ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
RESEARCH LABORATORY
EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT
& CHARACTERIZATION DIVISION
METEOROLOGY & ASSESSMENT DIVISION
FY-
76&77
REPORT
ABSTRACTS
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS DIVISION
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION
STUDY COORDINATION
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA 27711
12/5/77
The Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory investigates
the effects of air pollution on the atmosphere and the subsequent
Impact on air and water quality and land use. ESRL's research
and development programs provide technology for measuring and
characterizing pollutants. Meteorological studies quantify the
relationships between emissions, air quality and atmospheric
effect. The results of these studies are used to develop air
pollution control strategies.
The attached abstracts (EPA Form 2220-1) represent reports
that hive been Issued through EPA's Environmental Sciences Re-
search Laboratory during fiscal years 76 and 77.
For additional copies of REPORT ABSTRACTS FY-76&77. contact:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Forms and Publication Center MD-41
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
For copies of the technical reports represented in this
publication, contact :
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22151
(Use PB-I, Item no. 2 on the 2220-1 form when ordering reports)
Respectfully Yours,
Or. A. Paul Altshuller
Director
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INDEX : Program Elements
PROGRAM ELEMENT PAGE NUMBER
1AD712 - - 1
1AD605 - 12
1AA001-- - 22
1AA603 - 49
1AA003 - 90
1AA008 --- --- 99
1AA009 115
1AA601 - 155
1AA002 - 159
1NE625-- - - 162
EHE625-- 171
1AA010---- 24
1A1010-- - - -- 47
1A1003-- 143
1A1008 - -- 145
110302 - - 153
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Report Number
600/2-75-024
-048
Title
VERSATILE GAS FILTER CORRELATION
SPECTROMETER
PROTOCOL TO CHARACTERIZE GASEOUS EMISSIONS
Program Element
1A1010
-052
-053
-062
-076
-077
600/2-76-021
-026
-033
-034
-059
-062
-094
-096
-126
AS A FUNCTION OF FUEL AND ADDITIVE COMPOSITION
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY STUDY OF THE PROPOSED
METHOD 13 SAMPLING TRAIN
MAGNITUDE OF S0«, C09, AND 09, STRATIFICATION
IN POWER PLANT DUCTS* *
REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF POWER PLANT SMOKE STACK
EFFLUENT VELOCITY
DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR
MEASURING AMBIENT ATMOSPHERIC CARCINOGENIC
VAPORS
EVALUATION OF THE CORRELATION SPECTROMETER
AS AN AREA S02 MONITOR
ELECTTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SULFURIC AND
AMINE ODORANTS
EFFECT OF GASOLINE ADDITIVES ON GASEOUS
EMISSIONS (PART II)
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE MULTISPECTROMETER FOR
RAPID ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE
POLLUTANTS
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR POLLUTANT DOSIMETRY
COMPARISON OF WET CHEMICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL
METHODS FOR MEASURING AIRBORNE SULFATE
OPTICAL METHOD FOR MEASURING THE MASS
CONCENTRATION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINING N0y EMISSIONS
IN FLUE GASES *
COLLECTION EFFICIENCIES OF STACK SAMPLING
SYSTEMS FOR VANADIUM EMISSIONS IN FLUE GASES
DEVELOPMENT OF THIN CALIBRATION STANDARDS
1AA002
1AA010
1AA010
1AA010
1AA010
1AA010
1AA010
1AA002
1AA010
1AA010
1NE625
1AA010
1AA010
1AA010
1A1010
FOR X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
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600/2-76-157 SAMPLING INTERFACE FOR THE QUANTITATIVE 1AA010
TRANSPORT OF AEROSOL—FIELD PROTOTYPE
-169 DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPORTIONAL SAMPLER FOR 1AA010
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSIONS TESTING
-170 PARTICULATE SAMPLING STRATEGIES FOR LARGE 1AA010
POWER PLANTS INCLUDING NONUNIFORM FLOW
-171 EVALUATION OF MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR POWER 1AA010
PLANT AND SULFUR RECOVERY PLANT EMISSIONS
-191 INFRARED ABSORPTION BY SULFURIC ACID VAPOR 1AA010
-192 FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS FIBER 1AA010
FILTER MEDIA AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
-210 AMBIENT CO MONITOR 1AD712
-211 CONSTRUCTION OF A PROTOTYPE SULFURIC ACID 1AA010
MIST MONITOR
-265 VALLENCE STATES OF SULFUR IN POLLUTION 1AD605
SAMPLES BY X-RAY ANALYSIS
-277 REMOTE MONITORING OF NITRIC OXIDE BY GAS- 1AD712
FILTER CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
600/2-77-003 PULSED FLUORESCENCE MONITOR FOR MEASURING 1AD605
AMBIENT NITROGEN DIOXIDE
-009 CARBON DIOXIDE LASER SYSTEM TO MEASURE 1AD605
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
-010 EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGY AND PROTOTYPE TO 1AD605
MEASURE ATMOSPHERIC SULFURIC ACID
-021 ALARM-LEVEL MONITOR FOR SO, EMISSIONS FROM 1AD712
STATIONARY SOURCES *
-026 EVALUATION OF STATIONARY SOURCE PARTICULATE 1AD712
MEASUREMENT METHODS VOLUME II OIL-FIRED
STEAM GENERATORS
-027 DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE DEVICE TO COLLECT 1AA601
SULFURIC ACID AEROSOL
-035 FIELD EVALUATION OF AN AUTOISOKINETIC STACK 1AD712
PARTICULATE SAMPLING SYSTEM
-036 EFFECTIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICULATE 1AD712
EMISSIONS FROM A TYPICAL STATIONARY SOURCES
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600/2-77-062 X-RAY ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS 1AD605
INTERIM REPORT: SAMPLE PREPARATION
-063 EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS MONITORS FOR 1A0605
CARBON MONOXIDE IN STATIONARY SOURCES
-068 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM 1AD605
A DUAL CATALYST EQUIPPED VEHICLE
-076 FACTORS AFFECTING THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY 1AD712
OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFATE
-100 ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS BY GAS 1AD712
CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROSCOPY
-116 LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL EMISSION CORRECTION FACTORS 1AA601
FOR AMBIENT CONDITIONS
-124 INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING THE OPACITY OF 1AA010
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS CONTAINING CONDENSED WATER
-125 METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION TO MEASURE 1AD712
GASEOUS AMMONIA
-130 PROTOTYPE CORRELATION MASK FLAME PHOTOMETRIC 1AA010
DETECTOR FOR MEASURING SULFUR DIOXIDE
-154 APPLICATION OF FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETRY 1AD712
TO REMOTE SENSINGOF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
-178 ELECTRON MICROSCOPE MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE 1AD712
ASBESTOS CONCENTRATIONS
600/3-76-010 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CARBON MONOXIDE 1AA003
IN ST. LOUIS MISSOURI AREA
-01 la RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY HANDBOOK VOLUME I 1AA003
-01Ib RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY HABDBOOK VOLUME II 1AA003
-01Ic RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY HANDBOOK VOLUME III 1AA003
-015 EFFECTS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ON MATERIALS — 1AA008
A CHAMBER STUDY
-016 REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY: 1AA003
EXPEDITIONARY RESEARCH PROGRAM, SUMMER
OF 1975
-017 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS IN THE AMBIENT AIR OF 1AA008
THE UNITED STATES
-018a THE TRANSPORT OF OXIDANT BEYOND URBAN AREAS 1A1008
-018b THE TRANSPORT OF OXIDANT BEYOND URBAN AREAS 1A1008
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-024 AN INVESTIGATION OF GAS PHASE OZONOLYSIS 1AA008
REACTIONS
•029 SMOG CHAMBER CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 1AA008
•030a. THE FATE OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 1A1008
-030b THE FATE OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 1AT008
-035 THE GENERAL MOTORS? ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 1AA601
AGENCY SULFATE DISPERSION EXPERIMENT
-070 MECHANISM OF PHOTOCHEMICALLY INITIATED . 1A1008
OXIDATIONS
-073 A DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE SIZE 110302
DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE AIRBORNE PARTICLES
-012 A STUDY OF PAN-TYPE COMPOUNDS AND RELATED 1A1008
PRECURSORS
-080 SMOG CHAMBER STUDIES ON PHOTOCHEMICAL 1AA008
AEROSOL-PRECURSOR RELATIONSHIPS
-084 SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG 1AA008
FORMATION AND TRACE POLLUTANT DETECTION
-085 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MODEL AEROSOLS 1AA008
-087 ENVIRONMENTAL AEROSOL MEASUREMENTS USING 1AA603
AN AIRBORNE PARTICLE MORPHOKINETOMETER
-088 CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR IN SUB- 1AA001
MICROMETRIC AEROSOLS
-089 REACTION KINETICS OF OZONE WITH SULFUR 1AA008
COMPOUNDS
-090 SULFUR DIOXIDE PHOTOOXIDATION RATES AND 1AA008
AEROSOL FORMATION MECHANISMS
-091 UTILITY OF REACTIVITY CRITERIA IN ORGANIC 1A1008
EMISSION CONTROL STRATEGIES
-093 ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC ORGANIC AEROSOLS 1AA003
BY MASS SPECTROSCOPY
-107 OXIDANT-PRECURSOR RELATIONSHIPS DURING POLLUTANT 1AA603
TRANSPORT CONDITIONS
-108 ATMOSPHERIC FREONS AND GALOGENATED COMPOUNDS 1AA603
-109 THE TRANSPORT OF OXIDANT BEYOND URBAN AREAS 1AA603
-110 MIDWEST INTERSTATE SULFUR TRANSFORMATION AND 1AA603
TRANSPORT PROJECT: AERIAL MEASUREMENTS OF
URBAN AND POWER PLANT PLUMES, SUMMER 1974
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600/3-77-OOla INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL 1AA603
OXIDANT POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
PROCEEDINGS: VOLUME I
-001b INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL 1AA603
OXIDANT POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
PROCEEDINGS: VOLUME II
-Oil MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SIMULATED PHOTOCHEMICAL 1AA603
SMOG
-014a MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN 1AA603
URBAN AIR VOLUME I. CHEMISTRY STUDIES
-014b MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN 1AA603
URBAN AIR VOLUME II. CHAMBER STUDIES
-015 AEROSOL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS - PHOENIX, 1AA008
ARIZONA
-017 PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON 1975 NORTHEAST 1AA603
OXIDANT TRANSPORT STUDY
-025 APPLICATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM 1AA603
SPECTROSCOPY TO AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
-026 APPLICATION OE..FOURIER TRANSFORM 1AA603
SPECTROSCOPY TO AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
INTERIM REPORT 1976
-027 LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE 1AA603
DEPOSITION VELOCITIES
-028 HETEROGENIOUS REACTIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES 1AA603
IN SIMULATED ATMOSPHERES
-041 THE TRANSPORT OF OXIDANT BEYOND URBAN AREAS 1AA603
DATA ANALYSIS AND PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR THE
SOUTHERN NEW WNGLAND STUDY, 1975
-043 EFFICIENCY OF GAS-WALL REACTIONS IN A CYLINDRICAL 1AA603
FLOW REACTOR
-044 FORMATION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOLS 1AA603
-048 EFFECT OF SELECTED PARAMETERS ON PREDICTIONS 1AA603
OF A PHOTOCHEMICAL MODEL
-053 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE AEROSOLS 1AA603
IN THE LOS ANGLELES AIR BASIN
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-054 REGIONAL TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF 1AA603
SULFUR DIOXIDE TO SULFATES IN THE U. S.
-055 STUDIES OF OXIDANT TRANSPORT BEYOND URBAN 1AA603
AREAS
-072 AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS AND VISIBILITY 1AA603
-073 AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY DURING THE HOUSTON 1AA603
URBAN PLUME STUDY, JULY 1974
-080 AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH, ANNUAL REPORT 1AA603
FY1976/76A
-081 REACTIONS OF ISOPROPOXY RADICALS WITH 1AA008
NITROGNE OXIDES
-089 REACTIVE HYDROCARBON CONTROL COSTS FOR 1AA603
LOS ANGELES
-109a EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION ON OXIDANT- 1AA008
HYDROCARBON RELATIONSHIPS Phase I Exhaust
Blends from Non-Catalyst and Catalyst Equipped
Vehicles
-109b EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION ON OXIDANT- 1AA008
HYDROCARBON RELATIONSHIPS Phase II Blend of
Total Hydrocarbon Emissions
600/4-75-002
LOW COST COMPACT X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYZER
FOR ON-SITE MEASUREMENT OF TRACT ELEMENTS
IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
-004 ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE PROPERTIES IN
THE LOWEST 300 METERS
1AA010
1AA009
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-005 OBJECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR OPTIUM 1AA009
LOCATION OF AIR POLLUTION OBSERVATION
STATIONS
-006 DISPERSION FROM TALL STACKS 1AA009
-016a TURBULENCE MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION 1AA009
TO ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION. Part I
-016b TURBULENCE MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION 1AA009
TO ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION. Part II
600/4-76-001 DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT FOR STACK NEAR 1AA603
BUILDING—WIND TUNNEL STUDY
-002 MODELING OF THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS 1AA009
AND DISPERSION IN URBAN ATMOSPHERES
-007 SPECTRAL MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC FLOWS 1AA009
AND TURBULENT DIFFUSION
-009 MOBILE LIDAR STUDY OF THE LOS ANGELES 1AA009
MIXING LAYER
-013 METHODOLOGY FOR INVENTORYING HYDROCARBONS 1AA003
-016a CONTINUED RESEARCH IN MESOSCALE AIR 1AA009
POLLUTION SIMULATION MODELING. Volume I
-016b CONTINUED RESEARCH IN MESOSCALE AIR 1AA009
POLLUTION SIMULATION MODELING. Volume II
-016c CONTINUED RESEARCH IN MESOSCALE AIR 1AA009
POLLUTION SIMULATION MODELING. Volume III
-016d CONTINUED RESEARCH IN MESOSCALE AIR 1AA009
POLLUTION SIMULATION MODELING. Volume IV
-021 A NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF 1AA009
STABLY STRATIFIED FLOW AROUND COMPLEX
TERRAIN
600/4-76-022 PLUME DISPERSION IN STABLY STRATIFIED FLOWS 1AA009
OVER COMPLES TERRAIN
-025 CALCULATED ACTINIC FLUXES (290-700nm) 1AA009
FOR AIR POLLUTION PHOTOCHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS
-029a EMPIRICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING AIR QUALITY 1AA009
AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA. Parti
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-029b EMPIRICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING AIR QUALITY 1AA009
AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA. Part II
-029c EMPIRICAL TECHNIQIES FOR ANALYZING AIR QUALITY 1AA009
AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA. Part III
-030a ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION PARAMETERS IN GAUSSIAN 1AA009
PLUME MODELING. Part I
-030b ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION PARAMETERS IN GAUSSIAN 1AA009
PLUME MODELING. Part II
-031 PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING OF FOSSIL-FUEL EFFLUENTS 1AA009
-032 REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY: QUALITY ASSURANCE 1AA003
AUDITS
-037 REFINEMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN URBAN METEORO- 1AA009
LOGICAL - POLLUTANT MODEL
-039 RADIATIVE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE PLANETARY 1AA009
BOUNDARY LAYER
-040 REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 1AA003
LABORATORY OPERATIONS
-042 THE "GAUSSIAN-PLUME" MODEL WITH LIMITED VERTICAL 1AA009
MIXING
-047 STACK PLACEMENT IN THE LEE OF A MOUNTAIN RIDGE: 1AA603
A WIND TUNNEL STUDY
-055 URBAN AIR POLLUTION MODELING WITHOUT COMPUTERS 1AA009
-056 MEASUREMENT OF DRY DEPOSITION OF FOSSIL FUEL PLANT 1AA009
POLLUTANTS
-058
NUMERICAL OPYIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN AIR QUALITY
MODELING. Objective Interpolation Formulae for
the Spatial Distribution of Pollutant Concentration
1AA603
600/4-77-002a
-002b
-006
-009
AN OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR REGIONAL AIR 1AA603
POLLUTION STUDY. Part I
AN OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR REGIONAL AIR 1AA603
POLLUTION STUDY. Part II
DISPERSION OF ROOF-TOP EMISSIONS FROM ISOLATED 1AA603
BUILDINGS: A Wind Tunnel Study
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN CARBON MONOXIDE 1AA603
CONCENTRATIONS, TRAFFIC COUNTS AND METEOROLOGY
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600/4-77-010 MESOSCALE AIR POLLUTION TRANSPORT IN SOUTHEAST 1AA603
WISCONSIN
-014 REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY POINT SOURCE 1AA603
EMISSION INVENTORY
-015 CALCULATION OF SELECTED PHOTOLYTIC RATE 1AA603
CONSTANT OVER A SIURNAL RANGE
-016 DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN TRAFFIC FLOW AND CARBON 1AA603
-017 REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY: SULFUR COMPOUNDS 1AA603
AND PARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION INVENTORY
-018 REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY: NON-CRITERIA 1AA603
POLLUTANT INVENTORY
-035a NEW YORK AIR POLLUTION PROJECT OF 1964-1969 1AA603
VOLUME I. DESCRIPTION OF DATA
-0355 NEW YORK CITY AIR POLLUTION PROJECT OF 1964 - 1AA603
1969 VOLUME II. DATA
600/7-77-020 POWER PLANT STACK PLUMES IN COMPLEX TERRAIN: 1NE625
AN APPRAISAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH
-021 SULFATES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 1NE625
A PROGRESS REPORT ON PROJECT MISTT
-033 COMPACT, IN-STACK, THREE SIZE CUT PARTICLE 1NE625
CLASSIFIER
-049 AMBIENT HYDROCARBON AND OZONE CONCENTRATIONS 1NE625
NEAR A REFINERY
-055 THE MEASUREMENT OF CARCINOGENIC VAPORS IN 1NE625
AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES
-056 HYDROCARBON AND OXIDANT CHEMISTRY OBSERVED EHE625
AT A SITE NEAR ST. LOUIS
-076 AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH, ANNUAL REPORT 1NE625
FY1976/76A
-104 LITERATURE SURVEY OF EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH 1NE625
EMERGING ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
600/9-75-008 REPORT ON THE PROBLEM OF HALOGENATED AIR 1AA008
POLLUTANTS AND STRATOSPHERIC OZONE
600/9-76-007a DENVER AIR POLLUTION STUDY: 1973 PROCEEDINGS 1AA008
OF A SYMPOSIUM, VOLUME I
600/9-77-001 DENVER AIR POLLUTION STUDY: 1973 PROCEEDINGS OF 1AA008
A SYMPOSIUM, VOLUME II
600/0-76-022 FIELD EVALUATION OF WATER SOLUBLE FLUORIDE 1AD605
MONITORS FOR STATIONARY SOURCES
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PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A D 7 1 2
1 A D 6 0 5
1 A A 0 0 1
1 A A 0 1 0
1 A 1 0 1 0
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY :
These research efforts have been designed to respond to the needs associated with
the detailed description of the composition and level of air contaminants. This level
)f detail is necessary to elucidate parameters such as: Chemical and physical inter-
ference, environmental constraints, and end-use requirements. The outputs of these
research activities are new and/or improved methodology and instrumentation technology
lch will be utilized for stationary source, mobile source and ambient air require-
nents that will support the development and maintenance of Agency air quality goals.
Fhese outputs are requisite to the determination of atmospheric effects, atmospheric
:hemical and physical processes, and the development and evaluation of air quality
simulation modeling.
-------
fl'lcmc rt'iiJ /mtrtii'iioHi uii lli< icteric bcfurr c<»m/-'i line'.
r >•••;> 1 NCI 2.
EPA-500/2-76-210 PB-259577
.1 Titii AND sum ni.r
AMBIENT CO MONITOR
? .v.. i Hv'Mi-..;
Darrell E. Burch, Francis J. Gates, John D. Pcmbrook
J Pt "1FOHMING On~ANI2ATION NAME AND ADDRfcSS
Acronutronic Ford Corporation
Aeronutronic Division
Ford Road
Newport Beach, California 92663
1? ?rl'MI-O'IING AOtNCY NAMt AND ADORtSS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C., 20011
15 SUM'LI MfcNTAHY NOTtS
1. HtCIPlLNf ;• ACXIGSIO**NO.
•i HCPOM 1 t)Att
July 1976
0. PfcMFOMMINfi Olir.ANI7A (ION ( ^IDl
!l. I'CHMMIMINi; '.>l«iiAf«i,*AtlON >• [i-Cl'-i i N.
U-6210
10. PHC't'.ftAM l{.l Vlf.Nt NO
. 1AD712-
It. C;;^ i SIACI '(j II ANT NO
68-02-2219
13. TVri. Of MI.POUT AND I'tMIOl CUVFMCI
Final
14. SPONSoniNr, AGtNCv"r.obt~"
EPA-ORD
A portable instrument has been designed and two units have been built to monitor
the concentration of CO in ambient air. The air flows through a sampling section
that is approximately A3 cm long with a 28-pass optical system that produces a total
path of 12 meters. Gas-filter correlation methods are employed for the detection
and discrimination against other gas species in the air. An 1^0 monitor built into
the ..-nain instrument measures the concentration of HnO and automatically accounts
for a small amount of interference by this gas. Interference by all other atmos-
phevic gases is negligible. The minimum detectable concentration of CO is less'
than 0.02 ppm. The instrument is powered either by batteries or by a battery pack.
ui semi-Tons
KtY WUIIOS AND OOCUML'NT ANALYSIS
MOLNTII ii us/on N LNULU ILIIMS
Air Pollution
Carbon Monoxide
i • ii.i-i I if>'i ; I /. 11 Ml N I
Release to public
Gas-Filter Correlation
l« SI CUm I Y CLASS f//ill /i./..irf/
Unclassified
70 stcuRii Y"cTArr*r///H
Unclassified
C. COi.ATI ( ll-l .
l. NO Of »'AC- S
28
??. mice
tm JJ70-1
2
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read lailruclions on the reverse before completing)
1. RtPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-277
2.
PB-265455
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REMOTE MONITORING OF NITRIC OXIDE BY GAS-FILTER
CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
5. REPORT DATE
November 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
Darrell E. Burch and David A. Gryvnak
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
U-6252
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Aeronutronic Ford Corporation
Aeronutronic Division
Ford Road
Newport Beach, California 92663
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712 (1AA010)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-0766
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final, 6/73-6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The feasibility of remotely monitoring the concentration of Nitric Oxide (NO) in the
effluent of industrial stacks has been investigated analytically and experimentally
in the laboratory. The type of instrument considered employs two or more gas-filter
cells that contain different amounts of NO. Radiant energy emitted by the hot gas
in the effluent is measured after it has passed either through one of the gas-filter
cells or through a neutral density filter. By comparing the amounts of energy
received through each of the filters, it is possible to determine the concentration
of NO in the presence of a moderate amount of continuum-emitting material such as
-small particles. A simple, single-line spectral model served as the basis for the
analytical work. Heated cells containing NO + N2 or H20 + N2 simulated an industrial
stack for the laboratory experiments. Interference by hot H20 in the effluent and
cold HpO in the atmospheric path causes the most serious uncertainties in the measure
ments for many types of stacks.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution
*Nitric Oxide
*Remote Sensing
Monitors
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Gas-Filter Correlation
. COSATI I icItl/Ciroup
T3B
07B
14B
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report!
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
80
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-021
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-271656
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
ALARM-LEVEL MONITOR FOR S02 EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY
SOURCES
February 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Donald A. Wallace and Wayne Perkins
». PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
International Biophysics Corporation
2700 DuPont Drive
Irvine, California 92664
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2233
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 7/75-5/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A field prototype, alarm-level monitor for S02 emissions from stationary
sources was designed, fabricated and tested. The monitor was designed to be
inexpensive, simple to operate and easily maintained. The monitoring system is
an extractive type that employs an air aspirator to pull a sample through a
probe and sample conditioning assembly. The gas sample flows through an analyzer
that contains an electrochemical cell as the sensing element. The analyzer has
the sensitivity to detect SO concentrations in a single range from 0 to 1000
parts per million. .Visual aftd audible alarms are activated when S0? emissions
are in excess of a preset level.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Sulfur dioxide
*Moni tors
Electrochemical cells
*Warning systems
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
13B
07B
07D
13L
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
2t.,NO. OF PAGES
36
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9*73)
-------
TECHNICAL P J'ORT DATA
(I'lrasc read Initnictions on tlir rcirrsc he fore comi'lc
NO.
EPA-600/2-77-026
2.
PB-269081
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
EVALUATION OF STATIONARY SOURCE PARTICULATE
-MEASUREMENT METHODS
Volume II Oil-Fired Steam Generators
5. REPORT DATE
February 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Edward T. Peters and Jeffrey W. Adams
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Mass. 02140
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712 (1AA010)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-0632
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
•Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Interiin 10/73 - 2/7fi
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Volume I was issued as EPA-650/2-75-051a, June 1975
16. ABSTRACT
An experimental study was conducted to determine the reliability of the Method 5 pro-
cedure for providing particulate emission data from an oil-fired steam generator. The
study was concerned with determining whether any "false" particulate resulted from the
collection process of from the collected particulate. Variations to Method 5 tested
included filter media, size and temperature, nozzle type and sampling duration. Tests
were conducted at a 350 MW source utilizing low sulfur residual fuel.
Two series of field tests were conducted. In both cases simultaneous samples were
collected with two trains. In all cases one train was the standard Method 5 train.
The other train was either a modified Method 5 train with an in-stack filter or a
second standard Method 5 train.
Runs were preformed in which one or both trains were spiked with S02 at the nozzle to
provide sampled gas stream concentrations of ^2000 pprn S02 approximating a high sulfur
fuel. By comparing particulate and sulfate distributions between probe and filter
catches for the two trains, no evidence for the formation of "false particulate" for
the condition evaluated were found.
The in-stack filter method used has several advantages over EPA Method 5 including the
elimination of recovering the probe catch.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Particles
* Collecting methods
* Evaluation
* Field tests
* Electric power plants
* Oil burners
h.lDENTIFIEHS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI I icIcl/Ciroiip
13B
14B
10B
13A
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
66
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Farm 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
TECHNICAL REI'ORT DATA
(I'lrase trail Inductions on llie reverse lie/arc compli H
\. RtPORl NO.
2.
PB-264223
EPA-600/2-77-035 |
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
FIELD EVALUATION OF AN AUTOISOKINETIC STACK
- PARTICULATE SAMPLING SYSTEM
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
L92JL
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
W. A. Smith and E. W. Stewart
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712
It. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2226
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPI. OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75 - 6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The performance of a prototype autolsokinetic stack participate sampling system,
designed to maintain automatically isokinetic sampling conditions, was evaluated in
field tests at stationary sources. Tests were conducted to determine the operating
limits and characteristics of the system. Preliminary tests demonstrated the neces-
sity of making several modifications to the existing system to improve the level of
performance for the field evaluation program. Improvements were made in the problem
areas of the performance of the mass flowmeter, flow totalizer, and flow control
valve systems and In the sampling nozzles.
-- The autoisokinetic sampler was tested at four field installations selected to
provide a wide range of sampling conditions. The results of the testing and analy-
sis showed that the sampling system maintained acceptable isokinetic sampling rates
of 100% £10 at only one of four sources. An inverse relationship between the percent
of Isokinetic rate and the temperature of the gas stream being sampled was found.
The evaluation revealed that the sampler will operate only 1n the narrow range of
stack gas static pressures of ±3 inches water column. The physical hardware was
found to be fragile and difficult to operate in the field. Overall, the autoisoki-
netic sampling system failed to meet the design goals.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
•*Particles
*Sampling
*Systems
*Evaluation
*Field tests
1>. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI Held/Group
13B
14B
18. DISTRIHUTtUN STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This lirpofl)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
5fl
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 O-73)
-------
TECHNICAL RE! ORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the 'evcrsc before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-03e
2.
PB-264893
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
EFFECTIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICIPATE
EMISSIONS FBOM ATYPICAL STATIONARY SOURCES
Interim Report
REPORT DATE
February 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
H. A. Hanson and D. P. Saari
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
FluiDyne Engineering Corporation
5900 Olsaon Memorial Highway
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55422
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1796
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 '
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim 6/75 - 9/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Techniques and instrumentation for sampling strategies to measure particulate
emissions from "atypical" stationary sources were developed. The four atypical
source categories are low effluent streams, extended dimensions, partially or
totally unconfined flow, and saturated gas streams or gas streams with entrained
liquid droplets. The research program included literature surveys, laboratory
model testing, and field testing of several atypical stationary sources. Tech-
niques and instruments were evaluated as to the degree of reliability of measured
emissions and applicability to general situations.
Three specific sources—gravity roof ventilators, grain dryers, and wet scrubbers-
were selected to provide the basis for the research program of the four atypical
source categories. Basic characteristics of these sources were identified
through literature and personal contact surveys. A program of model testing and
field testing of roof ventilator emissions was completed, and a similar program
was undertaken for wet scrubbers. The sampling strategy recommended for roof
ventilator emission measurement on the basis of the test program includes a high
volume particulate sampler and a heated thermopile anemometer deployed near the
base of the ventilator.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
* Air Pollution
* Particles
* Industrial Plants
* Nonuniform Flow
* Sampling
* Systems
* Evaluation
DESCRIPTORS
*Ti el d~ Tests"
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COS ATI I'icld/Croup
13B
131
20D
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21.
NO. OF PAGES
130
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
1INC1 ASSTFTFH
22. PRICE
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on llie reverse he/ore completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-076
2.
PB-268239
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
FACTORS AFFECTING THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY
DF ATMOSPHERIC SULFATE
5. REPORT DATE
May 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Coutant, R. W.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
Columbus, Ohio 43201 .
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712 BE-08 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1784
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, N. C.
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final. d/75 - 11/7fi
4/
ING
14. SPONSdRINfG AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
TRACTFactors that influence the collection and measurement of atmospheric sulfate
were investigated. Special emphasis was given to those factors that cause the
formation of extraneous sulfate during the sampling process. The factors considered
were filter type and composition, ambient S02 concentration, temperature, relative
humidity, ambient gas composition, sampling time and rate, storage time and conditions
and the presence of potential oxidation catalysts in the particular catch.
The approach of the investigation was twofold. After conducting an extensive
laboratory program to identify and quantify significant sulfate generating inter-
actions, a brief field study was performed to test the significance of the laboratory
observations under typical field operating conditions.
The results of this investigation indicated that the most significant cause
of sulfate sampling error is the interaction of basic filter components with ambient
SO? This interaction is affected by ambient atmospheric conditions. A relationship
based on established chemistry was developed for the prediction of sulfate error
caused by this interaction. Recommendations of filter media appropriate for ambient
sulfate monitoring and further development of a methodology are included.
17.
I. .
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMEN . ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Sulfates
Particles
*Sampling
*Efficiency
*Sulfur dioxide
*Filter materials
interactions
l>.IDENTIFIl.nS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. coSArt l-'ickl/Croup
13B
07B
14B
13K
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report!
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
99
i
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
8
-------
TECHNICAL REPCRT DATA
(t'ltmc read luxrtictions on the rcrmr licfote conii'li-tiiiK)
1. niroru NO
EPA-600/2-77-100
PB-269654
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS BY GAS
-HROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROSCOPY
7. AUTHOR(S)
Edo 0. Pellizzari
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P. 0. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709
1?. SPONSORING AGENCY NAMt AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES \
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
S-REP35neDAf§77
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELFMENT NO.
1AD712 BB-08 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2262
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
16. ABSTRACT - ' • •
Analytical methodology based on capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/
computer, was developed for the collection and analysis of urban organic pollutants.
The areas of investigation included: (a) the preparation and evaluation of glass
capillary columns for pollution analysis, (b) the development of methodology for
quantitative analysis of ambient air pollutants,and (c) the identification and auan-
tification of organic pollutants in ambient air from several geographical locations "
/ithin the continental U.S.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
•»• DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
'Organic compounds
Tuis chroma tography
"Mass spoctroscopy
""Computers
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
I).IOENTIFIEHS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI 1 iclii/(iroiip
1 3R
070 !
14B
09B
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
UNCLASSIFIED 114
^Plj-jkpy'lljy-CJ ASS (This page) 22. PRICE
}
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'leosr read lutimrHons on the rtvenc before camplflingj
2.
PB-273-125
. HLI'OHT NO.
__LP^l6_°9/2:77-_l 25
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION TO MEASURE
GASEOUS AMMONIA
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIO^NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AU7HORI3)
D. David, D. Ruffin and Ml Will son
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
OFI'iA'JIZA CION NAME AND ADDRESS
lonsanto Research Corporation
Dayton Laboratory
515 Nicholas Road
Dayton. Ohio
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712 BE-11 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1793
*. SP .''NSORINC AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Trianqle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Methodology for the time integrated collection and analysis of atmospheric ammonia
was developed. Ammonia is primarily measured because it can react with SOX to produce
ammonium sulfate. Since SOX is one of the principle air pollutants, it is important
to determine its atmospheric reactions. ;
The methodology makes use of optical wave guides which are 1 x 20 mm quartz rods
coated with a chemical that is specific for NHa- As ammonia reacts with the chemical
on the rod, the optical properties of light passing through the rod change and can be
directly related to the NH3 concentration.- An optical wave guide analyzer was develop
ed to measure the resulting change in optical properties. Concentrations as low as
1 ppb can be assayed. The coated quartz rods are placed in the field for 24 hours and
brought back to the laboratory for analysis by the analyzer.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution
*Anronia
Measurement
Development
*Analyzers
Quartz
Optical Properties
h.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I lii Id/Croup
13B
07B
14B
08G
20F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report!
