ppm
  EPCWH1 ' 15 x 7 • 105 ug/i
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 3 * 41 "9/l
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 41 • 0.08 ug/g
                                          E-90
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                         9
TETRAMETHYLSUCCINONITRILE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)



II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acut«
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effects
3.0E3
(0.5)
4.5E4
9.0E1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
(0.001)
41
0.08
Based an
Ecological
Effectt
-


C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, /ifl/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Bawd Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
7
(0.001)
41
0.08
B. Based on
Ecological Effects




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects




                                E-91
-------
CATEGORY:  10A

ETHYLAMINE:   C^N (l-aminoeth«ne, ethanamine)
  A colorless, flawnable liquid with a strong anrooniacal odor.
                                                           WIN;  22
                                                           STRUCTURE:
                                                                      CH3CH2NH2
PROPERTIES:
                                           15.
  Molecular wt:  45.10;  bp:   16.68; d:  0.689J|; pKa:  10.75
  (ref.  37}; vap. press.:  400 mm at 2°; mlsclble with water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Ethylaralne Is a strong  base and a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 37).
     Rural concentration In  air has been reported as 21 ppb (ref.  1).  This Is
  equivalent to 38.7 ug/m3.   This value may be unduly high since  1t  1s representative
  of an  agricultural setting.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Experiments with animals Indicate Irritation of the cornea  as well as lung, liver,  and
  kidney damage for a 6-week exposure at levels of 100 ppm (ref.  4).
     tDLo  (oral, rat):  400 mg/kg.
     LC^  (Inhalation,  rat):  3,000 ppm/4 hr.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  Tin 96:  100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION;

    TLV - 18 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  1.8 x  104 pg/m3 (10 ppm)
  Hattr,  Health:  15 x 1.8 x 10* • 2.7 x  105 ug/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.7 x 105 • 540  yg/g
                                                     Air, Ecology:
                                                     Water.  Ecology:  100 x 10 • 1.0 x  103 ug/t
                                                     Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 103  • 2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC
  EPC
;AHI
'AH la
        10J x 18/420 - 43
        • 10/420 > 0.024 ppn
^Sml  ' !5 x 43 • 645 ug/l
EPCy|Q  « 13.8 x 18 • 248 yg/t
EPCLK " °-002 x 248 • 0.5 wg/g
                                                          EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 • 500  ug/l

                                                          EPC   • 0.002 x 500 • 1  ug/g
                                            E-92
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        10A
ETHYLAMINE

Air.pu/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jij/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Batt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Dmloping Technology
Engineering. Estimate*
(R&D Goals)



II. Baiad on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Hs»lth Effects
1.8E4
(10)
2.7E5
5.4E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
0.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
'
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fio/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Und.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bawd Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
0.5
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



                               E-93
-------
CATEGORY:    10A
ETHANOLAHINE:  C^NO (2-am1noethanol.  2-hydroxylethylamlne).
  A colorless, oily liquid; faint, ammonlacal odor.
                                                               STRUCTURE:
                                                                          H2NCH2CH2OH

                                                                          2-Am1noethanol
PROPERTIES:

  Molecular wt:  61.10; bp:  171-172°; pIC:  9.44 (ref. 38);
          9fl                           *
  d:   1.0222JJ; mlscible with water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

     Ethanolamlne Is  a strong base, and a normal constituent  of human urine (ref. 37).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Animal studies Indicate that ethanolamlne  has an Irritant and necrotlc effect on the
  skin (.ref. 4).
     LOgQ  (oral, rat):   2,100 mg/kg.
     Aquatic toxlclty:   Tim 96:  1,000-100 ppm  (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

     TLV -  6 rog/m3 (.3 ppm) (level believed sufficient  to prevent systemic  effects).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  Air, Health:  6.0 x 103 wg/m3 (3 ppm)
  Wtttr, Health:  15 x 6 x 103 - 9.0 x 104 ug/
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 9.0 x 104 • 180 ug/g
                                                         Air, -Ecology:
                                                         Water, Ecology:   100 x 100
1.0 x 10* ug/t
                                                         Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 1(T • 20 ug/g
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
                              _3
   EPC,
     "AH1
     'AHIa
           lO0 x 6/420 • 14 Hg/«r
            3/420 • 0.007 ppm
   "SHI • « x 14 -  21
   EPCUH2 * 13lB x 6 ' 83 »«9/1
   EPC,_H • 0.002 x 83  • 0.17 wg/g
                                                                  50 x 100 - 5,000 ug/t

                                                          EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000  «  10 ug/g
                                             E-94
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          IDA
ETHANOLAMINE




Air.^g/m3
(ppmVoJ)
Water, vyfl
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/O
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT, BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)





II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E3
(3)

9.0E4

1.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects


1.0E4

2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Hcstth Effects
14
(0.007)

83

0.17
Based on
Ecological
Effects


5,000

10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*





•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Ajr.tig/m3
IppmVol)

Water, py/l
(ppmWt)
Land, (j»/g
(pprnWt)
1. Currant or Propoeed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
14
(0.007)
83
0.17
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Based on Health Effects




                               E-95
-------
 CATEGORY:  10A
BUTYLAHINES:  C4HnN (aminobutanes).
  Liquid, ainnoniacal odor.
                 Molecular wt:   73.16; soluble in water.
PROPERTIES'
l-ara1nobutane
2-am1nobutane
2-methv 1 -n-ami noorooane
nip
-50
-104
-72.65
bp
78
63
44-46
-?

0.724
0.695
                                                              WLN:  Z4, ZY2, ZX
                                                              STRUCTURE:
                                                                            l-Am1nobutane

                                                                            2-Aminobutane
                                                                CH3CH2CHCH3
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    Aliphatic amines are strong bases.
    The odor of butylamine Is  slight at less than 1 ppm (ref.  37).
                                                                     NH
                                                                       2
                                                                       CH,
                                                                  CHj—C-NH2  2-Amino-2-methyl propane
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Contact with liquids,  solutions, or vapors of aliphatic amines causes strong,
 local  Irritation.

l-am1nobutane
2-aminobutane
2-a«1 no-2-methyl propane
LD50
oral, rat
500 mg/kg
380 mg/kg
180 mg/kg
LCLo
Inhalation, rat
4,000 ppm/4 hr


    The aquatic toxicity rating for 2-araino-2-raethylpropane (tert-butylamlne)  is
 reported as TLra 96:  > 1,000 ppm (ref.  2).

REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV - 15 mg/m3 (5 ppm):  skin.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

 Air, Health:   1.5 x 104 wg/m3 (5 ppm)
 Water,  Health:  15 x 1.5 x 10* • 2.25 x 105 u
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.25 x 105 - 450 ug/g
                                                      A1r, Ecology:
                                                      Water,  Ecology:  100 x >1,000 « >1.0 x 105
                                                      Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x  10 5-  200 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPC
    'AH1
          J x 15/420 • 36 ug/nr
EPCAHla  * 5/42° " °-01 P""1
EPCWH1 " !5 x 36 « 540 ug/f
EPCHH2 • 13.8 x 15 « 207 i,g/l
  EPC
    LH
                          "9/9
EPCHE1  •  50 x>1.000 • --50.000 vg/t.

EPCLE  - 0.002 x 50,000 « 100  wg/g
                                                   E-96
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
         10A
BUTYLAMINES

Air.jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bawd on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goth)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effeett
1.5E4
(5)
2.25E5
4.5E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!

->1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Baiedon
Health Effect!
36
(0.01)
207
0.4
Bated on
Ecological
Effect.

> 50,000
TOO
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



•To b* multiplied by dilution factor

Air,pg/m3
(ppm Vol)

Hater, jij/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,fig/y
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects




B. Bated on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
36
(0.01)
207
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


>50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Perminble Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects




                              E-97
-------
 CATEGORY:  IDA                                                 WIN:
 CYCLOHEXYLAH1NE:  CfiH13N (aminocyclohexane, hexahydroanlline).      STRUCTURE:
  A liquid, with a strong,  fishy, amlne odor.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  99.06;  mp:  -17.7; bp:  134°; d:  0.8191;
  pKa:   10.79  (ref. 37); completely nrisclble with water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE.  CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Cyclobexylamlne is  a known metabolite of cyclamates (refs.  4,39).  It
  1s a  strong  base.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Vapors of cyclohexylanlne are strongly Irritating although, at concentrations  below
  10 ppn, acute effects are absent (ref.  4).
     L050 (oral, rat):  710 mg/kg.
     Cyclohexylanlne appears (as the sulfate) 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens  List.
  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4111.   The lowest dose (as  the sulfate) to Induce a
  carcinogenic response 1s 11 g/kg.  This 1s equivalent to 5.5 g/kg of cyclohexylamlne.
  The adjusted ordering number Is 0.74.
     Aquatic toxldty:  TLm 96:  1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
    TLV « 40mg/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  4.0 x  10* ug/ra3 (10 ppm)
  Water. Health:  15 x 4.0 x 104 • 6.0 x  105 wg/'
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 6.0 x 105 • 1.2  x  103 ug/g
                                                          A1r, Ecology:
                                                          Water,  Ecology:  100 x 100 =• 1.0 x  10*
                                                          Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 104 » 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPCAW - 103 x 40/420 - 95 ug/m3
  EPCAHla " 10/42° " °'024 PP™
  EPCWHl" 1S x 9S - M30 wg/i
  EPCWH2 " 13-fl x *° " 55° u9/r
  EPCLH " °-°°2 x 55° '
                                                           EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 «  5,000 ug/i

                                                           EPCLE « 0.002 x 5.000 - 10 Mg/g
                                           E-98
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             10A
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE




Air /jg/m
(ppm Vol)

Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)





II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects

4.0E4
(10)
6.0E5
1.2E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects



1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects

95
(0.024)
550
1
Based on
Ecological
Effects



5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*





•To b« multipliad by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
(ppm Vol)
(ppm'wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Baud on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
95
(0.024)
550
1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-99
-------
CATEGORY:  10B                                                  WIN:  T3MTJ

ETHYIEHEMHIE;  C^N (azlrldlne,  azacyclopropane).                STBUCTURE;
  A colorless liquid; Intense, aimonlacal odor; fumes In air.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular  wt:  43.07; mp:   -73.96; bp:  55-56; d:  0.832;           •
  vap.  press.:  160 mm at 20";  vap. d:  1.48; mlsdble with  water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

     Ethylenelmlne Is an extremely reactive compound; It undergoes  ring-opening reactions similar to those
  undergone  by ethylene oxide (ref. 39).  Ethylenelraine hydrolyses  in water to give ethanolanrfne.  Ethylenelnlne
  Is  polymerized to polyethylenelmlne. which Is used as a flocculant 1n water treatment.  Polyethylenelmlne 1s
  also  used  1n the paper and textile Industries (ref. 40).
     The anmonlacal odor of  ethylenelmlne Is detectable at 2 ppm (ref. 41).
     Ethylenelmlne 1s not known to occur In nature (ref. 40).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

    Ethylenelnlne 1s regarded as  highly toxic by Inhalation,  skin  contact, and Ingestlon.  It Is a potent
  Irritant, causing blisters.   Toxic effects due to a 2-3 minute  exposure to the vapor were not apparent
  until after 3 hours (ref. 4).
    Ethylenelraine causes chromosome aberrations In namnallan  cells (ref. 42).  It Is reported to cause
  cancer In mice and 1n rats,  and  the animal studies show that a  high  Incidence of hepatomas and pulmonary
  tumors result from oral administration (ref. 40).
    The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4212.  The lowest toxic  dose  to  Induce carcinogenic effect In animals
  Is recorded as 20 rag/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 210.6.
    LDjQ (oral, rat):  15 mg/kg.
    LCL(} (Inhalation, rat):   25 ppm/8 hr.


REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV « 1 »g/m3 (0.5 ppn).   (This TLV does not consider the carcinogenic potential of ethylenelmlne.)
    Ethylenelmlne Is the subject  of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
    Ethylenelnlne Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers
  are prescribed (ref. 17), Including monitoring, control methods,  and medical surveillance.

MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/210.6  • 332 ug/m3              A1r, Ecology:
 Water. Health:  15 x 332 - 5 x 103 i»g/i              Mater,  Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 5 x 103 •  10 ug/g             Land,  Ecology
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!

  EPCAH1  "  1!)3 * 1/42° " 2'4 "9/m3
  EPCAHla " O-5/420 " O-001  PP™
           1S « 2.4 • 36 tig/I
  EPCUH2 *  13'8 * ' * u ng/l
  EPCy, • 0.002 x 14 - 0.028 wg/g
  EPCAC2 "  1<|3/W x 210'6) " °'8 •'S/™3
        • 15 x 0.8 - 12 ug/i
          0.002 x 12 • 0.024 ug/g
                                            E-100
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           xx
           10B
ETHYLENEIMINE

Air, ugltt?
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land. pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beet Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimatts
(R&D Go«li)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect!
3.32E2
5.0E3
1.0E1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.8
12
0.024
Bated on
Ecological
Effeca



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
14
0.028
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.8
12
0.024
                                E-101
-------
 CATEGORY;   10B                                                WLN: 1H1
D1HETHYUWINE:   C2H7N.                                           STRUCTURE:
  A colorless gas with a strong ammonlacal odor.                     (CH3)2NH
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  45.09; bp:   7.4;  d:  0.6804^°; vap.  press.:   2 atm
  at 25° {ref. 37); vap. d:   1.55; mlsclble with water;  pK  :   10.61 (ref. 37).
                                                       a
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Dlmethylanlne Is a normal  constituent of human urine (ref. 37).  Aliphatic amines  are  strong bases.
     The rural concentration of dimethylamine 1s reported as 89 ppb (ref. 1).  This  1s  equivalent to
  163.80 wg/m3.  This value  Is  probably unduly high because It Is  representative of  an  agricultural setting.
  The odor  recognition level Is reported as 1.10 mg/m3  (ref. 3) and the odor threshold  as 0.047 ppm or
0.09 mg/m3  (ref. 29).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Dlmethylamlne Is similar to ammonia In Its chemical  and  lexicological properties.   It 1s a strong
  Irritant to eyes and upper respiratory tract.
     LDjQ Coral, rat):  698 mg/kg.
     Aquatic toxldty:  TLm 96:   100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
     A concentration of 7 mg/i In water Is reported to cause  tainting of fish flesh (ref.  36).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION- CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV • 18 mg/i
  Is much lower.)
TLV • 18 mg/m   (10 ppn).  (This level  Is established to prevent respiratory Irritation.  The odor  threshold
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:   1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm)               A1r. Ecology:
  Water, Health:   15 x 1.8 x 104 - 2.7  x  10s pg/i      Water, Ecology:  100 x 10 - 1 x 103 ug/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.7 x 10S - 540  wg/g          Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1 x 103 - 2 ug/g
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

   EPCAH1 " 1(>3 x 18/42° " 43 p9/ln3
   ^AHla ' 10/42° "  °'024 PP™
   EPCMH1 • 15 x 43 •  645 ug/t                         EPCy^ • 50 x  10 • 500 wg/z
         • 13.8 x 18  • 248 ug/t
        » 0.002 x 248 • 0.5 ug/g                      EPCL£ • 0.002  x 500 « 1 vg/g
                                           E-102
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           10B
DIMETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E4
(10)
2.715
5.4E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
(0.024)
248
0.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects

500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m3
(ppm Vol)

Watar, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based oo
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
0.5
B. Based on
Ecological Effect*


500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects




                               E-103
-------
 CATEGORY:   IOC                                                 WLN:   ZR
ANILINE;   CgH?N  (phenylaralne, anrinobenzene).                       STRUCTURE;
  An oily liquid; colorless when freshly distilled, darkens
  on exposure  to air and light;  disagreeable odor.

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  93.11; bp:  184.13; d:  1.0217; pkfa:  9.3 (ref. 44);
  vap.  press.:  1 ma at 34.8" C;  volatile with steam; soluble  1n
  water,  soluble In I1p1ds (ref.  44).
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Aniline was first produced  by  the dry distillation of Indigo.   It has also been Isolated from coal  tar.
  It has.  In general, the characteristics of primary aromatic  amines; 1t 1s a weak base.  It 1s widely used
  as an Intermediate in the production of chemicals used In  dyes,  photographic chemicals. Pharmaceuticals,
  and In  the rubber Industry (ref.  44).
     The  odor  recognition level  for aniline Is reported as 0.37-4.15 mg/m3 {ref. 3).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     The  biological half-life of aniline  1s  reported as 0.120 day for man  (ref. 20).  Aniline may be absorbed
  through the  skin as well as through Inhalation and cases of acute,  as  well as chronic, poisoning are reported
  (ref. 4).  The oxygen transport ability of hemoglobin Is Impaired by aniline; human death has resulted from  ex-
  posure  to  high concentrations of aniline (ref. 45).  Ingestlon of 350  mg/kg has also resulted 1n human death.
     LD5Q {oral, rat):  440 mg/kg.
     LCcg (Inhalation, rat):  250 pom for 4  hours.
     There are no adequate data to Indicate  that aniline 1s carcinogenic to man or to animals (ref. 44).  However,
  several aniline derivatives have produced  oncogenlc responses 1n test  animals (ref. 2).
     Aquatic toxlclty:  96-hour TLm 1s 100-10  ppm  (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV « 19 mg/m3  (5 ppra) skin.
     Aniline is  Included 1n the Chemical  Industry  Institute of Toxicology First Priority Chemicals List {ref.  8).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:   1.9  x  104 ug/ra3 (5 ppm)               Air. Ecology:
  Water. Health:   15 x 1.9 x 10* • 3.0 x Id5 gg/m3     Water, Ecology:  100 x 10  •  1.0 x  103 ug/t
  Land. Health:   0.002 x 3.0 x 10s • 600 ug/g         Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0  x  103  • 2 ug/g
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

   EPCAH1 '  1t)3 * 19/42° " 45 u9/q|3
   EPCAHla " 5/42° " °'02 ppm
   EPCWH1 "  1S x 45 " 67S "9/l                         EPCWE1 • 50 x 10 - 500
   EPCWH2 "  13>8 x 19 " 262  ug/l
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 262 • 0.5 ug/g                      EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
                                                   E-104
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    10C
ANILINE

Air,M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exilting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estinwttt
(R&D Goah)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
BsMdon
Health Effect!
1.9E4
(5)
3.0E5
6.0E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lnel Goal'
Bawd on
Health Effects
45
(0.02)
262
0.5
Baiedon
Ecological
Effect!

500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
AhMig/m3
(ppm Vol)
(ppm'wt)
Land,pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bend on
Health Effect!



B. Beted on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Pentiifjible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.02)
262
0.5
B. Bated on
Ecological EftVcu

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effect!



                               E-105
-------
 CATEGORY:  IOC
AMINOTOLUENES;  C?HgN (methyl  anilines, toluldines).
  2-Aminotoluene:  light yellow liquid; becomes darker on
  exposure to air and liquid.   3-Amlnotoluene:  liquid.
  4-Aralnotoluene:  leaflets, wlnelike odor, burning taste.
 PROPERTIES:
                                                               WLN:ZR B, ZR C,

                                                               STRUCTURE:
                                                                                  ZR  0
2-Aralno toluene
3- Aral no toluene
4- Ami no toluene
Molecular
wt
107.16
107.16
107.16
m£
-14.7
-30.4
43.7
b£
200.23
203.35
200.55
,20
d4
0.9984
0.9889
0.9619
Solubility In water
Slightly' soluble
Slightly soluble
Slightly soluble
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:   2-Ami notol uene
                                                                    (o-Tolu1d1ne)
     Amlnotoluenes are formed by  reduction of the corresponding
  nltrotoluenes.
                                                                                     3-Aminotoluene
                                                                                      (m-Toluldine)
                                                                                           NH-
                                                                                      4-Ami notoluene
                                                                                       (p-Tolu1d1ne)
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Aromatic amines are readily absorbed  through the skin.   The toxlclty of toluldlnes 1s considered to be
  similar to that of aniline (ref.  45).  Inhalation of vapor of the  ortho Isomer results In Intoxication and
  Irritation of the kidney and bladder.  A concentration of  approximately 100 ppra 1s considered the maximum
  endurable for an hour without serious  consequences (ref. 9).
                                        )-« (oral, rat)
                   2-Aminotoluene
                   3-Amlnotoluene
                   4-Aminotoluene
                                         900 wg/kg
                                         974 ing/kg
                                         656 ing/kg
   Each of the amlnotoluenes Is reported to produce oncogen1c responses  1n animals.  The EPA/NIOSH  ordering
number, considering the compounds collectively, 1s 4212, and the lowest  dose to produce an oncogen1c response
Is 6,600 wg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number for the compounds collectively 1s 636.

REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

   TLV • 22 ng/m  (5 ppn) for 2-am1notoluene.  This TLV does not reflect carcinogenic potential of
the amlnotoluenes.
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIdTY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:   7 x  10*/638 - 110 wg/m3               A1r, Ecology:
  Mater, Health: 15 x 110 • 1.65 x 103 gg/t           Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 1.65 x 103 • 3 ug/g           Land, Ecology:
   ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPC
   EPC
     AMI
     AHIa
         10J x 22/420 •  52 ug/mj
        - 5/420 • 0.01 ppm
   EPCMH1 • 15 x 52 • 780  ug/i
   EPCWH2 * 13>8 * a " 304
   EPCLH * °'°°2 x 30* " °-6  "9/9
 EPC
    AC2
                           °'26 M
         -  15 x 0.26 - 4 ug/t
   EPCL(- -  0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g
                                             E-106
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             x
           IOC
AMINOTOLUENES




Air,pa/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing St»ndard«
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitinutts
(R&O Goali)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.10E2
1.65E3
3.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!



B. Ambient Le»el Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.26
4
0.008
Based on
Ecological
Effect!



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/I
{ppm Wt)
Land, 119/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Sued on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
304
0.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.26
4
0.008
                               E-107
-------
-CATEGORY: IOC                                                 WLN:   ZR X X
DIHETHYLAHILIHES: CgH^N  (xylidlnes,  aminodiroethylbenzenes).        STRUCTURE:
  Of the six isomerlc xylidines, all  except xylidlne are
  liquids above 20° C.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  121.09; bp:  213-226°; d:  0.97-0.99;
  sparingly soluble In water, soluble In liplds.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    The Six Isomerlc xylidines may be formed by the reduction of the corresponding nltro compounds.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    ToxIcUy of dimethyl anilines  has been compared to  that of aniline and methyl aniline.  Depending on the
 species tested, the compound appears to be less toxic, equally toxic, or more toxic than the other compounds
 (ref. 4).
                            (oral, rat) (In mq/kq)                      LD-. (oral, rat) (In mq/kq)
         2.3-xylldlne
         2,4-xylldlne
2.5- xylldlne
         2,6-xylldlne
                        933                     3.4-xylldlne
                        467                      3,5-xylldlne
1.297                     xy 11 dine
  840                     (mixture of isomers)
                                                 812
                                                 707
                                                                                670
    LC50 (Inhalation, mouse):   149 pom for 7 hours (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV • 25 mg/m3  (5 ppra) skin for xylidlnes.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
 A1r, Health:   2.5 x 104 ug/rn3 (Sppra)                Air. Ecology:
 Water. Health:   15 x 2.5 x 104 •  3.75 x 105 wg/i    Hater, Ecology:
 Land, Health:   0.002 x 3.75 x 105 • 750 ug/g         Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 • 103 x 25/420 • 60 ug/«3
  EPCAH1a " 5/42° " °'01 PP"1
  EPCHH1 ' 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t
  EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 25 • 345 iig/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g
                                                    E-108
-------
MULTIMEDIA
GOALS

Air, uq/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
10C
DIMETHYLANILINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eltimattt
(R8.D Goalil

II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect!
2.5E4
(5)
3.75E5
7.50E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!

C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air, Mj/m
(ppm Vol)

Wattr, MJ/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effecn




B. Bated on
Ecological Effecn




II. Toxidty Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effeett




                                      E-109
-------
                                                                       ZR DR
                                                               STRUCTURE:
 CATEGORY: 10C

4-AH1NOBIPHENYL:  C^H^M  (p-phenylan111ne,  4-b1phenylam1ne).
  Colorless crystals that  darken on exposure to light and air.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  169.24; mp:  50-2;  bp:   302; slightly soluble
  1n cold water; volatile 1n steam;  soluble  In llplds (ref.  46).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
    4-Am1nobiphenyl  has, 1n general,  the properties of primary aromatic amines.  It Is  a  weak base.  The
  main commercial  use of 4-am1nob1phenyl  1n  the past was that of an antloxldant 1n rubber  (ref. 46).
    4-Ara1nob1phenyl  1s a metabolite of  4-n1trob1phenyl  (ref. 43).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS!
    A high Incidence of bladder carcinomas was reported for a group  of workers occupationally  exposed to
 4-an1nob1phenyl  (ref. 46).  4-Am1nobiphenyl  has also caused cancer  In animals (ref. 2).
    The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7526. The lowest toxic dose to Induce a carcinogenic response  1s reported
 as 140 mg/kg.  The  adjusted ordering number  Is 54.
    LD5(J Coral, rat):  500 rag/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS fOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
    4-AHiinobiphenyl 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref.  43).
    4-Anlnoblphenyl 1s designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautloons for exposed
 workers are prescribed  (ref. 17).
    4-Aminobiphenyl 1s recognized by ACGIH as being potentially carcinogenic to humans.  No TLV has  been
 assigned to 1t.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS;
 Air.  Health:  7 x \04/54 •  1.3 x 103 ug/m3
 Water.  Health:  IS x 1.3 x  103 - 2.0 x 104 ug/l
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.0  x 104 • 40 ug/g
                                                         A1r. Ecology:
                                                         Water. Ecology:
                                                         Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
                        53'5
          °-107
 EPCAH3 " °'081 " 500 • 40.5 ug/m
     AH2
          15 x 40.5  • 608
 EPCWH2 " 0<4 x 500  • 200 ug/l
 EPCLH " °-°°2 x 200 • 0.4 pg/g
 EPC    • 103/C6 x 54)
                                 3
    AC2
                         3 ug/m
          15 x 3 •  45 ug/t
  EPCLC • 0.002 x 45 • 0.1 wg/g
                                                        E-110
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              X
             IOC
4-AMIIMOBIPHENYL

Air, iig/m3
{ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E3
2.0E4
4.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
3
45
0.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, wj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, 0g/l
(ppmWt)
Land.Md/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permittible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
40.5
200
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
3
45
0.1
                                E-111
-------
CATEGORY:   IOC                                                WIN;  ZR OR DZ

BENZIDINE:  C^H^Ng (4,4'-d1am1nod1phenyl,                       STRUCTURE:
  4-4'-d1pheny1ened1am1ne).
  Colorless crystals; darken on exposure to light and  air.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  184.26; mp:   125; bp:  400740;
  slightly soluble In cold water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Benzldlne has, 1n general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines.  It Is  a weak base.
  Benzldlne and Its salts are  used In the synthesis of dyes  (ref. 46).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Benzldlne 1s believed to be  absorbed through the skin  as well as through Inhalation.
     LD50  Coral, rat):  309 ing/kg.
     A  high Incidence of bladder  tumors among workers handling benzldlne Is reported (refs.  4,  46).
                                                                                               Inhalation
  of 18 mg/n  for 13 years resulted  1n carcinoma In exposed workers  (ref. 2).
     The compound Is reported to  cause cancer 1n animals also.   Cancer resulted In rats exposed Intermittently
  via Inhalation to 10 rag/ra3 for  56  weeks.
     The EPA/NIOSH ordering number  Is 7426.  The lowest toxic dose reported to Induce a carcinogenic  response
  1s 2.100 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 3.5.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  TLn 96:  10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC BEQUIAT10H:
     Benzldlne production Is recognized by ACGIH to be associated with a substance or substances considered
  potential human carcinogens.   No TLV has been assigned.
     Benzldlne Is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
     Benzldlne Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are
  prescribed  (.ref. 17).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air.  Health:  45 x 309 - 1.4 x 10  pg/m
  Water,  Health:  IS x 1.4 x 104 - 2.1  x 10s u
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.1 x 105 - 420 vg/g
                                                  Air, Ecology:
                                                  Water, Ecology:  100 x 1 » 100 ug/i
                                                  Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 100 » 0.2 vg/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
     'AH2
        0.107 x 309 • 33 wg/nr
EPCAH3 " °'081 * 309 " K "9/m3
EPCVM1 ' 15 x 25 ' 375 "S/1
EPCWH2 ' 0.4 x 309 - 124 wg/l
EPCLH » 0.002 x 124 • 0.25 vg/g
   EPC,
     'AC2
         103/(6 x 3.5) • 48 iig/nj
        15 x 48 • 720 wg/l
EPCLC • 0.002 x 720 • 1.4 ug/g
                                                     EPCUE1 • 50 x 1  -  50  ug/t

                                                     EPCLE - 0.002 x  50 -  0.1 vg/g
                                            E-112
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      10C
BENZIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I
Air, Md/rn^
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, Ml/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E4
2.1E5
4.2E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal1
Bated on
Health Effects
25
124
0.25
Based on
Ecological
Effects

50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Hnlth Ef facts



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
25
124
0.25
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
48
720
1.4
                               E-113
-------
 CATEGORY;  "C                                                WtN: L66J BZ

l-AMINOHAPHTHALEME;  C1QHgN  (1-naphthylaiQlne,                      STRUCTURE:
  a-Naphthylamlne).
  White crystals; darken on  exposure to tight and air.

 PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:   143.19; mp:  50: sublimes;  bp:  300; d:  1.1229^;
  vap. press.:  1 OB at 104° C; soluble to 0.167 percent In H20 at 25°;  volatile 1n steam.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    l-Naphthy1am1ne does not occur as such  1n nature, but has been  Isolated from coal tar (ref.  44).   It has,
  In general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines.  It Is  a weak base.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Exposure to 1-anlnonaphthalene contaminated with 4-10 percent 2-amlnonaphthalene Is associated with human
 bladder cancer (ref.  44).  The metabolite.  N-hydroxy-1-naphthalene, has  also been shown to be carcinogenic
 (ref. 43).  Animal  studies Indicate the compound  Is less carcinogenic than  the 2-1 sower amlnonaphthalene  .
    The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number for 1-amlnonaphthalene Is 3101.  The lowest toxic dose to Induce an
 oncogenlc response Is 25 rag/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 124.
    LDgg (oral, rat):   779 mg/kg.
    Aquatic toxlclty:   Tim  96:  10-1 pom (ref. 2).
 HEeULATDRY ACTIONS. STANDAHOS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS TOR SfKlfK REqUlATMMt
     l-Anlnonaphthalene Is  the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref.  43).
     OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees  to 1-naphthylam1ne have  been established, taking Into
  consideration evidence that l-naphthy1am1ne may cause cancer (ref. 17).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
  Air. Health:  7 x 104/124 •  564 ug/m3               Air, Ecology:
  Utter, Health:  15 x 564 • 8.5 x  103 ug/t           Water, Ecology:  100 x 1  • 100 ug/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 8.5 x 103  • 17 ug/g          Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
  EPCAH2 " °'107 x 779 "
  &KHQ • 0.081 x 779 - 63 wg/m3
  EPC|M1 • 15 x 63 • 946 ug/t                         EPC)£1 - 50 x 1 - 50 ug/t
         • 0.4 x 779 - 312 pg/l
          0.002 x 312 • 0.6 ug/g                      EPC,^  - 0.002 x 50 • 0.1
  EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 124) - 1.3 ug/ra3
  EPCyj. • 15 x 1.3 - 20 ug/t
  EPC. , • 0.002 x 20 - 0.04 ug/g
                                             E-114
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                 x
                10C
1-AMINONAPHTHALENE




(ppmVol)
Water, ;j 9/1
(ppmWt)
Land, rUfl/o
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.64E2
8.5E3
1.7E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
1.3
20
0.04
Based on
Ecological
Effects

50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m
(ppmVol)
Water, MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(pom Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
63
312
0.6
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
1.3
20
0.04
                               E-115
-------
CATEGORY;  loc
                         (2-naphthy1am1ne,
                                                              WLN:   L66J CZ
                                                              STRUCTURE:
2-AM1NONAPHTHALENE:
  B-naphthylamlne).
  White crystals that darken on  exposure to light and air; volatile with steam.
PROPERTIES:
                                                    ,98.
  Molecular wt:  143.19;  rap:   113; bp:  306; d:  1.0614™; vap. press.:  Iran
  at 108° C; volatile In  steam;  slightly soluble 1n cold water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     2-Naphthylamlne does not  occur as such In nature,  but 1s formed by the pyrol1s1s of nitrogen-containing
  organic natter.  It has been Isolated from coal-tar (ref. 44).  It has. In general, the characteristics of
  primary aromatic amines.   It Is a weak base.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Epldenlologlcal  studies  have shown that occupational  exposure  to 2-amlnonaphthalene Is strongly associated
  with the occurrence of bladder cancer.  There 1s no doubt that  the compound Is a human bladder carcinogen
  (ref. 44).  2-Amlnonaphthalene Is  also reported to cause cancer In several animal species.
     The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is  7628.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported
  as 18 rag/kg.  The adjusted  ordering  number Is 423.8.
     L05Q Coral, rat):  727 rag/kg.
     Aquatic  toxldty:  TLm 96:   10-1  ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     2-Amlnonaphthalene 1s recognized by ACGIH as a carcinogenic agent  In humans.  No TLV has been assigned.
     6-fophthylamlne was the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document  (ref. 43).
     OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees to 2-naphthylamlne has been established taking  Into
  consideration  substantial evidence that 2-naphthylamlne 1s known to cause cancer (ref. 17).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
                7 x 10*/423.8 • 165 wg/m3
                                   '3
Air, Health:
Water. Health:   IS x 165
Land, Health:   0.002 x 2.5 x 10
                            2.5 x 10
                                ,3
                                    5 ug/g
                                                   A1r, Ecology:
                                                   Water,  Ecology:  100 x 1 - 100 ug/i
                                                   Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
     'AH2
                      78 ug/m3
         0.107 x 727
EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 727 - 59 ug/mj
EPCHH1 " 1S  " 59 " 3,500 wg/t
EPCVW2 " °'4 x 727 " W1 "9/t
        0.002 x 291 - 0.6 ug/g
                          0.4 ug/m3
        15 x 0.4 - 6 ug/t
        0.002 x 6 • 0.012 ug/g
  EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 423.8)
  EPC
     LC
                                                     EPCUE1 • 50 x 1  •  50  ug/t

                                                     EPC.c " 0.002 x  50 -  0.1 ug/g
                                            E-116
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                  x
                IOC
2-AMINONAPHTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT. BAT



B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect.
1.65E2
2.5E3
5.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effect!
0.4
6
0.012
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjo/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. pg/|
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
59
291
0.6
B. Based on
Ccological Effwtt

50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
0.4
6
0.012
                                E-117
-------
 CATEGORY:    10D                                              WLN:   INI4R
                                                               STRUCTURE:
 N.H-OIHETHYLANILINE:  CgH^N  (dimethylphenylanrine).
   An oily liquid.

 PROPERTIES:
   Molecular vrt:  121.18; bp:  194.15; d:  0.9557;
   slightly soluble In water; soluble In llplds.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     N,N-D1methylan1l1ne Induces toxic responses through Inhalation or by absorption through  the skin (refs. 4, 45).
  The toxic effect Is considered similar to that of aniline  (ref. 4).   Ingestlon ef 50 mg/kg  has resulted  in
  human death  (ref. 2).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  1,410 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV • 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm)  skin.




MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:  2.5 x 104 ug/tn3  (Sppm)                Air,  Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 2.5 x 104- 3.75 x 105 ug/i     Water,  Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.75 x  105 - 750 ug/g         Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PtRMIS«BlE CONCENTHATIONS:

   EPCAH1 " 1()3 x 25/420 ' 60 W9/1"3
   EPCAH1a • 5/420 •  0.01 ppm
   EPCWH1 - 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t
   EPCHH2 ' 13-8 « 25 • 345 wg/t
   EPC,_H - 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g
                                         E-118
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10D
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E4
(5)
3.75E5
7.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Lend Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
Baud on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS

Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)

Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)

Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects







B. Based on
Ecological Effects







II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects

60
(0.01)
345
0.7


B. Based on
Ecological Effects







III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects







                               E-119
-------
 CATEGORY;  "                                                 WtN:  NNU1 &2/1
DIAZOHETHANE:  CHjNg (dlazlrlne, azlmethylene).                    STRUCTURE;
  A yellow gas; musty odor.                                          H-C - N » N:


 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  42.05; rap:  -145; bp:  -23°
  (ref. 41); decomposes 1n water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Dlazomethane is considered a hazardous chemical due to Us Instability toward heat, shock,
  and oxidizing agents.   Because of Its explosive nature and Its toxldty, dlazomethane Is
  generated and used In situ when needed as a reagent.
     Photolysis of dlazomethane yields nitrogen and the very reactive d1 radical methylene.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Dlazooethane Is a highly  toxic compound; Its  toxldty 1s comparable to  that of phosgene.  Skin
  Irritation, chest discomfort, asthmatic symptoms, and development of hypersensltlvlty has been
  reported by chemists working with dlazomethane (ref. 41).  Exposure to high concentrations of
  dlazomethane have resulted 1n human death (ref.  41).
     TC^tlnhalatlon, rat):  272 mg/kg
     Exposure to dlazomethane  1s reported to cause oncogen1c responses In animals.  The EPA/NIOSH
  ordering number Is 4223.   The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response  Is  reported as
  54 ng/kg.  The adjusted ordering number 1s 78.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION!
     TLV  -  0.4 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm).   This TLV does not recognize oncogenlc potential of dlazomethane.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:  4 x 102 ng/m3 (0.2 ppm)                         Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 4 x 102 • 6 x  103 ug/i                   Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 6 x 103 • 12 ug/g                      Land. Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAH1 " 1()3 x  °'4/420 ' } "9/1"3
  EPCAHla " O'2/420 " °- MO5 PP"»
  EPCWH1 ' 15 x 1 • 15 ug/l
  EPCWH2 * 13<8 x °-4 "  5>S "9/l
  EPC^ - 0.002 x 5.5 •  0.01 ug/g
  EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 78)  - 2 ug/m3
  EPC^. - 15 x 2 • 30 ug/t
  EPC,. • 0.002 x 30 - 0.06 ug/g
    ^C                                     E-120
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          xx
          11
DIAZOMETHANE

Air. jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, vv/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
[ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E2
(0.2)
6.0E3
1.2E1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!



B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1
(0.0005)
5.5
0.01
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1
(0.0005)
5.5
0.01
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

•

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
2
30
0.06
                              E-121
-------
                                                                STRUCTURE:
                                                                     H2N-N-CH3
 CATEGORY:   1]
HOnOHETHIfLHYDRAZINE:  CN2Hg (methylhydrazine).
  Honomethylhydrazine 1s a liquid  at room temperature,
  fumes In air, and has an ammonia-Hke odor.

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  46.08; mp:  <  -80; bp:  87745; vap. press.:  49.6 ran at 25° C
  (ref.  41); pK:  8.0 (ref. 47);  soluble in water.
              a
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

    Monomethylhydrazine is  synthesized for use as a rocket  fuel.  It dissolves in water to
  give  a weakly basic solution.
    Monomethylhydrazine undergoes autooxidation in air  to give nitrogen, methanol, carbon
  monoxide, acetaldehyde,  and  various carbon or nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (ref.  47).
    The odor detection level  for monomethylhydrazine 1s reported as 1-3 ppm (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    As  a group, hydrazine derivatives  are  local Irritants, convulsants,  and  hemolytlc agents
 which  are  absorbed by all routes of administration.  Monomethyhydrazlne 1s  the most toxic
 of the methyl derivatives of hydrazine  (refs. 4, 41).
    LD50(oral, rat):  33 mg/kg.
    LC,-0(inhalation, rat):  74 ppm for 4 hours.
    Monomethylhydrazine is reported to have caused both carcinogenic  and teratogenlc effects
 In animals.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number, based on carcinogenic potential or on teratogenlc
 potential,  Is 3212.  The lowest dose  resulting 1n an oncogenic response is  3,000 mg/kg; the
 adjusted ordering number is 1.   The lowest dose to produce a teratogenlc effect is 100 mg/kg;
 the adjusted ordering number based on teratogenic potential Is 32.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

    TLV » 0.35 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm).   This TLV does not recognize oncogenic or  teratogenlc potential
 of monomethylhydrazine.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:  3.5 x 102 ug/m3 (0.2  ppm)
 Uater, Health:  15 x 3.5 x 102 *  5.25 x 103 ug/t
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 5.25 x 103 -  10.5 ug/g
                                                              A1r, Ecology:
                                                              Water, Ecology:
                                                              Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPC
   'AHl
          10J x 0.35/420 • 0.8 »g/mj
 EPCAHU • 0.2/420 - 0.0005 ppm
 EPCWH1  * 15  x  °'8 " '2 "9/1
 EPCWH2  * 13-8  * °-35 * s "y/;
 LPC,H • O.OOr  x 5 • 0.01 »g/
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                   x
                   11
MONOMETHYLHYDRAZINE




Air, /*g/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E2
(0.2)
5.25E3
1.1E1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Btsedon
Health Effect!
0.8
(0.0005)
5
0.01
Based on
Ecological
Effect!




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, 119/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effecti
0.8
(0.0005)
5
0.01
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
5
75
0.15
                              E-123
-------
 CATEGORY:  11                                                 WLN:  ZNU1
N.N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE:   C^Hg  (1,1-dimethylhydrazine,             STRUCTURE:
  dlmazlne, unsymnetrical  dlmethylhydrazine).
  A colorless liquid that  fumes 1n air with an ammonlacal              H,CS
  or "fishy" odor.                                                   H C/N-NH2
 PROPERTIES:                                                        3
  Molecular wt:  60.11;  bp:  63752; d:  0.791422;
  vap. d:  2; vap. press.:   157 nm at 25° C; pK :  7.21
  (ref. 47) mlsdble with water.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     N,N-D1methylhydraz1ne Is synthesized almost exclusively for use  as a  rocket fuel.  It 1s
  described as Insensitive to shock {ref. 47), but can Ignite spontaneously  If absorbed 1n
  Materials with large surface areas.
     Solutions In water  are weakly alkaline.
     Odor recognition level  for H,N-d1methylhydraz1ne 1s reported as  0.3 - 1 ppm (ref. 47).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    As a group, hydrazlne derivatives are local  Irritants, convulsants,  and hemolytlc
 agents, which are absorbed by all routes of  administration (ref. 41).
    N.H-D1methy1hydraz1ne 1s not considered as  toxic as hydrazlne or monomethylhydrazlne (ref. 47).
    N,N-D1methylhydrazine Is reported to have caused cancer 1n mice.
    The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenic potential 1s 3111.  The lowest dose to
 induce a carcinogenic  response Is reported as  7,902 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number is 0.39.
    LD50 (oral, rat):   122 mg/kg.
    LC50 (.Inhalation, rat):  252 ppm for 4 hours.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION:
    TLV * 1 mg/B3 (0.5 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 A1r. Health:  1 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm)                         A1r. Ecology:
 Hater. Health:  15 x 1  x 103 « 1.5 x 104 ug/l                  Vtater,  Ecology:
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 ug/g                    Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  LPCAH] «  103 x 1/420 -2.4 i,g/m3
  EPCAHla • 0.5/420 • 0.001 ppm
  EPCWH1 "  15 x 2l4 " 36  U9/'
  EPCyH2 •  13.8 x 1 • 13.8 ug/«.
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 13.8 -  0.03 »g/g
                                           E-124
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                    x
                    11
ISI, N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, fig/I
{ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bawd on Bejt Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
(0.5)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects




B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
Based on
Ecological
Effects




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baiadon
Health Effects





B. Based on
Ecological Effects





II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8

0.03

B. Based on
Ecological Effects





III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects





                              E-125
-------
 CATEGORY:  11                                                  WLN;
N.N'-OIMETHYLHYDRAZINE:  C^Hg  (l,2-dimethylhydraz1ne,            STRUCTURE:
  dimethylhydrazlne}.
  N.N'-Dlmethylhydrazine Is  a colorless liquid that                   H3C-N-N-CH3
  fumes  1n air; amroonlacal odor.                                         H |!|
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  60.12; rap:  -9; bp:  81753;  d:  0.8274;
  vap. press.:  100 mm at 28° (ref. 44); nriscible with
  water.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

    N.N'-dimethylhydrazlne  is not known to occur freely in nature.   It  is manufactured
  only in experimental  quantities (ref.  44).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    As a group, hydrazine derivatives  are local Irritants, convulsants. and hemolytic agents
 which are absorbed by all routes of administration (ref.  41).
    LD50 Coral, rat):  100 mg/kg.
    N.N'-Dlmethylhydrazlne is reported to cause oncogenic  effects  in animals.  A possible
 metabolite of N.N'-dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane. produced a  high yield of carcinomas
 of the colon in rats (ref. 44).
    The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4415.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response
 is 2 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering  number is 2208.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

 Air,  Health:  7 x 104/2,208 •  32 Mg/m3                        A1r, Ecology:
 Water. Health:  15 x 32 •  5 x  102 ng/t                        Water, Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 5 x 102 • 1 ug/g                       Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

 EPCAH2 " °'107 x 10° ' n  "9/m3
 EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 100 • 8 ug/m3
 EPCHH1 " 15 x 8 " 12° "9/l
 EPCWH2 " O-4 * 100 • 40 ug/l
 EPCLH • 0.002 x 40 - 0.08  M9/g
 EPCAC2 > 103/(6 x 2.208) - 0.075 ug/m3
 EPCWC - 15 x 0.075 • 1.1 ,,g/f.
 EPCLC " 0-°°2 " I-' - 0.002 t,g/g
                                          E-126
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                    xx
                    11
N, N'-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, /jg/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.2E1
5.0E2
l.OEO
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Leml Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
0.075
1.1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. Mi/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible' Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
8
40
0.08
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.075
1.1
0.002
                               E-127
-------
 CATEGORY:
             11
                                       WLN:  RUHR

                                       STRUCTURE:
                                                                                    H   H
1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE:  C12H12N2 (hydrazobenzene).
  Colorless tablets  from ethanol-ether.
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   184.26; mp:  131 (decomposes);
  Insoluble In water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

    Hydrazobenzene  is formed by mild reduction of azobenzene.   In the presence of mineral acids,
  hydrazobenzene rearranges to benzldlne.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

    Little Is reported regarding the  acute or chronic toxic  properties of hydrazobenzene.   Its
 properties are  probably similar to other hydrazene derivatives.  Hydrazobenzene 1s  an active
 hemolysln (ref. 41).
    LD5Q (oral,  rat):  301 mg/kg.
    Exposure to  hydrazobenzene 1s reported to produce neoplastlc effects in rats and in mice.
 The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4224.  The lowest dose to  produce the oncogenlc effect 1s
 5,280 ng/kg. The adjusted ordering  number Is 0.8.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    Diphenylhydrazene  1s on the EPA  Consent Decree Priority  1 List.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:   45 x 301
1.35 x 10* wg/m3
 Hater, Health:   15 x 1.35 x 104 - 2.0 x 105 ug/i
 Land, Health:   0.002 x 2.0 x 105 * 400 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water,  Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH2 • 0.107  x  301 • 32 ug/m3
  EPCftH3 • 0.081  x  301 • 24 ug/m3
  EPCvml • 15 x Z4  - 360 ug/l

  EPCWH2 " 0-* x  301 * 1ZO "9/l
  EPCLH " 0.002 x 120 • 0.24 Mg/9
                                          E-128
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                    x
                    11
1, 2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(RSD Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1 . 35E4
2.0E5
4.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effect!
24
120
0.24
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jifl/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Basad on
Health Effects
24
120
0.24
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-129
-------
                                                                WLN:   1N1&R DNUNR
                                                                STRUCTURE:
 CATEGORY:  11
p-DIHETHYLAHINOAZOBENZENE :  C14H15N3 (butter or
  methyl yellow, 4-d1methylam1noazobenzene.  C.I. Solvent
  Yellow 2).  Yellow leaflets.

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt.:  225.8; mp:  114-117;  Insoluble
  In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    P-Dlmethylamlnoazobenzene Is manufactured almost exclusively for  Us use as a coloring agent.
 The Joint FAO/WHO  Expert Conwlttee on Food Additives considers  p-d1methylam1noazobenzene unsafe
 for use In food (ref. 48).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Contact dermatitis has been observed In factory workers exposed to p-dlmethylamlnoazobenzene
 (ref.  48).
    Exposure to p-dimethylamlnoazobenzene Is reported to cause  cancer In animals.
    The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s  5425.  The lowest dose to  Induce a carcinogenic response  1s
 155 rag/kg.   The adjusted ordering number 1s 35.  Azo dyes carclnogenesls 1s affected by  dietary
 factors and by hormones (ref.  49).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    P-Dtraethylamlnoazobenzene 1s  the subject of a NIOSH  Hazard Review Document  (ref.  43).
    P-Olmethylamlnoazobenzene Is  designated by OSHA as a cancer-suspect agent;  special  precautions
 for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 17).
    FDA  has declared p-dlmethylamlnoazobenzene a carcinogen (ref. 24).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
 Air,  Health:  7 x 104/35 - 2.0 x  103 ug/m3
 Mater, Health:  15 x 2 x ID3 • 3.0 x 104 ug/L
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.0 x 104  • 60 ug/g
                                                             Air, Ecology:
                                                             Hater, Ecology:
                                                             Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPCAC2  • 103/(6 x 35)  • 5 ug/m3
      - 15 x 5 • 75 ug/l
      • 0.002 x 75 « 0.15 ug/g
                                          E-130
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                         11
V7UAL* p-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE

Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/I
(ppmWt)
Land, iig/g
(ppcnWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.0E3
3.0E4
6.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
5
75
0.15
Based on
Ecological
Effects

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, JIB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
5
75
0.15
                               E-131
-------
 CATEGORY:  «                                                  VVLN:   WHIM

H-HITROSOOIHETHYLAMINE:  CjHgNgO (dimethylnitrosoamlne).           STRUCTURE:
  A yellow  liquid.                                                            /CH
                                                                   0  -N - N^  3

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  74.08; bp:  154; d:   1.0048; miscible with
  water In  all proportions; soluble in lipids.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Formation of nltrosoamlnes may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the  gastrointestinal tract.  The
  precursors associated with nitrosoamlne formation (secondary amines and nitrites  or nitrogen oxides) are
  ubiquitous In nature.  Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter  (plants, animals,
  excrement), and nitrites may be formed  by the microblal reduction of nitrates  (ref. 50).   Nitrosoamines
  are rapidly decomposed by photolysis.
     Estimated concentrations of nltrosoamlnes include the following:  air (major population centers)—0.2 ug/m ;
  drinking  water—<1 ug/day; dietary intake—a few ug/day (ref. 50).
     There  1s some indication that traces of N-n1trosod1methylam1ne occur in various  foods  (ref. 46).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     The biological activity of dimethylnltrosoamlne  (or  Its metabolites) Includes acute and chronic  toxlcity,
  carclnogenicity, and teratogenlclty 1n experimental animals.
     LD50 (oral, rat):  26 mg/kg.
     LD50 (Inhalation, rat):  78 ppm (4 hours).
     N-N1trosod1methylam1ne 1s Included In the NIOSH  Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
  1s 4429.   The  lowest dosage resulting In an oncogenlc response 1s 0.075 mg/kg (ref. 50).  The adjusted ordering
  number Is 59,053.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based  on teratogenlclty Is 3101.  The lowest dosage to produce
  teratogenlc effects 1s 13 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number based on teratogenidty 1s 238.5.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     Nltrosoamlnes.  including N-N1trosod1methylam1ne appears  on  the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned
  priority of 1.
     Nitrosoanines are included In the ACG1H List of Industrial  Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential
  for Han.  No  TLV is specified.
     N-Nitrosod1methy1an1ne is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard  Review Document (ref. 43).  OSHA Standards dealing
  with exposure of employees to N-nitrosodimethylamlne have been established, taking into consideration substan-
  tial evidence that the compound 1s known to cause cancer (ref. 17).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:   7 x  10*/59,053 • 1.2 ug/w3             Air, Ecology:
  Water. Health:  15 x  1.2 • 18 ug/i                   Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002  x 18 - 0.036 ug/g               Land,  Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAH2 -0.107 x 26 • 2.8 ug/m3
   EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 26 - 2.1 ug/m3
   EPCWH1 " 15 x 2.1 • 31.5 ..g/l
   EPCyjg • 0.4 x 26 - 10.4 wg/t
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 10.4 • 0.02 ug/g
   EPCAC2 •  103/(6 x 59,053) • 0.003 ug/m3              EPCAT « 103/(6 x 238.5)  • 0.70 ug/m3
          15 x 0.003 • 0.045 ug/t                      EPC^ • 15 x 0.7 • 10.5  ug/t
          0.002 x 0.045 • 9 x 10"5  ug/g
                                             t"* I Ot
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                    XXX
                      12
N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.2EO
1.8E1
3.6E-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.003
0.045
9xlO"5
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<0.2t
<*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/fl
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.1
10.4
0.02
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.003
0.045
9x1 O"5
   tValue  is representative of major population centers.
   .is  reported.
   {Drinking Water.
                                 E-133
No rural concentration
-------
CATEGORY: 12                                                    S£fc!li:  °NN2iz
N-HITROSODIETHYLAHINE:  C4H1QN20 (dlethylnitrosoaralne).            STRUCTURE:
  A yellow, volatile liquid.                                          0-N - N
                                                                                  2H5
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular  wt:  102. 14; bp:  176.9; d:   0.9422J0;
  moderately soluble In water, soluble In Uplds.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Formation of nltrosoamlnes may occur In  air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal  tract.  The
  precursors associated with nltrosoamlne formation  (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen  oxides) are
  ubiquitous 1n nature.  Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
  excrement), and nitrites may be formed  by the mlcroblal reduction of nitrates (ref. 50).   Nltrosoamlnes
  are rapidly decomposed by photolysis.
     Estimated concentrations of nltrosoamlnes Include  the following:  air (major population centers) —
  0.2 pg/rn ; drinking water--  " °'66 "g/
           15 x 0.29 - 4.4 ug/l                        EPCj^ - 15 x 0.66 • 9.9 ug/t
           0.002  x 4.4 - 0.009 ug/g                    EPCLT • 0.002 x 9.9 •  0.02 ug/g
                                             E-134
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                      xx
                      12
  IM-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air. (ig/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiccty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.2E2
1.8E3
3.6EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.29
4.4
0.009
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<.2t
<*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. uglm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^fl/a
(ppm Wl)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Perminibla Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12.7
62.8
0.13
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.29
4.4
0.009
   tValue  is representative  of major population centers.
     is  reported.
   tDrinking water.
                                  E-135
No rural  concentration
-------
 CATEGORY: 13A                                                 WIN: SHI
HETHANETHIOl:  CH3SH (methyl mercaptan).                          STRUCTURE:
  A colorless gas; odor of  rotten cabbage.
                                                                     H
                                                                   H-C-SH
 PROPERTIES:                                                         fr
  Molecular wt:  48.1;  mp:  -123.1; bp:  7.6;  d:  0.868; vap. d:   1.66; vap. press.:  2 atmos  at 26.1°;
  slightly soluble in hot water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Methanethiol is  found in coal tar.  It  is  also formed catalytically from methanol and
  hydrogen sulfide.
    The odor of methanethiol Is stronger and more unpleasant than that of hydrogen sulfide
  (.ref. 4).  The odor threshold level  is reported as 0.0021 ppm (ref. 29).  Methanethlol  1s
  flamnable and emits S02 on burning.   It will  also react with hot water or steam (ref. g).
TOXICJROPERTIESJEAL.TH EFFECTS:
    There Is a close  toxicologlc similarity between methanethlol  and hydrogen sulfide.   Acute
 toxldty is characterized by respiratory effects, including respiratory paralysis and  edema {ref. 4).
    LDjg (subcutaneous, mouse):  2.4 rug/kg.
    LCLo Clnhalation, rat):  10,000 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
    TLV * 1  mg/m3  (0.5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:   1.0 x 103 ug/ra3 (0.5 ppm)                       A1r, Ecology:
 Water, Health:   15 x 1.0 x 103 « 1.5 x 104 ug/l               Water, Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 vg/g                    Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPCAH, « 103 x  1/420 - 2.4 ug/m3
 EPCAHla * °-5/420 ' 0-001 ppm
 EPCWH1 " 1S x 2'4 * 36 "9/l
 tPCWH2 " l3'8 x ' " 13'8 u9''
 EPC^ - 0.002 x 13.8 - 0.03 i,g/g


                                          E-136
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           13A
METHANETHIOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water. ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
(0.5)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
Based on
Ecological
Effects




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ttgfm
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, *ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Bnerion
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
B. Based on
Ecological Effect*




III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!




