FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BDAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
FOR
CHLORINATED TOLUENE WASTES
K149, K150, AND K151
Richard Kinch
Chief, Waste Treatment Branch
Lisa Jones
Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
2800 Crystal Drive
Arlington, Virginia 22202
July 1994
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DISCLAIMER STATEMENT
The technical and analytical findings and recommendations contained in this document
are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official EPA position,
policy, or decision. This disclaimer page may only be removed by EPA.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Regulatory Background 1-2
1.2 Summary 1-3
1.3 Contents of This Document 1-5
2.0 LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS FOR K149, K150,
AND K151 WASTES 2-1
2.1 Summary of Basis for Listing of Chlorinated Toluene
Wastes 2-1
2.2 Key Points of Chlorinated Toluene Waste Standards
and How They Reflect LDR Goals 2-1
3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CHLORINATED
TOLUENE WASTE STREAMS 3-1
3.1 Chlorinated Toluene Industry 3-1
3.1.1. Chlorinated Toluene Production Processes 3-1
3.1.2 Chlorinated Toluene End Product Uses 3-6
3.2 Processes Generating K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 3-6
3.2.1 K149 Wastes 3-7
3.2.1.1 Overview of Process Generating
K149 Wastes 3-7
3.2.2 K150 Wastes 3-8
3.2.2.1 Overview of Process Generating
K150 Wastes 3-8
3.2.3 K151 Wastes 3-8
3.2.3.1 Overview of Process Generating
K151 Wastes 3-9
3.3 Waste Stream Characteristics 3-9
3.3.1 Waste Stream Status Under Other Regulations 3-9
3.3.2 Waste Stream Descriptions 3-10
3.3.3 Amenability of Chlorinated Toluenes to
Chemical Analysis 3-10
3.3J.1 SW-846 Method Applicability 3-10
3.3.3.2 Sample Preparation Issues .. 1 3-11
3.3.3.3 Actual and Potential Commercial
Use of Chlorinated Toluene
Wastes 3-11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
3.4 Chlorinated Toluene Industry Waste Management
Practices 3-11
3.4.1 Description of K149 Waste Management
Practices 3-12
3.4.2 Description of K1SO Waste Management
Practices 3-12
3.4.3 Description of K1S1 Waste Management
Practices 3-13
3.4.4 Other Chlorinated Toluene Waste
Minimization, Pollution Prevention, Recycling,
and Reuse Techniques 3-13
4.0 BDAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR
CHLORINATED TOLUENE WASTES K149, K150, AND
K151 4-1
4.1 Determination of BDAT Treatment Standards for
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 4-1
4.1.1 Selection of Regulated Constituents 4-1
4.1.1.1 BDAT List Constituents Present
in K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 4-1
4.1.1.2 Other Constituents Present in
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 4-2
4.1.1.3 Constituents Selected for
Regulation in K149, K150, and
K151 Wastes 4-2
4.1.2 Identification of Best Demonstrated Available
Technologies (BDAT) 4-2
4.1.2.1 Nonwastewaters 4-3
4.1.2.1.1 Applicable Treatment
Technologies 4-4
4.1.2.1.2 Demonstrated Treatment
Technologies 4-8
4.1.2.13 Identification of BDAT 4-9
4.1.2.2 Wastewaters 4-10
4.1.2.2.1 Applicable Treatment
Technologies 4-10
4.1.2.2.2 Demonstrated Treatment
Technologies 4-14
4.1.2.2.3 Identification of BDAT 4-14
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4.1.3 Identification of Treatment Standards 4-16
4.1.3.1 Nonwastewaters 4-16
4.1.3.2 Wastewaters 4-17
4.2 Detailed Descriptions of Technologies Identified as
BOAT 4-18
4.2.1 Nonwastewaters 4-18
4.2.1.1 Incineration 4-18
4.2.1.1.1 Treatment Applicability 4-18
4.2.1.1.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-19
4.2.1.2.3 Process Constraints 4-20
4.2.2 Wastewaters 4-21
4.2.2.1 Biological Treatment 4-22
4.2.2.1.1 Treatment Applicability 4-22
4.2.2.1.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-22
4.2.2.1.3 Process Constraints 4-24
4.2.2.2 Steam Stripping 4-24
4.2.2.2.1 Treatment Applicability 4-24
4.2.2.2.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-25
4.2.2.2.3 Process Constraints 4-25
4.2.2.3 Filtration 4-26
4.2.2.3.1 Treatment Applicability 4-26
4.2.2.3.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-26
4.2.2.3.3 Process Constraints 4-26
4.2.2.4 Powdered Activated Carbon
Treatment (PACT)* 4-27
4.2.2.4.1 Treatment Applicability 4-27
4.2.2.4.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-27
4.2.2.4.3 Process Constraints 4-27
4.2.2.5 Granular Activated Carbon
(GAC) Adsorption 4-28
4.2.2.5.1 Treatment Applicability 4-28
4.2.2.5.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-28
4.2.2.5.3 Process Constraints 4-28
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4.3 Waste Minimization, Pollution Prevention, and Reuse
and Recycling Potential 4-29
5.0 REGULATORY HISTORY AND STATUS OF THESE
WASTES 5-1
5.1 Other Land Disposal Restrictions for These Wastes 5-1
5.2 Land Disposal Restrictions for Similar Wastes 5-1
5.3 Effluent Guidelines 5-1
5.4 Clean Air Act Regulations and Other Process Controls 5-1
6.0 REFERENCES 6-1
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7-1
Appendix A Treatment Performance Database and Methodology for
Identifying Universal Standards for Constituents in
Nonwastewater Forms of K149, K150, and K151 Wastes A-l
Appendix B Treatment Performance Database and Methodology for
Identifying Universal Standards for Constituents in
Wastewater Forms of K149, K150, and K151 Wastes B-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
ES-1 BDAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes ES-4
ES-2 BDAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of K149,
K150, and K151 Wastes ES-5
1-1 BDAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 1-6
1-2 BDAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of K149,
K150, and K151 Wastes 1-7
3-1 Chlorinated Toluene End Uses 3-14
3-2 List of Products Manufactured at Chlorinated Toluene
Facih'ties in the U.S 3-15
3-3 Waste Characterization Data for K149 Wastes 3-17
3-4 Waste Characterization Data for K150 Wastes 3-18
3-5 Waste Characterization Data for K151 Wastes 3-19
3-6 SW-846 Method Applicability for Constituents Regulated in
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 3-20
4-1 Constituents Selected for Regulation in K149, K150, and
K151 Wastes 4-30
4-2 Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) for
Constituents Selected for Regulation in Nonwastewater
Forms of K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 4-31
4-3 Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) for
Constituents Selected for Regulation in Wastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes 4-32
4-4 Determination of BDAT Treatment Standards for
Constituents in Nonwastewater Forms of K149, K150, and
K151 Wastes • • • • 4-33
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
4-5 BDAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes : 4-35
4-6 Determination of BDAT Treatment Standards for
Constituents in Wastewater Forms of K149, K150, and K151
Wastes 4-36
4-7 BDAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of K149,
K150, and K151 Wastes 4-37
A-l Treatment Standard Data for Constituents Selected for
Regulation in Nonwastewater Forms of K149, K150, and
K151 Wastes A-8
B-l Key to Data Sources for Wastewaters B-10
B-2 Key to Treatment Technologies B-ll
B-3 Treatment Performance Data for Benzene in Wastewaters B-13
B-4 Treatment Performance Data for Carbon Tetrachloride in
Wastewaters B-16
B-5 Treatment Performance Data for Chlorobenzene in
Wastewaters B-18
B-6 Treatment Performance Data for Chloroform in Wastewaters B-20
B-7 Treatment Performance Data for Chloromethane in
Wastewaters B-23
B-8 Treatment Performance Data for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene in
Wastewaters B-25
B-9 Treatment Performance Data for Hexachlorobenzene in
Wastewaters B-27
B-10 Treatment Performance Data for 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
in Wastewaters
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
B-ll Treatment Performance Data for 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane in
Wastewaters B-28
B-12 Treatment Performance Data for Tetrachloroethylene in
Wastewaters B-29
B-13 Treatment Performance Data for 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene in
Wastewaters B-32
B-14 Treatment Performance Data for Toluene in Wastewaters B-33
B-15 Volatile Variability Factor Calculation B-38
B-16 Semivolatile Variability Factor Calculation B-39
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
3-1 Chlorinated Toluene Process Diagram 3-2
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) is
establishing Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) treatment standards for
the regulation of hazardous wastes listed in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations.
Section 261.32 (40 CFR 261.32) as K149, K150, and K151. These BDAT treatment
standards are being established in accordance with the amendments to the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, enacted by the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments (HSWA) of November 8, 1984. Compliance with the BDAT
treatment standards is a prerequisite for land disposal of restricted wastes, as defined in
40 CFR Part 268. EPA may grant a variance from the applicable treatment standards
under 40 CFR 268.44 and under 40 CFR 268.6. EPA may grant waste- and site-specific
waivers from applicable treatment standards in 40 CFR 268.41-268.43.
K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes are generated in the production of
chlorinated toluenes. These wastes are defined as follows:
• K149 - Distillation bottoms from the production of alpha (methyl)
chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides,
and compounds with mixtures of these functional groups. (The
definition of this waste does not include K015 wastes, still bottoms
from the distillation of benzyl chloride.)
• K150 - Organic residuals, excluding spent carbon adsorbent, from
the spent chlorine gas and hydrochloric acid recovery processes
associated with the production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated
toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides, and
compounds with mixtures of these functional groups.
• K151 - Wastewater treatment sludges, excluding neutralization and
biological sludges, generated during the treatment of wastewaters
from the production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-
chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides and compounds with
mixtures of these functional groups.
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This background document provides the Agency's rationale and technical
support for developing BOAT treatment standards for K149, K150, and K151 wastes
under the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) program. This document also provides
waste characterization data that may serve as a basis for determining whether a variance
from the applicable treatment standards may be warranted for a particular type of
chlorinated toluene waste that may be more difficult to treat than the wastes on which
the BOAT treatment standards are based.
The Agency's legal authority and the petition process necessary for
requesting a variance from the treatment standards are summarized in EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Procedures and Methodologies (Methodology Background
Document) (11). The methodologies used for establishing the nonwastewater and
wastewater treatment standards for the constituents selected for regulation in K149,
K150, and K1S1 wastes, are summarized in Appendices A and B of this document,
respectively.
The Agency selected constituents for regulation in K149, K150, and K151
wastes based on an October 1992 final rule which listed these wastes as hazardous (14).
The Agency is regulating the land disposal of both nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes by establishing the BDAT treatment
standards numerically equivalent to the universal standards (universal standards). A
universal standard is a single concentration limit established for a specific constituent
regardless of the waste matrix in which it is present, i.e., the same treatment standard
applies to a particular constituent in each waste code in which it is regulated. The
Agency is establishing two different sets of universal standards: one for nonwastewater
forms of waste and one for wastewater forms of waste. These two sets differ in the
population of regulated constituents and the individual universal standards. A more
detailed discussion concerning the determination of these treatment standards is
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provided in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for Universal Standards. Volume A: Universal Standards for Nonwastewater
Forms of Wastes (12) and EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology
(BOAT) Background Document for Universal Standards. Volume B: Universal
Standards for Wastewater Forms of Wastes (13).
The universal standards for the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastewater forms of K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes are based on incineration
treatment performance data that were used to promulgate previous BDAT treatment
standards. The universal standards for wastewater forms of these wastes are based on
treatment performance data from several sources, including the BDAT database, the
NPDES database, the WERL database, EPA-collected WAO/PACT® data, the EAD
database, industry-submitted leachate treatment performance data, data submitted by the
Chemical Manufacturers Association's Carbon Disulfide Task Force, data submitted by
the California Toxic Substances Control Division, data in literature that were not already
part of the WERL database, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO
and PACT9 treatment processes.
Table ES-1 lists the BDAT treatment standards for nonwastewater forms of
K149, K150, and K151 wastes. Table ES-2 lists the BDAT treatment standards for
wastewater forms of these wastes. The standards shown on Tables ES-1 and ES-2 are
numerically equivalent to the universal standards for those constituents.
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Table ES-1
BDAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K1S1 Wastes
BDAT List Constituent
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Total Composition Concentration (mg/kg)
Maxhnam for Any Single Grab Sample
K149
NR
NR
6.0
6.0
30
6.0
10
10
14
NR
NR
10
NR
K150
NR
6.0
NR
6.0
30
6.0
10
10
14
6.0
6.0
NR
19
K151
10
6.0
NR
6.0
NR
NR
10
10
14
NR
6.0
10
NR
NR = Not Regulated.
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Table ES-2
BDAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
BDAT List Constituent
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Total Composition Concentration (mg/L)
Maximum for Any 24-Hour Composite Sample
K149
NR
NR
0.057
0.046
0.19
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.055
NR
NR
0.080
NR
K1SO
NR
0.057
NR
0.046
0.19
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.057
0.056
NR
0.055
K151
0.14
0.057
NR
0.046
NR
NR
0.055
0.055
0.055
NR
0.056
0.080
NR
NR = Not Regulated.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) is
establishing Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) treatment standards for
the regulation of hazardous wastes listed in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations.
Section 261.32 (40 CFR 261.32) as K149, K150, and K151 wastes. These BOAT
treatment standards are being established in accordance with the amendments to the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, enacted by the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of November 8,1984. Compliance with the
BDAT treatment standards is a prerequisite for land disposal of restricted wastes, as
defined in 40 CFR Part 268. EPA may grant a variance from the applicable treatment
standards under 40 CFR 268.44 and under 40 CFR 268.6. EPA may grant waste- and
site-specific waivers from applicable treatment standards in 40 CFR 268.41-268.43. The
BDAT treatment standards for these wastes are presented in Tables 1-1 and 1-2 of this
document.
K149, K150, and K151 wastes are generated in the production of
chlorinated toluenes. These wastes are defined as follows:
• K149 - Distillation bottoms from the production of alpha (methyl)
chlorinated toluenes, ring;chlormated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides,
and compounds with mixtures of these functional groups. (The
definition of this waste does not include K015 wastes, still bottoms
from the distillation of benzyl chloride.)
• K150 - Organic residuals, excluding spent carbon adsorbent, from
the spent chlorine gas and hydrochloric acid recovery processes
associated with the production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated
toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides, and
compounds with mixtures of these functional groups.
• K1S1 - Waste water treatment sludges, excluding neutralization and
biological sludges, generated during the treatment of wastewaters
from the production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-
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chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides and compounds with
mixtures of these functional groups.
This background document provides the Agency's rationale and technical
support for developing BDAT treatment standards for K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes
under the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) program. This document also provides
waste characterization data that may serve as a basis for determining whether a variance
from the applicable treatment standards may be warranted for a particular type of
chlorinated toluene waste that may be more difficult to treat than the wastes on which
the BDAT treatment standards are based.
The Agency's legal authority and the petition process necessary for
requesting a variance from the treatment standards are summarized in EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document for Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Procedures and Methodology (Methodology Background
Document) (11). The methodologies used for establishing the nonwastewater and
wastewater treatment standards for the constituents selected for regulation in K149,
K150, and K1S1 wastes, are summarized in Appendices A and B of this document,
respectively.
On October 15, 1992 (57 FR 47376), the Agency promulgated a hazardous
waste listing rule for K149, K150, and K151 wastes generated during the production of
chlorinated toluenes. The Agency listed thirteen constituents of concern in these wastes:
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, chloromethane, 1,4-
dichlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene,
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. One
waste generated during the production of chlorinated toluenes (still bottoms from the
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distillation of benzyl chloride, K015) was already listed and regulated as a hazardous
waste prior to the October, 1992 rulemaking.
The hazardous waste listing program and the LDR program both define
"wastewater" quantitatively to mean forms of hazardous wastes with less than one percent
total organic carbon (TOC) and less than one percent total suspended solids (TSS) (see
40 CFR 268.2 (f)). Although K149, K150, and K151 wastes meet the definition of
nonwastewaters as generated, EPA establishes treatment standards for both wastewater
and nonwastewater forms of these listed wastes to ensure that any waste streams that
meet the definition of a wastewater are also treated to meet appropriate treatment
standards prior to land disposal. The October 11, 1991 proposed rule and the October
15, 1992 final rule (57 FR 47376) stated that EPA did not list as hazardous those waste
streams from the production, recovery, and refining of chlorinated toluenes meeting the
definition of wastewaters. At that time, EPA chose not to list certain aqueous process
streams from chlorinated toluene production as hazardous wastes. Streams generated
from the treatment of K149, K150, and K151 wastes containing less than one percent
TOC and less than one percent TSS, however, are defined as wastewater forms of these
wastes to which the wastewater treatment standards promulgated in this rule apply.
Following the proposed listing of K149, K150, and K151 wastes as
hazardous wastes, the Agency published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
(ANPRM) and request for comments in the October 24, 1991 Federal Register (56 FR
55160). In this advance notice, the Agency outlined its proposed approach for the
regulation of newly listed wastes under the LDR Program and requested comments on
the approach as well as treatment or recycling data on these wastes.
1.2 Summary
The Agency is regulating the land disposal of both nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes by establishing BOAT treatment
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standards numerically equivalent to the universal standards (universal standards). A
universal standard is a single concentration limit established for a specific constituent
regardless of the waste matrix in which it is present, i.e., the same treatment standard
applies to a particular constituent in each waste code in which it is regulated. The
Agency is establishing two different sets of universal standards: one for nonwastewater
forms of waste and one for wastewater forms of waste. These two sets differ in the
population of regulated constituents and the individual universal standards. A more
detailed discussion concerning the determination of these treatment standards is
provided in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background
Document for Universal Standards. Volume A: Universal Standards for Nonwastewater
Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (12) and EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available
Universal Standards for Wastewater Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (13).
The universal standards for the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes are based on incineration
treatment performance data that were used to promulgate previous BOAT treatment
standards. The universal standards for wastewater forms of these wastes are based on
treatment performance data from several sources, including the BDAT database, the
NPDES database, the WERL database, EPA-collected WAO/PACT* data, the EAD
database, industry-submitted leachate treatment performance data, data submitted by the
Chemical Manufacturers Association's Carbon Disulfide Task Force, data submitted by
the California Toxic Substances Control Division, data in literature that were not already
part of the WERL database, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO
and PACT® treatment processes.
Table 1-1 presents the BDAT treatment standards for nonwastewater forms
of K149, K150, and K151 wastes. Table 1-2 presents the BDAT treatment standards for
wastewater forms of these wastes. The standards shown on Tables 1-1 and 1-2 are
numerically equivalent to the universal standards for those constituents.
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13 Contents of This Document
Section 2.0 of this document summarizes the BOAT standards, the basis
for listing chlorinated toluene wastes as hazardous, and how the BOAT standards reflect
the goals of the LDR program. Section 3.0 describes the chlorinated toluenes industry
and processes generating K149, K150, and K151 wastes and presents data characterizing
these wastes. Existing waste management practices for these wastes are also described in
Section 3.0. Section 4.0 explains the methodology and rationale for selecting the
regulated constituents, discusses the treatment technologies the Agency has designated as
"applicable" and "demonstrated" for these wastes, identifies BDAT for wastewater and
nonwastewater forms of these wastes, and presents the determination of the BDAT
treatment standards for these wastes. In addition, potential reuse and recycling, source
reduction, pollution prevention, and waste minimization alternatives for K149, K150, and
K151 wastes are discussed in Section 4.0. Section 5.0 details the regulatory, history and
status of these waste streams under the LDR and other Agency programs. References
are listed in Section 6.0 and are cited numerically within this document in parentheses,
e.g., (1). Acknowledgements are provided in Section 7.0. Tables are located at the end
of each section.
