-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
50
2-PROPANOL
Air.wi/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Bait Technology
A. Existing Slander*
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Damtoping Technology
EnginMring Ettirnatn
(R&D Goalt)
II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Band on
Health Effects
9.8E5
(400)
1.5E7
3.0E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lml Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
2,300
(0.95)
13,500
27
Bawd on
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
375,000f
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water,
-------
CATEGORY: 5B
2-BUTAHOL
(s-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol).
WLN: QY2
STRUCTURE:
A colorless, volatile liquid; wine-like odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.12; bp: 99.5; mp: -B9; d: 0.8084;
vap. press.: 10 urn (20° C); vap. d: 2.55; soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
OH
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Indications are that 2-butanol Is less toxic than n-butanol, although little information is available.
The TLV is established to prevent narcotic and irritative effects (ref. 4).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 4,400 rag/kg (ref. 4).
LDU (inhalation, rat): 16,000 ppm/4 hr.
Aquatic toxlcity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm {ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 450 rag/m3 (150 ppra).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health:
Hater Health:
Land. Health:
4.5 x 105 iig/m3 (150 ppm)
15 x 4.5 x 105 • 6.75 x 106 wg/i
0.002 x 6.75 x 106 • 1.35 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x >l.OOO « >1.0 x 105 ug/l
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
_3
EPC
EPC
•AMI
AHla
10J x 450/420 • 1,070 ug/mj
1 150/420 ppm - 0.4 ppm
15 x 1.070 • 16,000 ug/>
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 450 • 6,200 ug/t
EPC,_H « 0.002 x 6,200 • 12.4 ug/g
EPCWE1 " 50 x >1>00° " >SO'000 wg/
EPCLE • 0.002 x 50,000 « 100 ug/g
E-42
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
5B
2-BUTAIMOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.MQ/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, ug/t
IppmWt)
Land. Ml
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. pevdoping Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E5
(150)
6.75E6
1.35E4
Band on
Ecological
Effects.
>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.4)
6,200
12.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,ug/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land,j»9/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,070
(0.4)
6,200
12.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
> 50, 000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-43
-------
CATEGORY:
58
WMJ /STRUCTURE:
PEMTANOLS, iecondary: C5H120 (amyl alcohols).
Liquid, characteristic odor.
PROPERTIES:
Z-pentanol
3-pentanol
molecular
wt.
88.15
88.15
119.3 0.8098'
,20
115.6 .815
3-methyl-2-butanol 88.15 113
.819
25
20
solubility
1n water
slightly
slightly
QY3/
vap.
— QY282/
3.03
3.04
OH
2-Pentanol
slightly 3.04
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Amyl alcohols are present In fusel oil.
OH
3-Pentanol
CH,CHCHCH3
„ OH
3-Methyl-2-butano1
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
2-Pentanol Irritates eyes and mucous membranes; can cause giddiness, headache, coughing, nausea, deafness,
deleHun, methemogloblnuria, and glycosurla (ref. 9). Isoamyl alcohol can cause throat Irritation at 100 ppm
(ref. 4).
LDcp (oral. rat)
2-pentanol
3-pentanol
3-methyl-2-butano1
30 cc of amyl alcohols, (primary component, Isoamyl alcohol), has caused death (ref. 24).
Toxiclty to man Is considerably greater than ethanol.
1,470 rag/kg
1,870 mg/kg
no details available
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
_3
TLV » 360 mg/nT" (100 ppm for Isoamyl alcohol, a primary pentanol).
(The TLV for Isoamyl alcohol 1s a reasonable limit for the secondary pentanols as well.
LD50 [oral, rat] for Isoamyl alcohol 1s 1,300 mg/kg.)
The
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 3.6 x 10S wg/m3 (100 ppm) A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 105 • 5.4 x 106 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5,4 x 106 • 1.1 x 104 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
•AMI a
EPC.u, • 10J x 360/420 - 860 ug/mj
• 100/420 • 0.24 ppm
15 x 860 > 12.900 u
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
5B
GOALS PENTANOLS (SECONDARY)
Air.pg/m3
(ppmVol)
Waur.MB/l
(ppmWt)
Land,jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Exutjng Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimatet
(R8.D Goall)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxirity Effluent
Beted on
Health EffecO
3.6E5
(100)
5.4E6
1.1E4
BtMdon
Eeologicd
Effectt
B. Ambwnt Lenel Goal*
BeHdon
Health Effectt
860
(0.24)
5,000
10
BtMdon
Ecological
Effects
C. EMminetion of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fia/m3
(ppmVel)
Wattr./ig/i
(PpmWt)
LMd.fig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effectt
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effectt
860
(0.24)
5,000
10
B. Bated on
Ecological Effectt
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Baaed on Health Effect*
E-45
-------
CATEGORY;
SB
1-PHENYLETHANOL: C8H100 (methylphenylcarblnol,
o-methy1benzyl alcohol).
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 122.18; bp: 203; fp: 21.4; d: 1.0129;
vap. press.: 0.1 m at 20"; vap. d: 4.21.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WLN: QYR
STRUCTURE:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
No Information Is available concerning the toxic effects of 1-phenylethanol.
LD50 (oral, rat): 400 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATK)MS:
45 x 400 • 1.8 x 104 ug/m3
15 x 1.8 x 10* • 2.7 x 105 ug/l
Air. Health:
Water, Health:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 103 - 540 M9/9
A1r, Ecology:
Water. Ecology:
Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC,
•AH2
'AH3
> 0.107 x 400 • 43 ug/mj
• 0.081 x 400 - 32 ug/m3
EPCUH1 • 15 x 32 • 480 ug/l
EPCWH2 ' °'4 x 40° " 16° V9ft
0.002 x 160 - 0.3 «9/g
E-46
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
5B
1-PHENYLETHANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, po/m^
CppmVoO
Watered/I
(ppmWt)
Land, (19/9
(ppmWt)
I. Baied on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Enginnring Estimates
(R&D Go3lll
II. Baaed on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxidty Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect*
1.8E4
2.7E5
5.4E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Efffccti
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effects
32
160
0.3
Bawd on
Ecological
'Effect!
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air.fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effectt
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effacti
32
160
0.3
B. Bated on
Ecological Effeett
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effeett
E-47
-------
CATEGORY:
5C
t-SUTAHOL: C4H1Q0 (2-methyl-2-propanol, t-butyl alcohol).
A colorless liquid, or rhombic prisms or planes; caraohor-
like odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.12; mp: 25.3; bp: 82.8; d: 0.789;
vap. press.: 40 mm at 24.5°; vap. d: 2.55; misclble
in all proportions with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WLN: QX
STRUCTURE:
p.
CH3-C-CH3
OH
t-Butanol has been Identified 1n public water supply samples In concentration of
0.01 wg/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Butyl alcohols are not considered serious toxic hazards {ref. 9). but may be Irritating to skin (ref. 23).
Effects of long term continuous dosage were not Injurous 1n animals tested (ref. 9).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 3,500 rag/kg.
Aquatic toxlcity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 300 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 3.00 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 3.0 x 105 • 4.5 x 106
Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 106 • 9 x 103 u'J/n
A1r, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x>1.000 • >1.0 x 105 ug/i
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC,
AMI
10J x 300/420 -710 ug/mj
EPCAH1a • 100/420 • 0.24 ppm
• 15 x 710 - 10,700 ug/i
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 30° * 4>14° ug/'
EPCLH • 0.002 x 4.140 » 8.3 ug/g
EPCH£1 • 50 x >1,000 « >50,000
EPCLE - 0.002 x 50.000 « 100 ug/g
E-48
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
t-BUTANOL
Air.//9/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land.M/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Editing Standardi
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering EttimatM
(R&D Goali)
II. Bated on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Ban) on
Health Effeco
3.0E5
(100)
4.5E6
9.0E3
Burton
Ecological
Effect!
>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Letd Goal*
Baud on
Health Efftett
710
(0.24)
4,140
8.3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
^0,000
100
C. Elimination of
DiKhargt
Natunl Background*
O.Olt
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air.fig/m3
(ppmVol)
(ppmWt)
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effeen
B. Baaed on
Ecologicel Effects
It. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
710
(0.24)
4,140
8.3
B. Bawd on
Ecologicel Effects
>50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
tPublic water supply.
E-49
-------
CATEGORY:
t-PENTANOl:
5C
(t-pentyl alcohol t-amyl
WLN: QX2
STRUCTURE:
alcohol), (t indicates tertiary.)
Volatile liquid; characteristic odor, burning taste.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular vrt: 88.15; bp: 102; mp: -8.4; vap. press.: 10 nra at
17.2°; vap. d: 3.03; d: 0.8059; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Amyl alcohols are present in fusel oil.
CH,
CH,CH,-C-CH,
3 2 j
OH
Z-Methyl-2-butanol
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
No information related to the toxic effects of tertiary pentanol on humans is documented. Based on animal
studies, the toxicity appears to be about three times that of the primary pentanols.
LD50 (oral, rat): 1,000 ing/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 1,000 • 4.5 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 10* • 6.8 x 105 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 6.8 x 105 • 1.4 x 103 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 - >1.0 x 10s ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 105 • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC,
EPC.
•AH2
0.107 x 1,000
^M3 - 0.08T x 1.000
15 x 81 • 1.220 ug/t
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * lf000 " 14'00
EPCLH • 0.002 x 14.000 - 28 w
107 ug/nr
81 ug/m3
U0/l
50 x >1,000 • >50,000 ug
EPCL£ • 0.002 x 50.000 > 100 ug/g
E-50
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
5C
t-PENTANOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,^g/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiaty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.5E4
6.8E5
1.4E3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
>1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Le>el Goal*
Based on
Hnllh Effects
81
1,220
28
Bated on
Ecological
Effaca
>50,000
100
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fio/m3
(ppmVol)
Wittr.fig/l
(ppmWt)
Ltnd,«ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
81
1,220
28
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
> 50, 000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*
Based on Health Effects
E-51
-------
OH OH
•-U-,
I I
H H
CATEGORY: 6A WLN: Q2Q
ETHYLENE GLYCOL; CgHgOg (l,2-d1hydroxyethane, 1,2-ethanediol). STRUCTURE:
Ethylene glycol 1s an odorless, colorless, viscous.
poisonous liquid with a sweet taste.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 62.06; mp: -11.5; bp: 198; d: 1.1088;
vap. press.: 13 mm at 93°; vap. d: 2.14; completely
mlsclble with water; hygroscopic.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethylene glycol may be formed by the add hydrolysis of ethylene oxide.
The low vapor pressure precludes exposure to vapors at room temperature (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Ingestlon of 1,500 mg/kg has resulted In death for a human (ref. 2). When Ingested. It causes central
nervous system effects and kidney Injury (ref. 9). Exposure to concentrations greater than 140 mg/m Is
reported to cause Irritation and other effects (ref. 4).
LDj,, (oral, rat): 5.840 mg/kg.
Ethylene glycol appears 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The ordering number Is 3121. The
lowest dosage to Induce an oncogenlc response Is reported as 4 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 0.78.
Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2}.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 10 mg/m3 (partlculate).
TLV • 260 mg/ra3 (100 ppm) (vapor).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 1.0 x 104 pg/m3
Water. Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 • 1.5 x 105 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 105 > 300 ug/g
Air. Ecology:
Mater, Ecology: 100 x 100 • 1.0 x 104 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 - 20 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 10/420 • 24 ug/m3
EPC^, - 15 x 24 - 360 «g/i
EPCWH2 " 13>8 x 10 " 14° "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 140 • 0.3 ug/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 - 5,000 vg/i
EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 » 10 ug/g
E-52
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
(ppmVol)
Water, fig/I
{ppmWt)
Land,fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goal.)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lernl Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
24
140
0.3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, fig/1
(ppmWt)
Land,(ig/g
(ppmWt,
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
H.»l« Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
24
140
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
5,000
10
III, Zero Threshold Pollutanti
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-53
-------
CATEGORY: 6a SU!; T30TJ BIG
1-CHLORO-2.3-EPOXYPROPANE: CjHjCIO (ep1ch1orohydr1n). STRUCTURE!
A colorless, mobile liquid with an Irritating, «
chloroform-like odor. CH2 CHCH^CI
PROPERTIES:
Molecular Mt: 92.53; bp: 117.9; mp: -25.6; d: 1.801;
vap. press.: 10 mn at 16.6; vap. d: 3.29; slightly soluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The threshold for odor recognition Is about'10 ppm (ref. 26). This Is equivalent
to approximately 40 mg/m .
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Eplchlorohydrln 1s Irritating and toxic by Inhalation, Ingestlon, or skin contact. Marked nose and eye
Irritation occur at levels over 100 ppn (ref. 26). As low as 20 ppm Is reported to cause eye effects (ref. 2).
LDM {oral, rat): 90 nig/kg.
LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 "hours.
Eplchlorohydrln Is cumulative (ref. 4), and chronic exposure may cause kidney Injury (ref. 24).
Eplchlorohydrln appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3101.
The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 720 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 4.3.
Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: 100-10 ppn (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REPUTATION:
TLV - 20 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/4.3 » 1.6 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.6 x 104 • 2.4 x 105 ug/t Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 - 1.0 x 103 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.4 x 105 - 480 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 ' ]°3 * zo/42° ' ** "9/1"3
EPCAHla * 5/42° " °'01 ppm
EPCWH1 • !5 x 48 • 720 wg/i EPCWE1 « 50 x 10 • 500 ug/l
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 2° ' 276 »9/i
EPCLH - 0.002 x 276 • 0.55 ug/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 4.3) • 39 pg/m3
EPCy,. • 15 x 39 • 585 ug/t
EPC,C • 0.002 x 585 • 1.2 ug/g
E-54
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
6B
GOALS 1-CHLORO-2,3-EPOXYPROPANE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.pj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Lind.fig/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiitin« Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering EstinwtM
(R&O Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxioity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
1.6E4
2.4E5
4.8E2
Buedon
Ecologies
Effecu
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Laid Goal'
Bated on
Health Effeen
39
276
0.55
Baled on
Ecological
Effect.
500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mfl/m3
(ppmVoll
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propond Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
B. Batadon
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Huftn Efncti-
48
(0.01)
276
0.55
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect.
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effecu
39
585
1.2
E-55
-------
VJUN: VHH
STRUCTURE;
0
H - C - H
CATEGORY; 7A
FWHALDEHYDE; CHgO (methanal, methyl aldehyde,
•ethylene oxide).
A colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor.
PROPERTIES;
•
Molecular wt.: 20.03; up: -92; by: -21; d: 0.815;
vap. d: 1.067; very soluble; vap. press.: 10 m at -88°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde. It Is catalytlcally reduced to nethanol or oxidized to formic
add. A 37-percent formaldehyde solution 1s called formalin.
There Is some evidence that formaldehyde Is a natural constituent of the atmosphere at a few parts per
billion (ref. 27). Odor recognition level Is 0.060 to 1.20 mg/m3 (ref. 3). Photooxldation of formaldehyde
Is reported as 51 percent in 5 hours for an Initial concentration of 15 ppm (ref. 3). Formaldehyde 1s emitted
to the atmosphere In gasoline and diesel exhaust, from coal combustion, fuel-oil combustion, and from wood
burning (ref. 27).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH ErTgCTS;
Formaldehyde is an Irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. Eye irritation 1s experienced
by some persons at concentrations of 0.1 ppm (.ref. 27). Concentrations as low as 0.3 to 2.7 ppm cause irritatio
In humans exemplified by annoying odor, prickling irritation of mucous membranes, and disturbed'sleep (ref. 4).
The lowest lethal oral dose to a human is 36 mg/kg (ref. 2).
U>$o (oral, rat): 800 mg/kg.
LC^ (inhalation, rat): 250 ppm for 4 hours.
Formaldehyde Is Included in the HIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List. The EPA/HIOSH ordering number is 4101;
lowest dosage to produce an oncogenic response is 96 mg/kg; adjusted ordering number: 42.7.
Exposure to <0.2 ppm for two days caused plant leaf symptoms and necrosis in petunia (ref. 3). This is
equivalent to 0.247 mg/m3. A concentration of 95 mg/t In water can cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
Aquatic toxiclty: TLm 96 - 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. B6COSNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC BEqUtATIOM:
TLV - 3 mg/m3 (2 ppm).
On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8).
MINIMUM ACUTJ TOXtCTTY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/42.7 - 1.6 x 103 ug/m3
uater. Health: 15 x 1.6 x 103 • 2.4 x 10* ug
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.4 x 10* « 48 ug/g
Air. Ecology: 247 x 2 • 494 pg/«r
Hater, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
EPC
AHla
ESTIMATED PBRMISSISLl CONCENTRATIONS!
^"•AHI " '°3 x 3/42° " 7'14 ~'~3
• 2/420 • 0.004 ppm
• 15 x 7.14 • 107.1
• 13.8 x 3-41.4 pg/t
0.002 x 41.4 - 0.08 ug/g
£?CAC2 - 103/(6 x 42.7) • 3.9 ug/n3
E?CWC • 15 x 3.9 - 58.5 ug/t
£?CLC - 0.002 x 58.5 • 0.12 ug/g
EPC,,,
EPC^ • 100 x 0.247 x 2 - 49 ug/nT
EPCUE1 • 50 x 10 - 500 ug/t
EPC,^ ' 95,000 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
E-56
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
7A
FORMALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air./ig/m3
fppmVol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land. MB/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.6E3
2.4E4
4.8E1
Bated on
EcologicaC
Effects
5.0E2
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient U«el Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect*
3.9
41.4
0.08
Bated on
Ecolooical
Effects
49
500
1
C. Etiminatian of
Discharge
Natural Background*
~3
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.po/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, f
-------
CATEGORY: 7A WLN: YH1
ACETALDEHYDE; C^O (acetic aldehyde, ethanal. ethyl aldehyde}. STRUCTURE!
A colorless, fuming liquid; pungent, fruity odor. g
H-C-CH3
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt.: 44.05; mp: -121; bp: 20.8; d: 0.780-0.790 g/ml;
vap. press.: 760 mm at 20.2°; vap. d: 1.52; soluble In all pro-
portions In hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Aldehydes can be catalytlcally reduced to alcohols.
Rural concentration In air Is reported as 0.3 ppb (ref. 1}. This Is equivalent to 0.0003 ppn or 0.530 ug/n .
Odor recognition range Is 130 to 412 ug/n (ref. 3). Photooxldatfon of acetaldehyde 1s reported as 12 percent
1n five hours for Initial concentration of 5 ppn (ref. 3).
Acetaldehyde has been found In samples of public drinking water supplies at concentrations of 0.1 ug/i
(ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Acetaldehyde Is an eye and respiratory system Irritant and a central nervous systen narcotic (refs. 4,9).
The ACGIH TLV 1s substantially higher than the USSR Unit of 3 ppra (ref. 4). A concentration of 50 pput
causes Irritative effects 1n humans (ref. 4).
LDg,, (ora.1, rat): 1,930 ng/kg.
LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppa for 4 hours.
REGULATORY ACTIQM8. STANDARDS CRITERIA. RECOQNmON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REqULATION;
TLV » 180 ng/m3 (100 ppm). (Recouoended to prevent excessive eye Irritation and potential Injury
to the respiratory tract.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 1.8 x 105 ug/n3 (100 ppm) A1r. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 10S « 2.7 x 106 ug/l Hater, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 106 - 5.4 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 1() x 180>'420 ' 43°
EPCAH1a " 100/42° * °-24 PP"
EPCyH1 - 15 x 430 • 6.450 u9/t
EPCUH2 * 13'8 x 18° " 2>4a° ug/
EPCLH • 0.002 x 2,480 • 5 ug/g
E-58
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
7A
ACETALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air./utfm3
(ppmVol)
Water, /u g/l
(ppmWt)
Lend, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standardi
N5PS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects
1.8E5
(100)
2.7E6
5.4E3
Sued on
Ecological
Etfeeu
B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Baud on
Health Effect.
430
(0.24)
2,480
5
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Diteharga
Natural Background-
0.53
O.lt
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
AiT.ng/ro3
(ppmVol)
(ppm'wt)
Land, pg/g
IppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
430
(0.24)
2,480
5
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant!
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water supplies.
E-59
-------
CATEGORY: 7A
ACBOLEIM: C3H40 (acrylic aldehyde, propenal).
A colorless or yellowish liquid; disagreeable choking odor.
WLN: VH1U1
STRUCTURE:
8
H-C-OCH,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 56.06; bp: 52.5; rap: -87; vap. press.: 214 mm at 20°;
vap. d: 1.94; d: .8389; very soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
An urban concentration of 0.003 ppm has been reported (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 6.9 ug/m . Odor
recognition levels ranging from 480 to 4,500 ug/ra are reported (refs. 3, 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acroleln, because of Its unsaturation. Is much more toxic and Irritating than the saturated aldehydes.
It causes respiratory Irritation 1n concentrations as low as 1 ppm (ref. 2). The lowest reported lethal
concentration of acroleln for man 1s 153 ppm for 10 minutes (ref. 2). The compound causes lacrlmatlon at
0.67 ppm after 20 seconds (ref. 27).
LD5Q Coral, rat): 46 mg/kg.
LCL(J exhalation, rat): 8 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxlclty: TUn 96: <1 ppm (ref. 2).
Toxlclty to vegetation: Alfalfa sustained oxldant type damage when exposed to 250 wg/m3 (0.1 ppn) for
9 hours (ref. 30).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REqUlATK>N:
TLV - 0.25 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm).
Acroleln appears on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 250 ug/m3 (0.1 ppm)
Hater, Health: 15 x 250 - 3.75 x 103 ug/l
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x TO3 - 7.5 vg/g
Air. Ecology: 250 x 9/24 • 94 ug/m3
Water, Ecology: 100 x <1 • <100 vg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAm • 103 x 0.25/420 • 0.6 ug/m3
EPCAHla " °-1/42° ' O-00024 PP*1
EPCWH1 " 1S * °'6 " 9 "9/t
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °'25 " 3>S "9/l
- 0.002 x 3.5 • 0.007 pg/g
EPCAE -0.1 x 250 x 9/24 • 9 wg/m3
50 x <1 • <50 ug/i
EPCL£ - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g
E-60
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
7A
ACROLEIN
Air.jio/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fn>/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Band on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS.BIT.BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.0 Goals)
11. Bated on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxidty Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
2.5E2
(0.1)
3.75E3
7.5EO
BeKdon
Ecological
Effect!
9.4E1
<1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient UM! Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
0.6
(2.4E-4)
3.5
0.007
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
9
<50
.,
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Netural Background*
6.9t
•to b» multiplied by dilution factor
Air.Mft/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/1
(ppmm)
Lmd./ig/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
ParmiMible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effects
0.6
(2.4E-4)
3.5
0.007
B. Beted on
Ecological Effects
9
<50
0.1
Ml. Zero ThreahoU Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
tConcentratlon Is reported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-61
-------
WLN; VH2
STRUCTURE:
0
CATEGORY: 7A
PROPIONALDEHYDE: CjHgO (propanal, propaldehyde, propyl
aldehyde). A colorless liquid; suffocating odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular *t: 58.1; bp: 48; mp: -81; d: 0.807;
vap. d: 2.0; vap. press.: 300 am at 25°; soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background concentration In air 1s reported to be 0.5 to 3.8 ppbc' (ref. 1). This Is equivalent
to 0.16-1.27 ppb or 0.38-3.01 ug/m3.
Photooxldatlon of proplonaldehyde Is reported as 25 percent In 6 hours for an Initial concentration
of 19 ppm (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The acute toxic properties of proplonaldehyde are similar to other small aldehydes. It Is a local
Irritant to eyes and mucous meabranes and acts as a central nervous systan narcotic.
LD^ (oral, rat): 800 mg/kg
LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 8.000 ppa for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxlclty: TLa 96: 1.000-100 ppn (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOaHITIOH. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATIOM;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 45 x 800 • 3.6 x 10* ug/n3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.6 x 104 * 5.4 x 105 »g/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.4 x 105 • 1.1 x 103 ug/g
Air. Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 104
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10* * 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • °-l07 x 800 • 86 ug/»3
EPCAH3 -0.081 x 800 • 65 ug/m3
EPCHH1 • 15 x 65 • 980 ug/t
EPCVH2 a 0.4 x 800 • 320 wg/1
EPCLH - 0.002 x 320 • 0.6 ug/g
• 50 x 100 - 5.000 ug/t
EPCLE - 0.002 x 5.000 - 10 ug/g
E-62
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
7A
PROPIONALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. 0g/l
(ppmWt)
Land.wj/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
3.6E4
5.4E5
1.1E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
65
320
0.6
Based on
Ecological
Effectt
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.38 to
3.01
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m"
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/t
(ppmWt)
Land.fijYg
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
65
320
0.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Based on Health Effects
E-63
-------
CATEGORY: 7A WLN; VH3
BUTYRALDEHYDE: C^O (butanal, butrlc aldehyde, n-butyl aldehyde). STRUCTURE:
A colorless, flanmable, liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 72.1; mp: -100° C; bp: 74.7° C;
d: 0.8024°; vap. d: 2.5; ralsclble with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
A concentration of 580 mg/ra3 1s reported to cause Irritative effects 1n humans (ref. 2).
L05Q (oral, rat): 2,490 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxldty: TUn 96: 10-1 ppn (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 2,490 « 1.1 x 105 ug/ra3
Water. Health: 15 x 1.1 x 10s - 1.65 x 106 Pg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.65 x 106 • 3.3 x 103 wg/9
Air, Ecology:
Hater. Ecology: 100 x 1 • 100
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
AH2
EPCAH3
£PCMH1
EPCWH2
EPCLH "
0.107 x 2.490 • 266 ug/ro
0-081 x 2>49° " 20Z
15 x 202 • 3.030 vg/
°'4 x 2>49° " 1>00°
°-°°2 x 1>00<) " 2 Wf
• 50 x 1 « 50 pg/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/g
E-64
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
7 A
BUTYRALDEHYDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,/in/m3
{ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D GoaJl)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1E5
1.65E6
3.3E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
202
1,000
2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Atr./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect)
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effect!
202
1,000
2
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Hearth Effects
E-65
-------
CATEGORY: 7A
BEMZALDEHYDE: CjHgO (phenylaldehyde, benzenecarblnal.
benzole aldehyde).
A colorless liquid; bitter almond odor.
WLN: VHR
STRUCTURE.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 106.09; rap: -26; bp; 178.1; d: 1.04325;
vap. d: 3.65; vap. press.: 1 mm at 26.2"; sparingly soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Occurs in kernels of bitter almonds (ref. 24). Used as synthetic flavoring substance (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzaldehyde acts as a weak local anesthetic. It 1s narcotic In high concentrations and may
cause dermatitis (ref. 24).
L05Q Coral, rat): 1,300 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 1,300 • 5.85 x 104 wg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 5.85 x 104 - 8.8 x 105
Land. Health: 0.002 x 8.8 x 105 - 1.8 x 103 vg/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 1,300 • 140 ng/nT
0.081 x 1.300 • 105 pg/m3
EPCWH1 " 1S x 10S * 1>S8° "9/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 1l30° " S2°
EPCLH • 0.002 x 520 • 1 ug/
E-66
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
7A
BENZALDEHYDE
Mr.itg/m3
(ppmVol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, /ifl/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effect!
5.85E4
8.8E5
1.8E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lent God*
Band on
Health Effect!
105
520
1
Bated on
Ecological
C. EHminitian of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air. fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Witcr, fig/I
-------
CATEGORY; 7B WLN: L6V BUTJ C D 0
ISOPHORQNE: CgH^O (Isoacetophorone, 3,5,5-tr1methyl-2- STRUCTURE:
cyclohexene-1 one).
A water-white liquid; peppermint odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular *rt: 138.09; bp: 215.2; mp: -8.1; d: 0.9229;
vap. press.: .44 mm at 25°; vap. d: 4.77; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Due to Its low volatility. Isophorone Is not a dangerous Industrial hazard (ref. 31). Concentrations of
9.5 pg/t of Isophorone have been found In samples from public drinking water supplies (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Isophorone Is one of the most toxic of the ketones. It Is an Irritant at 25 ppm or 141 mg/«3. In high
concentrations. Isophorone Is a kidney poison (ref. 9). Concentrations of 5-8 ppm for a month are reported
to cause fatigue and malaise (ref. 4}.
LDSO (oral, rat): 2,330 mg/kg.
LDLo (Inhalation, rat): 1.840 ppn for 4 hours
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air,' Health: 2.5 x 10* wg/m3 (5 ppm) Air. Ecology:
Wattr. Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.75 x 105 wg/i Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 105 • 750 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 " 1t)3 x 25/42° ' a "S/™3
EPCAHla " 5/42° " 0<01 PP"
EPCUH1 ' 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t
EPCWH2 * 13.8 x 25 • 345 vg/l
EPCLH " °-002 * 345 • 0.7 ug/g
E-68
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
7B
ISOPHORONE
EMISSION LEVEL COALS
Mr.ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, itg/\
tppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on BMt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering EitinutM
(R&D Gods)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2. SEA
3.75E5
7.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Coal'
Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
9.5t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Beted on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPublic drinking water supplies,
E-69
-------
CATEGORY: « *LN: VHQ
FORHIC ACID; CHO Onethanolc acid). STRUCTURE:
A colorless, fining liquid; pungent odor. OH
C • 0
PROPERTIES: H
Molecular wt: 46.03; rap: 8.4; bp: 100.7; d: 1.220;
vap. d: 1.59; vap. press.: 43 mn at 25"; mlscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Formic add 1s the first In the aliphatic series of carboxyllc acids. It Is a strong reducing agent and
Is more highly dissociated 1n water than 1s acetic add.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Fornlc acid acts as an Irritant to mucous membranes, eyes, and skin. Workers exposed to IS ppm
conplalned of nausea (ref. 4). Chronic absorption nay cause albunlnurla and hematurla (ref. 24).
LD50 (oral, rat): 1.210 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQUtATTOM;
TIV - 9 ng/n3 (5 ppo).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 9 x 103 yg/ra3 (5 ppn) A1r. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 9 x 103 • 1.4 x 105 ug/t Water. Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.4 x 105 • 280 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 - 103 x 9/420 • 21 gg/in3
EPCAHla " S/42° " °'01 ppnl
EPC^ • IS x 21 • 315 ug/i
EPCUH2 " 13'8 x 9 ' 124 U9/1
EPCLH - 0.002 x 124 • 0.25 ug/9
E-70
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
8A
FORMIC ACID
Air, fty/m
(ppm Vol)
Watw , fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.MO/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E3
(5)
1.4E5
2.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effects
21
(0.01
124
0.25
Based on
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jJB/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect]
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
21
(0.01)
124
0.25
B. Sued on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-71
-------
CATEGORY: M WLN: QV1
ACETIC ACID; CHjCOjH (ettianolc add). STRUCTURE.
A clear, colorless liquid; pungent odor.
CH3-C«0
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.05; mp: 16.6; bp: 118.1;
d: 1.049; vap. press.: 11.4 am at 20"; vap. d: 2.07;
nlsclble with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Organic adds are emitted to the atmosphere In large quantities from coal-fired
boilers. An average of 12.4 Ib of organic add (as acetic add) per ton of coal burned
1s reported for one large plant (ref. 27).
Acetic add Is formed by the air oxidation of acetaldehyde. Bacterial oxidation
of ethyl alcohol also results 1n formation of acetic acid.
The concentration of acetic acid In rural atmosphere 1s reported as 1.0 ppm
(.ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 2.45 mg/m3. (This value is representative of an agricultural
area and 1s not Indicative of a natural background concentration.) The odor recognition level
1s reported as 2.7 mg/m (ref. 3).
High concentrations of organic adds 1n water cause a lowering of the pH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Vapors of acetic add may cause Irritation of mucous membranes, lacrlmatlon. conjunctivitis,
and dermatitis (ref. 9). Irritative effects are produced In humans by 816 ppm for 3 minutes
(ref. 2). Conjunctlval Irritation has occurred at 10 ppm (ref.'4).
LD50 t°ra1> rat): 3-310 Kg/kg.
LCj. (Inhalation, mouse): 5,620 ppm for 1 hour.
Aquatic toxlclty: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 25 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 2.5 x 10* Mg/m3 (10 ppra) Air. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.8 x 10S pg/t Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 - 1.0 x TO3 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.8 x 105 - 760 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " lfl3 x 25/420 ' M "S/"3
EPCAHla " 10/42° " 0<02 ppw
EPCWH1 • 15 x 60 • 900 iig/i EPC^, • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/i
EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 25 ' 34S "Q/*
EPCLH • 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
E-72
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
8A
ACETIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,^g/m3
(ppmVo))
Water, 09/1
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bait Technology
A. Exiitinj Standard*
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Etttmetet
(R&D Goalt)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimmn Acute
Toxirity Effluent
Baled on
Health EHectt
2.5E4
3.8E5
7.6E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effecu
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Beiedon
Health Effects
60
(0.02)
345
0.7
Baud on
Ecological
Effecti
500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To to multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land,M«/y
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
60
(0.02)
345
0.7
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecu
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Hearth Effects
E-73
-------
CATEGORY: 8A WLN: QVR
BENZOIC ACID: CgHgCOOH (benzenecarboxylic acid. STRUCTURE;
phenyl formic acid).
White needles or powder.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 122.13; bp: 249.2; mp: 122.4; begins to
sublime at around 100°; volatile with steam; solubility:
0.34 g/100 g; soluble In hot water; vap. press.: 1 ran at 96"; vap. d: 4.21.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzole acid may be formed by the air oxidation (in presence of catalyst) of
toluene.
It occurs in nature in both free and combined states. Most berries contain
benzole acid—0.05 percent (ref. 24).
In water, benzole acid is more highly dissociated than acetic acid but less
than formic acid.
It is used in preserving foods and In curing tobacco (ref. 24). Concentrations
of 15 ug/t have been found in samples of public drinking water supplies (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzole acid Is an Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes (ref. 24). 6 mg/kg
applied to human skin has resulted In a toxic response (ref. 2). Severe toxic effects have
not been reported.
LDgg(oral, rat): 3.040 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACT1OMS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 45 x 3,040 • 1.4 x 105 ug/m3 Air. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 1.4 x 105 • 2.1 x 106 ug/i Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.1 x 106 • 4.2 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 * °'107 * 3>04° * 32S
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 3.040 - 246 ug/m3
EPCWH1 " 15 x 246 - 3,700 wg/l
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 3tMO " 1t22° ug/l
• 0.002 x 1.220 - 2.4 ug/g
E-74
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
8A
BENZOIC ACID
Air.jiQ/rn3
(ppffl Vol)
Water, (jg/l
(ppmWt)
Lmd,f
-------
CATEGORY: 8A
PHTHAHC ACID:
o-phtnalic acid).
Colorless crystals.
(1,2-benzenedlcarboxyllc add,
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 166.14; rap: 210-211 (decomposes,
sublimes); d: 1.593; solubility: 0.7 g/100 g; very
soluble In hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Phthallc add
Phthallc acid Is an aromatic dlcarboxyllc acid. Both carboxyllc acid functions may
react to form salts, esters, amide, or anhydride. The anhydride reacts with water,
reforming the phthallc add. In water, one carboxyllc acid function Is Ionized
to a greater extent than Is acetic acid, formic add, or benzole acid; 1on1zat1on
of the second carboxyllc acid function occurs less readily.
Phthallc add may be formed by the hydrolysis of benzene-!.2-d1n1tr1le or by
oxidation of 1,2-dlnethyl benzene.
Phthallc anhydride
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Phthallc add acts as an Irritant to skin, eye, and upper respiratory system.
LD^ (oral, rat): 4,600 rag/kg.
Teratogenlc effects due to phthallc add are reported. A 4 percent Incidence of
congenital defects resulted 1n chicks receiving 3 to 20 mg via the yolk sac or air
cell before Incubation (ref. 32). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on this data 1s
1101. It is not possible to extrapolate to rag/kg the dosage administered directly to
the egg yolk sac of a chick, so adjusted ordering number cannot be determined from this
data.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (phthallc anhydride): 6 mg/ra3 (1 ppm).
(Phthallc acid Is formed by the reaction of phthallc anhydride and water.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 6.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm) A1r. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 6.0 x 103 • 9.0 x 104 ug/t Water. Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 9.0 x 10* - 180 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 * 6/420 • 14 wg/m3
EPC
'AHIa
1/420
1 0.002 ppm
15 x 14 • 210 ug/l
EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 6 " 83 u9'1
EPC|_H • 0.002 x 83 • 0.2 ng/g
E-76
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
8A
PHTHALIC ACID
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol>
Water, itgft
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&DGoalt)
II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxirity Effluent
Bated on
Heilth Effect!
6.0E3
(1)
9.0E4
1.8E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level God*
Bated on
Health Effects
14
(0.002)
83
0.2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
-
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Atr,ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
W«tar,jug/l
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Beted on
Health Effect!
14
(0.002)
83
0.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effectt
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Hearth Effects
£-77
-------
CATEGORY; 8B WIN: QV1Q
HYDROXYACETIC ACID: C2H403 (glycolic add, hydroxy- STRUCTURE:
ethanolc acid).
Colorless, odorless, somewhat hygroscopic leaflets.
OH OH
H - C - C - 0
PROPERTIES: H
Molecular wt: 76.05; mp: 80° (decomposes);
soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Hydroxyacetlc acid Is an o-hydroxy add. In water. It 1s more highly
dissociated than acetic acid. It 1s found In sugarcane juice (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Hydroxyacetlc acid Is more toxic than acetic add. It 1s primarily an
Irritant to mucous membranes.
L05Q (oral, rat): 1,950 rag/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 45 x 1.950 • 8.8 x 104 ug/«3 A1r. Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 8.8 x 10* • 1.3 x 106 wg/t Hater, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.3 x 106 • 2.6 x 103 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 ' °'107 x 1'950 ' Z09 US'"3
EPCAH3 " °-081 x 1.950 • 158 wg/m3
EPCWH1 " 15 x 158 - 2.370 ug/i
EPCVIH2 " °'4 x 1>95° " 78° "9/1
EPC,_H - 0.002 x 780 • 1.6 wg/g
E-78
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
WAU> HYDRO XY ACETIC ACID
Air,^g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bawd on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated cm Ait«bi«rt Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
8.8E4
1.3E6
2.6E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Lnel Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
158
780
1.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Ak-.fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MI/I
(ppmWt)
Land.Mfl/8
JppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
HMltfi Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Baud Estimated '
Permissible Concentration
A. Based en
Health Effects
158
780
1.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissfcle Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
E-79
-------
CATEGORY: 3C WLN; ZVH
fOfiHMUPE; HCONH2 Cformlc add amide, formylamine, STRUCTURE:
aetnanamide).
MU
A colorless, hygroscopic, viscous, oily liquid. | 2
c-o
PROPERTIES: /
" H
Molecular wt: 45.04; mp: 2.55; bp: 210.7; decomposes;
d: 1.13344°; vap. press.: 29.7 mm at 129.4°; mlsclble
with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Fonuanride Is a derivative of formic add and 1n water hydrolyzes to form the
parent add. Formamlde Is obtained by heating ammonium formate 1n the presence
of anmonla. At its boiling point, It decomposes to ammonia and carbon monoxide.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Animal experiments have indicated that repeated exposure to formamlde results
1n cumulative effects, although toxlcity by all routes 1s low.
Fornwnlde Is not reported to have presented any serious toxlcologlc hazards 1n Industrial
use (ref. 4). It Is considered considerably less acutely toxic than dimethyl formamlde.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 7,500 mg/kg.
Formamlde has caused teratogenlc effects when 6 g/kg were administered to pregnant
rats. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4101, and the adjusted ordering number 1s 0.7.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 30 rog/m3 {20 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 3.0 x 104 vg/o? (20 ppm) A1r. Ecology:
Uater, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 10* • 4.5 x 105 ug/t Hater, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 105 - 900 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 - 103 x 30/420 • 71 Pg/m3
EPCAHla " 20/420 " °-05 PP"»
EPCWH1 * '5 x 71 • 1,070 ug/t
EPCUH2 " 13'8 x 30 > 414 ug/t
EPCUH • 0.002 x 414 • 0.8 »g/g
E-80
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
8C
FORMAMIDE
Air. /ig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, »ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. BaMd on Bttt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engiiutring Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
3.0E4
(20)
4.5E5
9.0E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
•
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
71
(0.05)
414
0.8
Bawd on
Ecological
Effccu
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
HM!VI EffvcU
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
1 1, Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.05)
414
0.8
B. De)Ma on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pothrtants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
E-81
-------
CATEGORY: 80
PHTHALATE ESTERS; (Including dimethyl phthalate,
C10H1()04; dlethyl phthalate, C12H1404; and
dl-n-butyl phthalate. C16H2204).
Colorless, oily liquids.
PROPERTIES:
WLN: 10VR BV01; 20VR BV02; *°VR Bm
STRUCTURE:
(where R and R' are alkyl groups)
o-01nethyl phthalate
Dlethyl-o- phthalate
01 -n- butyl -n-phthal ate
molecular wt
194.19
222.24
278.35
bp
238.8
29.5
340
mp
5.5
-40.5
d
1.1905f
1.1175*°
1.047*
vap. d
6.69
7.66
9.58
vap. press.
1 nn at 100.3°
1 mm at 108.8°
1 mn at 148.2°
solubility in water
0.43 g/100 ml
Insoluble
1:2.500
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
The phthalate esters are dlalkyl esters of phthallc add and are comnonly used as Insect repel 1 ants.
Dlethyl phthalate has been found 1n samples from public drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 1.0 ug/1;
dimethyl phthalate. 0.82 ug/i; and dlbutyl phthalate. 5.0 yg/l (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The phthalate esters are not considered highly toxic. Exposure via skin has been widely tested because
of use as an Insect repel1ant, and has rarely caused difficulties. They are somewhat Irritating to the eyes
and nose. Accumulation of phthalate esters In humans Is not reported. Ingestlon by a human of 140 mg/kg of
dlbutyl phthalate resulted In temporary effects to the central nervous system (refs. 4, 2); Ingestlon of 143 mg/kg
of 61s(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dloctyl phthalate caused gastrointestinal tract effects (ref. 2).
Teratogenlc effects have been caused In rats by dlbutyl phthalate (TDLo: 874 mg/kg), dlethyl phthalate
(TDLo: 1.232 mg/kg). dimethyl phthalate (TDLQ: 1.014 mg/kg), and several other phthalate esters (ref. 2).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for the phthalate, considered collectively based on teratogenlc potential, Is 4101.
The adjusted ordering number using the lowest dosage reported for teratogenlc effects from dlbutyl phthalate Is
4.7.
Aquatic toxlclty: Even though acute toxlclty 1s of a low degree, phthalate esters are accumulated by
certain aquatic species, and reproductive Impairment sometimes occurs (ref. 33,34). TLm 96 for dlbutyl phthalate:
1,000-100 ppm; for benzyl butyl pnthalate. over 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 5 mg/m3 (for dimethyl phthalate. dlbutyl phthalate. dlethyl phthalate). (The TLV Is
recommended to control the mist from the phthalates, since they are often sprayed.)
EPA 1976 water quality criteria (proposed): 3 ug/i for freshwater aquatic life (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria: 0.3 ug/t to protect fish and their food supply (ref. 28).
Phthalate esters are Included on the EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TDXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 5 x 103 ug/n3
Hater. Health: 15 x 5 x
103 •
7.5 x 10* ng/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 10* - 150 wg/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
5 x 0.3 • 1.5 ug/t
0.002 x 1.5 - 0.003 wg/g
ESTIMATED PtRMISSIBLC CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC^, - 103 x 5/420 • 12 ug/n3
EPCVIH1 • 15 x 12 - 180 ng/l
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 5 " M U9/1
EPCLH • 0.002 x 69 - 0.14 Mg/g
EPCUE1 - 50 x 100 - 5.000 ug/t
EPCWES " °'
EPC.c • 0.002 x 0.3 - 0.0006 wg/g
103/(6 x 4.3) « 39 wg/m3
''LE
EPCAT
EPCWT
EPCLT
15 x 39 • 585
0.002 x 585 -
1.2
E-82
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
8D
PHTHALATE ESTERS
Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Ban Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goils)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acuta
Toxiesty Effluent
Based on
Health Efftctt
5.0E3
7.5E4
1.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.5
3.0E-3
B. Ambient U«al Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
12
69
0.14
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.3
0.0006
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.82 to
5t
•To te multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWtl
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bated on
Heal* Effects
Ecological Effects
0.3
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12
69
0.14
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
0.0006
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Based on Health Effects
39
585
1.2
tPublic drinking water supplies.
E-83
-------
CATEGORY:
ACETON1TRILE: CHjCH (methyl cyanide).
A colorless liquid with an odor similar to ether.
WLN: NCI
STRUCTURE:
CH3CN
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 41.03; rap: -41; bp: 81.6; d: 0.783^;
vap. press.: 100 am at 27"; vap. d: 1.42; mlscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Acetonltrfle Is decomposed by heat. The odor Is reported to be detectable at 40 ppm"
or 70 mg/o3 (ref. 4).
TOXtC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Hunan death has resulted from exposure to high concentrations of acetonltrlle. Bronchial
effects have resulted fron exposure to 160 ppm. Exposure to concentrations below 40 ppm
Is not expected to cause organic cyanide poisoning or Injury to the respiratory tract (ref. 4).
Animal studies show that different species and Individuals vary widely In susceptibility to
acetonitrile (ref. 4).
LD5() (oral, rat): 3.800 ng/kg
LC,^ (.Inhalation, rat): 8,000 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxicity: TUn 96: 1.000 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TUT - 70 mg/m3 (40 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 7.0 x 104 ng/n3 (40 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 7.0 x 104 • 1.05 x 106 vg/l
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.05 x 106 - 2.1 x 103 wg/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater. Ecology: 100 x 1,000 • 1.0 x 105 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10s - 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC - 103 x 70/420 - 167
EPC
AH1
AHla
" 40/42°
1S * 167
EPCWH1
EPC«H2 " 13'8
EPCLH ' °-°°2
" 2'500
70 " 97°
97° ' * wg/g
EPCH£1 - 50 x 1.000 • 50,000 pg/t
EPCLE " °-°°2 x s0'000 ' 10
E-84
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
9
V9UAL3 ACETONITRILE
Mr.ng/m3
(ppmVol)
Water. M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goali)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health EHecn
7.0E4
(40)
1.05E6
2.1E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Lnel Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
167
(0.1)
970
2
Bated on
Ecological
50.00C
IOC
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pj/m3
(ppmVol)
Water. «ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
167
(0.1)
970
2
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect*
50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect*
E-85
-------
CATEQOttY: 9
AC«YLOHITR1LE:
An explosive, fl
(cyanoethylene, vinyl cyanide, acrylon).
ible liquid with a penetrating odor.
WIN: NC1U1
STRUCTURE:
CH£ • CHCN
PROPERTIE*
Molecular wt: 53.04; «p: -82; bp: 78.5; d: 0.8060;
vap. press.: 200 «• at 38.7; 100 m at 22.8*; vap. d: 1.83; slightly soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. AMOCUTED COMPOUNDS:
The odor threshold level for acrylonltrlle Is reported as 21.4 ppm (ref. 29).
Acrylonltrlle can be formed by the reaction of acetylene with hydrogen cyanide.
TOXIC moptRTiM. HEALTH
Vapors of acrylonltrlle are extrenely toxic and Inhibit respiratory enzymes In
cells. It 1s absorbed through the skin with possible formation of cyanide 1n the
tissues (ref. 35). There Is little evidence of emulative action on repeated
exposure (ref. 9).
U>50 (oral, rat): 82 mg/kg.
LC^ (Inhalation, rat): 500 pp* for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxlclty: TUi 96: 100-10 ppa (ref. 2}.
A concentration of 18 ng/i of acrylonltrlle In water Is reported to cause tainting
of fish flesh (ref. 36).
RMULATOHY J^TlOMa STAMP^M CI>IT1RIA flECOOMITMN fAMniDATF 1TATU6 KM »ECH4C BMULATK*:
Acrylonltrlle Is on EM Consent Decree Priority III List.
TLV - 45 mt/t? (20 PPM).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV COMCBNTIUTIOMfc
A1r, Health: 4.5 x 10* wg/M3 (20 DOM)
water. Health: 15 x 4.5 x 10* - 6.75 x 105
Land. Health: 0.002 x 6.7S x 10S - 1.4 x 103
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
100 x 10 • 1.0 x 104 ug/t
ug/g
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10* • 2 ug/g
MTIMAT1D MmH«8»Ll CONCINTRATIONt:
EPC
EPC
'AHl
•AHla
103 x 45/420 • 107 iig/m3
20/420 - 0.05 op*
1.600
EPCHH1 ' 1S x 107
EPCUH2 " 13'8 * 4S
- 0.002 x 620 • 1.2 ug/g
EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
EPCJj., • 18.000 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
EPCL£ - 0.002 x 500 - i ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
ACRYLONltRiLE
Air, iiq/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(pptnWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goall)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Heal* Effect!
4.5E4
(20)
6.75E5
1.4E3
Baled on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baaed on
Health Effects
107
(0.05)
620
1.2
Baaed on
Ecological
Effect!
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or PropoMd Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
107
(0.05)
620
1.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect!
E-87
-------
CATEGORY: 9 WIN: NCR
BENZOfimiLE; C7H$N (cyanobenzene, phenyl cyanide). STRUCTURE:
A colorless, flammable liquid with an almond-like
odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 103; np: -13; bp: 190-192; d: 1.01o]|;
vap. press.: 1 ram at 28.2"; slightly soluble 1n cold water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Benzonltrlle decomposes when heated to give toxic vapors.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzonltrllt Is considered to be highly toxic (ref. 9).
LD^ (oral, rat): 720 wg/kg.
LCLo t1nhalat1on. rat): 950 ppm for 8 hours
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 720 « 3.24 x 104 ug/ra3 Air, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 3.24 x 104 • 4.9 x 105 ug/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.9 x 105 • 980 «g/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 720 • 77 wg/m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 720 • 58 ug/ra3
EPCWH1 • 15 x 58 - 870 wg/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 72° " 29° "9/l1
EPCLH * °-°°2 x 290 - 0.6 ug/g
E-88
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
UUMLO BENZONITRILE
Air,M8/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jig/l
(PpmWt)
L*nd.ug/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standards
NSPS.BPT.BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goal>)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.2E4
4.9E5
9,8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level God'
Based on
Health Effects
58
290
0.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ujym3
(ppmVol)
Water, ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Propowd Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Based on
Had* Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effectt
II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
58
290
0.6
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
BMedonH.vlihEff.Ktf
E-89
-------
CATEGORY: 9 WIN: NCX&iXCN
TETRAHETHYLSUCCrNONITRILE: CgH,^ (TSN.TMSN). STRUCTURE:
Crystallizes In plates; nearly odorless.
(CH3H-CH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 136.22; mp: 169 (sublimes); d: 1.070;
slightly soluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
(CH3)-C-CN
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Tetramethylsucclnonltrlle Is used as a strong convulsant In experimental animals
and In man. It Is absorbed through the skin and detoxified slowly In the body.
Cumulative effects were not noted In animal tests. Systemic effects caused 1n exposed
workers Included headache, nausea, and convulsions (refs. 4,9).
LCLo t1nha1at1on« r«t): 60 PP« for 2-3 hours; 6 pom for 30 hours.
LOLo t°ral» «t): 25 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 3 «g/m3 (0.5 ppm)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.0 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 103 - 4.5 x 104 pg/t Mater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 104 • 90 »g/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 " '°3 x 3/42° ' 7 "9/n3
EPCAHla " °-5/420 ' 0-001 ppm
EPCWH1 ' 15 x 7 • 105 ug/i
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 3 * 41 "9/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 41 • 0.08 ug/g
E-90
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
9
TETRAMETHYLSUCCINONITRILE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)
II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acut«
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effects
3.0E3
(0.5)
4.5E4
9.0E1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
(0.001)
41
0.08
Based an
Ecological
Effectt
-
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ifl/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bawd Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
7
(0.001)
41
0.08
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-91
-------
CATEGORY: 10A
ETHYLAMINE: C^N (l-aminoeth«ne, ethanamine)
A colorless, flawnable liquid with a strong anrooniacal odor.
WIN; 22
STRUCTURE:
CH3CH2NH2
PROPERTIES:
15.
Molecular wt: 45.10; bp: 16.68; d: 0.689J|; pKa: 10.75
(ref. 37}; vap. press.: 400 mm at 2°; mlsclble with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Ethylaralne Is a strong base and a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 37).
Rural concentration In air has been reported as 21 ppb (ref. 1). This Is
equivalent to 38.7 ug/m3. This value may be unduly high since 1t 1s representative
of an agricultural setting.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Experiments with animals Indicate Irritation of the cornea as well as lung, liver, and
kidney damage for a 6-week exposure at levels of 100 ppm (ref. 4).
tDLo (oral, rat): 400 mg/kg.
LC^ (Inhalation, rat): 3,000 ppm/4 hr.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tin 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 18 mg/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.8 x 104 pg/m3 (10 ppm)
Hattr, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 10* • 2.7 x 105 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 105 • 540 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
;AHI
'AH la
10J x 18/420 - 43
• 10/420 > 0.024 ppn
^Sml ' !5 x 43 • 645 ug/l
EPCy|Q « 13.8 x 18 • 248 yg/t
EPCLK " °-002 x 248 • 0.5 wg/g
EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 • 500 ug/l
EPC • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
E-92
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A
ETHYLAMINE
Air.pu/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jij/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Batt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Dmloping Technology
Engineering. Estimate*
(R&D Goals)
II. Baiad on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Hs»lth Effects
1.8E4
(10)
2.7E5
5.4E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
0.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
'
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fio/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Und.pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bawd Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
0.5
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-93
-------
CATEGORY: 10A
ETHANOLAHINE: C^NO (2-am1noethanol. 2-hydroxylethylamlne).
A colorless, oily liquid; faint, ammonlacal odor.
STRUCTURE:
H2NCH2CH2OH
2-Am1noethanol
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 61.10; bp: 171-172°; pIC: 9.44 (ref. 38);
9fl *
d: 1.0222JJ; mlscible with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Ethanolamlne Is a strong base, and a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 37).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Animal studies Indicate that ethanolamlne has an Irritant and necrotlc effect on the
skin (.ref. 4).
LOgQ (oral, rat): 2,100 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 6 rog/m3 (.3 ppm) (level believed sufficient to prevent systemic effects).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 6.0 x 103 wg/m3 (3 ppm)
Wtttr, Health: 15 x 6 x 103 - 9.0 x 104 ug/
Land. Health: 0.002 x 9.0 x 104 • 180 ug/g
Air, -Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100
1.0 x 10* ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 1(T • 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
_3
EPC,
"AH1
'AHIa
lO0 x 6/420 • 14 Hg/«r
3/420 • 0.007 ppm
"SHI • « x 14 - 21
EPCUH2 * 13lB x 6 ' 83 »«9/1
EPC,_H • 0.002 x 83 • 0.17 wg/g
50 x 100 - 5,000 ug/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 « 10 ug/g
E-94
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
IDA
ETHANOLAMINE
Air.^g/m3
(ppmVoJ)
Water, vyfl
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/O
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E3
(3)
9.0E4
1.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Hcstth Effects
14
(0.007)
83
0.17
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Ajr.tig/m3
IppmVol)
Water, py/l
(ppmWt)
Land, (j»/g
(pprnWt)
1. Currant or Propoeed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
14
(0.007)
83
0.17
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Based on Health Effects
E-95
-------
CATEGORY: 10A
BUTYLAHINES: C4HnN (aminobutanes).
Liquid, ainnoniacal odor.
Molecular wt: 73.16; soluble in water.
PROPERTIES'
l-ara1nobutane
2-am1nobutane
2-methv 1 -n-ami noorooane
nip
-50
-104
-72.65
bp
78
63
44-46
-?
0.724
0.695
WLN: Z4, ZY2, ZX
STRUCTURE:
l-Am1nobutane
2-Aminobutane
CH3CH2CHCH3
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Aliphatic amines are strong bases.