                                E-137
-------
CATEGORY:  13A                                                WLNj  SH2
ETHANETHIOL:  CjHgSH (ethyl mercaptan. ethyl  tMoalcohol).         STRUCTURE;
  A colorless liquid;  penetrating, garlic odor.
                                                                      H H
PROPERTIES:                                                           H H
  Molecular wt:  62.13; mp:  -147; bp:  36.2;  d:  0.83907;
  vap. d:  2.14; vap.  press.:  400 ran at 17.7°; slightly soluble 1n water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    The most significant  characteristic of ethanethlol Is the Intense odor.  The odor
  threshold 1s also reported as 1 ppb (ref. 29).
    Rural background  concentration 1s reported as  1 ppb (ref. 1).  This  Is  equivalent
  to 2.5 |ig/m .
    Ethanethlol reacts with water, steam,  acid,  or heat to produce toxic and flammable
  vapors,  such as SOX  (ref. 9).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     The  lowest concentration of ethanethlol resulting In a toxic response In  a  human 1s reported
  as  4  ppm.  This concentration resulted 1n effects  to the central nervous system  (ref. 2).  Hydrogen
  sulfide 1s considered to be 10 times more toxic than ethanethlol (ref.  4).
     Only slight acute toxlclty for  ethanethlol  1s Indicated by animal responses.
     LC5Q (Inhalation, rat):  4,420  ppm (ref. 4).
     LD50 (oral, rat):  682 mg/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV  •  1 mg/m  (0.5 ppm)  (based on Intense odor).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  1.0 x 103 yg/m3 (0.5 ppm)                       Air, Ecology:
  Water,  Health:  15 x 1.0 x 103 •  1.5 x 104 ug/i               Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 10*  - 30 ug/g                    Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 • 103 x 1/420 -2.4 pg/m3
  EPCAHla " °-5/42° ' °-001 PP™
  EPCWH1 * 1S * 2-4 ' 36 "9/1
  EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 1 " 13>8 M9/1
  EPCIH - 0.002 x 13.8 • 0.03 ug/g
                                            E-138
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
         13A
ETHAN ETHIOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. /ifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(pptnWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Gods)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
(0.5)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
2.5


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jig/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baseelon
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
B. Bisedon
Ecological Effects




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects




                                E-139
-------
CATEGORY:        13A                                          WLN:       SH4
                                                               STRUCTURE:
n-BUTANETHIOL:   C4H1QS (n-butyl  mercaptan, 1-butanethiol,
   n-butyl-thloalcohol).                                            H H H  H
   A colorless,  mobile liquid; heavy  skunk-like odor.                 I  1 ]  I
                                                                "•"L™l»~L~C~5n
PROPERUES:                                                       MM
   Molecular wt:  90.18; rap:   -116; bp:  98; d:  0.8365;
   vap. d:  3.1;  slightly soluble in  water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     The odor threshold for butanethiol is reported ranging from 0.001  to 0.0001 ppm;
   the odor is readily noticeable at  0.1 to 1 ppm (ref. 4).  This compound occurs
   infamously in  skunk oil (ref.  24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Odor is the most significant  Characteristic of n-butanethiol.
     Toxicity is believed to be  slight and similar to  the toxicity of the  other thiols.  The
  lowest concentration to have a toxic effect on a human is 10 mg/m3 for 3 hours (ref. 2).
     LC5Q (inhalation, rat):  4,020 ppm for 4 hrs.
     LD50 (oral, rat):  1,500 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV « 1.5 mg/m3 {0.5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  1.5 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm)                       Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 1.5 x 103 - 2.25 x 10* ug/t               Water,  Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.25 x 104 - 45 ug/g                   Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAm » 103 x 1.5/420 «3.6 ug/m3
  EPCAH)a » 0.5/420 - 0.001  ppm
  EPC^j • 15 x 3.6 « 54 pg/l
  EPCHH2 * 13'8 x 1-5 " Z1 ug/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 21 • 0.04 ug/g


                                          E-140
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          13A
n-BUTANETHIOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, ftg/irr
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. E Kit ting Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&DGoato)



-
II. Based on Ambient Fee ton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.5E3
(0.5)
2.25E4
4.5E1
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Heal* Effect!
3.6
(0.001)
21
0.04
Sued on
Ecological
Effects




C. Elimination of
Ditch at ge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, wj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect*



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effect!
3.6
(0.001)
21
0.04
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!



                               E-141
-------
CATEGORY:    14A                                              WLN:   "SQR
                                                               STRUCTURE:
BENZENESULFONIC ACID:   CgHgSOj (phenylsulfonic add).
  Benzenesulfonic acid crystallizes as  colorless plates
  from water.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  158;  mp:  43-44, 65-66 (anhydrous);
  very soluble in water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Sulfonic acids are highly polar compounds.  They are strong acids, being completely ionized in
  aqueous  solutions.  They may be fused with alkali to sulfonates which are  hydrolyzed in acid  to phenols.
     Benzenesulfonic acid Is decomposed by heat (100-175° C) to benzene and sulfuHc  add.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Benzenesulfonic add Is a  strong acid.   Contact of benzenesulfonic add with  the skin may result
  in irritation or burns.  It is very Irritating to skin, eyes,  and mucous membranes (ref. 24).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):   890 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  45 x 890 • 4.0 x 10*  wg/m3                      Air,  Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 4.0 x 104 • 6.0 x 10  ug/i               Water,  Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 6.0 x 105 •  1.2 x 103 wg/g             Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 890 • 95 M08° "9/t
   EPCWH2 * °'4 x 89° " 356 "9/t
        •  0.002 x 356 • 0.7 ug/g
                                          E-142
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                 14 A
BENZENESULFONIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air.Aig/m3
(ppm Vof)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Tachnology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals!



II. Based on Ambient F acton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.0E4
6.0E5
1.2E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effecu
72
356
0.7
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS


Air, )ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, //g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
72
356
0.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-143
-------
CATEGORY:     15                                                WLN:    R

 BENZENE:  CgH, (benzol,  phenylhydride, phene).                    STRUCTURE:

  A clear, colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES:

  Molecular wt:  78.11; mp:  5.5; bp:  80.1;

  d:  0.87865?°;  vap.  press:  100 mm at 26.1° C; vap.  d:   2.77;

  solubility in water:  1,780 mg/t at 25° (ref. 52); soluble in  tissue  lipids.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATCDjOMroUNDS:

     Benzene occurs  in straight-run petroleum distillates and in coal-tar  distillates.  Rural background

  for benzene Is  reported as 0.1 ppbc (ref. 1).  This  is  equivalent  to  0.017 ppb or 0.054 gg/m .   The

  odor recognition level is 10.5 to 210 mg/m  (ref. 3).   Benzene participates to a very limited

  degree in photooxidation reactions (ref. 3).  Benzene  has been Identified 1n at least one drinking

  water supply in the United States In concentrations  as  high as 10  vq/l (ref. 13).  There Is a

  strong indication  that plants may perform a major role  in the  degradation and synthesis of benzene

  in the environment (ref. 52).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Benzene is an acute  and  chronic poison.  It 1s absorbed through  the skin, but most often
  poisoning occurs through  inhalation.  The rate of absorption of benzene through the skin has

  been reported to be 0.4 mg/on /hr (ref. 53).  It 1s estimated that  50 percent  to 70 percent
  of benzene inhaled may  be absorbed through the lungs (ref. 53).  In acute poisoning, benzene
  acts as a narcotic.  Chronic poisoning Is characterized by damage to the blood-forming tissues
  and changes in body organs, including the lymph nodes (ref. 54).  Inhalation of 210 ppm has
  resulted in blood disorders for exposed workers (refs.  4,2,9).  Benzene can induce chromosomal
  aberrations in humans (ref. 54).
     Benzene is listed in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The  EPA/MIOSH ordering number

  is 7222.  Inhalation of 2,100 mg/m  for 4 years has resulted 1n cancer in an exposed worker,
  and large doses of benzene  painted repeatedly on the skin of mice have resulted in some incidence
  of skin carcinomas.  TDLO'S assoc'iated w'itn tnese tests are extremely high and are probably not
  indicative of the true  carcinogenic potential of benzene.  An epidemiological  study conducted by
  NIOSH indicates that the  incidence of leukemia in workers exposed to benzene Is at least five
  times the expected incidence (ref. 54).
     Benzene is toxic to  aquatic life:  96 hour - TLmIIO-100 ppm (ref. 2).

REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV:  30 mg/m  (10 ppm). ACGIH classified benzene as an Occupational Substance Suspected of Oncogen1c
  Potential for workers.   (Evidence linking benzene to leukemia was limited at the time  the  TLV was established.)
  Benzene appears on EPA  Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
  Benzene is the subject  of a NIOSH Criteria Document (ref. 55).
  The Labor Department has  issued emergency temporary standards limiting worker  exposure to  benzene to 1 ppm as an
  8-hour time-weighted average concentration, with a ceiling level  of 5 ppm for  any 15-minute period during the 8-hour
  day (ref. 54).  The emergency standard is based on conclusive evidence that exposure to benzene presents a
  leukenia hazard (ref. 54).  The standard also prohibits repeated or prolonged  skin exposure to liquid benzene.
 /IINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  A"1r, Health:  3.0 x 103 ug/m3

  Water. Health:  15 x 3.0 x 103  *  4.5  x  104 vg/l

  Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.5 x  104  «  90 i.g/g
                                                             Air, Ecology:

                                                             Water, Ecology:   100 x  10  «  1.0 x 10

                                                             Land. Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0  x  103 « 2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

   EPC    • 103 x 30/420 = 71.4 ug/m3
   EPC
     'AHla
          10/420 - 0.024 ppm
   EPCHH1
   EPC
     'UH2
         15  x 71.4

         13.8 x 30
1.071  ug/t

414 \,g(t
   EPC|H - 0.002  x 414 • 0.83 ng/g

                         7.1 ,,q/m3
  "LH
EPCAC,  « 10J x  3/420
EPCH£1  « 50 x 10 *  500  ug/l


EPCLE * 0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g
   EPC.
     •LC
         • 15 x 7.1  •  107 ug/i

           0.002 x 107 - 0.21
                                                      E-144
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       x
      15
BENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, fg/irr
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. E xii ting Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technolouy
Engineering Ettimatet
(R&D Goali)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
3.0E3
4.5E4
9.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goel*
Bated on
Health Effects
7.1
107
0.21
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

500
1
C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*
0.054
lot

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. pa/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
-------
 CATEGORY:
               15
TOLUENE;   CjHg  (methylbenzene, toluol,  phenylmethane).
  A clear,  colorless liquid; sweet, pungent, benzene-like
  odor.
                                                14.5
                                                                WLN:  IR
                                                                STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:  92.13; mp:  -96;  bp:   110.6. 14.5
 Insoluble In water; vap. press.:   36.7 mm at 30° C; vap. d:  3.14.
                                                      d:  0.8669
                                                              20.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Toluene Is a constituent of coal  tar;  It  1s generally associated with benzene and xylene.  Rural concen-
  tration In air 1s reported as 3.0 to 18.2 ppbc (0.4  to 2.6 ppb, or 1.5 to 9.8 vg/m ) (ref.  1).
     Odor recognition level Is reported as  1.03 to 140 ug/m3 (0.27 to 37 ppb) (ref. 3) and  the odor threshold
  level, 2.14 ppm (8 mg/m3) (ref. 29).   Toluene participates to a limited extent 1n photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3).
     Toluene has been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies 1n concentrations  of 11 ug/t (ref. 13).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Acute  poisoning may result from exposure  to  high concentrations of toluene; a narcotic effect  1s produced.
  Human death has resulted from exposure to 10.000  ppm  (ref. 4).  Toluene 1s more acutely toxic than benzene;
  however,  severe blood disorders of the type  associated with benzene are not reported.  Inhalation of  100 ppm
  has resulted  In psychological effects and 200 ppm has affected the central nervous system In humans (ref. 2).
  Irritative effects to eyes,  mucous membranes, and the upper respiratory tract have resulted from  exposure to
  200 to  500 ppm (ref. 56).  Toluene may be absorbed through the skin as well as by Inhalation (ref. 56), although
  the Inhalation route 1s far more Important.  There 1s evidence to Indicate that at equilibrium, the average
  toluene concentration per liter of blood 1s  2.4 mg for each 100 ppm toluene In the environmental  air  (ref. 57).
  The biological half-life for toluene Is reported  to be 0.083 days (ref. 20).
     LD5Q Coral, rat):  5,000 tag/kg.  LCLo (Inhalation, rat):  4.000 ppm for 4 hours.
     Aquatic toxicity:  Tim 96:  100-10 ppm (ref. 2).  Concentrations of 0.25 mg/i can cause tainting of fish
  flesh (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC HEOULATION;
     TLV  »  375  mg/m3 (100 ppm).  Toluene 1s on EPA's Consent Decree Priority III List.
     Toluene Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document.  The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
  to toluene 1s 100 ppm as an 8-hour per work  day time-weighted average.  A celling value of 200 ppm 1s
  reconnended  (ref. 56).
     Toluene 1s on  the First Priority Chemicals List of Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:
              3.75 x  105 ug/m3  (100 ppm)
  Hater. Health:   15 x  3.75 x 105 • 5.6 x 106 ug/i
                                                    A1r,  Ecology:
                                                    Water,  Ecology:
                                                                     100 x 10 * 1 x
103
  Land. Health:   0.002 x 5.6 x 10° • 1.1 x 10* ug/g    Land.  Ecology:  0.002 x 1 x 10J • 2 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

EPCAH1 ' lt)3 x 375/420 ' 893 u9/m3
EPCAHla " 100/4ZO " 0-24ppm
EPCWH1 • !5 x 893 • 13,400 ug/l
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 375 " 5t200 "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 5,200 - 10 ug/g
                                                      EPCHE1  -  50  x  10 • 500 ug/t
                                                      EPCWE2  "  25° U9/" ^to P"***"* tainting)
                                                      EPCLE • 0.002  x 250 • 0.5 ug/g
                                             E-146
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      15
TOLUENE

Air, ng/irP
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1 . Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.75E5
(100)
5.6E6
1.1E4
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
893
(0.24)
5,200
1.0
Based on
Ecological
Effectt

250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1.5 to
9.8
lit

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bind on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
893
(0.24)
5,200
10
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!

250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!



tDrinking water supplies.
                               E-147
-------
 CATEGORY:  15
ETHYL BENZENE:  C
              (ethyl  benzol, phenylethane).
                                                                WLN:  2R

                                                                STRUCTURE:
 A colorless liquid; aromatic odor.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:
  vap. press.:
               106.16; rap:   -94.9;  bp:  136.2; d:  0.8669;
              10 mn at 25.9°;  vap.  d:  3.66; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    Rural  concentration 1n air 1s  reported as 0.5 to 1.6 ppbc  (ref. 1).  This 1s equivalent  to 0.06-0.20 ppb »
 0.3-0.87  ug/m  .  Urban concentrations as high as 111 ppbc (13.9  ppb, or 60 vg/m ) have been reported (ref.  1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Ethyl  benzene 1s an Irritant to mucous membranes, skin,  and eyes; and a narcotic 1n high concentrations.  It
 Is the most severe skin Irritant of the benzene series.   A  concentration of 200 ppm causes  eye  Irritation and
 gives warning of dangerous concentrations (refs. 4, 57).  A concentration of 100 ppm for 8  hours caused Irrita-
 tive effects 1n a human (ref.  2).  It 1s absorbed through the skin  as well as through the lungs.  No chronic
 effects of exposure are reported.
    UD50 (oral, rat):  3.500 rag/kg.
    LCLo (Inhalation, rat):  4,000 ppm for 4 hours.
    Aquatic toxlcity:  TUn 96:   100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
    Concentrations of:  <0.25 mg/t can cause tainting of fish flesh  (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV - 435 mg/m3  (100 ppm).
    On EPA's Consent Decree Priority III  List.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 A1r, Health:   4.35 x  105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
 Water. Health:
                 15 x 4.35 x 105  • 6.5 x 106 ug/t
 Land, Health:   0.002 x 6.5 x 10° • 1.3 x 10*  ug/g
                                           Air,  Ecology:
                                           Water,  Ecology:
                                           Land, Ecology:
 100 x 10  «  1.0 x 10J ug/t
0.002 x 1.0  x  103 - 2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
  EPC
     'AH1
     'AHla
 10J x 435/420 -1,040 ug/mj
> 100/420 • 0.24 ppm
  EPCWH1 * 1S * 1»040  " 15'600
  EPCjfltt " 13.8 x 435  • 6,000 ug/i
  EPCLH ' 0-002 x 6,000 •  12 wg/g
                                                     EPCHE1  •  50 x 10 « 500 ug/t
                                                     EPC,.,-  *  250 ug/i (to prevent tainting)
                                                     EPC.p • 0.002 x 250 - O.S ug/g
                                            E-148
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            15
ETHYL BENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.35E5
(100)
6.5E6
1.3E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Ditch ar g*
Natural Background*
0.3 to
0.87


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,*ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «j/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-149
-------
 CATEGORY:  15                                                WLN:   L56T&J
1NOAN;  CgH1Q Chydrindene).                                      STRUCTURE:
  A colorless liquid.
 PROPERTIES;
 Molecular wt:   118.19; mp:   -51.4; bp:  176; d:  0.964;
 Insoluble In water; solubility nay be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water  (ref. 58).

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Indan is present in coal  tar.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    LOL() Coral, rat):  5,000 mg/kg.
    Indan may be present In soot, coal tar,  and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
 Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
    Indan Is not included In the compounds tested thus far for carcinogenic activity (ref. 60).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:  45 x 5.000 -  2.25 x 105 ug/m3          Air.  Ecology:
 Hater, Health:  15 x 2.25 x 105 « 3.4 x 106 ug/l     Water,  Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.4  x 106 • 6.8 x 103 ug/g    Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 5,000 •  535 ug/m3
 EPCAH3 -0.081 x 5,000 •  405 ug/m3
 EPCym - 15 x 4.05 x 103  • 6,000 ug/t
 EPCWH2 " °'4 * 5'000 * 2'000 "9"
 EPCLH • 0.002 x 2.000 - 4 Mg/9
                                          E-150
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    15
INDAN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.25E5
3.4E6
6.8E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
405
2,000
4
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jiQ/tl
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
405
2,000
4
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                 E-151
-------
CATEGORY:   15                                                WLN:  L56 BHO
INDENE: -CgH8 (indonaphthene).                                   STRUCTURE:
  A colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:   116.2; mp:  -1.8;  bp:  181.6; d:  0.996;
 insoluble in water; solubility may  be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Indene is found in coal tar.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     LDLo (subcutaneous, rat):  1,000 rag/kg.
     Serious systemic  responses my result from exposure to high concentrations  of  Indene absorbed primarily
  through inhalation (ref. 4).
     The epoxide is considered inactive as a skin carcinogen in animals (ref.  59).
     Indene may be present in soot, coal tar. and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
  Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site  of application (ref. 59).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV • 45 ng/m3 (10 ppm).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air,  Health:  4.5 x 104 pg/m3  (10 ppm)                   Air,  Ecology:
  Water,  Health:  15 x 4.5 x 104 - 6.75 x 105  ug/i          Water,  Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 6.75 x  105 - 1.35 ug/g             Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH1 " 1C|3 * 45/42° " 107
  EPCAHla " 10/4ZO " °'024 ppm
  EPCWH1 " 15 x 107 * 1-605
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 45 ' 6Z1 "9/1
  EPCLH - 0.002 x 621 • 1.2 ug/g

                                           E-152
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    15
INDENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/rrP
(ppm Vol)
Water. figl\
(ppm Wt)
Land. »ig/g
(ppm Wt)
I, Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. 8PT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E4
(10)
6.75E5
1.4EO
Based on
Ecological
Effectt



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
107
(0.024)
621
1.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd en
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
107
(0.024)
621
1.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-153
-------
 CATEGORY:  15                                                WIN: RR
BIPHEHYL:  C12H1Q (bibenzene, dlphenyl, phenylbenzene,  PH).        STRUCTURE:
  White or colorless  scales; pleasant odor.
                                               20
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   154.2; mp:  71;  bp:  2S5.9; d:  0.8660
  1.989677; vap.d:  5.31; vap. press:  1 ran at 70.6°;  Insoluble In water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Blphenyl Is  produced by thermal dehydrogenatlon of benzene (ref.  57).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Reported effects resulting from exposure to blphenyl Include Irritation and Injury to respiratory
 passages; no chronic effects are documented (ref. 4).  Exposure by Inhalation to 4,400 ug/m3 caused
 Irritative effects 1n a human (ref. 2).
    LD5Q (oral, rat):  3.280 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
 TLV = 1 mg/m3  (0.2 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:   1.0 x 103 ug/m3 (0.2 ppra)
 Hater, Health:  15 x 1.0 x 103 •  1.5 x 104 gg/i
 Land. Health:   0.002 x 1.5 x 104  » 30 ug/g
                                                    Air,  Ecology:
                                                    Water,  Ecology:
                                                    Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPC
    'AH1
    -  10° x 1/420 • 2.4
 EPC
AHla
           °-2/420 ' 0.0005 ppm
  EPCWH1 * 1S x  2-4 • 36 ug/l
        - 13.8  x  1 • 13.8 wg/t
         0.002  x  13.8 • 0.03 i,g/g
                                          E-154
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       15
BIPHENYL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, ng/rn^
(ppm Vol)

Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goali)




-
II. Based on Ambient F acton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*

1.0E3
(0.2)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
EHectj





B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!

2.4
(5.0E-4)
13.8
0.03
Bated on
Ecological
Effects





C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*





 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, «|/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jsg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Be led on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.0005)
13.8
0.03
8. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



                                E-155
-------
                                                                           ortho-
                                                                                        meta-
CATEGORY:  15
XYLENES:   CgH10 (dimethylbenzene.  xylol).
  A mobile, flammable liquid.
  m-xylene:   colorless liquid.
  o-xylene:   colorless liquid.
  p-xylene:   colorless plates  or prisms at low temperature.
PROPERTIES:

  m-xylene
  o-xylene
  p-xylene
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Xylenes  include meta, ortho,  and  para structures.  The meta Isomer predominates in mixtures.   The
  odor threshold in air for p-xylene is 0.47 ppm (2 mg/m ) (ref. 29).   Rural background concentrations
  are reported as follows (ref.  1):
                        Rural  Concentration
                                                                                                     1RD
Hoi. wt
106.2
106.2
106.2
 PPb
ppb;
0.
; 1
0.
6-5.
.9-3
3-0.
2
.8
9
ug/m3)
ug/m )
wg/n )
 All three Isomers  nave been found 1n samples  of U.S. drinking water supplies in concentrations less
 than 5 ug/i (ref.  13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Xylenes are absorbed through skin as well  as  by  inhalation (ref. 9).  They may be narcotic  in high
 concentrations.  Chronic toxicity is not well known, but xylenes are considered less toxic  than benzene
 (ref. 24).  Effects of exposure to xylenes may be similar to effects from toluene but with  a higher degree
 of toxicity (ref.  4).  Concentrations of 200  ppm Is irritating to eyes, nose, and throat (refs. 4, 57).
 Since occurrence of xylenes Is generally associated with benzene, the specific toxic potential of xylenes
 is difficult to isolate.

n-xylene
o-xylene
p-xylene
xylene (mixture)
LD50
(oral, rat)
5,000 mg/kg
5.000 mg/kg
5.000 mg/kg
4.300 mg/kg
LCLo
(inhalation, rat)
8,000 ppm/4 hours
6,700 ppm/4 hours
LCLo
(inhalation, mouse)
6,920 ppm
3,460 ppm
Aquatic toxicity
TLra96: 100-10 ppm
TLm96: 100-10 ppm
TU96: 100-10 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
 TLV - 435 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
    Xylene is the subject of a NIOSH criteria document.   The  NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to
 xylene is 100 ppm as a  10-hour-workday, time-weighted average.  A ceiling of 200 ppm is reconnended.  (Xylene
 as used in the document refers  to any one of a combination of the Isomers of xylene) (ref. 61).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:  4.35 x 105  pg/m3  (100 ppm)
 Hater, Health:  15 x 4,35 x  105 • 6.5 x 106 ug/i
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 6.5 x 106 - 1.3 x 104 ug/g
                                                          Air, Ecology:
                                                          Water, Ecology:  100 x 10
                                                          Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 10
                           1.0 x 10
                               ,3
?
2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 « 103 x 435/420
  EPC
    •AHla
           100/420
                          1.040 ug/mj
                      0.24 ppm
  EPCWH1 " 1S * 1i04° " 15'600
  EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 435 - 6.000 ug/t
                         12 ug/g
   EPCLH « 0.002 x 6.000
EPCH£1  • 50 x  10 • 500 ug/t
EPCWE2  " 25° M9'1 ^To Prevent tainting)
EPCL£ - 0.002  x 250 -0.5 ug/g
                                            E-156
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      15
XYLEIMES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,j,g/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicify Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.35E5
(100)
6.5E6
1.3E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects


1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Heal* Effects
1 ,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
Based on
Ecological
Eftectt


250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.3 to
5.2
<5t

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, /«g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects

1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!


250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects




tDrinking water supplies.
                                 E-157
-------
CATEGORY:
              15
      WIN:   L66+TJ
      STRUCTURE:
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE:  C10H12 (tetralln, tetrallne).
  A colorless liquid; menthol odor.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular Ut.:   132.2; mp:  -35.79;  bp:  207.57.
  79.3610; d:  0.9707; vap. press:   1  inn at 38°; vap.  d:  4.55; Insoluble  in water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Tetrahydronaphthalene is produced by the catalytic  hydrogenst1on of naphthalene (ref.  57).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Tetrahydronaphthalene 1s an irritant  in low concentrations.  Narcotic effects  result from exposure to
  high concentrations (ref. 9).
     LOM  (oral, rat):   2,860 mg/kg.
     LC,   (inhalation,  guinea pig):  275 ppm for 8 hours for 17 days.
     Aquatic toxicity:   TLm96:  100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUIATION;
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  45 x 2860 • 1.3  x 105 gg/ra3
  Hater.  Health:  15 x 1.3 x 105 • 2.0 x 106 gg/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.0 x 10° • 4.0 x 103  ug/g
Air,  Ecology:
Water.  Ecology:  100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 gg/i
Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x  103 • 2 gg/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 2.860 • 306 ug/m3
  EPCAH3 " °-081 x 2>86° " 232
  EPCyH1 • 15 x 232 • 3,480 wg/l
  EPCWH2 " °-4 x 2'860 " 1>14
  EPCLH - 0.002 x 1.140 • 2.3 Mg/g
EPCHE1  • 50 x 10 « 500 wg/l

EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
                                           E-158
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                     15
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/irP
(ppm Vol)
Water. *tg/l
(ppmWt)

Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Bated on Bett Technology
A. Existing Standardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT




B Ddmlaping Tnchnoloqy
Engineering Ettimatet
(R&O Goali)




II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acutt
Tonieity Effluent
Baud on
Hmlth Elfecn
1.3E5
2.0E6
4.0E3

Bated on
Ecoloojcal
Effacti

1.0E3
2.0EO

B. Ambnnt Unl God*
Baud on
H«illh Effwu
232
1,140
2.3

Bmdon
Ecological
Effacti

500
1

C. Elimination of
Ditch arg*
Natural Background*




*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
232
1,140
2.3
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on HaaHh Effacti



                              E-159
-------
CATEGORY:   16A                                               WfcN:  GR
CHLOROBENZENE:  CgHjCl (phenyl chloride).                         STRUCTURE:
  A colorless liquid, faint,  not unpleasant odor.


PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  112.56;  mp:  -45.6; bp:  131-132;
  d:   1.1058; vap. d:  3.88;  vap. press:  10 mn at  22°; solubility In water:   49 mg/100 ml at 20°C.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Odor  threshold level for chlorobenzene 1s reported as 0.21 ppm (ref.  29).  Chlorobenzene has  been found
  In  samples of U.S. drinking water supplies at levels of less than 5 ug/l  (ref. 13).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Chlorobenzene 1s a central  nervous system depressant and may affect the liver  and kidneys (ref. 62).
  It has  only sl-1ght Irritant qualities (ref. 9).
     A narcotic effect was observed when animals were exposed to concentrations of  chlorobenzene above
  1,200 ppra (ref. 4).  Little Information 1s available on human effects from repeated exposure to sub-
  narcotic  concentrations (ref.  9).
     LDgQ (oral, rat):  2,910 mg/kg.
     Aquatic toxlcity:  TUn96:  100-1 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

  TLV * 350 mg/m3  (75 ppm).
  Chlorobenzene  Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority 2 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
 Air, Health:  3.50 x 105 ug/m3  (75 ppm)
 Water. Health:  15 x 3.5 x 105  > 5.25 x 106 wg/t
 Land. Health:  0.002 x 5.25 x 106 • 1.05 x 104 ug/g
                                                          A1r,  Ecology:
                                                          Water,  Ecology:  100 x 1 -100 ug/i
                                                          Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 100 - 0.2  ug/g
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH, • ID3 x 350/420 • 830 Hg/m3
   EPC
     'AHla
          75/420 - 0.18 ppm
 EPCWH1  "  1S x 83° " 12'500 "
 EPCHH2  "  13'8 x 35° " 4f83°
 EPCLH • 0.002 x 4,830 -9.7 »g/g
                                                          EPCWE1  •  50 x 1 • 50 ug/l

                                                          EPCLE • 0.002 x so - o.l ug/g
                                            E-160
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            16A
CHLOftOBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, f/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/9
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Bait Technology
A. Existing Stamfords
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Dovotoping Technology
Enginnering Estimates
(R8.D Goalf)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.50E5
(75)
5.25E6
1.05E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!

1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
830
(0.18)
4,830
9.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effeeb
-
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

5t

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m
(ppm Vol)

Water, jjg/l
{ppm Wt)
Land, jjo/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects






B. Based on
Ecological Effects






II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
830
(0.18)
4,830

9.7

B. Based on
Ecological Effects


50

0.1

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect)




,

tDrinking water supplies.
                                E-161
-------
CATEGORY:  ISA
1.2-DICHLORQBENZENE:  CgH4Cl2, (o-dichlorobenzene).
  A colorless liquid.
                                                            WLN:   GR BG
                                                            STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   147.01;mp:  -17;  bp:  180; d:  1.3048;
  Vap. d:   5.07;  vap. press:  1.56  mm at 25°; Insoluble
  1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     The odor of  o-dlchlorobenzene  may  be detected at 50 ppm (300 mg/m ) (ref. 62).
     o-01chlorobenzene has been found 1n samples of U.S.  drinking water supplies in  a  concentration
  of 1 wg/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Toxlcity of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is  similar to that of other aromatic chloro compounds;  however, the
  o-isomer of dlchlorobenzene is somewhat more toxic than the m- or p-forms.  It causes central nervous
  system depression, can Injure the liver and kidneys, and 1s Irritating to skin and mucous  membranes
  (ref. 9).  Exposure to concentrations  above 90 ppm affected test animals (ref. 4).
     LCj_0 (inhalation, rat):  707 ppm for 7 hours.
     LDLo (°ra1> 9uinea Pig);  2,000 mg/kg.
     Aquatic toxicity:  96-hr TLm (for mixed dlchlorobenzene Isomers):  10 to < 1 ppm (ref.  2).
     A concentration of 0.25 mg/i of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is reported to cause tainting of fish  flesh
  (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  TLV » 300 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
  On EPA Consent Decree  Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r, Health:  3.0 x 105  wg/m3 (50 ppm)
   Water. Health:  15 x 3 x 10S * 4.5 x 106 ug/i
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 4.5  x 106 • 9.0 x 103 ug/g
                                                       Air, Ecology:
                                                       Hater, Ecology:   100 x 1 - 100 ug
                                                       Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 100 • 0.2
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPC^ « 103 x 300/420
   EPC
                        714  ug/mj
         50/420 • 0.12 ppm
        15 x 714 « 10,700 ug/i
EPCHH2  ' 13.8 x 300 • 4.140 aq/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 4.140 • 8.3 ug/g
                                                               EPCyE1  « 50 x  1 '  50 ug/i
                                                               EPC^  « 250 ug/l
                                                               EPCLE - 0.002  x 50 « 0.1 ug/g
                                           E-162
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
16A
V7UAL3

Air, iig/nP
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
-
1,2-DICH
LOROBENZENE

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E5
(50)
4.5E6
9.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Lent Goat"
Bawd on
Health Effects
714
(0.12)
4,140
8.3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
It
 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/n
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects





B. Based on
Ecological Effects





II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
714
(0.12)
4,140

8.3

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

50

0.1

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects





tDrinking water supplies.
                                 E-163
-------
                                                               WLN:  GR OG
                                                               STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY:  16A
1.4-OICHLOROBENZENE:  CgH4C12 (p-D1chlorobenzene).
  Volatile crystals with characteristic, penetrating  odor.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  147.01; mp:  53;  bp:  174; d:  1.2884;
  vap. d:  5.07; vap. press:  10 ran at 55°; insoluble In
  water; sublimes at ordinary temperatures.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     The odor threshold level is 15-30 ppm (90-180 rag/m  )  in air (ref.  62).   1,4-Dichlorobenzene has been
  found in a concentration of 1  ug/t in samples of U.S. drinking water supplies  (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Vapors of 1,4-dichlorobenzene can cause Irritation to  skin, throat, and eyes;  repeated exposure to
  high concentrations may cause liver injury and central  nervous system depression  (refs. 24, 62).   Ingestion
  of 300 mg/kg by a human has resulted in unspecified toxic effects (ref. 2).
     LDgQ (oral, rat):  500 mg/kg.
     Aquatic toxicity:  96-hr. TLm for mixed dlchlorobenzene isomers:  10 to < 1  ppm  (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

  TLV • 450 mg/m3  (75 ppm).
  On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:   4.5  x  105 wg/m3 (75 ppm)
  Water. Health:  15 x 4.5 x 105 • 6.75 x  106 ug/i
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 6.75 x 10  - 1.35 x 10  yg/g
                                 6 -
                                             *
                                                          Air, Ecology:
                                                          Water, Ecology:  100 x 1  *  100 ug/t
                                                          Land, Ecology:  O.C02 x 100 * 0.2 »g/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

            it-*
   [PC,
     •AHl
   EPC
           10J x 450/420 • 1.070 i.g/mj
     •AHla " 75/42° " °-18 ppm
         • 15 x 1.070  • 16.100 ug/e.
   EPCHH2 * 13'8 x 45°  ' 6'210 "9/l
   EPCLH » 0.002 x 6.210 • 12 ug/g
                                                          EPCyE1  • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/1

                                                          EPCL£ - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1  ug/g
                                          E-164
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                 16A
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, Aig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/1
(ppmWtl
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)

1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exitting Standard*
NSPS. BPT. BAT






B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatai
(H&D Goal!)



-


II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BaMdon
Health Effect!
4.5E5
(75)

6.75E6
1.35E4


Bund on
Ecological
Effect!


1.0E2
2.0E-1


B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.18)

6,210
12


Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
-

50
0.1


C. Elimination of
DiKharge
Natural Background*


It



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, V9/9
(pnmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!



B. Baled on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.18)
6,210
12
B. Baiad on
Ecological Effect!

50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!



tDrinking water supplies,
                                 E-165
-------
CATEGORY:  16A
2-CHLOROTOLUENE:  CyHjCl  (o-chlorotoluene. 1 methyl-2-
  chlorobenzene, o-tolyl  chloride).
  A colorless liquid.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  126.59;  mp:  -35.1;bp:  159.15;  d:  1.0825;
  vap.  press:  10 ran at 46.2°; slightly soluble in water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Toxldty of 2-Chlorotoluene Is similar to that of other aromatic  chloro compounds.  Animal exposure to
  concentrations above  1,000 ppm has resulted In narcotic effects (see ref. 4).
     LD50 (oral, rat):  > 1,600 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  TLV •  250 mg/tn  (50 ppm) based on analogy with other  chlorinated benzenes.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air.  Health:  2.5 x 105 ug/ra3 (50 ppm)                   Air, Ecology:
  Water,  Health:  15 x 2.5 x 105 • 3.75 x 106 vg/i         Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.75 x 106 - 7.5 x 103 ug/g        Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCftH1  • 103 x 250/420 • 600 ug/m3
  EPCAHla " SO/42° " °'12 ppm
  EPCWH1  ' IS x 600 • 9,000
  EPCWH2  " 13'8 x 2SO " 3*450
  EPCLH " 0'002 x 3'4SO " 1 U9
                                         E-166
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             16A
2-CHLOROTOLUENE

Air,pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Sundirdi
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimates
(R&D Goali)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxlclty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.5E5
(50)
3.75E6
7.5E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

-

B. Ambient Lewi Goal-
Bawd on
Health Effects
600
(0.12)
3,450
7
Batadon
Ecological
Effect*



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/fl
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect*



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
600
(0.12)
3,450
7
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baaed on Health Effects



                               E-167
-------
                                                               ci.
CATEGORY:   16A                                                 WLN:
   (PCB's) POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS:  C12C1n (aroclors).           STRUCTURE!
   Depending on the degree of halogenation, polychlorinated
   biphenyls vary from colorless, oily liquids to black
   resins.
PROPERTIES:
   bp:  278-475; slightly soluble in water; 100 to 1,000 ug/t
   (ref. 28).   The density, boiling point, and melting  point
   increase with chlorine content (ref. 33); soluble in lipids
   (ref. 33).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Polychlorinated  biphenyls are produced by the chlorination of biphenyl.  They are remarkably stable  and
   resist attack by water, acids, and bases.  They are  not easily  biodegraded (ref. 29).  Biphenyls may have
   1 to 10 attached chlorine atoms, making possible over 200 compounds (ref. 28).  Concentrations of PCB's
  ranging from 2.0-2.8 ug/t in the Milwaukee River have been reported; concentration In Lake Michigan Is
  reported as  0.01  ug/t (ref. 33).
     It is estimated  that 41 to 45 percent of the general population of the United States have PCS levels of
  1.0 mg/kg or higher In adipose tissue (ref. 28).  PCB's are not believed to be naturally occurring compounds,
  but are manufactured as mixtures containing specified amounts of chlorine.  Such mixtures are referred  to
  by the trademark name Aroclors followed by a four-digit number; the last two digits of the number indicate
  the percentage of chlorine.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Exposure to PCB's  can cause acne, respiratory tract Irritation  and  liver Injury (ref. 4).  PCB's are
  considered to be cumulative poisons, and they may be absorbed  through  the  skin (ref. 4).  Workers exposed
  to 0.1 mg/m3 of the vapors of Aroclor 1242 experienced effects (ref. 4).   Animal studies indicate that acute
  toxiclty of the PCB's varies with the specific mixture.
Mixture
Aroclor 1221
Aroclor 1232
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1248
\JJRn (oral, rat
Su1n mg/kg
3.980
4,470
4,250
11,000
Mixture
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Aroclor 1262
LD,n (oral , rat)
suin mg/kg
1,295
1,315
11,300
Mixture
Aroclor 1268
Aroclor 2565
Aroclor 4465
LD5n (oral, rat)
3U1n mg/kg
10,900
6,310
16,000
     Polychlorinated biphenyls have produced carcinogenic responses  in  rats and mice.  The EPA/NIOSH
  ordering number for PCB's considered collectively is 4212.   The lowest dosage to produce a carcinogenic
  effect is 1,200 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 3.5.
     Aquatic Toxiclty:  The cumulative potential of PCB's is  of great concern  in considering toxiclty to
  aquatic life.  PCB's  at 0.01 ug/t in water have been known  to accumulate in  fish up to 200,000 times the
  water concentration.  96-hr TLm's range generally between 1 and 10 ug/t (ref. 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV:  0.5 mg/ia  (for chlorodiphenyls containing 542 chlorine)
     TLV:  1 mg/m  (for chlorodiphenyls containing 42S chlorine)
     Polychlorinated biphenyls are on EPA Consent Decree Priority I  List.
     Completion of NIOSH criteria document of PCB's is scheduled for 1977 (ref. 2).
     EPA 1976 water quality criteria (proposed):  0.001 ug/t  for freshwater and marine aquatic life and for
  consumers thereof (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria:  0.002  ug/i for protection of aquatic life.  PCB concen-
  trations In whole fish should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg of the wet weight  for protection of fish-eating birds and
  mammals (ref. 28).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:500 ug/m3
  Water. Health:   15 x 500  •  7.5 x  103 ug/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 7.5  x  103  • 15 ug/g

 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 •  1.2  ug/m3
  EPCHH1 • 15  x 1.2 • 18 >;g/t
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °-5 " 7 "9/1
  EPCLH •  0.002 x 7 • 0.014 ug/g
                                                      Air,  Ecology:
                                                      Water.  Ecology:   5 x 0.001 • 0.005 ug/t
                                                      Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 0.005 « 1 x 10~5 ug/g
                                                      EPCHES • 0.001  ug/t
                                                      EPCLE « 0.002 x 0.001 - 2 x 10"6  ug/g
                                                        E-168
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                            xx
                            16A
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's)

Air, iug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppfflWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E2
7.5E3
1.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E-3
l.OE-5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1-2
7
0.014
Based on
Ecological
Effects

0.001
2x1 O"6
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0
0

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ug/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects



B. Baled on
Ecological Effects

0.001

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1.2
7
0.014
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!


2xlO"6
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Hearth Effects



                               E-169
-------
CATEGORY:  168
g-CHLOROTOLUENE:  CjHyCI (benzyl  chloride).
  A colorless liquid with an unpleasant. Irritating odor.
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:
          ,20
                126.59; rap:   -43; bp:  179.3;
                                                               WLN:  G1R

                                                               STRUCTURE:
  d:  1.102|g; vap. d:  4.36;  vap. press:  11 nra
  at 66°;  Insoluble 1n water
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
  a-Chlorotoluene decomposes when heated 1n the presence of Iron (ref. 24).
  The odor threshold In air for benzyl chloride 1s reported as 0.047 ppm or  0.24 mg/in  (ref. 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     a-Chlorotoluene Is highly Irritating to eyes and upper respiratory tract.   At 16 ppm (83 mg/m )  for
  1 minute, It Is Intolerable to man (ref. 4).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  1.231 mg/kg.
     LC5Q (Inhalation, rat):  150 ppm for 2 hours.
     a-Chlorotoluene appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/N10SH ordering number 1s
  4101.  The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 2100 mg/kg. The adjusted
  ordering nunber 1s 1.9.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  Tim 96:  10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
  TLV - 5 mg/m3 (1 ppm).
  On Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref.  11).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  5.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm)
  Hater. Health:   15 x 5 x 103 • 7.5 x 10* ug/i
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 7.5 x 104 * 1.50 ug/g
                                                          Air. Ecology:
                                                          Water, Ecology:
                                                          Land, Ecology:
                100 x 1  - 100 ug/t
               0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPC.U1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 Hg/m3
   EPC
     AHla
            1/420 •  0.002 ppm
   EPCVIH1 • 15 x 12 •  180 ug/i
   EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 5 ' 69 U9/1
   EPC^ • 0.002 x 69  • 0.14 «g/g
   EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 1.9) • 88 ug/m3
   EPCyj. • 15 x 88 • 1.320 ug/t
   EPCLC • 0.002 x 1.320 • 2.6 ug/g
EPCHE1  "
                                                                  50 x
                                                                           50
                                                          EPCLE  • 0.002 x so « o.l  ug/g
                                           E-170
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
	16B
 a-CHLOROTOLUENr
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air. jig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land.fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS,BPT.BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering EitlnwlM
(R&DGoali)



-

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxidty EffliMitt
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E3
0)

7.5E4
1.50EO

Bated on
Ecological
Effect*


1.0E2
2.0E-1

B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)

69
0.14

Bawd on
Eeotogicat
Effaco


50
0.1

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural flacfcnrDunrf*






*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.M9/m3
(ppmVol)

WMw,pg/l
(ppmWt)
tmd,fio/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Buadon
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
12
(0.002)
69
0.14.
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects


50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

BaeWa on H*Mnn Efftctt
88

1,320
2.6
                              E-171
-------
 CATEGORY:  17                                                 WLN:  WNR
NITROBENZENE;  CgHgNOg.                                           STRUCTURE:
  A colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid or bright yellow crystals with
  odor similar to volatile oil of almonds.

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  123; mp:  6; bp:  210-11;  d:  1205; vap. press.:   Inn
  at 44.4; vap. d:   4.25; soluble in about 500 parts water; volatile with steam.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
     The odor threshold  1n air for nitrobenzene Is 0.0047 ppm or 23 wg/m3 (ref. 29).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Nitrobenzene Is  toxic  by  Ingestlon and by Inhalation.  It Is readily absorbed through the  skin.  Effects
  of exposure Include cyanosis, methenogloblnenrla, and central nervous  system effects (ref. 24).
     A woman Is reported to have experienced blood effects as a result  of Ingesting 200 ing/kg of nitrobenzene (ref.  2).
     LD^  Coral, dog):  750 mg/kg.
     LOLo  (oral, rabbit):  700 mg/kg.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  Tin 96:  100-10 ppm.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REPUTATION:
     Nitrobenzene 1s on EPA Consent Decree Priority  III List.
     TLV  •  5 ng/n3 (1 ppm) skin.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  A1r. Health:   5.0 x 103 yg/m3 (1  ppm)
  Water, Health:  15 x 5.0 x 103 -  7.5 x 104 yg/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 7.5 x 104  • 150 yg/g
                                                  Air, Ecology:
                                                  Water, Ecology:  100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 yg/t
                                                  Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 103 -  2
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 yg/m3
            1/420 • 0.002 ppm
      • 15 x 12 • 180 ug/t
EPCHHE * 13'8 x 5 " " u^t
       0.002 x 69 - 0.14 yg/g
                                                     EPCHE1 - 50 x 10 - 500 yg/t

                                                     EPCL£ • 0.002 x 500 • 1  wg/g
                                           E-172
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           x
           17
NITROBENZENE

Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)

Water, MS/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3
(1)
7.5E4
1.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!


1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Beted on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
Bawd on
Ecological


500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Beted on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissfcle Concentration
Beted on Health Effects



                               E-173
-------
 CATEGORY:   17                                                 WLN:  WNR DR

4-NITROBIPHENYL:  C12HN02 (p-n1trob1phenyl, 4-n1trod1phenyl ).     STRUCTURE:
  Crystallizes as yellow needles from ethanol.
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  199; mp:  114-114.5; bp:  340 at 760 mm;
  Insoluble 1n water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     4-N1trob1pheny1 Is reduced in  the presence of activated Iron  to the corresponding a mine.
     All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
     There 1s evidence that 4-n1trob1pheny1 Is metabolized In vivo to 4-am1nob1phenyl, a highly carcinogenic
  aromatic amlne (ref. 44).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     LD^ Coral, rat):  2,230 rag/kg.
     4-Nltroblphenyl 1s recognized as  one of the more potent human bladder carcinogens (ref. 4).   Human bladder
  cancer has  been linked with occupational exposure.  In high concentrations  (5,500 rag/kg), the compound has
  produced bladder cancer 1n dogs (refs. 2,43).  The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number for 4>n1trob1phenyl 1s 7212.
  Considering carcinogenic potential of 4-nltroblphenyl together with that of Its metabolite, 4-am1nod1phenyl,
  the EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7526, and the lowest dosage resulting 1n an oncogenlc response Is 140 rag/kg.
  The adjusted ordering number for the compounds considered collectively Is 54.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     4-nltrodlphenyl Is classified by ACGIH as a human carcinogen.  No TLV  has  been assigned; because of the
  high Incidence of cancer, no exposure by any route should be permitted.
     4-nltrodlphenyl 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref.  43).
     4-n1trod1phenyl Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers
  are prescribed (ref. 17).

 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:   7  x 104/54 • 1.3 x 103 ng/rn3           Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:   15 x 1.3 x 103 - 2.0 x 104  ug/i      Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.0 x 10* - 40 wg/g           Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPCAH2 " °'107 x 2'230 " 239 "9/n|3
  EPCAH3 " °-081 * 2>23° * 18° uS/a|3
  EPCUH1 " 1S x 18° *  2>70°
  EPCWH2 " °'4 x 2>23° " 89°
          0.002 x 890  - 2 ug/g
   EPCAC2 • 10/(6 x 54)  - 3 wg/m3
          15 x 3 • 45 wg/l
          0.002 x 45 • 0.1  wg/g              r  -if A
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              X
             1.7
4-IMITROBIPHENYL

Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/1
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eftimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E3
2.0E4
4.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effect)



B. Ambient U»el Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
3
45
0.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mfl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g,
(pprnWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Band on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
180
890
2
B. Baied on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
3
45
0.1
                                E-I75
-------
 CATEGORY:   17                                               WLN:  WNR BG

l-CmORO-2-NITROBENZENE:  CgH^Cl  (o-chloronltrobenzene).        STRUCTURE:
  Yellow crystals.
PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:   157.6; mp:  32-33; bp:  245-246;  d:  1.305;
 insoluble In water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

    Intoxication from l-chloro-2-nltrobenzene may be serious.   It can cause poisoning by the pulmonary route,
 and its effects are cumulative.  Cyanosis  and blood changes also occur.  This  compound Is more toxic than
 its para  isomer  (ref.  9).
    L050 (oral, rat):  288 mg/kg.
    Aquatic toxicity:  TLw 96:  1,000-100 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

 Air, Health:  45 x 288 - 1.3 x 104
Water,  Health:  15 x 1.3 x 104 • 2.0 x 105  ug/t
Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.0 x 105 • 400 ug/g
                                                   A1r, Ecology:
                                                   Water, Ecology:  100 x  100 - 1.0 x 104 \>q/L
                                                   Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 104 - 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

 EPCAH2 ' °'107 « 288 - 31 ug/ai3
 EPCAH3 ' 0-081 x 288 • 23 ug/ra3
 EPCWH1 ' 15 " 23 • 345 ug/l
 EPCWHZ ' 0.4 X 288 • 115 ug/t
 tPCLH - 0.002 x 115 • 0.2 ug/g
                                                  EPCWE1 - 50 x 100 - 5,000 ug/t

                                                  EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 «  10 ug/g
                                                     E-176
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                    x
                    17
1-CHLOR6-2-NITROBENZEN E
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Wattr. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E4
2.0E5
4.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
23
115
0.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Haalth Effects



B. Baud on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
23
115
0.2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Based on Health Effects



                                E-177
-------
CATEGORY:
             17
NITROTOLUENES:
  2-nitrotoluene:
  3-nitrotoluene:
  4-nitrotoluene:
                      (methylnitrobenzenes).
                 yellow liquid.
                 liquid.
                 yellowish crystals.
                                          2-Nitrotoluene
                                         (o-nitrotoluene)
                                                                WLN:  WNR B; WNR C;  UNR  D
                                                                STRUCTURE:
                                                                3-Nitrotoluene
                                                               (m-nitrotoluene)
                                                                                       4-Nitrotoluene
                                                                                      (p-nltrotoluene)
PROPERTIES:
2-nitro toluene
3-n1tro toluene
4-nltro toluene
NATURAL OCD
Hol. wt.
137.13
137.13
137.13
LJRRENCE.
RIP
-10
15.5
53-54
CHARAC
bp
222
231.9
238
TERISTI
4°
1.163
1.157
1.286
CS. AS
rfater Solubility
insoluble
0.5 g/i water
insoluble
SOCIATED COMPOU
vap. d
4.72
4.72
4.72
NDS:
vap. press.
1 iim at 50°
1 urn at 50.2°
1 mm at 53.7"
    All  nitro coapounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    The nitrotoluenes are low-grade methemoglobin formers; cases of poisoning  are uncommon.  They are  signifi-
 cantly less toxic than nitrobenzene; however, the different  isomers exhibit different levels of toxlcity
 (ref. 4).  They can be absorbed  through the Intact skin  and  the respiratory tract  (ref. 45).

2- nitro toluene
3-nltrotoluene
4- nitro toluene
LDgo (oral, rat)
891 rag/kg
1,072 rag/kg
2,144 mg/kg
Aquatic toxlcity
TLm 96: 100-10 ppnt




REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV • 30 mg/ar  (S ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:  3.0 x  104 ug/m3 (5 ppm)
 Hater, Health:   15  x 3.0 x 104 • 4.5 x 105  u
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.5 x 105 • 900 ug/g
                                                    A1r, Ecology:
                                                    Water, Ecology:
100 x 10 • 1.0 x 10J ug/i
                                                     Land, Ecology:  0.002  x  1.0 x 10J - 2 yg/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 • 103  x 30/420 - 71  ug/m3
  EPCftHU • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm
  EPC^j • 15 x 71 • 1,065 ug/i
  EPCWH2 • 13'8 x M • 414 "9/l
     LH • 0.002 x 414 - 0.8 ug/g
                                                    EPCHE1 « 50 x  10 » 500 gg/t

                                                    EPCLE • 0.002  x 500 « 1 ug/g
                                           E-178
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                       17
V*<->AL:> NITROTOLUENES


Air, /ij/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E4
(5)
4.5E5
9.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBI ENT LEVEL GOALS

(ppm Vol)

Water, uj/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects





B. Based on
Ecological Effects





II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects


500
1

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Based on Heahn Effects





                              E-179
-------
 CATEGORY:   17                                                WLN:

DINITROTOLUENES;  CjHgN^.                                      STRUCTURE:
  D1n1trotoluenes crystallize mainly In the form of yellow needles
  from ethanol or carbon disulfide.
 PROPERTIES:
2,6-D1n1trotoluene
3,4-D1n1trotoluene
All Isomers
                                                                                          NO,
Hoi. wt.
182.14
182.14
182.14
mp
66
58.3
52-93
bo
subl 1mes
to 300"C
d
1.283
1.259
1.259-
1.321
solubility
Insoluble
Insoluble
to slightly
soluble
vap. d.
6.27
(for 2.4
Isomer)
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Toxic effects  of  dlnltrotoluenes are similar to those of other aromatic nltro compounds.  It  causes
  central nervous system and blood disorders (ref. 4).
     Dlnltrotoluenes may be absorbed through the skin.

2 , 3- dl nl troto 1 uene
2, 4-d1n1tro toluene
2 ,5-dlnl tro toluene
2, 6-d1n1tro toluene
3,4-dlnltrotoluene
3 , 5-dl nl trotol uene
LD50 Coral, rat)
1,122 tag/kg
268 ing/ kg
707 ing/kg
177 rag/kg
177 ng/kg
Aquatic toxldty
TUn 96: 100-10 ppm
Tim 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    Dlnltrotoluenes are on EPA Consent Decree Priority III  List.
    TLV - 1.5 mg/m3 (By analogy with  limits recommended for nltro and dlnltro-benzenes).
    On First Priority Chemicals List  of the Chemical  Industry Institute  of Toxicology (ref. 8).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air. Health:   1.5 x 103 ug/m3
 Water, Health:   15 x 1.3 x 103 • 2.25 x 104 ug/t
 Land, Health:   0.002 x 2.25 x 104 - 45 ug/g
                                         Air, Ecology:
                                         Water. Ecology:   100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t
                                         Land. Ecology:   0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
  EPC
103 x 1.5/420 -3.6 ug/ra3
    'AMI
  £PCWH1 ' 15 x 3.6 - 54 ug/t
  EPCym - 13.8 x 1.5 - 21 ug/t
  EPCLH • °-002 x 21 • 0.04 ug/g
                                          EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 •  500 ug/t

                                          EPCLE « 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
                                          E-180
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              x
              17
DINITROTOLUENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E3
2.25E4
4.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effeca

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
3.6
21
0.04
Based on
Ecological
Effect]

500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/J9/m
(ppm Vol)
Wattr, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effects
3.6
21
0.04
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-181
-------
CATEGORY:
               ISA
                                                                WLN:    QR
                                                                STRUCTURE:
                                                                                   O,
 PHENOL:  CgHgOH (carbolic add, hydroxybenzene,  oxybenzene,
  phenic acid, phenylic  acid, phenyl hydroxide).
  Colorless needles,  characteristic odor; reddens  on exposure
  to air and light.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   94.11;  rap:  43; bp:  181.75;  d:   1.072 at 20°/4°;
  vap. press.:  1 im  at  40.1°C; vap. d:  3.24; soluble in water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
                                                                     Q
     The odor threshold  for phenol Is reported as  0.047 ppm or 180 ug/m  (ref.  29}.   Because of Its low volatility,
  however, phenol Is  primarily of concern as a water contaminant rather than an air  contaminant.
     Phenol Is obtained  from coal tar (refs. 24, 63).
     If phenolic compounds are present in waters that are chlorinated for disinfection,  chlorophenols may
  be formed (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Phenol 1s absorbed  through the gastrointestinal  and  respiratory tracts and through the  skin.  Acute
  and chronic poisoning  may  result from exposure.   Chronic  poisoning results In damage to the  liver and kidney
  (ref. 9).  Human  ingestion of 14 mg/kg has resulted in  gastrointestinal effects, and Ingestion of 140 mg/kg
  1s reported to cause death to a human (ref. 2).
     LDSO (oral, rat):  414  mg/kg.
     Phenol 1s Included  In the NIOSH list of suspected carcinogens.  The N10SH ordering number Is 3121.  The
  lowest TDL(J 1s 4,000 mg/kg; the adjusted ordering number  1s  0.78.  There 1s no specific evidence of human
  cancer attributable to phenol (ref. 63).
     Experiments with Drosophilia have shown phenol to be highly mutagenic (ref. 64).
     Aquatic toxicity:  TUn  96:  100-10 ppm.  As low as 79  vg/i are toxic to minnows in freshwater after 30 minutes
  (ref. 28).  Concentrations of 1 to 10 rog/l In water result  in tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV * 19 mg/m3  (5  ppm).  On EPA Consent Decree  Priority III 11st.  On First Priority Chemicals List of the
 Chemical Industry  Institute of Toxicology (ref.  8).
    Phenol Is  the subject of a NIOSH criteria document.  NIOSH recommends exposure to phenol  vapor, solid, or
 mists be limited to 20 mg/nr1 as a time-weighted  average for up to a 10-hour workday (ref. 65).
    EPA 1976 Mater  Quality Criteria (proposed):   1  yg/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
 water supply  (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh  tainting (ref. 33).
    NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1 ug/t  of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to
 prevent odor  from  chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects  In aquatic life:  Concentration
 no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref.  28).
    U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
         (for phenols)  (ref.  66).
                                                   Air, Ecology:
                                                   Water, Ecology:   100 x 5 * 500 ug/i
                                                   Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:
  Water, Health:
  Land. Health:
                1,9 x 10* ug/m3  (5 ppm)
                  5x1-5 ug/t
                 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPC,
     •AH1
   EPC
     'AHla
         10J x 19/420 • 45 ug/i.
         5/420 • 0.01 ppm
EPCHH1  "  15 x 4S " 67S "9/i
EPCHH2  '  '3.8 x 19 • 260 u9/l
EPS(HS  '  ' "''' (phenolic compounds)
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
                                                      EPCWE1  "  50  x 10
                                                      EPCWE2  *  1>000 u9
                                                      EPCWES  "  10° v^1
                                                                        50°
                                                                       t (to Prevent tainting)
                                                                       (Pn'no11c compounds)
                                                      EPCU • 0.002 x  100 • 0.2
                                           E-182
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    18A
PHENOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fiy/m
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT




B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



-
II. Based on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.9E4
(5)
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects


5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.01)
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!


100
0.2
C. Eliminiition of
Diicherge
Ntttural Backpountf*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,j*g/ro3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Propowd Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Baaed on
Health Effects

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

TOOt

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.01)
260
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

500
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutantt
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



tPnenol  c compounds
                                E-103
-------
CA
        IY:
              ISA
CRESQLS:  CgH4OHCH3 (cresyllc acid, methylphenol,  hydroxytoluene).
  m-cresol:  colorless  or yellowish liquid, phenolic  odor;
  o-cresol:  crystals or liquid, phenolic odor;
  p-cresol:  crystals,  phenolic odor.
^feculafwt:  108.37; density*,,:  1.034-1.047;
  vap.  d:  3.72; soluble  in water.
                                                              WIN:
                                                              STRUCTURE:
                                                                ortho
                                                                               meta
m-cresol
o-cresol
p-cresol
mp bp
11
30
35.5
202
191
201.8
vap. press.
0.153 ran at 2S>°C
0.245 am at 25°C
0.108 nro at 25°C
                    I
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Cresols are methyl-substituted hydroxy benzene compounds,  i.e. methyl phenols.  Ortho,
  meta and para compounds  occur.  The meta Isomer predominates  1n mixtures (ref. 24)
     Odor recognition  level  for cresols ranges from 0.9 to 1.21 mg/m  or 0.20 to 0.27 ppm
  (ref. 3).                                                                 3
     The odor threshold 1n air for p-cresol 1s reported as 0.001 ppm  or 4 ug/m   (ref. 29).
     Cresols are obtained from coal tar  (ref. 24).  Due to the  low  vapor pressure  and dis-
  agreeable odor, cresols usually do not present an acute Inhalation  hazard  (ref.  63).
     Cresols are highly resistant to biological oxidation (ref. 67).

TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Toxic properties  of cresols  are similar to those of phenol. Cresols may be absorbed through the skin.
  Respiratory hazard 1s low because of low volatility.  Absorption  may cause damage  to liver, kidney and
  nervous system (ref. 9).  Order of toxldty beginning with most toxic 1s reported  to be as follows:
  p-cresol; o-cresol;  phenol; m-cresol (ref. 4)
                         LD5Q (oral, rat)
          m-cresol
          o-cresol
          p-cresol
                            242 rag/kg
                            121 mg/kg
                            207 mg/kg
      Toxldty  to aquatic life:  tainting of fish may  result from concentrations of 0.07 mg/t of mixed cresol
   isomers  (ref. 28).  The toxic concentration of p-cresol  is 5 ppm for rainbow trout (ref.  36).  The 96-hour
   LCgQ for p-cresol 1s reported as 19 mg/t (ref. 68).  For mixed cresol Isomers, the 96-hour TLm Is reported
   as 10-1  ppm  {ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV for Cresol (all Isomers):  22 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
      EPA 1976  Hater Quality Criteria (proposed):   1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds)  for domestic
   water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish  flesh tainting (ref. 33).
      NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1 ug/t  of  phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
   prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent  tainting and toxic effects In aquatic  life:   Concentration
   no greater than 100 jig/tat any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
      U.S.  Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for  alternate source  selection:
   1 ug/t  (for phenols) (ref.  66-).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   Air,  Health: 2.2 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm)
   Water, Health:  5x1-5 ug/t
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 5 • 0.01  ug/g
                                                      A1r,  Ecology:
                                                      Water. Ecology:  100 x 5 • 500 ug/t
                                                      Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE COMC6NTRATIOMg:
EPC
EPC
     AH,
     AHla
   EPCWH1
   EPCWH2
   EPCWHS
            103 x 22/420 - 52 ug/n3
           " 5/42° ' 0-Olpp*
            15 x 52 « 780 ug/t
            13'8 « 22 - 304 ug/t
            1 "9/t (Phenolic compounds)
           0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
                                                   EPCWE1 " 50 x 1 • 50 ug/t
                                                   EPCWE2 " 70
                                                   EPCWES " 10°
                                                   EPCLE • 0.002 x 50
                                                                                 compounds)
                                                                          0.1 ug/g
                                             E-184
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18A

Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.2E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effecn

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

70
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background-



•To b« multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /i9/m
(ppm Vol)

Wmr.ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, Atg/g
lppmWt»
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects


It

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects


loot

II. Toxicity Basad Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baled on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
304
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
BawdM Health Effects




 tPhenolic compounds.
                                  E-185
-------
CATEGORY:  ISA

 PHENYLPHENOLS:
                            (hydroxybiphenyls, biphenylols
                                                                        QR BR; QR CR;  QR  DR
                                                                 STRUCTURE:
170.21; insoluble in water. OH _
mp
58-60
165-167

78
bp
286
305-8
sublimes
>300
d
1.213



vap. press.
1 mm at 100°C
10 mm at 176°C


para-




    ortho, meta, or para phenylphenols).
    o-phenylphenol:  white,  flaky crystals; mild,
                    characteristic ordor.
    p-phenylphenol:  needles.
    m-phenylphenol:  needles.

 PROPERTIES:
   o-phenylphenol
   p-phenylphenol
   m-phenyl phenol
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

      Phenylphenols are monosubstltuted phenolic compounds.  Ortho, meta, and para  phenylphenols
 are formed.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     The toxic properties of phenylphenols are probably similar to those  of  the other phenols.  Animal
   studies indicate that acute and  chronic toxldty Is mild for o-phenyl phenol  (ref. 63).
     LD50 (oral, rat):   2,700 mg/kg  (for o-phenylphenol).
     Neoplastlc effects have resulted from the subcutaneous administration to mice of 1,000 mg/kg of the
   para Isomer.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101; the adjusted ordering number Is 3.1.
     Tainting of fish flesh may  result from concentrations of 1  mg/z of o-phenylphenol (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria  (proposed):  1 vg/t of phenol  (including phenolic compounds) for domestic
  water supply (welfare)  and to  protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality  Criteria:  1 ugA of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated  phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life:   Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/t at any  time or place; aopllcatlon factor of 0.05  (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service  Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Levels for alternate source selection:
  1 ug/i (ref.  66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r, Health:  7 x 104/3.1
   Hater, Health:  5x1-5  vg/t
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 5 - 0.01  ug/g
                             2.25 x 104 pg/m3
                                                         A1r, Ecology:
                                                         Water, Ecology:   100 x 5 • 500 v
                                                         Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 « 1
                                                                                         g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH2 * °'107 *  2>70°  "  29° u9/m3
  EPCAH3 « 0.081 x  2.700  •  220 ug/m3
  EPC«H1 " 15 x 22° '  3-300 "9A
  EPCHH2 " °'4 x 2>70° *  1'080 "9/*
  EP^WHS * '  w9'1 (phenolic compounds)
  EPCLH * 0'002 x 1  "  °'°°2 "3/9
  EPCAC, • 103/(6 x 3.1)  •  54 ug/m3
  EPCHC " '5  x 53 • 810 pg/t
  EPCLC • 0.002 x 810  - 1.6 ug/g
                                                    tPCKE-2 " 1t0(JO
                                                    EPCHES * 10°
                                                    EPCL£ • 0.002 x 100 •  0.2  ug/g
                                                                                     tainting)
                                                                       (Phen<>l1c compounds)
                                             E-186
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           ISA
PHENYLPHENOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, |19/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*
2.25E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect.
54
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, »tg/m3
(ppm Vol)
W««r,MB/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

loot

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
220
1,080
0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecn

1,000
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
54
810
1.6
 tPhenolic compounds.
                                E-187
-------
CATEGORY:
               ISA
                                        WLN:
                                        STRUCTURE:
 XYLENOLS:  CgH3OH(CH3)2 (dimethylphenols, dimethylhydroxy-
  benzenes).
  Colorless or white crystals or needles.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  122.17;  mp:  27-75; bp:  210-225 (one  Isomer rjblir.ies);
  d:  0.9650^°-0.983o|°;  vap. press.:  1 ran at 52°  to 1  mm  at 66°; soluble
  to slightly soluble In  water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Xylenols are dlsubstltuted phenols.
     Several Isomers  are  formed since numerous substitution  site combinations are possible.
     The properties of  the various Isomers differ somewhat.   Xylenols will probably occur 1n  combination.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Toxic properties  of the xylenols are similar to those of phenol and other phenolic compounds.  The
  lowest L0j0 (oral, rat) reported for a specific xylenol  1s  296 mg/kg for 2,6-xylenol.  It Is  probable that
  mixtures of the various Isomers would prove less toxic than 2,6-xylenol.
     Oncogen1c effects have been reported as a result of animal exposure via skin to five specific  xylenol Isomers.
  Considering the compounds collectively the EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3111, and the lowest  dosage  resulting
  In an oncogenlc response 1s 4,000 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 0.8.
     Aquatic toxldty:  96-hr LC5Q for fat head minnow:  14 tng/l (ref. 68).
     Tainting of fish  flesh may result from concentrations of 1 to 5 mg/t In water (ref. 69).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  1 ug/t of phenol  (Including phenolic compounds)  for domestic
  water supply (welfare)  and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1 ug/i of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life:   Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Leve1s for alternate source selection:
  1 -g/i (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATION:
  Air, Health:  45 x 296 • 1.3  x 104 ug/m
  Water. Health:   5 x 1  « 5 ug/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
                             A1r, Ecology:
                             Water, Ecology:   100  x  5 • 500 ug/t
                             Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 500 * 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                               _3
   EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 296
32 ug/mj
EPCAH3 -0.081 x 296 « 24 ug/uf
EPCWH1 •  15 x 24 « 360
EPCWH2 *  °'4 * 296 " 12
EPCyuc *  1 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
       0.002 x 1 -0.002 ug/g
                             EPCHE1 • 50 x 14,000  •  7 x  103 ug/t
                             EPCWE2 ' 1'000
                             EPCWES ' 10° M
                                                                        {Phenol1c compounds)
                                                      EPCLE • 0.002  x  100 « 0.2 ug/g
                                              E-188
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       x
      ISA
XYLENOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
1.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
24
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/'
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/j
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

It

B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

loot

II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24

0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!



 tPhenolic compounds,
                                   E-189
-------
 CATEGORY:
               ISA
 ALKYI CRESOLS;  CgH3OHCH3CnH2n+1 (methyl  ethylphenols).
                                                           WLN;

                                                           STRUCTURE:  There are 12 possible structural
                                                                        isomers for each substituted alkyl
                                                                        gro'ip.  For example, there are 12
                                                                        isomers of methylethylphenoi.
PROPERTIES:

  Molecular wt.   >122; very slightly soluble; higher

  boiling points than the corresponding xylenols.
                                                             Where R,  and H, are any alkyl  groups.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

     Alkyl  cresols  are disubstituted phenols with one of the substitution groups

  being methyl.   An example of an alkyl cresol  is methyl ethylphenoi.  A number

  of Isomers are possible depending on the  substitution sites.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Toxic properties are expected to be similar  to xylenols.

     LDjjg (rat):  530 rag/kg for 6 ethyl-m-cresol.  The route of administration was not reported.

  value is the lowest UD   reported for the  alkyl cresols.
                                                                                          This
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):   1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds)  for domestic
  water supply (welfare) and to protect against  fish flesh tainting (ref.  33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria:  1 ug/t  of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects  in aquatic life:  Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of O.OS (for phenols)  (ref.  28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations,  1962—Levels  for alternate source  selection:
  1 ug/t  (for phenols) (ref.  66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  Air, Health:  45 x  530 • 2.4 x 10* ug/m3

  Water. Health:   5x1-5 ug/t
  Land, Health:  0.002  x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
                                                Airi Ecology:
                                                Water, Ecology:
                                                Land, Ecology:
                                                                   5 x 100 * 500 ug/t
                                                                  0.002 x 500 - 1  ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPC
   EPC
|AH2

'AH3
        0.107 x 530 • 57 ug/nT

        0.081 x 530 • 43 ug/m3

EPCHH1  • 15 x 43 • 640 ug/t

EPCWH2  " °'4 x 53° " *12 u9/t
EPCWHS  ' 1 "^ (Phenolic compounds)
EPC  • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
                                                 EPCWES "
                                                                       (Pheno11c compounds)
                                                      EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2  ug/g
                                           E-190
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           18A
ALKYL CRESOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngt\
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.4E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
43
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

lOOt

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
212
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



 tPhenolic compounds.
                                E-191
-------
CATEGORY:   18B
CATECHOL:   CgH4(OH)2 (pyrocatechol,  o-dlhydroxybenzene,
  o-benzend1o1, l,2-d1 hydroxybenzene, o-hydroxyphenol,
  2-hydroxyphenol).  White or colorless  leaflets.
                                        c750.
                                                     ,21.
                                                                WIN:   QR BQ
                                                                STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:  110.08; mp:   105; bp:  245'""; d:   1.344'
 soluble; vap. press.:  10 mm  at 118.3°; vap.  d:  3.79;
 sublimes readily;  soluble  1n 2.3 parts water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Catechol Is a dlhydrlc  phenol.
    When heated, catechol emits highly toxic fumes; 1t  Is  volatilized by steam.
 methyl pyrocatechol.
                                                                               A related compound 1s
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Catechol 1s similar  to phenol 1n Its toxic properties  causing convulsions and Injury to the blood.
 Is absorbed through the skin as well as through Inhalation  (refs. 9, 63).
    The repeated absorption of sublethal doses by animals  may  Induce methemogloblnemla, leukopenla, and
 anemia (ref. 63).
    LDgg (rats, oral):   3,890 mg/kg.
    Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations  of 0.8 to 5 mg/i of catechol (ref.  28).
                                                                                                      It
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV - 20 mg/m3  (5  ppm)  (Trial).
     EPA 1976 Water  Quality  Criteria (proposed):   1  ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
  Mater supply (welfare)  and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1  ug/t of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
  prevent odor from  chlorinated phenols.  To  prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life:  Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place;  application factor of 0.05 (for phenols)  (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water  Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
  1 ug/t (for phenols)  (.ref. 66).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  2.0 x 104 ug/m3  (Sppm)
  Water, Health:  5 x 1  • 5 ug/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
                                                     A1r, Ecology:
                                                     Hater, Ecology:   5 x  100 « 500 ug/t
                                                     Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAH1
   EPCAH1, ' 5/420
         •  103 x 20/420 • 48 ug/m3
                   0.01ppm
           15 x 48 • 720 ug/t
  EPCut» "  13-8 x 20 • 280 ug/t
     H(l£
  EPCWHS "  1 "''* (Pncno1''c compounds)
         0.002 x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
                                                      EPCWE2
                                                      EPCWES
                                                      EPC,
                                                         LH
                                                            • 800 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
                                                            • 100 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
                                                             0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
                                            E-192
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      18B
CATECHOL

Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimat«s
IR&D Goilt)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.0E4
(5)
5.0EO
1.0E-2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
48
(0.01)
1
0.002
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!


It

B. Beted on
Ecological Effect!


loot

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
48
(0.01)
280
0.002
B. Bated on
Ecologicar Effect.


800
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!




 tPhenolic compounds.
                               E-193
-------
CATEGORY:  1BC
INDANOLS:   CHO (hydroxyhydrindene, hydroxyindene).
            WLN:  L56T&J GQ
            STRUCTURE:
  Plates,  triclinic prisms, or needles.


PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  134.18; mp:  40-56; bp:  255.
                                                                                         II
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Indanol may or may not be phenolic,  depending on the site of hydroxy  substitution.  Structure  I is a
 phenol, II is not.   Little information  regarding Indanols is available.  The physical properties  described
 are for 1-indanol,  4-indanol, and 5-Indanol.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Toxic properties are probably similar to  but milder than phenol.
 moderate toxidty  and a high degree of Irritation (ref. 9).
    L050 (oral, rat):  3,250 mg/kg for a 5-1ndanol.
                Limited animal experiments  suggest
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  1 ug/t of phenol  (Including phenolic compounds)  for domestic
 water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
    NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:   1  ug/t of phenolic compounds  1n public water supply sources to
 prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To  prevent tainting and toxic  effects 1n aquatic life:   Concentration
 no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or  place; application factor of 0.05 ffor phenols) (ref. 28).
    U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962--Levels for alternate source selection:
 1 yg/t (for phenols)  (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air. Health:   45 x 3,250 • 1.5 x 105 gg/m3           Air, Ecology:
 Water. Health:   5x1-5 ug/l                      Water. Ecology:   5 x 100 - 500 ug/i
 Land. Health:   0.002 x 5 • 0.01 wg/g                Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 3,250 • 350 ug/m3
 EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 3,250 • 260 yg/m3
  EPCWH1 " 15 x 26° "  3>90°
  EPCWH2 " °'4 x 3'250 " 1>30° M9/l
  EPCWHS " 1 "9/t IPhenoHc compounds)
  EPCLH - 0.002 x 1 -  0.002 wg/g
EPC
EPC
'WES
IE'
* 100 ug/i (phenolic compounds)
 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
                                                      E-194
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      18C
INDANOLS

Air, /ig/m3
fppm Vot)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land. ug/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E5
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
260
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects

It

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

loot

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
260
1,300
0.002
B. Band on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



 tPhenolic compounds.
                                E-195
-------
CATEGORY:  19

2-CHIOROPHENOL:  CgHgOCl (o-chlorophenol).
  Light amber liquid; distinct odor.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  138.6; mp:   9.0;  bp:   174.9; d:
  solubility  in water:  2.85 g In  100  ml  at 20°.
                                                            WLN:  QR  BG
                                                            STRUCTURE:
                                           1.263; vap. press.:   1  m at 12.1°C;
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     The  chlorophenojs are primarily water and soil contaminants.
     Chlorlnatlon of phenols 1n aqueous  solution can occur under conditions  similar to those used In
  chlorine disinfection (ref.  70).
     Chlorophenols are stronger adds  than phenols because of the chlorine atoms.  They, like phenols, will form
  ethers, esters, and salts with metals,  amines, etc.
     Aqueous photolysis may lead to hydroxyl substitution for the chlorines  and  polymer formation.
     In terms of biological degradation,  chlorophenols are much more environmentally stable than the
  parent  phenol.  Mlcrobial decomposition of 2-chlorophenol required 3 to 9  days for complete disappearance
  as  compared to 1 to 2 days for phenol  (ref. 70).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Chlorophenols may be absorbed through  the skin as well as by Inhalation of the  vapors.  They are
  considered corrosive to skin and eyes,  and  the vapors are Irritating and toxic.
    L050  (oral, rat):  670 mg/kg.
    2-chlorophenol 1s included in the NIOSH  Suspected Carcinogens List.  The NIOSH  ordering number 1s 3121,
  and  the  lowest toxic dose resulting 1n  an oncogenic response Is 38 g/kg.  The adjusted  ordering number 1s 0.09.
    Concentrations of 0.0001 to 0.015 mg/i in water may cause tainting of fish flesh  (refs. 36, 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria  (proposed):   1  ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds)  for domestic
  water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE  1972 Hater Quality Criteria:  1 ug/t  of phenolic compounds in public water supply  sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life:   Concentration
  no greater  than 100  ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
  1  ug/i (for phenols) (ref. 66).
     Candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Limitations (ref. 10).  On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:   45  x 670 « 3.0 x 104 wg/m3
  Water, Health:  5 x 1 • 5 ug/i
  Land. Health:   0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
                                                A1r, Ecology:
                                                Water. Ecology:  5 x 100 - 500 ug/t
                                                Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
  EPC
AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 670
0.081 x 670
                      72
                      54
EPCWH1 • 15 x  54 • 810 ug/l
EP^WH2 * "'* x 6^° * 2^° "9yr<
       • 1 »g/t (phenolic compounds)
        0.00?  x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
   EPC
     LH
                                                 EPC,
                                                 EPC,
                                                 EPC
                                                        WE2
                                                        WES
                                                         LE
                                                         E-196
                                                   0.1 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
                                                   100 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
                                                  0.002 x 0.1 • 0.00001 ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                               19
GOALS 2-CHLOROPHENOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS

Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
-------
 CATEGORY:  19
 2.4-DICHLOROPHENOL:
   Colorless crystals.
                  C6H4OC12.
                                                              WIN:
                                                              STRUCTURE:
                                                                  QR BG DG
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  163.0; mp:  45; bp:  210-211;
  d:  1.383oc; vap.  d.:   5.62; vap. press:  1  mm
  at 53° C; solubility  in water:  0.45 g in 100 ml  at  20°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     The chlorophenols  are primarily water and soil  contaminants.  Chlorinatlon of phenols  in an aqueous
  solution can occur under conditions similar  to those used 1n chlorine disinfection (refs.  36,28).
  Chlorophenols are  stronger acids than phenols because of the chlorine atoms.   They,  like  phenols, will
  form ethers, esters,  and salts with metals,  amines,  etc.  It has been identified in  samples of U.S.
  drinking water supplies at 36 vig/£ (ref. 13).
     In terms of biological degradation the chlorophenols are much more environmentally stable  than the
  parent phenol.  The rate of decomposition further decreases as the number of chlorine atoms Increases.
  Hicrobial decomposition of 2,4-d1chlorophenol required 5 to 9 days for complete disappearance as compared
  to 1 to 2 days required for phenol (ref. 70).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Chlorophenols may be absorbed through skin as well  as by  Inhalation of the vapors.   They are
  considered corrosive to skin and eyes, and vapors are  Irritating and toxic.  Dlchlorophenols are
  more toxic than monochlorophenols.
     LD5Q(oral, rat):   580 mg/kg.
     2.4-dichlorophenol  is included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering
  number 1s 3121.  The lowest TDLQ affecting an oncogenlc response 1s 312 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering
  number Is 10.
     Concentrations of 0.0004 to 0.014 mg/Z in water may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs.  36,33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  1  ug/4 of  phenol  (including phenolic compounds)  for domestic
  water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting  (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Mater Quality Criteria:  1 vg/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life:   Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor  of 0.05 (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations,  1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
  1 yg/£ (for phenols)  (ref. 66).
     On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:  7 x 104/10 •  7  x 103 ng/m
  Water, Health:  5x1-5 ug/l
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 5 «  0.01 ug/g
                                                                 A1r, Ecology:
                                                                 Hater, Ecology:  5 x 100 * 500 yg/l
                                                                 Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPC;
   EPC
  'AH2
  •AH3
0.107 x 580
0.081 x 580
62 ug/m
47 ug/m3
   EPCW1  -  15 x 47 « 705 vg/C
   EPC^j  -  0.4 x 580 » 232 yg/f
   EPCHHS  *  1 U9'£ (Ph6110^0 compounds)
   EPCLH « 0.002 x 1 « 0.002 ug/g
   EPCAC,  •  103/(6 x 10) - 17 ug/m3
        "
           15 x  17
EPCL(- • 0.002 x 255
                    255 ug/f
                        0.5 ug/g
                                                         EPCWES
                                                         EPCLE
                                                                                    to Prevent
                                                                        * 10° u9/'£ (phenolic compounds)
                                                                         0.002 x 0.4 - 0.0008 ug/g
                                                        E-198
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
x
19
V*VJAL> 2,4-DICHLOROPHEIMOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS

Air, 0g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.0E3
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
17
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.4
0.0008
C. Elimination of
Ditch urge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, po/g,
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effect)

loot

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
47
232
0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

0.4
0.0008
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect)
17
255
0.5
 tPhenolic compounds,
                                 E-199
-------
CATEGORY;
              20
               CgH5N03 (o-nUrophenol).
2-NITROPHENOL:
  2-nitrophenol crystallizes as  yellow needles from
  ethanol;  peculiar aromatic odor.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  139.12; mp:  44.9; bp:  216; d:  1.495;
  vap,  press:  1 mm at 49°; sparingly soluble in cold water;
  volatile  in steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
     Nitrophenols are formed by  the reaction of nitric acid with phenols.
                                                                WIN:    WNR 3Q
                                                                STRUCTURE;
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     2-nttrophenol is a stronger acid  than phenol.  Contact of 2-nitrophenol with the skin may cause
  irritation or burns.  It 1s absorbed through Intact skin and through the respiratory tract  (ref. 45).
  Liver and kidney damage has been observed in experimental animals  (ref. 9).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  1,297 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     EPA 1976  Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  1 ug/l of phenol  (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
  water supply (welfare) and to protect  against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:   1 ug/£ of phenolic compounds  1n public water supply  sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic  effects in aquatic life:  Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
  1 ug/« (for  phenols) (ref. 66).
     2-Nitrophenol is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS?
  Air, Health:   45 x  1,297 • 5.8 x 10* ug/m3
  Water, Health:  5x1-5 ug/l
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 5 • 0.01 vg/g
                                                               A1r,  Ecology:
                                                               Water,  Ecology:  5 x 100 *  500
                                                               Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 «  1  vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
         • 0.107 x 1.297 • 139 wg/m
                                  3
   EPCAH3 • 0-081  x 1.297
                          105 ug/tiT
   EPCVffll « 15 x 105 - 1,580 vg/t
   EPCWH2 " °'4 x ll297 " 52° ug/i
   EPCVHS ' ' "''* (Pheno11c compounds)
        • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 vg/g
                                                                        100 vg/i (phenolic compounds)
                                                               EPCLE •  0.002 x 100 » 0.2 vg/g
                                           £-200
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            20

2-IMITROPHEIMOL


Category
Air, ;ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, 09/1
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.8E4
5.0EO
1.0E-2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
105
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects

TOO
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Watsr, MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, wj/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

lOOt

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
105
520
0.002
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!



 tPhenolic  compounds,
                                  E-201
-------
                                                                      WNR CQ
                                                               STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY:   20
3-NITROPHENOL:  CgHgNOj (m-n1trophenol).
  3-nltrophenol can be crystallized from an aqueous
  solution of hydrochloric add.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  139.12; mp:  97; bp:  194 at 70 ran;
  d:  1.485^°;  soluble In hot water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     All  nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
     NUrophenols are formed by  the reaction of nitric acid with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     3-N1trophenol 1s a stronger acid than phenol.
  Contact of 3-nitrophenol with the skin may cause  Irritation or bums.
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  447 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):   1  pg/l of phenol (Including  phenolic compounds)  for domestic
  water supply  (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref.  33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1 yg/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
  prevent odor  from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects  In aquatic life:   Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/1 at any time or place;  application factor of 0.05 (for phenols)  (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source  selection:
         (for phenols) (ref. 66).
                                                              A1r, Ecology:
                                                              Water, Ecology:   5 x 100 • 500 yg/l
                                                              Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 500 ' 1 ug/g
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  A1r, Health:  45 x 447 - 2.0 x 10* ug/m3
  Water, Health:  5x1*5 ug/t
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 5 • 0.01  yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
         • 0.107  x 447 • 48 ug/mj
           0.081  x 447 • 36 yg/m3
   EPCAH3
   EPCj^ • 15 x 36 -  540 ug/t
   EPCWH2 " °'4 x *47  "  18° U9/1
   EPCWHS " 1 u9'1 (Pnewltc compounds)
   EPCLH - 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 yg/g
                                                              EPCWES * 10° w9^  (Phenol1c compounds)
                                                              EPCLE • 0.002 x  100 • 0.2 pg/g
                                           E-202
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            x
           20
3-NITROPHENOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Heal* Effects
2.0E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
36
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wtl
Land, ptg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

lOOt

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
36
180
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



 tPhenolic compounds,
                                  E-203
-------
                                                                WtN:  UNR DQ

                                                                STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY:    20

4-NITROPHENOL:  CgHgNOj (p-nltrophenol).

  p-N)trophenol  occurs In two forms:   colorless prisms
  obtained by crystallization from toluene above 63,
  and yellow crystals obtained by crystallization from
  toluene below  63.  Ordinary p-n1trophenol  1s a mixture
  of both forms; odorless.
PROPERTIES:

  Molecular wt:  139.12; mp:  114; bp:  279
           20
  d:  1.479  ; decomposes at 279; soluble in hot water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     All  nltro compounds are potentially explosive.

     Nltrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     p-Wtrophenol 1s a stronger add than phenol.  Contact of p-n1 trophenol with the skin may cause

  Irritation  or bums.  The biological  half-life of p-n1trophenol  In man  1s reported as 0.041  days

  (ref. 20).  Experiments have shown 1t to cause central nervous  system depression and blood effects
  (ref. 9).

     LD5Q (oral, rat):  350 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  1 pg/J. of phenol  (Including  phenolic compounds)  for domestic
  water supply  (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1 ug/Z. of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
  prevent odor  from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life:   Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/l at any time  or place; application factor of O.OS  (for phenols) (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water  Regulations, 1962—Levels  for alternate source selection:
  1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref, 6F)
     P-N1trophenol Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  A1r. Health:  45 x 350 • 1.6 x 104 ug/m3
  Water, Health:  5 x 1 • 5 ug/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
                                                               A1r,  Ecology:
                                                               Hater, Ecology:  5 x 100 - 500 ug/i
                                                               Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 • 1  ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH2  "  °-107 x 350 • 37 ug/m3

  EPCflH3  -0.081 x 350 • 28 ug/m3

  EPCWH1  •  !5 x 28 • 420 vg/t

  EPCy^2  °  0-* * 350 • 140 ug/l

           1 ug/< (phenolic compounds)

          0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
                                           E-204
                                                               EPCVES
                                                               EPC
                                                                 IE
                                                                     * 100 vg/i (phenolic  compounds)

                                                                      0.002 x 100 » 0.2 ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            x
           20
4-NITROPHENOL




Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/8
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimetes
(R&D Goals)



11. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.6E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
28
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.wi/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

loot

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
28
140
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



 tPhenolic compounds,
                                 E-205
-------
CATEGORY:  20
DINITROPHENQLl:  CgH^Og  (dlnltrohydroxybenzenes).
   Dlnltrophenols crystallize as colorless or yellowish
   crystals.
                                                       WLN:   WNR XQ  XNW
                                                       STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES: Hgl.wt.l
2,4-d1n1troph«nol TS4.11
2.5-d1n1trophenol 184.11
2.6-d1n1trophenol 184.11
All Isomers
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHA
mp
115
108
63
63-144
RACTER
bD
sublimes
ISTICS. AS
d
1.683
1.672-1.702
SOCIATED CO
solubility
slightly sol.
slightly sol.
insol.
MPOUNOS:
wap.d.
6.X
6.35
     All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
     NUrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     Dlnltrophenols  are  stronger adds than phenol.   Contact of dlnltrophenols with the skin may cause
  Irritation or burns; they are readily absorbed  through Intact skin and through the respiratory tract
  (ref. 24).  Ingestlon  of 36 mg/kg of 2,4-d1n1tropheno1 has resulted 1n human death (ref. 2).
     Animal  experiments  Indicate that dlnltrophenols  are more toxic than nltrophenols.  They can cause
  Increases  in metabolism and temperature, dermatitis, and eye and nerve damage (ref. 24).
     LDLo (°ral« rat':   30 m9A9 for dlnltrophenol  (presumably this 1s for a mixture of the various
  Isomers.)
     The lowest LD^g (oral, rat) for a single dlnltrophenol Homer 1s reported as 30 mg/kg for 2,4-d1n1trophenol.
     Aquatic toxlclty:   96-hour TLm for 2,4-d1n1trophenol 1s 10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     EPA 1976 Mater Quality Criteria (proposed):   1 yg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
  water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish  flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria:   1  ug/l of  phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent  tainting and toxic effects In  aquatic life:  Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place;  application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations. 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
  1 ug/i (for phenols) (ref. 66).
     2,4-d1n1tropheno1 Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:   45 x  30 «  1.35 x 103 ug/m3
  Water. Health:  5x1-5 ug/l
  Land. Health:   0.002  x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
                                                      A1r, Ecology:
                                                      Water. Ecology:
                                                      Land. Ecology:
                 5 x 100 • 500 ug/l
                0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                              .3
  EPC
     AH2
- 0.107 x 30 •  3.2
EPCAH3 * °-081 x 30 " 2-4 »9/m
EPCW1 » 15 x 2.4 - 36 ug/l
EPCHH2 " 0'4 x 30 " 12 ug/l
EPCWHS * 1 u3/t (Phenolic compounds)
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE1  *
                                                               50 x
                                                                                 50
                                                               EPCWES " 10° w9/t (Pneno11c compounds)
                                                               EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 •  0.1 ug/g
                                          E-206
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             x
            20
DINITROPHENOLS

Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/B
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.35E3
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient U«el God*
Bawd on
Health Effects
2.4
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects

50
0.1
C, Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, 0g/m
(ppm Vol)
Wattr.pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects

It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

lOOt

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
12
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



 tPhenolic compounds.
                                 E-207
-------
CATEGORY:
               20
 4.6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL:  CyHg^Og (2,4-dinitro-o-cresol,
   2-methyl-4,6-din1trophenol, DNOC).
   Crystallizes as yellow prisms from ethanol.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  198; mp:  87.5; sparingly soluble
  in water; vap.  d:  6.82; moderately volatile with steam.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
     Nitrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add
  with phenols.
                                                                WLN:   WNR BQ C ENW
                                                                STRUCTURE:
                                                                             N02
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     4,6-D1n1tro-o-cresol 1s a stronger add than  cresol.
     Contact of 4,6-d1n1tro-o-cresol with the skin may cause Irritation or burns.
     4,6-D1n1tro*-o-cresol 1s absorbed through the  skin.
     The biological  half-life of d1n1tro-o-cresol  1n man  Is reported as 5.78 days  (ref. 20).
  of 1 mg/m  has resulted 1n central nervous system effects in an exposed human (ref.  2).
     L0j0 (oral, rat):   25 mg/kg.
     LCL(J (Inhalation, cat):  40 mg/m3.
     Aquatic toxlcity:   TLn 96:  10-1 ppm (ref,  2).
                                                                                           Inhalation
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol  1s on EPA Consent Decree Priority  III List.
     TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (0.025 ppm)
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):   1  vg/t of  phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
  water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1 vg/i of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
  prevent odor from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic  life:  Concentration
  no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place;  application factor of 0.05 (for phenols)  (ref. 2C).
     M.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations.  1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
  1 -<;/> (for phenols)  (ref. 66).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r,  Health:  200 ug/ra3   (0.025 oom)
   Water, Health:  Sxl-5 i,g/l
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
                                                               A1r, Ecology:
                                                               Water, Ecology:  5 x 100 » 500  vg/i
                                                               Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPC,
   EPC
      AH1
      •AHla
         103 x 0.2/420
        • 0.025/420
EPCWH1  * 1S x °'5 " 7'5
EPCWH2  * 13'8 * °-2 " 3
EPCWHS
   0.5 ug/raj
6 x 10"  ppm
                            compounds)
   EPCLH • 0.002  x 1 • 0.002 i.ci/g
                                                                EP
                                                                 ICH£1 =• 50 x 1 = 50 ug/?-
                                                                EPCHES = 10° u9'*' (Phenol'lc compounds)
                                                                EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 * 0.1  ug/g
                                                       E-208
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                XX
                20
4.6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL




Air. /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water. ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxrcity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0E2
(0.025)
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effeeti


5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.5
fcxlO-5)
1
0.002
Band on
Ecological
Effects


50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jxg/m
(ppm Vol)

Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, f/g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects


It

B. Based on
Ecological Effects


loot

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects

(6xl6-5)
3
0.002
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect*


50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects




 tPhenolic compounds.
                                E-209
-------
CATEGORY:    20
2.4.6-TRINITROPHENOL:  CgH^Oy  (picric add).
  Yellow crystals; odorless.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  229.11; mp:   121.8; explodes above
  300°;  d:  1.763; vap. d:   7.90; slightly soluble 1n water.
                                                               WLN: WNR BQ CNW ENH
                                                               STRUCTURE:

                                                                                 OH
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Picric acid 1s a hazardous chemical.  It Is a known explosive.  It reacts with metals
  to form plcrates, which are also explosive.
     Nltrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric  add with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
                                      ID'1).
     Picric acid 1s a strong add  (
     Contact of picric add with the skin may cause  Irritation, burns,  or allergic reactions (ref.  24).
     Picric acid 1s absorbed through the skin.   Ingestlon of 1 to 2 grams 1n man causes severe
  poisoning (ref. 4).
     LDLo (unknown route of administration, dog):  60 mg/kg.
     LOLo (oral, rabbit):  120 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV « O.Vmg/m3 (0.01 ppm).
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):   1  yg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds)  for domestic
  water supply  (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh  tainting (ref.  33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  1 ug/i of phenolic compounds In public  water supply sources to
  prevent odor  from chlorinated phenols.  To prevent tainting and toxic effects  In aquatic life:   Concentration
  no greater than 100 yg/l at any  time or place;  application factor of 0.05 (for phenols)  (ref. 28).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
  1 ug/t (for phenols)  (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r. Health:  100 yg/nT (0.011  ppm)
  Water,  Health:  5x1*5 yg/l
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 5 • 0.01 vg/g
                                                              A1r, Ecology:
                                                              Water, Ecology:
                                                              Land, Ecology:
 5 x 100 * 500
0.002 x 500 • 1 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPC4ll,  •  103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 yg/m3
  EPCAHla " °-on/42° ' 2-6 x 10
                               "5
                                  ppm
           15 x 0.24 - 3.6 yg/l
  EPCWH2 " 13'8 * °'1 " 1>4 U9/1
  EPCWHS " 1 u9^1 (phenolic compounds)
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 yg/g
                                                              EPCWES * ^ v^1 (Pnenol1c compounds)
                                                              EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 yg/g
                                           E-210
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
xx
20
<*UAL5 2.4.6-TRINITROPHENOL



Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngfi
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimatei
(R&D Goalf)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Besed on
Health Effects
1.0E2
(0.011)
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Bawd on
Ecologicel
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bend on B*»«o' ««
Heal* Effects | ^^
0.24
C2.6E-5)
1
0.002
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Neturel Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,*i8/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ;ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects

It

B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!

loot

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect.
0.24
(2.6x10-5)
1.4
0.002
B. Beted on
Ecological Effect*


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Beted on Health Effects



 tPhenolic compounds.
                                 E-211
-------
CATEGORY;
               21
 NAPHTHALENE:  C1QHg (moth flakes, naphthalln, naphthaline,
  naphthene, tar camphor, white tar).
  Colorless nwnocllnlc crystals, aromatic odor.
                                  WLN:    L66J
                                  STRUCTURE;
                                                oTo
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  128.18 nip:  80.55, bp:  218. 87.510; d:  1.02S320, 0.9625J000; vap. press:   1 mm at 52.6° C;
  vap.d:  4.42; very low solubility 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfacant Impurities 1n water
   (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
      Naphthalene Is among the lower molecular weight polycycllc hydrocarbons comprising the  volatile portion
  of  the  benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4).  Concentrations of 3.8 to 11.2 ug/m   1n urban air
  are reported (ref. 1).  Naphthalene Is associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,
   PPAH  (ref. 71).  The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban
  environment 1n winter In seven selected U.S. cities):  21.6 ng/m  - 146 ng/m  (ref. 71); groundwater
   and surface treated water:
   1,000 pg/kg (ref. 58).
0.001  vg/t - 0.025 vg/t (ref.  58); upper layer of Earth's crust:  100 ug/kg -
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      LOSQ (oral, rat):  l,780mg/kg.
   Naphthalene may cause Irritation  1n concentrations of 15 ppm, and serious damage to eyes may
   result from continuous exposure (ref. 4).
      Naphthalene may be present In  soot, coal tar,  and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
   to  man.  Carcinogenic polycycllc  aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application
   (ref. 59).  Naphthalene 1s Included 1n the NIOSH  Suspected Carcinogen List.  The EPA/NIOSH
   ordering number 1s 4101.  The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen 1c response Is reported as 3.500 mg/kg.
   The adjusted ordering number Is 1.17.  Naphthalene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen  (ref. 59).
      Naphthalene has been rated as  moderately toxic to aquatic organisms.  The 96-hour TLm 1s reported
   as  1-10 ppm (ref. 2).  Naphthalene In concentrations of 1 mg/t may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 28, 69).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  Naphthalene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with  an assigned priority of 2.
  TLV:  50mg/m3 (10 ppm)
  TLV for coal-tar pitch:  0.2 mg/m  [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acrfdlne,
  phenanthrene, and fluorene collectively.  The purpose of the TLV Is  to minimize concentrations  of
  higher weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:  5.0 x 104  ug/m3  (10 ppm)
  Mater, Health:  15 x 5.0 x  104 • 7.5 x 105 \ig/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 7.5  x 105 • 1.5 x 103 ug/g
                                 Air, Ecology:
                                 Hater, Ecology:   100 x 1 - 100 vg/t
                                 Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC^ • 103 x 50/420 -119 ug/m3
  EPCAH1a * 10/42° " °'02  ppm
         • 15 x 119 • 1,785
  EPCHH2 " 13t8 x 50 " 69°
  EPCLH " 0.002 x 690 • 1.38 ug/g
  EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 1.17)  - 142 ug/m
  EPCyj. - 15 x 142 • 2.130 ug/t
  EPCLC - 0.002 x 2.130 •  4.26 pg/g
EPCWE1  '  50 x 1 • 50 vg/t
EPCWE2  "  1>00° vgfi (
EPCLE - 0.002 x so • o.i  ug/g
                                                                tainting)
                                           E-212
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           21
NAPHTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jifl/g
(ppmWt)
1. Band on Bait Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goali)



-
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E4
(10)
7.5E5
1.5E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects


1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient L*ml Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effect!
119
(0.02)
690
1.38
Band on
Ecological
Effects


50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
3.8-11.2t



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.us/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Heal* Effectt




B. Based on
Ecological Effect!




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
119
(0.02)
690
1.38
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
142

2,130
4.26
  tReported  for urban atmosphere.   No rural concentration is  reported.
                                 E-213
-------
CATEGORY:     21                                               WLN:    L C666J
 ANTHRACENE:  C14H10                                             STRUCTURE:
  Colorless, nwnocl1n1c plates (when pure) with
  violet fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  178; mp:  216.2-216.4; bp:  340, 226.553; d:  1.28325;
  vap.press.:  1 mm at 145.0° C;  sublimes; vap. d:  6.15; Insoluble 1n
  water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Anthracene Is among the  lower molecular weight polycycllc hydrocarbons comprising the volatile
  portion of the benzene-soluble  fraction of coal tar (ref. 4).   Concentrations of 0.5252 yg/1,500 m3
  and Z pg/1,000 m3 In urban air  are reported (ref. 1).  This 1s  equivalent to 0.00035 to 0.002 ug/nr.
  Anthracene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH, (ref. 71).  The
  following concentrations of PPAH  have been estimated or reported:  Air (urban environment In winter
  1n seven  selected U.S. cities):  21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/ra3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated
  water:  0.001 vg/t - 0.025 vg/t (ref. 58); upper layer of Earth's crust:  100 yg/kg - 1,000 wg/kg
   (ref. 58).  upper layer of Earth's crust:  100 wg/kg - 1,000 yg/kg (ref. 58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     No specific Information Is available relative  to acute toxic properties of anthracene.
   Anthracene nay be present 1n soot, coal-tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
   Carcinogenic  polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
   Anthracene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
   Is  4112.  The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s  reported as 3,300 mg/kg.  The
   adjusted ordering number Is 1.25.
      Anthracene Is considered Inactive as a  carcinogen (ref. 59).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     Anthracene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
  TLV  (coal tar pitch volatile*}:  0.2 rag/m3.   [The specification Includes naphthalene,  anthracene,
  acrldlne, phenathrene, and fluorene, collectively.  The purpose of the TLV 1s to minimize
  concentrations of higher-weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).]

 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  7 x 10*/1.25 • 5.6 x 104 ug/m3                   Air,  Ecology:
  Water,  Health:  15 x 5.6 x 104 - 8.4 x 105 »g/t                Water, Ecology:
  Land,  Health:  0.002 x 8.4 x 105 • 1.68 x  103 ug/g             Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 1.25) • 133 yg/m3
   EPCyp " 15 x 133 • 1,995 vg/t
   EPCL(. « 0.002 x 1,995 • 4.0 ug/g
                                           E-214
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          21
ANTHRACENE




Air, //g/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
-------
                                                                WLN:   LB666J
                                                                STRUCTURE;
CATEGORY;   21
PHENANTHRENE: CUH1().
  Monocllnlc crystals from alcohol; solutions exhibit
  faint blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   178; mp:  101; bp:  340; d:   0.98004; vap. press.:  1  mn at 118.3; vap. d:  6.14;
  Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water  (ref. 58);
  llpld solubility:  2 percent solution In olive oil  (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Phenanthrene 1s among the lower molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons comprising the volatile
                                                               Concentrations of 0.6102 ug/1,500 m3
                                                       This 1s equivalent to 0.0004 to 0.006 ug/m3.
  portion of the  benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4).
  and 6 ug/1,000  m  1n urban air are reported (ref.  1).
  Phenanthrene 1s associated with paniculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PPAH,  (ref. 71).  The
  following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported:  Air (urban environment In winter
  in seven selected  U.S. cities):  21.6 ng/m3 - 146  ng/ra3 (ref. 71); groundwater  and surface-treated
  water:  0.001 ug/i - 0.025 yg/Z (ref. AAS); upper  layer of Earth's crust:  100  j»g/kg - 1,000 ug/kg
  (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     LDjQ (oral, mouse):   700 mg/kg.
  Phenanthrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
  Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
  Phenanthrene 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s
  3121.  The lowest dose  to  Induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 71 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering
  number Is 44.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     Phenanthrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with  an assigned priority of 1.
  TLV (coal-tar pitch volatlles):  0.2 mg/m .  [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene,
  acrldlne, phenanthrene. and fluorene. collectively.  The purpose of the TLV Is to minimize concen-
  trations of higher weight polycyclic hydrocarbons which  are carcinogenic (ref. 4)].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/44 •  1.59 x 103 ug/m3
  Water. Health:  15 x 1.59 x 103 - 2.39 x 104 ug/l
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.39 x  104 - 47. B ug/g
                                                               A1r, Ecology:
                                                               Water, Ecology:
                                                               Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAH2 ' 0<107 x 70° " 75
   EPCAH3 " °'081 x 70° ' 57
     AH2 '
         "
         • 15 x 57 • 855
   EPCWH2 " °'4 x 70° ' 28°
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 280 • 0.56 yg/g
           103/(6 x 44) » 3.8 ug/m3
          15 x 3.8 - 57 Vg/t
   EPCLC • 0.002 x 57 • 0.114 ug/g
   EPC
     AC2
                                          E-216
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           21

PHENANTHRENE




Air. jio/m'
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Dtvdoping Technology
Enginttring Eitimatu
(R&D Go*)



II. Based on Ambient F acton
A. Minimum Aeuu
Toxidty Efflutirt
Bawd on
Htrith Effect!
1.59E3
2.39E4
4.8E1
BiMdon
Ecological
Ett*et>



8. Ambimt LtMl Goal*
Baud on
Htjin EffwD
3.8
57
0.114
BiMdon
Ecological
EffKB



C Elimination of
DiKharga
Natural Background*



•To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Watar.fig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1, Currant or PropOfad Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. BaMden
H.Jth Etlwn



B. Bawd on
Ecological Efften



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Ptrminibl* Concentration
A. BaMdim
Hti»th Effacti
57
280
0.56
B. BaMden
Ecological Efftcti



III, Zero Threshold PoNutants
Ettimated Permiuibta Concentration
Baud on H*aMi Efftea
3.8
57
0.114
                               E-217
-------
CATEGORY;    21                                              WLN:         L E6 C666J
NAPHTHACENE:  C18H12(2,3-bcnzanthracene, tetracene, chrysogen)    STRUCTURE;
  Crystallizes from xylene  In orange leaflets;
  solutions show slight green fluorescence.

PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  228.28; mp:  341; sublimes in vacuo;  insoluble 1n
  water; solubility may be  enhanced by surfactant impurities 1n
  water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Naphthacene occurs 1n  coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Naphthacene may be present In soot, coal  tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
  Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
  Naphthacene Is considered  Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:                                                Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:                                              Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:                                               Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
                                         E-218
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          21
NAPHTHACENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects



Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal-
Based on
Health Effects



Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fio/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWtt
Land, *tg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-219
-------
CATEGORY:        21                                             WLN:           L 06 B666J
BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE: C18H12  (benzo(b)phenanthrene,                 STRUCTURE:
  1,2-benzanthracene,  2.3-benzophenanthrene,  BA).
  Crystallizes In the  form  of plates from ethanol.
  Solutions exhibit greenish-yellow fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
     Holecular wt.: 228.28; mp:  158-9; bp:   400°  C;  sublimes; Insoluble 1n water; solubility
  may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities in water (ref. 58); 11p1d solubility:   0.6 mg/0.2 ml
  neutral, sterile olive oil  (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Benz(a)anthracene occurs in coal tar and 1s associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic
  hydrocarbons, PPAH.   The  lowest urban air concentration reported for benz(a)anthracene Is
  44.69 ug/m3 (ref. 1).  This 1s equivalent to 0.029 yg/m3.
     Concentrations of BA In soils (nonlndustrlal areas) ranging from 5-20 ug/kg  have been
  reported (ref. 73).
     Other concentrations of BA are reported  as follows:  (a) drinking water -  23.2 ug/m ;
  (b) cooked meat or fish - 189 ug/kg; (c) vegetables  - 230 ug/kg; (d) roasted  coffee -
  14.2 ug/kg (ref. 73).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     LD,0 (Intravenous, mouse):   10 mg/kg.
     Benz(a)anthracene may be present In soot, coal tar,  and  pitch, which are known to  be
  carcinogenic to man.  Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic  hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at
  the site of application (ref.  59).  Benz(a)anthracene 1s  Included In the NIOSH Suspected
  Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH  ordering number Is 3124.   The lowest dose to Induce  a
  carcinogenic response Is reported as 2 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 1562.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycycllc aromatic  hydrocarbons (PPAH).   This TLV  recognizes
   the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
     Benz(a)anthracene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned  priority of  1.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/1,562 • 44.8 ug/m3
  Mater. Health:  15 x 44.8 • 672 vg/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 672 - 1.34 ug/g
                                                     A1r, Ecology:
                                                     Hater, Ecology:
                                                     Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPC
   EPC
'AH2
•AH3
0.107 x 10
0.081 x 10
1.07 ug/m3
0.81 ug/m3
   EPCWH1 " 15 x °'81
   EPCHH2 " °'4 x 10
        - 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g
   EPCAK • 103/(6 x 1.562) • 0.11 ug/m3
   EPCy,. • 15 x 0.11 » 1.65 vg/t
   EPCLC - 0.002 x 1.65 • 0.003 ug/g
                                           E-220
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                XX
                21
BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE

Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Und,»ia/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bett Technology
A. Exiiting Standard*
NSPS. BPT. BAT

B. DtMtopineTaclmolow
Engineering Estimate!
(R&DGoal!)

II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acutt
Toxlcity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effects
4.5E1
6.7E2
1.3EO
BiHdon
Ecologicil
Efftcn

B. AmbMflt Uttl Goal*
BaHdoH
Htalth EffMtt
o.n
1.65
0.003
BaMdon
Ecologial
EWecB

C EllmlnMioael
Diuhtrat


0.029t
0.023?
0.02
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.MH/m3
(ppm Vol)
W«tr.M»/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propoeed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. BMW! on
Huhh Effect!



B. Bntdon
Eeeteojcil Efftea



II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A.B»»don
Hulth Effects
0.81
4.0
0.008
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*

B»«d o« H«lth Elftcu
o.n
1.65
0.003
tReported for urban atr.  No rural  concentration is  reported.

^Drinking water.
                                 E-221
-------
CATEGORY:  21
                               C20H16'
                                      (9,10-d1methy1-1,2-
                                                               WLN: L 06 B666J CJ
                                                               STRUCTURE:
                                                                                   CH
7,12-OIHETHYLBENZ(a)ANTHRACENE:
  benzanthracene, OMBA).
  Crystallies as greenish-yellow plates from acetone-alcohol.
  maximum fluorescence at 440 nm.
 PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt.:  256.33; mp:   122-123; Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant
  impurities in water (ref.  58),  and by purines such as caffeine (ref. 24); lipid solubility:   50 mg/ml
  in trlbutyrin (ref. 74).
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Although 7,12-d1methylbenz(a)anthracene has not been positively  identified In products of
  coal pyrolysis, the molecular weight fraction corresponding to the  compound has teen isolated.
  It is generally presumed to be associated with particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  and with coal tar.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    LD5Q (oral.mouse):   340 ng/kg.
    7,l2-D1methylbenz(a)anthracene  is known to be highly carcinogenic 1n experimental  animals
  (ref. 59).  Experimental evidence  also indicates that 1t Is  a  teratogenic agent in rats
  (ref. 75).  7,12-D1methylbenz(a)anthracene 1s Included in the  NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens
  List.  The EPA/H10SH ordering number based on carcinogenlcity  is 5,729.  The lowest dose to
  Induce a carcinogenic response Is  21 ug/kg, and the adjusted ordering number Is 272,809.
  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty is 4,102. with the lowest dosage being
  20 ng/kg.  The adjusted ordering number is 205.
 REOIILATORV ACTIONS. OTAMDAHM. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC BEgUjATIOfl;
    TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV
  recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.)
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

 A1r. Health:  7 x 104/272,809 •  0.26 yg/m3
 Hater. Health:  15 x 0.26 • 3.9  vg/t
 Land. Health:  0,002 x 3.9 • 0.008 ug/g
                                                             Air, Ecology:
                                                             Water, Ecology:
                                                             Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH2 " 0>107 * 34° * 36<* "9/l°3
  EPC.u, • 0.081 x 340 • 27.5 ug/m3
    AnJ
          15 x 27.5 - 413 ng/l
  EPCHH2 ' 0>4 x 3*° " 136 M8/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 136 • 0.27 wg/g
EPCAC2 - 103/(6  x 272.809)
EPC^ • 15 x 0.006 • 0.009
        0.002 x  0.009
                              0.0006 ug/m
                         1.8 x 10*5  ng/g
                                                            EPC
                                                              'AT
                                                            EPCU
103/(6 x 206)  -0.8 «g/m3
15 xO.8 « 12 vg/l
0.002 xi2 • O-02* cg/g
                                              E-222
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
xxx
  21
GOALb 7, 12-DIMETHYLBENZ(a)ANTHRACENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals!

II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.6E-1
3.9EO
8.0E-3
Based on
Ecologies!
Effects

B. Ambient Level Goat"
Bated on
Heal* Effects
0.0006
0.009
l.SxlO"5
Based on
Ecological
Effect*

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'

•To be multipliod by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
4
Air, pg/rrr
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pd/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baaed on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Basadon
Health Effects
27.5
136
0.27

B. Baaed on
Ecological Effects




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.0006
0.009
l.SxlO"5

                               E-223
-------
CATEGORY:   21                                                WLN:   L C6 B666J
BENZO(c)PHENANTHRENE:  CjgHjg (3,4-benzophenanthrene).            STRUCTURE:
  Crystallizes  In the form of needles from ethanol.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  228.30; mp:   68;  Insoluble In water;
  solubility may be enhanced  by surfactant impurities

NATURAL OCctfRREMCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

     The urban air concentration for benzo(c)phenanthrene 1s reported as  9.781 yg/1.500 m3
  (ref. 1).  This Is equivalent to 6.5 ng/m .   The compound probably occurs as a constituent
  of partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     Although not considered to be a highly active carcinogen alone, benzo(c)phenanthrene Is
   included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number 1s 3121.
   The lowest dose to  Induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 1.220 mg/kg.  The adjusted
   ordering number is  2.56.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV » 0.2 mg/ra3  (for partlculate polycyclic aromatic  hydrocarbons [PPAH].   This TLV
  recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  7 x 104/2.56 » 2.73 x  10* yg/m3                 Air, Ecology:
  Mater. Health:   15 x 2.73 x 104 - 4.1 x 105 ug/i              Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.1 x 105 • 820 wg/g                   Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 2.5) • 66.7 ug/m3
   EPCyg • 15 x 66.7 •  1,000 ug/l
   EPC,_C - 0.002 x 100  • 2.0 gg/g
                                          E-224
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                    21
BENZO(c)PHENANTHRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.73E4
4.1E5
8.20E2
Based on
Ecological
E tracts



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
66.7
1,000
2.0
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.0065t


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, Ml/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(opm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect*
66.7
1,000
2.0
 tReported for urban atmosphere.   No rural concentration is reported.
                                 E-225
-------
CATEGORY: 21                                                  «yi: L E6 B666J
                                                                STRUCTURE*
CHRYSENE:   C18H12 (1,2-benzophenanthrene, benz(a)-                	'
  phenanthrene).
  Crystallizes in the form of plates; solutions and crystals  exhibit
  blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  228.28; mp:  255-256; sublimes In vacuo;  bp:  448; d:  1.27420; insoluble  in water,
  solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58); llpld solubility:  7.5 percent solution
  In olive oil (ref. 73).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Chrysene occurs in coal tar,  1s formed during distillation  of coal, and 1s a product of pyrolysls of
  many fats and oils.  Chrysene Is associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).
     Environmental concentrations  of Chrysene are reported as follows:  urban air—0.023 mg/m   (ref. 1);
  surface  water--!1.8-38.2 yg/m3;  sand—15 yg/kg (ref. 73).
     Maximum concentrations of Chrysene  In foods are also reported:  cooked meat or f1sh«173 ug/kg;
  vegetables—395 yg/kg; roasted coffee--19.1 ug/kg (ref.  73).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Chrysene may be present In soot, coal  tar,  and pitch, which are known  to be carcinogenic to man.  Car-
  cinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site  of application (ref.  59).   Chrysene
  Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122.   The lowest
  dose to induce an  oncogen1c response 1s reported as  99 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number 1s 31.5.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     Chrysene appears on  the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
     TLV • 0.2 mg/ra3 (for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/31.5 • 2.22 x 103 yg/a3            Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 2.22 x 103 - 3.33 x 104 yg/i        Water. Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.33 x  104 * 66.6 yg/g            Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAC2 •  103/(6 x 31.5)  • 5.29  yg/m3
          15 x 5.29 • 79.4 yg/l
          0.002 x 79.4 - 0.16 yg/g
                                            E-226
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       21
CHRYSENE"

Air.fig/rri3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Go«l<)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect.
2.22E3
3.33E4
6.6E1
Based on
Ecological
Eileen



B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bawd on
Health Effects
5.29
79.4
0.16
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
2.3xlO~5t
0.01 to 0.04
0.015
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MB/I"
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Healdi Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
5.29
79.4
0.16
tReported for urban air.  No rural concentration  is  reported.
                                 E-227
-------
CATEGORY:  21                                                  WIN:

METHYL CHRYSENES:  C19H,4 (methy1-l,2-benzophenanthrene).          STRUCTURE
  The 4-oethyl and 5-roethyl chrysenes exhibit fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  242; mp:  117-254;  Insoluble In water;
  solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water  (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

     Methyl chrysenes are associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons and with coal tar.
  The urban-air concentration for methyl chrysenes Is reported  as 6.195 ug/1500 m  (ref.  1).  This Is
  equivalent to 4.1 ng/m .  Methyl chrysenes have also been detected In the polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbon
  fraction of  marine sediments (ref. 76).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Methyl chrysenes may be present In soot, coal tar, oils, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
  to man.  Carcinogenic  polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application
  (ref. 59).  Five methyl chrysenes are listed  In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The collective
  EPA/NIOSH ordering number for the five compounds Is 3123.  The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc
  response Is reported as 80 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number for the methyl chrysenes collectively
  1s 39.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATTON;

     TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes  the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  7  x 104/39 • 1.79 x 103 ug/m3              A1r, Ecology:
  Hater. Health:  15 x 1.79 x 103 - 2.69 x 104 ug/l         Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.69 x 104 - 53.8 ug/g            Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 39) •  4.3 Mg/m3
   EPCy,. • 15 x 4.3 • 64.5  ug/l
   EPCLC • 0.002 x 64.5 • 0.129 ug/g
                                            E-228
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                21
METHYL CHRYSENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pa/9
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)





II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects

1.8E3
2.7E4
5.4E1

Based on
Ecological
Effects





B. Ambient Letel Goal*
Based on
Health Effeco

4.3
64.5
0.13

Based on
Ecological
Effects





C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'

(K004t



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
\
Water. /18/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological EffecO



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
4.3
64.5
0.13
 tReported for urban atmosphere.  No rural concentration is reported.
                                 E-229
-------
CATEGORY:     21                                              WLN:   L B6 H666J
TRIPHENYLENE:   C18H12 (1,2-3,4-dibenznaphthalene).               STRUCTURE:
  Crystallizes  in the form of long needles;  solutions
  exhibit blue  fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  228.28; mp:   199; sublimes; bp:  425;
  d:  1.302; Insoluble 1n water; solubility  may be enhanced
  by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref.  58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Trlphenylene occurs to a small extent 1n coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     THphenylene may be present In soot, coal  tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
  to man.   Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of
  application  (ref. 59).
     Triphenylene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH).   This TLV recognizes
  the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r. Health:                                                A1r, Ecology:
  Water, Health:                                              Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:                                               Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                                         E-230
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          21
TRIPHENYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Qoah)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects



Bated on
Ecological
Effect!