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Table 1-1
BOAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Total Composition Concentration (rag/kg)
Maximum for Any Single Grab Sample
K149
NR
NR
6.0
6.0
30
6.0
10
10
14
NR
NR
10
NR
K150
NR
6.0
NR
6.0
30
6.0
10
10
14
6.0
6.0
NR
19
K151
10
6.0
NR
6.0
NR
NR
10
10
14
NR
6.0
10
NR
NR = Not Regulated.
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Table 1-2
BOAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
BDAT List Constituent
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Total Composition Concentration (mg/L)
Maximum for Any 24-Hoor Composite Sample
K149
NR
NR
0.057
0.046
0.19
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.055
NR
NR
0.080
NR
K150
NR
0.057
NR
0.046.
0.19
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.057
0.056
NR
0.055
K151
0.14
0.057
NR
0.046
NR
NR
0.055
0.055
0.055
NR
0.056
0.080
NR
NR = Not Regulated.
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2.0 LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS FOR K149, K150, AND K1S1
WASTES
2.1 Summary of Basis for Listing of Chlorinated Tnlucne Wastes
The Agency found that certain residuals from the production, recovery, and
refining of chlorinated toluenes (K149, K150, and K151 wastes) typically contain
constituents that, when mismanaged, pose a substantial present or potential threat to
human health and the environment due to their corrosive properties. In addition, the
Agency compiled evidence that these wastes contain hazardous constituents that are
mobile and/or persistent in the environment and are therefore capable of reaching
receptors in harmful concentrations.
23 Kev Points of Chlorinated Toluene Waste Standards and How They Reflect
LDR Goals
The LDR program is designed to protect human health and the
environment by prohibiting the land disposal of RCRA hazardous wastes unless specific
treatment standards are met.
In RCRA Section 3004(m), Congress directed the Agency to:
"... promulgate ... levels or methods of treatment... which
substantially diminish the toxicity of the waste or ... the
likelihood of migration of hazardous constituents ... so that
short-term and long-term threats to human health and the
environment are minimized."
Key provisions of the LDR program require that: (1) treatment standards
are met prior to land disposal, (2) treatment is not evaded by long-term storage, (3)
actual treatment occurs rather than dilution, (4) recordkeeping and tracking follow a
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waste from "cradle to grave" (i.e., generation to disposal), and (5) certification verifies
that the specified treatment standards have been met.
The Agency is establishing treatment standards for both nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes as concentrations numerically
equivalent to the universal standards for the constituents selected for regulation in these
wastes. The Agency believes that establishing treatment standards for the regulated
constituents in chlorinated toluene wastes as equivalent to the corresponding universal
standards meets its goal of minimizing threats to human health and the environment
from land disposal since these standards are based on treatment performance data
representing the treatment technology identified as "best" for chlorinated toluene wastes.
The universal standards for nonwastewater and wastewater forms of wastes were
developed based on treatment performance data used to promulgate previous BOAT
treatment standards, and, therefore, have already been determined to meet the Agency's
requirements of BOAT.
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3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CHLORINATED TOLUENE WASTE
STREAMS
3.1 Chlorinated Toluene Industry
The Agency is aware of four facilities in the United States that generate
chlorinated toluene wastes K149, K150, and K151. These facilities manufacture and sell
chlorinated toluenes as intermediates and raw materials for the production of pesticides,
dyes and dye carriers, Pharmaceuticals, solvents, and polymer initiators and plasticizers.
Three types of chlorinated toluene products are manufactured by this industry: methyl-
chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, and aromatic acid chlorides.
3.1.1 Chlorinated Toluene Production Processes
The chlorinated toluene production process is divided into three
operations: the chlorination reaction, HC1 recovery, and product distillation and
purification. Figure 3-1 depicts the process and the three operations as Groups A, B,
and C, respectively (1). These three operations are discussed in detail in the following
sections.
Chlorination Reactions
Different chlorination reactions are used for producing methyl-chlorinated
toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, and aromatic acid chlorides; each of which is
described below.
Methvl-Chlorinated Toluenes. Methyl-chlorinated toluenes are most often
produced through ultraviolet (UV) light-catalyzed chlorination, although thermal
chlorination can also be used. Both of these processes involve free-radical chain
reactions and chlorinate the toluene methyl group and not the aromatic ring. The raw
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I GROUP A
I
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Figure 3-1
Chlorinated Toluene Process Diagram
Reference: Based on (1).
3-2
-------
materials consumed by each process include chlorine and toluene. Simple chlorinated
toluenes are often further chlorinated to obtain higher chlorinated products. Each
chlorination step results in the generation of approximately one mole of HC1 by-product
per mole of product formed. The acidic off-gas generated from the reaction is routed to
an HC1 recovery system (1).
Smaller amounts of by-products and impurities are also generated during
the manufacture of methyl-chlorinated toluenes, including: over-chlorinated substances,
under-chlorinated O' nreacted feedstock material, chlorinated and non-chlorinated
impurities from the dstock materials, and chlorinated decomposite :: products. The
-majority of the lightc. components (such as chloromethane, benzent _iono- and
dichlorobenzenes, and toluene) are removed with the acid vapor stream and collected for
HC1 recovery. The heavier chlorinated aromatics generally remain with the product
stream and are pumped from the reactor to the distillation train (1).
Ring-Chlorinated Toluenes. Ring-chlorinated toluenes are produced by
direct chlorination via the Lewis acid-catalyzed process. In this process, toluene or
chlorinated toluene is charged to the reactor with chlorine and a small amount of
catalyst, such as ferric chloride. Higher chlorinated products are obtained by recycling
monochlorinated toluenes to the reactor (1).
As with the production of the methyl-chlorinated toluenes, each subsequent
Lewis acid-catalyzed chlorination generates approximately one mole of HC1 per mole of
product formed. The HC1 by-product is usually recovered. Other by-products,
impurities, and exit streams generated by Lewis acid-catalyzed chlorination include over-
chlorinated substances, under-chlorinated or unreacted feedstock material, and are
analogous to those previously discussed for methyl-chlorinated reactions (1).
Aromatic Acid Chlorides. Catalytic steam hydrolysis is used to produce
aromatic acid chlorides through dechlorination of the side chain of benzotrichloride and
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substitution of a double bonded oxygen a.tom for the chlorine atoms. Benzotrichloride,
the primary feedstock in this process, is first partially hydrolyzed to benzoic acid by
steam. A Lewis acid catalyst is then added to promote the chloride transfer from the
unconverted benzotrichloride to the benzoic acid, while the hydroxy group is transferred
from the benzoic acid to benzotrichloride (1).
Two moles of HC1 by-product are generated for every mole of product
formed. By-products, impurities, and exit streams generated from aromatic acid chloride
manufacture include over-chlorinated substances, under-chlorinated or unreacted
feedstock materials, and are analogous to those previously discussed for methyl-
chlorinated reactions (1).
HCI Recovery
The processes used to manufacture chlorinated toluenes generate large
quantities of HCI by-producr. All facilities reported the use of HCI recovery systems (1).
The three waste streams of concern generated from HCI recovery are organic liquids,
solids, and aqueous liquids.
The chlorinated toluene reactor overhead stream from all three reaction
processes passes through condensers and is decanted, generating condensed organic and
aqueous liquids. The organic condensate contains products, product isomers, and under-
and over-chlorinated by-products. These organic liquids are either disposed of or
recycled to the process; when disposed, these organic liquids comprise the listed waste
K150. The condensed aqueous stream is discharged into the wastewater treatment
system. After demisting, the uncondensed HCI and highly volatile organics are then
routed to the acid recovery units (1).
The acid recovery units generally consist of a multi-stage HCI absorber
followed by a water scrubber. The HCI absorber collects gaseous HCI and converts it
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into approximately 30 percent crude HO product. As that crude HC1 is collected,
purified, and stored, additional organic constituents are likely to separate into a distinct
organic phase. These organic materials are drained periodically and also comprise the
listed waste K150. The scrubber uses water to absorb any residual chlorine in the gas.
The overhead gases from the acid recovery units are then scrubbed, such as with caustic
solution, to remove any residual chlorine in the stream prior to discharge into the
atmosphere (1).
The crude HC1 product from the recovery units contains a variety of
contaminants, including organics, metals, and color. To meet HC1 product specifications,
these contaminants are removed via filtration or adsorption with activated carbon. Once
saturated, the activated carbon or filter media are regenerated in place, returned and
regenerated by the carbon supplier, or disposed (1).
Product Distillation and Purification
The crude chlorinated product is routed to a series of continuous vacuum
distillation columns or vacuum batch stills to separate the product from unreacted feed,
by-products, catalysts, and organic contaminants. If continuous columns are used, the
first fractionation column typically separates unreacted feedstock and incompletely
reacted compounds in the overhead stream for recycle to the reactor from the bottoms
stream which is routed to the next unit for further purification. A second or third
column is often used to separate the product from the crude mixture. With the bottoms
stream from the previous column as feed, each column produces a product in the
overhead stream, with higher boiling products collected from the overhead stream from
each successive column (1).
A batch vacuum still sometimes follows an initial continuous column. The
column still bottoms or crude reactor product is fed to the batch still, where three cuts
are typically taken from the top. The first (or low-boiling) cut usually consists of
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unreacted feed and is recycled to the reactor; the second (or intermediate) cut is routed
to the still; and the third (or product) cut is stored for sale or later use (1).
Constituents with high boiling points (e.g., over-chlorinated toluenes and
polymeric compounds) are removed from the distillation train in the heavy ends or still
bottoms stream. Product and undesired by-products are also present in this highly
concentrated organic waste. This stream comprises the listed waste K149 (1).
The distillation units are typically operated under a vacuum, using steam
jet ejectors. These ejectors generate a condensate stream containing small amounts of
entrained organics released from the distillation column's overhead condenser vent. The
condensate is typically routed to wastewater treatment prior to discharge. Wastewater
treatment sludges, excluding neutralization and biological sludges, comprise the listed
waste K151 (1).
3.12 Chlorinated Toluene End Product Uses
Chlorinated toluenes are used as intermediates and raw materials in the
production of pesticides, dyes and dye carriers, Pharmaceuticals, solvents, and polymer
initiators and plasticizers (1). Table 3-1 lists end uses for chlorinated toluene
compounds (4). Table 3-2 lists products manufactured at specific chlorinated toluene
facilities (2).
32 Processes Generating K149. K1SO. and K1S1 Wastes
This section presents a summary of the available information on the listed
wastes, defined as K149, K150, and K151, generated by the chlorinated toluene
manufacturing process. Figure 3-1 is a flow diagram of a typical chlorinated toluene
manufacturing process (1). This flow diagram identifies the processes generating K149,
K150, and K151 wastes. These listed wastes are typically generated in nonwastewater
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form. Therefore, the following sections focus on the processes which generate the
nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes.
3.2.1 K149 Wastes
K149 wastes consist of distillation bottoms from the production of alpha
(methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides, and
compounds with mixtures of these functional groups. The definition of this waste does
not include K01S wastes, still bottoms from the distillation of benzyl chloride (5).
3.2.1.1 Overview of Process Generating K149 Wastes
K149 wastes are generated from the distillation column used to separate
chlorinated toluene products from heavier chlorinated by-products and impurities as
shown in Group A of Figure 3-1. The distillation column feed consists of numerous
compounds which make up the reactor products. The composition of the reactor
products varies depending on the raw materials fed to the reactor (eg, chlorine, toluene,
benzotrichloride) and the production process used at the facility (1). The still bottoms
from the distillation column comprise K149 wastes (5).
Several thermodynamic and kinetic parameters are critical to the various
chlorinated toluene manufacturing processes. The use of excess chlorine is necessary in
the UV light catalyzed chlorination process to ensure successive replacement of the
alpha hydrogen (6). In the Lewis acid-catalyzed chlorination process, use of a particular
catalyst, such as ferric chloride, aids in targeting the aromatic ring for chlorine
substitution. The catalytic steam hydrolysis chlorination process requires heated water
(steam) to ensure oxidation of the alkyl chain. Further, a specific catalyst, such as a
Lewis acid catalyst, is used to promote chloride transfer from unconverted
benzotrichloride to benzoic acid, while the hydroxy group is transferred from the benzoic
acid to the benzotrichloride (1).
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Other quantifiable process parameters which may affect the generation of
K149 include the operational temperatures and pressures of the distillation column used
for product purification and feed flowrates to the column.
322 K150 Wastes
K150 wastes consist of organic residuals, excluding spent carbon adsorbent,
from the spent chlorine gas and hydrochloric acid recovery processes associated with the
production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl
chlorides, and compounds with mixtures of these functional groups (5).
322.1 Overview of Process Generating K150 Wastes
K150 wastes are generated from reactor off-gas separation processes and
from the hydrochloric (HC1) acid recovery process, as shown in Group B on Figure 3-1.
The feed streams from the off-gas separation and HC1 recovery processes contain a large
quantity of HQ and various volatile organic and aqueous compounds (1). The organic
residuals from the separation and acid recovery processes comprise K150 wastes (5).
Process parameters which may affect the generation of K150 wastes include
flowrates for the product reactor overhead stream, water used in the scrubber to absorb
any residual chlorine, and the caustic used to remove residual chlorine prior to
atmospheric discharge (9).
323 K151 Wastes
K1S1 wastes consist of wastewater treatment sludges, excluding
neutralization and biological sludges, generated during the treatment of wastewaters
from the production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes,
benzoyl chlorides and compounds with mixtures of these functional groups (5).
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3.2.3.1 Overview of Process Generating K151 Wastes
K151 wastes are generated from the treatment of product purification
wastewater as shown in Group C on Figure 3-1. The product purification distillation
units are typically operated under a vacuum, using steam jet ejectors. These ejectors
generate a condensate stream containing small amounts of entrained organics released
from the distillation column's overhead condenser vent. This condensate is typically sent
to wastewater treatment prior to discharge (1). The wastewater treatment sludges
generated from the treatment of these wastewaters comprise K1S1 wastes (5).
33 Waste Stream Characteristics
33.1 Waste Stream Status Under Other Regulations
Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), the discharge of pollutants to United
States surface waters and Publicly-Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) from certain
chlorinated toluene facilities is regulated under the Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and
Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF) Point Source Category (40 CFR Part 414). This regulation
establishes effluent limitations and standards for benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
chlorobenzene, chloroform, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene,
toluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, oil and grease, pH, biological oxygen demand, and total
suspended solids for wastewaters discharged from chlorinated toluene manufacturers.
Eleven of the thirteen constituents selected for regulation in chlorinated
toluene wastes are also regulated under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-
to-Know Act (EPCRA) Section 313: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
chloromethane, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and toluene. In addition,
several chlorinated toluene products are also regulated under EPCRA Section 313,
including: benzal chloride, benzoic trichloride, and benzoyl chloride. Under Section
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313, facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use these chemicals, and that meet
certain other criteria, must report the releases and transfers of these chemicals.
Under the Clean Air Act (CAA), Section 112, National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) program, chlorinated toluene facilities are
included in the Hazardous Organic NESHAP (HON) source category (40 CFR Part 63)
promulgated on February 28, 1994. Process vents, transfer racks, storage tanks, and
wastewater treatment emissions at facilities that meet certain criteria are regulated under
the HON.
332 Waste Stream Descriptions
Waste characterization data for K149, K150, and K1S1 wastes are listed in
Tables 3-3, 3-4, and 3-5, respectively (5). These tables show the BDAT and non-BDAT
list constituents and the corresponding median concentrations for K149, K150, and K1S1
wastes. Several BDAT list constituents were present in K149, K150, and K151 wastes
including: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, chloromethane,
1,4-dichlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene,
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Two
non-BDAT list constituents were present in K149 wastes: benzotrichloride and benzyl
chloride.
33 J Amenability of Chlorinated Toluenes to Chemical Analysis
33.3.1 SW-846 Method Applicability
EPA-approved methods for the analysis of BDAT List constituents in
nonwastewater and wastewater forms of waste are presented in the Agency's Test
Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes. Volume IB. Laboratory Manual Phvsical/Chemical
Methods (SW-846) (10). Each BDAT list constituent selected for regulation in
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chlorinated toluene wastes is listed as a target analyte by at least one SW-846 method.
Table 3-6 lists the SW-846 methods applicable to the analysis of each constituent
selected for regulation in chlorinated toluene waste. SW-846 Method 8240 is used to
quantify benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, chloromethane,
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, and toluene in waste matrices. SW-846
Method 8270 is used to quantify 1,4-dichlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene,
pentachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in waste
matrices. Both methods use gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analyze samples
(10).
3332 Sample Preparation Issues
Common interferences inherent with gas chromatographic analyses include
crossover contamination, which may occur when low concentration samples are analyzed
immediately after high concentration samples, contamination from glassware,
contamination from the diffusion of volatile organics through sample containers during
shipment and storage, and degradation of analytes due to soap residue on glassware (10).
3.3.3.3 Actual and Potential Commercial Use of Chlorinated Toluene Wastes
Based on an EPA report concerning waste minimization, the demand for
exchange of wastes containing halogenated organics, such as K149, K150, and K151
wastes, was very low (8).
3.4 Chlorinated Toluene Industry Waste Management Practices
This section provides a description of waste management practices used by
the chlorinated toluene industry. The majority of the facility-specific information for this
industry has been claimed RCRA Confidential Business Information by the
manufacturers and therefore could not be incorporated in this document. The available,
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non-confidential information indicates that the predominant waste management practices
used by the chlorinated toluene industry included: incineration, pretreatment, and
hazardous and nonhazardous landfilling (1).
3.4.1 Description of K149 Waste Management Practices
K149 wastes are defined as distillation bottoms from the production of
alpha (methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes, benzoyl chlorides, and
compounds with mixtures of these functional groups (5).
Information obtained from EPA site visits and the 1988 RCRA 3007
Questionnaires indicate the total generation rate for K149 in 1987 was approximately
2,200 MT/yr (excluding benzyl chloride still bottoms already designated as K015 wastes)
(5). Information obtained by EPA indicated that Velsicol Chemical Corporation
collected and transported K149 wastes off site to Texas for incineration at $0.20 to $0.25
per pound hi 1982 (7). According to information obtained by EPA from MONTCO
Research Products, this firm collected and shipped K149 wastes off site to a landfill in
Alabama at a cost of $60 per drum in 1983 (3).
3.4.2 Description of K150 Waste Management Practices
K150 wastes are defined as organic residuals, excluding spent carbon
adsorbent, from the spent chlorine gas and hydrochloric acid recovery processes
associated with the production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated
toluenes, benzoyl chlorides, and compounds with mixtures of these functional groups (5).
