vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
JUL80
Research and Development
Report
Abstracts
Industrial
Environmental
Research Laboratory
RTP
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£ EPA UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA 27711
July 1980
The attached abstracts (EPA Forms 2220-1) represent reports
that have been issued through EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory during the past month. They are sent to you
because of the indication that you are interested in our multimedia
activities relating to the control of environmental pollution.
If any of these abstracts interest you (and you desire the full
reports), they should be available prepaid in about 6 weeks from
the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield. VA 22151 (phone 703/321-8543).
If you desire either to discontinue receiving these monthly
abstracts, or to nominate additional recipients, please fill in the
required information below, as well as the return address block
on the reverse hereof, and return the sheet to us.
Sincerely yours,
)hnAC. Burchard
Director
Encl: (46)
( ) Please discontinue sending these abstracts to me.
( ) Please start sending your monthly abstracts to the addressees
indicated below (complete addresses, please):
-1-
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(Please include ZIP code)
PLACE
STAMP
HERE
To: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Attn: Technical Information Coordinator
Mail Drop 64
(Fold on dotted lines and seal before mailing)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-79-201
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Sampling and Analysis of Reduced and Oxidized
Species in Process Streams—Final Report
5. REPORT DATE
November 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
R. F. Maddalone, L. L. Scinto, and M. M. Yamada
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW Defense and Space Systems Group
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2165, Task 221
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 7/76 - 8/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is Frank E. Briden, Mail Drop 62, 919/
541-2557.
16. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a program of over 60 tasks involving the eval-
uation, development, testing, and field adaptation of measurement techniques for
elemental analysis and inorganic compound identification in process and effluent
streams. Procedures for particulate sampling at the inlet and outlet of FGD systems
were developed. Methods for H2SO4 sampling in flue gas streams were developed
based on the controlled condensation of H2SO4 vapor (a manual procedure was used
as the basis for an automated H2SO4 monitoring instrument that was built and tes-
ted). Two procedure manuals were written for reduced and oxidized inorganic spe-
cies. The reduced species manual detailed GC and GC/MS procedures for identifying
organometallic compounds as well as homologous series such as RSH and RNH. The
oxidized species were identified using an integrated series of analytical methods such
as AAS, ICAP, XRD, FTIR, ESCA, and SEM-EDX. The procedures developed,
applied to samples from several EPA programs, showed that the analysis scheme is
applicable to most solid samples from combustion sources. Ion chromatographic
procedures were also developed for analyzing FGD system slurry streams. The use
of pH and chloride electrodes for controlling FGD systems was investigated. The
methodology for coal flow monitors was reviewed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATi Field/Group
Pollution Oxidation
Sampling Industrial Processes
Analyzing Dust
Measurement Aerosols
Inorganic Compounds
Reduction (Chemistry)
Sulfuric Acid
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
13B
14B
07B
13H
11G
07D
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
107
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-040
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Demonstration of a Closed Loop Reuse System in a
Fiberglas Textile Plant
5. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
S.H. Thomas-and D. R. Walch
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
Fiberglas Tower
Toledo, Ohio 43601
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB610
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
S801173
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 5/73 - 12/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TjERL-RTP project officer is Max Samfield, Mail Drop 62, 919/
541-2547.
16. ABSTRACT
report des cribes work done toward providing a totally recycled water
system for Owens -Coming's textile fiber manufacturing plant at Anderson, SC.
(The work was based on pre-1968 pilot plant work by Owens-Corning that resulted in
development of totally recycled industrial wastewater systems for all of their in-
sulation manufacturing plants. ) Water quality requirements for the Anderson plant
were considerably more stringent than for insulation manufacturing. Test and engi-
neering design work started in 1973. Design work was completed in March 1977
and actual field work was started. All sanitary wastes from the plant were segrega-
ted for separate treatment; Much modification to the existing treatment was required
to improve the quality of primary and secondary effluent for tertiary treatment. In
the final process , biologically treated effluent is sand-filtered, followed by activated
carbon adsorption and disinfection with chlorine. Major items of equipment added
were a commercial upflow pressure sand filter and three upflow activated carbon
columns with backwash capabilities. The quality of treated effluent is completely
satisfactory for all plant operating requirements. Total recycle of treated effluent
was realized in mid-1978 and has continued since then. Complete closed-loop oper-
tion had not yet been achieved. Discharge to Betsy Creek has been greatly reduced.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Textile Industry
Textile Processes
Glass Fibers
Waste Water
Water Treatment
Insulation
Sand Filters
Activated Carbon
Chlorine
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
HE
13H
11B
14B
13K
11G
07B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
107
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-4-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-054
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Supercritical Fluid Regeneration of Activated Carbon
for Adsorption of Pesticides
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.P. DeFilippi, V. J.Kyukonis, R.J.Robey, and
M. Modell
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
20 Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB610
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant R804554
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 1/77-5/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Max Samfield, Mail Drop 62, 919/
541-2547.
. ABSTRACT
rep0r|-(jescribes tne development of a new process for regenerating
activated carbon, using supercritical CO2 as a desorbent. Supercritical CO2 in the
range of 30-250 C and at pressures >80 atm. is a good solvent for organics. A
series of pesticides was tested for treatment by carbon adsorption and supercritical
CO2 regeneration. Alachlor and atrazine, selected for further study, both permitted
regeneration over multiple cycles with a low average loss per cycle. All pesticides
tested showed a substantial capacity decline (30-plus%) after one generation, but
after several cycles both alachlor and atrazine exhibited a stable working capacity.
Regeneration is rapid. Water in the carbon pores is not detrimental , at least not at
120 C. Shorter exposure time of carbon to adsorbent resulted in less first-cycle
decline. Desorption rates increased with temperature, and higher regeneration
pressures (150-275 atm.) gave improved regener ability. Treatability studies on a
plant sample of atrazine manufacturing wastewater indicated a stable but low working
capacity of carbon. Working capacities of 0. 05 to 0. 08 g TOC per g carbon were
obtained at regeneration pressures of 150-275 atm. at 120 C.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Pesticides
Adsorption
Activated Carbon
Regeneration
Desorption
Carbon Dioxide
Supercritical Flow
Waste Water
Water Treatment
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Supercritical CO2
Alachlor
Atrazine
13B
06F
14B
11G
07D,07A
07B
20D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
197
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-5-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instruction* on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-075c
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
». TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from
Petroleum Refining: Volume 3. Appendix B
5. REPORT DATE
il 1980
kpril
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7, AUTHOR(S)
R.G.Wetherold, L.P.Provost, andC.D.Smith
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
). PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
P.O. Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2147, Exhibit B
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 3776-6/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL_RTp project officer is Bruce A. Tichenor, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
16. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a 3-year program to assess the environmental
impact of petroleum refining atmospheric emissions. This volume contains a de-
tailed compilation of the data and a summary of the results obtained from measure-
ments taken at 13 refineries throughout the U.S. The sampled sources included
valves, flanges, pump and compressor seals, relief valves, drains, cooling towers ,
oil/water separators, dissolved air flotation units, and various process stacks.
Nonmethane hydrocarbon emission factors for .the various fugitive emission sources
are presented. Nomographs illustrating the relationship between screening (monitor-
ing) values and emission rates are included. Correlations of leak rates with various
process and equipment parameters are graphically displayed. The frequency and
distribution of emission sources in refineries are estimated. The effect of simple
valve maintenance on valve leak rates is described. Many organic species present
in liquid process streams and vapor emissions were identified and quantified. These
species and their concentrations in the various streams are listed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Croup
Pollution Maintenance
Petroleum Refining Organic Compounds
Assessments
Sampling
Analyzing
Hydrocarbons
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Nonmethane Hydro-
carbons
13B
13H
14B
07C
15E
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
550
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-6-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-077a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Treatability Studies of Pesticide Manufacturing
Wastewaters: Carbaryl
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORIS) Edward Monnig, Michael Murphy, Ruth
Sweidinger, and Linda Little
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB610
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3688, Task 109
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 2/78-3/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is David C. Sanchez, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
. ABSTRACT The repoPt gjves results of B. bench-scale, experimental treatability study
of wastewaters from the manufacture of the pesticide carbaryl. Results indicate that
both carbaryl manufacturing wastewater (mixed one part in nine parts municipal
wastewater) and carbaryl itself (spiked at 10 mg/L in municipal wastewater) appear
suitable for biological treatment by acclimated systems if additional provision is
made for removing ammonia in the effluents from these biological treatment sys-
tems. Other parameters investigated in this study—including carbaryl, alpha-
naphthol, and toluene concentrations and the chemical oxygen demand (COD)—all
showed large reductions (90% or greater). The mechanisms of reduction of these
parameters include combined hydrolysis and biodegradation of carbaryl and alpha-
naphthol, volatilization of toluene, and biodegradation of species contributing to COD
A large increase in ammonia concentration was noted in the effluent from the bio-
logical units treating carbaryl manufacturing wastewater. This ammonia concentra-
tion made the toxicological evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment problematic
by rendering the effluent more toxic than the influent. Ammonia stripping lessened
this toxicity. Because the technology of nitrogen control has been extensively devel-
oped, these treatment options were not pursued further.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Nitrogen
Pesticides Naphthols
Industrial Processes
Waste Water Toluene
Waste Treatment Toxicity
Ammonia Oxygen Demand
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Carbaryl
Treatability
Alpha-naphthol
Chemical Oxygen De-
mand^
13B
06F
13H
07B
07C
06T
06P
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
37
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-7-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-088
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Evaluation of a Commercial Vacuum System for the
Removal of Asbestos
S. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.W.Welker,D.F.Finn,J.D.Stockham, and
R. P. Hancock
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
C1Y-L1B
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2617, Task 10
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 10-12/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RT_,.RTP project officer is David C. Sanchez, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
16. ABSTRACT
repor^ gives results of a brief field study that included measurement
of personal, area, and environmental asbestos exposures resulting from wet and
dry asbestos removal using a commercial vacuum system. Personal and area (in-
door) asbestos concentrations during dry removal were less than 1 f iber/cu cm , as
measured by NIOSH P and CAM 239 when the vacuum system was used. Asbestos
released to the environment from the vacuum system's three -stage exhaust filter
was negligible. Asbestos was released from the operator's protective garments
when he exited the work area to service the vacuum system. Sources of asbestos
fiber release associated with vacuum system operation were identified; these occur-
red during operation, disassembly, and asbestos disposal. Following vacuum shut-
down, liquid drained from the collection reservoir due to inadequate door seals.