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects



Bated on
Ecological
Effects



' C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, us/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ;ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
He.lth Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects;



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baled on Heel* Effects



                                E-231
-------
CATEGORY:   21                                                 WLN:  L666 B6 2AB PJ
PYRENE:   C16H10  (benzo(def Jphenanthrene).                          STRUCTURE:
     Crystallizes as pale yellow plates; solutions
  show slight blue fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  202; mp:  149-50;  sublimes; bp:  > 360; d:   1.27l|3;  Insoluble 1n water;
  solubility nay be inhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Pyrene occurs 1n coal tar.  It Is  also obtained by the destructive hydrogenatlon of hard coal.  The
  lowest reported concentration of  pyrene  In urban areas Is 0.45 mg/m   (ref.  1).  This Is equivalent to
  450 pg/m3.
     Pyrene 1s associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,  PPAH (ref. 71).  The
  following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported:  air (urban environment
  In winter 1n seven selected U.S.  cities):  21.6 ng/n3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-
  treated water: 0.001 ug/i - 0.025 wg/i  (ref. 58); upper layer of earth's crust:  100 ug/kg - 1,000  ug/kg
  (ref. 58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS!
     Pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
  Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
  Although not considered a highly active carcinogen alone, pyrene Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected
  Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121.  The lowest toxic dose reported to produce
  an oncogenlc response 1s 10 g/kg.  This Is equivalent to 10.000 mg.  The adjusted ordering number Is
  0.3.
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

      Pyrene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an  assigned priority of 1.
      TLV • 0.2 ng/m3 (for part1culate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This  TLV  recognizes the
   carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively).
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r,  Health:  7 x 104/0.3 • 2.3 x 105 ug/m3              Air, Ecology:
   Water,  Health:  15 x 2.3 x 105 • 3.45 x 106 vg/i         Water, Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.4$ x 106 - 6.9 x 103 ug/g       Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

   EPCAC2 •  103/C6 x 0.3) • 555. 6 ug/»3
          IS x 555.6 • 8.333
   EPCLC • 0.002 x 833 • 16.7 «g/g
                                             E-232
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     21
PYRENE




Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Be»t Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II, Baud on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.3E5
3.45E6
6.9E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
555.6
8,333
16.7
Based on
Ecologies!
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
450t


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,(i9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, //g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
555.6
8,333
16.7
 tReported  for urban atmosphere.  No rural concentration is reported.
                                 E-233
-------
CATEGORY:     21                                               WLN:
 DIMETHYL PYRENES:  C18H14  (3,4 and 4,5-dimethylpyrenes).          STRUCTURE:
   Crystallize in the form  of plates from petroleum ether.
PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt:   232;  insoluble in water;  solubility may
   be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Alkyl pyrenes  have been isolated from coal tar and from soot (ref. 77).
     Dimethyl pyrenes  are associated with particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,  PPAH
   (ref. 71).   The following concentrations of carcinogenic  PPAH  have been estimated or reported:
   Air (urban environment in winter in seven selected U.S.  cities):  21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3  (ref.
   71); ground-water and surface-treated water:  0.001 vq/t  - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58):   upper layer
   of Earth's crust:  100 ug/kg - 1.000 ug/kg  (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Dimethyl  pyrenes nay be present in soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic
  to man.  Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce  tumors at the site  of application
  (ref. 59).  There  Is no evidence to indicate that the dimethy pyrenes alone are carcinogenic.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV -0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH).   This TLV recognizes
  the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  Air, Health:                                            A1r, Ecology:
  Water. Health:                                          Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:                                           Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
                                                        E-234
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                          21
v»OAL5 DIMETHYL PYRENES

Air, itgfm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, «ig/g
(ppmWtl
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Batt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)

II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects

Based on
Ecological
Effects

8. Ambient Uvrt Go*)'
Based on
Health Effects

Based on
Ecological
Effcctt

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background-

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm mi
Land, jjg/g
(ppmWtl
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



8. Bated on
Ecological Effects

-

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Perminible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects



                                E-235
-------
CATEGORY:    21
BENZO(g)CHRYSENE:  C22H14 (1,2-3.4-d1benzophenanthrene).
  Crystallizes as colorless needles from glacial  acetic add.
                                                               WUN:    L C6 16 B666J

                                                               STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  278.36; mp:   114.5; bp:  135; Insoluble
  In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant  Impurities
  In water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Benzo(g)chrysene probably occurs as a constituent of partlculate  polycycllc aromatic
  hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Although not considered to be a  highly active carcinogen alone. benzo(g)chrysene Is
   Included on the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3123.
   The lowest dose to  Induce a carcinogenic response 1s  reported as 720 mg/kg.  The adjusted
   ordering number 1s  4.34.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV « 0.2 wg/m3 [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons  (PPAH).  This TLV
  recognizes  the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:  7 x 104 x 4.34 •  1.6 x 10*
  Water, Health:  15 x 1.6 x 104  • 2.42 x 105
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.42 x 10s • 4.84
                                                                  Air, Ecology:
                                                                  Water, Ecology:
                                                                  Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
  EPC
     •AC2
                 x 4.34) • 38.4 ug/m3
        • 15 x 38.4 - 576
  EPC,_C - 0.002  x 576 • 1.15 ug/g
                                          E-236
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
21
GOAL5 BENZO(g)CHRYSENE

Air, fig/irr
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)

II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.6E4
2.42E5
4.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
38.4
576
1.15
Based on
Ecological

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/)
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
38.4
576
1.15
                                E-237
-------
CATEGORY:   21                                                 «LN: L D6 J6 C666J

DIBENZ(a.c)ANTHRACENE:  C22H14 (l,2-3,4-d1benzanthracene,         STRUCTURE:
  benzo(b)trlphenylene).
     Crystallizes as colorless needles from ethanol;
  solutions  show blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular  wt:  278.22; rap:  200-2;  Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant  Impurities
  in water (.ref. 58); I1p1d solubility:  0.6 mg In 0.2 ml olive oil  (ref. 78).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     D1benz(a,c)anthracene 1s associated with participate polycycllc  aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH  (ref. 71).
  The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported:  air (urban environment In winter  in
  seven selected U.S. cities):  21.6  ng/m  - 146 ng/m  (ref. 71);  ground-water and surface-treated water:
  0.001 ug/i - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58);  upper layer of earth's crust:  100 ug/kg - 1.000 ug/kg (ref.  58).
     The concentration of d1benz(a,c)anthracene in urban air 1s reported as 13,348 pg/1,500 m  (ref.  1).
  This 1s equivalent to 0.88 ng/m .
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     01benz(a,c)anthracene may be present In soot,  coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
  to man.  Carcinogenic  polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors  at the site of application (ref.  59).
     01benz(a,c)anthracene Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
  Is 3121.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s 440 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number 1s
  7.09.  There Is disagreement regarding the cardnogenlcity of d1benz(a,c)anthracene (ref. 59).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOONmON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION;
     TLV • 0.2 mg/m  (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].   This  TLV  recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/7.09 - 9.9 x 103 ng/m3             Air, Ecology:
  Uater, Health:  15 x 9.9 x 103 • 1.5 x 10S wg/i          Mater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 10S • 300 wg/g              Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 7.09)  •  23.5 ng/m3
   EPCy,. • 15 x 23.5 • 353  ug/t
   EPCIC • 0.002 x 353 -0.7  ug/g
                                            E-238
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
                                                                             21
VJVAL3 DIBENZ (a. clANTHRACENE

Air, /ig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, tig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/S
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effect!
9.9E3
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effects
23.5
353
0.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background1
0.0009t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects


-
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
23.5
353
0.7
 tReported for urban  atmosphere.  No rural  concentration is reported.
                                 E-239
-------
                                                             STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY:  21
DIBEMZ(a.h)ANTHRACENE:  C22HU (1,2-5,6-dlbenzanthracene.
  DB(a.h)A).
     Crystallizes In the form of silvery leaflets from acetic acid.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  278.33; mp:  262;  sublimes; solubility In water:
  0.0005 rog/l  at 27° (ref. 73); llpld  solubility:  8 mg/ml 1n trlbutyrln  (ref. 74).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Environmental concentration of D8(a,h)A are reported as follows:  urban air— 3.2-32 gg/ 1,000 m  ; soils
  (Iceland)-- 0-2.3 ug/kg (ref. 73). DB(a,h)A has also been detected In cooked meats and vegetables  (ref. 73).
     The compound 1s probably a constituent of participate polycycllc  aromatic hydrocarbons,  PPAH.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     LDLo tlntravenous, mouse):  10 mg/kg.
     D1benz(a,h)anthracene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch which  are known to be carcinogenic to
  man.  Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
  DB(a,h)A 1s considered  an active carcinogen and causes aberrations 1n mammalian cells (ref. 42).  It 1s
  Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4529.  The lowest dose
  to Induce an oncogen1c  response Is reported as 0.006 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 754,833.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

     D1benz(a>h)anthracene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
     TLV > 0.2 mg/m3 (for participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential of  PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:  7 x 104/754,833 • 0.093 ug/m3
  Water, Health:  15 x 0.093  • 1.4 vg/i
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.4  - 0.003 ug/g
                                                       Air, Ecology:
                                                       Water, Ecology:
                                                       Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAH2 » 0.107 x 10 • 1.07 ug/nr
         • 0.081 x 10 • 0.81 ug/m3
EPC
      AH3
                         "9/t
   EPCWH1 * 1S x °'81 "
   EPCWH2 " °'4 x 10 *
   EPCLH « 0.002 x 4.0 - 0.008 ug/g
         • 103/(6 x 754,833) • 0.0002 ug/m3
EPC
     'AC2
         •  15 x 0.0002 • 0.003 ug/l
         •  0.002 x 0.003 • 6 x 10*6  ug/g
                                            F-240
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                  xxx
                    21
DIBENZfa, h)ANTHRACENE

Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Dnetoping Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxic. ty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
9.3E-2
1.4EO
3.0E-3
Based on
Ecotogical
Effects



B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.0002
0.003
6x1 O"6
Baled on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.0032 to
0.032t
0 to 0.0023

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jip/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.81
4.0
0,008
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
0.0002
0.003
6x1 O"6
 tReported for urban  atmosphere.  No rural concentration is reported.
                                 E-241
-------
CATEGORY:   21                                                  WLN:  L  D6  B6666 2AB -TJ

BENZO(a)PYRENE:  C2(JH12 (1,2-benzpyrene,  B(a)P                     STRUCTURE:
  Yellowish plates; benzene solutions exhibit violet
  fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  252.30; rap:  179; bp:   496-510;  vap. press:  10 nm at 310-312°C;  Insoluble in water,
  solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); lipid  solubility:  25 mg/ml in
  tributyrin (ref. 79).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Benzo(a)pyrene occurs In coal tar and In all  kinds of soot and smoke.   Environmental concentration of
  B(a)P is  reported as follows:  urban air—0.04-0.4 ug/l,000 m  (refs. 1,3);  forest, woods, sand (nonlndustrial
  areas)--0-127 wg/kg (ref. 73).  Other maximum concentrations reported Include:  drinking water—23.4 yg/m ;
  cooked meat  or fish—107 ug/kg; vegetables—8 ug/kg; roasted coffee—15 wg/kg  (ref. 73).
     The chemical half-life of benzo(a)pyrene In  the atmosphere Is reported as less than 1 day with solar
  radiation and several days without solar radiation (ref. 8).  8enzo(a)pyrene 1s  associated with partlculate
  polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     LDgg (subcutaneous,  rat):  50 ing/kg.
     Benzo(a)pyrene  is considered to be an active carcinogen.   It has been shown to cause chromosome aber-  •
  rations 1n mammalian cells  (ref. 42).  Experimental  evidence  Indicates that B(a)P 1s a  mutagenlc and tera-
  togenlc agent in the mouse  (ref. 2).  Benzo(a)pyrene appears  In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The
  EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenic responses,  is 6629.  The lowest dose to induce a carcino-
  genic response is  reported  as 2 ug/kg.  The adjusted number is 3,314,500 based on cardnogenlcity.  The
  EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty 1s 3102.  The lowest dose resulting in teratogenic
  effects 1s 240 mg/kg.   The  adjusted ordering number based on  teratogenlclty is 12.9.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     Benzo(a)pyrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
     TLV • 0.2 mg/n3 (for  partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons  [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes  the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/3,314,500 - 0.02 vg/n3
  Water. Health:  15 x 0.02  • 0.3 ug/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 0.3 - 0.006 ug/g
                                                        A1r, Ecology:
                                                        Water, Ecology:
                                                        Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC,
     AH2
0.107 x 50
0.081 x 50
     AH3
   EPCyH1 • 15 x 4.1
   EPC^ » 0.4 x 50
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 20
  5.35 ug/mj
  4.1  yg/m3
61.5 yg/t
20 ug/l
 0.04 yg/g
EPC
   AC2
           103/(6 x 3,314,500)  -  5 x 10"5
                     "5
        15 x 5 x  10
        0.002 x 7.5 x
               7.5 x  10"4 ug/l
  10"4 • 1.5  x  10
                                      "6
                                         wg/9
                                            E-242
                                     EPCAT - 103/(6  x  12.9) •
                                     EPC,., • 15 x  12.9 • 194
                                                                        12.9
                                                EPC
                                                           LT
0.002 x 194 • 0.39 vg/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
           xxx
             21
BENZO(a)PYRENE

Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(RScD Goali)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*
2.0E-2
3.0E-1
6.0E-3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Uvel Goat*
Bated on
Health Effect!
5.0E-5
7.5E-4
1.5E-6
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
4E-5 to 4E-4t
0.02}
0 to 0.13§
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. jigj/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/fl
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Eff.cn




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
4.1
20
0.04

B. Based on
Ecological Effects




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects
5 x 10"5
7.5 x 10"4
1.5 x 10-6

 ^Reported for  urban atmosphere.
 tDrinking water.
 §Sand, non-industrial areas.
                                  E-243
-------
CATEGORY;    21                                                —:

              :
  Prisms or plates from benzene.
BENZO(e)PYRENE:  C-nH,,, (4,5-benzopyrene).                         STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular  wt:  252; mp:  178-9;  sublimes at 250° (4 urn); Insoluble In water,  solubility my be enhanced
  by surfactant  Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solubility:  2.5 percent In olive oil (ref. 72).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Benzo(e)pyrene  Is a constituent of the high-boiling coal  tar (ref. 77).   It has been Isolated from soils
  (ref.  81).  The  lowest reported urban concentration for benzo(e)pyrene Is 0.90 ng/m  (ref. 1).
     Benzo(e)pyrene  Is associated with partlculate polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).  The
  following  concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported:  Air (urban environment
  In winter  In seven selected U.S. cities):  21.6 ng/m  - 146  ng/m  (ref. 71);  ground-water and surface-
  treated water:   0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58):  upper layer of earth's crust:  100 ug/kg - 1.000 wg/kg
  (ref.  58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Benzo(e)pyrene  may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
  Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
     Benzo(e)pyrene  Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is
  3223.  The lowest  dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 140 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering
  number Is 23.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:   7  x 104/23 • 3.04 x 103 wg/m3              Air. Ecology:
  Water. Health:  15 x  3.04 x 103 - 4.56 x 104  ug/i         Hater. Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002  x 4.57 x 10* • 91.2 «g/g            Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x  23) • 7.25 iig/m3
        - 15 x 7.25  -  109 ug/l
        « 0.002 x 109  • 0.22 ug/g
                                            E-244
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            21
BENZO(e)PYRENE

Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
3.04E3
4.56E4
9.12E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Coal'
Bated on
Health Effects
7.25
1 09
0.22
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/J9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Beted on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
7.25
109
0.22
                                E-245
-------
CATEGORY:    21                                               WIN; L666 L6 K6 2AL
                                                               STRUCTURE:
PERYLEHE:   C2QH12  (perl-dlnaphthalene, dlbenz(de.kl)  anthracene).
  Yellow to colorless plates from toluene.                                         lOl
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   252.34; mp:  277-279; sublimes 350-400° C; d:  1.35;
  Insoluble 1n water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref.  58).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Perylene occurs In coal tar and 1n high-boiling petroleum fractions.  The lowest reported urban level for
  perylene 1s given as 0.10 ng/m  (ref. 1).
     Perylene Is  associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons PPAH (ref.  71).  The following
  concentrations  of carcinogenic PPAH havt been estimated or reported:  Air (urban environment In winter In
  seven selected  U.S. cities):  21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3  (ref. 71); ground-water and surf ace- treated water:
  0.001 ug/t  - 0.025 ug/t (ref.  58):  upper layer of earth's crust:  100 i/g/kg - 1000 vg/kg  (ref. 58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     There 1s no report of oncogenlc responses 1n animals or humans which are attributable to  this compound.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic  hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes  the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:                                       A1r, Ecology:
  Water, Health:                                     Water. Ecology:
  Land. Health:                                      Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
                                           E-246
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       21
PERYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /i 9/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



tl. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects



Baud on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects



Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
O.OOOlt


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects



tReported for urban atmosphere.  No rural  concentration is reported.
                                E-247
-------
CATEGORY:     21                                               WLN: L F6 E6 B666J
PICENE:  C22H14 (l,2-7,8-d1benzphenanthrene, d1benzo(a,1)         STRUCTURE:
         phenanthrene).
  Crystallizes 1n the form of plates with bluish fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt:  278.33; mp:  367; sublimes 300° C;
  bp:  518-20; Insoluble In water, solubility may be enhanced by
  surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref.  58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
  Plcene Is found 1n tar oils from soft coal and 1n petroleum.
  The rural concentration for plcene 1s reported as 0.0974 ug/1,500 m  (ref. 4).  This 1s
  equivalent to 0.06 ng/m3.  Plcene probably occurs as a constituent of partlculate
  polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Plcene may be present In soot, coal  tar, and pitch,  which are known to be carcinogenic
   to man.  Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons  may Induce tumors at the site of
   application (ref.  59).
      Plcene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens  List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering
   number 1s 3121.  The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 111  mg/kg.
   The adjusted ordering number Is 28.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r, Health:  7 x 104/28 - 2.5 x 103 ug/m3    '                Air. Ecology:
   Water, Health:  15 x 2.5 x 103 • 3.75 x 104 vg/t              Water, Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.75 x 104 • 75 ug/g                   Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
   EPCAC2 • lO3/^ x 28)  « 5.95 yg/m3
        • 15 x 5.95 « 89.3 ug/t
   EPCLC • 0.002 x 89.3 - 0.18 gg/g
                                          E-248
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    21
PiCEiME
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, 08/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goalil



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BiMdon
Health Effects
2.5E3
3.75E4
7.5E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effect.



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
5.95
89.3
0.18
Based on
Ecological
Eff»cti



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.00006


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)

1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. BaMdon
Health Effects




B. Baud on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
/
A. Bated on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
5.95
89.3

0.18
                               E-249
-------
CATEGORY:   21                                                  WLN:    L 06 B66 D666 2AB ASJ
DIBENZO(a,h)PYRENE:   C-.^-.fdibenzofb.def)  -  chrysene,           STRUCTURE:
   DB(a.h)P).
   Crystallizes as gold-orange plates from trichlorobenzene.

PROPERTIES:
   Molecular wt:   302; mp:  315; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may
   be enhanced by surfactant  Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

       D1benzo(a,h)pyrene  is a constituent of  coal-tar pitch.   It may be
   formed by pyrolysls of anthracene.  D1benzo(a,h)pyrene Is associated
   with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref.  71).
   The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been  estimated
   or reported:  Air (urban environment In winter in seven selected
   U.S. cities):   21.6 ng/m3  - 146 ng/m3 (ref.  71); ground-water and
   surface-treated water:   0.001 ug/«. - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58); upper •
   layer of Earth's crust:  100 ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     D1benzo(a,h)pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch,
  which are known to be carcinogenic to man.   Carcinogenic polycycllc
  aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at  the site of application  (ref. 59).
     Oibenzo(a,h)pyrene is Included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.
  The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number is 3121.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcino-
  genic response is  reported as 165 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 18.9.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  TLV » 0.2 mg/m3 [for  partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  (PPAH).  This
  TLV recognizes the  carcinogenic potential  of  PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TDXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  7  x  104/18.9 • 3.7 x 103 ug/m3                   Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:   15 x 3.7 x 103 - 5.55 x 104 ug/£               Water. Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x  5.55 x 104 • 111 pg/g                   Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCflc2 - 103/(6  x  18.9) • 8.8 ug/m3
  EP^ * 15 x 8.8 «  132 vg/l
  EPCLC « 0.002 x  132 * 0.26 ug/g
                                                        E-250
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
               21
DIBENZO(a, hJPYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)





II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.7E3
5.55E4


1.1E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects





B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
8.8
132


0.26
Based on
Ecological
Effects





C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*





•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,j»«/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
8.8
132
0.26
                                E-251
-------
CATEGORY;   21                                                 WLN;    L D6 B66 P666 2AB A+J
                                                                STRUCTURE:
DIBENZOta.DPYRENE:  C24H,4 (benzo(rst)pentaphene).
  Crystallizes as greenish-yellow needles or plates, benzene
  solutions exhibit blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES;
     Molecular wt:  302; mp:  281.5; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may
  be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); I1p1d
  solubility:  2.5 mg In 0.2 ml tr1-octano1n (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s present In coal tar (ref. 73).
     D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic  hydrocarbons, PPAH,
   (ref. 72).  The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported:
  A1r  (urban environment 1n winter In seven selected U.S. cities):   21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3
   (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water:  0.001 yg/l - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58): upper
   layer of Earth's crust:  100 yg/kg - 1,000 yg/kg (ref. 58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      01benzo(a,1)pyrene may  be present In soot,  coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be
   carcinogenic to man.  Carcinogenic polycycllc  aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at
   the site of application (ref. 59).
      D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH
   ordering number Is 3225.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as
   2 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 1612.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV • 0.2 rag/m  [for  partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydre
  recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
TLV • 0.2 rag/m3 [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH).   This  TLV
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!

  Air, Health:   7 x 104/1.612 - 43.4 ug/m3                          Air, Ecology:
  Water. Health:  15 x 43.4 - 651 vg/l                              Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 651 • 1.3 ug/g                             Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAC2 « 103/(6  x  1,612) • 0.1 yg/m3
  EP^ « 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 W/l
  EPC,_C • 0.002 x  1.5 • 0.003 vg/9
                                           E-252
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
               xx
               21
DIBENZO(a, OPYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, iig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects

4.3E1
6.5E2
1.3EO
Based on
Ecological
Effect!




B. Ambient Level Goal'
Baled on
Health Effect!

0.1
1.5
0.003
Based on
Ecological
Effect!




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Netural Background*




"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Bued on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Baud Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effect!



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Besed on Health Effects
0.1
1.5
0.003
                               E-253
-------
 CATEGORY:   21                                                WLN:  L D66 K666 B6JAB A«J

OIBENZOta.DPYRENE:  CMH14 (dlbenzo(def.p)chrysene,               STRUCTURE;
  1,2-9,10-dlbenzopyrene).                                                         lOlQj
  Colorless  prisms from cyclohexane.                                         (^"•N

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular  wt:   302.24; mp:  164;  Insoluble In Mater, solubility may  be enhanced by surfactant Impurities
  In water (ref.  58); llpld solubility:  0.6 mg/0.2 ml olive oil (ref.  72).

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     D1benzo(a,l}pyrene Is probably not a naturally occurring 1saner.   Its synthesis has been reported (ref. 73).
  Investigations  previous to 1966 concerning d1benzo(a,l)pyrene were probably carried out with d1benzo(a,e)f1uo-
  ranthene (ref.  73).  If the compound occurs In the  atmosphere. It will probably be associated with participate
  poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     D1benzo(a,1)pyrene Is Included In  the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens  List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s
  3101.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported  as 48 mg/kg.   The adjusted ordering num-
  ber Is 64.6.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV » 0.2 mg/m  (for particulate  polycycllc
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
TLV » 0.2 mg/m3  (for parti cu late polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons  [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes  the
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:   7 x  104/64.6 « 1.08 x  103 wg/ra3            A1r, Ecology:
  Hater, Health:   15 x 1.08 x 103 • 1.6 x 10* ug/t         Hater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 1.6 x 104 • 32 yg/g               Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 64.6) • 2.6 wg/ra3
  EPCyj. • 15  x 2.6 • 39 »g/t
  EPCLC - 0.002 x 39 • 0.078 ug/g
                                           E-254
-------
MULTIMEDIA
GOALS DIBENZCHa. DPYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. (tg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standardi
NSPS. BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.08E3
1.6E4
3.2E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.6
39
0.08
Based on
Ecological
Effects

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jifl/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Sued on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
2.6
39
0.08
                                      E-255
-------
CATEGORY:   21                                                 Bid* L666 B6 C6 06 4ABCD VJ
BENZO(ghi)PERYLENE:  C22H12 (1,12-Benzoperylene).                 STRUCTURE:
  Leaflets from benzene; exhibits bright green-yellow
  fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular  wt:  276; mp:  222-3; insoluble  In water;
  solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities in water (ref.  58).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Benzo(ghi)perylene occurs in tar and  in smoke-polluted atmospheres.  The urban concentration for benzo-
  (ghi)perylene is reported as 3.27 ng/m   (ref.  1).
     Benzo(gh1)perylene is associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,  PPAH  (ref. 71).  The
  following  concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH  have been estimated or  reported:  A1r (urban environment in
  winter in  seven  selected U.S. cities):   21.6 ng/m  - 146 ng/m  (ref.  71); ground-water  and surface-treated
  water: 0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/l (ref.  58): upper layer of earth's  crust:  100 ug/kg -  1,000 vg/kg (ref. 58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Benzo(ghi)perylene may  be present In soot,  coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to
  man.  Topical application  of benzo(ghi)perylene  in acetone solution  (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene,
  pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, 3,4- and l.2-benzopyrene,l,2,5,6-d1benzanthracene, and 1,2-benzanthracene)
  induced four tumors in  225 mice (ref. 60).   Data pertinent to the carcinogenic potential of benzo(ghi)pery-
  lene alone are currently not available.  The compound  is probably not a highly active carcinogen.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     Benzo(ghi)perylene appears on EPA Consent  Decree  List with an assigned priority of 1.
     TLV « 0.2 rog/m3 (for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes  the
  carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:                                       Air, Ecology:
  Water. Health:                                     Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:                                       Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                                                    E-256
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                21
BENZQ(ghi)PERYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Amb ent Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects



Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects



Based on
Ecological
Effect!



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.003t


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



   tValue is for urban atmosphere.  No  rural  concentration is  reported.
                                 E-257
-------
CATEGORY:    21                                                WLN: L666 B6 C6  D6 E6 6A6CDEF A&J

CORONENE:   C24H12  (hexabenzobenzene).                             STRUCTURE:
  Yellow needles from benzene; solutions exhibit bluish-violet  fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   300.36; rap:  438; bp:   525; d:  1.377; Insoluble  1n water,
  solubility may be enhanced by surfactant  Impurities In water  (ref. 58).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Urban concentrations of coronene are reported ranging 1.252 ng/1,500 m3 to 2.13 ng/m3  (ref. 1).
     Coronene 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).  The following
  concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have  been estimated or reported:  Air (urban environment 1n winter 1n
                                        9           3
  seven selected U.S.  cities):  21.6 ng/m  - 146 ng/m  (ref. 71);  ground-water and surface-treated water:
  0.001 ng/i - 0.025 ug/l (ref. 58):  upper layer of earth's crust:  100 wg/kg - 1,000  ug/kg  (ref. 58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Coronene may be present  1n soot, coal  tar,  and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic  to man.  Topical
   application of coronene In  acetone solution (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene,  fluoranthene,
   chrysene, 3,4- and 1,2-benzopyrene. 1,12-benzperylene, anthanthrene, 1,2,5,6-dlbenzanthracene, and  1,2-
   benzanthracene) Induced four tumors 1n 225 mice  (ref. 60).  Data pertinent to the carcinogenic potential
   of coronene alone are currently unavailable.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc
   carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively).
TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV  recognizes the
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:                                       A1r, Ecology:
  Mater. Health:                                     Uater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:                                      Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
                                            E-258
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       21
CORONENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



.

II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects





Based on
Ecological
Effects





B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects





Based on
Ecological
Effects





C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.002t




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fij/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



   tReported for urban atmosphere.  No rural concentration is reported.
                                 E-259
-------
                                                                WUN:

                                                                STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY;   22
FLUORENE:  C13H1Q (2,3-benzlndene, dlphenyleneaiethane).
  Fluorescent, colorless flakes.
PROPERTIES!
  Molecularftwt:  166.15; mp:  116-117; bp:  293-295;
  d:  1.203 ; vap. p:   10 urn at 146.0°C; Insoluble in
  water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant
  Impurities 1n water  (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Fluorene 1s among the lower molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons  comprising the volatile portion of
  the benzene soluble  fraction of coal tar (ref. 4).  Fluorene 1s associated with partlculate polycyclic aroma-
  tic hydrocarbons, PPAH  (ref. 71).  The following concentrations of PPAH  have been estimated or reported:
  A1r (urban environment  1n winter 1n seven selected U.S. cities):  21.6 ng/m  - 146 ng/m  (ref. 71); ground-
  water and surface-treated water:
  ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58).
                                    0.001 ug/i - 0.025 ug/i  (ref. 58):  upper layer of earth's crust:  100
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Fluorene may be present in soot, coal tar, and  pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.  Carcin-
   ogenic  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).  There 1s
   currently no evidence to indicate that fluorene alone Is carcinogenic.
      Subcutaneous Injection of fluorene In a 1:1 molar ratio to benzo(a)pyrene  showed no Inhibitory effect
   on the  carclnogenlclty of B(a)P  (ref. 72).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

      Fluorene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
      TLV (coal  tar pitch volatlles):  0.2 mg/m3.
      [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acridlne, phenanthrene, and  fluorene, collectively.
   The purpose of  the TLV is to minimize concentrations of higher weight polycyclic  hydrocarbons which are
   carcinogenic  (ref. 4).]
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r, Health:
   Water,  Health:
   Land, Health:
                                                      Air, Ecology:
                                                      Water, Ecology:
                                                      Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                                            E-260
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       22
FLUORENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air. pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, f/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, figfg
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT






B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)






II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects






Based on
Ecological
Effects






B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects






Based on
Ecological
Effects






C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*






*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, H0/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A.Bastdon
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects




                                E-261
-------
CATEGORY:   22                                                  WLN;   L C6566 1A PJ
FLUORANTHENE:  C16H1Q (benzo{j,k)fluorene).                       STRUCTURE:
  Colorless  needles or plates from alcohol.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   202.26; mp:  110; Insoluble  in
  water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant
  Impurities  1n  water  (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Fluoranthene 1s present 1n coal tar (ref. 77) and 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic
  hydrocarbons,  PPAH (ref. 71).  The following concentrations  of PPAH have been estimated or reported:   A1r
  (urban environment In winter In seven selected U.S. cities):  21.6 ng/m  - 146 ng/m  (ref. 71); ground-
  water and surface-treated water:  0.001 pg/i - 0.025 wg/t (ref. 58):  upper layer of earth's crust:  100
  pg/kg - 1.000  »g/kg  (ref. 58).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     L050 (oral, rat):  2,000 rug/kg
     Fluoranthene may be present 1n soot,  coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
  Topical application of fluoranthene in acetone (mixture with  phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene,
  B(a)P, B(e)P, perylene,  anthanthrene, DB(a,j)A, and BA) Induced four tumors 1n 225 mice (ref. 60).  There 1s
  currently no evidence to Indicate that fluoranthene alone 1s  carcinogenic.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV • 0.2  mg/m3  (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].   This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic  potential of PPAH collectively).
     Fluoranthene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:   45 x 2,000 > 9.0 x 10* wg/m3                A1r, Ecology:
  Water, Health:   15 x 9 x 104 - 1.4 x 106 vg/i             Hater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 1.4 x 106 » 2.8 x 103 pg/g         Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAH2 * O-1"7  * 2,000 • 214 ug/m3
  EPCAH3 " 0'081  x 2%00° " 162 "9/m3
  EPC^ - 15 x 162 • 2.430 ug/t
  EPCWH2 " °'4 *  2'000 " 80° u9/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 800 • 1.6 ug/g
                                          £-262
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
22
V*WML3 PLUORAIMTHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vof)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E4
1.4E6
2.8E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Q
Air. M9/rn
(ppm Vol)
Water , M9/I
{ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



                                 E-263
-------
CATEGORY;  22                                                  WLN:  L 06 C6566 1A TJ
BEHZOU )FLUORAHTHENE:  C2()H12 (10,11-benzo-                       STRUCTURE:
  fluoranthene, B(j)F).
  Yellow plates or needles from alcohol.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  252.32; mp:  165; Insoluble In water;
  solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities
  1n water  (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Benzo(j)fluoranthene may be obtained  from coal tar and from the high-temperature pyrolysls of anthracene,
  naphthalene, tobacco constituents, and other organic compounds (ref. 73).  A concentration of B(j)F 1n urban
  atmosphere 1s reported as 1.3 ng/m3 (ref.  1).  Benzo(j)f1uoranthene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc
  aromatic  hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).   Other environmental  concentrations of B(j)F (with B(b)F) are reported
  as follows:  soil—15  to 110 ug/kg; drinking water—I to 14.0 yg/nr
  oils of certain fruits and 1n cooked foods (ref. 73).
     (ref.  73).  It has also been detected  1n
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Benzo(j)f1uoranthene may be present In soot, coal tar,  and pitch, which are  known to be carcinogenic to
  man.  Benzo(j)fluoranthene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering
  number 1s 3121.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic  response 1s reported  as 288 mg/kg.  The adjusted
  ordering number Is 10.8.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].   This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/10.8 • 6.5 x 103 ug/m3
  Water, Health:  15 x 6.5 x 103 « 9.8 x 104
  Land. Health:   0.002 x 9.8 x 104 • 200 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x  10.8) * 15.4 Mg/m3
        • 15 x 15.4 • 231 »g/t
  EPCLC • 0.002 x  231 • 0.5 gg/g
                                            E-264
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                   22
BENZO(j)FLUORANTHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngl\
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.5E3
9.8E4
2.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal-
Bated on
Health Effects
15.4
231
0.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
O.OOlt


"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol|
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
•Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
15.4
231
0.5
   tReported for urban atmosphere.  No rural  concentration is  reported.
                                 E-265
-------
CATEGORY: 22                                                  WLN:  L C65 K666 1A
BENZO(b)FLUORANTHENE:   C2QH12 (benz(e)acephenantrylene,           STRUCTURE:
  2,3-benzofluoranthene,  B(b)F).
  Needles from benzene.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  252;  mp:  167; Insoluble 1n water;  solubility
  may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water  (ref. 58);
  11p1d solubility:  0.6*mg/2 ml olive o11 (ref.  72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Benzo(b)fluoranthene Is formed by the high-temperature pyrolysis of  anthracene, some tobacco  constituents,
  and other organic compounds (ref. 73).  Benzo(b)f1uoranthene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aro-
  matic hydrocarbons,  PPAH (ref. 71).  Concentrations of benzo(b)f1uoranthene measured 1n urban  atmosphere
  range from 0.54 ng/m3 to 22 ng/m3 (ref. 1).  Other environmental  concentrations of B(b)F with  B(j)F are
  reported as follows: drinking water~0.8 to 11.5  ug/m3; soils (nonlndustrlal)--lS to 110 ug/kg  (ref. 73).
  It has also been detected 1n foods, leaves of various trees, and  algae  (ref. 73).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Benzo(b)fluoranthene may be present 1n soot,  coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to
  man.  Benzo(b)fluoranthene appears 1n NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens  List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number 1s
  3122.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic  response 1s reported as 40 mg/kg.   The adjusted  ordering
  number 1s 78.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     Benzo(b)fluoranthene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
     TLV = 0.2 mg/m  (for partlculate polycycll
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
TLV = 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV  recognizes the
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  7 x 104/78 - 900 vg/m3                     A1r. Ecology:
  Mater, Health:  15 x  900 • 1.34 x 104 ug/i               Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002  x  1.34 x 10  * 26.9 ug/g             Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCftc2 • 103/(6 x  78) « 2.1 ng/m3
  EPCHC = 15 x 2.1 =• 31.5 pg/t
  EPCLC - 0.002 x 31.5 - 0.06 ug/g
                                           E-266
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                   22
BENZO(b)FLUORANTHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)

Water. i>g/\
-------
CATEGORY;  22
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE;  C21H16 (benz(j)aceanthrylene-
  1,2-d1hydro-3-methyl, 20-methylcholanthrene)
  Straw-yellow needles from benzene.
                                                               WIN:  L  E6 06656 1A T&a&T&J R
                                                               STRUCTURE:
                                                »20.
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:   268.37; mp:  176.5-177.5; d:  1.28'
  Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by
  surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solu-
  bility:  12 mg/ml  In trlbutyrln (ref. 74).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     3-Methylcholanthrene may be formed by the pyrolytlc  degradation of cholesterol derivatives  {ref. 24).
     The compound may occur as a constituent of participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,  PPAH.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      3-Hethylcholanthrene 1s a known carcinogen.  It causes chromosome abberatlons 1n mammalian cells
   (ref. 42).  The compound Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The ordering number 1s
   5829.  The lowest dose to Induce a response 1s reported as 0.312 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number  1s
   18,683.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons  [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  7 x 104/18,683 * 3.75 yg/m3
  Water. Health:  15 x 3.75 • 56 gg/i
  Land. Health:  0.002 x  56 « 0.112 ug/g
                                                         Air, Ecology:
                                                         Water. Ecology:
                                                         Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC.-, - 103/(6 x  18,683) • 0.009 ug/ra3
          IS x 0.009 • 0.14 ug/i
                                ,-4
  EPCLC • 0.002 x 0.14 • 2.8 x 10"* ug/g
                                          E-268
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                  XXX
                    22
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/mj
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard]
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Baud on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect]
3.8EO
5.6E1
1.1E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Leml Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.009
0.14
3 x 10"4
Baud on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background1



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ;ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
, Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.009
0.14
3xlO"4
                               E-269
-------
CATEGORY;   22                                                 WLN;  L E6 C5666 B6 3ABC BJ
 INDENOd,2.3-cd)PYRENE:  C22H12 (2,3-0-phenylenepyrene, IP).      STRUCTURE:
  Yellow plates or needles from light petroleum, greenish
  fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  276.34; mp:  162.5-164; Insoluble in water;
  solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In
  water; llpld solubility:  0.6 mg/2 ml olive oil (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
      Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 1s present In coal tar.   It 1s formed by  high-temperature pyrolysls of tobacco
  constituents (ref. 73).  Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene Is  associated with  participate polycycllc aromatic hydro-
  carbons, PPAH (ref. 71).  Environmental concentrations of 1ndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene are reported as follows:
  air dust—0.96 mg/kg;  soils (forest)—0.6 mg/kg; drinking water—0.1 to 12.6 ug/m3 (ref. 73).   It has also
  been  detected 1n oils from certain fruits, leaves of various kinds  of trees, and in algae (ref. 73).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and  pitch, which are known  to  be  carcinogenic
   to man.   Indenofl,2,3-cd)pyrene 1s Included In  the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The  EPA/NIOSH ordering
   number Is 3101.  The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 72  mg/kg.   The adjusted
   ordering number 1s 43.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
      TLV » 0.2 rag/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].   This TLV recognizes  the
   carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  7 x 104/43 • 1.63 x 103 ug/m3              A1r,  Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 1.63 x 103 • 2.4 x 10* i>g/i          Water.  Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.4 x 104 - 48                    Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC    • 103/(6 x 43)
     AC2 •        x     •  3.9 wg/m
          15 x 3.9 • 58.5  pg/t
          0.002 x 58.5 • 0.1 wg/g
                                          E-270
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
INDENOd, 2,3-cd)PYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Baied on Beit Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BCT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
1.63E3
2.4E4
4.8E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecn



B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effect!
3.9
58.5
0.1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Ditcharge
Natural Background*

0. 0001-0. 01 t
0.6
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS



Air, itg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!





B. Based on
Ecological Effects





II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects





B. Based on
Ecological Effects





III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
3.9

58.5
0.1

   tDrinking water.
                                E-271
-------
                                                                WLN:  T6NJ
                                                                STRUCTURE:
 CATEGORY:   23A
PYRIDINE:   CjHgN  (azabenzene, azine).
  Colorless liquid; sharp, penetrating  odor,
  burning  taste.
PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:  79.10;  mp:  -42; bp:  IIS.5;  d:   0.9819'
 vap. press:   10 mn at  13.2° C; vap. d:  2.73;  pKa:   5.23 (ref. 82);  soluble 1n water.
                                                     020.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Pyridlne and Its methyl  derivatives are usually obtained from the degradation of coal.   As a  typical
  heterocycllc aromatic compound, pyrldlne undergoes both nucleoph111c and  electrophUlc substitutions.
  Pyridlne 1s photolytlcally  active (ref. 83).  The basicity of pyrldlne 1s less than that of aromatic
  amines  (ref. 84).
    The  odor threshold for pyrldlne Is reported as 0.021 ppra or approximately 68 ug/m  (ref. 29).   The
  rural concentration of pyrldlne 1s reported as 21 ppb  (ref. 1).  This 1s  equivalent to 67.7 ug/m .   (This
  level is probably high since 1t 1s representative of an agricultural area.)
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Pyrldlne Is mildly Irritating  to the skin and causes depression of the central nervous system.   Mild
  symptoms are reported from exposure to 10 ppm.  Chronic poisoning may result 1n damage to liver,  kidney,
  and bone marrow (ref 4).
     L05Q (oral, rat):  891 mg/kg.
     LC50 (Inhalation, rat):  4,000 ppm for 4 hr.
     Toxlclty to aquatic life:   The 96-hr Tim Is reported ranging from 1,000 to 100 ppm (ref. 2).
     Pyrldlne In water In concentrations as low as 5 mg/l may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 69, 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV « 15 mg/m  (5 ppm).  (The  TLV  is sufficient to prevent acute or chronic poisoning but Is sub-
  stantially higher than the odor threshold.)
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air,  Health:   1.50 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm)
  Water,  Health:  15 x 1.50 x 104 - 2.25 x 105 Mg/i
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.25 x 105 • 450 ug/g
                                                          Air, Ecology:
                                                          Water,  Ecology:
100 x 100 «  1.0 x 10  ug/t
                                                          Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 10  • 20 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
    AH1
           103 x 15/420 -35.7 ug/m3
  EPCAHa " 5/42° ' °'012 ppm
          15 x 35.7 • 535.5
  EPCUH2 * 13'8 x 15 " 20? "9/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 207 « 0.414 ug/g
                                                          EPCWE1 - 50 x  100 • 5,000 ug/t
                                                          EPCUE2 « 5.000 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
                                                          EPC,. • 0.002  x 5,000 • 10 ug/g
                                                     E-272
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      x
     23A
PYRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Detefoping Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)


-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1 . 50E4
(5)
2.25E5
4.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect.

1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lewi God*
Based on
Health Effects
35.7
(0.012)
207
0.414
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, wj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Lend, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effeett



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
35.7
(0.012)
207
0.414
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-273
-------
 CATEGORY:   23A
PICOLINES:  CgH?N (2-methylpyrldlne, 3-methylpyrldlne.
  4-methy1pyHd1ne).
  The plcollnes have a strong, unpleasant odor.
                                               WLN:
                                               STRUCTURE;
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:
                                                                          CH,
93.14;  bp:  129-145; d:   0.95 to 0.97
                                   15.
  pK :  5.68-5.96 (ref. 82);  soluble In water.
    Q
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Pyrldlne,  plcollnes, and Iut1dines are usually obtained by the degradation of coal.  They display
  aromatldty 1n their substitution reactions.  As bases they are less basic than aliphatic amines (ref.  84).
     fyrldlne and pyr1d1ne-r1ng compounds are photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     The plcollnes are Irritating to the eyes and to the respiratory tract  (ref. 41).

2-plcollne
3-p1col1ne
4-p1col1ne
L05Q (oral , rat) (ref. 2)
790 mg/kg
800 mg/kg
800 mg/kg
L0100 (Inhalation, rat) (ref. 41)
15,400 ppn/1.5 hr
8,700 ppm/2.2 hr
8,000 ppm/2 hr
     Certain pyrldlne compounds  are reported to cause tainting of fish (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:   45 x 790 - 3.56  x  10* wg/rn3
  Water, Health:  15 x 3.56 x 104  - 5.34 x 105
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 5.33 x  105 - 1.07 x 10  ug/g
                                        Air, Ecology:
                                        Water, Ecology:
                                        Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 790 -84.5 ng/m3
  EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 790 -64.0 yg/m3
  EPCWH • 15  x 64 » 960 ug/l
  EPCWH2 " °'4 * 79° " 3'6 "9/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 316 - 0.63 ug/g
                                           E-274
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     23A
PICOL1NES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT"



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.56E4
5.34E5
1.07E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
64
316
0.6
Based on
Ecological
Effect!



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Watar, «ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, ny/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
64.0
316
0.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-275
-------
CATEGORY:

COLLIDINES:
              23A
                N  (trimethylpyridlnes, ethyl  methyl  pyri dines).
                                                               WLN:
                                                               STRUCTURE;
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   121; bp:  165-198; d:  0.9130-0.9352;
  (ref. 82); sparingly soluble 1n water.
                                                                            CH3J3
                                                                                            CH3

                                                                                            C2H5
                                                       :  7.1-7.45
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    ColHdines are found In low temperature tar.  In general, they exhibit characteristics of aromatic
 compounds.  As bases  they are stronger  than pyrldlne.
    Pyrldlne and Its derivatives are photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    The simple alkyl  derivatives of pyrldlne act as local Irritants  (ref. 41).  2-Hethy1-5-ethyl-pyr1dine
  is listed as a corrosive liquid (ref.  2).
    LOSO (oral, rat):  1,540 mg/kg for  5-ethyl-2-methylpyr1d1ne.
    Aquatic toxlclty:  The 96-hr TUn for 2-methyl-5-ethyl-pyr1d1ne 1s reported as 100 to  1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
  Certain pyridine compounds cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDAR08. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:  45  x 1,540 • 6.93 x 104 ug/m3
 Water, Health:  15 x 6.93 x 104 « 1.04 x 106 ug/t
 Land, Health:   0.002 x 1.04 x 106 - 2.08 x 103 Mg/g
                                                         Air, Ecology:
                                                         Water, Ecology:  100  x  100 « 1.0 x 104 ug/t
                                                         Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1.0 x 104 « 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 1.540 • 165 ug/m
 EPCAH3 " °'081 x 1>54° " 12S g9/m
 EPCWH1 • '5 x 125 • 1,875 ug/t
 EPCWH2 " °'4 x lf540 * 616 "9/l
 EPCLH " 0-°°2 x 616 -1.23 vg/g
                                                         EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 «  5,000 ug/t

                                                         EPCLE « 0.002 x 5.000 • 10 «g/g
                                          E-276
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       23A
COLLIDINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, //9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goali)



11. Bawd on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
ToxicitY Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.93E4
1.04E6
2.08E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E4
2.0E1
8. Ambient L««el Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
125
616
1.23
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5,000
10
C, Elimination of
Ditch arga
Natural Background*



*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
rtawr, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
125
616
1.23
B. Based on
Ecological Effecti

5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-277
-------
 CATEGORY:    23B

QUINOLINE:  CgHyN (1-benzaz1ne.  ch1nol1ne. benzo(b)pyrldlne).
ISOQUINOLINE:   (leucollne, benzo(c)pyrldlne).
  Liquids with strong odors.
                                                              wu|.  T66 BNJ
                                                              	'  T66 CIW
                                                              STRUCTURE!
                                                                     QuIncline
                                                         1.09f;
                                                                     Isoqulnollne
PROPERTIES:
 Qulnollne:  Molecular wt:   129.1; mp:  -15; bp:  237.7; d:
 vap. press:   1 mm at 59.7° C; soluble In hot water.
 Isoqulnollne:  Molecular wt:   129.1; mp:  26.48; d:  1.091^;  slightly soluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Qulnollne  and Isoqulnollne are Isolated 1n small amounts from coal tar.  They are less basic than
 aliphatic  amines.  Compounds  containing the pyrldlne ring are  photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
    Toxlclty Information for qulnollne Is  very sparse.   It Is a mild Irritant.
    L05Q (oral, rat):   460 mg/kg for qulnollne.
    LDgg Coral, rat):   350 mg/kg for Isoqulnollne.
    Concentrations of  0.5 to 1.0 rag/t 1n water my cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28, 69).
REGULATORY ACTIONS STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air,  Health:  45 x 350 • 1.58 x 104 ug/m3               Air. Ecology:
 Water, Health:  15 x 1.58 x 10* • 2.36 x 105 Mg/t        Hater, Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 2.36 x 105 - 473 ug/g             Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 EPC
   'AH2
           0.107 x 350 • 37.5 ug/m3
  EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 350 • 28.4 ug/m3
  EPCUH1 • 15 x 28.4 - 426 ug/t
  EPCWH2 ' °*4 « 350 • 140 ug/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 140 - 0.28 ug/g
                                                        EPCUE1 « 500 (to prevent tainting)

                                                        EPCL£ - 0.002 x 500 -  1 ug/g
                                           E-278
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                   23B
QUINOLINE, ISOQUINOLINE




Air, jig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, iigft
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects

1.58E4
2.36E5
4.7E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effects

28.4
140
0.28
Based on
Ecological
Effaces


500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
28.4
140
0.28
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-279
-------
 CATEQORY:   23B                                              WLN;  T66 BNJ C
2-HETHYLQUINOLINE:  CuHgN  (qulnaldlne).                          STRUCTURE:
  Colorless, oily liquid with qu1no11ne-11ke odor.


 PROPERTIES:                                                   ^  AS-A
  Molecular wt:  143.2; bp:  246-247; d:   1.06;
  Insoluble In water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     2-nethylqu1nol1ne occurs In snail amounts In coal  tar.  In general. It exhibits properties of aromatic
  compounds.  Compounds containing the pyrldlne ring are photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     2-methylqu1nol1ne 1s  a respiratory tract Irritant  (ref. 9).
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  1.230 mg/kg.
     Certain qulnollne compounds are reported to cause  tainting of fish (ref.  28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r,  Health:  45 x 1,230 • 5.54 x 10* ug/m3              Air,  Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x  5.54 x 104 - 8.31 x 105 ng/t         Hater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002  x 8.31 x 105 »  1.66 x 103 ug/g       Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 1.230 • 132 ng/m3
  EPCA(O • 0.081 x 1.230 • 100 ug/m3
  EPCyH1 • 15 x 100 « 1,500 gg/i
  EPCWH2 * °'4 x ''23° ' 492 "&*
  EPCLH « 0.002 x 492 - 0.98 ug/g


                                          E-280
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
               23B
2-METHYLQUIIMOLINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Ml/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, n g, s
(ppmWl)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.54E4

8.31E5
1.66E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
100

492
0.98
Based on
Ecological
EffecH




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/g/rr,
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Lnnd, «ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baser! on
Health Effects



8. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
100
492
0.98
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-281
-------
CATEGORY:   23B                                                WLN:  T C666 BNJ
ACRIDINE:  C13HgN (10-azaanthracene, benzo(b)quinol1ne,           STRUCTURE:
  dibenzo(b,e)pyr1dine).
  Small colorless crystals, dilute solutions exhibit
  violet fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt:  179.21; mp:  111; sublimes; bp:  345-346; pKa:   5.6
   (ref. 85) d:  1.00520;  vap. press.:  1 run at 129.4°; slightly
  soluble 1n hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Acridities may be found in coa! tar and pitch.'  They are associated with participate
  polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).  The concentration of acrldlne 1n
  urban atmosphere 1s reported as 0.67 ug/1,500 m  (ref.  1).   This  Is equivalent to
  0.00045 ug/m3.
     The acridlnes are classified as weak  bases.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Acrldlne  1s Irritating to skin and to mucous membranes  (ref. 85).  Acrldlne may be
  present 1n soot, coal tar, and  pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man (85,  73).
  There 1s no  evidence to Indicate that acrldlne alone 1s carcinogenic to man or to animals.
     LD5Q (oral, rat):  2,000 Big/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV (coal  tar pitch volatlles):   0.2 mg/m3.  [The  specification Includes naphthalene,
  anthracene, acrldlne, phenanthrene,  and fluorene, collectively.  The purpose of the TLV
  1s to minimize concentrations of higher-weight polycycllc  hydrocarbons which are
  carcinogenic  (ref. 4).]
     A candidate for the 11st for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:   45 x 2,000 * 9.0 x 104 ug/m3                    Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health: 15 x 9.0 x 104 « 1.35 x 106 ugAt              Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.35 x 106 « 2.70 x 103 ug/g           Land, Ecology.
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPCAH2 " 0<107  x Z>00° " 214 W1"3
  EPCAH3 " °-0fll  x 2t°°° " 162 u9/n|3
         • 15 x 162 • 2.430 ug/t
  EPCWH2 * °'4 * 2>00° " 80° u9/
  EPC   • 0.002 x 800 • 1.6 ug/t
                                           E-282
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      23B
ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppmWt)
Land, vg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
9.0E4
1.35E6
2.70E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.00045t


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
n
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



tReported for urban atmosphere.   No rural concentration is  reported.
                                 E-283
-------
CATEGORY:   23B                                                WIN:    T 06 B666 CNJ
 8ENZ(c)ACRIDINE:  C17HnN (o-chrysldine,  a-naphthacr1d1ne)        STRUCTURE:
   Benz(c)acr1d1ne crystallizes 1n the form of needles from
   aqueous ethanol; solutions show green fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt:  229.29; rap:  108; p
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            23B
BENZ(c)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jug/m3
fppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
t. Baiod on 8e$t Technology
A. Exllting St«irfarfli
NSPS. OPT. BAT



B. Developing Tochnologv
Enginnring Eitimatn
(R&D Goalt)



II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxin tv Effluent
Baud on
Hoallh Effecti
1.05E4
1 . 58E5
3.16E2
Baud on
Ecological
Effecti



B. Ambient Level Oo>l*
Bmdon
Health Effacti
25
375
0.75
Bated on
EcoloQtcal
Effactt



C. Elimination of
Dllcharga
Natural Background'
o.ooost


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/'l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bned on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Band on
Ecological Effect!



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effscti
25
375
0.75
  tAverage for urban atmosphere.  No rural concentration  is reported.
                                 E-285
-------
CATEGORY:   23B                                               WLN:   T E6 D6 B666 NNJ
DIBENZ(a.J)ACRIDINE:  C21H13N (1,2-7,8-d1benzacr1d1ne).           STRUCTURE:
  Oibenz(a,j)acrid1ne crystallizes as yellow needles.
  Sulfudc acid solutions of the compound  exhibit greenish
  fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt:   279.35; mp:  216, solubility in water
  may be enhanced by the presence of add  Impurities In
  water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Acr1d1nes may be found In coal tar and pitch.  They are associated with paniculate poly cyclic
  aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).
     The average atmospheric urban concentration of d1benz(a,j)acr1d1ne 1n the United States 1$
  reported as 0.04 ug/1.000 m3 (ref. 59).
     The acridities are  classified as weak  bases.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      01benz(a,j)acr1d1ne may be present in soot, coal  tar, and pitch, which are known to be
   carcinogenic to man,  (refs. 85. 73).  D1benz(a,j)acr1d1ne 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected
   Carcinogens List.   The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s  3122.  The lowest toxic dose to Induce
   an  oncogen1c response 1s 11 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number 1s 284.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 [for paniculate polycycllc aromatic  hydrocarbons  (PPAH).  This TLV
  recognizes the carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  A1r, Health:  7 x 104/284 - 246 ug/m3                        A1r, Ecology:
  Water. Health:  15 x  2.46 x 102 » 3.70 x 103 pg/£             Hater, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002  x  3.70 x 103 - 7.4 ug/g                  Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 284) - 0.59 pg/m3
  EPCWC * 15 x 0.59 - 8.85 pg/t
  EPCLC > 0.002 x 8.85 - 0.02 ug/g
                                          E-286
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                 x
                23B
DIBENZ(a,j)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
IMSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.46E2
3.7E3
7.4EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.59
8.85
0.02
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
4xlO~5t


"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect*
0.59
8.85
0.02
 tReported for urban  atmosphere.  No rural  concentration is reported.
                                  E-287
-------
CATEGORY;   23B                                                 WLN:   T G6 D6 B666 CNO
DIBENZ(a.h)ACRIDINE:   C21H13(1,2-5,6-Dibenzacridine).             STRUCTURE:
  01benz(a,h)acr1dine  is obtained as yellow crystals
  fro» ethanol; solutions of the compound exhibit
  fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt:   299.35; mp:  228; solubility in
  water may be enhanced by the presence of acids as
  impurities in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Acridines may be  found In coal tar and pitch.  They are associated with  paniculate poly eye lie
  aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).  The average atmospheric urban concentration of
  d1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne  in the United States 1s reported as 0.08 ug/1,000 m3 air  (ref. 59).
     The acridines are classified as weak bases.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      D1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne may be present In soot, coal  tar, and pitch, which are known to be
   carcinogenic to man (refs. 85, 73).   D1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne 1s included in the  NIOSH Suspected
   Carcinogens List.   The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is  3124.  The lowest toxic  dose to induce
   a  carcinogenic response 1s 10 mg/kg.   The adjusted ordering number is 312.4.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV - 0.2 mg/»3 [for paniculate polycycllc aromatic  hydrocarbons (PPAH).  This TLV
   recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  7 x 104/312.4 • 224 pg/m3                       A1r. Ecology:
  Water, Health:   15 x 2.24 x 102 » 3.36 x 103 ug/£             Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.36 x 103 » 6.72 ug/g                 Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCftc2 • 103/(6 x  312.4) • 0.53 ug/m3
  EPCy,. • 15 x 0.53  « 8.0 ug/f
  EPCLC • 0.002 x 8.0 • 0.016 ug/g
                                          E-288
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                 x
                23B
DIBENZ(a,h)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/n3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppmWt)
Land, MT/'a
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.2E2
3.36E3
6.7EO

Based on
Ecological
Effects




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.53
8.0
0.016

Based on
Ecological
Effects




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
8xlO"5t



"To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /is/m'
{ppm Vol)
Water. /ifl/t
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



li. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
0.53
8.0
0.016
  tReportea for urban atmosphere.  No rural concentration is  reported.
                                  E-289
-------
CATEGORY:   23B                                               WIN:    T E6 06  B666 CNJ
 DIBENZ(c.h)ACRIDINE;   C21H13N (3,4-5,6(d1benzacr1d1ne).           STRUCTURE;
   D1benz(c,h)acr1d1ne Is obtained as yellow crystals from
   ethanol.  Solutions of the compound exhibit fluorescence.