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES'
117
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 t»-73)
10
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read ImOnictiotu on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-154
PB-273101
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
APPLICATION OF FABPY-PEROT INTERFEROMETRY
TO REMOTE SENSING OP GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
5. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
W. Hayden Smith and Robert A. King
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Princeton University Observatory
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08540
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-02-0327
Grant No. 800805
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- RTF, NC
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 8/71 - 3/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
19. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A method for the remote sensing of molecular species via the rotational Raman
effect was developed. The method uses the properties of a scanning Fabry-Perot
interferometer to multiplex the spectra in a manner specific for a given species.
Furthermore, the method allows the "in principle" sensitivity of remote pollutants
to be iHcreased by as much as 10* over the'vibrational Raman effect. To achieve
this goal, a scheme was developed for the rejection of the Raman spectra of the
abundant background gases, N2 and 02. This was accomplished efficiently and with
little loss of the Raman scattered light from the pollutant species. Laboratory
measurements were conducted to demonstrate the method for a few specific cases;
results were encouraging. In addition to the light rejection scheme actually used,
a radically new technique utilizing the polarization properties of the Raman
scattered light was also developed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.tDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
* Air Pollution
Flue gases
* Remote sensing
* Optical scanners
* Interferometers
Raman spectra
Fabry-Perot interferomete -s
13B
2UB
14B
171
20F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Reportl
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
142
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
n
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunction on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA 600/2-77-178 PB-276656
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE
ASBESTOS CONCENTRATIONS
A Provisional Methodology Manual
7. AUTHOR(S)
An ant V. Samudra and Colin F. Harwood
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
I IT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD712 BA-14 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2251
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75 - 6/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/ 60 0/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IS. ABSTRACT
This manual describes a provisional optimum electron microscope (EM)
procedure for measuring the concentration of asbestos in air samples. The
main features of the method include depositing an air sample on a poly-
carbonate membrane filter, examining an EM grid specimen in a transmission
electron microscope (TEM), and verifying fiber identity by selected area
electron diffraction (SAED).
This provisional manual results from a study to develop an optimum
EM procedure for airborne asbestos determination. The analytical data
supporting the provisional methodology are included in a separate final
report.
17."
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI 1-icld/Croup
*Air pollution
^Asbestos
*Scrpentine
*Amphiboles
Measurement
*Electron microscopy
*Electron diffraction
Chrysotile
13B
OSG
11E
14B
is. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
56
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 222 • '
12
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A D 6 0 5
1 A A 0 0 1
1 A A 0 1 0
1 A 1 01 0
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY :
These research efforts have been designed to respond to the needs associated with
the detailed description of the composition and level of air contaminants. This level
of detail is necessary to elucidate parameters such as: Chemical and physical inter-
ference, environmental constraints, and end-use requirements. The outputs of these
research activities are new and/or improved methodology and instrumentation technology
will be utilized for stationary source, mobile source and ambient air require-
nents that will support the development and maintenance of Agency air quality goals.
Fhese outputs are requisite to the determination of atmospheric effects, atmospheric
:hem1cal and physical processes, and the development and evaluation of air quality
modeling. __
13
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(lleate rctttl Instruction* mi llie rcvcnr before co
1. REPORT NO.
600/0-76-022
UNPUBLISHED
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
FIELD EVALUATION OF WATER SOLUBLE FLUORIDE MONITORS
FOR STATIONARY SOURCES.
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J. Sachdev
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Scott Environmental Technology, Inc.
Plumsteadville, Pa. 18949
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD605
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1795
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14.SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Standards of performance for fluoride emissions for phosphate fertilizer and
aluminum reduction plants were proposed in 1975. In an effort to have a continuous
monitor for fluoride detection available when the standards were promulgated a con-
tract was awarded to field test commercially available instruments. A survey of
the market yielded two analyzers as potential candidates. One analyzer failed to
perform adequately in laboratory tests. The second, based on the specificion elect-
rode technique, malfunctioned during field tests at an aluminum reduction plant.
Malfunctions included plugging of sample lines, electronic drifts due to tempera-
ture changes and non-reproducib1lity of standardization procedure.
Modifications to the monitor were effected based on field problems encountered.
The instrument is to be retested at an aluminum reduction plant at a later date.
17.
K£Y WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Fluorides
*Monitors
Field tests
Evaluation
lUDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI I ioM/C.ioup
13B
07B
14B
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RFIFASF TO PUBLIC
19. SFCURITY CLASS (This Kcport)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tills page)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
41
23. PRICE
EPA Form 22JO-1 (9-73)
14
-------
TECHNICAL HEPORT DATA
-ase read Inunictions mi ilic /rum1 fa lore eoni/'letingf
PORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-265
2.
PB-260880
4. TITL€ ANOSUOTITLE
VALLENCE STATES OF SULFUR IN
POLLUTION SAMPLES BY X-RAY ANALYSIS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J. V. Gilfrich, M. C. Peckerar, and L. S. Birks
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING OHGANIZATION NAME AND AOORlss"
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C. 20375
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD605
tl. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, M. C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Int en m 6/75-6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
A flat single crystal spectrometer was configured to measure the
valence band x-ray spectra of various forms of sulfur. While most
different valence states showed differences in the structure of the
Kg band, particular emphasis was placed on distinguishing sulfide from
sulfate in samples simulating pollution particulate collections. The
relative fraction of sulfide and sulfate in samples containing as low
2
as 25 yg/cm total sulfur can be measured with an accuracy of about 10%.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
Sulfur inorganic compounds
Sulfur organic compounds
*Sulfur
*Valence
*X-ray fluorescence
9. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
b.lDCNTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (Iliis Report)
.UNCLASSIFIED
ZOJStCUniTY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Ficlil/CJroup
3B
D7B
D7C
)7D
21. NO. OF PAGES
12
22. PRICE
-------
. MM'OHTNO. ' 12.
EPA-600/2-77-003 j P.Bb263688
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcasf read InUnif lions on lite reverse before rnmiilrHnK)
3. MtCIPII NT'S ACCtSSIO«*NO,
4. TITLE -«rErSUOTITLE
PULSED FLUORESCENCE MONITOR FOR MEASURING AMBIENT
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Development of a Laboratory Prototype
5. REPORT DATE
Jvin
—January. 1077
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
7. AUTHOR(S)
C. I.. Fincher, A. W. Tucker, and M. Blrnbaum
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
ORGANIZATION COOC
9. PERFOHMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The Aerospace Corp.
Electronics Research Lab., P.O. Box 92957
I.OH Anp,eles, California 90009
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.'
1AD605
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NOT
68-02-2246
17. SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
IF. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Kescnrch Trltmp.le Park, N. C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIo"b COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IB. ABSTRACT
A prototype pulsed flashlamp monitor for measuring ambient NO- has been
developed, constructed and tested. The basic principles are similar to a
laser fluorescence NO- monitor developed 3 years earlier by the Electronics
Kescarrh Lab of the Aerospace Corp. The pulsed system has met the contract
tleslp.n p.oal of a sensitivity of 5 ppb for an integration time of 1 minute,
;ind shows p.reat promise for further improvement. The systems operation has
linen successfully demonstrated in monitoring outside, air. Continued
development will lead to an instrument comparable in compactness to present
. <:lu;mtluminescence Instruments while being relatively interference free and
more relinble.
u.
a.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
ANltroj'.on dioxide
*Moa?itirlnf» instruments
Prototypes
*Flucirescence
Pulse duration modulation
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSAt I Held/Group
13B
07B
1/4B
20F
20N
II. IMSTRIUUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
35
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tliilpage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
CPA Form 2220-1 («-73)
16
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
fncaie read iHUructiom on Hie rcvtnc before coinr\eilnn>
NO.
EPA-6CO/2-77-00"
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCtSSlO^NO.
PB-263028
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
CARBON DIOXIDE LASER SYSTEM TO MEASURE
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
6. REPORT DATE
.Tnnunrv 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.-AUTMORIS)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
R.J. Gillmeister and L.R. Snowman
9.PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
General Electric, Ordnance Systems
Electronic Systems Division
100 Plastics Avenue
Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD605
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1290
13. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE Of REPORT AND PERIOD COVE RED
Final. May 197A-1975
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA - ORD
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The report concerns the continuation of work in the
development of a gas laser system for air pollution monitoring
over long paths, a kilometer or more, using infrared absorption.
Modifications to a bread-board system for simultaneous detection
of 0_, NH_, C.H, and the addition of beam steering optics to give
the system area monitoring capability are discussed. Operation
for a two month period in St. Louis in conjunction with the
RAPS program is also discussed. During this period 0^ and NH3
were monitored at Site 103 in RAMS. Data comparing system
performance with that of conventional monitors is presented
along with the results of problem investigations.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Croup
*Air pollution
*0zone
*Ammonia
*Ethylene
*Analyzers
Design
*Carbon dioxide lasers
*Infrared radiation
Evaluation
Field tests
13B
07B
07C
!/• B
20E
20F
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tlii.1 Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF
111
PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Hill page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form J2JO-1 19-731
17
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(ricosc read Instructions on ilie reverse before comi>lctiii);)
REPORT NO.
CPA-600/2-77-010
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO,
PB-265395
TITLE. AND SUBTITLE
EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGY AND PROTOTYPE TO MEASURE
ATMOSPHERIC SULFURIC ACID
5. REPORT DATE
January 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
tTE. Snyder
T. J. Reed
A. M. McKissick
8, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
ARC 49-5664
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Atlantic Research Corporation
5390 Cherokee Avenue
Alexandria, VA 22314
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
IAD 605
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2247
12..SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
bnvironmcntal Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75-6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A method is being developed to selectively assay ambient sulfuric acid
aerosol. The method utilizes the vapor of a volatile amine (or amine derivative)
to neutralize the acid as it is collected on a Teflon filter. The amine sulfatc
thus formed is thermally decomposed at 200°C to release sulfur dioxide, or other
stoichiometrically related sulfur containing adduct, which is measured by a
flame photometric detector. Immediate chemical fixation of the acid lessens the
-chance of side reactions with other substances on the filter, while the relatively
low decomposition temperature eliminates particulate interferences such as
ammonium sulfate. Sulfur dioxide is also collected as a reagent complex on the
filter but is selectively removed by heating at 100°C.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Snlfuric acid
*Aerosol
Sulfur dioxide
*Collccting methods
.Chemical analysis
*FTamc Photometry
*Prototvi
rm.
noi
l).IOENTIFIEnS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI I idil/liioup
13B
07B
07D
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS f7ViM Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
96
20. SECURITY
JRITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 222CM («-71)
18
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read InUructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/2-77-062 PB-266671
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
X-RAY ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS
Interim Report: Sample Preparation
i
7. AUTHOR(S)
M. Fatemi, E. T. Johnson, R. R. Whitlock,,
L. S. Birks, and J. V. Gilfrich
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Material Sciences Division
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C. 20375
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTPi> NC
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Trianale Park, N. C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
5. REPORT DATE
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD605
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-IAG-D6-0651
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim - 10/74-10/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
•
16. ABSTRACT
A measurement technique, suitable for submicrogram quantities of asbestos, using
a combination of fiber alignment and x-ray diffraction was previously introduced.
The x-ray measurement of aligned fibers is a straightforward operation. However,
it has since been found that the sample preparation itself depends on several
parameters which need critical control.
The composition of the alignment medium is established as 10-20 ppm (W/V) of
parlodion (cellulose nitrate) in distilled amyl acetate. The effect of filter
pore-size has been shown to be more significant than previously thought. Fiber
losses in the range of 50-80% of total mass are not unlikely, depending on the
fiber size distribution. Similarly, ultrasonification has been shown to affect
fiber size distribution and subsequent fiber retention by filters. Ambient
relative humidity suitable for alignment of single drops has been established
to be in the range of 35% to 45% at 228C to 20°C, respectively. Parameters
involved in radio frequency ashing of filters are also discussed. It is shown
that ashing quality and subsequent dispersion depends on the fitler membrane,
and improves as this concentration is increased.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI !;icld/Group
*Asbostos
*Air pollution
*X-ray diffraction
*Alignment
*Quantitative analysis
Chrysotilo
Crocidolite
Amosite
HE
13B
20F
07D
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
36
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
19
-------
TECHNICAL HEI'ORT DATA
(I'linsc trail lnUniclwns on the irrcnc before coiiii'lctnixl
i. nijPoni.MO. |2.
EPA-600/2-77-063 1 PB - 268861
A. TITLF AND SUBTITLE
EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS MONITORS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE
IN STATIONARY SOURCES
7. AUTHOR(S)
Mark Repp
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Scott Environmental Technology, Inc.
Plumsteadville, Pennsylvania 18949
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, Nnrtih r.arnlina ?7?n
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD605 BA-36 (.FY-76)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1400 Task 20
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 7/75 - 3/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
The performance characteristics of five commercially available continuous carbon
monoxide monitors were evaluated in a two part program consisting of laboratory
and field phases. The laboratory phase involved testing each instrument for
response characteristics, precision, noise, response times, drifts, variations
due to temperature and pressure, and CO- and H20 interferences. The field evalu-
ation phase involved the operation of tne monitors on the outlet duct of a carbon
monoxide boiler at a petroleum refinery. Data generated in both phases of the
program were used as the basis for recommending minimum performance specifications
for continuous carbon monoxide monitors at petroleum refineries.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
j. DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Carbon monoxide
* Monitors
* Tests
* Field Tests
* Refineries
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (this Ktport)
UNCLASMnE'~>
20. SiiCUMIT Y CLASS ( Tliit page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Held/Group
13B
07B
14B
131
21. NO. OF PAGES
1 64
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
20
-------
TECHNICAL KEI'OKT DATA
{I'ltasc read /iiitnti'Ht"1* <«i ilif rmrsc tirjine < i»>\i
Peter A. Gabele, James N. Braddock, Frank M. Black,
Fred D. Stump, and Roy B. Zweidinger
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD605
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RIP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. N. C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house 7/75 - 7/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16.ABSTRACT ^ test program was initiated to characterize exhaust gas emissions from
an automobile equipped with a dual catalyst system. The dual catalyst system
was designed by Gould, Inc. to reduce emissions of engine exhaust hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. It basically consists of two catalysts in
series: a nickel-copper alloy reduction catalyst to control nitrogen oxide
emissions, and a platinum-palladium oxidation catalyst to control carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbon emissions. .
The test vehicle, an AMC Hornet having a 232,CID six cylinder engine, was
-tested over the Federal Test Procedure, the Highway Fuel Economy Test, and the
Sulfate Emission Test. In addition to the regulated gaseous emissions, sulfur
dioxide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen cyanide, nickel carbonyl, carbonyl sulfide,
aldehydes and detailed hydrocarbon emissions were sampled and analyzed. A
brief discussion of each method used to sample and analyze the non-regulated
pollutants is included.
Results indicate that (1) sulfate emissions from the dual catalyst car
were comparable to those from production catalyst vehicles equipped with air
pumps, (2) hydrocarbon emissions were of low reactivity relative to other vehicles
and (3) nickel emissions were quite high. With regard to the nickel emissions,
the forms in which this element are emitted are not known nor is the extent of
rarhrmyl e>nri g c i nn <;
17.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
Automobiles
*Exhaust emissions
*Catalytic converters
b.lDKNTIFIERS/OPC.N E.NDED TERMS
C. COSATI 1 icUI/Cirbtip
13B
13F
21B
Q.7A
1<». DISTftlBUTIO!^ STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
t9. SECURITY CLASS tllmKct'itr
_ UNCLASSIFIED
20, SECURITY CLASS ,7/iM page)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. Ol CAGES
28
22. PRICE
EPA Form 22200 (i-7J)
21
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A A 0 0 1
1 A A 0 1 0
1 A 1 0 10
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY ;
These research efforts have been designed to respond to the needs associated with
the detailed description of the composition and level of air contaminants. This level
)f detail Is necessary to elucidate parameters such as: Chemical and physical Inter-
ference, environmental constraints, and end-use requirements. The outputs of these
research activities are new and/or Improved methodology and Instrumentation technology
hlch will be utilized for stationary source, mobile source and ambient air requlre-
nts that will support the development and maintenance of Agency air quality goals.
hese outputs are requisite to the determination of atmospheric effects, atmospheric
henrlcal and physical processes, and the development and evaluation of air quality
imulation modeling.
22
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Plcast read luUruclioni on the rci rru- In-fore ci>»:~k tint-
'" ^PA-600/3-76-088
PB-257543
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TjTLc AND SUBTITLE
"CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR IN
SUBMICROMETRIC AEROSOLS
5. REPORT DATE
August 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AOTHOR(S)
Jack L. Durham, William E. Wilson,
and E. Baker Bailey
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA001
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house. 6/7A-6/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A method is described for measuring continuously the total sulfur in
submicrometric aerosols suspended in air containing sulfur dioxide. The aero-
colloid is passed through a tube coated internally with lead dioxide. The
gaseous sulfur dioxide diffuses to the surface of the tube and reacts
irreversibly to form lead sulfate. The aerosol is not significantly removed
•in the tube. The total sulfur in the aerosol is determined by a hydrogen-air
flame photometric detector.
A sulfur balance has been demonstrated for the sulfur dioxide-ozone
olefine reaction system, which produces aerosols containing sulfur.
17.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS'OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
* Air pollution
* Aerosols
* Sulfur
Sulfur dioxide
Flame photometry
13B
07D
07B
14B
19. JlSTRIUUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19.SCCURITY CLASS tlllilKcport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OH CAGES
22
20. StCUfVT Y CLASS t'l'liil page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
CPA Term t220-\ (9-73)
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A A 0 1 0
1 A 1 0 10
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY :
These research efforts have been designed to respond to the needs associated with
the detailed description of the composition and level of air contaminants. This level
)f detail is necessary to elucidate parameters such as: Chemical and physical inter-
rerence, environmental constraints, and end-use requirements. The outputs of these
research activities are new and/or Improved methodology and instrumentation technology
rfhich will be utilized for stationary source, mobile source and ambient air require-
nents that will support the development and maintenance of Agency air quality goals.
Fhese outputs are requisite to the determination of atmospheric effects, atmospheric
:hemical and physical processes* and the development and evaluation of air quality
simulation modeling.
24
-------
ri;cn;>wjAL ui.i'uiti DAI A
(I'leaje reail Itittnictwm on tin: reverse licfurf commietinfj
IIEI'OHT MO. 2.
El'A-600/ 2-75-052 PB-248103
TITLE ANDSUBTITLC
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY STUDY OF THE PROPOSED METHOD 13
SAMPLING TRAIN
MUTHORIS)
Walter Smith
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709
-.SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
September 1975 (Approval
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CCi
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION RL."
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
\ 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1792
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD C<-
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
• ..ABSTRACT
This report summarizes testing undertaken to determine the collection
efficiency of the proposed Method 13 sampling train. The efficiency of
the train in the concentration range 6-118 ppm and at a sampling rate of
3/4 to 1 cfm was found to be 99+%. Laboratory analyses of samples using the
SPADNS and the SIE techniques for fluoride, determination showed that the
_SPADNS method is less precise and accurate than the specific ion electrode.
~.t was also determined that the distillation step-in the analytical procedure
.resulted in erratic and non-reproducible results. Analyses requiring this
distillation step must.be watched carefully to avoid carry over of potential
interfering ions.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Collecting methods
Evaluation
Efficiency
Air pollution
Fluorides
Chemical Analysis
. DISTRIUUUON STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
10. SECURITY CLASS (JHis Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
C. COSATI Mel.'
14LJ
13D
7B
7D
21. NO. OF PAH!
32
22. PRICE
'•A Form JJ20-1 (9-73)
25
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
read luaniflivns on //ic rrvtiv Ix-Jorr
. REPORT NO.
EEA-600/2-75-053
2.
PB-252565
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
MAGNITUDE OF SO?, NO, C02, AND 02 STRATIFICATION
IN POWER PLANT DUCTS
5. REPORT DATE
Seoternhpr 10.75
5. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
A. R. Crawford, M. W. Gregory, E. H. Manny, and
W. Bartok
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Government Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 8
Linden, New Jersey 07036
EXXON/GRV.IDJAL.75
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1722
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
II. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A field measurement study was conducted on utility boilers to determine combustion
gas stratification in the ducting. One of the purposes of the study was to determine
the optimum location for extracting representative gas samples for continuous
monitoring. The results indicate that average gas concentration, velocity, and
temperature, which were measured by traversing the inner 50% of the duct cross
section, do not differ significantly from those obtained by traversing the entire
duct. Also, sampling from only a limited number of points within the inner 50% of
the: doct usually yields a representative sample.
17.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
A1r pollution
.Measurement
F1eTd Tests
Continuous Sampling
*Gas Sampling
'Stratification
Chemical ANalysis
*Electric-power plant!
Coal
Oil
Boilers
CNDto TLRMS
f. CUSATI I
13A
14B
7D
21D
10B
13A
14. DISTRIBUTION STATtMCNT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (THisKeportl
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
169
20 SECURITY CLASS (Tliilpaft)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 O-73)
26
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-650/2-75-062
2.
PB-250545
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF POWER PLANT
SMOKE STACK EFFLUENT VELOCITY
5. REPORT DATE
August 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
C.R. MILLER and C.M. SONNENSCHEIN
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
RAYTHEON COMPANY
Equipment Division
Electro-optics Department
Sudburv, Massachusetts 01776
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1752
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL REPORT
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prepared in cooperation with: National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park. N.C. 27711
16. ABSTRACT
This report describes the successful demonstration of the ability of a C0~
Laser DopplerVe loci meter (LDV) to measure remotely the velocity of the effluent
from a power plant smoke stack. The basis of the technique is that laser radiation
backscattered from particulates in the effluent is Doppler shifted in frequency in
preportion to the velocity of the effluent. Measurements were made against a coal
burning power plant equipped with electrostatic precipitators to remove particulates
from the boiler flue gases. Based on the results of the measurements a study on the
design of an LDV optimized for the measurement of power plant effluent velocities
was performed. '
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Ticld/GtOUp
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
127
2O, SECURITY CLAS
UNCLASSIFIED
CLASS (This page)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (3-73)
27
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcate read fuOruciions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NC. 2..
EPA-600/2-75-076 PB-256620
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
•DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING
AMBIENT ATMOSPHERIC CARCINOGENIC VAPORS
7. AUTHOR(S)
Edo D. Pellizzari
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P. 0. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27709
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Trianqle Park, N. C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE _
November 197 5
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Nl
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1228
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVEREI
Final fi/74 - fi/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Analytical techniques and instrumentation, developed during the previous
contract year, were perfected and evaluated for the collection and analysis of
carcinogenic and mutagenic vapors occurring in ambient air. The areas of
investigation included (a) the performance of a sorbent cartridge sampler for
hazardous vapors occurring at concentrations of nq/m3; (b) the design, fabrication,
and performance of a portable field sampler; and (c) the identification of hazardous
and background pollutants from several geographical areas in the continental U.S.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
.1. DESCRIPTORS
Evaluation
Collecting Methods
Air Pollution
*Vapors
*Carcinogens
Gas Chroma tography
Mass Spectrometry
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI I'icld/Group
14G
14B
13B
7D
6E
21. NO. OFJSAGES
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (S-73)
_28
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Iiiunicitom iw the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-&WU2- 75-077 PB-249113
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EVALUATION OF THE CORRELATION SPECTROMETER AS AN
AREA S02 MONITOR
7. AUTHOR(S)
R. B. Sperling
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Measurements, Inc.
215 Leidesdorff Street
San Francisco, California 94111
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
October 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11, CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1773
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The Barringer COSPEC II instrument, an S0£ remote sensor, was compared to
the manual in-stack S02 and velocity compliance tests for emission measurements.
The correlation for short term (me hour or less) comparison was poor. Higher
correlations for S0£ emission rates on a daily basis were found. In addition
to the COSPEC II, a COSPEC III and COSPEC IV were used in the study. Correlations
among the three instruments were good (90-95%). Main source of error in the
remote measurements was the wind velocity determinations. For a short tima span
of less than an hour, wind velocity may vary 1005K and only averages can be obtained
for the measurements.
t7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
*Evaluation
Comparison
*Remote sensing
*Ultraviolet spectrometers
Air pollution
*Sulfur dioxide
Mobile equipment
13 UISTRIBUTICN STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Barringer COSPEC
instruments
19. SECURITY CLASS (IhitKrporll
UNCLASSIFIED
20 SECURITY CLASS (This pate)
UNCLASSIFIED
C. COSATI
Held/Group
14G
148
13B
07B
15B
21. NO. Or
115
PAGES
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2230-1 (9-73)
29
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inttructions on Ihe reverse before completing)
BCPCflT NO. 2.
EPA-600/2-76-021 PB-255092
~'TLE AND SUBTITLE
ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SULFIDIC AND AMINE
jDORANTS
• 4UTHORISI
Jerry N. Nwankwo and Amos Turk
• PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The City College of New York
Department of Chemistry
Convent Avenue at 138th Street
New York, New York 10031
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO. "
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPOR
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010 (26AAP-065)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
802396
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVt
Final Report (6/1/73-11/30,
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
•5. ABSTRACT • ~~ •
Oxidation of odorous vapors at the anode of an electrochemical cell was studi
as a promising approach to achieving instrumental analysis of odors.
The technique of linear potential sweep cyclic voltammetry was used .to invest
gate the oxidizability of several amines, sulfides, and their mixtures on platinun
gold, glassy-carbon, carbon paste, and graphite electrodes. Results of the analy:
f individual amines showed that the ease of oxidation on a platinum electrolyte «
^.ertiary > secondary > primary.
Results for runs conducted on mixtures containing combinations of primary,
secondary, and tertiary amines indicated that separate current peaks were not
obtained for the various amines. Instead, a composite peak was obtained for any
given mixture. Results for sulfides using a platinum electrode indicated that
allyl sulfide, n-butyl sulfide and tert-butylsulfide could be oxidized in aceto-
nitrile solution with 0.1 M NaClO^ as supporting electrolyte. The order was:
tert-butysulfide > n-butylsulfide > allysulfide. When amines and sulfides were
mixed, a clear separation of the peaks was observed. The results indicate that it
is possible to characterize a mixture of amines and sulfides by linear potential
sweep cyclic voltammetry.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*0dors
•Amines
•Organic sulfides
'Measurement
•Electrolytic analysis
Electrolytic cell
Oxidation reduction reactions
triSTRlBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASED TO PUBLIC
l>. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. St CURlTY CLASS (This Rcftnrtl
UNCLASSIFIED
70 SECURITY CLASS (Tliitpafc)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI 1 icId/Groui
06P
07C
14G
14B
07D
07B
2V NO. OP PAGES
46
22. PRICE
A Form 2220-1 (9-731
30
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcase read luiiructioin on the reverse before completing)
I, REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-033
2.
PB-253779
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
r-RAY FLUORESCENCE MULTISPECTROMETER FOR RAPID
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
5. REPORT DATE
March 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Jack Wagman, Roy L. Bennett, and Kenneth T. Knapp
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. N.C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. N. C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house, 1 yr. ending 10/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
18. ABSTRACT
A multichannel wavelength x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, specially adapted
for rapid analysis of air pollution particulate samples, is described. The system
contains an array of fixed-wavelength spectrometers optimized for simultaneous
analysis of 16 preselected elements and a computer-operated scanning channel for
the determination of any number of additional elements. A loading device permits
automatic handling of batches of up to 100 frame-mounted 47 mm filter samples.
Instrument operation, data processing, and printout of results are controlled by
a minicomputer. The system permits rapid elemental analysis at high spectral
resolution, a significant advantage with air pollution samples which typically
contain several dozen elements at a wide range of concentrations. For samples
deposited on membrane filters, 100-second detection limits are in the range of 2
to 40 ng/cm2 for most elements of interest.
E-
1. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
j_ DESCRIPTORS
•Chemical analysis
' X-ray analysis
*X-ray fluorescence
X-ray spectrometer
Air pollution
•Aerosols
Articles
'l DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
h. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS ( This Rtpnrt)
UNCLASSIFIED
20 SECURITY CLASS (Tint page I
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI I-icld/Gioup
07D
14B
20F
13B
14G
2V NO. OF PAGES
44
22. PRICE
1J20-I (S-73)
31
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcase read ImJructiom on the tcvcnc before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-6QQ/2-76-Q14
2.
PB-256910
3. RECIPIENTS \CCESSION-NO.
.TJTLE AND SUBTITLE
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR POLLUTANT DOSIMETRY
5. REPORT DATE
February 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
Lt*.0^. Harrison, P. A. Lawless
D. E. Gilbert, J. H. White
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P. 0. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1731
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPG OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report comprises the results of a study to: (1) Define and place
realistic limits upon the needs of epidemiologists for personal pollutant dosimeters;
(2) Identify pollutant-sensing principles that offer reasonable opportunity for
early development of functioning dosimeters capable of operating with the limits of
(1) above; (3) Project the impact of mechanical and electronic miniaturization
techniques upon each of the principal options disclosed in (2) above; (4) Assess
the cost/benefit aspects of active vs. passive sampling of the atmosphere, as applied
to candidate sensors identified in (1), (2) and (3) above; (5) Assess the
advantages, if any, of a systems approach to dosimeter development, in which the
design of a sensor for a given pollutant would be constrained to make maximum use of
ccnponents & subassemblies coition to sensors for other pollutants.
The study reported on has been arbitrarily limited to consideration of devices
applicable to the measurement of ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The
principles developed will apply in seme degree to the eventual design of dosimeters
for other pollutants.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Dosimeters
Air pollution
Ozone
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN GNDED TERMS
COSATI I idii/GrOllp
06R
13B
07B
10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Htport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
192
2O. SrCURITY CLASS (Tillsr<*gc)
Uf-CLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(ricasc read luunictionx on ilif rrn-rsc before ct*n\i>lctint!)
t. RtPORT MO
EPA-60G72-76-062
2.
PB-255093
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
OPTICAL METHOD FOR MEASURING THE MASS
CONCENTRATION OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
Marrh 1 076
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Gregory R. Markowski , George J. Woffinden
' David S. Fnsnr
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Meterology Research, Inc.
464 W. Woodbury Road
AHadena, California 91001
MKI7 75 FR-1379
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1749
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle,Park, M.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA - ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
ID. ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of an in-situ
across-the-stack optical technique to measure the mass of particulate emissions
from stationary sources. The technique uses small angle light scattering and
transmittance to determine a quantity closely related to particulate mass con-
centration. The forward scattered light is measured at an angle of 1 or less.
The technique has been investigated both theoretically using Hie theory, and
experimentally using aerosols produced in the laboratory. The experimental
results agree with the theoretical predictions and indicate that the method is
relatively insensitive to changes in aerosol parameters such as particulate size,
refractive index, and shape.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Optical measuring instruments
*Transmittance
*Light scattering
Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Weight (mass)
14B
20F
13B
07D
14G
t8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Thii Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS /Tins page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
33
-------
i. nrror. r NO.
_EPA-600/2-76:094_
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINING
NO EMISSIONS IN FLUE GASES
A
7. AUTHOR(S)
H. M. Barnes and M. C. Caldwell
TLCI1 i!C/»L REPORT DATA
I'li-aie read luilrin limn on the rr\\-fs>- he/on' f
PB-258309
DATE I
September 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
R.PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
J RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION1 NO.
10. PHOCiRAM CLEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GHANT~NO~
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house 9/74-5/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report discusses the NO compliance procedure (Method 7) for stationary
J\
sources and the attempts to improve the procedure and decrease analytical time.
When the procedure is rigorously followed, Method 7 was found to be precise and to
give reproducible results. To decrease the time necessary to oxidize NO to N02»
Method 7 was modified by adding an ozone lamp. Good agreement {±12% or less) was
found between nitrate measurements using Method 7 and measurements using modified
Method 7. Future work incorporating an ozone lamp into an integrated sampling
apparatus is discussed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Flue gases
*Chemical analysis
*Improvement
*0xidizers
Ozone
li.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Croup
13B
07B
21B
07D
11G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. S
'liis Report)
21. NO OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS iritis page!
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
SPA Form 2220-1 (3-73)
34
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
Ifltaie read Inslructioin on the rcvcnc before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
, EPA 600/2-76-096
2.
PB-256399
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
;4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
'/ COLLECTION EFFICIENCIES OF STACK SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR
VANADIUM EMISSIONS IN FLUE GASES
5. REPORT DATE
April, 1976
5. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1. AU«HOR(S)
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
H. Lawrence Goldstein and C. W. Siegmund
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Products Research Division
P. 0. Box 51
Linden, N. J. 07036
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
II.CONTRACTAiRANf NO. '
68-02-1748
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 7/74 - 6/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. AOSTRACT
SUMMARY - An experimental program has been conducted to measure and compare the effi-
ciency of two stack sanpling systems to collect vanadium-bearing particulate emissions
in flue gas. One sampling system was EPA's Method 5, the other was developed by
Exxon Research and Engineering Company for specialized in-house studies.
To evaluate collection efficiency, an extensive factorial study was carried out in
a 50 hp four-pass firetube boiler burning typical residual fuel oils. In each test the
sampling systems were operated simultaneously in the 'stack to collect the vanadium-
baring particulate emissions. Three residual fuel oils were tested: two Venezuelan
(359 and 149 ppm V) and one Arabian (39 ppra V). A vanadium balance was established
for each experiment by inventorying both the particulate emissions and the particulate
remaining in the boiler. Test variables, in addition .to the sampling systems and fuel
oils, ^Iso included two combustion residence times and two sampling probe locations.
