EPA-560/6-76-021
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Task IV - Ethylene Dibromide
Q
\
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington, D.C. 20460
July 1976
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EPA-560/6-76-021
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Task IV - Ethylene Dibromide
Contract No. 68-01-2646
Project Officer
William A. Coniglio
Office of Toxic Substances
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington, D.C. 20460
July 1976
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NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Toxic Substances, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial
products is for purposes of clarity only and does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
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CONTENTS
Page
List of Figures iv
List of Tables viii
Summary 1
Sections
I Introduction 3
II Experimental Procedures 5
Sampling Procedures 3
Analysis Procedures 6
III Selection of Sampling Sites 8
Site Selection Criteria 8
IV Presampling Site Visits and Field Sampling 13
Presampling Surveys 13
Field Sampling 13
V Discussion of Results 16
Continental Oil Company, Oil Refinery, Ponca City, Oklahoma. 16
Mobil Oil Company, Paulsboro, New Jersey 20
Retail Gasoline Stations, Phoenix, Arizona 24
Retail Gasoline Stations, Los Angeles, California 27
Retail Gasoline Stations, Camden, New Jersey ........ 33
Highly Trafficked Site, Phoenix, Arizona 36
Highly Trafficked Site, Los Angeles, California 40
ii
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CONTENTS (concluded)
Sections Page
V (concluded)
Suburban Low Traffic Site, Kansas City, Missouri 44
Rural Site, Maryville, Missouri 44
State of Florida - USDA Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida. 46
State of Florida - USDA Fumigation Center, Ft. Pierce,
Florida 56
VI Summary and Conclusions 68
Summary. .......................... 68
Conclusions 70
References (Narrative) 72
Appendix A - Presampling Site Visit and Field Sampling 73
Appendix B - Analytical Data 134
Appendix C - Method Development for Sampling and Analysis 146
References (Appendices) 154
iii
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FIGURES
No. Page
1 Geographical Location of Recommended Sampling Sites 12
2 Presampling Site Visit and Field Sampling Schedule 14
3 Wind Patterns During Sampling at Conoco Oil Refinery, Ponca
City, Oklahoma 17
4 Average Concentration of. EDB in Air at 20 Sampling Stations at
Conoco Oil Refinery, Fonca City, Oklahoma 18
5 Wind Patterns During Sampling at Mobil Oil Refinery, Paulsboro,
New Jersey • 22
6 Average Concentration of EDB in Air at 13 Sampling Stations at
Mobil Oil Refinery, Faulsboro, New Jersey 23
7 Wind Patterns During Sampling at the Retail Gasoline Site,
Phoenix, Arizona 25
8 Average Concentration of EDB in Air at 18 Sampling Stations at
the Retail Gasoline Site, Phoenix, Arizona 26
9 Average Concentration of EDB in Air at Sampling Stations North,
South, East and West of the Retail Gasoline Stations, Phoenix,
Arizona 28
10 Wind Patterns During Sampling at the Retail Gasoline Site,
Los Angeles, California 29
11 Average Concentration of EDB in Air at 14 Sampling Stations at
the Retail Gasoline Site, Los Angeles, California 31
iv
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FIGURES (continued)
No.
12 Average Concentration of EDB at Sampling Stations North, South,
East and West of the Retail Gasoline Site, Los Angeles,
California 32
13 Wind Patterns During Sampling at the Retail Gasoline Site,
Camden, New Jersey 34
14 Average Concentration of EDB at Three Sampling Stations at the
Retail Gasoline Site, Camden, New Jersey 35
15 Wind Patterns During Sampling at the Highly Trafficked Site,
Phoenix, Arizona 37
16 Average Concentration of EDB at 10 Sampling Stations at the
Highly Trafficked Site, Phoenix, Arizona 38
17 Average Concentration of EDB at Sampling Stations East and West
of the Highly Trafficked Site, Phoenix, Arizona 39
18 Wind Patterns During Sampling at the Highly Trafficked Site,
Los Angeles, California 41
19 Average Concentration of EDB at Nine Sampling Stations at the
Highly Trafficked Site, Los Angeles, California 42
20 Average Concentration of EDB at Sampling Stations North and
South of the Highly Trafficked Site, Los Angeles,
California 43
21 Average Concentration of EDB at One Sampling Station at the
Suburban Site, Kansas City, Missouri 45
22 Average Concentration of EDB at Two Sampling Stations at the
Rural Site, Maryville, Missouri 47
23 Wind Patterns During Sampling at the Fumigation Site, Wahneta,
Florida 49
24 Average Concentration of EDB at the Off-Site Sampling Stations
at the Fumigation Site, Wahneta, Florida 50
25 Average Concentration of EDB at the On-Site Sampling Stations
at the Fumigation Site, Wahneta, Florida 51
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FIGURES (continued)
No.
26 Variation in EDB Concentration at Six On-Site Sampling Stations
at the Fumigation Site, Wahneta, Florida 52
27 Fumigation Activities During Sampling at the Fumigation Site,
Wahneta, Florida ..... 53
28 Wind Patterns During Sampling at the Fumigation Site,
Ft. Fierce, Florida 57
29 Average Concentration of EDB at the Off-Site Sampling Stations
at the Fumigation Site, Ft. Pierce, Florida 59
30 Average Concentration of EDB at the On-Site Sampling Stations
at the Fumigation Site, Ft. Pierce, Florida 60
31 Variation in EDB Concentration at Five On-Site Sampling Stations
at the Fumigation Site, Ft. Pierce, Florida 61
32 Fumigation Activities During Sampling at the Fumigation Site,
Ft. Pierce, Florida 62
33 Vapor, Particulate and Dustfall Levels of EDB at Six Sampling
Stations at the Fumigation Site, Ft. Pierce, Florida .... 64
A-l Presampling Site Visit and Field Sampling Schedule 75
A-2 Conoco Oil Refinery, Ponca City, Oklahoma 76
A-3 Sampling Locations at the Conoco Oil Refinery 78
A-4 Location of Oil Refineries in the Philadelphia Area 83
A-5 Mobil Oil Refinery, Paulsboro, New Jersey 84
A-6 Sampling Locations at the Mobil Oil Refinery 86
A-7 Sampling Locations at the Retail Gasoline Site, Phoenix,
Arizona 91
A-8 Sampling Locations at the Highly Trafficked Urban Site, Phoenix,
Arizona 93
vi
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FIGURES (concluded)
No.
A-9 Sampling Locations at the Retail Gasoline Site, Los Angeles,
California 100
A-10 Sampling Locations at the Highly Trafficked Urban Site,
Los Angeles, California 104
A-ll Sampling Locations at the Retail Gasoline Site, Camden,
New Jersey 109
A-12 Sampling Locations at the Suburban Residential Site,
Kansas City, Missouri 113
A-13 Sampling Locations at the Rural Site, Maryville, Missouri. . . 116
A-14 State of Florida-USDA Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida. . . 120
A-15 Sampling Locations at the Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida. 121
A-16 State of Florida-USDA Fumigation Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida . 127
A-17 Sampling Locations at the Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida. 128
C-l Recovery of EDB from Charcoal 149
C-2 Sampling Station 151
vii
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TABLES
No.
1 Field Sampling Summary 15
2 EDB Concentrations in Water from Continental Oil Company,
Ponca City, Oklahoma 19
3 EDB Concentrations in Runoff Water at the Retail Gasoline Site,
Los Angeles, California 30
4 EDB Concentrations in Soil from the Fumigation Center,
Wahneta, Florida 55
5 EDB Dustfall Levels at the Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida 55
6 EDB Concentrations in Soil from the Fumigation Center,
Ft. Pierce, Florida 65
7 EDB Dustfall Levels at the Fumigation Center, Ft. Pierce,
Florida 65
8 EDB Concentrations in Rainfall and Runoff Water at the
Fumigation Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida 66
9 Data Summary for Program Task IV 69
A-l Air Sampling Data at Conoco Oil Company, Ponca City, Oklahoma. 79
A-2 Weather Conditions During Sampling at Conoco Oil Comapny,
Ponca City, Oklahoma 81
A-3 Air Sampling Data from Mobil Oil Comapny Refinery, Paulsboro, ,
New Jersey 87
viii
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TABLES (continued)
No.. IS££
A-4 Weather Conditions During Sampling at Mobil Oil Company,
Faulsboro, New Jersey 89
A-5 Air Sampling Data for the Retail Gasoline Site, Phoenix,
Arizona 94
A-6 Weather Conditions During Sampling at the Retail Gasoline Site,
Phoenix, Arizona 95
A-7 Air Sampling Data for the Highly Trafficked Urban Site, Phoenix,
Arizona 96
A-8 Weather Conditions During Sampling at the Highly Trafficked
Urban Site, Phoenix, Arizona 98
A-9 Air Sampling Data for the Retail Gasoline Site, Los Angeles,
California 102
A-10 Weather Conditions During Sampling at the Retail Gasoline Site,
Los Angeles, California 103
A-ll Air Sampling Data for the Trafficked Urban Site, Los Angeles,
California 105
A-12 Weather Conditions During Sampling at the Highly Trafficked
Urban Site, Los Angeles, California 107
A-13 Air Sampling Data for the Retail Gasoline Site, Camden,
New Jersey 110
A-14 Weather Conditions During Sampling at the Retail Gasoline Site,
Camden, New Jersey Ill
A-15 Air Sampling Data at the Suburban Residential Site, Kansas City,
Missouri 114
A-16 Air Sampling Data for the Rural Site, Maryville, Missouri. . . 117
A-17 Air Sampling Data at the State of Florida-USDA Fumigation
Center, Wahneta, Florida 122
A-18 Fumigation Activity at the Wahneta Fumigation Center,
May 4, 1976 124
ix
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TABLES (continued)
No._
A-19 Weather Conditions During Sampling at the Fumigation Center,
Wahneta, Florida, May 4, 1976 125
A-20 Air Sampling Data at the State of Florida-USDA Fumigation
Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida 129
A-21 Fumigation Activity at the Ft. Pierce Fumigation Facility,
May 6, 1976 131
A-22 Weather Conditions During Sampling at Ft. Pierce Fumigation
Center, May 6, 1976 133
B-l EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from Continental Oil Company,
Ponca City, Oklahoma 135
B-2 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from Mobil Oil Company,
Paulsboro, New Jersey 136
B-3 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the Retail Gasoline
Site, Phoenix, Arizona 137
B-4 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the Retail Gasoline
Site, Los Angeles, California 138
B-5 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the Retail Gasoline
Site, Camden, New Jersey 139
B-6 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the Highly Trafficked
Urban Site, Phoenix, Arizona 140
B-7 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the Highly Trafficked
Urban Site, Los Angeles, California 141
B-8 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the Suburban Residential
Site, Kansas City, Missouri 142
B-9 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the Rural Site,
Maryville, Missouri 142
B-10 EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the State of Florida-
USDA Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida 143
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TABLES (concluded)
No. Page
B-ll EDB Concentrations in Air Samples from the State of Florida-
USDA Fumigation Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida 144
C-l Relative Retention Times 153
xi
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SUMMARY
The purpose of this program was to provide sampling and analysis
capabilities to EPA's Office of Toxic Substances, so that the levels of
suspected toxic substances in air, water, soil, and sediment at designated
locations throughout the United States could be determined. Four tasks
were assigned on this program. The final task was the sampling and anal-
ysis for ethylene dibromide (EDB).
Methods for sampling and analyzing EDB in air, water, soil, and
sediments were evaluated. A protocol was developed and approved.
Sampling sites were selected from six potential source categories.
These categories are: (a) gasoline mixing, storage and transfer (refin-
eries); (b) retail gasoline; (c) highly trafficked urban; (d) suburban
residential (lightly trafficked); (e) rural, and (f) fumigation centers.
Air samples collected near four different bulk loading stations had
EDB levels at least twice that of background samples. These levels ranged
from 0.13 to 0.20 ug/m3 of EDB. The elevated levels were not discernible
beyond 1/8 mile from the stations. The EDB concentration in air near
pipeline pumping stations, lead mix blending facilities, and lead mix
storage areas was not elevated above background.
Air samples collected near clusters of gasoline stations in two
cities had EDB concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 0.50 ug/m , which was
2 to 2.5 times greater than sampling sites 1/8 to 1 mile away. The third
city had background levels ranging from 0.38 to 0.49 ug/m3, and the effect
of the gasoline stations was not discernible.
The effect of heavily trafficked freeways on the EDB levels in two
different cities was not discernible. However, EDB was detected in all
samples taken in heavily trafficked urban areas. The ubiquitous nature
of EDB is probably the result of the widely dispersed sources of emission
in urban/industrial areas. The levels of EDB in air ranged from 0.05 to
0.10 ug/m3 in rural and suburban areas, and from 0.1 to 0.4 ug/m3 in
metropolitan areas.
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Two fumigation centers where EDB was used to fumigate grapefruit
were found to be significant sources of emission. The highest downwind
ambient air level was 96 ug/m3. The highest levels were observed when
EDB was being exhausted from the fumigation chambers. However, levels
higher than background were observed before the chambers had been purged.
Levels inside the facility were 40 to 70 times greater than the highest
ambient air levels; the highest level observed, 6,930 ug/m3, was found
using a personnel sampler placed on an employee. The average level of
exposure inside the fumigation centers ranged from 370 to 3,100 ug/tn3.
EDB was detected in soil near the fumigation center in the low nano-
gram per gram range. EDB dustfall rates of 6 to 363 pg/cm?/hr were ob-
served in the vicinity of the fumigation facilities.
Aqueous effluent from an oil refinery and rainfall runoff near sev-
eral gasoline stations contained less than 0.2 ug/liter EDB. Rainfall
collected near a fumigation center contained 1 ug/liter EDB; runoff water
from the same location contained 2 ug/liter.
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
In mid-1975, Midwest Research Institute (MRI) conducted a limited and
preliminary study of the presence of ethylene dibromide (EDB) in ambient
air and surface water. The air monitoring data showed air concentration
values of 0.07 to 0.11 ug/nr (about 0.01 ppb) in the vicinity of gasoline
stations along traffic arteries in three cities (Phoenix, Los Angeles, and
Seattle), 0.2 to 1.7 ug/m3 (about 0.1 ppb) on the property of an oil re-
finery in Kansas City, and 90 to 115 ug/m^ (10 to 15 ppb) at EDB manufac-
turing sites in Arkansas. Concentrations on the order of 1 ppb of EDB were
found in two samples from streams of water on industrial sites.—'
This preliminary study was part of an MRI project (3953-C) entitled
"Sampling and Analysis of Selected Toxic Substances" which was initiated
on June 27, 1974. The objective of this program was to provide the EPA.
with sampling and analysis capabilities to determine the levels of toxic
substances in air, water, soil and sediment from designated sources and
ambient locations throughout the United States. The first task of this
program was the sampling and analysis for HCB and HCBD. Final reports for
this task were reported to the Office of Toxic Substances in June 1976
under the titles "Sampling and Analysis of Selected Toxic Substances: Task
IA - Hexachlorobenzene" and "Sampling and Analysis of Selected Toxic Sub-
stances: Task IB - Hexachlorobutadiene."
Tasks II and III of this program were the sampling and analysis for
ethylene dibromide and the evaluation of vinyl chloride levels in outdoor
and indoor air due to the presence of PVC products. The task II ethylene
dibromide study has been completed and reported to the Office of Toxic
Substances in September 1975 under the title of "Sampling and Analysis of
Selected Toxic Substances: Task II - Ethylene Dibromide," EPA Report No.
560/6-75-001. The Task III study has been completed and reported to the
Office of Toxic Substances in April 1975 under the title "Sampling and
Analysis of Selected Toxic Substances: Task III - Vinyl Chloride, Second-
ary Sources," EPA Report No. 560/6-76-002.
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This report describes Task IV of the program, i.e., the sampling and
analysis of EDB as follows: Section II, Experimental Procedures; Section
III, Selection of Sampling Sites; Section IV, Presampling Site Visits and
Field Sampling; Section V, Discussion of Results, and Section VI, Summary
and Conclusions. Site visits and field sampling data for individual sites,
analytical data and methods development,efforts are appended to the report.
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SECTION II
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Air was sampled through a 37 mm diameter, 0.8 urn pore size, Millipore
filter, followed by two 16 cm, 6.0 mm I.D. glass sampling tubes, arranged
in series and packed with 2 g of 6 to 14 mesh charcoal. Air was drawn through
the sampling train by means of a battery powered mechanical pump. The flow
rate was regulated by either an 18 or 20 gauge hypodermic needle. A sche-
matic of the train is shown below. After sampling, the tubes and the fil-
ters were carefully packed and stored over dry ice until delivery at MRI.
Blanks were taken to the field and analyzed as normal samples.
Filter *—Charcoal Tubes—1 Critical Orifice Vacuum Pump Batteries
Grab water samples were collected whenever an opportunity occured. The
samples were collected in brown glass bottles of 1 qt capacity that had been
previously cleaned with pesticide grade solvents. The bottles were capped
using Teflon® liners and stored in an ice chest until returned to MRI.
Soil samples were taken from the top 1 in. around selected air sampling
stations. The samples were placed in cleaned 16 oz bottles and stored in an
ice chest until returned to MRI.
Dustfall was collected at selected air sampling stations in glass bot-
tles having a mouth diameter of 8.0 cm. Approximately 200 ml of distilled
water was placed in the dustfall containers. At the end of the sampling
period, the bottles were sealed with aluminum foil lined caps and stored
in an ice chest until returned to MRI.
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All samples were kept in a 4° C cold room at MRI until analyzed.
ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Sample Preparation
From each air sample, the Millipore filter, and the two charcoal traps
were extracted separately with 10, 10 and 5 ml of pesticide grade benzene
(Burdick and Jackson). The samples were manually shaken periodically allow-
ing a total of 45 rain for each extraction. The extracts were collected in
a 25 ml volumetric flask which was then diluted to volume.
An aliquot of each water sample was extracted twice with pesticide
grade hexane at a Vaq/Vhexane ratio of 20. The hexane extracts were com-
bined in a volumetric flask and diluted to volume.
The soil samples were analyzed without drying to avoid loss of EDB by
volatilization. The samples were sifted on a U.S. Standard No. 18 sieve to
remove stones and other foreign material* Thirty grams of the soil was then
extracted with 50 ml hexane for 4 hr. The hexane extract was decanted and
analyzed.
The water from the dustfall bottles was transferred to a separatory
funnel and the bottle rinsed with hexane. The hexane rinsing was added to
the separatory funnel and the water was extracted twice with 10.0 ml hexane.
The extracts were combined and diluted to 25.0 ml.
Instrumentation and Conditions
A Varian 2440 gas chromatograph equipped with a scandium tritide electron
capture detector was used for analysis. The columns used for separation were
(a) 10 ft x 1/8 in. stainless steel packed with 57. didecyl phthalate on 80/
100 mesh on Chromosorb W, AW, DMCS, (b) 8 ft x 1/8 in. stainless steel packed
with 5% Carbowax 20-M-TPA on 80/90 mesh Anakrom ABS, and (c) 12 ft x 1/8 in.
stainless steel packed with 3% OV-225 on 100/120 mesh Supelcoport.
All samples that gave a peak matching the retention time of EDB on
Column a were then analyzed on Columns b and c. Results were reported only
when retention times matched on all three columns. The samples were fre-
quently fortified with EDB for further confirmation.
The conditions were as follows: Column a: injector temperature, 210°C;
column temperature, 100°C; detector temperature, 250°C; carrier flow rate
28 ml/rain; Column b: injector temperature, 210°C; column temperature, 110°C;
detector temperature, 250°C; carrier flow rate, 32 ml/min; Column c: injector
temperature, 180°C; column temperature, 85°C; detector temperature, 250° C ;
carrier flow rate, 25 ml/min.
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The instrumental limit of detection was approximately 5 pg. Using the
adopted protocol, the minimum detectable quantity of EDB in the collected
sample was 10 to 15 ng.
Normally a 10 ng/ml standard of EDB in benzene was used to prepare a
calibration curve prior to analysis. During actual sample analysis, a
standard was injected after every five samples.
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SECTION III
SELECTION OF SAMPLING SITES
The objective of this task was to determine environmental levels of
EDB by the sampling and analysis of selected sites. The general intention
of the selection of actual sampling sites was to provide results sufficiently
detailed to permit:
1. An estimate of the size of the geographical area being influenced
by air emissions from each source and a description of the gradation in the
intensity of exposure potential within the geographical area.
2. A quantification of the ethylene dibromide entering surface water
as a result of direct effluent discharges and fallout of the chemical from
the ambient air.
SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
The sites to be sampled for EDB were diverse in nature, ranging from
rural to trafficked suburban to industrial. While the site selection cri-
teria are varied, some criteria were universally applied.
The generally applicable criteria were:
* Geographical distribution;
* Meteorological conditions;
* Accessibility of adjacent property; and
* Isolation from other potential sources.
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Geographical Distribution
The geographical location of the sites selected for sampling was Im-
portant so that results from sample analysis can be used to establish
whether contamination of EDB in the environment is a nationwide problem.
Meteorological Conditions
Meteorological conditions during the months when sampling was performed
were expected to be harsh in the northern regions of the country. Extremely
low temperatures, high winds, and heavy rain or snow would adversely affect
the quality of the sampling and generally were avoided.
Accessibility of Adjacent Property
The locations of the sampling sites extended as far as 1 mile from the
company property line or a defined point (or line) source. It was required
that this land be readily accessible to the sampling personnel and pose no
danger to the sampling personnel or equipment.
