<>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
AUG79
Research and Development
Report
Abstracts
Industrial
Environmental
Research Laboratory
RTP
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ronmental R
Triangle Park. No
August 1979
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park. North Carol ina 2771 1
The attached abstracts (EPA Forms 2220-1) represent reports
that have been issued through EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory during the past month. They are sent to you
because of the indication that you are interested in our multimedia
activities relating to the control of environmental pollution.
If any of these abstracts interest you (and you desire the full
reports), they are available from EPA, OA/Library Ser-
vice (Mail Drop 35, Research Triangle Park NC 27711) at no charge.
To ensure prompt and accurate responses, please request these
reports in writing.
When the local stock is depleted, the reports will still be avail-
able (but prepaid) from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22151 (phone 703/321-8543).
If you desire either to discontinue receiving these monthly
abstracts, or to nominate additional recipients, please fill in the
required information below, as well as the return address block
on the reverse hereof, and return the sheet to us.
Sincerely yours,
mAC. Burchard
Director
Encl: (16)
( ) Please discontinue sending these abstracts to me.
( ) Please start sending your monthly abstracts to the addressees
indicated below (complete addresses, please):
-1-
-------
(?lease include ZIP code)
PLACE
STAMP
HERE
To: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Attn: Technical Information Coordinator
Mail Drop 64
(Fold on dotted lines ud seal before mailing)
-2-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-79-108
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Reduction of Air Emissions from Gasoline Storage
Tanks
S. REPORT DATE
May 1979
€. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Arnold Gunther
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING OROANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Stop-Los Company
29 Lorelei Road
West Orange, New Jersey 07052
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2679
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 1/78 - 1/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is Bruce Tichenor, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
. ABSTRACT
repOr^ gives results of a project to determine the technical and econ-
omic feasibility of using flexible plastic membranes to control emissions from gaso-
line storage tanks. The emission rates and the expected life of the membranes were
to be established. A demonstration pilot unit was built and operated. The emission
rates were determined, as well as the life expectancy of the membranes. The results
indicate that emission control of 99 -plus percent, compared to uncontrolled tanks,
can be achieved readily, and that the life expectancy of the membranes is in the or-
der of 20 years of continuous service. The estimated installed cost of these devices
for commercial application is very competitive with conventionally used floating
roofs.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Gasoline
Storage Tanks
Emission
Membranes
Plastics
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Flexible Plastic Mem-
branes
13B
21D
13D
14B
11G
III
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
36
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220*1 (9-73)
-3-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on tLe reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-79-114
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Particulate Sampling and Support: Final Report
S. REPORT DATE
June 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Kenneth M. Gushing and Wallace B. Smith
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2131
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND.PERIOD COVERED
Final; 11/75 - 11/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is D. Bruce Harris, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2557.
is. ABSTRACT The repOrt summarizes results of research, development, and support
tasks performed during the 3-year period of the contract (11/75-11/78). The tasks
encompassed many aspects of particulate sampling and measurement in industrial
gaseous process and effluent streams. Under this contract: cascade impactors were
calibrated and evaluated; novel particle sampling cyclones were designed and eval-
uated; technical and procedures manuals were prepared for control device evaluation
and particle sampling methods; an electrostatic precipitator backup was designed
for high flow rate systems; and advanced concepts in monitoring particle mass and
size, using optical systems, were evaluated. A number of smaller tasks, involving
lower levels of effort, are also discussed. The appendix lists technical documents
published under the contract.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATl Field/Group
Pollution
Dust
Sampling
Measurement
Dptical Measurement
Industrial Processes
Impactors
Cyclone Separators
Electrostatic Pre-
cipitators
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Cascade Impactors
13B
11G
14B
13H
131
07A
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
147
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (1-73)
-4-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-79-137
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
At-sea Incineration: Evaluation of Waste Flow and
Combustion Gas Monitoring Instrumentation Onboard
the M/T Vulcanus
5. REPORT DATE
