COMPOSITION AND MANAGEMENT OF USED OIL
GENERATED IN THE UNITED STATES
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
By
FRANKLIN ASSOCIATES, LTD.
8340 Mission Road
Suite 101
Prairie Village, Kansas 66206
September 1984
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PREFACE
This report, prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
characterizes used oil generation, management, and composition in the United
States in 1983. The information presented in this final report is the result
of a comprehensive review and update of a draft report released in December
1983. As part of the review and update, the base year was changed from 1982
to 1983.
This study was carried out to provide the U.S. EPA with the needed
background information to develop the most appropriate used oil regulations
and to provide a framework for assessing the risks and benefits of alterna-
tive regulatory options.
This report was prepared with the help, advice, critical review,
and cooperation of several people. William L. Bider, of Franklin Associates,
Ltd., directed the study and served as principal author. Staff assistance
was provided by Robert G. Hunt, Larry E. Seitter, and Veronica R. Martinez.
Michael Petruska, EPA's technical project officer for the study, provided
excellent guidance throughout the study period. Several staff members of
Temple, Barker, & Sloane, Inc. contributed valuable advice and review for
this study, particularly with respect to non-industrial oil generation and
flows. Finally, information was contributed by PEDCo Environmental, Inc. on
used oil facility characteristics developed through several site visits; and
by Energy Resources Company, Inc. on used oil composition developed through
a 1983 sampling and analysis program.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 - OVERVIEW OF USED OIL MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1.1 Background 1-1
1.1.2 Study Objectives 1-2
1.1.3 Methodology 1-3
1.2 USED OIL GENERATION 1-4
1.3 USED OIL MANAGEMENT 1-5
1.4 USED OIL COMPOSITION 1-10
1.4.1 Metals Concentrations in Used Oil 1-13
1.4.2 Chlorinated Solvents Concentrations in Used Oils 1-14
1.4.3 Other Organics Concentrations in Used Oils 1-14
1.4.4 1983 U.S. EPA Used Oil Sampling Program 1-15
1.4.5 Concentration of Priority Pollutants in Used Oils 1-16
1.5 USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES 1-18
1.6 STUDY HIGHLIGHTS 1-24
Section 2 - DEFINITIONS . 2-1
2.1 OIL 2-1
2.2 CRUDE OIL 2-1
2.3 SYNTHETIC OIL 2-1
2.4 LUBRICATING OIL 2-2
2.5 PROCESS OIL 2-2
2.6 EMULSIFIED OIL 2-3
2.7 OILY WASTEWATER 2-3
2.8 USED OIL 2-3
2.9 WASTE OIL 2-3
2.10 USED OIL GENERATOR 2-4
2.11 USED OIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (U.O.M.S.) 2-4
2.12 INDEPENDENT COLLECTOR 2-4
2.13 MINOR PROCESSOR 2-4
2.14 MAJOR PROCESSOR 2-5
2.15 RE-REFINER 2-5
2.16 USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES 2-5
2.17 PRODUCT OIL 2-6
Section 3 - USED OIL GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES 3-1
3.1 OVERVIEW 3_1
3.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF LUBRICANTS AND INDUSTRIAL OILS 3-1
3.2.1 Source of Lubricating Oils 3-1
3.2.2 Unused Lube Oil Characteristics 3-2
iii
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3.2.3 Lubricant Additives 3-6
3.2.4 Classification of Lubricating and Process Oils 3-10
3.2.4.1 Automotive Oils 3-10
3.2.4.2 Industrial Oils 3-11
3.3 USED OIL GENERATION 3-14
3.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF USED OIL GENERATORS 3-17
3.4.1 Automotive Generators of Used Oil 3-19
3.4.2 Industrial Generators of Used Oil 3-21
3.4.3 Used Oil Composition According to Source 3-26
3.4.3.1 Effect of Sampling on Contaminant
Concentrations 3-32
3.4.3.2 Contamination of Gasoline Versus
Diesel Engine Oils 3-37
3.4.3.3 Contamination of Specific Industrial
Oils 3-39
3.4.3.4 Presence of Priority Pollutants by
Oil Type 3-40
3.4.4 Physical Characteristics of Used Oils by Source 3-53
3.4.4.1 Flash Point 3-55
3.4.4.2 Bottom Sediment and Water (BS&W) 3-55
3.4.4.3 Viscosity 3-55
3.4.4.4 API Gravity 3-57
3.4.4.5 Energy Content 3-57
3.4.5 Other Material Handled by Collectors and
Processors 3-57
Section 4 - USED OIL COLLECTION AND PROCESSING 4-1
4.1 OVERVIEW 4-1
4.2 PARTICIPANTS IN THE USED OIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 4-1
4.2.1 Independent Collectors 4-4
4.2.2 Minor Processors 4-6
4.2.2.1 Processing Technology and Operation 4-6
4.2.2.2 Product Oil Distribution 4-7
4.2.2.3 Residue Generation and Management 4-8
4.2.3 Major Processors 4-9
4.2.3.1 Processing Technology and Operation 4-9
4.2.3.2 Product Oil Distribution 4-12
4.2.3.3 Residue Generation and Management 4-13
4.2.4 Re-refiners 4-14
4.2.4.1 Processing Technology and Operation 4-14
4.2.4.2 Product Oil Distribution 4-17
4.2.4.3 Residue Generation and Management 4-18
4.2.5 Summary of Collector and Processor Companies 4-21
iv
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4.3 EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON USED OIL GENERATION
4.4 CONTAMINATION OF USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES
4.4.1 Settled Sludges Generated During Used Oil Storage
and Processing
4.4.2 Wastewater Separated from Used Oils
4.4.3 Spent Clays from Used Oil Processing
4.4.4 Distillation Bottoms from Re-refining Facilities
4.4.5 Other Used Oil Re-refining and Processing Residues 4-38
Section 5 - USED OIL MARKETING AND DISPOSAL 5-1
5.1 OVERVIEW $_i
5.2 SUMMARY OF USED OIL END-USE MARKETS 5-1
5.3 BURNING USED OIL AS FUEL 5.3
5.3.1 Used Oil Blending 5-12
5.4 ROAD OILING WITH USED OIL 5-14
5.5 RE-REFINING USED OIL 5-20
5.6 MISCELLANEOUS END-USE MARKETS 5-21
5.7 USED OIL DISPOSAL 5_23
REFERENCES
v
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Typical Companies Involved in Used Oil Management 1-7
2 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Waste Oil 1-12
3 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Samples Obtained Under 1983 EPA Sampling Program 1-17
4 Summary of the Presence of Some Frequently Detected
Priority Pollutants in Used Oil 1-19
5 Residue Generation and Management in the Used Oil Industry 1-20
6 Contamination of Used Oil Processing Residues 1-21
7 Presence of Some Potentially Hazardous Materials in
Crude Oils 3-3
8 Hydrocarbon Composition of Lubricating Oil Stocks 3-5
9 Hazardous Constituents in Lube Oil Base Stocks 3-5
10 Composition, Application, and Function of Lubricating
Oil Additives 3-7
11 Typical Formulation of Gasoline Engine Oil 3-9
12 Hazardous Constituents in Finished Lube Oils 3-10
13 Used Oil Generation by Oil Type, 1983 3-16
14 Potential Number of Used Oil Generators 3-18
15 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Automotive Oil Samples 3-27
16 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Industrial Oil 3-28
17 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Oil Samples from Mixed or Unknown Sources 3-29
18 Comparison of Contaminant Concentrations by Oil Source 3-30
19 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Automotive Used Oil Samples Taken Directly from
Generators 3-33
20 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Automotive Oil Samples Taken from Collectors
or Processors 3-34
21 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Industrial Oil Samples Taken from Generators 3-35
22 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Industrial Oil Samples Taken from Collectors
and Processors 3-36
22a Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Metals in Gasoline
and Diesel Engine Oils 3-38
23 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Organic Constituents
in Gasoline and Diesel Engine Oils 3-39
24 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Cutting or Machine Oils 3-41
25 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Cooling Oils 3-42
vi
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Table Page
26 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Hydraulic Oils 3-43
26a Used Automotive Oil 3-45
26b Used Industrial Oil 3-46
26c Mixed Oil from Processors 3-47
26d Mixed Oil from Processors 3-48
26e Mixed Oil from Processors 3-49
26f Mixed Oil from Processors 3-50
26g Comparison of the Detection of Some Priority Pollutants
in Automotive, Industrial, and Mixed Used Oils 3-51
26h Concentrations of Some Frequently Detected Base/Neutral
Compounds 3-52
27 Summary of Miscellaneous Physical Characteristics of
Waste Oil Samples 3-54
28 Summary of Flashpoint for Used Oil Samples by Oil
Source and End-Use 3-56
29 Energy Content of Used Oil Samples 3-58
30 Selected Model Facilities in the Used Oil Management System 4-3
31 Product Oil Distribution from Minor Processors 4-8
32 Product Oil Distribution from Major Processors 4-13
33 Distribution of Used Oil from Re-refiners 4-18
34 Characterization of Nine Typical Company Types Involved
in Used Oil Management 4-22
35 Summary of Residue Generation and Management by Typical
Used Oil Management Companies 4-23
36 Summary of End-Use Markets for Used Oil Management
Companies 4-24
37 Effects of Settling on Metals and Total Chlorine Concen-
trations in Stored Used Oil 4-27
38 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Unprocessed Used Oil 4-29
39 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Product Oil from Used Oil Processing Facilities 4-30
40 Comparison of Contaminant Concentrations in Unprocessed
and Processed Used Oil 4-31
41 Summary of Contaminant Levels in Settled Sludges .Generated
During Waste Oil Storage and Processing 4-34
42 Summary of Contaminant Levels in Wastewater Generated
During Waste Oil Storage and Processing 4-35
43 Summary of Contaminant Levels in Spent Clay Used in
Waste Oil Processing 4-37
44 Summary of Contaminant Levels in Distillation Bottoms
from Re-refining Facilities 4-39
45 End-Uses for Used Oil, 1983 5-2
46 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Oil Burned as Fuel 5-5
47 Variation in Hydrocarbon Composition of Middle Distillates 5-7
48 Typical Concentration Ranges for Several Potentially
Hazardous Constituents in Virgin Fuel Oils 5-9
49 Comparison of Heavy Metals Concentration in Used and
Specific Virgin Fuel Oils 5-10
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Table Page
50 Comparison of Heavy Metals in Used Oils and Virgin Fuel Oil 5-11
51 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Oil Blended with Virgin Fuel Oil Burned as Fuel 5-15
52 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Waste Oil Used as Road Oil 5-19
53 Concentration of Potentially Hazardous Constituents
in Used Oil Delivered to Refineries 5-22
viii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
I Used oil generation in 1982 1-4
2 Used oil flow description in the United States - 1983 1-8
3 Automotive generator used oil management practices 3-22
4 Industrial generator used oil management practices 3-23
5 Used oil flow into the management system 4-5
6 Minor processor residue generation and management 4-10
7 Major processor residue generation and management 4-15
8 Acid/clay re-refiner residue generation and management 4-19
9 Vacuum distillation re-refiner residue generation and
management 4-20
10 Extent of road oiling in the United States - 1982 5-17
ix
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
API - American Petroleum Institute
ATF - automatic transmission fluids
BS&W - bottom sediment and water
Btu - British thermal units
CS - centistokes
DIYer - do-it-yourselfer
EP - extreme pressure
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
°F - degree Fahrenheit
gal - gallons
g/gal - gram per gallon
hr - hour
1C - independent collector
Ib - pound
mg/1 - milligrams per liter
mil - million
MJP - major processor
MP - minor processor
ND - not detected
PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls
PNAs - polynuclear aromatics
ppm - parts per million
PROP - Phillips Re-refining Oil Process
S.I. - surface impoundment
SIC - standard industrial classification
U.O.M.S. - used oil management system
V.O.F.D. - virgin oil fuel dealer
yr - year
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Section 1
OVERVIEW OF USED OIL MANAGEMENT AND COMPOSITION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Background
Over the past decade, there has been widespread and growing
interest in used oil issues. Used oil management practices of the late
1960s and early 1970s were criticized as being wasteful of a valuable
resource and harmful to the environment. In general, the concerned
parties, which included industry, government agencies, and environ-
mentalists, contended that used oils could be handled wisely or unwisely.
Wise handling included reuse practices such as re-refining and carefully
controlled burning with energy recovery. Unwise handling included such
wasteful practices as dumping and even land disposal. Oiling roads with
used oil to suppress dust was considered more desirable than pure dumping
or land disposal, but less desirable than re-refining or burning as a fuel.
Studies completed in the early 1970s showed that much of the
generated used oil in the United States was being managed unwisely (1, 35).
Less than one-tenth was re-refined into new lube oil. A larger fraction
was burned as fuel, but often without the necessary monitoring to assure
that the public was not being exposed to any potentially hazardous sub-
stances. More than half of the used oil was being managed in what were
generally considered undesirable ways. Over the next decade, additional
studies indicated that most unwise management practices continued to occur
at significant levels (6, 36-38).
1-1
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1.1.2 Study Objectives
This study was carried out to characterize used oil manage-
ment practices in 1983 and to comprehensively summarize used oil
composition. A detailed statistical summary of concentration levels is
presented for 19 potentially hazardous contaminants found in used oils.
Additional chemical and physical criteria that characterize used oil are
also presented.* This information includes analytical data describing
such oil characteristics as flash point, bottom sediment and water, vis-
cosity, gravity (density), and the concentration of 25 additional con-
taminants not considered hazardous according to published EPA lists.
The information presented in this report provides a basis for
assessing the possible health and environmental implications of various
used oil management practices. The data permit quantitative evaluations
to be made to determine how widespread potential problems may be. The
report also provides concentration data that can be incorporated into
pollutant dispersion models to determine the possible human and animal
exposure to the hazardous components in used oil as a result of each
management practice.
* Only the detailed summary of hazardous constituents is presented in
this overview section. See the other sections and appendices of this
report for data on physical characteristics and the concentration of
non-hazardous constituents.
1-2
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1.1.3 Methodology
Two data bases were developed as part of this study: one
characterizing used oil flow through the management system and the
other characterizing used oil composition. This task was accomplished
by a thorough literature search, telephone inverviews with government
and industry, and approximately 25 site visits to facilities involved
in used oil management. Much of the information regarding the flow of
used oil is undocumented because of the unstructured nature of the used
oil management system. Current (1983) Federal regulations do not require
participants in the used oil industry to report their collection procedures
or reuse practices. Some states have implemented programs to monitor used
oil transactions, but most of these programs are still in the early stages
of development. Thus, much of the collection, reprocessing, and reuse of
waste oils in this country is not documented. For this reason, it was
often necessary to make reasonable "best estimates" of used oil flows
based upon reported conditions.
The approach to quantifying the flow of oil through the used oil
management system is based on the flow of new oil through the system. It
begins with current (1983) sales and follows these oils through the system
until they are ultimately reused, consumed, or disposed of in some manner,
including uncontrolled dumping.* (Old oils that are no longer sold, such
as transformer oils containing PCBs, are omitted from this analysis.)|
* Appendix C provides a thorough description of the methodology and assump-
tions used to develop used oil flows.
•f It has been estimated that at least 50 million gallons of PCB-containing
oil is disposed of annually at designated facilities that are supposedly
outside the used oil management system described in this report.
1-3
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Other oily wastes that are omitted from this analysis because they comprise
part of a different system are refinery tank bottoms, oil spill debris, and
certain industrial process residues. These materials are occasionally ad-
ded to oils that are part of the system; however, this practice is entirely
undocumented and random.
The approach used to summarize waste oil composition is based
upon the development of a series of fairly simple statistical parameters
that characterize over one thousand used oil samples with respect to the
concentrations of 19 potentially hazardous constituents. The statistical
summaries include the determination of the mean, median, 75th and 90th
percentiles, and range of concentrations for each hazardous constituent.
1.2 USED OIL GENERATION
The total volume of used oil generated in the United States depends
on the quantity of new oil sold into each application (i.e., sales by spe-
cific automotive and industrial oil types). These sales data, along with
generation rates for each application, were used to develop the volume of
total generated used oil. A summary of automotive and industrial oil sales
and generation is shown in Figure 1.
NEW OIL SALES
USED OIL GENERATION
Automotive - 1,251
Industrial - 1,061
Total
TOTAL GENERATION
Automotive x 0.559 = 699
Industrial x 0.478 = 507
Note: All values in million gallons.
Figure 1. Used oil generation in 1983.
Source: See Appendix C for flow description methodology.
1-4
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Only 1.2 billion gallons of used oil were generated from sales of
over 2.3 billion gallons in 1983. Automotive oil generation was substan-
tially higher than industrial oil generation due to higher sales and a
higher average generation factor (699 million gallons compared to 507
million gallons of industrial used oil). Nearly 56 percent of automotive
oils is assumed to be generated compared to about 48 percent of industrial
oils and automotive oil sales were about 18 percent higher. The difference
in generation is based upon the observed differences for specific types of
automotive and industrial oils (see Table 13 in Section 3). Generation
rates for various oils depend upon losses which occur during use or handling
as a result of leakage, spillage, combustion, disposal with equipment,* and
incorporation into a finished product such as paint, putties, rubber, etc.
1.3 USED OIL MANAGEMENT
The used oil management system (U.O.M.S.) is comprised of companies
which collect, process, and sell used oil into several markets. There are
three basic types of companies involved in this industry: (1) independent
collectors, who only collect and sell used oil; (2) processors, who collect,
process, and sell an improved product oil; and (3) re-refiners, who collect,
process, and sell a re-refined lube base stock. Many variations exist for
each basic type of company.
* Includes the disposal of electrical, cooling, and hydraulic oils with
decommissioned equipment containing these oils.
1-5
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For this analysis, nine specific company types were selected to
model the used oil management system. Table 1 lists these "typical" fa-
cility types and shows their numbers, sizes, and total annual facility
throughput. Only one type of independent collector was selected to model
that system. Six types of minor and major processors were identified based
upon the degree and type of processing, while two types of re-refiners were
selected. The total number of facilities represented by these models, ex-
cluding independent collectors, is 253. This total number is believed to
be fairly accurate for 1983. However, the number of facilities of each
specific type is somewhat uncertain because the total population of 253
was disaggregated to fit the relatively small number of typical options
shown in Table 1.
One important fact is that only 13 of the 253 processing companies
are involved in re-refining. Although typical re-refiners are larger than
typical processors, re-refiners handle less than 15 percent of all oil which
enters the used oil management system.
Figure 2 shows the flow of used oil from the point of generation
through the management system to reuse or disposal. Also included is a
description of the reuse practices for generated oil which does not flow
through the systems. This oil is reused or disposed of directly by the
generators. Only 55 percent (669.1 million gallons) of all generated used
oil enters into the used oil management system. The remainder is reused,
and a lubricant or fuel, dumped, or disposed of by the generators, primarily
DIYers.
The flow in Figure 2 shows that all types of collectors and
processors market used oil to all end-use markets. However, the relative
importance of a given market to a specific facility type varies. For
1-6
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Table 1
TYPICAL COMPANIES INVOLVED IN USED OIL MANAGEMENT
Typical Total annual
Selected Estimated facility volume for
typical number size model typej
model facilities* of facilities! (1,000 gal/yr) (106 gal)
Independent
Collectors 500 to 1,000 500 167.3
Minor Processors
MP-1 50 750 34.3
MP-2 65 1,500 88.4
Major Processors
MJP-1 60 2,500
MJP-2 20 2,500
MJP-3 20 2,500
MJP-4 25 7,500
Subtotal - Processing 240 529.4
Re-refiners
Vacuum Distillation 10 8,000 75
Acid-Clay _3 3,500 10
Subtotal - Re-refining 13 85
Total (excluding inde-
pendent collectors) 253 614.4**
* Brief facility descriptions are listed below for collectors and
processors.
• Independent Collector - collects and stores only
• MP-1 - collects, stores, and settles
• MP-2 - collects, stores, and settles using heat treatment
• MJP-1 - collects, stores, processes using heat treatment, emulsion
breaking, centrifugation, and filtration
• MJP-2 - Same as MJP-1, except other waste materials (e.g., septic
wastes) are handled in addition to used oil
• MJP-3 - Same as MJP-1, except blending with virgin fuel oils occurs
on-site.
• MJP-4 - Same as MJP-1, except other hazardous wastes (e.g., solvents)
are handled in addition to used oil which is typically mixed
with the oil
f It was assumed that all companies fit into one of the selected models.
Mid-1983 estimates are shown.
$ Flow estimates were not calculated by simply multiplying columns two
and three. See Appendix C for a description of the development of these
1983 used oil flows.
** This volume is 9.2 million gallons higher than the total amount of used
oil entering the system because some oil is transferred from minor processors
to major processors or re-refiners.
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
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MIIIOR PROCESSORS
Disposal 40.8
Dunping 118.0 * 34.3
Burmn3 LL^. Road Oiling 23.9
166.8 Fuel Sales 15.9"
nrY.- V.O.F.O. 15. 8^
193.9
21 1 INDEPENDENT ln, ,.
COLLECTORS 1UJ^
1 '
605.2
AUTOMOTIVE 317.4 - -*•
liENtKAlUKb \ 167.3
532.2 \
Fuel Use 55.2 ^V
Road Oiling 25.1 5 — LT\
ndusLiy bumping 123.2*" ( U 0 M S I 501"8
ooi-.nnc Disposal 4.6^ \669.1 /
fi ' r— — — — • ~—
_ ^ c 1 •} o FPdM MTNHD n o
___^____ PROCESSORS '• *
,44-9
In -House
Recycle
Fuel Use 37.1
Dfsposal £4". 7*"
Road Oi'TTrig 3".^
incineration 12. 5;
* Includes 192.3 million gallons V.O.F.D. ...... »
t Includes use in on-site boilers at industrial establishments,
military bases, used oil processors, and re-refiners.
SMALL
(MP-1)
88.4
MEDIUM-SIZED
(MP-2)
MAJOR PROCESSORS
139.4
MEDIUM-SIZED
(MJP-1)
46.3
46.3
174.7
MEDIUM-SIZED
(MJP-2)
MEDIUM-SIZED
BLENDER
(MJP-3)
LARGE
BLENO/MIX
(MJP-4)
1
— f*
_ _ _ J
RE-REFINERS
10
75
ACID-CLAY
(RR-1)
VACUUM
DISTILLATION
(RR-2)
~ '
Fuel Sales 8.2
V.O.F.O. 14.8
Non-Fuel Ind. !•/ _
Road Oiling 3.1 _
Haj. Proc. /Re-re 4.8 _
Disposal 1.7 ^_
Fuel Sales 24.8 ^
->.
~&*
-*.
— »
Non-Fuel tnd. 4-4 ^_
Road Oilino 4'4 ,-
Maj. Proc. /Re-re 4.4 ^
On-Site Fuel 4-4 ^
Disposal 4.4
Fuel Sales 79.8
V.O.F.D. . 70. b
Ion-Fuel Ind. 13.0
load Oi ling 3.8
)n-Site Fuel 9-3 ,_
Msposal 9-J ^
Fuel Sales 125.9
V.O. f.O. 61.9
Jon-Fuel Ind. 6.8 ""
load Oilina 4.4 ^_
)n-Site Fuel H-Q ^
)isposal 11.0 ^
Lube Oil 6.5
Distillate Fuel 0.7 ^
Disposal 2.3
Lube Oil 56.2 ^
Distillate Fuel 5.3 ^
-3ottoras 9-0
disposal 4.5
VIR
FUE
C
GIN OIL 1 Fuel Sales 204.6
L UtALtRl *"
/^^\__J LU8E OIL
x^TTx I NON-FUEL
\^_^S *"| INDUSTRIAL
-v^ BURNING
Total ^ ~ ~ ~
1
590-^^X I LARGE BOILERS
J^H >5 mil/Btu/hr
-H 462.o ;
""-^V. 1 SMALL BOILERS
~H<5 mll/Btu/hr
r^\^_^) — ^
CEMENT KILNS
-
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example, on the average, independent collectors sell about 14 percent of
their used oil for road oiling compared to only 2 percent for major pro-
cessors, 5 percent for large minor processors, and 10 percent for small
minor processors.
The fuel oil market clearly dominates with respect to end-use
applications. About 590 million gallons (nearly 50 percent of all used oil
generated) were burned as a fuel in 1983. About 73 percent (490 million
gallons) of the oil entering the U.O.M.S. was burned as fuel. Probably
about half of the burned oil was blended with virgin fuel oil before being
burned. Used oil is burned in many types and sizes of industrial, commercial,
residential and institutional boilers, and small space heaters. The in-
dustrial market is clearly the largest, but all burner types are signif-
icant users, at least in some regions of the country.
Similar amounts of used oil were re-refined and applied to roads
for dust control in 1983. About 85 million gallons.were received by re-re-
finers and nearly 74 million gallons were used as road oil. Less than 50
million gallons of the used oil entering the U.O.M.S. were used for road
oiling. The remaining activity was carried out by generators. As more and
more states discourage and prohibit road oiling, this commercial practice
will probably decrease even without federal regulation. Only about 70 per-
cent of the oil received by re-refiners becomes new lube stock. Most of
the remainder is recovered as a lighter distillate fuel or lost during
processing.
Figure 2 shows that 34.9 million gallons of used oils are marketed
for non-fuel industrial purposes. The major applications in this category
include flotation oils, asphalt extenders, and form oils.
1-9
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More used oil is lost to disposal than consumed for all purposes
if burning is omitted. In 1983, over 400 million gallons were believed lost
via the three disposal mechanisms including landfilling, incineration, and
dumping. Nearly 50 percent more oil is dumped as is disposed of by land-
filling and incineration combined. Most of the dumped oil is automotive
oil generated by DIYers and large off-road equipment operators such as farm-
ers, mining and construction companies, and the military.