During vacuum hose disassembly, bulk losses of asbestos -containing materials
occurred. During disposal, the exterior of the vacuum truck became contaminated
as the reservoir was emptied. Additional dry removal testing is required.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Asbestos
Vacuum Cleaners
Vacuum Filters
Vacuum Filtration
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
HE
13G
13K
07A
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
81
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-8-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing/
1 . REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-106
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment of Dry Coke Quenching
Vs. Continuous Wet Quenching
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
C.W. Westbrookand D.W. Coy
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604C
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3152, Taskl
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANDPER
Task Final; 9-10/79
ERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES J.ERL-RTP project officer is Robert C. McCrillis, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2733.
16. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of an assessment of the multimedia environmental
impacts of continuous wet and dry quenching at National Steel's Weirton, West Vir-
ginia, Brown's Island coke plant. The report, based primarily on design data, test
data from related processes, and engineering judgement, suffers from the lack of
definitive test data. The assessment indicates that dry coke quenching results in less
particulate matter emitted, less solid waste generated, less process-related gas
emitted, and potentially less emission of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and
organics in general, than wet quenching. Dry coke quenching also results in increa-
sed aqueous effluents and fugitive emissions from coke transport and screening. The
assessment concludes that, with proper wastewater treatment and control of coke
transport emissions, the dry quench process should have less negative environmen-
tal impact than continuous wet quenching. The report identifies areas where data are
insufficient for Level 1 assessment and indicates the testing required for a complete
Level 1 assessment.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATi Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Coking
Quenching (Cooling)
Iron and Steel Industry
Dust
Aerosols
Waste Water
Water Treatment
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Coke Quenching
Particulate
13B
14B
13H
11F
11G
07D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
38
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page]
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-9-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions OH the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-158b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Chemically Active Fluid Bed for SOx Control:
Volume n. Spent Sorbent Processing for Disposal/
Utilization
7. AUTHOR(S)
C.H. Peterson
5. REPORT DATE
December 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Westinghouse Research and Development Center
1310 Beulah Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHB536
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2142
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
ERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TjjRL-RTP project officer is Samuel L. Rakes, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2825.
repOrt describes the processing of spent calcium-based sulfur sorbents
(limestones or dolomites) from an atmospheric-pressure, chemically active fluid
bed (CAFB) gasification process, using a regenerative sulfur sorbent process that
produces low- to inter mediate-Btu gas. Data are developed to provide a basis for
evaluating process concepts to minimize the environmental impact (heat release,
H2S release, and potential leachates) or possibly for spent sorbent utilization.
Flow diagrams and cost estimates were prepared for five processing options. A
dry sulfation process operating at 850 C to produce spent solids containing CaSO4
acceptable for disposal and low-temperature ash blending to produce a material for
disposal or utilization is recommended for further development. A concept for
briquetting to produce aggregate is presented as a low-temperature blending option
based on laboratory tests that produced compacts with compressive strengths up to
80 MPa. Direct disposal, dead-burning for disposal by heating at 1250 C and reducing
the sulfide content to < 0.03%, and sintering at 1550 C to release the sulfur for
recovery and produce a possible source of lime containing < 0.15% sulfur are also
investigated. Processing sorbent from a once-through sorbent process containing
CaS is also considered.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Aggregates
Fluidized Bed Processing
Coal Gasification Briquetting
Calcium Carbonates Waste Disposal
Regeneration Combustion
Sulfation
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Chemically Active Fluid
Bed Process
Spent Sorbent Processing
Dead Burning
13B 11G
13H,07A
2 IB
07C,07B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
295
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 22ZO-1 (»-73)
-10-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-178b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Technology Assessment Report for Industrial Boiler
Applications: Oil Cleaning
S. REPORT DATE
November 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
E.A.Comley, R.T.Keen, and M. F.Tyndall
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Catalytic, Inc.
P.O. Box 240232
Charlotte, North Carolina 28224
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2604, Task 2
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 6/78 - 9/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ffiRL-RTP project officer is Samuel L. Rakes, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2825.
IB. ABSTRACT
report gives results of an assessment of the applicability of oil clean-
ing technology to industrial boilers. It gives the status of development and perfor-
mance of alternative oil cleaning techniques and the cost, energy, and environmental
impacts of the most promising processes. Hydrotreating processes (HDS, hydrode-
sulfurization) which produce cleaned liquid fuels are considered the best system of
emission reduction applicable to oil-fired industrial boilers. Processes which clean
oil by gasification are either not generally suited to the small scale of industrial
boilers (POX) or are not commercially demonstrated (CAFB). The average capital
investment, as well as the overall energy requirements, increase with increasing
degree of desulfurization. The cost impact of providing low sulfur distillate oil for
firing small commercial boilers is minimal. The cost impact of using residual fuel
oil is much more dramatic. The cost of HDS escalates quite rapidly with the degree
of desulfurization in a given oil. For the distillate oil, there is a 6. 7% premium for
0. 3% S oil, and 7. 7% for 0. 1% S. For residual oil the premium ranges from 6. 7-
18. 6% (for oil desulfurized to 1. 6% S) to 39-43. 1% (desulfurized to 0. 1% S). The cost
of HDS ranges from $fo. 91/B (for 1. 6% S) to $5. 28/B (for 0. 1% S).
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Fuel Oil
Cleaning
Gasification
Boilers
Emission
Assessments
Desulfurization
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Oil Cleaning
Industrial Boilers
Hydrotreating
13B
11H,21D
13H
07A
13A
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
271
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-11-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-228C
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Coal Conversion Control Technology
Volume III. Economic Analysis; Appendix
5. REPORT DATE
October 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
L.E. Bostwick, M.R. Smith, D.O. Moore, and D.K. Webber
!. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pullman Kellogg
16200 Park Row, Industrial Park Ten
Houston, TX 77084
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE 623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2198
12. SPONSORINC AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: A/77 - 11/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL_RTP project officer is Robert A. McAllister, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2160.
16. ABSTRACT
This volume is the product of an information-gathering effort relating
to coal conversion process streams. Available and developing control technology
has been evaluated in view of the requirements of present and proposed federal,
state, regional, and international environmental standards. The study indicates
that it appears possible to evolve technology to reduce each component of each
process stream to an environmentally acceptable level. It also indicates that
such an approach would be costly and difficult to execute. Because all coal
conversion processes are net users of water, liquid effluents need be treated
only for recycling within the process, thus achieving essentially zero discharge.
With available technology, gaseous emissions can be controlled to meet present
environmental standards, particulates can be controlled or eliminated, and
disposal of solid wastes can be managed to avoid deleterious environmental effects.
This volume (III) includes both a program for economic analysis of control
technology and the appendix.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal Gasification
Coal Preparation
Economic Analysis
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Coal Conversion
13B
13H
131
05C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report!
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-12-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-001
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Definitive SOx Control Process Evaluations:
Limestone, Lime, and Magnesia FGD Processes
5. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
K.D.Anderson, J.W.Barrier, W.E.O'Brien, and
S.V.Tomlinson
ECDP-B7
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TVA, Office of Power
Emission Control Development Projects
Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA IAG-D9-E721-BI
(TVA TV-41967A)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 6/78 - 9/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES J.ERL-RTP project officer is C. J. Chatlynne, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2915.
16. ABSTRACT
repOrt gives economic and ground-to-ground energy evaluations of
limestone slurry, lime slurry, and magnesia (producing sulfuric acid) flue gas desul-
furization (FGD) processes. The lime slurry process, using purchased lime and
lime calcined onsite, remains lower in capital investmant (90 $/kW for the base-case
500-MW power plant burning 3/5% sulfur coal) than the limestone slurry process
(98 S7kW). The limestone slurry process remains lower in annual revenue require-
ments (4,02 mills AWh) than the lime slurry process (4.25 mills AWh). The mag-
nesia process is about one -third higher in capital investment (132 $AW) and one-
fourth high in annual revenue requirements (5.05 mills /kWh including credit for
acid sales) than the limestone slurry process, because of absorbent-recovery and
acid-producing complexities. The lime slurry process using purchased lime is more
economical than the limestone slurry process at low absorbent consumption rates
(below about 200 MW or 2% sulfur coal). Onsite lime calcination becomes economical
compared to purchased lime for larger power plants and higher coal sulfur levels
(about 1000 MW with 3. 5% sulfur coal, 750 MW with 5% sulfur coal). The limestone
slurry process has the lowest overall (raw material, FGD, and disposal) energy
requirements (26% less than lime and 30% less than maenesia).