The odor of butylamine Is slight at less than 1 ppm (ref. 37).
NH
2
CH,
CHj—C-NH2 2-Amino-2-methyl propane
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Contact with liquids, solutions, or vapors of aliphatic amines causes strong,
local Irritation.
l-am1nobutane
2-aminobutane
2-a«1 no-2-methyl propane
LD50
oral, rat
500 mg/kg
380 mg/kg
180 mg/kg
LCLo
Inhalation, rat
4,000 ppm/4 hr
The aquatic toxicity rating for 2-araino-2-raethylpropane (tert-butylamlne) is
reported as TLra 96: > 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 15 mg/m3 (5 ppm): skin.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.5 x 104 wg/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 10* • 2.25 x 105 u
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 105 - 450 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x >1,000 « >1.0 x 105
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 5- 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
J x 15/420 • 36 ug/nr
EPCAHla * 5/42° " °-01 P""1
EPCWH1 " !5 x 36 « 540 ug/f
EPCHH2 • 13.8 x 15 « 207 i,g/l
EPC
LH
"9/9
EPCHE1 • 50 x>1.000 • --50.000 vg/t.
EPCLE - 0.002 x 50,000 « 100 wg/g
E-96
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A
BUTYLAMINES
Air.jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bawd on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goth)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effeett
1.5E4
(5)
2.25E5
4.5E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
->1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Baiedon
Health Effect!
36
(0.01)
207
0.4
Bated on
Ecological
Effect.
> 50,000
TOO
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To b* multiplied by dilution factor
Air,pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Hater, jij/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,fig/y
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
36
(0.01)
207
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
>50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Perminble Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
E-97
-------
CATEGORY: IDA WIN:
CYCLOHEXYLAH1NE: CfiH13N (aminocyclohexane, hexahydroanlline). STRUCTURE:
A liquid, with a strong, fishy, amlne odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 99.06; mp: -17.7; bp: 134°; d: 0.8191;
pKa: 10.79 (ref. 37); completely nrisclble with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Cyclobexylamlne is a known metabolite of cyclamates (refs. 4,39). It
1s a strong base.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vapors of cyclohexylanlne are strongly Irritating although, at concentrations below
10 ppn, acute effects are absent (ref. 4).
L050 (oral, rat): 710 mg/kg.
Cyclohexylanlne appears (as the sulfate) 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4111. The lowest dose (as the sulfate) to Induce a
carcinogenic response 1s 11 g/kg. This 1s equivalent to 5.5 g/kg of cyclohexylamlne.
The adjusted ordering number Is 0.74.
Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 1,000-100 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV « 40mg/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 4.0 x 10* ug/ra3 (10 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 4.0 x 104 • 6.0 x 105 wg/'
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.0 x 105 • 1.2 x 103 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 =• 1.0 x 10*
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 » 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAW - 103 x 40/420 - 95 ug/m3
EPCAHla " 10/42° " °'024 PP™
EPCWHl" 1S x 9S - M30 wg/i
EPCWH2 " 13-fl x *° " 55° u9/r
EPCLH " °-°°2 x 55° '
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 « 5,000 ug/i
EPCLE « 0.002 x 5.000 - 10 Mg/g
E-98
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10A
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE
Air /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.0E4
(10)
6.0E5
1.2E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
95
(0.024)
550
1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To b« multipliad by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
(ppm Vol)
(ppm'wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
95
(0.024)
550
1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-99
-------
CATEGORY: 10B WIN: T3MTJ
ETHYIEHEMHIE; C^N (azlrldlne, azacyclopropane). STBUCTURE;
A colorless liquid; Intense, aimonlacal odor; fumes In air.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 43.07; mp: -73.96; bp: 55-56; d: 0.832; •
vap. press.: 160 mm at 20"; vap. d: 1.48; mlsdble with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Ethylenelmlne Is an extremely reactive compound; It undergoes ring-opening reactions similar to those
undergone by ethylene oxide (ref. 39). Ethylenelraine hydrolyses in water to give ethanolanrfne. Ethylenelnlne
Is polymerized to polyethylenelmlne. which Is used as a flocculant 1n water treatment. Polyethylenelmlne 1s
also used 1n the paper and textile Industries (ref. 40).
The anmonlacal odor of ethylenelmlne Is detectable at 2 ppm (ref. 41).
Ethylenelmlne 1s not known to occur In nature (ref. 40).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethylenelnlne 1s regarded as highly toxic by Inhalation, skin contact, and Ingestlon. It Is a potent
Irritant, causing blisters. Toxic effects due to a 2-3 minute exposure to the vapor were not apparent
until after 3 hours (ref. 4).
Ethylenelraine causes chromosome aberrations In namnallan cells (ref. 42). It Is reported to cause
cancer In mice and 1n rats, and the animal studies show that a high Incidence of hepatomas and pulmonary
tumors result from oral administration (ref. 40).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4212. The lowest toxic dose to Induce carcinogenic effect In animals
Is recorded as 20 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 210.6.
LDjQ (oral, rat): 15 mg/kg.
LCL(} (Inhalation, rat): 25 ppm/8 hr.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 1 »g/m3 (0.5 ppn). (This TLV does not consider the carcinogenic potential of ethylenelmlne.)
Ethylenelmlne Is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
Ethylenelnlne Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers
are prescribed (ref. 17), Including monitoring, control methods, and medical surveillance.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/210.6 • 332 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 332 - 5 x 103 i»g/i Mater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 x 103 • 10 ug/g Land, Ecology
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPCAH1 " 1!)3 * 1/42° " 2'4 "9/m3
EPCAHla " O-5/420 " O-001 PP™
1S « 2.4 • 36 tig/I
EPCUH2 * 13'8 * ' * u ng/l
EPCy, • 0.002 x 14 - 0.028 wg/g
EPCAC2 " 1<|3/W x 210'6) " °'8 •'S/™3
• 15 x 0.8 - 12 ug/i
0.002 x 12 • 0.024 ug/g
E-100
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
10B
ETHYLENEIMINE
Air, ugltt?
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land. pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beet Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimatts
(R&D Go«li)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect!
3.32E2
5.0E3
1.0E1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.8
12
0.024
Bated on
Ecological
Effeca
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
14
0.028
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.8
12
0.024
E-101
-------
CATEGORY; 10B WLN: 1H1
D1HETHYUWINE: C2H7N. STRUCTURE:
A colorless gas with a strong ammonlacal odor. (CH3)2NH
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 45.09; bp: 7.4; d: 0.6804^°; vap. press.: 2 atm
at 25° {ref. 37); vap. d: 1.55; mlsclble with water; pK : 10.61 (ref. 37).
a
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Dlmethylanlne Is a normal constituent of human urine (ref. 37). Aliphatic amines are strong bases.
The rural concentration of dimethylamine 1s reported as 89 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to
163.80 wg/m3. This value Is probably unduly high because It Is representative of an agricultural setting.
The odor recognition level Is reported as 1.10 mg/m3 (ref. 3) and the odor threshold as 0.047 ppm or
0.09 mg/m3 (ref. 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Dlmethylamlne Is similar to ammonia In Its chemical and lexicological properties. It 1s a strong
Irritant to eyes and upper respiratory tract.
LDjQ Coral, rat): 698 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
A concentration of 7 mg/i In water Is reported to cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 36).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION- CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 18 mg/i
Is much lower.)
TLV • 18 mg/m (10 ppn). (This level Is established to prevent respiratory Irritation. The odor threshold
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm) A1r. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.8 x 104 - 2.7 x 10s pg/i Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 - 1 x 103 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.7 x 10S - 540 wg/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1 x 103 - 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 " 1(>3 x 18/42° " 43 p9/ln3
^AHla ' 10/42° " °'024 PP™
EPCMH1 • 15 x 43 • 645 ug/t EPCy^ • 50 x 10 • 500 wg/z
• 13.8 x 18 • 248 ug/t
» 0.002 x 248 • 0.5 ug/g EPCL£ • 0.002 x 500 « 1 vg/g
E-102
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10B
DIMETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E4
(10)
2.715
5.4E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
(0.024)
248
0.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Watar, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based oo
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
(0.024)
248
0.5
B. Based on
Ecological Effect*
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-103
-------
CATEGORY: IOC WLN: ZR
ANILINE; CgH?N (phenylaralne, anrinobenzene). STRUCTURE;
An oily liquid; colorless when freshly distilled, darkens
on exposure to air and light; disagreeable odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 93.11; bp: 184.13; d: 1.0217; pkfa: 9.3 (ref. 44);
vap. press.: 1 ma at 34.8" C; volatile with steam; soluble 1n
water, soluble In I1p1ds (ref. 44).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Aniline was first produced by the dry distillation of Indigo. It has also been Isolated from coal tar.
It has. In general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines; 1t 1s a weak base. It 1s widely used
as an Intermediate in the production of chemicals used In dyes, photographic chemicals. Pharmaceuticals,
and In the rubber Industry (ref. 44).
The odor recognition level for aniline Is reported as 0.37-4.15 mg/m3 {ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The biological half-life of aniline 1s reported as 0.120 day for man (ref. 20). Aniline may be absorbed
through the skin as well as through Inhalation and cases of acute, as well as chronic, poisoning are reported
(ref. 4). The oxygen transport ability of hemoglobin Is Impaired by aniline; human death has resulted from ex-
posure to high concentrations of aniline (ref. 45). Ingestlon of 350 mg/kg has also resulted 1n human death.
LD5Q {oral, rat): 440 mg/kg.
LCcg (Inhalation, rat): 250 pom for 4 hours.
There are no adequate data to Indicate that aniline 1s carcinogenic to man or to animals (ref. 44). However,
several aniline derivatives have produced oncogenlc responses 1n test animals (ref. 2).
Aquatic toxlclty: 96-hour TLm 1s 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 19 mg/m3 (5 ppra) skin.
Aniline is Included 1n the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology First Priority Chemicals List {ref. 8).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.9 x 104 ug/ra3 (5 ppm) Air. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 1.9 x 10* • 3.0 x Id5 gg/m3 Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.0 x 10s • 600 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 ' 1t)3 * 19/42° " 45 u9/q|3
EPCAHla " 5/42° " °'02 ppm
EPCWH1 " 1S x 45 " 67S "9/l EPCWE1 • 50 x 10 - 500
EPCWH2 " 13>8 x 19 " 262 ug/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 262 • 0.5 ug/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
E-104
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10C
ANILINE
Air,M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exilting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estinwttt
(R&D Goah)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
BsMdon
Health Effect!
1.9E4
(5)
3.0E5
6.0E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lnel Goal'
Bawd on
Health Effects
45
(0.02)
262
0.5
Baiedon
Ecological
Effect!
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
AhMig/m3
(ppm Vol)
(ppm'wt)
Land,pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bend on
Health Effect!
B. Beted on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Pentiifjible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.02)
262
0.5
B. Bated on
Ecological EftVcu
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effect!
E-105
-------
CATEGORY: IOC
AMINOTOLUENES; C?HgN (methyl anilines, toluldines).
2-Aminotoluene: light yellow liquid; becomes darker on
exposure to air and liquid. 3-Amlnotoluene: liquid.
4-Aralnotoluene: leaflets, wlnelike odor, burning taste.
PROPERTIES:
WLN:ZR B, ZR C,
STRUCTURE:
ZR 0
2-Aralno toluene
3- Aral no toluene
4- Ami no toluene
Molecular
wt
107.16
107.16
107.16
m£
-14.7
-30.4
43.7
b£
200.23
203.35
200.55
,20
d4
0.9984
0.9889
0.9619
Solubility In water
Slightly' soluble
Slightly soluble
Slightly soluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 2-Ami notol uene
(o-Tolu1d1ne)
Amlnotoluenes are formed by reduction of the corresponding
nltrotoluenes.
3-Aminotoluene
(m-Toluldine)
NH-
4-Ami notoluene
(p-Tolu1d1ne)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Aromatic amines are readily absorbed through the skin. The toxlclty of toluldlnes 1s considered to be
similar to that of aniline (ref. 45). Inhalation of vapor of the ortho Isomer results In Intoxication and
Irritation of the kidney and bladder. A concentration of approximately 100 ppra 1s considered the maximum
endurable for an hour without serious consequences (ref. 9).
)-« (oral, rat)
2-Aminotoluene
3-Amlnotoluene
4-Aminotoluene
900 wg/kg
974 ing/kg
656 ing/kg
Each of the amlnotoluenes Is reported to produce oncogen1c responses 1n animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number, considering the compounds collectively, 1s 4212, and the lowest dose to produce an oncogen1c response
Is 6,600 wg/kg. The adjusted ordering number for the compounds collectively 1s 636.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 22 ng/m (5 ppn) for 2-am1notoluene. This TLV does not reflect carcinogenic potential of
the amlnotoluenes.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIdTY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 10*/638 - 110 wg/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Mater, Health: 15 x 110 • 1.65 x 103 gg/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.65 x 103 • 3 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
AMI
AHIa
10J x 22/420 • 52 ug/mj
- 5/420 • 0.01 ppm
EPCMH1 • 15 x 52 • 780 ug/i
EPCWH2 * 13>8 * a " 304
EPCLH * °'°°2 x 30* " °-6 "9/9
EPC
AC2
°'26 M
- 15 x 0.26 - 4 ug/t
EPCL(- - 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g
E-106
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
IOC
AMINOTOLUENES
Air,pa/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing St»ndard«
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitinutts
(R&O Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.10E2
1.65E3
3.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Le»el Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.26
4
0.008
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/I
{ppm Wt)
Land, 119/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Sued on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
304
0.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.26
4
0.008
E-107
-------
-CATEGORY: IOC WLN: ZR X X
DIHETHYLAHILIHES: CgH^N (xylidlnes, aminodiroethylbenzenes). STRUCTURE:
Of the six isomerlc xylidines, all except xylidlne are
liquids above 20° C.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 121.09; bp: 213-226°; d: 0.97-0.99;
sparingly soluble In water, soluble In liplds.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The Six Isomerlc xylidines may be formed by the reduction of the corresponding nltro compounds.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
ToxIcUy of dimethyl anilines has been compared to that of aniline and methyl aniline. Depending on the
species tested, the compound appears to be less toxic, equally toxic, or more toxic than the other compounds
(ref. 4).
(oral, rat) (In mq/kq) LD-. (oral, rat) (In mq/kq)
2.3-xylldlne
2,4-xylldlne
2.5- xylldlne
2,6-xylldlne
933 3.4-xylldlne
467 3,5-xylldlne
1.297 xy 11 dine
840 (mixture of isomers)
812
707
670
LC50 (Inhalation, mouse): 149 pom for 7 hours (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 25 mg/m3 (5 ppra) skin for xylidlnes.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 2.5 x 104 ug/rn3 (Sppra) Air. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104 • 3.75 x 105 wg/i Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 105 • 750 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 25/420 • 60 ug/«3
EPCAH1a " 5/42° " °'01 PP"1
EPCHH1 ' 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t
EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 25 • 345 iig/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g
E-108
-------
MULTIMEDIA
GOALS
Air, uq/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
10C
DIMETHYLANILINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eltimattt
(R8.D Goalil
II. Band on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effect!
2.5E4
(5)
3.75E5
7.50E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air, Mj/m
(ppm Vol)
Wattr, MJ/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effecn
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecn
II. Toxidty Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effeett
E-109
-------
ZR DR
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 10C
4-AH1NOBIPHENYL: C^H^M (p-phenylan111ne, 4-b1phenylam1ne).
Colorless crystals that darken on exposure to light and air.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 169.24; mp: 50-2; bp: 302; slightly soluble
1n cold water; volatile 1n steam; soluble In llplds (ref. 46).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
4-Am1nobiphenyl has, 1n general, the properties of primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base. The
main commercial use of 4-am1nob1phenyl 1n the past was that of an antloxldant 1n rubber (ref. 46).
4-Ara1nob1phenyl 1s a metabolite of 4-n1trob1phenyl (ref. 43).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS!
A high Incidence of bladder carcinomas was reported for a group of workers occupationally exposed to
4-an1nob1phenyl (ref. 46). 4-Am1nobiphenyl has also caused cancer In animals (ref. 2).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7526. The lowest toxic dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported
as 140 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 54.
LD5(J Coral, rat): 500 rag/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS fOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
4-AHiinobiphenyl 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
4-Anlnoblphenyl 1s designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautloons for exposed
workers are prescribed (ref. 17).
4-Aminobiphenyl 1s recognized by ACGIH as being potentially carcinogenic to humans. No TLV has been
assigned to 1t.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 7 x \04/54 • 1.3 x 103 ug/m3
Water. Health: IS x 1.3 x 103 - 2.0 x 104 ug/l
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 104 • 40 ug/g
A1r. Ecology:
Water. Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
53'5
°-107
EPCAH3 " °'081 " 500 • 40.5 ug/m
AH2
15 x 40.5 • 608
EPCWH2 " 0<4 x 500 • 200 ug/l
EPCLH " °-°°2 x 200 • 0.4 pg/g
EPC • 103/C6 x 54)
3
AC2
3 ug/m
15 x 3 • 45 ug/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 45 • 0.1 wg/g
E-110
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
IOC
4-AMIIMOBIPHENYL
Air, iig/m3
{ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E3
2.0E4
4.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
3
45
0.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, wj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, 0g/l
(ppmWt)
Land.Md/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permittible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
40.5
200
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
3
45
0.1
E-111
-------
CATEGORY: IOC WIN; ZR OR DZ
BENZIDINE: C^H^Ng (4,4'-d1am1nod1phenyl, STRUCTURE:
4-4'-d1pheny1ened1am1ne).
Colorless crystals; darken on exposure to light and air.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 184.26; mp: 125; bp: 400740;
slightly soluble In cold water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzldlne has, 1n general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base.
Benzldlne and Its salts are used In the synthesis of dyes (ref. 46).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Benzldlne 1s believed to be absorbed through the skin as well as through Inhalation.
LD50 Coral, rat): 309 ing/kg.
A high Incidence of bladder tumors among workers handling benzldlne Is reported (refs. 4, 46).
Inhalation
of 18 mg/n for 13 years resulted 1n carcinoma In exposed workers (ref. 2).
The compound Is reported to cause cancer 1n animals also. Cancer resulted In rats exposed Intermittently
via Inhalation to 10 rag/ra3 for 56 weeks.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7426. The lowest toxic dose reported to Induce a carcinogenic response
1s 2.100 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 3.5.
Aquatic toxlclty: TLn 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC BEQUIAT10H:
Benzldlne production Is recognized by ACGIH to be associated with a substance or substances considered
potential human carcinogens. No TLV has been assigned.
Benzldlne Is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
Benzldlne Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers are
prescribed (.ref. 17).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 45 x 309 - 1.4 x 10 pg/m
Water, Health: IS x 1.4 x 104 - 2.1 x 10s u
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.1 x 105 - 420 vg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 » 100 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 » 0.2 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 309 • 33 wg/nr
EPCAH3 " °'081 * 309 " K "9/m3
EPCVM1 ' 15 x 25 ' 375 "S/1
EPCWH2 ' 0.4 x 309 - 124 wg/l
EPCLH » 0.002 x 124 • 0.25 vg/g
EPC,
'AC2
103/(6 x 3.5) • 48 iig/nj
15 x 48 • 720 wg/l
EPCLC • 0.002 x 720 • 1.4 ug/g
EPCUE1 • 50 x 1 - 50 ug/t
EPCLE - 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 vg/g
E-112
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10C
BENZIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I
Air, Md/rn^
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, Ml/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.4E4
2.1E5
4.2E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal1
Bated on
Health Effects
25
124
0.25
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Hnlth Ef facts
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
25
124
0.25
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
48
720
1.4
E-113
-------
CATEGORY; "C WtN: L66J BZ
l-AMINOHAPHTHALEME; C1QHgN (1-naphthylaiQlne, STRUCTURE:
a-Naphthylamlne).
White crystals; darken on exposure to tight and air.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 143.19; mp: 50: sublimes; bp: 300; d: 1.1229^;
vap. press.: 1 OB at 104° C; soluble to 0.167 percent In H20 at 25°; volatile 1n steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
l-Naphthy1am1ne does not occur as such 1n nature, but has been Isolated from coal tar (ref. 44). It has,
In general, the characteristics of primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Exposure to 1-anlnonaphthalene contaminated with 4-10 percent 2-amlnonaphthalene Is associated with human
bladder cancer (ref. 44). The metabolite. N-hydroxy-1-naphthalene, has also been shown to be carcinogenic
(ref. 43). Animal studies Indicate the compound Is less carcinogenic than the 2-1 sower amlnonaphthalene .
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 1-amlnonaphthalene Is 3101. The lowest toxic dose to Induce an
oncogenlc response Is 25 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 124.
LDgg (oral, rat): 779 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 10-1 pom (ref. 2).
HEeULATDRY ACTIONS. STANDAHOS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS TOR SfKlfK REqUlATMMt
l-Anlnonaphthalene Is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees to 1-naphthylam1ne have been established, taking Into
consideration evidence that l-naphthy1am1ne may cause cancer (ref. 17).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
Air. Health: 7 x 104/124 • 564 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Utter, Health: 15 x 564 • 8.5 x 103 ug/t Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 • 100 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 8.5 x 103 • 17 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPCAH2 " °'107 x 779 "
&KHQ • 0.081 x 779 - 63 wg/m3
EPC|M1 • 15 x 63 • 946 ug/t EPC)£1 - 50 x 1 - 50 ug/t
• 0.4 x 779 - 312 pg/l
0.002 x 312 • 0.6 ug/g EPC,^ - 0.002 x 50 • 0.1
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 124) - 1.3 ug/ra3
EPCyj. • 15 x 1.3 - 20 ug/t
EPC. , • 0.002 x 20 - 0.04 ug/g
E-114
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
10C
1-AMINONAPHTHALENE
(ppmVol)
Water, ;j 9/1
(ppmWt)
Land, rUfl/o
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.64E2
8.5E3
1.7E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
1.3
20
0.04
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m
(ppmVol)
Water, MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(pom Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
63
312
0.6
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
1.3
20
0.04
E-115
-------
CATEGORY; loc
(2-naphthy1am1ne,
WLN: L66J CZ
STRUCTURE:
2-AM1NONAPHTHALENE:
B-naphthylamlne).
White crystals that darken on exposure to light and air; volatile with steam.
PROPERTIES:
,98.
Molecular wt: 143.19; rap: 113; bp: 306; d: 1.0614™; vap. press.: Iran
at 108° C; volatile In steam; slightly soluble 1n cold water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
2-Naphthylamlne does not occur as such In nature, but 1s formed by the pyrol1s1s of nitrogen-containing
organic natter. It has been Isolated from coal-tar (ref. 44). It has. In general, the characteristics of
primary aromatic amines. It Is a weak base.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Epldenlologlcal studies have shown that occupational exposure to 2-amlnonaphthalene Is strongly associated
with the occurrence of bladder cancer. There 1s no doubt that the compound Is a human bladder carcinogen
(ref. 44). 2-Amlnonaphthalene Is also reported to cause cancer In several animal species.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7628. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported
as 18 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 423.8.
L05Q Coral, rat): 727 rag/kg.
Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
2-Amlnonaphthalene 1s recognized by ACGIH as a carcinogenic agent In humans. No TLV has been assigned.
6-fophthylamlne was the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
OSHA standards dealing with exposure of employees to 2-naphthylamlne has been established taking Into
consideration substantial evidence that 2-naphthylamlne 1s known to cause cancer (ref. 17).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
7 x 10*/423.8 • 165 wg/m3
'3
Air, Health:
Water. Health: IS x 165
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 10
2.5 x 10
,3
5 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 ug/i
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
78 ug/m3
0.107 x 727
EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 727 - 59 ug/mj
EPCHH1 " 1S " 59 " 3,500 wg/t
EPCVW2 " °'4 x 727 " W1 "9/t
0.002 x 291 - 0.6 ug/g
0.4 ug/m3
15 x 0.4 - 6 ug/t
0.002 x 6 • 0.012 ug/g
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 423.8)
EPC
LC
EPCUE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/t
EPC.c " 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g
E-116
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
IOC
2-AMINONAPHTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT. BAT
B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect.
1.65E2
2.5E3
5.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effect!
0.4
6
0.012
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjo/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. pg/|
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
59
291
0.6
B. Based on
Ccological Effwtt
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
0.4
6
0.012
E-117
-------
CATEGORY: 10D WLN: INI4R
STRUCTURE:
N.H-OIHETHYLANILINE: CgH^N (dimethylphenylanrine).
An oily liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular vrt: 121.18; bp: 194.15; d: 0.9557;
slightly soluble In water; soluble In llplds.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
N,N-D1methylan1l1ne Induces toxic responses through Inhalation or by absorption through the skin (refs. 4, 45).
The toxic effect Is considered similar to that of aniline (ref. 4). Ingestlon ef 50 mg/kg has resulted in
human death (ref. 2).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,410 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm) skin.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 2.5 x 104 ug/tn3 (Sppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 104- 3.75 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 105 - 750 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PtRMIS«BlE CONCENTHATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 1()3 x 25/420 ' 60 W9/1"3
EPCAH1a • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm
EPCWH1 - 15 x 60 • 900 ug/t
EPCHH2 ' 13-8 « 25 • 345 wg/t
EPC,_H - 0.002 x 345 • 0.7 ug/g
E-118
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
10D
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E4
(5)
3.75E5
7.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lend Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
60
(0.01)
345
0.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects
E-119
-------
CATEGORY; " WtN: NNU1 &2/1
DIAZOHETHANE: CHjNg (dlazlrlne, azlmethylene). STRUCTURE;
A yellow gas; musty odor. H-C - N » N:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 42.05; rap: -145; bp: -23°
(ref. 41); decomposes 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Dlazomethane is considered a hazardous chemical due to Us Instability toward heat, shock,
and oxidizing agents. Because of Its explosive nature and Its toxldty, dlazomethane Is
generated and used In situ when needed as a reagent.
Photolysis of dlazomethane yields nitrogen and the very reactive d1 radical methylene.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Dlazooethane Is a highly toxic compound; Its toxldty 1s comparable to that of phosgene. Skin
Irritation, chest discomfort, asthmatic symptoms, and development of hypersensltlvlty has been
reported by chemists working with dlazomethane (ref. 41). Exposure to high concentrations of
dlazomethane have resulted 1n human death (ref. 41).
TC^tlnhalatlon, rat): 272 mg/kg
Exposure to dlazomethane 1s reported to cause oncogen1c responses In animals. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number Is 4223. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response Is reported as
54 ng/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 78.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION!
TLV - 0.4 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm). This TLV does not recognize oncogenlc potential of dlazomethane.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 4 x 102 ng/m3 (0.2 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4 x 102 • 6 x 103 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 6 x 103 • 12 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 " 1()3 x °'4/420 ' } "9/1"3
EPCAHla " O'2/420 " °- MO5 PP"»
EPCWH1 ' 15 x 1 • 15 ug/l
EPCWH2 * 13<8 x °-4 " 5>S "9/l
EPC^ - 0.002 x 5.5 • 0.01 ug/g
EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 78) - 2 ug/m3
EPC^. - 15 x 2 • 30 ug/t
EPC,. • 0.002 x 30 - 0.06 ug/g
^C E-120
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
11
DIAZOMETHANE
Air. jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, vv/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
[ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E2
(0.2)
6.0E3
1.2E1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1
(0.0005)
5.5
0.01
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1
(0.0005)
5.5
0.01
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
•
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
2
30
0.06
E-121
-------
STRUCTURE:
H2N-N-CH3
CATEGORY: 1]
HOnOHETHIfLHYDRAZINE: CN2Hg (methylhydrazine).
Honomethylhydrazine 1s a liquid at room temperature,
fumes In air, and has an ammonia-Hke odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 46.08; mp: < -80; bp: 87745; vap. press.: 49.6 ran at 25° C
(ref. 41); pK: 8.0 (ref. 47); soluble in water.
a
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Monomethylhydrazine is synthesized for use as a rocket fuel. It dissolves in water to
give a weakly basic solution.
Monomethylhydrazine undergoes autooxidation in air to give nitrogen, methanol, carbon
monoxide, acetaldehyde, and various carbon or nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (ref. 47).
The odor detection level for monomethylhydrazine 1s reported as 1-3 ppm (ref. 4).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
As a group, hydrazine derivatives are local Irritants, convulsants, and hemolytlc agents
which are absorbed by all routes of administration. Monomethyhydrazlne 1s the most toxic
of the methyl derivatives of hydrazine (refs. 4, 41).
LD50(oral, rat): 33 mg/kg.
LC,-0(inhalation, rat): 74 ppm for 4 hours.
Monomethylhydrazine is reported to have caused both carcinogenic and teratogenlc effects
In animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number, based on carcinogenic potential or on teratogenlc
potential, Is 3212. The lowest dose resulting 1n an oncogenic response is 3,000 mg/kg; the
adjusted ordering number is 1. The lowest dose to produce a teratogenlc effect is 100 mg/kg;
the adjusted ordering number based on teratogenic potential Is 32.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 0.35 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm). This TLV does not recognize oncogenic or teratogenlc potential
of monomethylhydrazine.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.5 x 102 ug/m3 (0.2 ppm)
Uater, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 102 * 5.25 x 103 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.25 x 103 - 10.5 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AHl
10J x 0.35/420 • 0.8 »g/mj
EPCAHU • 0.2/420 - 0.0005 ppm
EPCWH1 * 15 x °'8 " '2 "9/1
EPCWH2 * 13-8 * °-35 * s "y/;
LPC,H • O.OOr x 5 • 0.01 »g/
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
11
MONOMETHYLHYDRAZINE
Air, /*g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E2
(0.2)
5.25E3
1.1E1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Btsedon
Health Effect!
0.8
(0.0005)
5
0.01
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, 119/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effecti
0.8
(0.0005)
5
0.01
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
5
75
0.15
E-123
-------
CATEGORY: 11 WLN: ZNU1
N.N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE: C^Hg (1,1-dimethylhydrazine, STRUCTURE:
dlmazlne, unsymnetrical dlmethylhydrazine).
A colorless liquid that fumes 1n air with an ammonlacal H,CS
or "fishy" odor. H C/N-NH2
PROPERTIES: 3
Molecular wt: 60.11; bp: 63752; d: 0.791422;
vap. d: 2; vap. press.: 157 nm at 25° C; pK : 7.21
(ref. 47) mlsdble with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
N,N-D1methylhydraz1ne Is synthesized almost exclusively for use as a rocket fuel. It 1s
described as Insensitive to shock {ref. 47), but can Ignite spontaneously If absorbed 1n
Materials with large surface areas.
Solutions In water are weakly alkaline.
Odor recognition level for H,N-d1methylhydraz1ne 1s reported as 0.3 - 1 ppm (ref. 47).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
As a group, hydrazlne derivatives are local Irritants, convulsants, and hemolytlc
agents, which are absorbed by all routes of administration (ref. 41).
N.H-D1methy1hydraz1ne 1s not considered as toxic as hydrazlne or monomethylhydrazlne (ref. 47).
N,N-D1methylhydrazine Is reported to have caused cancer 1n mice.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenic potential 1s 3111. The lowest dose to
induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 7,902 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 0.39.
LD50 (oral, rat): 122 mg/kg.
LC50 (.Inhalation, rat): 252 ppm for 4 hours.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION:
TLV * 1 mg/B3 (0.5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r. Health: 1 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) A1r. Ecology:
Hater. Health: 15 x 1 x 103 « 1.5 x 104 ug/l Vtater, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
LPCAH] « 103 x 1/420 -2.4 i,g/m3
EPCAHla • 0.5/420 • 0.001 ppm
EPCWH1 " 15 x 2l4 " 36 U9/'
EPCyH2 • 13.8 x 1 • 13.8 ug/«.
EPCLH • 0.002 x 13.8 - 0.03 »g/g
E-124
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
11
ISI, N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
{ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bawd on Bejt Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
(0.5)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baiadon
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-125
-------
CATEGORY: 11 WLN;
N.N'-OIMETHYLHYDRAZINE: C^Hg (l,2-dimethylhydraz1ne, STRUCTURE:
dimethylhydrazlne}.
N.N'-Dlmethylhydrazine Is a colorless liquid that H3C-N-N-CH3
fumes 1n air; amroonlacal odor. H |!|
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.12; rap: -9; bp: 81753; d: 0.8274;
vap. press.: 100 mm at 28° (ref. 44); nriscible with
water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
N.N'-dimethylhydrazlne is not known to occur freely in nature. It is manufactured
only in experimental quantities (ref. 44).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
As a group, hydrazine derivatives are local Irritants, convulsants. and hemolytic agents
which are absorbed by all routes of administration (ref. 41).
LD50 Coral, rat): 100 mg/kg.
N.N'-Dlmethylhydrazlne is reported to cause oncogenic effects in animals. A possible
metabolite of N.N'-dimethylhydrazine, azoxymethane. produced a high yield of carcinomas
of the colon in rats (ref. 44).
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4415. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response
is 2 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 2208.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/2,208 • 32 Mg/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 32 • 5 x 102 ng/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 x 102 • 1 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 " °'107 x 10° ' n "9/m3
EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 100 • 8 ug/m3
EPCHH1 " 15 x 8 " 12° "9/l
EPCWH2 " O-4 * 100 • 40 ug/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 40 - 0.08 M9/g
EPCAC2 > 103/(6 x 2.208) - 0.075 ug/m3
EPCWC - 15 x 0.075 • 1.1 ,,g/f.
EPCLC " 0-°°2 " I-' - 0.002 t,g/g
E-126
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
11
N, N'-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.2E1
5.0E2
l.OEO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Leml Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
0.075
1.1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. Mi/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible' Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
8
40
0.08
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.075
1.1
0.002
E-127
-------
CATEGORY:
11
WLN: RUHR
STRUCTURE:
H H
1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE: C12H12N2 (hydrazobenzene).
Colorless tablets from ethanol-ether.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 184.26; mp: 131 (decomposes);
Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Hydrazobenzene is formed by mild reduction of azobenzene. In the presence of mineral acids,
hydrazobenzene rearranges to benzldlne.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Little Is reported regarding the acute or chronic toxic properties of hydrazobenzene. Its
properties are probably similar to other hydrazene derivatives. Hydrazobenzene 1s an active
hemolysln (ref. 41).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 301 mg/kg.
Exposure to hydrazobenzene 1s reported to produce neoplastlc effects in rats and in mice.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4224. The lowest dose to produce the oncogenlc effect 1s
5,280 ng/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.8.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Diphenylhydrazene 1s on the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 301
1.35 x 10* wg/m3
Hater, Health: 15 x 1.35 x 104 - 2.0 x 105 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 105 * 400 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 301 • 32 ug/m3
EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 301 • 24 ug/m3
EPCvml • 15 x Z4 - 360 ug/l
EPCWH2 " 0-* x 301 * 1ZO "9/l
EPCLH " 0.002 x 120 • 0.24 Mg/9
E-128
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
11
1, 2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(RSD Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1 . 35E4
2.0E5
4.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effect!
24
120
0.24
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jifl/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Basad on
Health Effects
24
120
0.24
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-129
-------
WLN: 1N1&R DNUNR
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 11
p-DIHETHYLAHINOAZOBENZENE : C14H15N3 (butter or
methyl yellow, 4-d1methylam1noazobenzene. C.I. Solvent
Yellow 2). Yellow leaflets.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt.: 225.8; mp: 114-117; Insoluble
In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
P-Dlmethylamlnoazobenzene Is manufactured almost exclusively for Us use as a coloring agent.
The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Conwlttee on Food Additives considers p-d1methylam1noazobenzene unsafe
for use In food (ref. 48).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Contact dermatitis has been observed In factory workers exposed to p-dlmethylamlnoazobenzene
(ref. 48).
Exposure to p-dimethylamlnoazobenzene Is reported to cause cancer In animals.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 5425. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s
155 rag/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 35. Azo dyes carclnogenesls 1s affected by dietary
factors and by hormones (ref. 49).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
P-Dtraethylamlnoazobenzene 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
P-Olmethylamlnoazobenzene Is designated by OSHA as a cancer-suspect agent; special precautions
for exposed workers are prescribed (ref. 17).
FDA has declared p-dlmethylamlnoazobenzene a carcinogen (ref. 24).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/35 - 2.0 x 103 ug/m3
Mater, Health: 15 x 2 x ID3 • 3.0 x 104 ug/L
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.0 x 104 • 60 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 35) • 5 ug/m3
- 15 x 5 • 75 ug/l
• 0.002 x 75 « 0.15 ug/g
E-130
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
11
V7UAL* p-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/I
(ppmWt)
Land, iig/g
(ppcnWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.0E3
3.0E4
6.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
5
75
0.15
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, JIB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
5
75
0.15
E-131
-------
CATEGORY: « VVLN: WHIM
H-HITROSOOIHETHYLAMINE: CjHgNgO (dimethylnitrosoamlne). STRUCTURE:
A yellow liquid. /CH
0 -N - N^ 3
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 74.08; bp: 154; d: 1.0048; miscible with
water In all proportions; soluble in lipids.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Formation of nltrosoamlnes may occur in air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The
precursors associated with nitrosoamlne formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides) are
ubiquitous In nature. Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the microblal reduction of nitrates (ref. 50). Nitrosoamines
are rapidly decomposed by photolysis.
Estimated concentrations of nltrosoamlnes include the following: air (major population centers)—0.2 ug/m ;
drinking water—<1 ug/day; dietary intake—a few ug/day (ref. 50).
There 1s some indication that traces of N-n1trosod1methylam1ne occur in various foods (ref. 46).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The biological activity of dimethylnltrosoamlne (or Its metabolites) Includes acute and chronic toxlcity,
carclnogenicity, and teratogenlclty 1n experimental animals.
LD50 (oral, rat): 26 mg/kg.
LD50 (Inhalation, rat): 78 ppm (4 hours).
N-N1trosod1methylam1ne 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
1s 4429. The lowest dosage resulting In an oncogenlc response 1s 0.075 mg/kg (ref. 50). The adjusted ordering
number Is 59,053. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty Is 3101. The lowest dosage to produce
teratogenlc effects 1s 13 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on teratogenidty 1s 238.5.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
Nltrosoamlnes. including N-N1trosod1methylam1ne appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned
priority of 1.
Nitrosoanines are included In the ACG1H List of Industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential
for Han. No TLV is specified.
N-Nitrosod1methy1an1ne is the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43). OSHA Standards dealing
with exposure of employees to N-nitrosodimethylamlne have been established, taking into consideration substan-
tial evidence that the compound 1s known to cause cancer (ref. 17).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 10*/59,053 • 1.2 ug/w3 Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 1.2 • 18 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 18 - 0.036 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 -0.107 x 26 • 2.8 ug/m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 26 - 2.1 ug/m3
EPCWH1 " 15 x 2.1 • 31.5 ..g/l
EPCyjg • 0.4 x 26 - 10.4 wg/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 10.4 • 0.02 ug/g
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 59,053) • 0.003 ug/m3 EPCAT « 103/(6 x 238.5) • 0.70 ug/m3
15 x 0.003 • 0.045 ug/t EPC^ • 15 x 0.7 • 10.5 ug/t
0.002 x 0.045 • 9 x 10"5 ug/g
t"* I Ot
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
12
N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.2EO
1.8E1
3.6E-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.003
0.045
9xlO"5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<0.2t
<*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/fl
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.1
10.4
0.02
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.003
0.045
9x1 O"5
tValue is representative of major population centers.
.is reported.
{Drinking Water.
E-133
No rural concentration
-------
CATEGORY: 12 S£fc!li: °NN2iz
N-HITROSODIETHYLAHINE: C4H1QN20 (dlethylnitrosoaralne). STRUCTURE:
A yellow, volatile liquid. 0-N - N
2H5
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 102. 14; bp: 176.9; d: 0.9422J0;
moderately soluble In water, soluble In Uplds.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Formation of nltrosoamlnes may occur In air, water, soil, food, and in the gastrointestinal tract. The
precursors associated with nltrosoamlne formation (secondary amines and nitrites or nitrogen oxides) are
ubiquitous 1n nature. Amines may be formed by the anaerobic decay of nitrogenous matter (plants, animals,
excrement), and nitrites may be formed by the mlcroblal reduction of nitrates (ref. 50). Nltrosoamlnes
are rapidly decomposed by photolysis.
Estimated concentrations of nltrosoamlnes Include the following: air (major population centers) —
0.2 pg/rn ; drinking water-- " °'66 "g/
15 x 0.29 - 4.4 ug/l EPCj^ - 15 x 0.66 • 9.9 ug/t
0.002 x 4.4 - 0.009 ug/g EPCLT • 0.002 x 9.9 • 0.02 ug/g
E-134
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
12
IM-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. (ig/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiccty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.2E2
1.8E3
3.6EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.29
4.4
0.009
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
<.2t
<*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. uglm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^fl/a
(ppm Wl)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Perminibla Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12.7
62.8
0.13
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.29
4.4
0.009
tValue is representative of major population centers.
is reported.
tDrinking water.
E-135
No rural concentration
-------
CATEGORY: 13A WIN: SHI
HETHANETHIOl: CH3SH (methyl mercaptan). STRUCTURE:
A colorless gas; odor of rotten cabbage.
H
H-C-SH
PROPERTIES: fr
Molecular wt: 48.1; mp: -123.1; bp: 7.6; d: 0.868; vap. d: 1.66; vap. press.: 2 atmos at 26.1°;
slightly soluble in hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Methanethiol is found in coal tar. It is also formed catalytically from methanol and
hydrogen sulfide.
The odor of methanethiol Is stronger and more unpleasant than that of hydrogen sulfide
(.ref. 4). The odor threshold level is reported as 0.0021 ppm (ref. 29). Methanethlol 1s
flamnable and emits S02 on burning. It will also react with hot water or steam (ref. g).
TOXICJROPERTIESJEAL.TH EFFECTS:
There Is a close toxicologlc similarity between methanethlol and hydrogen sulfide. Acute
toxldty is characterized by respiratory effects, including respiratory paralysis and edema {ref. 4).
LDjg (subcutaneous, mouse): 2.4 rug/kg.
LCLo Clnhalation, rat): 10,000 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV * 1 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.0 x 103 ug/ra3 (0.5 ppm) A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 « 1.5 x 104 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 vg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH, « 103 x 1/420 - 2.4 ug/m3
EPCAHla * °-5/420 ' 0-001 ppm
EPCWH1 " 1S x 2'4 * 36 "9/l
tPCWH2 " l3'8 x ' " 13'8 u9''
EPC^ - 0.002 x 13.8 - 0.03 i,g/g
E-136
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
13A
METHANETHIOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, ug/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
(0.5)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ttgfm
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, *ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bnerion
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
B. Based on
Ecological Effect*
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
E-137
-------
CATEGORY: 13A WLNj SH2
ETHANETHIOL: CjHgSH (ethyl mercaptan. ethyl tMoalcohol). STRUCTURE;
A colorless liquid; penetrating, garlic odor.
H H
PROPERTIES: H H
Molecular wt: 62.13; mp: -147; bp: 36.2; d: 0.83907;
vap. d: 2.14; vap. press.: 400 ran at 17.7°; slightly soluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The most significant characteristic of ethanethlol Is the Intense odor. The odor
threshold 1s also reported as 1 ppb (ref. 29).
Rural background concentration 1s reported as 1 ppb (ref. 1). This Is equivalent
to 2.5 |ig/m .
Ethanethlol reacts with water, steam, acid, or heat to produce toxic and flammable
vapors, such as SOX (ref. 9).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The lowest concentration of ethanethlol resulting In a toxic response In a human 1s reported
as 4 ppm. This concentration resulted 1n effects to the central nervous system (ref. 2). Hydrogen
sulfide 1s considered to be 10 times more toxic than ethanethlol (ref. 4).
Only slight acute toxlclty for ethanethlol 1s Indicated by animal responses.
LC5Q (Inhalation, rat): 4,420 ppm (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): 682 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 1 mg/m (0.5 ppm) (based on Intense odor).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 1.0 x 103 yg/m3 (0.5 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 • 1.5 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 10* - 30 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 1/420 -2.4 pg/m3
EPCAHla " °-5/42° ' °-001 PP™
EPCWH1 * 1S * 2-4 ' 36 "9/1
EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 1 " 13>8 M9/1
EPCIH - 0.002 x 13.8 • 0.03 ug/g
E-138
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
13A
ETHAN ETHIOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. /ifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(pptnWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Gods)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E3
(0.5)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
2.5
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baseelon
Health Effects
2.4
(0.001)
13.8
0.03
B. Bisedon
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-139
-------
CATEGORY: 13A WLN: SH4
STRUCTURE:
n-BUTANETHIOL: C4H1QS (n-butyl mercaptan, 1-butanethiol,
n-butyl-thloalcohol). H H H H
A colorless, mobile liquid; heavy skunk-like odor. I 1 ] I
"•"L™l»~L~C~5n
PROPERUES: MM
Molecular wt: 90.18; rap: -116; bp: 98; d: 0.8365;
vap. d: 3.1; slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The odor threshold for butanethiol is reported ranging from 0.001 to 0.0001 ppm;
the odor is readily noticeable at 0.1 to 1 ppm (ref. 4). This compound occurs
infamously in skunk oil (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Odor is the most significant Characteristic of n-butanethiol.
Toxicity is believed to be slight and similar to the toxicity of the other thiols. The
lowest concentration to have a toxic effect on a human is 10 mg/m3 for 3 hours (ref. 2).
LC5Q (inhalation, rat): 4,020 ppm for 4 hrs.
LD50 (oral, rat): 1,500 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 1.5 mg/m3 {0.5 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.5 x 103 ug/m3 (0.5 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.5 x 103 - 2.25 x 10* ug/t Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 104 - 45 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAm » 103 x 1.5/420 «3.6 ug/m3
EPCAH)a » 0.5/420 - 0.001 ppm
EPC^j • 15 x 3.6 « 54 pg/l
EPCHH2 * 13'8 x 1-5 " Z1 ug/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 21 • 0.04 ug/g
E-140
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
13A
n-BUTANETHIOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ftg/irr
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. E Kit ting Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&DGoato)
-
II. Based on Ambient Fee ton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.5E3
(0.5)
2.25E4
4.5E1
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Heal* Effect!
3.6
(0.001)
21
0.04
Sued on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Ditch at ge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, wj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect*
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effect!
3.6
(0.001)
21
0.04
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
E-141
-------
CATEGORY: 14A WLN: "SQR
STRUCTURE:
BENZENESULFONIC ACID: CgHgSOj (phenylsulfonic add).
Benzenesulfonic acid crystallizes as colorless plates
from water.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 158; mp: 43-44, 65-66 (anhydrous);
very soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Sulfonic acids are highly polar compounds. They are strong acids, being completely ionized in
aqueous solutions. They may be fused with alkali to sulfonates which are hydrolyzed in acid to phenols.
Benzenesulfonic acid Is decomposed by heat (100-175° C) to benzene and sulfuHc add.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzenesulfonic add Is a strong acid. Contact of benzenesulfonic add with the skin may result
in irritation or burns. It is very Irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (ref. 24).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 890 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 45 x 890 • 4.0 x 10* wg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4.0 x 104 • 6.0 x 10 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.0 x 105 • 1.2 x 103 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 890 • 95 M08° "9/t
EPCWH2 * °'4 x 89° " 356 "9/t
• 0.002 x 356 • 0.7 ug/g
E-142
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
14 A
BENZENESULFONIC ACID
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.Aig/m3
(ppm Vof)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Tachnology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals!
II. Based on Ambient F acton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.0E4
6.0E5
1.2E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effecu
72
356
0.7
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, )ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, //g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
72
356
0.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-143
-------
CATEGORY: 15 WLN: R
BENZENE: CgH, (benzol, phenylhydride, phene). STRUCTURE:
A clear, colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 78.11; mp: 5.5; bp: 80.1;
d: 0.87865?°; vap. press: 100 mm at 26.1° C; vap. d: 2.77;
solubility in water: 1,780 mg/t at 25° (ref. 52); soluble in tissue lipids.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATCDjOMroUNDS:
Benzene occurs in straight-run petroleum distillates and in coal-tar distillates. Rural background
for benzene Is reported as 0.1 ppbc (ref. 1). This is equivalent to 0.017 ppb or 0.054 gg/m . The
odor recognition level is 10.5 to 210 mg/m (ref. 3). Benzene participates to a very limited
degree in photooxidation reactions (ref. 3). Benzene has been Identified 1n at least one drinking
water supply in the United States In concentrations as high as 10 vq/l (ref. 13). There Is a
strong indication that plants may perform a major role in the degradation and synthesis of benzene
in the environment (ref. 52).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzene is an acute and chronic poison. It 1s absorbed through the skin, but most often
poisoning occurs through inhalation. The rate of absorption of benzene through the skin has
been reported to be 0.4 mg/on /hr (ref. 53). It 1s estimated that 50 percent to 70 percent
of benzene inhaled may be absorbed through the lungs (ref. 53). In acute poisoning, benzene
acts as a narcotic. Chronic poisoning Is characterized by damage to the blood-forming tissues
and changes in body organs, including the lymph nodes (ref. 54). Inhalation of 210 ppm has
resulted in blood disorders for exposed workers (refs. 4,2,9). Benzene can induce chromosomal
aberrations in humans (ref. 54).
Benzene is listed in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/MIOSH ordering number
is 7222. Inhalation of 2,100 mg/m for 4 years has resulted 1n cancer in an exposed worker,
and large doses of benzene painted repeatedly on the skin of mice have resulted in some incidence
of skin carcinomas. TDLO'S assoc'iated w'itn tnese tests are extremely high and are probably not
indicative of the true carcinogenic potential of benzene. An epidemiological study conducted by
NIOSH indicates that the incidence of leukemia in workers exposed to benzene Is at least five
times the expected incidence (ref. 54).
Benzene is toxic to aquatic life: 96 hour - TLmIIO-100 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 30 mg/m (10 ppm). ACGIH classified benzene as an Occupational Substance Suspected of Oncogen1c
Potential for workers. (Evidence linking benzene to leukemia was limited at the time the TLV was established.)
Benzene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
Benzene is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document (ref. 55).
The Labor Department has issued emergency temporary standards limiting worker exposure to benzene to 1 ppm as an
8-hour time-weighted average concentration, with a ceiling level of 5 ppm for any 15-minute period during the 8-hour
day (ref. 54). The emergency standard is based on conclusive evidence that exposure to benzene presents a
leukenia hazard (ref. 54). The standard also prohibits repeated or prolonged skin exposure to liquid benzene.
/IINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A"1r, Health: 3.0 x 103 ug/m3
Water. Health: 15 x 3.0 x 103 * 4.5 x 104 vg/l
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 104 « 90 i.g/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 « 1.0 x 10
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 « 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC • 103 x 30/420 = 71.4 ug/m3
EPC
'AHla
10/420 - 0.024 ppm
EPCHH1
EPC
'UH2
15 x 71.4
13.8 x 30
1.071 ug/t
414 \,g(t
EPC|H - 0.002 x 414 • 0.83 ng/g
7.1 ,,q/m3
"LH
EPCAC, « 10J x 3/420
EPCH£1 « 50 x 10 * 500 ug/l
EPCLE * 0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g
EPC.
•LC
• 15 x 7.1 • 107 ug/i
0.002 x 107 - 0.21
E-144
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
15
BENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fg/irr
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. E xii ting Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technolouy
Engineering Ettimatet
(R&D Goali)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
3.0E3
4.5E4
9.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goel*
Bated on
Health Effects
7.1
107
0.21
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
500
1
C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*
0.054
lot
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. pa/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
-------
CATEGORY:
15
TOLUENE; CjHg (methylbenzene, toluol, phenylmethane).
A clear, colorless liquid; sweet, pungent, benzene-like
odor.
14.5
WLN: IR
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 92.13; mp: -96; bp: 110.6. 14.5
Insoluble In water; vap. press.: 36.7 mm at 30° C; vap. d: 3.14.
d: 0.8669
20.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Toluene Is a constituent of coal tar; It 1s generally associated with benzene and xylene. Rural concen-
tration In air 1s reported as 3.0 to 18.2 ppbc (0.4 to 2.6 ppb, or 1.5 to 9.8 vg/m ) (ref. 1).
Odor recognition level Is reported as 1.03 to 140 ug/m3 (0.27 to 37 ppb) (ref. 3) and the odor threshold
level, 2.14 ppm (8 mg/m3) (ref. 29). Toluene participates to a limited extent 1n photooxldatlon reactions (ref. 3).
Toluene has been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies 1n concentrations of 11 ug/t (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acute poisoning may result from exposure to high concentrations of toluene; a narcotic effect 1s produced.
Human death has resulted from exposure to 10.000 ppm (ref. 4). Toluene 1s more acutely toxic than benzene;
however, severe blood disorders of the type associated with benzene are not reported. Inhalation of 100 ppm
has resulted In psychological effects and 200 ppm has affected the central nervous system In humans (ref. 2).
Irritative effects to eyes, mucous membranes, and the upper respiratory tract have resulted from exposure to
200 to 500 ppm (ref. 56). Toluene may be absorbed through the skin as well as by Inhalation (ref. 56), although
the Inhalation route 1s far more Important. There 1s evidence to Indicate that at equilibrium, the average
toluene concentration per liter of blood 1s 2.4 mg for each 100 ppm toluene In the environmental air (ref. 57).
The biological half-life for toluene Is reported to be 0.083 days (ref. 20).
LD5Q Coral, rat): 5,000 tag/kg. LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4.000 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxicity: Tim 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2). Concentrations of 0.25 mg/i can cause tainting of fish
flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC HEOULATION;
TLV » 375 mg/m3 (100 ppm). Toluene 1s on EPA's Consent Decree Priority III List.
Toluene Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure
to toluene 1s 100 ppm as an 8-hour per work day time-weighted average. A celling value of 200 ppm 1s
reconnended (ref. 56).
Toluene 1s on the First Priority Chemicals List of Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
3.75 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Hater. Health: 15 x 3.75 x 105 • 5.6 x 106 ug/i
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 10 * 1 x
103
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.6 x 10° • 1.1 x 10* ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1 x 10J • 2 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 ' lt)3 x 375/420 ' 893 u9/m3
EPCAHla " 100/4ZO " 0-24ppm
EPCWH1 • !5 x 893 • 13,400 ug/l
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 375 " 5t200 "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 5,200 - 10 ug/g
EPCHE1 - 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
EPCWE2 " 25° U9/" ^to P"***"* tainting)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 250 • 0.5 ug/g
E-146
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
TOLUENE
Air, ng/irP
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1 . Bawd on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.75E5
(100)
5.6E6
1.1E4
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
893
(0.24)
5,200
1.0
Based on
Ecological
Effectt
250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1.5 to
9.8
lit
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bind on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
893
(0.24)
5,200
10
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
tDrinking water supplies.
E-147
-------
CATEGORY: 15
ETHYL BENZENE: C
(ethyl benzol, phenylethane).
WLN: 2R
STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid; aromatic odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt:
vap. press.:
106.16; rap: -94.9; bp: 136.2; d: 0.8669;
10 mn at 25.9°; vap. d: 3.66; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Rural concentration 1n air 1s reported as 0.5 to 1.6 ppbc (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.06-0.20 ppb »
0.3-0.87 ug/m . Urban concentrations as high as 111 ppbc (13.9 ppb, or 60 vg/m ) have been reported (ref. 1).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ethyl benzene 1s an Irritant to mucous membranes, skin, and eyes; and a narcotic 1n high concentrations. It
Is the most severe skin Irritant of the benzene series. A concentration of 200 ppm causes eye Irritation and
gives warning of dangerous concentrations (refs. 4, 57). A concentration of 100 ppm for 8 hours caused Irrita-
tive effects 1n a human (ref. 2). It 1s absorbed through the skin as well as through the lungs. No chronic
effects of exposure are reported.
UD50 (oral, rat): 3.500 rag/kg.
LCLo (Inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm for 4 hours.