1.4 USED OIL COMPOSITION
During service, the additives in lubricating oils are chemically
changed or consumed, and the oil itself becomes contaminated from both in-
ternal and external sources. The primary source of internal contamination
is the breakdown of the additive package and subsequent interaction among
its chemical components. These components may be oxidized during combustion,
forming corrosive acids. Examples of general sources of contamination in-
clude soot and lead compounds from engine blowby;* dirt and dust; metal
particles from engine wear; rust; gasoline from incomplete combustion; and
water from blowby vapor. In addition to these sources of contamination which
are directly related to use, another important external source is mixing or
dumping of materials into used oil through carelessness or ignorance. Con-
tamination by metals and PNAs seems primarily related to the nature of the
oil and its additives and actual use, whereas contamination with chlorinated
solvents and PCBs seems primarily related to poor management practices.
* Engine blowby is material which leaks from the engine combustion chamber
into the crankcase where the oil resides.
1-10
-------
Table 2 summarizes used oil contamination with respect to 19
specific constituents, 17 of which are included on EPA's published list
of hazardous constituents.* The results are statistically summarized
according to percent detection, mean, median, 75th and 90th percentile
concentrations, and range. The results show that the means are greatly
distorted by a few very high concentrations. For every contaminant, the
mean is much higher than the median (50th percentile), which in this case
is a better indicator of typical concentrations.t
Extremely high levels of contamination which occur in one, or
perhaps a few samples, can also distort the statistical summary of compo-
sition. A comparison of contaminant concentrations at the 90th percentile
and upper end of the ranges illustrates this phenomenon. In virtually all
cases, the highest measured value is many times greater than the 90th per-
centile concentration because one or more very high concentrations have
resulted through unusual circumstances or possibly adulteration of the oil
by a generator or collector. Although these high levels of contamination
can occur in used oil, they are atypical.
The following subsections summarize used oil contamination for
each major group of contaminants. Used oil contamination is summarized
by source, stage of processing, and end-use in Sections 3, 4, and 5.
* Part 261 - Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste. Appendix VIII -
Hazardous Constituents. Code of Federal Regulation (40 CFR). July 1, 1981
t In subsequent sections of this report which examine the contamination of
specific oil types, an alternative method of determining mean is presented.
In that analysis, the mean was calculated including undetected levels as-
suming that the concentration of undetected contaminants is equal to the
detection level.
1-11
-------
Table 2
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN WASTE OIL*
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
D ichlo rod ifluorome thane
Trichlorotrif luoroethane
1,1 , 1-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Benzo( a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
537
752
744
756
835
810
87
28
616
608
599
590
236
242
235
27
65
25
753
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
135
675
271
592
760
799
51
17
388
259
352
568
118
198
194
20
38
25
142
percent
25
89
36
78
91
98
58
60
62
42
58
96
50
81
82
74
58
100
18
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Mean Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration * concentration t percentile t percentile f (ppm)
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
17.26
131.92
3.11
27.97
664.5
580.28
373.27
62,935.88
2,800.41
1,387.63
1,420.89
4,995
961.2
2,200.48
3,385.54
71.3
24.55
475.2
108.51
5
48
3
6.5
240
480
20
160
200
100
106
1,600
20
380
550
12
10
330
5
5
120
8
12
740
872
160
1,300
1,300
200
600
4,000
110
1,400
1,400
30
12
560
15
18
251
10
35
1,200
1,130
640
100,000
3,500
800
1,600
9,500
300
4,500
3,200
40
16
800
50
low
<0.01
0
0
0
0
<0.5
<1
<20
<1
<1
<1
40
<1
<1
<1
<5
<1
110
0
high
100
3,906
57
690
21,700
8,610
2,200
550,000
110,000
40,000
32,000
86,700
55,000
55,000
139,000
660
405
1,400
3,800
* Results determined for the analyses of 1,071 used oil samples.
t Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t For the purposes of determining mean and percentile concentrations, undetected levels were assumed to be equal to the detection limit.
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
1.4.1 Metals Concentrations in Used Oils
Trace metals of concern enter used oil from several different
sources. Most notable is lead, which is primarily attributable to piston
blowby in engines using leaded gasoline. Lead may also be a minor com-
ponent of some antiwear/extreme pressure additives. Barium and zinc enter
used oil primarily in various additive packages included in commercial motor
oil. Cadmium and chromium enter oil in trace amounts, primarily as a result
of engine wear; however, some additives may also contain these metals. The
source of arsenic in used oil has not been determined.
Lead is present in higher and wider ranges of concentrations than
the other metals (0 to 21,700 ppm).* Typically, mixed used oils in the 1980s
will have a lead concentration between 100 and 1,200 ppm. Although higher
lead levels can still be found in 1983, the overall presence of lead is de-
creasing as unleaded gasoline continues to comprise a larger fraction of the
total gasoline market. A recent EPA proposal to hasten the lead phasedown in
gasoline by 1986 should significantly decrease the lead concentrations reported
in Table 2. EPA's proposed regulation would reduce lead concentration from
1.1 g/gal to 0.1 g/gal by 1986 (45).
Other trace metals usually occur at lower concentrations. Barium
concentration in used oil generally ranges from 50 to 500 ppm, but levels up to
3,906 ppm have been reported. Cadmium concentrations above 10 ppm are rare,
with typical levels occurring around 2.0 ppm. Chromium concentration is
generally higher than cadmium, with typical levels ranging from about 3 to
30 ppm. Arsenic was detected in 25 percent of the samples. Concentrations
were significant when detected, with typical levels between 5 and 25 ppm. The
* This range of lead concentrations is based upon data reported from 1979
to 1983. The upper end of the range is atypical for this period and is
more representative of levels found ten years ago.
1-13
-------
techniques used for arsenic analysis are reported to significantly influence
percent detection and measured concentrations. For this reason, scientists
believe arsenic may be present more frequently than the data suggest (41).
Zinc concentrations are high in used oils, typically ranging from 100 to
1,200 ppm. This is the only metal that typically occurs at levels close
to that of lead.
1.4.2 Chlorinated Solvents Concentrations in Used Oils
Chlorinated solvents are a major group of contaminants in used oil.
They are not a normal component of crankcase oil, but are indirectly intro-
duced through careless or ignorant management practices by generators and
collectors. For example, automobile mechanics often pour small amounts of
degreasing solvents into tanks used primarily for storing used automotive oils.
Five chlorinated solvents are commonly detected in used oils. These
include dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. Levels of contamination appear
random, ranging from less than 100 to several thousand ppm.
A method for assessing the presence of chlorinated solvents is
to measure total chlorine. Although chlorine can be present in other
forms, such as inorganic salts, this measure is an indicator of the con-
tamination by potentially hazardous chlorinated substances. The data
indicate that typical chlorine concentrations range from 1,000 to 5,000
ppm; however, much higher chlorine contents have been measured (over 40
percent of the oil by weight).
1.4.3 Other Organics Concentrations in Used Oils
This general category includes aromatic solvents, PNAs, and PCBs.
Except for PCBs, used oils are likely to contain contaminants of this group.
Only one-third of the samples showed detectable levels of PCBs.
1-14
-------
Aromatic solvents are in used oils because of the inherent prop-
erties of the oil, oil use, and mixing with spent solvents. Toluene and
xylene typically range from 500 to 5,000 ppm, but levels above 10,000 ppra
have been measured. Benzene concentration is lower and typically ranges
from 100 to 300 ppm.
The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene range
from below detection levels to several hundred ppm. These PNAs are present
in unused lube oils, but they seem to become concentrated in used automotive
oils, "apparently coming from the gasoline or diesel fuel and their combustion
products" (21). Typical levels of benzo(a)anthracene range from 10 to 50 ppm;
benzo(a)pyrene typically ranges from 5 to 20 ppta. Naphthalene, another PNA,
was found in every used oil sample at much higher levels (110 to 1,400 ppm).
Although PCBs were not detected in about two-thirds of all used oils,
25 percent of the analyzed samples may have had concentrations above 15 ppm.
Ten percent of the samples may have had levels above 50 ppm.* Several samples
were identified with more than 100 ppm PCB.
1.4.4 1983 U.S. EPA Used Oil Sampling Program
In 1983, the U.S. EPA carried out a used oil sampling and analysis
program to supplement the data obtained from other sources. Approximately
350 samples were taken; however, analytical results were only available for
about two-thirds of the samples due to various reasons such as bottle break-
age, or a very high water content. The results of these analyses are included
* It was assumed that non-detected levels were equal to the analytical
detection limits.
1-15
-------
in the overall summary in Table 2 and in the related discussion presented
in the preceding section.
Table 3 presents a statistical summary of these data alone and
some noteworthy differences are addressed in this section. Any differences
which exist in the data in Tables 2 and 3 indicate an even greater difference
between the EPA results and the other results because the EPA data are in-
cluded in the total summary.
The measured levels of most contaminants were lower in the EPA data
(Table 3), sometimes significantly. Metals (except lead) and total chlorine
are lower by fairly significant amounts. Differences in chlorinated and
organic solvents appear minor for the two summaries except for a few very
high concentrations in the non-EPA samples. PCBs were detected in fewer of
the EPA samples than in the other data; however, it should be noted that a
large series of samples not in the EPA group were measured for PCBs using a
lower detection level than the 5 ppm limit used in the EPA analyses.
Overall, the only significant difference in the data is the metals
and chlorine levels which may be somewhat overstated in the total summary.
The reason for the differences can only be hypothesized and may be due to
the sampling methods which could have been more random in the EPA program
and less likely to have been selected due to a belief that the oil was
contaminated.
1.4.5 Concentration of Priority Pollutants in Used Oils
As part of the EPA survey described in the preceding section, 49
selected used oil samples were analyzed for priority pollutants including
acid and base/neutral compounds, pesticides, and other listed hazardous
1-16
-------
Table 3
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN SAMPLES OBTAINED UNDER 1983 EPA SAMPLING PROGRAM
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
1,1. 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Te tr achloroe thy lene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Total
samples
analyzed
206
207
207
207
207
209
212
212
212
216
209
212
212
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
5
197
112
170
179
208
83
59
90
203
96
169
172
percent
2
95
54
82
86
99
39
27
42
93
45
79
81
Concentration Concentratic
Mean Median at 75th at 90th
concentration * concentration f percentile t percentile
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
6.24
44.87
1.5
13.01
631.77
425.68
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
2,960.46
2,380.05
1,238.37
3,438.9
1,148.76
2,033.96
2,375.91
5
20
0.57
2.9
150
280
16
15
16
1,000
16
250
500
5
42
1.2
5.3
810
750
160
32
83
2,100
110
940
1,200
5
95
1.7
9.1
1,300
1,100
2,000
200
800
6,100
330
3,500
2,900
>n Concentration
range
t (ppm)
low
<3
<0.5
<0.2
<0.2
<0.5
<0.5
<1
<1
<1
<100
<1
<1
<2
high
7.6
770
8.8
690
3,700
1,800
62,000
37,000
21,000
86,700
55,000
55,000
57,000
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
206
13
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
496.39
<0.5
3,800
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed
to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 =5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
compounds. A thorough presentation of these results is presented in subse-
quent sections of this report on specific oil types. A summary of the
presence of frequently detected compounds is shown in Table 4. It should
be emphasized that nearly 100 specific priority pollutants were detected in
at least one of the 49 samples. These pollutants and their concentrations
are included in the detailed summaries presented later in this report.
Fairly high levels of the priority pollutants shown in Table A
and many others, are routinely found in used oils. In most cases, the
presence of these compounds is related to the inherent properties of lubri-
cating oils, but also to the fuels burned in engines using the oils.
1.5 USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES
As a result of normal operations, used oil collectors, processors,
and re-refiners generate residues which contain the hazardous constituents
which were present in their collected oil. Table 5 lists the seven major
residues which are generated by the used oil management system along with
maximum annual generation and typical management practices. It is important
to emphasize that residue generation rates and management practices vary
tremendously with the used oil management system. The maximum estimates
for generation shown in Table 5 are based upon reported conditions and
practices for various facility types. The actual annual generation volumes
are probably less than the values shown.
The management practices show that some residues are typically
handled as if they were hazardous; others are not treated in that manner.
Table 6 provides some data on the presence of hazardous constituents in
1-18
-------
Table 4
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENCE OF SOME FREQUENTLY DETECTED PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
IN USED OIL
Pollutant
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Fluorene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Number
Detected*
33
35
10
19
33
Percent
Detection
67
71
20
39
67
Mean Range
(ppm) f (ppm)
644
252
141
167
937
NDt
ND
ND
ND
ND
to 2,480
to 2,080
to 470
to 530
to 2,700
* Out of a total of 49 samples', does not include "trace" levels,
f Mean is calculated for detected levels only.
i ND: Not detected at 50 ppm detection level.
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd. from (48).
1-19
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Table 5
RESIDUE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE USED OIL INDUSTRY*
Residue type
Annual generation
Typical management practices!
i
NJ
O
In-line filter residue
Settled wastewater
Oily sludge
Tank bottoms
Centrifuge/filter screen solids
Spent clay
Acid sludge
Up to 380 tons
Up to 210 million gallons
Up to 25 million gallons
Up to 5 million gallons
Up to 6 million gallons
Up to 22,000 tons
Up to 2.3 million gallons
Sanitary landfill
Sanitary sewer system, evap-
oration ponds
Hazardous and sanitary land-
fill t other treatment/recovery
facilities
Hazardous and sanitary landfill
Hazardous and sanitary landfill,
blended into oil
Sanitary landfill
Hazardous landfill
* Uncertainties exist in residue quantities because of a lack of detailed data on the number of facilities
and specific processing technologies used, and variable oil quality.
f Only common management methods are shown. See Figures 6 to 9 for a more detailed description of
residue generation and management alternatives.
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd. based upon estimated number of facilities (Table 1 ) and typical
residue generation rates (Table 35).
-------
Table 6
CONTAMINATION OF USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES*
Constituent
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dichlorodif luorotne thane
1.1, 1-Tr ichl oroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Benz o (a ) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Phenol
Settled
Median
(ppm)
<5
70
<7
20
300
259
22
300
100
200
1,780
-
-
-
1.4
-
17
Sludges
Range
(ppm)
NDf-24
ND-3.600
ND-216
ND-2.130
ND-7,770
ND-3,150
ND-640
ND-110,000
ND-1,300
ND-8.200
88-181.000
-
-
-
ND-12
-
ND-500
Wastewater
Median
(n.g/1)
0.10
1.0
0.55
1.04
5
5.5
-
250
100
110
1,140
290
693
ND
ND
229
0.19
5,100
Range
(mg/1)
ND-22
ND-300
KB- 3 7
ND-68
ND-2,300
ND-1,650
-
ND-1.900
ND-2,600
ND-1.300
76-4.170
ND-890
14-5,800
ND
ND
ND-700
ND-14
ND-99,000
Spent Clay
Median Range
(ppm) (ppa)
3.7 ND-24
76 ND-628
11 0.5-13
17 5-169
1 ND-1,200
76 52-800
-
-
-
— -
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
Distillation
Bottoms
Median Range
(ppa) (ppm)
1 ND-15
25 6-1,400
9 ND-29
35 7-100
4,235 1,090-15.000
133 85-3,500
-
-
-
— -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
* Limited data are available on the contamination of other residues including tank bottoms, filter and centrifuge solids,
and re-refining sludges (see Section 4.4 and Appendix B).
t ND: Not detected.
Source: Data reported and referenced in Appendix B.
-------
three residues (settled sludges, wastewater, and spent clay) and on a
marketable byproduct (distillation bottoms). Note that both wastewater
and spent clay are usually not managed as though they were hazardous.
The median and range of concentrations for the hazardous
constituents are shown in Table 6. The data show that the presence of
potentially hazardous constituents in settled sludges is not very dif-
ferent from those levels measured in used oils (Table 2). This is not
surprising since the oil content in these sludges can be more than 50
percent. The composition data show that a settled sludge can contain
several listed hazardous constituents. However, the contaminants do not
appear to concentrate in the settled sludges.
The differences in wastewater composition and used oil composition
are dependent upon the solubility of the constituents in the water and oil
phases. The metals tend to remain in the oil rather than settle with the
wastewater. The low median metals concentration in the wastewater is due
to the small amount of oil which remains in the separated water fraction.
The chlorinated and aromatic solvents show fairly high concentrations in
the wastewater, but not significantly different from those found in the oil.
Solubility of these contaminants is similar in both phases. One-fourth of
the wastewater samples were found to contain PCBs. No PNAs were detected
in wastewater, but the data were limited (only two samples were analyzed).
Data on spent clay contamination are for metals only. The levels
of contamination vary and are dependent on how the clay was used. Metals
content is lowest in spent clays used to polish lube oils from distillation/
1-22
-------
clay re-refining processes. The highest levels are reported for clay used
in contact filtration processing and chemical treatment/clay bead re-re-
fining. Intermediate levels have been measured in clays from acid/clay
re-refining facilities.
It is believed that most spent clays have insignificant levels
of chlorinated and aromatic solvents because these contaminants are sep-
arated from the used oil prior to contacting the clay. A possible excep-
tion is spent clay used in a contact filtration process (this is an uncom-
mon practice). Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as PCBs and PNAs
have not been measured, but their presence in spent clay is probable at
levels directly related to their concentration in the used oil. Therefore,
significant contamination by these constituents is possible.
Comparative data are available on metals concentrations in dis-
tillation bottoms. A single analysis was performed to measure PCBs and
PNAs content; neither of these constituents was detected (detection limits
were 11 ppm for PCBs and 4 ppm for benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene).
The results of five metals analyses in distillation bottoms indicate that
fairly high levels of each metal are present. The distillation process
concentrates the metals from the used oil into the bottoms material.
Therefore, the metals content is directly related to levels in the used
oil.
1-23
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1.6 STUDY HIGHLIGHTS
The major highlights of this research effort are listed in this
section. These highlights were taken from all five sections of the report.
1. About 1.2 billion gallons of used oil were generated from sales of
over 2.3 billion gallons in 1983. About 58 percent (699 million
gallons) was generated from automotive sources and 42 percent (507
million gallons) from industrial sources. The non-generated oil is
lost or consumed during use.
2. Only 55 percent (669 million gallons) of the generated used oil enters
the used oil management system, which is comprised of collectors,
processors, and re-refiners. The types of companies involved in used
oil management differ considerably in size, processing technology,
markets, and oil types received. In total, about 1,000 companies par-
ticipate in used oil management in the United States.
3. Collected and processed used oil is marketed primarily as a fuel oil
(about 590 million gallons in 1983). About half of the burned used oil
is blended with virgin fuel oil products. Other major reuse markets
include road oil (69 million gallons) and re-refined lube products (63
million gallons). Minor markets, which include flotation oils, asphalt
extenders, and form oils, consumed 35 million gallons in 1983.
4. This study characterized used oil contamination by 19 specific hazardous
constituents. The results of 1,071 analyses* indicate that high levels of
* The constituents measured in each oil sample varied from only one to over
50 including all nineteen hazardous constituents.
1-24
-------
contamination are common for many constituents including lead, chromium,
cadmium, and several chlorinated solvents. PCB contamination was de-
tected in about 18 percent of the analyses.
5. Used oil processing produces residues which are significantly contami-
nated by the same hazardous constituents found in the oil. The major
residues include wastewater separated from used oil, settled sludges,
tank bottoms, spent clay, centrifuge and filter solids, and acid-sludge.
6. Automotive used oils tend to have higher concentrations of potentially
hazardous heavy metals; industrial oils tend to have higher levels of
chlorinated solvents and PCBs. No significant differences were noted
in the concentrations of aromatic solvents or polynuclear aromatics
(PNAs) .
7. Used oils from gasoline engines have much higher lead concentrations
than those from diesel engines due to the presence of lead in some
gasoline additives. As leaded gasoline usage decreases, and as the
lead level in leaded fuels decreases in accordance with proposed EPA
rules, this difference in lead concentration will also decrease.
8. Metalworking industrial oils are believed to have higher levels of
heavy metals and chlorinated solvents than other industrial oils,
including hydraulic, compressor, turbine, electrical, and others.
9. About 30 percent of the oil samples had a measured flash point below
140°F, which is a criterion for classifying a waste as hazardous.
Since virgin lube oils have a flash point above 350°F, the low flash
points must be due to contamination by low flash point materials such
as gasoline, and chlorinated and organic solvents.
1-25
-------
10. Although limited data indicate that processing technologies such as
settling, centrifugation, and filtration reduce metals concentrations
in used oils* the analytical results of hundreds of samples show that
the average contamination levels in unprocessed used oils are some-
what lower than the levels in processed oils. Only chromium, PCBs,
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane concentrations are lower in processed oil.
Overall, processing does not appear to significantly affect the con-
centration of hazardous materials in used oil.
11. The used oils burned as fuel have much higher levels of hazardous
constitutents than any virgin fuel oil products. Virgin fuel oils
have very low heavy metals and FNA concentrations, and no chlorinated
solvents compared to relatively high concentrations for all these
materials in used oils.
12. Used oils do not appear to differ significantly in contaminant levels
according to end-use markets. Similar levels of contamination were
measured in used oils which were burned, road oiled, and re-refined.
1-26
-------
SECTION 2
DEFINITIONS
2.1 OIL
Oil is a complex mixture o.f hydrocarbons that lacks a defined
chemical structure. It contains mixtures of isomers* and three or more
members of a homologous series** which differ by a fixed carbon containing
increment (21,42).
2.2 CRUDE OIL
Crude oil is a hydrocarbon mixture which occurs naturally in the
earth (adapated from 43 CFR 3000.0-5).
2.3 SYNTHETIC OIL
There are two sources of synthetic oils: (1) those derived from
petrochemicals; and (2) those derived from coal or shale oil.
1. Synthetic oils derived from petrochemicals are
chemically combined low molecular weight compounds
which are used as lubricants.
* Isomers are molecules having the same number and kind of atoms, but
differing with respect to atomic arrangement.
** A homologous series is a series of compounds in which each successive
member differs from the preceding member by a fixed increment in certain
constituents. For example, CH3OH (methanol), C2H5OH (ethanol), and
C-FLOH (propanol) form a homologous series with carbon atoms increasing
by one.
2-1
-------
2. The crudes derived from coal and shale oil on an
industrial scale (in the future) will vary in
composition just as the naturally occurring crude
oils vary. Most of the crude from these sources
will be refined for fuels and, not for lubricant
use.
2.4 LUBRICATING OIL
Natural lubricating oils are separated from crude oil using sophis-
ticated refining processes including vacuum distillation, deasphalting, de-
waxing, and finishing or polishing. This separated group of middle distil-
late hydrocarbons is either naphthenic or paraffinlc in character. Naphthenic
lube oils contain primarily cyclic hydrocarbon molecules, whereas paraffinic
lube oils contain primarily long-chain carbon molecules. Naphthenic oils
have the advantage of a naturally low pour point and good thermal stability;
paraffinic oil is more resistant to oxidation, but often has to be dewaxed to
achieve fluidity (15).
2.5 PROCESS On-
Process oils are formulations of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (pri-
marily lubricating oils) in which the oil becomes an integral part of a pro-
duced product. For example, lube oil stocks provide much of the material
requirements in the manufacture of rubber, ink, paint, putty, polishes, and
many other oil-based products. Only small amounts of process oils become
"used oils"; most of this generation results from spillage.
2-2
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2.6 EMULSIFIED OIL
Emulsified oils are an oil-water mixture with an addition of small
amounts of emulsifying chemicals and biocides. Host emulsions contain from
2 to 10 percent oil; however, higher oil fractions are sometimes used in some
applications (e.g., hydraulic oils). Most emulsified oils are used as lubri-
cants and coolants in metalworking applications, but a significant volume is
also used in the hydraulic fluid market, particularly where fire resistance
is desirable.
2.7 OILY WASTEWATER
A dilute mixture of oil in water generated through such processes
as equipment washdown, yard runoff, or general processing.
2.8 USED OIL
Used oil is a hydrocarbon mixture which has been refined from crude
or synthetic oil and used in a non-consuming application (i.e., as a lubricant)
As a result of use, the oil becomes contaminated by physical or chemical im-
purities and must be removed from service (RCRA Section 1004 (43)).
2.9 WASTE OIL
In this document, waste oil is a petroleum-derived oil which through
use, storage, or handling has become unsuitable for its original purpose. In
addition to used oils (defined above), unused petroleum wastes are also clas-
sified as waste oil. Unused oil generally becomes a waste oil when it is
spilled, when it mixes with other wastes (e.g., a ship's ballast water), or
when it fails specifications for its intended use and is discarded (e.g.,
ASTM specifications for fuel oils) (21).
2-3
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2.10 USED OIL GENERATOR
A used oil generator accumulates used oil in an on-site storage
container, usually a drum or a steel tank. Generated oil may be reused on-
site, but it is usually picked up by a collector for off-site processing and/
or reuse. A generator may accumulate only oil which has been generated on-
site (e.g., new car dealers, fleet shops, etc.), or may accumulate used oil
generated off-site as well (e.g., recycling centers or service stations).
2.11 USED OIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (U.O.M.S.)
The used oil management system consists of companies involved in the
generation, collection, processing, transport, and reuse of used oils. In
combination, these companies interact with one another to provide the mecha-
nism for used oil to flow from its point of generation to its ultimate reuse
or disposal. Some companies are involved in just one function (primarily the
generators) but many participate in more than one aspect of this industry.
For example, virtually all processors also collect used oil from generators.
2.12 INDEPENDENT COLLECTOR
Independent collectors are members of the used oil management system
who collect used oil from generators, but do not process the oil to remove any
contaminants. Independent collectors may store used oil and sell the material
to re-refiners, processors, or directly to end-use markets such as burning,
fuel oil dealers, and road oiling.
2.13 MINOR PROCESSOR
Minor processors are members of the used oil management system who
collect used oil from generators and separate water and some solids from the
oil using simple settling technology with or without heat addition. Processed
2-4
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oil Is sold primarily directly to markets including fuel oil dealers, burners,
and road oiling with some sales going to major processors and re-refiners.