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Flue Gases
Desulfurization
Sulfur Oxides
Calcium Carbonates
Calcium Oxides
Magnesium Oxides
Slurries
Scrubbers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
2 IB
07A,07D
07B
11G
131
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
325
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-13-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse be fort completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-002
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Control Assay Development: Methodology and
Laboratory Verification
6. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AOTHORIS)
W.F.Longaker, S.M. Hossain, and A. B. Cherry
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Catalytic, Inc.
1500 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2167 , Tasks 9 and 12
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
P.E
VERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Robert A. McAllister, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2160.
i6. ABSTRACT The report describes Control Assay Development (CAD), a data acquisition
program designed to evaluate the potential applicability of various treatment pro-
cesses for the control of solid, liquid, and gaseous emissions from coal conversion
plants. The CAD program described could be used to provide data for evaluating
selected treatment technologies for coal conversion wastewaters. Detailed descrip-
tions of all CAD screening procedures and equipment required for outfitting a mobile
laboratory are presented. Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the adequacy
of the proposed designs and operating procedures , and to verify the use of a dry
bacterial culture for biological oxidation studies. A number of design modifications
were recommended , based on the laboratory tests . Insufficient benefit is derived
from the use of a dry bacterial culture during the bio-oxidation screening procedure
to warrant its adoption in the testing procedure.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Assaying
Coal
Coal Gasification
Waste Water
Biology
Oxidation
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Control Assay Develop-
ment
Biological Oxidation
Coal Conversion
13B
14B
08G,21D
13H
06C
07B,07C
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
139
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-14-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-015b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
».T,TLE ANDSUBT.TLE Experimental/Engineering Support for
EPA's FBC Program: Final Report—Volume 2. Parti-
culate, Nitrogen Oxide, and Trace Element Control
5. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
D.F.Ciliberti, M.M.Ahmed, N.H.Ulerich,
M.A.Alvin, and D. L. Keairns
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Westinghouse Research and Development Center
1310 Beulah Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2132
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 12/75 - 12/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ffiRL-RTP project officer is D. Bruce Henschel, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2825. EPA-600/7-78-050 also relates to this work.
is. ABSTRACT Tne j-g^j.^ gives results of an investigation of particulate, NOx, and
trace element control for atmospheric and pressurized fluidized-bed combustion
(FBC) systems used with coal. A model, developed previously to project the loading
and size distribution of particulate emissions from FBC systems, was used to per-
mit an integrated analysis of particle control options for FBC. An experimental 150
scf/sec high-temperature/-pressure particulate control test facility, treating simu-
lated flue gas, was constructed and shaken down to permit investigation of alternative
particulate control devices. Available data on NOx emissions from FBC, and on
NOx formation and decomposition, are reviewed to identify significant FBC operating
parameters affecting NOx emissions, and'to assess formation/decomposition mech-
anisms that may be controlling in FBC. The previous thermodynamic projections
of trace element emissions from FBC were expanded to include aluminum, iron,
titanium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, and nickel. These projection!
provide a first-level approximation of the distribution of volatile and condensed pha-
ses of compounds of these metals in FBC effluent streams.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Metals
Combustion
Fluidized Bed Processing
Coal
Dust
Nitrogen Oxides
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Trace Metals
13B
21B
13H,07A
2 ID
11G
07B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
180
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-15-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-029b
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EPA Utility FGD Survey: January-March 1980
7. AUTHORIS)
M. Smith, M.Melia, and N.
Gregory
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
Mav 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PN 3570-1- Z
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE828
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-4147, Task 143
13. TYPE OF REPORT AMD PERIOD COVERED
Quarterly; 1-3/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
«. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Norman Kaplan, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2556. The report supplements report EPA-600/7-80-029a.
16. ABSTRACT _, , . . -
The report is the
1979 report (EPA-600/7-80
report, generated by a con
ational and planned domest
ational domestic particle s
installations. It summarize
suppliers , regulatory agen
systems are tabulated alph
struction, or in planning st
waste disposal practice. It
fuel characteristics , and a
parameters and discusses ]
FGD systems. Process flcr
17,
first of three supplements updating the October- Decembei
-029a) and should be used in conjunction with it. The
iputerized data base system, presents a survey of oper-
Lc utility flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems , oper-
crubbers , and Japanese coal-fired utility boiler FGD
as information contributed by the utility industry, process
cies, and consulting engineering firms. Domestic FGD
abetically by development status (operational, under con-
ages), utility company, process supplier, process, and
presents data on boiler design, FGD system design,
ctual performance. It includes unit by unit dependability
problems and solutions associated with the boilers and
w diagrams and FGD system economic data are appended.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
I. DESCRIPTORS
Pollution Maintenance
Flue Gases
Desulfurization
Electric Utilities
Waste Disposal
Boilers
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Control 13B
Stationary Sources 2 IB
Utility Boilers 07A,07D
15E
13A
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report 1 21. NO. OF PAGES
Unclassified 258
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
Unclassified
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-16-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-034
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic
Precipitation (Revision 2)
5. REPORT DATE
February 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)R.B.Mosley, M.H.Anderson, and
J.R. McDonald
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2193
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Update; 1/76 - 12/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Leslie E. Sparks, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2925. This document augments, but does not replace, EPA-600/7-78-llla.
16. ABSTRACT
The report describes modifications to the EPA/Southern Research Institute
computer model of electrostatic precipitation (ESP). The modifications include a new
semi-empirical approximation procedure for predicting electrical conditions in an
ESP. Comparisons between the results from the approximation procedure and more
exact procedures are presented. A new integration procedure for calculating par-
ticle charge is also presented. Complete FORTRAN listings of the revised ESP
model and the new subprograms are provided. Example problems are included.
The modified model requires significantly less computer time than does the earlier
model. Comparisons of results obtained using the earlier and the modified models
over a wide range of possible ESP geometries and electrical operating points
indicate that for practical purposes the modified model can be used in place of the
more rigorous earlier model.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
:. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Electrostatic Precipitation
Mathematical Models
FORTRAN
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
13H
12A
09B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
401
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-17-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-041
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental
Assessment, Volume I (Supplement A)
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
G.L.Kingsbury, J.B.White, and J.S.Watson
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3132, Task 4
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Supplement; 10/78-10/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is N. Dean Smith, Man Drop 61, 919/
541-2708. EPA-600/7-77-136a and -136b and EPA-600/7-79-176a and -176b are
related Volumes I. II. TJI. and IV.
16
6. Al
RACTThe report supplements Volume I (EPA-600/7-77-136a) of the two-volume
1977 EPA report that introduced a methodology to establish Multimedia Environmen-
tal Goals (MEGs) for chemical pollutants. It summarizes the original methodology
and introduces minor improvements. Improvements include the assignment of a
unique identification number to each MEG compound and modification of the original
model used to derive MEG values for land or solid waste. Its appendices include:
revised category descriptions, an updated master list of organic compounds, a
candidate list of compounds to be considered for future MEGs, tabulated discharge
MEG values, and hazard potential values. It also includes graphical summaries of
MEGs for 586 organic chemicals. The Supplement is to be used in coordination with
MEG Volumes m and IV (EPA-600/7-79-176a and -176b) which contain background
information summaries and MEG charts for organic compounds in the new MEGs
master list.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Environmental Engineering
Assessments
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Multimedia Environ-
mental Goals (MEGs)
Environmental Assess-
ment
13B
05E
14B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
237
20. SECURITY CLASS (ThispageJ
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-18-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read fauructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-047
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
NTIS PB 80-187966
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Feasibility of Recovering Useful Salts from Irrigation
Wastewater Concentrates Produced by Power Plant
Cooling
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Hugo H. Sephton
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The University of California
Sea Water Conversion Laboratory
47th and Huffman Boulevard
Richmond. California 94804
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE827
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant R804760
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PER
Final; 10/76 - 12/79
ERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Theodore G. Brna, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2683.
is. ABSTRACT
repOrt evaluates the feasibility of a novel energy- conserving way to
recover useful salts (sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate) from concentrated brines
by evaporation/crystallization. The concentrated brines examined were cooling
tower blowdown from agricultural wastewater and this blowdown after further con-
centration and use in ion exchange regeneration. Laboratory and pilot tests were
made with both conventional evaporation/crystallization and interface-enhanced,
vertical-tube foam evaporation which increases evaporation. Sodium sulfate and
calcium sulfate recovery provides potential capital cost savings , about $2 million
for a 1000-MWe power plant. Sale of these products is an added incentive to their
recovery. The use of foamy vapor /liquid flow on the evaporating brine/crystal
slurry enhanced heat transfer by up to 40% and enabled concurrent energy reductions
of 28%, compared to conventional evaporation/crystallization of sodium sulfate in a
5000-gpd vapor-compression vertical-tube evaporation pilot plant. Consequently,
the use of agricultural wastewater for power plant cooling in the San Joaquin Valley
with ion exchange for pre-softening and wastewater regeneration solely with concen-
trated brine from blowdown appears technically feasible and economically attrac-
tive.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
cos AT i Field/Group
Pollution Sodium Sulfates
Waste Water Calcium Sulfates
Industrial Water Brines
Agricultural Wastes
Irrigation Evaporation
Cooling Water Crystallization
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
02A
02C
13A
07B
11G
07D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
45
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-19-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-051
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Stack Gas Reheat Evaluation
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
W.R. Menzies, C.A.Muela, and G. P. Behrens
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE827
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2642
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 6/77-2/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is Theodore G. Brna, Mail Drop 61.
919/541-2683.