Isolation from Other Potential Sources
While some of the sources of EDB emissions were localized, others were
nearly diffuse. In order to establish the geographical effect of a suspect
source, it was necessary that no other potential sources be in the immediate
vicinity. Oil refineries, for example, tended to appear in clusters; sampling
sites were selected to minimize overlapping emission patterns. Similarly,
oil refinery sites were selected that were distant from heavily trafficked
roadways, manufacturing plants, etc.
The actual sources of EDB were expected to be (a) the manufacturers,
(b) the leaded gasoline producers and users, and (c) the fumigation users.
More specific sites were selected within the second category that were ex-
pected to represent specific sources of emissions.
It has been estimated that over 80% of the 300 million pounds of EDB
produced,annually is used as a gasoline additive.±/ The prime industries
and/or activities involved in the use of EDB as a fuel additive are:
1. Oil refinery mixing operations—evaporative loss;
2. Oil refinery storage and bulk transfer—evaporative loss;
3. Retail gasoline stations—evaporative loss; and
4. Automobile traffic—evaporative loss and incomplete combustion.
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In the selection of specific sampling sites within these source cate-
gories, the following criteria were applied.
Gasoline Mixing. Storage and Transfer
Generally, gasoline produced at an oil refinery is mixed at the refinery
with the lead mix and then stored. It is ultimately transferred to trucks
or pipelines for transportation to retail outlets. It was desirable to sepa-
rate the two possible operations that may be contributors, i.e., (a) mixing
and (b) storage and transfer. The specific site selection criteria were (a)
spatial separation of the mixing operation from storage and transfer opera-
tions, (b) a crude capacity of approximately 100,000 barrels per calendar
day, (c) a major brand gasoline producer, and (d) isolation from other major
oil refineries.
Gasoline Retail (Low Traffic)
The specific criteria for site selection were (a) presence of several
active retail gasoline outlets and (b) relatively low vehicular traffic
density. It was recommended that the cities chosen for the Highly Trafficked
Urban category also be used for this sampling. This selection insured that
similar weather conditions would exist during the sampling period and per-
mitted comparisons to be made about the relative significance of these two
potential sources.
Highly Trafficked Urban
All major cities have numerous heavily trafficked areas and were natu-
rally potential sampling sites. For this study, the heavily trafficked road
was considered as a line source of EDB emissions. In order to attain the
stated objectives, the following criteria were applied: (a) the site should
be reasonably separated from other sources, e.g., a similar heavily trafficked
roadway crossing or adjacent to the site area, and (b) a crossing wind direc-
tion, in relationship to the roadway, was preferred.
Suburban Residential
The site was lightly traveled and removed from heavily trafficked
arteries, oil refineries, or any other major source.
Rural
The rural site was well removed from all potential sources.
USDA Fumigation
The USDA Fumigation Centers were chosen by the project officer. In addi-
tion to the general criteria, it was established that a fumigation operation
was underway at the time of sampling.
10
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Agricultural Nematocide Usage
The project officer investigated locations at which EDB-containing
nematocides were being used.
Recommended Sampling Sites
With the criteria stated previously, the following sites were selected
for sampling in this study.
Oil Refineries
Continental Oil Company Ponca City, Oklahoma
Mobil Oil Company Paulsboro, New Jersey
Retail Gasoline Stations Phoenix, Arizona
Los Angeles, California
Camden, New Jersey
Automobile Traffic Phoenix, Arizona
Los Angeles, California
Suburban Residential Kansas City, Missouri
Rural Maryville, Missouri
USDA Fumigation Wahneta, Florida
Ft. Pierce, Florida
The geographical locations of these sites are shown in Figure 1.
11
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• Retail Gasoline
O Highly Trafficked Urban
* Oil Refinery
^ Suburban Residential
• Rural
o Fumigation Center
Figure 1. Geographical location of recommended sampling sites
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SECTION IV
PRESAMPLING SITE VISITS AND FIELD SAMPLING
In most cases, a presampling site visit was conducted 1 to 3 weeks
prior to the scheduled sampling. Such trips were necessary to select the
optimum locations for the sampling stations. When appropriate, a discussion
with a plant representitive was included in the visit. Figure 2 shows the
complete schedule for presampling site visits and field sampling.
PRESAMPLING SURVEYS
During the site visit, information about the location and activities
of specific potential sources within the plant grounds was requested along
with a detailed map of the facility. Meteorological conditions that would
affect sampling were also investigated. Provision was made with the appro-
priate agency to obtain local surface weather observations for the sampling
dates. Where appropriate, traffic density data were obtained for areas being
sampled.
In instances when sampling equipment was to be placed on public or pri-
vate property not belonging to the installation being sampled, the property
owner and the local law authorities were alerted of our sampling plans and
schedules.
FIELD SAMPLING
During the presampling surveys the specific locations of the air sam-
pling stations were determined. The locations were dictated largely by the
nature of the source--line, point or diffuse, the wind patterns and the acces-
sibility. Soil and dustfall samples were collected at most of the air sampling
stations. Water samples were collected from effluent streams or as storm run-
off. The total number of samples analyzed at each site is summarized in Table
1. Detailed descriptions of the presampling site visits and the field sampling
at each site are given in Appendix A.
13
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Phoenix, Arizona: Retail Gas
Highly Trafficked Urban
Los Angeles, Calif.: Retail Gas
Highly Trafficked Urban
Mary vi lie, Missouri:
Rural
Kansas City, Missouri:
Surburban
Continental Oil Company
Ponca City, Oklahoma
Mobil Oil Company
Paulsboro, New Jersey
Camden, New Jersey
Retai 1 Gas
State of Florida -USDA Fumigation
Center, Wahneta, Florida
State of Florida - USDA Fumigation
Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida
Jan
Feb
^A C^D
A
Mar '
°
a
a
A C
Apr
3
A CD
A o
May
4a
Aa
A Presampling Site Visit
^3 Field Sampling
Figure 2. Presampling site visit and field sampling schedule.
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Table 1. FIELD SAMPLING SUMMARY
Site
Air samples^'
(stations x train components x
sampling periods)
Conoco
Mobil
Retail gas, Phoenix
Retail gas, Los Angeles
Retail gas, Camden
Highly trafficked, Phoenix
Highly trafficked, Los Angele
Suburban, Kansas City
Rural, Missouri
Fumigation Center, Wahneta
Fumigation Center,
Ft. Pierce
17 x 2 x 1
5x1x4
5x1x1
1x2x2
Total samples
(number/type)
20
13
18
14
3
10
eles 9
1
2
17
6
6
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
X 1
x 3
X 1
40 air
6 soil
6 dustfall
2 water
26 air
13 soil
8 dustfall
36 air
28 air
6 air
20 air
18 air
2 air
4 air
58 air
9 soil
9 dustfall
63 air
6 soil
6 dustfall
5 water
a/ The total number of air samples consists of the number of air sampling
stations times the components of the train, i.e., filter and charcoal,
times the number of sampling periods.
15
-------
SECTION V
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Air, water, soil and dustfall samples were collected from a variety
of locations where emission of ethylene dibromide could occur. In most
of the sites, the general sampling strategy was designed to indicate (a)
the geographical distribution of EDB, (b) the principal sources of EDB
emissions, and (c) the physical form of EDB, i.e., vapor or particulate-
bound. The highest levels of EDB were found close to discrete sources
such as the fumigation centers, gasoline bulk loading stations and retail
gasoline stations , although low levels were still detectable in rural
areas. The results for each sampling site are discussed below.
CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY, OIL REFINERY, PONCA CITY, OKLAHOMA
Field sampling around the Continental Oil Company refinery was con-
ducted on March 31, 1976. The samples collected were: 40 air (20 filters
plus 20 charcoal traps), 2 water, 6 soil, and 6 dustfall.
Air Samples
The 40 air samples were collected at 20 sampling stations. Five were
located north of the refinery, four were to the south, five were east, four
were west, and two were in the middle of the refinery area. The latter two
were positioned off State Highway 60, which passed through the refinery,
and were in close proximity to the truck bulk loading station and the pipe-
line pumping station. The nearly symmetrical distribution of sampling sta-
tions provided assurance that the geographic distribution of EDB would be
measured regardless of the wind patterns during the sampling period. All
stations were operated continuously for 18 hr. During this period the wind
patterns were varied, as shown by the wind rose shown in Figure 3.
Geographical Distribution; The analytical data for the air samples are
given in Table B-l. Figure 4 shows the 18-hr average concentrations of EDB
16
-------
NNW
NW
WNW
WSW
SW
NNE
NE
ENE
SE
SSW
3-5 >5
Wind Speed, Mph
Figure 3. Wind patterns during sampling at Conoco Oil Refinery,
Ponca City, Oklahoma.
17
-------
Numbers in Parentheses
Represent Average Con-
centration (pg/m^) of
EDB
Highway 60
.088)
.093)
.080)
.064)
.074)
0 1300 2600
I j |
Scale - Feet
Ponca City
N
I
EDB Use and
Storage Area
Bulk Loading
Station
Cherokee
Pipe Line
W-l
W-2
_o
_*
O
•Williams
Bros. Pipe
Line
©(0.048)
©(0.052)
Figure 4. Average concentration of EDB in air at 20 sampling stations
at Conoco Oil Refinery, Ponca City, Oklahoma.
18
-------
in the air at the 20 sampling stations. The levels ranged from 0.13 ug/m3
near the middle of the refinery to 0.05 ug/m3 at stations south of the re-
finery. EDB was detected at all stations ranging from 0 to 1 mile away from
the refinery.
Sources of EDB Emissions: Air sampling stations Nos. 19 and 20 were
positioned directly south of the bulk loading station and the pipeline pump-
ing station. Both were southeast of the lead mix storage area mixing facility
and the leaded gasoline storage area. The EDB level at the bulk loading sta-
tion (0.13 ug/m3) was higher than that at the pumping station (0.078 ug/m3),
indicating that the bulk loading station is a source of EDB emission. The
pumping station level is quite close to the 0.070 ug/m3 average of all the
other 18 stations. This distribution indicates that the pumping station is
not a source of EDB emission.
The widespread geographical distribution cannot be attributed to the bulk
loading station alone. Since no other definite source exists in the area,
the EDB must be ubiquitous. The source is probably automobile traffic and
retail gasoline stations.
Neglecting stations Nos. 19 and 20, there is little difference between
the average of the stations ranging east and west from the plant fence line
to a distance of 1/2 to 1 mile. The averages of the north and south tran-
sects, however, differ statistically at the 95% confidence level. The area
to the south is rural while the area north is residential. Since the wind
during the sampling period was from the north nearly as often as from the
south, the difference is probably due to an "urban" effect, i.e., automobile
traffic and retail gasoline stations.
EDB was not found on any of the filters, indicating that EDB was
present exclusively as a vapor.
Water Samples
Two water samples were collected from the water treatment effluent at
the southern boundary of the plant. The results of the analyses are given
in Table 2. Similar levels of EDB, 0.17 and 0.14 ppb, were found in the
samples collected at 0800 and 2000, respectively.
Table 2. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER FROM CONTINENTAL OIL
COMPANY, PONCA CITY, OKLAHOMA
Sample No. and location Concentration. pg/j6
W-l, Water treatment pond outlet 0.17
W-2, Water treatment pond outlet 0.14
19
-------
Soli Samples
Soil samples were collected at the perimeter of the plant near air
sampling stations Nos. 5, 9, 14, 18, 19, and 20.
EDB was not found in any of the soil samples. From the procedure used
and the instrumental sensitivity, the detectable limit of EDB in a solid
sample was 2 fig/kg.
Pustfall Samples
Dustfall samples were collected at the perimeter of the plant near air
sampling stations Nos. 5, 9, 14, 18, 19, and 20.
No EDB was detected in any of the samples. Based upon the analytical
sensitivity of the technique, the dustfall EDB was less than 60 pg/cm^/hr.
The lack of EDB in the dustfall agress with the finding of no particulate
form of EDB.
Site Summary
The results of the analyses of the air samples indicate that the truck
bulk loading station is a source of EDB emission. The terminal for shipment
of leaded gasoline by pipeline is not a source. Furthermore, the associated
leaded gasoline facilities and operations, e.g., lead mix storage, lead mix
blending, and leaded gasoline storage, also are not sources of EDB emissions.
The detectable levels of EDB up to 1 mile from the refinery are not due to
emissions from the bulk loading station but may result from automobiles and
retail gasoline stations. EDB was detected only as a vapor; no particulate
EDB was found.
Very low levels of EDB, less than 0.2 ppb, were detected in the effluent
from the water treatment facility. EDB was not detected in the soil samples
or in the dustfall samples.
MOBIL OIL COMPANY, PAULSBORO, NEW JERSEY
Field sampling at the Mobil Oil Refinery was conducted on April 13, 1976.
The samples collected were: 26 air (13 filters plus 13 charcoal traps), 13
soil, and 8 dustfall. No aqueous discharges were accessible.
Air Samples
The 26 air samples were collected at 13 sampling stations located north-
east, east, southeast and south of the refinery. The Delaware River bordered
20
-------
the refinery on the north and a swamp bordered the plant on the west. No
sampling stations were placed north or west of the plant. One station was
placed at the Mobil bulk loading station. Four stations were placed south
of this point, one was southeast, three were east and one was northeast.
A station located north of the bulk loading area, at the edge of the Delaware
River, was directed east of the lead mix storage and blending facilities and
the pipeline pumping station. Two additional bulk loading stations (Sunoco
and Exxon) were unexpectedly found operating near the Mobil facility; there-
fore, air sampling stations were installed near these potential sources.
The air station at the Sunoco bulk loading outlet was 400 ft north of the
Mobil bulk loading facility. The air sampler at the Exxon bulk loading sta-
tion was 1,000 ft north-northeast of the Mobil bulk loading station. The
last air station was placed 1,200 ft east of the Exxon facility and 1,800 ft
northeast of the Mobil bulk loading station. By necessity, most of the sam-
pling stations were placed to the east of the refinery. The wind was from
the west more frequently than the east, and therefore the sites were down-
wind during most of the sampling. The air samples were collected for 18 hr.
During this period, the wind was from the west northwest, west and west-
southwest exclusively, as shown in Figure 5.
Geographical Distribution; The analytical data for the air samples are
given in Table B-2. Figure 6 shows the 18-hr average concentrations of EDB
in the air at the 13 sampling stations. The levels ranged from 0.20 ug/m3
by the Exxon bulk loading station to 0.08 ug/m3 1 mile south of the Mobil
bulk loading station. EDB was found at all air sampling stations.
Sources of EDB Emissions: Air sampling stations Nos. 2, 8, and 13 were
situated directly east and downwind of the three bulk loading stations. The
EDB air levels at these stations were: 0.19 ug/m3 at Mobil, 0.15 ug/m3 at
Sunoco and 0.20 ug/m3 at Exxon. The level at station No. 1, east of the
lead mix storage, blending, and pipeline pumping stations, was lower, i.e.,
0.12 ug/m3. The remaining stations had an average EDB concentration of
0.10 jig/m3. Again, the results indicate that the bulk loading facilities
are sources of EDB emission. The lead mix area does not appear to be a
major source of emission. The air levels of EDB decrease with distance away
from the bulk loading stations and reach a lower limit of 0.08 to 0.10 ug/m3.
Comparable levels are reached at both 1 mile east (0.09 ug/m3) and at 1 mile
south (0.08 ug/m3). These sites are downwind and crosswind, respectively,
of the bulk loading stations, indicating that these EDB levels are ubiquitous.
No EDB was found on the filter, indicating that the predominant physical form
was vapor.
Soil Samples
Soil samples were collected near all air sampling stations except sta-
tion No. 9.
21
-------
NNW
NW
WNW
W
WSW
SW
SSW
NNE
NE
ENE
Wind Speed, Mph
Figure 5. Wind patterns during sampling at Mobil Oil Refinery,
Paulsboro, New Jersey.
22
-------
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
EDB
Figure 6. Average concentration of EDB in air at 13 sampling stations
at Mobil Oil Refinery, Paulsboro, New Jersey.
23
-------
EDB was not detected in any of the soils, indicating that the level
of EDB was less than 2 ug/kg of soil.
Pustfall Samples
Dustfall samples were collected from around the refinery at air sampling
stations Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 13.
EDB vas not found in any of the dustfall samples.
Summary
The results indicate that the truck bulk loading stations are sources
of EDB emissions. The area containing the lead mix storage, lead mix blend-
ing, leaded gasoline storage, and the pipeline pumping does not appear to
be a source. EDB levels detected up to 1 mile away from the sources are
considered to be the baseline levels and are probably due to the contribu-
tions by gasoline-powered vehicles and retail gasoline stations.
EDB was detected in the vapor state only.
RETAIL GASOLINE STATIONS, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
Field sampling at the retail gasoline site in Phoenix, Arizona, was
performed on February 26, 1976. Thirty-six air samples (18 filters and
18 charcoal traps) were collected. No water, soil, or dustfall samples
were collected.
Air Samples
The 36 air samples were collected at 18 stations distributed to the
north, south, east and west of the intersection of Shea Boulevard and 32nd
Avenue. Four stations were placed in each direction at 1/8 to 1 mile from
the intersection. Two stations were placed at the southwest and northeast
corners of the intersection, adjacent to retail gasoline stations. The air
samples were collected for approximately 18 hr. Throughout this period the
wind was predominantly from the west and east, as seen in Figure 7. The
traffic passing through the intersection was reported to be 38,000 vehicles
per day .2'
Geographical Distribution: The analytical data for the air samples
are presented in Table B-3. Figure 8 shows the 18-hr average concentrations
of EDB in the air at the 18 stations. The levels ranged from a high of
0.50 ug/m3 at the gasoline stations to a low of 0.20 ug/m3 at 1/2 mile south
of the intersection. The sample taken 1 mile south of the intersection was
lost. EDB was detected at all sampling stations.
24
-------
NNW
NW
WNW
WSW
SW
SSW
NNE
NE
ENE
Wind Speed, Mph
Figure 7. Wind patterns during sampling at the retail gasoline site,
Phoenix, Arizona.
25
-------
Retail Gasoline Stations-
Cactus Road
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
EDB
(0.203)
~l
Union 76-
Standard
D (0.276)
©(0.265)
(0.328)
D(0.503)
©,(0.359)
(D(0.194)
15) Lost
N
0 1000 2000
I L I
Scale - Feet
Shea Blvd.
©(0.363)
-Giant
(0.230)
Figure 8. Average concentration of EDB in air at 18 sampling stations
at the retail gasoline site, Phoenix, Arizona.
26
-------
Sources of EDB Emissions: Figure 9 shows the air levels of EDB along
the north-south and the east-west transects. The obvious peaks at the in-
tersection show that the retail gasoline stations are definite sources of
EDB emission. The levels decrease rapidly with distance away from the in-
tersection and reach a lower limit of 0.20 to 0.26 ug/tn^. The high levels
at air stations Nos. 11 and 10, 1/4 and 1/2 mile east of the intersection,
can be traced to the Giant Retail gasoline station, located between the two
samplers. This again indicates that the retail gasoline stations are point
sources of EDB emissions. At the sites farthest from the gasoline stations
in all four directions, there is little difference in the EDB levels. This
indicates that in addition to the set of four retail gasoline stations which
appears as a point source, there is an elevated baseline level of EDB. All
of the retail gasoline stations across the metropolitan area contribute to
this level.
EDB was not detected on the filters, showing that the vapor form pre-
dominated.
Summary
The results showed that retail gasoline stations are sources of EDB
emissions. However, levels of EDB higher than would be predicted were found
over a wide geographic range. These levels constitute a baseline concentra-
tion that is attributed partially to the combined emissions from all retail
gasoline stations. Because of this background level, the emissions from the
retail gasoline could not be discerned beyond 1/8 mile. All EDB was found
to exist in the vapor form only.
RETAIL GASOLINE STATIONS, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Field sampling at a retail gasoline site in Los Angeles, California,
was performed on March 2, 1976. Twenty-eight air samples (14 filters and
14 charcoal traps) were collected. Two water runoff samples were collected
following a rain. Soil and dustfall samples were not collected.
Air Samples
The 28 air samples were collected at 14 stations positioned from 0 to
3/4 mile to the north, south, east, and west of the intersection of Del Amo
and Bellflower boulevards. Four stations were placed to the north, three
to the south, two to the east, three to the west, and two were at the inter-
section, adjacent to retail gasoline stations. Air samples were collected
for 13 hr. Sampling was terminated due to the onset of a heavy rain. The
wind during the hours of sampling was almost entirely from the east as shown
in Figure 10. The vehicular traffic through the intersection was 46,000/day.—'
27
-------
0.60
0.45
/ig/m3
EDB 0.30
0.15
Retail Gasoline Stations
3/4 1/2 1/4 1/8 0 0 1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4
South •* Miles ——^ North
0.60
0.45
0.30
0.15
Retail Gasoline Stations
I I
3/4 1/2 1/4 1/8 0 0 1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4
West -^ Miles ^- East
Figure 9. Average concentration of EDB in air at sampling stations
north, south, east and west of the retail gasoline stations,
Phoenix, Arizona.
28
-------
N
NNW
NW
WNW
WSW
SW
SSW
NNE
NE
ENE
Wind Speed, Mph
Figure 10. Wind patterns during sampling at the retail gasoline site,
Los Angeles, California.
29
-------
Geographical Distribution; Table B-4 lists the analytical data for
the air samples. The 13-hr average EDB concentrations at the 14 stations
are shown in Figure 11. The highest value was 0.19 ug/m3 near a gasoline
station; the lowest value was 0.09 ug/nP found at six sites ranging from
1/8 to 3/4 mile away from the intersection in all four directions. EDB
was detected at all sampling locations.