July 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
D.A.Ackerman, R.J.Johnson, E.L.Moon,
A.E. Samonov, and K. H. Scheyer
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB606
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2660
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 9/77 - 5/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is Ronald A. Venezia, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
16. ABSTRACT The TQ^Q1C^ describes the test operations and results of measuring organo-
chlorine waste flowrate and CO, CO2, and O2 in the effluent gas during incineration
of industrial chemical waste onboard the M/T Vulcanus. The data was obtained
during shipboard test burns in the North Sea during November and December 1978
and February 1979. Program objectives were to gather data on durability and accu-
racy of both the waste flowmeters and the CO, CO2, and O2 monitoring system when
used on a continuous routine basis. Combustion efficiency exceeded 99.95% in all
cases, meeting IMCO requirements of 99.95 + or - 0.05%. The ultrasonic and vor-
tex waste flowmeters and the CO, CO2, and O2 monitoring system performed satis-
factorily during the burns. The CO, CO2, and O2 equipment was operated contin-
uously for a maximum of 12 hours. The vortex flowmeters indicated gradual waste
buildup, although buildup did not occur in the ultrasonic flowmeter piping. Monthly
inspection and cleaning of the vortex meters would avoid extensive solids buildup.
Use of spare instruments ensured continuous acquisition of combustion data through-
out the burns. Post-test inspection of the analyzers indicated only minor corrosion
and wear.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Chlorine Organic
Compounds
Incinerators
Oceans
Waste Disposal
Carbon Monosid
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
Combustion
Evaluation
Instruments
Monitors
Flowmeters
Carbon Dioxide
Oxvsren
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Organochlorine
At-sea Incineration
Chemical Waste
13B
07C
08F
07B
21B
14B
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
105
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-5-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-007
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Management of Coal Preparation Fine Wastes
Without Disposal Ponds
5. REPORT DATE
January 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
D. C.Hoffman, R. W. Briggs, and S.R. Michalski
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
DOE FE-11270-1
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Dravo Corporation
3600 Neville Island
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15225
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Literagency Agreement
DXE685AK
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PI
Final; 7/77 - 6/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES project officers: D.A.Kirchgessner (IERL-RTP): and R.E. Hucko
(DoE), Div. of Solid Fuel Mining and Preparation, Pittsburgh PA 15213.
i6. ABSTRACT The PepOrt gives results of a study to ascertain some physical/chemical
properties of a diverse sampling of fine coal refuse and to investigate the effect of
chemical stabilization. Samples of fine coal refuse were obtained from some of the
major coal seams in the Eastern bituminous coal fields. One proprietary and two
common chemicals were used to test chemical stabilization on nine samples of fine
coal refuse. The study showed that chemical stabilization can be used to drastically
improve some physical/chemical properties of the fine refuse for better handling
and disposal. The proprietary chemical Calcilox is the most effective over the range
of samples tested. Portland Type 1 cement is also effective, but greatly influenced
by waste solids concentration. The final chemical tested, lime, is inferior to the
other two, and generally ineffective in improving the fine waste's physical/chemical
properties.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
:. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal Preparation
Wastes
Stabilization
Portland Cement Type 1
Calcium Oxides
Physical Properties
Chemical Proper-
ties
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Calcilox
13B
081
11B
07B
07D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
60
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-6-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-008
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Surface Phenomena in the Dewatering of Coal
5. REPORT DATE
January 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
D.V.Keller, Jr. , G.J.Stelma, and Y.M.Chi
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
DoE FE-9001-1
9. PERFORMING OROANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Syracuse University
Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science
Syracuse, New York 13210
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
E HE 62 3 A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Inter agency Agreement
DXE685AK
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. TYPE OF REPORT AND PE
Final; 6/75 - 11/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
off icers i D. A. Kir chgessner (IERL-RTP): and R.E.Hucko
(DoE), Div. of Solid Fuel Mining and Preparation, Pittsburgh PA 15213.
s. ABSTRACT Tne report gives results of a study of the influence of certain surfactants
on the dewatering of fine coal. The surfactants were found to have a two-fold effect:
they were found to affect the pressure differentials required for dewatering, in
addition to the residual water contents of the coal beds attainable by this dewatering.