PROPERTIES:
     Molecular wt.:   279.35; mp:  189; sublimes; solubility
   1n water may be enhanced by the presence of adds as Impurities
   In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Acridities may be found In coal  tar and pitch.   They  are
   associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,
   PpAH  (ref. 71).
     The acrldlnes are classified as weak bases.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
   ' 01benz(c,h)acr1d1ne may be present In soot, coal  tar. and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
  to man (refs. 85, 73).  Although  not considered to be a highly active carcinogen  alone, dibenz(c.h)
  acridlne Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122.
  The lowest dose  to Induce an oncogen1c response Is reported as 1,020 mg/kg.   The  adjusted ordering
  number 1s 3.06.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV • 0.2 mg/ra [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH).  This TLV recognizes
   the carcinogenic  potential of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  7 x  104/3.06 « 2.3 x 10* ug/m3                  Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:   15 x 2.3 x 104 « 3.45 x 105 vg/t              Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.45 x 105 • 690 ug/g                  Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x  3.06) • 54.5 pg/m3
          15 x 54.5  • 817.5 u8/£
          0.002 x 817.5 • 1.6 wg/g
                                          E-290
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
               23B
DIBENZ(c, h)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. uo/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
-------
CATEGORY:   23B                                             WLN:
2.3-BENZ-4-AZAFLUORENE;  C^H^N (11-Indeno(l,2-b)-              STRUCTURE;
  quinoline)
  Colorless needles from benzene.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  217; np:  169-70; bp:  412.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     2,3-Benz-4-azafluorene 1$ a constituent of anthracite pitch.  It Is associated with participate
  polycyclic  organic natter (ref. 71).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     No Information 1s available regarding toxic effects of carcinogenic potential for this  compound alone.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV » 0.2 »g/in3 (for partlculate poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r. Health:                                      Air. Ecology:
  Water, Health:                                    Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:                                     Land. Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
                                          1-292
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                   23B
2,3-BEINIZ-4-AZAFLUORENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Baled on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BIT, BAT


-
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimate)
(R&D GoBliI



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!



Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Beted on
Health Effect!



Beted on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Ditch eroa
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. //g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!



B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



                                F.-293
-------
CATEGORY: 23C                                                WLN: TSMJ
PYRROLE;   C4H5H (l-aza-2,4-cyclopentad1ene,  azole,                STRUCTURE:
  d1v1ny1ene1m1ne).
  Colorless liquid when freshly distilled, darkens
  on exposure  to sir, odor similar to that of chloroform.
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  67.10; bp:  130; d:  0.9691J°; vap. d.:  2.31; pKb:  13.6  (ref. 41);
  sparingly soluble 1n water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Pyrrole occurs 1n coal tar and bone oil.  The pyrrole ring 1s part of  Important, naturally
  occurring compounds, Including haemln, chlorophyll, bile pigments, and many alkaloids (refs.
  86,38).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Pyrrole  1s generally regarded as having a low degree of toxlclty (ref. 41).
     LDe. (subcutaneous,  mouse):  61 ing/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  45 x 61 • 2.7 x 103 ug/m3                       Air, Ecology:
  Mater, Health:  15 x 2.7 x 103 • 4.05 x 104 ug/i              Water. Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.05 x 104 • 81 ug/g                   Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 61 -6.5 ug/m3
  £PCAH3 " °'081 x 61 ' 5 "S/1"3
  EPCWH1 " 15 x 5 • 75 ug/l
  EPCyH2 • 0.4 x 61 - 24 ug/l
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 24 » 0.05 ug/g
                                          E-294
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     23C
PYRROLE

Air, Mg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. Mg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effecn
2.7E3
4.05E5
8.1E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
5
24
0.05
Based on
Ecological



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MD/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ftg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/8
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
5
24
0.05
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effecn



                               E-295
-------
CATEGORY; 23C                                                WLN:  T56  BMJ

INDOLE:  C8HyN (2,3-benzopyrrole. 1-azaindene. 1-benzazole).       STRUCTURE:
  Colorless leaflets from water.  Pleasant odor when pure.
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  117.09; mp:   52; bp:  253-4;
  soluble In hot water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Indole occurs In coal tar,  1n jasmine, orange blossom,  and other flower oils, and with skatole
   tn feces (ref. 87).  Indole-3-acet1c acid Is an Important plant growth hormone (ref. 88).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     L050 (oral, rat):  1.000 rag/kg.
     Indole Is Included In NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.   The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121.
   The  lowest dose to  Induce an oncogenlc response  1s reported as 480 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering
   number Is 6.5.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   Air. Health:  7 x 104/6.5 « 1.1 x 10* ug/m3                   Air, Ecology:
   Water. Health:  15 x  1.1 x 104 - 1.65 x 105 vg/l              Water, Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002  x  1.65 x 105 • 330 vg/g                  Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

   EPCAH2 * °'107 x 1'000 ' 107 M9/m3
   EPCAH3 " °'081 x 1>00° " 81 "9/l"3
   EPCWH1 • 15 x 81 •  1,200 ng/t
   EPCWH2 * °'4 x 1>00° * 40° ug/l
   EPCLH « 0.002 x 400 • 0.8 ug/g
   EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 6.5) • 26 ng/m3
   EPCyC « 15 x 26 • 390 ug/l
   EPCn- - 0.002 x 390 - 0.8 wg/g

                                           E-296
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
   23C
INDOLE




Air.MBfal3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



8. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


•
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1E4
1.65E5
3.3E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
26
390
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



'To be multiplied by dilution factor

«J
Air, pg/m
fppm Vol>
Water. (/a/I
(ppm Wtl
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
81
400
0.8
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
26
390
0.8
                               E-297
-------
 CATEGORY;   23C
CARBAZOLE:   C,,HQN (9-azafluorene, d1benzo(b,d)pyrro1e.
                                                               WLN:  T B656 HHJ
                                                               STRUCTURE:
 dlphenylenelmlne).
 Colorless,  slightly fluorescent plates.

PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:   167.20; rap:   245; bp:  355; d:  l.lflj8;
 vap. press:  400 rim at 323*; Insoluble 1n water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    Carbazole occurs In anthracene oil of coal tar.  Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated
 from plants (ref. 88).  It Is a weaker base than dlphenylanlne (ref. 87).
    Carbazole Is associated with partlculate polycyclic organic matter (ref. 71).
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     Carbazole 1s  a known allergen  (ref. 9).
     LDSO (oral, rat):  500 mg/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

     TLV • 0.2 «g/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TUV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:  45 x 500
                        2.25 x 104 ug/m3
  Water, Health:  15 x 2.25 x  104 - 3.4 x 10S
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 3.4 x 105 - 680 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPC
     'AH2
  EPC
     'AH3
          0.107 x 500 • 54 iig/m3
          0.081 x 500 • 41 ug/m3
 EPC«H1 • 15 x 41 • 615 wg/t
 EPCWH2 " °'4 x 50° ' 200 wg/l
 EPCLH • 0.002 x 200 - 0.4 ug/g
                                           E-298
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       23C
CARBAZOLE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)

Land,fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS.8PT.BAT






B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goalt)






II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects

2.25E4


3.4E5
6.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects






B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Based on
Health Effects

41


200
0.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects






C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*






•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
41
200
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Hearth Effects



                              E-299
-------
 CATEGORY:   23C
DIBENZO(a.1)CARBAZOLE:  C2(JH13N  (7H-d1benzo{a,1}carbazole,
  1,2-7,8-d1benzocarbazole).
  Colorless leaflets from acetic acid.

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  267.34; mp:   221; Insoluble In water.
       WLN:  T E6 D6 B566 CHJ
       STRtXTTURE:
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Carbazoles are In general weak bases (ref. 87).  Simple substituted carbazoles have been  Isolated
  from plants (ref. 88).
     The compound nay be associated with participate polycycllc  organic matter.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     01benzo(a,1)carbazo1e  appears In NIOSH  Suspected Carcinogens List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
  Is 3121.  The lowest toxic dose to Induce  an oncogenlc response 1s  reported as 510 mg/kg.   The adjusted
  ordering  number 1s 6.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons  [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes  the
  carcinogenic potential  of  ppah collectively).
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:   7 x 104/6 •  1.2 x 104 ug/m3
  Water, Health:  15 x 1.2 x 104 • 1.8 x 105
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 1.8 x 105 • 360 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLt CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 6) • 28 »g/m3
   EPCy,. - 15 x 28 - 420 ug/t
   EPCLC • 0.002 x 420 - 0.8 ug/g
                                            E-300
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                  23C
DIBENZOfa, OCARBAZOLE


Category

Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bawd on Beit Technology
A. Existing Sundardi
NSPS, BIT, BAT
-


B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


-
II. Band on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
1.2E4
1.8E5
3.6E2
Bawd on
Ecological
EffecU



B. Ambient Level God*
Based on
Health Effects
28
420
0.8
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



"To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
WMar.w/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/fl
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Heahh Effects
28
420
0.8
                               E-301
-------
CATEGORY;   23C
DIBENZO(c.g)CARBAZOLE:
  3,4-5,6-d1benzocarbazole)
  Colorless needles from ethanol.
                              (7H-D1benzo(c,g)carbazo1e,
                                                               WLN:  T 06 C6 B566 MU
                                                               STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
 Molecular wt:   267.34; mp:  158;  insoluble 1n water;  llpld
 solubility:  0.3 mg/0.25 ml tHcaprylln  (ref. 73).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
    Carbazoles are.  In general, weak bases (ref. 87).   Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated
 from plants (ref. 88).
    01benzo(c,g)carbazole Is associated with participate polycycllc organic matter (ref.  71).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     01benzo(c,g)carbazo1e Is a carcinogen 1n the mouse,  rat, hamster,  and possibly In the dog  (ref. 73).  The
  EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 5429.  The lowest dose to  Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 8 mg/kg.
  The adjusted ordering number 1s 679.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].  This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential  of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
  Air,  Health:  7 x 104/679 - 103 pg/m3
  Hater.  Health:  15 x 103 • 1.5 x 103 wg/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x  1.5 x 103 • 3 wg/g
                                                         Air, Ecology:
                                                         Water, Ecology:
                                                         Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAC2 •  103/(6 x 679) • 0.24 ug/m3
         15 x 0.24 • 3.6 vg/t
  EPCLC  • 0.002 x 3.6 • 0.007 ug/g
                                           E-302
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                  x
                 23C
DIBENZO(c, g)CARBAZOLE




Air, fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)


•
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.03E2
1.5E3
3.0EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effecu
0.24
3.6
0.007
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,n9/m3
(pom Vol)
Water, no/1
(ppmWt)
Lwd/(io/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.24
3.6
0.007
                               E-303
-------
 CATEGORY:   23C                                               WIN:  T F6 C6 8566 MMJ

DIBEKZO(a.q)CARBAZOLE:  CHN  (7H-d1benzo(a,g)-                  STRUCTURE:
  carbazole,  1 ,2-5,6-dibenzocarbazole).
  Colorless needles from acetone.

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   267.34; mp:   231;  Insoluble 1n water.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Carbazoles  are 1n general weak bases (ref. 87).  Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated
  from plants (ref. 88).  The compound may be associated with participate poly cyclic organic matter.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     D1benzoCa,g)carbazole appears  1n NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens  List.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is
   3121.  The lowest dose to Induce  a carcinogenic response Is 270  ntg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number 1s  11.6.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV « 0.2 mg/m3  (for part1culate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH].   This TLV recognizes the
  carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:   7 x 104/11.6 • 6 x 103 ug/m3                   A1r, Ecology:
  Hater, Health:   15 x 6 x 103 • 9 x  104 ug/l                  Hater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 9 x 104 « 180 pg/g                    Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAC2 - io3/(6 x 11.6) « 14
  EPCyj. « 15  x 14 • 210 ug/l
  EPCLC • 0.002 x 210 • 0.4 pg/g
                                          E-304
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                 23C
DIBENZOia, g)CARBAZOLE

Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, >ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL COALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E3
9.0E4
1.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!



B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
14
210
0.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.i/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated PermissMe Concentration
Based on Health Effects
14
210
0.4
                              E-305
-------
CATEGORY:   24                                                 WIN:  T50TJ
TETRAHYDROFURAN:  C^gO (1,4-epoxybutane. cyclotetramethylene      STBUCTURE:
  oxide).
  Colorless liquid; penetrating odor.                                    /°\
                                                                    H2C       CH2
 PROPERTIES:                                                        HZ10° "9'1
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 8.100 - 16 ug/g
                                           E-306
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
               24
TETRAHYDROFURAN

Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, u.g/1
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/8
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&DGoali)



II. Band on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.9E5
(200)
9.0E6
1.8E4
Baled on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
1,400
(0.5)
8,100
16
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (IB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(pprnWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
1,400
(0.5)
8,100
16
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                              E-307
-------
CATEGORY:  25
THIOPHENE:  C^S Uhiofuran).
  Clear, colorless liquid; disagreeable odor.
                                                               WUN:
                                                               STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  84.14; rap:  29.8; bp:  84; d:  1.06494;
  vap.  press:  40 mm at 12.5°; vap. d:  2.9.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Thiophene occurs 1n  small amounts  in  coal tar.   Pyrolysls of thiophene at 800° to 825° gives
  methane, hydrogen sulflde. and hydrogen  as the only gaseous products.  In the presence of
  orthophosphoHc acid, thiophene polymerizes to give oligomers (ref. 90).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     No Information is available on the possible toxic effects of  thiophene.
     LCLo (Inhalation, mouse):  8,700 ppm
     LDLo (1ntraPer"it°neal, mouse):  100 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air, Health:  45 x 100 • 4.5 x 103
 Water.  Health:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 6.75 x  10D « 1.35 x
                                  ug/m
                 15 x 4.5 x 103 • 6.75 x 104
                                           ug/t
                                           ioz ,
                                              wg/g
                                                            Air, Ecology:
                                                            Hater, Ecology:
                                                            Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPC
 EPC
   'AH2
   'AH3
         0.107 x  100 • 1
         0.081 x  100 • 8 ng/mj
EPCWH]  •  15 x 8 » 120 ug/t
EPCWH2  '  °-* X 100 « 40 i:g/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 40 « 0.08 i.g/g
                                                E-308
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       25
THIOPHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, Mg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



•
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects

4.5E3
6.75E4
1.35E2
Besedon
Ecological
Effects




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects

8
40
0.08
Based on
Ecological
Effect!




a Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,jjj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
L*nd,tig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
8
40
0.08
B. Besed on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-309
-------
 CATEGORY; 25                                                 WLN; T5SJ B. T5SJ C
HETHYLTHIOPHENES:                                               STRUCTURE;     s
  2-methylthlophene, CgH6S.                                                   I   ^IT   3
  3-methylthlophene, CgHgS.                                                   *	"
  Colorless liquids, disagreeable odor.                                   2-Methylthlophene
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  98; bp:  112,  114738 m.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:         3-Methylthlophene

     2-Methylth1ophene and 3-methylthlophene are found In coal  tar.  Methylthlopenes polymerize at
  high temperatures to form oilgoners.  Oxidation of alkyl thlophenes gives  thlophenecarboxyllc acids
  In low yield (ref. 90).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     No information Is available on the possible  toxic effects  of mthylthlophenes.
     LDgg (1ntraper1toneal, mouse):  500 mg/kg for 2-methylthlophene.
     LD5Q (Intraperltoneal. mouse):  512 mg/kg for 3-methylthlophene.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  Air, Health:  45 x 500 •  2.25 x 104 ng/m3                    Air, Ecology:
  Water,  Health:  15 x 2.25 x 104 « 3.4 x 10s ug/i              Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.4 x 105 - 700 wg/g                  Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH2  •  0.107 x 500 • 54 ug/m3
  EPCAH3  •  0-081 x 500 • 41 i.g/m3
  EPCWH1 •  15 X 41 • 615
  £PCwH2 •  °.4 x 500 •  200 ug/i
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g
                                          E-310
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              25
METHYLTHIOPHENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



6. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.25E4
3.4E5
7.0E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Uvel Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
41
200
0.4
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,*ig/m3
(ppm Vd)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect*



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
41
200
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-311
-------
 CATEGORY: 25                                                8«J*  T56 BSJ
 BENZO(b)TH10PHENE:  CgHgS (benzotMofuran,                       STRUCTURE;
2,3-benzothlophane. thlanaphthene).
  Colorless liquid; naphthalene-like odor.

 PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:   134.20; mp:  32; bp:  221-2;
  volatile In steam; Insoluble In water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Benzo(b)th1ophene Is present In lignite tar.
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      No Information  1s available on the possible toxic effects of benzo(b)th1ophene.
      LDLo ClntrapeHtoneal, mouse):  512 ng/kg.
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATIOM:
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r,  Health:  45 x 512 - 2.3 x 10* wg/m3                     Air, Ecology:
   Hater, Health:  15 x 2.3 x 104 - 3.5 x 105 yg/t               Water, Ecology:
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 3.5 x 1Q5 - 700 ug/g                  Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAH2 • O-W x 512 • 55 wg/m3
   &CM3 • 0.081 x 512 - 41 ug/m3
   EPCj,H1 • 15 x 41 • 615 ug/t
   EPCWH2 " °'4 x 51Z " 20S M9/l
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 205 - 0.4 ug/g
                                          E-312
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
—	 _   	25
BENZO(b)THIOPHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,/iO/m3
(ppmVol)
Wattr.fig/l
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exhting Standards
NSPS.BPT.BAT



B. Dewloping Technology
Enginaaring Eitimatat
(R8.D GoaU)



II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toricity Effluant
Bawd on
Hulth Effects
2.3E4
3.5E5
7.0E2
BaMdon
Ecological
Effects



B. Amkiant Laval Goal*
Btwdon
nMHh Eftacti
41
205
0.4
Band on
Ecological
Effac*



C. Elimination of
Dochiroa
Natural Background*



 •To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ntfm
(ppmVol)
WMw.f



II. Toxicity Bawd Et«nNM«]
PafiiiiMiple CoMoeiilntion
A. Baudot!
Htalth Effacu
41
205
0.4
B. Baaadoii
Eeologtaa- IMMU



III. ZwoThmtoU Pollutants

Baaad on Haalth Eftacn



                                E-313
-------
 CATEGORY-.  26A                                                WLN:  1 4-PB-
TETRAHETHYLLEAD;  C4H12Pb (tetramethylplunbane).                  STRUCTURE:
  A colorless liquid.                                               (CHj^Pb


 PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:   267.35; mp:  '242.92° K; bp:  101;
  d:  1.99; vap.  press:  SO mm at 33.2° C; vap. d:  9.2.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Tetramethyllead Is  a common additive for gasoline,  and thus a common air pollutant.  For urban and rural  con-
  centrations of lead, see category 46.
     Tetramethyllead does not occur In nature (ref. 91).
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Tetramethyllead Is a highly  toxic compound.   It can be absorbed by Inhalation or skin contact.  There 1s
   some evidence that tetrame thy Head 1s less toxic 1n man than tetrae thy Head (ref. 92).  Tetramethyllead 1s more
   volatile than tetraethyllead, but no apparent difference has been found 1n the levels of lead 1n the urine
   of workers exposed to either compound (ref.  4).  No specific Indication of carclnogenlclty has been reported.
      LD5Q Coral, rat):  109 rag/kg.
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION;
      TLV «  0.1 SO ing/m3 (0.014 ppro).
      Lead compounds are Included 1n  the EPA Consent Decree Priority  1 List.
      See also Lead and Lead Compounds as Lead,  category 46.
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r. Health:   150 vg/m3 (0.014 ppm)                 Air, Ecology:
   Water,  Health:  15 x 150 • 2.25 x 103 wg/t          Water. Ecology:
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.25 x 103 - 4.5 ug/9        Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAH]  - 103 x 0.15/420 - 0.36 ug/m3
   EPCAHla " °-014/420 ' 3 x l0"5 PP™
            15 x 0.36 « 5
   EPCWH2 "  13'8 x °'15 " 2 "9/i
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 2 - 0.004 wg/g
                                                     E-314
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             xx
             26A
TETRAMETHYLLEAD

Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M3/1
(ppmWt)
Land, j/g/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on B«it Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
EnginMring Estimates
(R&D Goals)

-

It. Bated on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effectt
1.5E2
(0.014)
2.25E3
4.5EO
Baled on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
0.36
!3xlO-5)
2
0.004
Baled on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Ditch ergo
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, nfl/8
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Hwallh £f facts



B. .Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
0.36
(3x10-5)
2
0.004
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effecti



                               E-315
-------
CATEGORY:  26A                                                 WLN: 2-PB-2&2&2
TETRAETHYLLEAD:   C8H20Pb (tetraethylplumbane).                    STRUCTURE;
  A colorless, oily liquid;  pleasant odor.
                                                                     (C2H5)4Pb

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   323.45; six polymorphic forms; mp:  135.6-141°  K; bp:  198-200 with decomposition;
  d:  1.659 at 18°; vap. press:   1 urn at 38.4; 50 mn at 108.4° C; insoluble in water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Tetraethyllead is a common  additive for gasolines.  It decomposes under ultraviolet  light to triethyllead
   (ref. 9).  Both tetraethyl and triethyllead are toxic and are  known air contaminants.   See category 46.  The
   tetraethyllead In gasolines is usually converted to lead halides or lead phosphates (ref. 91).  Some unchanged
   tetraethyllead enters the urban atmosphere and finds its way to soils and plants.  At 800 m from a manufacturing
   plant, tetraethyllead was found In plants at a level of 1 mg/kg (ref. 91).
     Tetraethyllead decomposes slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at elevated temperatures (ref. 91).
   Tetraethyllead does not occur  1n nature (ref. 91).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Tetraethyllead is a highly toxic  compound.  It can be absorbed by Inhalation or skin contact.  The main
   metabolite found in rats Is triethyllead  (ref. 92).  A concentration of 100 mg/m3 for  1 hour may produce illness
   (refs. 4, 92).  In cases of accidental  tetraethyllead Intoxication in man, lead levels In urine are high, but may
   be normal or nearly so In blood (ref.  92).  Tetraethyllead 1s considered to be more toxic 1n man than tetramethyl-
   lead tref. 92).
     LOLo  Coral, rat):  17 rag/kg
     LCjjg  (Inhalation, rat):  6 ppm or 79 mg/m3
     Tetraethyllead 1s reported to cause  cancer In mice.  The EPA/HIOSH ordering number  1s 3101.  The lowest
   dose to  Induce a carcinogenic response  is reported as 86 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number 1s 36.
     Aquatic toxiclty:  96 hr. TLm: <1 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV - 0.100 mg/m3 (0.0075 ppm).
     Lead compounds are included in the  EPA Consent Decree Priority  1 List.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:  100 ug/m3 (0.0075 ppm)                 A1r, Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 100 • 1.5 x 103 yg/t            Water, Ecology:  100 x <1 - <100 ng/i
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 103 • 3 ug/g            Lane",  Ecology:  0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH] • 103 x 0.1/420 - 0.24 tig/m3
  EPCflH1a • 0.0075/4ZO • 1.8 x 10"5 ppm
  EPCWH1 " 1S x °'24 " 3'6 U9/1                       EPCW£1  " 50 x  <1  -  <50 uq/i
  EPCLi(j9 ' '3-8 x 0.1 • 1.4 pg/t
     Wn£                     *
  £PCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 « 0.003 Mg/g                     EPCLE  • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1  Hg/g
  EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x 36) •  4.6 ug/m3
  EPCMC • 15 x 4.6 • 70 ug/l
  EPCLC • 0.002 x 70 • 0.14 ug/g
                                                  E-316
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              x
            26A
TETRAETHYLLEAD
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air,/
Natural Background*





*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m
(ppm Vol)

Watar, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Ltnd, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects




B. Bated on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
0.24
(1.8x10-5)
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

-
<50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
4.6

70
0.14
                              E-317
-------
CATEGORY:  26A
     MERCURY
 MOWHETHYLMERCURY,  (W3Hg+)2
 DIHETHYLMERCURY. (CH^Hg
 Dlmethylmercury 1s volatile.
PROPERTIES:
  (Dimethlmercury) Molecular wt:
  d:   3.069;  Insoluble  In water.
                                                                 STRUCTURE:
                                                                  HjC-Hg-CHj   Dimethylme-cury
                                                                        +
                                                                    3      c
                                230.66; bp:  96;
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    Methylmercury compounds  are  the most common alkylmercury compounds.  Dlmethylmercury and monomethylmercury
 are of concern primarily as water pollutants or as contaminants  In the tissues of animals;  they have been
 found In fish and In bird flesh and also In bottom sediments (ref. 24).  In large fish the  ratio of
 methylmercury to total  mercury  Is high, approaching 100 percent  (refs. 93,94).  The natural concentration
 of mercury In seawater 1s about 0.1 ug/i (ref. 28).  This concentration Includes alkylmercury as well as the
 other compounds of mercury. Mercury tends to accumulate In bottom sediments of streams, where certain microbes
 may synthesize monomethyl and dlmethylmercury from mercury Ions  (ref. 94).  Continuous levels of monomethyl-
 mercury In the water may result.  The process of methylatlon may be  significant 1n the uptake and distribution
 of mercury In fish and In the mobilization of mercury In deposits In bottom sediments Into  the general
 environment (ref. 94).
    The amount of methylmercury  compounds found In plant produce  Is very small or ,i1l (ref.  93).

TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Alkylmercury compounds are the mercury compounds most toxic to man.  The biological half-life of mono-
 methylmercury in man Is reported to be 70 days.
    Honornethylmercury has been associated with teratogenlc effects:   An epidemic of cerebral palsy with
 toxic encephalopathy occurred In Minlooto, Japan, and the cause  was  felt to be maternal ingestlon of
 fish contaminated with monomethylmercury (ref. 32).  (Since levels of methylmercury resulting in the
 teratogenlc effects are not reported, an adjusted ordering number cannot be calculated.)
    Mercury concentrates In  the  brain, liver, and kidneys of livestock as alkylmercury; the mercury level
 in tissues should not exceed 0.5 ppm  (ref. 28).  Organomercurials can cause skin burns, and can also be
 absorbed through the skin (ref. 9).
    B1oaccumu1at1on of monomethylmercury  In aquatic organisms results from mercury In the water and from
 ingested food.  Biological  accumulation  from water may be as high as 10,000 times (ref. 28).
    The biological half-life of  monomethylnercury In fish may be  on the order of 2 years (ref. 28).
    ToxicHy to fish:  0.2 ug/t  of monomethylmercury 1s lethal to fathead minnows In 6 weeks; 0.1 ug/t
 affects some phytoplankton (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
    TLV « 0.01 mg/m3 (0.001 ppm) for alkyl mercury, as mercury.
    Food and Drug Administration Guideline:   Maximum allowable concentration of mercury In edible portions of
  fish:  0.5 ug/g (ref. 28).
    See also category 83 for additional  regulations for mercury.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
 Air, Health:  10 pg/m3 (0.001 ppm)                  Air, Ecology:
 Water, Health:  15 x 10 « 150 ng/t                  Water. Ecology:
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 150 - 0.3 Mg/g               Land, Ecology:
                                                                      0.1 x 0.2 - 0.02 ug/t
                                                                     0.002 x 0.02 > 4 x 10*5 wg/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
  EPC
    AHI
    *AH1a
                        2.4 x  10'6 ppm
         10J x 0.01/420 •  0.024
        • 0.001/420
         15 x 0.024 •  0.36
EPCUH2 * 13.8 x 0.01 • 0.14
EPCLH « 0.002 x 0.14 « 0.0003 ug/g
EPCU£1  - 0.05  x 0.2
EPC
EPC,
                                                        WE3
                                                              500/10.000
                                                                           0.01 ug/t
                                                                           0.05 ug/t
                                                                                  ,-S
                                                             0.002 x 0.01  •  2  x  10"3 pg/g
                                                 E-318
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            XX
            26A
ALKYL MERCURY




Air, ug/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on B«st Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT






B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate]
(R&D Goals)






II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects

1.0E1
(0.001)

1.5E2
3.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!




2.0E-2
4.0E-5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects

0.024
(2.4x_
TO'6)

0.14
0.0003
Bated on
Ecological
Effects




0.01
2x1 O"5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*




O.lt

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land. MO/ B
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.024
(2.4x10-6)
0.14
0.0003
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

O.OT
2x1 O"5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



•(•Concentrations of Hg  in seawater.
                                   E-319
-------
 CATEGORY:  26A                                                 "JUt
ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS:   Cl-e.. mono, d1, trl.  and  tetraalkyltln or    STRUCTURE:
  aryltin derivatives).                                             R4Sn
PROPERTIES:

 Tetraraethyltln:  bp:   76.6; mp:  -55; d.:  1.290525.
                                                                   Where R 1s  an aryl or alkyl
                                                                   group.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Organotln compounds find use as fungicides.  Insecticides. Insect chaws terll ant,  antifoul Ing agents,
  and for killing parasitic worms.
     As fungicides they are used to dust potatoes and  sugar beet crops.  The short half-life of the compounds
  In the field and the fact that they do not penetrate the plant makes them safe for this application (ref. 95).
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Organotln compounds may  be absorbed through the skin.  Human deaths have resulted from oral use of
   organotln compounds In the  treatment of skin disorders (ref. 96).   The toxlclty of the  d1 alkyl tin compounds
   Is characterized by their Irritative action and production of a lesion of the bile duct and  liver (ref. 96).
   Trlalkyltin compounds differ from dialkyl derivatives In that their toxlclty 1s manifested by an apparent
   brain damage (ref. 96).  Tetraalkyltln compounds are toxic to manuals.  Toxic symptoms  develop slowly and
   death may occur a long time after exposure.  There Is some evidence that tetraalkyltlns are  converted Into
   trlalkyltlns 1n manuals (ref. 95).
      L050 loral, rat):  16 mg/kg for tetraethyltln.
      Some trialkyltin compounds are quite toxic to higher plants (ref. 95).
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

      TLV •  0.1 rog/m3 as Sn (for organotln compounds).
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

   A1r,  Health:  100 tig/ra3                            Air, Ecology:
   Water.  Health:  15 x 100 • 1.500 ug/t               Water. Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.500 • 3 ug/g               Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAm  «  103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 ug/m3
          *  15 x 0.24 • 3.6
   EPCWH2  •  13.8 x 0.1 • 1.4
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003  vg/g
                                            E-320
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                 xx
                 26A
ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngfl
(ppmWt)
Land, M8/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exiiting Sundardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effecti
T.OE2
1.5E3
3.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambimt Unl Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. Mi/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects



                                E-321
-------
CATEGORY:    26B                                              ^i:   L5 AHJ A-2 Fe-
                                                               STRUCTURE:
FERROCENE;  C10H10Fe (d1cyclopentad1e«yl1ron).                    	
  Orange-yellow crystalline solid.


PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  186.05;  mp:  173; sublimes >100»;
  Insoluble  In water; volatile In steam.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!

     Ferrocene may form directly by the reaction of cyclopentadlene and Iron under pressure.  The compound
  decomposes  upon heating.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     No Information Is available as to the possible carcinogenic effects of ferrocene.
     LDgg (oral,  rat):  1,320 rog/kg.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
  A1r. Health:   45 x 1,320  - 6.0 x 10* ng/m3                    Air, Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 6 x  104 • 9.0 x 105 yg/t                 Hater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 9.0 x 105 • 1.8 x 103 ug/g             Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

  EPCAH2 * °'107 x 1l32° "  14° "9/m3
  EPCAH3 * 0<081 x 1>32° "  107 Wfa*
  EPC^, • 15  x 107 • 1.600 ug/t
  EPCWH2 " °'4 x 1>32° ' 53°
  EPCLH - 0.002 x 530 • 1 pg/g
                                          E-322
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       26B
FERROCENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects
6.0E4
9.0E5
1.8E3
Band on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient U«d Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect*
107
530
1
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.MO/m3
(ppm Vol)
Wattr.pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Heal* Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
107
530
1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-323
-------
CATEGORY: 268                                                WLM:   L50J 0-2-NI-
NICICELOCENE:   CI()HIONI (d1-cyclopentad1enyln1ckel).               STRUCTURE;
  Green needles from petroleum ether.
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   189; np:  171-173; Insoluble 1n water.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      LDgo  Coral, rat}:  490 mg/kg.
      Nickelocene Is reported to cause cancer In anlnals.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number 1s 4202.  The lowest
   dose to  Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 208 mg/kg.  The adjusted  ordering number Is 20.2.
  REQULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
      Nickel compounds are  Included In the EPA Consent Decree List,  Priority 1.
      See  also  Nickel and Nickel Compounds, as Nickel, category 76.
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICtTY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r, Health:  7 x 104/20.2 - 3.5 x 103 wg/«3        Air, Ecology:
   Hater,  Health:  15 x 3.5 x 103 - 5,2 x ID4  ug/i     Hater, Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 5.2 x 104 - 100 wg/g         Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
   EPCAH2  •  0.107 x 490 - 52 pg/m3
   EPCAH3  "0.081 x 490 - 40 ug/m3
   EPCyH1  •  15 x 40 • 600 pg/t
   EPCWH2  *  °'4 x 490 - 200 ug/t
   EPCLH - 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g
   EPCAC2  -  103/(6 x 20.2} • 8 ug/m3
   EPCyC • 15 x 8 • 120 ug/t
   EPCLC • 0.002 x 120 • 0.2 ug/g
                                            E-324
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          X
        26B
NICKELOCENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air,/ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, itg/\
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exitting Standards
NSPS, BIT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E3
5.2E4
1.0E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient L«nl Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
8
120
0.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jJ9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. 
-------
CATEGORY; 26C                                                 WIN:  T66 BNJ JO 2-CU-

COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE:  C-jgH^OgCu (8-qu1nol1nol-            STRUCTURE:
  copper II chelate).
  Intense blue crystals.

 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  351.86; Insoluble  In water.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Copper complexes of synthetic  origin are of Interest In the study of binding of copper to proteins
  and enzymes (ref.  97).
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Copper  Is an essential trace netal  for animals and man. but minute amounts 1n water are  toxic for algae,
   bacteria,  and other unicellular forms  (ref. 96).
      LDjg (IntrapeHtoneal, mouse):  67  ng/kg.
      Copper  3-hydroxyqu1nol1ne Is reported to cause cancer In nice.   The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101.
   The lowest dosage to Induce an oncogen 1c response Is reported as 156 ing/kg.  The EPA/NIOSH  adjusted ordering
   number Is  20.
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQN1TION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

      Copper compounds are on  EPA Consent Decree List:  Priority 3.
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   Air, Health:   45 x 67 • 3.0 x 103 »g/m3             Air, Ecology:
   Mater, Health:  15 x 3 x 103 • 4.5 x 104 ng/i        Hater, Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 4.5 x 104 • 90 ug/g           Land. Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

   EPCAH2 • 0-107 x 67 • 7 ug/m3
   EPCAH3 " 0>081 x 67 " 5 M9/ra3
   EPCWH1 • 1S * 5 • 75 ug/t
   EPCUH2 " °'4 x 67 " 27 "9/t
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 27 • 0.054 ug/9
   EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 20) « 8.3 wg/m3
         • 15 x 8.3 - 125 ug/i
   EPCU -0.002 x 125 « 0.25 ug/g
                                            E-326
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                        x
                       26C
COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, /ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E3
4.5E4
9.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Lent Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
5
27
0.054
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
5
27
0.054
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
8.3
125
0.25
                                 E-327
-------
CATEGORY!  27
LITHIUM AND LITHIUM COMPOUNDS (AS LITHIUM):  LI.
  A silver-gray metal; the first member of the alkali metals.
                                                           WLN:   LI
                                                           STRUCTURE:

                                                                 LI
                                                                             Li
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:  3; group la; atomic wt:  6.94; mp:  180.5;
  bp:  1.336 ±5; d:   0.53420; valency: +1; decomposes H20,
  evolving H0; vap.  press:  1 mm at 723°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Lithium Is the lightest of the nongaseous elements and is very reactive.
                                           Practically all of them are water-soluble.
     The concentration of  lithium In rural atmosphere Is reported to be 0.0029 ug/m  (ref. 1).
Lithium forms one series of compounds.
The concentration of lithium In rural »
Occurrence In the Earth's crust of  lithium Is 0.005 percent by weight (ref.  24).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     The lithium Ion is  highly toxic  to humans.  Levels above 25 ug/m  of lithium hydride cause sneezing
   (ref. 64).  Lithium Is noncumulatlve  (ref. 96).  Lithium toxiclty in humans is partially dependent on
   sodium Intake; the lower the sodium Intake, the more toxic lithium becomes (ref.  96).
       A dosage of  350 mg/kg Is  reported to produce teratogenlc effects  In  rats.  The EPA/MIOSH ordering
  number based on teratogenldty Is 4101 and the adjusted ordering number Is  11.4.
       Lithium is a  phytotoxic element.  The most sensitive plant species 1s  citrus; a slight toxiclty 1n
  citrus results at  60 to 100 ug/t In Irrigation water (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION:
     TLV (Lithium Hydride. L1H):  0.025 mg/m3.  (This is equivalent to 0.022 mg/m3. as  lithium.)
     NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria,  1972. recoanndations are for Irrigation water, based on phytotoxicity:
  2.5 mg/i for use on all soils, except for citrus; 0.075 mg/t for citrus for all  soils (ref. 28).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:   22
  Water, Health:  15 x 22 - 330 vg/t
  Land. Health:   0.002 x 330 - 0.7 ug/g
                                                Air, Ecology:
                                                Hater, Ecology:  5 x 75 «  375  ug/i
                                                Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 375  *  0.75 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1  • 103 x 0.022/420 • 0.05 wg/n3
  EPCWH1  " 1S * °'W ' °'75
  EPCWH2  " 13>8 x °-022 * °'
  EPCLH - 0.002 x 0.3  • 0.0006 ug/g
                                                EPC^ES • 75 ug/t  («* Irrigation)

                                                EPCLE • 0.002 x 75 • 0.15 ug/g

                                                EPCftT - 103(6 x 11.4)-14.6 iig/n3
                                                EPC^ • 15 x 14.6 • 219 pg/t
                                                EPCLT > 0.002 x 219 • 0.4 ug/g
                                                 E-328
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      x
   •""27""
LITHIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Mr.iigtm3
(ppmVol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engino«ring Estimate!
(R&D Goal!)



II. Bated on Ambient Factora
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.2E1
3.30E2
7.0E-1
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!

3.75E2
7.5E-1
B. Ambient Level OoeC
Bated on
Heal* Effect!
0.05
0.3
0.0006
Baud on
Cartlfuiin e»l
ccoioycpi
Effect!

75
0.15
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.003


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/ifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Ltnd, «ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects

75

II, Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.05
0.3
0.0006
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.15
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
14.6
219
0.4
                                 E-329
-------
CATEGORY:  27                                                 W&&  LI H
LITHIUM HYDRIDE:  L1H.                                           STRUCTURE:
  White, translucent, crystalline mass; darkens on exposure
  to light.                                                              L1H

PROPERTIES;
  Molecular  wt:  7.95; mp:  680; d:  0.82;  decomposes 1n water.


NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Lithium hydride 1s a stable saltHke compound.  It Is  formed when lithium and hydrogen are combined
  at elevated  temperatures.
     Lithium hydride reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide (L10H) and hydrogen.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Toxlclty of lithium hydride for experimental animals 1s marked by Irritation and corroslveness (ref.  96).
     Levels above 25 ug/m3 of llthlun
  and skin on test animals (ref. 4).
     LDLo (Inhalation,  rat):  22 rag/n
     See also Lithium and Lithium Compounds, as Lithium.
                   3                                                             3
Levels  above 25 ug/m of lithium hydride produce sneezing.   Levels exceeding 10 mg/ffl eroded body fur

LDLo (Inhalation, rat):  22 rag/m3 for 4 hours.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION!
     TLV - 0.025 mg/in3.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  A1r. Health:  25 ug/w3                             A1r, Ecology:
  Water. Health:  15 x 25 • 375 wg/t                  Water,  Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 375 • 0.75 ug/g              Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

   EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.025/420 -0.06 ug/m3
   EPCMm « 15 x 0.06 • 0.9 ug/i
   EPCWH2 " 13>S * Ol025 * 0<3 U9/1
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 ug/g
                                          E-330
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
x
27
V7WMLO LIT

Mr.vg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exuting Standard)
HSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)

HIUM HYDRIDE
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E1
3.75E2
7.5E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.06
0.3
0.0006
Based on
Ecological
Effects

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/a/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, (ifl/fl
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
0.06
0.3
0.0006
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



                                  E-331
-------
CATEGORY:   29
POTASSIUM /HID POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS (AS POTASSIUM);  K (kallum).
  Soft, ductile,  silver-white, very reactive metal.
                                                     WIN:  KA
                                                     STRUCTURE:
                                                         K   Ka*
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:  19;  group la; atomic wt:  39.09;
  mp:  63.65; bp:   765; d:  0.862; soluble; vap.
  press:  8 nn at  432° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Potassium is  an alkali-metal element, which reacts  violently with water forming potassium hydroxide (KOH)
  and hydrogen.  It oxidizes rapidly in air.
     Rural background  concentration in air is 0.4 to 2.8 ug/m  (ref. t).   The mean potassium concentration
  in analyses of U.S.  surface water is 4.3 rag/l with a range of 370 to 0.06 mg/z  (ref. 28).
     Potassium is  considered an essential nutrient for plants and necessary for animals.
     Occurrence in the Earth's crust is 2,59 percent by  weight (ref. 24).
     Potassium salts are common in feldspars, salt deposits, and naturally occurring brines (ref. 99).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS;
     The toxicity of potassium compounds is almost always that of the anion  (ref. 9).
     Exposure to dust or mist of potassium hydroxide  causes eye and respiratory tract irritation and
  nasal septum lesions  (ref. 4).
     LDL(J (oral, rat) potassium chloride - 2,430 mg/kg.
     Aquatic toxicity:  432 ppm KC1  is threshold of immobilization for Daphnia magna (ref. 28).   This  Is
     equivalent to '230 ppm, as K*.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. BECOONITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOULATION:

     TLV (for potassium hydroxide.  KOH):  2 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air. Health:   2 x ID3 ug/m3 as KOH                  Air. Ecology:
  Water,  Health: 15 x 2 x 103 »  3.0 x 104 ug/i,as KOH  Hater, Ecology:  100 x 230 « 2.3  x 104 ug/A as  K
  Land, Health:                                      Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
    'AH1
103 x 2/420 ' 5 ug/ra3 as KOH
  EPCHH1  •  15 x 5 • 75 ug/t as KOH
                                          EPCHE1 • 50 x 432 « 21,600  ug/t as KC1
                                                  E-332
-------
 MULTIMEDIA
 ENVIRONMENTAL
 GOALS
        29
POTASSIUM

Air, iigfm3
-------
CATEGORY: 32                                                   ™£'  .BE

 BERYLLIUH  AND BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS BERYLLIUM):  Be            STRUCTURE:

     (glulcinium).                                                      Be    gg+2

     A hard, light,  grayish-white, crystalline metal.


PROPERTIES:

     Atomic number:   4; group  2a; atomic wt: 9.0122;

     mp:   1283;  bp:  2970;  d: 1.85; valency: +2; insoluble.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Beryllium resembles  magnesium and aluminum in its chemical  properties.  It is divalent and

 forms one series of compounds.  Beryllium  is environmentally hazardous as an air contaminant.

 The chloride and nitrate are  highly soluble in water.
     Rural background concentration in air  is reported as 0.00013 to 0.000042 ug/m  (ref.1)

     Concentrations of beryllium in freshwater in the United States  have been measured ranging  0.01  to

 1.22 ug/t with a mean of 0.19 vg/t (ref. 28).  Natural concentration in seawater is reported as

 6 x 10~4 wg/i (ref. 28).

     Occurrence in the earth's crust Is 2 to 10 ppm  (ref. 24).


 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Beryllium Is toxic through all routes  of absorption, but the major hazard to health is via
 Inhalation.  Berylliosis. a severe lung disease, develops from chronic exposure to soluble as  well
 as  Insoluble compounds as paniculate 1n air.  Apparently, the particle size of the beryllium  dust
 is a critical factor with regard to its potential for causing berylllosls (ref. 41).  The lowest
 toxic concentration reported  for humans  1s .1 mg/rn3 (ref. 2).
     The LD50 (oral, rat) for  BeCl2 1s 86 mg/kg or 9.7 mg/kg as beryllium.                cn.,u,ncu
     Beryllium and five beryllium compounds are reported to cause cancer in animals.  The EPA/NIOSH
 ordering  number for beryllium and  its compounds collectively Is 6429.  The lowest dose producing
 a carcinogenic response is 35 ug/m3 as BeS04 • 4H20 Inhaled by a monkey for 24 hrs (ref. 2,46).
 This corresponds to a maximum absorption of 0.4 ug/kg as Be assuming respiratory volume of 0.844 i/m1n
 and  the weight of the monkey  as 5  kg  (ref. 2. 3).   The adjusted ordering number is 16,072,500.
     Toxlclty to fish:  96 hr.  LCen for  the fathead minnow is 0.15  mg/i as BeCl? in soft water (ref.  28).
      Beryllium has been reported to be concentrated  1,000 times In marine organisms (ref. 33).
      Beryllium is phytotoxlc.  Inhibiting  photosynthesis in plants.  In nutrient solutions, 0.5  mg/f
 of  beryllium reduced growth of bush beans  (ref. 28).

 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC HCOUUATION:


     Beryllium Is the subject  of a  NIOSH  Criteria Document.  NIOSH recommends that occupational
 exposure  to beryllium and Us compounds  not exceed  2 ug/m3 as a time-weighted average for an 8-hour
 workday.  A celling of 25 ug/w3 is recommended (ref. 102).
     TLV - 0.002 mg/m3.  Beryllium  1s classified by  ACGIH as an "Occupational Substance Suspect of
 Oncogen 1c Potential for Workers,"  based  on United  epidemlologlcal  evidence and demonstration of
 benign or malignant growths  in test animals.
     National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants:  Not more than 10 grams In 24 hrs or
 emissions which result 1n maximum  outplant concentration of 0.01 ug/m3, 30-day average (ref. 16).
 Candidate for list for Toxic  Effluent Standards  (ref. 10).
     On EPA Consent Decree Priority f List.
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  11 ug/t for the protection of aquatic life 1n soft
 fresh water; 1,100 ug/t for the protection of aquatic life 1n hard  fresh water;  100 ug/t for
 continuous Irrigation on all  soils (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria  recommendation for marine aquatic life:  Hazard level—
 1.5 mg/t; Minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.1  mg/t; Application factor:  0.01  (applied to 96-
 hr LC5Q).  Recommendation for irrigation water:  0.10 mg^t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).

 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

 Air. Health:   2 ug/m3                               Air, Ecology:

 Water, Health:   15 x 2 *  30 ug/t                     Water, Ecology:  5 x 11 <• 55 ug/t

 Land. Health:   0.002 x 30 « 0.06 ug/g                Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 55 » 0.11 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

 EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 9.7 • 1  ug/m3

 EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 9.7 • 0.8 ug/m3

 EPC..J, » 15 x 0.8 • 12 ug/l                         rpr    „ i>    ,
    •HI                                                 WES      "9'1
 EPCWH2 * °-4 * 9'7 * 4 "'/I                         EPC.E - 0.002  x 11 - 0.02
 EPC1U « 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g
    un                      •
 EPC  , • 2/420 • 0.005 wg/«3

 EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 16,000,000)  •  1 x 10"5 ug/m3

 EPCUC- 15 x  0.005 -0,075 ug/l
 EPC.,  •  0.002  x 0.075  • 0.00015 ug/g
    Lb



                                                  E-334
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      XXX
        32
BERYLLIUM

Air.po/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
-------
CATEGORY:   33
MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS (AS MAGNESIUM):  Hg.
  A silvery metal of the alkaline-earth metal group.
                                                             WLN:   MS
                                                             STRUCTURE:

                                                                 Mg   Mg+
PROPERTIES:
   Atomic  number:  12, group 2a:  atomic vrt:  24.305;
   tnp:   651; bp:  1,120; d:   1.74; vap. press:  1  mm at 621° C;
   valency:  +2; reacts with water to produce H.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
      Rural  background concentration In air is 1.4 to 800 ng/nt3 (ref.  1).
      Natural concentration of seawater Is 1.3 x 10 gg/i (ref. 28).  Magnesium carbonate,  chloride,
   and sulfate are water soluble.
      Magnesium 1s one of the most common elements of the Earth's crust—2.1 percent by weight (ref.  24).
      In U.S. surface waters, magnesium composition averages 14.3 mg/J. with a range of 8.5  to 137 mg/Z.
   (ref.  28).
      Magnesium-bearing minerals  Include magneslte (MgCOJ, bruclte (Mg 0-H20). and dolomite
   (MgC03-CaC03)  {ref. 96).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Concentration of calcium and magnesium 1n water  Influences the toxlclty of heavy metals (ref.  69).
      The toxlclty of magnesium compounds Is usually that of the anlon.  Metallic magnesium may cause
   local  skin effects (ref. 9).  Inhalation of magnesium dust can cause metal fume fever (ref.  24).
      LDLo (oral, dog):  230 ing/kg.
      At 7.2 ppm, magnesium Inhibits  the growth of Botryococcus (ref. 28).
      24-hour LCsg:  3,391 ppm for Daphnla magna as MgCU (ref. 28).  This  1s equivalent to
   866 ppm as Mg*2.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

      TLV (Magnesium Oxide fume):   10 mg/m3, MgO M.W.  - 40.3.; (as Mg): 24.3/40.3 x 10 • 6 rog/m3
   (based on TLV for MgO fume).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r.  Health:  6 x 103 wg/m3
   Water,  Health:  15 x 6 x 103 •  9  x  10*
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 9 x 104  -  180
                                                            Air, Ecology:
                                                            Mater, Ecology:  100 x 866 > 8.7 x 104 ug/4
                                                            Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 8.7 x 104 - 174 wg/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
      AHI
                         14
          «  15 x 14 • 210 vg/l
   EPCWH2 "  13'8 x 6 " 83 P9/i
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 83 - 0.2 ug/g
                                                            £PCyE1  - 50  x 866 - 43,300 vg/t

                                                            EPCLE • 0.002 x 43,300 - 87 ug/g
                                          E-336
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        33
MAGNESIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. (ij/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)

Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimate!
(R&D God.)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluant
Based on
Health Effect!
6.0E3
9.0E4

1.8E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effacu

8.7E4

1.74E2
B. Ambient Level God*
Baud on
Health Effecu
14
83

0.2
Baud on
Ecological
Effaco

43,300

87
C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*
1 . 4-BOO
14,300,
1.3xl06t

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. MQ/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Heal* Effect.



B. Baud on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
14
83
0.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!

43,300
87
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effecu



tFor seawater.
                                E-337
-------
CATEGORY:  33
HA6NESIUH OXIDE;  HgO.
  White powder.
                                                             WLN:
                                                             STRUCTURE:
                                                               MgO
 PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  40.31; mp:   2,500-2,800; d:  3.65-3.75;
  solubility 1n water:  6.2  mg/i at 20°, 86 mg/i at 30°.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     HgO 1s primarily an air contaminant.  Particle densities for HgO agglomerates are 3.65 g/cm3 for normal
  and 0.35 g/cm3 for floe (ref. 3).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Toxic effects are similar to but less marked than those caused by zinc oxide;  fever and blood
  effects are caused by exposure.  HgO dust 1s considered a mild hazard (ref. 4).
     TC^ (Inhalation, human):  400 mg/m3 produced unspecified toxic effects.
     Aquatic toxldty:  TLm 96: over 1,000 ppn.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV - 10 mg/m3.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
  A1r, Health:   1.0 x 10* wg/m3
  Mater, Health:  15 x 1.0 x  10* • 1.5 x 105 w
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.5  x 105 • 300 ug/g
Air. Ecology:
Mater.  Ecology:  100 x  1.000
                                                                              1.0 x 10
                                                 Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1 .0 x 105 • 200 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC
     AH1
              x 10/42° ' 24
  EPCWH1 ' '5 x 24 - 360
  EPCy^ • 13.8 x 10 • 138 ug/1
  EPCLH - 0.002 x 138 • 0.3 ug/g
                                                 EPCUE1 • 50 x 1,000 - 50,000 Hg/t

                                                 EPCLE - 0.002 x 50.000 - 100 ug/g
                                           E-338
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             33

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Air. /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pgjg
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Bett Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level God*
Based on
Health Effect!
24
138
0.3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!

50,000
TOO
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
138
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!

50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!



                                E-339
-------
 CATEGORY;    35
STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS (AS STRONTIUM):  Sr.            STRUCTURE:
  A hard, silvery-white, ductile and malleable metal; a              sr     Sr**
  member of the alkaline earth group.

 PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:  38; group 2a; atomic wt:   87.63; mp:  769;
  bp:  1,384; d:  2.54; vap. press:  10 m at 898° C; valency:   +2; decomposes water.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     The physical  and chemical properties of strontium are Intermediate between  those of calcium and barium.
   It Is a  reactive metal;  1t oxidizes readily In air and reacts  vigorously In water forming the hydroxide
  and  evolving H2-  Strontium forms only divalent compounds.   The artificial Isotopes Sr   and Sr   occur as
  constituents of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions.
     The concentration  of  strontium In rural atmosphere Is reported as 0.023 ug/m  (ref. 1).
     Strontium occurs  primarily as the minerals celestlte (SrSO^) and strontlantlte (SrCOj) (ref. 96).  .
  TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Strontium has not been Identified as an essential trace element In either plant or animal metabolism.
   It resembles calcium In Its metabolism and behavior In the body.   The naturally occurring  Isotopes are
   not highly toxic (ref. 98).
      LOLo (Intravenous, rat] for SrCl2:  123 mg/kg; molecular wt SrC12:  158.5.
      LDLo (as Sr):  87.6/158.5  x 123 « 68 mg/kg.
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   A1r, Health:   45 x 68 » 3,060 vg/m3                      Air, Ecology:
   Mater. Health:  15 x 3,060 • 46,000 ng/i                 Water, Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 46,000 -  92 wg/g                  Land, Ecology:
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

   EPCAH2 " °'107 X ** " 7*3
   EPCAH3 " 0>081 * 68 " 5>5
          - 15 x  5.5 • 83 vg/i
   EPCWH2 " °'4 * M " ll **IL
   EPCLH • 0.002  x 27 • 0.05 ug
                                             E-340
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        35
STRONTIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, Aig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standaidi
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eltimatai
(RftD Goali)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effectt
3.0E3
4.6E4
9.2E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effecb
5.5
27
0.05
Batadon
Ecological
Effect.



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.023


 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect.



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect.



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effect!
5.5
27
0.05
B. Baiadon
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects



                                E-341
-------
CATEGORY;  36                                                  WLN:  BA

BARIUM AMD BARIUH COMPOUNDS  (AS BARIUM):  Ba.                     STRUCTURE:
  A white, soft metal.                                               ta  **
 PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number 56, an element  of  the calcium family group 2a;
  Atomic wt:  137.34; mp:   752;  bp:  1,600; d:  3.5120;
  valency:  +2; reacts with water; evolves Hg.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Rural background concentration  1n air Is measured as zero  (ref. 1).
     Soluble barium compounds Include the acetate, halldes, hydroxide, thlocyanate, and tMosulfate.
     Concentration In freshwater as  Indicated from hydrologlc benchmark samples ranged fron 0-900 pg/t; out
  of 22 samples. IS were zero (ref.  64).
     In samples of surface waters  1n the  United States, the barium concentration ranged from 2-340 vg/t with
  a mean  of 43 wg/i (ref.  28).
     Natural concentration of seawater Is 20 ug/t (ref. 28).
     Essentially no food contains  barium  In appreciable amounts (ref. 28).
     Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is O.OS percent by weight  (ref. 24).   It 1s found 1n nature only In
   combination with other elements; the two main minerals are barlte (BaS04) and wither 1te (SaCOj)
   (ref.  101).  Trace quantities of barium are also found In coal  (ref. 101).

 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Soluble barlun compounds are  highly  toxic when Ingested, while Insoluble compounds are generally nontoxlc
  .(ref.  101).
     The  fatal dose of BaClg for man Is 0.8-0.9 g (0.55-0.6 g as  Ba) (ref.  96).  BaHum stimulates all muscle
   types,  causes vasoconstrlctlon,  and Initially stimulates and  then paralyzes the central nervous system.
   BaO  and BaCOj have caused respiratory Injury In man (ref. 96).   Barium Is readily excreted, and probably
   noncumulatlve (ref. 33).
     LDLQ (oral, rat):  335 Dig/kg  as BaCl2 (or 220 ing/kg as Ba).
     Teratogenlc effects—Barium:   20 mg  of BaCl2 Injected Into chick yolk  sac resulted In curled toes In
   about 50 percent of the survivors (ref. 32).  The NIOSH ordering number Is 1101.  TOLo  (as Ba) - 878 ing/kg
   (assuming wt. of 15 grams for chick).   The adjusted ordering  number -  1101/878 • 1.25.
     Toxlclty  to aquatic life:   LC.g for  PZanorbie glabratue (snail) 1s  reported as 11 ppm, time unspecified
   (ref.  28); 500 ppm barium nitrate (as Ba) Is toxic to Stickleback (ref. 36).  Barium can be concentrated In
   goldfish by  a factor of 150 (ref.  28).