2.14 MAJOR PROCESSOR
Major processors are members of the used oil management system who
collect used oil from generators; who may buy used oil from independent col-
lectors; and who process the oil to remove water and solid contaminants.
Processing technologies differ and include various combinations of several
available methods including screen filtration, heated settling, centrifugation,
light fraction distillation, and blending. Processed oil is sold to fuel oil
dealers, direct to burners, as road oil, and to other miscellaneous users.
2.15 RE-REFINER
Re-refiners are the most sophisticated members of the used oil
management system with respect to processing technologies. These companies
collect used oil from generators or buy used oil from independent collectors.
The oil is processed to give a recycled lube oil capable of being reused for
its original purppse. A light hydrocarbon fuel is produced as a coproduct
of each of the four or five basic re-refining technologies currently in oper-
ation in the United States.
2.16 USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES
Minor processors, major processors, and re-refiners generate used
oil processing residues as a result of removing contaminants from the used
oil. There are a few major processing residue streams common to most pro-
cessor company types including oily wastewater, in-line filter residue, and
tank bottoms. Other residue streams are specific to processing technologies
utilized and include such things as centrifuge solids, filter screen sludge,
acid sludge, and spent clay.
2-5
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2.17 PRODUCT OIL
The used oil which has been cleansed of soa* conta.air.Anes by sine:
and aajor processors is referred co as product oil. Product oil quality
varies tremendously based upon processing technologies and the quality of
the unprocessed used oil received at the facility.
2-6
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Section 3
USED OIL GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES
3.1 OVERVIEW
This section presents a description of used oil generation
and management practices at the generator site as It existed in
1983. In addition, some description of specific oil types and applica-
tions is Included. The composition of used oil and unused oil is pre-
sented with respect to basic hydrocarbon components and contaminants.
The presentation of information begins with a description of unused oils
and progresses to used generation* composition, and management practices.
3.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF LUBRICANTS AND INDUSTRIAL OILS
3.2.1 Source of Lubricating Oils
All lubricants and industrial oils are comprised of a mixture of
hydrocarbon compounds which are either separated from the complex mixture
of hydrocarbons occurring in natural crude oil or synthetically manufactured
from chemical feedstocks. Synthetic lubricants are more uniform in compo-
sition than the straight mineral oil lubricants derived from crude. In
1983, synthetic lubes comprised only a few percent of the total lubricant
market, primarily used in high temperature applications such as aircraft
turbines and internal combustion engines.
The crude oils from which straight mineral lubricants are derived
can be divided into three main groups based on their predominant hydrocarbon
structures: paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic. The class of paraffinic
crude oils contain mostly saturated straight and branch-chained carbon
3-1
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compounds (alkanes), along with lesser amounts of cycloalkanes and aromatics.
Naphthenic crudes contain appreciable quantities of compounds with at least
one saturated ring structure (cycloalkanes). Aromatic crude oil contains
a large concentration of unsaturated benzene structures. The varying pro-
portion of these three classes of compounds (alkanes, cycloalkanes, and
aromatic hydrocarbons) determines the physical and chemical properties of
crude oils. They may be an indicator of relative levels of some hydro-
carbons which are potentially hazardous (carcinogenic) constituents of
crude oil which are often aromatic in nature.
Table 7 summarizes the levels of some potentially hazardous con-
stituents (including non-hydrocarbons) which have been identified in crude
oil. Arsenic, cadmium, and zinc appear commonly and at relatively high
concentrations. Chromium and lead are present at much lower levels.
The concentration of benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene (two
carcinogenic aromatics) have been measured in several crude oils. Values
between 1.0 and 2.0 ppm are most common.
Total chlorine in crude oil is variable, ranging from less than
1.0 to 1,010 ppm. In crude oil, chlorine is usually present in the form of
inorganic salts, which are removed as part of refining.
3.2.2 Unused Lube Oil Characteristics
Like the crude oil from which they are derived, the straight
mineral oils which comprise lubricant basestocks contain a complex mixture
of hydrocarbons. The composition of the hydrocarbon mixtures depends largely
on the area where the crude oil originated. Straight mineral oils are mix-
tures of paraffins, naphthalenes, and aromatics. A high paraffin fraction
3-2
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TABLE 7. PRESENCE OF SOME POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN CRUDE OILS
u>
I
Range of reported
concentrations (ppm)
Mean
concentration*
Other sample
Constituent
Metals
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Organics
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Total Chlorine
Low
0.002
0.0003
0.0016
0.17
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.39
High
9.83
25.2
2.76
0.31
86.0
2.8
2.8
1,010
(ppm)
1.27
5.90
0.63
0.24
15.8
1.33
1.38
152.6
characteristics
67% <1.0 ppm
50% <1.0 ppm
80% <1.0 ppm
100% <1.0 ppm
44% <1.0 ppm
30% <1.0 ppm
40% <1.0 ppm
40% <10 ppm
* Midpoints of reported concentration ranges were used to calculate means.
Source: (?..)-29).
-------
makes the oil more resistant to oxidation, whereas a high aromatic fraction
gives the oil better thermal stability. Additive packages, which are de-
scribed later in this section, are often used in mineral oils to enhance
performance characteristics. White oils are mineral oils from which all
aromatic hydrocarbons are removed. White oils are transparent, colorless,
odorless, and tasteless when cold. They are used for medicinal purposes,
as food additives, as finishing oils, and for other uses requiring a very
pure lubricant.
White oils usually do not become part of the used oil management
system because they are typically consumed in use or in some cases dis-
posed of with other wastes.
The hydrocarbon constituents of lube basestocks are classified
according to the three basic groups in Table 8: alkanes, cycloalkanes,
and aromatics. The aromatic fraction, which ranges from1 10 to 30 percent
by weight, is of greatest interest because most known carcinogens can be
found in this category. An important distinction is the difference in the
water solubility of different types of hydrocarbons. Water solubility in-
creases from alkanes, to cycloalkanes, to aromatics. For example, benzene
(an aromatic) has a saturation solubility of 1,800 ppm in distilled water,
whereas the alkane of equivalent molecular weight has a saturation of 10
ppm.
Limited data are available regarding the presence of hazardous
constituents in unused lube oil base stocks. These data, which are summarized
in Table 9, show that the concentrations of all heavy metals are very low.
Benzo(a)pyrene concentration is also low (<1 ppm) but it is likely to be
present in most lube oils.
3-4
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TABLE 8. HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION OF LUBRICATING OIL STOCKS*
Hydrocarbon type
Percent
(by weight)
Alkane
Cycloalkane
Aromatic
45-76
13-45
10-30
* Represents composition of straight mineral oils except white oils.
Source: (21).
TABLE 9. HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN LUBE OIL BASE STOCKS*
Constituent
Metals
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zincf
Benzo(a)pyrene
•Concengration
Low
0
<0.8
0
0
1.0
0.03
Range (ppm)
High
1.0
0.2
0.05
1.0
1.0
0.28
* The data shown in this table were developed from only five sample
tests.
f Only two samples analyzed zinc concentration, each showing levels
of 1 ppm.
Source: (29, 31, 32).
3-5
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3.2.3 Lubricant Additives
Various compounds are blended into virtually all lubricating oils
to improve the effectiveness of the lubricant and to prolong its period of
effectiveness. The additive package usually comprises 10 to 20 percent of
the volume of the finished lube products; therefore, the compounds which
are added can greatly influence lube oil composition. TablelOdescribes the
basic types of additives as well as their general composition, application,
and function. Most additive packages contain a combination of several spe-
cific types of additive compounds as shown by the example formulation shown
in Table 11 for typical gasoline engine oil. In this case, the base oil com-
prises 86 percent of the volume of the finished product and four different
additives comprise the remaining 14 percent.
It is clear that the presence of hazardous constituents in lubri-
cating oils is affected by additives. Several metals are present in addi-
tives including barium, chromium, zinc, and even lead. In addition, sev-
eral sulfur, chlorine, and nitrogen containing compounds are commonly
included in additive packages.
There has been little published comprehensive analytical testing
of finished lube oil products. Table 12 summarizes the results of several
limited analyses. A comparison of the data in Table 12 with that presented
for lube oil base stock (no additives) in Table 9 indicates that barium and
zinc concentrations increased significantly with additives. Lead levels
appear slightly elevated.
3-6
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TABLE !0. COMPOSITION, APPLICATION, AND FUNCTION OF LUBRICATING OIL ADDITIVES
Name of Additive
Composition
Application
Function
Corrosion Inhibitor
Rust Inhibitor
Antiodorant
Antiseptic
Antioxidant
Antifoam
Detergent
Dispersant
Zn and Ba dithiophosphates,
dithiocarbamates, metal sul-
fonates, and sulfurized
terpenes
Sulfonates, alkylamines, amine
phosphates, alkenylsuccinic
acids, fatty acids, and acid
phosphate esters
1C engines, alloy bearings, ATF
1C engines, turbines, electric
and mechanical rotary machinery,
fire-resistant hydraulic fluids
Perfumes, formaldehyde compounds With EP additives
Alcohols, phenols, chlorine
compounds
Sulfides, phosphites, amines,
phenols, dithiophosphates
Silicones, synthetic polymers,
waxes
Sulfonates, phosphonates, phe-
nates, alkyl substituted sali-
cylates combined with barium,
magnesium, zinc calcium
Alkenyl succinimides, alkyl-
acrylic polymers, ashless
compounds
With water added to oil-
emulsions
1C engines, turbines, and rotary
• machinery
Same as rust inhibitors, ex-
cluding ball bearings
1C engines understeady load
1C engines at low temperatures
and variable loads
To react with metal
surfaces to form a cor-
rosion-resistant film
To react chemically with
steel surfaces to form
an impervious film
To mask odors
To inhibit microorganisms
To inhibit oxidation of
oil
To permit air bubbles to
separate from oil
To neutralize acids in
crankcase oils to form
compounds suspended in oil
To disperse contaminants
in the lubricant
Abbreviations: 1C = Internal Combustion Engine; ATF = Automatic Transmission Fluid; EP = Extreme Pressure.
Source: (21 and 33).
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TABLE 10. COMPOSITION: APPLICATION, AND FUNCTION OF LUBRICATING OIL ADDITIVES (continued)
Name of Additive
Composition
Application
Function
i
00
Metal Deactivator
Color Stabilizer
Viscosity Index
Improver
Pour Point
Depressant
Extreme Pressure
Additives
Antiwear Additive
Tackiness Agent
Emulsifier
Organic dihydroxyphosphines, 1C engines, turbines, electric
phosphites, and sulfur compounds motors, air compressors, hy-
draulic oils
Amine compounds
Isobutylene polymers and
acrylate copolymers
Polymethacrylates, polyacryl-
amides, alkylated naphtha-
lenes and phenols
When heat and oxidation darken
oil
1C engines, electric motors, air
compressors, hydraulic oils
1C engines, gears, bearings,
transmissions
Organic compounds with sulfur, 1C engines, turbines, motors
phosphorous, nitrogen, halogens, hydraulic oils, gears, rollers
carboxyl or carboxalate salt and ball bearings
Chlorinated waxes, organic
phosphates, lead naphthenate
Polyacrylates and polybutenes
Surfactants, sulfonates,
naphthenates and fatty
acid soaps
As above
Gear enclosures from which oil
must not drop
Soluble cutting oils
To form protective film
on running surfaces to
inhibit corrosion reactions
To stabilize oil color
To retard loss of viscosity
at high temperatures
To prevent congealing of
oil at low temperatures
To form low-shear-strength
film providing lubrication
at startup and at high
bearing loads
As above except for running
condition
To improve adhesive qual-
ities of base oil
To reduce interfacial
tension and permit for-
mation of water-oil
emulsion
Abbreviations: 1C - Internal Combustion Engine: ATF = Automatic Transmission Fluid; EP = Extreme Pressure.
Source: (21 and 33).
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TABLE 11. TYPICAL FORMULATION OF GASOLINE ENGINE OIL
Percent of
Ingredient Volume
1. Base Oil (solvent 150 neutral) 86
2. Detergent Inhibitor (ZDDP-zinc dialkyl
dithiophosphate) 1
3. Detergent (barium and calcium sulfonates) 4
4. Multi-functional Additive (dispersant,
pour-depressant, viscosity improver -
polymethyl-methacrylates) 4
5. Viscosity Improver (polyisobutylene) 5
100
Source: (1).
3-9
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TABLE 12. HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN FINISHED LUBE OILS*
Concentration Range
(ppm)
Constituent Low High
Metals
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Total Chlorine
Benzo (a)pyrenef
1.2
0
0
0
359
-
0.03
162
-
-
3
2,440
155$
0.28
•* Contains additive packages.
t Not known if additives are present in analyzed samples.
j Only one sample was analyzed for total chlorine.
Source: (5).
3.2.4 Classification of Lubricating and Process Oils
For the purposes of this study, two broad classifications are used
for lubricating and process oils: automotive and industrial. These major
categories are described in the following sections.
3.2.4.1 Automotive Oils
Automotive oils include a wide variety of products used in numerous
applications. Basic types of automotive oils include:
• Engine (crankcase) oils
• Transmission fluids (includes power-steering fluid)
• Diesel engine oils
• Automotive hydraulic fluids (primarily brake fluids)
3-10
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In 1983, an estimated 1.225 billion gallons of automotive crank-
case and hydraulic oils were sold (44). About 60 percent (732 million gal-
lons) were engine oils for over-the-road cars and trucks. About 252 million
gallons were engine oils for off-road vehicles such as farm, construction,
military, and mining vehicles. Automotive hydraulic oil sales were 192
million gallons while transmission oil sales were only 49 million gallons
(44). In addition, 26 million gallons of automotive greases were sold, but
none is generated as a collectable waste (44).
Gasoline and diesel engine oils are classified according to the
service for which the oil is intended and the corresponding additive levels
that are required. The American Petroleum Institute (API) has developed
five gasoline engine oil classifications including SA (non-detergent), SB,
SC, SD, and SE. Four diesel engine oil classifications are used including
CA, CB, CC, and CD. Most gasoline engine oils are classified as SE; most
diesel engine oils are CC or CD. Detailed descriptions of each oil service
classification are available, but not included in this report (see Reference
15).
3.2.4.2 Industrial Oils
There are hundreds of lubricating oil formulations used in thousands
of industrial applications. Most of these formulations can be classified
according to the 12 major industrial oil categories listed below:
• Hydraulic
• Compressor
• Turbine
• Bearing
• Gear
• Metalworking (removing, forming, testing, protecting)
3-11
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• Process
• Refrigeration
• Railroad Diesel
• Marine
• Natural Gas Engine
• Grease
Approximately 97 percent of the 1.061 billion gallons of indus-
trial oils sold in 1983 were used in one of the above applications.
The process oil market was the largest single category of those
listed above in 1983 (298 million gallons). Process oils are used in the
manufacture of rubber, ink, paint, putty, polishes, and many other products
as well as in electrical applications. The oil becomes an integral part of
the process and for all practical purposes, it is consumed (i.e., not avail-
able for recovery and reuse).
For a specific end-use application, hydraulic oils were the largest
market in 1983 (264 million gallons). There are two main types of straight
mineral oil hydraulic oils which comprise about 96 percent of this market:
rust and oxidation oil and antiwear oil (15). A growing market is fire
resistant hydraulic fluids which are emulsified oils containing 60 to 95
percent water. The major users and generators of hydraulic oils are the
steel, automobile, and mining industries. Municipal vehicles including snow
plows, buses, street sweepers, dump trucks, and garbage trucks also use sub-
stantial amounts of hydraulic oils.
Metalworking oils are another major industrial oil category (163
million gallons in 1983). They are used as lubricants for cutting, grinding,
3-12
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machining, rolling, stamping, and quenching steel and aluminum, and to
prevent rust and staining of these metals. There are three types of metal-
working oils including straight mineral oils (neat oil - no water phase),
emulsions (up to 95 percent water), and synthetic oils in emulsified form.
Straight mineral oil formulations containing emulsifiers are often pur-
chased by a user who adds water on-site. The quantity of emulsified metal-
working fluids is many times larger than the 163 million gallons of straight
mineral oils sold into this market.
Railroad and marine oils (57 and 49 million gallons, respectively,
in 1983) are either cylinder or crankcase diesel oils which differ from other
diesel engine oils in both basestock characteristics and additives. There
are three classes of both rail and marine oils based upon service require-
ments. Natural gas engine oils are consumed in the thousands of gas-driven
engines used primarily, to drive irrigation and crude oil pumps.
Turbine oils (about 78 million gallons in 1983) are used in turbines
to generate electricity or in compressors in ammonia plants, chemical plants,
refineries, and other industrial facilities. They are similar in composition
to hydraulic oils. Their use is decreasing because turbines require expensive
natural gas as fuel and because large gas reciprocating engines are more ef-
ficient than the turbines. However, turbine oils will continue to be used
in gas turbines for applications where size and weight considerations are
important (e.g., aircraft, offshore drilling rigs, etc.).
Electrical oils (76 million gallons in 1983) act as heat transfer
media in transformers to insure that the operating temperatures of the trans-
formers do not exceed acceptable limits. Much of these sales were to replace
3-13
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PCB oil which had previously been used for this purpose. Straight mineral
oils (non-conducting material) are used with no additives.
Industrial gear lubricants (33 million gallons in 1983) are usu-
ally formulated with extreme pressure additives to minimize wear and prevent
gear damage under a wide range of speed and torque conditions. Numerous
types of industrial machinery contain gear boxes which use industrial gear
lubricants specified by manufacturers. Also, the rear axle of cars and
trucks and the transmissions and differentials of vehicles use gear oils.
3.3 USED OIL GENERATION
In virtually all lubricating and industrial applications, the
performance of the oil deteriorates over a period of time as oil addi-
tives break down and as contaminants build up in the oil. At a certain
point in time, the oil must be removed from service and replaced by new
oil. Each of the thousands of specific oil applications is a generating
source of used oil because of these routine replacement practices..
The fraction of the new oil which is generated as used oil at
the point of use differs considerably. For example, only 10 percent of
industrial process oils sold are generated as used oil compared to 90 percent
of electrical transformer oils (1). The non-generated fraction of the oil is
lost during use or handling as a result of leakage, spillage, combustion,
disposal with equipment,* and disposal due to high levels of contamination.
Overall, a little more than half of the lubricating and industrial oils which
are sold are generated as used oil at the source.
* Includes the disposal of electrical, cooling, and hydraulic oils with
decommissioned equipment containing these oils.
3-14
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The total volume of used oil generated in the United States de-
pends on the quantity of new oil sold into each application. These sales
data, along with generation rates for each application, can be used to
develop the volume of total generated used oil. -A summary of new oil sales
in terms of 30 end-use applications is shown in Table 13. The data show
that about 1.2 billion gallons of used oils are generated as a result of
sales of over 2.3 billion gallons.
In 1983, total automotive sales were somewhat higher than indus-
trial sales. Approximately 1.25 billion gallons of automotive oils and
1.06 billion gallons of industrial oils were sold (44). Sales in each of
these major categories are broken down into specific oil applications in
Table 13 for the purpose of estimating the volume of generated used oil
(12 automotive applications and 18 industrial applications).
Overall, the generation rate for automotive oils is about 56
percent compared to just 48 percent for industrial oils. The relatively
low generation rate for industrial oils is largely due to the very low
generation rates for some metalworking and industrial engine oils, and
process oils, all of which are major end-use markets.
It is important to emphasize in this section that the accuracy of
the used oil generation factors is unknown and believed to be based upon
theoretical considerations rather than measured values. For the purposes
of this study, several documents were reviewed to acquire the best avail-
able information in this subject area (1, 10, 15, 20, 44).
3-15
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TABLE 13. USED OIL GENERATION BY OIL TYPE, 1983
Oil
I.
type
AUTOMOTIVE OILS
On-Road Engine Oils
Personal Vehicles
DIYers
Non-DIYers
Commercial Vehicles
Cars 4 Light Trucks
Trucks & Buses
Subtotal - On-Road
Off-Road Engine Oils
Farm
Construction
Mining
Government
Aviation
Subtotal - Off-Road
Hydraulic Fluids
On-Road Vehicles
Off-Road Vehicles
Subtotal - Hydraulics
Greases/Other Non-Generated Oils
Total - AUTOMOTIVE OILS
II.
INDUSTRIAL OILS
General Industrial Oils
Hydraulic
Gear
Other Specified
Turbine Circ.
Refrigeration
Way
Compressor
Rock Drill Air Tools
Other
Subtotal - General Industrial
Industrial Engine Oils
Railroad Diesel
Marine
Natural Gas
Subtotal - Industrial Engines
Metalworking Oils
Metal Removing
Metal Forming
Metal Treating
Metal Protecting
Subtotal - Metalworking
Process Oils
Electrical
White
Rubber
Other
Subtotal - Process
Industrial Grease
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
GRAND TOTALS
New
oil sales
(10& gal)
356.9
84.7
158.9
139.7
. 740.2
74.1
68.8
45.5
11.7
12.7
212.4
79.0
111.4
190.4
108.0
1.251.0
264
33
78
6
5
4
3
28
421
57
49
38
144
85
47
19
12
163
76
56
64
102
298
35
1,061
2,312
Used oil
generation
factor*
0.67
0.67
0.66
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.63
0.47
0.10
0.75
0
0.559
0.80 (0.76)
0.60 (0.59)
0.60 (0.59)
0.33 (0.32)
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.73
0.20
0.50
0.20
1.00
0.60
0.60
0.10
0.90 (0.27)
0.10
0.10
0.10
0
53.5 (0.478)
Used oil
generation
UO6 gal)
239.2
56.7
104.7
82.4
483.0
43.7
40.6
26.8
7.4
6.0
124.5
7.9
83.6
liTs
0
699.0
211.2 (200)t
20.0 (19.6)
46.8 (45.9)
2.0 (1.9)
3.0
2.4
1.8
20.5
307.7 (295.1)
11.4
24.5
7.6
43.5
85.0
28.2
11.4
1.2
125.8
68.4 (20.5)t
5.6
6.4
10.2
90.6 (42.7)
0
567.6 (507.1)
1,206.0
* Generator factor equals the fraction available for collection into the used oil management
system; it does not include oil which ends up in wastewater treatment sludges generated on-
site at industrial establishments.
t Values In parentheses equal actual industrial oil generation assuming that all oil sold in
any one year does not finish its life cycle in that same year. Thus, there is an accumula-
tion of oil in use in our industrial/commercial system.
t The relatively low level of actual used electrical oil generation is due to the fact that
much of electrical oil sales are to replace PCB oils in transformers. The generation of
these PCB oils is not included in this value since these oils do not enter the UOMS.
Source: Sales data: (44).
Generation factors: (1, 10, 15, 44), and Franklin Associates, Ltd.
3-16
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3.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF USED OIL GENERATORS
A used oil generator does not necessarily accumulate used oil for
collection. For example, do-it-yourself oil changers (DIYers), agricultural
and construction machinery operators, and small generators of industrial
oils often dump or dispose of their oils rather than accumulate them or
take them to a point of accumulation. Those oils do not become part of
the used oil management system and are not available for reuse. In addi-
tion, some generators may use their own oil as a fuel supplement or a dust
suppressant. These "in-house" reuse practices divert used oil from es-
tablished practices.
Overall, only 55 percent, or about 669 million gallons, of the
generated 1.2 billion gallons of used oil in 1983 were accumulated by gen-
erators and entered into the management system which is comprised of col-
lectors, processors, re-refiners, and end-users. DIYers eliminated 167
million gallons of generated oil from the system and other generators
eliminated an additional 370 million gallons (see Figure 2). Only 29 percent
of the new oil sales was accumulated by generators and recovered by the used
oil management system (669 million out of 2.3 billion gallons).
Table 14 summarizes the types and numbers of potential generators
of used oil. The actual number of each type is lower than the potential
numbers shown; however, data are not available on generator participation
in the used oil management system.
The following two sections summarize management of used oils by
generators including an assessment of storage practices, in-house usage,
disposal, and sale into the management system. The third and fourth sections
3-17
-------
TABLE 14. POTENTIAL NUMBER OF USED OIL GENERATORS
Number of
establishments
Generator or sites
Automotive
Recycling Centers 8,690
Service Stations . 93,400
Repair Shops 53,100
Auto Dealers 26,000
Auto Centers 2,100
Fleet Shops 44,300
Airports 5,000
Subtotal - Automotive 232,590*
Industrial
Major Industrial Generators!
SIC
24 Wood Products 34,483
25 Furniture & Fixtures 9,608
26 Pulp/Paper 620
27 Newspapers 10,220
28 Chemicals 4,059
30 Rubber/Plastic 11,800
31 Leather 376
32 Glass 465
33 Primary Metals 7,653
34 Fabricated Metals 33,776
35 Machinery 54,018
36 Electronics 17,114
37 Motor Vehicles 9,086
38 Instruments 7,133
39 Miscellaneous Manufacture 15,766
49 Electric Utilities 1,Q68
Subtotal - Major Generators 217,245
Marine Terminals
Military 153
Commercial 500
Railroad Yards 430
Subtotal - Industrial 218,328
Grand Total 450,918
Source: Automotive Generators (46).
Industrial Generators - Franklin Associates, Ltd., from
(6 and 47).
3-18
-------
address contamination of generated used oils by potentially hazardous con-
stituents. Generators are classified as either automotive or industrial.
Automotive generators accumulate only automotive oils; however, industrial
generators may accumulate both industrial and automotive oils.
3.4.1 Automotive Generators of Used Oil
There are literally millions of sources of used automotive oils
in the United States. If the used oil is accumulated at the source, the
source is classified as a generator. Some generators may reuse the accumu-
lated used oil on-site; however, most sell their oil to a collector who is
part of the used oil management system (U.O.M.S.). Nearly one-quarter
million generators of used automotive oil exist compared to a much greater
number of non-generator sources. The non-generator sources are primarily
DIYers and equipment operators in the farming, construction, mining, and
forestry industries. Only small amounts of oil generated by these sources
are recovered. Most is either dumped on the ground or mixed with other
solid waste for disposal.