Information obtained from EPA site visits and the 1988 RCRA 3007
Questionnaires indicate that the total generation rate for K150 wastes in 1987 was
approximately 400 MT/yr (5). Velsicol Chemical Corporation collected transported
K150 wastes off site to Texas for incineration at a price of $0.15 to $0.20 per pound in
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1982 (7). MONTCO Research Products collected and shipped K150 wastes off site to a
landfill in Alabama at a cost of $60 per drum in 1983 (3).
3.4.3 Description of K151 Waste Management Practices
K151 wastes are defined as wastewater treatment sludges, excluding
neutralization and biological sludges, generated during the treatment of wastewaters
from the production of alpha (methyl) chlorinated toluenes, ring-chlorinated toluenes,
benzoyl chlorides and compounds with mixtures of these functional groups (5).
Information obtained from EPA site visits and the 1988 RCRA 3007
Questionnaires indicate the total generation rate for K151 waste in 1987 was
approximately 600 MT/yr (5).
3.4.4 Other Chlorinated Toluene Waste Minimization, Pollution Prevention,
Recycling, and Reuse Techniques
Commercial applications have successfully demonstrated the use of
halogenated organic wastes in cement kilns (8). Destruction of the waste provides
energy value and a low alkali cement. One potentially limiting factor in the reuse of
halogenated organics is the formation of salts due to high halogen loadings (e.g., greater
than 10 percent). These salts form a molten ring which interferes with proper kiln
operation. Cement kilns normally limit the chlorine content of waste fuels to 5 to 10%,
although wastes with higher chlorine contents are burned when the waste is blended with
other fuel (8).
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Table 3-1
Chlorinated Toluene End Uses
Category/Products
End Uses
I. Methyl-Chlorination
(Ultraviolet light-catalyzed and thermal
processes)
• Benzyl chloride
• Benzal chloride
• Benzotrichloride
• Dichlorobenzyl, chloride
• p-Chlorobenzotrichloride
plasticizers
benzotrichloride, benzaldehyde, cinnamic acid
production
benzoyl chloride and benzotrifluoride production,
dye stuff intermediate, UV stabilizers
pharmaceutical dye intermediate, insecticide
dinitroaniline herbicide intermediate, p-
benzoylchloride production
Aromatic Ring Chlorination
(Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Process)
• o-Chlorotoluene
p-Chlorotoluene
• Dichlorotoluene
• Trichlorotoluene
• Dichlorobenzoyi chloride
paint and rubber solvents, reaction solvents, dye
carriers, o-chlorobenzaldehyde, o-chlorobenzoic
acid, and dichlorotoluene production
herbicides, dinitroaniline, diphenjd ether, p-
chlorobenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzoic acid, p-
chlorobenzylchloride, and dichlorotoluene
production
dichlorobenzyi chloride production, herbicide,
dyestuff and herbicide intermediates
intermediate for organic chemicals and herbicides
pharmaceutical and dye intermediate
Acid Chloride Synthesis
(Catalytic Steam Hydrolysis)
• Benzoyl chloride
p-Chlorobenzoyl chloride
dye intermediate, benzoyl peroxide and
dichlorobenzoyl chloride production, analytical
reagent
pharmaceutical and dye intermediate
Reference: (4).
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Table 3-2
List of Products Manufactured at Chlorinated
Toluene Facilities in the U.S.
Facility
Chesebrough-Pond's
Inc.
Monsanto Company
(Delaware River Plant)
City
Edison
Bridgeport
State
NJ
NJ
Products
2-Aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate
Benzal chloride
Benzoin
Benzyl chloride
2,5-Dimethyl hexadiene-2,4
Dodecylbenzyl chloride
Ethylaminoacetate hydrochloride
Ethylbenzyl chloride
Ethyl chrysanthemate
Flavor and Fragrance Chemicals
Benzyl alcohol
Hydrochloric acid
Isobutyl benzoin ether
Isopropyl benzoin ether
Medicinal (Pharmaceutical) Chemicals
Chlorobutanol
o-Methylbenzyl chloride
p-Methylbenzyl chloride
Methylene bisthiocyanate
Methyl phenytglyoxalate
Pesticides
Hexachloro dimethyl sulfone
Phenylacetic acid, potassium salt
2-Thiopheneactic acid
2-Thiopheneacetyl chloride
General and Compounded Products
Dichlorobenzyl chlorides (mixed isomers)
Photosensitizers
Benzyl chloride
2-Etnylhexyi diphenyl phosphate
Hydrochloric acid
Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate
Plasdcizers
n-Butyl benzyl phthalate
iso-octyl diphenyl phthalate
Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride
General and Compounded Products
Alky! aryl phosphate
Benzylate aromatics
Blends of mixed phthalates/adipates
Santitizer* 141
Santicizer* 148
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Table 3-2
(Continued)
Facility
Occidental Corporation
Velsicol Corporation
City
Niagara Falls
Chattanooga
State
NY
TN
Products
Benzotrichloride
Benzoyl chloride
Chlorine
p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride
o-Chlorotoluene
p-Chlorotoluene
3,4-Dicblorobenzotrifluoride
3,5-Dichlorobenzoyl trichloride
o,a-Dichlorotoluene
Hydrochloric acid
Hypophosphorous acid
Manganese hypophosphite
Phosphorous oxychloride
Phosphorous pentoride
Phosphorous trichloride
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypophosphite
Sulfur dichloride
Sulfur monochloride
Sulfuryl chloride
Thionyi chloride
General and Compounded Products
Alkyl acid phosphates
Dechlorane Plus*
Fluorolubes*
Halso99«
Benzoic acid, technical grade
Benzoyl chloride
Hydrochloric acid
Pentaerythritol tetrabenzoate
Plasticizers
Diethylene glycol dibenzoate
Glyceryl tribenzoate
Neopentyi glycol dibenzoate
Polyethylene glycol dibenzoate
Propylene glycol dibenzoate
Sucrose benzoate
General and Compounded Products
Benzoic acid, USP/FCC 'low odor"
Benzoic acid, USP/FCC "regular"
Reference: (2).
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Table 3-3
Waste Characterization Data for K149 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Toluene
Non-BDAT List Constituent
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl Chloride
Median Constituent Concentration
(mg/kg)
>350-
50
7,000
>700*
3,500
1,500
250
3,000
Median Constituent Concentration
(mg/kg)
70,000
>750i
•Agency-collected data indicate concentrations in excess of the presented values.
However, specific concentrations are not presented to preserve confidentiality.
Reference: (5).
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Table 3-4
Waste Characterization Data for K150 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Median Constituent Concentration
(rag/kg)
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
HexachJorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
550
45
13,500
3,200
2,000
2,100
7,000
>125'
150
12,000
'Agency-collected data indicate concentrations in excess of the presented values.
However, specific concentrations are not presented to preserve confidentiality.
Reference: (5).
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Table 3-5
Waste Characterization Data for K151 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Median Constituent Concentration
(mg/kg)
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Tetrachloroetbylene
Toluene
>100>
75
190
>500-
>200*
>150-
>250-
34,000
'Agency-collected data indicate concentrations in excess of the presented values.
However, specific concentrations are not presented to preserve confidentiality.
Reference: (5).
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Table 3-6
SW-846 Method Applicability for Constituents Regulated in
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Constituent
EPA Approved Analytical Method
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
8240
8240
8240
8240
8240
8270
8270
8270
8270
8240
8240
8240
8270
Reference: Based on (10).
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4.0 BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR CHLORINATED TOLUENE
WASTES K149, K150, AND K151
4.1 Determination of BOAT Treatment Standards for K149. K150. and K151
Wastes
4.1.1 Selection of Regulated Constituents
This section presents the methodology and rationale for selecting
constituents for regulation in nonwastewater and wastewater forms of chlorinated toluene
wastes. Generally, constituents selected for regulation must satisfy the following criteria:
(1) They must be on the BDAT List of constituents. Presence on the
BDAT list means that EPA-approved methods exist for analysis of
the constituent in treated waste matrices.
(2) They must be present in. or be suspected of being present in. the
untreated waste. For example, analytical difficulties may prevent a
constituent from being reliably identified in the untreated waste, but
its identification in a treatment residual may lead the Agency to
conclude that it is present in the untreated waste.
4.1.1.1 BDAT List Constituents Present in K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
BDAT List constituents believed to be present in K149, K150, and K151
wastes are presented in Tables 3-3, 3-4, and 3-5, respectively.
K149, K150, and K151 wastes were analyzed for the following BDAT List
constituents: benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, chloromethane,
1,4-dichlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, pentacblorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene,
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
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The Agency evaluated the available waste characterization data to
determine which constituents are present in K149, K150, and K151 wastes. Constituents
believed to be present were identified as those constituents which were detected in the
untreated waste. Table 4-1 presents the constituents detected, and therefore believed to
be present, in K149, K150, and K151 wastes. All of the constituents presented in Table
4-1 characterized as being present in K149, K150, and K151 wastes are BOAT List
constituents.
4.1.1.2 Other Constituents Present in K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Two constituents that are not on the BOAT List were believed to be
present in K149 wastes based on the available waste characterization data: benzyl
chloride and benzotrichloride. All of the constituents believed to be present in K150 and
K151 wastes were BDAT List constituents.
4.1.1 J Constituents Selected for Regulation in K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
The Agency selected all of the BDAT List constituents detected in K149,
K150, and K151 wastes for regulation in the respective waste. A list of these
constituents for each waste code is shown in Table 4-1.
4.12 Identification of Best Demonstrated Available Technologies (BDAT)
The Agency's determination of applicable and demonstrated technologies
and BDAT for treatment of nonwastewater and wastewater forms of chlorinated toluene
wastes is presented below. The Agency notes, however, that any treatment technology
which reduces the concentration of regulated constituents to the level of the treatment
standards or below and is not considered impermissible dilution is also acceptable.
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In order to establish BOAT, the Agency first identifies which technologies
are "applicable" for treatment of the constituents of interest. An applicable technology is
one which, in theory, can treat the waste in question or a waste similar to the waste in
question in terms of parameters that affect treatment selection. Detailed descriptions of
the technologies identified as applicable for the treatment of listed hazardous wastes are
provided in EPA's Treatment Technology Background Document (9). The identification
of treatment technologies as applicable for treating BDAT List constituents is based on
an evaluation of current waste management practices, current literature sources, field
testing, data submitted by equipment manufacturers and industrial concerns, and the
engineering judgement of EPA technical staff personnel.
The Agency next determines which of the applicable technologies are
"demonstrated" for treatment of the wastes. To be designated as demonstrated, a
technology must be used in a full-scale operation for treatment of the waste of interest
or a similar waste. Technologies that are available only at pilot- or bench-scale
operations are not considered demonstrated technologies.
The Agency determines which of the demonstrated technologies is "best"
based on a thorough review of all the performance data available on treatment of the
waste of concern or wastes judged to be similar, and determines whether this "best"
demonstrated technology is also commercially "available." If the "best" demonstrated
technology is "available," then the technology is determined to represent BDAT.
4.1.2.1 Nonwastewaters
This section presents the Agency's determination of applicable and
demonstrated technologies, and BDAT for treatment of nonwastewater forms of K149,
K150, and K151 wastes.
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4.1.2.1.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
Since nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes contain
organic constituents at treatable concentrations, applicable treatment technologies
include those that destroy or reduce the total amount of organic constituents in the
waste. The Agency has identified the following technologies as applicable for the
treatment of organic constituents in nonwastewater forms of these chlorinated toluene
wastes:
Critical fluid extraction;
Fuel substitution;
High-temperature thermal distillation;
Incineration;
Pressure filtration;
Solvent extraction;
Thermal desorption; and
Total recycle or reuse.
The concentration and type(s) of constituents present in the waste
generally determine which technology is most applicable. A brief discussion of each of
the technologies identified as applicable for treatment of the constituents in
nonwastewater forms of chlorinated toluene wastes is given below.
Critical Fluid Extraction
Critical fluid extraction is a separation and recovery technology in which a
solvent is brought to its critical state (a thermodynamically unique equilibrium state
between liquid and gas at high pressure and temperature) to extract organic constituents
from a waste. The solvents used are usually gaseous when at ambient conditions. In the
extraction procedure, the solvent is pressurized, thus converting it from a gas to a liquid.
As a liquid, it dissolves the organic constituents and removes them from the waste
matrix. After the extraction, the solvent is returned to its gaseous state; a small volume
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of extract remains that contains a high concentration of organic constituents. This
technology generates two residuals: a treated waste residual and an extract. The extract
may either be recycled or treated by incineration (9).
Fuel Substitution
Fuel substitution is a destruction technology in which heat is transferred to
a waste to destabilize chemical bonds and destroy organic constituents. Fuel substitution
involves using hazardous waste as fuel in industrial furnaces and boilers. The hazardous
waste that is substituted for fuel may be blended with other nonhazardous wastes (e.g.,
municipal sludge) and/or fossil fuels. Fuel substitution has been used in the treatment
of industrial waste solvents, refinery wastes, synthetic fibers/petrochemical wastes, waste
oils, and wastes produced during the manufacture of Pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper,
and pesticides. Fuel substitution generates two residuals: ash and scrubber water (9).
High-Temperature Thermal Distillation
High-temperature thermal distillation is a separation and recovery
technology that subjects hydrocarbon-bearing wastes to indirect, electrically generated
heat in an inert atmosphere. The process removes volatile hydrocarbon constituents
from a waste; these constituents can be subsequently recovered in a reusable form by
cooling the hydrocarbon-bearing inert gases at high pressure. This process generates two
residuals: a treated waste residual and an extract (9).
Incineration
Incineration is a high-temperature thermal destruction technology in which
heat is transferred to a waste to destabilize chemical bonds and destroy hazardous
organic constituents. Three incineration technologies are applicable for the treatment of
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organic constituents in nonwastewater forms of chlorinated toluene wastes: liquid
injection, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed.
In a liquid injection incinerator, liquid wastes are atomized and injected
into the incinerator, where additional heat is supplied to destabilize chemical bonds in
the presence of air or oxygen. Once the chemical bonds are broken, these constituents
react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. Liquid injection is applicable
to wastes with low viscosity values, small particle size, and low suspended solids content.
In a rotary kiln incinerator, solid and/or semi-solid wastes are fed into the
higher end of a sloping kiln. The rotation of the kiln mixes the waste with hot gases.
Eventually, the waste reaches its ignition temperature, and is converted to gas and ash
through volatilization and combustion reactions. Ash is removed from the lower slope-
end of the kiln. Combustion gases from the kiln, containing volatilized and partially
combusted waste constituents, enter an afterburner for further combustion to complete
the destruction of the organic waste constituents. Other wastes may also be injected into
the afterburner.
In a fhiidized-bed incinerator, solid and/or semi-solid wastes are injected
into a fluidized material (generally sand and/or incinerator ash), where they are heated
to their ignition temperature. In the incinerator, the waste is converted to gas and ash
through volatilization and combustion reactions. Heat energy from the combustion
reaction is then transferred back to the fluidized bed. The velocity of the combustion
gases is reduced in a wider space above the bed, known as the freeboard, allowing larger
ash and waste particles which were not combusted to fall back into the bed. Ash is
removed periodically during both operation and bed change-outs.
Combustion gases from incineration are fed into a scrubber system for
cooling and removal of any entrained particles and acid gases. In general, with the
exception of liquid injection incineration, two residuals are generated by incineration
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processes: ash and scrubber water. Since only wastes with low or negligible solids
content are amenable to liquid injection incineration, this technology does not normally
generate an ash residual, but does generate a scrubber water residual (9).
Pressure Filtration
Pressure filtration, also known as sludge filtration, sludge dewatering, or
cake-formation filtration, is a separation and recovery technology used for wastes that
contain high concentrations (> 1%) of suspended solids. Filtration separates particles
from a fluid/particle mixture by passing the fluid through a medium that permits the
flow of the fluid but retains the particles. Sludge filtration is commonly applied to waste
sludges such as those from a clarifier; typically, these sludges can be dewatered to 20 to
j
50% solids using this technology. Pressure filtration generates two residuals: dewatered
sludge and water (9).
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is a separation and recovery technology that removes
organic constituents from a waste by mixing the waste with a solvent that preferentially
dissolves and removes the constituents of concern from the waste. Wastes commonly
treated by this technology have a broad range of total organic content. Selection of an
appropriate solvent is dependent on the relative solubilities of the constituents to be
removed and the other organic compounds hi the waste. Organics are removed from the
waste due to greater constituent solubility in the solvent phase than in the waste phase.
Solvent extraction generates two residuals: a treated waste residual and an extract. The
extract may either be recycled or treated by incineration (9).
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Thermal Desorption
Thermal desorption is a separation and recovery technology in which heat
is used to volatilize organic constituents from wastes. Thermal desorption has been
defined as a thermal treatment that uses direct or indirect heat exchange to elevate the
temperature of a waste, thereby volatilizing the organic constituents. Thermal desorption
differs from thermal destruction (incineration) in the way in which the organic
constituents are treated. The objective of thermal desorption is to sufficiently elevate
the temperature of the organic constituents to effect a phase separation to a gaseous
state without combustion; the objective of incineration is to combust the organic
constituents. Thermal desorption units function by creating steam from the volatilization
of the moisture in the waste from heating. The steam tends to strip organic compounds
from the waste and aids in the volatilization of organic compounds. Generally, this
technology generates two residuals: a treated waste residual and an extract.
Total Recycle or Reuse
Total recycle or reuse of a waste material within the same process or an
external process eliminates the generation of a waste for treatment and disposal and
subsequently generates no treatment residuals.
4.12.12 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
Demonstrated treatment technologies are those which have been
demonstrated to be effective in full-scale operation for treatment of the waste of interest
or a similar waste. The Agency has no data indicating that any of the applicable
technologies are being used to treat K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes. The Agency,
however, has identified incineration as a demonstrated technology for treatment of a
similar waste, K015.
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K015 wastes are generated by the organic chemicals industry and are listed
as still bottoms from the distillation of benzyl chloride. Because K015 and K149, K1SO,
and K151 wastes are generated by similar industries and in similar processes, the Agency
believes that treatment technologies which are demonstrated for K015 wastes may also
be considered demonstrated for K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes.
The Agency has no evidence that fuel substitution is being used on wastes
having similar concentration levels of chlorinated organic compounds. When chlorinated
hydrocarbons are combusted, hydrogen chloride gas or chlorine gas is produced. These
gases may not be compatible with normal fuel uses in industrial furnaces or boilers (i.e.,
they may not be compatible with the furnace materials of construction or the furnace
product quality). Thus, EPA believes that fuel substitution cannot be considered a
demonstrated technology for nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K1S1 wastes.
Since the Agency has no indication that any of the other applicable
technologies are demonstrated in full-scale operation for treatment of the waste in
question or a similar waste, incineration is identified as the only demonstrated
technology for nonwastewater forms of K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes.
4.1.2.L3 Identification of BOAT
The Agency determines best demonstrated and available technology
(BDAT) based on a thorough review of all data on the treatment of the waste of concern
or wastes judged to be similar. The "best" demonstrated technology is evaluated to
determine whether this treatment technology is available. To be "available," a
technology: (1) must provide substantial treatment; and (2) must be commercially
available. If the "best" demonstrated technology is "available," then the technology is
demonstrated to represent BDAT.