The results of the study show that vanadium collection efficiency depends on two
variables: combustion residence time and sampling system. For both systems efficiency
decreases as combustion residence time increases, which results in a particulate size
distribution shift to the submicron range. Where particulate emissions are in the
coarse size range, collection efficiency in both sampling systems is almost quantita-
tivo. The oxidation states of vanadium in fuel oil emissions are briefly discussed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Particles
*Vanadium
*Rcsidual Oil
Flue gases
*Collecting methods
*Efficicncy
Chemical analysis
13B
07B
21D
21B
14B
07D
19. UIS1 RIBUTION STATEMENT
Released to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
21. NO. OF PAGES
167
20. SECURITY CLASS (This pace I
Unclassified
22. PRICE
CPA Perm JJJO-1 (»•?]}
35
-------
TECHNICAL REI :iHT DATA
(I'll JJf reaj litxr.n ti-»;\ «n I :c •• \,i'.,- l-ijurc rumi'li tua-i
1. REFCRT \O
EPA-600/2-76-126
PB-253252
J. Till t A\L' SUSTll LI
DEVELOPMENT OF THIN CALIBRATION STANDARDS FC
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
7. AC-1 -iCRiSl
P. A. Pella, E. C. Kuehner,
9. PERFORMING ORC '.MZiTION NAME A'
Analytical Chemistry Divisi(
National Bureau of Standard
Washington, DC 20234
3. KECIPIfcNT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. RETORT DATE
)R May 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
and W. A. Cassatt
.D ADDRESS
Dn
5
12 SPONSOR! \C AGE.NCV r.AVc AND ADDRESS
Environmental Science Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
' ' 1A1010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-IAG-100 (D)
DPA-IAG-D4-F849
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/1/-7/-74 - fi/1/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE' '
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Particulate reference sarnples have been 'prepared for the standardization of
X-ray fluorescence spectrometers used in the analysis of air particulate natter.
Jniform layers of reground orchard leaves of known composition, i.e., National
Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material 1571, were deposited on membrane
filters and coated with a thin polymer film for projection against abrasion and
moisture. These samples have been prepared with mass per unit area of 0.1 to 5.0
rag/cm .
IT.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
L DESCRIPTORS ,
* X-ray fluorescence
* Chemical analysis
* Standards
Calibrating
is. DISTRIBUTION STATE .'INT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lOENTIFIEHS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS illns Kci>,>rtl
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS /T/i.'i pjgtl
UNCLASSIFIED
C. COSATI I IClJ/GtolIp
20F
07D
14B
21. NO. OF PAGES
13
22. PRICE
.CPAForm 2220-1 (1-73)
,36
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read fnuructions on the reverse before completing)
RtPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-157
2.
PB-262201
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SAMPLING INTERFACE FOR THE QUANTITATIVE TRANSPORT
OF AEROSOLS--FIELD PROTOTYPE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
Madhav B. Ranade
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
i. REPORT DATE
June 1976
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
I IT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1295
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report _
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA - ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
A sampling interface for the quantitative transport of aerosols was designed,
fabricated and evaluated. The interface may be used for transporting particles
(up to 50 pm on diameter) from industrial stacks to a collection device or a
monitoring instrument. The interface consists of a porous wall probe with
clean air transpiring inwards to prevent deposition of particles. Laboratory
and field testing of the interface has shown it to be efficient in transporting
particles encountered in industrial stacks.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Sampling
*Probes
*Design
Fabrication
Evaluation
Tests
Field tests
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Held/Group
13B
070
14B
13H
HB
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
68
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page I
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form JJJO-1 (»-73)
37
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
iH IHUH /< lui
I HI I'OIIT NO
r76-J 69
J-258851
4. TITLt AMOSUOTITLE
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPORTIONAL SAMPLER FOR
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST EMISSIONS TESTING
1. AUTHORISI
Harold J. Haskins
9. PturoHMINU ORGANIZATION NAMC AND ADDRESS
Industrial and Environmental. Products Operation
Aeronutronic Ford Corporation
Newport Beach, California 92663
12. SPONSORING ACHNCY NAMt AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
3. RECIPItNT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
5. REPORT DATF
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
a. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Ht.FonT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1755
13. TVPC OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
____ _.
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA -ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
1C. ABSTRACT
This report describes the development of a device that is capable of
sampling gaseous emissions from automobiles. The device samples exhaust
gases at a mass rate that is proportional to the total exhaust gas
mass flow rate, which is measured using an ultrasonic vortex flowrneter.
The flowmeter delivers signals, which are conditioned by process control
electronics, to a sample valve. Non-standard temperature and pressure
conditions at both,the vortex flowmeter and the sample valve are compensated
for in the process control electronics. The report focuses primarily
on development of the vortex flowmeter, the sample valve, and the process
control electronics. These three components comprise the heart of the
proportional sampling system.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air Pollution
Design
*Development
* Sampling
* Test Equipment
Controller characteristics
*Proportioning
*Mass flow
*Exhaust emissions
Automobiles
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS t. COSATI I lcl(J/(.mup
13B
14B
20D
13F
21B
11. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
»9 Sf.CURITY CLASS (Tliis Hrpi'ril
UNC.LASSILMED_
20 SECURITY CLASS (Tllilpafrf
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAfiDS
12Q.
22. PHICf
EPA Form 3110-1 (»-7J)
38
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcasc read Instructions on ilif rev nc before completing)
\. REPORT NO.
FPA-6QQ/2-76-170
2.
PB-257090
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION* NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PARTICULATE SAMPLING STRATEGIES FOR
LARGE POWER PLANTS INCLUDING NONUNIFORM FLOW
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
H.A. Hanson, R.J. Davini, J.K. Morgan, A.A. Iversen
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Fluidyne Engineering Corporation
5900 Olson Memorial Highway
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55422
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1244
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final - 6/73-12/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT . •
This report describes the results of a study to determine the effects that
various geometric ducting configurations have on the flow profiles and the dis-
tribution of particulate in ducting systems of Jarge (>100 MW) power plants.
The program included both laboratory model studies and field testing at large
power plants. The measurement of total volumetric flow and particulate emissions
at less than full operating capacity was also investigated. The results of flow
angularity measurements in large stacks at typical sample port locations, includ-
ing downstream of induced draft fans, are similarly discussed. Special attention
was given to the aerodynamic effects of S-tube/sampling probe interference on
velocity measurements with an S-tube in EPA Stack Emissions Measurement Reference
Methods 2 and 5.
A computerized technique was used to determine the effectiveness of various
equal area sampling strategies in providing accurate measurements of three emis-
sion parameters: average particulate concentration, total volumetric flow rate,
and total emissions. Numerous typical and atypical velocity and particulate
concentration profiles were studied. Sampling strategy recommendations are
presented.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*Electric power plants
*Ducts
*Sampli ng
*Profiles
*Particles
*Flow rate
Tests
Field tests
13B
10B
13K
14B
20D
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
UNCLASSIFllD'
•S (This Report)
21. NO. OF PAGES
>JO. O
371
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-T3)
-------
TECHNICAL HEPCWT DATA
(ricate rcail liintrucnom OH the rcvenv Itcfure cotni'lrting)
1 MCPORT NO.
1£A-600/2^76^1.71
PB-258868
4. TITLE AMD SUBTITLE
F.VALUATION OF MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR
POWER PLANT AND
SULFUR RECOVERY PLANT EMISSIONS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. MEf'OHT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
Malbone W. Greene
Robert L. Chapman
R. Neal Harvey
Glen A. Heyman
0. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
FR-2678-102
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Beckman Instruments, Inc.
Advanced Technology Operations
1630 S. State College Blvd.
Anaheim, CA 92806
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1743
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research 5 Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/74 -
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16.ABSTRACT This project was conducted to evaluate a number of commercially available
extractive-type sampling and monitoring systems for monitoring sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide source emissions. Evaluation testing was performed at a Fossil-
Fuel-Fired Power Plant and at a Claus Sulfur Recovery Plant to obtain representative
ranges of stack gas temperature, water and particulate loading, and concentrations
of S02 and l^S. Tests were performed to determine Error, Relative Accuracy, Two-
and Twenty-Four-Hour Zero and Calibration Drifts, Response Time, and Operational
Period in accordance with published EPA guidelines. The performance in each test
was,judged against the published EPA performance criteria (EPA-650/2-74-013).
The detailed field test results, the complete Work Plan, sampling interface drawings,
the results of evaluations of Compliance Test Methods 6 and 11, miscellaneous obser-
vations and results, and a discussion of the calculation and reporting instructions
of the EPA Guidelines are given in the appendices. A detailed description of the
systems evaluated, summaries of the field test results, and relevant comments con-
cerning the results are given in the body of the report.
Because the sites chosen for evaluation testing provided wide ranges of sample temper-
ature, solids and, water loading, and S02 concentration, the results are considered
to be relevant to most stack-gas monitoring problems. Results at the Claus Plant
site were somewhat compromised bv pnuinraent fn
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Flue gases
*Gas sampling
*Sulfur dioxide
'Hydrogen sulfide
*Evaluation
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI I icId/Glullp
13B
21B
14B
07B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
IS. SECURITY CLASS fTMt Kepiv
UNCLASSITJIjp
20.~StCURTTY CLASS~7//i7J puff I
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF 1-AGF.S
202
22. PRICF.
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
40
-------
ttUIIMIUAL Kbi'UH I l.'AIA
(I'lcasc read lintnnitoiti on llie rt\ i-rw f-cjor? conif:, in;r,
•{PORT S,0
EPA-600/2-76-191
2.
PB-257088
3. RECIPICNT'S ACCLSSION'NO.
.-ITLE A.\O SUBTITLE
'•'FRARED ABSORPTION BY SULFUR-IC ACID VAPOR
5. REPORT OATE
_Juiy_l976_
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
r.UTMOfMS)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Darrell E. Burch. Francis J. Gates, and Norman Potter
U-6200
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Aeronutronic Division
Aeronutronic Ford Corporation
Ford Road
Newport Beach, California 92663
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010 "
\\. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1774
'.SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.ST Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 8/75-1/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
J.SUPPLEMCNTARY NOTES
..ABSTRACT
A sample cell has been designed and built to contain hot ^$04 vapor for spectro-
scopic analysis. The cell is heated to between 190° and 250°C by an electric
furnace designed specifically for use with the sample cell. A small bulb connected
to the main compartment of the sample cell contains liquid H2S04. The partial
pressure of the H2S04 vapor is controlled by regulating the temperature of the
Jiquid H2$04, which is at lower temperature than any other part of the cell that
in contact with the vapor. Transmission curves have been scanned for a variety
tff samples over the 7.8 urn - 12.8 urn region with spectral slitwidths between 0.5
cm"' and 4 cnrl. At v/avelengths of maximum absorption near 8.2 urn and 11.4 pm,
the absorption coefficient is approximately 0.0004 (ppm - meters)-!.
7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
: DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Sulfuric acid
- *Sulfur trioxide
1 *Sulfur dioxide
j *Electromagnetic absorption
j *Infrared spectroscopy
• •1. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
ILEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPcN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS ///lit Keporl)
20. SC.CUHITV CLASS iTMspagt)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI licld/Gioup
13B
07B
20C
14B
21. NO. OF PAGtS
22. PRICE
Form a»0-l <»-73J
41
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-192
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
PB-257132
.'.TITLE AND SUBTITLE
FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS FIBER
eiLTOR MEDIA AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Dale A. Lundgren and Thomas C. Gunderson
a. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32601
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R803126-01
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Lahoratory
Office of Research and Development
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Hr»«;pnrrh T-HnnulR P.irk. North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 7/74 - 7/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA - ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Particle collection characteristics of a newly developed, high-purity "Micro-
quartz" fiber filter media and a Gelman Type A glass fiber filter media were evalu-
ated over a range of temperatures (20°C to 540°C), particle sizes (0.05 urn to 26 urn)
gas velocities (0.5 cm/sec to 51 cm/sec), and particle volatilities. Both types of
high efficiency filters proved adequate (>99.9% efficiency) for sampling nonvolatile
particles over the above variable ranges. Nonvolatile particle penetration decrease
with increasing temperature and increasing filter loading.
The effect elevated temperature had on particle collection characteristics was
not a determining factor in the application of high efficiency filters. The main
problems encountered in the high temperature environment wcre:filter holder leakage
and volatilization of gas-borne particles that passed through the filter media.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Filtration
Filter materials
*Ccramic fibers
*Tcmpcrature
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
13 B
07 D
13 K
11 E
15. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO'PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
95
r
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 222O-1 (»-73)
42
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
l'lrasc trail Instructions mi tlic rci'crsc before coin
1. RLFORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-211
2.
PB-265613
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
I
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
CONSTRUCTION OF A PROTOTYPE SULFURIC ACID MIST MONITOR
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Eaton, W. S.
Strehler, D. L.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International
Air Monitoring Center
2421A West Hillcrest Drive
Newbury Park, CA 91320
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2220
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, MC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final- 6/75 to 1/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A prototype sulfuric acid mist monitor has been constructed for the purpose
of detecting sulfuric acid-sulfur trioxide. The monitor utilized the selective
condensation method with subsequent determination of sulfuric acid by measuring
the conductivity of an aqueous isopropanol solution. The instrument is fully
automated with a mass flow controller and standard TTL logic to allow for easy
modification of the timing circuit. After collection of the Hj>S04-S03 in the
^temperature controlled spiral condenser, the sample is washed into a conductivity
-cell for measurement. During conductivity measurement the condenser is rinsed
with methanol and air dried prior to the next sample collection. The instrument
was designed to measure from 1 to 100 mg/m3 H2S04 and present the measurement
within a 10 mv range. The sample timing cycle can be varied from 105 seconds to
999 seconds.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
* Sulfuric acid
* Aerosols
* Sulfur trioxide
* Monitors
* Prototypes
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
o. COS AT I l-'icld/Ciroup
13B
07B
07D
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
56
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 22ZO-1 (J-73)
43
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pleat read Jmaruetioru on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-124
2.
PB-273394
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING THE OPACITY OF
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS CONTAINING CONDENSED WATER
3. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Milos Tomaides
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Interpoll, Inc.
1996 West County Road C
St. Paul, Minnesota 55113
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010 26AAM-27 (FY-75)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2225
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research.and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 _
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75 - 6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
19. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
On-stack instrumentation and methodology were developed to monitor the
opacity of particulate pollutants in stationary source emissions containing
condensed water. .The instrument continuously extracts and measures the opacity
of representative samples of particulate effluent. It discriminates between
pollutant particles 'and condensed water by increasing the temperature of the
'sample and vaporizing the condensed moisture. The opacity of the remaining^
particles is measured with any commercially available high precision optical
transmissometer.
The instrument was successfully field tested on (1) the effluent from a
furnace of an expended perlite manufacturing plant and (2) the effluent from
a wet scrubber of a sludge incinerator. For particulate emissions containing
no condensed water, opacity results measured by the new instrument compared
favorably with results measured by a conventional across-stack transmissometer
monitor.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*Particles
*Aerosols
Water
Chimneys
*Opacity
^Optical measurement
13B
07D
07B
13M
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
46
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Perm 2220-1 (9-73)
44
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
case read htnlniclionx on tltr reverse before c
1 ni POU I NO.
EPA-600/2-77-130
TZT
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PROTOTYPE CORRELATION MASK FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR
FOR MEASURING SULFUR DIOXIDE
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANISATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Author Hornig
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Baird-Atomic, Inc.
125 Middlexes Turnpike
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010 26AAP (FY-74)
11, CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-0275
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES I
16. ABSTRACT
A prototype flame photometric detector system (FPD) to measure
gaseous sulfur compounds was fabricated utilizing a previously developed
correlation mask optical system and a new flame housing. Also, a new
burner for the FPD system was optimized to view the excited molecular
sulfur emission. The sample/hydrogen intake system was also redesigned
to operate under a positive pressure, resulting in improved flame
stability. The prototype detector system was equipped with a cooled
photomultiplier with special optics to enhance sensitivity. Initial
tests with the completed system indicated the capability of measuring
sulfur dioxide at the part-per-billion level. Because of subsequent
problems, an absolute calibration of the system was not carried out.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Sulfur dioxide
*Instruments
*Flame photometry
*0ptical equipment
h.lDENTIFIERS/OI'EN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI
13B
07B
14B
20F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
ig.sr-cuniTY CLASS (ThisRcport)
UNCALSSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
40
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRIC6
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
45
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcasr read /uxuiictions on the reverse before completing)
f«ir>onT NO.
600/4-75-002
2.
PB-014582
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
J. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
Low Cost Compact X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer for
On-S.ite Measurement of Trace Elements in Airborne
Emissions
5. REPORT DATE
July 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
T. AUTHOR(S)
L. S. Birks and J. V. Gilfrich
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. "5RFOR.V1ING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
;:uval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C. 20375
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA010 (26AAN-012)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-IAG-D4-0344
12. SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development, EPA
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final - 2 yrs ending 6/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A low cost, compact wavelength dispersion x-ray fluorescence analyzer
has been designed using mostly state-of-the-art commercial components. A
prototype instrument has been built for less than $5000 and tested in the
field. With x-ray tube power of 80 watts (40 kV, 2 mA) the 100 second 3
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS
1 A 1 0 10
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY :
These research efforts have been designed to respond to the needs associated with
.he detailed description of the composition and level of air contaminants. This level
if detail is necessary to elucidate parameters such as: Chemical and physical inter-
ference, environmental constraints, and end-use requirements. The outputs of these
"esearch activities are new and/or improved methodology and instrumentation technology
rtilch will be utilized for stationary source, mobile source and ambient air require-
ments that will support the development and maintenance of Agency air quality goals.
rhese outputs are requisite to the determination of atmospheric effects, atmospheric
ihemical and physical processes, and the development and evaluation of air quality
inflation modeling. _____
47
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
i /'.' a\c read /nunii-tiuns on llic reverse before complelinfl
1. REPORT NO. '2
EPA-600/2-75-024 PB-251577
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
VERSATILE GAS FILTER CORRECTION SPECTROMETER
1. AUTHOR(S)
D. E. Burch, F. J. Gates, D. A. Gryvnak, J. D. Pembrook
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Aeronutronic Ford Corporation
Aeronutronic Division
Ford Road
Newport Beach, Calif. 92663
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
U-6201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
P.E. 1A1010 (ROAP 26 ACV)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1227
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: June '73 - June '75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA - ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16, ABSTRACT
A versatile infrared analyzer employing gas-filter correlation techniques has been
designed and constructed to measure concentrations of pollutant gases from a variety
of sources. The spectral bandpass is determined by an adjustable grating assembly.
By interchanging cell windows, radiant energy sources, gratings, interference
filters, and detectors, nearly any desired spectral bandpass between 0.3 u.m and
11 u.m can be obtained. Spectral curves of transmittance can also be scanned. A
multiple-pass sample cell provides sample paths between approximately 4 m and 40 m.
Shorter sample cells can also be employed. An H^O monitor measures the concentra-
tion of HoO in the multiple-pass sample cell and automatically accounts for inter-
ference by H20 in the measurement of other gas concentrations. Tests have been
performed on the measurement of formaldehyde, vinyl chloride and ammonia. The mini-
mum detectable concentration of formaldehyde in automotive exhaust is approximately
0.05 ppm.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
* Spectrometer Ammonia
* Exhaust gases
. Air pollution
Formaldehyde
Vinyl chloride
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to public
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Gas-filter correlation
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thit pagtl
Unclassified
o. COS ATI l-'icld/Group
14B
13B
2 IB
07C
07B
21. NO. OF PAGES
76
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
48
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS
1 A A 6 0 3
1 A A 0 0 3
1 A A 0 0 8
1 A A 0 0 9
1 A 1 0 0 3
1 A 1 0 0 8
110302
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the atmospheric
—————— processed and effects have been
conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the sources and sinks, ki-
netics of formation and removal, and chemical/physical interactions of airborne gas-
sous and particulate matter. This area of research covers; (1) The development,
evaluation and validation of air quality simulation models for predicting and describ
Ing air quality impacts anticipated from various control abatement strategies. (2)
Determination of atmospheric chemical and processes for describing the formation and
iecay of gaseous and particulate air pollutants. (3) Quantification of the atmos-
pheric effects of weather, visibility, climate, and materials due to air pollutants.
49
-------
I LCMIMIWVL. MCl'Utt I UMIM
(tlitHe ri'iitl lu^Uiii'linni on tin r,-\(/>,• hi d w ri
•«t »\'rt I NO.
ci'A-600/'i- 76-087
. r!*.L- ANUSUIITIILt
PB-257514
ENVIRONMENTAL AEROSOL MEASUREMENTS USING AN
RDORNE PARTICLE MORPHOKINETOMETER
3. RCCIPII NT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATt
August 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
-THORtSI
W.M. F.irmpr nnd .T.O. Hornkohl
Will OISMIN\Von7iANTi^TION"NAMr"AND ADDRtSS~
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT No.
Spcctron Development Laboratories, Inc.
P.O. Box 861
Tullahona, TN 37388
1O. PROGRAM ELtMfcNT NO.
1AA603_
TV. CONTnACT/GlXANTTfo;
UA-6-99-2294A
I.*. SfONSOllINC Al'.l NCY NAMI AND ADOMI SS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TVPL 0» REPORT AND PE RIOO COVf:Rt D
_Final 11/75 - 2/76
14. SPONSOMING AGE NCY CODE"
EPA-ORD
I'j. Slll'ft I.Ml N1AUY NOTfcS
1C. ABSTHACT
Measurements of ambient aerosols using an airborne particle morphokineto-
meter are described. The measurements were of large particles (greater than 5
micrometers in diameter) in environmental aerosols around Phoenix, Arizona, during
November 1975. Speed of the sample space on the airborne platform and time resolved
measurements of relative particle number density and particle size distributions
for horizontal and vertical flight profiles were obtained. The results show that
'ie large aerosol particles were predominantly 50-75 micrometers in size, that
~.e relative number density could vary greatly in space and time, and that the
Bargest concentration of particles were within 28 meters of ground level.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution
*Aeroso]s
*Particle size distribution
Velocity measurement
^Interferometers
*Lasers
It.lOtNTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Phoenix, AZ
CO5ATI l-'k-U/Crtmp
13B
07D
14B
20F
20E
*':. Uir.lHIIIIIMON SI ATI Ml NT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. M CUHIT Y CLASS f//lit AV/u>r/;
UNOASSIFIKD
ya. s;i CUIHT v CLASS flint
UNCLASS1F1KI)
?>. NO. Ol I'A
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Imiructiuns on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/5-76-107
PB-269877
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
OXIDANT-PRECURSOR RELATIONSHIPS DURING POLLUTANT
TRANSPORT CONDITIONS
.All QytHnny ^mr>g fViflrahp-r
5. REPORT DATE
November 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORlS)
L. A. Ripperton, J. E. Sickles, II, and W. C. Eaton
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
11.
68-02-1296
2.SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 5/74 - 11/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The formation of ozone under simulated conditions of pollutant transport was
studied in a group of four 27-cubic-meter outdoor smog chambers. The chambers were
constructed of 5 mil FEP Teflon on aluminum frames. The initial charges in the smog
chambers were irradiated for three days by natural sunlight. Simulation of transport
was accomplished by progressively diluting the contents of the chambers with clean ai
The analogy between the chemical behavior of chamber simulations and nonurban
high-ozone (i.e., 0.08 ppm) systems in the field was good. On the second and third
days, the initial charges in the chambers generated ozone concentrations greater
than-the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for photochemical oxidant (0.08 ppm).
The initial charge of nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 ppmC;
nitrogen oxides (NO ) ranged from 0.100 to 1.000 ppm. Therefore, initial ratios of
NMHO/NO varied from" 7 to 20. On the second and third days in the chambers, concen-
trations of NO ranged from 0.001 to O.OS3 ppm; NMHC ranged from 0.33 to 3.78 ppmC.
The resulting ^MHC/NO ratios varied from 16 to 610.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of EPA contract 68-02-1296 (43U-994, RTI
Contract Number) by the Research Triangle Institute under the sponsorship of the
Environmental Protection Agency. . ' .
IT.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group
Air pollution
Ozone
Nitrogen oxides
Aliphetic hydrocarbons
Test chambers
Solar radiation
Photochemical reactions
Chemical analysis
13B
07B
07C
14B
03B
07E
07D
(.DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19.
21. NO. OF PAGES
223
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page/
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
.»A Form 2«
-------
r
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(fkatc read luaniciioiis an the reverse hi-fore completing)
2.
PB-262432
SUBTITLE
AIMOSPIIIiRIC FREONS AND I1ALOGENATED COMPOUNDS
Alan Applcby
MI v>;VNSOHi\r AGLNCY NAME AND ADDRESS
l.nvironmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
November 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 (1AA008)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-800833
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS
NOTES
16 ABSTRACT
Ambient levels of atmospheric Freons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and SF- were
measured at various locations in the U.S.A. Compounds such as CCl^F, CC12F2>
• C1L-CC1-, and CC1. were ubiquitious and generally measured at sub ppb levels.
O O *t
Tropospherically reactive compounds such as C-Cl. and CHCICCI- were frequently
__ measured; other compounds were measured where a reasonable source was known. A
novel pulsed flow coulometry gas chromatographic analysis along with other requisitt
analytical and calibration procedures were developed and used. Laboratory
irradiation simulations established the tropospheric stability of CC1-F, CC12F2,
CILCCU, CC1,, CC1.FCC1F-, the reactivity of the chlorinated ethylenes, and the
J •) *4 £ £
stratospheric reactivity of CC1-F, CC14, and CC12F2. Adventitious labelling of
air masses with halogenated compounds was used to demonstrate urban ozone transport
to rural areas.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Halohydrocarbons
Atmospheric composition
Chemical analysis
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
13B
07C
04A
07D
• ••'•HutiON STATEMENT
KUI.LASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
357
20. SECURITY CLASS (ThispageJ
- UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
52
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
on llic rcrcnc bcjorc r
•• | >'iMI T NO.
!
2.
PB-264205
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
f.llt AMD SUBTITLE
THE TRANSPORT OF OXIDANT BEYOND URBAN ARKAS
Compilation of Data for the New England. Study, 1975 .
.. RCPOMT OATF • j
November H'76
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOC
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Chester W. Spicerf Darrell W. Joseph, and
Gerald F. Ward
ORGANIZATION NAMC AND AtJORESS
Uattelle, Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
IJ. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PHOOIIAM ELI-MI. N 1 NO.
1AAG03 (1AAOOH)
11. CONTMACT/CillANT NO.
60-02-2241
13. TYPf OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A study of oxidant transport was conducted in New England over a 6-week
period, from July 15 to August 22, 1975. A well equipped mobile laboratory was
set up at a rural Connecticut airport, and a long-range, twin-engine airplane
was outfitted for wide area and vertical aerial sampling. The mobile laboratory
was equipped to continuously monitor O , NO, NO , NO , CII., Cll, C H , C II ,
_non-methane hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon 11 (F-ll), CCl , CO, temperature, solar
intensity, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and barometric
pressure. The airplane was outfitted to continuously monitor ozone, nitric
oxide, and temperature and to collect air samples in Tedlar bags. The bag
samples were analyzed for Fluorocarbon 11 (F-ll), CH , NMHC, CO,
C2M4'
C H , and CCl.. Forty-four monitoring flights were conducted during the
field study; each flight averaged approximately 3 hours and cover between
400-500 miles. Flights were also made to Ohio, Canada, and 250 miles out
over the ocean. The experimental methods used during the study are described
and the compiled-data are presented.
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
IMDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
* Air pollution
* Ozone
* Transport properties
Chemical analysis
Field tests
Airplanes
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
53
New England
19. SI CUIll I Y CLASS
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
C. COSATt 1
1313
07 B
07 D
14 B
01C
21. NO. OF PAGES
39»
-------
TECHNICAL I1EPORT DATA
(I'lcasc read luttnictiont on iltc reverse before completing)
1. RtPORT NO.
UP A-60 O/1-76 dUQ
L._.J PB_-_2_e
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
262202
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
MIDWEST INTERSTATE SULFUR TRANSFORMATION AND TRANSPORT
PROJECT: . Aerial Measurements of Urban and Power Plant
Plumes, Summer 1974
5. REPORT DATE
November 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
W.H. White, J.A. Anderson, W.R. Knuth, D.fc.
J.C. Hsiung, and R.B. Husar.
Blumenthal,
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Meteorology Research, Inc.
464 West Woodbury Road
Box 637
Altadena, CA 91001
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1919
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL 7/74-6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A portion of the research activities of the Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation
and Transport Project (Project MISTT) during the summer of 1974 is documented.
Using a light plane equipped with instruments for measuring air pollutants and
meteorological parameters, investigators mapped the three-dimensional distribution
of aerosols and pollutant gases originating in the St. Louis area. Each day's
flight plan was designed to characterize a large pollutant plume at discrete
distances downwind from its source. The plume from the coal-fired power plant at
Labadie, Missouri was followed out to 45 km. Secondary aerosol production within
tha plume was documented. The estimated average conversion rate for sulfur dioxide
• to sulfate was about three percent/hour at the distances sampled. The overall
removal rate of S02 was too small to detect, and no net production of ozone was
observed. Large pollutant plumes were also identified downwind of central St. Louis
and the Wood River refineries. These urban-industrial plumes were followed out to
60-70 km, where they were characterized by elevated concentrations of ozone and
light-scattering aerosols.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Sulfur dioxide
*Sulfate
*Aerosols
Ozone
*Electric power plants
*Plumes
*Chemical Reactions
Transport properties
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl I icId/Gtoup
13B
07B
07D
10B
21B
07D
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO r>= PAGES
136
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
fnm
54
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/3-77-001a PB-
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT
POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
Proceedings: Volume I
7. AUTHOR(S)
Basil Dimitriades, Editor
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
January 2977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERT C:
In-house
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This Conference was sponsored by the US-Environmental Protection Agency
with the patronage of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
16. ABSTRACT
The proceedings consist of 97 technical papers covering such areas as
analytical methods for photochemical oxidants and precursors; causes of urban,
suburban, and non-urban oxidant; biological effects; oxidant control strategies!
and trends in emissions and emission control technology. The International
Conference was held in Raleigh, N.C. in September 1976.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
* Ozone
* Photochemical reactions
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
07B
07E
21. NO. OF PAGES
592
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
55
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read luarictiinis tin tin- rcvcnc before completing)
i. RtPonr NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-264233
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT
POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
Proceedings: Volume II _
5. REPORT DATE
January 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
Basil Dimitriades, Editor
8, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TVPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house .
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This -Conference was sponsored by the US-Environmental Protection Agency
with the patronage of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
16. ABSTRACT
The proceedings consist of 97 technical papers covering such areas as
analytical methods for photochemical oxidants and precursors; causes of urban,
suburban, and non-urban oxidant; biological effects; oxidant control strategies;
and trends in emissions and emission control technology. The International
Conference was held in Raleigh, N.C. in September 1976.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Ozone
*Photochemical reactions
I>.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI lield/GfOUp
13B
07B
07 E
». DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS fllii* Rrportl
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
620
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
56
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read tnuniciioiis on i/tc rc:cnc before complttinf}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-011
2.
PB-263348
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
ITLE A.\iOSU3TITLE
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SIMULATED PHOTOCHEMICAL
SMOG
5.. REPORT DATE
January 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORS)
G. Z. Whitten and H. H. Hugo
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORG ^NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Systems Applications, Inc.
950 Northgate Drive
San Rafael, California 94903
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
•1AA603 (1AA008)
1». CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-02-0580
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report deals with the continuing effort to develop a chemical kinetic
•mechanism to describe the formation of photochemical smog. Using the technique
of computer modeling to simulate-smog chamber data, several explicit kinetic
mechanisms for specific hydrocarbons were analyzed and a generalized kinetic
icchanisn was proposed for use in dynamic urban airshed models. Computer sim-
ulations of propylene/NO" , butane/NO , 1-butene/NO^, and propylene/butane/NOx
systems were performed to simulate tne smog chamber data collected by the
University of California, Riverside. The general kinetic mechanism, which is
based on the carbon bonding found in the hydrocarbon system, 'is-described.
Simulations using this new carbon-bond mechanism were also compared with the
smog chamber data on the propylene/NO , butane/NO , -propylene/butane/NQ^, and
toluene/NO systems. The usefulness and validity of .the computer mod-el ing is
also disculsed relative to the current understanding of the -smog-fornation
process.
17.
KEY WORDS AND OOCUME\T ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COS ATI Field'Group
Air pollution
Reaction kinetics
Photochemical reactions
Test chambers
Mathematical models
Computerized simulation
13B
07D
07E
14B
12A
09B
" 'STRI5UT.ON STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS flMs Rrportf
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGE1
306
20. SECURITY CLASS tTliu page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
CPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
57
-------
TECHNICAL rilPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-014a
2.
PB-265592
4, TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN URBAN AIR
Volume I. Chemistry Studies
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
February 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
James N. Pitts, Jr.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
University of California
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center
Riverside, California 92S02
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT /GRANT NO.
Grant No300649-13,14,15
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report 12/1/71-12/1/7'4
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
kBSTI
Results are presented of a research program concerned with selected aspects
of the kinetics, mechanisms and products of reactions involved in photochemical air
pollution.
Rate constants were determined, using competitive and modulation-phase shift
techniques, for the gas phase reaction of 0( P) atoms with a variety of organic
and inorganic species over the temperature range 296-423 K. Products for the gas
_phase reaction of 0( P) atoms with toluene and 1-methylcyclohexene were also studied.
-The products and mechanisms of the reaction of nitric oxide with methyl peroxy
radicals were investigated at 296 K using long path infrared spectroscopic and gas
chromatographic techniques.
The reactions of peroxyacetyl nitrate were investigated in the gas phase with
selected constituents of polluted atmospheres, and in the liquid phase with a variety
of organics. Chemiluminescence from the reaction of peroxyacetyl nitrate with a
series of amines was studied in the liquid phase. The mechanism and products of the
gas phase reactions of ozone with a variety of organics was investigated in low
pressure flow systems using chemiluminescent and photoionization mass spectrometric
techniques.
The NO^-catalyzed geometric isomerization of 2-butenes and 2-pentenes was studied
over the temperature range 298-400 K while an investigation of the N0v-propylene
f»r»vi >in^iffn nyctgni was cirriod
phot<
it at
-towp
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Photochemical reactions
Reaction kinetics
Hydrocarbons
Ozone
Nitrogen oxides
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS |c. COSATI Held/Croup
13B
07E
07D
07C
07B
8. DISTRIBUTION, STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
siFii-n
21. NO. OF PAGES
184
.(Thltpage)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2JJO-1 Ct-73)
58
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO
EPA-600/3-77-014b
2.