On-site reuse of used automotive oils falls into four general
categories: (1) burning directly in space heaters; (2) burning as a diesel
fuel-used oil mixture in vehicle engines; (3) road oiling for dust control;
and (4) mixing with fuel oil for burning in on-site boilers.
A recent EPA study reported that 33,900 waste oil heaters were
sold (primarily to automotive used oil generators) from 1979 to 1983 (22).
Since there are about 233,000 potential automotive used oil generators,
this would indicate that 14 to 15 percent of those companies have waste oil
heaters. It is likely that a significant number of these heaters are in
fact owned by other individuals such as farmers, mining companies, or even
individuals.
3-19
-------
Some automotive used oil generators mix used oil with virgin
diesel fuel at levels ranging from 2 to 10 percent used oil for burning
in vehicle engines. This activity is primarily limited to trucking fleets,
the U.S. military services, and some large off-road vehicle operators.
Some large construction, mining, and forestry companies use
accumulated used oils for dust control on private roads. This on-site
reuse activity has been decreasing in recent years (5).
The final direct use of used automotive oils is on-site burning
in conventional boilers, primarily by U.S. military bases. Several docu-
ments have reported this activity which may consume up to 50 percent of
the used automotive oils generated by the Department of Defense (see Ap-
pendix C for a more thorough discussion).
Most used automotive oils accumulated by generators is collected
into the used oil management system. As shown in Table 14, several types
of companies are involved in this practice, including:
• Service Stations
• Repair and Maintenance Shops
• Vehicle Dealers
• Fleet Shops
• Recycling Centers
In recent years, the service stations have lost their position as the major
point of commercial crankcase oil changes to repair shops, rapid oil change
services, and department stores.
Most of the used oil accumulated by automotive generators who
sell their oil to the management system is generated on site. A small
3-20
-------
amount is brought to generators by DIYers, but this is only 14 percent of
DIYer generation (10) and only about 5 percent of the total used automotive
oil which is accumulated at these locations. A small amount of cleaning
and degreasing solvents is routinely put into the oil by mechanics working
at some generator sites. The nature and quantity of these materials are
addressed in Sections 3.A.3 and 3.4.4. Some water may also enter stored
oil through carelessness or faulty design of the storage system.
Used automotive oil generators accumulate between 100 and 2,500
gallons of oil per month with 500 gallons most typical. Most generators
store used oil in 500-gallon underground tanks. Some generators pour oil
into one or two 55-gallon drums, which may be inside or outside a mainte-
nance building. The age of underground storage tanks is variable, ranging
from new to 40 years old.
Figure 3 summarizes used oil management practices by automotive
generators.
Most automotive oil generators are paid for their oil by a col-
lector. Prices received vary widely and depend primarily on oil demand and
collector competition in a given region. In 1983, 20c/gal was a common
price for good quality oil, with variations ranging from 0 to 45c/gal.
3.4.2 Industrial Generators of Used Oil
Industrial and manufacturing establishments that routinely
generate one or more types of used oil are classified as industrial gen-
erators. The generated oil may be recovered for reuse on-site or it may
be collected and stored for pickup by a used oil collector or processor.
Figure 4 summarizes used oil management practices by industrial generators.
3-21
-------
to
to
POINT OF
GENERATION
ABOVE-
GROUND TANK
UNDER-
GROUND TANK
**l STORAGE
SALE TO COLLECTOR/
PROCESSOR
IN-HOUSE USE
• Space Heaters
• Dust Control
• Engine Fuel
DUMPING/DISPOSAL
Figure 3. Automotive generator used oil management practices.
-------
POINT OF
GENERATION
• Automotive Oil
• Industrial Oil
MIXED STORAGE
SEGREGATED
STORAGE
*
i
OH-SITE
REPROCESSING
I
ON-SITE USE
• Boiler Fuel
• Space Heaters
• Oust Control
• Engine Fuel
£
SALE
TO COLLECTOR/
PROCESSOR
i
DUMPING/DISPOSAL
•Sanitary Landfill
•Hazardous Landfill
•Open Oimplng
i
Figure 4. Industrial generator used oil management practices.
-------
There are three basic categories of used oil generated in indus-
trial establishments. The oil categories include primarily straight min-
eral oils and lesser amounts of emulsified oils and synthetic oils. Many
specific end-uses exist for industrial oils (see Table 13).
The relative amounts of the different oil types and end-uses varies
based upon the specific manufacturing processes utilized by the industrial
establishments. For example, a metalworking facility* may generate a sig-
nificant amount of emulsified oils used in metal forming, metal removal,
and heat treating processes, and a smaller amount of straight mineral oils
from industrial lubricant applications and hydraulic systems. Other compa-
nies may generate only straight mineral oils from hydraulic systems and
automotive equipment.
Because of the diversity of industrial establishments, there are
literally hundreds of combinations of oil types which may be available to
a collector. In some cases automotive oil may be mixed with accumulated
industrial oils, but this is only common when small quantities of one or
both types are generated. When a large quantity of any given oil type is
generated on-site, segregation is common. Some non-oil materials, such as
solvents, are sometimes mixed with oil at industrial establishments. Used
oil storage containers often serve as a "catch-all" for any liquid waste
generated on-site. This contamination is examined further in Section 3.4.3.
* Metalworking facilities comprise the largest single group of industrial
establishments in the United States with over 100,000 individual plants
(SICs 25, 33, to 39). Also, this industry segment is a major consumer
of oils (150-200 million gallons annually) (17).
3-24
-------
An industrial facility may generate anywhere from under a hundred
to over one hundred thousand gallons of used oil per year. Including oil
emulsions, some facilities generate over a million gallons per year.
Typical generation rates for straight mineral oils seldom exceed a few
thousand gallons per year.
Only a small fraction of industrial facilities have oil inventory
programs to account for oil purchases, recovery, and sales. One published
report indicates that most industrial facilities cannot account for up to
50 percent of their oil purchases (17). Losses can be attributed to sloppy
accountability methods and actual losses down drains, miscellaneous spills,
oil on cloth and paper wipes, and oil included in final products.
Industrial used oil generators may do one of three things with
the waste oil accumulated on their plant site. They may (1) treat the oil
on-site for reuse; (2) transfer all the oily material to an independent
collector for processing and/or disposal; or (3) perform some on-site
treatment to improve the quality and then transfer the valuable materials
to an independent collector. Each of these three management methods is
commonly practiced.
On-site handling of used oils may be very simple or quite so-
phisticated for industrial establishments. Storage of straight mineral
oils is in 55-gallon drums or in above or below ground steel tanks ranging from 500
to 10,000 gallons. If emulsified oils are generated, storage requirements
may be much larger. Both tanks and surface Impoundments are used to store
large volumes of emulsified oils by industrial generators. Tanks are gen-
erally above-ground and may be open-topped. Impoundments range widely in
size and serve as treatment and disposal alternatives for oil emulsions as
well as storage devices.
3-25
-------
Table 19
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN AUTOMOTIVE USED OIL SAMPLES TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM GENERATORS
Metals
Arsenic
Bar inn
Cadmlun
Chromium
l-ead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dlchlor id ifluorome thane
Trlchlorotr if luoroe thane
1.1. 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Bcnzo (a) anthracene
Bcnzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
24
113
64
99
40
116
22
22
22
36
22
22
22
21
22
Samples with
detected
contaminant a
number
2
108
60
97
39
116
4
2
8
36
10
19
20
21
1
percent
8
95
93
97
97
100
18
9
36
100
45
86
90
100
5
Concent rat Ion
Mean Median at 75th
concentration * concentration f percent lie f
(ppm) (ppra) (ppra)
9.92
209.5
1.7
10.8
2.573.7
982.3
401.3
2.5
180.1
1,200.0
589.0
1.010.7
2,005.2
9.7
39
5
94.3
1.3
8
1,470
1,000
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
6
5
8.6
800
9
190
490
NOT MEASURED
10
NOT MEASURED
5
200
2
12
2,210
1.151
11
8
15
1,400
60
670
1,200
14
Concentration
at 90th
per cent lie f
(ppm)
5
428
4.1
21.3
3,300
1,316
16
11
55
2.000
130
1,500
1,900
14
Concentration
range
(ppm)
low
<5
0.78
<0.2
0.5
5
4.4
<1
<1
<2
<100
1
1
2
1.3
high
13.95
3.906
10
50
21,700
3,000
1,000
. 16
660
4,700
3,600
6,500
14,000
17
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
f To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g.. <5 » 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Table 20
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED AUTOMOTIVE OIL SAMPLES TAKEN FROM COLLECTORS OR PROCESSORS
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmiim
Lead
Chromium
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
D Ichlorod 1 f luoromethane
Trlchlorotrlf luoroe thane
1,1. 1-Tr tchloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tctrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphthalene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Bcnzo(a)pyrene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
52
58
51
56
53
59
7
7
50
49
49
54
34
34
31
8
8
8
50
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
14
55
31
55
46
58
1
36
13
23
53
25
31
30
8
6
3
percent
26
94
60
98
86
98
14
72
26
46
98
73
91
96
100
75
6
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Mean Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration * concentration f percentile f percentile f (ppm)
(ppm) (ppro) (ppm) (PP«)
15.0
133.9
2.0
914.8
12.9
645.9
530
3,728.8
1,656.8
3,968.6
5,300
367.0
2,729.5
1,437.1
377.5
19.3
20.7
5
31
1.6
730
4.5
660
NO DETECTED LEVELS
20
160
20
83
1,200
100
1,200
960
280
10
NO DETECTED LEVELS
5
5
62
5
1,100
6.3
920
20
1.600
100
300
3,200
220
2,300
1,700
490
20
10
17
284
7
1,417
25
1.100
20
6.000
800
3,000
12,200
330
7,400
2.400
560
20
10
low
0.4
2
0.5
1
0.3
5
<20
<7
<1
<1
<100
<4
<7
<3
170
10
<1
high
26
1.631
10
11,000
126
1,550
530
36,000
6,100
24,000
47,200
2,500
12,000
6,700
580
40
50
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g.. <5 - 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Table 21
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED INDUSTRIAL OIL SAMPLES TAKEN FROM GENERATORS
Metals
Arsenic
Barlun
Cadnlum
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dlchlorodlf luoronethane
Trichlorotrif luoroethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trlchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Bcnzo(a)anthracene
Bcnzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
27
54
70
76
77
74
2
27
28
27
31
27
28
28
28
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
51
44
62
66
73
2
1
3
3
26
4
15
18
4
percent
94
62
81
85
98
100
3
10
11
83
14
53
64
14
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Mean Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration * concentration t percentile t percentile t (ppm)
(PP») (PP») (PP») (pp«)
46.77
3.35
14.63
278.46
149.12
200.000
62.000
21.43
510.73
10.500
4.482.5
2,685.8
1,201.64
485.57
NO DETECTED LEVELS
13
0.5
2.4
15
39
»»T MEASURED
100.000
15
15
15
500
15
16
28
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
5
45
2.6
7
56
190
100,000
16
16
16
3,200
16
630
1,100
5
100
5
15
290
330
100,000
33
33
60
9.600
130
4,800
1,600
11
low
<0.5
0
0
0
<0.5
100.000
<2
<3
<2.2
<100
<2
<4
<3
<0.5
high
330
21
520
3.500
1,200
300,000
62,000
70
1,300
87,700
8,200
18,000
5.100
1,900
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine Median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 - 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Table 22
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED INDUSTRIAL OIL SAMPLES TAKEN FROM COLLECTORS AND PROCESSORS
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
l^ad
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dlchlorodlflunroraethane
Trlchlorotrlf luoroethane
1.1, 1-Trtchloroethane
Trlchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenea
Bcnzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
71
94
93
81
94
94
65
66
66
74
13
13
13
66
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
7
85
24
68
82
92
37
28
37
72
1
6
5
2
percent
9
90
25
83
87
97
56
42
56
97
7
46
38
3
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Mean Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration * concentration t perccntlle t percentlle t (ppm)
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppra)
7.
144.
U.
56.
168.
551.
1,832.
1,908,
1,530
4.600
100
85
37
09
92
81
12
NOT
NOT
97
14
1,076.5
486
NOT
NOT
NOT
1,900.32
5
55
5
8
32
170
MEASURED
MEASURED
200
100
200
2.600
14
16
16
MEASURED
MEASURED
MEASURED
10
5
160
J
25
156
450
1,200
220
990
6,400
16
57
140
50
5
379
10
107
350
831
3,500
600
2.200
11.400
20
230
560
50
low
<2
0
0
<0.5
<0.5
<1
<2
<2
<2
<100
<2
<2
<2
<0.65
high
21
1.100
40
571
2.000
8,610
8,400
26,000
7,700
16.700
100
5.700
700
3,800
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentlle concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 - 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Until 1977, electrical oils, which were used as a dielectric fluid
in transformers and other electrical equipment, contained PCBs. Many trans-
former systems still contain PCBs. The preamble to EPA's PCB regulations
states that as many as 38 percent of the 35 million transformers using
mineral oil contain between 50 and 500 ppm PCBs. An independent testing
laboratory estimates that about 50 percent of all transformer oils are con-
taminated with PCB in concentrations greater than 50 ppm. This occurs be-
cause, even if transformers are drained and cleaned out, PCBs are likely
to remain in the system.
3.4.3.1 Effect of Sampling on Contaminant Concentrations
In Tables 15 and 16, the analytical results were summarized accord-
ing to whether the samples were identified as automotive or industrial. How-
ever, some of those samples were taken directly from generators while others
were taken from collectors or processors who identified the samples. There
was some question whether samples obtained from collectors or processors
were strictly the types of oil which they reported or whether they may have had
some other oil or waste material mixed into them. In an attempt to assess
this possibility, the automotive and industrial samples were split into those
obtained directly from generators and those obtained from collectors or
processors. The results are summarized in Tables 19 and 20 for automotive
oils and Tables 21 and 22 for industrial oils.
Some interesting observations can be made from this analysis.
Overall, most metals concentrations in automotive oils are higher when the
samples were taken directly from generators and the chlorinated solvent
3-32
-------
concentrations are lower. Differences in the levels of other organics can-
not be determined from the data. These conditions may indicate that some
industrial oils could have been mixed into the used oils identified as
automotive by collectors and processors, because industrial oils generally
tend to have lower levels of some metals, but higher levels of chlorinated
solvents.
The levels of metals and chlorinated organics detected in indus-
trial samples taken directly from generators are quite a bit below the
levels measured in samples received from collectors and processors.
Overall, it appears that the collectors and processors tend to
mix contaminating material into used oils which decreases quality to some
extent. Better segregation practices and material selectiveness could
improve the quality of oil received by processing facilities and ulti-
mately reused.
3.4.3.2 Contamination of Gasoline Versus Diesel Engine Oils
Most of the automotive oil samples were obtained from gasoline
burning engines. Only eight analysis results of diesel engine oil were
obtained. However, from these limited data, there appears to be some dis-
tinct differences in the two oils with respect to the presence of poten-
tially hazardous metals. Table 22a compares the metals concentrations in
gasoline and diesel engine oils. As expected, the lead concentration in
the gasoline'engine oils is much higher than in diesel engine oils. This
difference is diminishing due to the shift away from leaded gasolines.
Gasoline engine oils also appear to have higher concentrations of the other
metals than the diesel oils; however, the data are too limited for the
diesel samples to be conclusive.
3-37
-------
Table 22a
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS METALS IN GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINE OILSf
Metals
Arsenic
Diesel
Gasoline
Barium
Diesel
Gasoline
Cadmium
Diesel
Gasoline
Chromium
Diesel
Gasoline
Lead
Diesel
Gasoline
Zinc
Diesel
Gasoline
Total
samples
analyzed
5
44
5
138
5
86
5
123
5
87
5
142
Samples with
detected contaminant
number
1
7
5
133
3
82
5
121
4
87
5
142
percent
20
16
100
96
60
95
100
98
80
100
100
100
Mean
concentration*
(ppm)
5.9
13
6.8
207
1.1
1.7
2.0
9.7
29
2,232
332
951
Median
concentration
(ppm)
<5
<5
4.1
87
0.88
1.3
1.5
7.7
13
390
280
990
Concentration range
(ppm)
low
<5
<0.4
0.78
2
<0.5
0
0.86
0.3
<5
8.5
4.4
6
high
5.9
17
19
3,906
1.4
8.8
3.8
50
78
21,676
820
3,000
* Calculated for samples with detected concentrations only.
t Although reported as diesel engine oils, some of these samples are believed to contain some gasoline engine oils.
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Table 23 compares the concentration of some potentially hazardous
organics in used gasoline and diesel engine oils. As with the metals, more
data are available for gasoline engines than for diesel engine oils. Since
the data are very limited, few conclusions can be drawn. It does appear
that benzo(a)pyrene (a carcinogen) is present at higher levels in the
gasoline engine oils.
Table 23
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
IN GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINE OILS
Contaminant
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Concentration
diesel*
200, 200
2,660
293
21
1,960
1,817
1.3, 1.5, 1.3, 1.7
Mean
concentration
gasolinef
445
84
453
92
1,374
1,289
11.7
* All available data are shown.
f Number of samples detecting contaminant range from 4 to 18 for these
constituents.
Source: Appendix A data.
Overall, diesel engine oils are less contaminated by potentially
hazardous constituents than gasoline burning engine oils.
3.4.3.3 Contamination of Specific Industrial Oils
There are many specific types of used industrial oils each with its
own characteristics regarding the presence of potentially hazardous constituents.
3-39
-------
In many cases, the industrial used oil samples were identified according
to their specific types. Tables 24 to 26 summarize the concentration of
potentially hazardous constituents in three general types of used indus-
trail oils: (1) metalworking oils;* (2) cooling oils; and (3) hydraulic
oils. Overall, the metals concentrations are highest in the metalworking
oils, particularly lead and chromium concentrations. Fairly high levels
of total chlorine (up to 8 percent by weight) have been measured in metal-
working and hydraulic oils. This chlorine is likely to be present as a
result of mixing solvents with used oils. Cooling and hydraulic oils have
relatively low levels of metals and other contaminants compared to metal-
working oils. The presence of at least low levels of chlorinated solvents
and FCBs in these oils indicates that industrial generators do have a ten-
dency to mix other materials with their used oils.
3.4.3.4 Presence of Priority Pollutants by Oil Type
Thus far in this section, used oil contamination has been described
with respect to eighteen specific frequently detected hazardous constituents
and total chlorine. There are, however, many other hazardous pollutants
which may be inherently found in used oil or perhaps mixed into oil as a
part of its management. To assess the presence of other pollutants, EPA
commissioned a study to thoroughly analyze 50 methodically selected used
oil samples for priority pollutants. Some of the contaminants previously
discussed are also included in the comprehensive GC/MS analysis for priority
pollutants.
* Straight mineral oil metalworking fluids used in iron and steel fabrica-
tion processes such as cutting, machining, stamping, and drawing.
3-40
-------
Table 24
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED CUTTING OR MACHINE OILS
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dichlorodif luoromethane
Trichlorotrif luoroe thane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trlchloroethylenu
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Total
samples
analyzed
12
29
39
39
40
41
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
28
23
30
36
41
percent
96
58
76
89
100
Mean
concentration *
(ppm)
NO DETECTED
65.84
3.69
24.23
210.14
80.99
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration f perccntile f percent ile f (ppm)
(ppro) (ppm) (ppm)
LEVELS
23
0.5
2
16
38
93
1
6.7
84
123
120
5
15
170
200
low
<0.5
0
0
<0.01
0.53
high
330
21
520
3.500
530
NOT MEASURED
2
12
14
13
14
12
14
14
2
3
3
11
5
10
100
21
23
78
35
71
200,000
NO DETECTED
8,685.36
1,234.06
24.000
NO DETECTED
1.550.22
488.66
100,000
LEVELS
15
15
4.000
LEVELS
15
70
100,000
16
16
9,600
16
560
100,000
20
20
54,500
230
660
100,000
<4.1
<2.2
<100
<7
<7
300,000
26,000
2,400
86,700
5,700
1,100
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
13
30
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
1,432.82
50
<5
3,800
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
f To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 - 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Table 25
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED COOLING OILS
Total
samples
analyzed
Metals
• Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Uad
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
I) IchlorodiCluoromethane
Tr Ichlorot r if luoroaethane
1.1,1-Trlchloroe thane
Tr Ichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Samples with Concentration Concentration Concentration
detected Mean Median at 75th at 90th range
contaminants concentration * concentration t percentile f percentile f (PP">)
number percent (ppn) (ppo) (ppn) (ppm) low high
NO DETECTED LEVELS
3 100 11.93 7.8 14 1A 7.8 14
NO DETECTED LEVELS
3 75 1.73 1.5 1.5 1.5 <0.01 2.2
4 100 171.25 44 290 290 21 330
4 100 5.47 2.3 3.7 3.7 1.9 14
HOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NO DETECTED LEVELS
NO DETECTED LEVELS
NO DETECTED LEVELS
1 33 700 100 100 100 <100 ' 700
NO DETECTED LEVELS
NO DETECTED LEVELS
NO DETECTED LEVELS
Bonzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NO DETECTED LEVELS
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
f To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 " 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Tal.lr .'h
UMCKNTIIATION OF WJTKHTIAU.Y HAZAMMUS CONSTITHr.lfTS IN USJD HYDRAULIC OILS
H, t«U
Alirnlc
Bit lo.
Cndfllia*
Ctiri>*li«*
l*ad
Z 1 n<
Chlorinated Solvent*
Die hlorodl f lunrcMtelhanr
Tf li hlurot rll luuroethan*
I.I. 1 -Tr Ichloroclhanr
T r 1 c hlur (HFl hy 1 rrw
Tt-t r a( hloroct hyirne
Tnlal Chlorine
(II hrr Ur|j>nlra
ftVnf rM>
•tiilurnc
lyl !•»>.••
fcrnf u(a)ant hrairna
•V«i»(>!
• ••pic*
•nalytrd
8
9
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
R
R
SoMplra with
drlcl Ird
ronl nalnanl •
nimbvr prftrnl
Hr.n Mrdlin
rnm rnl r at 1 on * ronrrnl rat lot
(jin< rnl ral Inn
al r>l h
n f p«i< rnl 1 Ir f
i O»nr rnl f at Ion dim i*m i «| Inn
al Win 'angr
prrrrnlllr f (|>|M)
HO DETf-CTrj) LTVEU
7 77
(, M)
b W)
4 40
9 90
3 37
1 1?
2 JS
8 100
1 12
•> bj
4 \0
l).9b
l.bb
1.17
71. li
189.83
NOT HRASUICD
NUT HEASUUO
23.S70
18
i4S
i.MHI
too
1 . )bb . 1 9
2J0.7S
HOT HCASUltD
HUT KFJlSUIltLD
HUT MKA5URKD
m> prrrcru) u
3.1
0.5
O.i
i
17
4
4
4
700
4
9
7
cvri-s
i
1.1
O.i9
i
210
IbO
11
11
7.iOO
11
1/0
ifb
26
1 . i
2.1
130
too
8.400
U
110
d.ooo
](,
310
140
(O.S Sb
<0. ^ 4
<0 . 1 3
(O.b 1'jO
d*l*mln> atodlan and p«ri*nlll* ronrcnt ral lona. ewirwl»l »r I rd rifttrvncral Intw
w*r» aaaia><*d In
»qu«l In th* d»l»«Mr>n Irvrl (•.«.. ''i - ">)
-------
The results of those analyses indicated that many priority pol-
lutants were detected in each oil type. Tables 26a to 26f show all of the
contaminants detected in each oil type and their concentrations. Table 26g
was prepared to simplify this analysis and to better understand the frequency
of detection of all acid and base/neutral compounds. The data in Table 26g
illustrate a few major points. First, the major contaminants found in auto-
motive oils are similar to those found in industrial oils and mixed oils.
Overall, from these limited data, it seems that industrial hydraulic and
metalworking oils have substantially lower levels of priority pollutants
than automotive oil, but they appear nearly similar in Table 26g due to the
inclusion of highly contaminated used oils from barge cleaning in the indus-
trial category.
It is important to note that the detection levels for these pol-
lutants was 50 ppm which is quite high with respect to previously obtained
data. Previously presented results showed that benzo(a)pyrene concentrations
range typically from <10 to 15 ppm. Similarly, other data (see Appendix A)
show typical phenol concentrations of 10 to 40 ppm in used oils. Thus, the
detection of these, and perhaps other compounds, may be very much understated
due to a detection level of 50 ppm. The "trace" distinction in these analy-
ses does not seem to significantly affect this observation (e.g., the percent
B(a)F detection in mixed oils is zero even if trace levels are included).
For those base/neutral compounds which were frequently detected,
a summary of concentration levels is shown in Table 26h. Separate summaries
are shown for barge cleaning oils and other industrial oils because the ana-
lyzed barge cleaning oils were very contaminated and including them with
3-44
-------
U)
t-
Ul
Contaminants
Base/Neutral Compounds
1,2-d tchlorobenzene
fluoranthene
naphthalene
benzo(a)anthracene
chrysene
f ludrene
phenanthrene
pyrene
2-methylnaphthalene
Other Compounds
C3-benzene
propenyl benzene
methyl propyl benzene
CA-benzene
methyl propenyl benzene
methyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
trimethyl benzene
Table «6a
USED AUTOMOTIVE OIL
(ppm)
New Car Dealers
116
tr <50
735, 149
tr <50
tr <50
tr <50, 61.8
99.8, 121
84.3, tr <50
830, 312
(1460. 2080, 510) If
260
690
(500, 440. 550)
(400, 630)
360. 140
(500. 480. 530)
Service Stations
tr <50, tr <50
755. 693
53.8
tr <50
tr <50, tr <50
69.5, 101
55.9, 75.9
1170, 851
Repair/Maintenance Shops
168
tr <50
624, 542, Itr <50, tr <50] 2/, 788
tr <50, tr <50
tr <50, tr <50
58.7. 53.2, [tr <50, tr <50], 2080
tr <50. 50.3. (tr <50, tr <50], 68.5
565, 509, [61.4, 52.1], 1060
(1630. 670). (1440, 2100. 580) 1040. 680. 750
220
820
(610, 420), (290. 380, 500) 390. 700, 900
620, (460, 740) (340, 580). 1000, 1200
530, 370 270, 520
(360, 510, 220) 250
(1500, 2800), (2900. 1900)
J7 ( ) indicates more than one number reported for a given contaminant.