IB. ABSTRACT The repor|. gives results of technical and economic evaluations of stack gas
reheat (SGR) following wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) for coal-fired power
plants. The evaluations were based on information from literature and a survey of
FGD users, vendors, and architect/engineer (A/E) firms. The report summarizes
SGR processes and their features and their commercial operating experience. It
addresses benefits and energy requirements associated with SGR, and describes a
developed method for estimating reheat costs. SGR can protect equipment down-
stream of a wet scrubber from corrosion, reduce the potential for acid rainout near
the plant stack, preclude visible stack plumes, and reduce ground-level pollutant
concentrations by increasing plume buoyancy. SGR users have generally installed it
for equipment protection (30 F or higher reheat is normally specified). Most A/E
firms and vendors do not recommend SGR as a necessary part of a wet FGD system;
they prefer the higher reliability of indirect hot air injection. Plants slated for oper-
ation with wet scrubbers in 1983 will use inline (30%), bypass (24%), and indirect hot
air (14%) reheat or no reheat (wet stacks, 20%). Inline reheat is generally less costly
but has lower reliability than indirect hot air reheat. Bypass reheat is the most eco-
nomical; but its application is limited by SO2 emission regulations.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cos AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Desulfurization
Flue Gases
Reheating
Coal
Combustion
Evaluation
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Stack Gas Reheat
13B
07A,07D
21B
13A
21D
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
314
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (S-73)
-20-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. ,
EPA-600/7-80-052
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Evaluation of Lime Precipitation for Treating Boiler
Tube Cleaning Wastes
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
P. J. Rogoshewski and D. D. Carstea
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Hittman Associates, Inc.
9190 Red Branch Road
Columbia, Maryland 21045
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2684
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final- 4/78-12/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is Julian W. Jones, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2489. '
16. ABSTRACT Tne report gives results of an evaluation of lime precipitation for treating
boiler tube cleaning wastes. In this project, wastewater samples were collected
from six boiler tubeside chemical cleanings, using complexing and chelating agents.
The samples represented: (1) ammoniacal brornate/hydrochloric acid, (2) thiourea-
hydrochloric acid, (3) hydroxyacetic-formic acid, (4) ammoniated citric acid, and
(5) ammoniated EDTA cleaning systems. Wastewater samples were also collected
from boiler fireside and air preheater washes. A treatment methodology was inves-
tigated that involved: dilution of the boiler tubeside cleaning wastewater with a mix-
ture of the fireside and air preheater wash wastewaters, precipitation with lime,
and addition of polymers for clarification. After settling of the solids, the superna-
tant was analyzed for total and dissolved iron, copper, nickel, zinc, and total sus-
pended solids. Major variations in testing included adjustments in pH and dilution
ratio. Results indicate that, on a bench scale, the treatment methodology effect-
ively reduced the concentration of iron, copper, and zinc in the tubeside cleaning
wastewater to < 1 mg/1. Attainable nickel residuals were also < 1 mg/1 for wastes
from all except the ammoniated EDTA system, for which nickel residuals were not
< 5 mg/1.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution Precipitation
Boiler Tubes Evaluation
Chemical Cleaning Complex Compounds
Waste Water Chelation
Waste Treatment Polymers
Calcium Oxides
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
3B 07D
3A 14B
3H,07A 07C
07B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
112
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-21-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7- 80-062
2.
NTB PB 80-187420
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Review of Concurrent Mass Emission and Opacity
Measurements for Coal-burning Utility and Industrial
Boilers
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.J.Brennan, Richard Dennis, and D.R.Roeck
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GCA-TR-80-3-G
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GCA Technology Division
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE830
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2607, Task 19
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 8/79-2/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is James H. Turner, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2925.
. ABSTRACT Tne report gives results of concurrent particulate emissions and opacity
measurements based on visual observations and/or in-stack transmissometry for
more than 400' compliance, acceptance, or experimental tests on coal-fired utility
and industrial boilers. The sampling, which includes a capacity range of a few to
several hundred megawatts and typical firing methods (pulverized, stoker, and cy-
clone), in most cases reflects flyash control by electrostatic precipitation, although
filters or mechanical collectors were used at a few installations. All opacity mea-
surements were standardized to their equivalent values for a 4 m (13.0 ft) diameter
stack before being compared with their corresponding particulate emissions, the
latter expressed as actual grams per cubic meter. No discernible correlations appli-
cable to all sources were observed, although some modest (but apparently signifi-
cant) correlations were noted on an individual source basis. Thus, any useful and
definitive relationships between particulate mass emission rates and their corres-
ponding opacity levels appear to be site specific. Furthermore, correlations with
transmissometer measurements were far stronger than those derived from visual
estimates of opacity. Report findings were sufficiently encouraging to warrant fur-
thur analyses relating to in-stack transmissometer measurements.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal
Combustion
Measurements
Opacity
Emission
Dust
Aerosols
Boilers
Transmissometers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Mass Emissions
Particulate
Particulate Mass Emis-
sions
13B
2 ID
2 IB
14B
11G
07D
13A
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO.-OF PAGES
100
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-22-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-064b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
eld Tests of Industrial Stoker Coal-fired Boilers for
Emissions Control and Efficiency Improvement--Site
E (Data Supplement)
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J. O. Burlingame, R. A. Parker, W. M. Jackson, and
J. D. Demont
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
KVB, Inc.
6176 Olson Memorial Highway
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55422
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-IAG-D7-E681 and
DOE-EF-77-C-01-2609
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development*
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD
Supplement; 11/78-1/79
COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (*)CoSp0nsors are jX)E and American Boiler Manufacturers
Assoc. Project officers are R. Hall (EPA) and W. Harvey Jr. (DOE). The final techni-
cal report is EPA-600/7-80-064a.
i6. ABSTRACT
Supplement is a compilation of test data presented in greater
detail than was practical in the final technical report. It is intended to provide the
necessary details to other researchers who are interested in performing their own
analysis. Readers are referred to the contract final report for information as to
objectives, description of facility tested and coals fired, test equipment and pro-
cedures, interpretations, and conclusions. The final technical report also contains
data summaries not found in this supplement. The Supplement contains panel board
data for each test, detailed particulate, O2, CO2, NO, SO2, and SOS data, particle
size distribution data, modified smoke spot data, chemical analysis of the coal, and
coal size consistency data.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Boilers
Combustion
Coal
Field Tests
Dust
Stokers
Improvement
Efficiency
Flue Gases
Fly Ash
Particle Size
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Oxides
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Combustion Modification
Spreader Stokers
Particulate
Overfire Air
Flyash Reinjection
13B
13A
21B
21D
14B
11G
07B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
252
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage/
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (1-73)
-23-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-076
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
». TITLE AND SUBTITLE
High Resistivity Behavior of Hot-side Electrostatic
Precipitators
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Roy E. Bickelhaupt
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2610, Task 10
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 10/78-10/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is Leslie E. Sparks, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2925.
i6. ABSTRACT
repor^ gjves results of experiments to explain the high resistivity
behavior of hot-side electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) collecting fly ash. The wor-
king hypothesis is that the behavior is the result of the buildup of a thin layer of
sodium -ion-depleted fly ash which has a high electrical resistivity near the collector
plate. The hypothesis was tested by experiments in a miniature corona discharge
device under thermal and environmental conditions simulating a hot-side ESP. Cur-
rent density- voltage curves were taken with positive-negative corona using a hand-
placed ash layer 5 mm thick. Three major experiments were conducted to evaluate
the effect on current density- voltage relationships of: long exposure to negative cor-
ona, long exposure to positive corona, and cyclic exposure to negative and positive
corona. Exposure of a stationary ash layer to continuously applied negative or posi-
tive corona degraded the current density -voltage relationship. All evidence suggests
that the examined hypothesis is correct. The data also indicate that some form of
reversible polarity corona could remedy the difficulty. Improved rapping (to elimi-
nate the thin adherent ash layer) or development of a suitable conditioning agent
(with respect to resistivity attenuation or ash rapping and reentrainment) would be
desirable.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Cleaning
Electrostatic Precipitators
Electrical Resistivity
Fly Ash Treatment
Dust
Electric Corona
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Conditioning
Rapping
13B
131
20C
2 IB
11G
13H
14B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
36
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-24-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-078
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Wet /Dry Cooling Tower Test Module
7. AUTHOR(S)
D.M. Burkart
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION- NO.
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern California Edison Company
P.O. Box 800
Rosemead, California 91770
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Labora
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant No. R805220
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 8/77-7/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
tory
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Theodore G. Brna,
919/541-2683.
Mail Drop 61,
i6. ABSTRACT "phg report gives results of an evaluation of the engineering performance
of a single-cell wet/dry cooling tower (about 25 MW) in an 18-month field test at
San Bernardino, CA. Test objectives included determination of the water conserva-
ion and operating characteristics , and verification of a mathematical model for the
wet/dry cooling tower. The crossflow tower had parallel air flows through the wet
and dry sections , and dampers which regulated air flow to allow cooling in either
section, or any combination of the two. Without significantly affecting normal plant
performance, the wet/dry cooling tower could save about 19% of the water normally
evaporated annually by an all-wet tower at the test site. Greater savings could have
>een achieved by accepting some loss of plant efficiency during the winter months.
The mathematical model developed for the tower was verified by test results.
Although some operational problems developed during testing, the major goals of the
test program were achieved.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Pollution
Cooling Towers
Testing
Water Conservation
Characteristics
Mathematical Models
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Wet/Dry Cooling
Operating Characteris-
tics
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
c. cos ATI Field/Group
13B
13A,07A,13I
14B
12A
21. NO. OF PAGES
61
22. PRICE
-25-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-085b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Thirty-day Field Tests of Industrial Boilers: Site 2-
Residual-oil-fired Boiler
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
W.A. Carter and R.J. Tidona
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING OROANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
KVB, Inc.