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The Agency has determined that incineration, the only demonstrated
technology, provides substantial treatment of a similar waste, K01S, based on the
reduction of all BOAT List organic constituents to nondetectable concentrations. In
addition to achieving substantial treatment, incineration is commercially available,
meeting the second criterion of "availability." Therefore, incineration represents BOAT
for nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes; as presented in Table 4-2.
The Agency notes, however, that when it establishes concentration-based
treatment standards, the regulated community may use any non-prohibited technology to
treat the waste to meet the treatment standards. Compliance with a concentration-based
treatment standard requires only that the effluent concentration be achieved; once
achieved, the waste may be land disposed. The waste need not be treated by the
technology identified as BOAT; in fact, concentration-based treatment standards provide
flexibility in the choice of a treatment technology. Any treatment, including recycling or
any combination of treatment technologies, unless prohibited (e.g., impermissible
dilution) or unless defined as land disposal (e.g., land treatment), can be used to achieve
these standards.
4.122 Wastewaters
This section presents the Agency's determination of applicable and
demonstrated technologies, and BDAT for treatment of wastewater forms of K149, K150,
and K151 wastes.
4.1.2.2.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
Applicable treatment technologies for organics in wastewater forms of
chlorinated toluene wastes include those that destroy or reduce the total amount of
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organic constituents in the waste. The technologies listed below are applicable for
treatment of organic constituents in wastewater forms of chlorinated toluene wastes:
Biological treatment (including aerobic fixed film, aerobic lagoon,
activated sludge, filtration, anaerobic fixed film, rotating biological
contactor, sequential batch reactor, and trickling filter technologies);
Carbon adsorption (including activated carbon and granular
activated carbon technologies);
Chemical oxidation;
Chemically assisted clarification (including chemical precipitation
technology);
PACT® treatment (including powdered activated carbon addition to
activated sludge and biological granular activated carbon
technologies);
Reverse osmosis;
Solvent extraction (including liquid-liquid extraction technology);
Stripping treatment (including steam stripping and air stripping
technologies); and
Wet air oxidation (including supercritical oxidation technology).
The concentration and type(s) of waste constituents present in the waste
generally determine which technology is most applicable. A brief discussion of each of
the technologies identified as applicable for the treatment of constituents in wastewater
forms of chlorinated toluene wastes is given below.
Biological Treatment
Biological treatment includes aerobic fixed film, aerobic lagoons, activated
sludge, anaerobic fixed film, rotating biological contactor, sequential batch reactor, and
trickling filter technologies. Biological treatment is a destruction technology in which
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organic constituents in wastewaters are biodegraded. This technology generates two
treatment residuals: a treated effluent and a waste biosludge. Waste biosludge may be
land disposed without further treatment if the concentrations of its regulated constituents
fall at or below their BOAT treatment standards (9).
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a separation technology in which hazardous organic
constituents in wastewaters are selectively adsorbed onto activated carbon. This
technology generates two treatment residuals: a treated effluent and spent activated
carbon. The spent activated carbon can be reactivated, recycled, or incinerated (9).
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical oxidation is a destruction technology in which inorganic cyanide,
some dissolved organic compounds, and sulfides are chemically oxidized to yield carbon
dioxide, water, salts, simple organic acids, and, in the case of sulfides, sulfur. This
technology generates one treatment residual: treated effluent (9).
Chemically Assisted Clarification
Chemically assisted clarification, including chemical precipitation, is a
separation technology in which coagulating and flocculating chemicals are added to form
insoluble solid precipitates with the organics or inorganics in the wastewater. The solids
formed are then separated from the wastewater by settling, clarification, and/or polishing
filtration. This technology generates two treatment residuals: treated wastewater
effluent and separated solid precipitate. The solid precipitate then requires additional
treatment to meet the nonwastewater BDAT treatment standards (9).
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PACT® Treatment
PACT® treatment is a combination of carbon adsorption and biological
treatment in which hazardous organic constituents are biodegraded or selectively
adsorbed onto powdered-activated carbon. This technology generates two treatment
residuals: a treated effluent and spent carbon/biosludge. The spent carbon may be
regenerated and recycled to the process or may be incinerated (9).
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis is a separation technology in which dissolved organics
(usually salts) are removed from a wastewater by filtering the wastewater through a
semipermeable membrane at a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure caused by the
dissolved organics in the wastewater. This technology generates two treatment residuals:
the treated effluent wastewater and the concentrated organic salt materials which do not
pass through the membrane (9).
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is a separation technology in which organics are
removed from a waste due to greater constituent solubility in the solvent phase than in
the waste phase. This technology generates two residuals: a treated waste residual and
an extract. The extract may be recycled or treated by incineration (9).
Stripping Treatment
Stripping treatment is a separation technology. Steam stripping is a
technology in which wastewaters containing volatile organics have the organics removed
by application of heat using steam as the heat source. Air stripping is a technology in
which wastewaters containing volatile organics have the organics removed by
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volatilization. This technology generates one treatment residual: treated effluent.
Emissions from stripping treatment may require further treatment (9).
Wet Air Oxidation
Wet air oxidation is a destruction technology in which organic constituents
in wastes are oxidized and destroyed under pressure at elevated temperatures in the
presence of dissolved oxygen. This technology is applicable for wastes comprised
primarily of water and up to 10% total organic constituents. Wet air oxidation generates
one treatment residual: treated effluent. The treated effluent may require further
treatment for organic constituents by carbon adsorption or PACT* treatment. Emissions
from wet air oxidation may also require further treatment (9).
4.1223, Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
Demonstrated treatment technologies are those which have been
demonstrated in full-scale operation for treatment of the wastes of interest or a similar
waste. The Agency has identified all of the applicable treatment technologies for
wastewater forms of chlorinated toluene wastes listed in Section 4.2.2.1, except chemical
oxidation, to be demonstrated technologies from an evaluation of the available treatment
performance data in Appendix B. Treatment performance data for the regulated
constituents in wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes, presented in Appendix
B, include data from bench-, pilot-, and full-scale treatment using these technologies.
4.1223 Identification of BOAT
The procedure used to identify BOAT for wastewater forms of K149, K1SO,
and K151 wastes follows the methodology described in EPA's Methodology Background
Document (11). All applicable and demonstrated treatment technologies are identified
for the wastes of interest, and treatment performance data are examined to identify the
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technologies that perform "best." The treatment performance data are evaluated to
determine:
• Whether the data represent operation of a well-designed and well-
operated treatment system;
• Whether sufficient analytical quality assurance/quality control
measures were used to ensure the accuracy of the data; and
• Whether the appropriate measure of performance was used to assess
the performance of the particular treatment technology.
The Agency then determines whether the best demonstrated technology is "available.1
To be "available," a technology (1) must provide substantial treatment and (2) must be
commercially available.
The Agency determined the best demonstrated technology for each
regulated constituent in K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes by thoroughly reviewing all of the
treatment performance data available for each constituent, presented in Appendix B of
this document.
The demonstrated technologies identified and determined to be "best" for
each constituent are all commercially available. In addition, treatment performance data
included in Appendix B show substantial treatment of each constituent by the
corresponding technology identified as best. Therefore, the technologies selected as best
and demonstrated for each constituent are also considered to be available, and therefore,
BDAT for that constituent. The BDAT for each constituent selected for regulation in
the wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K1S1 wastes is shown in Table 4-3.
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4.1.3 Identification of Treatment Standards
The Agency is transferring universal standards to the constituents selected
for regulation in nonwastewater and wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K1S1 wastes.
A universal standard is a single concentration limit established for a specific constituent
regardless of the waste matrix in which it is present. Universal standards may be used to
replace treatment standards in previously promulgated waste codes and as the treatment
standards for listed hazardous waste codes in the future.
This section presents the universal standards that were transferred to the
regulated constituents in nonwastewater and wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K1S1
wastes and the specific data used to determine the treatment standards.
4.13.1 Nonwastewaters
The Agency is transferring universal standards to the constituents selected
for regulation in nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes. Table 4-4
presents the specific treatment performance data used to determine the universal
standards for the regulated constituents in these chlorinated toluene wastes.
Universal standards for the constituents selected for regulation in K149,
i
K150, and K151 wastes were based upon incineration treatment performance data.
These data represent BOAT for wastes included in previous rulemakings, and, therefore,
have been judged to meet the Agency's requirements of BOAT. Thus, incineration was
determined to be BDAT for the constituents of interest in universal standards. Because
incineration has been identified as BDAT for nonwastewater forms of chlorinated
toluene wastes, the Agency feels it is appropriate to transfer the universal standards for
nonwastewater forms of waste to the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastewater forms of K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes.
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Table 4-5 presents the BDAT treatment standards for nonwastewater forms
of chlorinated toluene wastes by waste code. The treatment standards database and the
methodology for identifying universal standards for constituents in nonwastewater forms
of K149, K150, and K151 wastes are presented in Appendix A of this document. A more
detailed discussion concerning the determination of universal standards for
nonwastewater forms of listed hazardous wastes is provided in EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document for Universal
Standards. Volume A: Universal Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of Listed
Hazardous Wastes (12).
4.1.3.2 Wastewaters
The Agency is transferring universal standards to the constituents selected
for regulation in wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes. Table 4-6 presents
the specific treatment performance data used as the basis of the universal standards for
the regulated constituents in these chlorinated toluene wastes.
Universal standards for wastewater forms of wastes are based on treatment
performance data from several sources including the BDAT database, the NPDES
database, the WERL database, EPA-collected WAO/PACT® data, the HAD database,
industry-submitted leachate treatment performance data, data submitted by the Chemical
Manufacturers Association's Carbon Disulfide Task Force, data submitted by the
California Toxic Substances Control Division, data in literature that were not already
part of the WERL database, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO
and PACT8 treatment processes. Since these standards reflect the performance of
numerous industrial wastewater treatment systems, the Agency believes it is appropriate
to transfer the universal standards for wastewater forms of waste to the constituents
selected for regulation in wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes.
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Table 4-7 presents the BDAT treatment standards for wastewater forms of
chlorinated toluene wastes by waste code. The treatment performance database and the
methodology for identifying universal standards for constituents in wastewater forms of
K149, K150, and K151 wastes are presented in Appendix B of this document. A more
detailed discussion concerning the determination of the universal standards for
wastewater forms of listed hazardous wastes is provided in EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDA'D Background Document for Universal
Standards. Volume B: Universal Standards for Wastewater Forms of Listed Hazardous
Wastes (13).
4.2 Detailed Descriptions of Technologies Identified as BDAT
The detailed descriptions of technologies that are presented in the
following subsections were summarized from information provided in EPA's Treatment
Technology Background Document (9).
4.2.1 Nonwastewaters
4.2.1.1 Incineration
4.2.1.1.1 Treatment Applicability
Incineration is used to treat wastes containing a wide variety,of organic
constituents. Incineration is applicable to wastes that contain low concentrations of
water, metals, and other inorganics. The types of incineration applicable for the
treatment of organics in nonwastewater forms of chlorinated toluene wastes are: liquid
injection, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed. Liquid injection is applicable to wastes with
viscosity values less than 750 Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU). Rotary kiln and
fluidized bed incineration are used to treat wastes with a wide range of viscosity, particle
size, and suspended solids concentration (9).
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4.2.1.1.2 Treatment Process Parameters
Incineration treats wastes through thermal decomposition of organic
compounds. The thermal decomposition is performed via cracking and oxidation
reactions at temperatures in the range of 760° to 1,650 °C. These reactions convert
organic constituents into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Depending upon the physical
form of the waste, the waste is fed to the incineration system by pumping through
nozzles or atomizing burners, positive displacement pumps and water cooled injection
ports, rams, gravity feeds, air lock feeders, vibratory, screw, or'belt feeders (9).
The waste heat content can be as low as 2,230 kcal/kg to maintain
combustion; however, wastes are typically blended to a net heat content of 4,450 kcal/kg.
A liquid injection incineration system consists of a single combustion
chamber. A burner or nozzle is used to atomize the waste and inject it into the
combustion chamber, where it is incinerated in the presence of air. Air is introduced
into the combustion chamber via a forced draft system. The forced draft system also
provides turbulence for mixing. The combustion chamber is a cylinder typically lined
with refractory brick. The incinerator is fired horizontally or vertically.
Rotary kiln incineration systems consist of a slowly rotating, refractory-
lined cylinder mounted at a slight incline. Rotary kilns typically include a secondary
combustion chamber (afterburner) for further combustion of volatilized waste
constituents. Solid wastes are introduced to the high end of the kiln, while liquid wastes
generally enter through atomizing nozzles in the afterburner. As with the liquid injection
system, air is supplied to the rotary kiln through a forced draft system. Additionally, the
rotation of the kiln enhances the exposure of solids to heat, provides mixing, and causes
ash to move to the lower end of the kiln for removal (9).
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A fluidized bed incineration system consists of a column containing an
inert material such as sand. The area above the sand in the column is referred to as the
"freeboard." A blower forces air up through the end, fluidizing it. This air provides
oxygen for combustion and promotes rapid mixing of the injected waste. The fluidized
sand has a high heat capacity which causes the injected waste incineration temperature
quickly. The freeboard provides additional time for combustion of volatile constituents.
Fluidized bed incinerators can operate at lower temperatures more effectively than other
incinerators due to the excellent mixing properties associated with fluidized bed
incinerators (9).
4.2.12.3 Process Constraints
Waste characteristics affecting the performance of incineration include the
thermal conductivity of the waste, the constituent boiling points, the constituent bond
dissociation energies, the heating value of the waste, the concentration of explosive
constituents, and the concentration of noncombustible constituents (9).
Incineration systems transfer heat through the waste by radiation,
convection, and conduction. Heat flow by conduction is proportional to the temperature
gradient across the waste. The proportionality constant is referred to as thermal
conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a property of the waste being incinerated. If the
thermal conductivity of the waste is low, heat transfer across the material is not effective,
and the effectiveness of the incineration process is decreased (9).
The volatility of waste constituents is inversely proportional to the boiling
points of the waste constituents. If the boiling points of the waste constituents are high,
higher temperatures may be required to volatilize less volatile constituents (9).
Activation energy is the amount of heat energy needed to destabilize
molecular bonds so that exothermic combustion reactions can occur. Bond dissociation
NRJ-071
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energy is the energy needed to break individual bonds in a molecule. Activation energy
and bond dissociation energy are theoretically equal; however, interactions between
different molecular bonds may influence activation energy, making activation energy
difficult to quantify. Bond dissociation energies are quantifiable. If the bond
dissociation energies of waste constituents are high, higher temperatures may be
necessary for combustion to proceed (9).
The heating value of a waste is the amount of heat released from the
exothermic combustion reactions of the waste. The heating value of the waste must be
sufficient to heat incoming waste to the temperature required for incineration and to
maintain combustion. Wastes with low heating values generally contain high
concentrations of water or halogenated compounds. Auxiliary fuel may be required
when incinerating these wastes to provide the necessary heat to maintain combustion (9).
Water, metals, and other inorganics are noncombustible constituents.
Wastes containing high concentrations of these constituents generally have low heating
values and require auxiliary fuel. Additionally, volatile metals may fuse to the walls of
the combustion chamber inhibiting effective operation of the incinerators (9).
4.2.2 Wastewaters
Five of the eight technologies identified as applicable and demonstrated for
treatment of chlorinated toluene wastewaters were identified as BDAT for the regulated
constituents in K149, K150, and K151 wastes. These technologies are as follows, each of
which is described below:
• Biological Treatment;
• Steam Stripping;
• Filtration;
NRJ-071
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• PACT®;
• Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Adsorption.
The criteria for selection of BDAT were discussed in Section 4.1.2.23.
422.1 Biological Treatment
The four most common biological treatment technologies are activated
sludge, aerated lagoon, trickling filter, and rotating biological contactor (RBC) (9).
These technologies are discussed below.
422.1.1 Treatment Applicability
Biological treatment technologies are applicable to wastewaters that
contain biodegradable organics (9).
422.12 Treatment Process Parameters
A typical activated sludge system includes an equalization basin, a settling
tank, an aeration basin, a clarifier, and a sludge recycle line. Wastewater enters the
system in the equalization basin, where it is homogenized to prevent process upsets. The
wastewater then enters a settling tank where settleable solids are removed. From the
settling tank, the wastewater is discharged to an aeration basin, where aerobic bacteria
are maintained in suspension. Mechanical or diffused aeration is used to supply oxygen
to the aeration basin. The wastewater containing the aerobic bacteria is continuously
discharged from the aeration basin into a clarifier. In the clarifier, the biomass is
separated from the treated wastewater. The treated wastewater and a portion of the
biomass is discharged. This portion may be dewatered by sludge filtration or on sludge
drying beds prior to discharge. The remainder-of the biomass is returned to the aeration
basin to maintain the bacterial population (9).
NRj-on
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An aerated lagoon system is similar to an activated sludge system in that
suspended aerobic bacteria are used to degrade organic compounds in wastewater.
However, an aerated lagoon initially contains a smaller population of microorganisms
since there is no sludge recycle. As a result, water must remain in the aerated lagoon
system longer to achieve simitar effluent quality. Process upsets due to feed variations
are less likely in aerated lagoon than in activated sludge systems due to the larger tank
volumes and longer residence time used in aerated lagoon treatment. The longer
residence time also provides time for additional degradation of complex organic
chemicals. The effluent from the aerated lagoon system can be discharged to a settling
tank for solids removal or the mechanical aerators used in the aerated lagoon may be
shut down to allow settling of solids in the treatment tank or pond. The settled solids
are often dewatered prior to disposal (9).
A trickling filter system consists of an equalization basin, a settling tank, a
filter, medium, an influent wastewater distribution system, an under drain system, a
clarifier, and a recirculation line. The wastewater enters the equalization basin where it
is homogenized. The equalization basin effluent is discharged to the settling tank where
solids are removed. From the settling tank, the wastewater is distributed over the filter
medium with a rotating distribution arm or a fixed distribution system. The filter
medium consists of rocks or plastic rings with microorganisms attached to their surfaces.
The wastewater forms on this layer as it flows down through the filter medium. Oxygen
reaches the microorganisms through spaces in the media promoting aerobic biological
decomposition. A biomass is produced which is separated from the wastewater in a
clarifier (9).
A rotating biological contactor is a series of closely spaced, parallel disks
made of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or similar materials. The disks are partly
submerged in a tank containing wastewater and rotated at an average rate of 2 to 5
revolutions per minute. The disks are covered with a biological slime that degrades
dissolved organics. As the disk rotates out of the water, oxygen is available, promoting
NRJ-071
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biological decomposition. A biomass is produced which sloughs off the disk. The
biomass is separated from the treated effluent in a clarifier (9).
422.13 Process Constraints
Several waste characteristics affect the performance of aerobic biological
treatments including the ratio of biological oxygen demand (BOD) to total organic
carbon content (TOC), concentration of surfactants, and concentration of toxic
constituents in the wastes. The ratio of BOD to TOC content in the waste provides an
estimation of the percentage of biodegradable organics in the waste. If the percentage
of biodegradable organics is low, aerobic biological treatment systems may not effectively
treat the waste. Surfactants can affect biological treatment performance by forming a
film on organic constituents, thereby establishing a barrier to oxygen transfer and
effective biodegradation (9).
A number of constituents and waste characteristics have been identified as
potentially toxic to the microorganisms used in aerobic biological treatments. These
include metals, oil and grease, and high concentrations of total dissolved solids,
ammonia, and phenols (9). Presence of these toxic constituents in a waste, therefore,
may reduce the effectiveness of aerobic biological treatment.