Sources of EDB Emissions: The EDB levels along the north-south and
east-west transects are shown in Figure 12 along with the location of ad-
ditional nearby retail gasoline stations. The levels have a definite
maximum at the intersection and then drop within 1/8 mile to a fairly con-
stant level of 0.1 Ug/m3. The EDB distribution indicates that the three
retail gasoline stations are sources of EDB emissions. The failure of
these levels to drop to zero or to be strongly influenced by the easterly
wind indicates that the level of 0.1 ug/m3 is a baseline value. The base-
line level of EDB is presumably due to the summed contributions of all the
retail gasoline stations in the region. A contribution by vehicular traf-
fic is also possible. All EDB was found in the form of a vapor.
Water Samples
Two water samples were collected as runoff water during a light rain
that occurred at around 1500 on March 2. One sample was collected at the
intersection of Del Amo and BelIflower boulevards "downstream" of the sta-
tions and the second sample was collected 1/2 mile south of the intersection.
Table 3 gives the results of the analysis of these samples. The level de-
tected at the intersection, 0.17 ppb, was slightly higher than the value of
0.11 ppb detected at 1/2 mile south. It is not certain whether the EDB in
the water came from washout of the air or from a "wash off" of the streets,
driveways, etc. The fact that the ratio of levels, 0.17/0.11 ppb, is simi-
lar to the air levels at those two sites, 0.19/0.10 ug/m3, suggests that
the EDB is from a washout of the air.
Table 3. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF WATER AT THE
RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Sample No. and location
W-l, Bel If lower and Del Amo
W-2, South 1/2 mile
Volume
200 ml
200 ml
ng
34
22
ug/J&
0.17
0.11
30
-------
South Ave.
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (pg/nH) of
EDB
ShelK
\>
"4
(0.150) (0.095)(0.122W
(0. 160)©
ARCO-^
•o
1
o
M-
"3
CQ
^-Retail Gasoline Station
N
0(0.089) i
0 650 1300
©(0-092) ' Scale'- Feet'
©(0.078)
0(0.104)
Del Amo Blvd.
\ © ©(0.102) 1
@\0.087) LRetoi|
(0.089>)sVru Gasoline
X ' ^Chevron Station
0(0.098)
©(0.099)
/-Retail Gasoline Station
Carson St.
1
Figure 11. Average concentration of EDB in air at 14 sampling stations
at the retail gasoline site, Los Angeles, California.
31
-------
0.20
0.15
nr-
EDB
0.10
0.05
Retail Gasoline Stations
3/4 1/2 1/4 1/8 0 0 1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4
South -^ Miles »> North
EDB
0.20 -
0.15 -
0.10 -
0.05 -
-
1 1
Reta
il G
1
1
asc
1
>line St
1
atio
ns
1
1 I 1
1 3/4 1/2 1/4 1/8 0 0 1/8 1/4 1/2 3/4
West
Miles
East
Figure 12. Average concentration of EDB at sampling stations
north, south, east and west of the retail gasoline site,
Los Angeles, California.
32
-------
Summary
The cluster of retail gasoline stations was demonstrated to be a source
of EDB emissions. The realm of influence of this type of source does not
extend beyond 1/8 mile in any direction. This is due to a baseline level of
EDB in air that is about 1/2 of the point source level. The ubiquitous na-
ture of airborne EDB is apparently a result of all gasoline stations func-
tioning as sources of EDB emissions. EDB was found in runoff water follow-
ing a rainfall. Its presence appears to be due to a washout of the ambient
air. All EDB found in the air was in the vapor form.
RETAIL GASOLINE STATIONS, CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY
Field sampling was conducted near two retail gasoline stations on
April 15, 1976. Six air samples (3 filters and 3 charcoal traps) were col-
lected. No water, soil, or dustfall samples were taken.
Air Samples
The six air samples were taken with three samples positioned on Haddon
Avenue at 0, 0.2, and 0.6 mile southeast of its intersection with Euclid Street.
The first station was directly southeast of two retail gasoline stations.
Air was sampled for 12 hr. During this time, the wind was principally from
the south and southwest, as shown in Figure 13. Vehicular traffic at the
intersection along Haddon Avenue was 13,000 vehicles/day.-'
Geographical Distribution: The results of the sample analyses are
given in Table B-5 and are shown on the map in Figure 14 as 12-hr averages.
The samples collected at stations Nos. 1 and 2 had identical levels of EDB
(0.48 ug/m3). The sample collected at station No. 3, 0.6 mile southeast of
the gasoline stations, contained 0.38 ug/m3 EDB.
Sources of EDB Emissions: During the sampling period, the stations
were all crosswind or partially upwind of the retail gasoline stations. For
this reason, it was not possible to establish whether these gasoline sta-
tions were sources of EDB emissions. The baseline levels at the station
farthest from the gasoline stations, 0.38 ug/m3, is notably higher than ex-
pected. The Camden-Philadelphia area has a very high population density
with high traffic density and numerous retail gasoline stations. The sam-
pling stations were located downwind of most of the metropolitan areas.
Furthermore, three major oil refineries, Texaco, Gulf, and Arco, are located
within 5 miles upwind of the Camden sampling sites (see Figure A-4). Those
three refineries, plus the Mobil refinery at Paulsboro, account for nearly
3.5% of the production of gasoline in the United States.-' All these factors
combined can be expected to contribute to a high baseline level of EDB.
33
-------
NNW
NNE
NW
NE
WNW
ENE
WSW
SSW
Wind Speed, Mph
Figure 13. Wind patterns during sampling at the
retail gasoline site, Camden, New Jersey.
34
-------
N
550
Scale - Feet
Harleigh Cemetery
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (pg/rn-^) of
EDB
Figure 14. Average concentration of EDB at three sampling stations
at the retail gasoline site, Camden, New Jersey.
35
-------
As before, all EDB was found to be present in the vapor state only.
Summary
The effect of the retail gasoline stations on the level of EDB in air
was not discernible. The ambient air level of EDB, however, was higher than
expected. The high background level of EDB may be due to the Philadelphia-
Camden area's having a high population density, high traffic density, and
numerous retail gasoline stations, plus the presence of four major oil re-
fineries at the southwest section of the city.
HIGHLY TRAFFICKED SITE, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
Field sampling at the highly trafficked site in Phoenix, Arizona, was
performed on February 24, 1976. Twenty air samples (10 filters and 10 char-
coal traps) were collected. No water, soil, or dustfall samples were col-
lected.
Air Samples
The 20 air samples were collected at 10 stations placed east and west
of Interstate 17 and 27th Avenue on Montebello. Five stations each were
east and west at distances of 0 to 1 mile from the two roadways. The air
samples were collected continuously for 18 hr. During this period the wind
was from the west 60% of the time and from the east 30% of the time. Fig-
ure 15 shows the wind behavior during the sampling period. The traffic on
1-17 and 27th Avenue was estimated to be 95,000 vehicles /day .-'
Geographical Distribution; The analytical data for the air samples are
presented in Table B-6. Figure 16 shows a map of the site with the 18-hr
average concentrations of EDB. The levels ranged from 0.31 ug/m3 at 1 mile
west of the Interstate to 0.41 ug/m3 immediately west of the Interstate.
EDB was detected at all the sampling stations.
Sources of EDB Emissions: Figure 17 shows the air levels at the sta-
tions east and west of 1-17 and 27th Avenue. No distinct trend in the EDB
levels can be detected. The results do not indicate that a highly trafficked
roadway is a discernible source of EDB emission.
All detected EDB was in the vaporous form.
Summary
A single heavily trafficked roadway was not a discernible line source
of EDB emission. However, these results are not evidence that automobiles
themselves are not mobile sources of EDB emissions. They imply that auto-
mobile traffic is so omnipresent that it is not possible to isolate a sin-
gle traffic-based source.
36
-------
NNW
NW
WNW
WSW
SW
SSW
NNE
NE
ENE
Wind Speed, Mph
Figure 15. Wind patterns during sampling at the
highly trafficked site, Phoenix, Arizona.
37
-------
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (jig/m-*) of
EDB
CO
00
a>
m
CO
(0.315)
(0.358)
CN
Montebello
N
4
0 900 1800
I j i
Scale - Feet
Bethany Home Road
(0.308)
(5)
Cj)
(0.353)
(0.406)
Figure 16. Average concentration of EDB at 10 sampling stations
at the highly trafficked site, Phoenix, Arizona.
-------
EDB
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0. 10
0
-
-
-
-
-
1
1 1
3/4 1/2
1/4 1/8 0 0 1/8 1/4
West -^ Miles ^- East
1/2 3/4
Figure 17. Average concentration of EDB at sampling stations east and west of the
highly trafficked site, Phoenix, Arizona.
-------
HIGHLY TRAFFICKED SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Field sampling was performed on March 4, 1976, at a site featuring a
heavily trafficked freeway in Los Angeles, California. A total of 18 air
samples (9 filters and 9 charcoal traps) were collected. No water, soil,
or dustfall samples were collected.
Air Samples
The nine air sampling stations used to collect the 18 air samples were
arranged north and south of the San Diego Freeway (Interstate 405) on
Studebaker Road. Five stations were from 0 to 1 mile north of the freeway
while four were from 1/8 to 3/4 mile south. Normally the winds would come
off the coast and blow across the freeway from south to north. During the
18-hr sampling period, which followed a period of severe weather, the wind
was from the northeast to north-northeast 30% of the time and from the east
48% of the time, as shown in Figure 18. The San Diego Freeway, at Studebaker
Road, carries an average traffic load of 144,000 vehicles/day.^:'
Geographical Distribution: Table B-7 lists the analytical data for the 18
air samples. A map of the area is shown in Figure 19, with the 18-hr average
concentrations of EDB. The concentrations ranged from 0.16 ug/m3 immediately
north of the freeway to 0.12 ug/m3 at several sites south of the freeway.
EDB was found at all stations along the 1-3/4 mile transect.
Sources of EDB Emissions; The levels of EDB in the air around the free-
way are shown graphically in Figure 20. All the stations from 1/8 to 3/4
mile south recorded very similar levels of EDB. Comparable levels of EDB
were also found from 1/2 to 1 mile north of the freeway. Only the site im-
mediately north showed a relatively higher level of EDB. While the differ-
ence is not large, it suggests that the freeway traffic is a source of EDB
emission. The wind patterns during the sampling period were not favorable
for observing such an effect at the 0-mile north station. The 1/8-mile
south station was too distant to be greatly influenced by the emissions from
the traffic. EDB collected at these stations was all in the vapor form.
Summary
The heavily trafficked freeway could be a line source of EDB emission.
The EDB concentration near the edge of the road, 0.16 ug/m3, was slightly
higher than the levels of 0.12 to 0.14 ug/m3 recorded at more distant sites.
The generally similar levels at all stations, however, indicate that EDB is
ubiquitous.
40
-------
NNW
NW
WNW
W
WSW
SW
SSW
NNE
NE
ENE
Wind Speed, Mph
Figure 18. Wind patterns during sampling at the
highly trafficked site, Los Angeles, California.
41
-------
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (iig/in^) of
EDB
(§)
(0.109)
(0.122)
(0.121)
(T)
650 1300
i i
Scale - Feet
Figure 19. Average concentration of EDB at nine sampling stations at the
highly trafficked site, Los Angeles, California.
-------
0.16
0.12
EDB 0.08
0.04
1 3/4 1/2
1/4 1/8 0 0 1/8 1/4
South -^ Miles ^ North
1/2 3/4 1
Figure 20. Average concentration of EDB at sampling stations north and south
of the highly trafficked site, Los Angeles, California.
-------
SUBURBAN LOW TRAFFIC SITE, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
Field sampling was conducted on March 18, 1976, at a low traffic subur-
ban site in east Kansas City, Missouri. Two air samples (1 filter and 1
charcoal trap) were collected.
Air Samples
A single air sampling station was placed at 12219 E. 61st Street,
Kansas City, Missouri. The area was suburban with no heavily trafficked
roadways within 1 mile. The nearest gasoline stations were over 1 mile
west of the site. No weather data were taken during the sampling. The
weather, however, was fair and no precipitation occurred during the sam-
pling. While no traffic data were available for the area sampled, it was
estimated to be less than 100 vehicles/day. This area was sampled primar-
ily to establish the EDB level in a suburban area, away from traffic and
retail gasoline stations.
Levels of EDB: The analytical data for the suburban site are given in
Table B-8. The location and the 18-hr average concentrations are given on
the map shown in Figure 21. The level of 0.06 ug/nr* represents a baseline
level of EDB for an area removed from the expected sources, i.e., retail
gasoline stations and heavy traffic.
Summary
o
The level of EDB in a suburban area was found to be 0.06 ug/m . This
represents a baseline value for an area removed from heavy traffic and re-
tail gasoline stations. The observed EDB was found in the vapor form.
RURAL SITE, MARYVILLE, MISSOURI
Field sampling was conducted at the rural site, located 20 miles north-
east of Maryville, Missouri. Four air samples (2 filters and 2 charcoal
traps) were collected.
Air Samples
Two air sampling stations were placed adjacent to each other in a field
on the farm owned by Mrs. M. Cobb. No retail gasoline stations were within
2 miles. The nearest state highway was 5 miles away.
During the sampling period the weather was fair with gusty winds from
the south to southwest. The area was sampled to establish a baseline air
level of EDB at a location far from any known sources. A duplicate air sam-
ple was taken using a modified train to establish that the filter and rubber
44
-------
Number in Parenthesis Represents
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
EDB
Figure 21. Average concentration of EDB at one sampling station
at the suburban site, Kansas City, Missouri.
45
-------
tubing components of the sampling train had no influence on the observed
levels of EDB. The sampling train for sample No. 2 was rearragned into the
following configuration.
Rubber Tubing
Battery
Charcoal Tubes
Levels of EDB; The analytical data for the rural site are shown in
Table B-9, and the location of the site is marked in Figure 22. The concen-
tration of 0.07 ug/m3 represents the baseline level of EDB in air. The
agreement of the two samples shows that the filter and rubber hose compo-
nents of the sampling train have no effect on the levels of EDB.
Summary
A level of 0.07 ug/m3 was observed as a baseline value of EDB in rural
unpolluted air. Duplicate samples gave identical results. The sampling
train components were shown to have no effect upon the results.
STATE OF FLORIDA - USDA FUMIGATION CENTER, WAHNETA, FLORIDA
Field sampling was performed May 4, 1976, at the State of Florida -
USDA Fumigation Center near Wahneta, Florida. A total of 58 air samples
(35 charcoal and 23 filter), 9 soil samples, and 9 dustfall samples were
collected. No water samples were collected.
Air Samples
The 58 air samples were collected at 17 sampling stations placed gen-
erally north, east, and west of the center. Four stations were north, two
stations were south, six stations were east and southeast, three stations
were west and southwest, and two stations were located inside the fumigation
center. One of these stations was located in the adjacent office building
near the door while the other station was near the center of the corridor
separating the fumigation chambers. Six additional samplers were operated
parallel to the four samplers at the facility boundaries and the two samplers
inside the facility. The first 17 samplers were operated continuously for
14 hr. The second set of six samplers was operated intermittently through
the day to collect short-term samples. During the sampling period, the wind
was from the north initially and shifted to the northeast in the evening.
46
-------
N
t
0 5 10
Scale - Miles
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
EDB
Figure 22. Average concentration of EDB at two sampling stations
at the rural site, Maryville, Missouri.
47
-------
Wind rose patterns shown in Figure 23 illustrate the changes. The sampling
strategy at this site was expanded to include a determination of what fumi-
gation activities were responsible for EDB emissions.
Geographical Distribution; The analytical data for the air samples are
shown in Figures 24 and 25, and are listed in Table B-10. Figure 24 shows
the average EDB concentrations in air at the off-site stations and Figure 25
gives the levels for the on-site stations and for the short-term samplers.
The long-term levels away from the fumigation center ranged from 29.1 ug/m
at 1/8 mile south to 0.093 ug/m3 at 1/2 mile east-southeast. The sample at
the southern boundary was expected to be higher than 29 ug/m3; however, it
was lost. The EDB level at the site farthest downwind (1/2 mile west south-
west) was 0.55 ug/m3 compared to 0.1 to 0.15 ug/m3 for upwind samples. This
indicates that, under relatively constant meteorological conditions, EDB
levels above background extend out to at least 1/2 mile from the point source.
EDB was found in the air at all stations ranging out to 3/4 mile from the
fumigation center.
The 13-hr averages of the two additional stations located on-site within
the center are shown in Figure 25. The levels of 3,100 and 829 ug/m3 found in
the office and corridor, respectively, represent the average exposure level
within the working area.
Sources of EDB Emissions; The air sampling stations Nos. 5, 6, 13, 14,
and 15 were downwind of the center during some part of the day. The EDB
levels at these stations, from 0.5 to 29 ug/m3, were much higher than the up-
wind levels of 0.1 to 0.15 ug/m3. The elevated levels of EDB are due at
least in part to the direct release of EDB from the chambers during the evac-
uation cycle. The possibility of emissions occurring in other parts of the
fumigation cycle was tested by taking short-term samples. The average levels
of EDB for the 13-hr sampling period and for the three short-term sampling
periods at the six sites are shown in Figure 25. The changes in the EDB lev-
els at these six sites are graphed in Figure 26. A graph of the type of fu-
migation actively occurring during each of the sampling periods is given in
Figure 27. During the first sampling period, fumigation only was occurring
in three chambers. The EDB air concentration was 16.7 ug/m3 at the downwind
site No. 6. The level at the three other sites ranged from nondetectable to
0.15 ug/m3. During the second sampling period, two chambers were being evac-
uated and one chamber was in use for fumigation. EDB at the southern boun-
dary downwind site No. 6 rose to 86.4 ug/m3 while the other three sites were
0.35 to 3.3 ug/m3. In the third period, the highest level, 29.3 ug/m3, was
found at the west boundary site No. 15. Again, two chambers were being evac-
uated while one was sealed for fumigation. As can be seen from Figure 23,
the wind had shifted from the north to the northeast. The change in concen-
trations at the downwind sites shows that the first evacuation caused marked
elevation of the EDB levels.
48
-------
NNW
NW
WNW
WSW
0800-2400
NNE
SSE
WNW
WSW
3-5 >5
Wind Speed. Mph
SSW
ENE
0900-1200
NW
WSW
SSW
NNE
ENE
SSE
WSW
SSW
NNE
SSE
NE
ENE
ESE
1200-1400
1900-2300
Figure 23. Wind patterns during sampling at the fumigation site,
Wahneta, Florida.
49
-------
N
(0.
(0.
(0.546)
O)
X
650 1300
Scale - Feet
Facility Boundary
Truck Route
©(0.726) (0/
Retail Gasoline Station
(0.121) (0.144)
' Highway 60
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
EDB
r,
(0.156)
Figure 24. Average concentration of EDB at the off-site sampling stations
at the fumigation site, Wahneta, Florida.
50
-------
Facility Boundary
0.35"
0.096
3.29
1.20
0
i
N
40
i
80
i
Scale - Feet
3102
978
1300
Office
©
0.14
0.35
29.3
376
165
257
829
Fumigation Building
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
EDB for the 13-hr period and the
three short-term periods, respec-
tively
Lost
16.7
86.4
1.16
0.73
ND
1.25
1.05
Figure 25. Average concentration of EDB at the on-site sampling stations
at the fumigation site, Wahneta, Florida.
-------
!500-
1125-
pg/m
o Office
Q Corridor
3rd
Sampling
North Boundary
South Boundary
East Boundary
West Boundary
0800 1000 1200
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
TIME, HOURS
2400
Figure 26. Variation in EDB concentration at six on-site sampling
stations at the fumigation site, Wahneta, Florida.
52
-------
V/l
LJ
to
O£
LU
CO
<
T:
u
u_
O
z
FUMIGATION EVACUATION
§ _ ro co — ro co
-
1st
*- Samp ling-*
i
00 1000
2nd
•*• Sampling*
i
1200
i
1400
I
1600
TIME
i
-
•
•
1800
• —
S
i
3rd
ampling — — •
2000
i
2200 2400
Figure 27. Fumigation activities during sampling at the
fumigation site, Wahneta, Florida.
-------
o
The high level of 16.7 ug/nr found at site No. 6 during the fumigation stage,
however, indicates that either EDB is being lost during the fumigation stage
or that the entire facility itself is a source. The latter could result
from an overnight buildup of EDB within the closed facility, which is then
released when the facility doors, etc., are opened in the morning. The lev-
els found in the office and the corridor during the first period, 978 and
175 ug/m3, respectively, strongly suggest an overnight buildup. During the
evacuation phase when the second short-term samples were collected, the lev-
els at both building sites rose to 1,300 and 257 ug/m3, respectively. This
indicates that the ventilation system does not remove the EDB from the fa-
cility. The air level continued to build within the corridor to 829 ug/m3
during the third sampling while it dropped to 405 ug/m3 in the office. The
13-hr average level of 3,102 ug/m3 at the office station is higher than any
of the short-term levels. This could be due to some event occurring during
the time when the short-term samples were not being collected. Since the
barrel from which EDB is dispensed was located directly outside the door to
the office, a spill or a similar activity could have led to a very high but
localized level of EDB for a short time. It is not known when EDB was with-
drawn from the barrel.
The 13-hr average level at station No. 12 by the exit driveway from the
center was 0.73 ug/m3. This level is higher than would be expected for a
site that was constantly upwind or crosswind of the suspected source. A pos-
sible explanation is that EDB condenses on the trailers during fumigation
and then evaporates from them as they leave the facility. Station No. 12
was by the exit of the center and downwind of the exiting trucks.
Physical Form of EDB
EDB was found on six of the long-term filter samples, although never at
significant levels. The highest level, 0.57 ug/m3, found in the office, was
only 0.02% of the vapor level. No relationship of geographic location and
particulate level was evident.