Aquatic toxlcity: TUn 96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
Concentrations of: <0.25 mg/t can cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 435 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
On EPA's Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 4.35 x 105 ug/m3 (100 ppm)
Water. Health:
15 x 4.35 x 105 • 6.5 x 106 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.5 x 10° • 1.3 x 10* ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 10 « 1.0 x 10J ug/t
0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
'AH1
'AHla
10J x 435/420 -1,040 ug/mj
> 100/420 • 0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 * 1S * 1»040 " 15'600
EPCjfltt " 13.8 x 435 • 6,000 ug/i
EPCLH ' 0-002 x 6,000 • 12 wg/g
EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 « 500 ug/t
EPC,.,- * 250 ug/i (to prevent tainting)
EPC.p • 0.002 x 250 - O.S ug/g
E-148
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
ETHYL BENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.35E5
(100)
6.5E6
1.3E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Ditch ar g*
Natural Background*
0.3 to
0.87
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,*ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «j/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-149
-------
CATEGORY: 15 WLN: L56T&J
1NOAN; CgH1Q Chydrindene). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 118.19; mp: -51.4; bp: 176; d: 0.964;
Insoluble In water; solubility nay be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Indan is present in coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LOL() Coral, rat): 5,000 mg/kg.
Indan may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Indan Is not included In the compounds tested thus far for carcinogenic activity (ref. 60).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 5.000 - 2.25 x 105 ug/m3 Air. Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 105 « 3.4 x 106 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.4 x 106 • 6.8 x 103 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 5,000 • 535 ug/m3
EPCAH3 -0.081 x 5,000 • 405 ug/m3
EPCym - 15 x 4.05 x 103 • 6,000 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 * 5'000 * 2'000 "9"
EPCLH • 0.002 x 2.000 - 4 Mg/9
E-150
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
INDAN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.25E5
3.4E6
6.8E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
405
2,000
4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jiQ/tl
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
405
2,000
4
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-151
-------
CATEGORY: 15 WLN: L56 BHO
INDENE: -CgH8 (indonaphthene). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 116.2; mp: -1.8; bp: 181.6; d: 0.996;
insoluble in water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Indene is found in coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LDLo (subcutaneous, rat): 1,000 rag/kg.
Serious systemic responses my result from exposure to high concentrations of Indene absorbed primarily
through inhalation (ref. 4).
The epoxide is considered inactive as a skin carcinogen in animals (ref. 59).
Indene may be present in soot, coal tar. and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 45 ng/m3 (10 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.5 x 104 pg/m3 (10 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4.5 x 104 - 6.75 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 105 - 1.35 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 1C|3 * 45/42° " 107
EPCAHla " 10/4ZO " °'024 ppm
EPCWH1 " 15 x 107 * 1-605
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 45 ' 6Z1 "9/1
EPCLH - 0.002 x 621 • 1.2 ug/g
E-152
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
INDENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/rrP
(ppm Vol)
Water. figl\
(ppm Wt)
Land. »ig/g
(ppm Wt)
I, Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. 8PT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E4
(10)
6.75E5
1.4EO
Based on
Ecological
Effectt
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
107
(0.024)
621
1.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd en
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
107
(0.024)
621
1.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-153
-------
CATEGORY: 15 WIN: RR
BIPHEHYL: C12H1Q (bibenzene, dlphenyl, phenylbenzene, PH). STRUCTURE:
White or colorless scales; pleasant odor.
20
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 154.2; mp: 71; bp: 2S5.9; d: 0.8660
1.989677; vap.d: 5.31; vap. press: 1 ran at 70.6°; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Blphenyl Is produced by thermal dehydrogenatlon of benzene (ref. 57).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Reported effects resulting from exposure to blphenyl Include Irritation and Injury to respiratory
passages; no chronic effects are documented (ref. 4). Exposure by Inhalation to 4,400 ug/m3 caused
Irritative effects 1n a human (ref. 2).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 3.280 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV = 1 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.0 x 103 ug/m3 (0.2 ppra)
Hater, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 • 1.5 x 104 gg/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 » 30 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AH1
- 10° x 1/420 • 2.4
EPC
AHla
°-2/420 ' 0.0005 ppm
EPCWH1 * 1S x 2-4 • 36 ug/l
- 13.8 x 1 • 13.8 wg/t
0.002 x 13.8 • 0.03 i,g/g
E-154
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
BIPHENYL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/rn^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goali)
-
II. Based on Ambient F acton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*
1.0E3
(0.2)
1.5E4
3.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
EHectj
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.4
(5.0E-4)
13.8
0.03
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, «|/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jsg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Be led on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
2.4
(0.0005)
13.8
0.03
8. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-155
-------
ortho-
meta-
CATEGORY: 15
XYLENES: CgH10 (dimethylbenzene. xylol).
A mobile, flammable liquid.
m-xylene: colorless liquid.
o-xylene: colorless liquid.
p-xylene: colorless plates or prisms at low temperature.
PROPERTIES:
m-xylene
o-xylene
p-xylene
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Xylenes include meta, ortho, and para structures. The meta Isomer predominates in mixtures. The
odor threshold in air for p-xylene is 0.47 ppm (2 mg/m ) (ref. 29). Rural background concentrations
are reported as follows (ref. 1):
Rural Concentration
1RD
Hoi. wt
106.2
106.2
106.2
0.864
0.880
0.861
mp
-47.4
-25
13-14
bp
139.3
144
137-138
Water Solubility
insoluble
H
Vap. d
3.66
3.66
3.66
Vap. press
10 are at 28.
10 ran at 32.
10 mm at 27.
m-xylene
o-xylene
p-xylene
1.
3.
0.
1-9
4-7
5-1
.7
.0
.6
PPbc
ppbc
ppbc
{0.14-1.
(0.43-0.
(0.06-0.
2
85
2
ppb;
> PPb
ppb;
0.
; 1
0.
6-5.
.9-3
3-0.
2
.8
9
ug/m3)
ug/m )
wg/n )
All three Isomers nave been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies in concentrations less
than 5 ug/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Xylenes are absorbed through skin as well as by inhalation (ref. 9). They may be narcotic in high
concentrations. Chronic toxicity is not well known, but xylenes are considered less toxic than benzene
(ref. 24). Effects of exposure to xylenes may be similar to effects from toluene but with a higher degree
of toxicity (ref. 4). Concentrations of 200 ppm Is irritating to eyes, nose, and throat (refs. 4, 57).
Since occurrence of xylenes Is generally associated with benzene, the specific toxic potential of xylenes
is difficult to isolate.
n-xylene
o-xylene
p-xylene
xylene (mixture)
LD50
(oral, rat)
5,000 mg/kg
5.000 mg/kg
5.000 mg/kg
4.300 mg/kg
LCLo
(inhalation, rat)
8,000 ppm/4 hours
6,700 ppm/4 hours
LCLo
(inhalation, mouse)
6,920 ppm
3,460 ppm
Aquatic toxicity
TLra96: 100-10 ppm
TLm96: 100-10 ppm
TU96: 100-10 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 435 mg/m3 (100 ppm).
Xylene is the subject of a NIOSH criteria document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to
xylene is 100 ppm as a 10-hour-workday, time-weighted average. A ceiling of 200 ppm is reconnended. (Xylene
as used in the document refers to any one of a combination of the Isomers of xylene) (ref. 61).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.35 x 105 pg/m3 (100 ppm)
Hater, Health: 15 x 4,35 x 105 • 6.5 x 106 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.5 x 106 - 1.3 x 104 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10
1.0 x 10
,3
?
2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 « 103 x 435/420
EPC
•AHla
100/420
1.040 ug/mj
0.24 ppm
EPCWH1 " 1S * 1i04° " 15'600
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 435 - 6.000 ug/t
12 ug/g
EPCLH « 0.002 x 6.000
EPCH£1 • 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
EPCWE2 " 25° M9'1 ^To Prevent tainting)
EPCL£ - 0.002 x 250 -0.5 ug/g
E-156
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
XYLEIMES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,j,g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicify Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.35E5
(100)
6.5E6
1.3E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Heal* Effects
1 ,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
Based on
Ecological
Eftectt
250
0.5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.3 to
5.2
<5t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, /«g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,040
(0.24)
6,000
12
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
250
0.5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tDrinking water supplies.
E-157
-------
CATEGORY:
15
WIN: L66+TJ
STRUCTURE:
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE: C10H12 (tetralln, tetrallne).
A colorless liquid; menthol odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular Ut.: 132.2; mp: -35.79; bp: 207.57.
79.3610; d: 0.9707; vap. press: 1 inn at 38°; vap. d: 4.55; Insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tetrahydronaphthalene is produced by the catalytic hydrogenst1on of naphthalene (ref. 57).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Tetrahydronaphthalene 1s an irritant in low concentrations. Narcotic effects result from exposure to
high concentrations (ref. 9).
LOM (oral, rat): 2,860 mg/kg.
LC, (inhalation, guinea pig): 275 ppm for 8 hours for 17 days.
Aquatic toxicity: TLm96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUIATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 2860 • 1.3 x 105 gg/ra3
Hater. Health: 15 x 1.3 x 105 • 2.0 x 106 gg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 10° • 4.0 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 gg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 gg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 2.860 • 306 ug/m3
EPCAH3 " °-081 x 2>86° " 232
EPCyH1 • 15 x 232 • 3,480 wg/l
EPCWH2 " °-4 x 2'860 " 1>14
EPCLH - 0.002 x 1.140 • 2.3 Mg/g
EPCHE1 • 50 x 10 « 500 wg/l
EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
E-158
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
15
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/irP
(ppm Vol)
Water. *tg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Bated on Bett Technology
A. Existing Standardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B Ddmlaping Tnchnoloqy
Engineering Ettimatet
(R&O Goali)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acutt
Tonieity Effluent
Baud on
Hmlth Elfecn
1.3E5
2.0E6
4.0E3
Bated on
Ecoloojcal
Effacti
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambnnt Unl God*
Baud on
H«illh Effwu
232
1,140
2.3
Bmdon
Ecological
Effacti
500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arg*
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
232
1,140
2.3
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on HaaHh Effacti
E-159
-------
CATEGORY: 16A WfcN: GR
CHLOROBENZENE: CgHjCl (phenyl chloride). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid, faint, not unpleasant odor.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 112.56; mp: -45.6; bp: 131-132;
d: 1.1058; vap. d: 3.88; vap. press: 10 mn at 22°; solubility In water: 49 mg/100 ml at 20°C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Odor threshold level for chlorobenzene 1s reported as 0.21 ppm (ref. 29). Chlorobenzene has been found
In samples of U.S. drinking water supplies at levels of less than 5 ug/l (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chlorobenzene 1s a central nervous system depressant and may affect the liver and kidneys (ref. 62).
It has only sl-1ght Irritant qualities (ref. 9).
A narcotic effect was observed when animals were exposed to concentrations of chlorobenzene above
1,200 ppra (ref. 4). Little Information 1s available on human effects from repeated exposure to sub-
narcotic concentrations (ref. 9).
LDgQ (oral, rat): 2,910 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxlcity: TUn96: 100-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 350 mg/m3 (75 ppm).
Chlorobenzene Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority 2 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 3.50 x 105 ug/m3 (75 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 3.5 x 105 > 5.25 x 106 wg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.25 x 106 • 1.05 x 104 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 -100 ug/i
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH, • ID3 x 350/420 • 830 Hg/m3
EPC
'AHla
75/420 - 0.18 ppm
EPCWH1 " 1S x 83° " 12'500 "
EPCHH2 " 13'8 x 35° " 4f83°
EPCLH • 0.002 x 4,830 -9.7 »g/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/l
EPCLE • 0.002 x so - o.l ug/g
E-160
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16A
CHLOftOBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, f/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/9
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Bait Technology
A. Existing Stamfords
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Dovotoping Technology
Enginnering Estimates
(R8.D Goalf)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.50E5
(75)
5.25E6
1.05E4
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
830
(0.18)
4,830
9.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effeeb
-
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
5t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
{ppm Wt)
Land, jjo/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
830
(0.18)
4,830
9.7
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect)
,
tDrinking water supplies.
E-161
-------
CATEGORY: ISA
1.2-DICHLORQBENZENE: CgH4Cl2, (o-dichlorobenzene).
A colorless liquid.
WLN: GR BG
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 147.01;mp: -17; bp: 180; d: 1.3048;
Vap. d: 5.07; vap. press: 1.56 mm at 25°; Insoluble
1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The odor of o-dlchlorobenzene may be detected at 50 ppm (300 mg/m ) (ref. 62).
o-01chlorobenzene has been found 1n samples of U.S. drinking water supplies in a concentration
of 1 wg/i (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxlcity of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is similar to that of other aromatic chloro compounds; however, the
o-isomer of dlchlorobenzene is somewhat more toxic than the m- or p-forms. It causes central nervous
system depression, can Injure the liver and kidneys, and 1s Irritating to skin and mucous membranes
(ref. 9). Exposure to concentrations above 90 ppm affected test animals (ref. 4).
LCj_0 (inhalation, rat): 707 ppm for 7 hours.
LDLo (°ra1> 9uinea Pig); 2,000 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr TLm (for mixed dlchlorobenzene Isomers): 10 to < 1 ppm (ref. 2).
A concentration of 0.25 mg/i of 1,2-01chlorobenzene is reported to cause tainting of fish flesh
(ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 300 mg/m3 (50 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 3.0 x 105 wg/m3 (50 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 3 x 10S * 4.5 x 106 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 106 • 9.0 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 ug
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 • 0.2
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC^ « 103 x 300/420
EPC
714 ug/mj
50/420 • 0.12 ppm
15 x 714 « 10,700 ug/i
EPCHH2 ' 13.8 x 300 • 4.140 aq/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 4.140 • 8.3 ug/g
EPCyE1 « 50 x 1 ' 50 ug/i
EPC^ « 250 ug/l
EPCLE - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g
E-162
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
16A
V7UAL3
Air, iig/nP
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
-
1,2-DICH
LOROBENZENE
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E5
(50)
4.5E6
9.0E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Lent Goat"
Bawd on
Health Effects
714
(0.12)
4,140
8.3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
It
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/n
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
714
(0.12)
4,140
8.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tDrinking water supplies.
E-163
-------
WLN: GR OG
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 16A
1.4-OICHLOROBENZENE: CgH4C12 (p-D1chlorobenzene).
Volatile crystals with characteristic, penetrating odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 147.01; mp: 53; bp: 174; d: 1.2884;
vap. d: 5.07; vap. press: 10 ran at 55°; insoluble In
water; sublimes at ordinary temperatures.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The odor threshold level is 15-30 ppm (90-180 rag/m ) in air (ref. 62). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene has been
found in a concentration of 1 ug/t in samples of U.S. drinking water supplies (ref. 13).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vapors of 1,4-dichlorobenzene can cause Irritation to skin, throat, and eyes; repeated exposure to
high concentrations may cause liver injury and central nervous system depression (refs. 24, 62). Ingestion
of 300 mg/kg by a human has resulted in unspecified toxic effects (ref. 2).
LDgQ (oral, rat): 500 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hr. TLm for mixed dlchlorobenzene isomers: 10 to < 1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 450 mg/m3 (75 ppm).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 4.5 x 105 wg/m3 (75 ppm)
Water. Health: 15 x 4.5 x 105 • 6.75 x 106 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 10 - 1.35 x 10 yg/g
6 -
*
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1 * 100 ug/t
Land, Ecology: O.C02 x 100 * 0.2 »g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
it-*
[PC,
•AHl
EPC
10J x 450/420 • 1.070 i.g/mj
•AHla " 75/42° " °-18 ppm
• 15 x 1.070 • 16.100 ug/e.
EPCHH2 * 13'8 x 45° ' 6'210 "9/l
EPCLH » 0.002 x 6.210 • 12 ug/g
EPCyE1 • 50 x 1 • 50 ug/1
EPCL£ - 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 ug/g
E-164
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16A
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, Aig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/1
(ppmWtl
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exitting Standard*
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatai
(H&D Goal!)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BaMdon
Health Effect!
4.5E5
(75)
6.75E6
1.35E4
Bund on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.18)
6,210
12
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
-
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
DiKharge
Natural Background*
It
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, V9/9
(pnmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Baled on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1,070
(0.18)
6,210
12
B. Baiad on
Ecological Effect!
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
tDrinking water supplies,
E-165
-------
CATEGORY: 16A
2-CHLOROTOLUENE: CyHjCl (o-chlorotoluene. 1 methyl-2-
chlorobenzene, o-tolyl chloride).
A colorless liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 126.59; mp: -35.1;bp: 159.15; d: 1.0825;
vap. press: 10 ran at 46.2°; slightly soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Toxldty of 2-Chlorotoluene Is similar to that of other aromatic chloro compounds. Animal exposure to
concentrations above 1,000 ppm has resulted In narcotic effects (see ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): > 1,600 mg/kg (ref. 4).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 250 mg/tn (50 ppm) based on analogy with other chlorinated benzenes.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 2.5 x 105 ug/ra3 (50 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 105 • 3.75 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 106 - 7.5 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftH1 • 103 x 250/420 • 600 ug/m3
EPCAHla " SO/42° " °'12 ppm
EPCWH1 ' IS x 600 • 9,000
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 2SO " 3*450
EPCLH " 0'002 x 3'4SO " 1 U9
E-166
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16A
2-CHLOROTOLUENE
Air,pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Sundirdi
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimates
(R&D Goali)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxlclty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.5E5
(50)
3.75E6
7.5E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
-
B. Ambient Lewi Goal-
Bawd on
Health Effects
600
(0.12)
3,450
7
Batadon
Ecological
Effect*
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/fl
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect*
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
600
(0.12)
3,450
7
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baaed on Health Effects
E-167
-------
ci.
CATEGORY: 16A WLN:
(PCB's) POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS: C12C1n (aroclors). STRUCTURE!
Depending on the degree of halogenation, polychlorinated
biphenyls vary from colorless, oily liquids to black
resins.
PROPERTIES:
bp: 278-475; slightly soluble in water; 100 to 1,000 ug/t
(ref. 28). The density, boiling point, and melting point
increase with chlorine content (ref. 33); soluble in lipids
(ref. 33).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Polychlorinated biphenyls are produced by the chlorination of biphenyl. They are remarkably stable and
resist attack by water, acids, and bases. They are not easily biodegraded (ref. 29). Biphenyls may have
1 to 10 attached chlorine atoms, making possible over 200 compounds (ref. 28). Concentrations of PCB's
ranging from 2.0-2.8 ug/t in the Milwaukee River have been reported; concentration In Lake Michigan Is
reported as 0.01 ug/t (ref. 33).
It is estimated that 41 to 45 percent of the general population of the United States have PCS levels of
1.0 mg/kg or higher In adipose tissue (ref. 28). PCB's are not believed to be naturally occurring compounds,
but are manufactured as mixtures containing specified amounts of chlorine. Such mixtures are referred to
by the trademark name Aroclors followed by a four-digit number; the last two digits of the number indicate
the percentage of chlorine.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Exposure to PCB's can cause acne, respiratory tract Irritation and liver Injury (ref. 4). PCB's are
considered to be cumulative poisons, and they may be absorbed through the skin (ref. 4). Workers exposed
to 0.1 mg/m3 of the vapors of Aroclor 1242 experienced effects (ref. 4). Animal studies indicate that acute
toxiclty of the PCB's varies with the specific mixture.
Mixture
Aroclor 1221
Aroclor 1232
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1248
\JJRn (oral, rat
Su1n mg/kg
3.980
4,470
4,250
11,000
Mixture
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Aroclor 1262
LD,n (oral , rat)
suin mg/kg
1,295
1,315
11,300
Mixture
Aroclor 1268
Aroclor 2565
Aroclor 4465
LD5n (oral, rat)
3U1n mg/kg
10,900
6,310
16,000
Polychlorinated biphenyls have produced carcinogenic responses in rats and mice. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number for PCB's considered collectively is 4212. The lowest dosage to produce a carcinogenic
effect is 1,200 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 3.5.
Aquatic Toxiclty: The cumulative potential of PCB's is of great concern in considering toxiclty to
aquatic life. PCB's at 0.01 ug/t in water have been known to accumulate in fish up to 200,000 times the
water concentration. 96-hr TLm's range generally between 1 and 10 ug/t (ref. 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 0.5 mg/ia (for chlorodiphenyls containing 542 chlorine)
TLV: 1 mg/m (for chlorodiphenyls containing 42S chlorine)
Polychlorinated biphenyls are on EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
Completion of NIOSH criteria document of PCB's is scheduled for 1977 (ref. 2).
EPA 1976 water quality criteria (proposed): 0.001 ug/t for freshwater and marine aquatic life and for
consumers thereof (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 recommended water quality criteria: 0.002 ug/i for protection of aquatic life. PCB concen-
trations In whole fish should not exceed 0.5 mg/kg of the wet weight for protection of fish-eating birds and
mammals (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health:500 ug/m3
Water. Health: 15 x 500 • 7.5 x 103 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 103 • 15 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1.2 ug/m3
EPCHH1 • 15 x 1.2 • 18 >;g/t
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °-5 " 7 "9/1
EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 5 x 0.001 • 0.005 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 0.005 « 1 x 10~5 ug/g
EPCHES • 0.001 ug/t
EPCLE « 0.002 x 0.001 - 2 x 10"6 ug/g
E-168
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
16A
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB's)
Air, iug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppfflWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E2
7.5E3
1.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E-3
l.OE-5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1-2
7
0.014
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.001
2x1 O"6
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0
0
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.ug/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Baled on
Ecological Effects
0.001
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
1.2
7
0.014
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
2xlO"6
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Hearth Effects
E-169
-------
CATEGORY: 168
g-CHLOROTOLUENE: CjHyCI (benzyl chloride).
A colorless liquid with an unpleasant. Irritating odor.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt:
,20
126.59; rap: -43; bp: 179.3;
WLN: G1R
STRUCTURE:
d: 1.102|g; vap. d: 4.36; vap. press: 11 nra
at 66°; Insoluble 1n water
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
a-Chlorotoluene decomposes when heated 1n the presence of Iron (ref. 24).
The odor threshold In air for benzyl chloride 1s reported as 0.047 ppm or 0.24 mg/in (ref. 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
a-Chlorotoluene Is highly Irritating to eyes and upper respiratory tract. At 16 ppm (83 mg/m ) for
1 minute, It Is Intolerable to man (ref. 4).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1.231 mg/kg.
LC5Q (Inhalation, rat): 150 ppm for 2 hours.
a-Chlorotoluene appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/N10SH ordering number 1s
4101. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 2100 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering nunber 1s 1.9.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 5 mg/m3 (1 ppm).
On Second Priority Chemical List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 11).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 5.0 x 103 ug/m3 (1 ppm)
Hater. Health: 15 x 5 x 103 • 7.5 x 10* ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 * 1.50 ug/g
Air. Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 1 - 100 ug/t
0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.U1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 Hg/m3
EPC
AHla
1/420 • 0.002 ppm
EPCVIH1 • 15 x 12 • 180 ug/i
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * 5 ' 69 U9/1
EPC^ • 0.002 x 69 • 0.14 «g/g
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 1.9) • 88 ug/m3
EPCyj. • 15 x 88 • 1.320 ug/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 1.320 • 2.6 ug/g
EPCHE1 "
50 x
50
EPCLE • 0.002 x so « o.l ug/g
E-170
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
16B
a-CHLOROTOLUENr
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land.fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS,BPT.BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering EitlnwlM
(R&DGoali)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxidty EffliMitt
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E3
0)
7.5E4
1.50EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect*
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
Bawd on
Eeotogicat
Effaco
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural flacfcnrDunrf*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.M9/m3
(ppmVol)
WMw,pg/l
(ppmWt)
tmd,fio/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Buadon
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
12
(0.002)
69
0.14.
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
BaeWa on H*Mnn Efftctt
88
1,320
2.6
E-171
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR
NITROBENZENE; CgHgNOg. STRUCTURE:
A colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid or bright yellow crystals with
odor similar to volatile oil of almonds.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 123; mp: 6; bp: 210-11; d: 1205; vap. press.: Inn
at 44.4; vap. d: 4.25; soluble in about 500 parts water; volatile with steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
The odor threshold 1n air for nitrobenzene Is 0.0047 ppm or 23 wg/m3 (ref. 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Nitrobenzene Is toxic by Ingestlon and by Inhalation. It Is readily absorbed through the skin. Effects
of exposure Include cyanosis, methenogloblnenrla, and central nervous system effects (ref. 24).
A woman Is reported to have experienced blood effects as a result of Ingesting 200 ing/kg of nitrobenzene (ref. 2).
LD^ Coral, dog): 750 mg/kg.
LOLo (oral, rabbit): 700 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tin 96: 100-10 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REPUTATION:
Nitrobenzene 1s on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
TLV • 5 ng/n3 (1 ppm) skin.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r. Health: 5.0 x 103 yg/m3 (1 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 5.0 x 103 - 7.5 x 104 yg/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 • 150 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 yg/t
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 - 2
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 5/420 • 12 yg/m3
1/420 • 0.002 ppm
• 15 x 12 • 180 ug/t
EPCHHE * 13'8 x 5 " " u^t
0.002 x 69 - 0.14 yg/g
EPCHE1 - 50 x 10 - 500 yg/t
EPCL£ • 0.002 x 500 • 1 wg/g
E-172
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
17
NITROBENZENE
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3
(1)
7.5E4
1.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Beted on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
Bawd on
Ecological
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MO/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Beted on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
12
(0.002)
69
0.14
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissfcle Concentration
Beted on Health Effects
E-173
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR DR
4-NITROBIPHENYL: C12HN02 (p-n1trob1phenyl, 4-n1trod1phenyl ). STRUCTURE:
Crystallizes as yellow needles from ethanol.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 199; mp: 114-114.5; bp: 340 at 760 mm;
Insoluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
4-N1trob1pheny1 Is reduced in the presence of activated Iron to the corresponding a mine.
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
There 1s evidence that 4-n1trob1pheny1 Is metabolized In vivo to 4-am1nob1phenyl, a highly carcinogenic
aromatic amlne (ref. 44).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LD^ Coral, rat): 2,230 rag/kg.
4-Nltroblphenyl 1s recognized as one of the more potent human bladder carcinogens (ref. 4). Human bladder
cancer has been linked with occupational exposure. In high concentrations (5,500 rag/kg), the compound has
produced bladder cancer 1n dogs (refs. 2,43). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number for 4>n1trob1phenyl 1s 7212.
Considering carcinogenic potential of 4-nltroblphenyl together with that of Its metabolite, 4-am1nod1phenyl,
the EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 7526, and the lowest dosage resulting 1n an oncogenlc response Is 140 rag/kg.
The adjusted ordering number for the compounds considered collectively Is 54.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
4-nltrodlphenyl Is classified by ACGIH as a human carcinogen. No TLV has been assigned; because of the
high Incidence of cancer, no exposure by any route should be permitted.
4-nltrodlphenyl 1s the subject of a NIOSH Hazard Review Document (ref. 43).
4-n1trod1phenyl Is designated by OSHA as a cancer suspect agent; special precautions for exposed workers
are prescribed (ref. 17).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/54 • 1.3 x 103 ng/rn3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 - 2.0 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 10* - 40 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 " °'107 x 2'230 " 239 "9/n|3
EPCAH3 " °-081 * 2>23° * 18° uS/a|3
EPCUH1 " 1S x 18° * 2>70°
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 2>23° " 89°
0.002 x 890 - 2 ug/g
EPCAC2 • 10/(6 x 54) - 3 wg/m3
15 x 3 • 45 wg/l
0.002 x 45 • 0.1 wg/g r -if A
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
1.7
4-IMITROBIPHENYL
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/1
(ppmWt)
Land.pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eftimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E3
2.0E4
4.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effect)
B. Ambient U»el Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
3
45
0.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Mfl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g,
(pprnWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Band on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
180
890
2
B. Baied on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
3
45
0.1
E-I75
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN: WNR BG
l-CmORO-2-NITROBENZENE: CgH^Cl (o-chloronltrobenzene). STRUCTURE:
Yellow crystals.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 157.6; mp: 32-33; bp: 245-246; d: 1.305;
insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Intoxication from l-chloro-2-nltrobenzene may be serious. It can cause poisoning by the pulmonary route,
and its effects are cumulative. Cyanosis and blood changes also occur. This compound Is more toxic than
its para isomer (ref. 9).
L050 (oral, rat): 288 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: TLw 96: 1,000-100 ppm.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 288 - 1.3 x 104
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 104 • 2.0 x 105 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.0 x 105 • 400 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 - 1.0 x 104 \>q/L
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 - 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 ' °'107 « 288 - 31 ug/ai3
EPCAH3 ' 0-081 x 288 • 23 ug/ra3
EPCWH1 ' 15 " 23 • 345 ug/l
EPCWHZ ' 0.4 X 288 • 115 ug/t
tPCLH - 0.002 x 115 • 0.2 ug/g
EPCWE1 - 50 x 100 - 5,000 ug/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 5,000 « 10 ug/g
E-176
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
17
1-CHLOR6-2-NITROBENZEN E
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Wattr. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E4
2.0E5
4.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
23
115
0.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Haalth Effects
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
23
115
0.2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Based on Health Effects
E-177
-------
CATEGORY:
17
NITROTOLUENES:
2-nitrotoluene:
3-nitrotoluene:
4-nitrotoluene:
(methylnitrobenzenes).
yellow liquid.
liquid.
yellowish crystals.
2-Nitrotoluene
(o-nitrotoluene)
WLN: WNR B; WNR C; UNR D
STRUCTURE:
3-Nitrotoluene
(m-nitrotoluene)
4-Nitrotoluene
(p-nltrotoluene)
PROPERTIES:
2-nitro toluene
3-n1tro toluene
4-nltro toluene
NATURAL OCD
Hol. wt.
137.13
137.13
137.13
LJRRENCE.
RIP
-10
15.5
53-54
CHARAC
bp
222
231.9
238
TERISTI
4°
1.163
1.157
1.286
CS. AS
rfater Solubility
insoluble
0.5 g/i water
insoluble
SOCIATED COMPOU
vap. d
4.72
4.72
4.72
NDS:
vap. press.
1 iim at 50°
1 urn at 50.2°
1 mm at 53.7"
All nitro coapounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The nitrotoluenes are low-grade methemoglobin formers; cases of poisoning are uncommon. They are signifi-
cantly less toxic than nitrobenzene; however, the different isomers exhibit different levels of toxlcity
(ref. 4). They can be absorbed through the Intact skin and the respiratory tract (ref. 45).
2- nitro toluene
3-nltrotoluene
4- nitro toluene
LDgo (oral, rat)
891 rag/kg
1,072 rag/kg
2,144 mg/kg
Aquatic toxlcity
TLm 96: 100-10 ppnt
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 30 mg/ar (S ppm).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 3.0 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm)
Hater, Health: 15 x 3.0 x 104 • 4.5 x 105 u
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 105 • 900 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 10 • 1.0 x 10J ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10J - 2 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 30/420 - 71 ug/m3
EPCftHU • 5/420 • 0.01 ppm
EPC^j • 15 x 71 • 1,065 ug/i
EPCWH2 • 13'8 x M • 414 "9/l
LH • 0.002 x 414 - 0.8 ug/g
EPCHE1 « 50 x 10 » 500 gg/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g
E-178
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
17
V*<->AL:> NITROTOLUENES
Air, /ij/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E4
(5)
4.5E5
9.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBI ENT LEVEL GOALS
(ppm Vol)
Water, uj/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
71
(0.01)
414
0.8
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Based on Heahn Effects
E-179
-------
CATEGORY: 17 WLN:
DINITROTOLUENES; CjHgN^. STRUCTURE:
D1n1trotoluenes crystallize mainly In the form of yellow needles
from ethanol or carbon disulfide.
PROPERTIES:
2,6-D1n1trotoluene
3,4-D1n1trotoluene
All Isomers
NO,
Hoi. wt.
182.14
182.14
182.14
mp
66
58.3
52-93
bo
subl 1mes
to 300"C
d
1.283
1.259
1.259-
1.321
solubility
Insoluble
Insoluble
to slightly
soluble
vap. d.
6.27
(for 2.4
Isomer)
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic effects of dlnltrotoluenes are similar to those of other aromatic nltro compounds. It causes
central nervous system and blood disorders (ref. 4).
Dlnltrotoluenes may be absorbed through the skin.
2 , 3- dl nl troto 1 uene
2, 4-d1n1tro toluene
2 ,5-dlnl tro toluene
2, 6-d1n1tro toluene
3,4-dlnltrotoluene
3 , 5-dl nl trotol uene
LD50 Coral, rat)
1,122 tag/kg
268 ing/ kg
707 ing/kg
177 rag/kg
177 ng/kg
Aquatic toxldty
TUn 96: 100-10 ppm
Tim 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
TLm 96: 100-10 ppm
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Dlnltrotoluenes are on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
TLV - 1.5 mg/m3 (By analogy with limits recommended for nltro and dlnltro-benzenes).
On First Priority Chemicals List of the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 1.5 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.3 x 103 • 2.25 x 104 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 104 - 45 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 10 • 1.0 x 103 ug/t
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 103 • 2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC
103 x 1.5/420 -3.6 ug/ra3
'AMI
£PCWH1 ' 15 x 3.6 - 54 ug/t
EPCym - 13.8 x 1.5 - 21 ug/t
EPCLH • °-002 x 21 • 0.04 ug/g
EPCWE1 * 50 x 10 • 500 ug/t
EPCLE « 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
E-180
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
17
DINITROTOLUENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E3
2.25E4
4.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effeca
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
3.6
21
0.04
Based on
Ecological
Effect]
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/J9/m
(ppm Vol)
Wattr, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effects
3.6
21
0.04
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-181
-------
CATEGORY:
ISA
WLN: QR
STRUCTURE:
O,
PHENOL: CgHgOH (carbolic add, hydroxybenzene, oxybenzene,
phenic acid, phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide).
Colorless needles, characteristic odor; reddens on exposure
to air and light.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 94.11; rap: 43; bp: 181.75; d: 1.072 at 20°/4°;
vap. press.: 1 im at 40.1°C; vap. d: 3.24; soluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Q
The odor threshold for phenol Is reported as 0.047 ppm or 180 ug/m (ref. 29}. Because of Its low volatility,
however, phenol Is primarily of concern as a water contaminant rather than an air contaminant.
Phenol Is obtained from coal tar (refs. 24, 63).
If phenolic compounds are present in waters that are chlorinated for disinfection, chlorophenols may
be formed (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Phenol 1s absorbed through the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and through the skin. Acute
and chronic poisoning may result from exposure. Chronic poisoning results In damage to the liver and kidney
(ref. 9). Human ingestion of 14 mg/kg has resulted in gastrointestinal effects, and Ingestion of 140 mg/kg
1s reported to cause death to a human (ref. 2).
LDSO (oral, rat): 414 mg/kg.
Phenol 1s Included In the NIOSH list of suspected carcinogens. The N10SH ordering number Is 3121. The
lowest TDL(J 1s 4,000 mg/kg; the adjusted ordering number 1s 0.78. There 1s no specific evidence of human
cancer attributable to phenol (ref. 63).
Experiments with Drosophilia have shown phenol to be highly mutagenic (ref. 64).
Aquatic toxicity: TUn 96: 100-10 ppm. As low as 79 vg/i are toxic to minnows in freshwater after 30 minutes
(ref. 28). Concentrations of 1 to 10 rog/l In water result in tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 19 mg/m3 (5 ppm). On EPA Consent Decree Priority III 11st. On First Priority Chemicals List of the
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (ref. 8).
Phenol Is the subject of a NIOSH criteria document. NIOSH recommends exposure to phenol vapor, solid, or
mists be limited to 20 mg/nr1 as a time-weighted average for up to a 10-hour workday (ref. 65).
EPA 1976 Mater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 yg/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
(for phenols) (ref. 66).
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 * 500 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health:
Water, Health:
Land. Health:
1,9 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm)
5x1-5 ug/t
0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC,
•AH1
EPC
'AHla
10J x 19/420 • 45 ug/i.
5/420 • 0.01 ppm
EPCHH1 " 15 x 4S " 67S "9/i
EPCHH2 ' '3.8 x 19 • 260 u9/l
EPS(HS ' ' "''' (phenolic compounds)
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE1 " 50 x 10
EPCWE2 * 1>000 u9
EPCWES " 10° v^1
50°
t (to Prevent tainting)
(Pn'no11c compounds)
EPCU • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2
E-182
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18A
PHENOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fiy/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B, Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.9E4
(5)
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.01)
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
100
0.2
C. Eliminiition of
Diicherge
Ntttural Backpountf*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,j*g/ro3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Propowd Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Baaed on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
TOOt
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
45
(0.01)
260
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutantt
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPnenol c compounds
E-103
-------
CA
IY:
ISA
CRESQLS: CgH4OHCH3 (cresyllc acid, methylphenol, hydroxytoluene).
m-cresol: colorless or yellowish liquid, phenolic odor;
o-cresol: crystals or liquid, phenolic odor;
p-cresol: crystals, phenolic odor.
^feculafwt: 108.37; density*,,: 1.034-1.047;
vap. d: 3.72; soluble in water.
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
ortho
meta
m-cresol
o-cresol
p-cresol
mp bp
11
30
35.5
202
191
201.8
vap. press.
0.153 ran at 2S>°C
0.245 am at 25°C
0.108 nro at 25°C
I
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cresols are methyl-substituted hydroxy benzene compounds, i.e. methyl phenols. Ortho,
meta and para compounds occur. The meta Isomer predominates 1n mixtures (ref. 24)
Odor recognition level for cresols ranges from 0.9 to 1.21 mg/m or 0.20 to 0.27 ppm
(ref. 3). 3
The odor threshold 1n air for p-cresol 1s reported as 0.001 ppm or 4 ug/m (ref. 29).
Cresols are obtained from coal tar (ref. 24). Due to the low vapor pressure and dis-
agreeable odor, cresols usually do not present an acute Inhalation hazard (ref. 63).
Cresols are highly resistant to biological oxidation (ref. 67).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties of cresols are similar to those of phenol. Cresols may be absorbed through the skin.
Respiratory hazard 1s low because of low volatility. Absorption may cause damage to liver, kidney and
nervous system (ref. 9). Order of toxldty beginning with most toxic 1s reported to be as follows:
p-cresol; o-cresol; phenol; m-cresol (ref. 4)
LD5Q (oral, rat)
m-cresol
o-cresol
p-cresol
242 rag/kg
121 mg/kg
207 mg/kg
Toxldty to aquatic life: tainting of fish may result from concentrations of 0.07 mg/t of mixed cresol
isomers (ref. 28). The toxic concentration of p-cresol is 5 ppm for rainbow trout (ref. 36). The 96-hour
LCgQ for p-cresol 1s reported as 19 mg/t (ref. 68). For mixed cresol Isomers, the 96-hour TLm Is reported
as 10-1 ppm {ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV for Cresol (all Isomers): 22 mg/m3 (5 ppm).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 jig/tat any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66-).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.2 x 10* ug/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 5x1-5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE COMC6NTRATIOMg:
EPC
EPC
AH,
AHla
EPCWH1
EPCWH2
EPCWHS
103 x 22/420 - 52 ug/n3
" 5/42° ' 0-Olpp*
15 x 52 « 780 ug/t
13'8 « 22 - 304 ug/t
1 "9/t (Phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE1 " 50 x 1 • 50 ug/t
EPCWE2 " 70
EPCWES " 10°
EPCLE • 0.002 x 50
compounds)
0.1 ug/g
E-184
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18A
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.2E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effecn
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
70
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background-
•To b« multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /i9/m
(ppm Vol)
Wmr.ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, Atg/g
lppmWt»
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
It
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Basad Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baled on
Health Effects
52
(0.01)
304
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
BawdM Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-185
-------
CATEGORY: ISA
PHENYLPHENOLS:
(hydroxybiphenyls, biphenylols
QR BR; QR CR; QR DR
STRUCTURE:
170.21; insoluble in water. OH _
mp
58-60
165-167
78
bp
286
305-8
sublimes
>300
d
1.213
vap. press.
1 mm at 100°C
10 mm at 176°C
para-
ortho, meta, or para phenylphenols).
o-phenylphenol: white, flaky crystals; mild,
characteristic ordor.
p-phenylphenol: needles.
m-phenylphenol: needles.
PROPERTIES:
o-phenylphenol
p-phenylphenol
m-phenyl phenol
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Phenylphenols are monosubstltuted phenolic compounds. Ortho, meta, and para phenylphenols
are formed.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The toxic properties of phenylphenols are probably similar to those of the other phenols. Animal
studies indicate that acute and chronic toxldty Is mild for o-phenyl phenol (ref. 63).
LD50 (oral, rat): 2,700 mg/kg (for o-phenylphenol).
Neoplastlc effects have resulted from the subcutaneous administration to mice of 1,000 mg/kg of the
para Isomer. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101; the adjusted ordering number Is 3.1.
Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 1 mg/z of o-phenylphenol (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 vg/t of phenol (including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ugA of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; aopllcatlon factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/i (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/3.1
Hater, Health: 5x1-5 vg/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 - 0.01 ug/g
2.25 x 104 pg/m3
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 v
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 « 1
g/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 * °'107 * 2>70° " 29° u9/m3
EPCAH3 « 0.081 x 2.700 • 220 ug/m3
EPC«H1 " 15 x 22° ' 3-300 "9A
EPCHH2 " °'4 x 2>70° * 1'080 "9/*
EP^WHS * ' w9'1 (phenolic compounds)
EPCLH * 0'002 x 1 " °'°°2 "3/9
EPCAC, • 103/(6 x 3.1) • 54 ug/m3
EPCHC " '5 x 53 • 810 pg/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 810 - 1.6 ug/g
tPCKE-2 " 1t0(JO
EPCHES * 10°
EPCL£ • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g
tainting)
(Phen<>l1c compounds)
E-186
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
ISA
PHENYLPHENOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, |19/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*
2.25E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect.
54
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, »tg/m3
(ppm Vol)
W««r,MB/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
220
1,080
0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecn
1,000
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
54
810
1.6
tPhenolic compounds.
E-187
-------
CATEGORY:
ISA
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
XYLENOLS: CgH3OH(CH3)2 (dimethylphenols, dimethylhydroxy-
benzenes).
Colorless or white crystals or needles.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 122.17; mp: 27-75; bp: 210-225 (one Isomer rjblir.ies);
d: 0.9650^°-0.983o|°; vap. press.: 1 ran at 52° to 1 mm at 66°; soluble
to slightly soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Xylenols are dlsubstltuted phenols.
Several Isomers are formed since numerous substitution site combinations are possible.
The properties of the various Isomers differ somewhat. Xylenols will probably occur 1n combination.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties of the xylenols are similar to those of phenol and other phenolic compounds. The
lowest L0j0 (oral, rat) reported for a specific xylenol 1s 296 mg/kg for 2,6-xylenol. It Is probable that
mixtures of the various Isomers would prove less toxic than 2,6-xylenol.
Oncogen1c effects have been reported as a result of animal exposure via skin to five specific xylenol Isomers.
Considering the compounds collectively the EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3111, and the lowest dosage resulting
In an oncogenlc response 1s 4,000 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 0.8.
Aquatic toxldty: 96-hr LC5Q for fat head minnow: 14 tng/l (ref. 68).
Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 1 to 5 mg/t In water (ref. 69).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/i of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, 1972--Leve1s for alternate source selection:
1 -g/i (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATION:
Air, Health: 45 x 296 • 1.3 x 104 ug/m
Water. Health: 5 x 1 « 5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 5 • 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 * 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
_3
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 296
32 ug/mj
EPCAH3 -0.081 x 296 « 24 ug/uf
EPCWH1 • 15 x 24 « 360
EPCWH2 * °'4 * 296 " 12
EPCyuc * 1 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 1 -0.002 ug/g
EPCHE1 • 50 x 14,000 • 7 x 103 ug/t
EPCWE2 ' 1'000
EPCWES ' 10° M
{Phenol1c compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g
E-188
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
ISA
XYLENOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.3E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
1.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
24
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/'
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/j
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
It
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
tPhenolic compounds,
E-189
-------
CATEGORY:
ISA
ALKYI CRESOLS; CgH3OHCH3CnH2n+1 (methyl ethylphenols).
WLN;
STRUCTURE: There are 12 possible structural
isomers for each substituted alkyl
gro'ip. For example, there are 12
isomers of methylethylphenoi.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt. >122; very slightly soluble; higher
boiling points than the corresponding xylenols.
Where R, and H, are any alkyl groups.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Alkyl cresols are disubstituted phenols with one of the substitution groups
being methyl. An example of an alkyl cresol is methyl ethylphenoi. A number
of Isomers are possible depending on the substitution sites.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties are expected to be similar to xylenols.
LDjjg (rat): 530 rag/kg for 6 ethyl-m-cresol. The route of administration was not reported.
value is the lowest UD reported for the alkyl cresols.
This
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects in aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of O.OS (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 530 • 2.4 x 10* ug/m3
Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
Airi Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
5 x 100 * 500 ug/t
0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
|AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 530 • 57 ug/nT
0.081 x 530 • 43 ug/m3
EPCHH1 • 15 x 43 • 640 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 53° " *12 u9/t
EPCWHS ' 1 "^ (Phenolic compounds)
EPC • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
EPCWES "
(Pheno11c compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 ug/g
E-190
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18A
ALKYL CRESOLS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngt\
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.4E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
43
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
lOOt
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
43
212
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-191
-------
CATEGORY: 18B
CATECHOL: CgH4(OH)2 (pyrocatechol, o-dlhydroxybenzene,
o-benzend1o1, l,2-d1 hydroxybenzene, o-hydroxyphenol,
2-hydroxyphenol). White or colorless leaflets.
c750.
,21.
WIN: QR BQ
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 110.08; mp: 105; bp: 245'""; d: 1.344'
soluble; vap. press.: 10 mm at 118.3°; vap. d: 3.79;
sublimes readily; soluble 1n 2.3 parts water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Catechol Is a dlhydrlc phenol.
When heated, catechol emits highly toxic fumes; 1t Is volatilized by steam.
methyl pyrocatechol.
A related compound 1s
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Catechol 1s similar to phenol 1n Its toxic properties causing convulsions and Injury to the blood.
Is absorbed through the skin as well as through Inhalation (refs. 9, 63).
The repeated absorption of sublethal doses by animals may Induce methemogloblnemla, leukopenla, and
anemia (ref. 63).
LDgg (rats, oral): 3,890 mg/kg.
Tainting of fish flesh may result from concentrations of 0.8 to 5 mg/i of catechol (ref. 28).
It
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV - 20 mg/m3 (5 ppm) (Trial).
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
Mater supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (.ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 2.0 x 104 ug/m3 (Sppm)
Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 100 « 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1
EPCAH1, ' 5/420
• 103 x 20/420 • 48 ug/m3
0.01ppm
15 x 48 • 720 ug/t
EPCut» " 13-8 x 20 • 280 ug/t
H(l£
EPCWHS " 1 "''* (Pncno1''c compounds)
0.002 x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE2
EPCWES
EPC,
LH
• 800 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
• 100 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
E-192
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18B
CATECHOL
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimat«s
IR&D Goilt)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.0E4
(5)
5.0EO
1.0E-2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
48
(0.01)
1
0.002
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
It
B. Beted on
Ecological Effect!
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
48
(0.01)
280
0.002
B. Bated on
Ecologicar Effect.
800
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
tPhenolic compounds.
E-193
-------
CATEGORY: 1BC
INDANOLS: CHO (hydroxyhydrindene, hydroxyindene).
WLN: L56T&J GQ
STRUCTURE:
Plates, triclinic prisms, or needles.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 134.18; mp: 40-56; bp: 255.
II
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Indanol may or may not be phenolic, depending on the site of hydroxy substitution. Structure I is a
phenol, II is not. Little information regarding Indanols is available. The physical properties described
are for 1-indanol, 4-indanol, and 5-Indanol.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties are probably similar to but milder than phenol.
moderate toxidty and a high degree of Irritation (ref. 9).
L050 (oral, rat): 3,250 mg/kg for a 5-1ndanol.
Limited animal experiments suggest
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 ffor phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962--Levels for alternate source selection:
1 yg/t (for phenols) (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 45 x 3,250 • 1.5 x 105 gg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/l Water. Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 wg/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 3,250 • 350 ug/m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 3,250 • 260 yg/m3
EPCWH1 " 15 x 26° " 3>90°
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 3'250 " 1>30° M9/l
EPCWHS " 1 "9/t IPhenoHc compounds)
EPCLH - 0.002 x 1 - 0.002 wg/g
EPC
EPC
'WES
IE'
* 100 ug/i (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
E-194
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
18C
INDANOLS
Air, /ig/m3
fppm Vot)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land. ug/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E5
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
260
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ftg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
It
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
260
1,300
0.002
B. Band on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-195
-------
CATEGORY: 19
2-CHIOROPHENOL: CgHgOCl (o-chlorophenol).
Light amber liquid; distinct odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 138.6; mp: 9.0; bp: 174.9; d:
solubility in water: 2.85 g In 100 ml at 20°.
WLN: QR BG
STRUCTURE:
1.263; vap. press.: 1 m at 12.1°C;
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The chlorophenojs are primarily water and soil contaminants.
Chlorlnatlon of phenols 1n aqueous solution can occur under conditions similar to those used In
chlorine disinfection (ref. 70).
Chlorophenols are stronger adds than phenols because of the chlorine atoms. They, like phenols, will form
ethers, esters, and salts with metals, amines, etc.
Aqueous photolysis may lead to hydroxyl substitution for the chlorines and polymer formation.
In terms of biological degradation, chlorophenols are much more environmentally stable than the
parent phenol. Mlcrobial decomposition of 2-chlorophenol required 3 to 9 days for complete disappearance
as compared to 1 to 2 days for phenol (ref. 70).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chlorophenols may be absorbed through the skin as well as by Inhalation of the vapors. They are
considered corrosive to skin and eyes, and the vapors are Irritating and toxic.
L050 (oral, rat): 670 mg/kg.
2-chlorophenol 1s included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121,
and the lowest toxic dose resulting 1n an oncogenic response Is 38 g/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 0.09.
Concentrations of 0.0001 to 0.015 mg/i in water may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 36, 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/i of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/i at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/i (for phenols) (ref. 66).
Candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Limitations (ref. 10). On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 670 « 3.0 x 104 wg/m3
Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water. Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 670
0.081 x 670
72
54
EPCWH1 • 15 x 54 • 810 ug/l
EP^WH2 * "'* x 6^° * 2^° "9yr<
• 1 »g/t (phenolic compounds)
0.00? x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
EPC
LH
EPC,
EPC,
EPC
WE2
WES
LE
E-196
0.1 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
100 ug/t (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 0.1 • 0.00001 ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
19
GOALS 2-CHLOROPHENOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
I . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
-------
CATEGORY: 19
2.4-DICHLOROPHENOL:
Colorless crystals.
C6H4OC12.
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
QR BG DG
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 163.0; mp: 45; bp: 210-211;
d: 1.383oc; vap. d.: 5.62; vap. press: 1 mm
at 53° C; solubility in water: 0.45 g in 100 ml at 20°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The chlorophenols are primarily water and soil contaminants. Chlorinatlon of phenols in an aqueous
solution can occur under conditions similar to those used 1n chlorine disinfection (refs. 36,28).
Chlorophenols are stronger acids than phenols because of the chlorine atoms. They, like phenols, will
form ethers, esters, and salts with metals, amines, etc. It has been identified in samples of U.S.
drinking water supplies at 36 vig/£ (ref. 13).
In terms of biological degradation the chlorophenols are much more environmentally stable than the
parent phenol. The rate of decomposition further decreases as the number of chlorine atoms Increases.
Hicrobial decomposition of 2,4-d1chlorophenol required 5 to 9 days for complete disappearance as compared
to 1 to 2 days required for phenol (ref. 70).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chlorophenols may be absorbed through skin as well as by Inhalation of the vapors. They are
considered corrosive to skin and eyes, and vapors are Irritating and toxic. Dlchlorophenols are
more toxic than monochlorophenols.
LD5Q(oral, rat): 580 mg/kg.
2.4-dichlorophenol is included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number 1s 3121. The lowest TDLQ affecting an oncogenlc response 1s 312 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering
number Is 10.
Concentrations of 0.0004 to 0.014 mg/Z in water may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 36,33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/4 of phenol (including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Mater Quality Criteria: 1 vg/t of phenolic compounds in public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 yg/£ (for phenols) (ref. 66).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority II List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/10 • 7 x 103 ng/m
Water, Health: 5x1-5 ug/l
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 « 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 100 * 500 yg/l
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC;
EPC
'AH2
•AH3
0.107 x 580
0.081 x 580
62 ug/m
47 ug/m3
EPCW1 - 15 x 47 « 705 vg/C
EPC^j - 0.4 x 580 » 232 yg/f
EPCHHS * 1 U9'£ (Ph6110^0 compounds)
EPCLH « 0.002 x 1 « 0.002 ug/g
EPCAC, • 103/(6 x 10) - 17 ug/m3
"
15 x 17
EPCL(- • 0.002 x 255
255 ug/f
0.5 ug/g
EPCWES
EPCLE
to Prevent
* 10° u9/'£ (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 0.4 - 0.0008 ug/g
E-198
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
x
19
V*VJAL> 2,4-DICHLOROPHEIMOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, 0g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
7.0E3
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
17
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.4
0.0008
C. Elimination of
Ditch urge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, po/g,
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effect)
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
47
232
0.002
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
0.4
0.0008
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect)
17
255
0.5
tPhenolic compounds,
E-199
-------
CATEGORY;
20
CgH5N03 (o-nUrophenol).
2-NITROPHENOL:
2-nitrophenol crystallizes as yellow needles from
ethanol; peculiar aromatic odor.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 139.12; mp: 44.9; bp: 216; d: 1.495;
vap, press: 1 mm at 49°; sparingly soluble in cold water;
volatile in steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
Nitrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric acid with phenols.
WIN: WNR 3Q
STRUCTURE;
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
2-nttrophenol is a stronger acid than phenol. Contact of 2-nitrophenol with the skin may cause
irritation or burns. It 1s absorbed through Intact skin and through the respiratory tract (ref. 45).
Liver and kidney damage has been observed in experimental animals (ref. 9).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1,297 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 ug/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/£ of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects in aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/« (for phenols) (ref. 66).
2-Nitrophenol is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS?
Air, Health: 45 x 1,297 • 5.8 x 10* ug/m3
Water, Health: 5x1-5 ug/l
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 vg/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 * 500
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 « 1 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
• 0.107 x 1.297 • 139 wg/m
3
EPCAH3 • 0-081 x 1.297
105 ug/tiT
EPCVffll « 15 x 105 - 1,580 vg/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x ll297 " 52° ug/i
EPCVHS ' ' "''* (Pheno11c compounds)
• 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 vg/g
100 vg/i (phenolic compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 » 0.2 vg/g
£-200
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
20
2-IMITROPHEIMOL
Category
Air, ;ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, 09/1
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.8E4
5.0EO
1.0E-2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
105
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
TOO
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Watsr, MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, wj/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
lOOt
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
105
520
0.002
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
tPhenolic compounds,
E-201
-------
WNR CQ
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 20
3-NITROPHENOL: CgHgNOj (m-n1trophenol).
3-nltrophenol can be crystallized from an aqueous
solution of hydrochloric add.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 139.12; mp: 97; bp: 194 at 70 ran;
d: 1.485^°; soluble In hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
NUrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric acid with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
3-N1trophenol 1s a stronger acid than phenol.
Contact of 3-nitrophenol with the skin may cause Irritation or bums.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 447 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 pg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 yg/t of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/1 at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
(for phenols) (ref. 66).