II [ ]: Sample 1128 has 2 sets of data (128-1, 128-2).
Source: Southwest Research Institute analyses, under EPA contract submitted Simmer 1984.
-------
Table 26b
Contaminants
Acid Compounds
phenol
Base/Neutral Compounds
acenaphthene
fluoranthene
naphthalene
bls(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
bcnzo(a)anthracene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(b)fluoranthene
chrysene
anthracene
fluorene
phenanthrene
pyrene
dlbcnzofuran
2-methylnaphthalene
Other Compounds
1,3,5, .'-cyclooct atet raene
trlmethyl benzene/C10H22
alkane
methyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
methyl ethyl naphthalene
methyl phenanthrene
dimethyl benzene
ethyl methyl benzene
tetranethyl benzene
benzene, l.l'-ethylldene bis-
cyclo hexanone, 2-cyclohexyllde
alkyl aromatic
2,6-dlbutyl methyl phenol
Barge Cleaning
325, 252
490, 275
70. 88
2330. 2480
<100. <100
170. 160
150, 248
92. 135
340. 370
230, 168
530, 400
1140. 1070
410, 470
148, 134
2700, 2580
7400
4400
2000. 1900
(3800. 430).
(3780. 4300) I/
2200
1600
(2900, 3200)
2300
1500
7100
4700
5900
USED INDUSTRIAL OIL
(ppm)
Hydraulic Oils
Metal Forming Oils
120, (tr <50,
tr <50) 2/, tr <50
<100
314, (tr <50,
tr <50]
<100
110
170. [85, 100]
tr <50
tr <50, [tr <50,
tr <50)
60, [51.0, 72.5)
115, [60. 92.4]
tr <50
56, [67.2. Ill]
[64, 80]
680
T/( ) indicates more than one number reported for a given contaminant.
2/ I ]: Hydraulic Oils - Sample 192 has two sets of data (92, 92-2).
Metal Forming Oils - Sample *204 has two sets of data (204-1, 204-2).
Source: Southwest Research Institute analyses, under EPA contract submitted Summer 1984.
-------
Table 26c
MIXED OIL FROM PROCESSORS
(ppm)
Contaminants Receiving Tanks
Acid Compounds
phenol tr <50, tr <50
Base/Neutral Compounds
acenaphthene 52.7, tr <50, tr <50
fluoranthene tr <50, tr <50, tr <50, tr <50
naphthalene 445, 661, tr <50, 580, 300, 360
bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate 555, 170, 190, <100
benzo(a)anthracene tr <50
chrysene 54
fluorene tr <50, 116, 130, 61, tr <50
phenanthrene 56.3, 214, 79, 220, 92, 60
pyrene tr <50, tr <50, 75, tr <50, tr <50
dibenzofuran tr <50, tr <50, tr <50
2-methylnaphthalene 535, 992, tr <50, 520, 250, 360
Other Compounds
ethyldimethyl hexene 6170
unknown (scan 646, app M.W. 162) 5550
unknown (scan 639, app M.W. 162) 7940
unknown (scan 698, app M.W. 174) 890
diisopropyl benzene (2990. 6520, 4520), (5470, 14300, 12000) If
pyrimidinone 7860
methyl naphthalene 280, 300
C3-benzene (1700, 870), (160, 390)
methyl propenyl benzene 640
ethyl propenyl benzene 150
dimethyl naphthalene (210, 250), (996, 1360, 1170), (740, 1350)
propyl benzene 730
trimethyl benzene (4060, 1940, 4760, 1590), 2900
ethyl methyl benzene 1590
diethyl benzene (1640, 850)
ethyl dimethyl benzene 1200
decanedioic acid, bis(2- 2500
ethyl hexyl) ester
diethylene glycol 500
alkane 390
2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapenta-
decane) 7000
C4-benzene 1070
\J ( ) indicates more than one number reported for a given contaminant.
Source: Southwest Research Institute analyses, under EPA contract submitted
Summer 1984.
3-47
-------
Contaminants
Acid Compounds
pentachlorophenol
Base/Neutral Compounds
acenaphthene
fluoranthene
naphthalene
bis(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
benzo(a)anthracene
chrysene
fluorene
phenanthrene
pyrene
dibenzofuran
2-methylnaphthalene
Other Compounds
methyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
C3-naphthalene
2,6-dibutyl methyl phenol
acetic acid butyl ester
decane
C3-benzene
C4-benzene
benzene, l-methyl-2-(2-
propenyl)
methyl ethyl naphthalene
ethyldimethyl hexene
methylhexanoate
methyl nonanoate
nonoic acid
methyl decanoate
decanoic acid
p entaoxap ent adecane
trimethyl phenol
trimethyl benzene
Table 26d
MIXED OIL FROM PROCESSORS
(ppm)
Product Oil Tanks
tr <50
142, tr <50, tr <50, tr <50
tr <50, tr <50, tr <50, tr <50, tr <50
403, 1660, 272, 321, 395, 359, 180
1780, 798, 104, <100
132, 532
tr <50, tr <50
tr <50, tr <50
85.7, 319, tr <50, 73.7, 91.3, tr <50, tr <50
124, 609, tr <50, 99.7, 158, 202, 90, 70
58.5, tr <50, tr <50, 58.3, tr <50, tr <50
138, tr <50, tr <50, tr <50
802, 3190, 2140, 686, 767, 415, 210
430, 430
(650, 960) I/, 350
370
64, 300
4530
1190
(590, 280)
240
320
140
1380
1930
3120
19500
1370
9030
2250
1200
850
I/ ( ) indicates more than one number reported for a given contaminant.
Source: Southwest Research Institute analyses, under EPA contract submitted
Summer 1984.
3-48
-------
Table 26e
Cont aminan t s
Acid Compounds
p-chloro-m-cresol
p ent achlor opheno1
phenol
MIXED OIL FROM PROCESSORS
(ppra)
Holding Tanks
1630
351
54
Base/Neutral Compounds
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
fluoranthene
naphthalene
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
fluorene
phenanthrene
pyrene
dibenzofuran
2-methylnaphthalene
Other Compounds
methyl naphthalene
C3-benzene
dimethyl naphthalene
C4-benzene
benzene, l-l'-ethylidene bis-
unidentified amine
cylohexanone
ethyl cyclopentene
cyclohexanol
diisopropyl benzene
methyl propenyl benzene
alkyl cyclohexane
cyclic hydrocarbon (unid.)
trimethyl benzene
119
tr <50, tr <50, tr <50
98, 448, 698, 413, 174, 326, 126, 772, 200
533, <100
tr <50, 190, 103, 67.7, tr <50, tr <50, 52.3,
194, tr <50
58.4, 223, 152, 94.7, 99.7, 50.2, 92.1, 313,
tr <50
tr <50, tr <50, tr <50, tr <50, tr <50,
tr <50, tr <50, tr <50
179
tr <50, 1080, 772, 538, 122, 245, 376,
2080, 210
440, 600, 260, 150, 230, 440
(750, 1400, 510), (2400, 1400), (1500, 680),
360, (1900, 1100) If
(1200, 1900), (530, 630), (280, 420),
(200, 350), (1400, 510)
1400
55
640
5470
1050
2490
(2200, 13900)
600
(280, 1300)
350
750, 1500
_!/ ( ) indicates more than one number reported for a given contaminant.
Source: Southwest Research Institute analyses, under EPA contract submitted
Summer 1984.
3-49
-------
Table 26f
MIXED OIL FROM PROCESSORS
(ppm)
Contaminant
Base/Neutral Compounds
acenaphthene
fluoranthene
naphthalene
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
anthracene
fluorene
phenanthrene
pyrene
dibenzofuran
2-methylnaphthalene
Other Compounds
methyl propenyl benzene
C5-benzene
methyl naphthalene
dimethyl naphthalene
C3-naphthalene
2,6-dibutyl methyl phenol
ethyl hexanoate
unknown (scan 643 app M.W. 162)
diisopropyl benzene
unknown (scan 642 app M.W. 162)
Surface Impoundments
407
tr <50
2550
2530
81.3
464
416
tr <50
1110
3710
5300
2000
3400
(5700, 6500, 5500) _!/
1800
1470
6560, 5970
5350
(3550, 6120, 4110)
5420
_!/ ( ) indicates more than one number reported for a given contaminant.
Source: Southwest Research Institute analyses, under EPA contract submitted
Summer 1984.
3-50
-------
Table
COMPARISON OK THE DETECTION OF SOME PRIORITY POLLUTANTS IN AUTOMOTIVE, INDUSTRIAL, AND MIXED USED OILS
Acid Compounds
phenol
naphthalene
bis<2-et
benzo(a)
benzo(a)
benzo(b)
chrysene
anthracene
fluorene
phenanth
pyrene
Automotive Oils
Number
Tested
unds
-m-cresol 8
arophenol 8
8
al Compunds
tiene 8
hene 8
2ne 8
hylhexyl) phthalate 8
anthracene 8
pyrene 8
Eluoranthene 8
8
ie 8
8
rene 8
8
uran 8
naphthalene 8
lorobenzene 8
fl phthalate 8
Lchlorobenzene 8
Number
Detected
0
0
0
0
(A) I/
7 (8)
0
1
0
0
(2)
0
1 (6)
7 (8)
5 (8)
0
8
2
0
0
Percent
Detection
0
•0
0
0
0
88
0
13
0
0
0
0
13
88
63
0
100
25
0
0
Number
Tested
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Industrial Oils
Number
Detected
0
0
2
2
2
4 (7)
(A)
2
2
2
2
2
5
6
2 (4)
2
A (6)
0
0
0
Percent
Detection
0
0
29
29
29
57
0
29
29
29
29
29
71
86
29
29
57
0
0
0
Number
Tested
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
Mixed Oils
Number
Detected
1
1 (2)
1 (3)
2 (7)
(13)
22 (23)
8 (11)
(3)
0
0
1 (3)
1
13 (22)
22 (24)
3 (20)
3 (9)
21 (23)
0
2
1
Percent
Detection
3
3
3
6
0
65
24
0
0
0
3
3
38
65
9
9
62
0
6
3
JY Values in parentheses indicate "trace" amount detected; these samples are not Included In percent detection calculations.
Source: Tables 26a to 26£.
-------
Table 26h
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME FREQUENTLY DETECTED BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS
Naphthalene
Penanthrtme
Pyrene
Fluorenc
2-Methylnaphthalene
Automotive Oil
Mean I/
612
369
67
62 3/
669
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
57
2/
to
to
to
to
Ran
to
2.
84
62
1.
ge
788
080
170
Barge
Mean I/
2
1
2
,405
,105
440
465
,640
Industrial Oil
Cleaning
Range
2,330 to 2,
1,070 to 1,
410 to 470
400 to 530
2,580 to 2,
480
140
700
Other
Mean I/
217
114
ND 4/
77
73
Industrial
Tr
76
60
Tr
Range
to 314
to 170
-
to 110
to 89
Mixed Oil
Mean I/
533
162
64
150
952
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Range
to
to
to
to
to
2,550
609
75
464
3,710
\_l Data shown for detected levels only. See Table 26g for the number of samples included in each category for each compound.
than one value was reported for a given compound in a sample, the mean was used.
2_/ Tr: Trace.
J}/ Only one sample
4/ ND: Not Detected.
When more
Source: Tables 26a to 26f.
-------
the other industrial oils would greatly distort the results. These data
show that typical hydraulic and metalworking oils have lower levels of these
compounds than automotive or mixed oils. The mixed oils more closely resemble
automotive oils than industrial oils.
Thus far, this discussion has examined base/neutral and acid
compounds only. Approximately 50 "other" priority pollutants were detected
in one or more oil samples. It is very difficult to draw any conclusions
from data of this nature. As with acid and base/neutral compounds, indus-
trial hydraulic and metalworking oils are clearly the least contaminated
by these "other" priority pollutants. Automotive oils are contaminated
primarily by gasoline compounds or their derivatives. Higher levels of
many types of "other" compounds were measured in mixed oils than in auto-
motive or industrial oils. This may indicate the possibility of contamina-
tion from other sources.
The only way to assess contamination by "other" compounds is to
thoroughly review the data in Tables 26a to 26f because the data are insuf-
ficient to develop statistical summaries.
3.4.4 Physical Characteristics of Used Oils by Source
Some of the physical characteristics of waste oil that are im-
portant with respect to the dispersion of the oil and its contaminants into
the environment include flash point, bottom sediment and water, water only,
viscosity, and gravity (density). Table 27 shows that a wide range of values
for each parameter indicating wide variations in the characteristics of spe-
cific waste oil samples. Some noteworthy observations can be made for each
parameter.
3-53
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Table 27
SUMMARY OF MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF WASTE OIL SAMPLES
Flash point, (°F)
Bottom sediment and water (%)
Water only (%)
Viscosity (CS at 100°F)*
API gravity (°API)t
Energy content (Btu/gal)
Number
of
samples
289
320
36
70
48
231
Range
Low
62
0
0
1
13
4,142
High
555
99
67
513
80
23,045
Mean
210
19
11
71
28J
16,495
Median
-
9
5
47
27
17,200
* CS = centistokes; viscosity is often reported in SUS units also with
the conversion to centistokes equal to:
Centistokes = [(0.00226 x SUS) - (1.95 T SUS)] x 100
f API Gravity is a unit often used to illustrate the density of oil.
It can be converted into specific gravity by means of the following equation:
Specific Gravity = 141.5 4 (131.5 + °API)
$ The mean API Gravity of 28 is equal to a specific gravity of 0.89.
Source: Appendix A data and references.
3-54
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3.4.4.1 Flash Point
Table 28 summarizes the measured flash points for 289 used oil
samples.
The measured flash point ranges from 62 to 525 °F compared to
temperatures of about 300 to 400°F for virgin oil and unadulterated used
oil. This shows that the contaminants present in the oil can greatly
impact the characteristics of ignitability. According to Subpart C of
Part 261 of 40 CFR,* a waste is hazardous if it "has a flash point less
than 60°C (140°F)." Nearly 28 percent of the used oil samples had a
measured flash point below 140°F. These low flash points are due to the
presence of chlorinated and organic solvents and gasoline.
3.4.4.2 Bottom Sediment and Water (BS&W)
Most used oil samples contain some BS&W but usually less than 10
percent by volume (see Table 27). Samples containing more than 10 percent
usually include some contamination from tank bottoms, emulsified oils, or t
washdown fluids.
3.4.4.3 Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of a liquid, or
its resistance to flow. The wide variation in values (1 to 513) does not
mean that one material is 513 times more or less viscous than another; the
relationship is not a linear one. A better way to understand these numbers
is by comparison. Gasoline has a viscosity of 100°F equal to about 5
centistokes, whereas some heavy machine oils have viscosities that exceed
2,000 centistokes. Some waste oil samples are less viscous than gasoline,
which probably indicates a high solvent content.
* Criteria for Listing a Hazardous Waste.
3-55
-------
u>
Table 28
SUMMARY OF FLASHPOINT FOR USED OIL SAMPLES BY OIL SOURCE AND END-USE
By Source of Oil:
Crankcase oil
Industrial oil
Unknown generator
All samples
By End-Use Application
Road oiling
Burning
Re-refiner
Unknown
Total
samples
analyzed
77
106
311
289
18
51
34
113
Number of
samples with
flashpoint
<140°F
7
7
66
80
11
28
10
31
Mean
temperature*
(°F)
276
273
146
210
121
146
271
230
Temperature
low
<70
80
60
60
72
60
<80
62
Range (°F)
high
440
525
450
525
165
284
480
525
* Calculated for detected flashpoints only.
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
3. A. 4. A' API Gravity
The API gravity, measured in °API, is a density parameter that can
be converted to specific gravity by use of a conversion equation (Table 27).
The scale in "API is more precise than the specific gravity scale, which
will have fewer significant figures when reported as whole numbers. In
this scale, the lower the value, the more dense the oil. For example, the
low value of 13 represents an oil sample that was 0.98 times as dense as
water, whereas the high value of 80 represents an oil sample only 0.67 times
as dense as water.
3.A.A.5 Energy Content
The energy content of used oil samples is measured as Btu per
pound. Pure lube oil typically has a Btu content somewhat higher than
20,000 Btu per pound (3). The Btu content of used oil samples ranges from
A,142 to 23, OA5 Btu per pound (see Table 29). Most samples range between
15,000 and 19,000 Btu per pound due to the presence of water and inorganic
solids which contaminate the oil.
3.A.5 Other Material Handled by Collectors and Processors
Most collectors and processors handle used oil only, but it is
not unusual for a company to handle other materials as well. For example,
some used oil collectors may service establishments with septic wastes or
greases and fats. Also, some may collect solvents or tank bottoms while
providing disposal and/or tank cleaning services.
The degree to which these materials are mixed with used oil by the
collector is unknown, but believed to be minor compared to the total quantities
3-57
-------
Table 29
ENERGY CONTENT OF USED OIL SAMPLES
(Btu/lb)
Co
Ln
CD
Total
samples
analyzed Mean
Automotive 38 17,737
Industrial 30 16,164
Unknown 163 16,267
All Samples 231 16,495
75th 90th Range
Median Percentile Percentile Low
18,072 18,813 18,893 15,156
18,000 20,323 20,719 6,690
16,888 18,334 19,156 4,142
17,200 18,587 19,350 4,142
High
20,087
20,863
23,045
23,045
Source: Appendix A references.
-------
of used'oil collected. Nevertheless, it does occur to some degree. Most
processors who collect these materials keep them segregated in storage.
Some may mix them with used oil at controlled ratios as a means of dis-
posing of the waste material. Solvents are commonly mixed with used
oil as a method of viscosity control as well as to dispose of the solvent.
Some used oil collectors and processors handle materials which
are clearly hazardous in nature. Most of these facilities are licensed to
collect, process, and/or transport hazardous x^astes. Some risks exist for
used oil contamination by the hazardous constituents unless care is taken
to avoid problems. The risks primarily involve using the same trucks and
storage tanks for used oil as the hazardous materials. Unless the tanks
are always thoroughly cleaned, used oils can be contaminated by residues
left from a previously stored hazardous waste.
3-59
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Section 4
USED OIL COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
4.1 OVERVIEW
This section describes the used oil management system and the
composition of used oil at collection and processing facilities. Each
of the major company types which participate in used oil management are
described with respect to processing technology, product oil distribution,
and residue generation and management. The concentration of potentially
hazardous constituents in used oil samples taken from collectors and pro-
cessors are statistically summarized according to the stage of processing.
The concentration of hazardous constituents in generated processing resi-
dues are also summarized in this section.
4.2 PARTICIPANTS IN THE USED OIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Although the processing technologies utilized by the used oil
management system are relatively simplistic, the system itself is quite
complex. There are literally hundreds of different types of companies
involved in management practices as well as hundreds of pathways which
generated used oil may follow on its way to reuse or disposal. Figure 2 (pre-
sented in Section 1) showed used oil flows through nine selected repre-
sentative facility types involved in the collection and processing of used
oils. All recovered oil is assumed to pass thrugh one or more of these
model facility types. The flow to end-use markets was developed based
upon a survey of companies representing each specific company type (5).
Model facilities were selected to represent the most significant varia-
tions which exist in the types of companies which comprise the used oil
management system.
4-1
-------
The nine selected model facilities utilized to describe the used
oil management system are listed and briefly defined according to size and
operational characteristics in Table 30. Although nine models have been
developed, there are only four basic types of companies involved in used
oil management:*
(1) Independent collectors
(2) Minor processors
(3) Major processors
(4) Re-refiners
These basic company types are generally defined in Section 2 - Definitions.
Later in this section, each company type is described in more detail accord-
ing to processing technology, operations, product oil sales, and residue
generation and management. These discussions are descriptive summaries
based upon a more comprehensive characterization of the model facilities
submitted separately to the U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste (2). In that
document, each of the nine selected models was characterized according to
the following categories:
1. Size of company
2. Sources of oil
3. Capital equipment
4. Facility operations
5. Markets for collected/processed oil
* A fifth company type is virgin fuel oil blenders who purchase used oil from
collectors and processors and mix the oil with virgin fuels for sale to all
sectors of society. These facilities are briefly discussed in Section 5 -
Used Oil Marketing and Disposal.
4-2
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Table 30
SELECTED MODEL FACILITIES IN THE USED OIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM*
Facility type
Model
abbreviation
Size of
company
Operational characteristics
Independent Collector
Minor Processor
Minor Processor
Major Processor
Major Processor
Major Processor
Major Processor
Re-Refiner
Re-Refiner
1C Small Collects used oil; no processing; delivers
primarily to processors but also end-users
MP-1 Small Collects used oil; settles water and/or
sludge; sells primarily to end-users and
fuel oil dealers, but also processors
MP-2 Medium Collects used oil; settles water and/or
sludge using heat treatment; may handle
other hazardous wastes; sells product oil
to end-users and fuel oil dealers
MJP-1 Medium Collects and purchases used oil; processes
using heat treatment, emulsion breaking, and
centrifugation; sells product oil to end-
users and fuel oil dealers •
MJP-2 Medium Same as MJP-1, except other waste materials
are handled in addition to used oil and pro-
duct oil is sold only to fuel oil dealers
MJF-3 Medium Same as MJP-1, except product oil may be
blended with virgin fuel oils on-site
MJP-4 Large Same as MJP-1, except other hazardous
materials (e.g., solvents) are also handled
which may be mixed with product oil
RR-1 Medium Acid-clay re-refining technology
RR-2 Large Vacuum distillation re-refining technology
* These nine facility types were selected to model the entire spectrum of facilities which exist in
the used oil management system. Each model facility is described in detail in another EFA document (2).
t Small facilities process <1 million gal/yr; medium facilities process 1 to 5 million gal/yr; and
large facilities process >5 million gal/year.
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd. from a limited survey of the used oil management system (1982-83).
4-3
-------
6. Other wastes handled
7. Residue generation and management
8. Administrative responsibilities
9. Other regulatory control options
In characterizing the models, ranges of reported conditions were
developed and a best estimate of typical conditions was assumed. The selec-
tion of a best estimate was based upon information directly obtained by the
research team from about one hundred industry representatives. No statistical
procedures were used in the characterization process because of the nature of
data gathering. The methodology consists of making responsible estimates us-
ing the random information obtained through site visits and telephone
communications.
Figure 5 summarizes the flow of used oil from generators into the
four basic types of companies in the management system. Independent col-
lectors collect only about 25 percent of the oil which passes from generators
into the management system. The majority (75 percent) is collected directly
by the companies involved in processing or re-refining the oil. Independent
collectors sell about 62 percent of their oil to processing companies, there-
fore 90 percent of the oil which enters the management system is ultimately
processed to some degree. About two-thirds of the processed oil is handled
by a major processing facility; 20 percent by a minor processing facility;
and only 14 percent by a re-refiner.
4.2.1 Independent Collectors
There are several hundred independent companies in the United States
which collect used oil (about 167 million gallons in 1983) and sell it to end-
4-4
-------
63.9
Generator Use
or Disposal
MINOR PROCESSING
COMPANIES
Settling
Heat Addition
In-Line Filtering
9.2
MAJOR PROCESSING
COMPANIES
Settling
Heat Addition
In-Line Filtering
Centrifugation
Screen Filtration
Dehydration
Emulsion Breaking
Blending
RE-REFINING COMPANIES
• Vacuum Distillation
• Acid-Clay Treatment
• Solvent Treatment
• Chemical Treatment
END-USERS
L.OR DISPOSALt
Figure 5. Used oil flow into the management system.
* Does not include automotive oil which is not recovered front OIYers.
Source: See Appendix C for the methodology for the development of the used oil flow.
-------
use markets and/or to processors and re-refiners. These companies may
store oil, but they do not process the oil to improve quality.
Although an independent collector may haul as much as one million
gallons of used oil per year, a more typical volume would be about one-half
of that amount. Most companies operate two collection vehicles and use 2
to 5 storage tanks (usually above-ground).
Independent collectors prefer to sell oil directly to users for
fuel or as a dust suppressant because of price variations for markets.
Prices received for these user markets are 30 to 80 percent higher than
those received if the oil were sold as an intermediate product to a pro-
cessor or re-refiner.
Independent collectors sell 35 percent of their oil directly to
end-users (15 percent road oil/20 percent fuel). The remaining 65 percent
is delivered to processors (45 percent) and re-refiners (20 percent).
A.2.2 Minor Processors
4.2.2.1 Processing Technology and Operation
The processing technology used by minor processors is quite
simplistic by definition, including only in-line filtering and gravity
settling with or without heat addition. Therefore, the only processing
equipment that would be used to carry out these simple steps includes
storage tanks, pumps, flexible hoses, rigid above or below ground metal
pipe, and heating devices. Heating by minor processors is only to decrease
viscosity and improve gravity settling. If heating is part of the minor
processors' operations, used oil is sometimes burned to provide the needed
energy.
4-6
-------
There are 100 to 150 minor processors of used oil in the United
States. Facility size varies from 250,000 to 5,000,000 gallons annual
throughput.
Most minor processors collect all of their oil with their own
collection vehicles; however, some companies report receiving up to 15
percent of their supply from independent collectors.
Minor processors operate and use variable numbers of collection
vehicles and storage tanks depending on the volume of used oil handled.
Typically, 3 to 6 collection vehicles are in operation and 5 to 10 storage
tanks are used. Tanks are usually located directly on the ground surface.
Some type of containment around a storage area is common. Minor processors
may also use drums, surface impoundments, and collection basins to store oil
or processing residues.