PB-265593
4. TITLE ANOSUBTITLE
MECHANISMS OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN URBAN AIR
Volume II. Chamber Studies
RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOP+NO.
REPORT DATE
February 1977
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
James N. Pitts, Jr.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
University of California
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center
Riverside, California 92502
10. PROPfAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant No.800649-13,14,15
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVT.RED
Final Report 12/1/71-12/1/74
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
OPA, ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The smog chamber facility of the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center has
been employed in a study designed to provide experimental data required for the
validation of kinetic computer models of chemical transformations in polluted
atmospheres. A 5800-fc, Teflon-coated, evacuable chamber and 25-KW xenon arc
solar simulator were used for irradiations, under simulated atmospheric con-
ditions, of hydrocarbon-NO systems. Detailed time-concentration profiles were
obtained for a wide range of products as well as the reactants employed. Relative
and absolute concentrations of the hydrocarbon-NOx systems were chosen on a
factorial design basis.
This report presents results obtained in the first eighteen months of the
program (July, 1973 through November, 1974). Preliminary chamber and light
source characterization studies were carried out and included determination of
ozone lifetimes, absolute light intensity, spatial homogeneity of light within
the chamber, mixing and equilibration times, and sampling rates. Some preliminary
efforts to characterize surface effects were also made. The photochemistry
program included investigation of the propylene-NO and n-butane-NO photo-
oxidation systems and also a study of the effects on these systems of variables
such as added aldehydes, temperature, and initial N0/N02 ratio. Data from this ex
program are presented, and their uses and limitations discussed.
17.
KEY WORCS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group
* Air pollution
* Smog
* Test chambers
* Photochemical reactions
* Models
* Computerized simulation
13B
04B
14B
07E
18. DISI HldUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report I
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
255
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
59
-------
TECHNICAL 2SPORT DATA
(Please read fnntruciions ->n ILC reverse before completing)
; DEPORT (MO. 2.
EPA-6GO/3-77-017 PB-265370
4. Ti iLt AMD SUBTITLE
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON 1975 NORTHEAST OXIDANT
TRANSPORT STUDY
7. AUTHOR(S)
Joseph J. Bufalini and William A. Lonneman (editors)
9. PERFORMING ORG MMIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Science Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
'.J.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Science Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION" NO.
5. RF-'ORT DATE
February 1977- •
6. V EHFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTHACT/GRANTTgb. ""^
i
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERfccTI
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODt I
EPA/ 600/09
i
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
{
I
16. ABSTRACT
The preliminary results of the 1975 Northeast Oxidant Transport1 Study were presented
by the participants of the study at a symposium held at the Environmental Research
Center in Research Triangle Park, NC, on January 20-21, 1976. The participants
included the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, EPA Region I, EPA Las Vegas, Battelle Columbus, Washington State Univer-
sity, Interstate Sanitation Commission, New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation, and the University of North Carolina. Discussed were preliminary re-
"sults of ozone measurements collected during a study conducted to investigate trans-
port phenomena in the Northeastern United States. The study was undertaken to in-
vestigate the extent and importance of transport ir. this densely populated area.
The ultimate purpose of the study was to provide the necessary information needed to
determine the suitability of present control strategy.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution
*0zone
*Atmospheric circulation
*Field Studies
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE UNLIMITED
b.lDENTIFiEHS/CPEN EiMOED TERMS
Northeastern U.S.
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (ThitpagJ)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI l-iclil/Cruuji
13B
07B
04B
14B
21. NO. OH PAGbS
1 45
22. PRICE I
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
60
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-025
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIONING.
PB-272891
. Tl rue AND SUBTITLE
APPLICATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY TO AIR
POLLUTION PROBLEMS '
Interim Report - 1976
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
J. G. Calvert, W. H. Chan, E. Niple, R.J. Nordstrom,
J.H. Shaw, W.R. Skinner, and W.M. Uselman
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The Ohio State University Research Foundation
1314 Kinnear Road
Columbus, Ohio 43212
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA605
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R803868-1
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research S Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
See companion reports EPA-600/3-77-026, Computer-Generated Long-Path Air Spectra,
and EPA-600/3-77-040, Comparison of Observed and Computed Air Spectra Between
18. ABSTRACT IU\J 311J 2300 UJff
Spectra of air samples at ground level of approximately 10m, 100m, and 1km, and
solar spectra obtained for solar zenith distances between 40 and 87 have been ob-
tained. Examples of these spectra in the region from 1100 to 1200 cm are pre-
.sented together with spectra calculated from the atmospheric line parameter listing
prepared by the Air Force Geophysical Laboratories. From the absorption features
of fluorocarbon-12 near 1160 cm in solar spectra, a mean tropospheric abundance
o£ 0.34 ppb has been estimated.
A photochemical cell capable of approximating the solar noon irradiance at
ground level between 300 and 400nm and in which path lengths in excess of 200m
can be obtained is described. This cell has been used to study the photolysis of
HNO_ and a.rate constant of 0.070 min" has been measured.
Spectra of more than 20 gases of importance to air pollution problems, obtained
under controlled conditions covering the region from 700 to 1500 cm , are presented.
Progress in the construction of a cell, coolable to -60 C, and capable of
being irradiated at wavelengths down to 170nm, is described.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Infrared spectroscopy
Optical equipment
Solar spectrum
Reaction kinetics
Photochemical reactions
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Fourier transform
spectrometer
c. cos AT i Field/Group
13B
20F
05B
07D
07E
13. oi:,rmHuriON STATEMENT
RELIASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS , Thin Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF I'AGfcS
113
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
61
-------
TECHNICAL m OUT DATA
i.
.1.
7.
9.
12
•
(l'lra\r trail linlrin liona tm il.
MH'OIII NO |2.
l:.PA-600/3-77-()2f> | PB-268992
TITLE AND SUOTITLE
inn. ie brfitrc clfiini:l
APPLICATION or I:OUIUI;R TRANSFORM SPUCTROSCOPY TO
AIR POLLUTION PROBLliMS Interim Report -
Computer-Generated Long-Path Air Spectra
AUTHOHISI
1976
R.J. Nordstrom, J. H. Shaw, W. R. Skinner, J. G.
Culvert, W. II. Chan, and W. M. Usclman
PEnrORMINC, ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The Ohio State University Research Foundation
1314 Kinncar Road
Columbus, Ohio 43212
. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory- RTF, NC
Office of Research G Development
U.S. linvironmontal Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
^. RECIPIENT'S ACCCSSIOf+NO.
5. REPORT OATH
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM 1 I.IMENT NO.
1AA603
TTTCON'f M ACf/GH A
R803868-1
(
NT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
I:.PA/M)0/0(J
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16
. ABSTRACT
An atlas of computer-generated infrared transmission spectra of the atmosphere
for low humidity (29 percent relative humidity) and high humidity (65 percent
relative humidity) ,air samples is presented. These spectra extend
from 700
cm , to 3000 cm , and were computed with a resolution of approximately 0.25
17
.1.
cm . The simulated path length is 3 km
and 290 K.
through an environment at
1013 mbar
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DtSCHIPTOHS
* Ai r pol lut ion
* Infrared spectra
* Humidity
* Computerized simulation
IS
. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RLLHASL TO PUBLIC
It.lDENTIFIERS/OI'LN ENDED TERMS
10. SECURITY CLASS (TM» Ueporl)
UNCLASSIFIED
aa6MX5SfMB/7Wlw'
c. COSATI 1 •icId/Griiup
131)
20I:
04 B
14B
2». NO. OF PAGES
150
22. PRICE
CDA CMPPM
.62
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
t. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-027
2.
PB-266137
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION- NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
-DEPOSITION VELOCITIES
5. REPORT DATE
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
H.S. Judeikis and T.B. Stewart
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION.NAME AND ADDRESS
The Aerospace Corporation
P.O. Box 92957
Los Angeles, California 90245
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 (1AA008)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant No. R802687
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim 11/73-11/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
I». ABSTRACT
Measurements of sulfur dioxide deposition velocities have been carried out in
the laboratory with the use of a cylindrical flow reaction. Analysis of data from
these experiments was performed with models that specifically account for diffusive
transport in the system. Consequently, the resulting deposition velocities were
independent of diffusion processes and represented the maximum removal rates that
would be encountered in the environment under turbulent atmospheric conditions.
The measured values ranged from 0.04 cm/sec for asphalt to 2.5 cm/sec for cement,
-and were independent of sulfur dioxide and oxygen concentrations as well as relative
humitlity and total pressure. Prolonged exposure to sulfur dioxide eventually
destroyed the ability of the various solids to remove this species. -Overall
capacities increased significantly at moderate relative humidities, yielding values
of 0.4 to 2.8 grams of sulfur dioxide per square meter of solid in moist systems.
Several experiments indicated that the reactivity of a solid subjected to prolonged
sulfur dioxide exposures could be restored by washing the surface with distilled
water or exposing the spent solid to ammonia. Some implications of these findings
relative to the environment are discussed.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Alr pollution
*Sulfur dioxide
•Deposition
'Velocity measurement
*Tests
13B
07B
14B
ft SiiTniauriO". STATEMENT
I b
, RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SF.CURITY CLASS ITIiis Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
27
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page/
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
H-73)
63
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(riease read Instructions <>H the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-028
2.
PB-266127
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS 01- NITROGEN OXIDES IN
-SIMULATE!) ATMOSPHERES
5. REPORT DATE
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1. AUTHOR(S)
U.S. Judeikis, S. Siegel, T.B. Stewart and
H.R. Hcdgpcth
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
ATR-75(7441)-2
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The Aerospace Corporation
P.O. Box 92957
Los Angeles, California 90245
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 (1AA008)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant No. 802687
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
-Office of Research and Development
.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim 11/73-11/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IS. ABSTRACT
A laboratory study has been conducted on heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen
dioxide and nitric oxide to evaluate their potential role in reaction in polluted
urban atmosphere. The results of this study suggest that nitrogen dioxide
decomposes on a wide variety of solids likely to be found in urban environments.
Measured reaction rates indicate these processes can be important in the atmosphere,
Humidification of reaction mixtures leads to increased reactivities. It is
concluded that heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere are unimportant for the
oxidation of nitric oxide.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Alr pollution
*Nitrogcn oxides
Aerosols
*Environmental simulation
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI ridel/Group
13B
07B
07D
14B
I DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
I
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Rrpon)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thitpage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
C»APorm 2220-1 U-73)
64
-------
TECHNICAL R VORT DATA
(I'lt-asc rcatl l/iUniclions on lit, reverse before comi'lcling)
1. REPORT NO,
EPA-60073-77-041
2.
PB-269828
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE TRANSPORT OF OXIDANT BEYOND URBAN ARP.AS
Data Analyses anH Predictive Models for the Southern
1975 - -
5. REPORT DATE
May 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Chester W. Spicer
Sticksel
James L. Gemma, and Philip R.
|. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
Battelle - Columbus Laboratories
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AJ-04 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2241
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory- RTF, NC
.Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
LPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
For additional information, see technical report EPA-600/3-76-109
16. ABSTRACT
The objective of this -study has been to use data collected during the 1975
Northeast Oxidant Study to determine the cause of high ozone concentrations in the
Connecticut River Valley and to develop a method for predicting ozone levels that
can be expected in southern New England under various meteorological conditions.
During the summer months, the prevailing southwesterly winds place the
valley directly downwind of the New York/New Jersey/southwestern Connecticut
ufban con.plex (and on some days the Philadelphia and Washington/Baltimore areas).
The ozone formed from the urban emissions (i.e., the urban plume) was observed
on"many case study days to move into Connecticut from the southwest in early
afternoon, cross the Connecticut River Valley, and continue into Massachusetts
during the evening. -In one case an 0 -rich air mass was tracked as far north
as the coast of Maine. The dimensions of the urban plumes on several days were
found to vary from 30-80 miles in width and 100-175 miles in length, seemingly
depending on wind speed.
Several methods of predicting ozone in southern New England were investigated
including regression integrals, simple regression and multiple regressions.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Ozone
Meteorological data
Transport properties
Mathematical models
Predictions
1).IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
New England
COS AT I Meld/Group
13B
07B
04B
12A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
21. NO. OF PAGES
113
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
MNri.ftSSTFTF.n
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9:73)
65
-------
TECHNICAL I I PORT DATA
I'li-air read luui actions on f •.• irrenc before cn
REPORT no.
KI'A-600/3-77-043
2.
PB-269005
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EFFICIENCY OF GAS-WALL REACTIONS IN A CYLINDRICAL
FLOW REACTOR
j. REPOI1T DATE
May 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
U.S. Juclcikis and Seymour Siege1
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
ATR-73 (7256)-2
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The Aerospace Corporation
El Scguitdo, California 90245
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1-AAftOl All-0'i (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
802687
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
•Research Tri;m«lo Park, NC 2771L
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
_l_n I er iin f>_/ 7J -!_/ n
14. SPONSORJNG AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This report complements EPA-650/3-74-007, Grant No. 801340.
6. ABSTRACT
Expressions are given for the concentration of a dilute reactive gas mixed with an
inert carrier gas as a function of the radial and longitudinal distances in a cylin-
drical reactor and the reaction efficiency. The reaction efficiency is defined as
the fraction of gas-wall collisions that leads to the disappearance of the reactive
gas from the gas phase. The solutions presented here are applicable for all values
;if reaction efficiencies and extend earlier work by oilier investigators that was
applicable only for values of I or near zero. F.n addition to the solution of Pick's
sffcond law of diffusion as applied here (witli an additional term for flow in the
cylinder), a one-dimensional random walk analysis is also applied to this problem. Tin
combination of diffusion equation solutions and the random walk analysis leads to the
conclusion that, for a given set of experimental conditions, the reaction efficiency
can be uniquely determined only if it lies within a curtain range of values. Small
values of the reaction efficiency will produce insufficient reaction and large value's
wi11 yield diffusion-limited results. The sensitive range for the reaction efficiency
can be-changed by appropriate adjustment of various experimental parameters. However,
adjustment of the total pressure gives the greatest effect and is generally one of the
easiest parameters to vary in an experiment.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
>vAi r pol 1 tit ion
'''Chemical reations
'•Cases
*Wa11s
*Chrmical reactors
""•Diffusion
"''Pressure
*Random walk
MDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Held/Group
13U
070
13M
07A
12D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. StCURITV CLASS (I his He port}
11 NC LAS Sllrl I'D
21. NO. Of PAGES
23
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tltil page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
,66
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instruction* on tlic reverse before completing)
WW/3-77-044
2.
PB-268895
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
FORMATION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOLS
5. REPORT DATE
May 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOH(S)
Edgar R. Stephens and Monty A. Price
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center
University of California
Riverside, California 92502
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AJ-01 (FY-76)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant No. 800868
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVECtfcD
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The objective was to develop a better understanding of smog aerosol formation
with particular reference to haze in the Southern California area. This study
combined laboratory work with ambient air studies. Counting of particles by light
scattering was the principle physical technique while infrared analyses was the
major source of chemical information. A new reflectance spectroscopy technique
was also developed.
Infrared spectra of ambient aerosols have bands assigned to sulfate, nitrate,
ammonium, and water which are completely removed by water washing of the sample
but not by benzene. Synthetic aerosols generated by mixing ammonia with sulfuric
and nitric acids produce similar spectra.
Many ambient aerosol particles are hygroscopic or deliquescent so that they
swell as the relative humidity increases and shrink as it decreases. This readily
explains the heavy haze seen at high humidity days.
A variety of reaction products (SO ~, NO,, organics) can potentially fulfill
the requirement of water solubility and hygroscopicity to contribute to haze and loss
of visibility. It is concluded that direct control of aerosol emissions will not
markedly improve visibility in Southern California.
17.
i.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution *
Aerosols
Smog
Photochemical reactions
Tests
Infrared spectroscopy
Humidity
Field tests
b.lDENTIFIEHS/OPf.N CNDED TERMS
Southern California
COSATI Hdd/Croilp
13B
07D
04 B
07E
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
77
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thii page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-67
-------
TECHNICAL REP'JRT DATA
Ilivse read lutlruclions on lite rt; me before cnm/th-iing)
i. ntponr NO.
EPA-GOO/3-77-048
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-269349
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
•FFECT OF SELCCTED PARAMETERS ON PREDICTIONS OF A
PHOTOCHEMICAL MODEL
5. REPORT DATE
June 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AOTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Marcia C. Dodge
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NC
1AA603 (AC-18)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPQNSORING AGENCY AIAME AND ADDRESS , „,„
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U,S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13, TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
LdiQLUSJL
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A sensitivity study was undertaken to assess the effect of selected parameters
on the predictions of a photochemical kinetics model. The model was previously
developed for use in designing control requirements for ozone reduction in urban
areas. The parameters varied in the present study included (1) solar energy,' (2)
dilution rate, (3) post 9-A.M. emissions, and (4) hydrocarbon composition of 6-9
I \.M. emissions. Based on the results of the simulations for each of these parameters,
I ) isopleths as a function of initial non-methane hydrocarbon and NO were con-
structed. A comparison of the degree of hydrocarbon control predicted to achieve the
air quality standard for 0, was made for each set of isopleths. It was found that
the "predictions of the model arc largely insensitive to the parameters investigated
when the results of the simulations are interpreted in a relative sense.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Ozone
* Nitrogen oxides
* Computerized simulation
* Mathematical models
* Atmospheric models
* Photochemical reactions
* Reaction kinetics
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
13B
07B
MB
12A
04A
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS {This Report)
•UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
I
RliLEASE TO PUBLIC
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
TLCIINICAL IP I'ORTDATA
fi'lratr trail liulniclitiin tin ili<- irrrrsc hc/orr finnfilrtinn)
i Hi conr NO.
KI'A-GOO/3-77-053
2.
PB-269349
4. TITLE ANDSUCITITLE
PARTTCLK SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE AEROSOLS
IN THE LOS ANGELES AIR BASIN
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCEbSIOI>NO.
5. RCPORT DATE
May 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
A. 11. Moskowitz
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PE-nPORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental. Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental' Protection Agency
Rer.earrh Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Plate read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-054
2.
PB-27192?
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
.. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REGIO»NAL TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE TO SULFATES IN THE UNITED STATES
5. REPORT DATE
June 1977
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Aubrey P. Altshuller
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 (AH-14)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
is.ABSTRACT Trends 1n 'and relationships between ambient air SO, and sulfate concentra-
f'ons at 48 urban and 27 nonurban sites throughout the Unitea States between 1963 and
H74 have been analyzed. Large decreases in SO- concentrations at urban sites In the
eastern and mldwestern United States have been accompanied by modest decreases 1n sul-
fate concentrations. Large variations 1n S02 emissions among air quality control
regions also result In much smaller variations In sulfate concentrations. Large
changes in the patterns of S0? emissions have little Impact on sulfate concentrations
in most air quality regions. Comparisons of air quality regions with similar SO-
emission levels and patterns of emissions in the eastern and western United States and
of S09, sulfate, and vanadium relationships between urban-suburban and urban nonurban
sites lead to the same conclusion. Long-distance S02 transport with chemical con-
version of S09 to sulfates over ranges of hundreds OT kilometers or more provides
a consistent explanation for all of the observed results. This conclusion has been
suggested earlier, and the present analysis strongly supports previous discussions.
Reduction of sulfate concentration levels will require strenuous efforts to control
SO
Also, large new additions to utility capacity in western areas may lead to
*j \?n * niwwj i*»i*j*» 11 %* 11 «••••«• iwcwftw ww « » • » - —^ -— i—• — - —^ — .____- w
significant increases in western sulfate concentration levels. The types of research
activities required to quantitate crucial experimental parameters are discussed.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Fkld/Croup
Air Pollution
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfates
Chemical Reactions
Transport Properties
Trends
United States
13B
07B
07D
12A
'9. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
' 57
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2210-1 19-73)
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-055
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-271696
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
STUDIES OF OXIDANT TRANSPORT BEYOND URBAN AREAS
New England Sea Breeze - 1975
June 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
H. Westberg, E. Robinson, D. elias, and K. Allwine
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Resources Section
Chemical Engineering Department
Washington State University
Pullman. Washington 99164
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AJ-05 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2239
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/09
16. ABSTRACT
Relationship between ambient air quality and sea breeze conditions in
southern New England are examined. In the Boston area, sea breeze conditions
were observed on approximately 24% of the days of the study (July-August 1975).
The sea breeze dffect can either moderate or enhance the pollution levels in
the Boston area. However, the most common course for the sea breeze is to have
a cleansing effect. Therefore, ozone levels are generally lower during sea
breeze conditions.
In the Groton area of Connecticut, a well-developed sea breeze effect was
observed almost daily. High ozone concentrations usually coincided with a sea
breeze dffect. Measurements from aircraft over Long Island and the Atlantic
ocean show that air pollutants are advected into the Groton area by the sea
breeze. The pollutants over the ocean were part of the large urban plume
originating 1n the New York City-New Jersey area.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*0zone
*Transport properties
*Sea breezes
*F1eld tests
Airplanes
New England
13B
07B
04
14
01C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21.iNO. OF PAGES
62
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
71
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read liiilnictions on the rrrcrsc before completing)
\. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-072
2.
PB-269944
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AEROSOL CHARACTERISTICS AND VISIBILITY
5. REPORT DATE
July 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Alan P. Waggoner and Robert J. Charlson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle, Washington 98195
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AG-11 (FY77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R800665
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim 4/71 - 12/74
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report summarizes progress in measuring the optical properties of
aerosols and in relating aerosol characteristics to visibility reduction made in
the author's laboratory during the period 1965-1971. An instrument, the integrating
nephelometer, which measures the scattering component of extinction, b , was
developed and used in several field studies. Measured bg and observerpvisibility
have been shown to be highly correlated and to follow thtPKpschmieder relation.
Measured b is highly correlated (0.95 in Los Angeles) with suspended particle
volume in IRe 0.1 to 1.0 urn size range. A useful correlation (0.56 to 0.92 at
various sites) has been found between b and particle mass as collected on a
filter. Techniques have been developed to measure b as a function of relative
humidity for ambient and model aerosols. Water, absorbed by hygroscopic aerosols,
as H2SO,, and/or deliquescent aerosols, as (NH^SO^, make a substantial contri-
bution to visibility reduction. Techniques were also developed to measure the
absorption component of extinction, b .; to measure the forward/backward scattering
ratio; and to determine b as a function of wavelength.
sp
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Particlcs
*VisibiJity
*Light scattering
*Nephelometers
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATII icId/Group
13B
07D
14B
20F
20N
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
44
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
72
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TECHNICAL HGPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on lite reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO. 2.
UPA-600/3-77-073 PB-269592
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY DURING THE HOUSTON
URBAN PLUME STUDY, JULY 1974
7. AUTHOR(S)
Gale F. Hoffnagle
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
INTERA Environmental Consultants, Ltd.
Houston, Texas 77027
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION- NO.
5. REPORT DATE
July 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
PO No. 5-02-0025A
NO.
-
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 7/1/74 - 7/1/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Meteorological parameters were measured during an EPA sponsored air sampling
program from 15-24 July, 1974, in Houston, Texas. The data collected are pri-
marily surface anemometer data and pilot-balloon soundings to 1830 meters above
ground. These measured data, along with plots from the National Weather Service,
have been utilized to provide nn overall meteorological analysis of conditions
during the sampling program. Because the air sampling was performed primarily
from a fixed-wind aircraft, emphases was given to the ambient environment aloft.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
.1. DESCRIPTORS
Ai r pol lu Lion
*Met oorological dnta
Meteorological balloons
1B. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
1). IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI 1 IcId/GlOUp
Houston 13h
04b
19. SECURITY CLASS (Illis Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
UNCLASSIFIED 63
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
UNCLASSIFIED
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
73
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read instructions on the reverse before completing)
.REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-080
2.
PB-273218
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH, ANNUAL REPORT FY1976/76A
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
W.E. Wilson and C. Danskin, editors
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603, 1AD712, 1AA601
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/Q9
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES A complementary report, EPA-600/7-77-076, describes research
activities funded by the Energy/Environment program.
16. ABSTRACT
The research program of the Aerosol Research Branch includes research grants and
contracts at institutions in many parts of the United States, in addition to an
intramural program. The purpose of these projects is to study the chemical and
physical properties of aerosols, identify the mechanisms of aerosol formation and
removal, and conduct experiments to measure these rates.
The results of the research are being used (1) to establish the contribution of
the various sources to the ambient atmospheric aerosol loading, (2) to characterize
urban, natural, and primary and secondary aerosols, (3) to develop quantitative
descriptions of the generation and removal rates associated with each major aerosol
source and sink, (4) to quantify the effects of aerosol on atmospheric chemical
reactions, and (5) as a scientific basis for recommending regulatory actions
concerned with air quality improvements.
The research projects funded under EPA's base program are described.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTtFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Research projects
13B
07D
IK. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
143
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
*£A F«tm 2220-1 |!-73|
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the tevene before completing)
REPORT MO.
EPA-6QO/5-77-S9
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-273073
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REACTIVE HYDROCARBON CONTROL COSTS FOR LOS ANGELES
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
K. K. Arledge, H.C. Pulaski
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRK Environmental Engineering Division
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 AL-08 (FY-76)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2445
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
i Tia 77711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report documents the results of a study to determine the costs associated
with controlling reactive organic emissions in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Air
Quality Control Region. An inventory of organic emissions from 26 categories of
stationary and mobile sources was developed for the calendar year 1975. The
photochemical reactivity of the emissions from each category was determined in
terms of a 3-class reactivity classification scheme. The costs associated with
reducing the emissions from each category were estimated by assuming the
application of the most cost effective combination of available control equipment.
The costs associated with reducing the emissions from all sources were estimated
by assuming the application of the most cost effective controls selected from
those available for all source types. It was concluded that only approximately
53% of the total organic emissions could be eliminated using currently available
control technology.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
* Air pollution
* Hydrocarbons
* Control
* Cost estimates
Los Angeles, CA
13B
07C
14A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT.
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
135
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
•PA Form 2220-1 (t-731
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the rtvene before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-001
2.
PB-251839
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOf+NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5, REPORT DATE
DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT FOR STACK NEAR BUILDING-
Wind Tunnel Study
February 1976 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
William H. Snyder* and Robert E. Lawson, Jr.**
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Fluid Modeling Report No. 1
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AOENCY NAME AND ADORiSS
Same as above
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house
14..SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
*0n assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Department of Commerce. **Northrop Services, Inc.
1O, ABoTnACT
Wind tunnel tests were conducted to determine the validity of the "two-and-one-half-
times" rule frequently used to calculate a necessary height for a stack in the
vicinity of a building. Model stacks and buildings were placed in a simulated
atmospheric boundary layer in a meteorological wind tunnel. Smoke v/as used for
flow visualization and methane for quantitative concentration measurements downwind
of the building. These studies showed that the two-'and-one-half-times rule for the
determination of a necessary stack height in the vicinity of a building is adequate
for a building whose width perpendicular to the wind direction is twice its height,
but that it Is unnecessarily conservative for a tall thin building. An alternative
rule, called Briggs' alternative, was shown to be adequate.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*W1nd tunnel
Tests
*Chimneys
*Height
Buildings
*Downwash
Atmospheric diffusion
Boundary layer
Air pollution
Briggs' alternative
14B
13M
20D
4A
13B
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
35
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
KPA form 1220.« •• -«
76
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunictians OH ilie reverse before
\. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-047
2.
PB-259877
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
STACK PLACEMENT IN THE LEE OF A MOUNTAIN RIDGE
A Wind Tunnel Study
7. AUTHORIS)
Alan H. Huber, William H. Snyder*,
Roger S. Thompson, and Robert E. Lawson, Jr.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
REPORT DATE
September 1976
, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
Fluid Modeling Report Mo. 2
To. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
TTTCONTRACT/GHANT NO.
13 TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house 1/75 - 6/75
». SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
* On assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
IS.ABSTRACT; An investigation of the highly turbulent region in the lee of a two-dimen-
sional mountain ridge was carried out in the Meteorological Wind Tunnel of the U.S.
EPA's Fluid Modeling Facility. This highly turbulent region was found to consist of a
large semi-permanent eddy. Smoke visualization and hot film anemometry measurements
showed that the cavity size and shape are minimally affected by the thickness and tur-
bulence intensity of the approach boundary layer flow. In addition, the cavity size
and shape were not found to be affected by the detailed shape of the ridge, but were
strongly dependent upon the upwind terrain and the,gross features tangles) of the
downslope. . . ^. . • . ... ,
A stack was positioned to emit an air-methane mixture into the cavity in the lee
of the ridge. Longitudinal, lateral and vertical concentration profiles were taken.
A tall stack placed to emit into the upper portion of the cavity resulted in higher
ground level concentrations near the downwind end of the cavity than did a shorter
stack. However, the maximum concentrations measured were found to occur near the
bases of the shorter, stacks.
The cavity region leeward of the model ridge was found to be highly turbulent
with significant plume downwash. For similar real-atmosphere situations, it would be
good engineering practice to avoid placement of any significant source within the ex-
pected cavity region. Application of the "2 1/2 times rule" for stack construction
EnulH hP sii&Hpnt. t.n avoid the highly tnrfrQpnt rpninn of the cavitv proper.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
1. DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Wind tunnel
Boundary layer
Atmospheric diffusion
Mountain ridges
Chimneys
Downwash
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS ( TttiS Rtport)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (TMs page)'
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATl l:icld/Group
13B
14B
20D
04A
08F
T3T-1
20D'
55
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220*1 (9-73)
77
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
fPlease read IitiUutitoiH on tin reverie bef
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-058
2.
PB-262200
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN AIR QUALITY
MODELING. Objective Interpolation Formulae for the
Spatial Distri ution of Pollutant Concentration
5. REPORT DATE
December 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
S-A Gustafson, K. 0. Kortanek and 0. R. Sweigart
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
Carnegie-Mellon University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603 (1AA009)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R 803632
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 4/75-4/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A technique is proposed for objective interpolation of the. air quality distri-
bution over a region in terms of sparse measurement data. Empirical information
provided by the latter is effectively combined with knowledge of atmospheric
dispersion functions of the type commonly used in source-oriented air quality models,
to provide improved estimates of the concentration distribution over an extended
region. However, the technique is not primarily source-oriented since, in contrast
to the real source distribution of a source-oriented model, it utilizes fictitious
or pseudo-sources that are estimated in terms of the measured air quality data. This
i-nvolves the use of interpolation functions that are computed using numerical
optimization techniques based on the method of least squares. Due to the large number
of different "weather" states that affect the atmospheric dispersion of pollution,
considerable computation is required, although the bulk of this can be done in
advance, so that the final interpolation from the measured values only requires very
simple calculation. Thus the proposed method has the potential for application on a
real-time basis.
in addition to the mathematical formulation of the problem, this preliminary
study includes some numerical experiments, using a current multiple-source EPA air
quality model, to illustrate the technique! .
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI I'icld/Gioup
Air pollution
Atmospheric composition
Meteorological data
Numerical analysis
Interpolation
Least squares method
empirical equations
* Mathematical
models
13B
04A
04B
I2A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. Of PAGES
49
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (1-71)
78
-------
rECHNtcA!. AFPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on iJtc rciine b<:f«.-~ completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2 ' ""
EPA-600/4-77-002a ' PB-266255
.1. TITLE AND SUUTITLE
W OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE FOR THE REGIONAL AIR
POLLUTION STUDY
Par-t I
7. AUT-HORIS)
D. Hovland, D. Dartt, and K. Gage
}. PERFORMING ORG ''NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Control Data Corporation
8100 South 34th Avenue
Minneapolis, MN 5440
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratories
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
3. RECIPIENTS * CCcSilON'NO.
5. REPORT DATE
January 1977
6. PERFORMING ORC ^IZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1827
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES '"""
Part II of this report has been issued as EPA-600/4-77-002b, February
1977.
This report documents the development of an objective analysis program for
- -.._.._-, Air Pollution Study
being conducted in St. Louis by the Environmental Protection Agency. The program is
designed^to produce a 5-km spaced horizontal grid analysis from a distribution of
observations which a re sparse at the boundaries of the grid and dense near the center,
An iterative scan procedure is used successively to correct an initial guess field
until the analysis agrees reasonably well with observations. A procedure is used
;here widely spaced observations and a large scan radius are first used to approxi-
mate the field. This is successively followed by the addition of more observational
data and reduction in scan radius until the field converges to the desired analysis
(usualty five iterations are required). This procedure of simultaneously adding
more data and shrinking the scan radius insures that the small-scale variability in
areas of dense observations does not propagate into the surrounding areas where
there are few data.
The special problems of producing three-dimensional fields of gridded data
from the observation network are discussed. They include the inconsistency of the
surface and upper air observation networks, the non-uniform density of the basic
observing network, and the difficulty of producing a reliable analysis when data
from one or more key stations are missing.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
Meteorological data
*Wind (meteorology)
*Temperature
*Grids (coordinates)
*Atmospheric models
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
^.RELEASE TO PUBLIC
I>.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SfcCURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI l-idd/Group
' 04B
08B
04A
21. NO. OF PAGES
55 I
22. PRICE
79
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TECHNICAL REPOrt 5' DATA
(Please read luntructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NT.
2.
PB-266756
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION*NO.
TITLE ANSUOTITLE
AN OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
FOR THE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
Part II
5. REPORT DATE
Fphruary 1977-
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORtS)
D. Hovland, D. Dartt, and K. Gage
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORG \NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Control Data Corporation
8100 South 34th Ave.
Minneapolis, MN 55440
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1827
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Environmental. Sciences Research Laboratories
.Office of Researched Development
.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
TYPE 0
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Part I of this report has been issued as EPA-600/4-77-002a, January 1977
>. ABSTRACT
This report discusses the application of objective analysis techniques to the
computation of trajectories from surface wind observations of the Regional Air Pol-
lution Study in St. Louis. Trajectories were computed over a 100-kilometer square
grid centered on St. Louis for two 5-hour periods during July 1975. The variability
of the surface wind field was investigated by examining the temporal and spatial
variability of computed trajectories. Also, the sensitivity of the computed tra-
jectories to the amount of data employed in the analysis was examined in some detail
The results showed a general lack of sensitivity of the computed trajectories to a
single missing observation. However, computed trajectories.were very sensitive to
missing adjacent observations.