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 • 500 yg/l
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 ' 1 ug/g
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 447 - 2.0 x 10* ug/m3
Water, Health: 5x1*5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
• 0.107 x 447 • 48 ug/mj
0.081 x 447 • 36 yg/m3
EPCAH3
EPCj^ • 15 x 36 - 540 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x *47 " 18° U9/1
EPCWHS " 1 u9'1 (Pnewltc compounds)
EPCLH - 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 yg/g
EPCWES * 10° w9^ (Phenol1c compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 pg/g
E-202
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
20
3-NITROPHENOL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Heal* Effects
2.0E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
36
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wtl
Land, ptg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
lOOt
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
36
180
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds,
E-203
-------
WtN: UNR DQ
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 20
4-NITROPHENOL: CgHgNOj (p-nltrophenol).
p-N)trophenol occurs In two forms: colorless prisms
obtained by crystallization from toluene above 63,
and yellow crystals obtained by crystallization from
toluene below 63. Ordinary p-n1trophenol 1s a mixture
of both forms; odorless.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 139.12; mp: 114; bp: 279
20
d: 1.479 ; decomposes at 279; soluble in hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
Nltrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
p-Wtrophenol 1s a stronger add than phenol. Contact of p-n1 trophenol with the skin may cause
Irritation or bums. The biological half-life of p-n1trophenol In man 1s reported as 0.041 days
(ref. 20). Experiments have shown 1t to cause central nervous system depression and blood effects
(ref. 9).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 350 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 pg/J. of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/Z. of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of O.OS (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref, 6F)
P-N1trophenol Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r. Health: 45 x 350 • 1.6 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 5 x 1 • 5 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 100 - 500 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 " °-107 x 350 • 37 ug/m3
EPCflH3 -0.081 x 350 • 28 ug/m3
EPCWH1 • !5 x 28 • 420 vg/t
EPCy^2 ° 0-* * 350 • 140 ug/l
1 ug/< (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 1 • 0.002 ug/g
E-204
EPCVES
EPC
IE
* 100 vg/i (phenolic compounds)
0.002 x 100 » 0.2 ug/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
20
4-NITROPHENOL
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/8
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimetes
(R&D Goals)
11. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.6E4
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
28
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.wi/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ^g/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
28
140
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds,
E-205
-------
CATEGORY: 20
DINITROPHENQLl: CgH^Og (dlnltrohydroxybenzenes).
Dlnltrophenols crystallize as colorless or yellowish
crystals.
WLN: WNR XQ XNW
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES: Hgl.wt.l
2,4-d1n1troph«nol TS4.11
2.5-d1n1trophenol 184.11
2.6-d1n1trophenol 184.11
All Isomers
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHA
mp
115
108
63
63-144
RACTER
bD
sublimes
ISTICS. AS
d
1.683
1.672-1.702
SOCIATED CO
solubility
slightly sol.
slightly sol.
insol.
MPOUNOS:
wap.d.
6.X
6.35
All nltro compounds are potentially explosive.
NUrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Dlnltrophenols are stronger adds than phenol. Contact of dlnltrophenols with the skin may cause
Irritation or burns; they are readily absorbed through Intact skin and through the respiratory tract
(ref. 24). Ingestlon of 36 mg/kg of 2,4-d1n1tropheno1 has resulted 1n human death (ref. 2).
Animal experiments Indicate that dlnltrophenols are more toxic than nltrophenols. They can cause
Increases in metabolism and temperature, dermatitis, and eye and nerve damage (ref. 24).
LDLo (°ral« rat': 30 m9A9 for dlnltrophenol (presumably this 1s for a mixture of the various
Isomers.)
The lowest LD^g (oral, rat) for a single dlnltrophenol Homer 1s reported as 30 mg/kg for 2,4-d1n1trophenol.
Aquatic toxlclty: 96-hour TLm for 2,4-d1n1trophenol 1s 10-1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
EPA 1976 Mater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 yg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: 1 ug/l of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations. 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/i (for phenols) (ref. 66).
2,4-d1n1tropheno1 Is on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 30 « 1.35 x 103 ug/m3
Water. Health: 5x1-5 ug/l
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water. Ecology:
Land. Ecology:
5 x 100 • 500 ug/l
0.002 x 500 » 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
.3
EPC
AH2
- 0.107 x 30 • 3.2
EPCAH3 * °-081 x 30 " 2-4 »9/m
EPCW1 » 15 x 2.4 - 36 ug/l
EPCHH2 " 0'4 x 30 " 12 ug/l
EPCWHS * 1 u3/t (Phenolic compounds)
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 - 0.002 ug/g
EPCWE1 *
50 x
50
EPCWES " 10° w9/t (Pneno11c compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/g
E-206
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
20
DINITROPHENOLS
Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/B
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Gods)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.35E3
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient U«el God*
Bawd on
Health Effects
2.4
1
0.002
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C, Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, 0g/m
(ppm Vol)
Wattr.pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
lOOt
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
2.4
12
0.002
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-207
-------
CATEGORY:
20
4.6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL: CyHg^Og (2,4-dinitro-o-cresol,
2-methyl-4,6-din1trophenol, DNOC).
Crystallizes as yellow prisms from ethanol.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 198; mp: 87.5; sparingly soluble
in water; vap. d: 6.82; moderately volatile with steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
All nitro compounds are potentially explosive.
Nitrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add
with phenols.
WLN: WNR BQ C ENW
STRUCTURE:
N02
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
4,6-D1n1tro-o-cresol 1s a stronger add than cresol.
Contact of 4,6-d1n1tro-o-cresol with the skin may cause Irritation or burns.
4,6-D1n1tro*-o-cresol 1s absorbed through the skin.
The biological half-life of d1n1tro-o-cresol 1n man Is reported as 5.78 days (ref. 20).
of 1 mg/m has resulted 1n central nervous system effects in an exposed human (ref. 2).
L0j0 (oral, rat): 25 mg/kg.
LCL(J (Inhalation, cat): 40 mg/m3.
Aquatic toxlcity: TLn 96: 10-1 ppm (ref, 2).
Inhalation
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 1s on EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (0.025 ppm)
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 vg/t of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 vg/i of phenolic compounds 1n public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects 1n aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 ug/t at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 2C).
M.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations. 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 -<;/> (for phenols) (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 200 ug/ra3 (0.025 oom)
Water, Health: Sxl-5 i,g/l
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 » 500 vg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 • 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC,
EPC
AH1
•AHla
103 x 0.2/420
• 0.025/420
EPCWH1 * 1S x °'5 " 7'5
EPCWH2 * 13'8 * °-2 " 3
EPCWHS
0.5 ug/raj
6 x 10" ppm
compounds)
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 i.ci/g
EP
ICH£1 =• 50 x 1 = 50 ug/?-
EPCHES = 10° u9'*' (Phenol'lc compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 * 0.1 ug/g
E-208
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XX
20
4.6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL
Air. /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxrcity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0E2
(0.025)
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Based on
Ecological
Effeeti
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.5
fcxlO-5)
1
0.002
Band on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jxg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, f/g/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
It
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
(6xl6-5)
3
0.002
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect*
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-209
-------
CATEGORY: 20
2.4.6-TRINITROPHENOL: CgH^Oy (picric add).
Yellow crystals; odorless.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 229.11; mp: 121.8; explodes above
300°; d: 1.763; vap. d: 7.90; slightly soluble 1n water.
WLN: WNR BQ CNW ENH
STRUCTURE:
OH
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Picric acid 1s a hazardous chemical. It Is a known explosive. It reacts with metals
to form plcrates, which are also explosive.
Nltrophenols are formed by the reaction of nitric add with phenols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
ID'1).
Picric acid 1s a strong add (
Contact of picric add with the skin may cause Irritation, burns, or allergic reactions (ref. 24).
Picric acid 1s absorbed through the skin. Ingestlon of 1 to 2 grams 1n man causes severe
poisoning (ref. 4).
LDLo (unknown route of administration, dog): 60 mg/kg.
LOLo (oral, rabbit): 120 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV « O.Vmg/m3 (0.01 ppm).
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 yg/l of phenol (Including phenolic compounds) for domestic
water supply (welfare) and to protect against fish flesh tainting (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: 1 ug/i of phenolic compounds In public water supply sources to
prevent odor from chlorinated phenols. To prevent tainting and toxic effects In aquatic life: Concentration
no greater than 100 yg/l at any time or place; application factor of 0.05 (for phenols) (ref. 28).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962—Levels for alternate source selection:
1 ug/t (for phenols) (ref. 66).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r. Health: 100 yg/nT (0.011 ppm)
Water, Health: 5x1*5 yg/l
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 vg/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
5 x 100 * 500
0.002 x 500 • 1 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC4ll, • 103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 yg/m3
EPCAHla " °-on/42° ' 2-6 x 10
"5
ppm
15 x 0.24 - 3.6 yg/l
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * °'1 " 1>4 U9/1
EPCWHS " 1 u9^1 (phenolic compounds)
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1 • 0.002 yg/g
EPCWES * ^ v^1 (Pnenol1c compounds)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 100 • 0.2 yg/g
E-210
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
xx
20
<*UAL5 2.4.6-TRINITROPHENOL
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngfi
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimatei
(R&D Goalf)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Besed on
Health Effects
1.0E2
(0.011)
5.0EO
l.OE-2
Bawd on
Ecologicel
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bend on B*»«o' ««
Heal* Effects | ^^
0.24
C2.6E-5)
1
0.002
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Neturel Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,*i8/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ;ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
It
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
loot
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect.
0.24
(2.6x10-5)
1.4
0.002
B. Beted on
Ecological Effect*
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Beted on Health Effects
tPhenolic compounds.
E-211
-------
CATEGORY;
21
NAPHTHALENE: C1QHg (moth flakes, naphthalln, naphthaline,
naphthene, tar camphor, white tar).
Colorless nwnocllnlc crystals, aromatic odor.
WLN: L66J
STRUCTURE;
oTo
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 128.18 nip: 80.55, bp: 218. 87.510; d: 1.02S320, 0.9625J000; vap. press: 1 mm at 52.6° C;
vap.d: 4.42; very low solubility 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfacant Impurities 1n water
(ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Naphthalene Is among the lower molecular weight polycycllc hydrocarbons comprising the volatile portion
of the benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4). Concentrations of 3.8 to 11.2 ug/m 1n urban air
are reported (ref. 1). Naphthalene Is associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,
PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban
environment 1n winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); groundwater
and surface treated water:
1,000 pg/kg (ref. 58).
0.001 vg/t - 0.025 vg/t (ref. 58); upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 ug/kg -
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
LOSQ (oral, rat): l,780mg/kg.
Naphthalene may cause Irritation 1n concentrations of 15 ppm, and serious damage to eyes may
result from continuous exposure (ref. 4).
Naphthalene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application
(ref. 59). Naphthalene 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number 1s 4101. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen 1c response Is reported as 3.500 mg/kg.
The adjusted ordering number Is 1.17. Naphthalene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59).
Naphthalene has been rated as moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. The 96-hour TLm 1s reported
as 1-10 ppm (ref. 2). Naphthalene In concentrations of 1 mg/t may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 28, 69).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Naphthalene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 2.
TLV: 50mg/m3 (10 ppm)
TLV for coal-tar pitch: 0.2 mg/m [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acrfdlne,
phenanthrene, and fluorene collectively. The purpose of the TLV Is to minimize concentrations of
higher weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 5.0 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm)
Mater, Health: 15 x 5.0 x 104 • 7.5 x 105 \ig/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 105 • 1.5 x 103 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 100 x 1 - 100 vg/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC^ • 103 x 50/420 -119 ug/m3
EPCAH1a * 10/42° " °'02 ppm
• 15 x 119 • 1,785
EPCHH2 " 13t8 x 50 " 69°
EPCLH " 0.002 x 690 • 1.38 ug/g
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 1.17) - 142 ug/m
EPCyj. - 15 x 142 • 2.130 ug/t
EPCLC - 0.002 x 2.130 • 4.26 pg/g
EPCWE1 ' 50 x 1 • 50 vg/t
EPCWE2 " 1>00° vgfi (
EPCLE - 0.002 x so • o.i ug/g
tainting)
E-212
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
NAPHTHALENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jifl/g
(ppmWt)
1. Band on Bait Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goali)
-
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E4
(10)
7.5E5
1.5E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient L*ml Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effect!
119
(0.02)
690
1.38
Band on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
3.8-11.2t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.us/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Heal* Effectt
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
119
(0.02)
690
1.38
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
142
2,130
4.26
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-213
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L C666J
ANTHRACENE: C14H10 STRUCTURE:
Colorless, nwnocl1n1c plates (when pure) with
violet fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 178; mp: 216.2-216.4; bp: 340, 226.553; d: 1.28325;
vap.press.: 1 mm at 145.0° C; sublimes; vap. d: 6.15; Insoluble 1n
water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Anthracene Is among the lower molecular weight polycycllc hydrocarbons comprising the volatile
portion of the benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4). Concentrations of 0.5252 yg/1,500 m3
and Z pg/1,000 m3 In urban air are reported (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.00035 to 0.002 ug/nr.
Anthracene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH, (ref. 71). The
following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter
1n seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/ra3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated
water: 0.001 vg/t - 0.025 vg/t (ref. 58); upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 yg/kg - 1,000 wg/kg
(ref. 58). upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 wg/kg - 1,000 yg/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
No specific Information Is available relative to acute toxic properties of anthracene.
Anthracene nay be present 1n soot, coal-tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Anthracene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogen List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
Is 4112. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 3,300 mg/kg. The
adjusted ordering number Is 1.25.
Anthracene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Anthracene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV (coal tar pitch volatile*}: 0.2 rag/m3. [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene,
acrldlne, phenathrene, and fluorene, collectively. The purpose of the TLV 1s to minimize
concentrations of higher-weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4).]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 10*/1.25 • 5.6 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.6 x 104 - 8.4 x 105 »g/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 8.4 x 105 • 1.68 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 1.25) • 133 yg/m3
EPCyp " 15 x 133 • 1,995 vg/t
EPCL(. « 0.002 x 1,995 • 4.0 ug/g
E-214
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
ANTHRACENE
Air, //g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
-------
WLN: LB666J
STRUCTURE;
CATEGORY; 21
PHENANTHRENE: CUH1().
Monocllnlc crystals from alcohol; solutions exhibit
faint blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 178; mp: 101; bp: 340; d: 0.98004; vap. press.: 1 mn at 118.3; vap. d: 6.14;
Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58);
llpld solubility: 2 percent solution In olive oil (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Phenanthrene 1s among the lower molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons comprising the volatile
Concentrations of 0.6102 ug/1,500 m3
This 1s equivalent to 0.0004 to 0.006 ug/m3.
portion of the benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4).
and 6 ug/1,000 m 1n urban air are reported (ref. 1).
Phenanthrene 1s associated with paniculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PPAH, (ref. 71). The
following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter
in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/ra3 (ref. 71); groundwater and surface-treated
water: 0.001 ug/i - 0.025 yg/Z (ref. AAS); upper layer of Earth's crust: 100 j»g/kg - 1,000 ug/kg
(ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
LDjQ (oral, mouse): 700 mg/kg.
Phenanthrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Phenanthrene 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s
3121. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 71 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering
number Is 44.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Phenanthrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV (coal-tar pitch volatlles): 0.2 mg/m . [The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene,
acrldlne, phenanthrene. and fluorene. collectively. The purpose of the TLV Is to minimize concen-
trations of higher weight polycyclic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic (ref. 4)].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/44 • 1.59 x 103 ug/m3
Water. Health: 15 x 1.59 x 103 - 2.39 x 104 ug/l
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.39 x 104 - 47. B ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 ' 0<107 x 70° " 75
EPCAH3 " °'081 x 70° ' 57
AH2 '
"
• 15 x 57 • 855
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 70° ' 28°
EPCLH • 0.002 x 280 • 0.56 yg/g
103/(6 x 44) » 3.8 ug/m3
15 x 3.8 - 57 Vg/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 57 • 0.114 ug/g
EPC
AC2
E-216
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
PHENANTHRENE
Air. jio/m'
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Dtvdoping Technology
Enginttring Eitimatu
(R&D Go*)
II. Based on Ambient F acton
A. Minimum Aeuu
Toxidty Efflutirt
Bawd on
Htrith Effect!
1.59E3
2.39E4
4.8E1
BiMdon
Ecological
Ett*et>
8. Ambimt LtMl Goal*
Baud on
Htjin EffwD
3.8
57
0.114
BiMdon
Ecological
EffKB
C Elimination of
DiKharga
Natural Background*
•To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Watar.fig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1, Currant or PropOfad Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. BaMden
H.Jth Etlwn
B. Bawd on
Ecological Efften
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Ptrminibl* Concentration
A. BaMdim
Hti»th Effacti
57
280
0.56
B. BaMden
Ecological Efftcti
III, Zero Threshold PoNutants
Ettimated Permiuibta Concentration
Baud on H*aMi Efftea
3.8
57
0.114
E-217
-------
CATEGORY; 21 WLN: L E6 C666J
NAPHTHACENE: C18H12(2,3-bcnzanthracene, tetracene, chrysogen) STRUCTURE;
Crystallizes from xylene In orange leaflets;
solutions show slight green fluorescence.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 228.28; mp: 341; sublimes in vacuo; insoluble 1n
water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities 1n
water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Naphthacene occurs 1n coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Naphthacene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Naphthacene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
E-218
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
NAPHTHACENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fio/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWtt
Land, *tg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-219
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L 06 B666J
BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE: C18H12 (benzo(b)phenanthrene, STRUCTURE:
1,2-benzanthracene, 2.3-benzophenanthrene, BA).
Crystallizes In the form of plates from ethanol.
Solutions exhibit greenish-yellow fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Holecular wt.: 228.28; mp: 158-9; bp: 400° C; sublimes; Insoluble 1n water; solubility
may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities in water (ref. 58); 11p1d solubility: 0.6 mg/0.2 ml
neutral, sterile olive oil (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benz(a)anthracene occurs in coal tar and 1s associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic
hydrocarbons, PPAH. The lowest urban air concentration reported for benz(a)anthracene Is
44.69 ug/m3 (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 0.029 yg/m3.
Concentrations of BA In soils (nonlndustrlal areas) ranging from 5-20 ug/kg have been
reported (ref. 73).
Other concentrations of BA are reported as follows: (a) drinking water - 23.2 ug/m ;
(b) cooked meat or fish - 189 ug/kg; (c) vegetables - 230 ug/kg; (d) roasted coffee -
14.2 ug/kg (ref. 73).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
LD,0 (Intravenous, mouse): 10 mg/kg.
Benz(a)anthracene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be
carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at
the site of application (ref. 59). Benz(a)anthracene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected
Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3124. The lowest dose to Induce a
carcinogenic response Is reported as 2 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 1562.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes
the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
Benz(a)anthracene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/1,562 • 44.8 ug/m3
Mater. Health: 15 x 44.8 • 672 vg/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 672 - 1.34 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
'AH2
•AH3
0.107 x 10
0.081 x 10
1.07 ug/m3
0.81 ug/m3
EPCWH1 " 15 x °'81
EPCHH2 " °'4 x 10
- 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g
EPCAK • 103/(6 x 1.562) • 0.11 ug/m3
EPCy,. • 15 x 0.11 » 1.65 vg/t
EPCLC - 0.002 x 1.65 • 0.003 ug/g
E-220
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XX
21
BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Und,»ia/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bett Technology
A. Exiiting Standard*
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. DtMtopineTaclmolow
Engineering Estimate!
(R&DGoal!)
II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acutt
Toxlcity Effluent
Baud on
Health Effects
4.5E1
6.7E2
1.3EO
BiHdon
Ecologicil
Efftcn
B. AmbMflt Uttl Goal*
BaHdoH
Htalth EffMtt
o.n
1.65
0.003
BaMdon
Ecologial
EWecB
C EllmlnMioael
Diuhtrat
0.029t
0.023?
0.02
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.MH/m3
(ppm Vol)
W«tr.M»/l
(ppm Wt)
Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propoeed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. BMW! on
Huhh Effect!
B. Bntdon
Eeeteojcil Efftea
II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A.B»»don
Hulth Effects
0.81
4.0
0.008
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutant*
B»«d o« H«lth Elftcu
o.n
1.65
0.003
tReported for urban atr. No rural concentration is reported.
^Drinking water.
E-221
-------
CATEGORY: 21
C20H16'
(9,10-d1methy1-1,2-
WLN: L 06 B666J CJ
STRUCTURE:
CH
7,12-OIHETHYLBENZ(a)ANTHRACENE:
benzanthracene, OMBA).
Crystallies as greenish-yellow plates from acetone-alcohol.
maximum fluorescence at 440 nm.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt.: 256.33; mp: 122-123; Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant
impurities in water (ref. 58), and by purines such as caffeine (ref. 24); lipid solubility: 50 mg/ml
in trlbutyrin (ref. 74).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Although 7,12-d1methylbenz(a)anthracene has not been positively identified In products of
coal pyrolysis, the molecular weight fraction corresponding to the compound has teen isolated.
It is generally presumed to be associated with particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and with coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
LD5Q (oral.mouse): 340 ng/kg.
7,l2-D1methylbenz(a)anthracene is known to be highly carcinogenic 1n experimental animals
(ref. 59). Experimental evidence also indicates that 1t Is a teratogenic agent in rats
(ref. 75). 7,12-D1methylbenz(a)anthracene 1s Included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens
List. The EPA/H10SH ordering number based on carcinogenlcity is 5,729. The lowest dose to
Induce a carcinogenic response Is 21 ug/kg, and the adjusted ordering number Is 272,809.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty is 4,102. with the lowest dosage being
20 ng/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 205.
REOIILATORV ACTIONS. OTAMDAHM. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC BEgUjATIOfl;
TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV
recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r. Health: 7 x 104/272,809 • 0.26 yg/m3
Hater. Health: 15 x 0.26 • 3.9 vg/t
Land. Health: 0,002 x 3.9 • 0.008 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 " 0>107 * 34° * 36<* "9/l°3
EPC.u, • 0.081 x 340 • 27.5 ug/m3
AnJ
15 x 27.5 - 413 ng/l
EPCHH2 ' 0>4 x 3*° " 136 M8/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 136 • 0.27 wg/g
EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 272.809)
EPC^ • 15 x 0.006 • 0.009
0.002 x 0.009
0.0006 ug/m
1.8 x 10*5 ng/g
EPC
'AT
EPCU
103/(6 x 206) -0.8 «g/m3
15 xO.8 « 12 vg/l
0.002 xi2 • O-02* cg/g
E-222
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
xxx
21
GOALb 7, 12-DIMETHYLBENZ(a)ANTHRACENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals!
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.6E-1
3.9EO
8.0E-3
Based on
Ecologies!
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goat"
Bated on
Heal* Effects
0.0006
0.009
l.SxlO"5
Based on
Ecological
Effect*
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multipliod by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
4
Air, pg/rrr
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pd/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baaed on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Basadon
Health Effects
27.5
136
0.27
B. Baaed on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.0006
0.009
l.SxlO"5
E-223
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L C6 B666J
BENZO(c)PHENANTHRENE: CjgHjg (3,4-benzophenanthrene). STRUCTURE:
Crystallizes In the form of needles from ethanol.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 228.30; mp: 68; Insoluble In water;
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant impurities
NATURAL OCctfRREMCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
The urban air concentration for benzo(c)phenanthrene 1s reported as 9.781 yg/1.500 m3
(ref. 1). This Is equivalent to 6.5 ng/m . The compound probably occurs as a constituent
of partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Although not considered to be a highly active carcinogen alone, benzo(c)phenanthrene Is
included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121.
The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 1.220 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering number is 2.56.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV » 0.2 mg/ra3 (for partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV
recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/2.56 » 2.73 x 10* yg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Mater. Health: 15 x 2.73 x 104 - 4.1 x 105 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.1 x 105 • 820 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 2.5) • 66.7 ug/m3
EPCyg • 15 x 66.7 • 1,000 ug/l
EPC,_C - 0.002 x 100 • 2.0 gg/g
E-224
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
BENZO(c)PHENANTHRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.73E4
4.1E5
8.20E2
Based on
Ecological
E tracts
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
66.7
1,000
2.0
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.0065t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, Ml/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(opm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect*
66.7
1,000
2.0
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-225
-------
CATEGORY: 21 «yi: L E6 B666J
STRUCTURE*
CHRYSENE: C18H12 (1,2-benzophenanthrene, benz(a)- '
phenanthrene).
Crystallizes in the form of plates; solutions and crystals exhibit
blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 228.28; mp: 255-256; sublimes In vacuo; bp: 448; d: 1.27420; insoluble in water,
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58); llpld solubility: 7.5 percent solution
In olive oil (ref. 73).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Chrysene occurs in coal tar, 1s formed during distillation of coal, and 1s a product of pyrolysls of
many fats and oils. Chrysene Is associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).
Environmental concentrations of Chrysene are reported as follows: urban air—0.023 mg/m (ref. 1);
surface water--!1.8-38.2 yg/m3; sand—15 yg/kg (ref. 73).
Maximum concentrations of Chrysene In foods are also reported: cooked meat or f1sh«173 ug/kg;
vegetables—395 yg/kg; roasted coffee--19.1 ug/kg (ref. 73).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chrysene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Car-
cinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). Chrysene
Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122. The lowest
dose to induce an oncogen1c response 1s reported as 99 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 31.5.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Chrysene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV • 0.2 mg/ra3 (for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/31.5 • 2.22 x 103 yg/a3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.22 x 103 - 3.33 x 104 yg/i Water. Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.33 x 104 * 66.6 yg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 31.5) • 5.29 yg/m3
15 x 5.29 • 79.4 yg/l
0.002 x 79.4 - 0.16 yg/g
E-226
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
CHRYSENE"
Air.fig/rri3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Go«l<)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect.
2.22E3
3.33E4
6.6E1
Based on
Ecological
Eileen
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bawd on
Health Effects
5.29
79.4
0.16
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
2.3xlO~5t
0.01 to 0.04
0.015
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MB/I"
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Healdi Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
5.29
79.4
0.16
tReported for urban air. No rural concentration is reported.
E-227
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WIN:
METHYL CHRYSENES: C19H,4 (methy1-l,2-benzophenanthrene). STRUCTURE
The 4-oethyl and 5-roethyl chrysenes exhibit fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 242; mp: 117-254; Insoluble In water;
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Methyl chrysenes are associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons and with coal tar.
The urban-air concentration for methyl chrysenes Is reported as 6.195 ug/1500 m (ref. 1). This Is
equivalent to 4.1 ng/m . Methyl chrysenes have also been detected In the polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbon
fraction of marine sediments (ref. 76).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Methyl chrysenes may be present In soot, coal tar, oils, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application
(ref. 59). Five methyl chrysenes are listed In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The collective
EPA/NIOSH ordering number for the five compounds Is 3123. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc
response Is reported as 80 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number for the methyl chrysenes collectively
1s 39.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATTON;
TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/39 • 1.79 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Hater. Health: 15 x 1.79 x 103 - 2.69 x 104 ug/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.69 x 104 - 53.8 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 39) • 4.3 Mg/m3
EPCy,. • 15 x 4.3 • 64.5 ug/l
EPCLC • 0.002 x 64.5 • 0.129 ug/g
E-228
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
METHYL CHRYSENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pa/9
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.8E3
2.7E4
5.4E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Letel Goal*
Based on
Health Effeco
4.3
64.5
0.13
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
(K004t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol)
\
Water. /18/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MS/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological EffecO
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
4.3
64.5
0.13
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-229
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L B6 H666J
TRIPHENYLENE: C18H12 (1,2-3,4-dibenznaphthalene). STRUCTURE:
Crystallizes in the form of long needles; solutions
exhibit blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 228.28; mp: 199; sublimes; bp: 425;
d: 1.302; Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced
by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Trlphenylene occurs to a small extent 1n coal tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
THphenylene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of
application (ref. 59).
Triphenylene Is considered Inactive as a carcinogen (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes
the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r. Health: A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
E-230
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
TRIPHENYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Qoah)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
' C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, us/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, ;ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
He.lth Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects;
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baled on Heel* Effects
E-231
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L666 B6 2AB PJ
PYRENE: C16H10 (benzo(def Jphenanthrene). STRUCTURE:
Crystallizes as pale yellow plates; solutions
show slight blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 202; mp: 149-50; sublimes; bp: > 360; d: 1.27l|3; Insoluble 1n water;
solubility nay be inhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Pyrene occurs 1n coal tar. It Is also obtained by the destructive hydrogenatlon of hard coal. The
lowest reported concentration of pyrene In urban areas Is 0.45 mg/m (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to
450 pg/m3.
Pyrene 1s associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The
following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: air (urban environment
In winter 1n seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/n3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-
treated water: 0.001 ug/i - 0.025 wg/i (ref. 58); upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg
(ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS!
Pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Although not considered a highly active carcinogen alone, pyrene Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected
Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121. The lowest toxic dose reported to produce
an oncogenlc response 1s 10 g/kg. This Is equivalent to 10.000 mg. The adjusted ordering number Is
0.3.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
Pyrene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV • 0.2 ng/m3 (for part1culate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/0.3 • 2.3 x 105 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.3 x 105 • 3.45 x 106 vg/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.4$ x 106 - 6.9 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAC2 • 103/C6 x 0.3) • 555. 6 ug/»3
IS x 555.6 • 8.333
EPCLC • 0.002 x 833 • 16.7 «g/g
E-232
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
PYRENE
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Be»t Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II, Baud on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.3E5
3.45E6
6.9E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
555.6
8,333
16.7
Based on
Ecologies!
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
450t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,(i9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, //g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
555.6
8,333
16.7
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-233
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN:
DIMETHYL PYRENES: C18H14 (3,4 and 4,5-dimethylpyrenes). STRUCTURE:
Crystallize in the form of plates from petroleum ether.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 232; insoluble in water; solubility may
be enhanced by surfactant impurities in water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Alkyl pyrenes have been isolated from coal tar and from soot (ref. 77).
Dimethyl pyrenes are associated with particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH
(ref. 71). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported:
Air (urban environment in winter in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref.
71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 vq/t - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58): upper layer
of Earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1.000 ug/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Dimethyl pyrenes nay be present in soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic
to man. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application
(ref. 59). There Is no evidence to indicate that the dimethy pyrenes alone are carcinogenic.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV -0.2 mg/m3 [for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes
the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: A1r, Ecology:
Water. Health: Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
E-234
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
21
v»OAL5 DIMETHYL PYRENES
Air, itgfm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, «ig/g
(ppmWtl
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Batt Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
8. Ambient Uvrt Go*)'
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effcctt
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background-
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm mi
Land, jjg/g
(ppmWtl
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
8. Bated on
Ecological Effects
-
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Perminible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects
E-235
-------
CATEGORY: 21
BENZO(g)CHRYSENE: C22H14 (1,2-3.4-d1benzophenanthrene).
Crystallizes as colorless needles from glacial acetic add.
WUN: L C6 16 B666J
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 278.36; mp: 114.5; bp: 135; Insoluble
In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities
In water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzo(g)chrysene probably occurs as a constituent of partlculate polycycllc aromatic
hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Although not considered to be a highly active carcinogen alone. benzo(g)chrysene Is
Included on the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3123.
The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 720 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering number 1s 4.34.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 0.2 wg/m3 [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV
recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively.]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104 x 4.34 • 1.6 x 10*
Water, Health: 15 x 1.6 x 104 • 2.42 x 105
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.42 x 10s • 4.84
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC
•AC2
x 4.34) • 38.4 ug/m3
• 15 x 38.4 - 576
EPC,_C - 0.002 x 576 • 1.15 ug/g
E-236
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
21
GOAL5 BENZO(g)CHRYSENE
Air, fig/irr
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.6E4
2.42E5
4.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
38.4
576
1.15
Based on
Ecological
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jag/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, MS/)
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
38.4
576
1.15
E-237
-------
CATEGORY: 21 «LN: L D6 J6 C666J
DIBENZ(a.c)ANTHRACENE: C22H14 (l,2-3,4-d1benzanthracene, STRUCTURE:
benzo(b)trlphenylene).
Crystallizes as colorless needles from ethanol;
solutions show blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 278.22; rap: 200-2; Insoluble In water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities
in water (.ref. 58); I1p1d solubility: 0.6 mg In 0.2 ml olive oil (ref. 78).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
D1benz(a,c)anthracene 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).
The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: air (urban environment In winter in
seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water:
0.001 ug/i - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58); upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1.000 ug/kg (ref. 58).
The concentration of d1benz(a,c)anthracene in urban air 1s reported as 13,348 pg/1,500 m (ref. 1).
This 1s equivalent to 0.88 ng/m .
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
01benz(a,c)anthracene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
01benz(a,c)anthracene Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
Is 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s 440 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s
7.09. There Is disagreement regarding the cardnogenlcity of d1benz(a,c)anthracene (ref. 59).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOONmON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION;
TLV • 0.2 mg/m (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/7.09 - 9.9 x 103 ng/m3 Air, Ecology:
Uater, Health: 15 x 9.9 x 103 • 1.5 x 10S wg/i Mater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 10S • 300 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 7.09) • 23.5 ng/m3
EPCy,. • 15 x 23.5 • 353 ug/t
EPCIC • 0.002 x 353 -0.7 ug/g
E-238
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
21
VJVAL3 DIBENZ (a. clANTHRACENE
Air, /ig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, tig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/S
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effect!
9.9E3
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effects
23.5
353
0.7
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background1
0.0009t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
-
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
23.5
353
0.7
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-239
-------
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 21
DIBEMZ(a.h)ANTHRACENE: C22HU (1,2-5,6-dlbenzanthracene.
DB(a.h)A).
Crystallizes In the form of silvery leaflets from acetic acid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 278.33; mp: 262; sublimes; solubility In water:
0.0005 rog/l at 27° (ref. 73); llpld solubility: 8 mg/ml 1n trlbutyrln (ref. 74).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Environmental concentration of D8(a,h)A are reported as follows: urban air— 3.2-32 gg/ 1,000 m ; soils
(Iceland)-- 0-2.3 ug/kg (ref. 73). DB(a,h)A has also been detected In cooked meats and vegetables (ref. 73).
The compound 1s probably a constituent of participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LDLo tlntravenous, mouse): 10 mg/kg.
D1benz(a,h)anthracene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to
man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
DB(a,h)A 1s considered an active carcinogen and causes aberrations 1n mammalian cells (ref. 42). It 1s
Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 4529. The lowest dose
to Induce an oncogen1c response Is reported as 0.006 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 754,833.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
D1benz(a>h)anthracene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV > 0.2 mg/m3 (for participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/754,833 • 0.093 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 0.093 • 1.4 vg/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 » 0.107 x 10 • 1.07 ug/nr
• 0.081 x 10 • 0.81 ug/m3
EPC
AH3
"9/t
EPCWH1 * 1S x °'81 "
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 10 *
EPCLH « 0.002 x 4.0 - 0.008 ug/g
• 103/(6 x 754,833) • 0.0002 ug/m3
EPC
'AC2
• 15 x 0.0002 • 0.003 ug/l
• 0.002 x 0.003 • 6 x 10*6 ug/g
F-240
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xxx
21
DIBENZfa, h)ANTHRACENE
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Dnetoping Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxic. ty Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
9.3E-2
1.4EO
3.0E-3
Based on
Ecotogical
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.0002
0.003
6x1 O"6
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.0032 to
0.032t
0 to 0.0023
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jip/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.81
4.0
0,008
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
0.0002
0.003
6x1 O"6
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-241
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L D6 B6666 2AB -TJ
BENZO(a)PYRENE: C2(JH12 (1,2-benzpyrene, B(a)P STRUCTURE:
Yellowish plates; benzene solutions exhibit violet
fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 252.30; rap: 179; bp: 496-510; vap. press: 10 nm at 310-312°C; Insoluble in water,
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); lipid solubility: 25 mg/ml in
tributyrin (ref. 79).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzo(a)pyrene occurs In coal tar and In all kinds of soot and smoke. Environmental concentration of
B(a)P is reported as follows: urban air—0.04-0.4 ug/l,000 m (refs. 1,3); forest, woods, sand (nonlndustrial
areas)--0-127 wg/kg (ref. 73). Other maximum concentrations reported Include: drinking water—23.4 yg/m ;
cooked meat or fish—107 ug/kg; vegetables—8 ug/kg; roasted coffee—15 wg/kg (ref. 73).
The chemical half-life of benzo(a)pyrene In the atmosphere Is reported as less than 1 day with solar
radiation and several days without solar radiation (ref. 8). 8enzo(a)pyrene 1s associated with partlculate
polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
LDgg (subcutaneous, rat): 50 ing/kg.
Benzo(a)pyrene is considered to be an active carcinogen. It has been shown to cause chromosome aber- •
rations 1n mammalian cells (ref. 42). Experimental evidence Indicates that B(a)P 1s a mutagenlc and tera-
togenlc agent in the mouse (ref. 2). Benzo(a)pyrene appears In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on carcinogenic responses, is 6629. The lowest dose to induce a carcino-
genic response is reported as 2 ug/kg. The adjusted number is 3,314,500 based on cardnogenlcity. The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty 1s 3102. The lowest dose resulting in teratogenic
effects 1s 240 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on teratogenlclty is 12.9.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
Benzo(a)pyrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV • 0.2 mg/n3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/3,314,500 - 0.02 vg/n3
Water. Health: 15 x 0.02 • 0.3 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 0.3 - 0.006 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC,
AH2
0.107 x 50
0.081 x 50
AH3
EPCyH1 • 15 x 4.1
EPC^ » 0.4 x 50
EPCLH • 0.002 x 20
5.35 ug/mj
4.1 yg/m3
61.5 yg/t
20 ug/l
0.04 yg/g
EPC
AC2
103/(6 x 3,314,500) - 5 x 10"5
"5
15 x 5 x 10
0.002 x 7.5 x
7.5 x 10"4 ug/l
10"4 • 1.5 x 10
"6
wg/9
E-242
EPCAT - 103/(6 x 12.9) •
EPC,., • 15 x 12.9 • 194
12.9
EPC
LT
0.002 x 194 • 0.39 vg/g
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xxx
21
BENZO(a)PYRENE
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(RScD Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect*
2.0E-2
3.0E-1
6.0E-3
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Uvel Goat*
Bated on
Health Effect!
5.0E-5
7.5E-4
1.5E-6
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
4E-5 to 4E-4t
0.02}
0 to 0.13§
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. jigj/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/fl
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Eff.cn
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
4.1
20
0.04
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects
5 x 10"5
7.5 x 10"4
1.5 x 10-6
^Reported for urban atmosphere.
tDrinking water.
§Sand, non-industrial areas.
E-243
-------
CATEGORY; 21 —:
:
Prisms or plates from benzene.
BENZO(e)PYRENE: C-nH,,, (4,5-benzopyrene). STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 252; mp: 178-9; sublimes at 250° (4 urn); Insoluble In water, solubility my be enhanced
by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solubility: 2.5 percent In olive oil (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Benzo(e)pyrene Is a constituent of the high-boiling coal tar (ref. 77). It has been Isolated from soils
(ref. 81). The lowest reported urban concentration for benzo(e)pyrene Is 0.90 ng/m (ref. 1).
Benzo(e)pyrene Is associated with partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The
following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment
In winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-
treated water: 0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1.000 wg/kg
(ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzo(e)pyrene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Benzo(e)pyrene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is
3223. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 140 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering
number Is 23.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/23 • 3.04 x 103 wg/m3 Air. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 3.04 x 103 - 4.56 x 104 ug/i Hater. Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.57 x 10* • 91.2 «g/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 23) • 7.25 iig/m3
- 15 x 7.25 - 109 ug/l
« 0.002 x 109 • 0.22 ug/g
E-244
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
BENZO(e)PYRENE
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
3.04E3
4.56E4
9.12E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Coal'
Bated on
Health Effects
7.25
1 09
0.22
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/J9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Beted on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
7.25
109
0.22
E-245
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WIN; L666 L6 K6 2AL
STRUCTURE:
PERYLEHE: C2QH12 (perl-dlnaphthalene, dlbenz(de.kl) anthracene).
Yellow to colorless plates from toluene. lOl
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 252.34; mp: 277-279; sublimes 350-400° C; d: 1.35;
Insoluble 1n water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Perylene occurs In coal tar and 1n high-boiling petroleum fractions. The lowest reported urban level for
perylene 1s given as 0.10 ng/m (ref. 1).
Perylene Is associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons PPAH (ref. 71). The following
concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH havt been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment In winter In
seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and surf ace- treated water:
0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 i/g/kg - 1000 vg/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
There 1s no report of oncogenlc responses 1n animals or humans which are attributable to this compound.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: Water. Ecology:
Land. Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
E-246
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
PERYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /i 9/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
tl. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
O.OOOlt
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-247
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L F6 E6 B666J
PICENE: C22H14 (l,2-7,8-d1benzphenanthrene, d1benzo(a,1) STRUCTURE:
phenanthrene).
Crystallizes 1n the form of plates with bluish fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 278.33; mp: 367; sublimes 300° C;
bp: 518-20; Insoluble In water, solubility may be enhanced by
surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Plcene Is found 1n tar oils from soft coal and 1n petroleum.
The rural concentration for plcene 1s reported as 0.0974 ug/1,500 m (ref. 4). This 1s
equivalent to 0.06 ng/m3. Plcene probably occurs as a constituent of partlculate
polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Plcene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of
application (ref. 59).
Plcene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number 1s 3121. The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 111 mg/kg.
The adjusted ordering number Is 28.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/28 - 2.5 x 103 ug/m3 ' Air. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.5 x 103 • 3.75 x 104 vg/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.75 x 104 • 75 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPCAC2 • lO3/^ x 28) « 5.95 yg/m3
• 15 x 5.95 « 89.3 ug/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 89.3 - 0.18 gg/g
E-248
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
PiCEiME
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, 08/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goalil
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BiMdon
Health Effects
2.5E3
3.75E4
7.5E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effect.
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
5.95
89.3
0.18
Based on
Ecological
Eff»cti
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.00006
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. BaMdon
Health Effects
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
/
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
5.95
89.3
0.18
E-249
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L 06 B66 D666 2AB ASJ
DIBENZO(a,h)PYRENE: C-.^-.fdibenzofb.def) - chrysene, STRUCTURE:
DB(a.h)P).
Crystallizes as gold-orange plates from trichlorobenzene.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 302; mp: 315; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may
be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
D1benzo(a,h)pyrene is a constituent of coal-tar pitch. It may be
formed by pyrolysls of anthracene. D1benzo(a,h)pyrene Is associated
with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).
The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated
or reported: Air (urban environment In winter in seven selected
U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3 (ref. 71); ground-water and
surface-treated water: 0.001 ug/«. - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58); upper •
layer of Earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
D1benzo(a,h)pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch,
which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc
aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59).
Oibenzo(a,h)pyrene is Included in the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List.
The EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcino-
genic response is reported as 165 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 18.9.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 0.2 mg/m3 [for partlculate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This
TLV recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TDXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/18.9 • 3.7 x 103 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 3.7 x 103 - 5.55 x 104 ug/£ Water. Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5.55 x 104 • 111 pg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCflc2 - 103/(6 x 18.9) • 8.8 ug/m3
EP^ * 15 x 8.8 « 132 vg/l
EPCLC « 0.002 x 132 * 0.26 ug/g
E-250
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
DIBENZO(a, hJPYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.7E3
5.55E4
1.1E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
8.8
132
0.26
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,j»«/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
8.8
132
0.26
E-251
-------
CATEGORY; 21 WLN; L D6 B66 P666 2AB A+J
STRUCTURE:
DIBENZOta.DPYRENE: C24H,4 (benzo(rst)pentaphene).
Crystallizes as greenish-yellow needles or plates, benzene
solutions exhibit blue fluorescence.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 302; mp: 281.5; Insoluble 1n water, solubility may
be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); I1p1d
solubility: 2.5 mg In 0.2 ml tr1-octano1n (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s present In coal tar (ref. 73).
D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s associated with partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH,
(ref. 72). The following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported:
A1r (urban environment 1n winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m3 - 146 ng/m3
(ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water: 0.001 yg/l - 0.025 ug/t (ref. 58): upper
layer of Earth's crust: 100 yg/kg - 1,000 yg/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
01benzo(a,1)pyrene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be
carcinogenic to man. Carcinogenic polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons may Induce tumors at
the site of application (ref. 59).
D1benzo(a,1)pyrene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number Is 3225. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as
2 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 1612.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 0.2 rag/m [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydre
recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
TLV • 0.2 rag/m3 [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
Air, Health: 7 x 104/1.612 - 43.4 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 43.4 - 651 vg/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 651 • 1.3 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x 1,612) • 0.1 yg/m3
EP^ « 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 W/l
EPC,_C • 0.002 x 1.5 • 0.003 vg/9
E-252
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
21
DIBENZO(a, OPYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, iig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.3E1
6.5E2
1.3EO
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Baled on
Health Effect!
0.1
1.5
0.003
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Netural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!
B. Bued on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Baud Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Besed on Health Effects
0.1
1.5
0.003
E-253
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L D66 K666 B6JAB A«J
OIBENZOta.DPYRENE: CMH14 (dlbenzo(def.p)chrysene, STRUCTURE;
1,2-9,10-dlbenzopyrene). lOlQj
Colorless prisms from cyclohexane. (^"•N
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 302.24; mp: 164; Insoluble In Mater, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities
In water (ref. 58); llpld solubility: 0.6 mg/0.2 ml olive oil (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
D1benzo(a,l}pyrene Is probably not a naturally occurring 1saner. Its synthesis has been reported (ref. 73).
Investigations previous to 1966 concerning d1benzo(a,l)pyrene were probably carried out with d1benzo(a,e)f1uo-
ranthene (ref. 73). If the compound occurs In the atmosphere. It will probably be associated with participate
poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
D1benzo(a,1)pyrene Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s
3101. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 48 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering num-
ber Is 64.6.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV » 0.2 mg/m (for particulate polycycllc
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
TLV » 0.2 mg/m3 (for parti cu late polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/64.6 « 1.08 x 103 wg/ra3 A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 1.08 x 103 • 1.6 x 10* ug/t Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.6 x 104 • 32 yg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 64.6) • 2.6 wg/ra3
EPCyj. • 15 x 2.6 • 39 »g/t
EPCLC - 0.002 x 39 • 0.078 ug/g
E-254
-------
MULTIMEDIA
GOALS DIBENZCHa. DPYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. (tg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standardi
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.08E3
1.6E4
3.2E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
2.6
39
0.08
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jifl/m*
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/9
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Sued on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
2.6
39
0.08
E-255
-------
CATEGORY: 21 Bid* L666 B6 C6 06 4ABCD VJ
BENZO(ghi)PERYLENE: C22H12 (1,12-Benzoperylene). STRUCTURE:
Leaflets from benzene; exhibits bright green-yellow
fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 276; mp: 222-3; insoluble In water;
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities in water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzo(ghi)perylene occurs in tar and in smoke-polluted atmospheres. The urban concentration for benzo-
(ghi)perylene is reported as 3.27 ng/m (ref. 1).
Benzo(gh1)perylene is associated with particulate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The
following concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: A1r (urban environment in
winter in seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated
water: 0.001 ug/t - 0.025 ug/l (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 ug/kg - 1,000 vg/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzo(ghi)perylene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to
man. Topical application of benzo(ghi)perylene in acetone solution (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene,
pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, 3,4- and l.2-benzopyrene,l,2,5,6-d1benzanthracene, and 1,2-benzanthracene)
induced four tumors in 225 mice (ref. 60). Data pertinent to the carcinogenic potential of benzo(ghi)pery-
lene alone are currently not available. The compound is probably not a highly active carcinogen.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Benzo(ghi)perylene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV « 0.2 rog/m3 (for particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
E-256
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
BENZQ(ghi)PERYLENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Amb ent Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.003t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tValue is for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-257
-------
CATEGORY: 21 WLN: L666 B6 C6 D6 E6 6A6CDEF A&J
CORONENE: C24H12 (hexabenzobenzene). STRUCTURE:
Yellow needles from benzene; solutions exhibit bluish-violet fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 300.36; rap: 438; bp: 525; d: 1.377; Insoluble 1n water,
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Urban concentrations of coronene are reported ranging 1.252 ng/1,500 m3 to 2.13 ng/m3 (ref. 1).
Coronene 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following
concentrations of carcinogenic PPAH have been estimated or reported: Air (urban environment 1n winter 1n
9 3
seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-water and surface-treated water:
0.001 ng/i - 0.025 ug/l (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100 wg/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Coronene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Topical
application of coronene In acetone solution (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene,
chrysene, 3,4- and 1,2-benzopyrene. 1,12-benzperylene, anthanthrene, 1,2,5,6-dlbenzanthracene, and 1,2-
benzanthracene) Induced four tumors 1n 225 mice (ref. 60). Data pertinent to the carcinogenic potential
of coronene alone are currently unavailable.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: A1r, Ecology:
Mater. Health: Uater, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
E-258
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
21
CORONENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
.
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.002t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fij/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-259
-------
WUN:
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY; 22
FLUORENE: C13H1Q (2,3-benzlndene, dlphenyleneaiethane).
Fluorescent, colorless flakes.
PROPERTIES!
Molecularftwt: 166.15; mp: 116-117; bp: 293-295;
d: 1.203 ; vap. p: 10 urn at 146.0°C; Insoluble in
water, solubility may be enhanced by surfactant
Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Fluorene 1s among the lower molecular weight polycyclic hydrocarbons comprising the volatile portion of
the benzene soluble fraction of coal tar (ref. 4). Fluorene 1s associated with partlculate polycyclic aroma-
tic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported:
A1r (urban environment 1n winter 1n seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-
water and surface-treated water:
ug/kg - 1,000 ug/kg (ref. 58).
0.001 ug/i - 0.025 ug/i (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Fluorene may be present in soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man. Carcin-
ogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may induce tumors at the site of application (ref. 59). There 1s
currently no evidence to indicate that fluorene alone Is carcinogenic.
Subcutaneous Injection of fluorene In a 1:1 molar ratio to benzo(a)pyrene showed no Inhibitory effect
on the carclnogenlclty of B(a)P (ref. 72).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Fluorene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV (coal tar pitch volatlles): 0.2 mg/m3.
[The specification Includes naphthalene, anthracene, acridlne, phenanthrene, and fluorene, collectively.
The purpose of the TLV is to minimize concentrations of higher weight polycyclic hydrocarbons which are
carcinogenic (ref. 4).]
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health:
Water, Health:
Land, Health:
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
E-260
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
22
FLUORENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, f/g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, figfg
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, H0/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, (ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A.Bastdon
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-261
-------
CATEGORY: 22 WLN; L C6566 1A PJ
FLUORANTHENE: C16H1Q (benzo{j,k)fluorene). STRUCTURE:
Colorless needles or plates from alcohol.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 202.26; mp: 110; Insoluble in
water; solubility may be enhanced by surfactant
Impurities 1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Fluoranthene 1s present 1n coal tar (ref. 77) and 1s associated with participate polycycllc aromatic
hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The following concentrations of PPAH have been estimated or reported: A1r
(urban environment In winter In seven selected U.S. cities): 21.6 ng/m - 146 ng/m (ref. 71); ground-
water and surface-treated water: 0.001 pg/i - 0.025 wg/t (ref. 58): upper layer of earth's crust: 100
pg/kg - 1.000 »g/kg (ref. 58).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
L050 (oral, rat): 2,000 rug/kg
Fluoranthene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch which are known to be carcinogenic to man.
Topical application of fluoranthene in acetone (mixture with phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene,
B(a)P, B(e)P, perylene, anthanthrene, DB(a,j)A, and BA) Induced four tumors 1n 225 mice (ref. 60). There 1s
currently no evidence to Indicate that fluoranthene alone 1s carcinogenic.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
Fluoranthene appears on the EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 2.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 2,000 > 9.0 x 10* wg/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 9 x 104 - 1.4 x 106 vg/i Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.4 x 106 » 2.8 x 103 pg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 * O-1"7 * 2,000 • 214 ug/m3
EPCAH3 " 0'081 x 2%00° " 162 "9/m3
EPC^ - 15 x 162 • 2.430 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 * 2'000 " 80° u9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 800 • 1.6 ug/g
£-262
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
22
V*WML3 PLUORAIMTHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vof)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E4
1.4E6
2.8E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Q
Air. M9/rn
(ppm Vol)
Water , M9/I
{ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-263
-------
CATEGORY; 22 WLN: L 06 C6566 1A TJ
BEHZOU )FLUORAHTHENE: C2()H12 (10,11-benzo- STRUCTURE:
fluoranthene, B(j)F).
Yellow plates or needles from alcohol.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 252.32; mp: 165; Insoluble In water;
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities
1n water (ref. 58).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Benzo(j)fluoranthene may be obtained from coal tar and from the high-temperature pyrolysls of anthracene,
naphthalene, tobacco constituents, and other organic compounds (ref. 73). A concentration of B(j)F 1n urban
atmosphere 1s reported as 1.3 ng/m3 (ref. 1). Benzo(j)f1uoranthene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc
aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). Other environmental concentrations of B(j)F (with B(b)F) are reported
as follows: soil—15 to 110 ug/kg; drinking water—I to 14.0 yg/nr
oils of certain fruits and 1n cooked foods (ref. 73).
(ref. 73). It has also been detected 1n
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Benzo(j)f1uoranthene may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to
man. Benzo(j)fluoranthene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number 1s 3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 288 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering number Is 10.8.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/10.8 • 6.5 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 6.5 x 103 « 9.8 x 104
Land. Health: 0.002 x 9.8 x 104 • 200 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x 10.8) * 15.4 Mg/m3
• 15 x 15.4 • 231 »g/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 231 • 0.5 gg/g
E-264
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
22
BENZO(j)FLUORANTHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngl\
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.5E3
9.8E4
2.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal-
Bated on
Health Effects
15.4
231
0.5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
O.OOlt
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m
(ppm Vol|
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
•Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
15.4
231
0.5
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-265
-------
CATEGORY: 22 WLN: L C65 K666 1A
BENZO(b)FLUORANTHENE: C2QH12 (benz(e)acephenantrylene, STRUCTURE:
2,3-benzofluoranthene, B(b)F).
Needles from benzene.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 252; mp: 167; Insoluble 1n water; solubility
may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities 1n water (ref. 58);
11p1d solubility: 0.6*mg/2 ml olive o11 (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzo(b)fluoranthene Is formed by the high-temperature pyrolysis of anthracene, some tobacco constituents,
and other organic compounds (ref. 73). Benzo(b)f1uoranthene Is associated with partlculate polycycllc aro-
matic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). Concentrations of benzo(b)f1uoranthene measured 1n urban atmosphere
range from 0.54 ng/m3 to 22 ng/m3 (ref. 1). Other environmental concentrations of B(b)F with B(j)F are
reported as follows: drinking water~0.8 to 11.5 ug/m3; soils (nonlndustrlal)--lS to 110 ug/kg (ref. 73).
It has also been detected 1n foods, leaves of various trees, and algae (ref. 73).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Benzo(b)fluoranthene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to
man. Benzo(b)fluoranthene appears 1n NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s
3122. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response 1s reported as 40 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering
number 1s 78.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Benzo(b)fluoranthene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV = 0.2 mg/m (for partlculate polycycll
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
TLV = 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/78 - 900 vg/m3 A1r. Ecology:
Mater, Health: 15 x 900 • 1.34 x 104 ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.34 x 10 * 26.9 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftc2 • 103/(6 x 78) « 2.1 ng/m3
EPCHC = 15 x 2.1 =• 31.5 pg/t
EPCLC - 0.002 x 31.5 - 0.06 ug/g
E-266
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
22
BENZO(b)FLUORANTHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. i>g/\
-------
CATEGORY; 22
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE; C21H16 (benz(j)aceanthrylene-
1,2-d1hydro-3-methyl, 20-methylcholanthrene)
Straw-yellow needles from benzene.
WIN: L E6 06656 1A T&a&T&J R
STRUCTURE:
»20.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 268.37; mp: 176.5-177.5; d: 1.28'
Insoluble 1n water; solubility may be enhanced by
surfactant Impurities In water (ref. 58); llpld solu-
bility: 12 mg/ml In trlbutyrln (ref. 74).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
3-Methylcholanthrene may be formed by the pyrolytlc degradation of cholesterol derivatives {ref. 24).