Both effects were attributed to surfactant adsorption. Adsorption at the liquid/air
interface resulted in a decrease in the interfacial tension between the two phases.
The effect this decrease had on the pressure differentials required for dewatering
agreed with that predicted by the capillary theory applied to the system. Adsorption
at the solid/liquid interface was correlated with the complex behavior of the residual
water contents as a function of surfactant addition.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal
Dewatering
Surfactants
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
08G,21D
13H,07A
11K
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (1-73)
-7-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Iiutructions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-029b
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Emissions Assessment of Conventional
Stationary Combustion Systems; Volume I. Gas- and
Oil-fired Residential Heating Sources
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
May 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S) ~~~~
N. F. Surprenant, R. R. Hall, K. T. McGregor,
A. S. Werner (GCA/technology Division)
and
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2197
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AMD PERIOD COVERED
Final; 9/76 - 3/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is Ronald A. Venezia, MD-62, 919/541-
2547.
16. AB
TRACTThe report gives results of an assessment of emissions from gas- and oil-
fired residential healing sources, through a critical examination of existing emis-
sions data, followed by a phased measurement program to fill gaps in the emissions
database. Initially, five gas-fired and five oil-fired residential sources were tested.
Mass emission rates of criteria pollutants, trace elements, and organics (including
POM) were determined. Subsequent test program evaluation led to a decision to con-
duct additional tests at one gas-fired and two oil-fired sites, to determine the effect
of the burner on/off cycle on emissions. Particulate, SO4, SO2, and SO3 emission
data were also obtained at the oil-fired sites. Assessment results indicate that resi-
dential sources are of potential significance based on multiple source severity fac-
tors calculated for an array of homes burning gas or oil. Pollutants for which mul-
tiple source severity factors exceed 0.05 (the level which may be potentially signifi-
cant) are: NOx from gas-fired sources, and SO3, NOx, and Ni from oil-fired sour-
ces. Measured criteria pollutant emission factors were generally comparable to EPA
emission factors (in AP-42), except for total HC emissions from oil-fired sources
which were 3 times greater. However, POM compounds known to be carcinogenic
were not found above the detection limit of 0.3 micrograms/cubic meter.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Emission
Heating
Combustion
Natural Gas
Fuel Oil
Dust
Sulfur Oxides
Organic Compounds
Nitrogen Oxides
Hydrocarbons
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Residential Furnaces
Particulate
I3B
14B
13H,13A
21B
21D
UG
07B
07C
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
176
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page}
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t>73)
-8-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pleat read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-OSOe
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE proceedings of the Third Stationary
Source Combustion Symposium; Volume V. Addendum
5. REPORT DATE
February 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Joshua S. Bowen, Symposium Chairman, and
Robert E. Hall, Symposium Vice-chairman
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
See Block 12.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
E HE 624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
NA (Inhouse)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PI
Proceedings; 3/79
PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Robert E. Hall. MD-65, 919/541-
2477. EPA-600/7-77-073a thru-073e and EPA-600/2-76-152a thru -152c are pro-
ceedings of earlier symposiums on the same theme.
proceedings document the approximately 50 presentations made during
the symposium, March 5-8, 1979, in San Francisco. Sponsored by the Combustion
Research Branch of EPA's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-RTP,
the symposium dealt with subjects relating both to developing improved combustion
technology for the reduction of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources,
and to improving equipment efficiency. The symposium was in seven parts, and
the proceedings are in five volumes: I. Utility, Industrial, Commercial, and Resi-
dential Systems; n. Advanced Processes and Special Topics; HI. Stationary Engine
and Industrial Process Combustion Systems; IV. Fundamental Combustion Research
and Environmental Assessment; and V. Addendum. The symposium provided contra-
ctor, industrial, and government representatives with the latest information on EPA
inhouse and contract combustion research projects relating to pollution control,
with emphasis on reducing NOx while controlling other emissions and improving
efficiency.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Combustion
Field Tests
Assessments
Combustion Control
Fossil Fuels
Boilers
Gas Turbines
Nitrogen Oxides
Efficiency
Utilities
Industrial Pro-
cesses
Hydrocarbons
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Combustion Modification
Trace Species
Fuel Nitrogen
T3B
21B
14B
21D
13A
13G
07B
13H
07C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
IB. SECURITY CLASS (THIt Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
137
2O. SECURITY CLASS (TMt page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-9-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-066
2.