In addition to the trajectory analysis, a set of tapes containing gridded winds
and temperatures for the St. Louis area were generated.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution
*Meteorological data
*Wind (meteorology)
*Temperature
*Grids (coordinates)
*Atmospheric models
*Applications of mathematics
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
St. Louis, Mo.
COSATI Field/Group
13B
04B
08B
04A
12A
II. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Heport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
57
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispanel
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
(PA Form 2220-1 (S-73)
80
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lra.w read iHUrui'lintis an lite reverse before c
m i'on i
PB-263901
1. TITLE ANIJ SUBTITLL
UlbPtKblOrt ui: KUuF-TUr1 hf-USblONS FROM ISOLnTtU
BUILDINGS A Wind Tunnel Study
5. Rr.PORT DATE
January 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
LJdViU J.
Tnoiiipson
Loinuarui.
ESRL, EPA
Nortiirop Services. Inc.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Fluid Modeling Report
PERFORMING ORGANIZATJON NAME AND ADDRESS
Lriviromnental Sciences Research Laboratory
office of Research ana Development
U. S. Lnvironnierital Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
tnvirom.iental Sciences Rest-arch Laboratory
Office of Research and bevelopinent
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Researcii Trianrjle Park. North Carolina27711
. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPf OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house __ _ ____
1 4" 'SPONSOR rN'G~ "
EPA-URD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A fluid modeling study of the dispersion of roof-top emissions from
rectangular uuildings was performed in the meteorological wind tunnel of
the EPA Fluid Modeling Facility. The basic building shape was a 0.18 meter
cube. Variations included a building twice as wide and buildings twice
anu tnree times as nigh. Eacii building was placed in a 1.8 meter, simulated,
neutral atmospneric boundary layer. Low momentum, non-buoyant emissions
were released tnrou^n an opening at the roof center. Photographs of flow
visualization experiments are presented for a qualitative evaluation of
tne uuiluing wakes. Concentration measurements at ground level and aloft
are presented for each case at downwind distances within 20 building heights.
Concentrations are presented in a non-dimensional form for ease in application
to full scale situations. Tne orientation of the wind to the building was
found to significantly affect ground-level concentrations near :the building.
M 4b° orientation of the cubical building increased the maximum ground-level
concentration uy a factor of six over that observed for a perpendicular
orientation.
17.
I.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*rtir pollution
*Atmospheric diffusion
Air flow
*L>oundary layer
*L.uildings
*tnvi ronmenta 1 s i inu 1 ati on
wind tunnel
KlDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDtD TERMS
(.-. COSATl I-iclil/lirimp
~"13B
04A
20U
13M
14B
n. MISrmuiirioN STATEMENT
KtLtASE TO PUbLIC
19. SI.CUHITY CLASS (Thi
_ UNCLASSIFIED.
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UiiCUSSIFIEU
21. NO. OF PAGES
44
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (3-73)
81
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TECHNICAL REI ORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the -irrse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-77-009
2.
PB-263898
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS,
TRAFFIC COUNTS AND METEOROLOGY
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
February ly77
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Gerard A. DeMarrais*
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CbfJTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house 9/75-2/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA - ORD
19. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
*0n assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
U.S. Department of Commerce.
16. ABSTRACT
Although pollutant emission patterns play important roles, they cannot adequate
ly explain the diurnal variations in carbon monoxide concentrations found in urban
areas. In this study, hourly data from a large network of carbon monoxide
monitoring stations, with instrumentation corrected for moisture interference, are
analyzed and compared with traffic flow and meteorological conditions at several
locations in Maryland. The meteorological phenomena that appear to be important
in explaining the diurnal variations involve the ventilation effects resulting from
variable wind speeds and mixing heights.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
* Air pollution
*Carbon monoxide
* Meteorological data
* Traffic surveys
* Diurnal variations
.* Wind velocity
* Mixing
* Height
13 B
07 B
04 B
13 B
13 M
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
34
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
82
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcasc read Imlrnctioiis an the rct'crxc before
. f;t PORT NO.
2.
PB-265382
1. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI^NO.
_EPA-6QO/4-7Z=OJO
. II(LL AND SUBTITLE
MESOSCALE AIR POLLUTION TRANSPORT IN SOUTHEAST
.-WISCONSIN
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTMOH(S)
Walter A. Lyons
Q. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Air Pollution Analysis Laboratory
College of Engineering and Applied Science
Milv/aukee, Wisconsin 53201
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, N.C.
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Trianqle Park, N.C. 27711
REPORT DATE
February 1977
10. PROGRAM EUEMENT.NO.
_JAA6_03 :
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO
R-800873
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 1972-1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTfcS
^ABSTRACT Durin?j ^g per-jocj 197Q-1976, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Air
Pollution Analysis Laboratory (College of Engineering and Applied Science) engaged in
extensive studies on the mesometeorology of the Great Lakes. This report highlights
the important findings of this research that are air pollution-related. An extensive
field study on the western shore of Lake Michigan during the summer of 1974 essential
lv validated the GLUMP Fumigation Model, which was calibrated for multi-plume power
plants. Studies of lake meteorology showed that, even during supposedly "steady-
state" onshore gradient flows, complicated wind patterns occurred including the de-
velopment of low-level jet streams associated with intense inversion layers. The
ac&ustic sounder was found to be highly useful in showing the structure of the lake-
shore environment. Also, satellite data were highly useful in monitoring mesoscale,
regional and synoptic scale transport. Individual plumes were detected for more than
150 km over Lake Michigan, and a major sulfate haze aerosol episode was imaged over
the central U.S. A model was proposed to explain the inland band of elevated ozone
levels running parallel to the shoreline, and the Chicago metropolitan area was shown
to be a major contributor to the high oxidant levels recorded in southeastern Wiscon-
sin. On one occasion, aircraft monitoring of the Chicago urban plume revealed inter-
state transport of 25 tons per hour of S02 from Illinois into Wisconsin. The finding
suggest that the concept of Air Quality Control Regions has to be severely modified
or abandoned altogether and ohowcd the inapplicability of most existing short term
IZpredi ction .
s_J n_coas tal_*EY WORDS AND D0^E-^
DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
*Air pollution Electric power plants
Ozone Meteorological satel-
.Sulfur dioxide lites
*Metfiorolo
-------
TECHNICAL 1,1 PORT DATA
on t»t ntcnc hijotc «t»n/>li inn-)
1 nr '-OUT NO.
2.
PB-269567
4. THLE ANtl
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
Point Source Emission Inventory
7. AUTHOniS)
Pred C. Littman, Robert W. Griscom, and Otto Klein
9. PERTOHMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International
Air Monitoring Center
11650 Administration Drive
Crcvc Cocur, MO
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory" RTP,NC
• Office of Research and Development
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ufscarrh Triiiiuilc Park. N.C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
DATK
_March... 1.917 ________
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
ft. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
IO. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA60S __
11. CONTHACT/GRANY Kio.
68-02-1081
Task Order 55
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
lj.in.il
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT • •
l-mission data from stationary point sources in the St. Louis Interstate Air
Quality Control Region wore gathered during 1075. Data for "criteria" pollutants
were obtained on an hourly basis. Emissions from large sources were based on
hourly, measured values of pertinent operating parameters. Those from smaller
sources, between 10 and 1000 tons per year, were based on annual data modified
by a detailed operating pattern. P.xamples of the data arc presented in the
report. The full set of data are available from the RAPS Data Hank.
An emission factor verification program was initiated by testing typical
sources using standard HPA methods. Results indicate good agreement for S0_
valucs. Data for NO. and participates originating from combustion sources
indicate that the existing factors are too high by variable but substantial
amounts.
KEY WOMUS AND OOCUMfNT ANALYSIS
*Air pollution
*P.mission
*Data
*Colicetion
li.lULNTIFIEMS/OrtN CNUEU TERMS
St. Louis, MO
Stationary point
sources
i. COSATl
13B
ia. uisriunui ION st AILMI NT
RGLLASU TO PUBLIC
19. SK
21. Nf). OF PAGES
350
20. SECURITY CLASS (Iliitpafc)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
84
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read /uitructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-77-015
2.
PB-266739
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
CALCULATION OF SELECTED PHOTOLYTIC.RATE CONSTANTS
OVER A DIURNAL RANGE
A Computer Algorithm
5. REPORT DATE
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORIS)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Kenneth L. Schere and Kenneth L. Denierji an
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
t2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711'
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Tn-Hnnsp
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA /600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
'«• ABSTRACT A computer program has been created and is described herein which emplovs
the theoretical formulation of the photolytic rate constant to calculate these rate
constants for specific chemical species over a diurnal time period in clear-sky con-
ditions. A user of the program must specify the date, time and location for which
the rate constants are desired. With this information and specific data on zenith
angles, solar irradiance, and species characteristics of absorption cross-sections
and primary quantum yields, which are provided in the orogram package, the computer
program generates a diurnal range of photolytic rate constants for each species. The
species included are NOU, 03, MONO, HONO-, H^CO, CH3CHO, and HpO-.. The aopendices to
this reoort contain program and data listings as well as a User's Guide to program
operation.
The program-generated photolytic rate constants for N0£ are compared to direct
measurements of this quantity as taken at Research Triangle Park, N.C. during Aoril
1975. The two methods are generally in close agreement after the theoretically com-
puted rate constants are scaled by a simplistic method for the compensation of solar
radiation attention by clouds.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*A1r Pollution
*Photochemical Reactions
faction Kinetics
^Atmospheric Modeling
*Computerized Simulation
*Computer Programs
*Algonthms
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
13B
07E
07D
14A
14B
09B
12A
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURH Y CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAOtS
71
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thi
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
(f A Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'li-asc read liitinictiuns on lite reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-77-016
PB-266743
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN TRAFFIC FLOW AND CARBON
MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-Np.
5. REPORT DATE
April 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOHIS)
Gerard A. DeMarrais*
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
OD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
On assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
U.S. Department o'f Commerce.
16. ABSTRACT : ——
Traffic count and carbon monoxide (CO) data for January and July from three
states are compared in order to reveal any diurnal variations in the two
measurements. The diurnal patterns for the 18 traffic count stations indicate
that there are average patterns of traffic flow that are representative of all
stations for periods of one month. Comparisons of data for the 36 CO monitoring
stations show correlations which vary from large positive to large negative.
However, eliminating a few monitoring Stations which show relatively poor
correlations yields groups within each state that have consistent patterns. The
diurnal variations in CO concentrations are not well correlated with traffic
patterns. Part of the poor correlation appears to be due to the diurnal variations
in vertical mixing and wind speeds and part to the exposures and' locations of the
sampling instruments.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
Air pollution
Carbon monoxide
Traffic surveys
Diurnal variations
Correlation
Meteorological data
13B
07B
13B
04B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
58
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
86
-------
TEC. JICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcose rraii tnuni-. nuns on l>'< ri t\nc be lure l
•PORT NO.
PB-266960
3. RECIPIENTT >CCESSION"NO.
TLE AND SUBTITLE
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY. ,.
Sulfur Compounds and Parti'culate Size Distribution
Inventory •
7. AUTHORIS? '
Fred Littman, Robert W. Griscom, and Harry Wang
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Monitoring Center
Rockwell International
11640 Administration Drive
Creve Coeur, MO 63141
5. REPORT DATE
April 1977
-Ap.
6. PEF
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
- RTF, NC
RFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081
Task Order 56
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16, ABSTRACT
In conjunction with the Regional Air Pollution Study being conducted in
the St. Louis-Air Quality Control Region (AQCR),a methodology for estimating the
amount of sulfur trioxide (SO ) emitted by combustion sources was developed. It
s based on SO /SO ratios determined both experimentally and from literature
urveys. The most likely value appears to be 1.85% of the SO emissions. On
this basis, about 22,000 tons of SO are emitted yearly from combustion sources
A fine particle size inventory for the area was also developed. The inventory
gives a breakdown of particulate emissions in the range of 7 to .01 microns,
based on production rates and collection efficiencies for point sources in the
St. Louis AQCR. The information on the SO /SO ratios and the particle size
breakdown is stored in the RAPS Data Handling System.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Sulfur tiroxide
*Particle size distribution
*Estimates
*Environmental surveys
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Held/Croup
St. Louis, MO
13B
07B
05J
9. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This KeporlJ
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
54
20 SECURITY CLASS fTllispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
,87
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please trail liiniriflions on the reverse before completing)
I RfPOPT NO 2. nn OAQ-57Q
EPA-6pp/4,77rQ]B_ J «^8379__
TLE AND SUUTITI.Q
«KGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
Non-criteria Pollutant Inventory
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. RETORT DATE
April 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S) •.' . t.
Fred E. Littman, Harry Wang, and John Piere
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
>. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Monitoring Center
Rockwell International
11640 Administration Drive
Creve Coeur, MO 63141
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081
Task Order 54
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND AODRtSS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S..Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
I 5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
fi. ABSTRACT
In conjunction with the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) being conducted
in the St. Louis Air Quality Control Region (AQCR), an inventory of non-criteria
pollutants was assembled for point sources. The inventory was based on the
following data:
The National Emissions Data System (NEDS) inventory for the AQCR.
inventory is based largely on 1971 and 1972 data.
This
2.
Emission factors listed in the several reports in the series entitled
"National Inventory of Sources and Emissions," which list estimated emission
factors for the following 21 compounds: Arsenic, Asbestos, Barium, Beryllium,
Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Magnesium, Manganese, Mercury,
Molybdenum, Nickel, Phosphorus, Selenium, Silver, Titanium,, Vanadium, Zinc,
and BaP.
The non-criteria emission factors are being incorporated into the RAPS Data
Handling System, and yearly point source inventories for non-criteria pollutants
are available.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Estimates
*Environmental surveys
'». DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
PLEASE TO PUBLIC
h. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
St. Louis, MO
Non-criteria pollutants
19. StCURlTY CLASS (This Rtport)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tliis page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATi 1 icId/Group
13B
05J
21. NO. OF PAGES
45
22. PRICE
PA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(/'lease read /nuructions on the reverse before i
(U t'oat NO 2.
EPA-600/4-77-035a
•1. TITLE AND SUBTITLE "~
NEW YORK AIR POLLUTION PROJECT OF 1964-1969
Volume I. Description of Data
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
Robert D. Bornstein, Tim Morgan, Yam-Tong Tarn, Tim
Loose, Ken Leap, Jim Sigafoose, Carl Berkowitz
9. PE RFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of Meteorology
San Jose State University
San Jose, California 95192
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1284
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTF, NC
Office Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPF. OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 4/74-9/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY
CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Volume II, a magnetic tape, and a roll of microfilm contain aerometric field data
that are available from NTIS. EPA-600/4-77-035b
16. ABSTRACT
Volume I documents the meteorological and sulfur dioxide data collected during
three test periods of the New York City Air Pollution Project of 1964-1969. A
detailed description of all the data is presented in Volume I. Volume II supplements
Volume I and contains: (1) emission rates of sulfur dioxide, heat, and moisture; (2)
sulfur dioxide concentrations measured from fixed sites and from automotive platforms
.and (3) vertical profiles of sulfur dioxide concentrations and temperature made from
helicopters. Other data collected during the Project are available on microfilm:
(1) hourly synoptic maps showing "surface" windspeed and direction at 97 sites and
showing streamline and isotach analyses; and (2) 132 bihourly maps of hourly average
sulfur dioxide concentration -isopleths for the 11 days of the three "primary" test
periods. Pibal measurements of winds aloft (578) balloon launches) are available on
magnetic tape. The purpose of documenting and publishing all these data (in Volume I
Volume II, microfilm, and magnetic tape) is to make these valuable data readily
available for further research and applications.
Volume II, the microfilm, and the magnetic tape (with card deck and print-out fo:
reading the tape) are available from the National Technical Information Service in
Springfield, Virginia.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Sulfur dioxide
* Field Tests
* Meteorological data
* Air circulation
Helicopters
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
New York City
c. COS AT I Held/Group
13B
07B
14R
04B
04A
01C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tills Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
146
2O. SECURITY CLASS (Thilpage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
89
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A A 0-03
1 A A 0 0 8
1 A A 0 0 9
1 A 1 0 0 3
1 A 1 0 0 8
110302
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the atmospheric
~~"""""""""' processed and effects have been
conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the sources and sinks, ki-
netics of formation and removal, and chemical/physical interactions of airborne gas-
eous and particulate matter. This area of research covers; (1) The development,
evaluation and validation of air quality simulation models for predicting and describ
ing air quality Impacts anticipated from various control abatement strategies. (2)
Determination of atmospheric chemical and processes for describing the formation and
decay of gaseous and particulate air pollutants. (3) Quantification of the atmos-
pheric effects of weather* visibility, climate* and materials due to air pollutants.
90
-------
IHCIINICAL IV OUT DATA
rcinl Imtstii'liiiHs nn ih TC/JC lirjorc ctitn/'li II
NO.
EPA-600/3-76-0113
2.
PB-249613
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY HANDBOOK
Volume 1
. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5."REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOE
AUTHORISr
tockwell International Corporation
Air Monitoring Center
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
tockwell International Air Monitoring Center
2421A Hillcrest Drive
Newbury Park, CA 91320
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
AAA003 26AAI/413
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081
(Task Order 37)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle parV, ?I.C.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final '
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
See also Volume 2, EPA-600/3-76-011b, and Volume 3, EPA-600/3r76-011c
IB. ABSTRACT The Regfong-| M r portion Study (RAPS), which encompasses the St. Louis Air
Quality Control Region, is the largest and most comprehensive attempt to date to obtain
quantitative understanding of urban air pollution. Its aim is to describe the complex
relationships between emissions to the atmosphere, atmospheric dispersions and transfer
nation processes, and ambient concentrations, of pollutants. In addition, numerous
corollary studies are planned under the RAPS "umbrella."
An accurate, detailed and comprehensive inventory of emission to the atmosphere
constitutes a basic input to this understanding. The RAPS emission inventory was
planned to provide far more detailed information than has been available anywhere in
the past; its aim is co obtain hourly data for key pollutants based insofar as possible
on measured values. Thus, emission data should be available for a base period of a
year, commensurate in detail and accuracy with data on ambient concentrations and
nkrometeorological information gathered by the Regional Air Monitoring Stations.
The ultimate value of the RAPS Study will, it is hoped, not be confined to the St.
Louis area, but rather will provide a model for future studies of this type in other
areas. For this reason the National Air Data Branch provided complete documentation of
all efforts connected with the assembly of the regional emission inventory so that the
techniques and methodology developed for this project will be applicable to future
studies.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
I».IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI I iclil/GfOU|i
*Air Pollution
*Emission
*Data
St. Louis, Mo
13B
14G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO THERJBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (fliis Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
91
-------
II.CIINICAI '.' "UIU OAIA
(I'll me trail liuliiii IHHI\ IH> •''.• rri <7ir /'< /••/!• (ii'itfli lint:)
1. in POUT NO.
. EB.-250113.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY HANDBOOK .
Volume 2
lockwell 'International Corporation
Air Monitoring Center
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International Air Monitoring Center
421A Millcrest Drive
Newbury Park, CA 91320
. AUTHORI3)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
3. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and 'Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Par!', N.C.
-s ACCESSION-NO.
HATH.
IS. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
10. PROGHAM ELEMENT NO.
AAAO£3 26AAI/413
11. CONTHACT/GhANT NO.
68-02-1081
(Task Order 37)
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final •
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
See also Volume 1, EPA-600/3-76-011a, and Volume 3, EPA-600/3-76^011c
The Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), which encompasses the St.. Louis Air
Quality Control Region, is the largest and most comprehensive attempt to date to obtain
a quantitative understanding of urban air pollution. Its aim is to describe the complex
relationships between emissions to the atmosphere, atmospheric dispersions and transfer
nation processes, and ambient concentrations of pollutants. In addition, numerous
corollary studies are planned under the RAPS "umbrella."
An accurate, detailed and comprehensive inventory of emission to the atmosphere
constitutes a basic input to this understanding. The RAPS emission inventory was
planned to provide far more detailed information than has been available anywhere in
the-past; its aim is to obtain hourly data for key pollutants based insofar as possible
on measured values. Thus, emission data should be available for a base period of a
year, commensurate in detail and accuracy with data oh ambient concentrations and
nicrometeorological information gathered by the Regional Air Monitoring Stations.
The ultimate value of the RAPS Study will, it is hoped, not be confined to the St.
Louis area, but rather will provide a model for future studies of this type in other
areas. For this reason the National Air Data Branch provided complete documentation of
all efforts connected with the assembly of the regional emission inventory so that the
echniques and methodology developed for this project will be applicable to future
studies.
17.
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WOMDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
lUDENTIFIEHS/OPKN ENDED TERMS
*Air Pollution
*Emission
*Data
St. Louis, Mo
COSATI I icId/Ctotip
.1313
14G
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE UNLIMITED
19. SECUMIIY CLASS (Iliix Itrport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thisixig
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
92
-------
l I I'OItt t)AIA
I'll'lHf I I'lltl /Hit/Ill lltlll.\ '>• •< I, 1 MM- I'l /I'll- I tlllt/'l, Illlfl
PB-250114 '
I. "t.l'Oll 1 NO
EPA-600/3-75-011 C
4. TITLE AN'O SUBTITLE T
RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY HANDBOOK
'Volume 3
(j. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORS)
ockwell International Corporation
ir Monitoring Center
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PtRFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
ockwell International Air Monitoring Center
421A Hillcrest Drive
ewbury Park, CA 91320
7. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Rosoa'rch Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Par!-, ?'.C.
'S ACCCSSIO^NO.
>. RE'TkHT/lATE
10. PROGRAM F.LEMENT NO.
AAA003 26AAI/413
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081
(Task Order 37)
13. TYPf. OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
F i n a 1
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
See also Volume 1, EPA-600/3-76-011a, and Volume 2, EPA-600/3-76-011b
6'ABSTHACTThe Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), which encompasses the St. Louis Air
uality Control Region, is the largest and most comprehensive attempt to date to obtain
quantitative understanding of urban air pollution. Its aim is to describe the complex
relationships between emissions to the atmosphere, atmospheric dispersions and transfer
nation processes, and ambient concentrations-of pollutants. In addition, numerous
corollary studies are planned under the RAPS "umbrella."
An accurate, detailed and comprehensive inventory of emission to the atmosphere
constitutes a basic input to this understanding. The RAPS emission inventory was
planned to provide far more detailed information than has been available anywhere in
;he-past; its aim is co obtain hourly data for key pollutants based insofar as possible
on measured values. Thus, emission data should be available for a base period of a
ear, commensurate in detail and accuracy with data on ambient concentrations and
ricrometeorological information gathered by the Regional Air Monitoring Stations.
The ultimate value of the RAPS Study will, it is hoped, not be confined to the St.
Louis area, but rather will provide a model for future studies of this type in other
ireas. For this reason the National Air Data Branch provided complete documentation of
all efforts connected with the assembly'of the regional emission inventory so that the
techniques and methodology .developed for this project will be applicable to future
studies.
7.
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
I'.IDENTIIMERS/OPtN ENDED TERMS
*Air Pollution
*Emission
*Data
St. Louis, Mo
COSATI l-'ii'ld/'t'iliHIp
13B
14G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE UNLIMITED
19. SECUHIf Y CLASS (I liix Krporl)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (This t'nfc]
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
93
-------
TECHNICAL KEPOHT DATA
(flease read /HUTUCIions tin ilif rcveitc before
I. REPORT NO.
EAP-600/3-76-016
PB-252035
3. RECIPIENT? 'CCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
P^lSSHnL AIR POLLUTION STUDY: EXPEDITIONARY
RESEARCH PROGRAM, SUMMER 1975
G. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. RT.POHT DATE
February 1976
7. AUTHOn(S)
Willaim C. Zegel
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
(RycJonan/Edgerly/Tomlinson
and Associates)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
'Rockwell International Corporation
Science Center
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA003 26AAI/413
If. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081, Task Order 50
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
KPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The immediate goal of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) is the evaluation
of existing local and regional scale air quality simulation models. Inherent in
this effort is the creation of a comprehensive, accurate, and readily-retrieval
data base containing emission rates, concentrations of atmospheric pollutants,
and pertinent meteorological measurements. An integrated program has been
prepared for the conduct of the RAPS which includes data collection on both a
routine and an expeditionary basis. This report describes the Summer 1975 RAPS
Expeditionary Research Program which was designed to procure detailed atmospheric
observations to better understand selected pollutant and atmospheric phenomena.
Data collection activities are described in each of four areas: (1) Pollutant
Transport and Dispersion; (2) Pollutant Transformation and Removal; (3) Pollutant
Measurement Program; (4) Pollutant Effects Studies. The general.experiment
design, quality assurance plans, data management procedures, and operational
requirements are presented for each experiment to be conducted. Finally, existing
information is suirar.arized in the form of status reports for three basic elements
of activity within RAPS; (1) Model Evaluation and Development; (2) RAPS Data
Bank; (3) Emission Inventories.
17.
KEV WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution
^Surveys
Meteorological data
Atmospheric Disporion
Transport properties
Chemical analysis
Fvnnr imrmtTil n«»i?srm
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI l-ickl/Group
13B
14B
04B
04 A
14G
07 D
13. OIS> fll'jUl ION STATEMENT
RELEASE UNLIMITED
19. StCUim Y CLASS (I'lii* Hrptirtf
JJNCLASSIFiiiD
jfoTsEcuTm Y~cL7Ks?,"7i
UNCI.ASUIFIKD
21. NO. Oh
22. PRICE
EPA Form 7JJO-I (»-73)
94
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-76-093
2.
PB-258822
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC ORGANIC AEROSOLS BY
MASS SPECTROSCOPY
6. REPORT DATE
August
6. PERFORMING >RQANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
Alden L. Crittenden
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
University of Washington
Department of Chemistry
Seattle, Washington 98195
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA003
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
801119
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/72 - 10/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
High resolution mass spectroscopy has been found to be a useful means of charac-
terizing the organic fraction of urban aerosols. Quantitative accuracy, however,
was limited, particularly for compounds of low abundance. Some ambiguities were
found in the assignment of origins of ions formed in the mass spectrometer.
Compounds that were detected included phenols; aromatic carboxylic acids and,
-possibly, esters of these; and aliphatic dibasic acids. Evidence was found of
several other difunctional compounds, including nitrate or nitrite species.
Strong evidence was found for the presence in some urban aerosols of compounds
-reported by others as products of the oxidation of toluene in smog chamber reactions
Less evidence was found for products formed by the oxidation of terpenes.
A few samples of automobile exhaust particulates were analyzed.. The occurrence of
benzoic acid and the benzoyl ion in mass spectra appear to be possible indicators
of automotive contribution to the organic components.
Results for a large number of compounds are provided for 88 samples of aerosols
collected at sites located in the greater Los Angeles, Seattle, St. Louis, and
Denver areas.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Gioup
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*0rganic compounds
*Chemical analysis
*Mass spectroscopy
13B
07D
07C
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
295
20. SECURITY CLASS (TMspage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
95
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read luaitictiom an /'«• itvcne before
. REPORT NO.
2.
PB-252009
3. RECIPIENTS \CCESSION-NO.
. n 1 Lt AND SUBTITLE
METHODOLOGY FOR INVENTORYING HYDROCARBONS
5. REPORT DATE
G. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
a. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Philip DiGasbarro
Mark Bornstein
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GCA Corporation
iCA/Technology Division
Boston, Mass. 01730
10. PROGRAM. ELEMENT NO.
— .
1 1 . CONTHACT/GRAN
68-02-1006
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A methodology for estimating emissions of hydrocarbons to the
atmosphere is described, with emphasis on emissions from stationary
point and area sources. • The methodology is an elaboration of the
National Emissions Data System (NEDS), and is based upon, but not
limited to, an inventory of hydrocarbon emissions within the Boston,
MA Air Quality Control Region; emissions from motor vehicles are not
considered, since they are subject to a different methodology. Sources
of data, and procedures to obtain data are described. Data sources
include trade associations, census figures, and wholesale suppliers.
Examples are given of work sheets for compiling data, and of question-
aires with instructions for completion that can be sent to various
types of establishements that are potential emission sources. Appli-
cation of the methodology to the St. Louis Air Quality Control Region
for development of a hydrocarbon emission inventory for the Regional
Air Pollution Study is outlined.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Methodology
*Estimating
*Emission
*Hydrocarbons
1).IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c1. COSATI l-'icltl/CtoUp
13B
07C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE UNLIMITED
19. SECURITY CLASS {Tins Report}
LUJiCliAg SI FIED.
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
9_8_
22. PRICE
EPA Perm 2220-1 t»-73J
96
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
I'lcasc read luuntftiuns on r>ic wcnc In/ore
aF.»ORT NO.
-: EPA-600/4-76-032
PB-255313
J. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
•'. E AND SUBTITLE
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY: QUALITY
ASSURANCE AUDITS
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
John R. Hribar
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Monitoring Center
Rockwell International
11640 Administration Drive
Creve Coeur, MO 63141
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA003
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081
Task Order 58
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
JL.in.aL
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Aerometric data is being collected by the Regional Air Pollution Study
(RAPS) for use in developing and evaluating air quality simulation models. In
addition to the Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS), data is also collected by
research teams in periodic expeditions to the St. Louis study area. Data from
all sources are made available for integration through the RAPS Data Bar.k. A
quality assurance audit of instrument systems employed in the Sunner 1975 RAPS
Expeditionary Research Program was conducted to check the various systems for
accuracy. Additionally such checks provide a basis for determining the extent
to which data from different instrument systems may be integrated. This report
describes the audit equipment and standards used and problems encountered.
Quantitative audit results from individual instrument systems are presented.
The audits included analyzers for NO, NO , O , SO , CO, CH and THC measurements.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI I icId/Gioup
*Air Pollution
'Measuring instruments
*Quality assurance
Auditing
13B
14B
14A
05A
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19.
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PA'jES
44
20. SECURITY CLASS I'fhii page/
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 O-73)
97
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Plfi"~ 'fad Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO. 2. •
EPA-600/4-76-040 PB-257165
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY:
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY LABORATORY OPERATIONS
7. AUTHORIS)
A.C. Jones
Raymond F. Mindrup, Jr.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Monitoring Center
Rockwell International
11640 Administration Drive
Creve Coeur, MO 63141
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Trianqle Park, N.C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA003 26AAI/413
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081
Task Orders 3, 21, 53
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) is collecting data on a regional
scale for the evaluation and further development of air quality simulation
models. A gas chromatography laboratory is operated to provide analyses for
, selected pollutants required to fully assess various submodels included in air
! quality simulation models. Hydrocarbons and other components of the atmosphere
•are analyzed in support of such studies as: 1) evaluation and- development of
submodels concerned with photo-oxidation reactions and transformations in the
atmosphere; 2} evaluation of emissions inventory submodels; 3) tracking plumes;
and 4) relationship between grid area measurements and grid point measurements.
Specifically, atmospheric samples were analyzed for C -C hydrocarbons, CO,
NO + NO , and total hydrocarbons. Additionally, analytical procedures were
prepareS and made operational for SO , SF , fluorocarbon -11, and fluorocarbon -
12. The report describes the preparations and operations of a gas chromatography
laboratory for analysis of atmospheric samples. The report includes a work
plan, chromatographic sampling and analysis schemes, quality assurance tests,
and air sample bag storage and contamination tests.
•17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
i , DESCRIPTORS
1 *Air pollution
1 *Chemical analysis
' *Gas chromatography
i Chemical laboratories
operations
.is. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
j RELEASE TO PUBLIC
i
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Regional Air
Pollution Study
St. Louis, Mo
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Keport)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tins page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATl Held/Group
13B
07D
14B
21. NO. Of PAGES
123
n. PRICE
• PA Form »»n.i
98
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PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A A 0 0 8
1 A A 0 0 9
1 A 1 0 0 3
1 A 1 0 0 8
110302
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the atmospheric
"""""•———— processed and effects have been
conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the sources and sinks, ki-
netics of formation and removal, and chemical/physical interactions of airborne gas-
eous and partlculate matter. This area of research covers; (1) The development,
evaluation and validation of air quality simulation models for predicting and describ
1ng air quality Impacts anticipated from various control abatement strategies. (2)
Determination of atmospheric chemical and processes for describing the formation and
decay of gaseous and partlculate air pollutants. (3) Quantification of the atmos-
pheric effects of weather, visibility, climate, and materials due to air pollutants.
99
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TECHNICAL h'.POHT DATA
r mill IHUJIICmint iii/'l< tiiii;!
1 Hi I . Ill I NO
2.
PB-251580
•«. ri ILL AND sunm ut
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ON MATEJUALS--
. A CHAMBER STUDY
7. AUTHOR(S)
F. H. Haynie, J. W. Spence and J. 8. Upham
9. PERFORMING OR 'ANI/ATION NAME AND ADORESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency •
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
same as block 9
3. MECIPIf NT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. HEPOH r OATH
Februa.ry_1176
G. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
1O. PROGHAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TVPI: OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Inhouse
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTtS
16. ABSTRACT • ~~—' —~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~^——————
This document describes a comprehensive laboratory study using specially
designed controlled environment exposure chambers to assess the effects of
gaseous air pollutants (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone) on a
variety of materials. Materials included weathering steel, galvanized steel,
aluminum alloy, paints, drapery fabrics, white sidewall tire rubber, vinyl
house siding, and marble. The exposure experiment was statistically designed
using a two-level factorial arrangement to identify the environmental factors or
.combination of factors, or both, that cause materials damage. Over 200
different direct and synergistic effects were examined. The study revealed that onl
22 of the possible effects were statistically significant at better than a 95
.percent confidence level. Sulfur dioxide, relative humidity, and the interaction
between than, were the main factors causing effects. A number of empirical function
were developed that relate materials effects to-various factors.causing the effects.