Many minor processors' collect and handle other waste materials
such as solvents. Some solvent mixing (usually high energy-nonchlorinated
solvents) with used oil is not uncommon.
4.2.2.2 Product Oil Distribution
Minor processors market product oil in five different ways or they
may burn it on-site for heat-induced gravity settling, for space heating,
or for some other fuel consuming process operated on the facility site.
The five general markets for product oil include (1) direct fuel sales,
(2) virgin fuel oil dealers (V.F.O.D.), (3) non-fuel industrial uses (e.g.,
phosphate industry flotation oil), (4) road oiling, and (5) major waste oil
processors. Of course, any given minor processor may market oil to a combi-
nation of these markets.
4-7
-------
The markets and prices received for minor processor's product oil
vary by region and season. Generally, a higher price is received for fuel
markets (50-60
-------
including filter residue, wastewater, sludge, and tank bottoms. Sludge
differs from tank bottoms in that sludge is generated rapidly as part of
the normal layering associated with settling. Tank bottoms are the thick
tar-like layer which forms slowly over a period of months or years. Some
processors may not separate out the sludge layer, but instead simply pass
it along with their product oil. In addition, some processors may never
clean their tanks and thus never generate tank bottoms. But typically,
most minor processors generate variable amounts of all four waste products.
Figure 6 summarizes residue generation and management for minor
processors. Typical generation rates for each residue type are shown below.
• In-Line Filtered Residue - 100 to 700 pounds per year
• Settled Wastewater - 25,000 to 500,000 gallons per year
• Oily Sludge - None* to 100,000 gallons per year
• Tank Bottoms - None* to 10,000 gallons per year
4.2.3 Major Processors
4.2.3.1 Processing Technology and Operation
By definition, a major processor is more sophisticated than a
minor processor with respect to processing technology. In addition to the
processing equipment used to carry out the minor processor's simple treat-
ment steps (storage tanks, pumps, flexible hoses, rigid above- or below-
ground metal pipe, and heating devices), a major processor uses other
* The non-existence of oily sludge and tank bottoms is based upon operational
characteristics of facilities which do not separate this material regard-
less of whether it is present or not (e.g., it is marketed with the product)
4-9
-------
•c-
I
Waste Oil
Generator
Skirmed
Oil
In-line
Filter
Collection
Truck
In-Une
Filter
/FIlterN
I Residue J
Landfill*
Impoundments.
Evaporation
Ponds
/filter\
(Residue )
Drum Storage
Settling
Tank
(With or
Without Heat)
Incineration
Private
Treatment/
Recovery
Facilities*
On-Slte
Sludge Pit
Impoundment
* Denotes most common
method(s) of residue
management.
T '
i
Approved
Landfill*
\
1
Asphalt
Companies
\
Indnei
Figure 6. Minor processor residue generation and management.
Note:*~TJenotes most common methods of residue management.
-------
tertiary treatment devices to further increase oil quality or to blend or
mix materials into the oil. Additional equipment which is used includes
distillation towers, large filter screens, centrifuges, agitators, and
blending devices. Distillation towers are used to evaporate light fuel
fractions and water from the waste oil. The hydrocarbons are collected
while the evaporated water vapor is released to the atmosphere. None of
the lube fraction is distilled. Filter screens and centrifuges separate
fine solids from the oil. Agitators are used to mix emulsion-breaking
chemicals in waste oil. Blending devices are used to mix virgin fuel oil
or other material into product oil.
The number of major processor companies is similar to that of
minor processor companies (100 to 150). Generally, major processors are
larger than minor processors, but company size is quite variable ranging
from about 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 gallons of oil per year. Those facil-
ities involved in blending used oil with virgin fuel oils tend to be larger
than those which do not blend.
Although major processors all operate collection fleets (4 to 20
vehicles), many purchase additional oil from independent collectors. Overall,
20 percent of the oil processed in major processing facilities is received
from independent collectors.
Most moderate and large sized major processors own and operate
large transport vehicles (6,000 to 9,000 gallons) in addition to smaller
route trucks (1,500 to 4,000 gallons). Transports are used to bring collected
oil to the processing facility from satellite storage locations and independent
collector storage, and to deliver product oil to end-use markets.
4-11
-------
Major processor storage is quite variable with respect to total
capacity and number of tanks. Some companies have only a few large tanks.
Others have as many as 30 to 40 tanks of smaller miscellaneous sizes. Most
typical facilities have several tanks of moderate size to give a total storage
capacity of about 200,000 gallons. Most tanks are built directly on the
ground surface. Spill containment around storage areas is common for most
facilities. Impoundments, drums, and collection basins can be found on many
major processor sites as alternatives for oil and residue storage and disposal.
A significant number of major processing companies are licensed to
transport and process hazardous wastes, particularly solvents. In some cases,
solvents (usually non-chlorinated), are mixed with oil as a means of disposal
and to decrease used oil viscosity.
4.2.3.2 Product Oil Distribution
Major processors market product waste oil in four different ways or
they may burn it on-site for heat-induced gravity settling, for space heating,
or for some other fuel-consuming process operated on the facility site, such
as distillation. The four general markets for product oil include (1) direct
fuel sales, (2) virgin fuel oil dealers (V.F.O.D.), (3) non-fuel industrial
uses (e.g., phosphate industry flotation oil), and (4) road oiling. Any given
major processor may market oil to a combination of these markets.
The markets and prices received for major processors' product oil
vary tremendously by region and season. The highest price received is for
direct fuel sales, primarily to asphalt plants or large industrial boilers
(50 to 65c/gal). Fuel oil dealers pay 40 to 60
-------
including road oiling pay 40 to 55c/gal. Generally, major processors receive
two to three cents more per gallon for most end-uses than minor processors.
Table 26 shows the overall product oil distribution from the four
types of major processors defined in Table 32. Major processors who blend
or mix used oil with virgin oil or other waste materials are more likely to
sell their product directly to users than to virgin fuel oil dealers.
TABLE 32. PRODUCT OIL DISTRIBUTION FROM MAJOR PROCESSORS
Market
Direct Fuel Sales
Fuel Oil Dealers
Non-Fuel Industrial
Road Oiling
On- Site Burning
Total
Waste Oil
(million gal)*
205.7
132.4
19.8
8.2
20.3
386.4*
Distribution
(percent)
53
35
5
2
5
100
* Does not include five percent losses in residue disposal.
Source: (5), see Appendix C.
4.2.3.3 Residue Generation and Management
Major processing technologies are designed to remove constituents
from used oil. The treatment methods typically yield five residues including
filter residies, wastewater, centrifuge solids, oily sludge, and tank bottoms.
Every major processor does not generate all of the five residues because
4-13
-------
specific operating practices which influence residue generation differ. For
example, a company may never clean out storage tanks and, therefore, effec-
tively not generate tank bottoms.
Figure 7 summarizes residue generation and management for major
processors. Typical generation rates for each residue type are shown below.
• In-Line Filter Residue - 200 to 1,000 pounds per year
• Settled Wastewater - 50,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per year
• Oily Sludge - None* to 100,000 gallons per year
• Tank Bottoms - None* to 25,000 gallons per year
• Centrifuge or Filter - None to 50,000 pounds per year
Screen Solids
4.2.4 Re-refiners
4.2.4.1 Processing Technology and Operation
Unlike the relatively consistent and simple reprocessor technologies,
re-refining operations differ considerably and are much more complex. Although
the technical differences in processing alternatives are important, details
regarding those differences require substantial explanation and are not in-
cluded in this report.f Rather, the major distinct types of re-refining tech-
nologies are listed:
* The non-existence of oily sludge and tank bottoms is based upon operational
characteristics of facilities which do not separate this material regardless
of whether it is present or not (e.g., it is marketed with the product).
t See References (11,15,16, and 34) for descriptions of re-refining technologies.
4-14
-------
Waste Oil
Generator
Other
Wastes (Sol
vents. Tank
Bottoms)
F11ter\
Residue)
Settling
Tank
(With Heat
Addition)
Moderate
Temperature
Distillation
Centrifuging
or
Screen
Filtration
Li
1
• Impoundments ,
Evaporation
Ponds
Figure 7. Major processor residue generation and management.
Note: * Denotes most common methods of residue management.
-------
(1) Solvent treatment/distillation/hydrotreating
(2) Acid/clay
(3) Vacuum distillation/clay polishing
(4) Chemical treatment/demetallization/clay polishing
The above distinctions are very Important for several reasons
including waste materials generated, coproduct and byproduct marketability,
and the applicability of environmental regulation and control options.
Much of the equipment used by processors such as storage tanks,
pumps, flexible hoses, rigid above and below ground metal pipe, heating de-
vices, dehydration units, and condensers are also used by re-refiners. How-
ever, additional tertiary processing equipment is also utilized by re-refiners
such as acid treatment vessels, vacuum distillation towers, and clay contacting
vessels.
Some re-refiners are also involved in used oil reprocessing, either
on a regular basis or according to product demand and feedstock quality. The
equipment required to reprocess used oil is contained as part of the refining
equipment. The reprocessing option merely bypasses some re-refining proces-
sing steps.
There are only 12 to 16 operating re-refiners in 1983; however, there
are some indications that this number will increase during the next decade.
Due to economies of scale, re-refiners tend to be larger than used
oil processors. Modern re-refiners, which use primarily vacuum distillation
technologies, process up to 20 million gallons of used oil per year. Typical
facilities process about 8 to 10 million gallons. The older and less common
acid/clay facilities are smaller (about 2 to 4 million gallons per year).
Only 2 or 3 acid/clay facilities were in operation in 1983.
4-16
-------
All re-refiners operate collection fleets which typically secure
two-thirds of the oil to be re-refined. The remaining one-third is obtained
from independent collectors.
In addition to the 5 to 15 collection vehicles operated by re-re-
finers, most companies own large transport vehicles to bring feedstock to
their facilities from distant points of collection and to deliver finished
products.
Re-refiners use many small to medium-sized storage tanks rather
than fewer large tanks. This is because re-refiners are likely to segregate
feedstocks and finished products according to quality and end-use. (Pro-
cessors are more likely to mix oil and therefore need fewer tanks to accom-
modate desirable segregation.) Typical re-refiners have 20 to 30 storage
tanks, most of which are above-ground tanks built directly on the ground
surface. Spill containment around storage areas is common.
4.2.4.2 Product Oil Distribution
The markets for re-refined products are better defined and under-
stood than those for reprocessors' product oil. All facilities produce a re-
refined lube basestock and a distilled light fuel fraction, most of which is
burned on-site to provide heating requirements. Other coproducts with marginal
value are also produced including distillation bottoms for use as an asphalt
extender and demetallizing filter cake for use in highway construction.
The lube oil yield and quality differ for various technologies.
For example, vacuum distillation processes yield about 10 percent more lube
than acid/clay processes (75 compared to 65 percent of input). In addition,
the basestocks produced in the vacuum distillation processes are more valuable
4-17
-------
than those produced by acid/clay processes because of quality differences.
The acid/clay technologies are less capable than distillation processes of
completely cleansing use oil of some metals from additive packages such as
barium and zinc ( 34 ).
The overall distribution of used oil which is delivered to re-re-
finers is summarized in Table 33.
TABLE 33. DISTRIBUTION OF USED OIL FROM RE-REFINERS
Oil Distribution
End-Use
Re-refined Lube Oil
Distillate Fuel
Distillation Bottoms
Disposal*
Total
(million gal)
62.7
6.0
9.0
7.3
85
(percent)
74
I
11
8
100
* Includes oil contained in process residues including spent clay, acid
sludge, wastewater, etc.
Source: (.5), see Appendix C.
4.2.4.3 Residue Generation and Disposal
In recent years two major reports have been published which evaluated
residue generation and disposal at re-refining facilities ( 16,19).. These docu-
ments comprehensively assess the characteristics and quantities of residues as
well as current and potential methods for their management. Figures 8 and 9
illustrate the sources of residues for the two major re-refining technologies
currently in operation (acid/clay and vacuum distillation, respectively) and
reasonable management alternatives. Typical generation rates for the reported
residues are listed on the second following page.
4-18
-------
Mix with
other
Process Waste
Figure 8. Acid/clay re-refiner residue generation and management.
Note:*~Denotes most common methods of residue management.
-------
-P-
I
ro
o
r~
IMix with
Bottoms
t
1
1
~~1
Mix with 1
Municipal 1
Waste* |
Bottoms
f Distillate
Fuels
Vacuun
Distillation
^
^f Steam A
"~ V Condensate J
' I I °n 1
Lube Oil
Asphalt
Extender*
Figure 9. Vacuum distillation re-refiner residue generation and management.
Note: * Denotes most common methods of residue management.
Sanitary
Sewer*
Storm
Sewer*
-------
Acid Clay Re-refiner
• In-Line Filtered Residue
• Wastewater
• Acid Sludge
• Spent Clay
- 200 to 2,000 pounds per year
- 100,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per year
- 250,000 to 750,000 gallons per year
- 300 to 500 tons per year
Vacuum Distillation Re-refiner
• In-Line Filtered Residue
• Wastewater
• Spent Clay
- 500 to 5,000 pounds per year
- 250,000 to 2,000,000 gallons per year
- 500 to 2,000 tons per year
4.2.5 Summary of Collector and Processor Companies
Three tables were developed to summarize the major characteristics
of collector and processor companies. Table 34 characterizes the nine typi-
cal company types with respect to size, oil source, equipment, and operations.
Table 35 summarizes residue generation and management and Table 35 summarizes
end-use markets.
It is important to emphasize that the typical company characteristics
in Table 34 were developed from a wide range of actual industry characteristics.
The information in Table 34 is typical rather than average. The methodology
did not use statistical procedures. Responsible estimates were made based
upon data and information obtained through telephone interviews and site visits
(5).
4-21
-------
Table 34
CHARACTERIZATION OF NINE TYPICAL COMPANY TYPES INVOLVED IN USED OIL MANAGEMENT*
Independent
Characteristicf Collectors
Size of Company
Number of employees
Annual oil volume
(ID6 gal)
Source of Oil
Automotive (%)
Industrial (%)
Collected from
Generators (%)
Purchased from Inde-
pendent Collectors (Z)
!983 Price Paid (e/gal)
to Generator
To Independent
Collector
Equipment
Number of Vehicles
Collection
Transport
Storage
Number of Tanks
Total Tank Capacity
(103 gal)
Other Storage
Devices*
°Perations§
Generator Accounts
Per Day per Vehicle
Sampling/Analysis
Programs
Spill Containment
Liner Usage
Croundwater Monitoring
2
0.5
100
0
100
0
20
NA
2
0
4
37
None
15
c
b
c
c
Minor
Processors
MP-1 MP-2
4
0.75
75
25
100
0
20
NA
3
0
5
74
None
10
c
b
c
c
7
1.5
75
25
100
0
20
KA
5
1
10
158
None
10
b
a
c
c
Kajor Processors
MJP-1
B
2.5
65
35
80
20
20
35
5
1
12
205
None
10
b
a
c
c
MJP-2
8
2.5
€5
35
SO
20
20
35
5
1
12
205
S.I.
10
b
a
b
c
, * A Hide range of company characteristics were identified for
111 teictK 5»« T=,ki^ 30 f™- definitions of company types.
MJP-3
6
2.5
65
35
80
20
20
35
5
1
12
205
None
10
b
a
c
c
MJP-4
30
7.5
65
35
80
20
20
35
15
5
25
508
S.I.
10
a
a
b
c
Re-Re finers
Vacuum
Distillation
30
8.0
65
35
67
33
20
35
10
25
725
None
10
a
a
b
c
Acid-
Clay
20
3.5
65
35
67
33
20
35
7
17
300
S.I.
10
a
a
b
c
each basic company type (see discussion
&«). See Table 30 for definitions or company types.
t Residue generation and markets are summarized in Tables 35 amS 36.
t (S.I.) indicates surface impoundments are typically used. rarelv oracticed
§ Operational usage codes: (a) commonly practiced, (b) moderately practiced, (c) rarely practiced.
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
4-22
-------
Table 35
SUMMARY OF RESIDUE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT BY TYPICAL USED OIL MANAGEMENT COMPANIES*
(annual quantities per facility)
Residue
In-line filter residue -
Ib
Settled wastewater -
1,000 gal
Oily sludge - 1,000 gal
Tank bottoms - 1,000 gal
Centrifuge or filter
screen solids - 1,000
Ib
Spent clay - tons
Acid sludge - 1,000 gal
Independent
collectors
Low
100
Ht
N
N
N
N
N
High
500
N
N
N
N
N
N
Minor processors
Low High
200 700
25 500
N 100
N 10
N N
N N
N N
Major processors
Low High
200 1,000
50 1,000
N 100
N 25
N 50
N N
N N
Re-Refiners
Vacuum
Low
500
250
N
N
N
500
N
distillation
High
5,000
2,000
N
30
N
2,000
N
Acid-Clay
Low
200
100
N
N
N
300
250
High
2,000
1,000
N
15
N
500
750
* The wide ranges for estimates of residue quantities occur because of diverse processing technologies, variable used oil quality,
and a general lack of data on generation rates.
t An (N) indicates not generated, or not separated.
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd., from a limited survey of the used oil management industry.
-------
Table 36
SUMMARY OF END-USE MARKETS FOR USED OIL MANAGEMENT COMPANIES*!
End-Use market
Direct fuel sales
Fuel oil dealers
Non-fuel industrial^
Road oiling
Major processors/
Re-refiners
On-site fuel
Lube oil
Total
Independent
Collectors
10
10
-
15
65
-
-
100
Minor
Processors
MP-1
25
45
5
10
15
-
-
100
MP-2
30
50
5
5
5
5
-
100
Major
MJP-l/MJP-2
45
40
8
2
-
5
-
100
Processors
MJP-3/MJP-4
60
30
3
2
-
5
-
100
Re-Refiners
Vacuum Acid-
Distillation Clay
-
-
12 0
-
- —
7§ 7§
75 65
94** 82**
* See Table 30 for definitions of company types.
t End-use market distributions are shown as percent of total for each market type.
t Includes asphalt extenders, flotation oils, form oils, etc.
§ It was assumed that the distillate fuel fraction is burned on-site for process fuel.
** Totals do not equal 100 due to oil losses in processing. Collector and processor losses are not
accounted for in this summary.
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd. from a survey of the used oil management system.
-------
The data in Table 35 show that wide ranges in residue generation
exist at used oil processing facilities. This is due to significant vari-
ations in processing technologies, used oil quality, and company management
practices. In some cases residues are generated but not acknowledged by
company management; therefore, it is effectively not generated. For example,
settled wastewater, sludge, and even tank bottoms are generated at any facil-
ity which stores used oil. However, many facilities do not separate these
materials from the oil. They may pass wastewater and settled sludge along
with product oil to an end-user or other processor, or they may leave tank
bottoms in their tanks for years because it accumulates very slowly (e.g.,
tank bottoms).
Table 36 compares the percent distribution of product oil from the
selected model facilities. These percents are the estimated average distri-
bution for all facilities of these types rather than the typical data pre-
sented in most of the model facility characterization tables. Except for
the independent collectors who sell most of their oil to processors and re-re-
finers, most of the product oil from all facility types enters the fuel market,
Similar used oil quantities are sold directly to burners and to virgin fuel
°il dealers. Also, similar amounts of oil are believed to be burned directly
and in blended form with virgin fuels. Road oiling is a major market for only
two facility types: independent collectors and one minor processor (MP-1).
All facility types which require process heat use used oil to provide some of
their total energy requirements.
4-25
-------
4.3 EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON USED OIL COMPOSITION
Section 1.4 presented an overview of used oil contamination by
potentially hazardous constituents, and Section 3.4 presented contamination
according to oil source. Those data are also relevant to the composition
of the oil which is stored and processed on-site at used oil management
system companies.
In this section, some data are presented on the effects of processing
on the presence of the hazardous constituents in used oil. Overall, data are
lacking and clear conclusions regarding the efficiencies of contaminant re-
moval through various processing steps cannot be made. Therefore, the quan-
titative part of this presentation is limited to an assessment of the effects
of settling on contaminant removal and a comparison of incoming waste oil
quality with product oil quality. A qualitative discussion of the effects
of some processing steps is also included.
Table 37 provides some data on the effects of settling on metals
and total chlorine concentrations in top and bottom layers of stored used
°il. The data are limited and inconclusive; however, the metals do appear
to be somewhat higher in the bottom layers of stored oil. Relatively more
data are available for total chlorine concentration which seems to be unaf-
fected by settling.
The presence of various constituents in layers of stored used oil
depend on several factors including the water content of the oil, the solu-
bility of the constituents in water and oil, and the chemical and physical
f°rm of the constituents (e.g., particulate form). The measured effects of
settling on constituent concentrations also depend on sampling techniques.
4-26
-------
For example, when samples were taken from bottom layers, how close to the
bottom were the samples taken? Were any tank bottoms taken? Was an oily
water sample taken? Was it a settled oily sludge with a high BS&W content?
Or, was it mostly straight mineral oil? For the data in Table 37, answers
to these questions are unknown; thus the data are of limited value.
Many of the 1,071 used oil samples were identified as either in-
coming unprocessed waste oil or processed product oil. The data do not per-
mit the determination of the effectiveness of contaminant removal for specific
processes because a given batch of used oil was never sampled as it moved
through the processing scheme. However, since nearly 400* Used oil samples
can be identified as processed or unprocessed,* a comparison of these two
groups does provide some indication of the overall effectiveness of processing
in general. Tables 38 and 39 show the concentrations of potentially hazardous
constituents in unprocessed and processed used oil, respectively. Table 40
compares the mean, median, and 90th percentile concentrations for several
constituents in unprocessed and processed used oil. It also shows the per-
cent difference in median concentrations.
The results of the unprocessed/processed comparison in "Table 40 are
unexpected. The median concentration of virtually all of the hazardous con-
stituents is higher in the product oil than in the unprocessed used oil.
Quite surprising was the fact that lead concentration in product oil was
about 87 percent higher than in unprocessed oil. Other metals ranged from
3 to 70 percent higher in product oil. The higher measured values for all
* In the processed/unprocessed classification no attempt was made to dis-
tinguish between specific processing technologies.
4-28
-------
Table 38
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN UNPROCESSED USED OIL
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Lead
Chromium
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dichlorodifluorome thane
Trlchlorotr if luoroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphthalane
Bunzo (a) ant Iiracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
291
291
291
291
256
288
265
265
264
291
105
106
106
266
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
74
272
70
258
192
284
140
71
130
278
46
83
85
39
percent
25
93
24
88
75
98
52
26
49
96
43
78
80
14
Mean
concentration
(ppm)
16.8
111.6
4.0
598.5
45.0
538.2
3,298.4
2,032.2
2,362.1
4,397
1,493.2
2,199.1
2,466.4
79
Concentration
Median at 75th
* concentration f percentile f
(ppm) (ppm)
5
39
7
259
5.8
330
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
100
100
100
1,700
15
230
540
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
5
5
110
8
745
19
741
1,400
100
540
4,200
100
800
1,200
10
Concentration Concentration
at 90th range
percentile f (ppm)
(ppm)
17
210
10
1,200
87
1,100
4,500
500
2,100
9,600
300
2,900
1,900
32
low
2
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2.3
<1
<1
<2
<100
<1
<1
<2
0.53
high
94
1,170
57
15,000
571
8,610
36,000
26,000
32,000
86,700
55,000
55,000
57,000
1,900
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 = 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Table 39
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN PRODUCT OIL FROM USED OIL PROCESSING FACILITIES
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Lead
Chromium
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dlchlorodlf luoromethane
Trichlorotrifluoroe thane
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphthalene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
105
105
105
105
71
106
101
101
101
104
9
10
10
100
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
34
96
7
95
44
104
65
51
59
102
4
9
8
10
percent
32
91
6
90
61
98
64
50
58
98
44
89
79
9
Mean Median
concentration * concentration f
(ppm) (ppm)
21.5
153.3
4.5
547.8
23.4
578.7
2,681.0
2,464.1
1,660.6
4,900
325.5
1,459.4
2,346.3
16.5
5
50
8
484
6
540
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
400
200
200
2,900
16
270
730
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
10
Concentration
at 75th
percentile t
(ppm)
13
160
10
771
12
730
2,000
500
1,000
6,100
30
600
1,100
12
Concentration Concentration
at 90th range
percentile t (ppm)
(ppm)
22
312
10
942
27
1,090
4,400
1,500
2,600
11,400
110
1,600
2,200
50
low
<5
1.9
0.5
5
0.5
5
<7
<7
<7
<100
<7
<15
<7
1
high
58
1,710
10
3,250
324
2,050
14,000
40,000
9,300
25,800
1,100
9,100
12,000
100
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 = 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
Table 40
COMPARISON OF CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN UNPROCESSED AND PROCESSED USED OIL
(ppm)
Unprocessed Used Oil
90th
mean* median percentile
mean*
Product Oil
median
90th
percentile
Percent
difference
in
medianf
*-
UJ
Metals
Arsenic 16.8 5 17
Barium 111.6 39 210
Cadmium 4.0 7 10
Chromium 45.0 5.8 87
Lead 598.5 259 1,200
Zinc 538.2 330 1,100
Total Chlorine 4,397 1,700 9,600
Chlorinated Solvents
1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane 3,298 100 4,500
Trichloroethylene 2,032 100 500
Tetrachloroethylene 2,362 100 2,100
Aromatics
Benzene 1,493 15 300
Toluene 2,199 230 2,900
Xylenes 2,466 540 1,900
PCBsJ 79 5 32
21.5
153.3
4.5
23.4
547.8
578.7
4,900
2,681
2,464
1,661
326
1,459
2,346
16.5
5
50
8
6
484
540
2,900
400
200
200
16
270
730
10
22
312
10
27
942
1,090
11,400
4,400
1,500
2,600
110
1,600
2,200
50
0
4-28.2
+14.3
+3.4
+86.9
+57.6
+J0.6
+300.0
+100.0
+100.0
+6.7
+17.4
+35.2
+100.0
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
+ Calculated by: Product Oil Value - Unprocessed Oil Value ---„ . . . . , ,, . . ^
' Unprocessed oihjalu^ X W0/" \ne&a*lve sign indicates that
the value was higher in unpro-
cessed oil.