3. RECIPIENTS ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE chemically Active Fluid-Bed Process
or Sulphur Removal During Gasification of Heavy
Fuel Oil—Fourth Phase
6. REPORT DATE
February 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
A.W. Ramsden and Z. Kowszun
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Esso Research Centre
Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX136AE
England
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB013: ROAP 21ADD-BE
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1479
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final- 6/74 - 12/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Samuel L. Rakes, MD-61, 919/541-
2825. EPA-600/2-76-248 and EPA-650/2-74-109 are earlier related reports.
IB. ABSTRACT
The report gj^gg resuits of Phase 4 of a study on the CAFB process for
gasification/desulfurization of liquid and solid fuels in a bed of hot lime. A new pilot
unit was designed and constructed, incorporating such novel features as: a new
f luidizing air distributor , high-flow/low-pressure-drop cyclones , and improved
refractory construction. Conclusions include: (1) confirmation of the process descrip-
ion by a statistically derived equation; (2) bed age has a significant effect on desul-
furization efficiency; (3) heavy residua can be gasified and desulfurized; (4) solid
fuels show potential as feedstocks; (5) trace element retention depends on stone
replenishment rate (a rate sufficient to maintain bed depth — 0.2 molar — is adequate
to maintain trace element capture and sulfur removal performance); (6) satisfactory
performance of the redesigned pilot unit; (7) a carbon burn-back procedure was not
completely effective in cleaning the cyclones; (8) confirmation that coal and Texas
lignite are suitable feedstocks for the CAFB and that ash accumulation and fusion do
not appear to be limiting; and (9) Texas limestone is satisfactory as bed material if
i is available in a suitable particle size range. Remaining work includes perfor-
mance tests and evaluation.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Fuel Oil
"luidized Bed Processors
Gasification Residual Oils
imestone Heavy Oils
Desulfurization Coal
Trace Elements
3esien
Lignite
Refractories
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
CAFB Process
Chemically Active Fluid
Bed
Fluidized Lime Bed
13B 11H,21D
131,07A
13H
08G
07D
06A.06P
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
340
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-10-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-094
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Assessment of Si High-velocity Fabric
Filtration System Used to Control Fly Ash Emissions
5. REPORT DATE
April 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J.D.McKenna, J.C.Mycock, K.D.Brandt, and
J. F.Szalay
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Enviro-Systems and Research, Inc.
2141 Patterson Avenue, SW
Roanoke, Virginia 24016
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE 624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2148
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is J. H.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 12/76-12/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
Turner, MD-61, 919/541-2925.
16. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a full-scale investigation (following a pilot
plant study) of applying high-velocity fabric filtration to coal-fired boiler fly ash con-
trol. Two filter systems were applied separately to two 60,000 Ib steam/hr coal-
fired boilers. Performance evaluated over a year included total mass removal effi-
ciency and fractional efficiencies. One filter system used Teflon felt as the filter
medium; the other used Gore-Tex, a PTFE laminate on PTFE woven backing. During
the year, a limited number of glass felt and woven glass bags were introduced into
the house containing Gore-Tex. Installed, operating, and annualized costs were
computed for five filter media (Teflon felt, Gore-Tex PTFE laminate, two weights of
woven glass, and a felted glass fabric) in a fabric filter systems capable of handling
70,000 acfm. The lighter weight woven glass fabric is the least expensive filter
medium overall and (assuming that a 4-year bag life is feasible) this makes fabric
filtration an economically attractive alternative to electrostatic precipitation. The
15 oz woven glass fabric had a projected annualized cost of #0.36/acfm at an air-to-
cloth ratio of 5,8/1.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Pollution
Filtration
Fabrics
Fly Ash
Coal
Boilers
Fluorocarbon Fibers
Glass Fibers
Felts
Woven Fabrics
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Fabric Filters
Bag Houses
High Velocity Tests
13B
07D
11E
21B
21D
ISA
11B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
114
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-11-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-096
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Chemical Aspects of Afterburner Systems
5. REPORT DATE
April 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.H.Barnes, M.J.Saxton, R.E.Barrett, and
A. Levy
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE829
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2629
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF R£PORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 3/77 - 3/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is John H. Wasser, MD-65, 919/541-
2476.
16. ABSTRACT
The report reviews the chemistry and reaction kinetics of oxidation and pyrolysis
reaction that occur in afterburners (or fume incinerators) that are used to destroy
organic pollutants in air or gas streams. Chemical kinetic rate data are compiled
for both complex and global reaction mechanisms of interest for the design and
analysis of afterburner systems. Direct-flame, thermal and catalytic afterburner
systems are covered. Details are also given on techniques for estimating chemical
rate data when experimental data are unavailable. Appropriate equations are given
for calculating the chemical performance characteristics of afterburner systems,
and recommendations are made for using chemical rate data for the analysis of
afterburner systems.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Pollution
Afterburners
Fumes
Incinerators
Chemical Properties
Kinetics
Oxidation
Pyrolysis
Organic Compounds
Catalysis
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Chemical Rate Data
13B
21J
07D
20K
07B,07C
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
117
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-12-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Iiutructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-106
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Potential Production and Marketing of FGD Byproduct
Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid in the U.S. (1983 Production)
5. REPORT DATE
April 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
S.V.Tomlinson, F.M.Kennedy,F.A.Sudhoff, and
R. L.Torstrick
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Tennessee Valley Authority
National Fertilizer Development Center
Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
IAG-D8-E721-BJ
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
"
RIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES rERL_RTpprojectofflcer te Charles J. Chatlynne, MD-61, 919/-
541-2915.
is. ABSTRACT The report updates to 1983 a 1978-base, computerized marketing evaluation
of sulfur and H2SO4 as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproducts from U.S. coal-
burning power plants. Least-costs of compliance were calculated using comparisons
of clean fuel with 50^ and 70^/million Btu premiums, limestone scrubbing, and
B crubbing systems with byproduct sulfur and H2SO4 production. Market potential of
sales to sulfur-burning H2SO4 plants was also determined. At the 50^premium,
H2SO4 production was the least-cost method at five plants, four of which had com-
bined sales of 800,000 tons/yr. At the 70j£ premium, H2SO4 production was the least
cost method at 26 plants, 7 of which had sales totaling 1.2 million tons. New boilers
coming online by 1983 accounted for 60% of the sales. Market potential was rela-
tively insensitive to sulfur price. Sulfur production was not selected at any plant,
but reduction of total FGD costs by 3-25% would make it competitive with sulfur
delivered from Port Sulphur at 1G plants with a total production of 266,000 tons.
Results indicate the need of a longer time projection and continued updating of the
model data bares.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Flue Gases
Scrubbers
Desulfurization
Byproducts
Sulfur
Limestone
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
Sulfuric Acid
Marketing
Forecasting
Mathematical
Models
Coal
Combustion
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Clean Fuel
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
Unclassified
13B
21B 05C
07A,13I
07D
14B 12A
07B 21D
I08G
21. NO. OF PAGES
57
20. SECURITY CLASS fThil page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-13-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-107
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Pilot Demonstration of Sodium Carbonate
Conditioning
5. REPORT DATE
April 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Steven Schliesser
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
E HE 62 4 A
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Acurex Corporation
P.O. Box 12796
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2646
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 277U
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND.PERIOD COVERED
Final; 6/77 - 12/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY.CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ffiRL-RTP project officer is Leslie E. Sparks, MD-61, 919/541-
2851.