  REGULATORY ACTIOMS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNIT1ON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATIOM;
     TLV (soluble  compounds):  0.5 mg/m3.
      EPA 1976  Hater Quality Criteria (proposed):  1 mg/i for domestic water supply (health) (ref. 33);
   1 mg/t for drinking water Is also specified In National Interim Primary Drinking Hater  Standards  (ref. 102).
   Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. 1962—Levels  for Source Rejection (ref. 102), and  NAS/NAE
   Water Quality Criteria. 1972 (ref. 28).
     NAS/NAE recommendation for marine aquatic life:  application factor—0.05  (to be applied  to 96  hr
   LC50);  hazard level—1 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.5  mg/t (ref. 28).
  MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   Air, Health:  500  ug/m3                             Air, Ecology:
   Hater,  Health:   5  x  1,000 • 5,000 ug/t               Hater, Ecology:   5 x 500 «  2.500 wg/i
   Land,  Health:  0.002  x 5,000 - 10 ug/g               Land, Ecology:   0.002 x  2.500 - 5  ug/g
  ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

   EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1 ng/m3
   EPCHH1 ' 15 x 1 •  15 ug/t
   £PCHH2 " 13'8 x °-5 ' 7 "9/1
   EPCHHS " 1>00° M9/t                                 EPCHES " 50°
   EPCLH " 0>002 x 1>00° " 2 "9/9                      EPCLE " °'002 x 50°
                                             E-342
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     X
     36
BARIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, iigjl
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/o,
(ppmWtt
1. Bated on Bait Technology
A. Exiiting Standardi
NSPS, BIT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimate*
(R8.D Goah)



II. Baled on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E2
5.0E3
1.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti

2.5E3
5.0EO
B. Ambient Level Got)*
Bated on
Health Effect!
1
1,000
2
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!

500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
0
43, 20t

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
. AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti

1,000

B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!

500

II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
1

2
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects


1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
B*Md on Health Effecti



tFor  seawater.
                                 E-343
-------
CATEGORY:
         37
BORON AND BORON COMPOUNDS (AS BORON):  B.
  Monocllnic crystals, yellow or brown amorphous powder.
                                                              WLN:   B
                                                              STRUCTURE;
                                                                  8    B
                                                                  ,+3
PROPERTIES:
  Atonic number:  5; group 3a; atomic wt:  10.81;  mp:  2,300;
  bp:  2,550 (sublimes);  d:   2.34; valency:  -1-3; Insoluble;
  vap. press at 2,413°K:   1.56 x  10"5 atn.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
      Natural concentration In  seawater 1s 4.5 mg/l (ref. 28).  Natural  concentration 1n freshwater averages
   0.1 mg/t, with a maximum of  5.0 mg/t reported (ref. 33).  Occurrence  1n the Earth's crust,  In compound forms,
   1s  about 0.001 percent (ref. 24).  Boron occurs 1n nature as the minerals borax (sodium borate) and colemanlte
   (calcium borate) (ref. 28).   Boron Is a known constituent of coals; 1t has been found 1n ash from selected
   U.S.  coals (ref. 103).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Boron  Is not a highly toxic element.  It does not  accumulate significantly In body tissues (ref.  28).
   Serious effects to humans are not  reported for reasonable exposures.
LD
        50
                . muse):  2,000 mg/kg.
      Aquatic toxlcity:  Boron Is mildly toxic to fish.  The 96-hr LC5(J for Gambuaia affinie (topmlnnow)  Is
   reported as 3,600 mg/t for sodium  borate (ref. 28).  There Is no evidence that boron Is cumulative.
      Phytotoxlclty:  Sensitive crops such as citrus show toxic effects from 0.5 to 0.75 mg/t of boron  1n
   irrigation water (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV  (Boron Oxide, 8,0,):   10 mg/mj, KU B-0, « 69.6:   (as Boron):  21.6/69.6 x 10 * 3.10 mg/m3.
      Report of the Committee on Water Qualit/Crlteria, 1968, recommended  a  limit of 1 mg/l In drinking
  water.  A later Conwittee determined the limit was  unnecessary (ref. 28).
      NAS/NAE Hater Quality Criteria, 1972:  Recommendation for marine  aquatic life—application factor—0.1
  (to be  applied to 96-hr LCSO); hazard level-- > 5.0 mg/l; minimal risk of  deleterious effects— < 5.0 mg/l.
  Recommendation for livestock waters«5.0 mg/t.  Recommendation for Irrigation water~0.75 mg/l for use on
  sensitive crops on all soils; 1 mg/t for semitolerant crops; 2 mg/t  for  tolerant crops (ref. 28).
      EPA  Water Quality Criteria, 1976 (proposed):  750 ug/t for long-term  irrigation on sensitive crops (ref.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  A1r, Health:  3.1 x 103 ug/m3
  Water,  Health:  ^5 x 3.1 x 103 «  4.7 x 10* yg/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 4.7 x 10*  - 93
                                                                                                     33).
                                                    Air, Ecology:
                                                    Hater, Ecology:   5 x  5 x 103 - 2.5 x 104 ug/t
                                                    Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 2.5 x 104 - 50 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

   EPCA1I1 « 103 x 3.1/420 «  7.4 ug/m3
  "AH1
         15 x  7.4 •
EPCVH2 " 13'8  x  3J
EPCLH » 0.002  x  43
                      111  ug/t
                      " 43 H9/l
                     • 0.09 ug/g
                                                             5,000 ug/t

                                                    EPCLE - 0.002 x 5,000  >  10 ug/g
                                            E-344
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    37
BORON
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air,jio/m3
(pptn Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimitn
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.1E3
4.7E4
9.3E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

2.5E4
5.0E1
B. Ambient Lenl Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
74
43
0.09
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

100,
4, SOOt

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Aig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, 119/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

5,000

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
7.4
43
0.09
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



tfor seawater.
                                 E-345
-------
CATEGORY;    37                                              fit!*:
                                                              STRUCTURE:
BORON OXIDE:   BjO-j (boric anhydride, boron sesquloxlde,
  boron trl oxide, fused boric acid, boric acid glass).               B2°3
  Rhombic crystals or colorless vitreous material.
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  69.6; mp:  460;  bp:  1,860;  d:  2.46 ± 0.01;
  soluble.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!

     Boron oxide My occur In atmosphere as participate matter or aerosols.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Boron oxide 1s not considered highly toxic (ref. 4).
      TO.   (inhalation, rat):  470 mg/nr produced mild nasal  Irritation.
      TLLQ (Inhalation, dog):  57 wg/m3 produced Increased urine  volume and acidity, and Increased creatlnlne
   coefficient (ref.  4).
      See also Boron and Boron Compounds as Boron.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITtON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

      TU - 10 mg/m3.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!

   Air. Health:  1.0 x 104 yg/rn3                      A1r. Ecology:
   Water. Health:  15 x 1.0 x 104 • 1.5 x  105 ug/l     Water. Ecology:
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 10S « 300  ug/g         Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;

   EPCAH1  • 103 x 10/420 •  24 ug/m3
          • 15 x 24 « 360 yg/i
   EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 10 " 138 U9/1
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 138 - 0.3 ug/g
                                           E-346
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
         37
BORON OXIDE




Air. /ig/m'
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BIT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A, Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
24
138
0.3
Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, «ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Band on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
138
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-347
-------
CATEGORY:  38
ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS (AS ALUMINUM). Al.
   A silver-white,  light, ductile metal;  an  earth metal.
                                                        WIN:  AL
                                                        STRUCTURE:

                                                              Al   Al'1
PROPERTIES:
   Atomic number 13; group: 3a, atomic wt: 26.98; mp:
   660.2; bp:  2467; d: 2.702; valency: +3; insoluble.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
   Aluminum is  readily oxidized and covered with a film of Al^O,.   It is  soluble  in acid or alkali.
 Aluminum forms  one series of compounds;  the aluminum ion 1s Al   .   Many  aluminum compounds are water
 soluble.
        Rural  concentration of aluminum in air is reported as 800 ng/m3 to  43  ug/m3 (ref. l).  This Is
 equivalent to 0.8 to 43 ug/m .
        The natural concentration of aluminum in seawater Is 10  ug/t (ref.  28).
 Soluble aluminum is reported in U.S.  surface waters as high as  3 mg/t ,  but this is a rare occurrence (ref. 28).
 Most edible grasses contain about 15-20  mg/kg of aluminum (ref. 28).
 At 8.8  percent  by weight, aluminum is  one of the most abundant  elements  in the earth's crust (ref. 24).
 Aluminum  occurs as the minerals bauxite  (A1203' HjO), cryolite  (3NaF-AlF3), spinel (MgO'AljO ) and
 feldspars such as orthoclase (KjO-AI^-SSIO^) and micas such as muscovite (KgO-SAl-O,- 6S102-2H-0)
 (ref. 96).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
        Although aluminum Is not highly toxic element, large quantities may produce deleterious effects, such
 as pulmonary flbrosis'from inhalation  of aluminum powder (ref.  9).   A level of 4,000 mg/kg in diet caused
 phosphorous deficiency in chicks (ref. 28).
 Aquatic toxiclty:  a  concentration of  0.07 mg/t aluminum nitrate,  as Al, is toxic to stickleback [Gasteros-
 teus aculeatus] (ref.  28).
 Aluminum  1s reported  to be concentrated  10,000 times in fish muscle, and 15,000  times in benthic algae (ref.28).
 Aluminum  compounds may adversely off ect  benthic organisms (e.g. clams, crabs, oysters, lobsters) (ref. 28).
        High concentrations of aluminum 1n soils with low pH causes  restricted root growth in plants (ref.  104).
 Growth  reductions 1n  wheat and orange  seedlings were reported in nutrient  solutions with O.lmg/t of
 aluminum (ref.  28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS.STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUIATION:
 TLV (A1203):  10 mg/m°; molecular wt  (A1203): 101.96
 Based on TLV for Al^O. as Al:   5.3 mg/m  .
 NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria, 1972  - Recommendation for marine aquatic  life:  application factor—
 0.01  (to be applied to 96 hr LCjg); hazard level—I.5 mg/t ;  Minimal risk of deleterious effects — 0.2 mg/t .
 Recommendation for protection of livestock:  5 mg/t .  Recomaendation  for irrigation water:  5.0 mg/t for
 continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
 Air,  Health:  5.2 x 103 ug/m3Air. Ecology:
 Water, Health:  15 x 5.3 x 103 • 8 x  104 ug/t          Water. Ecology:  5 x 200 = 1,000 vg/t
 Land.  Health:  0.002 x 8 x 10  - 160 ug/g
                                             Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 1,000 - 2
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
 EPC
   'AH1
• 10° x 5.3/420 " 12.6 vg/t
EPCWH1  " 15  x  12'6 "
EPCMH2  « 13.8  x 5.3
EPC. u • 0.002  x 73 •
                     190 gg/i
                      73 ug/t
                     0.15 ug/g
                                             EPCH£S - 200 ug/i

                                             EPCLE • 0.002 x 200 « 0.4 ug/g
                                          E-348
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       38
ALUMINUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mfl/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R8.D Goalsl



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.2E3
8.0E4
1 . 6E2
Based on
Ecological
Effectt

1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effectt
12.6
73
0.15
Based on
Ecological
Effectt

200
0.4
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
H«lth Effect.



B. Based on
Ecological Effectt

200

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12.6
73
0.15
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects


0.4
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects



                                E-349
-------
CATEGORY:    38                                              WLN: AL2.03
                                                              STRUCTURE:
ALUMINUM OXIDE:  Al,0, (alundum, alumina, corundum).
_____——    i j                                             _
  White powder or colorless hexagons.                                23

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  102; nip:  2020; bp:  2977;  d:  3.75;
  Insoluble; % Aluminum:  53; vap. press: 1 mm at 2,158° C.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Aluminum oxide Is present as partlculate matter 1n the atmosphere.  Particle densities for aluminum
  oxide agglomerates are 3.75 g/cra3 for normal and 1.18 g/cm3 for floe (ref. 3).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS!
     There Is no firm evidence of pneumocon1os1s resulting from exposure to aluminum oxide (ref. 4).  It
   Is considered to  be a nuisance partlculate.
     See also Aluminum and Aluminum Compounds, as Aluminum.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV • 10 mg/ro ; classified as nuisance partlculate by ACGIH.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:   1.0 x 10* ug/m3                           A1r, Ecology:
  Water, Health:  15 x 1.0 x 104 » 1.5 x 105 vg/t           Hater, Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002 x 1.5 x 105 « 300 ug/g              Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPC^ « 103 x  10/420 • 24 ug/m3
   EPC^, • 15 x 24 • 360 ug/t
   EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 10 " 138 W/l
   EPCLH - 0.002 x 138 - 0.3 ug/g
                                          E-350
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            38
ALUMINUM OXIDE




Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, ^9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1 . Based on Bast Technology
A. Exilting Standard]
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Heal* Effects
24
138
0.3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background"



"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL COALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, j/g/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects




B. Based on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects

24
138
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects




                               E-351
-------
CATEGORY;     39
GALLIUM AND GALLIUM COMPOUNDS  (AS GALLIUM):   Ga                   STRUCTURE:
  A grayish, install 1c element.                                     ^    Qa+3
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:  31; group 3a; atomic wt:  69.72; mp:  29.78;
  bp:  2.403; d:  solid 5.90429'6, liquid 6.09529'8; valence:
  +2, +3; Insoluble; vap.  press:  0.004 inn at 1,000°C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Gallium Is a close analog of aluminum.  It  forms gallous (+1)  and  gallic  (+3) compounds, the +3 valence
  being more stable.  It forms alums of the general formula MGa (S04)2  •  12H20.  (M 1s a monovalent metal.)
  Many gallium compounds hydrolyze In water to form a hydrated gallium  oxide.
     Gallium suboxlde, formed by reduction of the sesquioxide, 1s volatile.
     Gallium Is not present In significant amounts 1n seawater or In other natural waters (ref. 98).
     Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 5 x 10  percent (ref. 24).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      In humans, gallium has caused  metallic taste,  skin rashes, and bone marrow  depression (ref. 24).  LDLo
   (subcutaneous, rat):  110 mg/kg for gallium.
      Gallium compounds generally have a low order of toxlcity.  Intravenous  Injections up to 15 mg/kg body
   weight are tolerated without harm by experimental  animals; however, larger doses  produce hemorrhaglc
   nephritis  (ref. 24).  Gallium Is  slowly eliminated from the body of animals after Injection of soluble
   gallium salts.  It 1s similar to  the tissue distribution of bismuth and mercury In the body (ref. 24).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
   Air, Health:   45 x 110 » 4,950 ug/m3                     A1r. Ecology:
   Water, Health:  15 x 4,950 - 7.4 x 104 ug/l              Mater. Ecology:
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 7.4 x 104 • 150 ug/g              Land, Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
   EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 110 • 12 pg/m3
   EPCAH3 " 0-081 x 110 • 9 ug/m3
   EPCj^ « 15 x 9 • 135 ug/l
   EPCWH2 ' 0.4 x 110 • 44 Ug/t
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 44 • 0.09 gg/g
                                            E-352
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      x
      39
GALLIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air. iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT





B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)





II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3

7.4E4
1.5E2

Based on
Ecological
Effects





B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
9

44
0.09

Baud on
Ecological
Effect!





C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*


Ot


 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MflAn
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
9
44
0.09
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



tFresh  and marine waters.
                                 E-353
-------
CATEGORY;    41                                                 WIN;  TL
THALLIUM AMD THALLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS THALLIUM):  T1.                STRUCTURE:
  A rare element of the gallium/Indium family.  A                    n    T1+    T|+3
  bluish-white very soft metal.

PROPERTIES:
  Atomic Number:  81; group:  3a; atomic wt.:  204.37; mp:  303.5;
  bp:  1,460; d:  11.862; valence +1,  +3;  Insoluble; vap. press:
  1 mm at 825°C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Thallium Is the lightest element  having naturally occurring  radioactive Isotopes.  Thallous (valence +1)
  and thai He (+3) compounds are formed.  Thallous compounds are  more common;  the carbonate, chloride, nitrate,
  and phosphate  are water soluble.   Concentration In natural seawater Is  0.1 ug/l (ref. 28).
     Concentration In the Earth's crust 1s 0.7 ppm (ref. 24).  Igneous  rocks are estimated to contain 30 g
  thallium/ton (ref. 96).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Thallium and thai He compounds are extremely  toxic by all routes of Intake,  causing  both acute and chronic
poisoning.  Symptoms of poisoning Include loss of  hair, abdominal pain, pains In  legs,  neurological abnormali-
ties, mental retardation, and psychoses (ref. 4).  Toxlclty 1s largely Independent of valence state (ref. 96).
The salts are cumulative salts analogous to lead.
     LDjg (oral, rat):  23 mg/kg for thallium carbonate.  This 1s equivalent to 20 mg/kg, as Tl.
     There 1s no reported evidence In the references cited to Indicate that thallium or Its compounds are
carcinogenic.
     Toxlclty to aquatic life:  Concentrations of  2 to 4 mg/i adversely affect Daphnla  sp.  (water flea)(ref. 28).
     Thallium Is reported to be phytotoxic for tobacco plants.  It has been suggested that  the  phytotoxlclty of
thallium may be due to Interference with potassium-dependent processes 1n light of the  similar  Ionic radii.
Ionic radius for potassium Is 1.33A*. for thallium, 1.44A* (ref. 105).

REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     On  EPA  Consent Decree Priority I  List.
     TLV (soluble compounds)  • 0.1  mg/m  (based largely on analogy with other highly toxic heavy metals).
     Thallium Is classified by ACGIH as an  Industrial  Substance Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Kan.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  100 ug/m3                                  A1r. Ecology:
  Hater,  Health:  15 x 100 * 1,500 yg/l                     Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1,500 - 3 ug/g                     Land, Ecology:


ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPC.u,  • 10  x 0.1/420 • 0.24
     mil
  EPCWHI ' 15 x  °-24 • 3-6
  EPCWH2 " 13<8  x 0>1 * 1-4
  EPCLH » 0.002  x 1.4 • 0.003 pg/g
                                           E-354
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      xx
      41
THALLIUM

Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, yy/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E2
1.5E3
3.0EO
Based on
Ecological
Effeca



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
Based on
. Ecological
Effeco



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iiffm
(ppm Vol)
Water, wi/l
(ppmWt)
Land. pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-355
-------
CATEGORY!  42

 CARBON MONOXIDE:  CO

  A colorless, odorless gas.
                                                           WLN:   CO

                                                           STRUCTURE;


                                                                      CO
PROPERTIES!

   Molecular wt:
            28.01;  mp:   -199; bp:  -191.5;  d:   1.250 gA at 0°
   1.15 g/n at 25° {ref. 106); solubility:  3.5 aiT/100 ml  at 0°,

 '  2.32 cm3/100 ml at 20°.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide are reported ranging 0.05 to 1.4 ppm, the average concen-

   tration being 0.3 ppm (refs. 1. 3).  This 1s equivalent  to 0.06 to 1.6 yg/m3, averaging 0.3 ng/m3.  The

   density of CO 1s similar to that of  air.

     The National A1r Quality Standards  reference method for detection of CO utilizes nond1sp«rs1ve Infrared
   spectrometry (ref. 3).

     Carbon monoxide Is a product of incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials.

     There 1s some evidence that certain soil fungi may convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (ref.  106).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

      The effect of carbon monoxide on the body is asphyxiation.  Carbon monoxide has an affinity for
   hemoglobin 200-250 times that of oxygen (ref. 106).  Combination of CO with hemoglobin prevents Og

   from reaching tissues.  Symptoms of poisoning occur when the CD-hemoglobin complex in blood exceeds 10
   percent; concentrations of 80 percent are fatal (refs. 4, 9).  A concentration of 400-500 ppm may be
   safely tolerated for 1 hr (ref.  9).  However, exposure to 650  ppm for 45 min caused toxic effects for a
   man (ref. 2).
      The biological half-life Is reported as 2 hours (ref. 22).  The degree of harm associated with expo-
   sure to carbon monoxide is a product of the concentration times the length of exposure.  The following
   equations for estimating effects for exposures of a few hours  are reported:  hours x ppm = 300 (no percep-
   tible effect); hours x ppm - 600 (just perceptible effect); hours x ppm - 900 (headache and nausea);
   hours x ppm - 1500 (dangerous to life) (ref. 107).
      Effect on plants:  Exposure to 500 ppm for 2 days produced  eplnasty 1n tomato petiole (ref. 3).      ,
      Carbon monoxide did not produce harmful effects on higher plant life at concentrations below 115 mg/m
   (100 ppm) during exposures of 1-3 weeks on over 100 species (ref. 108).
      Effect on aquatic life:  Concentrations of 
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              42
CARBON MONOXIDE

Air, pg/m3
{ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E4
(35)
6.0E5

Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.2E5
(100)
6.0E1

B. Ambient Le«l Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
10,000
(9)
552

Based on
Ecological
Effect!
10,000
(9)
30

C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.3
(0.3)


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /xg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. /JB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
10,000
(9)


B. Based on
Ecological Effects
10,000
(9)


II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects

552

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
-
30

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects



                               E-357
-------
CATEGORY:   42                                                 WLN:   OCO
CARBON DIOXIDE:  C02 (carbonic acid gas, carbonic  anhydride,      STRUCTURE:
  dry ice).                                                             co
  A heavy odorless, colorless incombustible gas.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  44.01; nip:  -56.6 at 5.2 atmos.;  bpr  -78.5 (sublimes).
  d:  1.977 g/« al 0"; v,ip.  U:   I.b3; max solubility:  0.33'j6 q/100 nl at 0" C.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Carbon dioxide generally comprises about 0.03 percent by volume of dry air or 300 ppm (ref. 3).
  This  is equivalent to 539  mg/m .  The concentration  in the exhaled breath may be as  hiqh as 6.6
  percent (ref. 107).
     The solubility of C0? In water changes drastically with changes in water temperature.  Concentrations
  of C02 in freshwater «;re generally below 5 mg/t  {ref.'28).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Except as a contributor  to oxygen deficiency!  carbon dioxide does not offer serious Industrial
   exposures (ref. 107).   Humans exposed to 50,000 pom of CO. experience pronounced respiratory stimulation
   (ref.  4).
      Teratogenii MOct'. in rats and rabbits hava been reported when  the preqnant animals were exposed to f>
   or 10  percent CO.,. roipoctively  (refs. 3?., ?).  These effects may be due to oxygen deprivation.
      Free COg in water may adversely affect aquatic life, although it 1s not considered a major hazard.
   An effect called qas-hubble disease Is produced in fish by excessive dissolved gases in water (ref. 33).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV * 9.000 mg/m3 (5.000 ppm).  Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  9 x 106 uq/m3 (5.000 ppm)             Air, Ecology:
  Water. Health:                                     Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health;                                      Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC   - 539,000 nq/m  (300 ppm) (natural  background).
                                                E-358
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            42

CARBON DIOXIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. /icj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E6
(5,000)



Based on
Ecological
Effect!




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects




Based on
Ecological
EHeeti




C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
539,000
(300)



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.A.g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
539,000
(300)


B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-359
-------
CATEGORY:     44                                               WLN=   GE
GERMANIUM AND GERMANIUM COMPOUNDS  (AS GERMANIUM):   Ge.            STRUCTURE:
  A gray-white metalloid,  crystalline and brittle.                    fie    Se+2    6ef4


PROPERTIES;
  Atomic number:  32; group 4a; atomic wt:  72.59;  mp:   937.2;
  bp:  2,700; d:  5.36; valency;   +2 or +4; Insoluble In water.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Germanium, which is an element of the carbon family forms germanous  (Ge+  ) and germanic (Ge* )  compounds.
  Germanic compounds are generally more stable.  Germanium  hydride,  GeH^  (germane) Is a colorless gas  (see
  Toxic Properties).
     Occurrence in the Earth's crust Is about 0.0007 percent  (ref. 24).  Germanium is not found  in the free
  state In nature, but always In combination with other elements (ref. 96).  Some coals also contain germanium
  (ref. 96).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Germanium compounds are generally of a low order of toxiclty.  They are  thought to resemble  other  organo-
  metals, which are usually more toxic than Inorganic forms.  Animal studies  indicate that germanium after
  absorption  1« widely distributed  throughout the hndy and  is not selectively retained 1n any tissue (ref. 96).
  At high exposure levels germanium disturbs the water balance 1n maimiuls leading to dehydration, hemoconcentra-
  tlon, fall  in blood pressure,  and hypothermia (ref. 96).
     Germanium hydride Is considered moderately toxic, but  can cause death of experimental animals at 150 ppm.
  It Is simllarto, but less toxlq than,  arsine and stibine and causes a hemolytic response (refs. 4,9).
     Germanium dioxide stimulates generation of red blood cells (ref. 9).
     LDLb (subcutaneous, rabbit):   586 mg/kg for germanium.
     LDjQ (IntrapeHtoneal, rat):   750 mg/kg for germanium  dioxide.
     Germanium Is taken up by cereals, especially oats, from Ge-bearing soils (ref. 96).

 REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV (Germanium Tetrahydrlde, Geh^):  0.6 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm).  This 1s equivalent to 0.56 mg/m3  as Ge.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air. Health:  560 uci/ra*                                 A1r, Ecology:
  Water. Health:   15 x h6()  • MOO pg/l                    Water, Kcology:
  Land. Health:  0.00? x  11.400  «  17 ug/g                   land, Tcology:
ESTIMATED PERMISMBtE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAm •  103 x 0.56/420 •  1.3 pg/m3
         = 15 x 1.3 - 20  i,g/l
  EPCUH2 * 13'8 * °'56 "  8 "9/l
  EPCLH * 0.002 x B - 0.016  ug/9
                                                 E-360
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
         X
        44
GERMANIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standardt
NSPS. 8PT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(nftO Goalt)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effocn
5.6E2
8.4E3
1.7E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effectt



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.3
8
0.016
Bated on
Ecological
Effectt



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mfl/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, itg/t
(ppm Wt)
Land, cg/M
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!



B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
1.3
8
0.016
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!



HI. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



                                E-361
-------
CATEGORY: 46

LEAD AND LEAP COMPOUNDS (AS LEAD): Pb (Plumbum)

     Bluish-gray, soft metal.
                                                      WLN: PB

                                                      STRUCTURE:
                                                                    Pb    Pb
                                                                +2
                                                                                 Pb
 PROPERTIES:

      Atomic Number 82; group 4a; atomic wt:  207.2;
      mp:   327.5;  bp:  1,744; d:  11.343716; vap. press:
      1  rnn at 973°; valency:  +2, +4; Insoluble.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
      Lead forms divalent and  tetravelent compounds.  Rural background concentration in air Is reported as
 0.002 to 0.47 ug/m3 (reft.  1,93).   Another source  reports concentrations  ranging 0.022 to 0.0% ug/m3 lead
 as a constituent of gross suspended partlculates 1n non-urban air (ref. 3).  Concentrations of lead in fresh-
 water as measured 1n Hydrologlc Benchmark  samples  range 0 to SO ug/t; 71  out of 108 samples were 0 (ref.  64).
 Natural concentration In seawater  1$ reported  as 0.02 vg/t (ref. 28).  The lead content of rural U.S.  soils
 1s reported as 10-15 119/9 (ref. 33). Occurrence 1n the earth's crust Is 0.002 percent or 15 g/ton (ref.  24).
 The average adult total  Intake of  lead  has been estimated as 254  vg/day (ref. U3).

 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;

     The compounds of lead are  poisonous, usually In proportion t.o  their solubility.   The toxlclty of
 partlculate lead Is dependent  on the particle  size.  Ingested lead is largely captured by the liver
 and excreted In bile.  Lead absorbed through Inhalation results In toxic  effects from smaller amounts.
 Lead poisoning results In hemolysis of red blood cells, lesions of the kidneys, liver, male gonads.
 nervous system, and blood vessels.  Lead Is a cumulative poison.   The biological half-life 1s
 reported as 6 months (ref. 22).  Cattle are resistant to lead toxicosis,  but lead may accumulate  in
 tissues or In milk 1n levels that could be toxic to man (ref.  28).
     Several lead  salts are reported to cause. oncogen 1c effects in  animals.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering
 number considering the lead compounds collectively Is 4214.   The lowest dosage, as lead,  to result
 In tumors In animals Is  555 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number Is 7.6 (excluding lead chroma te).
     There Is evidence that exposure to lead Increases the Incidence of abortion and  stillbirths
 (ref.  32).   It 1s known  that lead 1s transferred across the human  placenta.  Exposure to  lead has
 resulted In teratogenlc  effects 1n animals.  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on  teratogenlclty
 considering lead  compounds collectively is 4202.  The lowest  dosage reported to produce effects In
 offspring Is 31 mg/kg.   The adjusted ordering number fs  136.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  Reproductive Impairment of Daphnla magnla. occurs at concentrations  of
 30 iioyi (ref.  33).                                          —
     Phytotoxlclty:   Normally >25 mg/t of Pb In nutrient  solutions  1s required to produce  toxic
 effects In  plants {ref.  28).
REGULATORY ACTION*. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV  (Inorganic fumes and dusts,  as Pb):   0.15 mg/mj  (oncogenic or teratogenlc  potential not
considered).   Inorganic lead Is the  subject  of a NIOSH Criteria  Document; the NIOSH recommendation
 agrees with ACGIH TLV (ref.  111).
     On EPA's Consent  Decree Priority I List.  Candidate  for 11st for ToxIcPollutant Effluent  Standards  (ref.  10).
Under study for designation under National Emission  standards for Hazardous  A1r Pollutants (ref. 16).
     National Interim  Primary Drinking Water  Regulations:  0.05 oxj/i (ref. 102).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, Level', for Source Rejection:  0.05 mg/i (ref. 66).
     EPA  1976 Water Quality Criteria  (proposed):   For domestic water supply (health)--50 ug/t; for
sensitive freshwater  resident species— 0.01  times 96-hour LC$o (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 197? Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply- -0.05 rog/l; for  freshwater aquatic life--
maximum  concentrations of 0.03 mg/t; for marine  aquatic  life—application factor of 0.01 (applied to 96-hour
tCso) as a 24-hour average; hazard level— 0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.01 mg/t; for
livestock water— 0.1 mg/t; for irrigation— 5.0 mg/t  for  continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
     U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land  Grant Institutions reconnendatlons  for soil concentrations:
For  most soils— 1.000 kg/hectare (ref. 112).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

     Air,  Health:   150 ug/m3
     Water, Health:   5 x  50 « 250 ug/l

     Land. Health:   0.002 x 250 - 0.5 vg/g
                                             Air, Ecology:
                                             Water, Ecology:  5 x 10 • 50 ug/t

                                             Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 50 « 0.1 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
     EPC
       •AH1
• 103 x 0.15/420" 0.36  Mg/m3
     EPCWH1  " 1S x °'36

     EPCWH2  " 13<8 * °*'

     EPCWHS
     EPC

     EPC
1H

•AC2
    EPC
       L(.
' 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 vg/g
• 103/(6 x 7.6) • 22 Mg/m3
 15 x 22 • 330 ug/l
 0.002 x 330 • 0.7 vg/g
                                             EPCHES
                                             EPCL£ •
       • 10 ug/t
        0.002  x  10 • 0.02 vg/g
        103/(6 x 136) « 1 M9/m3
        15 x 1 - 15 yg/t
EPCLT » 0.002  x  15 - 0.03 pg/g
                                                         EPC,
                                                            AT
                                                   E-362
-------
MULIIMtUIA XX
ENVIRONMENTAL 46
GOALS LEAD
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, //g/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT

B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E2
2.5E2
5E-1
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E1
1E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.36
50
0.01
Based on
Ecological
Effects
10
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.002-
0.47
0-50
O.OZt
10-15
 •To be) multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. iiglm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MQ/fl
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Critoria
A. Based on
Health Effects

50

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

10

II. Toxieity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
0.36

0.1
B, Bdied on
Ecological Effects


0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
1

0.03
tFor seawater.
                                              E-363
-------
CATEGORY:  47
 AMMONIA:  NH} (ammonia gas).
   A colorless gas, extremely pungent odor.
                                                              WLN:   ZH
                                                              STRUCTURE:
                                                                   A
                                                                    \
                                                                   H   H
PROPERTIES:
   Molecular wt:  17.03; mp:  -77.7;  bp:   -33.35; d:  0.771;
   vap.  press:  10 atra at 25.7° C;  vap. d:  0.6; solubility
   in water:  90 g In 100 mi at 0°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
      Urban  air concentrations of ammonia  are reported as 2-10 ppb (ref. 1).  This 1s equivalent  to  1.4
   to 7  pg/m .  The odor of amonla  1s detectable at <5 ppm (ref.  99).
      Ammonia 1s present 1n most waters as a normal biological degradation product of nitrogenous
   organic matter (ref. 33).  Total  ammonia In water consists of Ionized (NH4*) and un-lonized  (NH3).  The
   equilibrium between the two species Is  Influenced by temperature,  pH, and Ionic strength.
   1s favored by  Increasing temperatures and  Increasing pH.
      Amnonla Is  produced as a byproduct of coal-conversion processes.
                                                                                        The NH, species
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Amnonla 1s  primarily an Irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, and  upper respiratory tract.   No chronic
   effects are reported from low-level exposure (refs. 4, 114).   The lowest concentration reported to  cause
   Irritation 1n  a human 1s 20 ppm via Inhalation  (ref. 2).  Exposure  to 10,000 ppm for 3 hours resulted  In
   death for a human (ref. 2).  The biological half-life for ammonia 1s reported as <20 minutes (ref.  22).
      The LC50 (Inhalation, rat) Is 2,000 ppm for  4 hr.
      Effects on  plants—most sensitive species 1s mustard plant (refs. 114, 3); 4-hr exposure  to 2,100 yg/m3
   resulted 1n marking of 15 percent of the leaf area (ref. 3).
      Toxlclty of ammonia to aquatic life 1s attributed to the un-lonized species, NHj.  TUn 96 ranges from
   10-1  ppm (ref. 2).  Levels of un-lonized ammonia >0.20 mg/i have been shown to be toxic to some aquatic
   species (ref.  33).  Amnonla consumes dissolved  oxygen as a result of Its biochemical oxidation to nitrite
   and nitrate (ref. 28).  The presence of anmonla 1n water also Increases the chlorine demand  for the
   purpose of chemical disinfection.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TU • 18 rog/m3 (25 ppm).
      Ammonia 1s  the subject of a N10SH criteria document.  NIOSH recommends a celling concentration of 50 ppm
   as determined  by a 5-mlnute sampling period for occupational  exposure to ammonia (ref. 115).
      Ammonia is  listed 1n the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Second Priority Chemicals List (ref.  11).
      NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For public water supply—0.5 mg/i (ammonia nitrogen); for
   freshwater aquatic life—maximum concentration  of 0.02 mg NH./i; application factor of 0.05  (to be  applied
   to 96-hr LC5Q; for marine aquatic llfe—NHj hazard level:  0.4 mg/J. ; minimal risk of deleterious effects:
   0.01  mg/t; aopHcation factor of 0.1 (to be applied to 96-hr LC5£))  (ref. 28).
      ETA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  0.02 mg/t (as NHj)  for freshwater aquatic life (ref. 33).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   Air,  Health:   1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (25 ppm)              "-  r~°	  """ - " lnn - 1cn  -'-3
   Water, Health:  5 x 500 • 2.5 x 103 ug/i.
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 2.5 x 103 • 5 gg/g
                                                   Air, Ecology:  4/24 x  2.100 - 350 ug/nr
                                                   Water, Ecology:  5 x 10 * 50 ug/i
                                                   Land. Ecology:  0.002  x 50 « 0.1 u9/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC,
      AMI
            103 x 18/420 • 43 i,g/m3
     AHla
          25/420 •  0.06 ppm
         15 x 43 •  645 ug/t
         13'8 x  18  * 2SO "9/t
EPCWHS * 50° uq/rt
        O.OOZ x  500 •  1  i.g/g
   EPC
     U)
                                                   EPC   • 0.1 x 4/24 x  2.100 • 35 ug/nT
                                                         AE
                                                             -  SO x  1 • 50 ug/l
                                                   EPCWES * 10 v^1
                                                   EPCL£ • 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g
                                           E-364
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      47
AMMONIA




Air. MO/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on B«t Technology
A. Editing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimaiet
(BiO Ooali)



II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Ba»d on
Health Effecti
1.8E4
(25)
2.5E3
5.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
3.5E2
5.0E1
l.OE-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
43
(0.06)
500
1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti
35
10
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1.4-7 t


*To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air.MO/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, (ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti

500

B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti

10

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
43
(0.06)

1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
35

0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!



 Report for urban atmosphere
                                  E-365
-------
CATEGORY;   47                                                 WIN;  ZQ
HYDRAZINE:  N2H4 (Diamide).                                      STRUCTURE:
  Colorless, oily hygroscopic liquid, fuming in air',
  penetrating odor resembling that of ammonia.
                                                                     H2N   NH2
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  32.06; mp:  1.4;bp:  113.5; d:  1.008 g/cm3 at 20";
  vap. d:  1.11; vap.  press:  14.4 mm at 25°; pK^  «  5.52; mlscible
  with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Hydrazlne is considered a hazardous chemical  due to  its Instability toward heat or oxidizing agents.   It
  is strongly basic (ref.  41).  Hydrazlne has been identified in the gas phase of tobacco (ref.   59).  The
  median detectable concentration (Irritation and/or  odor) is 3 to 4 ppm for less than 1 minute  (ref.  41).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Hydrazlne Is a powerful irritant and very toxic by Ingestion,  inhalation, or skin absorption  (ref. 41).
  Absorption appears to be rapid and excretion or detoxication is slow  (ref. 41).
     It is considered to be a cumulative poison (ref. 47).  Inhalation  of high concentrations  of hydrazine has
  resulted In damage to lungs, liver, and kidneys In experimental animals (refs. 4, 41);  chronic exposure
  resulted 1n bone marrow depression, fatty livers, and an abnormal  incidence of tumors (refs.  4,  2).
     LDjg (oral, rat):   60 mg/kg.
     LC,jg (Inhalation,  rat):  570 ppm for 4 hours.
     Hydrazlne is reported to cause tumors in mice (refs.  4, 44)  and  in rats (ref. 44).  The EPA/NIOSH ordering
  number is 4224.  The  lowest dosage resulting in a carcinogenic  response Is 400 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering
  number is 10.6.
     Derivatives of hydrazine are reported to cause tumors in experimental animals (ref.  2) and have caused
chromosome aberrations  In  mammalian cells (ref.  42).
     Aquatic toxicity:   Hydrazlne Is reported to be harmful to aquatic  life in very low concentrations (ref. 116).

 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOBMITION. CANDIDATE 8TATU« FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV:  1.3 mg/m3 (1 ppm).
     Intended change—TLV:  0.15 mg/m  (0.1 ppm) (ACGIH recognizes  hydrazine as an industrial  substance suspect
  of carcinogenic potential for man).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:   150 ug/m3 (0.1 ppm)                             Air, Ecology:
  Water. Health:   15 x  150 - 2.25 x 103 ug/t                     Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:   0.002  x 2.25 x 103 - 4.5 ug/g                   Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION*:
  ri'CAH)  -  I03 x  1.3/470 - 3.1 uq/m3
  EPCAH)a - 1/420 - 0.002 ppm
           15  x 3.1 • 46.5 |.g/t
           13'8 x 1-3 " 18
  EPCLH » 0.002  x  18 « 0.04 ug/g
  EPCAC,  - 103 x 0. 15/420 • 0.36 ug/m3
  EPC,r?  • 103/(6  < 10.6MS.7
        «  15 x 0.36 • 5.4 uQ/»
  tPCj_c  *  0.002 x 5.4 • 0.01 ug/g
                                                 E-366
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       xx
       47
HYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pn/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/o,
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. E xiiting S-------
CATEGORY:   «'
HYDROGEN CYANIDE:   HCN  (hydrocyanic acid).
  Colorless  liquid with characteristic odor.
                                                                WIN:

                                                                STRUCTURE:

                                                                       HCN
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:   27.03; mp:  -13.4; bp:  25.7;  vap. d:  0.94;
  vap.  press:  807.23 ran at 27.22° C; misclble  with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS.
     Hydrogen cyanide Is one of the commonly occurring forms of cyanide.   The odor recognition level  of HCN
  is 2 to 5 ppm (ref. 35).
     In water, a significant fraction of the cyanide  exists as HCN up to about pH8; the fraction increases
  as the pH decreases.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Cyanide inhibits oxygen metabolism (ref.  33) and  is absorbed very rapidly by inhalation; the liquid
  and the vapor are absorbed through Intact skin (ref. 35).  At 0.3 mg/f.,  HCN is immediately fatal  to man;
  0.02 to 0.04 mg/t produces symptoms after several  hours (ref. 35).   There are reports of chronic  as well
  as acute poisoning by  HCN (ref. 4).
     LOLQ (Inhalation, rat):  0.IZ mg/t (ref.  35).
     LDyj (Inhalation, dog):  0.0/-0.04 mq/i (raf. 35).
     Hydrogen cyanide produced injury to orange trees at 1,100 ppm for 40  minutes (ref.  123).   This
  is equivalent to 1,212 mg/m .
     Aquatic toxicity:  Cyanide  is much more toxic to fish than to man (ref. 28).  It Is probably the most
  toxic form of cyanide  in  water (ref.  33).  Cyanide Is lethal to brook trout, Salvelinus fontlnalis. at
  50 ug/i; at 10 ug/t, swimming ability is affected  (ref. 33).

 flJGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV:  IT mg/m3 (10 ppm)
      Regulations and criteria pertinent to cyanide  follow:
      Cyanide appears on EPA's Consent Decree List,  Priority 3.  It has been designated for Toxic Pollutant
 Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
      U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulation:  Levels for Source Rejection—0.2 mg/i; Levels
 for Alternate Source Select1on--0.l mg/r. cyanide (ref. 66).
      HAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria:  for public water supply sources-0.2 mg/t cyanide; for  fresh-
 water aquatic life—maximum concentration of 0.005  mg/t. as CN-; application factor of 0.05 (to be  applied
 to 96-hour LCrg); for marine aquatic life—hazard level:  0.01 mg/t;  minimal risk of deleterious effects:
 0.005; application factor  of 0.1 (to he applied to  96-hour LC5Q) (ref. ?8).
      EPA 1976 Water Quality CrUorla (proposed): 5.0 i.i)/». for frrshwater and marine aquatic life  and wild-
 life 
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                x
                47
HYDROGEN CYANIDE

Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. (: xitting Standmilt
NSI-S. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
tnoiniierinu. Eitlmnlvt
(R&D Goalt)



II. Based on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baudot!
1 lonlth Effect.
1.1E4
5.0E2
l.OEO
Bimdon
Ecotoajcai
EHucn
3.4E4
2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambimt Level Goal*
fined on
Heclih Efftcti
26
(0.024)
100
0.2
B Mid on
Ecologicil
EffMh
3,400
5
0.01
C. Elimination off
Ditch aroi
N«tur«l BKkqrolHMt'



*To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/rn
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, po/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Brad on
Health Effects


100

B. Based on
Ecological Effects


5

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
26
(0.024)

0.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
3,400


0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects




                                E-369
-------
CATEGORY:   47                                                 WIN: NC HO/2; NC NA; KA CN
AU3U.I CffeHlOEO. AVCH-:   ('.odium cyanide, potassium cyanide)      STRUCTURE:
  White deliquescent oowder,  odor of bitter almonds.
                                                                     LN~
                                                                     NaCN
 PROPERTIES:                                                         KCN
  MaCN—Molecular wt:  49.02; mp:   563.7; bp:  1,496;
  vap. press:  1 mm (817° C);                   ,,
  KCN--Molecular wt:  65.11;  tup:  634.5; d:  1.52°;
  soluble  In water.
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

      Cyanides occur In nature bound In  the form of glycosldes  (I.e., amygdalin) In  certain  plants and
  seeds (ref. 24).  The odor of alkali  cyanides 1s due to the  formation of HCN by the  hydrolysis of  the
  cyanide  ion In water absorbed from air.
      The alkali cyanldns are readily soluble In water.   When the  simple salts dissociate  in water, the
  CN- Ion  combines with the hydrogen Inn to form hydrocyanic acid, HCN, or with heavy  metals  to form
  metallocyanlde complexes (ref.  33).   Physical and chemical conditions will determine the  forms of
  cyanide  eventually resulting from solutions of the Alkali  cyanide.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      The alkali cyanides are acutely toxic  by  inhalation, skin  absorption, and Ingestion.   They  are  among
   the most rapidly  acting of all  poisons  (ref. 35).  Cyanide toxicity is essentially an Inhibition of
   oxygen metabolism (ref. 33).  If chronic  poisoning does occur,  it Is rare (ref. 35).   Human  Ingestion  of
   up to nearly 5 rig/day over a long term  did not result in harmful effects (ref. 33).  Alkali  cyanides are
   more irritating than HCN as a result  of the  alkalinity (ref.  4).  Ingestion of 2,857  wg/kg as  NaCN has
   resulted in human death (ref. 2).
      LDSQ (oral, rat):  6,440 gg/kg.  (for NaCN)  ,  10 mg/kg  (for KCN).
      Aquatic toxicity:  Free cyanide concentrations from 0.05 to  0.01 mg/i as CN have proved fatal to many
   sensitive fishes;  the effective toxicant  Is  generally HCN (ref. 28).
      See also Hydrogen Cyanide.

 REGULATORY ACTION! STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOULATION:
      TLV:  "i imj/m3  (sklri)
      r.yanldei appear on EPA".. Consent Decree List. Priority 3.  Cyanides are desinnated to be  addressed
  by Toxk Pollutant Effluents Standards (ref.  10).
      U.S. Public Health Service Drinking  Hater Regulations:   Levels for Source Rejection— 0.2  mg/».;  Levels  for
   Alternate Source Selection— 0.1 mg/i  cyanide (ref.  66).                               ...*,,..
      NAS/NAE 1972 Mater Quality Criteria:   for public water supply sources— 0.2 mg/t cyanide;  for freshwater
   aquatic life-maximum concentration of  0.005 mg/«. as CN-;  application factor of 0.05  (to be  applied to 96-hour
   LC5Q); for marine  aquatic life— hazard  level:  0.01  irxj/i;  minimal risk of deleterious effects:  0.005;
   application factor of 0.1 (to be applied  to 96-hour LC5Q)  (ref. 28).
      EPA 1976 Hater  Quality Criteria (proposed):  5.0 yg/i for  freshwater and marine aquatic  life and wildlife
   (ref. 33).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS AS CN=
   Air, Health:  5 x  103 ug/m3                         A1r,  Ecology:
   Hater. Health:  5  x 100 • 500 i.g/i                  Hater. Ecology:  5 x 5 - 25 ug/t
   Land. Health:  0.00? x 500 • 1  pq/«l                 Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 25 - 0.05

 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS AS CN:
   EPCAH) - 103 x 5/420 • 12 ug/m3
  EPC^,,, -  15 x  12 • 180 u
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             47
ALKALI CYANIDES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, >ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Exiuinti Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing TeChnofaxiy
Enginimring Eitlmatm
(R&D Ooili)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bund on
Health Etfucti
5.0E3
5.0E2
l.OEO
Baud on
Ecological
Effaca

2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambient Le«l Goal*
Bned on
Hgalth Effects
12
TOO
O.H
Baud on
Ecological
Erfecti


0.01
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*



•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, >/9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mt/fl
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects

100

B; Baaadon
Ecological Effect!

5

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
12

0.2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Band on Health Effects



                                 E-371
-------
CATEGORY:  48
PHOSPHORUS:  P (white,  yellow,  red, violet, or black
  pnosphorir, >.
  A nonnetalllc element;  white, yellow, reddish brown,
  violet, yellow, or black amorphous powder or rhombic or
  monoclinic crystals.
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:  15; group 5a; atomic wt:  30.975; valency:   +3,
  +5, -3;
  White or yellow—molecular wt:   123.92; mp:  44; bp:  280;  d:   1.82;
  insoluble; vap. d:  4.42; vap.  press:  1 mn at 76.6°;
                  ):  590: bp:  280:d:  2.2:insoluble; vac.  D:   4.77.
                  NCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
                                                                WLN:  p
                                                                STRUCTURE:
                                                                      4
                                                                      +3
                         -3
     See  Phosphate, Phosphorus compounds.
     Phosphorus  Is the second member of the nitrogen group.  Elemental  phosphorus forms numerous allotroplc
  forms Including white or yellow, red, and black phosphorus.  White phosphorus 1s the most highly reactive
  and most toxic allotrope.  Elemental  phosphorus exists as P4 rather than  as  atomic phosphorus.  Red
  phosphorus  Is  formed by heating white phosphorus to 240°C.  Red phosphorus reacts slowly 1n water to form
  phosphate.   Yellow phosphorus has a distinct odor (ref. 117).
     Phosphorus  often exists as a covalently bonded compound and 1t forms binary saltllke phosphides.
     Occurrence  In the Earth's crust Is 0.12 percent {ref. 24).  Phosphorus generally as phosphate occurs
  In all  fertile soil.  It Is an essential  constituent of protoplasm, nervous  tissue, and bones (ref. 24).
     In surface waters of the United States the average concentration of phosphorus (Including elemental
  and combined species) 1s reported as 0.087 ug/f., with a range of 0.001-5  ug/i (ref. 28).

TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Red phosphorous is relatively harmless unless white phosphorus is present as an Impurity.
     Yellow or white phosphorus is one of the most highly toxic inorganic substances (ref. 4).
     Chronic  effects in man include liver Injury, necrosis of jaw bone, anemia, brittle bones, and tooth and
  eye damage  (ref. 9).  The lowest lethal  dose reported for a human Is 1.4  mg/kg administered orally  (ref. 2).
  Phosphorus  may be absorbed through the skin, as well as by ingestfon or through the respiratory tract
  (ref. 117).
     LD50 (skin, rat):  100 mg/kg.
     Aquatic  toxldty:  Elemental phosphorus Is highly toxic and bioaccumulates In aquatic organisms; a
  concentration  factor as high as 25,000 has been reported with the largest concentration found 1n liver
  (ref. 28).   LC5Q (48 hr) • 0.0105 pom for lepomis macrochlrus (blueglll)  (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
     TLV (yellow or white phosphorus):   0.1 mg/m  .
     EPC 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  0.10 ug/i yellow (elemental)  phosphorus  for marine  or
  t--tuar1ne waters (ref. 33).
     NA5/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For marine aquatic life and wildlife elemental  phosphorus:
  hazard level—1 ug/l; application  factor—0.01  (to be applied to 96-hour LC5Q).

MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
                      _3
  Air, Health:   100
  Water. Health:  15 x 100 « 1.5 x 104  ug/i
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 1.5 x 104 • 30 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:  5 x 0.1  *  0.5
                                    -3
Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 0.5 »  1  x 10   ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

  EPCAH]  •  103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 ug/m3
  tPCWH1  -  15 x 0.24 - 3.6 i,g/«.
  EPC^  •  13.8 x 0.1 • 1.4 uq/l
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003 ug/g
EPC
EPC
   WES
   IE*
                                                             •  50 x  0.0105 - 0.5 ug/i
                                                             •  0.10  ug/z
                                                             0.002  x 0.1 - 0.0002 ug/g
                                           E-372
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
                   XX
                   48

ELEMENTAL PHOSPHORUS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, »ig/l
(ppm Wtl
Land, *ig/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Deraloping Tachnoloiry
Engineering Eitimatai
IRUDGolM



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BeMd on
Health ffl.cn
1.0E2
1.5E4
3.0E1
Baud on
Ecological
Effect*

5 E-l
1 E-3
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Baled on
He.llh Effect!
0.24
1.4
0.003
Bated on
Ecological
Effect.

0.1
0.0002
C. Elimination of
Ditch arp
Nature! Background*

0.087t

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iig/y
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Buedon
Health Effects



B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects

0.10

II. Toxicity Baled Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. BaMdon
Heal* Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.0002
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



tConcentration reflects both elemental  and combined species.
                                E-373
-------
CATEGORY:   48                                                 WLN;

PHOSPHATE:  PO/3.                                               8TBUCTUBE:
  The anlon of phosphoric acid.                                      PC."3
                                                                     4

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  94.97; soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
     Phosphate occurs as a salt of phosphoric acid.   It may exist as tertiary  (M3P04); monohydrlc (M,,HP04);
  or dlhydHc (MHjPO^) where H Is a monovalent metal  Ion.
     These salts are generally Mater soluble.
     Background levels  for total phosphorus Including phosphate are reported below 100 ug/t for rivers and
  below 50 ug/t where streams enter lakes and reservoirs  (ref. 69).  Concentration 1n relatively uncon-
  tamlnated lakes 1s usually 10 to 30 ug/t total phosphorus (ref. 28).  High phosphorus content Is an Impor-
  tant factor In eutrophlcation.  Nuisance algae blooms have resulted from 0.3 g/m /yr for a lake with a
  mean depth of 20 meters (ref. 28).  The nitrogen/phosphorus ratio for natural waters 1s generally 10:1.
     Total phosphate concentrations exceeding 100 ug/t can Interfere with the  coagulation process In water-
  treatment plants (ref. 33).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS;
      Phosphate 1s not  directly toxic to man or to aquatic organisms.  It Is  a major algae nutrient and may
   affect aquatic life  Indirectly by contributing to the  rate of eutrophlcation of lakes and reservoirs
   (ref. 28).
 BEOUtATOHY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;

     A total phosphorus criterion to control nuisance aquatic growths 1s currently evolving but 1s not
  yet presented (ref. 33).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:                                       Air. Ecology:
  Water, Health:                                      Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:                                       Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                                           E-374
-------
 MULTIMEDIA
 ENVIRONMENTAL
 GOALS
        48
PHOSPHATE

Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, tig/l
(ppm Wt)

Land. M9/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Batnd on Beit Technology
A. f KUtlna SlemUnlt
NSPS, BPT. BAT




B. Devalonlnii Technology
Engineering Eittmatei
(HUD Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
ToMidty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects




Bnedon
Ecological
Efieeti




B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bisedon
Health Effects




Baud on
Ecological
Effects




C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*

100 t
< 50 |
10-30 f

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. pg/|
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Baied on
Health Effect!



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



t For rivers
t Where  streams enter lakes and reservoirs
t Total  phosphorus for lakes
                                 E-375
-------
CATEGORY:  48                                                 WLN:  H3 P
 PHOSPHINE:  PH3 (hydrogen phosphide).                            STRUCTURE:
  A colorless gas, odor of decaying fish.
                                                                           H
PROPERTIES:
  Molecular Ht:  34.04; mp:   -133;  bp:  -87.5; d: 1.529 g/i at
  oa C; vap. press:  20 atm at -3°  C; slightly soluble.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Phosphlne Is formed by the alkaline hydrolysis of  phosphorus.
     The odor threshold Is reported to be 0.021 ppm (ref.  29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Phosphlne  Is a very toxic  gas.  Acute poisoning  1s characterized by depression of the central  nervous
  system and lung irritation.   Chronic poisoning may  result from continued exposure to very low concentrations
  (refs. 4. 9).  The lowest reported concentration causing death for a person  Is 1,000 ppm; duration of the
  exposure Is not specified.   Inhalation of 8 ppm for 1 hour caused pulmonary  effects 1n a human (ref.  2).
     LO   (Inhalation, rat):   11 ppm for 4 hr.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV * 0.4 mg/m   (0.3 ppm)  (this TLV does not take  Into consideration the possibility of chronic phos-
   phorus poisoning from phosphlne [ref. 4]).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r, Health:  400 wg/«i3 (0.3 ppm)                   Air. Ecology:
   Water. Health:  15 x 400 * 6 x 103  i,g/».             Water, Ecology:
   land. Health:                                     Land. Ecology:
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

   EPCAH1 " ]°3 * °-4/420 ' °-95
   EPCAHla " °-3/420 " 0-°°07 PP
   EPC,^ • 15 x 0.95 • 14 wg/l

   EPCHH2 " 13'8 * °'4 " 5
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       xx
       48
PHOSPHINE

Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MS/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Sundardt
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimatat
(RoVD Goali)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
B tied on
Health Erfmn
4.0E2
6.0E3

Baled on
Ecological
Effect.



B. Ambient Level God*
Beted on
Heelth Effecn
0.95
(0.0007)
5.5

Bated on
Ecologleai
Effect*



C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background-



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/|
(ppm Wt)
Land, (jg/n
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effect!



B. Based on
Ecological Effect.



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Heelth Erfacti
0.95
(0.0007)
5.5

B. Bawd on
Ecological Effectt



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants

Bated on Health Effects



                               E-377
-------
                                                                WLN:  AS
                                                                STRUCTURE:

                                                                   As
                                                                     -3
                                                                     +5
                     4
                     +3
CATEGORY:  49
ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS (AS ARSENIC):  As (metallic
  arsenic, gray or black arsenic, yellow arsenic).  Gray,
  brittle metal I hexagonal-rhombic crystals or yellow cubic
  crystals (As4).                                                   As
PROPERTIES:                                                        As
  Atomic number:  33; group:  5a; atonic wt:  74.92; mol. wt:  299.64;
  sublimes at 613° C; d:  5.729 at 14°  C; vap. press:  1  mm at 372° C;
  valency:  -3, +3, +5; Insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
      Arsenic occurs widely In nature as the sulflde, arsenide and sulf arsenides of  heavy metals.  The
  compounds formed are analogous to those of phosphorous.  Yellow arsenic,  the nonmetalUc form, As^ 1s
  formed at 500* C by rapid condensation of arsenic vapor.  It 1s photosensitive and changes to gray
  arsenic  on exposure to light.  Arsenic forms three series of compounds:   -3:  arsenides (MjAs where M
   Is a tnonovalent metal); +3:  arsenous; +5:  arsenic.   Arsenic acid (HAsO^  • 1/2H,,0)  is water soluble
                                                                        See also  Arsenic THoxIde and
                                                                            3

                   (ref. 1).  The natural
  An arsenate fs  a  salt of arsenic add and  contains the radical AsO^
  Arslne.
     Rural background concentration of arsenic  In air 1s reported as 0.05 ng/m
  concentration of  arsenic 1n seawater 1s 2.6 wg/t (ref. 28).
     Background levels In freshwater as Indicated from hydrologlc benchmark samples 1s 0-20 ug/i (refs.  28,  69).
  Arsenic content 1n U.S. drinking water supplies ranges from a trace to 0.1  mg/t (ref.  28).
     The total  dally Intake of arsenic from  food averages 900 ug for adults (ref. 28).
     A range of 0.2-80 kg/ha of As exists In soils with a typical level around 12 kg/ha (ref.  118).
     Occurrence of  arsenic 1n the earth's crust 1s 0.0005 percent (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     The toxlclty of arsenic 1s believed to be related to Its valence state, the trlvalent species being
  the most toxic.  Compounds of arsenic may be absorbed by inhalation, Ingestlon, and through the skin
  (ref. 117).   Excretion Is slow, requiring up to  10 days after acute absorption and sometimes more than
  a year after prolonged absorption (ref. 117).  Arsenic 1s a cumulative poison producing long-term chronic
  effects In mammals.   Industrial poisoning due to arsenic has caused dermatitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis,
  and perforation of the nasal septum (ref. 4).
  LDL(J (Intramuscular,  rat):  25 rag/kg.
     The amounts of As  (primarily In Its arsenate  form) producing toxlclty 1n sensitive plants vary from
  110-340 kg/ha for sandy to clayey soils respectively (ref. 23).  A concentration of 0.5 mg/i 1n nutrient
  solutions is toxic to pineapple, and orange seedlings, and reduces tomato yields by 80 percent (ref. 33).
  Arsenic concentrations of 1.1 to 2.2 mg/t are toxic to pike perch (Stlzostedlon vitreum) in 2 days (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV:  0.5 mg/m  (for arsenic and compounds [as metal]).
     Intended change—TLV:  0.25 mg/m  (for inorganic  compounds, as As).
     Inorganic arsenic  1s the subject of a NIOSH Criteria  Document.  NIOSH recommends that no worker be
  exposed to > 0.002 mg/m .  Compliance with all sections  of  the recommended standard will prevent
  noncarclnogenlc adverse effects from arsenic (ref. 119).
     Arsenic 1s under study for National Emissions Standards  for Hazardous Air Pollutants (ref. 16).  It
  is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).  It appears on the EPA
  Consent Decree Priority I List.
     FDA lists permissible levels of arsenic In food as  follows—muscle meats:  0.5 ppm; edible meat by-
  products:  1.0 ppm; eggs:  0.5 ppm (ref. 28).
     EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For  domestic water supplies (health)--SO ug/t; for Irrigation
  of crops—100 ug/t (ref. 33).
     NAS/KAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For public  water supply sources—0.1 mg/i; for marine aquatic Hfe:
  hazard level—0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be
  applied to 96-hour LCcn); for 11vestock--0.2 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t (for continuous use on all
  soils) (ref. 28).    50
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  r ng/m3
  Water, Health:  5 x 50 •  250 ug/t
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 250 - 0.5 ug/g

ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
                            _3
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:   5 x 10 • 50 ug/t
Land, Ecology:   0.002 x 50 - 0.1  ug/g
  EPC,
     AH1
  FPC
     HH1
  EPCWES
  EPCLH '
• 2/420 -0.005 ug/mj
« 15 x 0.005  • 0.75 ug/t
- 13.8 x 0.002 • 0.03 ug/t
« 50 ug/t
 0.002 x 50 - 0.1  ug/g
EPCWES
EPC,
   IE
                                                                   *  10  ug/t
                                                                   0.002 x 10
0.02 ug/g
                                           E-378
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    XXX
     49
ARSENIC
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/tfp
(ppm Vol)
Water, »gl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT


•
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goalil



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effecn
2.0EO
2.50E2
5.0E-1
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!