$ All values calculated for detected concentrations only. Unprocessed oil had 14 percent detection
while processed had 9 percent detection.
A Hr>t-,-i.
-------
chlorinated and aromatic solvents is somewhat surprising as well, since
heat treatment should separate these volatile organics from the product
oil. The significantly larger median concentrations for these volatile
compounds are probably more, due to anomalies in the data, than to real
differences. In some cases these light fractions are condensed by the
processor; however, in other cases they are emitted to the atmosphere with
steam which is also driven from the oil. Overall, one would expect pro-
cessed oil (particularly from major processing facilities) to have lower
levels of chlorinated and aromatic solvents than unprocessed oil.
In summary, used oil processing in 1983 is primarily to remove
water, solids, and perhaps the light hydrocarbons which contaminate the oil.
The data in Tables 38 to 40 show that many of the potentially hazardous
constituents which are solubilized in the oil are barely affected by any
processing short of re-refining.* Unless the constituents are present
in particulate form or solubilized in a separable water fraction, the
processing will usually not remove them.
4.4 CONTAMINATION OF USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES
Despite the low level effectiveness of many used oil processing
technologies to remove the potentially hazardous constituents in the oil,
the residues which are generated by collectors, processors, and re-refiners
do contain variable levels of most of the constituents. The concentrations
* The effects of re-refining on oil quality are examined in Section 5 -
Used Oil Marketing and Disposal.
4-32
-------
of these hazardous constituents in processing residues are summarized in this
section. A separate discussion of the contamination of each of the major res-
idues and a miscellaneous group of residues follows.
4.4.1 Settled Sludges Generated During Used Oil Storage and Processing
Settled sludges can result from storage of used oil or as part of
the processing to remove water and solids from the oil. Tank bottoms are not
included in this category. The bottom sediment and water content (BS&W) of
settled sludges ranges from 30 to over 90 percent. There is no criterion for
BS&W which distinguishes a bottom layer of stored oil from a settled sludge.
It is important to emphasize that some collectors and processors do not ac-
knowledge the presence of this settled material; instead, they routinely pump
their tanks dry. Other processors separate this material and pass it on to a
more sophisticated processor for additional treatment and oil recovery.
Table 41 shows that the presence of potentially hazardous con-
stituents in settled sludges is not very different from those levels measured
in used oils. This is not surprising since the oil content in these sludges
can be more than 50 percent. The composition data show that a settled sludge
can contain several listed hazardous constituents. However, the contaminants
do not appear to concentrate in the settled sludges.
4.4.2 Wastewater Separated from Used Oils
During processing a distinct free-water fraction is separated from
used oils. This is in addition to the water which is tied up in oil-emulsions
which comprise much of a settled sludge. Table 42 shows the levels of con-
taminants measured in wastewater samples. The differences in wastewater
composition and used oil composition are dependent upon the solubility of
4-33
-------
Table 41
SUMMARY OF CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN SETTLED SLUDGES GENERATED DURING WASTE OIL STORAGE AND PROCESSING
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
D ichlorod if luorome thane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzo(a)pyrene
PCBs
Total
analyzed
samples
41
47
40
37
50
47
8
NDt
39
41
41
39
7
42
Samples with
detected Mean
contaminant concentration*
number
10
43
11
30
42
46
6
-
28
21
24
38
5
3
percent
24
91
28
81
84
98
75
-
72
51
59
97
71
7
(ppm)
11
416
63
215
802
568
131
-
1,575|
469
1,400
3,128§
4
182
Concentration
Median at 75th
concentration percent lie
(ppm) (ppm)
<5
70
<7
20
300
259
22
-
300
100
200
1,780
1.4
17
<5
310
<10
135
993
650
30
-
1,100
360
1,000
7,790
3.6
50
Concentration
at 75th Concentration
percent ile range (ppm)
(ppm) Low High
12
1,200
48
714
1,400
1,550
59
-
5,400
1,100
1,900
13,100
12
50
0.013
0.21
0.02
<0.5
0.02
0.09
<1
-
19
2.2
70
68
<1
<1
24
3,610
216
2,130
7,770
3,150
640
-
110,000
1,300
8,200
181,000
12
500
* Mean was calculated for detected concentrations only.
t One sample with a very high concentration (110,000 ppm) was omitted to avoid distortion of the mean.
t No data were available for this constituent.
§ Two samples with very high concentrations (75,400 and 181,000 ppm) vere omitted to avoid distortion of the mean.
Source: Appendix B contains the raw analytical data and references.
-------
Table 42
SUMMARY OF CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN WASTEWATER GENERATED DURING WASTE OIL STORAGE AND PROCESSING
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
1,1, 1-Tr Ichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
analyzed
samples
16
19
19
17
19
19
13
11
13
5
10
10
2
2
8
21
Samples with
detected Mean
contaminant concentration*
number
10
12
7
8
15
17
10
7
10
5
8
10
0
0
6
5
percent
63
63
37
47
79
89
77
64
77
100
80
100
0
0
75
24
(ppm)
3.4
80
0.34f
10-
271
250
666
561
309
1,566
364
1,306
-
-
283
2.9
Concentration
Median at 75th
concentration percent ile
(ppm) (ppm)
0.10
1.0
0.55
1.04
5
5.5
250
100
110
1,140
290
693
-
-
229
0.19
0.68
29
1.1
8.8
107
200
610
910
580
1,920
550
1,300
_
_
470
0.2
Concentration
at 90th Concentration
percentile range (ppm)
(ppm)
22
241
37
68
585
1,300
1,800
2,600
700
4,170
890
5,800
_
_
700
14
Low
0.03
0
0
0
<0.1
<0.005
12
20
3.3
76
<0.4
14
<0.02
<0.02
0.7
0.04
High
22
300
37
68
2,300
1,650
1,900
2,600
1,300
4,170
890
5,800
<1
<1
700
14
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t One sample with a very high concentration (37 ppm) was omitted to avoid distortion of the mean.
Source: Appendix B contains the raw analytical data and references.
-------
the constituents in the water and oil phases. The metals remain in the oil
rather than settle with the wastewater. The low median metals concentration
in the wastewater is due to the small amount of oil which remains in the sep-
arated water fraction. The chlorinated and aromatic solvents show fairly
high concentrations in the wastewater, but not significantly different from
those found in the oil. Solubility of these contaminants is similar in both
phases. One-fourth of the wastewater samples were found to contain PCBs.
No PNAs were detected in wastewater, but the data were limited (only two
samples were analyzed).
4.4.3 Spent Clays from Used Oil Processing
Clays are primarily used for lube oil polishing by re-refiners, but
they find application as a used oil filtration media. Table 43 shows a sum-
mary of metals concentrations in spent clays. Metals content is lowest in
spent clays used to polish lube oils from distillation/clay re-refining pro-
cesses. The highest levels are reported for clay used in contact filtration
processing and chemical treatment/clay bead re-refining. Intermediate levels
have been measured in clays from acid/clay re-refining facilities.
Most spent clays have insignificant levels of chlorinated and
aromatic solvents because these contaminants are separated from the used oil
Prior to contacting the clay. A possible exception is spent clay used in a
contact filtration process (this is an uncommon practice). Higher molecular
weight hydrocarbons such as PCBs and PNAs have not been measured, but their
presence in spent clay is probable at levels directly related to their con-
centration in the used oil. Therefore, significant contamination by these
constituents is possible.
4-36
-------
Table 43
SUMMARY OF CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN SPENT CLAY USED IN WASTE OIL PROCESSING
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Total
analyzed
samples
7
7
7
7
7
7
Samples with
detected
Mean
contaminant concentration*
number
6
4
7
7
3
7
percent
86
57
100
100
43
100
(ppm)
8.4
242
6.9
35
614
230
Median
concentr at ion
(ppm)
3.7
76
11
17
1
76
Concentration
range
low
<0.02
<1
0.5
5
<1
52
(ppm)
high
24
628
13
169
1,200
800
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
Source: Appendix B contains the raw analytical data and references.
-------
4.4.4 Distillation Bottoms from Re-Refining Facilities
Re-refiners who use distillation processes generate distillation
bottoms which may be marketed as asphalt extenders or disposed of in some
manner. Comparative data are available on metals concentrations in distil-
lation bottoms (see Table 44). A single analysis was performed to measure
PCBs and PNAs content; neither of these constituents was detected.
Table 44 summarizes the results of six metals analyses in dis-
tillation bottoms. The data indicate that fairly high levels of each metal
are present. The distillation process concentrates the metals from the used
oil into the bottoms material. Therefore, the metals content is directly
related to levels in the used oil.
4.4.5 Other Used Oil Re-Refining and Processing Residues
In addition to the four major residues discussed in the preceding
sections, re-refiners and reprocessors generate several other residues. Some
residues for which limited analytical results have been obtained include:
• Tank bottoms from storage/settling tanks
• Solvent sludges from re-refining
• Acid sludge from re-refining
• Ultrafiltrate solids
• Centrifuge sludge
• Activated carbon from re-refining (PROP)*
• Filter cake from re-refining (PROP)
• Filter sludge from screen filtration
* Phillips Re-refined Oil Process developed by Phillips Petroleum Company in
Bartlesville, Oklahoma.
4-38
-------
Table 44
SUMMARY OF CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN DISTILLATION BOTTOMS FROM RE-REFINING FACILITIES
p*
-o
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Total
samples
analyzed
4
5
5
5
5
5
Samples with
detected
contaminant
number
3
5
4
5
5
5
percent
75
100
80
100
100
100
Mean
concentrat ion*
(ppm)
8.1
477
12.7
43.2
6,543
1,360.8
Median
Concentration
concentration range
(ppm)
1
25
9
35
4,235
133
low
<0.01
6
0
7
1,090
85
(ppm)
high
15
1,400
29
100
15,000
3,500
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
Source: Appendix B contains the raw analytical data and references.
-------
REFERENCES
1. Weinstein, N. J. Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal. Prepared by
Recon Systems, Inc. for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
August 1974.
2. PEDCo control option costing
3. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. Monthly
Energy Review. April 1983.
4. U.S. EPA. A Risk Assessment of Waste Oil Burning in Boiler and Space
Heaters. Prepared by PEDCo Environmental, Inc. for the U.S. EPA,
Office of Solid Waste. October 1983.
5. Data and Information regarding used oil management system company types,
operations, and characteristics were obtained through telephone inter-
views and site visits carried out by Franklin Associates, Ltd. and
PEDCo Environmental, Inc. during the first half of 1983.
6. Development Planning & Research Associates, Inc. and ETA Engineering,
Inc. Interim Report for the RCRA Economic Impact Analysis of the
Effects of the Waste Oil Regulations on the Waste Oil Management
System—System Description. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Solid Wastes. May 1981.
7. Bider, W..L., S. C. Metzler, and R. G. Hunt. Evaluation of the Use
of Waste Oil as a Dust Suppressant. Prepared for the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. September 1983.
8. U.S. EPA. Evaluation of Health and Environmental Problems Associated
with the Use of Waste Oil as a Dust Suppressant. By Franklin Associates,
Ltd. and PEDCo Environmental, Inc. for U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste.
November 1983. Draft Report.
9. Weaver, M. Prison Switch to Used Oil Yields Quick Payback. Energy
User News. Monday, November 14, 1983. pp. 1, 3.
10. Brinkman, D.W., M. Gottlieb, and K. Koelbel. Used Motor Oil Poses
Environmental Problem. Oil & Gas Journal. August 9, 1982.
11. Yates, J.J., and K. G. Croke. Used Oil Recycling in Illinois Data
Book. ETA Engineering for the Illinois Institute of Natural Resources,
October 1978. 135 pp.
-------
12. Sager, R. C. Gulf Refining and Marketing Company Demand Forecasts.
Hydrocarbon Processing. July 1981.
13. Sun Oil Company. Sales projections published in (3).
14. U.S. Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Standards. Recycled
Oil Program: Phase I Test Procedures for Recycled Oil Used as Burner
Fuel. NBS Technical Note 1130.
15. U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Conservation: Review of All Lubri-
cants Used in the U.S. and Their Re-refining Potential. //DOE/BC/30227-1
by Richard J. Bigda & Associates. Work performed under Contract No.
DE-AT19-78BC30227.
16. U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Conservation: Enhanced Utilization
of Used Lubricating Oil Recycling Process By-Products. Final Report
//DOE/BC/10059-19 by Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Work Performed Under
Contract No. AC-1979BC10059, March 1982.
17. Gabris, Tibor. Emulsified Industrial Oils Recycling. By Springborn
Laboratories, Inc. //DOE/BC10183-1. Bartlesville Energy Technology
Center, U.S. Department of Energy. April 1982.
18. Cotton, F. 0. Energy Conservation: Waste Lubricating Oils: An
Annotated Review. //DOE/BETC/IC-82/4 by Bartlesville Energy Tech-
nology Center. U.S. Department of Energy. October 1982.
19. Swain, J. W. Assessment-of Industrial Hazardous Waste Management
Practices, Petroleum Re-refining Industry (SIC 2992) prepared for
U.S. EPA, September 1976.
20. U.S. EPA. Used Oil Burned as a Fuel. By Recon Systems, Inc. for
U.S. EPA. October 1980.
21. U.S. EPA, Report to Congress: Listing of Waste Oil as a Hazardous
Waste Pursuant to Section (8)(2), Public Law 96-463. U.S. EPA,
Office of Solid Waste. January 1981. Found in the Waste Charac-
terization Branch, Office of Solid Waste.
22. Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc. Selected Charac-
teristics of the Waste Oil Space Heater Industry. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, July 1983.
23. Jervis, R. E. Trace Impurities in Canadian Oil Sands, Coals and
Petroleum Products and Their Fate During Extraction, Up-Grading,
and Combustion. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, 71, No. 1-2.
1982. pp. 225-241.
-------
24. Unpublished data obtained by David William (U.S. EPA) from Steven T.
Cragg (American Petroleum Institute). August 19, 1982.
25. Zobell, C. E. Sources and Biodegradation of Carcinogenic Hydro-
carbons. Proceedings of Joint Conference on Prevention and Control
of Oil Pollution. 1971.
26. Proceedings of Symposium on Nonhydrocarbon Constituents of Petroleum.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. March 30-April 3, 1952.
27. Yen, T. F. The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum. Ann Arbor Science
Publishers. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1975.
28. McCoy, J. The Inorganic Analysis of Petroleum. Chemical Publishing
Company. New York. 1962.
29. Becker, D. A. , Editor. Measurements and Standards for Recycled Oil -
II. NBS Conference Proceedings, November 29-30, 1977.
30. Mascetti, G. J. and H. M. White. Utilization of Used Oil. Prepared
for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Aerospace Corporation.
August 1978.
31. Unpublished data received from Motor Oils Refining Company, McCook,
Illinois. No date.
32. Valkovic, Vlado. Trace Elements in Petroleum. Petroleum Publishing
Company. 1980.
33. Skinner, D. J. Preliminary Review of Used Lubricating Oils in Canada.
Environment Canada. No. EPS 3-WP-74-4, June 1974.
34. Department of Energy. The Fate of Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Wastes
in Used Oil Recycling. Prepared for the Bartlesville Energy Technology
Center by GCA Corporation. April 15, 1983.
35. Mascetti, G. J., et al. Utilization of Used Oil. The Aerospace Corp-
oration for the U.S. Department of Energy, August 1978.
36. Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc. Risk/cost analysis
of regulatory options for the waste oil management system. U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, EPA No. 68-01-6322, January 1982.
37. Recon Systems, Inc., and ETA Engineering, Inc. Used oil burned as
a fuel. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 1980.
-------
38. Hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United
States Senate. 96th Congress, Second Session, on S. 2412, A bill to
amend the resource conservation and recovery act to further encourage
the use of recycled oil. May 5, 1980.
39. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Assessment of
Residual Oil Utilization - Second Annual Report. September 1978.
EPA 600/7-78-175.
40. Electric Power Research Institute. Study of Electrostatic Precipi-
tators Installed on On-Fired Boilers, Volume II. June 1978.
41. Franklin Associates, Ltd. A survey of nine analytical chemists or
equipment manufacturers was carried out to assess quality control
in used oil analytical techniques. September 1983.
42. Crump-Weisner, Hans & Allen L. Jennings. "Properties & Effects of
Non-Petroleum Oils," 1975 Conference on the Prevention and Control
of Oil Pollution. Sponsored by American Petroleum Institute, U.S.
EPA, and U.S. Coast Guard, published by API, 1975, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 29-32. Found in U.S. EPA library.
43. U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Michael Murchison, Water & Solid Waste
Division, to Gary Dietrich, Director, Office of Solid Waste, through
Lisa Friedman, Assistant General Counsel for RCRA. Subject: Regu-
lation of waste oil under the Used Oil Recycling Act of 1980. Found
in the Waste Characterization Branch, Office of Solid Waste. Undated.
44. Brecht, F., "Outlook for'U.S. Lube Oil Supply and Demand," presented
at the 1983 NPRA Annual Meeting, March 20-22, 1983.
45. "Refiners Cite Higher Costs in Lead Phasedown Proposal," Oil & Gas
Journal. August 6, 1984, p. 35.
46. Temple, Barker, and Sloane, Inc., Memoranda to EPA-OSW, August 8,
1984, "Non-Industrial Generators."
47. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Census of Manufactures,
1977 and 1982.
48. "U.S. EPA Used Oil Sampling and Analysis Program," 1983 and 1984,
sample analysis performed by ERGO, Inc. with data analysis by
Franklin Associates, Ltd.
-------
A complete presentation of analytical results for these residues
can be found in Appendix B. All of these materials are contaminated by
heavy metals. Lead concentrations are particularly high, with concentra-
tions above 10,000 ppm common for some of the re-refining sludges and filter
cakes. The simple screen filtration processes are not efficient methods to
remove metals from used oil, so those sludges have the lowest metal concen-
trations of these residues. Nevertheless, lead levels in screen filtration
sludges have been measured at 100 ppm.
Little or no data are available on contamination of these residues
by hazardous constituents other than heavy metals. Such contamination is
probably directly related to the contamination of the used oil which is
processed.
4-40
-------
Section 5
USED OIL MARKETING AND DISPOSAL
5.1 OVERVIEW
Used oil which is handled by the management system described in
Section 4 is sold by collectors, processors, and re-refiners for several
end-uses. Burning is clearly the major end-use market. Road oiling and
re-refined lube base stock are smaller markets but still significant. Other
minor markets exist such as asphalt extenders, flotation oils, and form oils.
Very little collected oil is disposed of; however, losses do occur in resi-
dues and as a result of spills and leaks. This section examines the end-
uses for used oil with respect to quantities and composition. The levels
of contaminants in used oil burned as fuel are compared to the levels in
virgin oil products.
5.2 SUMMARY OF USED OIL END-USE MARKETS
Table 45 shows end-use and disposal estimates for all generated
used oil. The data are broken down according to whether the oil entered
the used oil management system or not. The oil which does not flow into
the management system is reused or disposed of by the generator.
About 73 percent of the oil which flows through the management
system is believed to be burned as fuel compared to only 19 percent of that
which never enters the system. Also, about 9 percent of the system oil is
re-refined to new lube oil and 5 percent is used for non-fuel industrial
applications such as flotation oils and asphalt extenders. About two-thirds
of the oil not entering the management system is lost through disposal—
5-1
-------
TABLE 45. END-USES FOR USED OIL, 1983f
Used Oil
Flowing Through
Management System
End-use or disposal
Re-refined Lube Oil or
On-Site Recycling
Non-Fuel Industrial!
Burning
Large Boilers
Small Boilers
Cement Kilns
Diesel Engines
Space Heaters
On-Site Boilers
Subtotal - Burning
Road Oiling
Disposal
Landfill
Incineration
Dumping
Subtotal - Disposal
Grand Total
(10" gal)
62.7
34.9
454.0
5.0
0
0
30.8
489.8
39.6
42.1
0
42.1
669.1
(percent)J
9.4
5.2
67.9
0.7
0
0
4.6
73.2
5.9
6.3
0
6.3
100
Used Oil
Not Entering
Management System*
(106 gal)
44**
0
8-Ott
0
15.0
34.2
43.1
100. 3jt
28.9
122.6
241.2
363.8
537.0
(percent)t
8.2
0
1.5
0
2.8
6.4
8.0
18.7
5.4
22.8
44.9
67.7
100
Total Generated
Used Oil
(106 gal)
106.7
34.9
462.0
5.0
15.0
34.2
73.9
590.1
68.5
164.7
241.2
405.9
1,206.1
(percent)J
8.8
2.9
38.3
0.4
1.2
2.8
6.1
48.9
5.7
13.7
20.0
33.7
100
* Includes used oil which is managed entirely by the generator either through reuse or disposal.
t Includes flotation oils in phosphate industry and asphalt extenders.
I All volumes represent oil with consumed additives. Solid and liquid contaminants (including water) are not included in quantities.
** Reuse of lubricants by industry may use sophisticated re-refining technologies or simpler processor technologies.
ft These 8 million gallons were burned by DIYers in various ways, but primarily blended with home heating oil.
Source: See Appendix C for oil flow description methodology.
-------
including widespread dumping. About one-half of all dumping is by DIYers,
and the other half is by large off-road vehicle operators such as farmers,
miners, and construction workers.
Of the total generated oil nearly half is burned for energy
recovery. Only about 5.2 percent becomes new re-refined lube oil, some-
what less than the amount used as a road oil (8.8 percent is reused if on-
site industrial processing is included).
5.3 BURNING USED OIL AS FUEL
Nearly 600 million gallons of used oil were burned primarily as
fuel in 1983 in the United States. This is the single largest end-use cate-
gory comprising about 73 percent of all of the used oil which enters the man-
agement system and almost half of all generated used oil. Used oil is burned
in various boiler types and sizes, small oil space heaters, incinerators,
asphalt plants, cement kilns, and diesel engines. Any facility designed to
burn No. 6 fuel oil and most facilities designed to burn No. 4 and No. 5
fuel oils can burn straight used oil, Some modifications may be necessary
in systems designed to burn the lighter fuels (4). Blended fuel oil pro-
ducts which typically contain 5 to 20 percent used oil can be burned in vir-
tually any boiler type if the virgin fuel fraction is No. 3 fuel oil or
lighter. Blending with No. 3 oil and burning in small and medium- size
residential and commercial boilers is common in some locations, particularly
the northeast.
Most used oil which is burned has been processed to some degree
by minor or major processing technologies (see Section 4 descriptions and
Section 2 definitions). In some cases, the burners of the oil carry out
some processing of their own. For example, a correctional center in Carson
5-3
-------
City, Nevada purchases unprocessed oil which they heat treat and centrifuge
to remove water, sludge, and up to 80 percent of the lead in the oil (9).
This in-house processing by relatively large users insures consistent oil
quality and keeps the purchase price down. Of course, in-house processing
can only be carried out with appropriate technical staff to monitor, these
practices.
The environmental impacts of burning used oil depend on:
(1) Concentration of hazardous contaminants in the oil
(2) Burner design
(3) Emissions control equipment
(4) Stack height
(5) Meteorological conditions
(6) Number of emitting sources within an area
This section provides a summary of the. concentration of hazardous
constituents in the oil (factor 1 above). A recently completed report for
the U.S. EPA examined the other factors regarding the risks associated with
burning used oil (4).
Table 46 summarizes the composition data for about 350 samples
identified as used oil which was to be burned as fuel. It is important
to emphasize that hundreds of other used oil samples were analyzed for
which end-use was not known. Most of these samples were probably taken
from batches of used oil which were also burned since burning is such an
important end-use market. Therefore, although the sample size is large
for the data presentation in Table 46, one should be aware of the fact
5-4
-------
Table 46
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED OIL BURNED AS FUEL
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dlchlorodif luoromethane
Trichlorotrlfluoroe thane
1,1, 1-Tr Ichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Tctrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Benzo (a) anthracene
Bcnzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed i
223
282
264
214
348
253
74
10
308
305
300
252
72
75
72
11
31
11
321
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number percent
46
238
92
168
321
250
51
8
232
181
225
249
47
70
68
9
21
11
38
20
84
34
78
92
98
68
80
75
59
75
98
65
93
94
81
67
100
11
Mean
concentration *
(ppra)
19.5
136.9
4.0
37.7
554.7
706.9
373.3
953.8
1,598.2
850.1
1,209.8
5,540
1,715.8
3,353.1
3,519.5
24
9.5
588.2
167.2
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration t percentlle t percentile f (PP"0
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
5
50
7
5.3
390
628
30
620
420
150
200
2,300
100
890
820
12
5
420
6
5
140
10
11
821
831
210
940
1,400
370
780
4,900
200
2,900
1,900
25
12
•J rn
750
30
19
240
10
60
1,080
1.080
860
1.400
3.100
830
1,700
9,500
360
7,400
3,400
30
14
990
50
low
0.9
0
<0.2
0
0
<5
<1
<20
<2
<1
<1
<100
<3
<3
<5
<5
<1
210
0
high
94
1,710
40
571
4,730
8,610
2,200
1,900
1.500
4,000
3,200
459,000
55,000
55,000
57,000
60
17
1,400
3.150
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentlle concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 = 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
that any used oil could actually be burned. It is recommended that Table 2
in Section 1 which summarizes the contamination of all 1,071 samples also
be reviewed.
The data in Table 46 show that burned used oil can contain high
levels of many hazardous constituents.
The composition of virgin fuel oils is important as a point of
comparison to used oil. Generally, used oils take the place of heavy fuel
oils (e.g., residual oils); however, they may be blended with lighter fuels-
(e.g., distillate oils).