The compound may occur as a constituent of participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
3-Hethylcholanthrene 1s a known carcinogen. It causes chromosome abberatlons 1n mammalian cells
(ref. 42). The compound Is Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The ordering number 1s
5829. The lowest dose to Induce a response 1s reported as 0.312 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s
18,683.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/18,683 * 3.75 yg/m3
Water. Health: 15 x 3.75 • 56 gg/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 56 « 0.112 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water. Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC.-, - 103/(6 x 18,683) • 0.009 ug/ra3
IS x 0.009 • 0.14 ug/i
,-4
EPCLC • 0.002 x 0.14 • 2.8 x 10"* ug/g
E-268
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
22
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/mj
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard]
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Baud on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect]
3.8EO
5.6E1
1.1E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Leml Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
0.009
0.14
3 x 10"4
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background1
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ;ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
, Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.009
0.14
3xlO"4
E-269
-------
CATEGORY; 22 WLN; L E6 C5666 B6 3ABC BJ
INDENOd,2.3-cd)PYRENE: C22H12 (2,3-0-phenylenepyrene, IP). STRUCTURE:
Yellow plates or needles from light petroleum, greenish
fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 276.34; mp: 162.5-164; Insoluble in water;
solubility may be enhanced by surfactant Impurities In
water; llpld solubility: 0.6 mg/2 ml olive oil (ref. 72).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 1s present In coal tar. It 1s formed by high-temperature pyrolysls of tobacco
constituents (ref. 73). Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene Is associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydro-
carbons, PPAH (ref. 71). Environmental concentrations of 1ndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene are reported as follows:
air dust—0.96 mg/kg; soils (forest)—0.6 mg/kg; drinking water—0.1 to 12.6 ug/m3 (ref. 73). It has also
been detected 1n oils from certain fruits, leaves of various kinds of trees, and in algae (ref. 73).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Indeno(1.2.3-cd)pyrene may be present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
to man. Indenofl,2,3-cd)pyrene 1s Included In the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number Is 3101. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 72 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering number 1s 43.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene appears on EPA Consent Decree List with an assigned priority of 1.
TLV » 0.2 rag/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/43 • 1.63 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.63 x 103 • 2.4 x 10* i>g/i Water. Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.4 x 104 - 48 Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC • 103/(6 x 43)
AC2 • x • 3.9 wg/m
15 x 3.9 • 58.5 pg/t
0.002 x 58.5 • 0.1 wg/g
E-270
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
INDENOd, 2,3-cd)PYRENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Baied on Beit Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BCT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
1.63E3
2.4E4
4.8E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecn
B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effect!
3.9
58.5
0.1
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Ditcharge
Natural Background*
0. 0001-0. 01 t
0.6
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
3.9
58.5
0.1
tDrinking water.
E-271
-------
WLN: T6NJ
STRUCTURE:
CATEGORY: 23A
PYRIDINE: CjHgN (azabenzene, azine).
Colorless liquid; sharp, penetrating odor,
burning taste.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 79.10; mp: -42; bp: IIS.5; d: 0.9819'
vap. press: 10 mn at 13.2° C; vap. d: 2.73; pKa: 5.23 (ref. 82); soluble 1n water.
020.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Pyridlne and Its methyl derivatives are usually obtained from the degradation of coal. As a typical
heterocycllc aromatic compound, pyrldlne undergoes both nucleoph111c and electrophUlc substitutions.
Pyridlne 1s photolytlcally active (ref. 83). The basicity of pyrldlne 1s less than that of aromatic
amines (ref. 84).
The odor threshold for pyrldlne Is reported as 0.021 ppra or approximately 68 ug/m (ref. 29). The
rural concentration of pyrldlne 1s reported as 21 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 67.7 ug/m . (This
level is probably high since 1t 1s representative of an agricultural area.)
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Pyrldlne Is mildly Irritating to the skin and causes depression of the central nervous system. Mild
symptoms are reported from exposure to 10 ppm. Chronic poisoning may result 1n damage to liver, kidney,
and bone marrow (ref 4).
L05Q (oral, rat): 891 mg/kg.
LC50 (Inhalation, rat): 4,000 ppm for 4 hr.
Toxlclty to aquatic life: The 96-hr Tim Is reported ranging from 1,000 to 100 ppm (ref. 2).
Pyrldlne In water In concentrations as low as 5 mg/l may cause tainting of fish flesh (refs. 69, 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 15 mg/m (5 ppm). (The TLV is sufficient to prevent acute or chronic poisoning but Is sub-
stantially higher than the odor threshold.)
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.50 x 104 ug/m3 (5 ppm)
Water, Health: 15 x 1.50 x 104 - 2.25 x 105 Mg/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 105 • 450 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
100 x 100 « 1.0 x 10 ug/t
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 10 • 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
AH1
103 x 15/420 -35.7 ug/m3
EPCAHa " 5/42° ' °'012 ppm
15 x 35.7 • 535.5
EPCUH2 * 13'8 x 15 " 20? "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 207 « 0.414 ug/g
EPCWE1 - 50 x 100 • 5,000 ug/t
EPCUE2 « 5.000 ug/t (to prevent tainting)
EPC,. • 0.002 x 5,000 • 10 ug/g
E-272
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
23A
PYRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Detefoping Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1 . 50E4
(5)
2.25E5
4.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect.
1.0E4
2.0E1
B. Ambient Lewi God*
Based on
Health Effects
35.7
(0.012)
207
0.414
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, wj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Lend, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effeett
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
35.7
(0.012)
207
0.414
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-273
-------
CATEGORY: 23A
PICOLINES: CgH?N (2-methylpyrldlne, 3-methylpyrldlne.
4-methy1pyHd1ne).
The plcollnes have a strong, unpleasant odor.
WLN:
STRUCTURE;
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt:
CH,
93.14; bp: 129-145; d: 0.95 to 0.97
15.
pK : 5.68-5.96 (ref. 82); soluble In water.
Q
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Pyrldlne, plcollnes, and Iut1dines are usually obtained by the degradation of coal. They display
aromatldty 1n their substitution reactions. As bases they are less basic than aliphatic amines (ref. 84).
fyrldlne and pyr1d1ne-r1ng compounds are photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The plcollnes are Irritating to the eyes and to the respiratory tract (ref. 41).
2-plcollne
3-p1col1ne
4-p1col1ne
L05Q (oral , rat) (ref. 2)
790 mg/kg
800 mg/kg
800 mg/kg
L0100 (Inhalation, rat) (ref. 41)
15,400 ppn/1.5 hr
8,700 ppm/2.2 hr
8,000 ppm/2 hr
Certain pyrldlne compounds are reported to cause tainting of fish (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 790 - 3.56 x 10* wg/rn3
Water, Health: 15 x 3.56 x 104 - 5.34 x 105
Land. Health: 0.002 x 5.33 x 105 - 1.07 x 10 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 790 -84.5 ng/m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 790 -64.0 yg/m3
EPCWH • 15 x 64 » 960 ug/l
EPCWH2 " °'4 * 79° " 3'6 "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 316 - 0.63 ug/g
E-274
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23A
PICOL1NES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT"
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.56E4
5.34E5
1.07E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
64
316
0.6
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Watar, «ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, ny/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
64.0
316
0.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-275
-------
CATEGORY:
COLLIDINES:
23A
N (trimethylpyridlnes, ethyl methyl pyri dines).
WLN:
STRUCTURE;
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 121; bp: 165-198; d: 0.9130-0.9352;
(ref. 82); sparingly soluble 1n water.
CH3J3
CH3
C2H5
: 7.1-7.45
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
ColHdines are found In low temperature tar. In general, they exhibit characteristics of aromatic
compounds. As bases they are stronger than pyrldlne.
Pyrldlne and Its derivatives are photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The simple alkyl derivatives of pyrldlne act as local Irritants (ref. 41). 2-Hethy1-5-ethyl-pyr1dine
is listed as a corrosive liquid (ref. 2).
LOSO (oral, rat): 1,540 mg/kg for 5-ethyl-2-methylpyr1d1ne.
Aquatic toxlclty: The 96-hr TUn for 2-methyl-5-ethyl-pyr1d1ne 1s reported as 100 to 1,000 ppm (ref. 2).
Certain pyridine compounds cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDAR08. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 1,540 • 6.93 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 6.93 x 104 « 1.04 x 106 ug/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.04 x 106 - 2.08 x 103 Mg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 100 « 1.0 x 104 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1.0 x 104 « 20 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 1.540 • 165 ug/m
EPCAH3 " °'081 x 1>54° " 12S g9/m
EPCWH1 • '5 x 125 • 1,875 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x lf540 * 616 "9/l
EPCLH " 0-°°2 x 616 -1.23 vg/g
EPCWE1 • 50 x 100 « 5,000 ug/t
EPCLE « 0.002 x 5.000 • 10 «g/g
E-276
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23A
COLLIDINES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, //9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ng/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goali)
11. Bawd on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
ToxicitY Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.93E4
1.04E6
2.08E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
2.0E1
8. Ambient L««el Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
125
616
1.23
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C, Elimination of
Ditch arga
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
rtawr, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
125
616
1.23
B. Based on
Ecological Effecti
5,000
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-277
-------
CATEGORY: 23B
QUINOLINE: CgHyN (1-benzaz1ne. ch1nol1ne. benzo(b)pyrldlne).
ISOQUINOLINE: (leucollne, benzo(c)pyrldlne).
Liquids with strong odors.
wu|. T66 BNJ
' T66 CIW
STRUCTURE!
QuIncline
1.09f;
Isoqulnollne
PROPERTIES:
Qulnollne: Molecular wt: 129.1; mp: -15; bp: 237.7; d:
vap. press: 1 mm at 59.7° C; soluble In hot water.
Isoqulnollne: Molecular wt: 129.1; mp: 26.48; d: 1.091^; slightly soluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Qulnollne and Isoqulnollne are Isolated 1n small amounts from coal tar. They are less basic than
aliphatic amines. Compounds containing the pyrldlne ring are photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Toxlclty Information for qulnollne Is very sparse. It Is a mild Irritant.
L05Q (oral, rat): 460 mg/kg for qulnollne.
LDgg Coral, rat): 350 mg/kg for Isoqulnollne.
Concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 rag/t 1n water my cause tainting of fish flesh (ref. 28, 69).
REGULATORY ACTIONS STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 350 • 1.58 x 104 ug/m3 Air. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.58 x 10* • 2.36 x 105 Mg/t Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.36 x 105 - 473 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH2
0.107 x 350 • 37.5 ug/m3
EPCAH3 • 0.081 x 350 • 28.4 ug/m3
EPCUH1 • 15 x 28.4 - 426 ug/t
EPCWH2 ' °*4 « 350 • 140 ug/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 140 - 0.28 ug/g
EPCUE1 « 500 (to prevent tainting)
EPCL£ - 0.002 x 500 - 1 ug/g
E-278
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23B
QUINOLINE, ISOQUINOLINE
Air, jig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, iigft
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.58E4
2.36E5
4.7E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effects
28.4
140
0.28
Based on
Ecological
Effaces
500
1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
28.4
140
0.28
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
500
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-279
-------
CATEQORY: 23B WLN; T66 BNJ C
2-HETHYLQUINOLINE: CuHgN (qulnaldlne). STRUCTURE:
Colorless, oily liquid with qu1no11ne-11ke odor.
PROPERTIES: ^ AS-A
Molecular wt: 143.2; bp: 246-247; d: 1.06;
Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
2-nethylqu1nol1ne occurs In snail amounts In coal tar. In general. It exhibits properties of aromatic
compounds. Compounds containing the pyrldlne ring are photolytlcally active (ref. 83).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
2-methylqu1nol1ne 1s a respiratory tract Irritant (ref. 9).
LD5Q (oral, rat): 1.230 mg/kg.
Certain qulnollne compounds are reported to cause tainting of fish (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 1,230 • 5.54 x 10* ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.54 x 104 - 8.31 x 105 ng/t Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 8.31 x 105 » 1.66 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 1.230 • 132 ng/m3
EPCA(O • 0.081 x 1.230 • 100 ug/m3
EPCyH1 • 15 x 100 « 1,500 gg/i
EPCWH2 * °'4 x ''23° ' 492 "&*
EPCLH « 0.002 x 492 - 0.98 ug/g
E-280
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23B
2-METHYLQUIIMOLINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Ml/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, n g, s
(ppmWl)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.54E4
8.31E5
1.66E3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
100
492
0.98
Based on
Ecological
EffecH
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/g/rr,
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/I
(ppm Wt)
Lnnd, «ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baser! on
Health Effects
8. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
100
492
0.98
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-281
-------
CATEGORY: 23B WLN: T C666 BNJ
ACRIDINE: C13HgN (10-azaanthracene, benzo(b)quinol1ne, STRUCTURE:
dibenzo(b,e)pyr1dine).
Small colorless crystals, dilute solutions exhibit
violet fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 179.21; mp: 111; sublimes; bp: 345-346; pKa: 5.6
(ref. 85) d: 1.00520; vap. press.: 1 run at 129.4°; slightly
soluble 1n hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Acridities may be found in coa! tar and pitch.' They are associated with participate
polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The concentration of acrldlne 1n
urban atmosphere 1s reported as 0.67 ug/1,500 m (ref. 1). This Is equivalent to
0.00045 ug/m3.
The acridlnes are classified as weak bases.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acrldlne 1s Irritating to skin and to mucous membranes (ref. 85). Acrldlne may be
present 1n soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic to man (85, 73).
There 1s no evidence to Indicate that acrldlne alone 1s carcinogenic to man or to animals.
LD5Q (oral, rat): 2,000 Big/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (coal tar pitch volatlles): 0.2 mg/m3. [The specification Includes naphthalene,
anthracene, acrldlne, phenanthrene, and fluorene, collectively. The purpose of the TLV
1s to minimize concentrations of higher-weight polycycllc hydrocarbons which are
carcinogenic (ref. 4).]
A candidate for the 11st for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 2,000 * 9.0 x 104 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 9.0 x 104 « 1.35 x 106 ugAt Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.35 x 106 « 2.70 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology.
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 " 0<107 x Z>00° " 214 W1"3
EPCAH3 " °-0fll x 2t°°° " 162 u9/n|3
• 15 x 162 • 2.430 ug/t
EPCWH2 * °'4 * 2>00° " 80° u9/
EPC • 0.002 x 800 • 1.6 ug/t
E-282
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23B
ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppmWt)
Land, vg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
9.0E4
1.35E6
2.70E3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.00045t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
n
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
162
800
1.6
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-283
-------
CATEGORY: 23B WIN: T 06 B666 CNJ
8ENZ(c)ACRIDINE: C17HnN (o-chrysldine, a-naphthacr1d1ne) STRUCTURE:
Benz(c)acr1d1ne crystallizes 1n the form of needles from
aqueous ethanol; solutions show green fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 229.29; rap: 108; p
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23B
BENZ(c)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. jug/m3
fppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
t. Baiod on 8e$t Technology
A. Exllting St«irfarfli
NSPS. OPT. BAT
B. Developing Tochnologv
Enginnring Eitimatn
(R&D Goalt)
II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxin tv Effluent
Baud on
Hoallh Effecti
1.05E4
1 . 58E5
3.16E2
Baud on
Ecological
Effecti
B. Ambient Level Oo>l*
Bmdon
Health Effacti
25
375
0.75
Bated on
EcoloQtcal
Effactt
C. Elimination of
Dllcharga
Natural Background'
o.ooost
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/'l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bned on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
B. Band on
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effscti
25
375
0.75
tAverage for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-285
-------
CATEGORY: 23B WLN: T E6 D6 B666 NNJ
DIBENZ(a.J)ACRIDINE: C21H13N (1,2-7,8-d1benzacr1d1ne). STRUCTURE:
Oibenz(a,j)acrid1ne crystallizes as yellow needles.
Sulfudc acid solutions of the compound exhibit greenish
fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 279.35; mp: 216, solubility in water
may be enhanced by the presence of add Impurities In
water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Acr1d1nes may be found In coal tar and pitch. They are associated with paniculate poly cyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71).
The average atmospheric urban concentration of d1benz(a,j)acr1d1ne 1n the United States 1$
reported as 0.04 ug/1.000 m3 (ref. 59).
The acridities are classified as weak bases.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
01benz(a,j)acr1d1ne may be present in soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be
carcinogenic to man, (refs. 85. 73). D1benz(a,j)acr1d1ne 1s Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected
Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122. The lowest toxic dose to Induce
an oncogen1c response 1s 11 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 284.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 [for paniculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV
recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/284 - 246 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 2.46 x 102 » 3.70 x 103 pg/£ Hater, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.70 x 103 - 7.4 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 284) - 0.59 pg/m3
EPCWC * 15 x 0.59 - 8.85 pg/t
EPCLC > 0.002 x 8.85 - 0.02 ug/g
E-286
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
23B
DIBENZ(a,j)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
IMSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.46E2
3.7E3
7.4EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.59
8.85
0.02
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
4xlO~5t
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect*
0.59
8.85
0.02
tReported for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-287
-------
CATEGORY; 23B WLN: T G6 D6 B666 CNO
DIBENZ(a.h)ACRIDINE: C21H13(1,2-5,6-Dibenzacridine). STRUCTURE:
01benz(a,h)acr1dine is obtained as yellow crystals
fro» ethanol; solutions of the compound exhibit
fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 299.35; mp: 228; solubility in
water may be enhanced by the presence of acids as
impurities in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Acridines may be found In coal tar and pitch. They are associated with paniculate poly eye lie
aromatic hydrocarbons, PPAH (ref. 71). The average atmospheric urban concentration of
d1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne in the United States 1s reported as 0.08 ug/1,000 m3 air (ref. 59).
The acridines are classified as weak bases.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
D1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne may be present In soot, coal tar, and pitch, which are known to be
carcinogenic to man (refs. 85, 73). D1benz(a,h)acr1d1ne 1s included in the NIOSH Suspected
Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3124. The lowest toxic dose to induce
a carcinogenic response 1s 10 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 312.4.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 0.2 mg/»3 [for paniculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV
recognizes the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/312.4 • 224 pg/m3 A1r. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.24 x 102 » 3.36 x 103 ug/£ Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.36 x 103 » 6.72 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCftc2 • 103/(6 x 312.4) • 0.53 ug/m3
EPCy,. • 15 x 0.53 « 8.0 ug/f
EPCLC • 0.002 x 8.0 • 0.016 ug/g
E-288
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
23B
DIBENZ(a,h)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/n3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jug/1
(ppmWt)
Land, MT/'a
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.2E2
3.36E3
6.7EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.53
8.0
0.016
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
8xlO"5t
"To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /is/m'
{ppm Vol)
Water. /ifl/t
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
li. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
0.53
8.0
0.016
tReportea for urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
E-289
-------
CATEGORY: 23B WIN: T E6 06 B666 CNJ
DIBENZ(c.h)ACRIDINE; C21H13N (3,4-5,6(d1benzacr1d1ne). STRUCTURE;
D1benz(c,h)acr1d1ne Is obtained as yellow crystals from
ethanol. Solutions of the compound exhibit fluorescence.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt.: 279.35; mp: 189; sublimes; solubility
1n water may be enhanced by the presence of adds as Impurities
In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Acridities may be found In coal tar and pitch. They are
associated with participate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons,
PpAH (ref. 71).
The acrldlnes are classified as weak bases.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
' 01benz(c,h)acr1d1ne may be present In soot, coal tar. and pitch, which are known to be carcinogenic
to man (refs. 85, 73). Although not considered to be a highly active carcinogen alone, dibenz(c.h)
acridlne Is Included 1n the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3122.
The lowest dose to Induce an oncogen1c response Is reported as 1,020 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering
number 1s 3.06.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 0.2 mg/ra [for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH). This TLV recognizes
the carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively].
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/3.06 « 2.3 x 10* ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.3 x 104 « 3.45 x 105 vg/t Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.45 x 105 • 690 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 3.06) • 54.5 pg/m3
15 x 54.5 • 817.5 u8/£
0.002 x 817.5 • 1.6 wg/g
E-290
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23B
DIBENZ(c, h)ACRIDINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. uo/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
-------
CATEGORY: 23B WLN:
2.3-BENZ-4-AZAFLUORENE; C^H^N (11-Indeno(l,2-b)- STRUCTURE;
quinoline)
Colorless needles from benzene.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 217; np: 169-70; bp: 412.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
2,3-Benz-4-azafluorene 1$ a constituent of anthracite pitch. It Is associated with participate
polycyclic organic natter (ref. 71).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
No Information 1s available regarding toxic effects of carcinogenic potential for this compound alone.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV » 0.2 »g/in3 (for partlculate poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r. Health: Air. Ecology:
Water, Health: Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
1-292
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23B
2,3-BEINIZ-4-AZAFLUORENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Baled on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BIT, BAT
-
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimate)
(R&D GoBliI
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal'
Beted on
Health Effect!
Beted on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Ditch eroa
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. //g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
F.-293
-------
CATEGORY: 23C WLN: TSMJ
PYRROLE; C4H5H (l-aza-2,4-cyclopentad1ene, azole, STRUCTURE:
d1v1ny1ene1m1ne).
Colorless liquid when freshly distilled, darkens
on exposure to sir, odor similar to that of chloroform.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 67.10; bp: 130; d: 0.9691J°; vap. d.: 2.31; pKb: 13.6 (ref. 41);
sparingly soluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Pyrrole occurs 1n coal tar and bone oil. The pyrrole ring 1s part of Important, naturally
occurring compounds, Including haemln, chlorophyll, bile pigments, and many alkaloids (refs.
86,38).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Pyrrole 1s generally regarded as having a low degree of toxlclty (ref. 41).
LDe. (subcutaneous, mouse): 61 ing/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 61 • 2.7 x 103 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Mater, Health: 15 x 2.7 x 103 • 4.05 x 104 ug/i Water. Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.05 x 104 • 81 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 61 -6.5 ug/m3
£PCAH3 " °'081 x 61 ' 5 "S/1"3
EPCWH1 " 15 x 5 • 75 ug/l
EPCyH2 • 0.4 x 61 - 24 ug/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 24 » 0.05 ug/g
E-294
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23C
PYRROLE
Air, Mg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. Mg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effecn
2.7E3
4.05E5
8.1E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effect!
5
24
0.05
Based on
Ecological
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MD/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ftg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/8
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
5
24
0.05
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effecn
E-295
-------
CATEGORY; 23C WLN: T56 BMJ
INDOLE: C8HyN (2,3-benzopyrrole. 1-azaindene. 1-benzazole). STRUCTURE:
Colorless leaflets from water. Pleasant odor when pure.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 117.09; mp: 52; bp: 253-4;
soluble In hot water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Indole occurs In coal tar, 1n jasmine, orange blossom, and other flower oils, and with skatole
tn feces (ref. 87). Indole-3-acet1c acid Is an Important plant growth hormone (ref. 88).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
L050 (oral, rat): 1.000 rag/kg.
Indole Is Included In NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 3121.
The lowest dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 480 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering
number Is 6.5.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 7 x 104/6.5 « 1.1 x 10* ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 1.1 x 104 - 1.65 x 105 vg/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.65 x 105 • 330 vg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 * °'107 x 1'000 ' 107 M9/m3
EPCAH3 " °'081 x 1>00° " 81 "9/l"3
EPCWH1 • 15 x 81 • 1,200 ng/t
EPCWH2 * °'4 x 1>00° * 40° ug/l
EPCLH « 0.002 x 400 • 0.8 ug/g
EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 6.5) • 26 ng/m3
EPCyC « 15 x 26 • 390 ug/l
EPCn- - 0.002 x 390 - 0.8 wg/g
E-296
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23C
INDOLE
Air.MBfal3
(ppmVol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
8. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
•
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.1E4
1.65E5
3.3E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
26
390
0.8
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
'To be multiplied by dilution factor
«J
Air, pg/m
fppm Vol>
Water. (/a/I
(ppm Wtl
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
81
400
0.8
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
26
390
0.8
E-297
-------
CATEGORY; 23C
CARBAZOLE: C,,HQN (9-azafluorene, d1benzo(b,d)pyrro1e.
WLN: T B656 HHJ
STRUCTURE:
dlphenylenelmlne).
Colorless, slightly fluorescent plates.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 167.20; rap: 245; bp: 355; d: l.lflj8;
vap. press: 400 rim at 323*; Insoluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Carbazole occurs In anthracene oil of coal tar. Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated
from plants (ref. 88). It Is a weaker base than dlphenylanlne (ref. 87).
Carbazole Is associated with partlculate polycyclic organic matter (ref. 71).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Carbazole 1s a known allergen (ref. 9).
LDSO (oral, rat): 500 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 0.2 «g/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TUV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 45 x 500
2.25 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 104 - 3.4 x 10S
Land, Health: 0.002 x 3.4 x 105 - 680 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AH2
EPC
'AH3
0.107 x 500 • 54 iig/m3
0.081 x 500 • 41 ug/m3
EPC«H1 • 15 x 41 • 615 wg/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 50° ' 200 wg/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 200 - 0.4 ug/g
E-298
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23C
CARBAZOLE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
Land,fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS.8PT.BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goalt)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.25E4
3.4E5
6.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lent Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
41
200
0.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jjj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
41
200
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Hearth Effects
E-299
-------
CATEGORY: 23C
DIBENZO(a.1)CARBAZOLE: C2(JH13N (7H-d1benzo{a,1}carbazole,
1,2-7,8-d1benzocarbazole).
Colorless leaflets from acetic acid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 267.34; mp: 221; Insoluble In water.
WLN: T E6 D6 B566 CHJ
STRtXTTURE:
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Carbazoles are In general weak bases (ref. 87). Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated
from plants (ref. 88).
The compound nay be associated with participate polycycllc organic matter.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
01benzo(a,1)carbazo1e appears In NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number
Is 3121. The lowest toxic dose to Induce an oncogenlc response 1s reported as 510 mg/kg. The adjusted
ordering number 1s 6.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of ppah collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 7 x 104/6 • 1.2 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 1.2 x 104 • 1.8 x 105
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.8 x 105 • 360 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLt CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 6) • 28 »g/m3
EPCy,. - 15 x 28 - 420 ug/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 420 - 0.8 ug/g
E-300
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23C
DIBENZOfa, OCARBAZOLE
Category
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bawd on Beit Technology
A. Existing Sundardi
NSPS, BIT, BAT
-
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
II. Band on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
1.2E4
1.8E5
3.6E2
Bawd on
Ecological
EffecU
B. Ambient Level God*
Based on
Health Effects
28
420
0.8
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
WMar.w/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/fl
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Heahh Effects
28
420
0.8
E-301
-------
CATEGORY; 23C
DIBENZO(c.g)CARBAZOLE:
3,4-5,6-d1benzocarbazole)
Colorless needles from ethanol.
(7H-D1benzo(c,g)carbazo1e,
WLN: T 06 C6 B566 MU
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 267.34; mp: 158; insoluble 1n water; llpld
solubility: 0.3 mg/0.25 ml tHcaprylln (ref. 73).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
Carbazoles are. In general, weak bases (ref. 87). Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated
from plants (ref. 88).
01benzo(c,g)carbazole Is associated with participate polycycllc organic matter (ref. 71).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
01benzo(c,g)carbazo1e Is a carcinogen 1n the mouse, rat, hamster, and possibly In the dog (ref. 73). The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 5429. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 8 mg/kg.
The adjusted ordering number 1s 679.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV • 0.2 mg/m3 (for partlculate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
Air, Health: 7 x 104/679 - 103 pg/m3
Hater. Health: 15 x 103 • 1.5 x 103 wg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 103 • 3 wg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 679) • 0.24 ug/m3
15 x 0.24 • 3.6 vg/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 3.6 • 0.007 ug/g
E-302
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
23C
DIBENZO(c, g)CARBAZOLE
Air, fig/m3
(ppmVol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
•
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.03E2
1.5E3
3.0EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effecu
0.24
3.6
0.007
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,n9/m3
(pom Vol)
Water, no/1
(ppmWt)
Lwd/(io/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.24
3.6
0.007
E-303
-------
CATEGORY: 23C WIN: T F6 C6 8566 MMJ
DIBEKZO(a.q)CARBAZOLE: CHN (7H-d1benzo(a,g)- STRUCTURE:
carbazole, 1 ,2-5,6-dibenzocarbazole).
Colorless needles from acetone.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 267.34; mp: 231; Insoluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Carbazoles are 1n general weak bases (ref. 87). Simple substituted carbazoles have been Isolated
from plants (ref. 88). The compound may be associated with participate poly cyclic organic matter.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
D1benzoCa,g)carbazole appears 1n NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is
3121. The lowest dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is 270 ntg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 11.6.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (for part1culate polycycllc aromatic hydrocarbons [PPAH]. This TLV recognizes the
carcinogenic potential of PPAH collectively).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 7 x 104/11.6 • 6 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 6 x 103 • 9 x 104 ug/l Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 9 x 104 « 180 pg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAC2 - io3/(6 x 11.6) « 14
EPCyj. « 15 x 14 • 210 ug/l
EPCLC • 0.002 x 210 • 0.4 pg/g
E-304
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
23C
DIBENZOia, g)CARBAZOLE
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, >ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL COALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor!
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E3
9.0E4
1.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
14
210
0.4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.i/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppmWt)
Land,pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated PermissMe Concentration
Based on Health Effects
14
210
0.4
E-305
-------
CATEGORY: 24 WIN: T50TJ
TETRAHYDROFURAN: C^gO (1,4-epoxybutane. cyclotetramethylene STBUCTURE:
oxide).
Colorless liquid; penetrating odor. /°\
H2C CH2
PROPERTIES: HZ10° "9'1
EPCLH • 0.002 x 8.100 - 16 ug/g
E-306
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
24
TETRAHYDROFURAN
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, u.g/1
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/8
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&DGoali)
II. Band on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.9E5
(200)
9.0E6
1.8E4
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
1,400
(0.5)
8,100
16
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/g/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, (IB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(pprnWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
1,400
(0.5)
8,100
16
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-307
-------
CATEGORY: 25
THIOPHENE: C^S Uhiofuran).
Clear, colorless liquid; disagreeable odor.
WUN:
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 84.14; rap: 29.8; bp: 84; d: 1.06494;
vap. press: 40 mm at 12.5°; vap. d: 2.9.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Thiophene occurs 1n small amounts in coal tar. Pyrolysls of thiophene at 800° to 825° gives
methane, hydrogen sulflde. and hydrogen as the only gaseous products. In the presence of
orthophosphoHc acid, thiophene polymerizes to give oligomers (ref. 90).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No Information is available on the possible toxic effects of thiophene.
LCLo (Inhalation, mouse): 8,700 ppm
LDLo (1ntraPer"it°neal, mouse): 100 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 100 • 4.5 x 103
Water. Health:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.75 x 10D « 1.35 x
ug/m
15 x 4.5 x 103 • 6.75 x 104
ug/t
ioz ,
wg/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
'AH2
'AH3
0.107 x 100 • 1
0.081 x 100 • 8 ng/mj
EPCWH] • 15 x 8 » 120 ug/t
EPCWH2 ' °-* X 100 « 40 i:g/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 40 « 0.08 i.g/g
E-308
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
25
THIOPHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
•
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.5E3
6.75E4
1.35E2
Besedon
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
8
40
0.08
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
a Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,jjj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MO/1
(ppmWt)
L*nd,tig/g
(ppmWtl
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
8
40
0.08
B. Besed on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-309
-------
CATEGORY; 25 WLN; T5SJ B. T5SJ C
HETHYLTHIOPHENES: STRUCTURE; s
2-methylthlophene, CgH6S. I ^IT 3
3-methylthlophene, CgHgS. * "
Colorless liquids, disagreeable odor. 2-Methylthlophene
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 98; bp: 112, 114738 m.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS: 3-Methylthlophene
2-Methylth1ophene and 3-methylthlophene are found In coal tar. Methylthlopenes polymerize at
high temperatures to form oilgoners. Oxidation of alkyl thlophenes gives thlophenecarboxyllc acids
In low yield (ref. 90).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
No information Is available on the possible toxic effects of mthylthlophenes.
LDgg (1ntraper1toneal, mouse): 500 mg/kg for 2-methylthlophene.
LD5Q (Intraperltoneal. mouse): 512 mg/kg for 3-methylthlophene.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 500 • 2.25 x 104 ng/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2.25 x 104 « 3.4 x 10s ug/i Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.4 x 105 - 700 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 500 • 54 ug/m3
EPCAH3 • 0-081 x 500 • 41 i.g/m3
EPCWH1 • 15 X 41 • 615
£PCwH2 • °.4 x 500 • 200 ug/i
EPCLH • 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g
E-310
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
25
METHYLTHIOPHENES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, ^g/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
6. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.25E4
3.4E5
7.0E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Uvel Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
41
200
0.4
Bawd on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,*ig/m3
(ppm Vd)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect*
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
41
200
0.4
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-311
-------
CATEGORY: 25 8«J* T56 BSJ
BENZO(b)TH10PHENE: CgHgS (benzotMofuran, STRUCTURE;
2,3-benzothlophane. thlanaphthene).
Colorless liquid; naphthalene-like odor.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 134.20; mp: 32; bp: 221-2;
volatile In steam; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Benzo(b)th1ophene Is present In lignite tar.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
No Information 1s available on the possible toxic effects of benzo(b)th1ophene.
LDLo ClntrapeHtoneal, mouse): 512 ng/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATIOM:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXIC1TY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 45 x 512 - 2.3 x 10* wg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 2.3 x 104 - 3.5 x 105 yg/t Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 3.5 x 1Q5 - 700 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • O-W x 512 • 55 wg/m3
&CM3 • 0.081 x 512 - 41 ug/m3
EPCj,H1 • 15 x 41 • 615 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 51Z " 20S M9/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 205 - 0.4 ug/g
E-312
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
— _ 25
BENZO(b)THIOPHENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,/iO/m3
(ppmVol)
Wattr.fig/l
(ppmWt)
Land.jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exhting Standards
NSPS.BPT.BAT
B. Dewloping Technology
Enginaaring Eitimatat
(R8.D GoaU)
II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toricity Effluant
Bawd on
Hulth Effects
2.3E4
3.5E5
7.0E2
BaMdon
Ecological
Effects
B. Amkiant Laval Goal*
Btwdon
nMHh Eftacti
41
205
0.4
Band on
Ecological
Effac*
C. Elimination of
Dochiroa
Natural Background*
•To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ntfm
(ppmVol)
WMw.f
II. Toxicity Bawd Et«nNM«]
PafiiiiMiple CoMoeiilntion
A. Baudot!
Htalth Effacu
41
205
0.4
B. Baaadoii
Eeologtaa- IMMU
III. ZwoThmtoU Pollutants
Baaad on Haalth Eftacn
E-313
-------
CATEGORY-. 26A WLN: 1 4-PB-
TETRAHETHYLLEAD; C4H12Pb (tetramethylplunbane). STRUCTURE:
A colorless liquid. (CHj^Pb
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 267.35; mp: '242.92° K; bp: 101;
d: 1.99; vap. press: SO mm at 33.2° C; vap. d: 9.2.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tetramethyllead Is a common additive for gasoline, and thus a common air pollutant. For urban and rural con-
centrations of lead, see category 46.
Tetramethyllead does not occur In nature (ref. 91).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Tetramethyllead Is a highly toxic compound. It can be absorbed by Inhalation or skin contact. There 1s
some evidence that tetrame thy Head 1s less toxic 1n man than tetrae thy Head (ref. 92). Tetramethyllead 1s more
volatile than tetraethyllead, but no apparent difference has been found 1n the levels of lead 1n the urine
of workers exposed to either compound (ref. 4). No specific Indication of carclnogenlclty has been reported.
LD5Q Coral, rat): 109 rag/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV « 0.1 SO ing/m3 (0.014 ppro).
Lead compounds are Included 1n the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
See also Lead and Lead Compounds as Lead, category 46.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r. Health: 150 vg/m3 (0.014 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 150 • 2.25 x 103 wg/t Water. Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 103 - 4.5 ug/9 Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH] - 103 x 0.15/420 - 0.36 ug/m3
EPCAHla " °-014/420 ' 3 x l0"5 PP™
15 x 0.36 « 5
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °'15 " 2 "9/i
EPCLH • 0.002 x 2 - 0.004 wg/g
E-314
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
26A
TETRAMETHYLLEAD
Air./ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M3/1
(ppmWt)
Land, j/g/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on B«it Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
EnginMring Estimates
(R&D Goals)
-
It. Bated on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effectt
1.5E2
(0.014)
2.25E3
4.5EO
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Bated on
Health Effects
0.36
!3xlO-5)
2
0.004
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Ditch ergo
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, nfl/8
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Hwallh £f facts
B. .Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
0.36
(3x10-5)
2
0.004
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effecti
E-315
-------
CATEGORY: 26A WLN: 2-PB-2&2&2
TETRAETHYLLEAD: C8H20Pb (tetraethylplumbane). STRUCTURE;
A colorless, oily liquid; pleasant odor.
(C2H5)4Pb
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 323.45; six polymorphic forms; mp: 135.6-141° K; bp: 198-200 with decomposition;
d: 1.659 at 18°; vap. press: 1 urn at 38.4; 50 mn at 108.4° C; insoluble in water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tetraethyllead is a common additive for gasolines. It decomposes under ultraviolet light to triethyllead
(ref. 9). Both tetraethyl and triethyllead are toxic and are known air contaminants. See category 46. The
tetraethyllead In gasolines is usually converted to lead halides or lead phosphates (ref. 91). Some unchanged
tetraethyllead enters the urban atmosphere and finds its way to soils and plants. At 800 m from a manufacturing
plant, tetraethyllead was found In plants at a level of 1 mg/kg (ref. 91).
Tetraethyllead decomposes slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at elevated temperatures (ref. 91).
Tetraethyllead does not occur 1n nature (ref. 91).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Tetraethyllead is a highly toxic compound. It can be absorbed by Inhalation or skin contact. The main
metabolite found in rats Is triethyllead (ref. 92). A concentration of 100 mg/m3 for 1 hour may produce illness
(refs. 4, 92). In cases of accidental tetraethyllead Intoxication in man, lead levels In urine are high, but may
be normal or nearly so In blood (ref. 92). Tetraethyllead 1s considered to be more toxic 1n man than tetramethyl-
lead tref. 92).
LOLo Coral, rat): 17 rag/kg
LCjjg (Inhalation, rat): 6 ppm or 79 mg/m3
Tetraethyllead 1s reported to cause cancer In mice. The EPA/HIOSH ordering number 1s 3101. The lowest
dose to Induce a carcinogenic response is reported as 86 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number 1s 36.
Aquatic toxiclty: 96 hr. TLm: <1 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 0.100 mg/m3 (0.0075 ppm).
Lead compounds are included in the EPA Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 100 ug/m3 (0.0075 ppm) A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 100 • 1.5 x 103 yg/t Water, Ecology: 100 x <1 - <100 ng/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 103 • 3 ug/g Lane", Ecology: 0.002 x 100 « 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH] • 103 x 0.1/420 - 0.24 tig/m3
EPCflH1a • 0.0075/4ZO • 1.8 x 10"5 ppm
EPCWH1 " 1S x °'24 " 3'6 U9/1 EPCW£1 " 50 x <1 - <50 uq/i
EPCLi(j9 ' '3-8 x 0.1 • 1.4 pg/t
Wn£ *
£PCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 « 0.003 Mg/g EPCLE • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 Hg/g
EPCAC2 « 103/(6 x 36) • 4.6 ug/m3
EPCMC • 15 x 4.6 • 70 ug/l
EPCLC • 0.002 x 70 • 0.14 ug/g
E-316
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
26A
TETRAETHYLLEAD
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,/
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, itg/m
(ppm Vol)
Watar, ^g/l
(ppm Wt)
Ltnd, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
0.24
(1.8x10-5)
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
-
<50
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
4.6
70
0.14
E-317
-------
CATEGORY: 26A
MERCURY
MOWHETHYLMERCURY, (W3Hg+)2
DIHETHYLMERCURY. (CH^Hg
Dlmethylmercury 1s volatile.
PROPERTIES:
(Dimethlmercury) Molecular wt:
d: 3.069; Insoluble In water.
STRUCTURE:
HjC-Hg-CHj Dimethylme-cury
+
3 c
230.66; bp: 96;
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Methylmercury compounds are the most common alkylmercury compounds. Dlmethylmercury and monomethylmercury
are of concern primarily as water pollutants or as contaminants In the tissues of animals; they have been
found In fish and In bird flesh and also In bottom sediments (ref. 24). In large fish the ratio of
methylmercury to total mercury Is high, approaching 100 percent (refs. 93,94). The natural concentration
of mercury In seawater 1s about 0.1 ug/i (ref. 28). This concentration Includes alkylmercury as well as the
other compounds of mercury. Mercury tends to accumulate In bottom sediments of streams, where certain microbes
may synthesize monomethyl and dlmethylmercury from mercury Ions (ref. 94). Continuous levels of monomethyl-
mercury In the water may result. The process of methylatlon may be significant 1n the uptake and distribution
of mercury In fish and In the mobilization of mercury In deposits In bottom sediments Into the general
environment (ref. 94).
The amount of methylmercury compounds found In plant produce Is very small or ,i1l (ref. 93).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Alkylmercury compounds are the mercury compounds most toxic to man. The biological half-life of mono-
methylmercury in man Is reported to be 70 days.
Honornethylmercury has been associated with teratogenlc effects: An epidemic of cerebral palsy with
toxic encephalopathy occurred In Minlooto, Japan, and the cause was felt to be maternal ingestlon of
fish contaminated with monomethylmercury (ref. 32). (Since levels of methylmercury resulting in the
teratogenlc effects are not reported, an adjusted ordering number cannot be calculated.)
Mercury concentrates In the brain, liver, and kidneys of livestock as alkylmercury; the mercury level
in tissues should not exceed 0.5 ppm (ref. 28). Organomercurials can cause skin burns, and can also be
absorbed through the skin (ref. 9).
B1oaccumu1at1on of monomethylmercury In aquatic organisms results from mercury In the water and from
ingested food. Biological accumulation from water may be as high as 10,000 times (ref. 28).
The biological half-life of monomethylnercury In fish may be on the order of 2 years (ref. 28).
ToxicHy to fish: 0.2 ug/t of monomethylmercury 1s lethal to fathead minnows In 6 weeks; 0.1 ug/t
affects some phytoplankton (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
TLV « 0.01 mg/m3 (0.001 ppm) for alkyl mercury, as mercury.
Food and Drug Administration Guideline: Maximum allowable concentration of mercury In edible portions of
fish: 0.5 ug/g (ref. 28).
See also category 83 for additional regulations for mercury.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 10 pg/m3 (0.001 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 10 « 150 ng/t Water. Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 150 - 0.3 Mg/g Land, Ecology:
0.1 x 0.2 - 0.02 ug/t
0.002 x 0.02 > 4 x 10*5 wg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
AHI
*AH1a
2.4 x 10'6 ppm
10J x 0.01/420 • 0.024
• 0.001/420
15 x 0.024 • 0.36
EPCUH2 * 13.8 x 0.01 • 0.14
EPCLH « 0.002 x 0.14 « 0.0003 ug/g
EPCU£1 - 0.05 x 0.2
EPC
EPC,
WE3
500/10.000
0.01 ug/t
0.05 ug/t
,-S
0.002 x 0.01 • 2 x 10"3 pg/g
E-318
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XX
26A
ALKYL MERCURY
Air, ug/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on B«st Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate]
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
1.0E1
(0.001)
1.5E2
3.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
2.0E-2
4.0E-5
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.024
(2.4x_
TO'6)
0.14
0.0003
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
0.01
2x1 O"5
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
O.lt
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land. MO/ B
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxieity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.024
(2.4x10-6)
0.14
0.0003
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
O.OT
2x1 O"5
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
•(•Concentrations of Hg in seawater.
E-319
-------
CATEGORY: 26A "JUt
ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS: Cl-e.. mono, d1, trl. and tetraalkyltln or STRUCTURE:
aryltin derivatives). R4Sn
PROPERTIES:
Tetraraethyltln: bp: 76.6; mp: -55; d.: 1.290525.
Where R 1s an aryl or alkyl
group.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Organotln compounds find use as fungicides. Insecticides. Insect chaws terll ant, antifoul Ing agents,
and for killing parasitic worms.
As fungicides they are used to dust potatoes and sugar beet crops. The short half-life of the compounds
In the field and the fact that they do not penetrate the plant makes them safe for this application (ref. 95).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Organotln compounds may be absorbed through the skin. Human deaths have resulted from oral use of
organotln compounds In the treatment of skin disorders (ref. 96). The toxlclty of the d1 alkyl tin compounds
Is characterized by their Irritative action and production of a lesion of the bile duct and liver (ref. 96).
Trlalkyltin compounds differ from dialkyl derivatives In that their toxlclty 1s manifested by an apparent
brain damage (ref. 96). Tetraalkyltln compounds are toxic to manuals. Toxic symptoms develop slowly and
death may occur a long time after exposure. There Is some evidence that tetraalkyltlns are converted Into
trlalkyltlns 1n manuals (ref. 95).
L050 loral, rat): 16 mg/kg for tetraethyltln.
Some trialkyltin compounds are quite toxic to higher plants (ref. 95).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 0.1 rog/m3 as Sn (for organotln compounds).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 100 tig/ra3 Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 100 • 1.500 ug/t Water. Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.500 • 3 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAm « 103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 ug/m3
* 15 x 0.24 • 3.6
EPCWH2 • 13.8 x 0.1 • 1.4
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003 vg/g
E-320
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
26A
ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ngfl
(ppmWt)
Land, M8/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exiiting Sundardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bawd on
Health Effecti
T.OE2
1.5E3
3.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambimt Unl Goal*
Bawd on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. Mi/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
E-321
-------
CATEGORY: 26B ^i: L5 AHJ A-2 Fe-
STRUCTURE:
FERROCENE; C10H10Fe (d1cyclopentad1e«yl1ron).
Orange-yellow crystalline solid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 186.05; mp: 173; sublimes >100»;
Insoluble In water; volatile In steam.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
Ferrocene may form directly by the reaction of cyclopentadlene and Iron under pressure. The compound
decomposes upon heating.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
No Information Is available as to the possible carcinogenic effects of ferrocene.
LDgg (oral, rat): 1,320 rog/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
A1r. Health: 45 x 1,320 - 6.0 x 10* ng/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 6 x 104 • 9.0 x 105 yg/t Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 9.0 x 105 • 1.8 x 103 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 * °'107 x 1l32° " 14° "9/m3
EPCAH3 * 0<081 x 1>32° " 107 Wfa*
EPC^, • 15 x 107 • 1.600 ug/t
EPCWH2 " °'4 x 1>32° ' 53°
EPCLH - 0.002 x 530 • 1 pg/g
E-322
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
26B
FERROCENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. M9/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxitity Effluent
Baled on
Health Effects
6.0E4
9.0E5
1.8E3
Band on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient U«d Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect*
107
530
1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.MO/m3
(ppm Vol)
Wattr.pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Heal* Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
107
530
1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-323
-------
CATEGORY: 268 WLM: L50J 0-2-NI-
NICICELOCENE: CI()HIONI (d1-cyclopentad1enyln1ckel). STRUCTURE;
Green needles from petroleum ether.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 189; np: 171-173; Insoluble 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
LDgo Coral, rat}: 490 mg/kg.
Nickelocene Is reported to cause cancer In anlnals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4202. The lowest
dose to Induce a carcinogenic response Is reported as 208 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 20.2.
REQULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
Nickel compounds are Included In the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority 1.
See also Nickel and Nickel Compounds, as Nickel, category 76.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICtTY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/20.2 - 3.5 x 103 wg/«3 Air, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 3.5 x 103 - 5,2 x ID4 ug/i Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5.2 x 104 - 100 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 490 - 52 pg/m3
EPCAH3 "0.081 x 490 - 40 ug/m3
EPCyH1 • 15 x 40 • 600 pg/t
EPCWH2 * °'4 x 490 - 200 ug/t
EPCLH - 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g
EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 20.2} • 8 ug/m3
EPCyC • 15 x 8 • 120 ug/t
EPCLC • 0.002 x 120 • 0.2 ug/g
E-324
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
26B
NICKELOCENE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,/ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, itg/\
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exitting Standards
NSPS, BIT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.5E3
5.2E4
1.0E2
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient L«nl Goat*
Based on
Health Effects
8
120
0.2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.jJ9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water.
-------
CATEGORY; 26C WIN: T66 BNJ JO 2-CU-
COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE: C-jgH^OgCu (8-qu1nol1nol- STRUCTURE:
copper II chelate).
Intense blue crystals.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 351.86; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Copper complexes of synthetic origin are of Interest In the study of binding of copper to proteins
and enzymes (ref. 97).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Copper Is an essential trace netal for animals and man. but minute amounts 1n water are toxic for algae,
bacteria, and other unicellular forms (ref. 96).
LDjg (IntrapeHtoneal, mouse): 67 ng/kg.
Copper 3-hydroxyqu1nol1ne Is reported to cause cancer In nice. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number Is 3101.
The lowest dosage to Induce an oncogen 1c response Is reported as 156 ing/kg. The EPA/NIOSH adjusted ordering
number Is 20.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQN1TION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
Copper compounds are on EPA Consent Decree List: Priority 3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 45 x 67 • 3.0 x 103 »g/m3 Air, Ecology:
Mater, Health: 15 x 3 x 103 • 4.5 x 104 ng/i Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 4.5 x 104 • 90 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • 0-107 x 67 • 7 ug/m3
EPCAH3 " 0>081 x 67 " 5 M9/ra3
EPCWH1 • 1S * 5 • 75 ug/t
EPCUH2 " °'4 x 67 " 27 "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 27 • 0.054 ug/9
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 20) « 8.3 wg/m3
• 15 x 8.3 - 125 ug/i
EPCU -0.002 x 125 « 0.25 ug/g
E-326
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
26C
COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.0E3
4.5E4
9.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Lent Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
5
27
0.054
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
5
27
0.054
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
8.3
125
0.25
E-327
-------
CATEGORY! 27
LITHIUM AND LITHIUM COMPOUNDS (AS LITHIUM): LI.
A silver-gray metal; the first member of the alkali metals.
WLN: LI
STRUCTURE:
LI
Li
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 3; group la; atomic wt: 6.94; mp: 180.5;
bp: 1.336 ±5; d: 0.53420; valency: +1; decomposes H20,
evolving H0; vap. press: 1 mm at 723°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Lithium Is the lightest of the nongaseous elements and is very reactive.
Practically all of them are water-soluble.
The concentration of lithium In rural atmosphere Is reported to be 0.0029 ug/m (ref. 1).
Lithium forms one series of compounds.
The concentration of lithium In rural »
Occurrence In the Earth's crust of lithium Is 0.005 percent by weight (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The lithium Ion is highly toxic to humans. Levels above 25 ug/m of lithium hydride cause sneezing
(ref. 64). Lithium Is noncumulatlve (ref. 96). Lithium toxiclty in humans is partially dependent on
sodium Intake; the lower the sodium Intake, the more toxic lithium becomes (ref. 96).
A dosage of 350 mg/kg Is reported to produce teratogenlc effects In rats. The EPA/MIOSH ordering
number based on teratogenldty Is 4101 and the adjusted ordering number Is 11.4.
Lithium is a phytotoxic element. The most sensitive plant species 1s citrus; a slight toxiclty 1n
citrus results at 60 to 100 ug/t In Irrigation water (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION:
TLV (Lithium Hydride. L1H): 0.025 mg/m3. (This is equivalent to 0.022 mg/m3. as lithium.)
NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria, 1972. recoanndations are for Irrigation water, based on phytotoxicity:
2.5 mg/i for use on all soils, except for citrus; 0.075 mg/t for citrus for all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 22
Water, Health: 15 x 22 - 330 vg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 330 - 0.7 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 75 « 375 ug/i
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 375 * 0.75 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.022/420 • 0.05 wg/n3
EPCWH1 " 1S * °'W ' °'75
EPCWH2 " 13>8 x °-022 * °'
EPCLH - 0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 ug/g
EPC^ES • 75 ug/t («* Irrigation)
EPCLE • 0.002 x 75 • 0.15 ug/g
EPCftT - 103(6 x 11.4)-14.6 iig/n3
EPC^ • 15 x 14.6 • 219 pg/t
EPCLT > 0.002 x 219 • 0.4 ug/g
E-328
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
•""27""
LITHIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Mr.iigtm3
(ppmVol)
Water, /ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engino«ring Estimate!
(R&D Goal!)
II. Bated on Ambient Factora
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
2.2E1
3.30E2
7.0E-1
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!
3.75E2
7.5E-1
B. Ambient Level OoeC
Bated on
Heal* Effect!
0.05
0.3
0.0006
Baud on
Cartlfuiin e»l
ccoioycpi
Effect!
75
0.15
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.003
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,/ifl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Ltnd, «ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
75
II, Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.05
0.3
0.0006
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.15
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
14.6
219
0.4
E-329
-------
CATEGORY: 27 W&& LI H
LITHIUM HYDRIDE: L1H. STRUCTURE:
White, translucent, crystalline mass; darkens on exposure
to light. L1H
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 7.95; mp: 680; d: 0.82; decomposes 1n water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Lithium hydride 1s a stable saltHke compound. It Is formed when lithium and hydrogen are combined
at elevated temperatures.
Lithium hydride reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide (L10H) and hydrogen.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Toxlclty of lithium hydride for experimental animals 1s marked by Irritation and corroslveness (ref. 96).
Levels above 25 ug/m3 of llthlun
and skin on test animals (ref. 4).
LDLo (Inhalation, rat): 22 rag/n
See also Lithium and Lithium Compounds, as Lithium.
3 3
Levels above 25 ug/m of lithium hydride produce sneezing. Levels exceeding 10 mg/ffl eroded body fur
LDLo (Inhalation, rat): 22 rag/m3 for 4 hours.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION!
TLV - 0.025 mg/in3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r. Health: 25 ug/w3 A1r, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 25 • 375 wg/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 375 • 0.75 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.025/420 -0.06 ug/m3
EPCMm « 15 x 0.06 • 0.9 ug/i
EPCWH2 " 13>S * Ol025 * 0<3 U9/1
EPCLH • 0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 ug/g
E-330
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
x
27
V7WMLO LIT
Mr.vg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, «ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exuting Standard)
HSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
HIUM HYDRIDE
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.5E1
3.75E2
7.5E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.06
0.3
0.0006
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, j/a/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, (ifl/fl
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect!
0.06
0.3
0.0006
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-331
-------
CATEGORY: 29
POTASSIUM /HID POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS (AS POTASSIUM); K (kallum).
Soft, ductile, silver-white, very reactive metal.
WIN: KA
STRUCTURE:
K Ka*
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 19; group la; atomic wt: 39.09;
mp: 63.65; bp: 765; d: 0.862; soluble; vap.
press: 8 nn at 432° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Potassium is an alkali-metal element, which reacts violently with water forming potassium hydroxide (KOH)
and hydrogen. It oxidizes rapidly in air.
Rural background concentration in air is 0.4 to 2.8 ug/m (ref. t). The mean potassium concentration
in analyses of U.S. surface water is 4.3 rag/l with a range of 370 to 0.06 mg/z (ref. 28).
Potassium is considered an essential nutrient for plants and necessary for animals.
Occurrence in the Earth's crust is 2,59 percent by weight (ref. 24).
Potassium salts are common in feldspars, salt deposits, and naturally occurring brines (ref. 99).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS;
The toxicity of potassium compounds is almost always that of the anion (ref. 9).
Exposure to dust or mist of potassium hydroxide causes eye and respiratory tract irritation and
nasal septum lesions (ref. 4).