Soil Samples
The results of the soil analysis are given in Table 4. EDB was found
in all nine soil samples, ranging from 22.6 ng/g immediately south of the
center to 0.1 ng/g at 1/2 mile east. The highest level was from the site
directly downwind of the center. Soil levels at the other sites at the
boundaries ranged from 1.1 to 1.6 ng/g.
Pustfall Samples
As seen from Table 5, EDB was detected in eight dustfall samples.
Sample D-6 from air sampling station No. 11 was lost. The dustfall rate
ranged from 6 to 65 pg/cm2/hr. No trend in the levels could be determined.
54
-------
Table 4. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL FROM THE FUMIGATION CENTER,
WAHNETA, FLORIDA
Soil sample
number and location
S-l, north, 1/8 mile
S-2, north, 0 mile
S-3, south, 1/8 mile
S-4, south, 0 mile
S-5, east, 1/2 mile
S-6, southeast, 1/8 mile
S-7, east, 0 mile
S-8, southwest, 1/4 mile
S-9, west, 0 mile
Concentration of EDB
(ng/g)
0.5
1.6
0.5
22.6
0.1
0.6
1.1
0.8
1.2
Table 5. EDB DUSTFALL LEVELS AT THE FUMIGATION CENTER,
WAHNETA, FLORIDA
Dustfall sample
number and location
D-l, north, 1/8 mile
D-2, north, 0 mile
D-3, south, 1/8 mile
D-4, south, 0 mile
D-5, east, 1/2 mile
D-7, east, 0 mile
D-8, southwest, 1/4 mile
D-9, west, 0 mile
Sampling time
0740-
0830-
0900-
0849-
0750-
0810-
0850-
0835-
2117
2302
2158
2315
2131
2320
2200
2308
ng
8
16
8
12
4
8
43
40
Dustfall rate
(pg/cm2/hr)
12
22
12
16
6
10
65
55
55
-------
S ummary
The results of the analysis of the air samples indicate that the fu-
migation center is a significant source of EDB emissions. The evacuation
stage of the fumigation process is the major source of emission. However,
downwind samples had elevated levels of EDB before evacuation of any cham-
bers had commenced. The entire facility was functioning as a source of
emission. A probable explanation is that the level of EDB inside the
buildings builds up during the night and then is released in the morning
when the facility is opened. Very high levels of EDB were found in the
morning in the office and corridor. The highest levels found, 3,102 and
829 ug/m-*, were in the office and corridor, respectively. The level of
EDB at the exit to the center was slightly elevated even though it was up-
and crosswind of the center during sampling. This indicates that the truck
trailers after fumigation are acting as mobile sources of emission, result-
ing from evaporation of EDB condensed on the trailer surfaces. EDB was pre-
dominantly present in the air samples as a vapor although particulate EDB
was detected. No relationship with vapor levels was evident. EDB was pres-
ent in all soil samples. The highest level was found downwind of the center.
All dustfall samples had detectable levels of EDB although no trend in the
levels could be determined.
STATE OF FLORIDA - USDA FUMIGATION CENTER, FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
Field sampling of the State of Florida - USDA Fumigation Center,
Ft. Pierce, Florida, was conducted on May 6, 1976. Sixty-three air samples
(41 charcoal and 22 filters), 6 soil samples, 6 dustfall samples, 4 rainfall
samples, and 1 runoff water sample were collected.
Air Samples
The 63 air samples were collected at 17 stations located in all direc-
tions around the fumigation center. Two stations were north to northeast,
two were south to southeast, two were east, seven were west to west-northwest
and two were south-southwest of the center. Four of the stations were on the
boundary of the center. The two additional stations were in the adjacent
office building and in the central corridor separating the banks of fumiga-
tion chambers. Five more samplers were positioned and operated in parallel
to the five samplers placed at the north, south and west boundaries and in
the office and central corridor. The first 17 samplers were operated con-
tinuously for 14 hr. The second set of five samplers was used to collect
four short-term samples over the same 14-hr period. During the sampling
period, the wind was predominantly from the east during the day and from the
east-southeast during the evening hours. Individual and a composite wind
rose patterns are shown in Figure 28. In addition to the above, two air
56
-------
1720-2000
2000-2200
Figure 28. Wind patterns during sampling at the
fumigation site, Ft. Pierce, Florida.
57
-------
samples were collected by the use of personnel samplers attached to two em-
ployees. The sampling strategy was modified to include a determination of
(a) what fumigation activities were responsible for EDB emissions and (b)
the EDB level in the breathing zone air of the facility employees.
Geographical Distribution; The analytical data for the air samples are
listed in Table 6-11 and shown in Figures 29 and 30. Figure 29 shows the
14-hr averages for the off-site stations and Figure 30 gives the averages for
the on-site stations, the short-term samples and for the personnel samples.
The 14-hr average EDB air levels, off-site, ranged from 85.4 ug/m3 at 1/8
mile northwest to 0.091 ug/m3 at 1/2 mile southwest. The air level at the
farthest downwind station, 1 mile west, was 0.31 ug/m3 compared to background
levels of 0.09 to 0.19 ug/m3. Under the relatively constant wind patterns
that existed during the sampling, the EDB emission from the fumigation center
could be detected as far away as 1 mile downwind. EDB was found at all sam-
pling stations. The 14-hr averages in the office and corridor, shown in Fig-
ure 29, were 520 and 2,300 ug/m3, respectively. These values indicate the
average exposure within the working area.
Sources of EDB Emission; The wind patterns, obtained from the Vero
Beach airport, indicated that the downwind samplers would be those directly
west of the facility. The highest 14-hr average levels, however, were ob-
served for the samplers generally located west-northwest. The level found
at the west boundary, 5.7 ug/m3, compared to that at 1/8 mile northwest,
85.4 ug/m3, indicates that the direction of the plume was not straight west
but northwest. That could have been due in part to the actual wind direc-
tion at the site being from the southeast plus microclimatological effects
caused by the tree line and buildings directly west of the facility.
The high levels observed to the west-northwest were at least partially
a result of the direct release of EDB during the evacuation step. The short-
term samples were collected to establish if significant emissions occurred
during other parts of the cycle. The EDB levels for four time periods at
the five short-term samplers are shown in Figure 30 and graphed in Figure 31.
The fumigation activities during each of the sampling periods are shown in
Figure 32. During the first sampling period, fumigation was occurring in as
many as seven chambers while little evacuation occurred. Significant evacu-
ation then occurred during each of the next three periods. The greatest
changes in EDB levels occurred at the north boundary station. The differences
between the first period and the second, third and fourth periods indicate
that evacuation is the major source of emission. By the fourth period, the
wind had shifted sufficiently (see Figure 28) so that the north boundary sta-
tion was more nearly downwind and the level of EDB rose considerably. No sig-
nificant change occurred at the south boundary site. The level at the west
site decreased throughout the day. The EDB concentration at the west and
north stations in the first period was higher than the upwind sites.
58
-------
Ul
VO
©(0.301)
( 1 Bell
(0.238)®
Oleander
Wagner
©(10.5)
Residential
Small Business
^•i
Lunch Stands
\
i is i L '^ '(y(i 7., 2) C '.z^j \
. .u\
1 " In.-
N
.j. 0 200 400
| Scale - Feet
- — ——State Farmers Market Boundary
•"—•"•" Fumigation Center Boundary
Truck Route
(0.190)
5) 1
e i i s i i 2 i n
_ .1 III
©(85.4) ' ! '
•""," ~T"'~1 "' | l6 ( IT ) ©(16.8)
rv
^" u
~ State of Florida (2.06) j
Road Department © [^
|
o>
E
13
j (5810)® tf|)(520) 1 O-18)
5 ' /AOT i \ /i3\\ f "iif~> (M)| ©J
:|([3j \t"r«" / vy^ @(2308)./,^4XX ,
j (5.72) r~ \
/ ©(0.388)
Fumigation Chambers-'
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
Residential EDB
Small Business
(0.091) (0.561) (2.08)
Market
^
1
Figure 29. Average concentration of EDB at the off-site sampling stations at the
fumigation site, Ft. Pierce, Florida.
-------
Numbers in Parentheses Represent
Average Concentration (ug/m^) of
EDB for the 14-hr period and the
four short-term periods, respec-
tively
Facility Boundary
16.8
0.61
5.17
2.82
96.0
0
50 100 150
i i i
Scale - Feet
a*
o
Office ^
(!S\ /««iinw
(B)
[5.7]
1.69
0.81
0.55
0.24
®(6931)J
— -
^
£
_^~^&
^
">)
Fumigation Building
520"
668
397
762
411
0.46)©
[2308]
3768
2932
2097
915
0.39
0.20
0.16
0.39
0.16
Figure 30. Average concentration of EDB at the on-site sampling stations at the
fumigation site, Ft. Pierce, Florida.
-------
3,000
2,000
1,000
Office
O Corridor
North Boundary
South Boundary
West Boundary
0800
(96.0)-
"^"Sampling"
_L
1000
1200
1400 1600
TIME, HOURS
1800
2000
2200
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
Figure 31. Variation in EDB concentration at five on-site sampling stations at the
fumigation site, Ft. Pierce, Florida.
-------
to
U
b
10
I 6
O
1
0800
-lit Sampling-
-2nd Sampling-
run
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
3rd Sampling
4th Sampling-
Figure 32. Fumigation activities during sampling at the fumigation site, Ft. Pierce, Florida.
-------
This again indicates either loss of EDB from the fumigation chambers in use
or that the entire facility is a source. The latter could be a consequence
of an overnight buildup of EDB within the facility which was released as the
buildings were opened. This is supported by the high levels found in the
corridor and office, 3,770 and 668 ug/m3, respectively, during the first sam-
pling period. These levels tended to decrease during the day despite the
extensive fumigation activities. The 14-hr average levels in the office and
corridor of 520 and 2,300 ug/m3 agree well with the four short-term levels.
The slightly elevated levels of EDB at the east, southeast and southwest
sites suggest that the truck trailers are sources of EDB emissions. The lev-
els of 1.5 and 1.2 ug/m3 at the two eastern sites along the driveway are
higher than the downwind level of 0.19 ug/m3 at site No. 4. Furthermore, the
EDB levels of 0.56 and 2.08 ug/nr at sites Nos. 7 and 8, southeast and south-
west of the center, also are elevated. These sites were never downwind of
the fumigation center but were downwind of the route used by the trucks which
had been fumigated. The decrease in levels from east to west along Market
Street is as expected if the trailers were indeed sources.
Breathing Zone Levels of EDB: Personnel samplers were used on two dif-
ferent employees for 4.0-and 3.3-hr periods, respectively. During each of
those time periods, 10 fumigations were started and 10 evacuations were com-
pleted. An employee entered a chamber on each one of these occasions. Since
several employees were working, it was not known how many times the individual
wearing the sampler actually entered the chambers. The EDB levels in the
breathing zone air was 5,810 and 6,930 ug/m3 for the two sampling periods.
Physical Form of EDB
EDB was found on 15 of the long-term filter samples, although never in
significant concentrations. At only three sites was the EDB particulate con-
centration greater than 10% of the air level. Those sites, Nos. 6, 10, and
12, all showed total EDB air levels of less than 2 ug/m3. Figure 33 shows
the relationship between the vapor and particulate levels of EDB at the six
closest sites. No distinct trend can be seen.
Soil Samples
The results of the soil sample analysis are shown in Table 6. All six
samples contained detectable levels of EDB. The levels ranged from 3.4'ppb
(ng/g) at 1/8 mile west to 0.4 ppb at the east boundary. No strong correla-
tion between level and position was evident although generally the nearest
sites downwind had high levels.
63
-------
£(0.34)
^(363)
- 0.070
CO
i
0.035 £
_o
3
O
Station
Figure 33. Vapor, particulate and dustfall levels of EDB at six sampling
stations at the fumigation site, Ft. Fierce, Florida.
64
-------
Table 6. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL FROM THE FUMIGATION CENTER,
FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
Soil sample
number and location
S-l, northwest, 1/8 mile
S-2, north, 0 mile
S-3, south, 0 mile
S-4, east, 0 mile
S-5, west, 1/8 mile
S-6, west, 0 mile
Concentration of EDB
(ng/g)
0.5
1.2
0.8
0.4
3.4
0.8
Dustfall Samples
A list of the results from analysis of the dustfall samples is given in
Table 7. The rates varied from a high of 363 pg/cn^/hr at 1/8 mile west-
northwest to a low of 6 pg/cmVhr at 1/8 mile west. The relationships be-
tween dustfall rate and the vapor and particulate levels of EDB are shown in
Figure 33. The dustfall rates correlate well with the vapor concentration
but do not correlate with the particulate concentration. A probable explana-
tion is that the EDB trapped as particulate evaporates during the air sampling
and is ultimately trapped by the charcoal tubes. This would give erradic re-
sults for particulate EDB.
Table 7. EDB DUSTFALL LEVELS AT THE FUMIGATION CENTER,
FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
Dustfall sample
number and location
D-l, northwest 1/8 mile
D-2, north, 0 mile
D-3, south, 0 mile
D-4, east, 0 mile
D-5, west, 1/8 mile
D-6, west, 0 mile
Sampling time ng
0930-2229 236
0830-2210 55
0920-2220 8
0914-2215 16
0925-2233 4
0937-2225 32
Dustfall rate
363
80
12
24
6
50
65
-------
Rainfall and Runoff Water Samples
The results of the analyses of the five rainfall and runoff water
samples are presented in Table 8. The rainfall samples were between 0.9
and 1.1 jig/liter and the runoff water was only slightly higher at 2.0 jig/
liter.
Table 8. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN RAINFALL^ AND RUNOFF WATER
AT THE FUMIGATION CENTER, FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
Sample number
and
W-l,
W-2,
W-3,
W-4,
W-5,
location
north.
south,
east,
west,
west,
i
•
0
0
0
0 mile
0 mile
mile
mile
mile
Type
Rainfall
Rainfall
Rainfall
Rainfall
Runoff
Volume
collected
14
14
14
14
200
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ng
15
13
12
15
402
H£
1
0
0
1
2
IS,
.1
.9
.9
.1
.0
a/ Rainfall was 0.1 in.
Summary
The results of analysis of the air samples show that the center is a
source of EDB emission. The level of EDB was elevated as far away as 1 mile
downwind of the facility. The evacuation phase of the fumigation process
was the major source of emission; however, the facility showed elevated lev-
els of EDB in the morning hours prior to the evacuation of any chambers.
This indicates that the center itself is a source. This may result from the
release of EDB from the interior of the buildings when the facility is opened
in the mornings. The levels of EDB in the office and corridor, 668 and 3,770
Ug/m3, respectively, before any evacuations, demonstrate that high levels
build up overnight. The elevated levels of EDB seen at the sites by the exit
and upwind of the fumigation center along the truck route indicate that the
trucks, after fumigation, may function as temporary mobile sources of EDB
emissions. Personnel samplers, placed on employees who were working in the
chambers and the corridor, showed that their exposure level was from 5,800
to 6,930 ug/m3 (0.75 to 0.90 ppm). While some particulate EDB was found,
the predominant form was vaporous. EDB was found in all six soil samples
collected. No definite correlation between position and level was evident
although the nearest sites downwind generally had higher levels. All six
66
-------
dustfall samples were found to contain EDB. The dustfall rate correlates
with the air vapor levels of EDB but not with the particulate levels. Lev-
els of 0.9 to 1.1 ug/liter EDB were found in four rainfall samples. The
runoff water sample had twice that value.
67
-------
SECTION VI
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
A summary of the results is given in Table 9. The high and low concen-
trations of EDB are listed for each of the sampling sites along with the
probable sources.
Air samples collected near the four different bulk loading stations
had EDB levels at least twice that of the upwind samples. The levels at
the bulk loading stations ranged from 0.13 to 0.20 ug/m3 of EDB. The ef-
fect of EDB emission from the bulk loading stations was not discernible
beyond 1/8 mile. The air concentration of EDB near the pipeline pumping
stations, lead mix blending facilities, lead mix storage areas, and leaded
gasoline storage areas was not greater than the upwind or baseline levels.
Air samples were collected near clusters of three and five retail
gasoline stations in two cities. The concentration of EDB in the air, from
0.18 to 0.50 ug/m3, was 2 to 2-1/2 times greater than the concentration at
sampling sites 1/8 to 1 mile away. Air samples taken cross- and downwind
of two retail gasoline stations in a third city did not differ greatly from
each other.
Air samples were taken upwind and downwind of a heavily trafficked
freeway in two different cities. The level of EDB found in the air next
to the freeway was essentially the same as that found 1/8 to 1 mile up-
and downwind.
Air samples collected from a low traffic suburban site and a rural site
had EDB levels of 0.06 to 0.07 ug/m3. These levels are generally in good
agreement with the lowest levels found around sites having suspected sources
of EDB. Exceptions were the metropolitan areas which had higher baseline
levels, e.g., Camden (0.38 ug/m3), Phoenix (0.31 ug/m3), Los Angeles (0.11 ug/
m3).
68
-------
Table 9. DATA SUMMARY FOR PROGRAM TASK IV
\o
Site
Continental Oil Company
Ponca City, Oklahoma
Mobil Oil Company
Faulsboro, New Jersey
Retail gasoline stations
Phoenix, Arizona
Los Angeles, California
Camden, New Jersey
Highly trafficked
Phoenix, Arizona
Los Angeles, California
Suburban
Kansas City, Missouri
Rural
Maryville, Missouri
State of Florida - USDA
Fumigation Center
Wahneta, Florida
Ft. Pierce, Florida
Sources
Lead mix storage.
Lead mix blending
Bulk truck loading
Lead mix storage
Lead mix blending
Bulk truck loading
Retail gasoline sales
Retail gasoline sales
Retail gasoline sales
Vehicular traffic
Vehicular traffic
--
--
Fumigation
Fumigation
Air (ug/m3)
High Low
0.131 0.048
0.201 0.088
0.503 0.194
0.184 0.087
0.49 0.38
0.444 0.308
0.156 0.109
0.060
0.071 --
3,102 0.093
6,931 0.091
Soil (ng/g)
High Low
N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
22.6 0.1
3.4 0.4
Dustfall
(pg/cmP/hr)
High Low
N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
65 6
363 6
Water (ug/l)
High Low
0.17 0.14
No sample
No sample
0.17 0.11
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
No sample
2.0 0.9
-------
Air samples were collected around two fumigation centers where EDB was
being used to fumigate grapefruit for the Caribbean fruit fly. The highest
levels of EDB at the downwind sites were found during the time when EDB was
being exhausted into the environment from the fumigation chambers. The max-
imum level found downwind was 96 ug/m3. However, levels above background
were observed even before any chambers had been purged. EDB levels inside
the facility buildings were 40 to 70 times greater than the highest levels
found downwind of the sites. The highest level observed, 6,930 ug/m3 (0.90
ppm) was found using a personnel sampler placed on an employee. The average
level of exposure inside the fumigation center was 370 to 3,100 ug/m3.
Slightly elevated levels of EDB were found at stations which were not down-
wind of the facility but were adjacent to or downwind of the route used by
the trucks after fumigation.
The extent of the geographical impact of the various sources of EDB
was determined. No effect of a cluster of three to five retail gasoline
stations could be observed above background beyond 1/8 mile. The effect of
the exhausting of EDB from a fumigation center, however, could be observed
as far as 1 mile downwind.
EDB found in the air around the oil refineries, the retail gasoline
stations, the highly trafficked areas, the suburban and the rural areas was
in the vapor form only. Low levels of EDB were found on the particulate
fraction of some air samples collected around the fumigation centers.
No EDB was found in the soil around the oil refineries. Low levels of
EDB, in the nanogram per gram range, were found in soil close to the fumi-
gation centers.
No EDB was found in the dustfall samples collected near the oil re-
fineries. Dustfall rates of 6 to 363 pg/cm^/hr EDB were observed in the
vicinity of the fumigation facilities. The higher dustfall rates were
found at stations having the higher vapor levels.
Very low levels of EDB, less than 0.2 ug/liter, were found in the
aqueous effluent stream from one oil refinery. Rainfall runoff water from
the area of several retail gasoline stations was found to have less than
0.2 ug/liter EDB. Rainfall samples collected close to a fumigation center
had an EDB level of 1 ug/liter. A runoff water sample from the same center
contained 2 ug/liter.
CONCLUSIONS
The EDB used in leaded gasoline was found to enter the environment
principally from two sources. These were (a) the gasoline truck bulk load-
ing stations and (b) the retail gasoline stations. Areas such as gasoline
70
-------
pipeline pumping stations, lead mix blending facilities, lead mix storage
tanks, and leaded gasoline storage tanks were not discernible sources of
EDB. Heavily trafficked roadways did not have elevated levels of EDB.
However, this does not mean that automobiles are not sources because higher
background levels were observed in heavily trafficked metropolitan areas.
EDB was also found at suburban and rural sites far removed from any specific
sources. This ubiquitous nature of EDB is evidently a result of all gasoline
bulk loading stations, retail gasoline stations and possibly the leaded gaso-
line powered vehicles being highly dispersed sources of emission. The base-
.line level of EDB in air was 0.05 to 0.10 ug/m3 in rural and suburban areas
and 0.1 to 0.4 ug/m^ in metropolitan areas.
Two fumigation centers using EDB were found to be significant sources
of EDB emissions. The exhausting of vaporous EDB from the fumigation cham-
bers was the activity principally responsible for releasing EDB. Levels as
high as 96 ug/m3 were observed downwind of the facilities. Elevated levels
of EDB found before any chambers had been evacuated may be due to the facil-
ity itself being a source of emissions. EDB levels as high as 3,100 ug/m3
were found within the facility in the morning before any fumigation activ-
ities had begun. Elevated levels of EDB along the truck routes indicated
that the trucks, after fumigation, were mobile sources of emissions. This
would result from evaporation of EDB which had condensed onto the truck
during the fumigation process.