An exceptionally good relationship was obtained for the corrosion of weathering
steel.
The lack of statistical significance that was found for the large majority of
.effects that were studied is equally as important as the significant effects. As a
result a large number of material-pollutant combinations may be excluded from furthe
17.
i.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Experimental design
*Test chambers
• Air Pollution
*Sulfur dioxide
*Nitrogen dioxide
*0zone
*Degradation *Materials
Statistical
analysis
1>.IOENTIFIERS/OPEN L-NDED TERMS
C. COSATI rirld/Uioup
14B
13B
07B
14G
11
12A
1. LMSTHI fiun ON STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SI. CURITY CLASS (This Report!
UNCLASSIFIED
20. ni cum TY CLASS (Tint pagfi
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
SSL
22. PRICE
Form 7220-1 (9-73)
100
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lraic read liiilnic lions on the reverse he fore completing)
i Rtponr NO.
EPA-600/3-76-024
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-251671
4. .TITLE ANDSUOTITI.H
AN INVESTIGATION OF GAS PHASE OZONOLYSIS REACTIONS
5. REPORT DATE
March 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTiionis)
David G. Williamson
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERI OMMING OH~ANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Chemistry Department
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California 93407
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
_1AA008
1 1. CONTHACT/GRANT NO.
Grant No. R-800984
t2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Perk. NC 27711
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A simple gas phase stopped-flow apparatus has been used to determine
the rates and stoichiometry for the reactions of ozone with ethylene,
propene, 1-butene, methylpropene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene.
Measurements of the intensity of light scattered by aerosols
generated by the reaction of ozone with trans-2-butene and with
ethylene were made as a function of reaction time and initial reactant
concentration.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Tests
* Reaction kinetics
* Stoichiometry
* Ozonization
* Alkene hydrocarbons
b.lDENTIFIEFlS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI I'icUI/Gruup
13B
14B
07D
07C
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19, SECURITY CLASS (This ReportI
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
53
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSlFTFn
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-731
101
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on lite reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-76-029
\3 PB-253124
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SMOG CHAMBER CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
5. REPORT DATE
April 1976
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1. AUTHORIST
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Basil Dlmitriades (Chairman)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development*
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
tO. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Oct. 24-25, 1974
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Smog chamber methodology was reviewed with respect to Us present status and
utility 1n developing photochemical pollution control strategies. Measurement
of NO and 03 1n chamber atmospheres was judged to be satisfactory; measurement
of N02, non-methane hydrocarbon, and sulfate presented problems. Surface
effects and background contamination problems were minimal 1n large (hundreds.
of cubic feet) chambers made of Teflon film. Compared to Indoor chambers,
outdoor chamber operations were less costly and yielded more valid data
1n some respects. Specific sets of smog chamber data were used to estimate
oxldant-related control requirements for California's South Coast A1r
Basin. Such estimates were judged to be more useful relative to those
based on aerometrlc data analysis 1n that the role of NO ^n oxidant
formation was considered quantitatively. Other applications of smog
chamber methodology In photochemical air pollution research were discussed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Held/Croup
A1r Pollution
* Test chambers
* Design
* Reviews
Evaluation
Contamination
13B
14B
05B
07E
18. DISTHl
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (TMl pagej
UNCLASSIFIED
_123_
22. PRICE
102
-------
TECHNICAL MEI'CHT DATA
(Please rcadlnilnittions en the ret rrsc before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-76-080
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-258828
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SMOG CHAMBER STUDIES ON PHOTOCHEMICAL AEROSOL-
PRECURSOR RELATIONSHIPS
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
David R. Miller and Darrell W. Joseph
9. PERFORMING ORG "kNIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1718
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/74-8/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
An experimental program was
atmospheres containing water vapor,
conducted in which controlled
CO, N0y (NO + NO?), and a constant
distribution of 17 hydrocarbons (MMHC) were irradiated in a smog
chamber. Reaction profiles were developed for NO oxidation, hydrocarbon
oxidation, ozone formation, and aerosol formation over 10-hour
irradiation periods. Comparison of smog chamber results with data
on hydrocarbon oxidation rates observed in the Los Angeles area and with
worst-case ozone episodes in that area, suggest that the models
(precursor relationships) developed (in this study) for photochemical
aerosol formation are highly relevant to smog problems in polluted
atmospheres.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
*Air pollution
Carbon monoxide
*Nitrogen oxides
*Hydrocarbons
Ozone
*Aerosols
*Test Chambers
*Photochemical
reactions
c. COSATI Picld/Group
13B
07B
07C
07D
143
43. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)'
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
2O. SECURITY CLASS (Tillspage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
103
-------
TECHNICAL RtHORT DATA
//.. reverse he/ore completing)
Hi t'.WI NO.
2.
PB-257164
Tlf AND SUBTITLE
SPLCTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
FORMATION AND TRACE POLLUTANT DETECTION
AUTHORIS)
Jack G. Calvert, Walter H. Chan,
Robert J. Nordstrom, and John II. Shaw
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI^NO.
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The Ohio State University Research Foundation
1314 Kinnear Rd.
Columbus, Ohio 43212
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803075
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 74/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
An infrared Fourier transform spectrometer has been used with a long path length,
multiple traversal cell to study the infrared spectra of atmospheric gases and
several pollutant gases. Solar spectra have also been obtained between 3 and
20 pm wavelength.
The kinetics of the formation and decay of nitrous acid have been followed by
monitoring bands of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and both cis- and trans-
nitrous acid. Rate constants and the equilibrium constant for the reactions
have been derived. A mechanism accounting for the formation of nitrous acid
in the atmosphere is proposed. These rate data have been used to speculate
on the potential importance of nitrous acid formation in power plant and auto
exhaust plumes.
A new technique involving the use of infrared spectroscopy and two cells of
vnequal length to study a two-component system in equilibrium is described.
A six-meter multiple traversal cell equipped with fluorescent tubes has been
constructed. The cell irradiance closely simulates the solar irradiance at
' ground level in spectral distribution and intensity.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Infrared spectroscopy
Optical equipment
Solar spectrum
Nitrous acid
Reaction kinetics
Photochemical reactions
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Fourier Transform
Spectrometer
COSATI Field/Group
13B
14B
20F
03B
07 B
07D
0?E
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE.TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tins Report I
21. NO. OF PAGES
2O SECURITY CLASH (This page}
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
104
-------
TECHNICAL HU'ORT DATA
(flcaff rcaii luurucliom on ihr rcn-rsc licjarc con\i>li IIIIK)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-76-085
/.
'•>. RFCIPIFNT'S ACCESSION-NO.
RB-257512
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MODEL AEROSOLS
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
W.E. Schwart z ,
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
G.D. Mendenhall, P.W.Jones
C.J. Rip.Kle. A.P. Graffeo. and D.F. Miller
-J.uly._!9_7_6_
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle-Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM CLEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R801174
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle P.irk, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PEHIOD COVERED
Final 6/74 6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
S. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
Model aerosols were generated from the individual hydrocarbons,
toluene and 1-heptene, by irradiation under simulated atmospheric
conditions in the presence of NO , or NO /SO,,. Tho reactions were
T X X 2
carried out in a 17.3 mj environmental chamber. The collected
aerosols were subjected to analysis by mass s pc-c t rome t ry and clir orna-
te graphic techniques, both with and without chemical derivatization.
Polyfunctional oxidation products, including quinones and carboxylic
•acid, were tentatively identified in the toluene aerosol. The 1-hep-
tene filtered aerosol was shown to contain condensation products from
different 1-heptene molecules. Tentative identification of a number
of vapor-phase species was accomplished in both syst.cms. The health
effects of the atmospheric oxidation products from hydrocarbons is
discussed .
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b.lDENTIFIEHS/OPF.N ENOLU TEHMS
Air pollution
* T o 1 u e n e
*llcptones
*Ae rosols
*Environment Simulation
*Photochemical
reactions
*Chemical analysis
COSATI I icl(l/Ciroup
1 3B '
07C
07D
14B
07E
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19 SECURITY CLASS (IhnKtpon)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO or PAGES
88
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tliispagel
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
105
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Itutrucliom on the reverse before completing)
1. R
2.
PB-257891
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REACTION KINETICS OF OZONE WITH SULFUR COMPOUNDS
5. REPORT DATE
August 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
Ronald E. EHckson and Lei and M. Yates
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
a. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Chemistry Department
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana 59801
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-800655
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD ,
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The reaction between ozone, sulfur dioxide, dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol
and dimethyl disulfide are reported.
The rate of reaction between ozone and dissolved sulfur dioxide is
strongly pH dependent. These results suggest that under some conditions
atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide may involve ozone. Dimethyl
-ulfide was found to react rapidly with ozone in the gas phase but
reproducible kinetic data were not obtained. Stoichiometric and yield data
from the reaction between ozone and methanethiol or dimethyl disulfide in
aqueous solution indicate those reactions to be complex mechanistically,
although one product, methane sulfonic acid is predominant.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Reaction kinetics
* Ozone
*Sulfur dioxide
*Sulfur organic compounds
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TtfHMS
COSATI Field/Group
13B
07D
07B
07C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
69
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tttlt page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form aaao-i (9-73)
106
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pli-ase read [uUruclioHS on the reverse before completing)
'' TpA-600/3-76-090 |*' PB-260910
4, TITlk AND SUBTITLE
SUI,I:UR DIOXIDE PMOTOOXIDATION RATES AND AEROSOL
FORMATION MECHANISMS
A Smog Chamber Study
7.AUTKOR1S)
W.C. Kocmond
J.Y. Yang
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Calspan Corporation
Buffalo, NY 14221
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
•Office of Research and Development
•U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION- NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
NA-5365-M-3
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1231
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The objective of this investigation was to obtain smog chamber data pertaining
to the oxidation of SO into sulfate under simulated urban and rural atmospheric
conditions. Tasks were performed on various systems ranging from HC + NO + SO- to
the clean air + S0_ mix. Emphasis has been placed on the rates of SO photooxidation
and on chemical characterization of aerosol products. Results showed the rate of S00
oxidation to vary from less than l°o per hour for the clean. air + SO
l
system to about'
2.7°6 per hour for the propylenc + NO + SO system. Results were also interpreted to
suggest that the major SO- oxidationXprocess is the reaction of S07 with OH radicals.
Particulate matter, as occurredin natural rural air, appeared to have no appreciable
effect upon S0_ photooxidation; nevertheless questions still remain qn the role of
natural particulates.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
*Air pollution
*Suflur dioxide
*Aerosols
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons
*Sulfates
*Photochemical reactions
*0xidation reduction
reactions
*Reaction kinetics
Test Chambers
c. COSATI l-'iclcl/Group
13B
07B.
O7n'
07C
071-
14B
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO
PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS ('lltis Kcport)
1JNCLASSIEUU)
20 SECURltY CLASS (Thi\ fH>KC)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. I
89
22. Pmcr
EPA Form 2220-1 (9*73)
107
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
/I'lcasf rraJ Instructions on the reverse hi-Jon
I. FUPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-015
I PB-26365
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AEROSOL SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS - PHOENIX, ARIZONA
7. AUTHOR(S)
Jean Graf, Richard H. Snow, and Ronald G. Draftz
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
HT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
February 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008 and 28C129
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant R803078
Contract 68-01-3163
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 11/75 - 6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT . ——
An atmospheric sampling program was carried out in the greater Phoenix,
Arizona metropolitan area in Novemhcr, 1975. Objectives of the study were to
measure aerosol mass flux through Phoenix and to characterize the aerosol according
to particle type and size. The ultimate goal of the study was to determine whether
the high mass loadings of suspended particles recorded for Phoenix are due to
human activities within the Phoenix area or to long range transport from the
surrounding deserts.
Microscopic and chemical, analyses of collected aerosol samples determined that
minerals are the primary components of the Phoenix aerosol. The three mineral types
that compose the bulk of the mass are the primary soil components in and around
Phoenix and are also the primary components of the aggregate in the asphalt streets
in Phoenix. Automobile-related particles ranged from 5% of the sample mass in
outlying areas to as much as 50% in the central city on some sampling dates. These
particles consisted of tailpipe emissions and rubber tire fragments and correlated
with the presence of lead and bromine in the samples. The highest concentrations
of automobile-related particles were found in periods of inversion at night and in
thermorning.
7.
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
lUDENTIFIEflS/OPEN KNOED TERMS
* Air pollution
Field tests
* Aerosols
Transport properties
Optical microscopy
X-ray spectroscopy
Phoenix, Arizona
c. COSATI I'icM/Uroup
13B
141*
07D
17H
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisKfport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF
148
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page I
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
108
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77-081
2.
PB-271732
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REACTIONS OF ISOPROPOXY RADICALS WITH NITROGEN OXIDES
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
G. R. McMillan
M. J. Kaiserman
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of Chemistry
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008 21AKC21 (FY 74)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-800659
12. SPONSOHING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Information was sought concerning reactions of isopropoxy radicals with nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Isopropyl nitrate was photodissociated in the
presence of oxides of nitrogen and an inert gas. The reaction was found to
be less important than the alkoxy radical NO reactions. The ratio of dis-
proportion to recombination of isopropoxy and NO was found to be smaller than
the published value (0.12 versus .15).
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI field/Group
*Air pollution
*Photochemical. reactions
•Nitrogen oxides
*Reaction kinetics
13B
07B
07E
07D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
35
2O. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
109
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read /attractions on the reverse before completing)
NO.
EPA-6QO/3-77-1Q9a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
PB-273-014
TITLE ANDSU3T1TLE
EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION ON OXIDANT-
HYDROCARBOX RELATIONSHIPS -Phase I. Exhaust Blends
from Non-Catalyst and Catalyst Equipped Vehicles
5. REPORT DATE
September 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AL.THORIS)
T. R. Powers
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Linden, New Jersey 07036
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1719
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Oxidation catalysts on automobiles not only reduce the total amount of
hydrocarbon emissions, but also change the composition of these emissions
significantly. To explore the effect of this change on oxidant formation,
28 ten-hour irradiations were carried out in the Exxon Research Environmental
Chamber. Fourteen of these irradiations used a hydrocarbon blend representative
of the non-methane, non-acetylene exhaust hydrocarbon emissions from a non-
catalyst equipped vehicle, and 14 used a blend representative of the same
fraction of the emissions from a catalyst equipped vehicle. Irradiations were
carried out at three hydrocarbon-to-nitrogen oxides ratios and with three
modes of chamber operation, chosen to simulate different meteorological condi-
tions.
The results of these experiments indicate that the composition change due
to oxidation catalysts will result in a significant alleviation, above that due
to hydrocarbon concentration change alone, of the local effects of automotive
tailpipe emissions.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air pollution
Hydrocarbons
Ozone
Automobiles
Exhaust emissions
Catalytic converters
Oxidation
Test chambers
Irradiation
13B
07C
07B
13F
21B
07A
14B
1811
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
157
20. SECURITY CLASS {Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form tI«M (9.79)
110
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lease read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
:.Z7.=lfl9b_._.
TITLE AMD SUBTITLE
2.
1. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-273-219
EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION ON OXIDANT-
HYDROCARBON RELATIONSHIPS
Phase II. Blend df Total Hydrocarbon Emissions
5. REPORT DATF
September 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORIS)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
T.R. Powers
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
Linden, New Jersey 07036
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1719
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
To assess the formation of atmospheric oxidants resulting from exhaust emitted
by catalyst-equpped .vehicles,chamber irradiations were conducted using a
hydrocarbon blend representing total hydrocarbon emissions (exhaust, refueling
and evaporation). Results were compared with previous irradiation results using
a hydrocarbon blend representing non-methane, non-acetylene exhaust emissions
from non-catalyst vehicles or catalyst-equipped vehicles. The blend representing
total hydrocarbon emissions produced significantly less oxidants than either of the
other two blends.
7.
1.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Hydrocarbons
*0zone
Automobiles
*Exhaust emissions
Catalytic converters
Oxidation
Test chambers
*Irradiation
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
13B
07C
07B
13F
21B
07A
14B
18H
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tills Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO, Of PAGES
110
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
111
-------
TECHNICAL HEPOKT DATA
(Please read lauruclions an flic reverse before contiil
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/9-75-008
2.
PB-247699
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
-REPORT ON THE PROBLEM OF HALOGENATED AIR POLLUTANTS
AND STRATOSPHERIC OZONE
5. REPORT DATE
December 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
ORD and OAWM Staff
). PERFORMING OR~ANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY,NOTES
Prepared for and submitted to the Subcommittee on Public Health and Environment,
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives
16. ABSTRACT
EPA is conducting a research program on halocarbon air pollutants and
their possible interaction1with stratospheric ozone. Principal compounds
under study are fluorocarbon-11, fluorocarbon-12, fluorccarbon-22, carbon
tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, perchloroethylene, trichlorocthylene,
dichloroethane, methylcnc dichloride, and methyl chlorido. Laboratory
studies concern the rates of decomposition of these .pollutants in the air
ami the identity and fate of their decomposition products. Field studies
involve measuring concentrations of halocarbons and their decomposition
products as functions of altitude and distance from sources. Fluorocarbons
are discussed in detail, with regard to emission sources, current control
technology, and possible chemical substitutes. Problems of emissions control
and EPA's regulatory authority are reviewed and the economic impacts of
"several regulatory options for fluorocarbons are considered.
7.
OESCHIPTOnS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
I).IOENTIFICRS/OPEN LUDED TERMS
* llalohydrocarbons
* Stratosphere
* O^one
* Depletion
Air pollution
Problem solving
COSATI I icld/<;rmi|>
07C
04 A
07B
19 ^lifRIBUTION STATLMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SI-CUHI TV CLASS ilhl\
UNCLASSll;ll:U_
20 StCURITVcLASS {ftiii
UXCLASSiniLU
71 NO OF PAGES
22 PlllCt
con rn.m
112
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Itutmctiuns on the reverse before completing)
1.REPORT NO.
EPA-600/9-76-007a
2.
PB-259872
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
«.TITLE AND SUBTITLE
DENVER AIR POLLUTION STUDY - 1973
Proceedings of a Symposium. Volume
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AUTHORIS)
Philip A. Russell (Ed.)
8, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
(.PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Denver Research Institute
University of Denver
Denver, CO 80210
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803590
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 1/74-6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
EPA, university, and private researchers conducted a study of Denver's urban plume
during the month of November 1973. The objective of the study was to characterize the
pollutants that cause the appearance of the visible colored haze, the so called
"Brown Cloud", which frequently occurs over Denser during the fall and winter months.
Gaseous and aerosol pollutants, and meteorological parameters were measured
periodically under selected conditions.
In March 1975, a symposium was held to present and discuss the results of this
study. This report, volume I, contains important research papers given at the
symposium. The papers cover local windflow patterns; Lidar observations; Aitken,
cloud, and ice nuclei concentrations; and hydrocarbon analyses.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Air Pollution
Field tests
*Aerosols
*Particles
*Meteorological data
*Transport properties
*Hydrocarbons
*Optical radar
Denver, Colorado
13B
14B
07D
04B
07C
17H
18, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report I
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
238
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
113
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Insiftictiims on ilic reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
r.PA-600/9-7 7-001
2.
PB-264216
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
DENVER AIR POLLUTION STUDY - 1973
Proceedings of a Symposium. Volume II
5. REPORT DATE
February 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
Philip A. Russell (Ed.)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Denver Research Institute
University of Denver
Denver, CO 80210
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA003
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-803590
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Rcscnrch Triangle Park. NC 2771J
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 1/74-6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
EPA, university, and private researchers conducted a study of Denver's urban plume
during the month of November 1973. The objective of the study was to characterize
the pollutants that cause the appearance of the visible colored haze, the so called
. "Brown Cloud", which frequently occurs over Denver during the fall and winter months.
Gaseous and aerosol pollutants, i..id meteorological parameters were measured
periodically under selected conditions.
In March 1975, a symposium was held to present and discuss the results of this study.
This report, Volume II, contains important research papers given at the symposium.
The papers cover airborne instrument aircraft characterization, optical properties
of the plume and airmass movements in the Denver region.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED T.ERMS
COSATI Field/Group
*Air Pollution
Field tests
*Aerosols
*Particles
*Meteorological data
^Transport properties
*Hydrocarbons
Denver, Colorado
13B
14B
07D
04B
07C
17H
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
186
20. SECURITY CLASS (TMspage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (fl-73)
114
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A A 0 0 9
1 A 1 0 0 3
1 A 1 0 0 8
110302
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the atmospheric
""""""""' processed and effects have been
conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the sources and sinks, ki-
netics of formation and removal, and chemical/physical interactions of airborne gas-
eous and particulate matter. This area of research covers; (1) The development,
evaluation and validation of air quality simulation models for predicting and describ
ing air quality impacts anticipated from various control abatement strategies. (2)
Determination of atmospheric chemical and processes for describing the formation and
decay of gaseous and particulate air pollutants. (3) Quantification of the atmos-
pheric effects of weather, visibility, climate, and materials due to air pollutants.
115
-------
TECHNICAL REPOHT DATA
iricaac read luttniciions on ilie rcti rsc before completing}
1. RtPORT NO.
EPA-600/4- 75-004
2
PB-246215
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE PROPERTIES IN THE LOWEST 30
METERS
7. AUTHOR(S)
A.H. Weber, J.P. Kahler, J
S. Irwin, and W.B. Pete
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, N.C. 27607
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Meteorology & Assessment Division, ESRL (MD-80)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
18. ABSTRACT
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT.DATf __
D July V975 .
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
65050
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
rsen
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
800662
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
Analyses of atmospheric turbulence data for a nonhomogeneous terrain collected at
the SRL-WJBJ Meteorological Facility at Beach Island, South Carolina, are presented.
Variations of the turbulence parameters are studied within and above the surface
layer.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Turbulence 2004
Atmospheric Diffusion
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
b.lDENTIFI
Atmosp
Proper
300 me
19. SECURI
None
20. SECURI
None
ERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
teric Turbulence
ties-Lowest
ters
TY CLASS (Tills Report)
TY CLASS (This page)
c. COSATI Field/Group
Atmospheric
Diffusion
Atmospheric
Physics
21. NO. OF PAGES
161
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
116
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
fPlease read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-650/4-75-005
2.
PB-256651
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
OBJECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR OPTIMUM LOCATION OF AIR
POLLUTION OBSERVATION STATIONS
5. REPORT DATE
June 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
C. Eugene Buell
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Kaman Sciences Corporation
P. 0. Box 7463
Colorado Springs, Colorado 80933
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11, CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-68-02-0699
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
8. ABSTRACT
This document is concerned with developing linear regression techniques for
interpolation of air pollutant concentrations over an area and, using these
techniques in a computer program for determining the optimum location of air
pollution observing stations. The general interpolation problem is surveyed and
the advantages of using linear regression formulas,as interpolation formulas are
discussed. The case of observations containing errors of observation or effects
of limited range of influence is emphasized. Since the use of linear regression
methods depends on knowledge of the two-point correlation function for pollutant
concentration measures, the construction of correlation coefficients from
synthetic data is taken up. Attention is given to the estimation of residual
variances or the effects of limited range of influence, using Factor Analysis.
In extending these methods to a continuous formulation in integral equation form,
the lack of accuracy in the integral equation solution is more important than the
statistical significance of the data unless the residual variances are removed.
If this is done, then the tests for accuracy and statistical significance are
reconciled. If the user carefully handles the residual variances in constructing
program input, difficulties encountered in code development are avoidable.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air pollution
Linear regression
Interpolation
Factor analysis
Optimization
138
12A
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. O* PAOtS
215
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Farm 2220-1 (9-73)
117
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IfcCHNICAL HtHUHl UMIM
(Please read Inunctions on the reverie before completing)
i REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-7b-006
2.
PB-251989
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
DISPERSION FROM TALL STACKS
I. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
5. R
EPQRT. DATE, _-._
October 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Dr. Werner Klug
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Technlsche Hochschule Darmstadt
61 Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 1,
Federal Republic of Germany
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
It. CONTHACT/GRANTNO.
13. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15.SUPP
5uppfementsv?rocledings of 5th Meeting of Expert Panel on Air Pollution Modeling,
NATO/CCMS Air Pollution Publication No. 35, August 1974.
16. ABSTRACT
This report analyzes data relating to the atmospheric dispersion of S02 from the
TVA Paradise Steam Plant in Western Kentucky, U.S.A. Extensive hourly air quality
measurements for 1971 are compared with predicted values, obtained by using the
well-known steady-state short-term Gaussian plume model for dispersion from an
elevated point-source release. The comparison is in terms of annual average
•concentration values and the frequency distributions of the hourly values .at five
-monitoring stations in the vicinity of the electric-power generating plant.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPtN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Ficld/GlOUp
Air Pollution
*Sulfur Dioxide
*Atmospheric Diffusion
*Chimneys
Plumes
Electric Power Plants
Gaussion plume model
13B
07B
04A
13M
21B
10B
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Kfport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
25
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
118
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-75-0163
2.
PB-253450
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
TURBULENCE MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION TO ATMOSPHERIC
DIFFUSION. PART I: RECENT PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT, •
VERIFICATION, AND APPLICATION
5. REPORT DATE
December 1975
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
T. AUTHOR(S)
W. S. Lev/ell en and M. Teske
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
A.R.A.P. Report 254, Part I
9.PERFORMING ORG \NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton, Inc.
50 Washington Road
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1310
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Issued as Part I of 2 Parts
16. ABSTRACT
This report details the progress made at A.R.A.P. during fiscal year 1975
towards the goal of developing a viable computer model based on second-order
closures of the turbulent correlation equations for predicting the fate of
nonchemically reacting contaminants released in the atmospheric boundary layer.
The invariant turbulent model discussed in previous reports has been further
.verified by new comparisons between model predictions and experimental
observations. Model capability has been extended by increasing the dimensions
of the program to permit the calculation of two-dimensional, unsteady turbulent
flow. A number of practical plume calculations were made and compared with
standard Gaussian plume assumptions. Calculations .are also made for comparison
with the complementary turbulent models being developed at The Pennsylvania
State University and Flow Research, Inc.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI 1-rclU/Gioup
* Turbulence
* Turbulent flow
* Turbulent diffusion
* Atmospheric diffusion
* Boundary layer
* Air pollution
* Mathematical models
12A
20D
04A
13B
14G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report I
UNCLASSIFIED
21. .MO. OF PAGES
86
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220>1 <»-73)
1119
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-75-016b
2.
PB-253451
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
TURBULENCE MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION TO ATMOSPHERIC
DIFFUSION. PART II: CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE USE OF
INVARIANT MODELING
5. REPORT DATE
December 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1. AUTHOR(S)
W. S. Lewellen and M. Teske
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
A.R.A.P. Report 254, Part II
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton, Inc.
50 Washington Road
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1310
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Issued as Part II of 2 Parts
16. ABSTRACT
A method for the calculation of turbulent shear flows based on closure of
the equations for second-order correlations of fluctuating quantities is
reviewed. Various model possibilities for closure are described and detailed
evaluation of coefficients for a simple model is outlined. Comparisons of
_model predictions and experimental data for a wHe variety of laboratory
and atmospheric flows are presented.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI field/Group
* Turbulence
* Turbulent flow
* Atmospheric diffusion
* Mathematical models
12A
20D
04A
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
55
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
120-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'leasc reed fnUruclioits on the reverse before completing)
I. RIPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-002
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-251696
4'TMdDEALTNGU oT TCHE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS AND DISPERSION
IN URBAN ATMOSPHERES
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORISI
R. Viskanta, R. W. Bergstrom, Jr., and R. 0. Johnson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
February 1976 '(Issuing Date)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Purdue Research Foundation
West Lafayette, IN 47907
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
P.E. 1AA009 (ROAP 26AAS)
II.XXWXHKKX/GRANT NO.
R801102
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/1/71 - 1/31/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The short-term effects of radiatively participating pollutants upon the thermal
structure and dispersion in an urban atmosphere were studied by constructing one-
and two-dimensional transport models for the planetary boundary layer. Special
attention was focused on the interaction of solar and thermal radiation with
gaseous and particulate pollutants as well as natural atmospheric constituents.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Meteorology
*Air pollution
*Atmospheric diffusion
*Mathematical models
Boundary layer
*Solar radiation
*Thermal radiation
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI I icId/Group
04 B
13B
12A
20D
03B
20M
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF
123
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thit page}
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
: 1-21
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the rcvene Itcfore completing)
i. nrponi NO. 12.
_EPA-600/4-76-007 | PB-252506
4. TITLl AND SUHTITLE
SPECTRAL MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC FLOWS AND
TURBULENT DIFFUSION
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
6. Ml I'OMT DATE
January 1976
8. PtHFOnMINO OROANI/AllilN CODE
AUTMORISI
Arthur Bass, Steven A. Orszag
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Flow Research, Inc. (N.E. Division)
1 Broadway
Cambridge, MA 02142
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
117 CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1297
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
This report presents a survey of discrete spectral and pseudospectral
numerical methods to simulate atmospheric flow and turbulent diffusion.
Some applications of these methods to air quality simulation modeling are
presented. A three-dimensional spectral incompressible numerical model is
described in detail. Computational resource limitations precluded successful
evaluation of eddy Austauch coefficients. Some numerical results are presented
for the rate of relaxation of anlsotroplc flows.
Recommendations and suggestions for further research are made concerning
the prospective utility of these spectral methods for air quality simulation
modeling.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
* Numerical analysis
Turbulence
* Turbulent diffusion
Air flow
Air pollution
Environmental simulation
* Mathematical models
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Mold/Croup
12A
20D
04A
13B
14B
'14. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tltix Report)
' UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
151
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
CPA Perm 2220-1 (*-73)
122
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TECHNICAL UEPORT DATA
(I'lease read /Hitruclions on tlie reverse before cumpti-iiiix)
(.REPORT NO. |2.
EPA/600/4-76-009 ' PB-251723
I.TITLE AND SUBTITLE"
MOBILE LIDAR STUDY OF THE LOS ANGELES MIXING
LAYER
|. AUTHOR(S)
David T. Liu
1. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
System Innovation & Development Corp
707 Silver Spur Road, Suite 202
Rolling Hills Estates, CA 90274*
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
Fphrn^ry 1 Q7fi
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1305
13. TVPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
1
Lidar data tapes are a part of the LARPP data archive.
.ABSTRACT
This program was conducted in support of the Los Angeles Reactive •
Pollutant Program (LARPP), jointly sponsored by the Coordinating
.esearch Council and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A
bile Lidar system, mounted in a van, was used to depict the temporal
[and spatial variations of the mixing depth over the Los Angeles Basin,
uring the LARPP field tests in the fall of 1973. Lidar
rofiles are interpreted and compared to vertical temperature and
loisture profiles measured by helicopter and standard meteorological
sounding techniques. Lidar echo anomalies are classified into mixing
layer height or significant levels based on backscatter slop evaluation
The qualitative aspects of each backscatter signature, are used in
describing the nature and altitude of inversion bases, moisture
layers, stratus and fog layers.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Boundary Layer
Optical radar
h.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Held/Group
Los Angeles Basin
20D
17H
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
21. NO. OF PARES
238
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
22. PRICE
123
LACCTPiun
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1P.CIINICAI. REPORT DATA
(I'li'mc trail liiuriirimni <-n tin- rciriu* lic/un' r
>. uii'OM l NO.
K1'A-f>00//4-7G-()16 a
2.
PB-257526
.1. TITLC AND suoTiTLfc CONTINUED RF.SEARCII IN MESOSCALE AIR
POLLUTION S1MUALTION MODELING. VOLUME I. Assessment
of Prior Model Evaluation Studies and Analysis of Model
Va_lid ity and Sensitivity '
7. AUTHORlS)
U.K. LIU, D.C. WHITNEY, J.ll. SEINFELD," AND P.M. ROTH
9. PERFORMING OPC >NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, INC.
950 NORTHGATE DRIVE
SAN RAFAEL, CALIFORNIA 94903
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH.TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
MECIPIF.NVS ACCUSSION-NO.
nrPORT DATE
May J976
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
EF75-23
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009.
11. CON7HACT/GHANT NO.
68-02-1237
13. TYPE OF RCPOUT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL REPORT 6/74-6/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report summarizes three independent studies: an analysis of prior
evaluative studies of three mesoscale air pollution prediction models (two trajectory
models and one grid model), an examination of the extent of validity of each type of
model, and an analysis of the sensitivity of grid model predictions to changes in the
magnitudes of key input variables. The analysis of prior studies showed that the three
models evaluated generally reproduced measured ground-level pollutant concentrations
with less than acceptable accuracy. This outcome is the result partly of problems of
inadequacies in the models themselves and partly of the nonrcpresentativeness of the
measurement data. In the validity study, the results indicate that numerical diffusion
can introduce significant error in the grid model, whereas neglect of wind shear and
vertical transport are most detrimental in the trajectory approach. The sensitivity
analysis assessed the change in magnitude of predicted atmospheric pollutant concen-
trations due to variations in wind speed, diffusivity, mixing de.pth, radiation inten-
sity, and emissions rate. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that varia-
tions in these key input variables influence predictions according to the following
order of decreasing influence: wind speed, emissions rate, radiation intensity, mix-
ing depth, vertical diffusivity, and horizontal diffusivity. Moreover, the responses
of CO and N0~ tend to vary linearly with the meteorological and emissions parameters,
whereas those of NO and 0_ tend to1 be nonlinear.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
.1. DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution Verifying
*Photochemical Reactions
*Reaction Kinetics.