LDL(J (oral, rat) potassium chloride - 2,430 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxicity: 432 ppm KC1 is threshold of immobilization for Daphnia magna (ref. 28). This Is
equivalent to '230 ppm, as K*.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. BECOONITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOULATION:
TLV (for potassium hydroxide. KOH): 2 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 2 x ID3 ug/m3 as KOH Air. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2 x 103 » 3.0 x 104 ug/i,as KOH Hater, Ecology: 100 x 230 « 2.3 x 104 ug/A as K
Land, Health: Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
'AH1
103 x 2/420 ' 5 ug/ra3 as KOH
EPCHH1 • 15 x 5 • 75 ug/t as KOH
EPCHE1 • 50 x 432 « 21,600 ug/t as KC1
E-332
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
29
POTASSIUM
Air, iigfm3
-------
CATEGORY: 32 ™£' .BE
BERYLLIUH AND BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS BERYLLIUM): Be STRUCTURE:
(glulcinium). Be gg+2
A hard, light, grayish-white, crystalline metal.
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 4; group 2a; atomic wt: 9.0122;
mp: 1283; bp: 2970; d: 1.85; valency: +2; insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Beryllium resembles magnesium and aluminum in its chemical properties. It is divalent and
forms one series of compounds. Beryllium is environmentally hazardous as an air contaminant.
The chloride and nitrate are highly soluble in water.
Rural background concentration in air is reported as 0.00013 to 0.000042 ug/m (ref.1)
Concentrations of beryllium in freshwater in the United States have been measured ranging 0.01 to
1.22 ug/t with a mean of 0.19 vg/t (ref. 28). Natural concentration in seawater is reported as
6 x 10~4 wg/i (ref. 28).
Occurrence in the earth's crust Is 2 to 10 ppm (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Beryllium Is toxic through all routes of absorption, but the major hazard to health is via
Inhalation. Berylliosis. a severe lung disease, develops from chronic exposure to soluble as well
as Insoluble compounds as paniculate 1n air. Apparently, the particle size of the beryllium dust
is a critical factor with regard to its potential for causing berylllosls (ref. 41). The lowest
toxic concentration reported for humans 1s .1 mg/rn3 (ref. 2).
The LD50 (oral, rat) for BeCl2 1s 86 mg/kg or 9.7 mg/kg as beryllium. cn.,u,ncu
Beryllium and five beryllium compounds are reported to cause cancer in animals. The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number for beryllium and its compounds collectively Is 6429. The lowest dose producing
a carcinogenic response is 35 ug/m3 as BeS04 • 4H20 Inhaled by a monkey for 24 hrs (ref. 2,46).
This corresponds to a maximum absorption of 0.4 ug/kg as Be assuming respiratory volume of 0.844 i/m1n
and the weight of the monkey as 5 kg (ref. 2. 3). The adjusted ordering number is 16,072,500.
Toxlclty to fish: 96 hr. LCen for the fathead minnow is 0.15 mg/i as BeCl? in soft water (ref. 28).
Beryllium has been reported to be concentrated 1,000 times In marine organisms (ref. 33).
Beryllium is phytotoxlc. Inhibiting photosynthesis in plants. In nutrient solutions, 0.5 mg/f
of beryllium reduced growth of bush beans (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC HCOUUATION:
Beryllium Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. NIOSH recommends that occupational
exposure to beryllium and Us compounds not exceed 2 ug/m3 as a time-weighted average for an 8-hour
workday. A celling of 25 ug/w3 is recommended (ref. 102).
TLV - 0.002 mg/m3. Beryllium 1s classified by ACGIH as an "Occupational Substance Suspect of
Oncogen 1c Potential for Workers," based on United epidemlologlcal evidence and demonstration of
benign or malignant growths in test animals.
National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Not more than 10 grams In 24 hrs or
emissions which result 1n maximum outplant concentration of 0.01 ug/m3, 30-day average (ref. 16).
Candidate for list for Toxic Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
On EPA Consent Decree Priority f List.
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 11 ug/t for the protection of aquatic life 1n soft
fresh water; 1,100 ug/t for the protection of aquatic life 1n hard fresh water; 100 ug/t for
continuous Irrigation on all soils (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria recommendation for marine aquatic life: Hazard level—
1.5 mg/t; Minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.1 mg/t; Application factor: 0.01 (applied to 96-
hr LC5Q). Recommendation for irrigation water: 0.10 mg^t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 2 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 2 * 30 ug/t Water, Ecology: 5 x 11 <• 55 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 30 « 0.06 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 55 » 0.11 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 - 0.107 x 9.7 • 1 ug/m3
EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 9.7 • 0.8 ug/m3
EPC..J, » 15 x 0.8 • 12 ug/l rpr „ i> ,
•HI WES "9'1
EPCWH2 * °-4 * 9'7 * 4 "'/I EPC.E - 0.002 x 11 - 0.02
EPC1U « 0.002 x 4 • 0.008 ug/g
un •
EPC , • 2/420 • 0.005 wg/«3
EPCAC2 - 103/(6 x 16,000,000) • 1 x 10"5 ug/m3
EPCUC- 15 x 0.005 -0,075 ug/l
EPC., • 0.002 x 0.075 • 0.00015 ug/g
Lb
E-334
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
32
BERYLLIUM
Air.po/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
-------
CATEGORY: 33
MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS (AS MAGNESIUM): Hg.
A silvery metal of the alkaline-earth metal group.
WLN: MS
STRUCTURE:
Mg Mg+
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 12, group 2a: atomic vrt: 24.305;
tnp: 651; bp: 1,120; d: 1.74; vap. press: 1 mm at 621° C;
valency: +2; reacts with water to produce H.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background concentration In air is 1.4 to 800 ng/nt3 (ref. 1).
Natural concentration of seawater Is 1.3 x 10 gg/i (ref. 28). Magnesium carbonate, chloride,
and sulfate are water soluble.
Magnesium 1s one of the most common elements of the Earth's crust—2.1 percent by weight (ref. 24).
In U.S. surface waters, magnesium composition averages 14.3 mg/J. with a range of 8.5 to 137 mg/Z.
(ref. 28).
Magnesium-bearing minerals Include magneslte (MgCOJ, bruclte (Mg 0-H20). and dolomite
(MgC03-CaC03) {ref. 96).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Concentration of calcium and magnesium 1n water Influences the toxlclty of heavy metals (ref. 69).
The toxlclty of magnesium compounds Is usually that of the anlon. Metallic magnesium may cause
local skin effects (ref. 9). Inhalation of magnesium dust can cause metal fume fever (ref. 24).
LDLo (oral, dog): 230 ing/kg.
At 7.2 ppm, magnesium Inhibits the growth of Botryococcus (ref. 28).
24-hour LCsg: 3,391 ppm for Daphnla magna as MgCU (ref. 28). This 1s equivalent to
866 ppm as Mg*2.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV (Magnesium Oxide fume): 10 mg/m3, MgO M.W. - 40.3.; (as Mg): 24.3/40.3 x 10 • 6 rog/m3
(based on TLV for MgO fume).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r. Health: 6 x 103 wg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 6 x 103 • 9 x 10*
Land. Health: 0.002 x 9 x 104 - 180
Air, Ecology:
Mater, Ecology: 100 x 866 > 8.7 x 104 ug/4
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 8.7 x 104 - 174 wg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
AHI
14
« 15 x 14 • 210 vg/l
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 6 " 83 P9/i
EPCLH • 0.002 x 83 - 0.2 ug/g
£PCyE1 - 50 x 866 - 43,300 vg/t
EPCLE • 0.002 x 43,300 - 87 ug/g
E-336
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
33
MAGNESIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. (ij/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimate!
(R&D God.)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluant
Based on
Health Effect!
6.0E3
9.0E4
1.8E2
Bawd on
Ecological
Effacu
8.7E4
1.74E2
B. Ambient Level God*
Baud on
Health Effecu
14
83
0.2
Baud on
Ecological
Effaco
43,300
87
C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*
1 . 4-BOO
14,300,
1.3xl06t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. MQ/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Heal* Effect.
B. Baud on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
14
83
0.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
43,300
87
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effecu
tFor seawater.
E-337
-------
CATEGORY: 33
HA6NESIUH OXIDE; HgO.
White powder.
WLN:
STRUCTURE:
MgO
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 40.31; mp: 2,500-2,800; d: 3.65-3.75;
solubility 1n water: 6.2 mg/i at 20°, 86 mg/i at 30°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
HgO 1s primarily an air contaminant. Particle densities for HgO agglomerates are 3.65 g/cm3 for normal
and 0.35 g/cm3 for floe (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Toxic effects are similar to but less marked than those caused by zinc oxide; fever and blood
effects are caused by exposure. HgO dust 1s considered a mild hazard (ref. 4).
TC^ (Inhalation, human): 400 mg/m3 produced unspecified toxic effects.
Aquatic toxldty: TLm 96: over 1,000 ppn.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 10 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
A1r, Health: 1.0 x 10* wg/m3
Mater, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 10* • 1.5 x 105 w
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 105 • 300 ug/g
Air. Ecology:
Mater. Ecology: 100 x 1.000
1.0 x 10
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1 .0 x 105 • 200 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC
AH1
x 10/42° ' 24
EPCWH1 ' '5 x 24 - 360
EPCy^ • 13.8 x 10 • 138 ug/1
EPCLH - 0.002 x 138 • 0.3 ug/g
EPCUE1 • 50 x 1,000 - 50,000 Hg/t
EPCLE - 0.002 x 50.000 - 100 ug/g
E-338
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
33
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Air. /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pgjg
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Bett Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
1.0E5
2.0E2
B. Ambient Level God*
Based on
Health Effect!
24
138
0.3
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
50,000
TOO
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
138
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
50,000
100
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effect!
E-339
-------
CATEGORY; 35
STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS (AS STRONTIUM): Sr. STRUCTURE:
A hard, silvery-white, ductile and malleable metal; a sr Sr**
member of the alkaline earth group.
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 38; group 2a; atomic wt: 87.63; mp: 769;
bp: 1,384; d: 2.54; vap. press: 10 m at 898° C; valency: +2; decomposes water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
The physical and chemical properties of strontium are Intermediate between those of calcium and barium.
It Is a reactive metal; 1t oxidizes readily In air and reacts vigorously In water forming the hydroxide
and evolving H2- Strontium forms only divalent compounds. The artificial Isotopes Sr and Sr occur as
constituents of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions.
The concentration of strontium In rural atmosphere Is reported as 0.023 ug/m (ref. 1).
Strontium occurs primarily as the minerals celestlte (SrSO^) and strontlantlte (SrCOj) (ref. 96). .
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Strontium has not been Identified as an essential trace element In either plant or animal metabolism.
It resembles calcium In Its metabolism and behavior In the body. The naturally occurring Isotopes are
not highly toxic (ref. 98).
LOLo (Intravenous, rat] for SrCl2: 123 mg/kg; molecular wt SrC12: 158.5.
LDLo (as Sr): 87.6/158.5 x 123 « 68 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 45 x 68 » 3,060 vg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Mater. Health: 15 x 3,060 • 46,000 ng/i Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 46,000 - 92 wg/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 " °'107 X ** " 7*3
EPCAH3 " 0>081 * 68 " 5>5
- 15 x 5.5 • 83 vg/i
EPCWH2 " °'4 * M " ll **IL
EPCLH • 0.002 x 27 • 0.05 ug
E-340
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
35
STRONTIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, Aig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standaidi
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eltimatai
(RftD Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Bated on
Health Effectt
3.0E3
4.6E4
9.2E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effecb
5.5
27
0.05
Batadon
Ecological
Effect.
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.023
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect.
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect.
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effect!
5.5
27
0.05
B. Baiadon
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
E-341
-------
CATEGORY; 36 WLN: BA
BARIUM AMD BARIUH COMPOUNDS (AS BARIUM): Ba. STRUCTURE:
A white, soft metal. ta **
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number 56, an element of the calcium family group 2a;
Atomic wt: 137.34; mp: 752; bp: 1,600; d: 3.5120;
valency: +2; reacts with water; evolves Hg.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Rural background concentration 1n air Is measured as zero (ref. 1).
Soluble barium compounds Include the acetate, halldes, hydroxide, thlocyanate, and tMosulfate.
Concentration In freshwater as Indicated from hydrologlc benchmark samples ranged fron 0-900 pg/t; out
of 22 samples. IS were zero (ref. 64).
In samples of surface waters 1n the United States, the barium concentration ranged from 2-340 vg/t with
a mean of 43 wg/i (ref. 28).
Natural concentration of seawater Is 20 ug/t (ref. 28).
Essentially no food contains barium In appreciable amounts (ref. 28).
Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is O.OS percent by weight (ref. 24). It 1s found 1n nature only In
combination with other elements; the two main minerals are barlte (BaS04) and wither 1te (SaCOj)
(ref. 101). Trace quantities of barium are also found In coal (ref. 101).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Soluble barlun compounds are highly toxic when Ingested, while Insoluble compounds are generally nontoxlc
.(ref. 101).
The fatal dose of BaClg for man Is 0.8-0.9 g (0.55-0.6 g as Ba) (ref. 96). BaHum stimulates all muscle
types, causes vasoconstrlctlon, and Initially stimulates and then paralyzes the central nervous system.
BaO and BaCOj have caused respiratory Injury In man (ref. 96). Barium Is readily excreted, and probably
noncumulatlve (ref. 33).
LDLQ (oral, rat): 335 Dig/kg as BaCl2 (or 220 ing/kg as Ba).
Teratogenlc effects—Barium: 20 mg of BaCl2 Injected Into chick yolk sac resulted In curled toes In
about 50 percent of the survivors (ref. 32). The NIOSH ordering number Is 1101. TOLo (as Ba) - 878 ing/kg
(assuming wt. of 15 grams for chick). The adjusted ordering number - 1101/878 • 1.25.
Toxlclty to aquatic life: LC.g for PZanorbie glabratue (snail) 1s reported as 11 ppm, time unspecified
(ref. 28); 500 ppm barium nitrate (as Ba) Is toxic to Stickleback (ref. 36). Barium can be concentrated In
goldfish by a factor of 150 (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIOMS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNIT1ON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUtATIOM;
TLV (soluble compounds): 0.5 mg/m3.
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 1 mg/i for domestic water supply (health) (ref. 33);
1 mg/t for drinking water Is also specified In National Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards (ref. 102).
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. 1962—Levels for Source Rejection (ref. 102), and NAS/NAE
Water Quality Criteria. 1972 (ref. 28).
NAS/NAE recommendation for marine aquatic life: application factor—0.05 (to be applied to 96 hr
LC50); hazard level—1 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.5 mg/t (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 500 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 5 x 1,000 • 5,000 ug/t Hater, Ecology: 5 x 500 « 2.500 wg/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 5,000 - 10 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 2.500 - 5 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1 ng/m3
EPCHH1 ' 15 x 1 • 15 ug/t
£PCHH2 " 13'8 x °-5 ' 7 "9/1
EPCHHS " 1>00° M9/t EPCHES " 50°
EPCLH " 0>002 x 1>00° " 2 "9/9 EPCLE " °'002 x 50°
E-342
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
36
BARIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, iigjl
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/o,
(ppmWtt
1. Bated on Bait Technology
A. Exiiting Standardi
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimate*
(R8.D Goah)
II. Baled on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E2
5.0E3
1.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti
2.5E3
5.0EO
B. Ambient Level Got)*
Bated on
Health Effect!
1
1,000
2
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
500
1
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
0
43, 20t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
. AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
1,000
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
500
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
1
2
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
B*Md on Health Effecti
tFor seawater.
E-343
-------
CATEGORY:
37
BORON AND BORON COMPOUNDS (AS BORON): B.
Monocllnic crystals, yellow or brown amorphous powder.
WLN: B
STRUCTURE;
8 B
,+3
PROPERTIES:
Atonic number: 5; group 3a; atomic wt: 10.81; mp: 2,300;
bp: 2,550 (sublimes); d: 2.34; valency: -1-3; Insoluble;
vap. press at 2,413°K: 1.56 x 10"5 atn.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Natural concentration In seawater 1s 4.5 mg/l (ref. 28). Natural concentration 1n freshwater averages
0.1 mg/t, with a maximum of 5.0 mg/t reported (ref. 33). Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust, In compound forms,
1s about 0.001 percent (ref. 24). Boron occurs 1n nature as the minerals borax (sodium borate) and colemanlte
(calcium borate) (ref. 28). Boron Is a known constituent of coals; 1t has been found 1n ash from selected
U.S. coals (ref. 103).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Boron Is not a highly toxic element. It does not accumulate significantly In body tissues (ref. 28).
Serious effects to humans are not reported for reasonable exposures.
LD
50
. muse): 2,000 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxlcity: Boron Is mildly toxic to fish. The 96-hr LC5(J for Gambuaia affinie (topmlnnow) Is
reported as 3,600 mg/t for sodium borate (ref. 28). There Is no evidence that boron Is cumulative.
Phytotoxlclty: Sensitive crops such as citrus show toxic effects from 0.5 to 0.75 mg/t of boron 1n
irrigation water (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (Boron Oxide, 8,0,): 10 mg/mj, KU B-0, « 69.6: (as Boron): 21.6/69.6 x 10 * 3.10 mg/m3.
Report of the Committee on Water Qualit/Crlteria, 1968, recommended a limit of 1 mg/l In drinking
water. A later Conwittee determined the limit was unnecessary (ref. 28).
NAS/NAE Hater Quality Criteria, 1972: Recommendation for marine aquatic life—application factor—0.1
(to be applied to 96-hr LCSO); hazard level-- > 5.0 mg/l; minimal risk of deleterious effects— < 5.0 mg/l.
Recommendation for livestock waters«5.0 mg/t. Recommendation for Irrigation water~0.75 mg/l for use on
sensitive crops on all soils; 1 mg/t for semitolerant crops; 2 mg/t for tolerant crops (ref. 28).
EPA Water Quality Criteria, 1976 (proposed): 750 ug/t for long-term irrigation on sensitive crops (ref.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
A1r, Health: 3.1 x 103 ug/m3
Water, Health: ^5 x 3.1 x 103 « 4.7 x 10* yg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 4.7 x 10* - 93
33).
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 5 x 103 - 2.5 x 104 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 2.5 x 104 - 50 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCA1I1 « 103 x 3.1/420 « 7.4 ug/m3
"AH1
15 x 7.4 •
EPCVH2 " 13'8 x 3J
EPCLH » 0.002 x 43
111 ug/t
" 43 H9/l
• 0.09 ug/g
5,000 ug/t
EPCLE - 0.002 x 5,000 > 10 ug/g
E-344
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
37
BORON
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air,jio/m3
(pptn Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimitn
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
3.1E3
4.7E4
9.3E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.5E4
5.0E1
B. Ambient Lenl Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
74
43
0.09
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5,000
10
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
100,
4, SOOt
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.Aig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, 119/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
5,000
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
7.4
43
0.09
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
10
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tfor seawater.
E-345
-------
CATEGORY; 37 fit!*:
STRUCTURE:
BORON OXIDE: BjO-j (boric anhydride, boron sesquloxlde,
boron trl oxide, fused boric acid, boric acid glass). B2°3
Rhombic crystals or colorless vitreous material.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 69.6; mp: 460; bp: 1,860; d: 2.46 ± 0.01;
soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS!
Boron oxide My occur In atmosphere as participate matter or aerosols.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Boron oxide 1s not considered highly toxic (ref. 4).
TO. (inhalation, rat): 470 mg/nr produced mild nasal Irritation.
TLLQ (Inhalation, dog): 57 wg/m3 produced Increased urine volume and acidity, and Increased creatlnlne
coefficient (ref. 4).
See also Boron and Boron Compounds as Boron.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOQNITtON. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TU - 10 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS!
Air. Health: 1.0 x 104 yg/rn3 A1r. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 • 1.5 x 105 ug/l Water. Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 10S « 300 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 • 103 x 10/420 • 24 ug/m3
• 15 x 24 « 360 yg/i
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x 10 " 138 U9/1
EPCLH • 0.002 x 138 - 0.3 ug/g
E-346
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
37
BORON OXIDE
Air. /ig/m'
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A, Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
24
138
0.3
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, «ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Band on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
138
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-347
-------
CATEGORY: 38
ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS (AS ALUMINUM). Al.
A silver-white, light, ductile metal; an earth metal.
WIN: AL
STRUCTURE:
Al Al'1
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number 13; group: 3a, atomic wt: 26.98; mp:
660.2; bp: 2467; d: 2.702; valency: +3; insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Aluminum is readily oxidized and covered with a film of Al^O,. It is soluble in acid or alkali.
Aluminum forms one series of compounds; the aluminum ion 1s Al . Many aluminum compounds are water
soluble.
Rural concentration of aluminum in air is reported as 800 ng/m3 to 43 ug/m3 (ref. l). This Is
equivalent to 0.8 to 43 ug/m .
The natural concentration of aluminum in seawater Is 10 ug/t (ref. 28).
Soluble aluminum is reported in U.S. surface waters as high as 3 mg/t , but this is a rare occurrence (ref. 28).
Most edible grasses contain about 15-20 mg/kg of aluminum (ref. 28).
At 8.8 percent by weight, aluminum is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust (ref. 24).
Aluminum occurs as the minerals bauxite (A1203' HjO), cryolite (3NaF-AlF3), spinel (MgO'AljO ) and
feldspars such as orthoclase (KjO-AI^-SSIO^) and micas such as muscovite (KgO-SAl-O,- 6S102-2H-0)
(ref. 96).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Although aluminum Is not highly toxic element, large quantities may produce deleterious effects, such
as pulmonary flbrosis'from inhalation of aluminum powder (ref. 9). A level of 4,000 mg/kg in diet caused
phosphorous deficiency in chicks (ref. 28).
Aquatic toxiclty: a concentration of 0.07 mg/t aluminum nitrate, as Al, is toxic to stickleback [Gasteros-
teus aculeatus] (ref. 28).
Aluminum 1s reported to be concentrated 10,000 times in fish muscle, and 15,000 times in benthic algae (ref.28).
Aluminum compounds may adversely off ect benthic organisms (e.g. clams, crabs, oysters, lobsters) (ref. 28).
High concentrations of aluminum 1n soils with low pH causes restricted root growth in plants (ref. 104).
Growth reductions 1n wheat and orange seedlings were reported in nutrient solutions with O.lmg/t of
aluminum (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS.STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOUIATION:
TLV (A1203): 10 mg/m°; molecular wt (A1203): 101.96
Based on TLV for Al^O. as Al: 5.3 mg/m .
NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria, 1972 - Recommendation for marine aquatic life: application factor—
0.01 (to be applied to 96 hr LCjg); hazard level—I.5 mg/t ; Minimal risk of deleterious effects — 0.2 mg/t .
Recommendation for protection of livestock: 5 mg/t . Recomaendation for irrigation water: 5.0 mg/t for
continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 5.2 x 103 ug/m3Air. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 5.3 x 103 • 8 x 104 ug/t Water. Ecology: 5 x 200 = 1,000 vg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 8 x 10 - 160 ug/g
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 1,000 - 2
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
'AH1
• 10° x 5.3/420 " 12.6 vg/t
EPCWH1 " 15 x 12'6 "
EPCMH2 « 13.8 x 5.3
EPC. u • 0.002 x 73 •
190 gg/i
73 ug/t
0.15 ug/g
EPCH£S - 200 ug/i
EPCLE • 0.002 x 200 « 0.4 ug/g
E-348
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
38
ALUMINUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, jug/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mfl/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate*
(R8.D Goalsl
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.2E3
8.0E4
1 . 6E2
Based on
Ecological
Effectt
1.0E3
2.0EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baud on
Health Effectt
12.6
73
0.15
Based on
Ecological
Effectt
200
0.4
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
H«lth Effect.
B. Based on
Ecological Effectt
200
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12.6
73
0.15
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
0.4
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
E-349
-------
CATEGORY: 38 WLN: AL2.03
STRUCTURE:
ALUMINUM OXIDE: Al,0, (alundum, alumina, corundum).
_____—— i j _
White powder or colorless hexagons. 23
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 102; nip: 2020; bp: 2977; d: 3.75;
Insoluble; % Aluminum: 53; vap. press: 1 mm at 2,158° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Aluminum oxide Is present as partlculate matter 1n the atmosphere. Particle densities for aluminum
oxide agglomerates are 3.75 g/cra3 for normal and 1.18 g/cm3 for floe (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS!
There Is no firm evidence of pneumocon1os1s resulting from exposure to aluminum oxide (ref. 4). It
Is considered to be a nuisance partlculate.
See also Aluminum and Aluminum Compounds, as Aluminum.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOB SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV • 10 mg/ro ; classified as nuisance partlculate by ACGIH.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.0 x 10* ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 104 » 1.5 x 105 vg/t Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 105 « 300 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC^ « 103 x 10/420 • 24 ug/m3
EPC^, • 15 x 24 • 360 ug/t
EPCWH2 * 13'8 x 10 " 138 W/l
EPCLH - 0.002 x 138 - 0.3 ug/g
E-350
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
38
ALUMINUM OXIDE
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, ^9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1 . Based on Bast Technology
A. Exilting Standard]
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E4
1.5E5
3.0E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bawd on
Heal* Effects
24
138
0.3
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background"
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL COALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, j/g/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
24
138
0.3
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-351
-------
CATEGORY; 39
GALLIUM AND GALLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS GALLIUM): Ga STRUCTURE:
A grayish, install 1c element. ^ Qa+3
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 31; group 3a; atomic wt: 69.72; mp: 29.78;
bp: 2.403; d: solid 5.90429'6, liquid 6.09529'8; valence:
+2, +3; Insoluble; vap. press: 0.004 inn at 1,000°C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Gallium Is a close analog of aluminum. It forms gallous (+1) and gallic (+3) compounds, the +3 valence
being more stable. It forms alums of the general formula MGa (S04)2 • 12H20. (M 1s a monovalent metal.)
Many gallium compounds hydrolyze In water to form a hydrated gallium oxide.
Gallium suboxlde, formed by reduction of the sesquioxide, 1s volatile.
Gallium Is not present In significant amounts 1n seawater or In other natural waters (ref. 98).
Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 5 x 10 percent (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
In humans, gallium has caused metallic taste, skin rashes, and bone marrow depression (ref. 24). LDLo
(subcutaneous, rat): 110 mg/kg for gallium.
Gallium compounds generally have a low order of toxlcity. Intravenous Injections up to 15 mg/kg body
weight are tolerated without harm by experimental animals; however, larger doses produce hemorrhaglc
nephritis (ref. 24). Gallium Is slowly eliminated from the body of animals after Injection of soluble
gallium salts. It 1s similar to the tissue distribution of bismuth and mercury In the body (ref. 24).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 45 x 110 » 4,950 ug/m3 A1r. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 4,950 - 7.4 x 104 ug/l Mater. Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 7.4 x 104 • 150 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 110 • 12 pg/m3
EPCAH3 " 0-081 x 110 • 9 ug/m3
EPCj^ « 15 x 9 • 135 ug/l
EPCWH2 ' 0.4 x 110 • 44 Ug/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 44 • 0.09 gg/g
E-352
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
39
GALLIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. iig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
IR&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3
7.4E4
1.5E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
9
44
0.09
Baud on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
Ot
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MflAn
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
9
44
0.09
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tFresh and marine waters.
E-353
-------
CATEGORY; 41 WIN; TL
THALLIUM AMD THALLIUM COMPOUNDS (AS THALLIUM): T1. STRUCTURE:
A rare element of the gallium/Indium family. A n T1+ T|+3
bluish-white very soft metal.
PROPERTIES:
Atomic Number: 81; group: 3a; atomic wt.: 204.37; mp: 303.5;
bp: 1,460; d: 11.862; valence +1, +3; Insoluble; vap. press:
1 mm at 825°C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Thallium Is the lightest element having naturally occurring radioactive Isotopes. Thallous (valence +1)
and thai He (+3) compounds are formed. Thallous compounds are more common; the carbonate, chloride, nitrate,
and phosphate are water soluble. Concentration In natural seawater Is 0.1 ug/l (ref. 28).
Concentration In the Earth's crust 1s 0.7 ppm (ref. 24). Igneous rocks are estimated to contain 30 g
thallium/ton (ref. 96).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Thallium and thai He compounds are extremely toxic by all routes of Intake, causing both acute and chronic
poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning Include loss of hair, abdominal pain, pains In legs, neurological abnormali-
ties, mental retardation, and psychoses (ref. 4). Toxlclty 1s largely Independent of valence state (ref. 96).
The salts are cumulative salts analogous to lead.
LDjg (oral, rat): 23 mg/kg for thallium carbonate. This 1s equivalent to 20 mg/kg, as Tl.
There 1s no reported evidence In the references cited to Indicate that thallium or Its compounds are
carcinogenic.
Toxlclty to aquatic life: Concentrations of 2 to 4 mg/i adversely affect Daphnla sp. (water flea)(ref. 28).
Thallium Is reported to be phytotoxic for tobacco plants. It has been suggested that the phytotoxlclty of
thallium may be due to Interference with potassium-dependent processes 1n light of the similar Ionic radii.
Ionic radius for potassium Is 1.33A*. for thallium, 1.44A* (ref. 105).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List.
TLV (soluble compounds) • 0.1 mg/m (based largely on analogy with other highly toxic heavy metals).
Thallium Is classified by ACGIH as an Industrial Substance Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Kan.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 100 ug/m3 A1r. Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 100 * 1,500 yg/l Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1,500 - 3 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC.u, • 10 x 0.1/420 • 0.24
mil
EPCWHI ' 15 x °-24 • 3-6
EPCWH2 " 13<8 x 0>1 * 1-4
EPCLH » 0.002 x 1.4 • 0.003 pg/g
E-354
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
41
THALLIUM
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, yy/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E2
1.5E3
3.0EO
Based on
Ecological
Effeca
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
Based on
. Ecological
Effeco
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, iiffm
(ppm Vol)
Water, wi/l
(ppmWt)
Land. pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-355
-------
CATEGORY! 42
CARBON MONOXIDE: CO
A colorless, odorless gas.
WLN: CO
STRUCTURE;
CO
PROPERTIES!
Molecular wt:
28.01; mp: -199; bp: -191.5; d: 1.250 gA at 0°
1.15 g/n at 25° {ref. 106); solubility: 3.5 aiT/100 ml at 0°,
' 2.32 cm3/100 ml at 20°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide are reported ranging 0.05 to 1.4 ppm, the average concen-
tration being 0.3 ppm (refs. 1. 3). This 1s equivalent to 0.06 to 1.6 yg/m3, averaging 0.3 ng/m3. The
density of CO 1s similar to that of air.
The National A1r Quality Standards reference method for detection of CO utilizes nond1sp«rs1ve Infrared
spectrometry (ref. 3).
Carbon monoxide Is a product of incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials.
There 1s some evidence that certain soil fungi may convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (ref. 106).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The effect of carbon monoxide on the body is asphyxiation. Carbon monoxide has an affinity for
hemoglobin 200-250 times that of oxygen (ref. 106). Combination of CO with hemoglobin prevents Og
from reaching tissues. Symptoms of poisoning occur when the CD-hemoglobin complex in blood exceeds 10
percent; concentrations of 80 percent are fatal (refs. 4, 9). A concentration of 400-500 ppm may be
safely tolerated for 1 hr (ref. 9). However, exposure to 650 ppm for 45 min caused toxic effects for a
man (ref. 2).
The biological half-life Is reported as 2 hours (ref. 22). The degree of harm associated with expo-
sure to carbon monoxide is a product of the concentration times the length of exposure. The following
equations for estimating effects for exposures of a few hours are reported: hours x ppm = 300 (no percep-
tible effect); hours x ppm - 600 (just perceptible effect); hours x ppm - 900 (headache and nausea);
hours x ppm - 1500 (dangerous to life) (ref. 107).
Effect on plants: Exposure to 500 ppm for 2 days produced eplnasty 1n tomato petiole (ref. 3). ,
Carbon monoxide did not produce harmful effects on higher plant life at concentrations below 115 mg/m
(100 ppm) during exposures of 1-3 weeks on over 100 species (ref. 108).
Effect on aquatic life: Concentrations of
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
42
CARBON MONOXIDE
Air, pg/m3
{ppm Vol)
Water, fig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, ng/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.0E4
(35)
6.0E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.2E5
(100)
6.0E1
B. Ambient Le«l Goal*
Bated on
Health Effects
10,000
(9)
552
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
10,000
(9)
30
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background'
0.3
(0.3)
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /xg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. /JB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
10,000
(9)
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
10,000
(9)
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
552
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
-
30
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
E-357
-------
CATEGORY: 42 WLN: OCO
CARBON DIOXIDE: C02 (carbonic acid gas, carbonic anhydride, STRUCTURE:
dry ice). co
A heavy odorless, colorless incombustible gas.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 44.01; nip: -56.6 at 5.2 atmos.; bpr -78.5 (sublimes).
d: 1.977 g/« al 0"; v,ip. U: I.b3; max solubility: 0.33'j6 q/100 nl at 0" C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Carbon dioxide generally comprises about 0.03 percent by volume of dry air or 300 ppm (ref. 3).
This is equivalent to 539 mg/m . The concentration in the exhaled breath may be as hiqh as 6.6
percent (ref. 107).
The solubility of C0? In water changes drastically with changes in water temperature. Concentrations
of C02 in freshwater «;re generally below 5 mg/t {ref.'28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Except as a contributor to oxygen deficiency! carbon dioxide does not offer serious Industrial
exposures (ref. 107). Humans exposed to 50,000 pom of CO. experience pronounced respiratory stimulation
(ref. 4).
Teratogenii MOct'. in rats and rabbits hava been reported when the preqnant animals were exposed to f>
or 10 percent CO.,. roipoctively (refs. 3?., ?). These effects may be due to oxygen deprivation.
Free COg in water may adversely affect aquatic life, although it 1s not considered a major hazard.
An effect called qas-hubble disease Is produced in fish by excessive dissolved gases in water (ref. 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 9.000 mg/m3 (5.000 ppm). Classified by ACGIH as a simple asphyxiant.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 9 x 106 uq/m3 (5.000 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: Water, Ecology:
Land. Health; Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC - 539,000 nq/m (300 ppm) (natural background).
E-358
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
42
CARBON DIOXIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. /icj/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
9.0E6
(5,000)
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
Based on
Ecological
EHeeti
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
539,000
(300)
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.A.g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
539,000
(300)
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-359
-------
CATEGORY: 44 WLN= GE
GERMANIUM AND GERMANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS GERMANIUM): Ge. STRUCTURE:
A gray-white metalloid, crystalline and brittle. fie Se+2 6ef4
PROPERTIES;
Atomic number: 32; group 4a; atomic wt: 72.59; mp: 937.2;
bp: 2,700; d: 5.36; valency; +2 or +4; Insoluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Germanium, which is an element of the carbon family forms germanous (Ge+ ) and germanic (Ge* ) compounds.
Germanic compounds are generally more stable. Germanium hydride, GeH^ (germane) Is a colorless gas (see
Toxic Properties).
Occurrence in the Earth's crust Is about 0.0007 percent (ref. 24). Germanium is not found in the free
state In nature, but always In combination with other elements (ref. 96). Some coals also contain germanium
(ref. 96).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Germanium compounds are generally of a low order of toxiclty. They are thought to resemble other organo-
metals, which are usually more toxic than Inorganic forms. Animal studies indicate that germanium after
absorption 1« widely distributed throughout the hndy and is not selectively retained 1n any tissue (ref. 96).
At high exposure levels germanium disturbs the water balance 1n maimiuls leading to dehydration, hemoconcentra-
tlon, fall in blood pressure, and hypothermia (ref. 96).
Germanium hydride Is considered moderately toxic, but can cause death of experimental animals at 150 ppm.
It Is simllarto, but less toxlq than, arsine and stibine and causes a hemolytic response (refs. 4,9).
Germanium dioxide stimulates generation of red blood cells (ref. 9).
LDLb (subcutaneous, rabbit): 586 mg/kg for germanium.
LDjQ (IntrapeHtoneal, rat): 750 mg/kg for germanium dioxide.
Germanium Is taken up by cereals, especially oats, from Ge-bearing soils (ref. 96).
REGULATORY ACTIONS, STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (Germanium Tetrahydrlde, Geh^): 0.6 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm). This 1s equivalent to 0.56 mg/m3 as Ge.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 560 uci/ra* A1r, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x h6() • MOO pg/l Water, Kcology:
Land. Health: 0.00? x 11.400 « 17 ug/g land, Tcology:
ESTIMATED PERMISMBtE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAm • 103 x 0.56/420 • 1.3 pg/m3
= 15 x 1.3 - 20 i,g/l
EPCUH2 * 13'8 * °'56 " 8 "9/l
EPCLH * 0.002 x B - 0.016 ug/9
E-360
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
X
44
GERMANIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ug/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standardt
NSPS. 8PT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(nftO Goalt)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effocn
5.6E2
8.4E3
1.7E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effectt
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.3
8
0.016
Bated on
Ecological
Effectt
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mfl/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, itg/t
(ppm Wt)
Land, cg/M
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
1.3
8
0.016
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
HI. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-361
-------
CATEGORY: 46
LEAD AND LEAP COMPOUNDS (AS LEAD): Pb (Plumbum)
Bluish-gray, soft metal.
WLN: PB
STRUCTURE:
Pb Pb
+2
Pb
PROPERTIES:
Atomic Number 82; group 4a; atomic wt: 207.2;
mp: 327.5; bp: 1,744; d: 11.343716; vap. press:
1 rnn at 973°; valency: +2, +4; Insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Lead forms divalent and tetravelent compounds. Rural background concentration in air Is reported as
0.002 to 0.47 ug/m3 (reft. 1,93). Another source reports concentrations ranging 0.022 to 0.0% ug/m3 lead
as a constituent of gross suspended partlculates 1n non-urban air (ref. 3). Concentrations of lead in fresh-
water as measured 1n Hydrologlc Benchmark samples range 0 to SO ug/t; 71 out of 108 samples were 0 (ref. 64).
Natural concentration In seawater 1$ reported as 0.02 vg/t (ref. 28). The lead content of rural U.S. soils
1s reported as 10-15 119/9 (ref. 33). Occurrence 1n the earth's crust Is 0.002 percent or 15 g/ton (ref. 24).
The average adult total Intake of lead has been estimated as 254 vg/day (ref. U3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The compounds of lead are poisonous, usually In proportion t.o their solubility. The toxlclty of
partlculate lead Is dependent on the particle size. Ingested lead is largely captured by the liver
and excreted In bile. Lead absorbed through Inhalation results In toxic effects from smaller amounts.
Lead poisoning results In hemolysis of red blood cells, lesions of the kidneys, liver, male gonads.
nervous system, and blood vessels. Lead Is a cumulative poison. The biological half-life 1s
reported as 6 months (ref. 22). Cattle are resistant to lead toxicosis, but lead may accumulate in
tissues or In milk 1n levels that could be toxic to man (ref. 28).
Several lead salts are reported to cause. oncogen 1c effects in animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number considering the lead compounds collectively Is 4214. The lowest dosage, as lead, to result
In tumors In animals Is 555 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number Is 7.6 (excluding lead chroma te).
There Is evidence that exposure to lead Increases the Incidence of abortion and stillbirths
(ref. 32). It 1s known that lead 1s transferred across the human placenta. Exposure to lead has
resulted In teratogenlc effects 1n animals. The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlclty
considering lead compounds collectively is 4202. The lowest dosage reported to produce effects In
offspring Is 31 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number fs 136.
Aquatic toxlclty: Reproductive Impairment of Daphnla magnla. occurs at concentrations of
30 iioyi (ref. 33). —
Phytotoxlclty: Normally >25 mg/t of Pb In nutrient solutions 1s required to produce toxic
effects In plants {ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTION*. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (Inorganic fumes and dusts, as Pb): 0.15 mg/mj (oncogenic or teratogenlc potential not
considered). Inorganic lead Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document; the NIOSH recommendation
agrees with ACGIH TLV (ref. 111).
On EPA's Consent Decree Priority I List. Candidate for 11st for ToxIcPollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
Under study for designation under National Emission standards for Hazardous A1r Pollutants (ref. 16).
National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations: 0.05 oxj/i (ref. 102).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, Level', for Source Rejection: 0.05 mg/i (ref. 66).
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health)--50 ug/t; for
sensitive freshwater resident species— 0.01 times 96-hour LC$o (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 197? Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply- -0.05 rog/l; for freshwater aquatic life--
maximum concentrations of 0.03 mg/t; for marine aquatic life—application factor of 0.01 (applied to 96-hour
tCso) as a 24-hour average; hazard level— 0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.01 mg/t; for
livestock water— 0.1 mg/t; for irrigation— 5.0 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions reconnendatlons for soil concentrations:
For most soils— 1.000 kg/hectare (ref. 112).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 150 ug/m3
Water, Health: 5 x 50 « 250 ug/l
Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 - 0.5 vg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 • 50 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 vg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPC
•AH1
• 103 x 0.15/420" 0.36 Mg/m3
EPCWH1 " 1S x °'36
EPCWH2 " 13<8 * °*'
EPCWHS
EPC
EPC
1H
•AC2
EPC
L(.
' 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 vg/g
• 103/(6 x 7.6) • 22 Mg/m3
15 x 22 • 330 ug/l
0.002 x 330 • 0.7 vg/g
EPCHES
EPCL£ •
• 10 ug/t
0.002 x 10 • 0.02 vg/g
103/(6 x 136) « 1 M9/m3
15 x 1 - 15 yg/t
EPCLT » 0.002 x 15 - 0.03 pg/g
EPC,
AT
E-362
-------
MULIIMtUIA XX
ENVIRONMENTAL 46
GOALS LEAD
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, //g/l
(ppmWt)
Land, MB/9
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
-
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.5E2
2.5E2
5E-1
Baled on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E1
1E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.36
50
0.01
Based on
Ecological
Effects
10
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.002-
0.47
0-50
O.OZt
10-15
•To be) multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. iiglm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MQ/fl
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard! or Critoria
A. Based on
Health Effects
50
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
10
II. Toxieity Band Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
0.36
0.1
B, Bdied on
Ecological Effects
0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
1
0.03
tFor seawater.
E-363
-------
CATEGORY: 47
AMMONIA: NH} (ammonia gas).
A colorless gas, extremely pungent odor.
WLN: ZH
STRUCTURE:
A
\
H H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 17.03; mp: -77.7; bp: -33.35; d: 0.771;
vap. press: 10 atra at 25.7° C; vap. d: 0.6; solubility
in water: 90 g In 100 mi at 0°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Urban air concentrations of ammonia are reported as 2-10 ppb (ref. 1). This 1s equivalent to 1.4
to 7 pg/m . The odor of amonla 1s detectable at <5 ppm (ref. 99).
Ammonia 1s present 1n most waters as a normal biological degradation product of nitrogenous
organic matter (ref. 33). Total ammonia In water consists of Ionized (NH4*) and un-lonized (NH3). The
equilibrium between the two species Is Influenced by temperature, pH, and Ionic strength.
1s favored by Increasing temperatures and Increasing pH.
Amnonla Is produced as a byproduct of coal-conversion processes.
The NH, species
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Amnonla 1s primarily an Irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. No chronic
effects are reported from low-level exposure (refs. 4, 114). The lowest concentration reported to cause
Irritation 1n a human 1s 20 ppm via Inhalation (ref. 2). Exposure to 10,000 ppm for 3 hours resulted In
death for a human (ref. 2). The biological half-life for ammonia 1s reported as <20 minutes (ref. 22).
The LC50 (Inhalation, rat) Is 2,000 ppm for 4 hr.
Effects on plants—most sensitive species 1s mustard plant (refs. 114, 3); 4-hr exposure to 2,100 yg/m3
resulted 1n marking of 15 percent of the leaf area (ref. 3).
Toxlclty of ammonia to aquatic life 1s attributed to the un-lonized species, NHj. TUn 96 ranges from
10-1 ppm (ref. 2). Levels of un-lonized ammonia >0.20 mg/i have been shown to be toxic to some aquatic
species (ref. 33). Amnonla consumes dissolved oxygen as a result of Its biochemical oxidation to nitrite
and nitrate (ref. 28). The presence of anmonla 1n water also Increases the chlorine demand for the
purpose of chemical disinfection.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TU • 18 rog/m3 (25 ppm).
Ammonia 1s the subject of a N10SH criteria document. NIOSH recommends a celling concentration of 50 ppm
as determined by a 5-mlnute sampling period for occupational exposure to ammonia (ref. 115).
Ammonia is listed 1n the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology Second Priority Chemicals List (ref. 11).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply—0.5 mg/i (ammonia nitrogen); for
freshwater aquatic life—maximum concentration of 0.02 mg NH./i; application factor of 0.05 (to be applied
to 96-hr LC5Q; for marine aquatic llfe—NHj hazard level: 0.4 mg/J. ; minimal risk of deleterious effects:
0.01 mg/t; aopHcation factor of 0.1 (to be applied to 96-hr LC5£)) (ref. 28).
ETA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.02 mg/t (as NHj) for freshwater aquatic life (ref. 33).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 1.8 x 104 ug/m3 (25 ppm) "- r~° """ - " lnn - 1cn -'-3
Water, Health: 5 x 500 • 2.5 x 103 ug/i.
Land. Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 103 • 5 gg/g
Air, Ecology: 4/24 x 2.100 - 350 ug/nr
Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 * 50 ug/i
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 50 « 0.1 u9/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC,
AMI
103 x 18/420 • 43 i,g/m3
AHla
25/420 • 0.06 ppm
15 x 43 • 645 ug/t
13'8 x 18 * 2SO "9/t
EPCWHS * 50° uq/rt
O.OOZ x 500 • 1 i.g/g
EPC
U)
EPC • 0.1 x 4/24 x 2.100 • 35 ug/nT
AE
- SO x 1 • 50 ug/l
EPCWES * 10 v^1
EPCL£ • 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g
E-364
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
47
AMMONIA
Air. MO/rn3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on B«t Technology
A. Editing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimaiet
(BiO Ooali)
II. Based on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Ba»d on
Health Effecti
1.8E4
(25)
2.5E3
5.0EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
3.5E2
5.0E1
l.OE-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect!
43
(0.06)
500
1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti
35
10
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
1.4-7 t
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air.MO/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, (ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jug/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
500
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti
10
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
43
(0.06)
1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
35
0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
Report for urban atmosphere
E-365
-------
CATEGORY; 47 WIN; ZQ
HYDRAZINE: N2H4 (Diamide). STRUCTURE:
Colorless, oily hygroscopic liquid, fuming in air',
penetrating odor resembling that of ammonia.
H2N NH2
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 32.06; mp: 1.4;bp: 113.5; d: 1.008 g/cm3 at 20";
vap. d: 1.11; vap. press: 14.4 mm at 25°; pK^ « 5.52; mlscible
with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Hydrazlne is considered a hazardous chemical due to its Instability toward heat or oxidizing agents. It
is strongly basic (ref. 41). Hydrazlne has been identified in the gas phase of tobacco (ref. 59). The
median detectable concentration (Irritation and/or odor) is 3 to 4 ppm for less than 1 minute (ref. 41).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Hydrazlne Is a powerful irritant and very toxic by Ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption (ref. 41).
Absorption appears to be rapid and excretion or detoxication is slow (ref. 41).
It is considered to be a cumulative poison (ref. 47). Inhalation of high concentrations of hydrazine has
resulted In damage to lungs, liver, and kidneys In experimental animals (refs. 4, 41); chronic exposure
resulted 1n bone marrow depression, fatty livers, and an abnormal incidence of tumors (refs. 4, 2).
LDjg (oral, rat): 60 mg/kg.
LC,jg (Inhalation, rat): 570 ppm for 4 hours.
Hydrazlne is reported to cause tumors in mice (refs. 4, 44) and in rats (ref. 44). The EPA/NIOSH ordering
number is 4224. The lowest dosage resulting in a carcinogenic response Is 400 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering
number is 10.6.
Derivatives of hydrazine are reported to cause tumors in experimental animals (ref. 2) and have caused
chromosome aberrations In mammalian cells (ref. 42).
Aquatic toxicity: Hydrazlne Is reported to be harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations (ref. 116).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOBMITION. CANDIDATE 8TATU« FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 1.3 mg/m3 (1 ppm).
Intended change—TLV: 0.15 mg/m (0.1 ppm) (ACGIH recognizes hydrazine as an industrial substance suspect
of carcinogenic potential for man).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 150 ug/m3 (0.1 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 150 - 2.25 x 103 ug/t Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.25 x 103 - 4.5 ug/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION*:
ri'CAH) - I03 x 1.3/470 - 3.1 uq/m3
EPCAH)a - 1/420 - 0.002 ppm
15 x 3.1 • 46.5 |.g/t
13'8 x 1-3 " 18
EPCLH » 0.002 x 18 « 0.04 ug/g
EPCAC, - 103 x 0. 15/420 • 0.36 ug/m3
EPC,r? • 103/(6 < 10.6MS.7
« 15 x 0.36 • 5.4 uQ/»
tPCj_c * 0.002 x 5.4 • 0.01 ug/g
E-366
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
47
HYDRAZINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pn/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/o,
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. E xiiting S
-------
CATEGORY: «'
HYDROGEN CYANIDE: HCN (hydrocyanic acid).
Colorless liquid with characteristic odor.
WIN:
STRUCTURE:
HCN
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 27.03; mp: -13.4; bp: 25.7; vap. d: 0.94;
vap. press: 807.23 ran at 27.22° C; misclble with water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS.
Hydrogen cyanide Is one of the commonly occurring forms of cyanide. The odor recognition level of HCN
is 2 to 5 ppm (ref. 35).
In water, a significant fraction of the cyanide exists as HCN up to about pH8; the fraction increases
as the pH decreases.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Cyanide inhibits oxygen metabolism (ref. 33) and is absorbed very rapidly by inhalation; the liquid
and the vapor are absorbed through Intact skin (ref. 35). At 0.3 mg/f., HCN is immediately fatal to man;
0.02 to 0.04 mg/t produces symptoms after several hours (ref. 35). There are reports of chronic as well
as acute poisoning by HCN (ref. 4).
LOLQ (Inhalation, rat): 0.IZ mg/t (ref. 35).
LDyj (Inhalation, dog): 0.0/-0.04 mq/i (raf. 35).
Hydrogen cyanide produced injury to orange trees at 1,100 ppm for 40 minutes (ref. 123). This
is equivalent to 1,212 mg/m .
Aquatic toxicity: Cyanide is much more toxic to fish than to man (ref. 28). It Is probably the most
toxic form of cyanide in water (ref. 33). Cyanide Is lethal to brook trout, Salvelinus fontlnalis. at
50 ug/i; at 10 ug/t, swimming ability is affected (ref. 33).
flJGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: IT mg/m3 (10 ppm)
Regulations and criteria pertinent to cyanide follow:
Cyanide appears on EPA's Consent Decree List, Priority 3. It has been designated for Toxic Pollutant
Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulation: Levels for Source Rejection—0.2 mg/i; Levels
for Alternate Source Select1on--0.l mg/r. cyanide (ref. 66).
HAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: for public water supply sources-0.2 mg/t cyanide; for fresh-
water aquatic life—maximum concentration of 0.005 mg/t. as CN-; application factor of 0.05 (to be applied
to 96-hour LCrg); for marine aquatic life—hazard level: 0.01 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects:
0.005; application factor of 0.1 (to he applied to 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. ?8).
EPA 1976 Water Quality CrUorla (proposed): 5.0 i.i)/». for frrshwater and marine aquatic life and wild-
life
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
47
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Air, itg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, jig/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Beit Technology
A. (: xitting Standmilt
NSI-S. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
tnoiniierinu. Eitlmnlvt
(R&D Goalt)
II. Based on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baudot!
1 lonlth Effect.
1.1E4
5.0E2
l.OEO
Bimdon
Ecotoajcai
EHucn
3.4E4
2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambimt Level Goal*
fined on
Heclih Efftcti
26
(0.024)
100
0.2
B Mid on
Ecologicil
EffMh
3,400
5
0.01
C. Elimination off
Ditch aroi
N«tur«l BKkqrolHMt'
*To ba multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, M9/rn
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, po/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Brad on
Health Effects
100
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
26
(0.024)
0.2
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
3,400
0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-369
-------
CATEGORY: 47 WIN: NC HO/2; NC NA; KA CN
AU3U.I CffeHlOEO. AVCH-: ('.odium cyanide, potassium cyanide) STRUCTURE:
White deliquescent oowder, odor of bitter almonds.
LN~
NaCN
PROPERTIES: KCN
MaCN—Molecular wt: 49.02; mp: 563.7; bp: 1,496;
vap. press: 1 mm (817° C); ,,
KCN--Molecular wt: 65.11; tup: 634.5; d: 1.52°;
soluble In water.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cyanides occur In nature bound In the form of glycosldes (I.e., amygdalin) In certain plants and
seeds (ref. 24). The odor of alkali cyanides 1s due to the formation of HCN by the hydrolysis of the
cyanide ion In water absorbed from air.
The alkali cyanldns are readily soluble In water. When the simple salts dissociate in water, the
CN- Ion combines with the hydrogen Inn to form hydrocyanic acid, HCN, or with heavy metals to form
metallocyanlde complexes (ref. 33). Physical and chemical conditions will determine the forms of
cyanide eventually resulting from solutions of the Alkali cyanide.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The alkali cyanides are acutely toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, and Ingestion. They are among
the most rapidly acting of all poisons (ref. 35). Cyanide toxicity is essentially an Inhibition of
oxygen metabolism (ref. 33). If chronic poisoning does occur, it Is rare (ref. 35). Human Ingestion of
up to nearly 5 rig/day over a long term did not result in harmful effects (ref. 33). Alkali cyanides are
more irritating than HCN as a result of the alkalinity (ref. 4). Ingestion of 2,857 wg/kg as NaCN has
resulted in human death (ref. 2).
LDSQ (oral, rat): 6,440 gg/kg. (for NaCN) , 10 mg/kg (for KCN).
Aquatic toxicity: Free cyanide concentrations from 0.05 to 0.01 mg/i as CN have proved fatal to many
sensitive fishes; the effective toxicant Is generally HCN (ref. 28).
See also Hydrogen Cyanide.
REGULATORY ACTION! STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REOULATION:
TLV: "i imj/m3 (sklri)
r.yanldei appear on EPA".. Consent Decree List. Priority 3. Cyanides are desinnated to be addressed
by Toxk Pollutant Effluents Standards (ref. 10).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations: Levels for Source Rejection— 0.2 mg/».; Levels for
Alternate Source Selection— 0.1 mg/i cyanide (ref. 66). ...*,,..
NAS/NAE 1972 Mater Quality Criteria: for public water supply sources— 0.2 mg/t cyanide; for freshwater
aquatic life-maximum concentration of 0.005 mg/«. as CN-; application factor of 0.05 (to be applied to 96-hour
LC5Q); for marine aquatic life— hazard level: 0.01 irxj/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects: 0.005;
application factor of 0.1 (to be applied to 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. 28).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): 5.0 yg/i for freshwater and marine aquatic life and wildlife
(ref. 33).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS AS CN=
Air, Health: 5 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Hater. Health: 5 x 100 • 500 i.g/i Hater. Ecology: 5 x 5 - 25 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.00? x 500 • 1 pq/«l Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 25 - 0.05
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS AS CN:
EPCAH) - 103 x 5/420 • 12 ug/m3
EPC^,,, - 15 x 12 • 180 u
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
47
ALKALI CYANIDES
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, >ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Exiuinti Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing TeChnofaxiy
Enginimring Eitlmatm
(R&D Ooili)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bund on
Health Etfucti
5.0E3
5.0E2
l.OEO
Baud on
Ecological
Effaca
2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambient Le«l Goal*
Bned on
Hgalth Effects
12
TOO
O.H
Baud on
Ecological
Erfecti
0.01
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To b» multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, >/9/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, Mt/fl
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
100
B; Baaadon
Ecological Effect!
5
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effects
12
0.2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Band on Health Effects
E-371
-------
CATEGORY: 48
PHOSPHORUS: P (white, yellow, red, violet, or black
pnosphorir, >.
A nonnetalllc element; white, yellow, reddish brown,
violet, yellow, or black amorphous powder or rhombic or
monoclinic crystals.