5.0E1
l.OE-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effeen
0.005
50
0.1
Baud on
Ecological
Effects

10
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.00005
0-20,
2.6 t

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MB/m3
(ppm Vol)
Watar, fig/1
{ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effect*

50

B. Based on
Ecological Effect*

10

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect*
0.005

0.1
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects


0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect!



t For seawater
                                E-379
-------
CATEGORY: 49                                                  WIN:  AS H3
 ARSINE:  AsH3 (arsenic hydride,  hydrogen arsenide,  arsenous       STRUCTURE:
   hydride, arseniuretted hydrogen).                                     ^
   A colorless gas, garlic odor.                                         |
                                                                  H - As  -  H
PROPERTIES:
   Molecular wt:  77.92; mp:   -116.3; bp:  -55; d:  2.695  (gas),
   1.689  at 84.9 (liquid); vap. d:  2.66; solubility:   20  mt  per
   100 ml H20.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
      Arslne may be formed by  the reduction of arsenic compounds  In acid by active metals such  as  zinc or magnesium.
      Odor  recognition level for  arslne Is 1.84 mg/m  (ref. 3).   This Is equivalent to approximately 0.6 ppm.
      Arslne decomposes when heated to 300°, depositing arsenic.  On exposure to  light, moist arslne
   decomposes quickly, depositing arsenic.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Arslne Is extremely  toxic; 3 to 10 ppm can cause  poisoning symptoms 1n a few hours.   A number of cases
  of chronic poisoning  are also reported.  Arslne poisoning  1s characterized by anemia resulting  from hemolysls
  (refs. 4, 9).  A  concentration of 3 ppm has caused red blood cell effects In a human; 25 ppm for 30 minutes
  has caused death  (ref.  2).
     Arslne is a recognized carcinogen (ref.  9).
     See Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV « 0.2 mg/m3  (0.05 ppm).
     1975 NIOSH recommendation for occupational  exposure  to  Inorganic arsenic. Including arslne,  as
  As:  2 ug/m3 (ref.  119).
     Arsenic 1s under study for National Emissions  Standards  for Hazardous A1r Pollutants (ref.  16).   It  is
  a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).  It appears on the  EPA Consent
  Decree Priority I List.
     Criteria for arsenic iij water are as follows:
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  For  domestic water supplies (health)—50 vg/t;  for
   irrigation of crops—100 ;.g/i (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For public  water  supply sources~0.1  mg/l; for marine  aquatic  life:
  hazards level—0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/i; application factor—0.01  (to  be
  applied to 9»i-hour  UCen)'« for 11vestock--0.2 mg/t; for  1rr1gat1on--0.lO mg/«. (for continuous use on  all
  wils) (r«sf. 28).    50

 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: (as As)
  Air, Health:  ? »g/m3                               Air,  Ecology:
  Water, Health:  •>  x 50  • 250 »g/f                   Water. Ecology:   5 x 10 » 50 vg/i
   Land. Health:  0.002 x  250 • 0.5 »q/g               Land,  Ecology:  0.002 x 50 » 0.1 ug/g

 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: (as  As)
   EPCAH1 > 2/420 ' 0.005  ug/mj
   EPCWH1 * 15 * 0-°°5 * 0'08 "9/t
   EPCWH2 " 13'8 * Ol002 * °-03 "9/t
   £PCWHS " 50 "9/t                                   EPCWES * 10 W9/1
        • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 i,g/g                       EPCL£ « 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g


                                          E-380
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
  XXX
    49
ARSINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bawd on Bint Technology
A. Exlitlni Sundirdi
NSPS. BPT, BAT



U. ruvtioping Tonhnolofly
Engineering Eitlmetei
(R&D Go.UI



II. Bnad on Ambient Faeton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicltv EffliMnl
BtMd on
HMlth EHecli
2.0EO
2.50E2
5.0E-1
BiHdon
Ecologlcil
EflKtl

5.0E1
l.OE-1
B. Ambient L«»l Ooil*
BMdon
Hiiltfi EKKti
0.005
50
0.1
Biudon
Ecolotlttl
EtfK«

10
0.02
C. EHmlnition of
DlKhargi
Ntiuril BKkground*



•To to multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. pa/in3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propotad Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effect!

50

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

10

II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Hulth Effect!
0.005

0.1
B. Bas«d on
Ecologies Efftcti


0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bend on Health Effects



                               E-381
-------
CATEOORY:  49                                                   WIN:  AS2.03
AHSENIC TRIOXIDE:  A^O, (irsisnlc  (III) oxide, arsenic            STRUCTURE:
  •. Pb,  1.9 X S' and traces of water  (fef- *)•
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Arsenic trioxlde has been shown to be acutely toxic to animals and humans.  Occupational exposures have
   resulted in contact dermatitis and sensltizatlon, conjunctivitis, and ulceratlon and perforation of the
   nasal system (ref. 4).
      LD50 (oral,  rat):  20 rag/kg.
      Inhalation of  700 ug/nr for 1 year 1s reported to have caused a carcinogenic response 1n humans.  The
   EPA/NIOSH ordering number for As203 1s 7121.   It Is not possible to determine the dosage effecting the
   carcinogenic response; hence it is not possible to calculate an adjusted  ordering number.  Arsenic trioxlde
   fed to mice did not produce tumors (ref. 91).  The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded
   that the role of  arsenic 1s uncertain In the  Increased lung cancer risk among smelter workers (ref. 91).
      Aquatic toxlcity:  TUn 96:  10-1 ppra.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV (production, as As) • 0.05 mg/in  (arsenic  trioxlde production  Is  recognized by AC6IH to have
   carcinogenic or cocarclnoqenic potential).
      1975 NIOSH recommendation for occupational  exposure to Inorganic arsenic,  Including arsenic trioxidr,
   as As:  2 ug/m3 (ref. 119).
      Arsenic Is under study for National Emissions  Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants  (ref. 16).  It
   is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).   It appears on the EPA
   Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
      Criteria  for arsenic In water are as follows:
      EPA 1976  Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  For domestic water supplies  (health)—50 yg/i; for Irrigation
   of crops—100 v.g/1 (ref. 33).
      NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For public water supply sources--0.1 mg/i; for marine
   aquatic life:  hazard level--0.05 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/fc; application
   factor—0.01  (to be applied to 96-hour LCSO);  for livestock—0.2 mg/i;  for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t (for
   continuous use on all soils) (ref. 28).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:  (as As)
   Air, Health:   2 ug/m                                Air, Ecology:
   Hater, Health:   5 x 50 • 250 ug/t                   Water, Ecology:  5  x 10 »  50 ug/t
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 250 * O.S ug/g               Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g

 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:  (as As)
   EPCAH1 • 2/420 -0.005 ug/m3
   rf>CWHl '  15  x °-OOS " "-08 u<)/t                     EPCWE1  " 50 x '  " 50 "9/t
   EPCWH2 "  13'8 *  °-002 " °'03 U9/1
   EPCWHS "  M  "9/t                                   EPCHES " 10 u9/t
     CLH
         •" i'jr —                                   *•• "UtC    " "»' **
EPC. „ • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1  ug/m3                      EPCLE « 0.002 x 10 « 0.02 ug/g
                                            E-382
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
            XXX
             49
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/in3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0EO
2.50E2
5.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E1
l.OE-1
8. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.005
50
0.1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecn

10
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ijg/tn
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, >ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Hmltfi Effect!

50

B. Based on
Ecologkal Effecn

10

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.005

0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.02
lit. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-383
-------
CATEOOBY:  SO                                                  WtN:  SB
 ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS (AS ANTIMONY):  Sb (antimony      STRUCTURE:
   black, stlbluw).                                                                      +3
                                                                  Sb        Sb.        Sb
   Rhonbohedral, blue-white, brittle,  lustrous substance.
                                                                  SbR3      Sb02"      SbO
 PROPERTIES:                                                      (R is tn alkyl group.)
   Atomic number:  51; group 5a; atomic wt:  121.75;
   mp:   630.5;  bp:  1,380; d: 6.684 at 25"; vap. press: 1mm
   at 886° C; valency:  +3, +5; insoluble
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Antimony  1s a metal of the arsenic  family.  It forms compounds analogous to those of phosphorous and
 •  arsenic.  Compounds derived from trivalent antimony are more common and Include  antimonous or stibnous.
   (Sb*3); stlblnes (SbR}, where R is  an  alkyl group); antinomies, (Sb02*); and antlmonyl, (SbO*).  The most
   Important antimony-containing mineral  Is stlbnite, Sb2$3 (ref.  96).
     A concentration of 7.4 ng/m  has been reported In urban  air  (ref. 1).  Natural  concentration 1n
   seawater  is  0.45 ug/t (ref. 28).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Effects of intoxication may Include skin Irritation,  Inflammation of mucous membranes, and nervous system
   and gastrointestinal effects (ref.  9).
      Chronic poisoning may result from  inhalation of antimony or its compounds.   The  lowest toxic concentration
   reported for human Is 4.700 ug/m3 for 20 weeks.
      The relative order of toxlcity,  Intraperltoneally. of antimony compounds beginning with  the most toxic
 Is:  metallic  antimony, antimony trisulflde, antimony pentasulflde, antimony trloxlde, and antimony
 pentoxide (ref. 4).
      LOM (oral,  rat):  100 ng/kg for antimony.
      Toxlcity  to  aquatic life:   The 96-hr Lf5Q for fathead minnow 1s 80 ppm (antimony trloxlde) (ref. 28).
 This Is equivalent to 67 ppm as  Sb.
      Antimony  can be concentrated by various marine forms  to over 300 times the  amount present in seawater
 (re'. 28).  Concentrations as low as 1 mg/t. as  Sb. have produced effects in fish (ref.  10).

 BEBULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS- CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE »TATU» TOR 8PEC|f 1C REGULATION;
      TLV:  0.5 mg/m3 (for antimony and compounds [as Sb] except antimony trloxlde).
      Antimony  compounds are Included In the EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
      Antimony  1s  a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
      NAS/NAE Hater Quality Criteria, 1972:  For marine aquatic life—hazard level:  0.2 mg/i; application
   factor:  0.02 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC5Q) (ref.  28).

 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   A1r, Health:  500 pg/m3 (except SbgOj)               Air, Ecology:
   Water, Health:  15 x 500 • 7.5 x 103  ug/i            Hater. Ecology:  200 vg/l
   Land, Health:  0.002 x 7.5 x 103 •  15 ug/g           Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCtNTRATIONi:
   EPCAH, • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1.2 pg/m3
   EPC,^, - 15 x 1.2 • 18 pg/l                         EPC-E3 •  0.2  x 200 • 4
   EPCKH2 " 13'8 x °'5 " 7 "'^
        • 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 pg/g                      EPCL£ • 0.002 x 40 • 0.08
                                               E-384
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       xx
       50
ANTIMONY




Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E2
7.5E3
1.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

2.0E2
4.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
Baud on
Ecological
Effects

40
0.08
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.007 t
0.45 f

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/a
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects

40
0.08
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



t Reported for urban air.  No rural  concentration  is reported.

* For seawater
                                 E-385
-------
CATEGORY:  50
 ANTIMONY TR10XIDE:  SbgQj {antlwonous oxide).                     STRUCTURE:
  A colorless or white, cubic or rhombic,  odorless.                 ^ g
  tasteless powder.

PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt:  291.5; mp:  656; bp:  1550 (sublimes);
  d:   5.2; slightly soluble; vap. press:  1 ran at 574" C.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Antimony trloxlde 1s associated with participate matter 1n the atmosphere.  Normal density for Sb203 is
  5.5? g/cm3; floe density Is 0.63 g/cm3 (ref. 3).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Chronic dally Inhalation of high levels (45 mg/m ) by guinea pigs resulted  1n pneumonltls and liver
   effects; occasional exposure to rats did not produce such effects.
      Carcinogenic  effects 1n test animals are not reported 1n the references  cited for this report.
      LD5Q (oral, rat):  >20 g/kg (ref. 24).
      Aquatic toxlclty:  The acute dose 96-hour LC5Q 1s 80 ppm for fathead minnow. Plmephales promelas (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
      TLV:  0.5 mg/m3  (for handling  and use. as Sb).
      Antimony trloxlde production Is  classified by ACGIH as  suspect of carcinogenic potential for man.  TLV:
   0.05 mg/m  (for antimony trloxlde production).
      Antimony compounds are Included  1n the EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
      Antimony Is  a candidate for the  list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards  (ref.  10).
      NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria.  1972. for antimony: For marine aquatic life—hazard level:  0.2 mg/t;
   application factor:  0.02 (to be  applied to the 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. 28).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
   Air. Health: SO ug/m3                              Air.  Ecology:
   Water, Health:   15  x 50 • 750 ug/t                   Water. Ecology:  200 ug/t,  as  Sb
   Land. Health:  0.002 x 750 • 1.5  ug/g                Land. Ecology:  0.002 x  200 «  0.4 ug/g, as Sb
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   EPCAH1  • 103 x 0.5/420 "1.2 ug/m3. as Sb
   EPCWH1  * 1S x '-2 '  18 "9/1' as Sb                  EPCWE3 * °'2 x Z0° = 40 U9/1*  as Sb
   EPCWH2  " 13'8 x °'5  * 7 "9/t< *s Sb
   EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 •  0.014 ug/g, as Sb                EPCLE - 0.002 x 40 * 0.08 ug/g
   EPCAC,  « 50/420 • 0.1 ug/m3
        • 15  x 0.1 • 1.5 ug/t
        - 0.002 x 1.5  ' 0.003 ug/g


                                          E-386
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             XXX

               50
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS

Category

Air , j/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS. DPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettlmetei
m&O Goal!)



11. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxlcity Effluent
Bmiidon
Health Effect!
5.0E1
7.5E2
1.5EO
Bmdon
Ecolojlcal
Efftcn

2.0E2
4.0E-1
B. Ambient Ural Goal*
Blind on
Health EHMtt
0.1
1.5
0.003
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!

40
0.08
C. Elimination of
Ditcher ge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air. ita/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Mfl/l
(pom Wt)
Land, cu/fl
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baxdon
Haalth Effwtt



B. Bawd on
Ecotoofed Effaetj



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Htalth EffKtt
1.2
7
0.014
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!

40
0.08
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baled on Health Effect!
0.1
1.5
0.003
                               E-387
-------
CATEGORY:   51                                                  WLN:  BI
BISMUTH AND, BISMUTH COMPOUNDS (AS  BISHUTH):  81.                  STRUCTURE:
  A pink. t11v«ry, brittle metal of the arsenic group.              g1  BJ»3  g1+5
                                                                 810*  M3B1  B1R3
                                                                 [H is a monovalent metal; R 1s
PROPERTIES                                                       an a]ky, gn)up]
  Atonic number:  83; group Sa, atomic wt:  208.98; mp:   271.3;
  bp:  1,420-1,560; d:  9.8; valency:  +3, +5; Insoluble;
  diaraagnetlc; vap. press:  1  mm at 1,021° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Bismuth  forms two series  of compounds.  Trlvalent compounds are:  BIsmutMdes (M^BI),  Blsmuthans (81  ),
  Blsanithyl  (BIO*), and Blsmuthlnes (B1R,).  (N 1s a monovalent metal and R is an alkyl  group.)  Pentavalent
    :      '  ' '                     +^i
  compounds are called Blsmuthlc (BI  ).
     Rural background concentration In air 1s 0.0004 ug/m to 0.0030 ug/m  (ref. 1).  Natural concentration
  In seawater  Is 0.02 ug/t (ref. 28).
     Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust 1s 0.2 ppra (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Bismuth Is considered as  one of the less toxic of the  heavy metals.  However, It can cause  kidney
  damage and behaves similarly to lead In the body (ref.  9).
     LDjQ for dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth (Intravenous, rat):   13 mg/kg; molecular wt, dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth:
  302.  (as BI):  209/302 x 13  « 9 mg/kg (based on LD5Q for  dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     A TLV has  been  specified for bismuth tellurlde, BIjTe^  *  10 mg/m  ; the effects of exposure  appear  to be
  mild and reversible (ref. 4).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:  45 x  9 • 405 ug/m3                    Air,  Ecology:
  Water. Health:  15  x 405 • 6.1 x 10  ug/t            Hater,  Ecology:
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 6.1 x 103 • 12 ucj/g           Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 9 • 1.0 ug/«3
  EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 9 • 0.7 i,q/m3
  FPCHH1 " 1S x °'7 " t0'5 "9/l
  EPCWH2 " °'4 * 9 " 3'6 v
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      XX
      51
BISMUTH

Mr,ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land. ;jg/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exiiting Standardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Enginxring Eitimatn
IR&D Goals)



II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acutt
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.1E2
6.1E3
1.2E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecb



B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bated on
HeaMl Effecti
0.7
3.6
0.007
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti



C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
0.0004-
0.003
0.02t

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.tig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, >ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects




B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
0.7
3.6

0.007
B. Based on
Ecological Effecti




III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects




  For seawater
                                E-389
-------
CATEGORY:  52                                                   WLNi   000
OZONE:  °3 (triatomlc oxyqen).                                    STRUCTURE:
  A faint blue gat, characteristic, pungent odor.
                                                                          n
                                                                        /\
                                                                       o     o
PjROPERTJEf:
  Molecular wt:  40.0;  mp:    193. l>|i:  -II 1.9;
  gas d:  2.144 
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    52
OZONE

Air, /*g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Mfl/l
(ppm Wt)
Lend, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baied on
Health Effects
2.0E2
(0.1)


Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E1


B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
160
(0.08)


Based on
Ecological
Effects
160
(0.08)


C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
20 - 40


•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, 
-------
CATEGORY:  53                                                 WIN:  SCO
CARBONYL SULFIDE:  COS  (Carbon oxysulfide).                      STRUCTURE:
  A colorless gas.                                                S - C - 0
PROPERTIES:
   Molecular wt:  60.07; mp:  -138; bp:  -50.2; d:   (11q) 1.Z4 at
   -87° C; (gas) 1.073; yap. d:  2.1; solubility:   54 mis per 100 mis
   at 20° C; vap.  press:  760 mm at -49.9° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Carbonyl sulflde  liberates H^S upon decomposition/reduction.
     Although slightly soluble In water, carbonyl  sulflde 1s an air contaminant rather than a water problem.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Carbonyl  sulflde may be  narcotic In high concentration.  It Is  only a  slight  Irritant to the lungs  and
  acts principally upon the central nervous system (ref. 117).
     LCj_0 (Inhalation, mouse):  2,900 pom for 24 hrs.  This 1s  equivalent to 7,102 mg/m3.  Assuming absorption
  of the total amount of contaminant In the breathing volume, this concentration over 24 hours  corresponds to
  a dosage of 9.828 rag/kg.  (The weight of the mouse 1s estimated as 25 g and tidal breathing rate as 0.024 i/mln
  (refs. 2,3).  Derived LDLo:  9,828 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air. Health:  45 x 9,828 •  4.4 x 105 ug/m3          A1r, Ecology:
  Water, Health:                                     Water, Ecology:
  Land, Health:                                     Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!

  EPCAH2 • 0.107  x 9,828 - 1,050 ug/m3
  EPCAH3 - 0.081  x 9,828 • 800 ug/m3
                                         E-392
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              53
CARBONYL SULFIDE

Air, iigfm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
t. Baied on Best Technology
A. Existing Sundardi
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiatv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.4E5


Based on
Ecological
Effects



B. Ambient Level Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
800


Based on
Ecological
Effects



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MO/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, ity/t
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects



B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
800


B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                              E-393
-------
CATEGORY:   53                                                 WLN:  H2  S
HYDROGEN SULF1DE:  HjS (sulfur hydHde,  hydrosulfurlc             STRUCTURE:
  add).                         '                                  HS
  Colorless, poisonous, flammable gas  with  odor of
  rotten eggs.
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  34.08; mp:  -85.5;  bp:   -60.4;
  d:  1.539; vap.  press:  20 atmos.  at 25.5° C;
  vap. d:  1.189;  very soluble:  4,000 mg/i at 20° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Hydrogen sulflde 1s a significant pollutant In both air and water.   The odor  recognition level for hydrogen
  sulflde gas 1s reported as low as 0.0015  mg/m  (ref. 3); the perception level  Is 0.002 mg/i (ref. 24).  In
  water, soluble sulfldes react to form  HS" or HgS.  The equilibrium between HS' and H2S 1s affected by the
  pH of the water, formation of HgS being favored by low pH.
     Hydrogen sulflde may be generated by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in water (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
     Exposure to high concentrations  (500-1,000 ppm) of H^S may result in systemic  poisoning  (ref. 4).  The
  primary effect resulting from exposure to low concentrations (< 20 ppm) 1s to the eyes  (conjunctivitis).  The
  biological half-life of hydrogen sulflde is  reported as < 20 m1n (ref. 22).
     Death of a human resulted from inhalation of 600 ppm for 30 minutes (ref.  2).
     U>50 (Inhalation, rats):  713 ppm (1 hr).
     Exposure to H^S Is reported to cause marking of leaves of plants, particularly young plants; 150,000 ug/m
  for 4 hours caused 100 percent marking of leaf area of lamb's quarters (Chenopodiuin murale)  (ref. 3).  Molecular
  HgS is highly toxic to fishes.  Effects to bluegill are reported from concentrations of 0.001 mg/i  (ref. 121).
  Both acute and chronic effects from exposure have been noted 1n various species  (refs.  28,  121).  At levels
  of 0.02-0.7 ng/t, walleye (Stlzostedion vltreum) eggs did not hatch (ref. 33). 96-hour LC50 for northern pike
  (Esox lucius):  17-32 ug/t (ref. 33).

 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV >  15 mg/m  (10 ppm) (this level 1s specified to prevent eye Injury; odor  threshold is much higher).
     EPA, 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  2 ug/t as undlssodated HgS  for  fish and other aquatic life,
  fresh and marine water  (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria for sulflde:  For freshwater aquatic life—0.002 mg/i; for marine
  aquatic life—hazard level:  0.01 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects:   0.005 rag/t; application  factor:
  0.1  (to be applied to the 96-hour LC.n (ref. 28).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
  Air, Health:   1.5 x  104 ug/m3 (10 ppm)                        Air, Ecology:
  Hater. Health:  15 x 1.5 x  103 • 2.25 x 104 u
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              53
HYDROGEN SULFIDE

Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, po/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimatei
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health EffecO
1.5E4
(10)
2.3E4

Based on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E1

B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
36
(0.024)
207

Bated on
Ecological
Effects

2

C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Beted on
Ecological Effeco

2

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
36
(0.024)
207

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects



                               E-395
-------
CATEGORY:   53
CARBON 01SULF1DE:   CS2  (carbon bisulfide).
  Clear, colorless liquid; characteristic odor.
                                                WLN:   SCS
                                                STRUCTURE:

                                                       cs,
PROPERTIES;
  Molecular wt:  76.13; mp:  -110.8; bp:  46.5;
  d:  1.261; vap. press:  400 ran at 28° C; vap. d:  2.64;
  water solubility:  0.22 g at 25°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Although carbon dlsulflde 1s a liquid at standard  conditions. 1t has a very high  vapor pressure.  I'
  Is significant primarily as an air contaminant.  The  odor  recognition level of CSg Is  0.05  to 2.6 mg/m'
  (refs. 3, 29).   Upon decomposition In air. carbon dlsulflde emits S02 and SOj.
     Carbon dlsulflde undergoes hydrolysis to hydrogen  sulflde when treated with water or alkali at 400°
  to 500" C.  With sulflde Ion. CS? may form thlocarbonates. CS3*2.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Carbon dlsulflde may be absorbed through skin as well  as  through the lungs.  Both acute and chronic
  exposures damage the central  nervous system.  Repeated exposure to levels of 40 to 50 ppm have been
  associated with headache, fatigue. Irritability. Insomnia, and other symptoms (ref. 4).
     Ingestlon of 14 mg/kg resulted 1n the death of a human; 4,000 ppra for 30 minutes also caused a  death.
  Central  nervous system effects  resulted from a concentration of 50 rng/m  for 7 years (ref. 2).
     The biological half-life for carbon dlsulflde Is reported as 0.036 days and for Its metabolite, 0.058
  days (ref. 20).
     to..  (IntrapeHtoneal,  rat):  400 mg/kg
     See also Hydrogen Sulflde.
     Aquatic toxlclty:  Tim 96:  1,000-100 ppra.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION:
     TLV (skin) • 60 mg/m  (20 ppm) (the TLV Is established to prevent systemic effects; the  odor recognition
   level Is much higher).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:
  Water. Health:
  Land, Health:
6.0 x 10* ug/m3 (20 ppm)
  15 x 6.0 x 10* « 9 x 105
                                                             A1r.  Ecology:
                                                             Water,  Ecology:
                                                             Land, Ecology:
100 x 100 -  1.0  x  10H ug/t
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH] •  103 x 60/420 •  143 ug/m3
  £PCAHla • 20/420 • 0.05  ppm
  EPCy^ •  IS x 143 • 2.150 ug/t
  EPCWH2 '  13'8 * 60 " 83° u'/l
                                          EPC
                                                             HE1
                                                                 •  50  x  100 • 5.000 ug/l
                                            E-396
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
              53
CARBON DISULFIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bait Technology
A. Exilting Sundardl
NSPS, BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatei
(R&D Goal.)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicjty Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
6.0E4
(20)
9.0E5


Baaed on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E4


B. Ambient Lew) Goal-
Bated on
Health Effect!
143
(0.05)
830


Baled on
Ecological
Effect!

5,000


C. Elimination of
DiKharge
Natural Background*




•To b« multiplied by dilution factor

Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Ba»d on
Health Effects




B. Bated on
Ecological Effects




II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effect!
143
(0.05)
830


B. Based on
Ecological Effects

5,000


III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baled on Health Effects




                               E-397
-------
CATEGORY:  54                                                  WLN: SE

SELENIUM AND SELENIUM COMPOUNDS (AS  SELENIUM):  Se.               STRUCTURE:

   Steel-gray, nonmetallic element; amorphous, or crystalline.          $e    Se+4
                                                                                   Se
                                                                                   -2
                                                                                         Se
PROPERTIES:
Atomic no:
Gray
Amorphous
Crystalline
34; group 6; atomic wt:
flip d bp
217 4.81 688
4.28
• ;-no 4.«6
78.96; valency: 2, 4,
solubility
insol
reacts with water
6.
vap. press
1 mm at 356°C
NATURAL OCCURBEUCE  CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS


     Selenium Is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur in its  various forms and In its compounds.

     Urban  concentration of selenium  In air 1s reported as 4.4 ng/m  (ref.  1).  Concentration in freshwater as

  indicated from hydrologlc benchmark stations ranged from 0 to 22  ug/i;  out  of 16 samples, 5 were zero (ref. 64).

  Natural concentration in seawater Is 0.45 wg/fc (ref. 28).  Selenium occurs  in nature usually In the sulfide

  ores of the heavy metals (ref.  24).  Selenium may be present in soil  as basic ferric selenate, calcium selenate,

  and as  elemental selenium.   It is present In the Earth's crust at about 0.09 ppm (ref. 24).  Normal soil

  concentrations are low, from 0.02 to 4.0 kg/ha.  A typical level  is 0.4 kg/ha (ref. 118).

     Selenium Is recognized as a dietary essential for humans; daily requirement 1s 200 ug for adults.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
    Both acute and chronic effects from exposure to selenium 4re reported.   It can be Inhaled, Ingested, or
  absorbed through the skin (ref.  117).  Symptoms appear similar to those  of  arsenic poisoning (ref. 33).  It
  can cause respiratory tract irritation and systemic effects.
    LD5Q (Intravenous, rat):  6 mg/kg; LCLQ (Inhalation, rat):   33 mg/kg/B hr.

    Oncogen1c effects resulting fron exposure to selenium are not reported although teratogenlc effects were
  produced In chicks and In mice (ref. 32).  The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlc responses is
  3213.  The lowest dosage reported to cause a teratogenlc effect 1s O.S mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number
  1s 6426.
    Aquatic toxlclty:  Selenium is considered dangerous to the aquatic environment.  It may be passed through
  the food chain and accumulated In fish.  As sodium selenlte. 2.0 mg/t are toxic to goldfish (Carasslus
  auratus) in 8 days (ref. 33).
    Small amounts of selenium added to soils may Increase the selenium content in forages.  Concentrations 1n
  soil of 0.2 kg/ha can produce 1.0 to 10.5 mg/kg in tissues of forage and vegetable crops.  Cattle are adversely
  affected by concentrations > 4 mg Selenium per kg of forage (ref. 28).  Crop plants are damaged by accumulation
  of large amounts of selenium.  Some grain crops will exhibit chlorosis.  There is usually inhibition of
  growth (ref. 122).
REQULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION.

     TLV:  0.2 mg/ra  (for selenium compounds, as Se).
     Selenium Is a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards  (ref. 10).  It is Included
  1n the EPA Consent Decree List. Priority III.
     National Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards:  0.01 mg/t,  as Se (ref. 102).
     U.S.  Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. Levels for Source Rejection:  0.01 mg/t. as Se (ref. 66).
     EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed):  For domestic water supply (health)—10 ug/t; for marine and
  freshwater aquatic life—application factor:  0.01 (to be applied  to 96-hr LCjg) (ref. 33).
 •   NAS/NAE Mater Duality Criteria, 1972:  For public water supply  sources—0.01 mg/t; for marine aquatic
  life:  hazard level—0.01 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.005 mg/t; application factor—0.01
  (to be applied to the 96-hour LC-J; for 11vestock--0.05 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.02 mg/t for continuous use
  on all soils (ref. 28).         w
MINIMUM  ACUTE TQXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  200 pg/m3                                  Air. Ecology:
  Hater.  Health:  5 x  10 - 50 wq/t

  Land. Health:  0.002 x 50 - 0.1


ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
   AH,
EPCHH1

EPCUH2

EPCWHS
EPCLH
         •  103 x 0.2/420 -0.5 wg

         "  1S " °'5 " 7'5 "9/l

         *  13>8 x 0<2 ' 2
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     XXX

       54
SELENIUM

(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatei
(R&D Qoatt)



II. Based on Ambient factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.0E2
5.0E1
l.OE-1
Bated on
Ecological
Effect*

2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baled on
Health Effect!
0.03
10
0.001
Bated on
Ecological
i_ Effect!

5
0.01
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.004t
0 - 22
0.45 f

•To bo multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Aif.nfl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/8
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Propond Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Beted on
Health Effect!

10

B. Bated on
Ecological Effects

5

II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effectl
0.5

0.03
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!


0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effect)
0.03

0.001
t For urban  atmosphere.  No rural concentration  is reported.

:  For seawater
                                  E-399
-------
CATEGORY:   54                                                 WLN:  H2 SE

HYDROGEN SEIENIDE:  H2$e (selenium hydride).                      STRUCTURE:
    Colorless poisonous gas; disagreeable odor of decayed
   horseradish.                                                   H.Se



PROPERTIES:
  Molecular wt: 80.98; mp:  -60.4; Dp:  -41.5; gas density:  3.664760
  (air); vap.  press:  10 atm at 23.4° C; solubility (in water:  270
  mi/100 mt at 22.5°.


NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Hydrogen  selenide is formed by the action of dilute acids on metallic selenides.   Selenium Mill combine

  directly with hydrogen at temperatures below 250° C to form H.Se.  Hydrogen selenide unites  directly with
                                                                                                 3
  most metals  to form metal selenides.  The odor recognition level for hydrogen selenide is  1.00 mg/m

  (ref.  3).  Hydrogen selenide gas  is Important as an air contaminant.  Because the gas is highly soluble

  in water,  (t  is also a potential  water contaminant.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Systemic poisoning as  well as pulmonary irritation may result from exposure to hydrogen  selentde.

  Liver damage is reported  from exposed experimental  animals (ref. 4).  It 1s generally considered to be

  more toxic than elemental  selenium.  The lowest toxic dose affecting the central  nervous  system of a

  human is 0.2 ppm.   See also Selenium and Selenium Compounds.

     LC50 (inhalation, guinea pig):  1 mg/m3/8 hr.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV >0.2 mg/m'1 (0.05 ppm).
    Standards and criteria applicable to selenium compounds include the following:
    Selenium 1s a candidate  for the 11st for  Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref.  10).   It  is  Included in the
  EPA Consent Decree List, Priority III.
    National Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards:  0.01 mg/t, as Se (ref. 102).
    U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, Levels for Source Rejection:   0.01  mg/t,  as  Se  (ref. 66).
    EPA  1976 Water Quality  Criteria (proposed):  For domestic water supply (health)—10 ug/t;  for marine and
  freshwater aquatic life—application factor:  0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LC,Q) (ref. 33).
    NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972:  For public water supply sources-O.OT mg/t  for marine aquatic life:
  hazard level—0.01 jng/t; minimal  risk of deleterious effects—0.005 mg/t; application factor—0.01  (to be
  applied to the 96-hr LCen); for livestock—0.05 mg/t; for irrigation—0.02 mg/t for continuous use on all
  soils  (ref. 28).       so

MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air, Health:  200 l.g/mj (0.05 ppm)                   Air. Ecology:
  Water. Health:  5 x 10 - 50 pg/i. as Se              Water. Ecology:  5 x 5 • 25 ug/t. as  Se

  Land. Health:  0.002 x 50 • 0.1 i.g/g. as Sa          Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 25 • 0.05 ug/g.  as  Se
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 103 x 0.2/420 • 0.5
EPCAH1a " °-05/420 * °-0001 '
EPCW1 - 15 X 0.5 • 7.5 Mfl/t
EPCW2 * 13'8 x °'2 " 2-8 "9/
EPCWS " 10 *>9/l
ug/m3
ipm
'i
                                                      EPCWES " 5 w9/t
 EPC,  • 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/9                        EPCL£ • 0.002 x 5 - 0.01 wg/9
                                                E-400
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
               xx
               54'
HYDROGEN SELENIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Watar, Mfl/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
EnginMring Eitimitai
(R&D Qo.li)



II. Bated on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Basad CMI
Hud* Effecti
2.0E2
(0.05)
5.0E1
l.OE-1
Bawd on
Ecologies
Effaeti

2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect*
0.5
(0.0001)
10
0.02
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!

5
0.01
C. Elimination of
Ditch arga
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.m/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land. w/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects

10

B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!

5

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effecti
0.5
(0.0001)

0.02
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti


0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effecti



                                E-401
-------
CATEGORY;   55                                                 WLN: TE

TELLURIUM AND TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS (AS TELLURIUM):                 STRUCTURE;
  Te (sylvanlum).Te     Te*
  S11very-white, metallic, brittle,  and lustrous element;
  forms rhombic crystals.                                          TeO,"    TeO.*

PROPERTIES;
  Atonic number:.  52; group 6a;  atonic tut:  127.61;  mp:  452;
  bp:  989.9; d:  6.24; vap. press:  1 mm at 520°:C;  valency:  -Z,
  +4, +6 (most conmon valence state  Is +4 as TeO^ );  Insoluble.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Tellurium,  a  homolog of sulfur  and selenium.  Is  a nonmetal.  It Ionizes  to  tellurldes and tellurous
  compounds  {Te").  Tellurium also forms tellurltes  (Te03*) and tellurates and telluric (Te04")
  compounds.   Tellurium ha1Ides  decompose In water.
     Occurrence  In the Earth's crust Is 0.002 pom (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Ingestlon or Inhalation of as little as  40  ug of tellurium 1n soluble  form has caused breath odor.
  There are no reports  of  serious Illness from Industrial exposure to tellurium and Us compounds (ref.  14).
  The unstable gas, hydrogen tellurlde (H2Te). Is highly toxic, but its  presence 1s unlikely (ref. 40).
     Tellurlte and tellurate are toxic when fed  to rats at concentrations of 25 to 50 ppra (ref. 4).
     Tellurium compounds can be absorbed by Ingestlon, Inhalation, or through the skin (ref. 117).
     Intoxication causes a garlic odor In breath and perspiration.
     LD   (subcutaneous, dog) 290 mg/kg as tellurium.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV - 0.1 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air,  Health:  100 ug/mj                             A1r, Ecology:
  Hater, Health:  15 x 100 •  1.5 x 103 ug/t            Water, Ecology:
  Land. Health:  0.002 x 1.5  x 103 • 3 i.g/g            Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPCAH1 "  1()3 x °'1/420 " °-24
  EPCNH1 "  1S x °'24 " 3'6 U9/1
  EfCWZ "  13'8 x°-1 " K4 "9/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 • 0.003 ug/g
                                          E-402
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        x
       55
TELLURIUM

Mr,ng/m3
-------
CATEGORY:  60
SCANDIUM:  Sc.
  A silvery-white,  soft, light metal.
                                                             WLN;  SC
                                                             STRUCTURE-
                                                             STRUCTURE.
                                                                      Sc
                                                                       +3
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:  21;  group 3b;  atomic wt:  44.95; valancy:  3;
  d:  2.985; mp:  1,538; bp:  2,832.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Scandium occurs 1n th« Earth's crust at 5 to 6 ppm (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Toxic properties are not established (ref. 9).
     LD50 (oral, mouse):  4,000 mg/kg for scanadlura  chloride, ScCU.  This  1s equivalent to 1,184 rag/kg as Sc.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:
              45 x 1,184 » 5.3 x 104 ug/m3
 Water, Health:  15 x 5.3  x 10  » 8x 105  ug/i
 Land, Health:  0.002 x 8x 10  * 1.6 x 10 ug/g
                                                   Air, Ecology:
                                                   Hater, Ecology:
                                                   Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
 EPC
    AH2
                        'Z7
         °'107 x l>184
    AH3  Of0fl1 *• lfl84 " * "9/
 EPC^, • 15 x 96 • 1,440 ug/l
 EPCWH2 " °'4 x lt184 * 474 u9/l
 EPCIU « 0.002 x 474 • 0.9 wg/g
    Ln
                                             E-404
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS

Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, nj/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.3E4
8.0E5
1.6E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect]



B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
96
474
0.9
Based on
Ecological
Etfeen



C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
96
474
0.9
B. Based on
Ecological Effects



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                               E-405
-------
CATEGORY:  62                                                   WLN:   TI
TITANIUM AND TITANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS T1TANT1UH):  TI.              STRUCTURE:
  A dark-gray,  amorphous metal..,       ,.
   .  .                                                              Ti      Ti  •*     TI*
                                                                 T103"2      Ti04"4      TiO+2
PROPERTIES:
  Atonic number:   22;  group 4b; atomic wt:   47.90; valency:  +2,
  +3. +4; Insoluble; mp:   1,677; bp:  3,277; d:  4.506-4.400.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Titanium has +2.  »3 and. +4 valence states with *1 being most  common.  It forms  several Ions:
  ntanous Ion (Tl+3); Titanic (on (T1+4);  m-Tltanate Ion (T10,*);  o-THanate Ion (T10/4); Tltanyl
          +?
  Ion (TIO  ). Titanium ha1 Ides are decomposed by water; the oxides and hydroxides are  Insoluble.
  T1,(SOJ, Is soluble in  water.
    e.   «* j                                                   *
     Rural background  concentration in air  is 0.003 to 0.15 ug/m   (ref. 1).  Natural  concentration in
  seawater Is 2 ug/i (ref. 28).
     Titanium Is  the ninth most abundant element 1n the Earth's crust, at 0.63 percent by weight (ref.  24).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Titanium 1s classified as physiologically Inert to humans.   Titanium 1s not reported as an
   intoxicating agent;  titanium oxide dusts are considered nuisances.  However, titanium tetrachlorlde is
   Irritating and corrosive  (ref. 9).
     LCLo (inhalation, mouse):  10 mg/m3 for T1C14: molecular wt:  189.7
     Aquatic toxlcity:  Titanium Is mildly toxic to fish:  96-hr LCjg for fathead minnow 1s 8.2 ppm In
   soft water for titanium sulfate (ref.  28).
     TLm 96 (for titanium tetrachlorlde):  1.000 to 100 ppm (ref. 2).
     Titanium Is effectively excluded by plants (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV for titanium dioxide, classified as a nuisance paniculate:  10 mg/m ,  molecular wt:  TIO,:  79.9
  as TI:  47.9/79.9 x 10 - 6 ing/m3 (except T1C14).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air. Health:  6 x 103  ug/m3 (except as T1O4)         Air.  Ecology:
  Waiter, Health:   15 x 6 x  10J • 9 x 104 pg/t           Water. Ecology:  100 x 8.2  *  820 t>g/t. as T1(S04)2
  Land. Health:   0.00? x 9  x 104 • 180 ug/g            Land. Ecology:  0.002 x 820 - 1.6 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  LPf.AH,  « JO3 x 6/420  • 14 «g/m3. as Ti  (except T1C14)
  rPCl*U  • !5 x 14  « 210 ng/t                          EPC^ « 50 x 82 « 4.10fr ug/i. as T1(S04)2
  rpCWH2  • 13.8 x 6 • 83 ug/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 83 •  0.17 i.g/g                       EPCL£ - 0.002 x 4,100 - B yg/g, as T1(S04)2
                                               E-406
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       62
TITANIUM




Air, /tg/m^
(ppm Vol)

Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E3

9.0E4
1.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effecn


8.2E2
1.6EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
14

83
0.17
Based on
Ecological
Effects


4,100
8
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
0.003 -
0.15
2 t

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ij/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, *ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Basedofi
Haiti Effects



B. Bmdon
Ecological EHectl



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
14
83
0.17
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

4,100
8
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



t For seawater
                                 E-407
-------
CATEGORY:65
VANADIUM. V.
  Light gray  or white powder, lumps,
                               or crystals.
                                                           WLN:v
                                                           STRUCTURE:
                                                                    vo
                                                                       -3
                                                                             VO
                                                                                -2
                                                                                 VO
                                                                                        ,+3
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:   23; group 5bi atomic weight:  50.94;
  valency:   2,  3,  4, 5; mp:  1,917; bp:  3,000; d:  6.11; Insoluble;
  vap, press:   10  mm at 12.2° C (for vanadyl trichloride, VOClj).

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Vanadium assumes several series of compounds:  Vanadous  (v"); Vanadlc  (V+3), Vanadyl (ous) (VO*);
  orthovanadate (V04~3); Metavanadate (V03"); Vanadyl(lc) (V0+3).  The +5  valence state 1s more comnon.
  Vanadates are salts of Vanadlc acid, HVOj.
     Vanadium Is present In tht Earth's crust at 0.01 percent  by weight  (ref. 24).  Vanadium concentrated
  by certain organisms during the formation of oil-bearing strata  In geological time 1s present 1n coal and
  oil {ref.  28).
     Vanadium Is a comnon air contaminant; It enters the atmosphere through  combustion of fossil fuels,
  particularly  oil (ref. 38).   Rural  background concentrations measured  1n air range from 0.005 to 0.024
  vg/m  (ref. 1).   The natural  concentration of vanadium In seawater 1s  2  ug/J. (ref. 28).  It has been found
  In U.S. surface waters In concentrations up to 0.3 mg/t; most samples  however, are less than 0.05 mg/i
  (ref.  28).

TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Vanadium 1s toxic by all  routes  of administration, with the pentavalent compounds exhibiting the highest
  degree of  toxlclty.   Inhalation causes respiratory system effects. Including tracheltls, bronchitis, pulmonary
  edema, and bronchial  pneumonia.   Dermatitis and conjunctivitis may also  occur.  Workers exposed to 0.5 to
  2.2 mg/m   of  V-0, had eye and bronchial Irritation; 0.2 to 0.5 mg/m  has caused respiratory symptoms (ref. 4).
                                    3
  Eye effects are reported at 100 vg/m  (ref. 2).  Chronic effects have  not  been reported (ref. 9).
     LDgQ (oral, mouse):  23 mg/kg for vanadium pentoxide.
     In  air, 0.5 to 1.0 vg/m  produced noticeable effects to plants (ref.  25).  Flax, soybeans, and peas showed'
  toxlclty  to vanadium at 0.5 to 2.5  mg/t In nutrient solutions (ref. 28).
     Aquatic toxlclty:  96-hour LC,..,:  4.8 ppm for fathead minnow, Plmephales promelas (as vanadyl sulfate)
  (ref.  28)  or  1.5 ppm, as V.
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV (V,0,):  dust, 0.5 mg/m3, as V.
                                3
                 fume, 0.05 mg/m ,  as V.
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For marine aquatic life—application  factor of 0.05 (to be
  applied to 96-hour t-C50); for livestock—0.1 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.10  mg/t for continuous use on all
  soils (ref. 28).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air, Health:  500  pg/m3
  Water, Health:   15 x 500 - 2.5 x 103 yg/i
  Land, Health:   0.002 x  2.5 x 103 « 5 ug/g
                                                 Air, Ecology:   1.0  ug/m
                                                 Water, Ecology:  100 x 1.5 -  150  vg/t m
                                                 Land. Ecology:   0.002 x 150 • 0.3 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
  EPC
  EPC
  EPC,
AH1
'UH1
WH2
- 10J x 0.5/420 •  1.2 pg/m4
  15 x 1.2  "  18 ug/l
  13.8 x 0.5  - 7 ug/t
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 7  - 0.014 ug/g
EPCAE •  0.1  x 1.0 « 0.1 ug/mj
EPCWE1 • 60  x 1.5 - 75 ug/t
EPCHES • 0.05 x 1500 - 75 ug/i
        0.002 x 75 » 0.15 ug/g
                                                 EPC
                                                         LE
                                          E-408
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
        x-
       65
VANADIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m^
(ppm Vol)
Watar, ^ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum AcuU
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E2
2.5E3
5.0EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
l.OEO
1.5E2
3.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
0.1
75
0.15
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.005-
0.024
<50

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, «ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effect!

75

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.1

0.15
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



                                E-409
-------
 CATEGORY:  68

 CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS (AS CHROMIUM):   Cr.              STRUCTURE:

      Very hard metal; cubic blue-white crystals.                    r+-          f>n
      Chromium compounds are highly colored.                                          2

                                                                   Cr+3          002

 PROPERTIES:                                                       Crf>4=         C^O

      Atomic no:  24; group 6:  atomic wt:  '51.996;
      mp:   1,890; bp:  2,642; d:  7.20; vap.  press:
      1 mm at  1,616° C; valency:  3,2,6.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Chromium occurs principally as chromites (CrO?~).   Other compounds  include  chromous  (Cr  ), chromic
(Cr+3), and hexavalent chromium as chromyl  (Cr02+2).   Chromates  (CrO^)  and  dichromates (CryOj-) may
also occur.  The concentration of Cr in rural atmosphere Is  reported  as  0.012  to 0.001 Ug/m3 (ref. 1).
Concentration of hexavelent chromium as indicated from hydrologic  benchmark  samples  ranges from zero
to 30 vg/t; out of nine samples, four were 0 (ref.  64).   Seawater  concentration  of chromium 1s reported
as about 0.04 ug/t (refs. 28,69).  The trlvalent form is not likely to he  present in waters of pH5 or
above because of the very low solubility of the hydrated oxide.
     Chromium occurs In the Earth's crust at 100 to 300 ppm  (ref.  24).   Concentration  in  soil averages
about 40 ppm (ref. 126).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     All chromium compounds are considered poisonous.   There  is some  indication that under long-term
exposure, trivalent  and  hexavalent forms may exhibit  similar  toxicities.  Hexavalent chromium is generally
considered more hazardous  than trlvalent chromium.  Exposure  to chromium in air results in injury to nasal
tissues of exposed workers.  Other respiratory problems also  result,  involving cancer of the respiratory
tract (associated with exposure to high concentrations) (ref. 4).   Inhalation of 4,500 ug/m3 chromium for
5 years has resulted in  pulmonary effects In humans (ref.  2).
     LDjo (oral, rat):  1,870 mg/kg, for CrCla.  This 1s equivalent to 615 mg/kg as Cr+3.
     There 1s an excessive risk of lung cancer among  workers  in the chromate-produdng industry (ref. 91).
Cancer In a human has resulted from exposure to 110 ug/«3  of  Crt>3 (ref. 27).  Duration of exposure is not
reported.  Chromium and  numerous chromium compounds are reported to cause cancer in rats and in mice
(refs. 2,91).  EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 7327.  The lowest dosage  resulting in a carcinogenic response
is  1 mg/kg.  The adjusted  ordering number is 7327.
     Aquatic toxicity:  Chromium Is toxic to aquatic  life, the most sensitive marine species being the
oyster; 10 to 12 u9/i may  be lethal to oysters (ref.  28).   Chromium exhibits a biocumulatlve effect in
aquatic organisms; some  phytoplankton can accumulate  2.300 times the  concentration in water (ref. 28).
     Chromium concentrations of 0.5 ng/i in water solutions and 10 mg/kg In soil cultures reduced
soybean yields (ref. 28).



REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV:  0.1 mg/a3 for chromic acid and chroutes,  as Cr03  (or 0.05 mg/m3, as Cr+e)
     0.5 mg/m3 for chromium and Insoluble chronic chromous salts, as  Cr.
     ACGIH lists certain Insoluble chromates as human carcinogens.  TLV for these compounds is not
specified.  Chromates are  Included  in the National  Cancer  Institute List of Carcinogens to Man.
     On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List and Candidate for  list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards  (ref. 10).
     Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards:  0.05  rog/t, as chromium  (ref. 102).
     U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations. Levels  for Source Rejection:  0.05  mg/i,
as  Cr+6 (ref. 66).
     HAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria, for chromium: For  public water supply sources:  0.05 mg/i;
for freshwater aquatic life:  0.05 mg/i; for marine aquatic life:   hazard 1evel--0.1 mg/i; minimal
risk of deleterious effects— 0.05 mg/t (0.01 mg/i for  oyster areas); application factor— 0.01 (to be
applied to the 96-hour LCjo); for Irrigation:  0.1 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
     Chromium (VI) Is the  subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document.  The  NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure, considering  potential carcinogenlcity  of Cr+6, is 1 yg/nH (ref. 127).
     EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed):  For domestic water  supply (health):  50 pg/t; for
freshwater aquatic life:  100 wg/t  (ref. 33).


MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

     Air. Health:  1 wg/m3                       Air, Ecology:

     Water, Health:   5 x 50 • 250 vg/i            Water. Ecology:   5  x 50 • 250 yg/t

     Land. Health:  0.002  x 250 * 0.5 u9/g        Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 250 - 0.5 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:

     EPC    • 103 x 0.05/420 » 0.12 wg/m3

              15 * °-12 " 1-

              13'8 x0'05 * °
     EPCHHS " M M9'£                            EPCWES
     EPCLH • 0.002 x 50  =• 0.1 pg/t               EPCWES * 10 U9/1 *f°r °*ster are»s)
     EPCHH1

     EPCHH2
     EPCAC1  » 1/420 « 0.002 ug/m3                 EPCLE - 0.002 x 50  - 0.1  pg/g
                3                      3
     EPCAC2 «  10/(6 x 7327) « 0.02 pg/m
     EPCyj. - 15 x  0.002 *  0.03 ug/l
     EPC.r • 0.002 x 0.03  - 0.0001 Mg/g
        LC
                                                 E-410
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     xxx
       68
CHROMIUM




Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWtt
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT. BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
l.OEO

2.5E2
5.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects


2.5E2
5.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.002

50
0.0001
Based on
Ecological
Effects


50
10 t
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.012-
0.001
0 - 30,
0.04 f
40
 •To be multiplied by dilution factor

Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, *ig/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

50

. B. Bated oo
Ecological Effects

50, 10 t

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.12

0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.002

0.0001
i
	 	 	 	 — J
t For oyster areas

  For seawater
                                E-411
-------
CATEGORY!   69
MOLYBDENUM AND MOLYBDENUM  COMPOUNDS (AS MOLYBDENUM):  Mo.
  Cubic, silver-white,  metallic crystals or gray-black powder.
                                                      WLN: HO
                                                      STRUCTURE:
                                                                Ho
                                                                       Mo"
                                                                              Mo
                                                                                       Mo
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:   42;  group 6b; atomic wt:  95.94;  mp:  2.617;     (M 1s a monovalent metal.)
  bp:  4,825; d:   10.28;  vap. press:  1 m at 3,102;  valency:  -2,
  3, 4, 5, 6; insoluble.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Molybdenum Is a heavy metal of the chromium group.  Most molybdenum compounds are derived from
  molybdenous (Mo"), molybdic (Mo*3 or Mo*6), and molybdate  (Mo04= or Mo^*).  The rural background
  concentration for molybdenum In air is reported as  0.001 to 0.0032 yg/i. (ref. I).  Natural concentration
  In seawater is  10 i.g/i  (ref. 28).  Occurrence In  the Earth's crust Is 1 to  1.5 ppm (ref. 24).   Molybdenum
  Is an essential  trace element in plant nutrition.   An average concentration of 2 i>g/g in soils 1s reported
  (ref. 128).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Molybdenum compounds  exhibit a low order of toxicity for exposed workers  (ref. 4).  Molybdenum
  trioxide and ammonium molybdate are more toxic than the metal or the dioxide  (ref. 4).  Signs of molybdenum
  poisoning are loss of appetite, listlessness.  diarrhea, and reduced growth rate (ref. 96).
     LDjg (intraperitoneal, mouse):  160 mg/kg.
     There is an Interrelation between molybdenum and copper In the nutrition requirements for sheep and
  cattle.   Copper poisoning Is associated with low molybdenum levels In forage; copper starvation is
  associated with high  molybdenum levels (ref. 98).  MolybdosU of cattle was associated with alsike clover
  grown  In soils that had  0.01 to 0.10 mg/t of molybdenum In saturation extracts (ref. 28).
     Phytotoxlcity Is negligible, but plants accumulate molybdenum In proportion to the amount in the soil  (ref.  28).
     Aquatic toxicity:  Marine molluscs are reported to have a concentration factor of 60 times the
  concentration In water (r«f. 28).  96-hr LC-n  for fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Is  70 mg/t (for
  molybdic anhydride).
REqULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV (soluble compounds):  5 mg/m3.
         (Insoluble compounds):  10  mg/m .
     MAS/NAE  1972 Water Quality Criteria:   For marine aquatic life:  24-hr average--0.02 times 96-hr
  LCjjp;  for Irrigation—0.010 mg/t. for continuous use on all  soils  (based on animal toxlcities from
  forage)  (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  Air.  Health:
     5 x 103 ug/rn3
  Water, Health:  15 x 5 x 103 - 7.5 x 104 yg/t
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 7.5 x 104 =• 150 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:  100 x 70 « 7 x 103 yg/i
Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 7 x 10  - 14 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
 tPC
    'AMI
 EPCHH1
 EPC,
    UH2
10J x 5/450° W9/1
EPCHEJ  -  20  x 70 - 1 .400 yg/t
EPCWES  -  10  ug/i (for Irrigation)
EPC
                                                         LE
                                                   0.002 x 10 - 0.02
                                               E-412
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
          69
MOLYBDENUM




Air, /ig/m^
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Baud on Be»t Technology
A. ExIltinoSlWlnrdl
NSPS. BPT, BAT




U. Dnmloptnn T.chnolinv
Engineering Euimatai
(R8.D Go.li)




II. Baud on Ambient Factori
A. Minimum Acute
To.icltv Etllu.nl
BiMdnn
Heal* Eileen
5.0E3

7.5E4
1.5E2
Bawd on
Ecological
EfleCtt


7.0E3
1.4E1
B. Ambient Laval Goal"
Baud on
Heal* Effeeti
12

70
0.14
BaMdon
Ecological
Effaca


1,400
10 t
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.001-
0.0032
10 t
2
 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Wlttr. ffl/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baiadon
Health Effactt
-


B. Bawdon
Ecological Effect*

10 t

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. BaMdon
Health Effactt
12
70
0.14
B. Based on
Ecological Effects

1,400
0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects



t For irrigation

  For seawater
                               E-413
-------
CATEGORY:  70                                                  WLN: .WO
TUNGSTEN AND TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS  (AS TUNGSTEN):  W (wolfram).       STRUCTURE:
  A steely gray to white, cuttable, forgeable, and
  splnnable metal.                                               u      w+6
                                                               w+4     w+5     w+6
PROPERTIES:
  Atomic number:  74; group 6b; atomic wt:   183.85;  mp:  3,410;
  bp:  5,930; d:  19.3;   valency:  +2, +3,  +4,  +5, and +6;
  Insoluble.

NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
    Tungsten forms compounds of several  oxidation states.  The most stable and most coimon valence state
  1s +6, and such compounds are acidic.  Tungsten oxides are Insoluble.  Tungsten  hexachlorlde and
  tungsten trlsulflde are slightly soluble  in water.
    Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust Is about 1.5 ppm (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     The toxlclty associated with tungsten 1s  greatly effected by the solubility of  the specific tungsten
  compound present, with the soluble compounds exhibiting the greater degree of toxlclty.  Tungsten 1s
  generally considered to be more toxic than molybdenum; however, certain tungsten compounds, such as
  tungsten carbide, are biologically Inert.  No serious toxic effects are associated with tungsten.
     LD50 (Intraperltoneal, rat):  5.000 rag/kg.
     Tungsten Is effectively excluded by plants;  phytotoxtcity 1s not a problem (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV (Tungsten and compounds, as U) soluble:   1 mg/m3; Insoluble:  5 mg/m3.
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

  Air. Health:   1.0 x 103 pg/m3                       A1r, Ecology:
  Hater, Health:   15 x 1.0 x 103  • 1.5 x 104 ug/i      Hater. Ecology:
  Land. Health:   0.002 x 1.5 x 104 - 30 ug/g           Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
          ]°3 x l/42°  *
          15 x 2.4 • 36
         " ]°3 x l/42° * 2-4 "a
  EPCWH2 ' 13.8  x  1 • 14 Mg/t
  EPCLH « 0.002  x  14 • 0.03 ug/g
                                           E-414
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
       70
TUNGSTEN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Lend. pj/9
(ppm WO
1. Based on Sett Technology
A. Editing Standard!
NSW. BPT. BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ei tlmatet
(RftO QoMi)



II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baudon
Health Effect!
1.0E3
1.5E4
3.0E1
BMdon
Ecological
Effect!



B. Ambiini Level Goal*
Beted on
Heelth Effect!
2.4
14
0.03
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!



C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*



 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. ngtm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, po/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!



B. Baiedon
Ecological Effect!



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baiedon
Health Effect!
2.4
14
0.03
B. Baiedon
Ecological Effect!



III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!



                               E-415
-------
CATEGORY:   71                                                   WLN:  MN

MANGANESE AND MANGANESE COMPOUNDS (AS MANGANESE):  Mn              STRUCTURE;
  (colloidal  manganese).
  Reddish-gray or silvery, hard, brittle, metallic element.            ,.„      H *+       u +3
                                                                     rul      pin         Pin


                                                                   MnO,"      MnO,      MnO."
PROPERTIES;                                                           344
  Atomic  number:  25; group 7b:   atomic wt.:  54.938; rap:  1,244*3;
  bp:   1,962; vap. press:   1  nrn  at  1292° C; valency:  2, 3. 4, 6,~7;
  decomposes water, evolving H2-


NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
    Manganese exhibits five valence  states, the divalent manganous (M  ) being the most common.  Manganic
  (Mn+3)  and manganlte compounds (MnO.*) are less common than manganates (MnO.  ) or permanganates (MnO.~).
    Rural background concentration or manganese 1n air Is reported as 0.005 to 0.047 «g/m3 (ref. 1).
  Manganese occurs as a constituent of gross suspended particles ranging from 0.005 to 0.012 ug/m3 In
  nonurban atmosphere (ref. 3).   Manganese compounds may act as catalysts In the oxidation of some air
  pollutants, producing even  more undesirable pollutants (ref. 129).   Natural concentration In seawater Is
  2 ug/t  (ref. 28).  In an analysis of U.S. surface waters, the manganese concentration mean was 29.4 ug/t
  with  a  range of 0.20 to  3,230  ug/l  (ref. 28).  Manganese Is a trace element In food, with the average human
  Intake  being 10 ing/day (ref. 33).  Manganese 1s considered an essential trace element for animals, Including
  nan,  and plants (ref. 130).  Occurrence In the Earth's crust 1s 0.085 percent (ref. 24).  Soils have an
  average manganese content of 800 to 850 ug/g.  Manganese 1n the soil Is found 1n a water-soluble form 1n the
  soil  solution, In the exchangeable Mn2+ as organically bound manganese, and as various manganese oxides (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

    Manganese compounds are  not  In general regarded as highly poisonous  due to the manganous 1on alone
  (ref. 130).  The strong oxidizing properties of manganates and permanganates can cause skin Irritation.
  Respiratory damage my also occur with exposure.  Chronic poisoning may result from Inhalation of
  manganese or Its compounds  (ref. 129).  The lowest concentration causing toxic effects 1n human 1s
  reported to be 11 mg/ra3; exposure was by Inhalation and resulted In central  nervous system effects
  (ref. 2).
    LO.Q (Intraperltoneal, mouse):  53 mg/kg.
    AqOatle tox1city:  Bioaccunulatlon factors of 12,000 are reported for marine molluscs (ref. 33).
  An acute dose 96-hr LC,,. of 1,400 ppm 1s reported for rainbow trout (Salmo galrdnerl). carp,  (Cyprlnus
  carplo). and Paphnla (?gf.  24).
    SoTl concentrations of 2.5 ppm have caused their effects 1n soybeans; soil effects, however, depend
  on a variety of factors such as pH and moisture (ref. 131).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV  (manganese and compounds, as Mn):  5 mg/m3.
     U.S.  Public Health Service  Drinking Water Regulations, 1962, Levels for Alternate Source Selection:
  0.05 iig/t  manganese  (ref. 66).
     EPA  1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed):  For domestic water supplies (welfare):   50 ug/z; for
  protection of consumers of marine molluscs:  100 ug/t (ref.  33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality  Criteria:  For public water sources:  0.05 rog/i;  for marine aquatic  life:
  hazard  level--0.1 mg/»; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0,02 mg/t; application factor—0.02 (to be
  applied to 96-hr LCeg; for Irrigation—0.20 mg/i for continuous use on all soils  (ref.  28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;

  Air. Health:  5 x 103 ug/m3                          A1r, Ecology:

  Water,  Health:  5 x  50 • 250 ug/t                     Water, Ecology:  5 x 20 - 100 ug/t

  Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 • O.S  wg/g                 Land.  Ecology:  0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
  EPCAH1 • 10J x 5/420- 12 wg/nT

  EPC^, • 15 x 12  •  180 yg/l

  EPCy^ • 13.8 x 5 • 70 ug/l

  EPC*S " 50 u9/t                                     HES " 20 "9/)l
  EPCLH • 0.002 x 50  • 0.1 ug/g                        LE • 0.002 x 20 • 0.04 ug/g
                                           E-416
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
         x
        71
MANGANESE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)

Water. ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT




B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)




II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3

2.5E2
5.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects


1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level God*
Based on
Health Effects
12

50
0.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects


20
0.04
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.005-
0.047
29.4
2t
800-850
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. Jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, no/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
IppmWt)
1. Current or Propond Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects

50

B. BaMd on
Ecologkal Effect!

20

II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12

0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.04
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



tFor seawater.
                               E-417
-------
CATEGORY:   74
COBALT AMD COBALT COMPOUNDS (AS COBALT). Co
  A magnetic, steel-gray, pinkish, ductile metal.
                                                                 WIN: CO
                                                                 STRUCTURE:

                                                                    Co Co+2 Co*3
                                                                               Cobaltous (valence +?)
PROPERTIES:
   Atomic number:  27; group 8;  atomic wt:  58.93;
   bp:   2,900; mp:  1.495; d: 8.92; insoluble;
   valency:  1,2,3.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Cobalt is an clement of the  iron group.  It forms two series of compounds:
 and cobalt1c (+3). thp cobaltous  form being more stable.
     Rural background concentration measured in air is reported as zero Mg/m  to  0.00? iig/m  (ref. 1).
 Natural concentration In srawater  is 0.4 ni/i (ref. 78).   Concentration in  freshwater as indicated from
 a survey of U.S. surface water',  frnm zero l.o 'i 11(4/1 with .1 mean of 1.0 i.p/> (rpf.  ?B).  Occurrence In
 earth's crust is (1.001 - 0.00?  percent (r*>f. ?4).  Average soil concentration  ts  reported as 8 ug/g
 (ref.  128).  Cobalt is an essential trace element, and is associated with vitamin  B,., in animals (ref. 24).


TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Some pulmonary effects, an allergic-type dermitills, digestive changes, and  liver and kidney damage
 resulting from exposure to cobalt  and Its compounds have been reported (refs.  4,9).  Cobalt and Its salts
 are cumulative (ref. 96).
     LOLo (oral, rat):  1,500 mg/kg, for cobalt.
     LD,-,, (oral, rat):  80 mg/kg,  for CoCl«; this Is equivalent to 36 mg/kg as Co   .  Ingestion of
 1,500  ng/kg of CoC12 has caused death to a child (ref.  2).
     Cobalt and cobalt nitrate, oxide and sulflde are reported to produce oncogenic effects in anlnals
 (ref.  2).  The EPA/NIOSH ordering  number, considering the cobalt compounds  collectively 1s 4204.  The
 lowest TO.   is 2.5 mg/kg as Co.  The adjusted ordering number 1s 1682.
     Aquatic toxicity:  Concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/>. inhibited growth in small carp. Cyprinus
 carpio (ref. 28).   At 0.04 mg/t,  cobalt retarded growth in Chjprella. (algae)  and  Euglena (ref. 132).
 Cobalt 1s cumulative in several aquatic species:   concentration factors as  high as 2.5 x 10  are reported
 (ref.  28).
     Phytotoxlcity:  At 0.1 mg/t  , cobalt is toxic to tomato plants (ref. 28).

REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS  FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
     TLV (Cobalt metal fume and dust):  0.1 mg/m  [Intended change to 0.05  mg/m ,  recognizing potential
 hypersensltivlty of some Individuals and associated pulmonary effects.]
     NAS/NAE  1972  Water  Quality Criteria:  For livestock:  1 rag/*.; for irrigation: 0.050 mg/f for
 continuous  use on all soils (ref.  28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
  A1r, Health:  50 ug/ra3
  Water. Health:'  IS x 50 • 750 vg/i
  Land, Health:  0.002 x 750 * 1.5 u9/g

ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
   rPC
     AHl
         • is x o.i? • I.B
   l"PCWH2  '  13'8 X
                         0.7
      « 0.002 x 0.7  • 0.001 M9/9
EPC^2 • 103/(6 x  1682) • 0.1 uq/m3
EPCy,. • 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 ng/m3
      • 0.002 x 1.5  • 0.003 wg/g
                                                          A1r,  Ecology:
                                                          Water,  Ecology:   5  x  50 • 250 vg/i.
                                                          Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 250 « 0.5 ug/g
                                                          EPCLE
                                                                • 50 vq/t (for Irrigation)
                                                                 0.002 x so • o.i ug/g
                                               E-418
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    xx
    74
COBALT
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. vgl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Hmed on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E1
7.5E2
1.5EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects

2.5E2
5.0E-1
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.1
0.7
0.001
Based on
Ecological
Effects

50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0 to 0.002
0.4t
8
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,»jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/H
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects



B. Based on
Ecological Effects

50t

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.12
0.7
0.001
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.1
III. Zero Threshold Po llutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
0.1
1.5
0.003
•iTor seawater.
tFor irrigation.
                                E-419
-------
CATEGORY:   75

 NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS {AS NICKEL).  Ni

     A silvery-white,  hard metal.
     WLN:
              NI
     STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:  Atomic number:   28; group 8; atomic wt:  58.71;
     mp:  1453; bp:  2732; d:  8.90; vap. press:  1 mm at
     1810°; valency:   -l,0,*l,+2,+3,+4; insoluble.
         Ni
                Ni
                                                                             +2
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Nickel is similar to iron and cobal* as well as copper in its  chemical  properties.   The metal oxide  is
extremely resistant to alkali such as NaOH even at high temperatures.   The nickel  atom assumes  several
oxidation States; nickelous  compounds, valence +2; are the most common.   Anhydrous nickelous salts are
yellow; hydrous salts are green.  An Important zero valence nickel  compound  Is  nickel  carbonyl .
;     Concentrations of nickel In rural atmosphere are reported ranolng from  0.0006 to  0.021 ug/m3 (ref. 1).
Nickel has been measured as  0.01 percent of gross suspended particulate in nonurban atmosphere  (ref.  3).
The concentration of dissolved nlcki-l In natural freshwatcrs ranqo1, from 3 to 86 ng/t; Suspended nickel
ranqes from 5 to 100 M100 Mg/p. may  adversely
effect several aquatic species (ref. 33).
     Concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/t (N1++) are toxic to tomato, oats, and other plants In sand
and solution culture (ref. 28).
     Nickel salts are reported to substantially affect the biological oxidation of sewage (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV-0.1 mg/m-'1, soluble compounds, as Ni.  Nickel sulflde roasting Is recognized by ACGIH as an
 industrial process having carcinogenic potential.  A TLV of 1.0 mg/m3 Is tentative.  The new NIOSH
 recommendation for occupational  exposure to nickel is 15 pg/m3.  the value was lowered due to evidence
 of nasal and lung cancer resulting  from nickel exposure (ref. 134).  Nickel 1s included 1n the NCI
 list of carcinogens to man.
     Nickel 1s a candidate for the  list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).   It 1s listed
 as Priority I on the EPA Consent Decree List,
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria  (proposed): 0.01 of the 96-hour LCso for freshwater and marine
 aquatic life (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For freshwater aquatic life:  application factor—0.02
 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso): for marine aquatic life:  hazard level—0.1 mg/t; minimal risk
 level—0.002 mg/i; application factor—0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for irrigation:  0.2 mg/t
 for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
     Recommendation of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions:  nickel concentration
 for most soils—100 kg/hectare (ref.  112).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

      Air,  Health:   15 ug/m3
      Water,  Health:  15 x 15 - 225 ug/t

      Lan-j, Health:  0.002 x 225 • 0.45 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:  5 x 2 = 10 ug/t
Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 10 * 0.02 ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCEMTBATifiMB.


      EPCAH1  "  I0*  x °-1/'120 " °-24 "g/m3
      EPCWH1  '  '5 x 0.?4 • 3.6 u
-------
mULIIfVICUlM yyy
ENVIRONMENTAL **
GOALS NICK?L

Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, i>g/\
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. EniHingStindardl
NSPS. DPT. BAT

B. Dawloping Technology
Engineering EltimaMi
(R&O Goilll

II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
BtMti an
Health Effecti
1.5E1
2.3E2
4.5E-1
Btudon
Eeologleil
Effucti
1.0E1
2E-2
B. Ambiint Level Goal*
BiMd on
He.lth Eff«cO
0..035
0.6
0.001
BMW) on
Ecological
Effects
2
0.004
C. Elimination of
DiichargB
Natural Background*
0.0006-
0.021
3 - 86,
5 - 7 t
 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS


Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti



B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti

2

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.004
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
0.04
0.6
0.001
t  For  seawater
                                              E-421
-------
 CATEGORY:  76

 NICKEL CARBONYL.  Ni(CO)4  (Nickel tetracarbonyl).

   A colorless, mobile,  volatile, liquid.
 PROPERTIES:
   Molecular wt:   170.75;  bp:  43; no:  -25; d:  1.32
   at 17"; vap. press:   320.6 am at 20°; solubility
   0.018 g per 100 ml  H20; X Nickel:  34.7.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;

      Nickel carbonyl  Is a zerovalent nickel compound.   It forms by the reaction of CO  on finely divided
 nickel at 200* C and  100-400 atmospheres.  Decomposition  of nickel carbonyl results in liberation of
 carbon monoxide  and pure  nickel.
      Nickel carbonyl  has  a characteristic odor that is  detectable at 1-3 ppcn (ref.  96).
      See Nickel  and Nickel Compounds, as HI.
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

      Nickel  carbonyl  is  extremely toxic.  The primary effect of acute poisoning  is pneumonitus.
 Inhalation Is  the most serious absorption route.   Toxic symptoms probably are  caused by both the
 nickel and carbon monoxide  liberated in the lungs  (ref. 9).  The lowest reported concentration lethal
 to a person is 57 ppm for 30 minutes (ref. 2).  Chronic exposure has been associated with cancer of
 the lung and nasal sinuses  (ref. 4).
      LCjn (inhalation, rat): 240 mg/«3 for 30 minutes.
      Nickel  carbonyl  administered Intravenously and via inhalation Is reported to produce cancer in
 rats (refs.  2.133).   The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4121.  The lowest toxic  dose producing a carcin-
 ogenic response Is 157 mg/kg.  The adjusted ordering number is 26.
      Aquatic toxiclty:   TLw96:  100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV •= 0.35 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm)  [Earlier TLV of 0.007 mg/m3  (0.001 ppm) was raised due to lack of
 substantial evidence that the compound Is carcinogenic.]
     The following regulations pertain to nickel and Its compounds, as Ni.
     The new NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to nickel 1s 15 u3/m3.  The value was
 lowered due to evidence of nasal  and lung cancer resulting from nickel exposure (ref. 134).
 43  iig/m3 N1(CO)4 Is equivalent to 15 ug/m3 as NI.
     Nickel Is Included In the NCI list of carcinogens to man.
     Nickel Is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).   It Is
 listed as Priority I on the EPA Consent Decree List.
     EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  0.01 of the 96-hour LC50 for freshwater and
 marine aquatic life (ref. 33).
     NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria:  For freshwater aquatic life:  application factor-0.02
 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso);  for marine aquatic life: hazard level --0.1 mg/t; minimal risk level—
 0.002 mg/t; application factor— 0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCen); for Irrigation:  0.2 rog/t
 for continuous use o<| all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS:

     Air.  Health:  43 yg/m3                       Air, Ecology:

     water, Health:  15 x 43  • 645 Mg/i            Hater, Ecology:  5 x 2 « 10 wg/t. as NI

     Land, Health:   0.002 x 645 * 1.3 i.g/g         Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 10 - 0.02  ug/g,  as  N1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:




     EPCAH1  *  '°3  * °-3S/420 - 0.8 ,,g/m3

     EPCAHla * °-05/W ' 0.0001 ppm

     fPCw,  • 15 x 0.8 • 12 ug/t                         EW^ • 2 Mg/i . as NI

     EPCHH2 " 13'8 x °'35 " 5 "9/e
    EPCLH - 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 wg/g                       Epr   - 0.002  x 2  « 0.004  Mg/g . as NI
    £PCAC1 • 43/420 • 0.1 ug/m3

    EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 26) -6.4 Mg/m3
    EPC^ -15 x 0.1 • 1.5 wg/«
    EPC.- •  0.002  x 1.5 • 0.003 ug/g

       LC                                         E-422
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
             xx
             76
NICKEL CARBONYL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS

Category

Air, ng/rrP
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Beted on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Tuchnology
EnginMring Estimates
(R8.D Goals)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Efftcn
4.3E1
6.5E2
1.3EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect*

l.OElt
2E-2 t
B. Ambi.nl Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effects
0.1
1.5
0.003
Based on
Ecological
Effects

2 t
0.004t
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*



•To ba multiplied by dilution factor

Air, pg/rn
(ppm Vol)

Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, «
-------
 CATEGORY:   7«                                                   *Jk!i:  CU

 COPPER AND UIB'KRUJMPUUNOS (AS CQPI'IRJ,,  Cu  (cuprum):              STRUCTURE:

      An  oramie. due till1, inallrdble metal.                               Cu     r(J4      Cu'2
 PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 29; group  lb; atomic wt: 63.546;

      nip:  1,083 i 0.1; (>p: 2336; d:  8.92;  Insoluble; vap. press:

      1  nm at 1628°C.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
                                                     + 1                iO
      Copper  forms two series of compounds, cuprous (Cu  ) and cupric (Cu  ).   Cupric compounds are the
 more stable.  They ionize in aqueous  solution.                             ,
      Rural background concentration in  air is reported as 0.01 to 0.41  ug/nr (ref.  1).   Another  source
 reports concentrations ranging from 0.06  to 0.078 as a constituent of suspended particulates  In  non-
 urban air (ref. 3).  Copper salts are in  the form of dusts and mists:   metallic copper  may  occur as
 fume (ref. 4).
      Concentration in freshwater as indicated from hydrologic benchmark samples ranges  from zero to
 40 pg/t;  out of 126 samples 87 were zero  (ref. 64).  Another report indicates that  the  average fresh-
 water copper concentration in U.  S. surface water 1s 13.8 vq/t with a  range of 0.8-280  ug/». (ref. 28).
 Natural concentration in seawater is  reported as 0.001 mg/i. (ref. 28)  to 0.02 mg/i.  (ref.  24).  Copper
 imparts a taste to water fn concentrations as low as 1 mq/t (ref. 33).   Occurrencp  in earth's crust is
 70 ppm  (ref. 24).  Copper Is found  In soils at about 20 i. in nutrient solutions are toxic to  a
. number of pi ants  (ref. 28).
  REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOONITIOM. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

      TLV (metallic copper  fume):  0.2 rog/«3.
      TLV (dusts and mists):   l wg/m3.
      Copper Is included on EPA Consent Decree  Priority  111 List.
      U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Watnr Regulations,  1962, levels for Alternate Source
  Selection:  1.0 mg/i  (ref. 66).
      CPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):   for domestic water supplies (welfare):  1.0 mg/t;
  for freshwater and marine aiguatfc lift?:  application factor—0.1 (to be applied to 96-hour LCjo,
  nnnaerated btoassay)(ref. 33).
      NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria:  lor public wat«r  supply sources:  1 mg/».; for freshwater
  aquatic life:  application fnctor--0.l (to no  x °-5 * 7-r> "9/
• 1 .000 ,,g/r                                 EPCW s  -  10

                                             *pr\i


                                          E-424
 [PC.H « O.oo;' x 1000 - 1 vy/t                       *pr\i ' °-°°7 * 10 "  °-z
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    xx
    78
COPPER




Air. fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)

Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT






B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)






II. Based on Ambient Factors
A, Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0E2

5.0E3


1.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects


5.0E1


l.OE-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.5

1,000


2
Based on
Ecological
Effects


10


0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background"
0.01 to 0.41

13.8
1 to 20t

20
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. ,.g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jiij/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

1,000

B. Based on
Ecological Effects

10

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.5

2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



tFor seawater.
                                E-425
-------
  CATEGORY:  79                                                   WLN:   .A6
  SILVER AND SILVER COMPOUNDS (AS SILVER). Ag  (argentum).           STRUCTURE:
       A white, lustrous, and malleable metal: regular
       crystalline structure.                                         Ag    Ag*

  PROPERTIES:
       Atomic number 47;  an element In the gold family;
       group Ib; atomic wt:   107.868; mp:  960.5; bo-
       1950; d:  10.5;  valency:  +1.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE.  CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

      Rural  background concentration measured  In air  1s  zero wg/n3 (ref. 1).  Particle densities for
  silver agglomerates are 10.5 g/cc for normal  density and 0.25 g/cc for floe density (ref.  3).
      Host silver compounds are insoluble; the nitrate, Ag N03 Is soluble.   Natural  concentration in
 seawater Is 0.3 ug/i  (ref. 28).   Concentration  In freshwater as indicated from hydrologic  benchmark
 samples ranges from zero to 50 vg/t;  out of 18  samples, 11 were zero (ref. 64).
      Occurrence 1n the earth's crust  Is 0.1 ppm {ref. 24).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
      Exposure to minor amounts of silver over long periods result in permanent skin discoloration.
 Many of the silver salts are Irritating to skin and  mucous membranes (ref. 24).   Skin effects  are
 noted In a human exposed to 1 mg/m3  (ref. 2).   Silver is cumulative In the body; the biological
 half-life Is  reported to be about 3 days (ref.  2fi).  Intravenous administration  of  700  ug/kg  as
 colloidal silver has resulted 1n human death  (ref. 2).
      L050 (oral, mouse):  100 mq/kij  for colloidal silver.
      LD5Q (oral, mouse):  50 ng/kq for AgNOj  (32 mg/kq. n
    EPCL(. « 0.002 x 1,470 > 3
                                         E-426
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
     x
    79
SILVER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. EHif ting Standard*
NSPS. BPT. HAT



0. Damluplng Technology
Engineering Eitlmetoi
(RK.D Ooslt)



II. Baled on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Tnxicity Efflwmt
Beted on
Health Effacu
1.0E1
2.5E2
5E-1
BaMdiin
Ecolngiol
Eff.cn

5EO
1E-2
B. Ambient Leral Goal-
Baud on
Health Effecti
0.024
50
0.1
Baud on
Ecolofllcal
EHecO

5
0.01
C. Elimination of
Ditch two*
Natural Background*
0
0-50,
0.3 t

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(pom Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Hailth Effecli

50

B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti

5

II. Toxicity Band Eitimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bmdon
Health Effecti
0.024

0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
98
1470
3
t For seawater
                                 E-427
-------
 CATEGORY: 81

  ZINC AND ZINC  COMPOUNDS ( AS ZH)


 PROPERTIES:

       Atonic wt:   65.38; atomic no.: 30; valence:
       group: 2b;  mp:   419.5; bp:  908; d:   7.14;
       insoluble; vap press.:  1 nm at 487°  C.
                                            WIN: ZH

                                            STRUCTURE:

                                                Zn        Zn*
                                2;
 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

       Zinc occurs  in  the earth's crust at 0.02 percent by weiijhl. (ref.  24).   It is  usually  found In nature
  as the sulflde  (ref.  33).  Human intake of zinc  is about 10-15 rmj/day  (rpf.  %).   Rural
  zinc are reported between 0.013 and 0.2 gq/in3 (ref.  1).  7inc playi a  vital  metabolic  role as a trace
  element In biological systems.  In an analysis of U.S. surface waters, the mean  zinc concentration was
  51.8 tig/* *

(ref. 28). Phytotoxicity: Zinc concentration', of 0.4-1.6 mg/. in nutrient solutions are toxic to certain varieties of soybeans (ref. 28). REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION: TLV (for zinc oxide fuses): 5 mg/m ; (for zinc oxide dust, nuisance particulate): 10 mq/m ; 5 mg/m ZnO is equivalent to 4 mg/m3 as Zn. Zinc oxide is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure is 5 mg/m3 as a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek time-weighted average. A ceiling concentration of 15 mg/n3 is also recommended (ref. 135). Zinc Is included on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority III. It Is a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, Levels for Alternate Source Selection: 5 mg/t (ref. 66). EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies, (welfare): 5,000 Mg/t; for freshwater aquatic life: application factor—0.01 (to be applied to the 96-hour LCso) (ref. 33). NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply: 5 mg/t; for freshwater aquatic life: application factor—0.0005 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for marine aquatic life: hazard level-- 0.1 mg/t: minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.02 mg/r.; application factor: 0.01 (to be applied ».o the 96-hour LC$fl); application factor 0.001 when other heavy metals (Cu, Cd) are present; for livestock; 25 ng/c: for irrigation: 2.0 rnq/i for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28). Recommendations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions: Zinc concentrations inmost soils: M)0 kg/heclon- (ref. MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: Air, Health: 4 x 103 ug/m3 Water. Health: 5 x 5.000 • 2.5 x Hi" u«i/f. land. Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 10s 50 n«/q Air, Fcolony: Water. Ecology: 5 x 20 « 100 ,,g/t. land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 = 0.2 ug/g ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: fPC AH1 £PC LH » 103 x 4/420 * 9.5 ,,g/n3 • 15 x 9.5 * 143 ug/i * 13.8 x 4 • 55 MS/t ' 5,000 Mg/i 0.002 x 5.000 • 10 ug/9 = 50 x 0.87 = 43.5 u9/* EPCHES = 20 ug/i EPC, U 0.002 x 20 * 0.04 vg/g E-428

-------
MULTIMEDIA
tINVIKUNMblMIAL 81
GOALS Z,NC
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on B««t Technology
A. Exhting Sundanji
NSPS. BPT. BAT



B. D«»elo|Mn« Technology
Engineering Estimatei
(R&D Goalt)



II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acuta
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.0E3
2.5E4
5.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects

1.0E2
2E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baled on
Health Effect!
9.5
5,000
10
Baud on
Ecological
Effects

20
0.04
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.013-0.2
52, 2 t
58
 *To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /
-------
CATEGORY:  H?
CADMIUM ANO CADMIUM COMPOUNDS (AS CADMIUM), Cd:

  A white, ductile metal.

PROPERTIES:  Atomic number:  48; an element Of the Zinc family;

   group 2b; atomic wt:  112.4; «ip: 320.9; bp: 765; d: 8.61;

    insoluble; generally divalent (<2);  vap. press: 1 mm at 394''C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

    Cadmium emitted to the atmosphere is generally In the form of particulates-as  the  oxide,  sulfide,
or sulfate (ref. 136).  Rural background concentration in air is 0.0004 to 0.028  ug/m3  (ref.  1).
Most natural waters contain <10 ug/t (ref. 28).  Natural concentration of seawater is 0.02  (ref. 28)
to -0.1 ug/t (refs. 28, 69).  Soil  background levels from 0.2-1. 4 kg/hectare (average - 0.1) are
Indicated (ref. 118).  Occurrence in earth-s crust is 0.1-0.2 ppm (ref. 24).
    Normal daily Intake by humans is estimated as 72 ug/day of Cd (ref. 113).
    Pure cqdjRium metal is not found in nature.  It occurs usually with zinc; the  weight ratio of cadmium
to zinc varies from 0.0002 to 0.002 (ref. 137).  Cadmium does not form organic compounds  as  does mercury
pr lead.

TOXIC PROPERTIES,, HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Cadmium  Is  highly  toxic (ref. 136).   Inhalation  or  ingestlon of cadmium produces both acute and
 chronic effects.   Inhalation of 0.01-0.27 mg/m3 resulted  in  pulmonary and renal effects for exposed
 worker* (ref. 4).  Inqestlon of 13-15 ppm in popslcles  was toxic to children  (ref. 96).  Maximum
 normal body  burden is 20-30 mg (ref. 93).  The biological half  life is 16-33 years, estimate (ref. 93).
 Minimum detectable health effects have been theoretically associated with lonq-term  (25-30 years)
 exposure  to  air concentration of ?.5 ug/m3 (ref.  136).
     Ll»so  (oral, rat):  Tt mg/kij for CdO.  This Is equivalent to 63 mq/kq as Cd.
     Cadmium  and sevrr.il cadmium compounds ar*> reported  to produce oncogenic and  teratogenic effects.
 The International Agency  for Research on Cancer has  concluded  that occupational exposure to cadmium
 in some form (possibly Ihe ox1d«) increase the risk  of  cancer  in man  (ref.  133).  The  EPA/NIOSH
 ordering  number basr.l on oncogenic potential  for  cadmium  and If. compounds  collectively  is  7329.  The
 lowest dose  reported to (iroduce an nncogenlc  response  in  an  animal Is  1 mq/ky. as Cd.  The adjusted
 ordering  number is 73?').  Ihe LPA/NIOSH ordering  number based  on  teratoqenic  effect-, is  4305.  The
 lowest dose  to produce A  teratogenic effect is 1  mg/kg. as Cd.   The adjusted  ordering  number is 4305.
    Aquatic  toxlclty:  Acute lethal concentration for most freshwater fish  varies from 0.01  to 10 mg/l
 (ref.  69).   Reproduction of .Daphnla inaqna at  reduced to 0.0005  mq/». (ref. 28).   The  7  day LCso for
 rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) 1s~0.008-0.01 ppm (ref. 28).
     Cadmium  is a~3angerous, cumulative poison.  A concentration factor up to  1000 has  been  reported
 f v^Jif  7H^
     Zinc  and copper increase toxlcity (refs.  28,  69).   Oysters  may concentrate cadmium from very  low
 levels in ambient water (ref. 28).
     Phytotoxicity:  There is evidence that cadmium  in soil is  taken up by certain plants (ref. 136).
 Yields of beans, turnips, and beets are  reduced by  0.10 mg/i in nutrient  solutions  (ref. 28).


 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:

     TLV (dust and  salts,  as Cd; cadmium oxide fume, as  Cd):   0.05 mg/m3.   Cadmium oxide production
 is classified by ACGIH as "Suspect of Carcinogenic  Potential for Han."
     Cadmium  is  designated for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards  because of  toxlcity to aquatic
 life (ref. 10).  It appears on EPA Consent Decree.  Priority  1 list.
     National Interim Primary Drinking Mater Regulations:   0.010 mg/l  (ref .  102).
     U.S.  Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations- Levels for Source Rejection:  0.01  mg/l
 (ref.  66).
     LPA Hater Quality  Criteria 1976  (proposed):   For domestic water supply (health):  10 \><)/>. for
 freshwater aquatic life:  soft water--0.4-4  im/i; for hard watpr-- 1.2-1? ng/i ;  for marine:  5 vqf>.

     NAS/NAE  Water  Quality Criteria.  1972:   for public water supply sources— 0.10 mq/t; for freshwater
 aquatic Hfc:   for hard water  (>100 m«j/»., as  CaCOs):  nwx1mum--0.03 mg/»., safe level~0.003 mg/i;
 for soft water  (-100 ntg/t,  as  CaC03):  maximum— 0.004 mq/»,  safe level— 0.0004 mg/l; for marine
 aquatic life:   hazard level -0.01 mg/i; minimal  risk of deleterious  effects— 0.2 ng/i; application
 factor— 0.01 (to be  applied to 96-hour LCjo), lower 1n presence of copper and/or zinc; for livestock:
 SO ug/t;  for Irrigation:   0.010  mg/i for continuous use on all soils   (ref. 28).
     Recommendation of U.  S.  Department of Agriculture and Land Grant  Colleges:  Concentration of
 cadmium (most soils}— 10 kg/hectare  (ref. 112).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:

A1r, Health:   7  x  104/7329 - 10 ng/m3

Hater, Health:   5  x 10 - 50 ug/i

Land. Health:  0.002 x 50 • 0.1 Mg/g

ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:


trc.u, " 103  x 0.05/420 • 0.12 Mg/m3

       - ,5 x 0.12 - 1.8 ,g/i

       - 13.8 x  0.05 - 0.7 Mfl/i
                                      (for CdO.
                                                           Air, Ecology:
                                                           Hater, Ecology:  5 x 0.2 - 1 ug/i

                                                           Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 1 = 0.002 vg/g
                                                             - 0.4 ug/l (freshwater, soft)

                                                             - 0,2 yg/« (-fine)
EPC
EPCAC1
r.PCA(7
LPCVK
tpci<:
• 0.002 x 10 • 0.02 vg/g
• 103 x 0.05/420 - 0.12 ug/«3 ('
as Cd)
- II)3 x (C x /3?9) • 0.02 Mg/m3
- 1'. x 0.02 •» O.'J n<]/l
0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 n9/g
                                                      EPC
                                                        'AT
                                                            - 0.002 x «-«- 0-000*
                                                            - 103/(6 x 4305) - 0.04
                                                              15 x 0.04 * 0.6
                                                              0.002 x 0.6 • 0

                                                   E-430
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    XXX
      82
CADMIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vot)
Water, pg/l
(ppm WO
Land, /ig/g
Ippm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxtcity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E1
5.0E1
l.OE-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects

l.OEO
2.0E-3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.02
10
0.0006
Based on
Ecological
Effects

0.4
0.2
0.0004
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.0004 to
0.028
<10t
0.02 - O.lf

 •To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)

1 mid, fig/H
(Pl»n Wt)

1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects

10



B. Based on
Ecological Effects

0.4t
0.2t



II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.12


0.02

B. Dated on
Ecological Effects



0.0004

III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.02

|
0.0006
•
 •iFor freshwater.
 tFor seawater.
                                 E-431
-------
MERCURY. AND. MERCURY COMPOUNDS (AS MERCURY) except Alky):           STRUCTURE:

  Mercury. H<) (quick si Ivor).                                            Hg+l  H^+2

  A silvery, liquid, metallic element.


 PROPERTIES:  Atomic number:  80; group 8a; atomic wt: 200.61;

  mp: -38.87; bp: 356.6; d: 13.546; vap.  press:  1 mm at

  126. 2°C; valency: +1, +2; insoluble.


 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:

     Mercury is associated with particulate matter in the atmosphere.  Background concentration in U. S.

 rivers  and streams  is  reported as <0.5 Mg/t  (ref. 64) with most  less than 0.1 ugA  (ref. 28).

     Natural concentration in seawater ranges 0.03 ug/i  (ref-  69)  to 0.1  »g/i  (ref.  28).
     Biological methylation may occur in bottom sediments resulting in continuous  levels of methyl

 mercury in  the water (ref. 28).  A normal range for Hg  present  in soils  is  0.02-0.6 kg/hectare

 (ref.  118)-  Occurren.:-  in earth', crust is  0.5 ppm  (rel. ?«).   Human  In lake  of mercury averages

 5-10 i.g/day  (ref.  93).


 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:

     Acute and chronic  i-HVcls may result. from human exposure  In  riicrtury.   Inhalation of 1.2  to 8.5  mg/tir
 has rpsult.Pi) In acute  illness (rpf. :i): ImiPStion of  11?') mo/k'i  has resulted  in human death  (ref. 2).
 Inhalation ol 169  in|/«-'  for 40 years has caused central nervous  system effects  (ref.  2).  Mercuric  salts
 are morn soluble )n the digestive tr.ic t and  hence more  toxic  than mcrc.unius salt.s.   The biological  half
 life of mercury  Is S wri-U (ref. 2?).  Except for certain occupational exposures,  food, particularly
 fish, is the greatest  i.ontributor to the human body burden of mercury  (ref. 28).
     Certain mercury compounds have demonstrated oncogeni«; or  (.erotogenic potential  (ref.  2,  32).  The
 EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on oncogenic  potential  (consirtorinii the  compounds  collectively as Hg)
 is  4202.  The lowest dosage producing tumors  is 400 mg/k<|.  The  adjusted ordering  number  is  10.5.
     The teratogenic based ordering number is  7202.  The lowest dosage  resulting in a teratogenic  response
 is  500  yg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on a  teratogenic potential is  14400.
     Aquatic toxi city:  Concentrations over 3 uq/i  (as  mercuric  sulfate)  are toxic to salmon egs,
 Oncorhynchus nerka and 0. gorbuscha (ref. 28).  Acute  96-hour LCsp  for fish:   1 mg/t for  inorganic
 mercury (ref. 28).  Biological magnification up to 27.000  times  the water concentration has been
 reported (ref. 33).  The mercury is stored in organisms generally as  methyl mercury.  Fish eating birds
 and manuals are affected by excessive mercury in water because of their position at the top of the  food


              ^
    TLV = 0.05 ing/m .  (For all forms  except alky}.   The  TLV  does  not  recognize oncogenic or teratogenic
potential).
    Inorganic mercury is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria  Document.   The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure, as an 8-hour workday  time-weighted average  is 0.05 mg/nv* (ref.  139).
    EPA National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants  have been established limiting mercury
emissions to 2300 g/24 hours from mercury ore processing  facilities  and mercury cell  chlor-alkali plants
and 3200 g/24 hrs from facilities that, process wastewater treatment  plant sludges (ref. 16).  Mercury
is on the" list for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref.  10).  Mercury is on the EPA  Consent
Decree List. Priority 1.
    FOA guidelines for the maximum level of  Hg in edible  portions  of fish flesh is 0.5 i.g/c.  (ref. 28).
    National Interim Primary Drlnkinn  Water  Regulations:   0.002  mg/l. (ref. 102).
    EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed):  For domestic water  supply (health):   2.0 iig/i;  for
freshwater aquatic life and wildlife:   0.05  ug/t; for marine  aquatic life:  0.10 \>  (ref.  33).
    NAS/NA1  1972 Water Quality Criteria:  For public water supply  sotm.es:  0.002 HK)/».; for  freshwater
aquatic life:  total mercury body burden in  aquatic  oraanisms--O.S iig/g wet weight; average  total con-
centration-  -0.05 wg/«; maximum at any  time or place — 0.2  pg/i;  for marine aquatic life:  hazard level —
0.10 ug/t;  for livestock:  10 i>g/i (to prevent human consumption of  animal tissue containing > 0.5 ppm
Hg) (ref.  28). .


MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS:

Air, Health:  50 iig/m3                       Air. Ecology:   10  ug/m3

Water. Health:  5 x 2 « 10 ug/t              water. Ecology: 5 x 50  « 250 vgft

Land. Health:  0.002 x 10 • 0.02 ug/g         Land.  Ecology:  0.01)2  x  250 • 0.5 yg/g


ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONa:

tPCAHl •  103 x 0.05/420 • 0.12 ug/m3         EPC^  - 0.1 x 10 - 1  ug/m3

tPCHHl "  1S x °'12 " l'a u9/t                EPCWES " 50 "9/'

EPCWH2 *  13'8 * 0>OS * °'7 "9/t
t-PCUHS • 2  Mg/l
tPClu • 0.002 x 2 • 0.004 ug/g               EPC. ,  > 0.00? x 50 • 0.1 ng/g
   Ln       i               '      -j               Lt      o                         ->
tPCAC? •  10J/(6 x 10.5) • 16 n9/»            EPCAT  « 103/(6 x  14.400) • 0.01 ,,g/mj

[PCUC - If.  x  16 « 240 u«|/t                   EPC^  • 15 x 0.01  -  0.15 yg/t

IPC,C - O.o0i> x 240 • 0.5 wg/g               EPCUT  " 0.002 x 15 - 0.03 vg/g

                                                     E-432
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
    XXX
      83
MERCURY
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. y
-------
 CATEGORY:  g$

 URANIUM AND URANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS URANIUM).  U:
     A  hard, heavy, nickel-white, radioactive metal.
                                                                  WLN:   UR
                                                                  STRUCTURE:
                                                                       U  U*4
 PROPERTIES:   Atomic no: 92; group 3b;  atomic wt: 238.03;
     mp:  1132.3; bp: 3818; d: 18.95; valency:  +3. H. +5, *6;
     insoluble.

 NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
     Uranium principally forms tetravalent (uranous) or hexavalent (uranic, uranyl, or uranate)
 compounds.  The oxide U03 forms uranates with bases and uranyl  salts  with acids.  Uranium minerals
 may contain phosphates and vanadates of  rare  earths.  Natural uranium consists of the isotopes U238
 and U235 in the ratio of 140:1.  U235 is the  fissionable Isotope.   Occurrence In the earth's crust
 is 2 x 10"  percent (ref. 28).  It averages about 3 g/ton of rock  (ref. 96).  The natural concentra-
 tion in seawater is 3 ug/t (ref. 28). Uranium does not occur naturally in most waters above a few
 micrograns  per liter (ref. 28).
 TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
     Natural uninlum Is highly toxic  by virtue of its biochemical activity as well as its  radioactivity.
 The most  Important  route of exposure to uranium Is Inhalation of Insoluble partlculate.   Radiation
 exposure  is considered cumulative.
     There is no evidence linking exposure to levels of 0.15 to 0.25 mg/m3 (both soluble and insoluble U
 compounds) with Injury to kidney or  to blood (ref.  4).
     LD50  (''"^ravenous, rat):   400 mg/kg for uranium chloride, (250 mg/kg as U*4).
     The biological half life of uranium in bone and kidney is reported as 300 days (ref.  96).
     Aquatic toxicity:   96-hour LCjg  for fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas:  2.8 mg/t (uranyl  sulfate
 1n  soft water) (ref. 28).
 REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
    TLV (Natural soluble  and  Insoluble compounds, as U):  0.2 mg/m3.
    Regulations for Protection against Radiation:  Maximum concentrations of materials  released  to
unrestricted areas:  Soluble  compounds in air:   3 x 10'Z uc/ml (9 Mg/m3); insoluble  compounds  1n air:
t x 10-": pc/ml (6 ug/mJ);  soluble and Insoluble compounds 1n water:   2  x 10-5 uc/ml  (60,000 ug/'.).
One cone of natural uranium Is equivalent to 3,000 kg (ref. 140)
    NAS/NAE 197? Water Quality Criteria:   For marine aquatic life:  hazard level—0.5 mall;  minimal  risk
of deleterious effects-0.1 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LC50)  (ref. 28).
    The pharmacology and  toxicology of Industrially important uranium compounds has  been  extensively
studied (ref. 141).
 MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health:  9 icg/m3
Water. Health:  60,000 ug/i
Land. Health:   0.002 x 60.000 - 120 «g/g
                                                    A1r, Ecology:
                                                    Water, Ecology:  5 x 100 » 500 Hg/».
                                                    Land, Ecology:  0.002 x 500 « 1  ug/g
 ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH]  = 200/420  ' 0.5 ug/m3
EPCWH]  • 15 x 0.5
£PCWH2  * 13-8 x °'
EPCLH - 0.002 x 3
                    7.5 ug/t
                    * 3 "9/1
                    0.006 ug/g
EPC
EPC
WES
LE
* 10° U9/1
 0.002 x 100
                                                                         0.2 ug/g
                                           E-434
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
      xx
      85
URANIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS



Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT



B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)



II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
9EO
6.0E4
1.2E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects

5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lenl Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.5
3
0.006
Based on
Ecological
Effects

100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*

3 t

•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mfl/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. MS/I
(ppm Wt)
Land. (iQ/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Haalth Effects



B. Based on
Ecologkal Effects

100

II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.5
3
0.006
B. Based on
Ecological Effects


0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects



t For seawater
                                E-435
-------
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100.   National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.  Criteria for a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure to Beryllium.  National
      Institute for Occupational Safety  and Health.   U.S. Health Services  and
      Mental Health Administration, U.S. Department  of Health, Education,  and
      Welfare.  HSM 72-10268 (1972).

101.   Miner, S.  Preliminary Air Pollution Survey  of Barium and  Its  Compounds:
      A Literature Review.  Prepared by  Litton Systems,  Inc., under  Contract
      No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administration.
      Available from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
      Agency,  Research Triangle Park, NC.  APTD  69-28 (1969).

102.   Environmental Protection Agency.  National Interim Primary Drinking
      Water Regulations Implementation.   Title 40  Code Federal Regulations
      Part 141.

103.   Durocher, N. L.  Preliminary Air Pollution Survey  of  Boron and Its
      Compounds:   A Literature Review.  Prepared by  Litton  Systems,  Inc.,
      under Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National  Air Pollution  Control
      Administration.  Available from Technical  Information Center,  Environ-
      mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle  Park,  NC.   APTD 69-31  (1969).

104.   Berg.  W. A., Vogel,  W. G.  Toxicity of Acid  Coal-Mine Spoils  to Plants.
      In:  Hutnik, R. J.,  Davis, G., Eds., Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated
      Land,  Vol.  1.  Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,  New York,  NY  (1973).
                                   E-444
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105.   Siegel,  B.  Z., Siegel,  S.  M.   A Selective Role for Potassium  in  the
      Phytotoxicity of Thallium.  Bioinorg.  Chem.,  4, 93-99  (1975).

106.   National  Academy of Sciences,  National  Research Council  Committee  on
      Toxicology.   Guides for Short-Term Exposures  of the Public  to Air
      Pollutants:   Guide for  Carbon  Monoxide.   Available from National Techni-
      cal Information Service, U.S.  Department of  Commerce,  Springfield, VA.
      PB 244 338 (1973).

107.   Patty, F. A.   Inorganic Compounds  of Oxygen,  Nitrogen, and  Carbon.  In:
      Patty, F. A., Ed.,  Industrial  Hygiene and Toxicology,  Second  Revised
      Edition,  Vol. 2.  Interscience Publishers, New York, NY (1963).

108.   National  Air Pollution  Control Administration.  Air Quality Criteria  for
      Carbon Monoxide.  Available from National Technical Information  Service,
      U.S. Department of Commerce,  Springfield, VA.   PB 190  261  (1970).

109.   National  Institute for  Occupational Safety and Health.  Criteria for  a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure to Carbon Monoxide.   Avail-
      able from National  Technical  Information Service, U.S. Department  of
      Commerce, Springfield,  VA.  PB 212 629 (1972).

110.   U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency.   National Primary and Secondary
      Ambient Air Quality Standards.  Title 40 Code Federal  Regulations  Part  50.

111.   National  Institute for  Occupational Safety and Health.  Criteria for  a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure to Inorganic  Lead.  Avail-
      able from National  Technical  Information Service, U.S. Department  of
      Commerce, Springfield,  VA.  PB 214 265 (1972).

112.   Ryan, J.   Factors Affecting Plant Uptake of  Heavy Metals from Soil Appli-
      cation of Residuals.  In:   Proceedings of National Conference on Disposal
      of Residuals on Land, St.  Louis, MO, September 1976.

113.   Jelinek,  C.  F., Mahaffey,  K.  R., Corneliusen, P. E.  Establishment of
      Regulatory Levels for Heavy Metals in Food in the U.S.:  International
      Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Ontario, Canada,  October 31.
      1975.

114.   National  Academy of Sciences,  National Research Council Committee  on
      Toxicology.   Guides for Short-Term Exposures of the Public to Air
      Pollutants.   IV:  Guide for Ammonia.  Available from National Technical
      Information Service, U.S.  Department of Commerce, Springfield,  VA.
      PB 244 336 (1972).

115.   National  Institute for  Occupational Safety and Health.  Criteria for  a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure to Ammonia.  Available  from
      National  Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce,
      Springfield, VA.  PB 246 699 (1974).
                                    E-445
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116.  U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation.   Chemical  Hazards Response
      Information System (CHRIS):  A Condensed Guide to Chemical  Hazards.
      Available from National Technical Information Service,  Springfield,  VA.
      AD/A-002 390 (1974).

117.  Patty, F. A.  Arsenic, Phosphorus, Selenium, Sulfur,  and Tellurium.   In:
      Patty, F. A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Second Revised
      Edition, Vol. 2.  Interscience Publishers, New York,  NY (1963).

118.  Page, A. L., Chang, A. C.  Trace Elements and Plant Nutrient Constraint
      of Recycling Sewage Sludges on Agricultural Land.   In:   Proceedings  of
      the Second National Conference on Complete Water Reuse: Water's Inter-
      face with Energy, Air, and Solids, Chicago, IL (1975),  sponsored by
      American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Environmental  Protection
      Agency Technology Transfer.  American Institute of Chemical  Engineers,
      New York, NY (1975).

119.  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.   Criteria for a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure to Inorganic  Arsenic -
      New Criteria.  HEW Publication NO. (NIOSH)75-149 (1975).

120.  Sunshine, I., Ed., Handbook of Analytical Toxicology.  The Chemical
      Rubber Co., Cleveland, OH (1969).

121.  Smith, L. L., Oseid, D. M., Olson, L. E.  Acute and Chronic Toxicity
      of Hydrogen Sulfide to the Fathead Minnow.  Environ.  Sci.  Techno!.,  10,
      6, 565-568  (1976).

122.  Stahl, Q. R.  Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Selenium and  Its Com-
      pounds:  A Literature Review.  Prepared by Litton  Systems  under Contract
      No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control  Administration.  Avail-
      able from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
      Research Triangle Park, NC.  APTD 69-49 (1969).

123.  Thomas, M. D.  Gas Damage to Plants.   Annual Review of Plant Physiology,
      2 (1951).

124.  Athanassiadis, Y. C.  Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of  Vanadium and
      Its Compounds:  A Literature Review.   Prepared by Litton Systems under
      Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control  Administra-
      tion.  Available from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protec-
      tion Agency, Research Triangle Park,  NC.  APTD 69-48 (1969).

125.  National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council.  Vanadium:
      Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental  Pollutants.   National
      Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1974).

126.  National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council.  Chromium:
      Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental  Pollutants.   National
      Academy of Sciences,  Washington, D.C. (1976).


                                   E-446
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127.   National  Institute for Occupational  Safety and Health.   Criteria for a
      Recommended Standard:   Occupational  Exposure to Chromium (VI).   Avail-
      able from National Technical  Information Service, U.S.  Department of
      Commerce, Springfield, VA.   PB 248 595 (1975).

128.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Develop-
      ment.  Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Manganese.   Star
      Series.   Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
      Printing  Office, Washington,  D.C.  EPA-600/6-75-002 (1975).

129.   Sullivan, R. J. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Manganese and Its
      Compounds:  A literature Review.  Prepared by Litton Systems under
      Contract  No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control  Adminis-
      tration.   Available from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
      Technical Information, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA.
      APTD 69-39 (1969).

130.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.
      Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Manganese.  Available from
      National  Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce
      Springfield, VA.  PB 242 291  (1975).

131.   National  Academy of Sciences, National Research Council.  Manganese:
      Medical  and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants.   National
      Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1973).

132.   Coleman,  R. D., Coleman, R. L., Rice, E. L.  Zinc and Cobalt Bioconcen-
      tration and Toxicity in Selected Algal Species.  Botanical Gazzette, 132
      (1971).

133.   International Agency for Research on Cancer.  IARC Monographs on the
      Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 11, Lyon,
      France.   A World Health Organization Publication  (WHO), Geneva  (1976).

134.   National   Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.  Criteria for a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure to  Inorganic Nickel.
      National   Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department
      of  Health, Education, and Welfare.  HEW Publication No.  (NIOSH) 77-
      164  (1977).

135.   National   Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.  Criteria for a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure  to  Zinc Oxide.  Available
      from National Technical Information Services, U.S.  Department of Commerce,
      Springfield, VA.  PB 246 693 (1975).

136.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of  Research and Development.
      Scientific and Technical Assessment Report on Cadmium.  Star Series.
      Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S.  Government Printing
      Office, Washington, D.C.   EPA-600/6-75-003.

137.   Athanasiadis, Y. C.  Preliminary Air Polltuion Survey of Cadmium and Its
      Compounds:  A Literature Review.  Prepared by Litton Systems under


                                     E-447
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      Contract No.  PH 22-68-25 for National  Air Pollution Control  Administra-
      tion.   Available from Clearinghouse for Federal  Scientific  and  Technical
      Information,  U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield,  VA.   APTD 69-32
      (1969).

138.  Stahl, Q. R.   Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Mercury and  Its
      Compounds:  A Literature Review.  Prepared by Litton Systems under
      Contract No.  PH 22-68-25 for National  Air Pollution Control  Administra-
      tion.   Available from Technical Information Center, Environmental  Protec-
      tion Agency,  Research Triangle Park, NC.   APTD 69-40 (1969).

139.  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.   Criteria for a
      Recommended Standard:  Occupational Exposure to  Inorganic Mercury.   Avail-
      able from National Technical Information Service, U.S.  Department of
      Commerce, Springfield, VA.  PB 222 223 (1973).

140.  U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.  Standards for Protection against Radia-
      tion.   Title 10 Code Federal Regulations  Part 20.

141.  Voegtlin and Hodge, Eds.  Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium
      Compounds.  McGraw-Hill, New York, NY  (1953).
                                   E-448
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                 ADDITIONAL  SOURCES  OF  INFORMATION CONSULTED
                    IN THE PREPARATION  OF THE MULTIMEDIA
                         ENVIRONMENTAL  GOALS CHARTS
                                                                 D
 1.   American  Conference of Governmental  Industrial  Hygienist TLV  .  Threshold
     Limit Values  for Chemical  Substances in Workroom Air.  Adopted by ACGHI
     for 1976.  American Conference  of Governmental  Industrial Hygienist,
     Cincinnati, OH (1976).

 2.   Christensen,  H.  E., Luginbhyl,  T.  T.,  Eds.   Suspected  Carcinogens:  A
     Subfile of the NIOSH Toxic Substance List.   Tracor Jitco Inc., Rockville,
     MD.  DHEW Publication NO.  (NIOSH)  75-188  (1975).

 3.   Commerce  Clearing House Editorial  Staff.  Topical  Law  Reports.  Commerce
     Clearing  House Inc., Chicago,  IL.

 4.   Grasselli, J.  G., Ritchey, W.  M.,  Eds.  Atlas of Spectral Data and  Physical
     Constants for Organic Compounds,  Second Edition.   Chemical Rubber Co.
     Press, Inc.,  Cleveland, OH (1975).

 5.   International  Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.  Definitive Rules for
     Nomenclature  of Organic Chemistry.   1957  Rules.  Parts A, B, C.
     Butter-worth Scientific Publications, London  (1971).

 6.   Latimer,  W. M.,  Hildebrand, J.  H.   Reference Book  of Inorganic Chemistry,
     Third Edition.   The Macmillan  Company, New York, NY (1952).

 7.   Moeller,  T.  Inorganic Chemistry:   An Advanced  Textbook.  John Wiley and
     Sons, New York,  NY (1952).

 8.   Morrison, R.  T.,  Boyd, R.  W.   Organic Chemistry, Second  Edition.  Allyn
     and Bacon Inc.,  Boston, MA (1971).

 9.   Office of Toxic Substances, U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency.   An
     Ordering  of the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens  List Based Only on Data Con-
     tained in the List.  Available from National Technical Information
     Service,  U.S.  Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA.  PB 251 851  (1976).

10.   Weast, R. C.,  Ed.  Handbook of Chemistry  and Physics,  56th Edition.
     Chemical  Rubber Company Press,  Inc., Cleveland, OH (1976).
                                   E-449
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                                TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                          (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
 . REPORT NO.
 EPA-600/7-77-136b
                           2.
                                                      3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
«. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental
   Assessment, Volume n. MEG Charts and
   Background Information	
              5. REPORT DATE
              November 1977
              6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
                                                      8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
 J. G. Cleland and G. L. Kingsbury
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
              10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

              EHE623A
              11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

              68-02-2612, W.A. 10
 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 EPA, Office of Research and Development
 Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
 Research Triangle Park, NC  27711
              13. TYPE OF REPORT AND.PERIOD COVERED
              Task Final; 3-10/77	
              14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                EPA/600/13
 IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP task officer for this report is T.  Kelly Janes,  Mail
 Drop 61, 919/541-2851.
 ie. ABSTRACT The report gives results of a study of the derivation of Multimedia Environ-
 mental Goals (MEG's).  MEG's are levels of significant contaminants or degradents
 (in ambient atr, water, or land, or in emissions or effluents conveyed to the ambient
 media) that are judged to be: appropriate for preventing certain negative effects in
 the surrounding populations or ecosystems; or representative of the control limits
 achievable through technology.  In the context of deriving MEG's, Volume I: offers
 perspective on the broad range of contaminants whose control is vital to both industry
 and the public; further develops and defines indicators designating contaminants which
 must be given priority consideration for immediate control and for subsequent rese-
 arch; brings existing and emerging data together for use in environmental assessment;
 and explores some basic methodologies which provide the present MEG's, and which
 also suggest directions for refined methodologies.  MEG's  are projected for more than
 650 pollutants: of these, 216 receive full attention in Volume II.
17.
                             KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                 DESCRIPTORS
                                          b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                           c. COSATI Field/Group
 Pollution
 Environmental Engineering
 Assessments
   Pollution Control
   Multimedia Environ-
     mental Goals
   Environmental Assess-
     ment
13B
05E
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

 Unlimited
  19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
  Unclassified
                                                                   21. NO. OF PAGES
   451
  20. SECURITY CLASS (Thi* page)
  Unclassified
                           22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220O (1-73)
E-450
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