4.2.2.2 Steam Stripping
4222.1 Treatment Applicability
Steam stripping is applicable to the treatment of wastes containing volatile
organics. Steam stripping is typically applicable when the waste contains less than one
percent volatile organics (9).
NRJ-071
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4.2.2.2.2 Treatment Process Parameters
The apparatus required for steam stripping includes a boiler, a stripping
column, a condenser, and a collection tank. The stripping column consists of vertical
columns filled with trays or packing. Liquid waste enters the top of the column. The
boiler is located at the bottom of the column. The boiler produces vapor which rises
through the column and meets the falling liquid. As the vapor and liquid come into
contact at each equilibrium stage, volatile constituents are removed from the liquid
phase into the vapor phase. Equilibrium stages are produced by the trays or packing in
the column. The steam containing volatile compounds exits the top of the column and is
condensed. The condensate is discharged to the collection tank and the non-condensed
vapors are vented to an air pollution control system or to the atmosphere. The
remaining liquid in the column is discharged to the boiler and recycled to the
stripper (9).
43,223 Process Constraints
Waste characteristics affecting the performance of steam stripping include
the constituent boiling points, the concentration of suspended solids, the surface tension,
and the concentration of oil and grease.
If the boiling points of the lower volatile and higher volatile constituents in
-the waste are similar, then the system may not treat the waste effectively. If the waste
contains high concentrations of suspended solids or oil and grease, the solids and/or oil
and grease may clog the column or coat heat transfer surfaces, inhibiting transfer of
constituents from the liquid phase to the vapor phase. These wastes may require
filtration prior to steam stripping treatment. If a waste has a high surface tension, it is
more likely to foam. Defoaming compounds can be added to the waste to prevent
foaming. Packed columns also reduce foaming (9).
NRJ-071
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4.2.2.3 Filtration
42.2.3.1 Treatment Applicability
Filtration is applicable to the treatment of wastes that contain high
concentrations of suspended solids, generally higher than 1 percent (9).
423.32 Treatment Process Parameters
The waste stream is pumped through a cloth filter, drawn by a vacuum
through a cloth filter, or gravity-drained and pressed between two belts. A particle
"cake" then forms on the filter, acting as a filter for subsequent solid removal. The
"cake" is then removed from the filter with a scraping knife. The "cake" is further
treated by incineration, solvent extraction, stabilization, or disposal (9).
42233 Process Constraints
Waste characteristics affecting the performance of filtration include solid
waste particle size and the type of solid waste particles. The effectiveness of the filter
for removing particles is related to pore size. Particles that are larger than the pore size
of the filter are removed more easily. Pretreatment of the waste stream with coagulants
and flocculants will increase particle sizes and, therefore, enhance the treatment
performance. Gelatinous soh'ds formed during metal precipitation will not form a cake
during filtration. Pretreatment of these types of waste stream particles with coagulants
and filter aids or precoating the filter may be necessary for filtration to perform properly
(9).
NRJ-071
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4.2.2.4 Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT)®
4.2.2.4.1 Treatment Applicability
PACT® is a variation of the aerobic biological treatment, activated sludge
process and is applicable to wastewaters that contain biodegradable organics (9).
4.2.2.4.2 Treatment Process Parameters
PACT® is a variation of the activated sludge process. Powdered activated
carbon is added to the aeration basin during wastewater treatment. The carbon absorbs
compounds that are not readily biodegradable or toxic constituents that might be harmful
to the microorganisms in the aeration basin. The carbon is removed with the biological
sludge and recovered, regenerated, and recycled. For more discussion on the activated
sludge process, see Section 4.2.2.1 (9).
4.2.2.4.3 Process Constraints
Several waste characteristics affect the performance of aerobic biological
treatments including the ratio of biological oxygen demand (BOD) to total organic
carbon content (TOC), concentration of surfactants, and concentration of toxic
constituents. The ratio of BOD to TOC content in the waste provides an estimation of
the percentage of biodegradable organics in the waste. If the percentage of
biodegradable organics is low, aerobic biological treatment systems may not effectively
treat the waste. Surfactants can affect biological treatment performance by forming a
film on organic constituents, thereby establishing a barrier to oxygen transfer and
effective biodegradation (9).
A number of constituents and waste characteristics have been identified as
potentially toxic to the microorganisms used in'aerobic biological treatments. These
NRJ-071
0721-02.M] 4-27
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include metals, oil and grease, and high concentrations of total dissolved solids,
ammonia, and phenols (9).
43.2.5 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Adsorption
4.2.2.5.1 Treatment Applicability
GAC adsorption technology is applicable to wastewaters containing
dissolved organics at concentrations less than 1,000 mg/L (9).
4JL2.5.2 Treatment Process Parameters
In GAC systems, a column is packed with granular activated carbon and
wastewater is passed through the carbon bed. Initially, the contaminants are adsorbed in
the upper layers of the carbon bed. As these layers become saturated, the adsorption
zone moves down the carbon bed. Eventually, the carbon bed becomes completely
saturated and the influent concentration of the constituents in the waste equals the
effluent concentration. The system is then taken off line and the activated carbon is
regenerated or disposed of. The organic residual adsorbed by the carbon is either
incinerated or disposed (9).
4.2.2.5.3 Process Constraints
Waste characteristics affecting the performance of GAC adsorption include
the type and concentration of adsorbable constituents and the concentration of
suspended solids and oil and grease. Activated carbon has a greater ability to adsorb
aromatic and nonpolar compounds than aliphatic and polar compounds. The
concentration of adsorbable constituents affects the required frequency of change-out of
the carbon. In general, wastewaters containing concentrations of organics greater than
1,000 mg/L, require frequent change-out of the carbon (9). Suspended solids, oil and
0721-02.mj 4-28
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grease reduce the effectiveness of the carbon. These compounds cause clogging and
coating of the activated carbon pores, as well as competing for adsorption sites (9).
4.3 Waste Minimization. Pollution Prevention, and Reuse and Recycling
Potential
EPA's progress over the years in improving environmental quality through
its media-specific pollution control programs has been substantial. Over the past two
decades, standard industrial practice for pollution control concentrated to a large extent
on "end of pipe" treatment and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes.
However, EPA realizes that there are limits to the degree of environmental improvement
that can be achieved under these programs which emphasize management after
pollutants have been generated. EPA believes that eliminating or reducing discharges
and/or emissions to the environment through the implementation of cost effective source
reduction and environmentally sound recycling practices can provide additional
environmental improvements.
Companies which manufacture chlorinated toluene products have
implemented corporate recycle and reuse programs (1). In addition, halogenated organic
wastes are sometimes used as fuel. However, due to the release of hydrogen chloride
and chlorine gas during combustion, as well as other concerns, their use as fuel is limited
(8).
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni) 4-29
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Table 4-1
Constituents Selected for Regulation in K149, K1SO, and K151 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
K149
—
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
~
~
X
-
K1SO
—
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
K151
X
X
—
X
—
~
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
Note:
X indicates that the constituent is selected for regulation in the individual
waste stream.
Reference: (5).
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni)
4-30
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Table 4-2
Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
for Constituents Selected for Regulation in Nonwastewater Forms
of K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Regulated Constituent
BOAT
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-DichIorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Incineration
Reference: (12).
NRJ-071
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4-31
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Table 4-3
Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
for Constituents Selected for Regulation in Wastewater Forms
of K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Regulated Constituent
BOAT
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzeae
Chloroform
Chlorometbane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachloiobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Steam Stripping (SS)
Biological Treatment (BT)
Biological Treatment (BT)
Steam Stripping (SS)
Steam Stripping (SS)
Activated Sludge Biological Treatment (AS)
Activated Sludge and Filtration (AS+Fil)
Activated Sludge and Filtration (AS + Fil)
Activated Sludge and Filtration (AS+Fil)
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
Steam Stripping (SS)
Steam Stripping (SS)
Powdered Activated Carbon Addition to Activated Sludge (PACT*)
Reference: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-Olnrj
4-32
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Table 4-4
Determination of BOAT Treatment Standards for Constituents in Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Regulated Cotttitmsi
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Penlachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-
benzene
1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Treatment Test
ham Which the
Performance Data*
were iranvKiTBfl
K019
K019
K019
K019
K001-C
K019
John Zink"
(Test 2)
John Zink"
(Test 2)
K019
K019
K019
Constituent from Which
»L_ /* „ .........i^i.if ^— M
Hff* \j,QiHTT*lTniiaTHl ID
Treated Waste Was
nuBiefrao
Benzene
Carbon
tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethaoe
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-
Tetrachlorobenzene
bis(2-
Chloroethyl)ether
Tetrachloroethylene
•^•••niiiia nt«n»i M
^TirT>ftr|igK1"1 ID
Treated Waste
(mgAg)
<2.0
<2.0
<2.0
<2.0
<10.0
<2.0
<0.33
<033
<5.0
<2.0
<2.0
CoiislitncBt fraoi Which
the Accuracy Correction
Data Were Transferred
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
1,1,-Dichloroethylene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-
Tetrachlorobenzene
bis(2-
Chloroethyl)ether
Tetrachloroethylene
Accuracy
Comctm Factor
(MatriK Spike *
Recovery)
1.18 (85)b
1.06 (94)
1.01 (99)b
1.06 (94)
1.16 (86)b
1.11 (90)b
4.76 (21)k
4.76 (21)b
1(103)
1(103)
1.06 (94)
Variability
Factor
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
BDAT
Treatment
Standard
(Cone.!
ACFiVF)
(mi/kg)
10
6.0
6.0
6.0
30
6.0
10
10
14
6.0
6.0
< - Indicates a detection limit value.
•Performance data consist of the concentration in treated waste, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor.
This number represents a constituent-specific matrix spike.
This test represented the incineration of waste code U127.
-ference (12).
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4-33
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T 4-4
(Continued)
Regidated Constituent
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Treatment Test
Am Winch the
Performance Data*
___ __ A _
war* Transf erree
K019
K019
Constituent front Widen
the Concentration ia
Treated Waste Was
M1 __ A •
inuuicrrai
Toluene
1,2,4-
Trichlorobenzene
Concentration BB
Treated Waste
(mg/kg)
<2.0
<5.0
ConstiffjMBt fivoi WhiCD
the Accuracy Correction
juaia were iransieiTea
Toluene
1,2,4-
Trichlorobenzene
Accuracy
Correction Factor
(Matra Spike*
Recovery)
1.06 (94)
133 (75)"
Variability
Factor
2.8
2.8
BOAT
TrcfltntcBt
Standard
(Cone. •
ACFxVF)
(ngftg)
10
19
< - Indicates a detection limit value.
•Performance data consist of the concentration in treated waste, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor.
"This number represents a constituent-specific matrix spike.
This lest represented the incineration of waste code U127.
Reference (12).
NRJ-071
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Table 4-5
BOAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Waste Code
K149
K150
K151
Regulated Constituent
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Toluene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
BOAT Treatment Standard
(mg/kg)
6.0
6.0
30
6.0
10
10
14
10
6.0
6.0
30
6.0
10
10
14
6.0
6.0
19
10
6.0
6.0
10
10
14
6.0
10
Reference: (12).
NRJ-071
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Table 4-6
Determination of BOAT Treatment Standards for Constituents in Wastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Regulated
Constituent
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
ChloTomelhane
1,'4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroetbylene
Toluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Treatment
Technology
SS
BT
BT
SS
SS
AS
AS + ffl
AS+Fd
AS + Fd
GAG
SS
SS
PACT*
Database
Reference
BAD
EAD
BAD
EAD
EAD
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
EAD
EAD
WERL
Average
Concentration In
Treated Waste
(mg/L)
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.0122
0.050
0.01633
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.0104
0.010
0.010
Variability
Factor
14
5.7
5.7
3.7
3.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.3
8.0
5.5
BOAT
Treatment
Standard (mg/L)
0.14
0.057
0.057
0.046
0.19
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.057
0.056
0.080
0.055
AS = Activated Sludge Biological Treatment
AS + Fit = Activated Sludge Biological Treatment and Filtration
BT = Biological Treatment
EAD = Engineering and Analysis Division
Reference: (13).
GAC = Granular Activated Carbon
PACT* = Powdered Activated Carbon Addition to Activated Sludge
SS = Steam Stripping
WERL = Water Engineering Research Lab
NRJ-071
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Table 4-7
BOAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Waste Code
K149
K150
K151
Regulated Constituent
Cblorobenzene
Chloroform
Chlorometbane
1,4-Dichlorobeazene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzeoe
Toluene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroethene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
BDAT Treatment Standard
(mg/L)
0.057
0.046
0.19
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.080
0.057
0.046
0.19
0.090
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.057
0.056
0.055
0.14
0.057
0.046
0.055
0.055
0.055
0.056
0.080
Reference: (13).
NRJ-071
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5.0 REGULATORY HISTORY AND STATUS OF THESE WASTES
5.1 Other Land Disposal Restrictions for These Wastes
There are no other land disposal restrictions for chlorinated toluene wastes
K149, K150, and K151.
52 Land Disposal Restrictions for Similar Wastes
K015 wastes are the only other waste currently regulated under Subtitle C
of RCRA that is generated by chlorinated toluene facilities. K015 wastes are defined as
still bottoms from the distillation of benzyl chloride.
Treatment standards have been promulgated for the following hazardous
constituents in K015 wastes: toluene, anthracene, benzal chloride, benzo(b and k)
fluoranthene, phenanthrene, chromium, and nickel.
53 Effluent Guidelines
Effluent guidelines, limitations and standards applicable to chlorinated
toluene facilities are discussed in Section 3.3.1 of this Background Document.
5.4 Clean Air Act Regulations and Other Process Controls
Clean Air Act regulations applicable to chlorinated toluene facilities are
discussed in Section 3.3.1 of this Background Document.
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6.0 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Draft Report.
Concise Non-Confidential Engineering Analysis of the Production of Chlorinated
Toluenes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., September
1991.
2. SRI International. 1987 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International,
Menlo Park, CA, 1987.
3. MONTCO Research Products. RCRA Section 3007 Questionnaire. MONTCO
Research Products, Hollister, FL, October 1983.
4. Graysor, M., ed. Kirk-Othtner Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd
Edition. New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons, 1979.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Hazardous Waste
Management System: Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste and
CERCLA Hazardous Substance Designation: Reportable Quantity Adjustment
Chlorinated Toluenes Production Wastes: Proposed Rule. Federal Register, Vol.
56, No. 198, October 1991.
6. G. Marc Loudon. Organic Chemistry. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading,
MA, July 1984.
7. Velsicol Chemical Company. RCRA Section 3007 Questionnaire. Velsicol
Chemical Company, Chattanooga, TN, December 1982.
8. Versar, Inc. Waste Minimization. Volume 3 Recycling Practices. Incentives and
Constraints. Versar, Inc., Springfield, VA, October 1985.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Final Treatment
Technology Background Document. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C., May 1990.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Test Methods for
Evaluating Solid Waste. Volume IB: Laboratory Manual Physical/Chemical
Methods. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., November
1986.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for Quality
Assurance. Quality Control Procedures, and Methodologies. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., October 23, 1991.
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni] 6-1
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12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for
Universal Standards: Volume A: Universal Standards for Nonwastewater Forms
of Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., July 1994.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BPAT) Background Document for
Universal Standards: Volume B: Universal Standards for Wastewater Forms of
Wastes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., July 1994.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste
Management System: Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste and
CERCLA Hazardous Substance Designation: Reportable Quantity Adjustment.
Chlorinated Toluene Production Wastes: Final Rule. Federal Register, Vol. 57,
No. 200, October 1992.
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7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Radian Corporation provided technical support for the development of this
document for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste under
Contract Numbers 68-W9-0072, 68-WO-0025, and 68-W3-0001. This document was
prepared under the direction of Richard Kinch, Chief, Waste Treatment Branch; Larry
Rosengrant, Section Chief, Treatment Technology Section; and Angela Wilkes and Dave
Levy, Project Officers for the Radian contract. Lisa Jones served as the Project
Manager. Steve Silverman served as EPA legal advisor.
The following personnel from Radian Corporation supported the
development of this document: Tom Ferguson and Gayle Kline, Program Managers;
Richard Weisman and Mary Willett, Project Directors; and the Radian engineering team,
Tania Ashman-Allam, Julian Bentley, Jennifer Dann, Chrisanti Haretos, Nancy Johnson,
Kirsten Mahsman, Timothy Meeks, Tim McLaughlin, Robert Shark, and Grace Shields,
as well as Charles Peck of Versar Inc.
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Appendix A
Treatment Performance Database and Methodology for
Identifying Universal Standards
for Constituents in Nonwastewater
Forms of K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
NRJ-071
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This appendix presents the development of the universal treatment
standards (i.e., universal standards) for the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K1S1 wastes. Section A.1 presents the
methodology for determining nonwastewater universal standards and introduces the
universal standards database. Section A.2 presents a constituent-by-constituent
discussion of the determination of the universal standards for each regulated constituent.
A.1 Methodology for Determining Nonwastewater Universal Standards
The performance data presented in Table A-l represent the universal
standards database for the constituents selected for regulation in K149, K1SO, and K151
wastes. These data consist of the treatment performance data used to develop
nonwastewater treatment standards in the First, Second, Third Third, and Phase I Land
Disposal Restrictions Program nilemaking efforts. In order to determine the universal
standards, the Agency examined the treatment performance data used in calculating each
treatment standard applicable to a specific constituent.
The Agency chose which treatment performance data to transfer as the
universal standard on a constituent-by-constituent basis. Six factors were considered in
selecting the "best" performance data and standard from the available treatment standard
performance data:
(1) Where possible, the Agency preferred performance data (i.e., the
matrix spike recovery data, detection limit, and variability factor
(according to Table A-l)) for the same constituent.
(2) The matrix spike recovery data were evaluated to determine
whether acceptable recoveries were obtained according to EPA's
quality assurance/quality control guidelines.
(3) When performance data from the same constituent were
unavailable, the Agency used performance data from a constituent
with similar composition and functional groups.
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(4) When evaluating the matrix spike recovery data, th--> Agency
preferred to use a matrix spike recovery for a specinc constituent
instead of a value averaged over a group of constituents (e.g.,
volatile organics).
(5) The method detection limit was examined to determine if it could
be met routinely by industry.
(6) The treatment performance data and standard corresponding to the
"best" data was compared to the detection limits used to calculate
other treatment standards to determine if the constituent could be
treated to similar levels in similar waste codes.
Determination of Universal Standards for Constituents in Nonwastewater
Forms of K149. K150. and K151 Wastes
Treatment standard data for the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes are presented in Table A-l. A
constituent-by-constituent discussion of the determination of the universal standard for
each of these constituents is given below. The universal standards and corresponding
performance data for each constituent selected for regulation in K149, K150, and K151
wastes are also presented in Table 4-4. A more detailed discussion of the determination
of the universal standards is provided in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology (SPAT! Background Document for Universal Standard*. Volume A:
Universal Standards for Nonwastewater Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (12).