As with all crude and refined products, the hydrocarbon composition
in fuel oils varies depending upon the source of crude oil and the specific
refining process utilized. Table 47 shows the variations which commonly oc-
cur in hydrocarbon composition for several middle distillates which include
kerosene, diesel fuel, and No. 1 and No. 2 fuel oils. These data show that
the saturated hydrocarbons* generally comprise a larger fraction of these
fuels than aromatics and unsaturates. However, the aromatics and unsaturates
together comprise 10 to 65 percent of these products by weight. These levels
are important because a subset of this group is polynuclear aromatics (PNA's),
some of which are proven carcinogens.
The heavier fuel oils (Numbers 3 to 6) contain hydrocarbons of
higher molecular weight and generally higher levels of aromatics and unsat-
urates than the light and middle distillates.
* Saturated hydrocarbons contain no carbon-carbon double bonds and include
primarily alkanes and cycloalkanes.
5-6
-------
TABLE 47. VARIATION IN HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES
"
Hydrocarbon
Saturated
paraffins
Cycloparaf f Ins
Aroma tics
Unsa titrates
Reported values (in wt. Z)
Range
(in wt. Z) a b c d e f g h i J k 1 m n o p
137-43 | 60 35 25 - I 72.8 )
34.6-90 134.6 } 74 71-76 75 60 78.9 } 72.6 77 50 80.4
26-32 1 30 55 50 65 } 14 }
10-58 30-32 57.5 10 15 25 33 26 24-29 25 40 19.5 58 27 23 50 19.6
0-75 - 7.5 - - - 2 - 1.6 5.2 0.4
a = Fuel oil No. 2; b « Cracked middle distillate; c - Paraffin-base kerosene; d - Paraffin-base middle distillate; e - Aromatic-base kerosene;
f = Aromatic-base middle distillate; g - Diesel fuel; h - Middle distillate; i - Straight-run diesel fuel; J - Middle distillate; k - Diesel fuel;
1 = Fuel oil No. 2; m - Diesel fuel; n - Straight-run middle distillate; o - Cracked middle distillate; p - Middle distillate.
Source: (19).
-------
Table 48 summarizes typical concentration ranges for several
hazardous constituents and total chlorine in virgin fuel oils. Some
general observations can be drawn from the typical ranges and from the
raw analytical results. As the fuel oils become heavier, contamination
by heavy metals, PNA's*, and total chlorine increases. No. 2 distillate
fuel contains virtually no detectable metals, except perhaps very low lead
levels. Total chlorine is generally below 5 ppm and the combined concen-
tration of benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene is typically less than
1.0 ppm. In the heavier fuels, the concentrations of barium, lead, and
chromium typically range from 2 to 5 ppm. The highest reported lead con-
centration was 10 ppm in a No. 4 fuel oil. Barium was reported up to 13
ppm and chromium up to 14 ppm in No. 4 and residual fuels, respectively.
Total chlorine is typically below 10 ppm in the heavier fuels; however,
concentrations between 30 and 85 ppm have been reported by the National
Bureau of Standards. The combined concentrations of benzo(a)anthracene
and benzo(a)pyrene are usually below 3 ppm for No. 3 and No. 4 fuel oil,
but can be much higher for residual fuels (over 100 ppm).
The contamination of used and unused oils with potentially
hazardous constituents is compared in Tables 49 and 50. Table 49 distin-
guishes concentration levels for specific fuel oils while Table 50 combines
the virgin fuel oil summary into a single group.
* Polynuclear aromatics.
5-8
-------
TABLE 48. TYPICAL CONCENTRATION RANGES FOR SEVERAL POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
CONSTITUENTS IN VIRGIN FUEL OILS
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Total chlorine
Benzo (a)anthracene
Benzo (a)pyrene
No. 2
distillate
(ppm)
ND*
ND
ND
ND
ND-5.0
-
0.03-5.0
0.001-0.471
0.001-0.60
No. 3 and 4
fuel oils
(ppm)
ND-0.058
ND-13
ND
ND-0.09
ND-10
0.06-0.32
5.7-7.8
0.02-2.82
0.57-2.1
Residual
fuels
(ppm)
0.06-0.8
0.3-5.0
ND-1.0
0.11-14
1.0-4.1
ND-2.0
0.2-85
18-97
2 . 9-44
* ND: Not detectable.
Source: (23-29, 30, 39, 40).
5-9
-------
TABLE 49. COMPARISON OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN USED AND SPECIFIC VIRRIN FUEL OILS*
Contaminant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Percent
detection
25
36
78
91
Used Oil
Median
concentration
(pp.)
NDf
3
6.5
240
No. 2 Distillate
90th
percentlle
(ppm)
18
10
35
1.200
Percent
detection
33
0
0
38
Median
concentration
(ppm)
ND
ND
ND
ND
95th
percentlle
(ppn)
3.1
ND
ND
5,0
No.
Percent
detection
43
8
46
67
3 and 4 Fuel Oils
Median
concentration
(ppn)
ND
ND
ND
2.2
95th
percentlle
(PP»)
4.5
4.95
0.35
11
No. 6 and Residual Fuel Oils
Percent
detection
82
17
38
60
Median
concentration
(PP«)
2
ND
1.5
2.1
95th
percent lie
(PP«)
4.9
1.0
14
10.5
* Undetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to detection levels to determine median and percentile concentrations. Therefore, the Median may be greater than
zero even though less than 50 percent of the samples showed measurable levels of the contaminant.
t ND - Indicates not detected.
Source: Appendix A for used oil and References 21, 23-28. 39, 40, 44.
-------
TABLE 50. COMPARISON OF HEAVY METALS IN USED OILS AND VIRGIN FUEL OIL*
Used Oil
Contaminant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Number
of
samples
537
744
756
835
Percent
detection
25
36
78
91
Median
concentration
(ppm)
NDj
3
6.5
240
90th
percentile
(ppm)
18
10
35
1,200
Number
of
samples
45
44
46
50
Virgin Fuel Oilsf
Percent
detection
60
11
35
56
Median
concentration
(ppm)
2
ND
1.0
2
95th
percentile
(ppra)
4.9
1.3
13
11
* Undetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to detection levels to determine median and percentile
concentrations. Therefore, the median may be greater than zero even though less than 50 percent of the
samples showed measurable levels of the contaminant.
t Includes data for all types of distillate fuel oils and residual oils.
j ND - Indicates not detected.
Source: Appendix A data for used oil and References 21, 23-28, 39, and 40 for virgin fuel oils.
-------
The comparative results in Tables 49 and 50 show that the levels
of most hazardous constituents are typically much higher in used oils than
in unused oils. All metals have been detected in fuel oils, but at rela-
tively low levels compared to used oil concentrations. Chromium, arsenic,
and cadmium have been detected in some heavy fuel oils at levels which some-
times approach the levels in used oil.
Chlorinated solvents generally are not found in unused oils,
whereas typical levels of 200 to 2,000 ppm are common in used oils. Total
chlorine concentrations of 5 to 10 ppm are common in fuel oils compared to
typical levels above 1,000 ppm in used oils. Chlorine is primarily a con-
stituent of organic compounds (usually solvents) in used oils and in inor-
ganic form (primarily salts) in unused oils. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)-
anthracene concentrations in heavy residual oils can be as high or higher
than typical concentrations in used oils. Lower concentrations of these
FNAs were measured in the distillate fuels.
No PCBs have been found in any unused fuel oils whereas one-third
of the used oil samples contained measurable levels of this group of
constituents.
5.3.1 Used Oil Blending
A major fraction of the used oil which is burned is blended with
virgin oils (No. 3, 4, 5, and 6 and diesel fuel). The details of blending
practices including quantities, blending ratios, fuel types, and end-use
markets are not available. Most blending takes place at virgin fuel oil
dealers which are for the purposes of this study, outside the used oil
management system. Virgin fuel oil dealers are end-use markets for the
5-12
-------
collectors and processors. In many cases the collectors and processors who
sell product oil to dealers do not know where the oil is ultimately burned.
This type of information is generally difficult to obtain from dealers who
blend. A smaller fraction of blending occurs within the management system
by major processors. Most of the information on blending practices was ob-
tained from those processors who blend on-site.
The criteria used for oil blending varies greatly. Some blenders
mix waste oil and virgin oil according to a standard blending ratio (i.e.,
9 parts virgin oil with 1 part waste oil), while others blend to a desired
viscosity, moisture content or any of a number of other factors. The cri-
teria utilized are a function of the product specifications or character-
istics which the blender or his customer have established.
Blending criteria which are common include:
• constant blending ratio
• viscosity
• heat content
• percent solids
• percent moisture
• customer fuel specification
Except in cases where a constant blending ratio is applied, some analysis
of the waste oil is necessary. For this reason, most blenders have receiv-
ing tanks designated for storage of waste oil. After a determination of
the proper blending ratio to achieve the desired product quality is made,
the waste oil is metered into a blending tank, where it is mixed with the
appropriate volume of virgin oil. Most blenders use pumps to transfer waste
5-13
-------
oil to 'the blending vessel; only a few use gravity flow. Mixing is ac-
complished in a number of ways, including mechanical mixing, aeration,
and in-line mixing. The type of mixing employed depends on the relative
viscosities of the virgin and waste oils, and on the volume of oil which
is blended. Some blenders transfer the blended oil to a storage tank, while
others transfer the oil directly to a transport vehicle for delivery to the
customer.
Blending improves oil quality by diluting the concentration of
contaminants, both hazardous and non-hazardous. In some cases, a high
blending ratio may decrease the concentration of hazardous constituents
from unacceptable to acceptable levels. Table 51 summarizes the concentra-
tion of hazardous constituents in used oil blended with virgin fuel oil at
a blending ratio of 9 parts virgin fuel to one part used oil. These data
show that even with blending fairly high concentrations of some contaminants
can remain.
5.4 ROAD OILING WITH USED OIL
In 1982, the U.S. EPA commissioned a study to carry out a state-
by-state survey to evaluate road oiling practices (7). The quantity of the
available data for the states varied considerably. Some states maintain
used oil programs which attempt to monitor oil generation, recovery, and
reuse. These states often have a fairly good idea of the amount of road
oiling which occurs. However, the existence of a used oil recycling program
by no means assures the availability of quantitative data on used oil usage.
Other states have no programs but road oiling practices can still be esti-
mated based upon conversations with state environmental agency personnel
and local used oil collectors.
5-14
-------
Table 51
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED OIL BLENDED WITH VIRGIN FUEL OIL BURNED AS FUEL
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dlchlorodif luoromethane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
1 , 1 , 1-Trlchloroe thane
Trlchloroethylene
Tctrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
223
282
264
214
348
253
74
10
308
305
300
252
72
75
72
11
31
11
321
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
46
238
92
168
321
250
51
8
232
181
225
249
47
70
68
9
21
11
38
percent
20
84
34
78
92
98
68
80
75
59
75
98
65
93
94
81
67
100
11
He an
concentration *
(ppm)
3.8
13.7
0.4
4.7
57.3
70.7
37.3
95.4
159.8
85.0
121.0
554.0
171.6
335.3
352.0
2.4
1.0
58.8
16.7
Median
concentration
(ppra)
2.3
5.0
0.7
1.4
40.8
62.8
3.0
62.0
42.0
15.0
20.0
230.0
10.0
89.0
82.0
1.2
0.5
42.0
0.6
Concentration Concentration Concentration
at 75th at 90th range
t percentile f percentlle f (ppm)
(ppm) (ppm)
2.3
14.0
1.0
2.0
83.9
83.1
21.0
94.0
140.0
37.0
78.0
490.0
20.0
290.0
190.0
2.5
1.2
75.0
3.0
3.7
24.0
1.0
6.9
109.8
108.0
86.0
140.0
310.0
83.0
170.0
1,800.0
36.0
740.0
340.0
3.0
1.4
99.0
5.0
low
<1.9
0
<0.02
0.9
1.8
<0.5
-------
As a result of this survey, it was estimated that about 40 to 60
million gallons of used oil were used as commercially applied road oils in
1982 in the United States. An additional 20 to 40 million gallons was
applied by generators including farmers, mining and construction companies,
and other miscellaneous industries (7). These estimates agree fairly well
with independent estimates developed on a facility basis for this study.
The total estimate of 68.5 million gallons in 1983 used for this study is
at the low end of the range for 1982 as would be expected since activity is
decreasing. In 1982, the largest gallonage was used in California, which
accounted for about one-fifth of the national total. Recent state regula-
tory action (1983) may change California's status as the number one road
oiling state. Other states in which large amounts were used include Ohio,
Arizona, Iowa, Wisconsin, Washington, Georgia, and Colorado. Overall, the
commercial use of used oil on -roads is only about 3 percent of the total
' amount of used oil generated, and about 6 percent of all collected oil.
These numbers indicate that from a nationwide perspective it is not a major
disposal (or recycle) mechanism for used oil. However, from a local or even
regional perspective, it may be a major market for used oil. Figure 10
shows the extent of commercial road oiling by state. Four main areas of
road oiling were identified and two areas of lower activity are noteworthy.
Most road oiling takes place in the northern Rocky Mountain states, the
extreme southwest, the southeast, and in a cluster of states along the Ohio
River. Moderate levels of road oiling can be found in the northwest and in
northern New England.
5-16
-------
I I Virtually no road oiling
Road oiling discouraged, little activity
Moderate road oiling
Road oiling is common
Figure 10. Extent of road oiling in the United States - 1982.
Source: (7).
-------
Road oil is typically applied at a rate of about 0.25 gallons per
square yard. The material which is applied is not strictly used oil, al-
though unprocessed oil (as collected) is probably the most common material
used. Often a road oiler will use the bottom layers of settled used oil
for road oiling. Depending on the collected oil composition, this bottom
layer material is likely to have a high bottom sediment and water (BS&W)
content. Some used oil processors will sell the top layers of settled oil
as fuel and the bottom layers as road oil. However, the solids content of
road oil must be controlled to some degree because of potential problems
with clogging the orifices on the application apparatus.
The environmental impacts of road oiling with used oil are depen-
dent on many factors including the presence of hazardous constituents in
the oil (see References 7 and 8 for a detailed environmental impact assess-
ment). Table 52 summarizes the measured concentration of hazardous con-
stituents in about 230 road oil samples. Although the data show that road
oils contain high levels of many hazardous constituents, the overall concen-
trations of hazardous metals in road oils are lower than those measured in
oils which are burned (see Table 46). On the other hand, the concentration
of chlorinated solvents seem somewhat higher in the road oil samples. One
possible reason for this result is the common use of bottom layers from
storage tanks for road oiling. If a tank is drained from the bottom for
road oiling, a fairly high water content could be present. Since this
water layer usually contains relatively low levels of metals and equal or
greater concentrations of the more water-soluble solvents compared to straight
oil layers, road oils may exhibit these characteristics with respect to used
oils burned as fuel. Nevertheless, since virtually any used oil may be used
as a road oil, the probability of contamination remains high.
5-18
-------
Table 52
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN WASTE OIL USED AS ROAD OIL
Metals
Arsenic
Bar Inn
Cadmiun
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
D i chlorod i f luoromethane
Tr tchlorotr If luoroe thane
1,1 , l-Trichloroethane
Trtchloroethylene
Tctrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organlcs
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Benzo( a) anthracene
Bcnzo(a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
75
90
149
166
166
161
17
2
93
69
82
72
6
6
8
2
2
227
Samples with
detected.
contaminants
number
45
83
8
108
155
156
16
2
64
38
49
68
3
6
a
2
2
78
percent
59
92
5
65
93
96
94
100
68
42
59
94
50
100
100
100
100
34
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Mean Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration * concentration f percentile f percentile t (ppm)
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
21.06
87.27
1.31
34.51
403.37
492.47
136.06
. 330,000
4,279.82
1.736.76
2,241.63
5,500
124
685
26,578.87
510
267.5
NOT
23.14
8
30
10
10
267
380
10
110.000
200
100
130
2,000
15
140
160
360
130
MEASURED
10
19
50
10
14
443
720
150
110.000
1,100
200
830
6,100
17
190
2,900
360
130
20
27
160
10
60
856
990
210
110.000
2,700
730
1,700
10.600
18
580
70,000
360
130
50
low
<5
<2.5
<0.2
<1
<5
<1
<1
110,000
<3
<1
<1
<100
<10
17
75
360
130
<0.4
high
94
1,070
10
431
3,250
2,670
640
550,000
110,000
40,000
32,000
49,400
340
3,100
139,000
660
405
225
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 « 5).
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
5.5 RE-REFINING USED OIL
Re-refining is a type of processing rather than an end-use appli-
cation. It is an intermediate step associated with the ultimate reuse of
used oil as a lube base stock. Little data are available on the presence
of hazardous constituents in re-refined base stock, but it is generally
free of the 20 constituents which have been summarized throughout this
report. There have been undocumented reports from re-refiners that some
re-refined lubes have contained PCBs and polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) such
as benzo(a)pyrene. Also, industry representatives have indicated that re-re-
fined lube oils from acid-clay processes sometimes fail to thoroughly remove
the metals associated with additive packages (primarily zinc and barium).
The limited data which are available do not support these hypotheses because
these particular contaminants and circumstances have not been assessed.
Some volatile hazardous constituents found in used oil including
the chlorinated and aromatic solvents end up in a light distillate oil frac-
tion generated in re-refining processes. High concentrations of several
solvents have been measured in this fuel product which is often burned
on-site to supply process heat requirements, but it may be marketed to off-
site burners, as well.
In vacuum distillation re-refineries (the most common and growing
technology in 1983), the heavy metal contaminants concentrate in the distil-
lation bottoms which are landfilled or sold as asphalt extenders.
Because re-refiner's product oil (lube base stock) is subject to
stringent quality standards, re-refiners are generally more concerned about
the quality of incoming feedstock than processors, particularly the presence
5-20
-------
of PCBs and PNAs which may not be removed during re-refining. Table 53
summarizes the concentration of several hazardous constituents in used oil
delivered to re-refineries. Overall, there appears to be little difference
in the quality of oil delivered to re-refiners as that which is burned as
fuel. This indicates that both markets probably compete for the same oil.
5.6 MISCELLANEOUS END-USE MARKETS
In addition to the three major end-use markets for used oil
described above (burning, road oiling, and re-refining), a few minor reuse
practices have been identified. The phosphate industry uses used oil as
a flotation oil in their processes. This is a fairly significant market
in some southern states, particularly Florida. Asphalt plants sometimes
blend used oils into their product as an extender as well as burning used
oil as a major fuel source. A third important commercial end-use market
is form oil for concrete construction. This is a minor practice primarily
due to the inconvenience of obtaining and spraying forms with used oil,
the small quantities used on a construction site, and the availability of
other oils, such as diesel, which are already on-site.
Other noncommercial reuse practices have been identified. Gen-
erators report using used oils as machinery lubricants, pesticide carriers,
weed killers, cattle oilers; and even as an all-purpose cleaner.
No data are available on the presence of hazardous constituents
in used oil consumed for the minor end-use applications discussed in this
section. It should be assumed that any used oil could potentially be used
for these purposes. Table 2 summarizes the presence of hazardous constit-
uents in all used oil samples.
5-21
-------
I
ro
tJ
Table 53
CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN USED OIL DELIVERED TO REFINERIES
Metals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Chlorinated Solvents
Dlchlorodlfluoromethane
Trichlorotrif looromethane
1,1, 1-Trlchloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Total Chlorine
Other Organics
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo (a)pyrene
Naphthalene
PCBs
Total
samples
analyzed
61
104
77
90
94
106
54
54
54
75
13
13
13
10
53
Samples with
detected
contaminants
number
14
87
11
70
85
105
33
6
25
74
4
9
8
10
5
percent
22
83
14
77
90
99
61
11
46
98
30
69
61
100
9
Concentration Concentration Concentration
Mean Median at 75th at 90th range
concentration * concentration f percentile t percentlle f (pp»)
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
15.35
161.43
2.57
23.69
681.15
458.03
MOT MEASURED
NOT MEASURED
2,556.06
5,657.66
1,729.19
5,300
380.5
2,418.33
5,057.5
NOT MEASURED
12.88
NOT MEASURED
31
5
40
5
8
58
330
300
100
100
1,800
15
120
150
12
10
5
190
10
13
700
660
1,100
100
400
6,200
16
330
850
13
50
13
360
10
26
2,000
980
4,400
100
900
11,000
76
4.000
1,400
14
50
low
<5
0
0
<0.5
<1
<1
<7
<7
<7
<100
<7
<10
<7
8.8
<1
high
33
1,631
10
431
11,000
5,000
30,000
26,000
20,000
49,400
820
12,000
28,000
16
100
* Calculated for detected concentrations only.
t To determine median and percentile concentrations, nondetected concentrations were assumed to be equal to the detection level (e.g., <5 - 5),
Source: Appendix A data.
-------
5.7 USED OIL DISPOSAL
Used oil disposal includes conventional accepted disposal tech-
niques such as landfilling and incineration as well as uncontrolled dump-
ing. In each case, the oil is lost with respect to further reuse or
recycling.
Only very low quality oils are disposed of by generators and
collectors primarily because virtually all used oils have value. (In
some cases, disposal of good quality oil takes place because the quantity
is not large enough to warrant storage and sale to a collector.) Pro-
cessors and re-refiners will generally accept oils with BS&W contents up
to 50 percent; however, the price paid is very low (perhaps no price is
paid) for poor quality oil. Disposal is a costly alternative which may
be subject to various state and federal regulations. Thus, oils which are
accumulated by generators seldom flow directly to disposal. It was esti-
mated that about six percent of the generated oil -flowed directly to dis-
posal in 1983 (64.7 million gallons). This does not include oil which is
generated by DIYers. Over 40 million gallons of relatively good quality
DIYer oil is disposed of with municipal solid waste (5).
Collectors, processors, and re-refiners do dispose of used oil
which is present in residues such as in-line filter residue, centrifuge
solids, filter screen solids, tank bottoms, distillation bottoms, spent
clay, and other settled sludges. These materials can contain appreciable
quantities of oil and in total, about five percent of the used oil col-
lected and processed is lost in this way. Most is believed to be land-
filled, but some industry representatives report incineration as a prac-
ticed disposal method.
5-23
-------
Large quantities of generated used oil are dumped (about 241
million gallons in 1983). Most of this oil is automotive engine oils.
DIYers are believed to dump over 100 million gallons each year in back-
yards, down drains, along roadsides, and in miscellaneous other places.
Host of the remainder is dumped by operators of large off-road equipment
such as farmers, construction crews, mining companies, and the military.
Since most of the dumped oil is automotive engine oil, the data
presented in Section 3 - Table 15 on automotive oils is relevant to this
category. The disposed oil is basically processing residues which were
described in Section 4 - Tables 41 to 44.
In addition to the disposal of "generated" used oil, considerable
quantities which are not technically generated are also disposed of. "Not
generated" means the oil is lost as part of its use. For example, oil which
has dripped from machinery may be wiped from the floor with paper or cloth
wipes which are disposed of with general plant solid waste. No attempt was
made in this study to account for these types of losses and disposal practices.
5-24
-------
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October 1978. 135 pp.
-------
12. Sager, R. C. Gulf Refining and Marketing Company Demand Forecasts.
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24. Unpublished data obtained by David William (U.S. EPA) from Steven T.
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28. McCoy, J. The Inorganic Analysis of Petroleum. Chemical Publishing
Company. New York. 1962.
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II. NBS Conference Proceedings, November 29-30, 1977.
30. Mascetti, G. J. and H. M. White. Utilization of Used Oil. Prepared
for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Aerospace Corporation.
August 1978.
31. Unpublished data received from Motor Oils Refining Company, McCook,
Illinois. No date.
32. Valkovic, Vlado. Trace Elements in Petroleum. Petroleum Publishing
Company. 1980.
33. Skinner, D. J. Preliminary Review of Used Lubricating Oils in Canada.
Environment Canada. No. EPS 3-WP-74-4, June 1974.
34. Department of Energy. The Fate of Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Wastes
in Used Oil Recycling. Prepared for the Bartlesville Energy Technology
Center by GCA Corporation. April 15, 1983.
35. Mascetti, G. J., et al. Utilization of Used Oil. The Aerospace Corp-
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of regulatory options for the waste oil management system. U.S. En-
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a fuel. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 1980.
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38. Hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United
States Senate. 96th Congress, Second Session, on S. 2412, A bill to
amend the resource conservation and recovery act to further encourage
the use of recycled oil. May 5, 1980.
39. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Assessment of
Residual Oil Utilization - Second Annual Report. September 1978.
EPA 600/7-78-175.
40. Electric Power Research Institute. Study of Electrostatic Precipi-
tators Installed on On-Fired Boilers, Volume II. June 1978.
41. Franklin Associates, Ltd. A survey of nine analytical chemists or
equipment manufacturers was carried out to assess quality control
in used oil analytical techniques. September 1983.
42. Crump-Weisner, Hans & Allen L. Jennings. "Properties & Effects of
Non-Petroleum Oils," 1975 Conference on the Prevention and Control
of Oil Pollution. Sponsored by American Petroleum Institute, U.S.
EPA, and U.S. Coast Guard, published by API, 1975, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 29-32. Found in U.S. EPA library.
43. U.S. EPA. Memorandum from Michael Murchison, Water & Solid Waste
Division, to Gary Dietrich, Director, Office of Solid Waste, through
Lisa Friedman, Assistant General Counsel for RCRA. Subject: Regu-
lation of waste oil under the Used Oil Recycling Act of 1980. Found
in the Waste Characterization Branch, Office of Solid Waste. Undated.
44. Brecht, F., "Outlook for"U.S. Lube Oil Supply and Demand," presented
at the 1983 NPRA Annual Meeting, March 20-22, 1983.
45. "Refiners Cite Higher Costs in Lead Phasedown Proposal," Oil & Gas
Journal, August 6, 1984, p. 35.
46. Templet Barker, and Sloane, Inc., Memoranda to EPA-OSW, August 8,
1984, "Non-Industrial Generators."
47. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Census of Manufactures,
1977 and 1982.
48. "U.S. EPA Used Oil Sampling and Analysis Program," 1983 and 1984,
sample analysis performed by ERCO, Inc. with data analysis by
Franklin Associates, Ltd.
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