The predominant physical form of EDB was as a vapor. Particulate EDB
was seldom observed. EDB is moderately volatile and this behavior is ex-
pected. This is also in agreement with the fact that very few dustfall sam-
ples had even detectable levels of EDB. The low level of EDB in the soil
may also be due to its moderate volatility.
The EDB concentration in rainfall and runoff water at a fumigation cen-
ter (1 to 2 ug/liter) was not significantly greater than the levels found in
a refinery effluent (0.1 ug/liter) or a retail gasoline station runoff water
(0.2 ug/liter) despite the large differences in air levels. This indicates
that rainfall does'not efficiently wash out EDB from air.
71
-------
REFERENCES
1. Going, J. E., "Sampling and Analysis of Selected Toxic Substances.
Task II - Ethylene Dibromide," EPA 560/6-75-001, September 1975.
2. Review of Selected Literature on Ethylene Dibromide (EDB), Office of
Toxic Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
November 1975.
3. Maricopa County Traffic Engineering Department, Phoenix, Arizona.
4. County of Los Angeles, Road Department, Los Angeles, California.
5. City of Camden, Police Department, Camden, New Jersey.
6. "Petroleum Refineries in the United States and Puerto Rico," U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.,
January 1, 1975.
72
-------
APPENDIX A
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT AND FIELD SAMPLING
73
-------
Presampling site visits and field samplings were conducted at the
recommended sites according to the schedule shown in Figure A-l. During
the presampling visit, the specific location of a potential source was
established from discussion with plant personnel or by visual inspec-
tion. With this information, plus the general meteorological patterns,
the locations of the individual sampling stations were established.
Other relevant information, such as automobile traffic data, was col-
lected at that time. Field sampling was conducted within 1 to 3 weeks.
Detailed descriptions of the presampling site visits and the field sam-
pling trips are given below.
CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY, PONGA CITY, OKLAHOMA
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT
A presampling site visit was conducted March 8, 1976, at the Continental
Oil Refinery, Ponca City, Oklahoma. The following plant personnel were present:
Mr. K. C. Hunt Continental Oil Company
Mr. D. Orrell Continental Oil Company
Mr. J. Going MRI
The Conoco Oil Refinery is located at the southwest corner of Ponca
City, Oklahoma, outside the city limits. Directly north and east are
residential sections of Ponca City. South and west are both rural farm-
ing areas. The terrain is notably flat. U.S. Highway 60 runs east-west
through the center of the refinery.
The locations of the EDB-related operations are indicated in Figure
A-2. Lead mix containing EDB is brought in by railroad car and stored
near the blending facility. Blending of gasoline with the lead mix is
performed intermittently and the leaded gasoline is then stored in tanks.
The leaded gas is transferred by vacuum into the storage tanks with ex-
pansion balloon tanks being used to trap vapors released during loading
of the storage tanks. The leaded gasoline is transported out of the re-
finery by' tank truck and by two pipeline companies. The tank truck bulk
loading station is located off Highway 60 near the middle of the refinery.
The facility uses top-loading with an open stream. Immediately east of the
bulk loading station is the Cherokee Pipe Line Company, owned by the Conoco
Oil Company.
The Williams Brothers Pipe Line Company is located at the southern
boundary of the oil refinery and has a pipeline pumping station and sev-
eral storage tanks.
74
-------
Phoenix, Arizona: Retail Gas
Highly Trafficked Urban
Los Angeles, Calif.: Retail Gas
Highly Trafficked Urban
Mary vi lie, Missouri:
Rural
Kansas City, Missouri:
Surburban
Continental Oil Company
Ponca City, Oklahoma
Mobil Oil Company
Paulsboro, New Jersey
Camden, New Jersey
Retail Gas
State of Florida -USDA Fumigation
Center, Wahneta, Florida
State of Florida -USDA Fumigation
Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida
Jan
Feb
Gt I"1™ "1
A
Mar
°
D
a
A c
Apr
3
A CD
A 0
May
4=1
Aa
A Presampling Site Visit
^^ Field Sampling
Figure A-l. Presampling site visit and field sampling schedule.
-------
Boundary
I
Rail Road Tracks
~South Avenue '
r°
o
o
0
o
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
1 -J.
o
0
o
Tank
o
o
0
o
0
o
o
Form
0
O
0
0
r j Lead
jLead
O O
o o
0
o
0
Tank
0
^
0
0
0
o
Form
O
O
o
1 1
\/
0
0
o
0
0
o
o
Mix Sfora
Mix Blend
O
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
^—
o
0 O
o o
O 0
0 O
0 0
o
je
ng
o
*—
o
o^ — x_n.
/ \
1
jjjj Refinery
I
I
I
I
1
I
f
/ V
Bulk Loading Q Q v Cherokee piP«|f(l
Station Line Company jmfl
f~\ ^^ L-^
0 0
o o o
o ° o o
o o o
=;^=t=S^^^S 1 |"M ,-t.
31
11
l\
° \\
0 if
L
/
/
(
U.S.Hiqhwa
S*
0 0
^/ \\ooo
^oo\\\° ° °
Effluent Discharge^
o o
Williams Brothers
Pipe Line Company
Figure A-2. Conoco Oil Refinery, Ponca City, Oklahoma,
76
-------
According to plant personnel, only J to 4.5% of the leaded gaso-
line produced is sold through the bulk loading station. The remainder
is sold in roughly equal quantities to the Cherokee and Williams Broth-
ers Pipe Line companies. Wastewater is released from a series of bio-
degradation ponds at the southern border of the plant. The effluent
feeds a small open stream that goes south and would ultimately feed
the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River.
FIELD SAMPLING
Field sampling was conducted on March 31, 1976; air, water, soil
and dustfall samples were collected. A complete description of the sam-
pling sites, sampling, and meteorological conditions follows.
Air Sampling
Eighteen air sampling stations were located along north, south,
east, and west transects starting at the plant boundary. The stations
were generally located 0, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile from the fence lines,
The north leg extended into residential Ponca City, the east and west
legs were on Highway 60, and the south leg extended into a rural area.
Two additional sites were located on Highway 60 in the middle of the
refinery directly south of the bulk loading station and the Cherokee
Pipe Line Company. The south, 0-mile station was immediately south of
the Williams Brothers Pipe Line Company. All sampling stations were
operated for approximately 18 hr. The locations of all the sampling
stations are shown in Figure A-3. The exact locations of the stations,
with respect to the plant boundaries, are listed in Table A-l along with
the appropriate sampling data.
Soil Sampling
Soil samples were collected at the following air sampling stations,
S-l
S-2
S-3
S-4
S-5
S-6
77
-------
Highway 60
I
EDB Use and
Storage Area
Bulk Loading-
Station
1300 2600
i i
N
I
Scale - Feet
Ponca City
-Cherokee
Pipe Liney
o
•*»•
o
w-i-
W-2
-Williams
Bros. Pipe
Line
(2)
Figure A-3. Sampling locations at the Conoco Oil Refinery.
78
-------
Table A-l. AIR SAMPLING DATA AT CONOCO OIL COMPANY, PONCA CITY, OKLAHOMA
Area
North transect, 1 mile
North transect, 1/2 mile
North transect, 1/4 mile
North transect, 1/8 mile
North transect, 0 mile
South transect, 1/2 mile
South transect, 1/4 mile
South transect, 1/8 mile
South transect, 0 mile
East transect, 1 mile
East transect, 1/2 mile
East transect, 1/4 mile
East transect, 1/8 mile
East transect, 0 mile
West transect, 1/2 mile
West transect, 1/4 mile
West transect, 1/8 mile
West transect, 0 mile
Pipeline pumping station
Bulk loading rack
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Exact location
Highland and Ash
Central and Ash
Ponca and Ash
Otoe and Ash
South and Ash
See map
See map
See map
See map
Highway 60 at Arkansas River
Highway 60 and 77
1/4 mile) West of Highway 77 on
3/8 mile ? Highway 60
1/2 mile*
1/2 mile west of Waverly on Highway 60
1/4 mile west of Waverly on Highway 60
1/8 mile west of Waverly on Highway 60
Highway 60 and Waverly
Cherokee Pipe Line Company, Highway 60
Highway 60
Total
sampling
time (hr)
17.9
17.7
17.7
17.6
17.5
17.0
17.2
17.2
17.6
17.9
17.7
17.5
17.2
16.8
18.1
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.9
18.7
Sampling
rate
(Ji/min)
1.23
1.26
1.26
1.34
1.34
1.28
1.41
1.42
1.44
1.37
1.23
1.20
1.49
0.81
1.34
0.97
0.98
1.23
0.89
1.36
Total
sample
vol. U)
1,320
1,342
1,335
1,418
1,412
1,309
1,458
1,457
1,516
1,462
1,307
1,253
1,542
819
1,456
1,057
1,076
1,344
1,005
1,528
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
Dustfall Sampling
Dustfall samples were collected at the following air sampling sta-
tions for the same time period in which air samples were collected.
D-l, Station 5
D-2, Station 9
D-3, Station 14
D-4, Station 18
D-5, Station 19
D-6, Station 20
Water Sampling
Water effluent samples, W-l and W-2, were collected at the biodeg-
radation pond discharge point at 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m.
Meteorological Conditions
The weather conditions during the sampling period are presented in
Table A-2.
80
-------
Table A-2. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT CONOCO OIL COMPANY,
PONCA CITY, OKLAHOMA
Wind
Time
0056
0158
0256
0356
0456
0558
0656
0758
0857
0959
1057
1158
1257
1358
1459
1555
1659
1758
1859
1958
2059
2158
2257
2358
Temp.
rcL
-i.i
-1.1
-1.1
0
1.1
2.2
2.2
7.2
7.8
8.9
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
12.2
12.8
13.3
12.2
10.0
7.2
6.1
3.9
3.9
4.4
Speed
(mph)
4.6
4.6
5.7
4.6
4.6
4.6
6.9
5.7
5.7
9.2
5.7
5.7
4.6
11.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
8.0
4.6
5.7
•5.7
5.7
5.7
4.6
Direction
N
N
N
N
W
NNW
WSW
E
SW
NNW
NNW
NW
W
NW
W
WSW
NE
NW
WSW
SW
S
S
SSW
W
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
81
-------
MOBIL OIL COMPANY, PAULSBOBO, NEW JERSEY
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT
The presampling site visit was conducted on April 7, 1976, at the
Mobil Oil refinery facility at Paulsboro, New Jersey. Mr. Harvey Stocker
of Mobil Oil assisted in the visit.
The Mobil Oil Refinery is located approximately 20 miles southwest
of Camden, New Jersey, in the township of Greenwich. The residential sec-
tions of Paulsboro border the plant grounds on the east and south. The
Delaware River is on the northern boundary, and inaccessible marshland
is on the western boundary. The nearest major roadway, Interstate 295,
is over 1 mile to the south of the refinery. At least five other major
oil refineries, however, are located within 15 miles of each other in
the area south and west of Philadelphia-Camden. Figure A-4 shows the
general locations of the Mobil, Texaco, Arco, BP, Gulf, and Sunoco re-
fineries. According to statistics as of January 1, 1975,— these six
refineries account for 5.6% of the crude capacity of the United States.
The location of the EDB-related operations is shown in Figure A-5.
All of the operations involving EDB are in the northeast section of the
refinery. The exact locations of the lead mix storage and mixing facil-
ities, the leaded gasoline storage area, the pipeline pumping station
and the bulk truck loading rack are designated in Figure A-5. No details
of the mode of operations were obtainable although they are assumed to
be similar to those at Conoco. In the process of conducting the survey,
three additional bulk loading stations, not belonging to Mobil Oil, were
observed in the immediate vicinity. They were operated by the Sun Oil
Company, Exxon, and BP Oil Company. Their locations are also indicated
in Figure A-5. As their existence was unsuspected, no information of
their operation was obtained.
The personnel at Mobil Oil could not provide any information con-
cerning the quantity of leaded gasoline dispensed at the bulk loading
station. Trucks were reported to be loaded through the top using a noz-
zle extending to the bottom of the receiving tank to avoid an open stream
of gasoline. The refinery aqueous effluents are discharged into the
Delaware River directly from plant property and could not be obtained.
FIELD SAMPLING
Field sampling was conducted on April 13, 1976. Air, soil, and dust-
fall samples were collected. The complete description of the sampling
sites, the sampling, and the meteorological conditions follows.
82
-------
GO
U!
•^^L ^* »
JT Camden
_XL/
TEXACO
•Westville
Woodbury
Willmington
N
ATLANTIC RICHFIELD
GULF OIL
Pau Isboro
MOBIL OIL
10
Scale in Miles
Figure A-4. Location of oil refineries in the Philadelphia area.
-------
Effluent -
Discharge
Leaded Gas
Storage
Pipe Line
Pumping
Station
Bulk Loading Stations
Sunoco Mobil Exxon BP
oo
Lead Mix Storage
and Mixing Area
Figure A-5. Mobil Oil Refinery, Paulsboro, New Jersey.
-------
Air Sampling
Nine air sampling stations were located along south, southeast, and
east transects starting at the plant boundary. Four additional sites were
to the northeast of the refinery. The stations along the east transects
were at 0, 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile, starting at the Mobil Oil Refinery bulk
loading racks. Stations were set at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 to the south
of the bulk loading rack. One station was positioned 1/4 mile to the south-
east of the loading rack. One site to the north of the bulk loading station
was set immediately to the east of the Sun Oil Company bulk loading rack.
A second station 1/4 mile further north was approximately 1/4 mile east
of the Mobil Oil Company pipeline pumping station. A station 1/2 mile
northeast of the Mobil Oil Refinery was placed directly east of the Exxon
bulk loading rack. The final station was placed 1/2 mile to the east of
the Exxon bulk loading rack. The locations of all the stations are indi-
cated in Figure A-6. Exact descriptions of the locations plus the air
sampling data are listed in Table A-3.
Soil Sampling
Soil samples were collected at the following air sampling stations.
S-l, Station 1
S-2, Station 2
S-3, Station 3
S-4, Station 4
S-5, Station 5
S-6, Station 6
S-7, Station 7
S-8, Station 8
S-9, Station 9
S-10, Station 10
S-ll, Station 11
S-12, Station 12
S-13, Station 13
Dustfall Sampling
Dustfall samples were collected at the following air sampling sta-
tions over the same period that air samples were being collected.
D-l, Station 1
D-2, Station 2
D-3, Station 3
D-4, Station 6
D-5, Station 8
D-6, Station 9
D-7, Station 10
D-8, Station 13
85
-------
Figure A-6. Sampling locations at the Mobil Oil Refinery.
86
-------
Table A-3. AIR SAMPLING DATA FROM MOBIL OIL COMPANY REFINERY, PAULSBORO, NEW JERSEY
00
Area
North transect, pipeline
North transect, Sunoco
South trasect, 1 mile
South transect, 1/2 mile
South transect, 1/4 mile
South transect, 0 mile
Northeast transect, 1/2 mile
Northeast transect, Exxon
East transect, 1 mile
East transect, 1/2 mile
East transect, 1/4 mile
Southeast transect, 1/4 mile
Bulk loading
Sample
No.
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Exact location
See map
See map
Billingsport Road and Broad Street
Billingsport Road and Jefferson Street
Billingsport Road at Parking Lot
Delaware Street and Billingsport Road
Rlverview and Beacon
West Rlverview
Paradise Road
Billings and 4th
Sheridan and 4th
Nassau and 6th
Delaware Street and Hoffman Avenue
Total
sampling
time (hr)
17.1
17.0
17.8
17.6
17.4
17.1
17.8
17.8
18.2
17.8
16.6
16.7
17.7
Sampling
rate
( it/mi n)
1.21
1.18
L.26
1.28
1.30
1.02
1.26
1.29
L.02
1.41
1.05
1.32
1.31
Total
sample
vol. («)
1,242
1,205
1,348
1,345
1,353
1,051
1,346
1,377
1,120
1,505
1,045
1,325
1,385
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
Meteorological Conditions'
The weather conditions existing during the sampling period are sum-
marized in Table A-4.
88
-------
Table A-4. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT MOBIL OIL COMPANY,
PAULSBORO, NEW JERSEY
Wind
Time
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
Temp.
(°C)
0.6
4.4
7.2
9.4
11.7
12.2
13.9
15.6
16.7
17.2
17.2
16.7
15.6
13.3
12.2
11.7
10.6
9.4
8.3
Speed
(mph)
8.1
8.1
12.7
13.8
11.5
16.1
11.5
20.7
16.1
18.4
16.1
15.0
13.8
6.9
8.1
10.4
8.1
6.9
6.9
Direction
W
W
WNW
NW
W
W
WNW
W
W
WNW
WNW
W
W
WSW
WSW
WSW
WSW
SW
sw
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
89
-------
RETAIL GASOLINE AND HIGHLY TRAFFICKED URBAN, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT
A presampling site visit was conducted at Phoenix, Arizona, on
February 9 and 10, 1976. The purpose of the visit was to locate sites
fitting the categories of retail gasoline and highly trafficked urban.
Assistance in locating sites was obtained from the following:
Mr. Robert Taylor Director, Bureau of Air Sanitation
Maricopa County Health Department
Phoenix, Arizona
Mr. Robert Evans Bureau of Air Sanitation
Maricopa County Health Department
Phoenix, Arizona
The site chosen for retail gasoline was the intersection of 32nd
Street and Shea Avenue located in the northeast section of Phoenix. As
indicated in Figure A-7, four retail gasoline stations were located at
this intersection, and a fifth station was located approximately 1/3
mile east on Shea Avenue. The approximate quantity of gasoline sold by
each station is shown below:
Arco 35,000 gal/month
Giant 95,000 gal/month
Standard 45,000 gal/month
Shell 40,000 gal/month
Union 20,000 gal/month
Air sampling sites were established out 1 mile from the intersec-
tion in a western, southern, and eastern direction and out 3/4 mile in
the northern direction. No site was set at 1 mile north due to the pres-
ence of two retail gasoline stations at that intersection. The total au-
tomobile traffic through the intersection was 38,000 vehicles per day.
A small shopping center was located on the northwest corner of the in-
tersection. Several small businesses were present within 1/4 mile of the
intersection in all directions. The area became residential in all direc-
tions beyond approximately 1/4 mile.
The roadway chosen for highly trafficked urban sampling was a north-
south running section of Interstate 17. This section was chosen to allow
the air sampling stations to be placed east and west of the highway as
90
-------
Retail Gasoline Stations
to
_c
~l
Cactus Road
Union 76-
CD
Standard
J2) CO
iheiJ-
(?)
N
0 1000 2000
i i i
Scale - Feet
Shea Blvd.
-Giant
Figure A-7. Sampling locations at the retail gasoline site,
Phoenix, Arizona.
91
-------
the wind patterns are predictably in these directions. Thus, the wind
could be expected to be blowing across the road more than with the road.
Approximately one block west of 1-27 was 27th Avenue. For the purpose
of setting the exact sampling locations, 1-27 and 27th Avenue were con-
sidered as the line source. The average daily traffic loads were 80,000
and 16,000 vehicles per day, respectively. The air sampling stations were
positioned on Montebello, a lightly travelled residential road. The near-
est major east-west streets were Bethany Home, 1/4 mile north, and Camel-
back, 3/4 mile south. No retail gasoline stations were within 1/4 mile
of Montebello.
FIELD SAMPLING
Field sampling was conducted on February 26, 1976, at the retail
gasoline site, and on February 24, 1976, at the highly trafficked urban
site. A full description of the sampling and the meteorological condi-
tions follows.
Retail Gasoline/Air Sampling
Eighteen air sampling stations were positioned to the north, south,
east, and west of the intersection of 32nd Avenue and Shea. Four were
located both south at 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile, four were east at 1/8,
1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile, four were north at 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile, and
four were west at 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile. Two were set at the south-
west and northeast corners of the intersections. The general locations
are indicated in Figure A-8 with the exact locations listed in Table A-5.
Pertinent air sampling data are also listed in Table A-5. The air sam-
plers were all operated from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. for a total of 18 hr.
Retail Gasoline/Meteorological Conditions
Weather conditions prevailing throughout the sampling period are
summarized in Table A-6.
Highly Trafficked Urban/Air Sampling
Ten air sampling stations were located on east and west transects
starting at 27th Avenue on the west and Black Canyon Highway on the east.
Stations were placed at 0, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile west of 27th Avenue
and at 0, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 mile east of Black Canyon Highway. The
general locations are shown in Figure A-8 while the specific locations
are given in Table A-7 along with sampling data. All stations were op-
erated from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. for a total of 18 hr.
92
-------
0)
0)
IT)
CO
VO
co
Montebello
N
900 1800
Scale - Feet
Bethany Home Road
®
in
Figure A-8. Sampling locations at the highly trafficked urban site, Phoenix, Arizona.
-------
Table A-5. AIR SAMPLING DATA FOR THE RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
vo
•P-
North
North
North
North
South
South
South
South
East
East
East
East
East
West
West
West
West
West
Area
transect
transect
transect
transect
transect
transect
transect
transect
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
, 3/4 mile
, 1/2 mile
, 1/4 mile
, 1/8 mile
, 1 mile
, 1/2 mile
, 1/4 mile
, 1/8 mile
1 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
0 mile
1 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
0 mile
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Total
sampling
Exact location
3142 East Altadena
3146 East Cholla
3134 East Desert Cove
1st National Bank of Arizona
9621 North 32nd Street
3202 East Gold Dust
10240 North 32nd Street
10435 North 40th Street
10601 Becker
Guggy's Restaurant
See map
Arco Gasoline Station
10601 North 24th Place
2748 Cannon
2944 Cannon
Open Field on 32nd Street
Standard Gasoline Station
(hr)
18.