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 15; group 5a; atomic wt: 30.975; valency: +3,
+5, -3;
White or yellow—molecular wt: 123.92; mp: 44; bp: 280; d: 1.82;
insoluble; vap. d: 4.42; vap. press: 1 mn at 76.6°;
): 590: bp: 280:d: 2.2:insoluble; vac. D: 4.77.
NCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
WLN: p
STRUCTURE:
4
+3
-3
See Phosphate, Phosphorus compounds.
Phosphorus Is the second member of the nitrogen group. Elemental phosphorus forms numerous allotroplc
forms Including white or yellow, red, and black phosphorus. White phosphorus 1s the most highly reactive
and most toxic allotrope. Elemental phosphorus exists as P4 rather than as atomic phosphorus. Red
phosphorus Is formed by heating white phosphorus to 240°C. Red phosphorus reacts slowly 1n water to form
phosphate. Yellow phosphorus has a distinct odor (ref. 117).
Phosphorus often exists as a covalently bonded compound and 1t forms binary saltllke phosphides.
Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 0.12 percent {ref. 24). Phosphorus generally as phosphate occurs
In all fertile soil. It Is an essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones (ref. 24).
In surface waters of the United States the average concentration of phosphorus (Including elemental
and combined species) 1s reported as 0.087 ug/f., with a range of 0.001-5 ug/i (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Red phosphorous is relatively harmless unless white phosphorus is present as an Impurity.
Yellow or white phosphorus is one of the most highly toxic inorganic substances (ref. 4).
Chronic effects in man include liver Injury, necrosis of jaw bone, anemia, brittle bones, and tooth and
eye damage (ref. 9). The lowest lethal dose reported for a human Is 1.4 mg/kg administered orally (ref. 2).
Phosphorus may be absorbed through the skin, as well as by ingestfon or through the respiratory tract
(ref. 117).
LD50 (skin, rat): 100 mg/kg.
Aquatic toxldty: Elemental phosphorus Is highly toxic and bioaccumulates In aquatic organisms; a
concentration factor as high as 25,000 has been reported with the largest concentration found 1n liver
(ref. 28). LC5Q (48 hr) • 0.0105 pom for lepomis macrochlrus (blueglll) (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
TLV (yellow or white phosphorus): 0.1 mg/m .
EPC 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.10 ug/i yellow (elemental) phosphorus for marine or
t--tuar1ne waters (ref. 33).
NA5/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life and wildlife elemental phosphorus:
hazard level—1 ug/l; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hour LC5Q).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
_3
Air, Health: 100
Water. Health: 15 x 100 « 1.5 x 104 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 • 30 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 0.1 * 0.5
-3
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 0.5 » 1 x 10 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH] • 103 x 0.1/420 • 0.24 ug/m3
tPCWH1 - 15 x 0.24 - 3.6 i,g/«.
EPC^ • 13.8 x 0.1 • 1.4 uq/l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 - 0.003 ug/g
EPC
EPC
WES
IE*
• 50 x 0.0105 - 0.5 ug/i
• 0.10 ug/z
0.002 x 0.1 - 0.0002 ug/g
E-372
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XX
48
ELEMENTAL PHOSPHORUS
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, »ig/l
(ppm Wtl
Land, *ig/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Deraloping Tachnoloiry
Engineering Eitimatai
IRUDGolM
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
BeMd on
Health ffl.cn
1.0E2
1.5E4
3.0E1
Baud on
Ecological
Effect*
5 E-l
1 E-3
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Baled on
He.llh Effect!
0.24
1.4
0.003
Bated on
Ecological
Effect.
0.1
0.0002
C. Elimination of
Ditch arp
Nature! Background*
0.087t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, iig/y
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Buedon
Health Effects
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
0.10
II. Toxicity Baled Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. BaMdon
Heal* Effects
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.0002
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
tConcentration reflects both elemental and combined species.
E-373
-------
CATEGORY: 48 WLN;
PHOSPHATE: PO/3. 8TBUCTUBE:
The anlon of phosphoric acid. PC."3
4
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 94.97; soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Phosphate occurs as a salt of phosphoric acid. It may exist as tertiary (M3P04); monohydrlc (M,,HP04);
or dlhydHc (MHjPO^) where H Is a monovalent metal Ion.
These salts are generally Mater soluble.
Background levels for total phosphorus Including phosphate are reported below 100 ug/t for rivers and
below 50 ug/t where streams enter lakes and reservoirs (ref. 69). Concentration 1n relatively uncon-
tamlnated lakes 1s usually 10 to 30 ug/t total phosphorus (ref. 28). High phosphorus content Is an Impor-
tant factor In eutrophlcation. Nuisance algae blooms have resulted from 0.3 g/m /yr for a lake with a
mean depth of 20 meters (ref. 28). The nitrogen/phosphorus ratio for natural waters 1s generally 10:1.
Total phosphate concentrations exceeding 100 ug/t can Interfere with the coagulation process In water-
treatment plants (ref. 33).
TOXIC PROPERTIES, HEALTH EFFECTS;
Phosphate 1s not directly toxic to man or to aquatic organisms. It Is a major algae nutrient and may
affect aquatic life Indirectly by contributing to the rate of eutrophlcation of lakes and reservoirs
(ref. 28).
BEOUtATOHY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
A total phosphorus criterion to control nuisance aquatic growths 1s currently evolving but 1s not
yet presented (ref. 33).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: Air. Ecology:
Water, Health: Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
E-374
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
48
PHOSPHATE
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, tig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land. M9/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Batnd on Beit Technology
A. f KUtlna SlemUnlt
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Devalonlnii Technology
Engineering Eittmatei
(HUD Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
ToMidty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
Bnedon
Ecological
Efieeti
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bisedon
Health Effects
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
100 t
< 50 |
10-30 f
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
o
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. pg/|
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Baied on
Health Effect!
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t For rivers
t Where streams enter lakes and reservoirs
t Total phosphorus for lakes
E-375
-------
CATEGORY: 48 WLN: H3 P
PHOSPHINE: PH3 (hydrogen phosphide). STRUCTURE:
A colorless gas, odor of decaying fish.
H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular Ht: 34.04; mp: -133; bp: -87.5; d: 1.529 g/i at
oa C; vap. press: 20 atm at -3° C; slightly soluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Phosphlne Is formed by the alkaline hydrolysis of phosphorus.
The odor threshold Is reported to be 0.021 ppm (ref. 29).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Phosphlne Is a very toxic gas. Acute poisoning 1s characterized by depression of the central nervous
system and lung irritation. Chronic poisoning may result from continued exposure to very low concentrations
(refs. 4. 9). The lowest reported concentration causing death for a person Is 1,000 ppm; duration of the
exposure Is not specified. Inhalation of 8 ppm for 1 hour caused pulmonary effects 1n a human (ref. 2).
LO (Inhalation, rat): 11 ppm for 4 hr.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV * 0.4 mg/m (0.3 ppm) (this TLV does not take Into consideration the possibility of chronic phos-
phorus poisoning from phosphlne [ref. 4]).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 400 wg/«i3 (0.3 ppm) Air. Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 400 * 6 x 103 i,g/». Water, Ecology:
land. Health: Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " ]°3 * °-4/420 ' °-95
EPCAHla " °-3/420 " 0-°°07 PP
EPC,^ • 15 x 0.95 • 14 wg/l
EPCHH2 " 13'8 * °'4 " 5
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
48
PHOSPHINE
Air, jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, MS/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Sundardt
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettimatat
(RoVD Goali)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
B tied on
Health Erfmn
4.0E2
6.0E3
Baled on
Ecological
Effect.
B. Ambient Level God*
Beted on
Heelth Effecn
0.95
(0.0007)
5.5
Bated on
Ecologleai
Effect*
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background-
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mj/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/|
(ppm Wt)
Land, (jg/n
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effect!
B. Based on
Ecological Effect.
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Heelth Erfacti
0.95
(0.0007)
5.5
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effectt
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Bated on Health Effects
E-377
-------
WLN: AS
STRUCTURE:
As
-3
+5
4
+3
CATEGORY: 49
ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS (AS ARSENIC): As (metallic
arsenic, gray or black arsenic, yellow arsenic). Gray,
brittle metal I hexagonal-rhombic crystals or yellow cubic
crystals (As4). As
PROPERTIES: As
Atomic number: 33; group: 5a; atonic wt: 74.92; mol. wt: 299.64;
sublimes at 613° C; d: 5.729 at 14° C; vap. press: 1 mm at 372° C;
valency: -3, +3, +5; Insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Arsenic occurs widely In nature as the sulflde, arsenide and sulf arsenides of heavy metals. The
compounds formed are analogous to those of phosphorous. Yellow arsenic, the nonmetalUc form, As^ 1s
formed at 500* C by rapid condensation of arsenic vapor. It 1s photosensitive and changes to gray
arsenic on exposure to light. Arsenic forms three series of compounds: -3: arsenides (MjAs where M
Is a tnonovalent metal); +3: arsenous; +5: arsenic. Arsenic acid (HAsO^ • 1/2H,,0) is water soluble
See also Arsenic THoxIde and
3
(ref. 1). The natural
An arsenate fs a salt of arsenic add and contains the radical AsO^
Arslne.
Rural background concentration of arsenic In air 1s reported as 0.05 ng/m
concentration of arsenic 1n seawater 1s 2.6 wg/t (ref. 28).
Background levels In freshwater as Indicated from hydrologlc benchmark samples 1s 0-20 ug/i (refs. 28, 69).
Arsenic content 1n U.S. drinking water supplies ranges from a trace to 0.1 mg/t (ref. 28).
The total dally Intake of arsenic from food averages 900 ug for adults (ref. 28).
A range of 0.2-80 kg/ha of As exists In soils with a typical level around 12 kg/ha (ref. 118).
Occurrence of arsenic 1n the earth's crust 1s 0.0005 percent (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
The toxlclty of arsenic 1s believed to be related to Its valence state, the trlvalent species being
the most toxic. Compounds of arsenic may be absorbed by inhalation, Ingestlon, and through the skin
(ref. 117). Excretion Is slow, requiring up to 10 days after acute absorption and sometimes more than
a year after prolonged absorption (ref. 117). Arsenic 1s a cumulative poison producing long-term chronic
effects In mammals. Industrial poisoning due to arsenic has caused dermatitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis,
and perforation of the nasal septum (ref. 4).
LDL(J (Intramuscular, rat): 25 rag/kg.
The amounts of As (primarily In Its arsenate form) producing toxlclty 1n sensitive plants vary from
110-340 kg/ha for sandy to clayey soils respectively (ref. 23). A concentration of 0.5 mg/i 1n nutrient
solutions is toxic to pineapple, and orange seedlings, and reduces tomato yields by 80 percent (ref. 33).
Arsenic concentrations of 1.1 to 2.2 mg/t are toxic to pike perch (Stlzostedlon vitreum) in 2 days (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 0.5 mg/m (for arsenic and compounds [as metal]).
Intended change—TLV: 0.25 mg/m (for inorganic compounds, as As).
Inorganic arsenic 1s the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. NIOSH recommends that no worker be
exposed to > 0.002 mg/m . Compliance with all sections of the recommended standard will prevent
noncarclnogenlc adverse effects from arsenic (ref. 119).
Arsenic 1s under study for National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (ref. 16). It
is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It appears on the EPA
Consent Decree Priority I List.
FDA lists permissible levels of arsenic In food as follows—muscle meats: 0.5 ppm; edible meat by-
products: 1.0 ppm; eggs: 0.5 ppm (ref. 28).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (health)--SO ug/t; for Irrigation
of crops—100 ug/t (ref. 33).
NAS/KAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sources—0.1 mg/i; for marine aquatic Hfe:
hazard level—0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be
applied to 96-hour LCcn); for 11vestock--0.2 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t (for continuous use on all
soils) (ref. 28). 50
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: r ng/m3
Water, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 - 0.5 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
_3
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 • 50 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g
EPC,
AH1
FPC
HH1
EPCWES
EPCLH '
• 2/420 -0.005 ug/mj
« 15 x 0.005 • 0.75 ug/t
- 13.8 x 0.002 • 0.03 ug/t
« 50 ug/t
0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g
EPCWES
EPC,
IE
* 10 ug/t
0.002 x 10
0.02 ug/g
E-378
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
49
ARSENIC
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/tfp
(ppm Vol)
Water, »gl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1 . Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
•
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goalil
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effecn
2.0EO
2.50E2
5.0E-1
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
5.0E1
l.OE-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effeen
0.005
50
0.1
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
10
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.00005
0-20,
2.6 t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MB/m3
(ppm Vol)
Watar, fig/1
{ppm Wt)
Land, ug/g
(ppmWt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Heal* Effect*
50
B. Based on
Ecological Effect*
10
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effect*
0.005
0.1
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effect!
t For seawater
E-379
-------
CATEGORY: 49 WIN: AS H3
ARSINE: AsH3 (arsenic hydride, hydrogen arsenide, arsenous STRUCTURE:
hydride, arseniuretted hydrogen). ^
A colorless gas, garlic odor. |
H - As - H
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 77.92; mp: -116.3; bp: -55; d: 2.695 (gas),
1.689 at 84.9 (liquid); vap. d: 2.66; solubility: 20 mt per
100 ml H20.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Arslne may be formed by the reduction of arsenic compounds In acid by active metals such as zinc or magnesium.
Odor recognition level for arslne Is 1.84 mg/m (ref. 3). This Is equivalent to approximately 0.6 ppm.
Arslne decomposes when heated to 300°, depositing arsenic. On exposure to light, moist arslne
decomposes quickly, depositing arsenic.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Arslne Is extremely toxic; 3 to 10 ppm can cause poisoning symptoms 1n a few hours. A number of cases
of chronic poisoning are also reported. Arslne poisoning 1s characterized by anemia resulting from hemolysls
(refs. 4, 9). A concentration of 3 ppm has caused red blood cell effects In a human; 25 ppm for 30 minutes
has caused death (ref. 2).
Arslne is a recognized carcinogen (ref. 9).
See Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV « 0.2 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm).
1975 NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to Inorganic arsenic. Including arslne, as
As: 2 ug/m3 (ref. 119).
Arsenic 1s under study for National Emissions Standards for Hazardous A1r Pollutants (ref. 16). It is
a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It appears on the EPA Consent
Decree Priority I List.
Criteria for arsenic iij water are as follows:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (health)—50 vg/t; for
irrigation of crops—100 ;.g/i (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sources~0.1 mg/l; for marine aquatic life:
hazards level—0.05 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/i; application factor—0.01 (to be
applied to 9»i-hour UCen)'« for 11vestock--0.2 mg/t; for 1rr1gat1on--0.lO mg/«. (for continuous use on all
wils) (r«sf. 28). 50
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: (as As)
Air, Health: ? »g/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: •> x 50 • 250 »g/f Water. Ecology: 5 x 10 » 50 vg/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 • 0.5 »q/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 50 » 0.1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: (as As)
EPCAH1 > 2/420 ' 0.005 ug/mj
EPCWH1 * 15 * 0-°°5 * 0'08 "9/t
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * Ol002 * °-03 "9/t
£PCWHS " 50 "9/t EPCWES * 10 W9/1
• 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 i,g/g EPCL£ « 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g
E-380
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
49
ARSINE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, fig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bawd on Bint Technology
A. Exlitlni Sundirdi
NSPS. BPT, BAT
U. ruvtioping Tonhnolofly
Engineering Eitlmetei
(R&D Go.UI
II. Bnad on Ambient Faeton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicltv EffliMnl
BtMd on
HMlth EHecli
2.0EO
2.50E2
5.0E-1
BiHdon
Ecologlcil
EflKtl
5.0E1
l.OE-1
B. Ambient L«»l Ooil*
BMdon
Hiiltfi EKKti
0.005
50
0.1
Biudon
Ecolotlttl
EtfK«
10
0.02
C. EHmlnition of
DlKhargi
Ntiuril BKkground*
•To to multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. pa/in3
(ppm Vol)
Water. MB/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Propotad Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effect!
50
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
10
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Hulth Effect!
0.005
0.1
B. Bas«d on
Ecologies Efftcti
0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bend on Health Effects
E-381
-------
CATEOORY: 49 WIN: AS2.03
AHSENIC TRIOXIDE: A^O, (irsisnlc (III) oxide, arsenic STRUCTURE:
•. Pb, 1.9 X S' and traces of water (fef- *)•
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Arsenic trioxlde has been shown to be acutely toxic to animals and humans. Occupational exposures have
resulted in contact dermatitis and sensltizatlon, conjunctivitis, and ulceratlon and perforation of the
nasal system (ref. 4).
LD50 (oral, rat): 20 rag/kg.
Inhalation of 700 ug/nr for 1 year 1s reported to have caused a carcinogenic response 1n humans. The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number for As203 1s 7121. It Is not possible to determine the dosage effecting the
carcinogenic response; hence it is not possible to calculate an adjusted ordering number. Arsenic trioxlde
fed to mice did not produce tumors (ref. 91). The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded
that the role of arsenic 1s uncertain In the Increased lung cancer risk among smelter workers (ref. 91).
Aquatic toxlcity: TUn 96: 10-1 ppra.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (production, as As) • 0.05 mg/in (arsenic trioxlde production Is recognized by AC6IH to have
carcinogenic or cocarclnoqenic potential).
1975 NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to Inorganic arsenic, Including arsenic trioxidr,
as As: 2 ug/m3 (ref. 119).
Arsenic Is under study for National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (ref. 16). It
is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It appears on the EPA
Consent Decree Priority 1 List.
Criteria for arsenic In water are as follows:
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (health)—50 yg/i; for Irrigation
of crops—100 v.g/1 (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sources--0.1 mg/i; for marine
aquatic life: hazard level--0.05 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.01 mg/fc; application
factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hour LCSO); for livestock—0.2 mg/i; for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t (for
continuous use on all soils) (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS: (as As)
Air, Health: 2 ug/m Air, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 ug/t Water, Ecology: 5 x 10 » 50 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 * O.S ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS: (as As)
EPCAH1 • 2/420 -0.005 ug/m3
rf>CWHl ' 15 x °-OOS " "-08 u<)/t EPCWE1 " 50 x ' " 50 "9/t
EPCWH2 " 13'8 * °-002 " °'03 U9/1
EPCWHS " M "9/t EPCHES " 10 u9/t
CLH
•" i'jr — *•• "UtC " "»' **
EPC. „ • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/m3 EPCLE « 0.002 x 10 « 0.02 ug/g
E-382
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
49
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/in3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/9
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0EO
2.50E2
5.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E1
l.OE-1
8. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.005
50
0.1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecn
10
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, ijg/tn
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, >ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Hmltfi Effect!
50
B. Based on
Ecologkal Effecn
10
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.005
0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.02
lit. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-383
-------
CATEOOBY: SO WtN: SB
ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS (AS ANTIMONY): Sb (antimony STRUCTURE:
black, stlbluw). +3
Sb Sb. Sb
Rhonbohedral, blue-white, brittle, lustrous substance.
SbR3 Sb02" SbO
PROPERTIES: (R is tn alkyl group.)
Atomic number: 51; group 5a; atomic wt: 121.75;
mp: 630.5; bp: 1,380; d: 6.684 at 25"; vap. press: 1mm
at 886° C; valency: +3, +5; insoluble
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Antimony 1s a metal of the arsenic family. It forms compounds analogous to those of phosphorous and
• arsenic. Compounds derived from trivalent antimony are more common and Include antimonous or stibnous.
(Sb*3); stlblnes (SbR}, where R is an alkyl group); antinomies, (Sb02*); and antlmonyl, (SbO*). The most
Important antimony-containing mineral Is stlbnite, Sb2$3 (ref. 96).
A concentration of 7.4 ng/m has been reported In urban air (ref. 1). Natural concentration 1n
seawater is 0.45 ug/t (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Effects of intoxication may Include skin Irritation, Inflammation of mucous membranes, and nervous system
and gastrointestinal effects (ref. 9).
Chronic poisoning may result from inhalation of antimony or its compounds. The lowest toxic concentration
reported for human Is 4.700 ug/m3 for 20 weeks.
The relative order of toxlcity, Intraperltoneally. of antimony compounds beginning with the most toxic
Is: metallic antimony, antimony trisulflde, antimony pentasulflde, antimony trloxlde, and antimony
pentoxide (ref. 4).
LOM (oral, rat): 100 ng/kg for antimony.
Toxlcity to aquatic life: The 96-hr Lf5Q for fathead minnow 1s 80 ppm (antimony trloxlde) (ref. 28).
This Is equivalent to 67 ppm as Sb.
Antimony can be concentrated by various marine forms to over 300 times the amount present in seawater
(re'. 28). Concentrations as low as 1 mg/t. as Sb. have produced effects in fish (ref. 10).
BEBULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS- CRITERIA, RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE »TATU» TOR 8PEC|f 1C REGULATION;
TLV: 0.5 mg/m3 (for antimony and compounds [as Sb] except antimony trloxlde).
Antimony compounds are Included In the EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
Antimony 1s a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
NAS/NAE Hater Quality Criteria, 1972: For marine aquatic life—hazard level: 0.2 mg/i; application
factor: 0.02 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 500 pg/m3 (except SbgOj) Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 500 • 7.5 x 103 ug/i Hater. Ecology: 200 vg/l
Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 103 • 15 ug/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 200 • 0.4 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCtNTRATIONi:
EPCAH, • 103 x 0.5/420 • 1.2 pg/m3
EPC,^, - 15 x 1.2 • 18 pg/l EPC-E3 • 0.2 x 200 • 4
EPCKH2 " 13'8 x °'5 " 7 "'^
• 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 pg/g EPCL£ • 0.002 x 40 • 0.08
E-384
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
50
ANTIMONY
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E2
7.5E3
1.5E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.0E2
4.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
40
0.08
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.007 t
0.45 f
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/a
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
B. Baud on
Ecological Effects
40
0.08
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t Reported for urban air. No rural concentration is reported.
* For seawater
E-385
-------
CATEGORY: 50
ANTIMONY TR10XIDE: SbgQj {antlwonous oxide). STRUCTURE:
A colorless or white, cubic or rhombic, odorless. ^ g
tasteless powder.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 291.5; mp: 656; bp: 1550 (sublimes);
d: 5.2; slightly soluble; vap. press: 1 ran at 574" C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Antimony trloxlde 1s associated with participate matter 1n the atmosphere. Normal density for Sb203 is
5.5? g/cm3; floe density Is 0.63 g/cm3 (ref. 3).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Chronic dally Inhalation of high levels (45 mg/m ) by guinea pigs resulted 1n pneumonltls and liver
effects; occasional exposure to rats did not produce such effects.
Carcinogenic effects 1n test animals are not reported 1n the references cited for this report.
LD5Q (oral, rat): >20 g/kg (ref. 24).
Aquatic toxlclty: The acute dose 96-hour LC5Q 1s 80 ppm for fathead minnow. Plmephales promelas (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 0.5 mg/m3 (for handling and use. as Sb).
Antimony trloxlde production Is classified by ACGIH as suspect of carcinogenic potential for man. TLV:
0.05 mg/m (for antimony trloxlde production).
Antimony compounds are Included 1n the EPA Consent Decree Priority III List.
Antimony Is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972. for antimony: For marine aquatic life—hazard level: 0.2 mg/t;
application factor: 0.02 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC5Q) (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: SO ug/m3 Air. Ecology:
Water, Health: 15 x 50 • 750 ug/t Water. Ecology: 200 ug/t, as Sb
Land. Health: 0.002 x 750 • 1.5 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 200 « 0.4 ug/g, as Sb
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 • 103 x 0.5/420 "1.2 ug/m3. as Sb
EPCWH1 * 1S x '-2 ' 18 "9/1' as Sb EPCWE3 * °'2 x Z0° = 40 U9/1* as Sb
EPCWH2 " 13'8 x °'5 * 7 "9/t< *s Sb
EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 • 0.014 ug/g, as Sb EPCLE - 0.002 x 40 * 0.08 ug/g
EPCAC, « 50/420 • 0.1 ug/m3
• 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 ug/t
- 0.002 x 1.5 ' 0.003 ug/g
E-386
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
50
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Category
Air , j/g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exiiting Standard!
NSPS. DPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ettlmetei
m&O Goal!)
11. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxlcity Effluent
Bmiidon
Health Effect!
5.0E1
7.5E2
1.5EO
Bmdon
Ecolojlcal
Efftcn
2.0E2
4.0E-1
B. Ambient Ural Goal*
Blind on
Health EHMtt
0.1
1.5
0.003
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
40
0.08
C. Elimination of
Ditcher ge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air. ita/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Mfl/l
(pom Wt)
Land, cu/fl
(ppmWt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baxdon
Haalth Effwtt
B. Bawd on
Ecotoofed Effaetj
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Htalth EffKtt
1.2
7
0.014
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
40
0.08
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baled on Health Effect!
0.1
1.5
0.003
E-387
-------
CATEGORY: 51 WLN: BI
BISMUTH AND, BISMUTH COMPOUNDS (AS BISHUTH): 81. STRUCTURE:
A pink. t11v«ry, brittle metal of the arsenic group. g1 BJ»3 g1+5
810* M3B1 B1R3
[H is a monovalent metal; R 1s
PROPERTIES an a]ky, gn)up]
Atonic number: 83; group Sa, atomic wt: 208.98; mp: 271.3;
bp: 1,420-1,560; d: 9.8; valency: +3, +5; Insoluble;
diaraagnetlc; vap. press: 1 mm at 1,021° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Bismuth forms two series of compounds. Trlvalent compounds are: BIsmutMdes (M^BI), Blsmuthans (81 ),
Blsanithyl (BIO*), and Blsmuthlnes (B1R,). (N 1s a monovalent metal and R is an alkyl group.) Pentavalent
: ' ' ' +^i
compounds are called Blsmuthlc (BI ).
Rural background concentration In air 1s 0.0004 ug/m to 0.0030 ug/m (ref. 1). Natural concentration
In seawater Is 0.02 ug/t (ref. 28).
Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust 1s 0.2 ppra (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Bismuth Is considered as one of the less toxic of the heavy metals. However, It can cause kidney
damage and behaves similarly to lead In the body (ref. 9).
LDjQ for dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth (Intravenous, rat): 13 mg/kg; molecular wt, dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth:
302. (as BI): 209/302 x 13 « 9 mg/kg (based on LD5Q for dlhydroxypropoxy bismuth).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
A TLV has been specified for bismuth tellurlde, BIjTe^ * 10 mg/m ; the effects of exposure appear to be
mild and reversible (ref. 4).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 45 x 9 • 405 ug/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water. Health: 15 x 405 • 6.1 x 10 ug/t Hater, Ecology:
Land, Health: 0.002 x 6.1 x 103 • 12 ucj/g Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 9 • 1.0 ug/«3
EPCftH3 • 0.081 x 9 • 0.7 i,q/m3
FPCHH1 " 1S x °'7 " t0'5 "9/l
EPCWH2 " °'4 * 9 " 3'6 v
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XX
51
BISMUTH
Mr,ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land. ;jg/9
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
I. Based on Beit Technology
A. Exiiting Standardi
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Enginxring Eitimatn
IR&D Goals)
II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acutt
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.1E2
6.1E3
1.2E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effecb
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Bated on
HeaMl Effecti
0.7
3.6
0.007
Bated on
Ecological
Effecti
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
0.0004-
0.003
0.02t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.tig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, >ig/l
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effect!
0.7
3.6
0.007
B. Based on
Ecological Effecti
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
For seawater
E-389
-------
CATEGORY: 52 WLNi 000
OZONE: °3 (triatomlc oxyqen). STRUCTURE:
A faint blue gat, characteristic, pungent odor.
n
/\
o o
PjROPERTJEf:
Molecular wt: 40.0; mp: 193. l>|i: -II 1.9;
gas d: 2.144
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
52
OZONE
Air, /*g/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, Mfl/l
(ppm Wt)
Lend, M9/9
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimate!
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baied on
Health Effects
2.0E2
(0.1)
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal'
Based on
Health Effects
160
(0.08)
Based on
Ecological
Effects
160
(0.08)
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
20 - 40
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,
-------
CATEGORY: 53 WIN: SCO
CARBONYL SULFIDE: COS (Carbon oxysulfide). STRUCTURE:
A colorless gas. S - C - 0
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 60.07; mp: -138; bp: -50.2; d: (11q) 1.Z4 at
-87° C; (gas) 1.073; yap. d: 2.1; solubility: 54 mis per 100 mis
at 20° C; vap. press: 760 mm at -49.9° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Carbonyl sulflde liberates H^S upon decomposition/reduction.
Although slightly soluble In water, carbonyl sulflde 1s an air contaminant rather than a water problem.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Carbonyl sulflde may be narcotic In high concentration. It Is only a slight Irritant to the lungs and
acts principally upon the central nervous system (ref. 117).
LCj_0 (Inhalation, mouse): 2,900 pom for 24 hrs. This 1s equivalent to 7,102 mg/m3. Assuming absorption
of the total amount of contaminant In the breathing volume, this concentration over 24 hours corresponds to
a dosage of 9.828 rag/kg. (The weight of the mouse 1s estimated as 25 g and tidal breathing rate as 0.024 i/mln
(refs. 2,3). Derived LDLo: 9,828 mg/kg.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION;
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 45 x 9,828 • 4.4 x 105 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: Water, Ecology:
Land, Health: Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS!
EPCAH2 • 0.107 x 9,828 - 1,050 ug/m3
EPCAH3 - 0.081 x 9,828 • 800 ug/m3
E-392
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
53
CARBONYL SULFIDE
Air, iigfm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, MB/I
(ppmWt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
t. Baied on Best Technology
A. Existing Sundardi
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Bawd on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxiatv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
4.4E5
Based on
Ecological
Effects
B. Ambient Level Goal-
Based on
Health Effects
800
Based on
Ecological
Effects
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, MO/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, ity/t
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Band on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
800
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-393
-------
CATEGORY: 53 WLN: H2 S
HYDROGEN SULF1DE: HjS (sulfur hydHde, hydrosulfurlc STRUCTURE:
add). ' HS
Colorless, poisonous, flammable gas with odor of
rotten eggs.
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 34.08; mp: -85.5; bp: -60.4;
d: 1.539; vap. press: 20 atmos. at 25.5° C;
vap. d: 1.189; very soluble: 4,000 mg/i at 20° C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Hydrogen sulflde 1s a significant pollutant In both air and water. The odor recognition level for hydrogen
sulflde gas 1s reported as low as 0.0015 mg/m (ref. 3); the perception level Is 0.002 mg/i (ref. 24). In
water, soluble sulfldes react to form HS" or HgS. The equilibrium between HS' and H2S 1s affected by the
pH of the water, formation of HgS being favored by low pH.
Hydrogen sulflde may be generated by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in water (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS;
Exposure to high concentrations (500-1,000 ppm) of H^S may result in systemic poisoning (ref. 4). The
primary effect resulting from exposure to low concentrations (< 20 ppm) 1s to the eyes (conjunctivitis). The
biological half-life of hydrogen sulflde is reported as < 20 m1n (ref. 22).
Death of a human resulted from inhalation of 600 ppm for 30 minutes (ref. 2).
U>50 (Inhalation, rats): 713 ppm (1 hr).
Exposure to H^S Is reported to cause marking of leaves of plants, particularly young plants; 150,000 ug/m
for 4 hours caused 100 percent marking of leaf area of lamb's quarters (Chenopodiuin murale) (ref. 3). Molecular
HgS is highly toxic to fishes. Effects to bluegill are reported from concentrations of 0.001 mg/i (ref. 121).
Both acute and chronic effects from exposure have been noted 1n various species (refs. 28, 121). At levels
of 0.02-0.7 ng/t, walleye (Stlzostedion vltreum) eggs did not hatch (ref. 33). 96-hour LC50 for northern pike
(Esox lucius): 17-32 ug/t (ref. 33).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV > 15 mg/m (10 ppm) (this level 1s specified to prevent eye Injury; odor threshold is much higher).
EPA, 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 2 ug/t as undlssodated HgS for fish and other aquatic life,
fresh and marine water (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria for sulflde: For freshwater aquatic life—0.002 mg/i; for marine
aquatic life—hazard level: 0.01 mg/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects: 0.005 rag/t; application factor:
0.1 (to be applied to the 96-hour LC.n (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 1.5 x 104 ug/m3 (10 ppm) Air, Ecology:
Hater. Health: 15 x 1.5 x 103 • 2.25 x 104 u
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
53
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, po/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimatei
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health EffecO
1.5E4
(10)
2.3E4
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
36
(0.024)
207
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
2
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, *ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Beted on
Ecological Effeco
2
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effects
36
(0.024)
207
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
E-395
-------
CATEGORY: 53
CARBON 01SULF1DE: CS2 (carbon bisulfide).
Clear, colorless liquid; characteristic odor.
WLN: SCS
STRUCTURE:
cs,
PROPERTIES;
Molecular wt: 76.13; mp: -110.8; bp: 46.5;
d: 1.261; vap. press: 400 ran at 28° C; vap. d: 2.64;
water solubility: 0.22 g at 25°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Although carbon dlsulflde 1s a liquid at standard conditions. 1t has a very high vapor pressure. I'
Is significant primarily as an air contaminant. The odor recognition level of CSg Is 0.05 to 2.6 mg/m'
(refs. 3, 29). Upon decomposition In air. carbon dlsulflde emits S02 and SOj.
Carbon dlsulflde undergoes hydrolysis to hydrogen sulflde when treated with water or alkali at 400°
to 500" C. With sulflde Ion. CS? may form thlocarbonates. CS3*2.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Carbon dlsulflde may be absorbed through skin as well as through the lungs. Both acute and chronic
exposures damage the central nervous system. Repeated exposure to levels of 40 to 50 ppm have been
associated with headache, fatigue. Irritability. Insomnia, and other symptoms (ref. 4).
Ingestlon of 14 mg/kg resulted 1n the death of a human; 4,000 ppra for 30 minutes also caused a death.
Central nervous system effects resulted from a concentration of 50 rng/m for 7 years (ref. 2).
The biological half-life for carbon dlsulflde Is reported as 0.036 days and for Its metabolite, 0.058
days (ref. 20).
to.. (IntrapeHtoneal, rat): 400 mg/kg
See also Hydrogen Sulflde.
Aquatic toxlclty: Tim 96: 1,000-100 ppra.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REQULATION:
TLV (skin) • 60 mg/m (20 ppm) (the TLV Is established to prevent systemic effects; the odor recognition
level Is much higher).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health:
Water. Health:
Land, Health:
6.0 x 10* ug/m3 (20 ppm)
15 x 6.0 x 10* « 9 x 105
A1r. Ecology:
Water, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
100 x 100 - 1.0 x 10H ug/t
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH] • 103 x 60/420 • 143 ug/m3
£PCAHla • 20/420 • 0.05 ppm
EPCy^ • IS x 143 • 2.150 ug/t
EPCWH2 ' 13'8 * 60 " 83° u'/l
EPC
HE1
• 50 x 100 • 5.000 ug/l
E-396
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
53
CARBON DISULFIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bait Technology
A. Exilting Sundardl
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatei
(R&D Goal.)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicjty Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
6.0E4
(20)
9.0E5
Baaed on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E4
B. Ambient Lew) Goal-
Bated on
Health Effect!
143
(0.05)
830
Baled on
Ecological
Effect!
5,000
C. Elimination of
DiKharge
Natural Background*
•To b« multiplied by dilution factor
Air, M9/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Ba»d on
Health Effects
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Band on
Health Effect!
143
(0.05)
830
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
5,000
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baled on Health Effects
E-397
-------
CATEGORY: 54 WLN: SE
SELENIUM AND SELENIUM COMPOUNDS (AS SELENIUM): Se. STRUCTURE:
Steel-gray, nonmetallic element; amorphous, or crystalline. $e Se+4
Se
-2
Se
PROPERTIES:
Atomic no:
Gray
Amorphous
Crystalline
34; group 6; atomic wt:
flip d bp
217 4.81 688
4.28
• ;-no 4.«6
78.96; valency: 2, 4,
solubility
insol
reacts with water
6.
vap. press
1 mm at 356°C
NATURAL OCCURBEUCE CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS
Selenium Is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur in its various forms and In its compounds.
Urban concentration of selenium In air 1s reported as 4.4 ng/m (ref. 1). Concentration in freshwater as
indicated from hydrologlc benchmark stations ranged from 0 to 22 ug/i; out of 16 samples, 5 were zero (ref. 64).
Natural concentration in seawater Is 0.45 wg/fc (ref. 28). Selenium occurs in nature usually In the sulfide
ores of the heavy metals (ref. 24). Selenium may be present in soil as basic ferric selenate, calcium selenate,
and as elemental selenium. It is present In the Earth's crust at about 0.09 ppm (ref. 24). Normal soil
concentrations are low, from 0.02 to 4.0 kg/ha. A typical level is 0.4 kg/ha (ref. 118).
Selenium Is recognized as a dietary essential for humans; daily requirement 1s 200 ug for adults.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Both acute and chronic effects from exposure to selenium 4re reported. It can be Inhaled, Ingested, or
absorbed through the skin (ref. 117). Symptoms appear similar to those of arsenic poisoning (ref. 33). It
can cause respiratory tract irritation and systemic effects.
LD5Q (Intravenous, rat): 6 mg/kg; LCLQ (Inhalation, rat): 33 mg/kg/B hr.
Oncogen1c effects resulting fron exposure to selenium are not reported although teratogenlc effects were
produced In chicks and In mice (ref. 32). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratogenlc responses is
3213. The lowest dosage reported to cause a teratogenlc effect 1s O.S mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number
1s 6426.
Aquatic toxlclty: Selenium is considered dangerous to the aquatic environment. It may be passed through
the food chain and accumulated In fish. As sodium selenlte. 2.0 mg/t are toxic to goldfish (Carasslus
auratus) in 8 days (ref. 33).
Small amounts of selenium added to soils may Increase the selenium content in forages. Concentrations 1n
soil of 0.2 kg/ha can produce 1.0 to 10.5 mg/kg in tissues of forage and vegetable crops. Cattle are adversely
affected by concentrations > 4 mg Selenium per kg of forage (ref. 28). Crop plants are damaged by accumulation
of large amounts of selenium. Some grain crops will exhibit chlorosis. There is usually inhibition of
growth (ref. 122).
REQULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION.
TLV: 0.2 mg/ra (for selenium compounds, as Se).
Selenium Is a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It is Included
1n the EPA Consent Decree List. Priority III.
National Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards: 0.01 mg/t, as Se (ref. 102).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. Levels for Source Rejection: 0.01 mg/t. as Se (ref. 66).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health)—10 ug/t; for marine and
freshwater aquatic life—application factor: 0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LCjg) (ref. 33).
• NAS/NAE Mater Duality Criteria, 1972: For public water supply sources—0.01 mg/t; for marine aquatic
life: hazard level—0.01 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.005 mg/t; application factor—0.01
(to be applied to the 96-hour LC-J; for 11vestock--0.05 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.02 mg/t for continuous use
on all soils (ref. 28). w
MINIMUM ACUTE TQXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 200 pg/m3 Air. Ecology:
Hater. Health: 5 x 10 - 50 wq/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 50 - 0.1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
AH,
EPCHH1
EPCUH2
EPCWHS
EPCLH
• 103 x 0.2/420 -0.5 wg
" 1S " °'5 " 7'5 "9/l
* 13>8 x 0<2 ' 2
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
54
SELENIUM
(ppm Vol)
Water, M9/I
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Exilting Standard!
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Eitimatei
(R&D Qoatt)
II. Based on Ambient factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxieity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effect!
2.0E2
5.0E1
l.OE-1
Bated on
Ecological
Effect*
2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baled on
Health Effect!
0.03
10
0.001
Bated on
Ecological
i_ Effect!
5
0.01
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.004t
0 - 22
0.45 f
•To bo multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Aif.nfl/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, MB/8
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Propond Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Beted on
Health Effect!
10
B. Bated on
Ecological Effects
5
II. Toxieity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baud on
Health Effectl
0.5
0.03
B. Bated on
Ecological Effect!
0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effect)
0.03
0.001
t For urban atmosphere. No rural concentration is reported.
: For seawater
E-399
-------
CATEGORY: 54 WLN: H2 SE
HYDROGEN SEIENIDE: H2$e (selenium hydride). STRUCTURE:
Colorless poisonous gas; disagreeable odor of decayed
horseradish. H.Se
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 80.98; mp: -60.4; Dp: -41.5; gas density: 3.664760
(air); vap. press: 10 atm at 23.4° C; solubility (in water: 270
mi/100 mt at 22.5°.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Hydrogen selenide is formed by the action of dilute acids on metallic selenides. Selenium Mill combine
directly with hydrogen at temperatures below 250° C to form H.Se. Hydrogen selenide unites directly with
3
most metals to form metal selenides. The odor recognition level for hydrogen selenide is 1.00 mg/m
(ref. 3). Hydrogen selenide gas is Important as an air contaminant. Because the gas is highly soluble
in water, (t is also a potential water contaminant.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Systemic poisoning as well as pulmonary irritation may result from exposure to hydrogen selentde.
Liver damage is reported from exposed experimental animals (ref. 4). It 1s generally considered to be
more toxic than elemental selenium. The lowest toxic dose affecting the central nervous system of a
human is 0.2 ppm. See also Selenium and Selenium Compounds.
LC50 (inhalation, guinea pig): 1 mg/m3/8 hr.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV >0.2 mg/m'1 (0.05 ppm).
Standards and criteria applicable to selenium compounds include the following:
Selenium 1s a candidate for the 11st for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It is Included in the
EPA Consent Decree List, Priority III.
National Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards: 0.01 mg/t, as Se (ref. 102).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, Levels for Source Rejection: 0.01 mg/t, as Se (ref. 66).
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health)—10 ug/t; for marine and
freshwater aquatic life—application factor: 0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LC,Q) (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972: For public water supply sources-O.OT mg/t for marine aquatic life:
hazard level—0.01 jng/t; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.005 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be
applied to the 96-hr LCen); for livestock—0.05 mg/t; for irrigation—0.02 mg/t for continuous use on all
soils (ref. 28). so
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 200 l.g/mj (0.05 ppm) Air. Ecology:
Water. Health: 5 x 10 - 50 pg/i. as Se Water. Ecology: 5 x 5 • 25 ug/t. as Se
Land. Health: 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 i.g/g. as Sa Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 25 • 0.05 ug/g. as Se
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 103 x 0.2/420 • 0.5
EPCAH1a " °-05/420 * °-0001 '
EPCW1 - 15 X 0.5 • 7.5 Mfl/t
EPCW2 * 13'8 x °'2 " 2-8 "9/
EPCWS " 10 *>9/l
ug/m3
ipm
'i
EPCWES " 5 w9/t
EPC, • 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/9 EPCL£ • 0.002 x 5 - 0.01 wg/9
E-400
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
54'
HYDROGEN SELENIDE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air.pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Watar, Mfl/l
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
EnginMring Eitimitai
(R&D Qo.li)
II. Bated on Ambient Facton
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Basad CMI
Hud* Effecti
2.0E2
(0.05)
5.0E1
l.OE-1
Bawd on
Ecologies
Effaeti
2.5E1
5.0E-2
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Bated on
Health Effect*
0.5
(0.0001)
10
0.02
Bated on
Ecological
Effect!
5
0.01
C. Elimination of
Ditch arga
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air.m/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land. w/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effects
10
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effect!
5
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bawd on
Health Effecti
0.5
(0.0001)
0.02
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti
0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effecti
E-401
-------
CATEGORY; 55 WLN: TE
TELLURIUM AND TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS (AS TELLURIUM): STRUCTURE;
Te (sylvanlum).Te Te*
S11very-white, metallic, brittle, and lustrous element;
forms rhombic crystals. TeO," TeO.*
PROPERTIES;
Atonic number:. 52; group 6a; atonic tut: 127.61; mp: 452;
bp: 989.9; d: 6.24; vap. press: 1 mm at 520°:C; valency: -Z,
+4, +6 (most conmon valence state Is +4 as TeO^ ); Insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tellurium, a homolog of sulfur and selenium. Is a nonmetal. It Ionizes to tellurldes and tellurous
compounds {Te"). Tellurium also forms tellurltes (Te03*) and tellurates and telluric (Te04")
compounds. Tellurium ha1Ides decompose In water.
Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 0.002 pom (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Ingestlon or Inhalation of as little as 40 ug of tellurium 1n soluble form has caused breath odor.
There are no reports of serious Illness from Industrial exposure to tellurium and Us compounds (ref. 14).
The unstable gas, hydrogen tellurlde (H2Te). Is highly toxic, but its presence 1s unlikely (ref. 40).
Tellurlte and tellurate are toxic when fed to rats at concentrations of 25 to 50 ppra (ref. 4).
Tellurium compounds can be absorbed by Ingestlon, Inhalation, or through the skin (ref. 117).
Intoxication causes a garlic odor In breath and perspiration.
LD (subcutaneous, dog) 290 mg/kg as tellurium.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV - 0.1 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 100 ug/mj A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 100 • 1.5 x 103 ug/t Water, Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 103 • 3 i.g/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 " 1()3 x °'1/420 " °-24
EPCNH1 " 1S x °'24 " 3'6 U9/1
EfCWZ " 13'8 x°-1 " K4 "9/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 1.4 • 0.003 ug/g
E-402
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
55
TELLURIUM
Mr,ng/m3
-------
CATEGORY: 60
SCANDIUM: Sc.
A silvery-white, soft, light metal.
WLN; SC
STRUCTURE-
STRUCTURE.
Sc
+3
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 21; group 3b; atomic wt: 44.95; valancy: 3;
d: 2.985; mp: 1,538; bp: 2,832.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Scandium occurs 1n th« Earth's crust at 5 to 6 ppm (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Toxic properties are not established (ref. 9).
LD50 (oral, mouse): 4,000 mg/kg for scanadlura chloride, ScCU. This 1s equivalent to 1,184 rag/kg as Sc.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
45 x 1,184 » 5.3 x 104 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 5.3 x 10 » 8x 105 ug/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 8x 10 * 1.6 x 10 ug/g
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology:
Land, Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPC
EPC
AH2
'Z7
°'107 x l>184
AH3 Of0fl1 *• lfl84 " * "9/
EPC^, • 15 x 96 • 1,440 ug/l
EPCWH2 " °'4 x lt184 * 474 u9/l
EPCIU « 0.002 x 474 • 0.9 wg/g
Ln
E-404
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
Air, ng/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, nj/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.3E4
8.0E5
1.6E3
Based on
Ecological
Effect]
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
96
474
0.9
Based on
Ecological
Etfeen
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
96
474
0.9
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-405
-------
CATEGORY: 62 WLN: TI
TITANIUM AND TITANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS T1TANT1UH): TI. STRUCTURE:
A dark-gray, amorphous metal.., ,.
. . Ti Ti •* TI*
T103"2 Ti04"4 TiO+2
PROPERTIES:
Atonic number: 22; group 4b; atomic wt: 47.90; valency: +2,
+3. +4; Insoluble; mp: 1,677; bp: 3,277; d: 4.506-4.400.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Titanium has +2. »3 and. +4 valence states with *1 being most common. It forms several Ions:
ntanous Ion (Tl+3); Titanic (on (T1+4); m-Tltanate Ion (T10,*); o-THanate Ion (T10/4); Tltanyl
+?
Ion (TIO ). Titanium ha1 Ides are decomposed by water; the oxides and hydroxides are Insoluble.
T1,(SOJ, Is soluble in water.
e. «* j *
Rural background concentration in air is 0.003 to 0.15 ug/m (ref. 1). Natural concentration in
seawater Is 2 ug/i (ref. 28).
Titanium Is the ninth most abundant element 1n the Earth's crust, at 0.63 percent by weight (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Titanium 1s classified as physiologically Inert to humans. Titanium 1s not reported as an
intoxicating agent; titanium oxide dusts are considered nuisances. However, titanium tetrachlorlde is
Irritating and corrosive (ref. 9).
LCLo (inhalation, mouse): 10 mg/m3 for T1C14: molecular wt: 189.7
Aquatic toxlcity: Titanium Is mildly toxic to fish: 96-hr LCjg for fathead minnow 1s 8.2 ppm In
soft water for titanium sulfate (ref. 28).
TLm 96 (for titanium tetrachlorlde): 1.000 to 100 ppm (ref. 2).
Titanium Is effectively excluded by plants (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV for titanium dioxide, classified as a nuisance paniculate: 10 mg/m , molecular wt: TIO,: 79.9
as TI: 47.9/79.9 x 10 - 6 ing/m3 (except T1C14).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 6 x 103 ug/m3 (except as T1O4) Air. Ecology:
Waiter, Health: 15 x 6 x 10J • 9 x 104 pg/t Water. Ecology: 100 x 8.2 * 820 t>g/t. as T1(S04)2
Land. Health: 0.00? x 9 x 104 • 180 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 820 - 1.6 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
LPf.AH, « JO3 x 6/420 • 14 «g/m3. as Ti (except T1C14)
rPCl*U • !5 x 14 « 210 ng/t EPC^ « 50 x 82 « 4.10fr ug/i. as T1(S04)2
rpCWH2 • 13.8 x 6 • 83 ug/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 83 • 0.17 i.g/g EPCL£ - 0.002 x 4,100 - B yg/g, as T1(S04)2
E-406
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
62
TITANIUM
Air, /tg/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
6.0E3
9.0E4
1.8E2
Based on
Ecological
Effecn
8.2E2
1.6EO
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
14
83
0.17
Based on
Ecological
Effects
4,100
8
C. Elimination of
Ditch arge
Natural Background*
0.003 -
0.15
2 t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, (ij/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, *ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Basedofi
Haiti Effects
B. Bmdon
Ecological EHectl
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
14
83
0.17
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
4,100
8
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t For seawater
E-407
-------
CATEGORY:65
VANADIUM. V.
Light gray or white powder, lumps,
or crystals.
WLN:v
STRUCTURE:
vo
-3
VO
-2
VO
,+3
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 23; group 5bi atomic weight: 50.94;
valency: 2, 3, 4, 5; mp: 1,917; bp: 3,000; d: 6.11; Insoluble;
vap, press: 10 mm at 12.2° C (for vanadyl trichloride, VOClj).
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Vanadium assumes several series of compounds: Vanadous (v"); Vanadlc (V+3), Vanadyl (ous) (VO*);
orthovanadate (V04~3); Metavanadate (V03"); Vanadyl(lc) (V0+3). The +5 valence state 1s more comnon.
Vanadates are salts of Vanadlc acid, HVOj.
Vanadium Is present In tht Earth's crust at 0.01 percent by weight (ref. 24). Vanadium concentrated
by certain organisms during the formation of oil-bearing strata In geological time 1s present 1n coal and
oil {ref. 28).
Vanadium Is a comnon air contaminant; It enters the atmosphere through combustion of fossil fuels,
particularly oil (ref. 38). Rural background concentrations measured 1n air range from 0.005 to 0.024
vg/m (ref. 1). The natural concentration of vanadium In seawater 1s 2 ug/J. (ref. 28). It has been found
In U.S. surface waters In concentrations up to 0.3 mg/t; most samples however, are less than 0.05 mg/i
(ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Vanadium 1s toxic by all routes of administration, with the pentavalent compounds exhibiting the highest
degree of toxlclty. Inhalation causes respiratory system effects. Including tracheltls, bronchitis, pulmonary
edema, and bronchial pneumonia. Dermatitis and conjunctivitis may also occur. Workers exposed to 0.5 to
2.2 mg/m of V-0, had eye and bronchial Irritation; 0.2 to 0.5 mg/m has caused respiratory symptoms (ref. 4).
3
Eye effects are reported at 100 vg/m (ref. 2). Chronic effects have not been reported (ref. 9).
LDgQ (oral, mouse): 23 mg/kg for vanadium pentoxide.
In air, 0.5 to 1.0 vg/m produced noticeable effects to plants (ref. 25). Flax, soybeans, and peas showed'
toxlclty to vanadium at 0.5 to 2.5 mg/t In nutrient solutions (ref. 28).
Aquatic toxlclty: 96-hour LC,..,: 4.8 ppm for fathead minnow, Plmephales promelas (as vanadyl sulfate)
(ref. 28) or 1.5 ppm, as V.
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (V,0,): dust, 0.5 mg/m3, as V.
3
fume, 0.05 mg/m , as V.
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life—application factor of 0.05 (to be
applied to 96-hour t-C50); for livestock—0.1 mg/t; for Irrigation—0.10 mg/t for continuous use on all
soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 500 pg/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 500 - 2.5 x 103 yg/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 103 « 5 ug/g
Air, Ecology: 1.0 ug/m
Water, Ecology: 100 x 1.5 - 150 vg/t m
Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 150 • 0.3 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC
EPC
EPC,
AH1
'UH1
WH2
- 10J x 0.5/420 • 1.2 pg/m4
15 x 1.2 " 18 ug/l
13.8 x 0.5 - 7 ug/t
EPCLH • 0.002 x 7 - 0.014 ug/g
EPCAE • 0.1 x 1.0 « 0.1 ug/mj
EPCWE1 • 60 x 1.5 - 75 ug/t
EPCHES • 0.05 x 1500 - 75 ug/i
0.002 x 75 » 0.15 ug/g
EPC
LE
E-408
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x-
65
VANADIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m^
(ppm Vol)
Watar, ^ig/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS, BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum AcuU
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
5.0E2
2.5E3
5.0EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
l.OEO
1.5E2
3.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
Based on
Ecological
Effect!
0.1
75
0.15
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.005-
0.024
<50
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, «ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, fjg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effect!
75
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
1.2
7
0.014
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.1
0.15
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
E-409
-------
CATEGORY: 68
CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS (AS CHROMIUM): Cr. STRUCTURE:
Very hard metal; cubic blue-white crystals. r+- f>n
Chromium compounds are highly colored. 2
Cr+3 002
PROPERTIES: Crf>4= C^O
Atomic no: 24; group 6: atomic wt: '51.996;
mp: 1,890; bp: 2,642; d: 7.20; vap. press:
1 mm at 1,616° C; valency: 3,2,6.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Chromium occurs principally as chromites (CrO?~). Other compounds include chromous (Cr ), chromic
(Cr+3), and hexavalent chromium as chromyl (Cr02+2). Chromates (CrO^) and dichromates (CryOj-) may
also occur. The concentration of Cr in rural atmosphere Is reported as 0.012 to 0.001 Ug/m3 (ref. 1).
Concentration of hexavelent chromium as indicated from hydrologic benchmark samples ranges from zero
to 30 vg/t; out of nine samples, four were 0 (ref. 64). Seawater concentration of chromium 1s reported
as about 0.04 ug/t (refs. 28,69). The trlvalent form is not likely to he present in waters of pH5 or
above because of the very low solubility of the hydrated oxide.
Chromium occurs In the Earth's crust at 100 to 300 ppm (ref. 24). Concentration in soil averages
about 40 ppm (ref. 126).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
All chromium compounds are considered poisonous. There is some indication that under long-term
exposure, trivalent and hexavalent forms may exhibit similar toxicities. Hexavalent chromium is generally
considered more hazardous than trlvalent chromium. Exposure to chromium in air results in injury to nasal
tissues of exposed workers. Other respiratory problems also result, involving cancer of the respiratory
tract (associated with exposure to high concentrations) (ref. 4). Inhalation of 4,500 ug/m3 chromium for
5 years has resulted in pulmonary effects In humans (ref. 2).
LDjo (oral, rat): 1,870 mg/kg, for CrCla. This 1s equivalent to 615 mg/kg as Cr+3.
There 1s an excessive risk of lung cancer among workers in the chromate-produdng industry (ref. 91).
Cancer In a human has resulted from exposure to 110 ug/«3 of Crt>3 (ref. 27). Duration of exposure is not
reported. Chromium and numerous chromium compounds are reported to cause cancer in rats and in mice
(refs. 2,91). EPA/NIOSH ordering number is 7327. The lowest dosage resulting in a carcinogenic response
is 1 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 7327.
Aquatic toxicity: Chromium Is toxic to aquatic life, the most sensitive marine species being the
oyster; 10 to 12 u9/i may be lethal to oysters (ref. 28). Chromium exhibits a biocumulatlve effect in
aquatic organisms; some phytoplankton can accumulate 2.300 times the concentration in water (ref. 28).