*Nutnerical Analysis
*Mathcmatical Models
^Atmospheric Models
*Sensitivity
IS. DISTHIUUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
>.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENOCO TERMS
19. StCUHITY CLASS (Tllis Hr/lOrll
UNCLASSIFIED - . : •
20:SECURITY CLASS (IHispagc) •
UNCLASSIFIED
. COSATl Held/Group
13B
07E
07D
12A
1/4B
1AG
21. NO. OF PAGES
, 246
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-71)
124
-------
m ruin no.
l-;j'A-6oq/ft-7f>-nifih | PB-257527
T~m.L'" (;()V!TJNi:KI) KKSEAttUI Ill MKSOSCALlf A) K " I'OI.I.UT ION'
SIMULATION MODEl.lNf;. VOLUME II. Knf Inemcntsi
jn the Treatment of Chemistry, Meteorology,
and Numerical Integration I'ruce.durcs
'
2. SPONSOPING AGUNCY NAME AND ADOIU SS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DF.VELOPHENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
UU&EAKSII TKIMLL.E-IMK. N.C. 7.7711
(I'!' »\f /('«!/ I
i. nr.i'onr DATA
i. on i.i' n-\-(i/
AGtNCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPCUtMtNTAHY NOTES
C. ABSTRACT
This report describes the refinement of n mesoscalo. pbotochomical air quality
simulation model through studies of selected chemical and meteorological phenomena
that contribute to air pollution. The chemistry activities focused on the. design of
an automatic computer program for evalunting kinetic mech.inirsniP, the improve.menl: of
a phoLoc.l»pmical mechanism for incorporation in me so n ca In models, and the development
of a chemical mechanism for describing SO^ oxidation. The meteorology studies ex-
amined the sensitivity of the model to the inclusion of wi.nd shear, algorithms for
deriving mass-consistent wind fields, and the treatment of turbulent di.Cfusivities
and elevated inversion layers. Alternative numerical techniques for solving the
advection/diffusion equation in grid models are evaluated, including various finite
difference, particlc-in-coll, and finite element methods, in an attempt to find a
suitable methodology for accurately calculating the horizontal transport of pollu-
tants. Finally, the report considers the problem of multlday model usage and pre-
sents results from a two-day CO simulation for the Los Angeles basin.
7.
I. OCSCmiMOHS
*Air Pollution
*Phoiocl>cmi.cal Reactions
^Reaction Kinetics
^Numerical Analysis
'''Mathematical Models
"''Meteorological Data
KEY WOMLV; ANO l>OCUMI-Nr ANALYSIS
i.ioLNiii irni;/ori.N i NOI=U r tit MS
COSATI I'ictll/CiKUIp
Tin
07E
07D
12A
1AB
13. DISrulHUTION ST AT EMI NT
RELEASE TO PUDLIC
19. SLCUWTV CLASS (Hlil :
_.i_L!NCJ' A-i ?ir T r-P
20. SECulllTY CLASS '(This'
1INCI.ASSTFTF.D
21. NC3. Of- I'AGLS
"287
22. rnicu
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
125
-------
TECHNICAL liEI'OKT DATA
ri'itil linn lift lint* <••/ ('•'• ici •«•««• hr/urr t unii'lt ii
MU'OHT MO
EPA- 600/4-2^016 C
AND S\JBTITLE~~
J-257528
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCES3IOt*NO.
CONTINUED RESEARCH JN Ml SOSCAI.E AIR
POLLUTION SIMULATION MODELING. VOLUME 111. Modeling
in Microscale Phenomena
5. HtPOHT DATE
_May 1976"
iT?EHF0HMING ORGANizAflON CODE
, AUTHOH(S)
ROBERT G. LAMB.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
EF75-25
. PLHFOMMING OOG \NI2ATION NAMK AND ADDRESS
SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, INC.
950 NORTHGATE DRIVE
SAN RAFAEL, CALIFORNIA 9A903
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
__LAAQ09
11. CONTHACT/GHANT NO.
3. SPONSORING AGENCY NAMU ANC)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TIU.ANr.Li; PARK, N. C. 27711
68-02-1237
13. TYPE OF RHPORT ANO PERIOD COVI HLU
FINAL REPORT 6/74-6/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTtS
16. ABSTRACT
This report develops mathematical techniques that influence tliu -.ie
of urban air pollution but are not resolvable by grid networks used in airsho»
simulation models. These phenomena include turbulence-generated fluxes of pollutants,
turbulence-induced fluctuations in the contaminant concentrations, and subgrid-scale
variations in the mean concentration distribution. In addition, the report examines
the problem of resolving the spatial details that exist in the mean concentration
fields in the vicinity of point and line sources. The analysts concludes with a
(I fs cuss ion of the problem of accounting for pollutant dispersion effects cause by
buoyancy forces in hot stack exhausts.
7.
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
l>.IDENTIFmHS/OI'uN LNULD TLKMi
*Alr Pollution
'•Mathematical Models
^Atmospheric Diffusion
^Chemical Reactions
COSATI I lcl«l/(iM.ll|.
13B
14B
O/i A
07D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SLCURITY CLASS (Hits Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
245
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
126
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(rteosr read fiiuructions tin the reverse before completing)
NO.
j-A-600//i-76-016 d
2.
PB-257525
,;7lcANOsuoTiTLE CONTINUj7D RESEARCH IN MESOSCALE AIR
j-.ULUTlON SIMULATION MODELING. VOLUME IV. Examination
t,f the Feasibility of Modeling Photochemical Aerosol
T. N. JERSKEY AND J. H. SEINFELD
' "Yl ni OKMING OHG "VNIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
j SYSTEMS ATPLICATIONS, INC.
950 NCRTHCATE DRIVE
SAN RAFAEL, CALIFORNIA 94903
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
May 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
EF75-26
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1237
; SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL.PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF RKPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL REPORT 6/74-6/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
1C. ABSTRACT
A mathematical model of the dynamics of photochemical aerosols should include
emissions of primary particulates and gaseous precursors of secondary aerosols, homo-
geneous nucleation, heterogeneous condensation, heterogeneous chemical reaction,
coagulation, advection, diffusion, settling, and deposition on surfaces. This report
discusses the theory of each of these processes and assesses the relative importance
of each in shaping the volume distribution of photochemical aerosols. The authors
conclude that in Los Angeles photochemical smog heterogeneous condensation is the
principal mechanism for changes of the volume distribution in the accumulation size
range, though homogeneous nucleation can be important under certain conditions for
forming very small particles (less than 100 A diameter). Coagulation must be con-
sidered in reshaping the size distribution of emissions and in reducing the number of
particles formed by homogeneous nucleation. An in-depth assessment is also presented
of the pathways for the formation of aerosol material from the gas phase via homogen-
eous and heterogeneous chemistry. Finally, the equations governing the evolution of
the photochemical aerosol are derived and simplified on the basis of ordcr-of-magnitude
calculations of the individual terms, and various equations for different properties
of the aerosol are derived and discussed.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI I'icld/GlOUp
*Air Pollution
^Mathematical Models
^Photochemical Reactions
^Aerosols
13B
12A
07E
07D
18. UISTHIUUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGtS
156
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispagcj
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
127
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
{Please read Inurucrions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPORT NO.
-EPA-6QQ/4-76-021
2.
PB-262540
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION«NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STABLY
STRATIFIED FLOW AROUND COMPLEX TERRAIN
5. REPORT OAT5
May 1976
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHQR(S)
J, J. Riley, H. T. Liu and E. W. Geller
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Flow Research Report No. 58
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Flow Research, Inc.
1819 South Central Avenue
Kent, Washington 98031
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1293
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Researcn and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report. 5/74-3/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA - ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A computer program was developed to compute three-dimensional stratified
flow around complex terrain for the case of very strong stratification (small
.internal Froude number). Laboratory experiments were performed for strongly
'stratified flow past three different terrain models for comparison. The computed
results are In fair agreement with the experiments for the cases of two simpler
terrain models. The discrepancies are probably attributable to the separated
wake in the lee of the models. The agreement was not as good for the case of
the more complex terrain. Possible sources of error are di.scussed in some detail.
17.
KSY WORCS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED 75RMS 1C. COSATI Field/Group
^Mathematical models
*Plumes
*Stratif1cat1on
*Terra1n
*A1r pollution
12A
21B
14G
08F
13B
13. SISTRiauTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS / ThU Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
41
20. SECURITY CLASS {Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
128
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
iP'tase resd Inuruc'.ioru on ti:t revem before conplerint}
NO.
EPA-600/4-76-Q22
2.
PB-262541
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION^NO.
SUBTITLE
PLUME DISPERSION IN STABLY STRATIFIED FLOWS OVER
COMPLEX TERRAIN
Phase 2
5. REPORT DATE
May 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COO6
AUTHORISI
H. T. Liu and J. T. L1n
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
Flow Research Report No. 57
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Flow Research, Inc.
1819 South Central Avenue
Kent, Washington 98031
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1293
12: SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND AOOR6SS
•Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Researcn Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVS^EO
Final Reoort. 5/7&-.1/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY COOS
EPA --ORD
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
13. ABSTRACT
• Laboratory experiments were conducted in a stratified towing tank to
investigate plume dispersion in stably stratified flows. First, plume dispersion
over an idealized terrain model with a simulated elevated inversion in the
atmosphere was investigated. These resu'ts were compared with those of experiments
'previously conducted under simulated ground inversions. Second, plume dispersion
-in l-layer stably stratified flows over a realistic terrain was also modeled. The
plume dispersion patterns showed a strong interaction between the stratified flow
and the rugged terrain features. Third, plume dispersion during inversion breakup
was simulated. Results indicated that as soon as the convective layer built to
reach the plume, pollutants were stirred and carried to the ground.
17.
KEY WORDS MNO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
J.
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIrl£9S/OPSN ElMOcS T=SMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Tests
*Plumes
*Acmospheric diffusion
*Stratificat1on
^Terrain
Air pollution
143
21B
04A
14G
08F
138
3. Oli7«liauTICN STAT5.V1ENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLA3S iTHuRtporti
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO.
56
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tins pagtl
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
CPA form 2220-1 (»-'3l
129
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA i
(I'lease read fnniniciiuns on llic reverse licforc completing)
\ HI TOUT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-025
2.
PB-255819
4. Tlttl ANOSUflTITLE
CALCULATED ACTINIC FLUXES (290 - 700 run) FOR AIR
POLLUTION PHOTOCHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS
1. AUTMOn(S)
James T. Peterson
». PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Prot .ction Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
17. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Aqency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED i
In-House \
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE j
EPA - ORD
\
i
jj
— i
Calculations are presented of the actinic (spherically integrated) solar
flux from 290 to 700 nm at solar zenith angles between 0 and 86 . The calculated
values are obtained by using a radiative transfer program (developed by Dave)
that accounts for molecular scattering, ozone absorption, and aerosol scattering
and absorption. Input data consists of aerosol size distribution, aerosol
number and ozone concentrations as a function of height, aerosol index of
refraction, and the following as a function of wavelength: ozone absorption
coefficient, molecular scattering coefficient, solar constant, and surface
reflectivity. The calculated actinic flux values are evaluated for their
dependence on variations of surface reflectivity, aerosol amount, ozone
amount and station elevation. The variation of the actinic flux with altitude
above the surface is discussed with emphasis on the change through the lowest
kilometer of the atmosphere. Finally, the flux values presented here are
compared to those of Leighton (1961); the differences in the methodology and
Input data between the two studies are illustrated. These calculated actinic
flux data are useful for estimating photodissociation rate constants for
application to photochemical air pollution problems.
i.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
• DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Solar radiation
Radiant flux density
Computation
*Aerosols
*Photochemical reactions
'Reaction kinetics
.Atmospheric models
I. biftfTlBbTION SI
l>.IDENTIFIERS/OPrN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI I il'Id/Cjump
13B
03B
20F
12A
07D
17E
14B '
ifATSMENT
.RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SFCURITY CLASS (Tltis Kepart)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
63
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
t»A f*tm 2220-1 (9-73)
130
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'leate read Inunctions on the reverse before completing}
PB-261446
REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/4-76-029a
T.TLEANDSUBT.TLE EMPIRICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING AIR
.QUALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA. Part I. The Role of
Empirical Methods in Air Quality and Meteorological
Analyses ; '
AUTHOR(S)
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
W.S. Meisel
TSC-PD-132-2
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Technology Service Corporation
2811 Wilshire Boulevard
Santa Monica, California 90403
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1704
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final May 74-Dec 75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This is the first of three reports examining the potential role of state-of-the-art
empirical techniques in analyzing air quality and meteorological data.
6. ABSTRACT
Empirical methods have found limited application in air quality and
meteorological analyses, largely because of a lack of good data and the large
number of variables in most applications. More and better data, along with
advances in methodology, have broadened the applicability of empirical approaches.
This report illustrates the types of problems for^which creative empirical
approaches have the potential for significant contributions. The results of two
'pflot projects are reported in some detail.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Meteorological data
*Atmospheric diffusion
^Mathematical models
*Environment simulation
b.lDENTJFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI Held/Group
13B
04B
04A
12A
14B
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Rcp
21 NO. OF PAGES
73
20 SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
32. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-731
131
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-029b
2.
PB-261447
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
,. TITLE ANDSU'BTITLE EMPIRICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING AIR
QUALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA.
Part II. Feasibility Study of a Source-Oriented
Empirical Air Quality Simulation Model
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
W. S. Meisel
M. D. Teener
TSC-PD-132-3
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Technology Service Corporation
2811 Wilshire Boulevard
Santa Monica, California 90403
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1704
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Mav 74-Dec 75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This is the second of three reports examining the potential role of state-of-the-
art empirical techniques in analyzing air quality and meteorological data1.
16. ABSTRACT
Meteorological dispersion functions in multiple-source simulation models
for urban air quality are usually specified on the basis of data from special field
experiments, usually involving isolated sources. In the urban environment, indi-
vidual sources cannot be isolated. One may, however, ask for a source-receptor
relationship which, when summed (or integrated) over all the sources, would
minimize the average squared error in prediction of measured values. The feasi-
bility of this approach is demonstrated by application to model-generated data,
where the source-receptor relationship is known.
17.
a.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Meteorological data
* Atmospheric diffusion
* Mathematical models
* Environmental simulation
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Held/Group
13B
04B
04A
12A
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report!
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
66
20. SECURITY CLASS (This pagt)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (S-73)
132
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(f'tcasc read Inuructwm on ilie reverse before completing)
.REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-029C
PB-261448
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EMPIRICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING AIR
QUALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA.
Part III. Short-Term Changes in Ground-Level Ozone
Concentrations: An Empjrjcal Analysis
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGA-NIZATION CODE
AUTHOHISI
Leo Breiman
William S. Meisel
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
TSC-PD-132-1
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Technology Service Corporation
2811 Wilshire Boulevard
Santa Monica, California 90403
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1704
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final May 74-Oct 75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This is the last of three reports examining the potential role of state-of-the-
art empirical techniques in analyzing air quality and meteorological data.
C AQCTOA/-T
16. ABSTRACT
An empirical analysis of ambient air quality data for the Los Angeles Basin
is used to relate the one- and two-hour changes in oxidant levels in the urban
environment to the preceding levels of precursor pollutants and to meteorological
variables. The intent was to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a set of
empirical difference equations for the production of oxidant over time. The
main variables determining one- and two-hour oxidant changes were identified
using nonparametric regression techniques. A model for the oxidant changes was
developed using nonlinear regression techniques. The implications of the model are
discussed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Ozone
* Meteorological data
* Regression analysis
Empirical equations
* Mathematical models
h.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI l-icUI/Group
13B
07B
04B
12A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Jl
'RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
73
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
133
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse bejttrc eomplethix)
I. PEPORT NO.
EPA-600 /4-76-03Ua
2.
PB-257893
•.TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION PARAMETERS IN
GAUSSIAN PLUME MODELING. Part I. Review of Current
Systems and Possible Future Developments
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
I. AUTHOR (SI
A. H. Weber
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of Geosciences
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
II. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANn PFFUQO COVERED
In-house Sept. 75 - Mar. 76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A recapitulation of the Gaussian plume model is presented and Pasquill's
technique of assessing the sensitivity of this model is given. A number of
methods for determining dispersion parameters in the Gaussian plume model
are reviewed. Comparisons are made with the Pasquill-Gifford curves presently
used in the Turner Workbook. Improved methods resulting from recent
investigations are discussed, in an introductory way for Part II of this report,
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
^Atmospheric diffusion
*Wind (meteorology)
*Plumes
*Mathemntical models
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Gaussian plume
COSATI Field/Group
13B
04A
04B
21B
12A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (TMt Report}
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO OF PAGES
69
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22: PRICE
134
-------
TECHNICAL FIEPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions an the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
2.
PB-258036
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
EPA-6QO/4-76-Q30h
JITLEANOSUBT.TLE ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION PARAMETERS IN
"GAUSSIAN PLUME MODELING. Part II. Possible
Requirements-for Change in the Turner Workbook Values
5. Rf PORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
F. Pasquill
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
2,SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house Jan - Mar 1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
The basis of the original Pasquill-Gifford curves used in the Turner Workbook
is restated and consideration given to those features of the curves which are now
regarded as specially questionable.
Data on crosswind spread from various field tests are reviewed to emphasize
:the useful working relation which holds between Oy and the standard deviation of
the wind direction fluctuation. Some new trial calculations of vertical spread
are carried out in the light of recent work using the gradient-transfer approach,
recent similarity analyses, new observational data on the structure of turbulence
in the convective boundary layer, and Deardorff's modeling of the mixed layer.
Recommendations are made concerning the use of wind direction fluctuation
data for estimating Oy, for various adjustments and constraints to be applied as
an interim measure to the existing oz curves, and for continuing work required
'in the progress toward a final revision of the Workbook.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI I-'icld/Cjroup
Air pollution
*Atmospheric diffusion
*Wind (meteorology)
*P1 umes
*Mathematical models
Gaussian plume
13B
04A
04B
21B
12A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Keporl)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAObS
53
20. SECURITY CLASS ft His page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (J-73J
135
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
lfOic trail Imtruciiimt on the reverse /'r/ivr c
i. REPOnr NO.
£PA-600/4-76-031
2.
PB-256649
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
I. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING OF FOSSIL-FUEL EFFLUENTS
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
M. Terry Dana, Dennis R. Drewes, Donald W. Glover, and
Jeremy M. Hales
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle-Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Battelle Boulevard
Richland, Washington 99352
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1729
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research & Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/24/74-11/28/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A numerical model for predicting t!ie precipitation scavenging of reactive pollu-
tants from pov*er plant plumes has been developed. The model, called SMICK (Scavengin
Model Incorporating Chemical Kinetics), calculates collection, liquid-phase chemical
reaction, and desorption, if any, of multiple plume-bound pollutants as they interact
with falling raindrops and are ultimately deposited on the surface. Calculations
for any specific aqueous-phase kinetics mechanism can be performed with the model
by expressing the mechanism in appropriate sub-routine form. The model has been
tested against field experiment data.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
I.
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI Field/Croup
*Scavenging
*Raindrops
*Mathematical Models
Reaction Kinetics
Electric Power Plants
13H
04B
12A
07D
108
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
105
2O. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-7J)
136
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
HUTMHunt an i'ir rnr/v In-
• so.
EPA:600/4-7G-037
PB-258310
4.TIILI
REFINEMENT ttlD VALIDATION! OF AN URBAN METEOROLOGICAL
POLLUTANT MODEL.
3. fUCIPICNT S ACCESSION NO.
DATE
July 1976
S. PCRFOflMING OnGANHAllON CODE
7. AUTHOAISI
Joseph P. Pandolfo, Clifford A. Jacobs,
Robert J. Ball, and Marshall A. Atv/ater
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION HtPORT NO.
CEM 4182-542
>. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAML AND AOOKCSS
The Center for the Environment and Han, Inc.
275 Windsor Street
Hartford, Connecticut 06120
10. PHOGHAM H.IMENT NO.
1AA009
II.CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-17C7
12. SPONSORING AGEMCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agancy
Research Triangle Park. H.C. 27711
13. TYPE of REPORT AND PCHIOD r.ovcneo
Final Report 2/24 - 11/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY coot
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTcS
16. ABSTRACT
This report discusses the refinement of a grid point model for oredicting at-
mospheric transport and diffusion in an urb.in boundary layer. In earlier studies,
a coarse 8-mile horizontal square grid was used to'predict CO concentrations in the
Los Angeles Metropolitan area. In this study, a 2-mile grid for the CO emission has
been used to test a recent hypothesis that predictive accuracy can be imnroved by in-
corporating a finer horizontal grid resolution^to more accurately reflect the soatial
distribution of a pollutant emission pattern. However, contrary to expectations, the
evaluation statistics show that increasing the deqree of horizontal detail in the
source emission inventory did not significantly increase the sensitivity and accura-
cy of the pollutant concentration forecast.
When compared to other mode-Is, this pollutant forecast is arrong the most accu-
rate v/hen predicting the overall average concentration and temporal correlation.
and approximately as accurate as other orimitive equation models :in terms of spatial
correlation statistics.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
OtSC.TJPTORS
b.lDENTIF I CHS/OPEN ENOtD TERMS
c. COSATI I ttlcl/Cloup
*A1r pollution
*Hcteorological data
*Mathematical models
*Atmospheric models
* Ho do Is tests
* Forecasting
13 B
04 B
12 A
04 A
14 B
I!. DISrniHUTION iTAUMf NT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
t«. sfccumiY CLAIS lit,
UNCLASSIFIED
JO. si cum TV tiAsiTf/ill
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. or PAGIS
32
33. PRICC
farm :}?0 I
137
-------
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
RADIATIVE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE PLANETARY
BOUNDARY LAYER
TECHNIC/.i REPORT DATA
(I'lrasc read Imiructions i • • the reverse before c
HtPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-76-039
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-257707
5. REPORT DATE
JillV 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
A. Venkatram and R. Viskanta
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
School of Mechanical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R803514
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
13. TYPE.OF
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the effects
of pollutants on the thermal structure and pollutant dispersal in the planetary
boundary layer. To this end numerical models of the boundary layer were constructed.
Gaseous pollutants in the boundary layer were considered to absorb and emit thermal
radiation, while aerosols were allowed to absorb and scatter solar energy.
First, a one-dimensional numerical model of the boundary layer .tf»s
constructed. The model used the two-stream method for the computation of radiative
fluxes, and a turbulent kinetic energy model to account for turbulence. A series of
numerical experiments were performed to determine the role of pollutants in modifying
thermal structure and pollutant dispersal in the boundary layer. The results showed
.that the predominant Influence of gaseous and particulate pollutants on surface
temperature was wanning. Radiative participation by.pollutants increased the
stability of the surface layer during the day. During the night, the warmer surface
temperatures caused the surface layer to become less stable.
The second phase of the study involved the construction of a two-dimensional
numerical model to study the effects of pollutants on urban-rural differences in
thermal structure and pollutant dispersal. The effects of pollutants on pollutant
dispersal were found to be significant. At the source height (100 m) in the urban
area, the pollutant concentration was reduced by as much as 13.5% during the night.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Boundary layer
*Solar radiation
*Thermal radiation
*Mathematical models
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Held/Group
13B
20D
03B
20M
12A
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
262
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tllit page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
138
-------
i TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'li'aic read fimmi'tiiiiis vn the reverse bi'Jurc co»ii>
' "EPO"T N° 2' PR 2587??
°A-600/4-76-042 rv-tw/6£
TIE ANDSUBTITLt
THE "GAUSSIAN-PLUME" MODEL WITH LIMITED VERTICAL '
: MIXING
^.AUTHORISI
. F. Pasquill
.> PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
j Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
J. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS ...
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Off-ice of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
•5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Report prepared by Visiting Scientist
Icllng)
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1976
0. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 4/76 - 5/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
16. ABSTRACT
Application of the "Gaussian-plume" model for atmospheric dispersion from
an elevated source in a mixing layer of limited depth normally involves
consideration of multiple reflections of the plume between the upper and lower
boundaries. The present analysis considers some simple approximation formulae
that should be useful in practical applications.
7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
* Atmospheric diffusion
* Wind (meteorology)
* Plumes
* Mathematical models
STHIBUTION STATf MCNT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFlERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Gaussian plume
19. SECURITY CLASS T/'ih Hipnrt/
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tliii page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Held/Group
13B
04A
04B
21B
12A .
21. NO. OF PAGE-;
17
22. PRICE
139
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(/'lease read lnunictions un llic reverse before c
RffORT NO.
EPA-60U/4-76-055
2.
PB-262393
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
flovember 1976
URBAN AIR POLLUTION MODELING WITHOUT COMPUTERS
6. PERFORMING ORGANISATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
Michael M. Benarie
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
2. SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVtRCO
inhouse_
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prepared by Visiting Scientist
16. ABSTRACT
This report was the basis for a series of three lectures by the author
on urban air pollution modeling, and represents a condensed version of selected
topics from a recent monograph by him; The'emphasis is on simple but efficient
models that often can be used without resorting to high-speed computers. It is
indicated that there will be many circumstances under which such simple models
will be preferable to more complex ones. . Some specific topics included in the
discussion are the limits set by atmospheric predictability, forecasting pollu-
tion concentrations in real time as for pollution episodes, the simple box model
for pollution concentrations, the frequency distribution of concentration values
including the log-normal distribution and averaging-time analysis, the relation-
ships between wind speed and concentration, and lastly the critical question of
model validation and the need to consider several indices of goodness-of-fit if
pitfalls are to be avoided.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
* Air pollution
* Meteorological data
* Mathematical modeling
* Model tests
COSATI I:iclj/Croup
13B
04B
12A
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Rtport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
82
20. SECUR
•I
22. PRICE
140
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read luanictioits on the reverse before completing)
PB-264495
REPOHT NO. 2.
:PA-600/4-76-056
TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
MEASUREMENT OF DRY DEPOSITION OF FOSSIL FUEL
PLANT POLLUTANTS
RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. REPORT DATE
November 1976
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
J. G. Droppo, 0. W. Glover, A. B. Abbey, C. W. Splcer,
and J. Cooper
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
BatteHe-Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Battelle Boulevard
Rlchland, Washington 99352
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA009
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1747
3. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/24/74-6/24/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IS. ABSTRACT
Dry removal of air pollutants from fossil fuel plants is considered from both
a modeling and measurement viewpoint. Literature on dry deposition rates 1s summa-
rized and the processes Involved in dry deposition are discussed. The dry deposition
of SO?, 03, NOX, and NO, as well as total sulfur and lead particles are considered.
A prototype field data acquisition system was developed, assembled, and tested.
Deposition velocities were computed for each field test;
The sulfur dioxide profiles gave reasonable estimates of the dry deposition
values, comparable to those in the literature. They varied from 0.10 to 2.38 cm/sec
for the test runs. Values for the 03 deposition velocities were very small. The
results for NO varied over a wide range, with the number of profiles measured in the
test runs insufficient for reaching a definitive conclusion.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
^Mathematical Models
Reaction Kinetics
Electric Power Plants
Air Pollution
12A
03D
10B
13B
18, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
I
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
135
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
141
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on lite reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPAr600/4-77-035b
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
NEW YORK CHY AIR POLLUTION PROJECT OF 1964-1969
Volume II, Data
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Robert D. Bornsteln, Tim Morgan, Yam-Tong Tarn,
Tim Loose, Ken Leap, Jim Sigafoose, Carl Berkowitz
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of Meteorology
San Jose State University
San Jose, California 95192
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AAQ09 26AAS (FY-74)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1284
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research laboratory-RTF, NC
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
THancrlp Park- NT. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 4/74-9/76
14. SPONSORING AGEtfCY'CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Volume II, a magnetic tape, and a roll of microfilm contain aeromstric field data
that are available from NTIS. Volume I report number: EPA-600/4-77-035a
16. ABSTRACT
Volume II presents certain data collected during three test periods of the New
York City Air Pollution Project of 1964-1969. The data include: (1) emission rates
of sulfur dioxide, heat, and moisture; (2) sulfur dioxide concentrations measured
from fixed stations and from automotive platforms; and (3) vertical profiles of
sulfur concentrations and air temperature measured from helicopters. The remaining
data, maps of airflow and sulfur dioxide concentrations on microfilm, and a magnetic
tape listing of pibal observations 'are available from the National Technical
Information Service. Volume I thoroughly describes the entire data set and is
available as report number
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS ATI Held/Group
* Air pollution
* Sulfur dioxide
* Field tests
* Meteorological data
* Maps
13B
07B
14B
04B
08B
19. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RRTRASR TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
221
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (••73)
142
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A 1 0 0 3
1 A 1 0 0 8
110302
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the atmospheric
-—-———— processed and effects have been
conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the sources and sinks, ki-
netics of formation and removal, and chemical/physical interactions of airborne gas-
eous and particulate matter. This area of research covers; (1) The development,
evaluation and validation of air quality simulation models for predicting and describ
ing air quality Impacts anticipated from various control abatement strategies. (2)
Determination of atmospheric chemical and processes for describing the formation and
decay of gaseous and particulate air pollutants. (3) Quantification of the atmos-
pheric effects of weather, visibility, climate, and materials due to air pollutants.
143
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Plcete read Inunctions on the reverse before completing
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A 1 0 0 8
110302
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the atmospheric
———•—~—- processed and effects have been
conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the sources and sinks, ki-
netics of formation and removal, and chemical/physical Interactions of airborne gas-
eous and partlculate matter. This area of research covers; (1) The development,
evaluation and validation of air quality simulation models for predicting and describ
1ng air quality Impacts anticipated from various control abatement strategies. (2)
Determination of atmospheric chemical and processes for describing the formation and
decay of gaseous and partlculate air pollutants. (3) Quantification of the atmos-
pheric effects of weather, visibility, climate, and materials due to air pollutants.
145
-------
TECHNICAL HCPORT DATA
i'asr read /inunctions on llit rrvcrte before
NO.
.EPA-600/3-76-012
a.
PB-250559
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A STUDY OF PAN-TYPE COMPOUNDS AND RELATED PRECURSORS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT OATE
January
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
1. J. Solomon & M. Lustig
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORG'^NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1A1008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R 802966-01
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences .Research Laboratory
Office of Research, and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This work was undertaken to search for preparative procedures for PAN, to study its
structure and properties, and to ellucidate more clearly the nature of its formation
and decomposition. An ideal preparative procedure for PAN had been found, high
yields of PAN have been obtained, and a statisfactory preparative g.l.c. technique
has been adapted for its purification. The results of the synthetic studies tend
to confirm prior conclusions, but the decomposition of PAN does not proceed
entirely the way previously described. . ••
The results from this research indicate that the acyl and acylperoxy radicals are
precursors to PAN in photochemical environments containing acyl derivatives, NO »
and oxygen. In contrast to prior investigations, however, several decomposition
products of PAN have been found that were not previously reported,; that is, hydro-
carbons and oxygen have been found as products in the present study. Additional
characterization data has been obtained that corroborate the structure established
for PAN.
7.
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI I lcll)/Cl»up
Air pollution
Smog
Peroxy organic compounds*
Oxidizers
Ozone
Chemical reactions*
Photochemical reactions*
Photolyois*
13B
041)
07C
11G"
07B
071)
. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (HIM Hif""t)
' UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tli'ilpajtcT
UNCLASSIFIED
21 NO. OF PAGES
18
22. PRICE
EPA Farm 2220-1 <1-/J>
146
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Picate read InsltiicliHHS on the reverse
NO.
EPA-600/3-76-017
2.
PB-251243
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUOTITLE
"IS
Photochemical Oxidants in the Ambient Air of the
-United States
;PPHT DATE ,__-.
ebruary 1976
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORIS)
Dr. Basil Dimitriades
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
PfcHPOnWING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1A1008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
3. SPONSORING AGENCY NAMfe AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The problem of photochemical oxidants in the ambient air of the United States is
examined with respect to its nature, magnitude, and present day control. Concentra-
tion levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and other photochemi-
cally formed pollutants are surveyed, and their effects on human health, vegetation,
and" materials, as well as their economic impacts, are discussed. Oxidant precursors,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are reviewed with regard to ambient concentrations
and emission rates and in terms of chemical reactions that produce oxidants. Oxidant
control efforts are discussed with specific emphasis placed on scientific approaches,
emission control methods, costs of control, and control legislation.
17.
a.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Rcviews
Air Pollution
. Oxidizcrs
*0:one
Concentration (composition)
*Chemical reactions
b.lDENTIFICRS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
United States
COSATI I ield/CJroiip
05 B
13B
11G
07B
07D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Available to public through National
Technical Information Service, Springfield
Virfini:i 22161
19. SfcCUniTY CLASS (Tills KeportJ
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGIS
192
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tin
' UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
147
-------
ll.CHNIC \L RLPOIII UAIA
fFlcasc read Inunction: on the rcn-rte before cmnplciinf)
1. RLPORT NO.
EPA-600/3r76-018
2.
PB-253736
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE TRANSPORT OF OXIDANT BEYOND URBAN AREAS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
5. REPORT DATE
February 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
Chester W. Spicer, James L. Gemma, Darrell W. Joseph,
Phillip R. Stricksel, S Gerald F. Ward
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORG *\NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelie, Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
•PE 1A1008 21AKC-03
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1714
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The 1974 investigation of oxidants "in the mid-western United States involved
several research groups situated in various points in the Ohio Valley. The
Battelle Laboratory group was positioned in Dayton Ohio.