P.O. Box 19618
Irvine, California 92714
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2645, Task 4
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD
Task Final; 3/79-3/80
COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES !ERL_RTp project officer is Robert E. Hall, Mail Drop 65, 919/
541-2477.
16. ABSTRACT
report is a final one for a test program to evaluate the long-term
effectiveness of combustion modifications on industrial boilers. Previous short-term
tests had been performed on industrial boilers to determine the effect of combustion
modifications on such air pollutant emissions as NOx, SOx, CO, HC, and particu-
late. The objective of this program was to determine if the combustion modification
techniques which were effective for the short-term tests are feasible for longer
periods. The report gives results of a 30-day field test of a 26. 4 MW output (90,000
Ib steam/hr) residual-oil-fired boiler using staged combustion air and low excess
air to control NOx emissions. Results indicate that these combustion modifications
are effective long-term NOx controls for this type of residual-oil-fired boiler. The
as -found NOx concentration was 158 ng/J (281 ppm at 3% O2, dry). With staged com-
bustion and low excess air firing, the mean NOx emission level was 110 ng/J (196
ppm at 3% O2 , dry). Boiler efficiency increased by 0. 7% under low NOx firing
conditions .
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTlFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
:. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Boilers
Residual Oils
Combustion
Field Tests
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Dust
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Industrial Boilers
Combustion Modification
Staged Combustion
Low Excess Air
Particulate
13B
13A
21D
21B
14B
07B
07C
11G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
192
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-26-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-085C
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
». TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Thirty-day Field Tests of Industrial Boilers: Site 3-
Pulverized-coal-fired Boiler
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
W.A. Carter and H. J. Buening
i. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
KVB, Inc.
P.O. Box 19518
Irvine, California 92714
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2645, Task 4
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 3/79-3/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is Robert E. Hall, Mail Drop 65, 919/
541-2477.
i6. ABSTRACT
a f j^ report f or a test program to evaluate the long-term
effectiveness of combustion modifications for lowering emissions from industrial
boilers . Previous short-term tests had been performed on industrial boilers to
determine the effect of combustion modifications on such air pollutant emissions as
NOx, SOx, CO, HC, and particulate. The objective of this program was to determine
if the combustion modification techniques which were effective for the short-term
tests are feasible for longer periods. The report gives results of a 30-day field test
of a pulverized- coal-fired, water-tube boiler rated at 76.2 MW (260,000 Ib steam/
hr) output. Staged combustion air and low excess air were used to effectively control
NOx emissions. However, such additional operational problems as flame instability
can be encountered. The baseline NO measurement was 498 ng/J (815 ppm at 3% O2 ,
dry) with the unit operating at about 70% of capacity. At the same load, low NOx
operations yielded NO at an emission level of 422 ng/J (691 ppm at 3% O2 , dry) for
a 15% NO reduction. During 30 days of firing under low NOx operation with loads of
15 to 63 MW, the average NO emission level was 340 ng/J (557 ppm at 3% O2, dry).
Boiler efficiency increased about 1% under low NOx firing conditions.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN f DED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Boilers
Pulverized Fuels
Coal
Combustion
Field Tests
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Dust
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Industrial Boilers
Combustion Modification
Staged Combustion
Low Excess Air
Particulate
13B
13A
2 ID
21B
14B
07B
07C
11G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. N
I6f
PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-27-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please nod Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-085d
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION'NO.
t. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Thirty-day Field Tests of Industrial Boilers: Site 4-
Coal-fired Spreader Stoker
S. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
W.A. Carter and J.R. Hart
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
j. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
KVB, Inc.
P.O. Box 19518
Irvine, California 92714
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2645, Task 4
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD
Task Final; 3/79-3/80
COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TERL.RTp project officer is Robert E. Hall, Mail Drop 65, 919/
541-2477.
16. ABSTRACT
This is a final report for a test program to evaluate the long-term
effectiveness of combustion modifications on industrial boilers. Previous short-term
tests had been performed on industrial boilers to determine the effect of combustion
modifications on such air pollutant emissions as NOx, SOx, CO, HC, and particulate,
The objective of this program was to determine if the combustion modification tech-
niques which were effective for the short-term tests are feasible for longer periods.
The report gives results of a 30-day field test of a 38.1 MW (130,000 Ib steam/hr)
output coal-fired spreader stoker. Low excess air was used to control NOx emis-
sions. Results indicate that low excess air firing is an effective long-term NOx con-
trol for spreader stokers. The as-found NOx concentration was 240 ng/J (409 ppm
at 3% O2, dry) with the boiler load at 80% of design capacity. Firing in the low
excess air mode reduced the as-found condition by about 19%. Low excess air firing
also increased efficiency by about 1.2% and decreased particulates by about 22%.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Boilers
Coal
Combustion
Field Tests
Stokers
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Dust
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Industrial Boilers
Combustion Modification
Spreader Stokers
Low Excess Air
Particulate
13B
13A
21D
21B
14B
07B
07C
11G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
175
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-28-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-086
2.
NTB PB 80-187735
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
«. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment of a Coal-fired
Controlled Utility Boiler
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
s) c Leavitt,K. Arledge .C.Shih.R.Orsini,
A.Saur,W. Hamersma,R. Maddalone,R. Beimer,
G. Richard, S.Unges, and M.Yamada
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
B,PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2613, TaskS
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD C
Task Final; 6/78-12/79
DCOVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
«. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Michael C. Osborne, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-3996. H J
16.ABSTRACT
repOrt gives results of a. comprehensive multimedia emissions assess-
ment of the cyclone-fired La Cygne No. 1 boiler , equipped with SO2 and particulate
emission controls. Levels 1 and 2 procedures were used to characterize pollutant
emissions in gaseous, liquid, and solid process streams. Assessment results, in
conjunction with assumed typical and worst case meteorological conditions , were
used to estimate the environmental impact of emissions from this type of unit. Prin-
cipal conclusions were: (1) The risk of violating NAAQS for 24 hour and annual aver-
age levels is low; however, units using high sulfur fuel may exceed short term
NAAQS for SO2. (2) Little adverse health effect is anticipated as a result of SO2,
SO4 (--), and particulate emissions projected from widespread use of coal-fired
units of the type tested. (3) Increases in the concentrations of Cd and Pb in soil and
plant tissue as a result of trace element emissions could damage plants and adver-
sely affect the health of animals consuming vegetation in the affected areas. (4)
Plants may be damaged by NOx emissions since estimated NOx concentrations ap1-
proach or exceed threshold concentrations. (5) Sensitive plant species may be
damaged by predicted short-term SO2 concentrations which are in the damage
threshold range.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN v JDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Boilers
Coal
Combustion
Sulfur Oxides
Dust
Nitrogen Oxides
Cadmium
Lead
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Asses-
sment
Utility Boilers
Particulate
13B
14B
13A
21D
2 IB
07B
11G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Re pan)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
236
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-29-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions an the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-087
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment of an Oil-fired
Controlled Utility Boiler
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
. Leavitt , K. Arledge , C. Shih , R. Orsini ,
A. Saur ,W. Hamersma,R. Maddalone ,R. Beimer ,
G. Richard .S. Uneres . and M. Yamada
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2613, TaskS
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 6/78-12/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jjERL-RTP project officer is Michael C. Osborne, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-3996.
16. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a comprehensive emissions assessment of the
Haynes No. 5 boiler during oil-firing. Levels 1 and 2 procedures were used to char-
acterize pollutant emissions. Assessment results, in conjunction with assumed ty-
pical and worst case meteorological conditions, were used to estimate the environ-
mental impact of emissions from this type of unit. Principal conclusions were: (1)
The risk of violating NAAQS due to criteria pollutant emissions is low. (2) Little
adverse health effect is anticipated as a result of SO2, SO4 (—), and particulate
emissions projected from widespread use of oil-fired units of the type tested. (3) The
impact of trace element burdens in drinking water, plant tissue, soil, and the atmos-
phere is negligible. (4) The risk of plant damage due to criteria pollutant emissions
is remote. (5) The likelihood of plant damage due to trace element emissions is
remote.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Croup
Pollution
Assessments
Boilers
Fuel Oil
Combustion
Sulfur Oxides
Dust
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Asses-
sment
Utility Boilers
Particulate
13B
14B
13A
2 ID
21B
07B
11G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-30-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-091
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Investigation of CARS and Laser-induced Saturated
Fluorescence for Practical Combustion Diagnosis
I. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
A.C.Eckbreth, P.A.Bonczyk, and J.F. Verdieck
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
i. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
United Technologies Research Center
East Hartford, Connecticut 06108
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3105
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 8/78-8/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TERL_RTp project officer is William B. Kuykendal, Mail Drop
62, 919/541-2557. EPA-600/7-77-066 and EPA-600/7-78-104 are related reports.