16. ABSTRACT The reporj describes a performance evaluation, conducted with a pilot
electrostatic precipitator (ESP), studying the effects of injecting anhydrous sodium
carbonate into the exhaust of a utility boiler burning Western coal. In situ resis-
tivity measurements, ESP operating conditions, particulate concentration and size
distribution measurements, and analyses of fly ash composition constitute the data
assembled from this demonstration. The following results reflect the effects of con-
ditioning the base fly ash with a 1-2% concentration as sodium oxide: (1) a sixfold
reduction in resistivity; (2) a threefold improvement in average current density;
(3) a threefold reduction in emission rate, significant enough to move performance
from noncompliance to compliance; and (4) an enhancement in the fractional effi-
ciency characteristics, particularly in the fine particle range. The characteristics
of sodium carbonate conditioning are discussed, including the injection considera-
tions , material specifications, and the distinctive rationale for resistivity reduction.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Sodium Oxides
Electrostatic Precipitators
Flue Gases Coal
Treatment Combustion
Fly Ash
Sodium Carbonates
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Conditioning Agents
13B
131
21B
14B
07B
21D
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
171
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-14-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-117
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Technical Assessment of Thermal DeNOx Process
5. REPORT DATE
May 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
CtCastaldini) K.G.Salvesen, and
H.B. Mason
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Acurex Corporation
Energy and Environmental Division
485 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, California 94042
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2611, Task 10
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final: 11/77-12/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is David G. Lachapelle, MD-65, 919/-
541-2236.
16. ABSTRACT
report gives results of a technical/economic assessment of Exxon's
Thermal DeNOx Process , applied to coal-fired utility boilers. The assessment was
performed in parallel with a study in which the performance/cost of the process was
estimated for eight coal-fired utility boilers representative of the Nation's boiler
population. The report concludes that the process is a promising technique for
controlling NOx emissions from utility steam generators. However, a number of
limitations need to be evaluated when the process is retrofitted to coal-fired boilers.
Flue gas temperature fluctuations (caused primarily by load following, furnace slag
deposition, and tube fouling) may limit NOx reductions to approximately 50%. In
addition, operational and environmental impacts of NH3 emissions and ammonium
bisulfate formation could further limit the performance of the process and affect its
applicability. These limitations are best evaluated on full scale. Total operating
costs are estimated between 0.27 and 1.23 mills AWhr, exclusive of license fee.
Actual costs depend primarily on boiler size, initial NOx concentration, and level
of control required. The assessment also considered the impact of widespread pro-
cess implementation on the ammonia market, feedstock supplies, and their costs.
The impacts were found to be small.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Assessment
Ammonia
Performance
Cost Estimates
Nitrogen Oxides
Utilities
Boilers
Coal
Ammonium Com-
pounds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
NH3 Injection
Thermal DeNOx Process
Utility Boilers
Ammonium Bisulfate
13B
14B
07B
14A
13A
2 IB
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
138
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-15-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-118
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
In-stack Plume Opacity from Electrostatic
Precipitator/Scrubber System at Harrington Unit 1
5. REPORT DATE
May 1979
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Leslie E. Sparks
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
See block 12, below.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
N.A.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Ihhouse; 8-9/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Author Sparks' phone is 919/541-2925.