18.
18.
18.
a/
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
19.
0
3
4
5
2
2
6
5
7
6
7
8
1
3
6
8
1
Sampling
rate
(A/min)
0.
1.
0.
0.
_
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
1.
0.
76
00
61
69
97
85
72
95
74
00
00
88
05
80
86
03
59
Total
sample
vol. (4)
822
1,092
673
766
_
1,061
934
849
1,055
834
1,068
1,116
987
1,136
885
964
1,164
675
Sampler
height
(ft)
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
.0
.0
.0
•
-------
Table A-6. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT THE RETAIL GASOLINE
SITE, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
Wind
Time
0555
0655
0755
0856
0955
1055
1155
1255
1355
1455
1556
1655
1755
1855
1955
2055
2155
2255
2355
Temperature
CO
7.8
8.3
8.9
11.7
15.6
18.3
21.1
23.3
24.4
26.7
26.7
26.7
25.6
22.8
20.0
20.0
18.3
16.11
13.9
Speed
(mph)
6.9
8.1
4.6
4.6
3.5
4.6
4.6
3.5
4.6
5.8
3.5
5.8
8.1
6.9
4.6
5.8
4.6
0
6.9
Direction
ENE
E
NE
SE
W
WNW
WNW
WSW
ESE
WNW
N
W
W
W
W
W
WNW
N
E
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
95
-------
Table A-7. AIR SAMPLING DATA FOR THE HIGHLY TRAFFICKED URBAN SITE, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
vO
East
East
East
East
East
West
West
West
West
West
Area
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
7/8 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
0 mile
1 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
0 mile
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
sampling
5658
2044
2243
2344
5701
3443
3049
2904
2814
2526
Exact location
North 19th Avenue
West Montebello
West Montebello
West Montebello
Black Canyon Highway
West Montebello
West Montebello
West Montebello
West Montebello
West Montebello
Sampling
rate
(hr) (A/min)
17
17
17
17
18
17
17
17
17
17
.6
.7
.8
.9
.0
.5
.6
.6
.7
.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.69
.86
.80
.81
.89
.82
.78
.34
.88
.59
Total
sample
vol. (A)
726
915
849
873
958
860
820
359
933
631
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
Highly Trafficked Urban/Meteorological Conditions
The weather conditions existing during the sampling period are
listed in Table A-8.
97
-------
Table A-8. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT THE HIGHLY TRAFFICKED
URBAN SITE, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
Wind
Time
0555
0655
0755
0855
0955
1055
1155
1255
1355
1455
1555
1655
1755
1855
1956
2055
2155
2255
2355
Temperature
C°C)
8.9
8.3
8.9
14.4
16.7
19.4
19.4
20.6
20.6
21.7
21.7
21.1
21.1
19.4
18.3
15.6
13.9
11.7
11.1
Speed
Qnph)
5.8
6.9
5.8
-
5.8
9.2
8.1
6.9
8.1
3.5
11.5
8.1
8.1
5.8
3.5
-
3.5
9.2
3.5
Direction
E
NW
WSW
N
WNW
WNW
NW
SW
WSW
SE
W
WNW
WNW
NW
WNW
N
E
E
SE
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
98
-------
RETAIL GASOLINE AND HIGHLY TRAFFICKED URBAN, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT
A presampling site visit was conducted at Los Angeles, California,
on February 11 and 12, 1976. The purpose of the trip was to locate ap-
propriate sites for sampling as retail gasoline and highly trafficked
urban. The following provided assistance in the selection of potential
areas for sampling.
Mr. Thomas Mullins Southern California Air Pollution
Control District, District
Headquarters
El Monte, California
Mr. Bill McBeth Southern California Air Pollution
Control District, District
Headquarters
El Monte, California
The retail gasoline site was located at the intersection of Bell-
flower Boulevard and Del Amo Boulevard. The north transect of Bellflower
Boulevard and the east transect of Del Amo Boulevard were in Lakewood,
California, while the south and west transects were the border between
Lakewood and Long Beach, California. As shown in Figure A-9, three re-
tail gasoline stations were located at this intersection. No information
concerning the quantity of gasoline sold by these stations was available.
Additional gasoline stations in the area which limited the boundaries of
the sampling grid were at the following points: north, three stations
at 1 mile; south, one station at 3/4 mile; east, two stations at 1/2 mile.
Sampling stations were established out to 3/4 mile, 1/2 mile, 1/4 mile,
and 1/2 mile to the north, south, east, and west, respectively. According
to data provided by the State of California, Department of Transportation,
46,000 vehicles per day pass through the intersection of Bellflower Boule-
vard and Del Amo Boulevard. The area was predominately residential in all
directions.
The roadway chosen to be sampled as highly trafficked urban was In-
terstate 405 also known as the San Diego Freeway. A section running west
northwest-east southeast in Long Beach, California, was selected as the
specific site. The freeway at this point runs parallel to the coast line
and is approximately 3 miles inland. The wind direction is generally nor-
mal to the coast and thus blows across the interstate. The sampling sta-
tions were placed on Studebaker Road which runs north-south and is nearly
perpendicular to the San Diego Freeway.
99
-------
I
South Ave.
ShelK
\
© ® © ©
ARCO-/
Cor
•o
CO
1
o
u-
"3
co
son
^-Retail Gasoline Station
N
© 1
0 650 1300
© Scale - Feet
©
©
Del Amo Blvd.
\ © © I
(g) N. '-Retail
Ny Gasoline
^Chevron Station
©
©
/-Retail Gasoline Station
St.
Figure A-9. Sampling locations at the retail gasoline site,
Los Angeles, California.
100
-------
The average daily traffic load for the San Diego Freeway at Studebaker
Road was 144,000 vehicles per day. The average daily traffic load for
Studebaker north and south of the freeway was 14,000 vehicles per day.
The nearest retail gasoline stations were at least 1 mile away from the
sampling station.
FIELD SAMPLING
Field sampling was conducted on March 2, 1976, at the retail gasoline
site, and on March 4, 1976, at the trafficked urban site. A description of
the sampling and the meteorological conditions follows.
Retail Gasoline/Air Sampling
Fourteen air sampling stations were set to the north, south, east,
and west of the intersection of Bell flower Boulevard and Del Amo Boulevard
at the following distances: north, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 mile; south,
1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 mile; east, 1/8 and 1/4 mile; and west, 1/8, 1/4, and
1/2 mile. Two stations were installed on the northwest and southwest cor-
ners of the intersection and designated as 0 mile north and 0 mile south.
A diagram of the intersection with locations at the air sampling stations
and retail gasoline stations is shown as Figure A-9. Specific locations
plus air sampling data are given in Table A-9. Samples were collected
for 18 hr beginning at 6:00 a.m.
Retail Gasoline/Water Sampling
Rainfall occuring during the latter stages of the air sampling pro-
duced runoff water which was collected. A heavy shower was reported by
the sampling personnel occuring at 1500 hour and lasting 15 min. Runoff
water samples, W-l and W-2, were collected at 1530 at the curb at the
intersection of Bellflower and Del Amo and at 1/2 mile south of that
intersection.
Retail Gasoline/Meteorological Conditions
The record of weather conditions existing during the sampling period
is listed as Table A-10.
Highly Trafficked Urban/Air Sampling
Nine air sampling stations were situated on the north and south tran-
sects of Studebaker Avenue starting at the San Diego Freeway. Stations
were placed at 0, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1 mile to the north and at 1/8, 1/4,
1/2, and 3/4 mile to the south. These locations are indicated in Figure A-10
and are noted in detail in Table A-11 with the specific sampling data. The
air samplers were run from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. for a total of 18 hr.
101
-------
Table A-9. AIR SAMPLING DATA FOR THE RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
North
North
North
North
North
South
South
South
South
East
East
West
West
West
Area
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
3/4 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
0 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
0 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
Sample
No.
1
2
3-
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Exact location
5626
5332
5114
4962
Shell
4522
4712
4802
Arco
4862
4865
4900
4902
4903
Bel If lower
Bel If lower
Bel If lower
Bel If lower
Gasoline Station
Bel If lower
Bel If lower
Bellf lower
Gasoline Station
Ocana
Coldbrook
Clark
Pearce
Hersholt
Total
sampling
(hr)
13.0
13.1
13.2
13.2
13.7
13.2
13.4
13.5
13.4
13.1
13.1
12.9
12.9
13.0
Sampling
rate
(l/min)
1,
1,
1,
1,
0.
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
0,
0,
.47
,07
,12
,00
.90
,10
.15
,07
,07
,17
.18
.23
.91
.85
Total
sample
vol. (A)
1,147
844
889
799
736
874
923
870
866
916
924
952
705
658
Sampler
height
(ft)
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-------
Table A-10. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT THE RETAIL GASOLINE
SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Wind
Temp
Time
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
6.1
6.7
12.2
11.7
13.3
11.7
13.3
13.9
11.1
12.2
12.8
12.8
12.2
Speed
(mph)
1
2
8
7
7
7
16
14
8
10
12
17
16
Direction
NE
NE
N
N
E
ESE
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Heavy shower
Steady rain
Steady rain
Steady rain
Steady rain
103
-------
0 650 1300
Scale - Feet
Figure A-10. Sampling locations at the highly trafficked urban site, Los Angeles, California.
-------
Table A-11. AIR SAMPLING DATA FOR THE TRAFFICKED URBAN SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
North
North
North
North
North
South
South
South
South
Area
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
transect,
1 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
0 mile
1 mile
1/2 mile
1/4 mile
1/8 mile
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total
samp ling
Exact location
2703
6846
2131
2009
1925
878
1283
1551
1725
Studebaker
La Marimba
Studebaker
Studebaker
Studebaker
Lees Avenue
Studebaker
Studebaker
Studebaker
time
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
(hr)
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
Sampling
rate
( Ji/min)
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
.07
.05
.99
.10
.14
.29
.08
.94
.26
Total
sample
vol. (A)
1,169
1,140
1,079
1,204
1,252
1,403
1,176
1,028
1,371
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
Highly Trafficked Urban/Meteorological Conditions
The weather conditions prevailing during the sampling period are
given in Table A-12.
106
-------
Table A-12. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT THE HIGHLY
TRAFFICKED URBAN SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Wind
Time
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
Temp.
i!fii_
5.0
4.4
7.2
10.0
12.2
13.3
13.9
13.9
14.4
13.9
13.3
13.9
12.8
12.8
Speed
(mph)
3
1
9
8
3
6
15
12
9
9
7
8
8
6
3
5
7
9
Direction
N
ENE
ENE
ENE
ENE
ESE
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
ENE
ENE
NE
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
107
-------
RETAIL GASOLINE, CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT
A presampling site visit was conducted on April 8, 1976. The goal
of the trip was to locate a site for limited sampling. Assistance was
provided by Captain Peter Paull, City of Camden Police Department. The
area chosen for sampling was a section of Haddon Avenue in the south-
east part of the city. The first sampling station was placed at Euclid
and Haddon, directly southwest of two retail gasoline stations. Two ad-
ditional sites were located 0.2 and 0.6 miles to the southeast on Haddon
Avenue.
The traffic level on Haddon Avenue was reported to be 13,000 ve-
hicles per day. The area was generally residential with small businesses
on Haddon Avenue.
Field Sampling
Field sampling was conducted on April 18, 1976. The locations of the
air sampling stations are shown in Figure A-11. Exact locations plus sam-
pling data are given in Table A-13. Air was collected from 0700 to 1900.
Meteorological Conditions
The weather conditions for the actual sampling period are given in
Table A-14.
108
-------
a/ r^i
Colling
^-V 5_±L£ P^r~
§ %^OVood-Lynne
• •%"^' ^^^X^V.. I I OT I
Figure A-ll. Sampling locations at the retail gasoline site,
Camden, New Jersey.
109
-------
Table A-13. AIR SAMPLING DATA FOR THE RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY
Area
Southeast transect, 0 mile
Southeast transect, 0.2 mile
Southeast transect, 0.6 mile
Sample
No.
1
2
3
Exact location
1500 Haddon Avenue
Harleigh Cemetery
Harleigh Cemetery
Total
sampling
time (hr)
11.7
12.2
12.0
Sampling
rate
(l/min)
0.99
0.68
1.10
Total
sample
vol. (£)
693
503
796
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
Table A-14. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING
AT THE RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY
Time
0653
0753
0853
0953
1053
1153
1255
1353
1454
1553
1653
1753
1853
1953
Temp.
l!c}_
8.3
10.6
16.7
20.0
21.7
22.8
22.8
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.3
21.1
18.9
17.2
Speed
(mph)
5.8
4.6
8.1
10.4
15.0
15.0
11.5
12.7
12.7
10.4
13.8
11.5
8.1
8.1
Wind
Direction
SW
WSW
WSW
WSW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SSW
S
S
S
S
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
111
-------
SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT
The site utilized for sampling was located at 12219 East 61st Street,
Kansas City, Missouri. No actual presampling visit was required. The site
is located in the northeast section of the city in a residential section.
No heavily traveled roads were in the immediate vicinity. The nearest re-
tail gasoline station was approximately 1 mile west of the site.
Field Sampling
Field sampling was conducted on March 18, 1976. One sampling station
was deployed at the site. Figure A-12 indicates the location of the site,
and Table A-15 provides the exact location and the air sampling data. The
air sampler was in operation from 0600 to 2330. No specific weather data
were recorded during the sampling period.
112
-------
Figure A-12. Sampling locations at the suburban residential site,
Kansas City, Missouri.
113
-------
Table A-15. AIR SAMPLING DATA AT THE SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL SITE, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
Area
Suburban Kansas City
Sample
No.
Exact location
12219 East 61st Street
Total Sampling Total
sampling rate sample
time (hr) (A/min) vol. (A]
17.3
1.24
1,287
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
-------
RURAL, NORTHWEST MISSOURI
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT
The rural site was located in northwest Missouri, approximately 20
miles northeast of Maryville. The sampling station was placed on the
farm of Mrs. M. Cobb. No highly trafficked road was in the vicinity.
The nearest retail gasoline stations were 2 miles south of the site.
Field Sampling
Field sampling was conducted on March 13, 1976, using two adjacent
sampling stations. Figure A-13 shows the general location of the site.
The relevant sampling data are given in Table A-16. Air samples were col-
lected from 0630 to 2400. The wind throughout the day was gusty from the
south to southwest.
115
-------
N
t
0 5 10
Scale - Miles
Figure A-13. Sampling locations at the rural site,
Maryville, Missouri.
116
-------
Table A-16. AIR SAMPLING DATA FOR THE RURAL SITE, MARYVILLE, MISSOURI
Area
Rural
Rural
Sample
No.
1
2
Exact location
20 Miles northeast of Maryville, Missouri
20 Miles northeast of Maryville, Missouri
Total
sampling
time (hr)
17.9
17.7
Sampling
rate
(j0/min)
1.17
1.33
Total
samp le
vol. (j0)
1,255
1,405
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
-------
STATE OF FLORIDA-USDA FUMIGATION CENTERS, WAHNETA AND FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT, WAHNETA, FLORIDA
A presampling site visit was conducted on May 3, 1976, at the State
of Florida Fumigation Center. A preliminary general meeting was held with
the following in attendance.
Mr. T. Harris
Mr. J. Whitesides
Mr. W. Grierson
Mr. M. Ismail
Mr. W. Miller
Dr. J. Going
Officer-in-Charge, United States
Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Agency
Hinter Haven, Florida
Chief, Processing Plant Inspection
and Fumigation
Florida Department of Agriculture
Winter Haven, Florida
Professor of Horticulture
Agriculture Research and Education
Center
Lake Alfred, Florida
Plant Physiologist
Department of Citrus
University of Florida
Lake Alfred, Florida
Agricultural Engineer
University of Florida
Lake Alfred, Florida
MRI
The fumigation centers at both Wahneta, Florida, and Ft. Pierce,
Florida, are used to fumigate grapefruit being exported to Japan. The
purpose of the fumigation is to eradicate the Caribbean fruit fly,
Anastrepha suspensa. Trucks containing about 1,000 boxes of grapefruit
are driven into a fumigation chamber approximately 50 x 14 x 20 ft.
The doors of the trailer are opened to expose the grapefruit, and the
chamber is sealed. From 850 to 1,300 ml of EDB are poured into two elec-
tric fry pans prior to sealing the chamber. A circulating fan operating
at 6,000 cfm is started, and the fry pans are heated to boil off the EDB.
118
-------
After all the EDB has vaporized (15 min), the fumigation is continued for
2 hr. After 2 hr, an 18 x 18 in. port in the chamber door is opened while
the circulation fan is vented to exhaust 407. of the air. After evacuating
for 1 hr, the chamber is opened and the trailer doors are sealed by the
fumigation officials. The trucks then proceed to a port to transfer their
load to a ship.
EDB is obtained in 30-gal., 540-Ib plastic or metal drums which are
usually stored in one of the chambers until used. To obtain smaller quan-
tities for transfer to the chambers, positive air pressure is used to
force EDB as an open stream from the drums into plastic bottles. This is
normally done at the end of the day by the last shift. To date, the two
facilities had fumigated over 5,000 trucks or 5,000,000 boxes of grape-
fruit, mostly at the Ft. Pierce facility.
A third fumigation facility is maintained at Gainsville, Florida,
and is used solely for fruit being transported to other citrus-growing
regions in the United States. This facility was not sampled nor visited.
The first fumigation center is located approximately 2 miles south
of Wahneta, Florida, and 16 miles south of Winter Haven, Florida, near
the intersection of Highway 60 and State Road 655. The area is predomi-
nately rural, the closest residential area being Wahneta. Highway 60
runs east and west of the center and is 0.1 mile to the south. One
small retail gasoline station is located on the northeast corner of the
intersection of Highway 60 and State Road 655.
The facility has 12 chambers arranged with six on a side with a cor-
ridor down the middle. The ventilation fans and the frying pans are con-
trolled from the corridor. Figure A-14 shows the physical arrangement of
the facility plus locations of the open barrel of EDB and the exhaust
fan. No aqueous effluents are produced by this facility.
Field Sampling
Field sampling was conducted on May 4, 1976, during which air, soil,
and dustfall samples were collected. A complete description of the sam-
pling sites, the sampling, and the meteorological conditions follows.
Air Sampling
Fifteen air sampling stations were located along the north, south,
east, and west transects starting at the facility boundary. Additional
stations were located in the corridor separating the chambers and in the
office adjacent to the chambers. Locations of the 17 stations are shown
in Figure A-15 and described more thoroughly in Table A-17. Six addi-
tional samplers were set at the north, south, east, and west 0-mile sta-
tion and in the corridor and office.
119
-------
Waiting Room —
—Office
N
t
Barrel of EDB in Use—»Q
[
c
[
c
17 c
c
C
c.
C
c
L
c
\/
^
^
^
X
-
<>
^
^
^
f*
]
3
~U—CirculaMon Fan
3-— Fry Pans
-Central Ventilation Duct
3
]
3
A
]
3
— — Evacuation Fan
^
j
0 12 24
Scale - Feet
Fumigation
Chambers
Corridor Area
Figure A-1A. State of Florida-USDA Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida.
-------
N
©
S-l
D-l
S-2
®t@L °"2
Se^-l
S_8 D-4 5.3
IO
X
j
TO
I
J
0 650 1300
i_ i i
Scale - Feet
Facility Boundary
Truck Route
S-5
S-7 D-5
/-Retail Gasoline Station
/ S-6
/ D-6© © ®
Highway 60
o>
®
Figure A-15. Sampling locations at the Fumigation Center,
Wahneta, Florida.
121
-------
Table A-17. AIR SAMPLING DATA AT THE STATE OF FLORIDA-USDA FUMIGATION CENTER, WAHNETA, FLORIDA
10
to
Area
North transect, 1/2 mile
North transect, 1/4 mile
North transect, 1/8 mile
North transect, 0 mile
North transect, 0 mile
North transect, 0 mile
North transect, 0 mile
South transect, 1/8 mile
South transect, 0 mile
South transect, 0 mile
South transect, 0 mile
South transect, 0 mile
East transect, 1/2 mile
Southeast transect, 3/4 mile
Southeast transect, 1/2 mile
Southeast transect, 1/4 mile
Southeast transect, 1/8 mile
East transect, 0 mile
East transect, 0 mile
East transect, 0 mile
East transect, 0 mile
Southwest transect, 1/2 mile
Southwest transect, 1/4 mile
West transect, 0 mile
West transect, 0 mile
West transect, 0 mile
West transect, 0 mile
Office Building
Office Building
Office Building
Office Building
Corridor
Corridor
Corridor
Corridor
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
4a
4b
4c
5
6
6a
6b
6c
7
8
9
10
11
12
12a
12b
12c
13
14
15
15a
ISb
I5c
16
16a
I6b
16c
17
I7a
17b
17c
Exact location
1/2 Nile north on Highway 655
1/4 Mile north on Highway 655
1/8 Mile north on Highway 655
40 ft North of fumigation chambers
40 ft North of fumigation chambers
40 ft North of fumigation chambers
40 ft North of fumigation chambers
1/8 Mile south on Highway 60
200 ft South of fumigation chambers
200 ft South of fumigation chambers
200 ft South of fumigation chambers
200 ft South of fumigation chambers
1/2 Mile east on old Bartow Lake Wales Road
1/4 Mile south of Highway 60 on Highway 655A
1/2 Mile east on Highway 60
1/4 Mile east on Highway 60
1/8 Mile east on Highway 60
150 ft East of fumigation chambers
150 ft East of fumigation chambers
150 ft East of fumigation chambers
150 ft East of fumigation chambers
1/2 Mile west on Highway 60
1/4 Mile west on Highway 60
300 ft West of fumigation chambers
300 ft West of fumigation chambers
300 ft West of fumigation chambers
300 ft West of fumigation chambers
Entrance hall of office building adjacent to
fumigation chambers
Midpoint of corridor between two banks of
fumigation chambers
Total
sampling
time (hr)
13.0
13.4
13.6
14.3
2.3
2.3
2.9
13.0
14.6
2.4
2.3
2.8
13.7
13.3
13.4
13.2
13.2
15.2
2.5
2.3
2.8
13.6
13.2
14.6
2.2
2.6
2.8
14.0
2.1
2.6
2.8
13.9
2.2
2.5
2.7
Sampling
rate
(f/mln)
1.18
1.19
1.25
1.18
1.15
0.39
0.39
1.17
1.27
0.38
1.07
1.07
1.35
0.85
1.04
1.11
1.33
1.22
0.78
0.65
0.66
0.92
0.74
1.03
1.21
1.21
1.46
.32
.52
.50
.04
.32
.34
.41
.30
Total
sample
vol. (/)
925
952
1,024
1,016
156
53
67
910
1,113
55
150
179
1,108
678
834
889
1,051
1,110
117
88
111
750
581
895
159
184
246
1,105
192
232
176
1,102
178
213
212
Sampler
height
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
These were operated intermittently to collect short-term air samples
for correlation of ambient air levels of EDB with facility operations. A
summary of the fumigation operations occurring during the sampling period
is given in Table A-18.