IB. ABSTRACT The report gives results of experimental investigations aimed at develop-
ing nonperturbing, spatially precise, in-situ diagnostic techniques to measure spe-
cies composition and temperature in flames. The investigations continued earlier
development of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and laser-induced
saturated fluorescence. The program included two main, concurrent tasks. In Task
1, optical thermometry, the practical feasibility of CARS was demonstrated in a
program of research-scale combustor testing (results agreed to within 5% for com-
bustion zone temperature measurements made with CARS and with shielded thermo-
couples). In Task 2, optical composition, laser-induced saturated fluorescence was
examined in regard to its capability for measuring CH, CN, and NO concentrations
in flames. Saturation of the fluorescence in CH and CN was achieved and consider-
able insight into the physics of saturated fluorescence was obtained. Promising init-
ial results of NO fluorescence in flames are described, but saturation was not ob-
served for laser spectral intensities up to 6 million W/sq cm/cm.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN E»DED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Combustion
Flames
Measurement
Optical Tests
Temperature
Spectroscopy
Fluorescence
Lasers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Optical Composition
Optical Thermometry
CARS
13B
21B
14B
20F
20E
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (TUs Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
102
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-31-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverie before completing]
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-092
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
Fine Particle Emissions Information System: Annual
Report (1979)
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
J. P Reider and R. F. Hegarty
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
10. PRC/GRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2641
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AN
Annual; 1-12/79
AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL.-RTP oroject officer is Gary L. Johnson, Mail Drop 63,
919/541-2745. EPA-600/7-79-G6 was the 1978 annual report. ' P '
IB. ABSTRACT
repOrt jg f^g second annual report on the Fine Particle Emissions
Information System (FPEIS), a computerized database on primary fine particle
emissions from stationary sources. The report summarizes new data added to the
FPEIS during 1979 and outlines objectives for 1980 including the emergence of the
Environmental Assessment Data Systems (EADS). The FPEIS provides a central-
ized inventory of fine particle measurement information for researchers engaged in
fine particle control technology development and in the environmental assessment of
energy and industrial processes. The first (1978) annual report on FPEIS reported
120 test sites in the data base. By the end of 1979, 47 new test sites had been added
to the data base and the total of sampling runs had increased to over 2800.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATi Field/Group
Pollution Computer Systems
Dust Programs
Emission Bioassay
Assessments Radiology
Industrial Processes
Energy Conversion Techniques
Chemical Analysis
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Fine Particle Emissions
Information System
Environmental Assess-
ment
13B
11G
14B
13H
10A
07D
09B
06A
06E
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
63
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-32-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-095
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Generation and Attenuation of Leachate from
Fluidized-bed Combustion Solid Wastes: First Year
Proeress Report
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
T. W. Grimshaw, D. N. Garner ,W. F. Holland,
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
A.G.Lamkin,W.M.Little,R.M.Mann, and
H.J.Williamson
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3103
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PE
Annual; 8/78-11/79
PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is David A. Kirchgessner, Mail Drop
61, 919/541-2825.
16. ABSTRACT The repOrt gjves results of B. study of the environmental effects of impro-
perly disposing of fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) residues. It includes: an analysis
of representative FBC residues and their interaction with natural environmental
media; and development of a method of ensuring environmental protection from the
impacts of FBC wastes on a case-by-case basis. Residues from pressurized FBC
and their interaction with six representative disposal media were studied. It gives
detailed results of laboratory and field studies of leachate generation and attenuation
for Ca, B, and SO4. More cursory examination of these parameters and 17 others
was conducted by comparing volume-weighted averages of leachate concentrations
with primary and secondary drinking water standards, Multimedia Environmental
Goals (MEGs), and Quality Criteria for Water (QCW). With respect to drinking
water standards, the parameters of greatest concern are Cd, Mn, SO4, and total
dissolved solids. For the MEGs, Ca, Cd, Co, Ni, K, Ag, and Mn are all of concern.
Only Bo is considered of special concern with respect to QCW. The six disposal
media were sandstone, shale, alluvium, glacial till, limestone, and interburden.
The investigations included a multistep laboratory protocol for leachate generation
from FBC wastes and subsequent attenuation of the leachate by the disposal media.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN £• JED TERMS
c. cos AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Combustion
Fluidized Bed Processing
Waste Disposal
Leaching
Water Quality
Boron
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
2 IB
13H
07D,07A
07B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
320
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form -2220-1 (9-73)
-33-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(f lease read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-097
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment: Source Test and
Evaluation Report—Wellman-Galusha (Ft. Snelling)
Low-Btu Gasification
S. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
'. AUTHOR(S)
M.P.Kilpatrick, R.A.Magee, T.E.Emmel, and
G.C.Paee
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
). PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
P.O. Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2147, Exhibit A
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 9/78-12/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is William J. Rhodes, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2851.
. ABSTRACT
repOrt gives results of SL source test and evaluation of a Wellman-
Galusha gasifier at the U.S. Bureau of Mines' Twin Cities Metallurgy Research
Center at Ft. Snelling. The gasifier is operated as part of the Bureau's investiga-
tion of the use of low-Btu gas as a fuel for iron ore palletizing. Program objectives
were to provide survey data from which a preliminary assessment of potential envi-
ronmental impact could be made , and to identify potential problems which would
require further characterization or pollution control technology implementation.
Difficulties with the test burner operation resulted in the product gas being vented
to the startup flare, bypassing the cyclone during a majority of the lignite test
(North Dakota, Indian Head), December 9-15, 1978. Therefore, data for the test
burner is somewhat limited and the product gas characterization does not reflect
the particulate removal capability of the process cyclone. Within these constraints ,
the test objectives were met. The Source Analysis Model/IA was used to provide
rapid screening for identifying and prioritizing potentially harmful waste streams.
Identified as major contributors to the overall health discharge severity were benzo-
pyrene and CO in the product gas; and As and Cr in the test burner flue gas. Several
gasifier-related water components exceeded Federal drinking water standards.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cos AT i Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Coal Gasification
Iron Ores
Pelleting
Lignite
Dust
Toxicity
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Wellman-Galusha Pro-
cess
Particulate
13B
14B
13H
08G
07A
21D
11G
06T
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
606
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-34-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO
EPA-600/7-80-099
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A Demonstration of Beneficial Uses of Warm Water
from Condensers of Electric Generating Plants
5, REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AUTHOR(S) L.L.Boyd (U. of MN),G.C.Ashley,
J.S.Hietala,R.V.Stansfield, and T.R.C.Tonkinson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Northern States Power Company.
414 Nicollet Mall
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant S-803770
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIO.D C
Grant Final; 5/75-4/80
COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES EERL-RTP project officer is Theodore G. Brna, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2683.
16. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a project to demonstrate that warmed cooling
water from condensers of electric generating plants can effectively and economically
heat greenhouses. The 0.2-hectare demonstration greenhouse, at Northern States
Power Co. Ts Sherburne County (Sherco) Generating Plant, used 29.4 C water to heat
both air and soil: finned-tube commercial heat exchangers were used to heat the air;
and buried plastic pipes, the soil. Warm water from the Sherco 1 cooling tower was
piped over 0.8 km to the greenhouse where it was cooled from 2.7 to 5.6 C before
returning to the cooling tower basin. Roses and tomatoes were the principal crops
in the 3-year test, although other flowers and vegetables, and conifer seedlings
were also grown. The warm water heating system supplied all the greenhouse heating
requirements, even at ambient temperatures as low as -40 C. Roses, snapdragons,
geraniums, tomatoes, lettuce, and evergreen seedlings were grown successfully.
The demonstration proved the concept to be both technically and economically feas-
ible at Sherco, with an apparent saving of #4500/hectare in 1978 dollars over fuel oil
heating, plus an annual oil savings of about 500 cu m/hectare. Privately financed
commercial greenhouses heated with warm water were built at Sherco in 1977. The
commercial greenhouses will expand from 0.48 to almost 1 hectare by late 1980.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Electric Power Plants
Cooling Water
Greenhouses
Heating
Vegetables
Flowers
Softwoods
Seeds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Conifers
Seedlings
13B
10B
13A
02C
13H
02D
11L
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
73
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-35-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-112a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. T.TLE AND SUBTITLE Field Tests of industrial Stoker Coal-
fired Boilers for Emissions Control and Efficiency
Improvement—Site H
5.REPORT.DATE
May
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
P. L. Langsjoen, R. J. Tidona, and J. E. Gabrielson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
KVB, Inc.
6176 Olson Memorial Highway
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55422
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
IAG-D7-E681 (EPA) and
EF-77-C-01-2609 (DoE)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development*
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is R.E.Hall. (*) Cosponsors are DoE
(W.T.Harvey Jr.) and the American Boiler Manufacturers Assoc. EPA-600/7-78-
136a,-79-041a,-130a,-147a.-80-064a,-065a, and -082a are Site A-G reports.
i6. ABSTRACT
report gives test results on a coal-fired, overfeed, traveling- grate
stoker. The boiler tested is rated at 45,000 Ib/hr saturated steam at 140 psig. Mea-
surements include gaseous emissions (O2, CO2, CO, NO, NO2, SOS, and HC), un-
controlled particulate mass loading, particle size distribution of the flyash, combus-
tible content of the bottom ash and flyash, and boiler efficiency. Measurements were
made at loads representing 50, 75, and 100% of design capacity, several excess air
levels, and both high- and low-overfire air pressure settings. Increased overfire
air pressures decreased particulate loading, CO, and HC. Particulate loading was
1.0 Ib/million Btu under full- load high-overf ire-air conditions. NOx averaged 0.416
Ib/million Btu (307 ppm) at full load.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Boilers
Combustion
Coal
Field Tests
Dust
Stokers
Improvement
Flue Gases
Fly Ash
Particle Size
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Oxides
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Combustion Modification
Spreader Stokers
Traveling Grate Stokers
Particulate
Overfire Air
13B
13A
2 IB
2 ID
14B
11G
14G
07B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
87
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage}
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-36-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-115
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
T.TLEANDSUBT.TLE EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility:
Advanced Program--Final Report (October 1974-June
1978)
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
D. A. Burbank and S. C. Wang
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Bechtel National, Inc.
50 Beale Street
San Francisco, California 94105
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1814
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 10/74-6/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
YNOTES IERL-RTP project officer is John E. Williams, Mail Drop 61.