Benzene
The universal standard for benzene was determined to be 10 mg/kg, based
upon the K083 treatment standard. The Agency chose to use the K083 treatment
performance data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction factor and
detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern. Treatment data
were not transferred from F039 and U019 wastes because the detection limit was
considered to be an outlier compared to the magnitude of the detection limits from
NRJ-071
07214n.ni] A-2
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other incineration tests. The treatment standard was established at 10 mg/kg in order
that the treatment standard could be routinely met by industry, considering the detection
limits reported for benzene in other waste codes.
Carbon Tetrachloride
The universal standard for carbon tetrachloride was determined to be 6.0
mg/kg, based upon the K021 and K073 treatment standards. The Agency chose to use
the K021 and K073 treatment performance data since these data represent the use of an
accuracy correction factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the
constituent of concern. The treatment standard was established at 6.0 mg/kg to remain
consistent with other similar constituents in the same treatability group. The Agency
believes that a treatment standard of 6.0 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved based on
detection limits reported for carbon tetrachloride in other waste codes.
Chlorobenzene
The universal standard for chlorobenzene was determined to be 6.0 mg/kg,
based upon the K019 treatment standard. The Agency chose to use the K019 treatment
performance data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction factor and
detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern. The treatment
standard was established at 6.0 mg/kg to remain consistent with other similar
constituents in the same treatability group. The Agency believes that a treatment
standard of 6.0 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved based on detection limits reported for
chlorobenzene in other waste codes.
Chloroform
The universal standard for chloroform was determined to be 6.0 mg/kg,
based upon the K009, K010, K019, and K029 treatment standards. The Agency chose to
NRJ-071
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use the K009, K010, K019, and K029 treatment performance data since these data
represent the use of an accuracy correction factor and detection limit from the same
constituent as the constituent of concern. The Agency believes that a treatment standard
of 6.0 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved based on detection limits reported for
chloroform in other waste codes.
Chloromethane
The universal standard for chloromethane was determined to be 30 mg/kg,
based upon the F039 and U045 data, which represent the only concentration-based
standards the Agency has promulgated in the First, Second, or Third Thirds for this
constituent. The treatment standard was established at 30 mg/kg to remain consistent
with other similar constituents in the same treatability group.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
The universal standard for 1,4-dichlorobenzene was determined to be 6.0
mg/kg, based upon the F039 and U072 treatment standards. The Agency chose to use
the F039 and U072 treatment performance data since these data represent the use of an
accuracy correction factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the
constituent of concern. The treatment standard was established at 6.0 mg/kg to remain
consistent with other similar constituents in the same treatability group. The Agency
believes that a treatment standard of 6.0 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved based on
the detection limits reported for 1,4-dichlorobenzene in other waste codes.
Hexachlorobenzene
The universal standard for hexachlorobenzene was determined to be 10
mg/kg, based upon the K085 treatment standard. The Agency chose to use the K085
treatment performance data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction
NRJ-071
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factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern.
Treatment data for hexachlorobenzene were not transferred from K016, K018, F025,
F039, and U127 because the detection limit was considered to be an outlier compared to
the magnitude of the detection limits from other incineration tests. The treatment
standard was established at 10 mg/kg in order that the treatment standard could be
routinely met by industry, considering the detection limits reported for
hexachlorobenzene in other waste codes.
Pentachlorobenzene
The universal standard for pentachlorobenzene was determined to be 10
mg/kg, based upon the K042 and K085 treatment standards. The Agency chose to use
the K042 and K085 treatment performance data since these data represent the transfer
of an actual matrix spike recovery as opposed to an averaged value. Treatment data for
pentachlorobenzene were not transferred from K030, F039, and U183 because the
detection limit was considered to be an outlier compared to the magnitude of the
detection Limits from other incineration tests. The treatment standard was established at
10 mg/kg in order that the treatment standard could be routinely met by industry,
considering the detection limits reported for pentachlorobenzene in other waste codes.
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
The universal standard for 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene was determined to be
14 mg/kg, based upon the K030 treatment standard. The Agency chose to use the K030
treatment performance data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction
factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern. The
Agency believes that a treatment standard of 14 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved
based on detection limits reported for 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in other waste codes.
NRJ-071
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1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
The universal standard for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was determined to be
6.0 mg/kg, based upon the K020, K028, K095, and K096 treatment standards. The
Agency chose to use the K020, K028, K095, and K096 treatment performance data rather
than transferring other treatment performance data. Treatment data for 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane were not transferred from F001, F002, F003, F004, F005, F039, and
U209 because the detection limit was considered to be an outlier compared to the
magnitude of the detection limits from other incineration tests. The treatment standard
was established at 6.0 mg/kg to remain consistent with other similar constituents in the
same treatability group. The Agency bek'eves that a treatment standard of 6.0 mg/kg
may be reasonably achieved based on the detection limits reported for 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane in other waste codes.
Tetrachloroethylene
The universal standard for tetrachloroethylene was determined to be 6.0
mg/kg, based upon the K016, K019, K020, K028, K030, K09S, and K096 treatment
standards. The Agency chose to use the K016, KOI9, K020, K028, K030, K095, and K096
treatment performance data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction
factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern. The
Agency believes that a treatment standard of 6.0 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved
based on the detection limits reported for tetrachloroethylene in other waste codes.
1,2,4-TYichlorobenzene
The universal standard for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was determined to be 19
mg/kg, based upon the F039, K019, K030, and K096 treatment standards. The Agency
chose to use the K019 treatment performance data since these data represent the use of
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni) A-6
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an accuracy correction factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the
constituent of concern.
Toluene
The universal standard for toluene was determined to be 10 rug/kg, based
•upon the K015 treatment standard. The Agency chose to use the K015 treatment
performance data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction factor and
detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern. Treatment data
were not transferred from F001, F002, F003, F004, F005, F039, K001, K037, K086, U051,
and U220 because the detection limit was considered to be an outlier compared to the
magnitude of the detection limits from other incineration tests. Likewise, the Agency
believes that the K087 standard of 0.65 mg/kg and the K022 standard of 0.034 mg/kg
may not be reasonably achieved based on the detection limits reported for toluene in
other waste codes. The treatment standard was established at 10 mg/kg in order that
the treatment standard could be routinely met by industry, considering the detection
limits reported for toluene in other waste codes.
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Table A-l
Treatment Standard Data for Constituents Selected for Regulation in Nonwastewater Forms of
K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
Regulated Constituent
Benzene
Carbon tctrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Treatment
Standard
(Cone.*
ACFtVF)
(W|A«)
0.071
4.4
6.0
6.6
36
5.6
6.2°
6.2°
4.4
5.7
6.0°
Waste Codeis)
K060, K087
K085, K105
K103, K104
K083
F039, U019
F001-F005,
F039, U211
F025
K021, K073
K08S, K10S
P001-F005,
F039, U037
K019
Concentratkm
in Treated
Waste
(mg/kg)
<0.025
<0.33
<2.0
<2.0
<10.0
<2.0
<2.0
<2.0
<033
<2.0
<2.0
TreatmeBtTeit
from Which the
Performance Data*
WasTnmsfeirad
K087
3"1 3" Test Burn
(Test 2)"
K019
K019
K001-C
K019
K019
K019
3"1 3" Test Burn
(Test 2)d
K019
K019
Constituent f ran Which the
f**^*m,tm»tmt*tmnn £M I^HMkt^Ml
t^oocoiirBDon ID ITCBIGO
Waste Was Transferred
Benzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Hexachlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
CnuliiiKBt from Which the
Accnracy Conrectkn Data
WMTrawfemd
Benzene
HexacMorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Benzene
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Hexachlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Accuracy
CoiTBClion
factor
(Matrix Spike %
Recovery)
1.02 (98)b
4.76 (21)b
1.06 (94)
1.18 (85)b
1.28 (78)b
1 (107)b
1.1 (91)
1.1 (91)
4.76 (21)"
1.01 (99)b
1.01 (99)b
Variability
Factor
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
< - Indicates a detection limit value.
'Performance data consist of the concentration in treated waste,, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor.
"This number represents a constituent-specific matrix spike.
"See notes.
'This lest represented the incineration of waste code U127.
Reference: '12).
NRJ-071
072I-02.nrj
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A-l
(Continued)
Regulated Constituent
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Standard
(Cote,*
ACPiVI)
Ong/kt)
5.6
6.0
6.2°
33
4.4
6.2
4.4
28
37
WaSM CWUIB)
FD39, U044,
K117, K118,
K136
K009, K010,
K019.K029
F025, K021,
K073
F039, U045
KD42,K085,
K105
F039, U072
K085
K016, K018
F02S, F039,
U127
Concentration
in Treated
Waste
(mg/kg)
<2.0
<2.0
<2.0
<10.0
<033
<2.0
<033
<10.0
<10.0
Treatment Test
torn WlucB the
Performance Data*
BB Tnuisfierred
K019
K019
K019
K001-C
3" 3"1 Test Burn
(Test 2)d
K019
3* 3- Test Burn
(Test 2)*
K019
K019
CMatitaeol fram Which the
CovcBtraliao m IVnted
Chloroform
ChloTofonn
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Hexachlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
CmttftMBtfitMi Which (he
Accuracy ConcctMiD D&I&
Wa< T LtqjujLjl
Trichloroethylene
Chloroform
Chloroform
1,1,-Dichloroethylene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Accuracy
COfTBCtMHI
Factor
(MirtiiiS|Ae%
nmAi*«jf
l(107)b
1.06 (94)
1.1 (91)
1.16 (86)»
4.76 (21)"
1.11 (90)"
4.76 (21)"
1(103)
1.33 (75)b
Variability
•frhrtnr
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
< - Indicates a detection limit value.
•Performance data consist of the concentration in treated waste, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor.
This number represents a constituent-specific matrix spike.
"See notes.
'This test represented the incineration of waste code U127.
Reference: (12).
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
A-9
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Table A-l
(Continued)
Regulated Constituent
Pentachlorobenzeoe '
1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-
benzene
1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Treatment
Standard
(Cone, i
ACP«VF)
&»gftl)
4.4
28
37
4.4
19
14
5.6
42°
Waste Codefc)
K042.KQ85
K030
F039, U183
KQ42.KD85
F039, U207
K030
K020, K028,
K095, K096
F039.U209
CMceatratioB
in Treated
Waste
teg/kg)
<033
<10.0
<10.0
<033
<5.0
<5.0
B
ConfHitratioa in Treated
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5-
Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,4^-
Tetrachlorobenzene
bis(2-Chloroeth^)ether
1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethane
Cuasiulueul rrom wrucn ine
Accaracjr Correction Data
Was Transferred
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1A4.5-
Tetrachlorobenzene
bis(2-
Chtoroethy1)ether
Trichloroethylene
Accuracy
CorractooB
Factor
(Matra Spike %
Recovery)
4.76 (21)b
1 (103)
1.33 (75)"
4.76 (21)b
1.33 (75)k
1 (103)
1(103)
1.49 (67)b
Variability
Factor
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
< - Indicates a detection limit value.
•Performance data consist of the concentration in treated waste, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor.
This number represents a constituent-specific matrix spike.
"See notes.
'This test represented the incineration of waste code U127.
Referen ''2).
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
A-10
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eA-1
(Continued)
RegnUtedCtmfitatat
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene •
jVeatOUBt
Standard
(Coae.i
ACFiVF)
(mg/k,)
S.6
6.0
6.2°
0.034
0.6S
6.0
28
28
Waste Codefs)
F001-P005,
F039, U210
K016, K019,
K020, K028,
K030, K095,
K096
K073
K022
K087
K01S
UOS1, U220,
F001-F005,
F039, K001,
KOB6
K037
COBCGBtTflDOB
ia Treated
Waste
(mg/kg)
<2.0
<2.0
<2.0
<0.012
0.09S
<2.0
<10.0
<10.0
Treatment Test
from Which UK
•» » llM*A*
rcrronnance uaur
Was Transferred
K019
K019
K019
K022
K087
K019
K001-C
KOS7
Constittteat from Which the
Waste Was Transferred
Tetrachloroethytene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Constituent from Which the
Accnncy Correction Data
Was Transferred
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroelhylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Accuracy
Correctioo
Factor
(Matra Spike %
Reentry)
l(107)b
1.06 (94)
1.1 (91)
1 (106)"
1 (104)"
1.06 (94)
L01 (99)b
1 (165)fc
Variabflily
Factor
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
6.85
2.8
2.8
2.8
< - Endicates a detection limit value.
•Performance data consist of the concentration in treated waste, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor.
This number represents a constituent-specific matrix spike.
"See notes.
This test represented the incineration of waste code U127.
Reference: (12).
NRJ-071
0721-02 nrj
A-ll
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Table A-l
(Continued)
ftygrilaled Cvualilwrt
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Treatment
Standard
(Cone.*
ACFiVF)
(ngftg)
4.4
19
Waste CodeW
K042,K085
F039, K019,
KQ3Q.K096
ConccBtration
in Treated
Waste
tagflts)
<033
<5.0
Treatment Test
from Which the
Was Transferred
3" 3ri Test Burn
(Test 2)'
K019
Constittmtfraoi Which the
Concentration in Treated
Waste Was Transferred
Hexachtorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Constituent from Which the
Accuracy Correction Data
Wa» Transferred
HexachJorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Accuracy
Correction
Factor
(Matrix Spike %
Recovery)
4.76 (21)"
1.33 (75)k
Variability
Factor
2J&
2.8
Notes:
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
The accuracy correction factors used in the F02S, K021, and K073 treatment standards were transferred from the K019 treatment test. The
accuracy correction factor for the average of the semivolatile constituents was transferred as 1.1 instead of 1.06. The treatment standard should
have been 6.0 mg/kg.
The accuracy correction factors used in the F02S, K021, and K073 treatment standards were transferred from the K019 treatment test. The
accuracy correction factor for the average of the semivolatile constituents was transferred as 1.1 instead of 1.06. The treatment standard should
have been 6.0 mg/kg.
The accuracy correction factor used b the K073 treatment standard was transferred from the K019 treatment test. The accuracy correction factor
for the average of the semivolalile constituents was transferred as 1.1 instead of 1.06. The treatment standard should have been 6.0 mg/kg.
< - Indicates a detection limit value.
•Performance data consist of the concentration in treated waste, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor.
'This number represents a constituent-specific matrix spike.
"See notes.
'This lest represented the incineration of waste code U127.
Reference
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni]
A-12
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Appendix B
Treatment Performance Database and
Methodology for Identifying Universal Standards
for Constituents in Wastewater
Forms of K149, K150, and K151 Wastes
NRJ-071
0721-Q2.nl)
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B.I Methodology for Determining Wastewater Treatment Standards
The universal standards for regulated constituents in wastewater forms of
K149, K150, and K151 wastes are based on treatment performance data from several
sources, including the BOAT treatment performance database, the NPDES database, the
WERL database, WAO/PACT® data, the HAD database, industry-submitted leachate
treatment performance data, data submitted by the Chemical Manufacturers
Association's Carbon Disulfide Task Force, data submitted by the California Toxic
Substances Control Division, data in literature that were not already part of the WERL
database, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO and PACT6
treatment process. This appendix presents the wastewater treatment performance
database and discusses use of the data to determine BDAT and to calculate the universal
standards for the constituents selected for regulation in wastewater forms of K149, K150,
and K151 wastes.
Table B-l and Table B-2 are database and treatment technology keys,
respectively, for the data tables presented in this appendix. Tables B-3 through B-14 in
this appendix present the available wastewater treatment performance data for each
constituent selected for regulation in K149, K1SO, and K151 wastes. The data used to
determine the universal standards are indicated with a footnote. A discussion of the
determination of the universal standards for each of the constituents selected for
regulation in K149, K150, and K151 wastes is presented in Section B.2.
The calculation of the universal standards involved three steps:
(1) identification of best demonstrated technologies and treatment performance data;
(2) determination of a variability factor specific to each constituent in a treatment
performance data set to correct for normal variation in the performance of a particular
technology over time; and (3) calculation of the treatment standard, which is equal to the
average effluent concentration multiplied by the variability factor. The universal
standards and specific treatment performance data used to determine the treatment
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni] B-l
-------
standards for the constituents selected for regulation in wastewater forms of K149, K150,
and K1S1 are presented in Table 4-6.
Identification of Best Demonstrated Technologies and Treatment
Performance Data
To determine the best demonstrated technology for each BDAT List
organic constituent, the Agency examined the universal wastewater treatment
performance database. To determine "best," a hierarchy was established to evaluate the
wastewater treatment performance data. The following outlines the methodology used to
determine "best" for wastewater constituents that are included in this document:
(1) For any organics with HAD performance data and a promulgated
BAD effluent limitation, the HAD data were used to calculate the
BDAT treatment standard for that constituent The data
representing BAD Option 1 (see Reference 13 for a description of
Option 1) were used in all cases.
(2) For any constituent for which promulgated EAD standards (based
on actual treatment performance data) do not exist, data from an
Agency-sponsored BDAT wastewater treatment test were used to
determine the BDAT treatment standard.
(3) For any constituent with industry-submitted leachate treatment
performance data, where the data showed substantial treatment and
the 'data were considered better or more representative of treatment
performance than Agency data, the Agency used the industry-
submitted leachate data to calculate the BDAT concentration-based
standard.
(4) For any constituent without EAD data, BDAT wastewater treatment
test data, or industry-submitted leachate treatment performance data
showing substantial treatment, other available treatment
performance data were evaluated to determine BDAT and were
used to calculate the BDAT concentration-based standard.
Considered in this evaluation were the treatment technology for
which data were available, whether the data represented a full-,
pilot-, or bench-scale technology, the concentration of the
constituent of interest in the influent to treatment, the average
NRJ-071
0721-02.njj B-2
-------
concentration of the constituent of interest in the effluent from
treatment, and the removal efficiency of the treatment technology.
Full-scale treatment data with an influent concentration range
greater than 100 micrograms per liter (/tg/L) were preferred over
pilot- or bench-scale data and preferred over data with a low (i.e., 0-
100 /*g/L) influent concentration range. If several sets of data met
these criteria (i.e., full-scale available technologies with high influent
concentrations), they were compared by examination of their
average effluent values and percent removals to determine the data
set(s) which had the lowest effluent values and the technology with
the highest percent removal.
(5) For any constituent where treatment performance data were not
available from any of the examined sources, data were transferred
for calculation of a BDAT treatment standard from a similar
constituent in a waste judged to be similar.
Details regarding the identification of BDAT for the constituents selected
for regulation in wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151 wastes are presented in
Section B.2 and in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
Background Document for Universal Standards. Volume B: Universal Standards for
Wastewater Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (13).
For most constituents selected for regulation in K149, K150, and K151
wastes, the Agency had treatment performance data from the Engineering and Analysis
Division (formerly Industrial Technology Division (ITD)) database. The Agency believes
that these data represent the best demonstrated treatment performance for the following
reasons:
• The EAD database consists of treatment performance data from
Organic Chemical Plastics and Synthetic Fiber (OCPSF) sampling
episodes. These episodes included long-term sampling of several
industries and the data are therefore a good reflection of the
treatment of organics in industrial wastewaters.
• The EAD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the
OCPSF database and were used in determining an EAD
promulgated limit.
NRJ-07I
0721-02.nrj B-3
-------
A promulgated BAD limit represents data that have undergone both
EPA and industry review and acceptance.