i6. ABSTRACT Tne report gives results of theoretical modeling of particulate emission
and in-stack plume opacity for the electrostatic precipitator (ESP)/scrubber system
at Southwestern Public Service Company's Harrington Unit 1. The theoretical results
of an emission rate of 17.8 ng/J and opacity of 35% are in good agreement with data
from compliance testing of the unit. The calculations indicate that 20% opacity can be
achieved (1) by increasing specific collector area (SCA) of the ESP by 25% and leaving
the scrubber pressure drop alone, (2) by increasing scrubber pressure drop by a
factor of 4 and leaving the ESP alone, (3) by replacing the existing marble bed scrub-
ber with a venturi scrubber, increasing the pressure drop by 20%, and leaving the
SP alone, or (4) by doubling the SCA of the ESP and removing the scrubber. Cal-
culations showing the impact of high in-stack opacity on the downwind appearance of
the plume are also included.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Gas Scrubbing
Flue Gases Dust
Opacity Mathematical
Plumes Modeling
Electrostatic Precipitators
Scrubbers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
13B
21B
14B
131
07A
13H
11G
12A
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
30
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-16-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-120
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT: Lurgi
Coal Gasification Systems for SNG
5. REPORT DATE
May 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
M.Ghassemi, K.Crawford, and S.Quinlivan
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW Environmental Engineering Division
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
E HE 62 3 A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2635
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 5/78 - 4/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARYNOTESIERL_RTp project officer is William J. Rhodes, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2851.
is. ABSTRACTTne report is a compUation and analysis of data on the equipment and pro-
cesses constituting the Lurgi Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) systems, the control/dis-
posal alternatives for a media, the performance and cost of control alternatives, and
present and proposed environmental requirements. It provides the best technical ba-
sis currently available for establishing environmental standards for Lurgi SNG
plants. Lurgi SNG systems are divided into four operations (coal preparation, coal
gasification, gas purification, and gas upgrading) and a number of auxiliary pro-
cesses (air pollution control, raw water treatment, oxygen production, etc.); each
operation consists of a number of processes. Data are provided on the characteris-
tics of input materials, products, and waste streams associated with each process.
Pollution control alternatives for air emissions, water effluents, solid wastes, and
toxic substances in an integrated facility were examined for performance, costs,
energy requirements, and ability to comply with current and anticipated environ-
mental standards. The adequacy of the data was evaluated and the additional data
needed to support standards development and enforcement and health and ecological
effects and control research and development were identified. On-going and plan-
ned programs which may supply some of the needed data are reviewed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Coal Gasification
Manufactured Gas
Coal Preparation
Gas Purification
Water Treatment
Toxicity
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Substitute Natural Gas
Lurgi
Gas Upgrading
13B
14B
13H
21D
081
07A
06T
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
341
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-17-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-133
2.
I. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Wastewater Treatment in Coal Conversion
5. REPORT DATE
June 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.E.Hicks, B.J.Goldstein, F.B.Seufert, and
I. W.Wei
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Water Purification Associates
238 Main Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
E HE 62 3 A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2207
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 277U
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 10/76 - 1/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T3RL-RTP project officer is William J. Rhodes, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2851.
16 ABSTRACT The report describes water treatment control technology specific to fuel
conversion plant sites in the western U.S. Most plants converting coal to other fuels
use a large quantity of clean water (as steam) and put out a large quantity of dirty
water that is condensed when the products from the coal reactor are cooled. Treat-
ment of this foul condensate is the subject of this report. The report discusses each
aspect of water treatment separately.'Procedures for removing phenolic compounds
are discussed: they include distillation, extraction, and adsorption. The report in-
cludes design equations, step-by-step design procedures, and calculations for a
typical unit. It also provides physical data that are required for design. The discus-
sion of ammonia separation and recovery includes design equations and physical data
Illustrative calculations show how the design procedure is used. For biological
treatment, the design procedures show how to destroy organic contamination (inclu-
ding phenol) in the condensate. It also discusses cooling tower control. An econom-
ical use of the foul condensate is treating it for makeup to a plant's cooling system.
The report also reviews established procedures for sizing plant equipment.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal Gasification
Waste Water
Water Treatment
Phenols
Ammonia
Bioassay
Cooling Towers
Organic Compounds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Coal Conversion
Biological Treatment
Organic Contamination
13B
13H
07C
07B
06A
13A,07A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReportj
Unclassified
21. NO. OF TAGES
284
20. SECURITY CLASS (This. '
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-18-
------- |