Soil Sampling
Soil samples were collected at the following air sampling stations.
S-l, Station 3
S-2, Station 4
S-3, Station 5
S-4, Station 6
S-5, Station 7
S-6, Station 11
S-7, Station 12
S-8, Station 14
S-9, Station 15
Dustfall Sampling
Dustfall samples were collected at the following air sampling sta-
tions over the same period that the air samples were collected.
D-l, Station 3
D-2, Station 4
D-3, Station 5
D-4, Station 6
D-5, Station 7
D-6, Station 11
D-7, Station 12
D-8, Station 14
D-9, Station 15
Meteorological Conditions
The weather conditions existing during the sampling period at the
Orlando Airport are summarized in Table A-19.
123
-------
Table A-18. FUMIGATION ACTIVITY AT THE
WAHNETA FUMIGATION CENTER, MAY 4, 1976
Fumigation
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fumigation time
0945-1145
1055-1255
1430-1630
1535-1735
1615-1815
1645-1845
1745-1945
1830-2030
Evacuation time
1145-1245
1255-1355
1630-1730
1735-1835
1815-1915
1845-1945
1945-2045
2030-2130
EDB Used
(e)
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
Total grams used 15,200
124
-------
Table A-19. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT
THE FUMIGATION CENTER, WAHNETA, FLORIDA, MAY 4, 1976
Time
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
Temp.
l!£L
23
24
26
27
29
28
29
29
28
27
25
23
21
19
18
18
16
Speed
(mph)
11
14
14
14
11
15
17
17
15
17
15
11
10
9
9
6
7
Wind
Direction
N
N
NNE
NNE
NW
NE
N
N
NE
NE
ENE
ENE
ENE
NNE
NNE
NNE
NNE
Precipitation
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
125
-------
PRESAMPLING SITE VISIT, FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
A presampling site visit was conducted on May 5, 1976, at the State
of Florida-USDA Fumigation Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida. Mr. J. Whitesides
assisted in the survey. The facility is located just past the southern
city limits of Ft. Pierce in the state-operated Farmers' Market. It is
1/8 mile west of U.S. 1 and 4 miles east of the Florida Turnpike. The
surrounding areas are lightly populated residential. Highway 1 has num-
erous small commercial stores. Only one retail gasoline station, located
1/2 mile north of the facility on U.S. 1, was observed in the area. The
fumigation facility is identical to the one near Wahneta except that it
has 16 chambers rather than 12. A diagram showing the fumigation center,
the barrel of EDB being used, and the position of the exhaust fan is
shown in Figure A-16. No aqueous wastes are generated by the facility.
Field Sampling
Field sampling was carried out on May 6, 1976. Air, soil, dustfall,
rainfall, and runoff water samples were collected. A complete descrip-
tion of the sampling sites, sampling activities, and meteorological con-
ditions follows.
Air Sampling
Fifteen air sampling stations were positioned generally along north,
south, east, and west transects starting near the facility boundary. Ad-
ditional samplers were placed in the corridor separating the chambers and
in the adjoining office building. Locations of the 17 stations can be seen
in Figure A-17 and are described in Table A-20.
Five additional stations were set at the north, south, and west 0 mile
sites and in the corridor and office. These were operated intermittently to
collect short-term samples for correlation of ambient air concentrations
with fumigation activities. A summary of the fumigation activities is given
in Table A-21. In addition, two air samples were collected using a person-
nel sampler attached to two of the facility operators. The duty of those
individuals was to enter the chamber, to pour the liquid EDB into the fry
pan and to seal the truck after the fumigation was completed.
126
-------
N5
Waiting Room v
/ Office
S\
©
N'
c
c
c
k
c
w.
c
C
c
c
^
v/
'
0=
3
""L—Circulation Fan
3-— Fry Pans
Central Ventilation Duct
j
j
A
A
C i.' C
N
t
) 12 24
I i
Scale - Feet
Fumigation
Chambers
Barrel of EDB in Use
Figure A-16. State of Florida-USDA Fumigation Center, Ft. Pierce, Florida.
-------
00
© V .
( Bell
/ '
®
Wagner
0)
S
0
£>
Residential N
Small Business j_ Q 20Q ^
TIII
| Scale - Feet
" — — ——State Farmers Market Boundary
Fumigation Center Boundary
Truck Route
Lunch Stands
^ . , \ (S) ]
e I I s 1 2 1 n i
_
State of Florida
Road Department
k
1 " IR5-1 S-2 , , ,
©D-l D_2 ' ' ' I
! I i6 I I |7 I w-i© j
S-5 ^! (® S-4
D— 5 m ) II D— 4 (FT) \2'
(14) fi:|l(5)'^~^ W-5 © yy g ,
L 1 W-4 /
L______________ _*J |^_^^ ' —
/ ©S-3
Fumigation Chambers-' [3.3
W-2
Residential
Small Business
s)
© ©
—
o
D)
X
I/)
^
i
i
i
i
i
l
i
i
i
1
1
1
Market I
Figure A.-17. Sampling locations at the Fumigation Center, Wahneta, Florida.
-------
Table A-20. AIR SAMPLING DATA AT THE STATE OF FUORIDA-USDA FUMIGATION CENTER, FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
VO
Area
Northwest transect, 1/2 mile
Northwest transect, 1/4 mile
Northwest transect, 1/8 mile
Northeast transect, 1/4 mile
North transect, 0 mile
North transect, 0 mile
North transect, 0 mile
North transect, 0 mile
North transect, 0 mile
Southwest transect, 1/2 mile
Southwest transect, 1/4 mile
Southeast transect, 1/4 mile
South transect, 0 mile
South transect, 0 mile
South transect, 0 mile
South transect, 0 mile
South transect, 0 mile
East transect, 1/8 mile
East transect, 0 mile
West transect, 1 mile
West transect, 1/2 mile
West transect, 1/8 mile
West transect, 0 mile
West transect, 0 mile
West transect, 0 mile
West transect, 0 mile
West transect, 0 mile
Sample
No.
1
2
3
4
5
5a
Sb
Sc
5d
6
7
8
9
9a
9b
9c
9d
10
11
12
13
14
15
ISa
15b
15c
ISd
Exact location
Wagner and Oleander
1,400 ft West- northwest of fumigation center
750 ft Northwest of fumigation center
1,400 ft North-northeast of fumigation center
180 ft North of fumigation center
180 ft North of fumigation center
180 ft North of fumigation center
180 ft North of fumigation center
180 ft North of fumigation center
Market and Oleander
1,200 ft Southwest of fumigation center
1,200 ft South-southeast of fumigation center
100 ft South of fumigation center
100 ft South of fumigation center
100 ft South of fumigation center
100 ft South of fumigation center
100 ft South of fumigation center
650 ft East of fumigation center
400 ft East of fumigation center
1 Mile west on Bell
Bell and Oleander
650 ft West of fumigation center
450 ft West of fumigation center
450 ft West of fumigation center
450 ft West of fumigation center
450 ft West of fumigation center
450 ft West of fumigation center
Total
sampling
time Oir)
13.2
13.2
13.0
13.5
13.7
3.8
4.9
2.85
2.03
13.3
13.3
13.4
13.0
3.1
4.8
2.75
2.43
13.2
13.1
13.2
13.2
13.1
2.6
2.9
4.6
2.9
2.5
Sampling
rate
(t/mln)
1.33
1.23
1.41
0.97
1.04
1.41
1.47
1.40
1.45
1.23
0.98
1.20
0.74
1.41
1.32
1.28
1.31
0.58
0.58
1.13
1.18
0.78
0.60
0.64
0.82
0.83
0.83
Total
sample
vol. (t)
1,050
970
1,099
778
851
324
432
239
177
979
781
963
576
262
380
212
191
470
451
891
938
614
94
111
228
145
123
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
Table A-20 (concluded)
OJ
O
Area
Office building
Office building
Office building
Office building
Office building
Corridor
Corridor
Corridor
Corridor
Corridor
Personnel sampler
Personnel sampler
Sample
No.
16 x
16a I
16b >
I6c 1
I6d '
17 \
I7al
17b >
17c \
i
18 \
19 f
Exact location
Entrance hall of office building adjacent to
fumigation chambers
Midpoint of corridor between two banks of
fumigation chambers
Attached to personnel working in chambers,
corridor, and office
Total
sampling
time (hr)
12.8
2.8
4.5
3.7
2.60
12.8
3.0
4.5
2.8
2.5
4.0
3.3
Sampling
rate
(I/rain)
1.22
1.10
1.33
1.29
1.29
1.28
1.37
1.27
1.30
1.28
0.83
0.99
Total
sample
vol. (I)
934
185
360
222
201
981
244
340
221
189
199
198
Sampler
height
(ft)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
-------
Table A-21. FUMIGATION ACTIVITY AT THE FT. PIERCE
FUMIGATION FACILITY, MAY 6, 1976
Fumigation
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Fumigation time
1000-1200
1010-1210
1035-1235
1035-1235
1050-1250
1110-1310
1135-1335
1245-1445
1245-1445
1430-1630
1450-1650
1450-1650
1450-1650
1450-1650
1455-1655
1535-1735
1610-1810
1610-1810
1735-1935
1815-2015
1815-2015
1820-2020
1820-2020
1820-2020
1820-2020
1930-2130
1935-2135
2000-2200
2110-2310
2140-2340
2140-2340
2145-2345
2155-2355
2155-2355
Evacuation time
1200-1300
1210-1310
1235-1335
1235-1335
1250-1350
1310-1410
1335-1435
1445-1545
1445-1545
1630-1730
1650-1750
1650-1750
1650-1750
1650-1750
1655-1755
1735-1835
1810-1910
1810-1910
1935-2035
2015-2115
2015-2115
2020-2120
2020-2120
2020-2120
2020-2120
2130-2230
2135-2235
2200-2300
2310-0010
2340-0040
2340-0040
2345-0045
2355-0055
2355-0055
EDB Used
(s)
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
1,900
Total grams used 64,600
131
-------
Soil Sampling
Soil samples were collected at the following air sampling stations.
S-l, Station 3
S-2, Station 5
S-3, Station 9
S-4, Station 11
S-5, Station 14
S-6, Station 15
Dustfall Sampling
Dustfall samples were collected at the following air sampling sta-
tions during the period that air samples were being collected.
D-l, Station 3
D-2, Station 5
D-3, Station 9
D-4, Station 11
D-5, Station 14
D-6, Station 15
Rainfall and Runoff Water Sampling
Rainfall collection equipment was placed at the facility boundaries
by air sampling stations 5, 9, 11, and 15 from 1010 to 1800. Rain occurred
in the area at approximately 1010 and was heavy until 1020, light until
1030, and then ceased for the remainder of the day. Water samples, W-l
through W-4, respectively, were collected at the four stations. A runoff
water sample, W-5, was collected from the facility parking lot 100 ft west
of the fumigation building at 1030.
Meteorological Conditions
The prevailing weather conditions during the sampling period are sum-
marized in Table A-22.
132
-------
Table A-22. WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLING AT
FT. PIERCE FUMIGATION CENTER, MAY 6, 1976
Time
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
Temp.
llfiL
24
25
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
26
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
Speed
(mph)
12
15
13
15
15
12
14
12
14
11
10
14
15
12
10
11
10
Wind
Direction
E
E
ESE
ENE
E
E
ESE
ESE
E
E
ESE
ESE
ESE
ESE
ESE
ESE
ESE
Precipitation
None
None
Heavy shower
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
133
-------
APPENDIX B
ANALYTICAL DATA
134
-------
Table B-l. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY, PONCA CITY, OKLAHOMA
OJ
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Sampling
time
0612-0005
0628-0011
0636-0016
0647-0022
0655-0027
0709-0011
0704-0015
0714-0023
0652-0027
0714-0107
0721-0102
0729-0057
0740-0052
0750-0037
0642-0048
0635-0045
0629-0041
0619-0034
0605-0058
0613-0053
Volume
(Jf)
1,320
1,342
1,337
1,418
1,412
1,309
1,458
1,457
1,516
1,462
1,307
1,253
1,542
819
1,456
1,057
1,076
1,344
1,005
1,528
Type of
* a/ of
^ample=' tig— '
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
78
84
72
61
70
46
51
47
51
66
65
57
58
36
61
64
64
64
52
135
*j
ttg/m-3
0.059
0.063
0.054
0.043
0.050
0.035
0.035
0.032
0.034
0.045
0.050
0.045
0.038
0.044
0.042
0.061
0.059
0.048
0.052
0.088
o _ /
-/
ppb ug/iDJ— ' ppb^1'
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0077
.0081
.0070
.0055
.0064
.0046
.0046
.0042
.0043
.0059
.0065
.0059
.0049
.0057
.0054
.0081
.0077
.0062
.0067
.0114
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.088
.093
.080
.064
.074
.052
.052
.048
.050
.067
.074
.068
.056
.065
.062
.090
.089
.071
.077
.131
0.011
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.0096
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.007
0.009
0.0096
0.009
0.007
0.0085
0.008
0.012
0.012
0.009
0.010
0.017
&l No EDB was found on any filters, back-up charcoal tubes or field blanks.
_b/ Average of analysis on didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
c( Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
-------
Table B-2. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM MOBIL OIL COMPANY, PAULSBORO, NEW JERSEY
LO
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Sampling
time
0700-0003
0710-0010
0627-0016
0637-0012
0647-0008
0656-0002
0635-0021
0629-0019
0615-0030
0644-0030
0720-2356
0710-2350
0615-2355
Volume
<*>
1,242
1,205
1,348
1,345
1,353
1,051
1,346
1,377
1,120
1,505
1,045
1,325
1,385
Type of
sample^
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
neb/
105
125
70
88
94
82
85
186
66
106
85
83
175
ue/m3
0.085
0.104
0.052
0.065
0.069
0.078
0.063
0.135
0.059
0.070
0.081
0.063
0.126
ppb
0.0110
0.0135
0.0068
0.0085
0.0090
0.010
0.0082
0.018
0.0076
0.0092
0.0106
0.0081
0.0164
ue/m3—/
0.126
0.155
0.077
0.097
0.103
0.115
0.094
0.201
0.088
0.105
0.121
0.093
0.188
/
. c/
ppb-
0.016
0.020
0.010
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.012
0.026
0.011
0.014
0.016
0.012
0.024
_§/ No EDB was found on any filters, back-up charcoal tubes or field blanks.
b/ Average of analysis of didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
£/ Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
-------
Table B-3. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FBOM THE RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Samp ling
time
0636-0038
0625-0041
0618-0045
0605-0034
Lost
0627-2440
0620-2435
0612-2445
0553-0038
0545-0029
0539-0018
0532-0014
0522-0010
0603-2407
0555-2414
0545-2420
0535-2425
0525-2430
Volume
(jO
822
1,092
673
766
-
1,061
934
849
1,055
834
1,068
1,116
987
1,136
885
964
1,164
675
Type of
sample3-/
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
-
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
ng—
152
194
148
220
-
138
225
222
163
203
263
221
333
155
173
185
181
193
qg/m3
0.185
0.178
0.220
0.287
-
0.130
0.241
0.261
0.155
0.243
0.246
0.198
0.337
0.136
0.195
0.192
0.155
0.286
ppb
0.0241
0.0231
0.0286
0.0373
-
0.0169
0.0313
0.0340
0.0200
0.0313
0.0320
0.0257
0.0439
0.0177
0.0254
0.0249
0.0202
0.0371
UB/m —
0.276
0.265
0.328
0.428
-
0.194
0.359
0.390
0.230
0.363
0.367
0.295
0.503
0.203
0.291
0.286
0.232
0.426
ppt>£'
0.036
0.034
0.043
0.056
-
0.025
0.047
0.051
0.030
0.047
0.048
0.038
0.065
0.026
0.038
0.037
0.030
0.055
j/ No EDB was found on any filters, back-up charcoal tubes or field blanks.
b/ Average of analysis of didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
_c/ Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
-------
Table B-4. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
00
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Sampling
time
0624-1925
0615-1922
0607-1918
0600-1914
0550-1930
0614-1925
0608-1929
0601-1933
0551-1917
0637-1941
0631-1937
0650-1942
0643-1937
0636-1934
Volume
(I)
1,147
844
889
799
736
874
923
870
866
916
924
952
705
658
Type of
samp le3-
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
ngj?/
69
52
53
56
91
58
61
52
93
63
54
96
45
54
Ug/m3
0.060
0.062
0.060
0.070.
0.124
0.066
0.066
0.060
0.107
0.069
0.058
0.101
0.064
0.082
ppb
0.0078
0.0080
0.0078
0.0091
0.0161
0.0086
0.0086
0.0078
0.0140
0.0089
0.0076
0.0131
0.0083
0.0106
tig/m3—
0.089
0.092
0.089
0.104
0.184
0.099
0.098
0.089
0.160 '
0.102
0.087
0.150
0.095
0.122
_;
, c/
ppb-
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.014
0.024
0.013
0.013
0.012
0.021
0.013
0.011
0.020
0.012
0.016
&l No EDB was found on any filters, back-up charcoal tubes or field blanks,
Jb/ Average of analysis on didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
cl Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
-------
to
\o
Table B-5. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE RETAIL GASOLINE SITE, CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY
Sampling Sampling Volume Type of
station time (1) sample^' ng—' ue/m ppb
_§/ No EDB was found on any filters, back-up charcoal tubes or field blanks.
_b/ Average of analysis of didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
c/ Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
1 0730-1907 693 1st Charcoal 223 0.322 0.0419 0.480 0.062
2 0649-1904 503 1st Charcoal 164 0.326 0.0424 0.486 0.063
3 0700-1900 796 1st Charcoal 204 0.256 0.0333 0.382 0.050
-------
Table B-6. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE HIGHLY TRAFFICKED URBAN SITE, PHOENIX, ARIZONA
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Samp ling
time
0645-0020
0635-0016
0625-0013
0615-0006
0600-0002
0655-2425
0645- 2420
0635-2414
0625-2409
0610-2403
Volume
(j?)
726
915
849
873
958
860
820
359
933
631
Type of(
Sc
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
iirm 1 A^
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal
n
ng°' ue/m-3
198
189
201
226
214
182
197
101
203
188
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.273
.207
.237
.259
.223
.212
.240
.281
.218
.298
. •>- /
^/
oob ULK/m-1—' ppb^'
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0355
.0269
.0308
.0337
.0290
.0275
.0312
.0366
.0283
.0387
0.406
0.308
0.353
0.386
0.333
0.315
0.358
0.419
0.324
0.444
0.053
0.040
0.046
0.050
0.043
0.041
0.047
0.054
0.042
0.058
al No EDB was found on any filters, back-up charcoal tubes or field blanks.
b/ Average of analysis of didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
£/ Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
-------
Table B-7. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE HIGHLY TRAFFICKED URBAN SITE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sampling
time
0619-0028
0612-0020
0604-0015
0557-0011
0551-0008
0627-0033
0619-0024
0609-0017
0556-0008
Volume
1,169
1,140
1,079
1,204
1,252
1,403
1,176
1,028
1,371
Type of
sample^'
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
nb/
95
93
87
105
131
103
90
85
112
3
0.081
0.082
0.081
0.087
0.105
0.073
0.077
0.083
0.082
ppb
0.0106
0.0106
0.0106
0.0113
0.0136
0.0095
0.0099
0.0106
0.0106
ue/m3.£/
0.121
0.122
0.122
0.130
0.156
0.109
0.114
0.123
0.122
bS'
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.017
0.020
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.016
&l No EDB was found on any filters, b.ack-up charcoal tubes or field blanks.
_b/ Average of analysis on didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
cl Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 677. average recovery.