Variability Factors
A variability factor accounts for the variability inherent in the treatment
system performance, treatment residual collection, and analysis of the treated waste
samples. Variability factors are calculated as described in EPA's Methodology
Background Document (11).
Due to the nature of the data gathered from various sources presented in
this appendix, variability factors for all of the constituents selected for regulation in
K149, K150, and K1S1 wastes are not calculated as described in Reference 11, since in
many cases, original effluent points were not available.
The variability factor calculated during the EAD regulation effort was used
for those constituents for which a treatment standard was based on an EAD effluent
limitation (i.e., selected volatile and semivolatile organic constituents).
For constituents where a variability factor was unknown or could not be
calculated, an average variability factor was used. The average variability factors were
generated from the EAD variability factors and are specific to the type of constituent
under consideration (i.e., volatile organic or semivolatile organic). The average
variability factor for volatile organics is the average of the variability factors from EAD
data, as shown in Table B-15. The average variability factor for semivolatile organics is
the average of the variability factors shown in Table B-16. Determination of these
average variability factors is similar to the procedure used by EPA in previous BDAT
rulemakings to determine average accuracy correction factors.
NRJ-071
0721-02JUJ B-4
-------
For all constituents selected for regulation in K149, K150, and K151
wastes, an HAD variability factor was used in the determination of the treatment
standard. In these cases, an accuracy correction factor was not used because it would
lead to over-correcting the data.
Treatment Standard Calculation
A constituent-by-constituent discussion of the determination of the
universal standards for wastewaters is presented in Section B.2.
B.2 Determination of Universal Standards for Constituents in Wastewater
Forms of K149. K150. and K151 Wastes
Wastewater treatment performance data for the constituents selected for
regulation in K149, K150, and K151 wastes are presented in Tables B-3 through B-14. A
constituent-by-constituent discussion of the data used to calculate the universal standards
for the constituents selected for regulation in wastewater forms of K149, K150, and K151
wastes is given below.
Benzene
BOAT for benzene was identified as steam stripping (SS). Steam stripping
was selected as BDAT because it represents treatment performance data from the BAD
database. The universal standard was calculated using the BAD median long-term
average of 10 pg/L and the BAD variability factor for benzene. The determination of
the resulting universal standard for benzene (0.14 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
NRI-071
0721-02.nrj B-5
-------
Carbon Tetrachloride
BDAT for carbon tetrachloride was identified as biological treatment (BT).
Biological treatment was selected as BDAT because it represents treatment performance
data from the BAD database and was used as part of the BDAT Solvents Rule. The
universal standard was calculated using the effluent concentration of 10 pg/L and the
average of the BAD variability factors for volatile constituents. The determination of
the resulting universal standard for carbon tetrachloride (0.057 mg/L) is shown in Table
4-6.
Chlorobenzene
BDAT for chlorobenzene was identified as biological treatment (BT).
Biological treatment was selected as BDAT because it represents treatment performance
data from the BAD database and was used as part of the BDAT Solvents Rule. The
universal standard was calculated using the effluent concentration of 10 /tg/L and the
average of the BAD variability factors for volatile constituents. The determination of
the resulting universal standard for chlorobenzene (0.057 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
Chloroform
BDAT for chloroform was identified as steam stripping (SS). Steam
stripping was selected as BDAT because it represents treatment performance data from
the BAD database. The universal standard for chloroform was calculated using the
BAD median long-term average of 12.2 pg/L and the BAD variability factor for
chloroform. The determination of the resulting universal standard for chloroform (0.046
mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
NRJ-071
0721-Q2.RIJ B-6
-------
Chloromethane
BOAT for chloromethane was identified as steam stripping (SS). Steam
stripping was selected as BDAT because it represents treatment performance data from
the EAD database. The universal standard for chloromethane was calculated using the
BAD median long-term average of SO /tg/L and the EAD variability factor for
chloromethane. The determination of the resulting universal standard for chloromethane
(0.19 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
BDAT for 1,4-dichlorobenzene was identified as activated sludge biological
treatment (AS). Activated sludge was selected as BDAT because it represents full-scale
data with high influent concentrations and a high removal efficiency. The universal
standard was calculated using an effluent concentration of 16.33 pg/L (which represents
an average of the data presented for the activated sludge technology in the high effluent
concentration ranges) and the average of the EAD variability factors for semivolatile
constituents. The determination of the resulting universal standard for 1,4-
dichlorobenzene (0.090 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
Hexachlorobenzene
BDAT for hexachlorobenzene was identified as activated sludge followed
by filtration (AS+Fil). Activated sludge followed by filtration was selected as BDAT
because it represents full-scale data with high influent concentrations and a high removal
efficiency. The universal standard for hexachlorobenzene was calculated using an
effluent concentration of 10 pg/L and the EAD variability factors for hexachlorobenzene.
The determination of the resulting universal standard for hexachlorobenzene (0.055
mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
NRJ-071
VJ2l-02.au B-7
-------
Pentachloro benzene
No wastewater treatment performance data were available for
pentachlorobenzene from any of the examined sources. Treatment performance data
were therefore transferred from a constituent judged to be similar in elemental
composition and functional groups within the structure of the chemical,
hexachlorobenzene. Using a transfer from this constituent results in a BOAT for
pentachlorobenzene of activated sludge followed by filtration. The determination of the
resulting universal standard for pentachlorobenzene (0.055 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
1,2,4,5-TetrachIorobenzene
The data available for 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene were compiled from the
NPDES database. Since influent values were not available for the NPDES data and
since the NPDES average effluent value was below the compound detection limit of 1.5
Mg/L, it cannot be determined that these data represent treatment. Treatment
performance data were therefore transferred to this constituent from a constituent
judged to be similar in elemental composition and functional groups within the structure
of the chemical, hexachlorobenzene. Using a transfer from this constituent results in a
BDAT for 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene of activated sludge followed by filtration. The
determination of the resulting universal standard for 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (0.055
mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
BDAT for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane was identified as granular carbon
adsorption (GAG). Granular activated carbon was selected as BDAT because it
represents full-scale data with a high influent concentration and a high removal
efficiency. The universal standard was calculated using the effluent concentration of 10.0
jig/L and the average of the EAD variability factors for volatile constituents. The
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni] B-8
-------
determination of the resulting universal standard for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (0.057
mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
Tetrachloroethylene
BOAT for tetrachloroethylene was identified as steam stripping (SS).
Steam stripping was selected as BOAT because it represents treatment performance data
from the EAD database. The universal standard for tetrachloroethylene was calculated
using the EAD median long-term average of 10.4 j*g/L and the EAD variability factor
for tetrachloroethylene. The determination of the resulting universal standard for
tetrachloroethylene (0.056 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-6.
Toluene
BDAT for toluene was identified as steam stripping (SS). Steam stripping
was selected as BDAT because it represents treatment performance data from the EAD
database. The universal standard for toluene was calculated using the EAD median
long-term average of 10 pg/L and the EAD variability factor for toluene. The
determination of the resulting universal standard for toluene (0.056 mg/L) is shown in
Table 4-6.
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
BDAT for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was identified as PACT®. PACT® was
selected as BDAT since this technology represents full-scale treatment with high influent
concentrations and a high removal efficiency. The universal standard for 1,2,4-
trichlorobenzene was calculated using the effluent concentration of 10 pg/L and the
average of the EAD variability factors for semivolatile constituents. The determination
of the resulting universal standard for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (0.055 mg/L) is shown in
Table 4-6.
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni] B-9
-------
Table B-l
Key to Data Sources for Wastewaters
Code
BOAT
HAD
NPDES
WAO
WERL
OCPSF
LEACHATE
Database
Best Demonstrated Available Technology
Engineering Analysis Division
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Wet Air Oxidation
Water Engineering Research Laboratory
Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers
Leachate Treatment Performance Data Submitted
by Industry
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
B-10
-------
Table B-2
Key to Treatment Technologies
Code
AC
AFF
AL
API
AS
AirS
AnFF
BGAC
BT
CAC
ChOx
Chred
DAF
Fil
GAC
KPEG
LL
PACT®
RBC
RO
SCOx
SExt
SS
Technology
Activated Carbon
Aerobic Fixed Film
Aerobic Lagoons
API Oil/Water Separator
Activated Sludge
Air Stripping
Anaerobic Fixed Film
Biological Granular Activated Carbon
Biological Treatment
Chemically Assisted Clarification
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical Reduction
Dissolved Air Flotation
Filtration
Activated Carbon (Granular)
Dechlorination Using Alkoxide
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Powdered Activated Carbon Addition to
Activated Sludge
Rotating Biological Contactor
Reverse Osmosis
Super Critical Oxidation
Solvent Extraction
Steam Stripping
NRJ-071
0721-02.nij
B-ll
-------
Table B-2
(Continued)
Code
TF
UF
uv
WOx
Technology
Trickling Filter
Ultrafiltration
Ultraviolet Radiation
Wet Air Oxidation
Addition codes included in Tables B-3 through B-14:
" + " - Indicates that the first process unit is followed in the process train
by the second (e.g., AS + Fil - Activated Sludge followed by
Filtration).
"__w + " - Indicates that the two units are used together (e.g., UFwPAC -
Ultrafiltration using Powdered Activated Carbon).
" [B]" - Indicates batch instead of continuous flow.
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni] B-12
-------
Table B-3
Treatment Performance Data
for Benzene in VVastewaters
Technology
AL
AL
AL
AL '
AL+AS
API+DAF+AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
\S
j
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
1S + RI
Technology
Scale
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
FacSHty
371D
6B
IB
1 6B
233D
1482D
6B
2008
200B
IB
6B
IB
6B
6B
IB
202D
6B
6B
6B
6B
200B
6B
234A
201B
IB
206B
234A
6B
Detection
jtftt
Ug/L>
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
laflncBt
Concentrations
Ugn.)
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
10000-100000
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
100.1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100000-1000000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
10000-100000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
100000-1000000
No. of
Date
NR
2
6
2
21
4
7
16
8
6
22
6
14
3
6
NR
3
27
3
28
16
15
NR
10
6
20
NR
3
Avenge ,
Effluent
CoBccBtnrtioo
ta/U
60.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
13.000
3.700
10.000
0.800
1.000
2.000
30.000
1,000
100)00
10.000
2.000
40.000
10.000
11.000
10.000
10.000
0300
10.000
0.600
6.000
16.000
0200
0.700
20.000
Recover?
l%>
NR
I NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ren oral
W
98
98.9
94.4
923
99.9
99.96
98.8
993
9953
99
91.7
99 S5
95.7
95.6
98,9
99.97
99.09
99.8 \
99.71
89.6
97.8
99.97
99.83
81
84
99.73
97.4
99.99
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.UJ
B-13
-------
Table B-3
(Continued)
Technology
AirS
AirS
AiiS
AirS
AirS
AuS+GAC
GAG
LL
LL
LL+SS
LL+SS+AC
PACT*
PACT*
PACT*
PACT*
RO
RO
RO
RO
RO
SS1
ss«
SS-
SS*
SS
SS
SS
Technology
Scale
Bench
FuU
Pilot
FuU
Pilot
FuU
Full
Full
FuU
FuU
FuU
Bench
Bench
Bench
Bench
Full
FuU
Pilot
Pilot
FuU
Full
Full
Full
FuU
FuU
FuU
FuU
Facffily
1328E
322B
224B
322B
1362E
229A
245B
K104
K103
K103/
K104
K103/
K104
242E
200B
Zimpro
Zimpro
250B
250B
323B
250B
250B
0415
2680
1494
0415
6B
6B
6B
Detection
Limit
(M/L)
NR
MR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
5
5
5
5
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
10
10
10
NR
NR
• NR
Range of
Influent
Conccaij'irtiora
feg/L)
10000-100000
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000 •
0-100
1000-10000
4500-320000
3200041000
4500-320000
4500-320000
0-100
100-1000
290
29
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
22300-48100
34693-147212
239-2008310
274000-412000
100000-1000000
100000-1000000
10000-100000.
No. of
Data
Points
5
22
1
19
3
19
1
5
5
5
4
NR
12
1
1
NR
NR
1
NR
NR
4
10
13
3
3
12
2
Average
Effluent
Concentration
WL)
9300.000
0.440
0300
52.000
1.000
1.000
10.000
35600.000
3560.000
5.600
19.000
5.000
0.700
1.000
5.000
140.000
3.800
32.000
50.000
67.000
38.800
10.000
44.8000
200300
200.000
48.000
10.000
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
76.0
76.0
76.0
76.0
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
(%)
90
99.74
99.67
98.7
99.09
90.9
99.28
NR
NR
NR
NR
83
99.34
99.7
83
92.2
95.1
19
78
92.7
NR
NR
NR
NR
99.94
99.99
99.97
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
BDAT
BOAT
BDAT
BDAT
WERL
WERL
WAO
WAO
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
HAD1
BAD*
EAD«
HAD-
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni]
B-14
-------
Table B-3
(Continued)
Technology .
SS
ss
TF
TF+AS
UF
WOx
WOx[B]
WOx[B]
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Bench
Bench
Facffity
6B
2S1B
IB
6B
250B
242E
1054E
1054E
Detection
IJmh
(pg/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Influent
Concentrations
G*/u
10000-100000
100-1000
0-100
10000-100000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
100000-1000000
No. of
Data
POIOIS
10
10
5
3
NR
NR
NR
NR
Avenge
Effluent
Coacemrttion
<«/I4
10.000
10.000
1.000
10.000
230.000
29.000
500.000
180000.000
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
(»)
99.99
963
97.5
99.97
78
99.64
53
82
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
•Data used in developing treatment standard
= Not Reported.
ence: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02. ni]
B-15
-------
Table B-4
Treatment Performance Data
for Carbon Tetrachloride in Wastewaters
Technology
AL
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS + FU
AS+Fil
AirS
BT1
BT
CAC
GAC
CAC
PACT
PACT
PACT
RO
SCOx
ss
ss
TF
TF
Technology
Scale
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Pilot
Full
Bench
Full
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Bench
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Full
Pilot
Pilot
FadGl7
203A
203A
203A
IB
206B
97SB
202D
6B
241B
240A
6B
6B
1328E
P225
REF4
203A
1264B
237A
242E
Zimpro
Zimpro
323B
65D
251B
2S1B
203A
240A
Detection
Limit
feg/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
- NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range Of
iBfhteat
CoDCCBtr&lionft
fcg/L)
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
10000-100000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
1000-10000
10000-100000
10000-100000
51-44000
95
100-1000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
860
2000
100-1000
100-1000
10000-100000
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
No* of
Data
Points
14
14
14
6
20
NR
NR
3
5
12
14
2
S
17
1
14
NR
1
NR
1
1
1
NR
10
10
14
12
Avenge
VJtfLu^B*
fiaTDOffB
CoDccDtrsboB
(PS/L)
11.000
15.000
13.000
16.000
0.200
3.000
130.000
10.000
5.000
4.000
10.000
10.000
7600.000
10.000
5.500
101.000
1.000
10.000
30.000
1.000
30.000
2.000
20.000
5.000
10.000
26.000
4.000
Recovery
W
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
.<*)
84
78
81
88
99.67
94.8
99.32
96.7
983
90.7
99.09
99.96
89
NR
NR
0
87
89
98.5
99.9
98.5
98
96.5
99.99
99.41
62
90.7
Reference
WERL
WERJL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
BAD1-*
EAD*
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WAO
WAO
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni)
B-16
-------
Table B-4
(Continued)
Technology
WOx
WOx
Technology
Scale
Bench
Full
Facility
Zunpro
242E
Detection
Limit
-------
Table B-5
Treatment Performance Data
for Chlorobenzene in Wastewaters
Technology
AFF
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AiiS
AirS
BGAC
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT+AC
GAC
GAC
CAC
GAC
PACT*
PACT*
Technology
Scale
Bench
Bench
Bench
Bench
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Bench
Bench
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Futility
SOLA
371D
200B
200B
97SB
6B
200B
97SB
975B
IB
206B
241B
975B
1328E
1328E
501A
P206
P246
P263
REF4
P202
P246
245B
24SB
237A
1421D
6B
200B
Detection
IJmfr
(W/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Inflnait
Concentrations
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
10000-100000
0-100
929-49775
10-3040
443432
1900
79-429
10-7200
100-1000
1000-10000
1000-10000
0-100
1000-10000 .
100-1000
No. of
Data
Pea*
9
NR
12
6
NR
4
8
NR
NR
6
20
5
NR
S
5
23
8
13
3
1
20
16
1
1
1
NR
4
11
Average
Effluent
Concentration
(M/L)
1.000
160.000
1.100
1300
6.000
10.000
0.200
10.000
6.000
3.000
1300
4.000
12.000
1800.000
3300.000
0.290
841.000
101.000
504.000
12.000
10.000
30.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
0.250
10.000
0.800
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
(*)
90.7
94.7
99.17
99.81
94.6
98.9
99.23
94.6
84
98.9
9934
98.6
97.8
77
89
97.6
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
96.6
99.7
99.17
56
99.38
9937
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
EAD»
EAD*
EAD*
EAD"
EAD0
EAD*
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL '
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni]
B-18
-------
Table B-5
(Continued)
Technology
PACT*
PACT*
RO
RO
RO
SS
WOx
WOx
Technology
Scale
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Bench
Faculty
242E
Zinpro
323B
250B
250B
2S1B
Zunpro
Zimpro
Detection
lAnh
<«/L)
NR
MR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
• ^*» -
infium
CoBCCBd flbons
Ul/U
0-100
31
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
5535000
792000
No. of
Data
Points
NR
1
1
NR
NR
10
1
1
Average
Effluent
Concentration
0*/U
5.000
5.000
12.000
4.000
120.000
10.000
1550000.000
61000.000
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
(*)
84
84
•so
53
91.6
97.4
72
923
Reference
WERL
WAO
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WAO
WAO
•Data used in developing treatment standard
'EAD data presented in the BOAT Solvents Rule F001-F005 Background Document
Not Reported.