9/541-2483. EPA-600/2-75-050, 600/7-76-008, 600/7-77-105, and 600/7-79-244a
id -244b are related progress reports.
is. ABSTRACT
report summarizes results of advanced testing (from October 1974
through June 1978) of 30,000-35,000 acfm (10 MW equivalent) lime/limestone wet
scrubbers for SO2 and particulate removal at TVA's Shawnee power station. Reliable
scrubber and mist eliminator operations were demonstrated, ft was shown that the
mist eliminator is much easier to keep clean when the scrubber is operated under
conditions giving high alkali utilization. Mathematical models were developed for
predicting SO2 removal in limestone, lime, and magnesium-enhanced lime/lime-
stone scrubbers. Forced oxidation with two scrubber loops was developed on the
venturi/spray tower system with limestone, lime, and limestone/MgO slurry. Bleed
stream oxidation was successful only with limestone/MgO slurry. Forced oxidation
with a single scrubber loop was developed on the TCA system with limestone slurry.
Other test blocks included limestone type and grind, automatic limestone feed con-
trol, Ceilcote egg-crate packing in the TCA, and flue gas emission characterization.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Sulfur Oxides
Flue Gases Dust
Scrubbers Aerosols
Calcium Oxides Mist
Calcium Carbonates
Magnesium Oxides Mathematical Models
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Alkali Scrubbing
Particulate
Mist Eliminators
13B
2 IB
07A,13I
07B
11G
07D
04B
12A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
382
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-37-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/8-79-009
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Lime FGD Systems Data Book
5. REPORT DATE
April 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S1T.C.Ponder Jr., J.S.Hartman, H.M.Drake,
R.F.Kleir, J.S.Master, A.N.Patkar, R.D.Terns,
and J.D. Tattle __*__
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
P/N 3283
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2603, Tasks 5 and 35
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development*
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final: 12/76 - 12/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (*) Cosoonsored by Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hill-
view Ave., Palo Alto CA 94303. Project officers: W. D. Peters (TERL-RTP, 919/541-
2915) and T.A.Morasky (EPRI. 415/855-2468).
. ABSTRACT
Book is intended to aid engineers in understanding the process
design features that are unique to lime flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. It is
intended to supplement, not replace, basic information on engineering design. It
is addressed to engineers who must design, evaluate, or operate lime FGD systems.
The information may also be useful to persons who are familiar with utility opera-
tions, but unfamiliar with chemical operations. The Data Book covers the entire
process of lime-based FGD. The gas-side battery limits extend from the discharge
of the steam generator to the discharge of the stacks. The absorbent-side battery
limits extend from receipt of the lime to sludge discharge to the final sludge dispo-
sal site.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Combustion
Sulfur Dioxide
Flue Gases
Scrubbers
Desulfurization
Mist
Boilers
Calcium Oxides
Gas Scrubbing
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Utility Boilers
Lime
FGD Systems
Alkali Scrubbing
Mist Eliminators
13B
21B
07B
07 A, 131
07D
04B
13A
13H
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
724
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-38-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/8-80-011
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
». TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment Data Systems:
Terminology Reference Manual
6. REPORT DATE
February 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
Robert J. Larkin, Editor
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
J. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Acurex Corporation
485 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, California 94042
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11TCONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2641
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 5-11/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
919/541-2745.
IERL-RTP project officer is Gary L. Johnson, Mail Drop 63,
16. ABSTRACT
is a general reference manual on the terminology used to enter
and retrieve information from the Environmental Assessment Data Systems (EADS),
a group of interrelated computerized data bases that describe multimedia discharges
from energy systems and industrial processes. The EADS was designed to aid re-
searchers in environmental assessment, source characterization, and control
technology development. The report contains the standard nomenclature or termin-
ology used to describe certain data categories in the waste stream data bases. To
selectively retrieve data from the waste stream data bases , consistent terminology
must be used if the computer search is to obtain an exact match. The report con-
tains terminology to be used to categorize sources, describe control technology,
identify chemical compounds and elements, describe analytical methods in sample
analysis, and list other data. The terminology applies to particle, gas, liquid, and
solid discharge effluent streams.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Information Systems
Terminology
Energy Conversion Techniques
Industrial Processes
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment Data Systems
EADS
Waste Streams
13B
14B
09B,05B
10A
13H
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
236
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-39-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/8-80-024
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
TI-59 Programmable Calculator Programs for In-stacfc
Opacity, Venturi Scrubbers, and Electrostatic
Precipitators
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
S.J.Cowen, D.S.Ensor (Atmospheric Research Group),
and L. E. Sparks
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Particulate Technology Branch
Industrial Environmental Researcl Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
NA (Inhouse)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD CO
User Manual; 7/78-7/79
VERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP author Sparks can be reached at Mail Drop 61, 919/541
2925. Work of authors Cowen and Ensor was supported by EPA Grant R805650.
i.e.ABSTRACT The report explains the basic concepts of in-stack opacity as measured by
in-stack opacity monitors. Also included are calculator programs that model the per-
formance of venturi scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. The effect of particu-
late control devices on in-stack opacity can be predicted by using these programs.
The size distribution data input can be either in lognormal or histogram format. The
opacity is calculated using Deirmendjian's approximation to Mie series to obtain
extinction efficiencies. An alternative opacity program employing the exact Mie
series solution is also described. The running time for this program is about 8
hours; that for the approximation program is 30 minutes. The accuracy of these
programs is as good as the measured data input.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTiFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Approximation
Measurement
Flue Gases
Opacity
Dust
Aerosols
Computer Programs
Electrostatic Precip-
itators
Scrubbers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
TI-59 Calculator
Venturi Scrubbers
13B
12A
14B
2 IB
11G
07D
09B
131
07A
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
152
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-40-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/8-80-02 7
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Guidelines for NOx Control by Combustion
Modification for Coal-fired Utility Boilers
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
E.H. Manny
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
EE.116E.79
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
P.O. Box 101
Florham Park, New Jersey 07932
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1415
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Special; 6/74-12/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TjERL-RTP project officer is Robert E. Hall, Mail Drop 65, 919/
541-2477.
16.ABSTRACT Tne j-gpoj.^ which has been reviewed by industry experts, reflects the
experience developed in successfully applying combustion modifications to reduce
NOx emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. Although the report emphasizes coal-
fired equipment, the same principles can be applied to gas- and oil-fired systems.
Techniques, methods, and step-by-step procedures are detailed by example to guide
utility personnel who may desire to conduct their own NOx emission reduction pro-
grams. Background information on operating parameters affecting NOx, necessary
to understanding NOx emission control, is also included. Field studies were conduc-
ted from 1971 to 1979 to assess the feasibility of combustion modification to control
NOx and other pollutants from large utility boilers. During these investigations,
significant NOx reductions were demonstrated. For example, using a combination of
staged combustion, low excess air firing, and other techniques reduced NOx by an
average of 38%, over a range of 12 to 62%, in more than 35 utility boilers.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Coal
Utilities
Boilers
Combustion
litrogen Oxides
ulfur Oxides
Dust
Aerosols
Slagging
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Combustion Modification
Staged Firing
Low Excess Air
Flue Gas Re circulation
Particulate
13B
2 ID
13A
2 IB
07B
11G
07D
13H
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
101
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-41-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pleate read Imttructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/9-80-004
2.
NTIS PB 80-187487
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Proceedings: Advances in Particle Sampling and
Measurement (Daytona Beach, FL, October 1979)
5. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
W.B. Smith, Editor
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING OROANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3118
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Proceedings; 4-11/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESIERL_RTP pr0ject officer is D. Bruce Harris, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2557.
16. ABSTRACT
proceedings consist of 20 reports of research on equipment and tech-
niques for sampling and characterizing particulate emissions and other aerosols.
The inhalable particle size range (up to 15 micrometers) is emphasized, and the
basis for selecting this range as a standard is discussed. Novel or improved equip-
ment includes: virtual impactors; impactors for sampling high dust loadings; an
impactor/quartz-crystal-microbalance combination used to sample stratospheric
aerosols; a tapered-element oscillating microbalance for monitoring particulate
emissions and aerosols; an automated piezoelectric microbalance for monitoring
atmospheric aerosols; a hot-wire probe for measuring liquid droplets; sampling
systems that are improvements on EPA Method 5 equipment for measuring mass
emissions; and more efficient sampling probe inlets. New or improved techniques
include: measurement of aerodynamic diameter by laser/doppler velocimetry of
particles accelerated in a converging nozzle; automation of diffusion-battery/conden-
sation nucleus counter systems; sampling inhalable particles in fugitive aerosols;
particle-size spectrometry for characterizing inhalation toxicity; computer extrapo-
lation of particle-size ranges; and the identification of impactor errors due to non-
ideal behavior to particle deposition in sampling probe nozzles.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT i Field/Croup
Pollution
Dust
Aerosols
Measurement
Sampling
Properties
Analyzing
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Characterizing
13B
11G
07D
14B
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
419
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-42-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/9-80-027
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Publications Bibliography — 1971-1979
Environmental Research Center-RTF
5. REPORT DATE
Mav 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
NA
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Support Services Office
Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
A2SR5A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
NA (Inhouse)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANC PERIOD CO
Bibliography; 1/71-12/79
VERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/00
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ERC-RTP project officer is Norman E. Childs, Mail Drop 51,
919/541-2613.