The data collection was carried out over a 20.-day period between July 17
and August 12, 1974. Interpretations of the results are discussed in
terms of statistical, graphical, chemical, and meteorological analyses
of the data. The data suggest that no single source of ozone', be.it. urban
transport, natural, emissions, stratospheric, etc. can account for the ozone
patterns observed in this and other studies.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air Pollution
*Field tests
Measurement
*0zone
' Transport properties
'Analysis (Mathematics)
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Ohio Valley
Dayton, Ohio
c. COSATI l-iclcl/lJroup
13B
14B
14G
07B
12A
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
249
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
148
-------
"TECHNIC-M. R-;P.)KT DATA
ll'li.-c'ic read l'i.i/i,t:li:jii, an /';<• reverse Injure compli-iin-;)
1. FK. PC'"1 T NO 2.
EPA-GOO/3-76-0303 . PB-248259
U. TITLE AND SUBTITLE \
THE .FATE OF NITROGEN (OXIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE:
APPENDICES
7. AUTHOR(S)
Chester W. Spicer
9. PERFOHMING ORGANIZATION ,NA-MC AND ADDRESS
BatteMe-Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAMF. AND ADOnESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triancle Park, i!C 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
j. REPORT DATE
March 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1A1008
11. CONTHACT/GRANT NO,
Contract No. 68-02-0799
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
A field study was conducted to determine the distribution and ultimate
fate of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. Researchers sampled and
monitored the air for five weeks in St. Louis, Missouri, and for five
weeks in West Covina, California. Also measured were meteorological
parameters—wind direction and speed, temperature, relative humidity,
and solar intensity. On the basis of the monitoring data, the chemical
analyses of collected samples, and NO loss-calculations, the results
sfthe study indicate that nitrogen oxides are removed slowly from the
atmosphere. This was true at both locations.
17.
•1.
*
*
19.
KEY WON OS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
OLSCMIPTOHS
Air pollution
Mi trognn oxides
Field tests
•Chemical analysis
Chemical reactions
Photochemical' reactions
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lOl.lMTIFItHS/OPLN tNOLD TERMS
St. Louis, Missouri
West Covina, California
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS I This page 1
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI L'ickl/Gioup
13B
07B
148
07D
07 E
21. NO. OF PAGES
267
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-72J
149
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Picnic read lattnictioni on ll:e reverse bcjvrc complftinxl
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-76-030 b
2.
PB-248260
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE FATE OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE:
APPENDICES
5. REPORT DATE
March 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOHISI
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Chester W. Spicer
ADDRESS
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION/VAA1E AND
Battelie-Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1A1008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-02-0799
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Trianale Park, MC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
A field study was conducted to determine the distribution and ultimate
fate of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. Researchers sampled and
monitored the air for five weeks in St. Louis, Missouri, and for five
weeks in West Covina, California. Also measured were meteorological
parameters—wind direction and speed, temperature, relative humidity,
and solar intensity. On the basis of the monitoring data, the chemical
analyses of collected samples, and NO loss-calculations, the results
or the study indicate that nitrogen oxides are removed slowly from the
atmosphere. This was true at both locations.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OrUN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI l-'ictd/Gtoup
Air pollution
Nitrogen oxides
Field tests
Chemical analysis
Chemical reactions
Photochemical reactions
St. Louis, Missouri
West Covina, California
13B
07B
14B
07D
07 E
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
J±ICLA5S1F_IEO_
21. NO. OF PAGES
267
20. SECURITY CLASS /Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-72)
150
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
LPA-600/3-76-070
2.
PB-256397
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
'ECHANISM OF PHOTOCHEMICALLY INITIATED OXIDATIONS
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Jack G. Calvert
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Chemistry Department
The Ohio State University
140 West 18th Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43210
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1A1008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R800398
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 1/73 - 12/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
'RA.CT •
Several significant new observations have been made relative to chemical reaction
that occur in sunlight-irradiated NOx/hydrocarbon/a1dehyde/CO/S02 polluted atmospheres
Many of the primary reactions that are needed to quantitatively evaluate the photo-
oxidation mechanisms of $03 in the atmosphere were measured. Rate constants for the
reactions of the excited S02(3B-|) state of SO? with various atmospheric gases, alkanes
alkenes, NO, CO, etc., were determined. In view of these results, the rate of S02
ohotooxldation in the atmosphere 1s estimated, and the possible role of excited-
SO^/alkene interactions that generate aerosols is evaluated. Rate constants for the
homogeneous reaction of SO? with 03, NOa, and N20s were also estimated. All of these
reactions are relatively slow for conditions that usually exist in polluted atmosphere)*
The unusual reaction of S03 with NOg was observed, although its importance in the
atmosphere cannot be evaluated accurately from the existing data. An evaluation was
made of the photochemical smog mechanisms using a computer to slmulate'the rates of
change In various polluted atmospheres. Several important features of special
interest in developing control strategies were observed.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
*A1r pollution
Tests
'Oxidation
•^Photochemical reactions
*Reaction kinetics
*Sulfur dioxide
*N1trogen oxides
*Alkanes
*Alkene hydro-
carbons
Computerized
simulation
13B
14B
07B
07C
07E
07D
09B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Thit Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
200
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 («-73)
151
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcasc read /mirucliom <>» ihrretTnr hffarc <•<»»!/•
1 HUPORT NO. 2.
KPA-600/3-76-091 PB-257706
J. TITLE ANDSUOTI1 I.E
UTILITY OF REACTIVITY CRITERIA IN ORGANIC EMISSION
CONTROL STRATEGIES
Application to the Los Angeles Atmosphere
7 AUTHOR(S)
J.C. Trijonis
K.W. Arlcdge
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW Environmental Services
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, CA 90278
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Rcsearxh Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
lrl,,,fl
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT OATH
August 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1A1008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1735
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Pinnl 1
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
I'PA-ORD
This report investigates the impact of reactivity criteria on organic emission
control strategies in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Air Quality Control Region. The
investigation involved assembling data on total organic emission rates, on organic
emission composition, and on emission reactivity for the Los Angeles basin. On the
basis of this data,calculations were then made of the degree to which each emission
source type should be controlled to achieve the air quality standard for ozone/
Dxidant. Results were obtained and compared for the cases of indiscriminate control
and of selective, reactivity-based control.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
x. DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*0zone
* Organic compounds
*Emission
"Chemical reactivity
*Control
*P1 nmi i np
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Los Angeles
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Keportf
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
C. COSATI
13B
07 B
07C
07D
05A
21. NO. OF
249
1 icIcl/Group
PAGES
22. PRICE
EPA form 2220-1 (••73)
152
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS
110302
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Studies on the atmospheric
——- processed and effects have been
conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the sources and sinks, ki-
netics of formation and removal, and chemical/physical Interactions of airborne gas-
eous and partlculate matter. This area of research covers; (1) The development,
evaluation and validation of air quality simulation models for predicting and describ-
ing air quality Impacts anticipated from various control abatement strategies. (2)
Determination of atmospheric chemical and processes for describing the formation and
decay of gaseous and partlculate air pollutants. (3) Quantification of the atmos-
pheric effects of weather, visibility, climate, and materials due to air pollutants.
153
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-60Q/3-76-073
=?
ifr
2.
PB-255454
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUE TO MEASURE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE AIRBORNE PARTICLES
5.
G ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
A. McSweeney
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Georgia Institute of Technology
Engineering Experiment Station
Atlanta, GA 30332
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
110302
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-802214
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report 12/73 - 12/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project is to test and demonstrate a coherent optical
diffraction technique for measuring the size distribution of large particles. This
technique is based on the generation of a transformation matrix which is used to
relate the measured diffraction patterns to the size distribution of the samples
that produced the patterns.
Four types of samples are considered: 1) pinholes in opaque discs, 2) photo-
graphic transparencies with opaque circular spots, 3) particles deposited on micro-
scope slides, and A) aerosols. Computer simulations are performed, to assess the
accuracy and resolution of the techniques.
Although good results are obtained for pinholes in opaque'discs, experimental
difficulties limit the precision of this techniques applied to particles in a trans-
parent medium. Improvements based on a reduction of system noise and an increase
in detector sensitivity are discussed and applied to the requirements on number
density and size range of particles in a transparent medium.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Aerosols
* Diffraction
* Particle size distribution
Lasers
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATi Held/Group
13B
07D
20F
20E
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS IThis Rrportj
UNCLASSIFIED
21 NO. OF PAGES
57
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
27. PRICE
EPA Form 2230-1 (1-73)
154
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A A 6 0 1
.»
1 A A 6 0 1 B
1 A A 0 0 2
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
These activities are part of a multidisciplinary research program focusing on
the public health consequences of nonregulated pollutants from mobile sources. The
program is designed to provide timely decision-making input regarding sulfuric acid
and other nonregulated pollutants from mobile sources by the Administrator as pro-
mised to the Congress in November 1973. The emphasis is on the evaluation of un-
regulated emissions from advanced automotive control systems (principally, but not
restricted to, catalysts) so as to ensure protection of the public health and welfare
155
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
{Plant Trad luarucfioni on the reverse before completing)
RtPORT NO.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
PB-264257
4. TIILt AND SUBTITLE
DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE DEVICE TO COLLECT
SULFURIC ACID AEROSOL
Interim Report
5. REPORT DATE
February 1977.
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
William J. Barrett, Herbert C. Miller,
Josiah E. Smith, Jr., and Christina H. Gwin
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Project 3533-XII
SORI-EAS-76-397
t. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA601
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2234
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
Interim 6/75-5/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of possi-
ble atmospheric interferents on the quantitative collection of sulfuric
acid aerosol on a filter. Sulfuric acid aerosol was generated in the
laboratory with a flame atomizer and collected on Teflon filters. The
filters were exposed to potential gas and vapor interferents and to
particulate interferents during, before, or after the collection of the
sulfuric acid. Measurements of sulfuric acid were made by an acid-base
Indicator method or by extraction with benzaldehyde and titration.
Also, sulfur evolved on heating the filters was measured by the flame
photometric method. Ammonia, particulate calcium carbonate, and ambient
particulate material (collected near a busy street) caused severe losses
of sulfuric acid; particulate ferric oxide and silicate clay caused an
intermediate loss; pyridine and phenol vapors, particulate fly ash, and
soot caused little or no loss; and sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
had no effect (in the absence of other materials).
7.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Sulfuric acid
Aerosol
•Collecting methods
*Filters
Tests
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Atmospheric
interferents
c. COSATI l-icld/dioup
13B
07B
07D
14B
13 -:'j' RIBUTIUN ST ATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. O^ PAGES
67
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
156
-------
TECHNICAL R' °ORT DATA
ll'lt i/\i' n-ii.l luurih-liiMHi nil ill, /-rivrsr /><•/<>/•<• fanii'itliHK/
EPA 600/2-77- 116 | PB-272549
-; riTLi. AMJ SUBTH I.E
LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL EMISSION CORRECTION FACTORS FOR
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
7. ALMHORiS)
Charles T. Hare
9 PEHf'ORVI.NC-, ORGANIZATION AJAME AND ADDRESS
Southwest Research Institute
8500 Culebra Road
San Antonio, Texas 78228
12. SPONSORING AGtNCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Trianqlfe Park, NC 27711
J. HL-CII'ILNVS ACCESSION- NO.
tj. REPORT DATE
July 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOL
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPC
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA601 BC-09 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1777
13. TYPE OF RRPORT AND PERIOD CO1
Jnt-crirn .. ... .
14. SPONSORING AGtNCY COOt
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLKMl NTARY NOTbS
16. ABSTRACT
Sinco emission measurements from passenger cars are performed at ono
standard set. of ambient conditions and since emission rater, of HC, CO, and
UO are sensitive to temperature and humidity, it is necessary to determine
the influence of ambient conditions on emissions from major classes of
vehicles. Although such information has-boon available for gasoline engine
powered cars for sometime, no such data were available for diesel powered
passenger cars.
This report indica.tes that diesel HC and CO emissions are relatively
insensitive to ambient conditions. Diesel NO emissions , however, are
sensitive to humidity but to a smaller extent than gasoline engines.
Humidity correction factors for NO emissions also appear to vary with
vehicle power-to-weight ratios and are greater for higher powered vehicles.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
i... f;' SIWTOH'.
*Air |-nl lut. i'»!>.
*Ant on.>l>i )••!>
*!m\-:el FJmjim's
*i;xhfiust i miKf.ions
*l"orr«.'t't ion
*llumidit:v
iv .•.'•• •••!•.-. - \;> • \>'
Dirt r.'Aci.* n1/"* ivmr T^*
Kt-ljJ^Aol. 1 0 l'''HLilL,
.
Ivinr.NTII-ICHS/OPbN I NOLI) TLHMS
li). '.;i- CURI I'Y CLASS flliu l.'iiirrli
UNCLASSIFIED
?o SECURITY CI.AP?; (V/ii.i/ia/,-1 «
UNCLASSIKIF.D
•-. COSATI 1 iclil;i..
1 Ul
1 *F
21G
2 IB
04B
21. NO. or PAoti;
lor,
~?:>. PrncE
it-til
157
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Vli-au read lnUructiom on Hie reverie before completing)
MI pom NO.
MLC ANOUBTITLE
>. \3.
.3^76^035 J_
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
PB-252931
THE GENERAL MOTORS/ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY SULFATE DISPERSION EXPERIMENT
Selected EPA Research Papers
6. REPORT DATE
April 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
Edited by: R. K. Stevens, P. J. Lamothe, T. G. Dzubay
W. E. Wilson and J. L. Durham
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA601
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
In-house
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
In the fall of 1975, General Motors conducted an extensive field experiment at
the GM proving grounds in Mil ford, Michigan. The purpose of the experiment was to
measure the concentrations and assess characteristics of aerosols, especially sulfates
and sulfuric acid, emitted by a fleet of catalyst-equipped cars operated under
simulated freeway conditions. In addition, emissions dispersion and meterological
parameters were measured; this data served as input for developing a plume dispersion
model.
At the invitation of General Motors, EPA, along with their contractors and
grantees, participated in this experiment. This report consists of several important
research papers that discuss and present the results of studies carried out by EPA
during the GM experiment.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Held/Group
*Air pollution
Field tests
*Automobiles
*Catalytic converters
*Exhaust emissions
*Aerosols
particles
*sulfates
*sulfuric acid
ammonia
atmospheric
diffusion
models
13 B
14 B
13 F
07 A
07 D
07 B
04 A
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Reporll
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
149
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
158
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS :
1 A A 0 0 2
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY :
These activities are part of a multidisciplinary research program focusing on
the public health consequences of nonregulated pollutants from mobile sources. The
program is designed to provide timely decision-making input regarding sulfuric acid
and other nonregulated pollutants from mobile sources by the Administrator as pro-
mised to the Congress in November 1973. The emphasis is on the evaluation of un-
regulated emissions from advanced automotive control systems (principally, but not
restricted to, catalysts) so as to ensure protection of the public health and welfare
T59
-------
HtMJK I UMIA
fPlease read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-GQQ/2-75-048
2.
PB-253363
J. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PROTOCOL TO CHARACTERIZE GASEOUS EMISSIONS AS A
FUNCTION OF FUEL AND ADDITIVE COMPOSITION
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Harry E. Dietzmann
9. PERFORMING ORGANISATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southwest Research Institute
8500 Culebra Road
San Antonio, Texas 78284
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AAQQ2
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1275
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
1974-Oime 1975
14.SPO
G AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This project sought to validate an engine dynamometer test schedule for
additive effects previously used in Dow and Bu Mines programs. Previous problems
with vehicle-to-engine dynamometer comparability were solved by the use of a
Clayton power absorption unit and a fixed flywheel as an inertia simulator.
Thus, adequate road simulation was achieved. Numerous analytical technique were
developed including analysis for S02, H«S, COS, methyl and ethyl marcaptan,
ammonia, N, N-dimethylnitrosanrine, Hydrocarbon distribution, and sulfate. Mo
additive-derived products were found in the study of two commercial additive
packages with either catalist or non -catalyst engine configurations. The
mileage accumulation schedule used resulted in overly-high rates of accumulation
of intake manifold deposits for both additive and base fuels. It is suggested
that greater mileane accumulations.over a heavier duty cycle will be necessary
to detect the effects of additives on catalyst deterioration.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
TvaTuation
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Proving
*Automotive fuels
*Fuel additives
Automotive engines
*Catalytic converters
*Exhaust emissions
Air pollution
Chemical analysis
Dynamometers
14G
12A
21D
21K
07A
131
21B
13B
070
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Keport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (fllitpage)
UMEI ASSTFTFH
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (S-73)
160
-------
TECHNICAL HtPOHT DATA
(rtrasc read InUrurlwm i>n thr reverse before
in t'A-f>00/?-7r>-026
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOf*NO.
PB-254238
*irue AND SUBTITLE
•II-TECT OF GASOLINE ADDITIVES ON GASEOUS
EMISSIONS (PART tl)
5. REPORT OATF.
February 1976
0. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
R. W. Hurn, F. W. Cox, nnd J. R. Allsup
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION HEPOf«T NO
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOURESS
Fuel/Engine Systems Research Group
HartIcsvilie Energy Research Center
Energy Research and Development Administration
Bavtlcsville, Oklahoma
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA002
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-IAC-IVt-OOAO
EPA-TAC-D4-0453
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVf RED
Final Rep_or t 1 974 -__I_97.5 __
_
14. SPONSORING AGcNCY CODE
El'A - OKD
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Supplements and Extends, Part I
6. ABSTRACT
A study has been conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen-containing fuel
additives in gasoline on regulated and nonregulated automotive emissions. Method-
ology was developed to measure possible nitrogen-containing compounds and was
used to analyze the emissions from a variety of cars without catalysts. No effects
duel to the additives could be discerned. Of the nooregulnted nitrogen compounds
analyzed, ammonia, amines, nitriles, nLtrosciamines, and.aryl nitro compounds were
not detected; HCN, cyanogen, and alkyl nitro compounds were measured. Emission
data are included from a rotary engine (Mazda), an air-cooled engine (Volkswagen),
and two standard V-8 engines (Chevrolet and Ford). Six nitrogen-containing addi-
tives chosen for their common usage were tested.
17.
i.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
KvaIuaI ion
Cnsoline
*Fuel additives
Automotive engines
••'•• Ex 11 a u s t omission s
Air pollution
*N iIrogen organic
"'Nitrogen inorgani
Chemical analysis
h.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
pds.
cpds.
. ui:;rmnurioN STATEMENT
Release to Puhlic
19. StCUHl TY CLASS II Ilil l{,-fi«r<)
UNCI-ASSfHED
2O. SECURITY CLASS (Thix page)
UNCLASSIFI'EI)
EPA rnrm ?7JO 1 (9-73)
161
-------
PROGRAM ELEMENTS
1 N E 6 2 5
E H E 6 2 5
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY : Increased reliance on domes-
tic energy sources 1s resulting 1n Increased extraction and combustion of coal, the
:evelopment of advanced combustion technologies, and the potential for development of
leothermal, oil shale, and synthetic fuel Industries, Nearly every phase of these
Fuel cycles may result 1n the release of pollutants to the environment.
As pollutants move through the environment, their physical, chemical and biolo-
jical Interactions often result 1n their transformation to new compounds which may be
n'ther a greater or lesser environmental threat than the parent compound. The purpose
)f these activities is to determine the origins, loads, transport pathyways, transfer
*ates, and fates for single pollutnats and conbinations of pollutants released to the
Atmospheric environment primarily from coal, oil shale, and geothermal fuel cycles.
rhese activities also include the development of methods and instrumentation for the
ueasurement of energy-related pollutants, and the performance of special field studies
ind analyses related to characterizing the levels of certain pollutants Injected into
the environment by new technologies and energy developments at specific geographical
sites.
162
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Picnic read luiir.ictwm n/i liic mcnc hcjure completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-059
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOWNO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
COMPARISON OF WET CHEMICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
FOR MEASURING AIRBORNE SULFATE
Interim Report
5. REPORT DATE
Mflmh 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. ALTHORlS)
B. R. Appel, E. L. Kothny, E. M. Hoffer, and
J. J. Wesolowski
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PER FOR V.I NO ORG'-MZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
California Department of Health
2151 Berkeley Way
Berkeley, California 94704
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE625
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-02-1660
12. SPCNSOFtING AGES.CY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim, 6/22/74 - 8/22/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Four techniques for determination of water soluble sulfate in atmospheric
samples were compared including the barium sulfate turbidimetric method, the
Brosset (barium-Thorin) method, the automated barium-methylthymol blue procedure
and a microchemical (barium-dinitro-sulfanazo IIT.) colorimetric method developed
at the Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory. These, in turn, were compared to
x-ray fluorescence for determination of total sulfur, obtained independently at the
Environmental Protection Agency's Research Triangle Park Laboratory. The parameters
studied included precision and accuracy employing standard solution and ambient
air samples, and the influence of twelve potential interferents. The ambient air
samples studied were collected at different locations throughout the U.S. so that
the influence of different particle matrices could be evaluated. As supplementary
objectives, analyses of particulate matter samples collected simultaneously on
high volume and low volume glass-fiber filters and low volume Teflon filters, ,
with and without size segregation, were compared. Results of the study are presented\
17.
a.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
* Particles
* Sulfates
* Chemical tests
* Chemical analysis
* Comparison
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI r iclcl X".roii|
13B
14B
07D
1 3. 213 ' f
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read lnunJCtioiis on the reverse before completing/
1. REPORT NO 2.
EPA-600/7-77-020 PB-266098
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
POWER PLANT STACK PLUMES IN COMPLEX TERRAIN:
An Appraisal of Current Research
7.AUTH0R(s)Robert c Kochj w> Gale Biggs f Paul H Hwang,
Irving Leichter, Kenneth E. Pickering, Eric R. Swadey,
and John L. Swift
9. PfRFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GEOMET, Incorporated
15 Firstfield Road
Gaithersburg, MD .20760
13. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
'U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE625
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2260
13. TVPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim 11/75 - 10/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMFNTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report reviews the literature of scientific studies of the behavior of stack
plumes from fossil-fueled electric power plants in complex (hilly or mountainous)
terrain. Non-conservative chemical transformation and depletion, and conservative
transport and diffusion of pollutants are considered. Studies of S02 oxidation
rates in power plant plumes are described and the primary mechanisms for conversion
to sulfate are detailed. Scavenging of S02 from plumes by precipitation is reviewed
along with surface contact and deposition as important plume depletion.processes.
Current theories of airflow, turbulence and diffusion phenomena in complex terrain
are described, and are exemplified through the review of sixteen field observation
programs of the physical behavior of plumes from continuous elevated sources in
complex terrain. The review discusses program objectives, data sampling methodolo-
gies, model-to-measurement comparisons associated with the field program conclusions
The types of models available to simulate plume behavior numerically are discussed
in the contexts of these programs. In addition, results are reported of an indepen-
dent GEOMET analysis of oy and oz relationships in the Gaussian plume model over
complex terrain, using data from LAPPES and TVA field measurement programs.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
:i. DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
.*Reviews
*Electric power plants
*P1 umes
*Sulfur dioxide
*Terruin
*Hills
*Moun tains
*Atmospheric diffusi
*Transport propertie
*Chemical reactions
*Field tests
18. DISTRinUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
on
S
10. SECURITY CLASS (Thin Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Field/Croup
13B 04A
05B 070
10B 14B
21B
07B
08F
21. NO. Of PAGES
235
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 •• "•
164
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
rrati IHHTIH lions nn tin reverse hc/arr
RTPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-77-021
J_ PB-26
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
268361
. TITLE ANOSUBTITLE
SULFATES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
A Progress Report on Project MI.STT
5. REPORT DATE
March 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHORIS)
W.E. Wilson, R..I. Charlaon, R.B. Husar, K.T. Whitby
and D. lilumenthal
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING OnGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Re search .'incl Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771.1.
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NK625
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The size and sulfate content of atmospheric, aerosols and the rate and
'mechanisms for sulfate formation from sulfur dioxide in power plant plumes are
reviewed. Emphasis is given to results from the recent USEPA study, Project
MISTT (Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation and Transport). The rate of
conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfate aerosol in power plant plumes is low near
the point of emission, but increases to several percent per hour as ambient air
mixes with the plume. Tall stacks reduce ground-level concentrations of sulfur
dioxide, resulting in a reduction of the amount removed by dry deposition. In
urban plumes, which are well-mixed to the ground near the source, sulfur dioxide
is removed more rapidly by dry deposition. Thus, tall stacks increase the
atmospheric residence time of sulfur dioxide, which leads to an increase in
atmospheric sulfur formation. These sulfate aerosols may be transported over
distances of several hundred kilometers and produce air pollution episodes far
from the pollution source.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Sulfate
*Sulfur dioxide
*Sulfuric acid
Electric power plants
*Plumes
^Conversion
h.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Project MISTT
COSATI I icId/Grmip |
13B
07D
07B
1011
21B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19 SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF
PAOES
38
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
165
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'icHNicAi uronrDAiA
'l' iHi '/•.;•/ li..itu. //cm .' lit- ifvi He 'ic/'Wc rti'iii'
1 Rl (''ill t int.
EPA-600/7-77-033
PB-268238
4. TITLE AND Sl/OTITLf
COMPACT, IN-STACK, THREE SIZE CUT PARTICLE
CLASSIFIER
5. Ml TOUT OATF
ApH_M977 .__
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1. HLCIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
7. AUTHORISI
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Georqe E. Lacey, Kenneth M. Cushing, and
Wallace B. Smith
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 - 9th Avenue South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGHAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE625 BA-37 (FY-76)
11. CONTHACT/ORANT NO.
68-02-1736
12. SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory -RTP,NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
•VPE OF REPORT AND PERIO
Final 5/75 - 10/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
NOTTS
16. ABSTRACT
A 'compact, in-stack, three size cut particle classifier was designed, fabricated
and tested. The classifier consists of a two-stage impactor and back-up filter
designed to measure the particulate emissions from sources in three size ranges:
>3um, ^l-3um,
-------
TECHNICAL KEI'CM DATA
r rcnit linn in litHix tin lite n w IH'JOIT cnnii>lriiiifl
l ni .-OUT NO
_lil'Ar6UO/7/77..-0'l9 -. ......
.». TII i.r AND suni iTi_f
7,
PB-269576
1. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Resources Section
Chemical Engineering Department
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington 99IM
AMBIENT HYDROCARBON AND OZONli CONCENTRATIONS
NEAR A REI:INF;RY
Laivrencevillc, Illinois - 1974
G. REPORT DATF
Mav 1977
7. AUTHOH(S)
II. II. Westberg, K. J. Allwine, and E. Robinson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Rcscarcli Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NI-025B r.A-01 (FY-77)
1 1. CONTRACT/CHANT NO.
68-02-1231
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
_r.i.na.L
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EI'A/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1974, a study was undertaken to establish the effect of
refinery emissions on the air quality of a region. The refinery studied was op-
erated by Texaco in Lawrenccvil J.c, Illinois. Air sampling was conducted from a
ground based trailer and from aircraft. Results showed that the plume was
readily detectable as far as 25 miles downwind. No increase in ozone was
observed downwind of the refinery, probably because of the low reactivity of
the hydrocarbons (.mostly alkancs) and the very low levels of nitrogen oxides.
17.
.1.
DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
1).IDENT)FIEHS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Ai r pol hit ion
Rcfincrics
Smog
Hydrocarbons
Ozone
Nitrogen oxides
Sampling
PhotochcmicaI
reactions
Lawrcnccvilie, 111
C. COSATI I
0-1B
07C
07 B
14B
07 E
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. PI CURITY CLASS (Tins Report!
JNt:,ASSlTIEI.)
21. NO. OF PAGES
106
CLASS
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
r-A Form 2220-1 (9-73J
167
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TECHNICAL R'.PORT DATA
(I'lcasc read iHUnictions on tin reverse
'^60077-77-055
2.
PB-269582
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE MEASUREMENT OF CARCINOGENIC VAPORS IN AMBIENT
ATMOSPHERES
RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
REPORT DATE
June 1977
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Edo D. Pellizzari
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE 625 EB-07 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1228
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory- RTP, NC
.Office of Research and Development
.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75 - 6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES '
16. ABSTRACT
Analytical techniques and instrumentation, which had been developed during the
previous contract years, were further evaluated for the collection and analysis of
carcinogenic and mutagenic vapors occurring in ambient air. The areas of investigatioi
included (a) the development of a permeation system for delivering precise quantities
of organic vapors for calibrating Instruments, (b) the development of procedures for
the preparation of glass capillary columns for effecting the resolution of complex
atmospheric vapor mixtures, (c) the characterization of organic vapor emissions from
pneset controlled fires, (d) the survey of ambient air samples taken at various sites
around the continental U.S. for the detection of N-nitrosoamines, (e) the identificat-
ion and quantification of N-nitrosodimethylamines in samples collected in Baltimore,
MD and the Kanawha Valley, WV, and (f) the characterization of ambient air for hazard-
ous and background pollutants from several geographical areas within the continental
U.S.
,7 KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
.1. DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Collection methods
Carcinogens
Vapors "
Gas chroma tography
Mass spectrometry
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
h.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS ( I'liis Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
^•ms&ffMS*'1*'
c. COSATI rfcld/Crniip
13B
ORE
07D
14B
21. NO. OF PAGES
302
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-731
168
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(1'lcasc read laumctioni on the reverie before comr/letiiif)
1. FUPOR1 NO.
EPA-600/7-77-076
2.
PB-273153
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION1 NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH, ANNUAL REPORT FY1976/76A
Federal Interagency Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program
7. AUTHOR(S)
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
W.E. Wilson and C. Danskin, editors
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE-625
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research-Triangle Park, NC 27711
- RTP, NC
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
A complementary report, EPA-600/3-77-080, describes research
activities funded by EPA's base program.
16. ABSTRACT
The research program of the Aerosol Research Branch includes research grants and
contracts at institutions in many parts of the United States, in addition to an
intramural program. The purpose of these projects is to study the chemical and
physical properties of aerosols, identify the mechanisms of aerosol formation and
removal, and conduct experiments to measure these rates.
The results of the research are being used (1) to establish the contribution of
the various sources to the ambient atmospheric aerosol loading, (2) to characterize
urban, natural, and primary and secondary aerosols, (3) to develop quantitative
descriptions of the generation and removal rates associated with each major aerosol
source and sink, (4) to quantify the effects of aerosol on atmospheric chemical
reactions, and (5) as a scientific basis for recommending regulatory actions concerned
with air quality improvements.
The research projects totally or partially funded by the Federal Interagency
Energy/Environment Research and Development Program are described.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Research projects
13B
07D
'8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport;
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
67
20. SECURITY CLASS (This pogt)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
Form 22JO-1 (»-73>
169
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inuructions on the reverse before comfileting)
REPORT NO.
tPA-600/7-77-104
2.
PB-272551
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE ANOSUBTITLE
LITERATURE SURVEY OF EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
EMERGING ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
5. REPORT DATE
September 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
J. E. Sickles, II, W.C. Eaton, L.A. Ripperton,
and R.S. Wright '
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
"ERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE625 (FY-76)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-02-225S
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTF, NC
Office, of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A literature survey was conducted to address fuel contaminants and atmospheric
emissions from the following energy-related operations: coal gasification, coal
liquefaction, shale oil production, and petroleum refining.
Sulfur and nitrogen found in coal, coal liquid product, shale oil, and
petroleum crude are, for the most part, organically bound. Only coal was found to
have substantial amounts of inorganic contaminants, and this was as pyrite (FeS2).
The sulfur content of most fuels-is less than 5% and occurs as thiols
(mercaptans), sulfides, disulfides, and thiophenes. Nitrogen is usually reported
.at less than 2% and occurs as pyridines, pyrroles, indoles, carbazoles, and
ben:: amides.
Quantitative estimates of criteria air pollutant emissions from energy-related
operations are tabulated. A broad spectrum of sulfur-containing compounds, nitrogen-
containing compounds, and hydrocarbons has been identified from analyses of inter-
mediate process streams and final products from fuel conversion processes. The
surveyed literature provides a basis for identifying the major emissions. The same
or similar species are expected to be emitted from each fuel conversion facility.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Croup
* Air pollution
* Energy
* Sources
* Reviews
13B
05B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
' 75
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1(1-73)
170
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PROGRAM ELEMENTS
E H E 6 2 5
OBJECTIVE SUMMARY
Increased reliance on domes-
ic energy sources 1s resulting 1n Increased extraction and combustion of coal, the
:evelopment of advanced combustion technologies, and the potential for development of
.eothermal, oil shale, and synthetic fuel Industries, Nearly every phase of these
iiel cycles may result 1n the release of pollutants to the environment.
As pollutants move through the environment, their physical, chemical and biolo-
1cal Interactions often result 1n their transformation to new compounds which may be
Mther a greater or lesser environmental threat than the parent compound. The purpose
af these activities 1s to determine the origins, loads, transport pathyways, transfer
rates, and fates for single pollutnats and conbinatlons of pollutants released to the
itroospheric environment primarily from coal, oil shale, and geothermal fuel cycles.
These activities also Include the development of methods and Instrumentation for the
easurement of energy-related pollutants, and the performance of special field studies
nd analyses related to characterizing the levels of certain pollutants injected into
he environment by new technologies and energy developments at specific geographical
1tes,
171
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
fl'lcau read IrtOruc lions on the reverie before completing)
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB-269559
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
HYDROCARBON AND OXIDANT CHEMISTRY OBSERVED AT A
SITE NEAR ST. LOUIS
5. REPORT DATE
June 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.A. Rasmussen, R. Chatfield and M. Holdren
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington 99163
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE625 EA-18 (FY-76)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2254
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75-3/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The data analysis of this project was funded through Purchase Order No.
DA-6-99-1993J.
16. ABSTRACT
Integrated quantitative gas chroroatographic measurements of the nearly one
hundred individual hydrocarbons present in ambient air were made to determine the
total non-methane organic burden at a midwest rural site in coordination with
halocarbon, oxidant and local meteorological variables in July and August 1975.
Although the sample location was clearly rural, it was only 100 km north of
St. Louis, Missouri. Consequently, four situations could be distinguished at this
site: clean rural air, transport from near urban areas, transport from distant
urban areas, and air-mass stagnation. In the latter situation, the rural' ait was
-well mixed on a regional scale with natural and anthropogenic ozone precursors.
Fluorocarbon-11 and meteorological data were used to identify and describe the
four situations and to interpret the observed concentrations of hydrocarbons and
oxidant resulting from local photochemistry and transport.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
*Air pollution
*0zone
*Hydrocarbons
Gas chromatography
*Photochemical reactions
Meteorological data
St. Louis, MO
13B
07B
07C
07D
07E
04B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
115
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
172
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