ence: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
B-19
-------
Table B-6
Treatment Performance Data
for Chloroform in Wastewaters
Technology
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
Technotegr
Scale
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
FuD
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Pilot
Fun
Fatifity
1607B
IB
203A
141A
1607B
1607B
203A
IB
6B
IB
6B
202D
234A
IB
375E
IB
975B
234A
234A
6B
23BA
1607B
1607B
206B
375E
1587E
241B
234A
Detection
IJmit
fcg/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
, NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Inflneot
Concentrations
0*/D
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
loobo-iooooo
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
No. of
Data
•*- • .-
rans
3
6
14
NR
2
*
14
3
7
5
3
NR
NR
6
7
6
NR
NR
NR
3
3
3
2
20
7
NR
5
NR
Average
Effluent
Conceatralna
-------
Table B-6
(Continued)
Technology
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS+Fil
AS+Ftl
AirS
AirS
AiiS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AuS
AirS
CAC
CAC+AirS
ChOx
ChOx
ChOx
(ozone)
ChOx
(ozone)
GAC
Technology
Scale
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
Bench
Pilot
Bench
Bench
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Facifity
203A
6B
201B
234A
240A '
6B
6B
1328E
369A
213B
1328E
22SB
17A
17A
17A
17A
210B
17A
132SE
434B
203A
1833D
640E
640E
331D
331D
1264B
Detection
limit
(WU
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Influent
CoaceBtntiaas
(pg/L)
100-1000
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
0-100
" 1000-10000
100-1000
100000-1000000
0-100
0-100
10000-100000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000 •
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
No. of
Data
Points
14
27
29
NR
14
3
14
5
NR
1
5
1
NR
NR
NR
NR
1
NR
5
4
14
25
2
1
NR
NR
NR
Avenge
Effluent
Concentration
Ouj/L)
18.000
19.000
38.000
1300
2.000
10.000
10.000
16000.000
1.400
13.000
4400.000
0.130
2.600
110.000
3.900
4700
1.000
3.700
34.000
41.000
106.000
0.200
7.000
3.000
46.000 '
1800
1.000
Recovery
<«)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
RemoTal
(»)
87
98.7
S3
65
98
99.41
95.8
93.1
98.2
77
83
98.9
96.9
91.7
88
98.6
992
98.6
84
98
22
89
96
99
37
35
87
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
B-21
-------
Table B-6
(Continued)
Technology
GAC
GAC
GAC
GAC
PACT*
PACT*
PACT*
RO
RO
RO
SCOx
ss-
ss*
ss
ss
ss
ss
TF
TF
TF
WOx
WOx
Technology
Scale
Pilot
FuU
Full
FuU
Bench
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
FuU
Full
Full
Full
FuU
Pilot
Full
Pilot
Bench
Bench
«pmna*j_
raQiKy
331D
24SB
237A
24SB
242E
Zunpro
Zunpro
180A
2SOB
250B
65D
415T
913
6B
6B
25IB
2S1B
240A
IB
203A
Zirnpro
Zinpro
Detection
I Anil
iHfL)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
10
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Tafhmi
CODC6Btr8tMDS
-------
Table B-7
Treatment Performance Data
for Chloromethane in Wastewaters
Technology
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
I
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
AS
AS
AS
AS+Fil
BT
BT
BT
BT
'D+Fd
Technology
Scale
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
• NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Full
Full
Full
Full
Fun
FuD
Full
Full
Full
TatiBty
CT0000434
KY0003S14
PA0011371
LA0004057
MA0005304
IL0001627
NY0202061
NY0075957
NY00086QS
NJ0028291
MD0000345
KY0003603
WV0004740
OHOQ25461
SC0001180
LA0066214
LA006643S
LA0065501
TX0007439
IB
IB
IB
6B
KYOOQ2119
LA003824S
PA00266B9
WV0023116
PA0010502
Detection
Limit
(M/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
•BuDCBt
Coaceatr&tioits
G*/L>
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
No. of
Data
Potato
5-
1
9
22
21
9
29
13
15
2
1
1
1
2
40
15
12
6
42
6
5
5
7
1
38
2
18
26
Average
Effluent
Concentration
teg/U
22.600
6.000
1.000
12300
10MB
9.333
1.000
20.769
6.400
1.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
21.700
8.974
11.786
6.500
10.000
3300
110.000
11.000
91.000
50.000
10.000
10.263
12.100
16.111
1.308
Recovery
f%>
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
MR
NR
NR
Removal
(»>
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
1 NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
66
963
75
39
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Reference
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
1 NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.nij
B-23
-------
Table B-7
(Continued)
Technology
ss-
ss
ss
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Full
Faculty
725
6B
251B
Detection
Limit
-------
Table B-8
Treatment Performance Data
for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene in Wastewaters
Technology
AFF
AL
AL
AL
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS1
AS
AS
S
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS*
AS
AS*
AiiS
BCAC
CAC
ChOx
Technology
Scale
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Bench
FaciHty
S01A
192D
203A
203A
192D
IB
234A
241B
975B
192D
631 D
631D
240A
192D
234A
241B
201B
IB
IB
203A
234A
6B
975B
97SB
1328E
S01A
203A
975B
Detection
limit
(«/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Influent
Cooceotrfttaoitt
(Mg/L)
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
' 0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
10000-100000
0-100
0-100
0-100
No. of
Data
ifnllBtJl
rOBHS
27
NR
11
11
NR
2
NR
4
NR
NR
NR
NR
12
NR
NR
11
2
1
1
11
NR
4
NR
NR
5
34
11
NR
Average
Effinart
Coacentntion
fcg/L)
0200
10.000
31.000
12.000
10.000
10.000
0.500
10.000
12.000
10.000
0.004
0.004
8.000
10.000
0.500
19.000
6.000
5.000
8.000
5.000
0.500
10.000
4.900
27.000
3600.000
0270
66.000
5.000
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
(*)
98.1
88
67
87
90.5
76
81
90.7
99.63
90.5
99
99
93.8
88
90
95.1
79
93.1
83
94.6
91.7
97
92.8
96.6
90
97.5
29
91.1
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL'
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL'
WERL
WERL'
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
C721.02.nij
B-25
-------
Table B-8
(Continued)
Technology
GAG
GAC
PACT*
PACT*
PACT*
RBC
RO
TF
IF
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Bench
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
FacOHy
MSB
1421D
975B
97SB
Zimpro
192D
180A
240A
203A
Detection
Limit
0«/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Influent
Concentrations
(ag/L)
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
36.6
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
No. of
Data
Points
1
NR
NR
NR
1
NR
NR
11
11
Average
Effluent
teg/L)
10.000
0.200
5.000
5.000
0.015
10.000
0.670
16.000
58.000
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
<%>
96
92
933
92.3
99.96
88
61
88
38
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WAO
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
•Data used in developing treatment standard
NR = Not Reported.
Reference: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
B-26
-------
Table B-9
Treatment Performance Data
for Hexachlorobenzene in Wastewaters
Technology
AS
AS
AS-t-FiP
GAC
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Full
-Full
Faculty
375E
375E
6B
237A
Detection
Limit
(W/L)
MR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Influent
COQCCBtrtttMXDS
feg/L)
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
No. of
Data
Ptants
7
7
14
1
Average
Effluent
Concentration
<«S/L)
0.010
0.010
10.000
20.000
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
(*)
83
94.4
96.7
38
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL'
WERL
•Data used in developing treatment standard
NR ° Not Reported.
Reference: (13).
Table B-10
Treatment Performance Data
for 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene in Wastewaters
Technology
NR
Technology
Scale
NR
Facility
MI0000668
Detection
Limit
(>g/L)
NR
Range of
Influent
Coocentrationfl
(«g/D
NR
No. Of
Data
fJUfcS-.AW
•rOHnS
9
Average
Effluent
Concentration
-------
Table B-ll
Treatment Performance Data
for 1,1,2,2-TetrachIoroethane in Wastewaters
Technology
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
AS
AS
AirS
AirS
BT
GAO
Technology
Scale
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Facffity
NY0007048
NJ0028291
LA0066435
LA0066214
LA006SS01
NJ0030392
202D
IB
1363E
71D
LA0038245
24SB
Detection
Limit
0*/L>
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
' NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
InfVnflnt
CooccBtrAtioitt
<«g/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
looooo-iooooob
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
NR
1000-10000
No. of
Data
Pointe
9
2
13
15
6
4
NR
2
NR
1
38
1
Average
Effluent
Concentration
Ug/L)
1.560
1.000
7.570
5.000
5.000
0.005
11000.000
3.000
4.600
41.000
5313
10.000
Recovery
(*>
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
t%)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
943
933
99
953
NR
99.1
Reference
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
NPDES
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NPDE
WERL „
•Data used in developing treatment standard
NR = Not Reported.
Reference: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
B-28
-------
Table B-12
Treatment Performance Data
for Tetrachloroethylene in Wastewaters
Technology
AL •
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
S
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS+HJ
AS+Fil
AiiS
rS
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Pilot
Faculty
IB
IB
IB
IB
238A
1587E
234A
238A
IB
234A
IB
IB
IB
IB
241B
IB
201B
IB
IB
IB
234A
IB
IB
IB
6B
6B
221B
71D
Detection
limit
(K/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Inflncot
ConccntratioBS
(M/L)
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
100.1000
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
10000-100000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
No. of
Data
6
3
5
4
3
NR
NR
3
4
NR
5
5
3
6
5
6
22
•
4
6
6
NR
6
S
4
3
15
1
1
Average
Effluent
Concentration
<0/L)
10.000
10.000
2.000
8.000
2.100
0.870
22.000
1.600
1.000
3.900
9.000
5.000
22.000
28.000
11.000
440.000
8.000
6.000
48.000
26.000
0.600
8.000
14.000
100.000
230.000
11.000
0500
0.200
Recovery
(*)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Remoral
(%)
80
83
975
85
87
97.8
49
87
96
96.7
75
96.7
45
71
95.3
85
895
93
79
78 *
95.9
85
74
83
99.04
97.7
95.8
98.7
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.nij
B-29
-------
Table B-12
(Continued)
Technology
AirS.
AirS
AiiS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AirS
AiiS
AirS
AirS
AiiS
AirS
ANFF
BT
BT
BT
CAOAirS
ChOx
ChOx
Chred
GAC
GAC
GAC
PACT*
PACT"'
PACT*
RO
RO
Technology
Scale
Full
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Full
Pilot
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Pilot
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Bench
Beach
Pilot
Pilot
Facffity
223B
222B
217B
207B
69A
220B
208B
1363E
214B
1042E
322B
1362E
724D
P22S
P280
REF4
1B33D
2026A
2026A
MR
1264B
245B
237A
242E
Zinpro
Zimpro
323B
180A
Detection
Limit
-------
Table B-12
(Continued)
Technology
SS1
ss
SS
TF
TF
TF
TF
TF
TF
UV(B)
WOx
VOx
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Pilot
FacflHy
913
2S1B
<5B
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
1138E
REF10
78D
Detection
linfa
(fg/L)
10
NR
VR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
loflnent
Conccotrftboos
0«/U
1080-241000
1000-10000
1000-10000
0-100
100-100000
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
41000
1000000
No. of
Data
Mots
14
10
2
5
5
3
4
6
5
1
1
NR
Avenge
Effineot -
Coaceotratkm
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Removal
(%)
NR
9929
99.95
81
83
54
96.9
92.7
943
85
NR
99.98
Reference
BAD1
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
BAD*
WERL
•Data used in developing treatment standard
*EAD data presented in the BDAT Solvents Rule F001-F005 Background Document
NR = Not Reported.
Reference: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02.UJ
B-31
-------
Table B-13
Treatment Performance Data
for 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene in Wastewaters
Technology
AFF
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
BGAC
GAC
GAC
FACT*
PACT"
RO
TF
Technology
Scale
Bench
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Bench
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Pilot
Full
Facility
S01A
6B
241B
IB
201B
IB
97SB
200B
S01A
24SB
1421D
200B
6B
180A
IB
Detection
limit
fog/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
ZoflMOt
CoBCQBtrttbons
<«/L>
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
1000-10000
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
No. of
Data
Poioti
23
330
9
6
13
4
NR
14
34
1
NR
12
10
NR
3
Efflocnt
Concentration
ta/u
0.870
71.000
89.000
8.000
14.000
89.000
36.000
12.000
0.280
10.000
0-830
2.100
10.000
0.020
5.000
Recover;
(«)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Rcaorol
(*)
90S
88
86
92
80
91.9
84
90
96.9
99.74
90
98
96
95.7
91.7
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WER!
WERL- ij
WERL j
WERL ]|
'Data used in developing treatment standard
NR » Not Reported.
Reference: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni)
B-32
-------
Table B-14
Wastewater Treatment Performance Data
for Toluene in Wastewaters
Technology
AL
AL
AL
AL+AS
API+DAF+AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
Technology
Scale
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Facility
6B
371D
IB
233D
1482D
2Q2D
6B
6B
975B
6B
2008
6B
IB
6B
6B
975B
6B
975B
6B
226B
6B
6B
IB
975B
IB
234A
IB
1587E
Detection
Unit
(M/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR -
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
Influent
Co&c€Btratms
(M/L)
100-1000
1000-10000
• 100-1000
1000-10000
10000-100000
10000-100000
10000-100000
1000-10000
1000-10000
10000-100000
100-1000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
100-1000
1000-10000
100000-1000000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
No. of
Data
lF,,i_i-
rouns
3
NR
6
21
4
NR
3
3
NR
3
10
24
6
15
• 3 .
NR
7
NR
33
7
14
4
5
NR
6
NR
4
NR
ATerage
Efflneat
Concentration
Ge/L)
10.000 •
90.000
32.000
4.000
11.000
10.000
73.000
10.000
12.000
76.000
0400
10.000
9.000
10.000
24.000
280.000
10.000
23.000
20.000
300.000
10.000
10.000
4.000
7400
4X00
0.700
3.000
0.100 .
Remoral
(*)
98.2
97
96.1
99.85
99.93
99.98
9944
99 SI
99.68
99.90
993
99.73
99.81
99.88
99.76
96.3
99.5
86
99.8
99.85
97*
97.6
88
99.04
99.48
97.1
90.6
99
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.nij
B-33
-------
Table B-14
(Continued)
Technology
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
\S
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS+Fil
AirS
AirS
AirS
Technology
Scale
FuU
Full
FuU
Full
Full
FuU
Full
Full
FuU
FuU
Pilot
FuU
Full
FuU
Full
FuU
Full
Full
FuU
Pilot
FuU
FuU
FuU
Pilot
FuU
FuU
Pilot
Bench
Facility
201B
IB
IB
234A
IB
IB
238A
6B
IB
IB
241B
234A
IB
IB
IB
IB
234A
IB
IB
206B
IB
234A
IB
REF2
6B
322B
1362E
1328E
Detectioa
llmi*
te/U
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
hiflpyn*
f*imntmtiMA
(MIL)
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
92000
10000-100000
100-1000
0-100
10000-100000.
No. of
Data
Points
32
5
4
NR
4
5
3
3
5
4
5
NR
5
6
6
5
NR
6
S
20
6
NR
6
6
3
24
3
5
Average
~ Effluent
CoBCcntraboB
Ug/U
57.000
12.000
1.000
0.200
4.000
2.000
6.200
10.000
2.000
4.000
4.000
0.200
3.000
20.000
1.000
1.000
0.200
2.000
56.000
0.600
10.000
0.200
31.000
23467.000
10.000
0.660
1.700
2800.000
Remoral
(*)
87
96.8
98
962
96.4
97.6
92.7
94.4
97.1
86
98.6
96.9
94
89
97.3
97.4
97.7
963
93.8
99.76
96.4
99.9
95.4
NR
99.98
99.77
953
92*
Reference
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
.WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
BOAT
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
B-34
-------
Table B-14
(Continued)
Technology
AilS
AirS
AiiS
AirS
AiiS
AirS + GAC
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT+AC
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
TtaBtj
69A
322B
224B
322B
322B
229A
P206
P211
P202
P244
P210
7223
P217
P234
P242
P221
P208
P240
P246
P2S1
P253
P257
P265
P286
P215
P230
REF4
P246
Detection
Limit
WL)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
ln«Bp«t
-------
Table B-14
(Continued)
Technology
GAC
GAC
GAC
PACT*
PACT*
PACT*
PACT"
RO
RO
RO
ss*
ss
ss
SS-
ss
ss
SS+AC
TF
TF
TF
TF
TF
TF
UF
WOx
WOx
WOx
WOx
Technology
Scale
Pilot
Full
Pilot
Bench
Bench
Bench
Bench
Full
Pilot
Full
NR
Full
Full
NR
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
NR
Bench
Bench
Pilot
Fadfity
43SB
245B
REF7
200B
242E
Zimpro
Zimpra
2SOB
2SOB
2SOB
0415
6B
6B
0415*
REF4
P246
P297
6B
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
250B
REF10
Zinapro
Zimpro
Zimpro
Detection
Limit
G«g/L)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
NR
NR
10
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
•Range of
f__A_wa»
I'lrniT^T
^^OBCCBfirsboos
feg/L>
10000-100000
10000-100000
120
100-1000
0-100
2730
57
100-1000
0-100
1000-10000
19300-29000
1000-10000
10000-100000
2570-4230
92000
57-98
6404650
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
8500000
4330000
5000
30000 •
No. of
Data
Points
NR
1
1
13
NR
1
1
NR
NR
NR
3
2
3
4
5
4
3
3
5
6
5
6
4
NR
1
1
1
1
Average
Effluent
Coocentran'Da
b«a)
10.000
10.000
0300
0300
5.000
1.000
5.000
20.000
. 12.000
420.000
12.000
10.000
11000
22300
42.000
10.000
11.000
10.000
10.000
7.000
2.000
1.000
7.000
84.000
200000.000
12000.000
500.000
500.000
Removal
(*)
99.96
99.94
NR
99.75
91.2
99.9
91
92-5
86
94.7
NR
99.71
99.95
NR
NR
NR
NR
963
88
86
97.2
98.2
97.8
35
NR
99.7
90
983
Reference
WERL
WERL
BOAT
WERL
WERL
WAO
WAO
WERL
WERL
WERL
EAD*
WERL
WERL
HAD1
BOAT*
BOAT
BOAT*
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
BOAT*
WAO
WAO
WAO
NRJ-071
0721-02.ni]
B-36
-------
Table B-14
(Continued)
Technology
WOx
WOx
WOx
WOx+PACI*
WOx [b]
WOx lb]
WOx [b]
W0x[b]
Technology
Scale
Full
Full
Pilot
PUot
Bench
Bench
Bench
Bench
Facility
Zimpro
242E
78D
Zimpro
78D
78D
1054E
1QS4E
Detection
I3mit
fog/U
50
NR
MR
5
NR
NR
NR
NR
Range of
lufimoi
CoHMirtTBtiOM
fcg/L)
6200042000
100-1000
10000-100000
130000-180000
1000-10000
10000-100000
10000-100000
1000000
No. of
Data
Pouts
2
NR
NR
3
NR
NR
NR
NR
Average
EfOncBt
(rt/L)
10950.000
57.000
500.000
5.000
500.000
1000.000
500000
220000.000
Removal
(%)
NR
-72
983
99.9
90
98.8
98.9
95.7
Reference
WAO
WERL
WERL
WAO
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
•Data used in developing treatment standard
*EAD data presented in the BOAT Solvents Rule F001-F005 Background Document
NR = Not Reported.
ence: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02.nrj
B-37
-------
Table B-15
Volatile Variability Factor Calculation
VoIatUes
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethene
trans- 1,2-Dichloroethene
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
AVERAGE =
BAD Variability Factor
4.83045
13.5252
534808
3.71334
3.79125
5.88383
822387
2.4723
534808
3.86915
534808
7.9506
534808 -
534808
534808
534808
5.7310
Volatiles VF = 5.7310
Reference: (13).
NRJ-071
0721-02.nij
B-38
-------
Table B-16
Semivolatile Variability Factor Calculation
Senuvolaflles
Acenaphlhalene
Acenapbthene
Anthracene
Benzo(a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
bis(2-EthyIhexyl)phthalate
Chrysene
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-butyi phthalate
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
AVERAGE •
EAD Variability Factor
5.89125
5.89125
5.89125
5.89125
5.89125
5.89125
5.91768
5.89125
4.75961
4.63833
3.23768
5.89125
5.89125
5.89125
4.83045
5.89125
5.89125
•5.5340
Semivolatiles VF = 5.5340
Reference: (13).
NRJ-OTl
0721-02.01}
B-39
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