Chromium concentrations of 0.5 ng/i in water solutions and 10 mg/kg In soil cultures reduced
soybean yields (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV: 0.1 mg/a3 for chromic acid and chroutes, as Cr03 (or 0.05 mg/m3, as Cr+e)
0.5 mg/m3 for chromium and Insoluble chronic chromous salts, as Cr.
ACGIH lists certain Insoluble chromates as human carcinogens. TLV for these compounds is not
specified. Chromates are Included in the National Cancer Institute List of Carcinogens to Man.
On EPA Consent Decree Priority I List and Candidate for list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
Interim Primary Drinking Hater Standards: 0.05 rog/t, as chromium (ref. 102).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations. Levels for Source Rejection: 0.05 mg/i,
as Cr+6 (ref. 66).
HAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria, for chromium: For public water supply sources: 0.05 mg/i;
for freshwater aquatic life: 0.05 mg/i; for marine aquatic life: hazard 1evel--0.1 mg/i; minimal
risk of deleterious effects— 0.05 mg/t (0.01 mg/i for oyster areas); application factor— 0.01 (to be
applied to the 96-hour LCjo); for Irrigation: 0.1 mg/t for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
Chromium (VI) Is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure, considering potential carcinogenlcity of Cr+6, is 1 yg/nH (ref. 127).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health): 50 pg/t; for
freshwater aquatic life: 100 wg/t (ref. 33).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 1 wg/m3 Air, Ecology:
Water, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 vg/i Water. Ecology: 5 x 50 • 250 yg/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 * 0.5 u9/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 250 - 0.5 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPC • 103 x 0.05/420 » 0.12 wg/m3
15 * °-12 " 1-
13'8 x0'05 * °
EPCHHS " M M9'£ EPCWES
EPCLH • 0.002 x 50 =• 0.1 pg/t EPCWES * 10 U9/1 *f°r °*ster are»s)
EPCHH1
EPCHH2
EPCAC1 » 1/420 « 0.002 ug/m3 EPCLE - 0.002 x 50 - 0.1 pg/g
3 3
EPCAC2 « 10/(6 x 7327) « 0.02 pg/m
EPCyj. - 15 x 0.002 * 0.03 ug/l
EPC.r • 0.002 x 0.03 - 0.0001 Mg/g
LC
E-410
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xxx
68
CHROMIUM
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppmWt)
Land, M9/9
(ppmWtt
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BIT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
l.OEO
2.5E2
5.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.5E2
5.0E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.002
50
0.0001
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
10 t
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.012-
0.001
0 - 30,
0.04 f
40
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
Air, jig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/1
(ppmWt)
Land, *ig/g
(ppm Wt)
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
50
. B. Bated oo
Ecological Effects
50, 10 t
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.12
0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.002
0.0001
i
— J
t For oyster areas
For seawater
E-411
-------
CATEGORY! 69
MOLYBDENUM AND MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS (AS MOLYBDENUM): Mo.
Cubic, silver-white, metallic crystals or gray-black powder.
WLN: HO
STRUCTURE:
Ho
Mo"
Mo
Mo
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 42; group 6b; atomic wt: 95.94; mp: 2.617; (M 1s a monovalent metal.)
bp: 4,825; d: 10.28; vap. press: 1 m at 3,102; valency: -2,
3, 4, 5, 6; insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Molybdenum Is a heavy metal of the chromium group. Most molybdenum compounds are derived from
molybdenous (Mo"), molybdic (Mo*3 or Mo*6), and molybdate (Mo04= or Mo^*). The rural background
concentration for molybdenum In air is reported as 0.001 to 0.0032 yg/i. (ref. I). Natural concentration
In seawater is 10 i.g/i (ref. 28). Occurrence In the Earth's crust Is 1 to 1.5 ppm (ref. 24). Molybdenum
Is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. An average concentration of 2 i>g/g in soils 1s reported
(ref. 128).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Molybdenum compounds exhibit a low order of toxicity for exposed workers (ref. 4). Molybdenum
trioxide and ammonium molybdate are more toxic than the metal or the dioxide (ref. 4). Signs of molybdenum
poisoning are loss of appetite, listlessness. diarrhea, and reduced growth rate (ref. 96).
LDjg (intraperitoneal, mouse): 160 mg/kg.
There is an Interrelation between molybdenum and copper In the nutrition requirements for sheep and
cattle. Copper poisoning Is associated with low molybdenum levels In forage; copper starvation is
associated with high molybdenum levels (ref. 98). MolybdosU of cattle was associated with alsike clover
grown In soils that had 0.01 to 0.10 mg/t of molybdenum In saturation extracts (ref. 28).
Phytotoxlcity Is negligible, but plants accumulate molybdenum In proportion to the amount in the soil (ref. 28).
Aquatic toxicity: Marine molluscs are reported to have a concentration factor of 60 times the
concentration In water (r«f. 28). 96-hr LC-n for fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Is 70 mg/t (for
molybdic anhydride).
REqULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (soluble compounds): 5 mg/m3.
(Insoluble compounds): 10 mg/m .
MAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life: 24-hr average--0.02 times 96-hr
LCjjp; for Irrigation—0.010 mg/t. for continuous use on all soils (based on animal toxlcities from
forage) (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health:
5 x 103 ug/rn3
Water, Health: 15 x 5 x 103 - 7.5 x 104 yg/t
Land, Health: 0.002 x 7.5 x 104 =• 150 yg/g
Air, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 100 x 70 « 7 x 103 yg/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 7 x 10 - 14 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
tPC
'AMI
EPCHH1
EPC,
UH2
10J x 5/40 • 1Z ng/nr
15 x 12 - 180 Mg/t
13.8 x 5 - 70 i.g/t
EPCLH - 0.002 x 70 • 0.14 ,,g/g
EPCHE1 " 50 x 70 " 3>50° W9/1
EPCHEJ - 20 x 70 - 1 .400 yg/t
EPCWES - 10 ug/i (for Irrigation)
EPC
LE
0.002 x 10 - 0.02
E-412
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
69
MOLYBDENUM
Air, /ig/m^
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Baud on Be»t Technology
A. ExIltinoSlWlnrdl
NSPS. BPT, BAT
U. Dnmloptnn T.chnolinv
Engineering Euimatai
(R8.D Go.li)
II. Baud on Ambient Factori
A. Minimum Acute
To.icltv Etllu.nl
BiMdnn
Heal* Eileen
5.0E3
7.5E4
1.5E2
Bawd on
Ecological
EfleCtt
7.0E3
1.4E1
B. Ambient Laval Goal"
Baud on
Heal* Effeeti
12
70
0.14
BaMdon
Ecological
Effaca
1,400
10 t
0.02
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.001-
0.0032
10 t
2
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m
(ppm Vol)
Wlttr. ffl/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Baiadon
Health Effactt
-
B. Bawdon
Ecological Effect*
10 t
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. BaMdon
Health Effactt
12
70
0.14
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
1,400
0.02
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Baud on Health Effects
t For irrigation
For seawater
E-413
-------
CATEGORY: 70 WLN: .WO
TUNGSTEN AND TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS (AS TUNGSTEN): W (wolfram). STRUCTURE:
A steely gray to white, cuttable, forgeable, and
splnnable metal. u w+6
w+4 w+5 w+6
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 74; group 6b; atomic wt: 183.85; mp: 3,410;
bp: 5,930; d: 19.3; valency: +2, +3, +4, +5, and +6;
Insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Tungsten forms compounds of several oxidation states. The most stable and most coimon valence state
1s +6, and such compounds are acidic. Tungsten oxides are Insoluble. Tungsten hexachlorlde and
tungsten trlsulflde are slightly soluble in water.
Occurrence 1n the Earth's crust Is about 1.5 ppm (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
The toxlclty associated with tungsten 1s greatly effected by the solubility of the specific tungsten
compound present, with the soluble compounds exhibiting the greater degree of toxlclty. Tungsten 1s
generally considered to be more toxic than molybdenum; however, certain tungsten compounds, such as
tungsten carbide, are biologically Inert. No serious toxic effects are associated with tungsten.
LD50 (Intraperltoneal, rat): 5.000 rag/kg.
Tungsten Is effectively excluded by plants; phytotoxtcity 1s not a problem (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (Tungsten and compounds, as U) soluble: 1 mg/m3; Insoluble: 5 mg/m3.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 1.0 x 103 pg/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Hater, Health: 15 x 1.0 x 103 • 1.5 x 104 ug/i Hater. Ecology:
Land. Health: 0.002 x 1.5 x 104 - 30 ug/g Land. Ecology:
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
]°3 x l/42° *
15 x 2.4 • 36
" ]°3 x l/42° * 2-4 "a
EPCWH2 ' 13.8 x 1 • 14 Mg/t
EPCLH « 0.002 x 14 • 0.03 ug/g
E-414
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
70
TUNGSTEN
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. jig/I
(ppmWt)
Lend. pj/9
(ppm WO
1. Based on Sett Technology
A. Editing Standard!
NSW. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Ei tlmatet
(RftO QoMi)
II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baudon
Health Effect!
1.0E3
1.5E4
3.0E1
BMdon
Ecological
Effect!
B. Ambiini Level Goal*
Beted on
Heelth Effect!
2.4
14
0.03
Bawd on
Ecological
Effect!
C. Elimination of
Diicharge
Natural Background*
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. ngtm3
(ppm Vol)
Water, po/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Propoted Ambient
Standard! or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Health Effect!
B. Baiedon
Ecological Effect!
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Baiedon
Health Effect!
2.4
14
0.03
B. Baiedon
Ecological Effect!
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effect!
E-415
-------
CATEGORY: 71 WLN: MN
MANGANESE AND MANGANESE COMPOUNDS (AS MANGANESE): Mn STRUCTURE;
(colloidal manganese).
Reddish-gray or silvery, hard, brittle, metallic element. ,.„ H *+ u +3
rul pin Pin
MnO," MnO, MnO."
PROPERTIES; 344
Atomic number: 25; group 7b: atomic wt.: 54.938; rap: 1,244*3;
bp: 1,962; vap. press: 1 nrn at 1292° C; valency: 2, 3. 4, 6,~7;
decomposes water, evolving H2-
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Manganese exhibits five valence states, the divalent manganous (M ) being the most common. Manganic
(Mn+3) and manganlte compounds (MnO.*) are less common than manganates (MnO. ) or permanganates (MnO.~).
Rural background concentration or manganese 1n air Is reported as 0.005 to 0.047 «g/m3 (ref. 1).
Manganese occurs as a constituent of gross suspended particles ranging from 0.005 to 0.012 ug/m3 In
nonurban atmosphere (ref. 3). Manganese compounds may act as catalysts In the oxidation of some air
pollutants, producing even more undesirable pollutants (ref. 129). Natural concentration In seawater Is
2 ug/t (ref. 28). In an analysis of U.S. surface waters, the manganese concentration mean was 29.4 ug/t
with a range of 0.20 to 3,230 ug/l (ref. 28). Manganese Is a trace element In food, with the average human
Intake being 10 ing/day (ref. 33). Manganese 1s considered an essential trace element for animals, Including
nan, and plants (ref. 130). Occurrence In the Earth's crust 1s 0.085 percent (ref. 24). Soils have an
average manganese content of 800 to 850 ug/g. Manganese 1n the soil Is found 1n a water-soluble form 1n the
soil solution, In the exchangeable Mn2+ as organically bound manganese, and as various manganese oxides (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Manganese compounds are not In general regarded as highly poisonous due to the manganous 1on alone
(ref. 130). The strong oxidizing properties of manganates and permanganates can cause skin Irritation.
Respiratory damage my also occur with exposure. Chronic poisoning may result from Inhalation of
manganese or Its compounds (ref. 129). The lowest concentration causing toxic effects 1n human 1s
reported to be 11 mg/ra3; exposure was by Inhalation and resulted In central nervous system effects
(ref. 2).
LO.Q (Intraperltoneal, mouse): 53 mg/kg.
AqOatle tox1city: Bioaccunulatlon factors of 12,000 are reported for marine molluscs (ref. 33).
An acute dose 96-hr LC,,. of 1,400 ppm 1s reported for rainbow trout (Salmo galrdnerl). carp, (Cyprlnus
carplo). and Paphnla (?gf. 24).
SoTl concentrations of 2.5 ppm have caused their effects 1n soybeans; soil effects, however, depend
on a variety of factors such as pH and moisture (ref. 131).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (manganese and compounds, as Mn): 5 mg/m3.
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, 1962, Levels for Alternate Source Selection:
0.05 iig/t manganese (ref. 66).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies (welfare): 50 ug/z; for
protection of consumers of marine molluscs: 100 ug/t (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water sources: 0.05 rog/i; for marine aquatic life:
hazard level--0.1 mg/»; minimal risk of deleterious effects—0,02 mg/t; application factor—0.02 (to be
applied to 96-hr LCeg; for Irrigation—0.20 mg/i for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air. Health: 5 x 103 ug/m3 A1r, Ecology:
Water, Health: 5 x 50 • 250 ug/t Water, Ecology: 5 x 20 - 100 ug/t
Land. Health: 0.002 x 250 • O.S wg/g Land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 - 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS;
EPCAH1 • 10J x 5/420- 12 wg/nT
EPC^, • 15 x 12 • 180 yg/l
EPCy^ • 13.8 x 5 • 70 ug/l
EPC*S " 50 u9/t HES " 20 "9/)l
EPCLH • 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 ug/g LE • 0.002 x 20 • 0.04 ug/g
E-416
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
71
MANGANESE
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air. pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. ug/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jjg/g
(ppm Wt)
I. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standard!
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxictty Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E3
2.5E2
5.0E-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2.0E-1
B. Ambient Level God*
Based on
Health Effects
12
50
0.1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
20
0.04
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.005-
0.047
29.4
2t
800-850
"To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air. Jig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, no/I
(ppm Wt)
Land, tig/g
IppmWt)
1. Current or Propond Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
50
B. BaMd on
Ecologkal Effect!
20
II. Toxicity Bated Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
12
0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.04
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tFor seawater.
E-417
-------
CATEGORY: 74
COBALT AMD COBALT COMPOUNDS (AS COBALT). Co
A magnetic, steel-gray, pinkish, ductile metal.
WIN: CO
STRUCTURE:
Co Co+2 Co*3
Cobaltous (valence +?)
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number: 27; group 8; atomic wt: 58.93;
bp: 2,900; mp: 1.495; d: 8.92; insoluble;
valency: 1,2,3.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cobalt is an clement of the iron group. It forms two series of compounds:
and cobalt1c (+3). thp cobaltous form being more stable.
Rural background concentration measured in air is reported as zero Mg/m to 0.00? iig/m (ref. 1).
Natural concentration In srawater is 0.4 ni/i (ref. 78). Concentration in freshwater as indicated from
a survey of U.S. surface water', frnm zero l.o 'i 11(4/1 with .1 mean of 1.0 i.p/> (rpf. ?B). Occurrence In
earth's crust is (1.001 - 0.00? percent (r*>f. ?4). Average soil concentration ts reported as 8 ug/g
(ref. 128). Cobalt is an essential trace element, and is associated with vitamin B,., in animals (ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Some pulmonary effects, an allergic-type dermitills, digestive changes, and liver and kidney damage
resulting from exposure to cobalt and Its compounds have been reported (refs. 4,9). Cobalt and Its salts
are cumulative (ref. 96).
LOLo (oral, rat): 1,500 mg/kg, for cobalt.
LD,-,, (oral, rat): 80 mg/kg, for CoCl«; this Is equivalent to 36 mg/kg as Co . Ingestion of
1,500 ng/kg of CoC12 has caused death to a child (ref. 2).
Cobalt and cobalt nitrate, oxide and sulflde are reported to produce oncogenic effects in anlnals
(ref. 2). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number, considering the cobalt compounds collectively 1s 4204. The
lowest TO. is 2.5 mg/kg as Co. The adjusted ordering number 1s 1682.
Aquatic toxicity: Concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/>. inhibited growth in small carp. Cyprinus
carpio (ref. 28). At 0.04 mg/t, cobalt retarded growth in Chjprella. (algae) and Euglena (ref. 132).
Cobalt 1s cumulative in several aquatic species: concentration factors as high as 2.5 x 10 are reported
(ref. 28).
Phytotoxlcity: At 0.1 mg/t , cobalt is toxic to tomato plants (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (Cobalt metal fume and dust): 0.1 mg/m [Intended change to 0.05 mg/m , recognizing potential
hypersensltivlty of some Individuals and associated pulmonary effects.]
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For livestock: 1 rag/*.; for irrigation: 0.050 mg/f for
continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 50 ug/ra3
Water. Health:' IS x 50 • 750 vg/i
Land, Health: 0.002 x 750 * 1.5 u9/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
rPC
AHl
• is x o.i? • I.B
l"PCWH2 ' 13'8 X
0.7
« 0.002 x 0.7 • 0.001 M9/9
EPC^2 • 103/(6 x 1682) • 0.1 uq/m3
EPCy,. • 15 x 0.1 • 1.5 ng/m3
• 0.002 x 1.5 • 0.003 wg/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 50 • 250 vg/i.
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 250 « 0.5 ug/g
EPCLE
• 50 vq/t (for Irrigation)
0.002 x so • o.i ug/g
E-418
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
74
COBALT
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. vgl\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Hmed on Bast Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Baud on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
5.0E1
7.5E2
1.5EO
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2.5E2
5.0E-1
B. Ambient Lewi Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.1
0.7
0.001
Based on
Ecological
Effects
50
0.1
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0 to 0.002
0.4t
8
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air,»jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, /ig/H
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effects
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
50t
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.12
0.7
0.001
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.1
III. Zero Threshold Po llutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Hearth Effects
0.1
1.5
0.003
•iTor seawater.
tFor irrigation.
E-419
-------
CATEGORY: 75
NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS {AS NICKEL). Ni
A silvery-white, hard metal.
WLN:
NI
STRUCTURE:
PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 28; group 8; atomic wt: 58.71;
mp: 1453; bp: 2732; d: 8.90; vap. press: 1 mm at
1810°; valency: -l,0,*l,+2,+3,+4; insoluble.
Ni
Ni
+2
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Nickel is similar to iron and cobal* as well as copper in its chemical properties. The metal oxide is
extremely resistant to alkali such as NaOH even at high temperatures. The nickel atom assumes several
oxidation States; nickelous compounds, valence +2; are the most common. Anhydrous nickelous salts are
yellow; hydrous salts are green. An Important zero valence nickel compound Is nickel carbonyl .
; Concentrations of nickel In rural atmosphere are reported ranolng from 0.0006 to 0.021 ug/m3 (ref. 1).
Nickel has been measured as 0.01 percent of gross suspended particulate in nonurban atmosphere (ref. 3).
The concentration of dissolved nlcki-l In natural freshwatcrs ranqo1, from 3 to 86 ng/t; Suspended nickel
ranqes from 5 to 100 M100 Mg/p. may adversely
effect several aquatic species (ref. 33).
Concentrations of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/t (N1++) are toxic to tomato, oats, and other plants In sand
and solution culture (ref. 28).
Nickel salts are reported to substantially affect the biological oxidation of sewage (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV-0.1 mg/m-'1, soluble compounds, as Ni. Nickel sulflde roasting Is recognized by ACGIH as an
industrial process having carcinogenic potential. A TLV of 1.0 mg/m3 Is tentative. The new NIOSH
recommendation for occupational exposure to nickel is 15 pg/m3. the value was lowered due to evidence
of nasal and lung cancer resulting from nickel exposure (ref. 134). Nickel 1s included 1n the NCI
list of carcinogens to man.
Nickel 1s a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It 1s listed
as Priority I on the EPA Consent Decree List,
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.01 of the 96-hour LCso for freshwater and marine
aquatic life (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For freshwater aquatic life: application factor—0.02
(to be applied to 96-hour LCso): for marine aquatic life: hazard level—0.1 mg/t; minimal risk
level—0.002 mg/i; application factor—0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for irrigation: 0.2 mg/t
for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
Recommendation of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions: nickel concentration
for most soils—100 kg/hectare (ref. 112).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 15 ug/m3
Water, Health: 15 x 15 - 225 ug/t
Lan-j, Health: 0.002 x 225 • 0.45 ug/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 2 = 10 ug/t
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 10 * 0.02 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCEMTBATifiMB.
EPCAH1 " I0* x °-1/'120 " °-24 "g/m3
EPCWH1 ' '5 x 0.?4 • 3.6 u
-------
mULIIfVICUlM yyy
ENVIRONMENTAL **
GOALS NICK?L
Air, pg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, i>g/\
(ppmWt)
Land, jig/g
(ppmWt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Bated on Best Technology
A. EniHingStindardl
NSPS. DPT. BAT
B. Dawloping Technology
Engineering EltimaMi
(R&O Goilll
II. Bated on Ambient Factor*
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicitv Effluent
BtMti an
Health Effecti
1.5E1
2.3E2
4.5E-1
Btudon
Eeologleil
Effucti
1.0E1
2E-2
B. Ambiint Level Goal*
BiMd on
He.lth Eff«cO
0..035
0.6
0.001
BMW) on
Ecological
Effects
2
0.004
C. Elimination of
DiichargB
Natural Background*
0.0006-
0.021
3 - 86,
5 - 7 t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Currant or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
B. Bated on
Ecological Effecti
2
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bated on
Health Effecti
0.24
1.4
0.003
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.004
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bawd on Health Effects
0.04
0.6
0.001
t For seawater
E-421
-------
CATEGORY: 76
NICKEL CARBONYL. Ni(CO)4 (Nickel tetracarbonyl).
A colorless, mobile, volatile, liquid.
PROPERTIES:
Molecular wt: 170.75; bp: 43; no: -25; d: 1.32
at 17"; vap. press: 320.6 am at 20°; solubility
0.018 g per 100 ml H20; X Nickel: 34.7.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS;
Nickel carbonyl Is a zerovalent nickel compound. It forms by the reaction of CO on finely divided
nickel at 200* C and 100-400 atmospheres. Decomposition of nickel carbonyl results in liberation of
carbon monoxide and pure nickel.
Nickel carbonyl has a characteristic odor that is detectable at 1-3 ppcn (ref. 96).
See Nickel and Nickel Compounds, as HI.
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Nickel carbonyl is extremely toxic. The primary effect of acute poisoning is pneumonitus.
Inhalation Is the most serious absorption route. Toxic symptoms probably are caused by both the
nickel and carbon monoxide liberated in the lungs (ref. 9). The lowest reported concentration lethal
to a person is 57 ppm for 30 minutes (ref. 2). Chronic exposure has been associated with cancer of
the lung and nasal sinuses (ref. 4).
LCjn (inhalation, rat): 240 mg/«3 for 30 minutes.
Nickel carbonyl administered Intravenously and via inhalation Is reported to produce cancer in
rats (refs. 2.133). The EPA/NIOSH ordering number 1s 4121. The lowest toxic dose producing a carcin-
ogenic response Is 157 mg/kg. The adjusted ordering number is 26.
Aquatic toxiclty: TLw96: 100-10 ppm (ref. 2).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV •= 0.35 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm) [Earlier TLV of 0.007 mg/m3 (0.001 ppm) was raised due to lack of
substantial evidence that the compound Is carcinogenic.]
The following regulations pertain to nickel and Its compounds, as Ni.
The new NIOSH recommendation for occupational exposure to nickel 1s 15 u3/m3. The value was
lowered due to evidence of nasal and lung cancer resulting from nickel exposure (ref. 134).
43 iig/m3 N1(CO)4 Is equivalent to 15 ug/m3 as NI.
Nickel Is Included In the NCI list of carcinogens to man.
Nickel Is a candidate for the list for Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). It Is
listed as Priority I on the EPA Consent Decree List.
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): 0.01 of the 96-hour LC50 for freshwater and
marine aquatic life (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: For freshwater aquatic life: application factor-0.02
(to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for marine aquatic life: hazard level --0.1 mg/t; minimal risk level—
0.002 mg/t; application factor— 0.02 (to be applied to 96-hour LCen); for Irrigation: 0.2 rog/t
for continuous use o<| all soils (ref. 28).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXtCITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air. Health: 43 yg/m3 Air, Ecology:
water, Health: 15 x 43 • 645 Mg/i Hater, Ecology: 5 x 2 « 10 wg/t. as NI
Land, Health: 0.002 x 645 * 1.3 i.g/g Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 10 - 0.02 ug/g, as N1
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH1 * '°3 * °-3S/420 - 0.8 ,,g/m3
EPCAHla * °-05/W ' 0.0001 ppm
fPCw, • 15 x 0.8 • 12 ug/t EW^ • 2 Mg/i . as NI
EPCHH2 " 13'8 x °'35 " 5 "9/e
EPCLH - 0.002 x 5 • 0.01 wg/g Epr - 0.002 x 2 « 0.004 Mg/g . as NI
£PCAC1 • 43/420 • 0.1 ug/m3
EPCAC2 • 103/(6 x 26) -6.4 Mg/m3
EPC^ -15 x 0.1 • 1.5 wg/«
EPC.- • 0.002 x 1.5 • 0.003 ug/g
LC E-422
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
76
NICKEL CARBONYL
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Category
Air, ng/rrP
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/\
(ppmWt)
Land, fig/g
(ppmWt)
1. Beted on Beit Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Tuchnology
EnginMring Estimates
(R8.D Goals)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Baud on
Health Efftcn
4.3E1
6.5E2
1.3EO
Bated on
Ecological
Effect*
l.OElt
2E-2 t
B. Ambi.nl Level Goal*
Based on
Heal* Effects
0.1
1.5
0.003
Based on
Ecological
Effects
2 t
0.004t
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
•To ba multiplied by dilution factor
Air, pg/rn
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppmWt)
Land, «
-------
CATEGORY: 7« *Jk!i: CU
COPPER AND UIB'KRUJMPUUNOS (AS CQPI'IRJ,, Cu (cuprum): STRUCTURE:
An oramie. due till1, inallrdble metal. Cu r(J4 Cu'2
PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 29; group lb; atomic wt: 63.546;
nip: 1,083 i 0.1; (>p: 2336; d: 8.92; Insoluble; vap. press:
1 nm at 1628°C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
+ 1 iO
Copper forms two series of compounds, cuprous (Cu ) and cupric (Cu ). Cupric compounds are the
more stable. They ionize in aqueous solution. ,
Rural background concentration in air is reported as 0.01 to 0.41 ug/nr (ref. 1). Another source
reports concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 0.078 as a constituent of suspended particulates In non-
urban air (ref. 3). Copper salts are in the form of dusts and mists: metallic copper may occur as
fume (ref. 4).
Concentration in freshwater as indicated from hydrologic benchmark samples ranges from zero to
40 pg/t; out of 126 samples 87 were zero (ref. 64). Another report indicates that the average fresh-
water copper concentration in U. S. surface water 1s 13.8 vq/t with a range of 0.8-280 ug/». (ref. 28).
Natural concentration in seawater is reported as 0.001 mg/i. (ref. 28) to 0.02 mg/i. (ref. 24). Copper
imparts a taste to water fn concentrations as low as 1 mq/t (ref. 33). Occurrencp in earth's crust is
70 ppm (ref. 24). Copper Is found In soils at about 20 i. in nutrient solutions are toxic to a
. number of pi ants (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOONITIOM. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (metallic copper fume): 0.2 rog/«3.
TLV (dusts and mists): l wg/m3.
Copper Is included on EPA Consent Decree Priority 111 List.
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Watnr Regulations, 1962, levels for Alternate Source
Selection: 1.0 mg/i (ref. 66).
CPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): for domestic water supplies (welfare): 1.0 mg/t;
for freshwater and marine aiguatfc lift?: application factor—0.1 (to be applied to 96-hour LCjo,
nnnaerated btoassay)(ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Hater Quality Criteria: lor public wat«r supply sources: 1 mg/».; for freshwater
aquatic life: application fnctor--0.l (to no x °-5 * 7-r> "9/
• 1 .000 ,,g/r EPCW s - 10
*pr\i
E-424
[PC.H « O.oo;' x 1000 - 1 vy/t *pr\i ' °-°°7 * 10 " °-z
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
78
COPPER
Air. fig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jjg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A, Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
2.0E2
5.0E3
1.0E1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E1
l.OE-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.5
1,000
2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
10
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background"
0.01 to 0.41
13.8
1 to 20t
20
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. ,.g/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, jiij/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
1,000
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
10
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.5
2
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
tFor seawater.
E-425
-------
CATEGORY: 79 WLN: .A6
SILVER AND SILVER COMPOUNDS (AS SILVER). Ag (argentum). STRUCTURE:
A white, lustrous, and malleable metal: regular
crystalline structure. Ag Ag*
PROPERTIES:
Atomic number 47; an element In the gold family;
group Ib; atomic wt: 107.868; mp: 960.5; bo-
1950; d: 10.5; valency: +1.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Rural background concentration measured In air 1s zero wg/n3 (ref. 1). Particle densities for
silver agglomerates are 10.5 g/cc for normal density and 0.25 g/cc for floe density (ref. 3).
Host silver compounds are insoluble; the nitrate, Ag N03 Is soluble. Natural concentration in
seawater Is 0.3 ug/i (ref. 28). Concentration In freshwater as indicated from hydrologic benchmark
samples ranges from zero to 50 vg/t; out of 18 samples, 11 were zero (ref. 64).
Occurrence 1n the earth's crust Is 0.1 ppm {ref. 24).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Exposure to minor amounts of silver over long periods result in permanent skin discoloration.
Many of the silver salts are Irritating to skin and mucous membranes (ref. 24). Skin effects are
noted In a human exposed to 1 mg/m3 (ref. 2). Silver is cumulative In the body; the biological
half-life Is reported to be about 3 days (ref. 2fi). Intravenous administration of 700 ug/kg as
colloidal silver has resulted 1n human death (ref. 2).
L050 (oral, mouse): 100 mq/kij for colloidal silver.
LD5Q (oral, mouse): 50 ng/kq for AgNOj (32 mg/kq. n
EPCL(. « 0.002 x 1,470 > 3
E-426
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
x
79
SILVER
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, pg/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, /jg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Bated on Beit Technology
A. EHif ting Standard*
NSPS. BPT. HAT
0. Damluplng Technology
Engineering Eitlmetoi
(RK.D Ooslt)
II. Baled on Ambient Factort
A. Minimum Acute
Tnxicity Efflwmt
Beted on
Health Effacu
1.0E1
2.5E2
5E-1
BaMdiin
Ecolngiol
Eff.cn
5EO
1E-2
B. Ambient Leral Goal-
Baud on
Health Effecti
0.024
50
0.1
Baud on
Ecolofllcal
EHecO
5
0.01
C. Elimination of
Ditch two*
Natural Background*
0
0-50,
0.3 t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /jg/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, pg/l
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(pom Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standard* or Criteria
A. Bawd on
Hailth Effecli
50
B. Bawd on
Ecological Effecti
5
II. Toxicity Band Eitimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Bmdon
Health Effecti
0.024
0.1
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.01
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Bated on Health Effects
98
1470
3
t For seawater
E-427
-------
CATEGORY: 81
ZINC AND ZINC COMPOUNDS ( AS ZH)
PROPERTIES:
Atonic wt: 65.38; atomic no.: 30; valence:
group: 2b; mp: 419.5; bp: 908; d: 7.14;
insoluble; vap press.: 1 nm at 487° C.
WIN: ZH
STRUCTURE:
Zn Zn*
2;
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Zinc occurs in the earth's crust at 0.02 percent by weiijhl. (ref. 24). It is usually found In nature
as the sulflde (ref. 33). Human intake of zinc is about 10-15 rmj/day (rpf. %). Rural
zinc are reported between 0.013 and 0.2 gq/in3 (ref. 1). 7inc playi a vital metabolic role as a trace
element In biological systems. In an analysis of U.S. surface waters, the mean zinc concentration was
51.8 tig/* * (ref. 28).
Phytotoxicity: Zinc concentration', of 0.4-1.6 mg/. in nutrient solutions are toxic to certain
varieties of soybeans (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (for zinc oxide fuses): 5 mg/m ; (for zinc oxide dust, nuisance particulate): 10 mq/m ; 5 mg/m
ZnO is equivalent to 4 mg/m3 as Zn.
Zinc oxide is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for occupational
exposure is 5 mg/m3 as a 10-hour workday, 40-hour workweek time-weighted average. A ceiling concentration
of 15 mg/n3 is also recommended (ref. 135).
Zinc Is included on the EPA Consent Decree List, Priority III. It Is a candidate for the 11st for
Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Regulations, Levels for Alternate Source Selection:
5 mg/t (ref. 66).
EPA 1976 Hater Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supplies, (welfare): 5,000 Mg/t;
for freshwater aquatic life: application factor—0.01 (to be applied to the 96-hour LCso) (ref. 33).
NAS/NAE 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply: 5 mg/t; for freshwater aquatic life:
application factor—0.0005 (to be applied to 96-hour LCso); for marine aquatic life: hazard level--
0.1 mg/t: minimal risk of deleterious effects—0.02 mg/r.; application factor: 0.01 (to be applied ».o
the 96-hour LC$fl); application factor 0.001 when other heavy metals (Cu, Cd) are present; for livestock;
25 ng/c: for irrigation: 2.0 rnq/i for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
Recommendations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Institutions: Zinc
concentrations inmost soils: M)0 kg/heclon- (ref.
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health:
4 x 103 ug/m3
Water. Health: 5 x 5.000 • 2.5 x
Hi" u«i/f.
land. Health: 0.002 x 2.5 x 10s 50 n«/q
Air, Fcolony:
Water. Ecology: 5 x 20 « 100 ,,g/t.
land. Ecology: 0.002 x 100 = 0.2 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
fPC
AH1
£PC
LH
» 103 x 4/420 * 9.5 ,,g/n3
• 15 x 9.5 * 143 ug/i
* 13.8 x 4 • 55 MS/t
' 5,000 Mg/i
0.002 x 5.000 • 10 ug/9
= 50 x 0.87 = 43.5 u9/*
EPCHES = 20 ug/i
EPC,
U
0.002 x 20 * 0.04 vg/g
E-428
-------
MULTIMEDIA
tINVIKUNMblMIAL 81
GOALS Z,NC
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water, jig/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /jg/g
(ppm Wt)
1 . Based on B««t Technology
A. Exhting Sundanji
NSPS. BPT. BAT
B. D«»elo|Mn« Technology
Engineering Estimatei
(R&D Goalt)
II. Bated on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acuta
Toxicity Effluent
Bated on
Health Effects
4.0E3
2.5E4
5.0E1
Bated on
Ecological
Effects
1.0E2
2E-1
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Baled on
Health Effect!
9.5
5,000
10
Baud on
Ecological
Effects
20
0.04
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.013-0.2
52, 2 t
58
*To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. MO/1
(ppm Wt)
Land, /
-------
CATEGORY: H?
CADMIUM ANO CADMIUM COMPOUNDS (AS CADMIUM), Cd:
A white, ductile metal.
PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 48; an element Of the Zinc family;
group 2b; atomic wt: 112.4; «ip: 320.9; bp: 765; d: 8.61;
insoluble; generally divalent (<2); vap. press: 1 mm at 394''C.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS. ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Cadmium emitted to the atmosphere is generally In the form of particulates-as the oxide, sulfide,
or sulfate (ref. 136). Rural background concentration in air is 0.0004 to 0.028 ug/m3 (ref. 1).
Most natural waters contain <10 ug/t (ref. 28). Natural concentration of seawater is 0.02 (ref. 28)
to -0.1 ug/t (refs. 28, 69). Soil background levels from 0.2-1. 4 kg/hectare (average - 0.1) are
Indicated (ref. 118). Occurrence in earth-s crust is 0.1-0.2 ppm (ref. 24).
Normal daily Intake by humans is estimated as 72 ug/day of Cd (ref. 113).
Pure cqdjRium metal is not found in nature. It occurs usually with zinc; the weight ratio of cadmium
to zinc varies from 0.0002 to 0.002 (ref. 137). Cadmium does not form organic compounds as does mercury
pr lead.
TOXIC PROPERTIES,, HEALTH EFFECTS:
Cadmium Is highly toxic (ref. 136). Inhalation or ingestlon of cadmium produces both acute and
chronic effects. Inhalation of 0.01-0.27 mg/m3 resulted in pulmonary and renal effects for exposed
worker* (ref. 4). Inqestlon of 13-15 ppm in popslcles was toxic to children (ref. 96). Maximum
normal body burden is 20-30 mg (ref. 93). The biological half life is 16-33 years, estimate (ref. 93).
Minimum detectable health effects have been theoretically associated with lonq-term (25-30 years)
exposure to air concentration of ?.5 ug/m3 (ref. 136).
Ll»so (oral, rat): Tt mg/kij for CdO. This Is equivalent to 63 mq/kq as Cd.
Cadmium and sevrr.il cadmium compounds ar*> reported to produce oncogenic and teratogenic effects.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that occupational exposure to cadmium
in some form (possibly Ihe ox1d«) increase the risk of cancer in man (ref. 133). The EPA/NIOSH
ordering number basr.l on oncogenic potential for cadmium and If. compounds collectively is 7329. The
lowest dose reported to (iroduce an nncogenlc response in an animal Is 1 mq/ky. as Cd. The adjusted
ordering number is 73?'). Ihe LPA/NIOSH ordering number based on teratoqenic effect-, is 4305. The
lowest dose to produce A teratogenic effect is 1 mg/kg. as Cd. The adjusted ordering number is 4305.
Aquatic toxlclty: Acute lethal concentration for most freshwater fish varies from 0.01 to 10 mg/l
(ref. 69). Reproduction of .Daphnla inaqna at reduced to 0.0005 mq/». (ref. 28). The 7 day LCso for
rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) 1s~0.008-0.01 ppm (ref. 28).
Cadmium is a~3angerous, cumulative poison. A concentration factor up to 1000 has been reported
f v^Jif 7H^
Zinc and copper increase toxlcity (refs. 28, 69). Oysters may concentrate cadmium from very low
levels in ambient water (ref. 28).
Phytotoxicity: There is evidence that cadmium in soil is taken up by certain plants (ref. 136).
Yields of beans, turnips, and beets are reduced by 0.10 mg/i in nutrient solutions (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (dust and salts, as Cd; cadmium oxide fume, as Cd): 0.05 mg/m3. Cadmium oxide production
is classified by ACGIH as "Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Han."
Cadmium is designated for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards because of toxlcity to aquatic
life (ref. 10). It appears on EPA Consent Decree. Priority 1 list.
National Interim Primary Drinking Mater Regulations: 0.010 mg/l (ref . 102).
U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Hater Regulations- Levels for Source Rejection: 0.01 mg/l
(ref. 66).
LPA Hater Quality Criteria 1976 (proposed): For domestic water supply (health): 10 \><)/>. for
freshwater aquatic life: soft water--0.4-4 im/i; for hard watpr-- 1.2-1? ng/i ; for marine: 5 vqf>.
NAS/NAE Water Quality Criteria. 1972: for public water supply sources— 0.10 mq/t; for freshwater
aquatic Hfc: for hard water (>100 m«j/»., as CaCOs): nwx1mum--0.03 mg/»., safe level~0.003 mg/i;
for soft water (-100 ntg/t, as CaC03): maximum— 0.004 mq/», safe level— 0.0004 mg/l; for marine
aquatic life: hazard level -0.01 mg/i; minimal risk of deleterious effects— 0.2 ng/i; application
factor— 0.01 (to be applied to 96-hour LCjo), lower 1n presence of copper and/or zinc; for livestock:
SO ug/t; for Irrigation: 0.010 mg/i for continuous use on all soils (ref. 28).
Recommendation of U. S. Department of Agriculture and Land Grant Colleges: Concentration of
cadmium (most soils}— 10 kg/hectare (ref. 112).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS:
A1r, Health: 7 x 104/7329 - 10 ng/m3
Hater, Health: 5 x 10 - 50 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 50 • 0.1 Mg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
trc.u, " 103 x 0.05/420 • 0.12 Mg/m3
- ,5 x 0.12 - 1.8 ,g/i
- 13.8 x 0.05 - 0.7 Mfl/i
(for CdO.
Air, Ecology:
Hater, Ecology: 5 x 0.2 - 1 ug/i
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 1 = 0.002 vg/g
- 0.4 ug/l (freshwater, soft)
- 0,2 yg/« (-fine)
EPC
EPCAC1
r.PCA(7
LPCVK
tpci<:
• 0.002 x 10 • 0.02 vg/g
• 103 x 0.05/420 - 0.12 ug/«3 ('
as Cd)
- II)3 x (C x /3?9) • 0.02 Mg/m3
- 1'. x 0.02 •» O.'J n<]/l
0.002 x 0.3 • 0.0006 n9/g
EPC
'AT
- 0.002 x «-«- 0-000*
- 103/(6 x 4305) - 0.04
15 x 0.04 * 0.6
0.002 x 0.6 • 0
E-430
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
82
CADMIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, fig/m3
(ppm Vot)
Water, pg/l
(ppm WO
Land, /ig/g
Ippm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS. BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&D Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxtcity Effluent
Based on
Health Effects
1.0E1
5.0E1
l.OE-1
Based on
Ecological
Effects
l.OEO
2.0E-3
B. Ambient Level Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.02
10
0.0006
Based on
Ecological
Effects
0.4
0.2
0.0004
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
0.0004 to
0.028
<10t
0.02 - O.lf
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m
(ppm Vol)
Water, ng/l
(ppm Wt)
1 mid, fig/H
(Pl»n Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Health Effects
10
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.4t
0.2t
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.12
0.02
B. Dated on
Ecological Effects
0.0004
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
0.02
|
0.0006
•
•iFor freshwater.
tFor seawater.
E-431
-------
MERCURY. AND. MERCURY COMPOUNDS (AS MERCURY) except Alky): STRUCTURE:
Mercury. H<) (quick si Ivor). Hg+l H^+2
A silvery, liquid, metallic element.
PROPERTIES: Atomic number: 80; group 8a; atomic wt: 200.61;
mp: -38.87; bp: 356.6; d: 13.546; vap. press: 1 mm at
126. 2°C; valency: +1, +2; insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Mercury is associated with particulate matter in the atmosphere. Background concentration in U. S.
rivers and streams is reported as <0.5 Mg/t (ref. 64) with most less than 0.1 ugA (ref. 28).
Natural concentration in seawater ranges 0.03 ug/i (ref- 69) to 0.1 »g/i (ref. 28).
Biological methylation may occur in bottom sediments resulting in continuous levels of methyl
mercury in the water (ref. 28). A normal range for Hg present in soils is 0.02-0.6 kg/hectare
(ref. 118)- Occurren.:- in earth', crust is 0.5 ppm (rel. ?«). Human In lake of mercury averages
5-10 i.g/day (ref. 93).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Acute and chronic i-HVcls may result. from human exposure In riicrtury. Inhalation of 1.2 to 8.5 mg/tir
has rpsult.Pi) In acute illness (rpf. :i): ImiPStion of 11?') mo/k'i has resulted in human death (ref. 2).
Inhalation ol 169 in|/«-' for 40 years has caused central nervous system effects (ref. 2). Mercuric salts
are morn soluble )n the digestive tr.ic t and hence more toxic than mcrc.unius salt.s. The biological half
life of mercury Is S wri-U (ref. 2?). Except for certain occupational exposures, food, particularly
fish, is the greatest i.ontributor to the human body burden of mercury (ref. 28).
Certain mercury compounds have demonstrated oncogeni«; or (.erotogenic potential (ref. 2, 32). The
EPA/NIOSH ordering number based on oncogenic potential (consirtorinii the compounds collectively as Hg)
is 4202. The lowest dosage producing tumors is 400 mg/k<|. The adjusted ordering number is 10.5.
The teratogenic based ordering number is 7202. The lowest dosage resulting in a teratogenic response
is 500 yg/kg. The adjusted ordering number based on a teratogenic potential is 14400.
Aquatic toxi city: Concentrations over 3 uq/i (as mercuric sulfate) are toxic to salmon egs,
Oncorhynchus nerka and 0. gorbuscha (ref. 28). Acute 96-hour LCsp for fish: 1 mg/t for inorganic
mercury (ref. 28). Biological magnification up to 27.000 times the water concentration has been
reported (ref. 33). The mercury is stored in organisms generally as methyl mercury. Fish eating birds
and manuals are affected by excessive mercury in water because of their position at the top of the food
^
TLV = 0.05 ing/m . (For all forms except alky}. The TLV does not recognize oncogenic or teratogenic
potential).
Inorganic mercury is the subject of a NIOSH Criteria Document. The NIOSH recommendation for
occupational exposure, as an 8-hour workday time-weighted average is 0.05 mg/nv* (ref. 139).
EPA National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants have been established limiting mercury
emissions to 2300 g/24 hours from mercury ore processing facilities and mercury cell chlor-alkali plants
and 3200 g/24 hrs from facilities that, process wastewater treatment plant sludges (ref. 16). Mercury
is on the" list for EPA Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards (ref. 10). Mercury is on the EPA Consent
Decree List. Priority 1.
FOA guidelines for the maximum level of Hg in edible portions of fish flesh is 0.5 i.g/c. (ref. 28).
National Interim Primary Drlnkinn Water Regulations: 0.002 mg/l. (ref. 102).
EPA 1976 Water Quality Criteria (proposed): For domestic water supply (health): 2.0 iig/i; for
freshwater aquatic life and wildlife: 0.05 ug/t; for marine aquatic life: 0.10 \> (ref. 33).
NAS/NA1 1972 Water Quality Criteria: For public water supply sotm.es: 0.002 HK)/».; for freshwater
aquatic life: total mercury body burden in aquatic oraanisms--O.S iig/g wet weight; average total con-
centration- -0.05 wg/«; maximum at any time or place — 0.2 pg/i; for marine aquatic life: hazard level —
0.10 ug/t; for livestock: 10 i>g/i (to prevent human consumption of animal tissue containing > 0.5 ppm
Hg) (ref. 28). .
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITV CONCENTRATIONS:
Air, Health: 50 iig/m3 Air. Ecology: 10 ug/m3
Water. Health: 5 x 2 « 10 ug/t water. Ecology: 5 x 50 « 250 vgft
Land. Health: 0.002 x 10 • 0.02 ug/g Land. Ecology: 0.01)2 x 250 • 0.5 yg/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONa:
tPCAHl • 103 x 0.05/420 • 0.12 ug/m3 EPC^ - 0.1 x 10 - 1 ug/m3
tPCHHl " 1S x °'12 " l'a u9/t EPCWES " 50 "9/'
EPCWH2 * 13'8 * 0>OS * °'7 "9/t
t-PCUHS • 2 Mg/l
tPClu • 0.002 x 2 • 0.004 ug/g EPC. , > 0.00? x 50 • 0.1 ng/g
Ln i ' -j Lt o ->
tPCAC? • 10J/(6 x 10.5) • 16 n9/» EPCAT « 103/(6 x 14.400) • 0.01 ,,g/mj
[PCUC - If. x 16 « 240 u«|/t EPC^ • 15 x 0.01 - 0.15 yg/t
IPC,C - O.o0i> x 240 • 0.5 wg/g EPCUT " 0.002 x 15 - 0.03 vg/g
E-432
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
XXX
83
MERCURY
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. y
-------
CATEGORY: g$
URANIUM AND URANIUM COMPOUNDS (AS URANIUM). U:
A hard, heavy, nickel-white, radioactive metal.
WLN: UR
STRUCTURE:
U U*4
PROPERTIES: Atomic no: 92; group 3b; atomic wt: 238.03;
mp: 1132.3; bp: 3818; d: 18.95; valency: +3. H. +5, *6;
insoluble.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERISTICS, ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS:
Uranium principally forms tetravalent (uranous) or hexavalent (uranic, uranyl, or uranate)
compounds. The oxide U03 forms uranates with bases and uranyl salts with acids. Uranium minerals
may contain phosphates and vanadates of rare earths. Natural uranium consists of the isotopes U238
and U235 in the ratio of 140:1. U235 is the fissionable Isotope. Occurrence In the earth's crust
is 2 x 10" percent (ref. 28). It averages about 3 g/ton of rock (ref. 96). The natural concentra-
tion in seawater is 3 ug/t (ref. 28). Uranium does not occur naturally in most waters above a few
micrograns per liter (ref. 28).
TOXIC PROPERTIES. HEALTH EFFECTS:
Natural uninlum Is highly toxic by virtue of its biochemical activity as well as its radioactivity.
The most Important route of exposure to uranium Is Inhalation of Insoluble partlculate. Radiation
exposure is considered cumulative.
There is no evidence linking exposure to levels of 0.15 to 0.25 mg/m3 (both soluble and insoluble U
compounds) with Injury to kidney or to blood (ref. 4).
LD50 (''"^ravenous, rat): 400 mg/kg for uranium chloride, (250 mg/kg as U*4).
The biological half life of uranium in bone and kidney is reported as 300 days (ref. 96).
Aquatic toxicity: 96-hour LCjg for fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: 2.8 mg/t (uranyl sulfate
1n soft water) (ref. 28).
REGULATORY ACTIONS. STANDARDS. CRITERIA. RECOGNITION. CANDIDATE STATUS FOR SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TLV (Natural soluble and Insoluble compounds, as U): 0.2 mg/m3.
Regulations for Protection against Radiation: Maximum concentrations of materials released to
unrestricted areas: Soluble compounds in air: 3 x 10'Z uc/ml (9 Mg/m3); insoluble compounds 1n air:
t x 10-": pc/ml (6 ug/mJ); soluble and Insoluble compounds 1n water: 2 x 10-5 uc/ml (60,000 ug/'.).
One cone of natural uranium Is equivalent to 3,000 kg (ref. 140)
NAS/NAE 197? Water Quality Criteria: For marine aquatic life: hazard level—0.5 mall; minimal risk
of deleterious effects-0.1 mg/t; application factor—0.01 (to be applied to 96-hr LC50) (ref. 28).
The pharmacology and toxicology of Industrially important uranium compounds has been extensively
studied (ref. 141).
MINIMUM ACUTE TOXICITY CONCENTRATIONS;
Air, Health: 9 icg/m3
Water. Health: 60,000 ug/i
Land. Health: 0.002 x 60.000 - 120 «g/g
A1r, Ecology:
Water, Ecology: 5 x 100 » 500 Hg/».
Land, Ecology: 0.002 x 500 « 1 ug/g
ESTIMATED PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS:
EPCAH] = 200/420 ' 0.5 ug/m3
EPCWH] • 15 x 0.5
£PCWH2 * 13-8 x °'
EPCLH - 0.002 x 3
7.5 ug/t
* 3 "9/1
0.006 ug/g
EPC
EPC
WES
LE
* 10° U9/1
0.002 x 100
0.2 ug/g
E-434
-------
MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS
xx
85
URANIUM
EMISSION LEVEL GOALS
Air, /ig/m3
(ppm Vol)
Water. ng/\
(ppm Wt)
Land, pg/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Based on Best Technology
A. Existing Standards
NSPS, BPT, BAT
B. Developing Technology
Engineering Estimates
(R&O Goals)
II. Based on Ambient Factors
A. Minimum Acute
Toxicity Effluent
Based on
Health Effect!
9EO
6.0E4
1.2E2
Based on
Ecological
Effects
5.0E2
l.OEO
B. Ambient Lenl Goal*
Based on
Health Effects
0.5
3
0.006
Based on
Ecological
Effects
100
0.2
C. Elimination of
Discharge
Natural Background*
3 t
•To be multiplied by dilution factor
AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Air, Mfl/m
(ppm Vol)
Water. MS/I
(ppm Wt)
Land. (iQ/g
(ppm Wt)
1. Current or Proposed Ambient
Standards or Criteria
A. Based on
Haalth Effects
B. Based on
Ecologkal Effects
100
II. Toxicity Based Estimated
Permissible Concentration
A. Based on
Health Effects
0.5
3
0.006
B. Based on
Ecological Effects
0.2
III. Zero Threshold Pollutants
Estimated Permissible Concentration
Based on Health Effects
t For seawater
E-435
-------
REFERENCES
1. Wagoner, D. Compilation of Ambient Trace Substances. Draft of Report
Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-02-1325 for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from Tucker, W. G.,
Project Officer, IERL-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (1976).
2. Christensen, H. E., Fairchild, E. J. Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances: 1976 Edition. Prepared by Tracer Jitco Inc.,
Rockville, MD for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
HEW Publication No. (NIOSH)76-191 (1976).
3. Bond, R. G., Straub, C. P., Prober, R., Eds. Handbook of Experimental
Control. Vol. 1: Air Pollution. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland,
OH (1972).
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air with Supple-
ments, Third Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (1974).
5. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air Quality Criteria for
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Contract No. PH 22-68-25 for National Air Pollution Control Administra-
tion. Available from Technical Information Center, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. APTD 69-40 (1969).
139. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Criteria for a
Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Mercury. Avail-
able from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 222 223 (1973).
140. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Standards for Protection against Radia-
tion. Title 10 Code Federal Regulations Part 20.
141. Voegtlin and Hodge, Eds. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium
Compounds. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1953).
E-448
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ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION CONSULTED
IN THE PREPARATION OF THE MULTIMEDIA
ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS CHARTS
D
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist TLV . Threshold
Limit Values for Chemical Substances in Workroom Air. Adopted by ACGHI
for 1976. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist,
Cincinnati, OH (1976).
2. Christensen, H. E., Luginbhyl, T. T., Eds. Suspected Carcinogens: A
Subfile of the NIOSH Toxic Substance List. Tracor Jitco Inc., Rockville,
MD. DHEW Publication NO. (NIOSH) 75-188 (1975).
3. Commerce Clearing House Editorial Staff. Topical Law Reports. Commerce
Clearing House Inc., Chicago, IL.
4. Grasselli, J. G., Ritchey, W. M., Eds. Atlas of Spectral Data and Physical
Constants for Organic Compounds, Second Edition. Chemical Rubber Co.
Press, Inc., Cleveland, OH (1975).
5. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Definitive Rules for
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. 1957 Rules. Parts A, B, C.
Butter-worth Scientific Publications, London (1971).
6. Latimer, W. M., Hildebrand, J. H. Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry,
Third Edition. The Macmillan Company, New York, NY (1952).
7. Moeller, T. Inorganic Chemistry: An Advanced Textbook. John Wiley and
Sons, New York, NY (1952).
8. Morrison, R. T., Boyd, R. W. Organic Chemistry, Second Edition. Allyn
and Bacon Inc., Boston, MA (1971).
9. Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An
Ordering of the NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens List Based Only on Data Con-
tained in the List. Available from National Technical Information
Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. PB 251 851 (1976).
10. Weast, R. C., Ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th Edition.
Chemical Rubber Company Press, Inc., Cleveland, OH (1976).
E-449
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-77-136b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
«. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental
Assessment, Volume n. MEG Charts and
Background Information
5. REPORT DATE
November 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
J. G. Cleland and G. L. Kingsbury
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2612, W.A. 10
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND.PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 3-10/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP task officer for this report is T. Kelly Janes, Mail
Drop 61, 919/541-2851.
ie. ABSTRACT The report gives results of a study of the derivation of Multimedia Environ-
mental Goals (MEG's). MEG's are levels of significant contaminants or degradents
(in ambient atr, water, or land, or in emissions or effluents conveyed to the ambient
media) that are judged to be: appropriate for preventing certain negative effects in
the surrounding populations or ecosystems; or representative of the control limits
achievable through technology. In the context of deriving MEG's, Volume I: offers
perspective on the broad range of contaminants whose control is vital to both industry
and the public; further develops and defines indicators designating contaminants which
must be given priority consideration for immediate control and for subsequent rese-
arch; brings existing and emerging data together for use in environmental assessment;
and explores some basic methodologies which provide the present MEG's, and which
also suggest directions for refined methodologies. MEG's are projected for more than
650 pollutants: of these, 216 receive full attention in Volume II.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Environmental Engineering
Assessments
Pollution Control
Multimedia Environ-
mental Goals
Environmental Assess-
ment
13B
05E
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
451
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thi* page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220O (1-73)
E-450
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