16. ABSTRACT
The report, a bibliography, lists published articles authored by the staff of the four
Laboratories comprising EPA's Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle
Park, NC. These are the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, the Envi-
ronmental Sciences Research Laboratory, the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
md the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory. The Bibliography, inclusive
'or the period January 1971 - December 1979, includes some citations predating
SPA's creation (December 1970). The Bibliography consists of a Key Word-in-
Context Index, an Author Index, and a Publication Citations section.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Catalogs (Publications)
Bibliographies Monitors
Laboratories Pollution
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Surveys
Environmental Biology
Industries
Environmental Sciences
Health Effects
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
05B
14B
05E
05J
06F
05C
14G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
435
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-43-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please nod fmunetiont on the revene before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/9-80-032
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Proceedings: Fifth Industry Briefing on EPA Lime/
Limestone Wet Scrubbing Test Programs (December
1979)
6. REPORT DATE
July 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
John E. Williams, Conference Chairman
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
J. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE828
See Block 12
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
N.A. (Inhouse)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIO
Proceedings; 12/5/79
IODCOVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is John E. Williams, MD-61, 919/541-
2483. EPA-600/7-79-092 is the proceedings of the August 1978 conference.
ie. ABSTRACT
proceecjings document presentations made during the December 5,
1979, industry briefing conference which dealt with the status of EPA/IERL-RTP's
flue gas desulfurization (FGD) research, development, and application programs.
Subjects considered included: lime/limestone scrubbing test results involving the
organic buffer , adipic acid; limestone type and grind tests at lERL-RTP's pilot
plant; lERL-RTP's program on waste solids disposal; the TVA/Shawnee lime/
limestone design economic study computer program; alkali feedrate automatic con-
trol for limestone scrubbers; tests on the cocurrent scrubber at TVA/Shawnee; and
forced-oxidation tests at the Widow's Creek Unit 8 full-scale limestone scrubber.
The conference provided developers , vendors , users , and those concerned with reg-
ulatory guidelines with a current review of progress made in TERL-RTP's FGD
technology development program.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Flue Gases
Sulfur Oxides
Desulfurization
Scrubbers
Calcium Oxides
Calcium Carbo-
nates
Oxidation
Waste Disposal
Power
Operating Costs
Adipic Acid
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Forced Oxidation
Energy Requirements
13B 07C
21B
07B 14G
07A,07D14A,05A
131
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report J
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
289
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-44-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
REPORT NO.
2.
IERL-RTP-1061
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
». TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Second Symposium on the Transfer and Utilization of
Particulate Control Technology (Denver, July 1979)
Volume I. Control of Emissions from Coal Fired Boildrs
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
F.P. Venditti, Compiler
B PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Denver Research Institute
P.O. Box 10127
Denver, Colorado 80208
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R805725 (grant)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD C(
Proceedings; 6/79-6/80
COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Dennis C. Drehmel, MD-61, 919/541
2925. EPA-600/7-79-044a thru -044d are proceedings of the 1978 symposium.
16 ABSTRACTThe proceedings document the approximately 120 presentations at the EPA/
BERL-RTP-sponsored symposium, attended by nearly 800 representatives of a wide
variety of companies (including 17 utilities). The keynote speech for the 4-day meet-
ing was by EPA's Frank Princiotta. The meeting included a plenary session on en-
forcement. Attendees were polled to determine interest areas: most (488) were inter-
ested in operation and maintenance, but electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and fabric
filters were a close second (422 and 418, respectively). Particulate scrubber interest
appears to be waning (288). Major activities of attendees were: users, 158; manufac-
turers, 184; and R and D, 182. Technical presentations drawing great interest were
the application of ESPs and baghouses to power plants and the development of novel
ESPs. As important alternatives to ESPs, baghouses were shown to have had general
success in controlling coal-fired power plant emissions. When operating properly,
baghouses can limit emissions to < 5 mg/cu nm at pressure drops of < 2 kPa. Not
all baghouse installations have been completely successful. Both high pressure drop
and bag loss have occurred (at the Harrington Station), but these problems appear to
be solved.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Croup
Scrubbers
Flue Gases
Pollution
Dust
Aerosols
Electrostatic Precipitators
Filters
Fabrics
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Baghouses
13B
11G
07D
131
14G
11E
07A
21B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
tiff
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tillspage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-45-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
EERL-RTP-1062
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Second Symposium on the Transfer and Utilization of
Particulate Control Technology (Denver, July 1979)
Vol. n. Electrostatic Precipitators
B. REPORT DATE
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
F.P. Venditti, Compiler
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Denver Research Institute
P.O. Box 10127
Denver, Colorado 80208
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R805725 (grant)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Proceedings; 6/79-6/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TJERL-RTP prolect officer is Dennis C. Drehmel, MD-61, 919/541
2925. EPA-600/7-79-044a thru -044d are proceedings of the 1978 symposium.
ie. ABSTRACT The proceedings document the approximately 120 presentations at the EPA/
lERL-RTP-sponsored symposium, attended by nearly 800 representatives of a wide
variety of companies (including 17 utilities). The keynote speech for the 4-day meet-
ing was by EPA's Frank Princiotta. The meeting included a plenary session on en-
forcement. Attendees were polled to determine interest areas: most (488) were inter-
ested in operation and maintenance, but electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and fabric
filters were a close second (422 and 418, respectively). Particulate scrubber interest
appears to be waning (288). Major activities of attendees were: users, 158; manufac-
turers, 184; and R and D, 182. Technical presentations drawing great interest were
the application of ESPs and baghouses to power plants and the development of novel
ESPs. As important alternatives to ESPs, baghouses were shown to have had general
success in controlling coal-fired power plant emissions. When operating properly,
baghouses can limit emissions to < 5 mg/cu nm at pressure drops of < 2 kPa. Not
all baghouse installations have been completely successful. Both high pressure drop
and bag loss have occurred (at the Harrington Station), but these problems appear to
be solved.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Scrubbers
Dust Flue Gases
Aerosols
Electrostatic Precipitators
Filters
Fabrics
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Baghouses
13B
11G
07D
131
14G
11E
07A
21B
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
533
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page/
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-7J)
-46-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Jnamchom on the revene before completing)
. REPORT NO.
2.
EERL-RTP-1063
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Second Symposium on the Transfer and Utilization of
Particulate Control Technology (Denver, July 1979)
Vol. m. Particulate Control Devices
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
F.P. Venditti, Compiler
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Denver Research Institute
P.O. Box 10127
Denver, Colorado 80208
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R805725 (grant)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Proceedings; 6/79-6/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Dennis C. Drehmel, MD-61, 919/541
2925. EPA-600/7-79-044a thru -044d are proceedings of the 1978 symposium.
. ABSTRACT
proceedings document the approximately 120 presentations at the EPA/
lERL-RTP-sponsored symposium, attended by nearly 800 representatives of a wide
variety of companies (including 17 utilities). The keynote speech for the 4-day meet-
ing was by EPA's Frank Princiotta. The meeting included a plenary session on en-
forcement. Attendees were polled to determine interest areas: most (488) were inter-
ested in operation and maintenance, but electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and fabric
filters were a close second (422 and 418, respectively). Particulate scrubber interest
appears to be waning (288). Major activities of attendees were: users, 158; manufac-
turers, 184; and R and D, 182. Technical presentations drawing great interest were
the application of ESPs and baghouses to power plants and the development of novel
ESPs. As important alternatives to ESPs, baghouses were shown to have had general
success in controlling coal-fired power plant emissions. When operating properly,
baghouses can limit emissions to < 5 mg/cu nm at pressure drops of < 2 kPa. Not
all baghouse installations have been completely successful. Both high pressure drop
and bag loss have occurred (at the Harrington Station), but these problems appear to
be solved.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
. COSATi Field/Group
Scrubbers
Flue Gases
Pollution
Dust
Aerosols
Electrostatic Precipitators
Filters
Fabrics
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Baghouses
13B
11G
07D
131
14G
11E
07A
21B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport}
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
545
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (••73)
-47-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
IERL-RTP-1064
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
6. REPORT DATE
Second Symposium on the Transfer and Utilization of
Particulate Control Technology (Denver, July 1979)
Vol. IV. Special Applications for Air Pollution Me asm
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
ement and Control
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
F.P. Venditti, Compiler
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Denver Research Institute
P.O. Box 10127
Denver, Colorado 80208
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R805725 (grant)
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Proceedings; 6/79-6/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Dennis C. Drehmel, MD-61, 919/541-
2925. EPA-600/7-79-044a thru -044d are proceedings of the 1978 symposium.
16. ABSTRACT;
The proceedings document the approximately 120 presentations at the EPA/
lERL-RTP-sponsored symposium, attended by nearly 800 representatives of a wide
variety of companies (including 17 utilities). The keynote speech for the 4-day meet-
ing was by EPA's Frank Princiotta. The meeting included a plenary session on en-
forcement. Attendees were polled to determine interest areas: most (488) were inter-
ested in operation and maintenance, but electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and fabric
filters were a close second (422 and 418, respectively). Particulate scrubber interest
appears to be waning (288). Major activities of attendees were: users, 158; manufac-
turers, 184; and R and D, 182. Technical presentations drawing great interest were
the application of ESPs and baghouses to power plants and the development of novel
ESPs. As important alternatives to ESPs, baghouses were shown to have had general
success in controlling coal-fired power plant emissions. When operating properly,
baghouses can limit emissions to < 5 mg/cu nm at pressure drops of < 2 kPa. Not
all baghouse installations have been completely successful. Both high pressure drop
and bag loss have occurred (at the Harrington Station), but these problems appear to
be solved.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Scrubbers
Dust Flue Gases
Aerosols
Electrostatic Precipitators
Filters
Fabrics
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Baghouses
13B
11G
07D
131
14G
11E
07A
21B
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-7J)
-48-
------- |