-------
Table B-8. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL SITE, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
Sampling Sampling Volume Type of 3 /
station time (I) sample^ nf£' ug/m3 ppb ug/m —
0610-2330 1,287 1st Charcoal 52 0.040 0.0053 0.060 0.008
j/ No EDB was found in the filters, back-up charcoal tube of field blanks.
bf Average of analysis of didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
cl Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
Table B-9. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE RURAL SITE, MARYVILLE, MISSOURI
Sampling
station
1
2
Sampling
time
0630-0021
0631-0010
Volume
(f)
1,255
1,405
Type of
i a/ D/
sample= ng—
1st Charcoal 41.5
1st Charcoal 43.5
ug/m3
0.049
0.046
ppb
0.0064
0.0063
ug/m — ppb™
0.073 0.009
0.069 0.009
j/ No EDB was found on any filters, back-up charcoal tubes or field blanks.
b/ Based on analysis on didecyl phthalate column only.
ct Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
-------
Table B-10. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE STATE OF FLORIDA-USDA FUMIGATION CENTER,
UAHNETA, FLORIDA
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
4a
4b
4c
5
6
6a
6b
6c
7
8
9
10
11
12
I2a
I2b
12c
13
14
15
I5a
15b
15c
16
16a
16b
16c
16c
17
17a
I7b
17c
Sampling
time
0800-2102
0750-2111
0740-2117
0830-2302
0915-1132
1155-1417
1940-2332
0900-2158
0840-2315
0923-1142
1147-1405
1948-2236
0750-2131
0805-2125
0815-2137
0830-2143
0840-2150
0810-2320
0915-1145
1145-1401
1950-2238
0840-2213
0850-2200
0835-2308
0923-1134
1135-1408
1945-2234
08S5-2255
0935-1141
1141-1416
1940-2229
0850-2246
0930-1143
1143-1414
1942-2227
Volume
ML-
925
952
1,024
1,016
156
53
67
910
1,113
55
150
179
1,108
678
834
889
1,051
1,110
117
88
111
750
sai
895
159
184
246
1,105
192
232
176
1,102
178
213
212
Type of
sample
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 4a-c
1st Charcoal
2nd Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 6a-c
Filter 6a-c
Filter 6a-c
Filter 6a-e
Filter 6a-c
Filter 6a-c
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 12a-c
Filter 12a-c
Filter 12a-c
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 15a-c
Filter
1st Charcoal
2nd Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 16a-c
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Fi ter I7a-c
*L
92
65
72
72
168
ioS'
11 yd/
54d/
68
16.2
eg
1.7
eg
104
Sample
616^
8.70
1393'
67
117
71
52
86
85
86
455
ND
743'
78d/
95
275
800
87
11.4
15|/
43d.'
*'»
ll&Z
eg—
79
629
2.30
mg
130
IP'
&
47.9
1.12
eg
134
278
eg
19.7
*d7
ug-
118
181
Ug/B3b/
0.099
0.068
0.070
0.236
0.064
2.21
0.806
19.7
-
11.2
58.0
0.777
0.106
0.105
0.062
0.097
0.081
0.487
.
0.841
0.703
0.367
1.38
12.8
0.094
0.234
19.6
2,080
656
871
272
252
111
172
557
p^
0.0129
0.0089
0.0091
0.0307
0.0083
0.287
0.105
2.55
-
1.45
7.54
0.101
0.0137
0.0136
0.0081
0.0126
0.0105
0.0633
.
0.109
0.0914
0.0477
0.179
1.67
0.0122
0.0304
2.55
271
35.3
113
35.4
32.8
14.4
22.4
72.4
utfa&
0.148
0.102
0.105
0.352
0.096
3.29
1.20
29.3
•
16.7
86.4
1.16
0.157
0.156
0.093
0.144
0.121
0.726
.
1.25
1.05
0.546
2.05
19.1
0.141
0.348
29.2
3,100
978
1,300
405
376
165
257
829
oobfi'
0.019
0.013
0.014
0.046
0.012
0.428
0.156
3.81
•
2.17
11.2
0.150
0.020
0.020
0.012
0.019
0.016
0.094
.
0.163
0.136
0.071
0.267
2.49
0.018
0.045
3.80
403
127
169
52.7
48.9
21.4
33.4
108
a/ Average of analysis on dldecyl phthalate and Carbouax 20 M columns.
b/ Concentration based on nanograms found on filter and charcoal except where noted. No EDB
was found an the field blanks.
c/ Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 671 average recovery.
Al Concentration based on nanograms found on charcoal only.
143
-------
Table B-ll. EDB CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR SAMPLES FROM THE STATE OF FLORIDA-USDA FUMIGATION CENTER,
FT. PIERCE, FLORIDA
Sampling
station
1
2
3
4
5
5a
5b
5c
5d
6
7
a
9
9a
9b
9c
9d
10
11
12
13
14
15
15a
15b
15c
15d
Sampling
0912-2222
0918-2227
0930-2229
0833-2200
0830-2210
0830- 1220
1223-1717
1717-2008
2008-2210
0853-2211
0848-2208
0841-2204
0920-2220
0920-1225
1226-1707
1707-1952
1952-2220
0907-2220
0914-2215
0905-2217
0900-2214
0925-2233
0937-1232
0937-1230
1231-1708
1708-1957
1957-2225
Volume
«)
1,050
970
1,099
788
851
324
432
239
177
979
781
963
576
262
380
212
191
470
451
891
938
614
94
111
228
145
123
Type of
sample
Filter
1st Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 5a-d
Filter
1st Charcoal
Filter
Isc Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 9a-d
Filter
1st Charcoal
Filter
Isc Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 15a-d
8
7.4
Mg
16.3
11.2
wg
8
63.0
eg
99
32
9.58
Mg
132d/
1.50
if
4522''
Ud^
29
8
52
8
286
12
1.33
US
26
124
35S/
4Qd/
55S'
20d/
35
24
348
32
411
24
156
150
8
842
32
361
125^
1245'
53d/
202/
28
7.05
11.6
57.3
0.127
11.3
0.407
3.47
1.89
64.4
0.061
0.376
1.39
0.260
0.134
0.105
0.259
0.105
0.791
0.982
0.202
0.160
1.38
3.84
1.14
0.544
0.366
0.162
ppb-
0.917
1.50
7.46
0.0163
1.47
0.0530
0.451
0.246
8.37
0.0080
0.0489
0.181
0.0339
0.0174
0.0137
0.0338
0.0137
0.103
0.127
0.0263
0.0208
0.180
0.499
0.148
0.0707
0.0475
0.021
10.5
17.2
85.4
0.190
16.3
0.607
5.17
2.82
96.0
0.091
0.561
2.08
0.388
0.199
0.157
0.388
0.157
1.L8
L.46
0.301
0.238
2.06
5.72
1.69
0.810
0.545
0.242
1.37
2.24
11.1
0.025
2.19
0.079
0.673
0.366
12.5
0.012
0.073
0.270
0.050
0.026
0.020
0.050
0.020
0.153
0.190
0.039
0.031
0.268
0.744
0.220
0.105
0.071
0.031
144
-------
Table B-ll (concluded)
Sampling
station
16
16a
16b
I6c
16d
17
17a
17b
17c
17d
18
19
Samp ling
time
0952-2240
0952-1240
1241-1712
1712-2004
2004-2240
0945-2230
0945-1243
1244-1712
1712-2002
2002-2231
1405- 1806
1810-2130
Volume
(*)
934
185
360
222
261
981
244
340
221
189
199
198
Type of
sample
Filter
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 16a-d
Filter
1st Charcoal
2nd Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
1st Charcoal
Filter 17a-d
1st Charcoal
2nd Charcoal
1st Charcoal
2nd Charcoal
a/ , 3b/ J>/
nr ug/m " PPb~
43
326 349 45.4
ug
83 449 58.3
d/
MS2
96 267 34.7
^
39 176 22.8
MB^
72 276 35.8
d/
MB2
43
110
1.52
mg
1.25 1,549 201
617 2,529 328.7
d/
MB2
669 1,968 255.8
d/
MB2
311 1,407 182.9
d/
MB2
116 613.8 79.8
MS37
84
776
MS
16 3,900 507
913
MB
8 4,650 605
MS
m/m - ppb-
520 67.6
668 86.9
397 51.7
262 34.0
411 53.4
2,308 300
3,768 490
2,932 381
2,097 273
914.5 119
5,810 755
6,930 901
a/ Average of analysis of didecyl phthalate and Carbowax 20 M columns.
J>/ Concentration based on nanograms found on filter and charcoal except where noted. No
was found on the field blanks.
£/ Multiplied by 1.49 to account for 67% average recovery.
d/ Concentration based on nanograms found on charcoal only.
EDB
145
-------
APPENDIX C
METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
146
-------
LITERATURE
The published literature on the sampling and analysis of EDB in air
has been largely related to its use as a fumigant. Interstitial air con-
centrations in closed bins or silos have been determined by direct analy-
sis of gas samples using flame ionization gas chromatography.—' The limit
of detection by this technique was 2 mg/nr or 240 ppb (v/v). In a prelimi-
nary study by MRI of air levels of EDB, a trap of Tenax®-GC cooled with
dry ice was used.-2' In an unpublished report, charcoal has been used to
trap EDB.4/
No reports of EDB being present in surface waters were found in the
Literature. Several procedures for multiresidue analyses of EDB on grains
were expected to be satisfactory for analyzing water. In one procedure^/
grains coated with EDB were added to water] toluene was added, and the
EDB was quantitatively removed by steam distillation. Alternately, EDB
can be removed by a nitrogen sparge of a boiling solution.—' In this pro-
cedure water present in the gas stream was removed by a drying trap of
Chromosorb W. The EDB was then trapped in isooctane held at -80°C.
AIR SAMPLING AND RECOVERY STUDIES
The prior sampling train!' used for air samples consisted of a dry-
ing tube followed by a 14-mm O.D. by 12-mm I.D. by 15-cm glass tube
packed with Tenax®-GC at dry ice temperature. This system had a disad-
vantage in that water vapor would freeze in the tubes and restrict flow.
Frequent monitoring of the station was required. In humid weather, both
drying tubes and Tenax tubes were frequently changed. While this was
feasible with a very limited number of stations, it would be exceedingly
difficult for the present program having up to 20 stations several miles
apart. It was felt that a sampling system had to be developed that was
less restricted by weather conditions and would require minimal super-
vision. Charcoal^.' has been reported to be effective in trapping EDB.
Desorption was effected by carbon disulfide extraction, followed by anal-
ysis by flame ionization gas chromatography.
For analysis of air for EDB in the parts per million range, such as
exists around the manufacturing sites, the flame ionization detector has
adequate sensitivity. In urban areas, however, the ambient EDB levels
were much smaller and the more sensitive electron-capture detector was
required. Use of the electron-capture detector, however, precluded the
use of carbon disulfide as the desorbing solvent. In our evaluation of
charcoal as a trapping medium, we investigated the following: capacity
of the trap, choice of solvent, activity of the charcoal, optimum method
of desorption, and recovery of EDB at various levels.
147
-------
CAPACITY
Aglasstube 8-iran O.D., 6-mm I.D., and 16-cm long was packed with ap-
proximately 2 g Fisher 6 to 14 mesh charcoal. The charcoal had been ac-
tivated and partially deactivated by a procedure described below. After
adding 54.0 |J.g of EDB to the inlet end, helium was passed through the
tube at 0.75 liters/min for 7 hr. The helium was directed through a hex-
ane trap cooled with crushed dry ice. This has been shown previously to
trap EDB quantitatively-3-' Analysis of the hexane solution showed that
no EDB had passed through the charcoal trap.
SOLVENT
Several solvents were screened to determine: (a) if they were com-
patible with the electron-capture detector, and (b) the ability to remove
EDB from charcoal. Hexane and benzene were acceptable while carbon disul-
fide gave a broad peak that would interfere with EDB detection. Known
quantities of EDB were then added to charcoal and extracted with hexane
or benzene. Benzene was found to be more effective than hexane in remov-
ing the EDB. For the remaining studies, only benzene was used.
ACTIVITY
Before use, the Fisher charcoal was treated by heating to 400°C for
1 hr under a stream of nitrogen. When EDB was added directly to this char-
coal and then desorbed with benzene, the recoveries were consistent but
lower than desired, e.g., 48, 52, 50, and 31%. Removal of the EDB using a
Soxhlet extractor gave similar results: 49, 63, 51, and 45%. Low recov-
ery was observed both for 50- and 500-ng samples of EDB. These results
suggest that a fraction of the EDB is irreversibly adsorbed by highly ac-
tive sites on the charcoal. A partially deactivated charcoal was prepared
in the following manner. Benzene was first added to wet the activated
charcoal. Excess benzene was removed after 1/2 hr by decantation. The
moist charcoal was placed in a tube and further dried by a stream of ni-
trogen. It was then dried at 110°C for 1/2 hr. Using 2 g of charcoal pre-
pared in this manner and extraction with benzene, the average percent re-
covery for 11 samples was 67% with a standard deviation of 10%. The sample
size ranged from 50 to 5,000 ng.
EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
Three extraction techniques were tested to desorb EDB from treated
charcoals: (a) sequential extraction by 20, 20, and 10 ml of benzene;
(b) sequential extraction by 10, 10, and 5 ml of benzene; and (c) Soxhlet
extraction using 50 ml of benzene. Initially, (a) and (c) were compared
using 500 ng of EDB. Average recoveries from four analyses were 73 and
50%, respectively. Lower recoveries using the Soxhlet equipment had been
seen previously. It was then shown that (b) gave comparable results to
(a). Since (b) gives final solutions of a higher concentration than (a),
procedure (b) will be used in the final protocol.
148
-------
EDB RECOVERY
Using the treated charcoal and the extraction procedure developed
above, the recovery of various concentrations of EDB was determined. The
overall average recovery of duplicate samples of 50, 500, and 5,000 ng
of EDB was 65%. Figure C-l shows the recoveries and ranges of the results.
X
cover
&
IUU
80
60
40
20
0
I j
; i
10 50 100
500 1000 5000
ngf EDB
Figure C-l. Recovery of EDB from charcoal.
PUMP AND SAMPLING STATION
The number of sampling stations required and the large distance be-
tween them precludes the use of 110 V line power or portable electrical
generators. The portable electrical generators are further excluded due
to the fact that they are powered by gasoline engines running on leaded,
and therefore EDB-containing, gasoline. It was concluded that the air sam-
pling pumps must be battery powered. It was considered desirable that the
pump-battery sampling station be as small and light as possible with proven
reliability. A miniature pump powered by 18 to 26 V DC was obtained from
Brailsford and Company, Inc., Milton Point, Rye, New York 10580. The bat-
teries could be either the conventional alkali lantern type or the recharge-
able Ni-Cads. Ni-Cad batteries would only last for 8 to 10 hr in the field
149
-------
before they needed to be replaced and recharged. It was felt that the risk
of an unattended pump stopping suddenly after 8 to 10 hr plus the need to
recharge a large number of batteries were undesirable features. Therefore,
an evaluation of the 12 V lantern batteries was conducted. Two 12-V batter-
ies were connected in series to power the pump. A sampling train of two char-
coal traps plus a Millipore filter was attached to the pump. After some ini-
tial experimentation, a test was run at 38°F for 24.5 hr using two 12-V bat-
teries in series. Flow dropped from 1.02 to 0.96 liters/min or 8.8%, and
voltage dropped from 24.5 to 19 V. The test was repeated using two 12-V
batteries in series and one 12-V plus two 6-V batteries in series. The
two 24-V battery systems were then wired in parallel to power the pump.
The pump was run first for 20 hr at ambient temperature. Flow changed
from 1.05 to 1.02 liters/min or 37., while voltage dropped from 24.8 to
22 V. The test was repeated at -11°F using the same set of batteries.
Flow dropped from 1.02 to 0.95 liters/min or 7% over 24 hr. Voltage
changed from 21 to 17 V. It was concluded that the pump powered by two
24-V batteries in parallel was reliable and had a sufficiently constant
flow rate.
The five batteries and the pump were attached to a prewired phenolic
board which was then enclosed in a cardboard-polystyrene shipping box ob-
tained from Polyfoam Packers Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. A mock-up of
the sampling station with the adopted sampling train is shown in Figure
C-2. In field operation, a metal rod was driven into the ground to which
the box and the sampling train were attached.
WATER SAMPLING AND RECOVERY STUDIES
All water sampling was expected to be done by the "grab" technique.
The reported technique of isolating EDB from water by steam distillation
was judged as.too complicated and time-consuming. A simpler and faster
technique was required. It was determined that water samples containing
EDB could be quantitatively extracted by hexane using two extractions at
a V3q/Vorg ratio of 20:1. Five-hundred milliliters of water containing
5 ppb EDB was subjected to sequential extractions; recoveries of 82 and
20% were obtained, yielding a total recovery of 102%. If necessary, the
extracts can be reduced in volume using a Kuderna-Danish evaporator. Two
500-ml water samples containing 0.1 ppb EDB were extracted with two 25-ml
portions of hexane. The volume of the hexane was reduced to 5.0 ml by the
evaporator. Recovery was 47 and 52%. Attempts to reduce the volume below
5 ml by a slow N2 stream led to excessive loss of EDB.
Rainfall and dustfall samples are also water samples and can be
treated similarly.
150
-------
•
Figure C-2. Sampling station,
151
-------
GAS CHBOMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The following columns and conditions were developed for the analysis
of EDB in the sample extracts.
First Column: 10-ft by 1/8-in. stainless steel with 57. didecyl
phthalate on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W, AW, DMCS
110°C
200°C
Second Column:
Column Temperature:
Injector Temperature:
Detector Temperature: 250 °C
Nitrogen Flow Rate: 28 ml/min
6-ft by 1/8-in. stainless steel with 5% Carbowax
20 M on 80/90 Anakrom
Column Temperature: 115°C
Injector Temperature: 205°C
Detector Temperature: 210°C
Nitrogen Flow Rate: 32 ml/min
12-ft by 1/8-in. stainless steel with 3% OV-225 on
100/120 Supelcoport
Column Temperature: 85°C
Injector Temperature: 180°C
Detector Temperature: 250°C
Nitrogen Flow Rate: 25 ml/min
A series of halogenated hydrocarbons were tested to determine if they
would interfere with EDB analysis. Standards prepared in benzene were ana-
lyzed using the gas chromatographic conditions optimized for EDB analysis.
The results are listed in Table C-l as Relative Retention Times in compari-
son to EDB. None of the common chloro- or bromo- compounds interfere.
Third Column:
152
-------
Table C-l. RELATIVE RETENTION TIMES
Columns
Didecyl phthalate
CH3CC13 0.38
cci'4
CHC1=CC12
CH2C1-CH2C1
ci2c=cci2
CHBrCl2
CH2C1-CHC12
CH2Br-CH2Br
CHBr,Cl
0.38
0.48
0.52
0.59
0.68
0.92
1.00
1.10
Carbowax 20 M OV-225
0.21
0.45
0.31
0.45
0.40
0.62
0.93
1.00
1.13
-
-
0.52
-
0.59
0.66
0.85
1.00
0.92
153
-------
REFERENCES
1. "Petroleum Refineries in the United States and Puerto Rico," U.S. De-
partment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., January
1, 1975.
2. Berch, B., J. Agr. Food Chem.. 2£, 977 (1974).
3. Going, J. E«, "Sampling and Analysis of Selected Toxic Substances.
Task II - Ethylene Dibromide," EPA-560/6-75-001, September 1975.
4. Private communication with J. A. Jacoby, Dow Chemical USA, Midland,
Michigan.
5. Malone, B., J. Assoc. Offic. Agr.'Chem.. 52, 800 (1969).
6. Malone, B., J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chem.. 53, 742 (1970).
154
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Now read ImUnictwns on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA 560/6-76-021
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION'NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Sampling and Analysis of Selected Toxic Substances
Task IV - Ethylene Dibromide
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
J. E. Going and J. L. Spigarelli
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-01-2646
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final, January - May 1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Sites representing six categories of potential sources of EDB emission were sam-
pled. The categories are: (1) gasoline mixing, storage, and transfer (refineries);
(2) retail gasoline; (3) highly trafficked urban; (4) suburban residential (lightly
trafficked); (5) rural; and (6) fumigation centers.
Air samples collected near four different bulk loading stations had EDB levels at
least twice that of background samples. These levels ranged from 0.13 to 0.20 ug/m3 of
EDB. The elevated levels were not discernible beyond 1/8 mile from the stations. The
EDB concentration in air near pipeline pumping stations, lead mix blending facilities,
and lead mix storage areas was not elevated above background. Air samples collected
near clusters of gasoline stations in two cities had EDB concentrations ranging from
0.18 to 0.50 ug/m3, which was 2 to 2.5 times greater than sampling sites 1/8 to 1 mile
away. The third city had background levels ranging from 0.38 to 0.49 ug/m3, and the ef
feet of the gasoline stations was not discernible. The effect of heavily trafficked
freeways on the EDB levels in two different cities ^as not discernible. However, EDB
was detected in all samples taken in heavily trafficked urban areas. The ubiquitous
nature of EDB is probably the result of the widely dispersed sources of emission in
(concluded on attached sheet)
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Monitoring - Air, Water, Soil, Sediment
Ethylene dibromide
Organic Chemistry
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
166
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
155
-------
16. Abstract (concluded)
urban/industrial areas. The levels of EDB in air ranged from 0.05 to 0.10 ng/m3 in
rural and suburban areas, and from 0.1 to 0.4 ug/m3 in metropolitan areas.
Two fumigation centers where EDB was used to fumigate grapefruit were found to be
significant sources of emission. The highest downwind ambient air level was 96 ug/m .
•The highest levels were observed when EDB was being exhausted from the fumigation
chambers. However, levels higher than background were observed before the chambers had
been purged. Levels inside the facility were 40 to 70 times greater than the highest
ambient air levels; the highest level observed, 6,930 ug/m3, was found using a personnel
sampler placed on an employee. The average level of exposure inside the fumigation cen-
ters ranged from 370 to 3,100 ug/m3.
156
------- |