United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1
OCT80
Research and Development
Report
Abstracts
Industrial
Environmenta
Research Laboratory
RTP
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vyEPA
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA 27711
October 1980
The attached abstracts (EPA Forms 2220-1) represent reports
that have been issued through EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory during the past month. They are sent to you
because of the indication that you are interested in our multimedia
activities relating to the control of environmental pollution.
If any of these abstracts interest you (and you desire the full
reports). they should be available prepaid in about 6 weeks from
the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield. VA 22151 (phone 703/321-8543).
If you desire either to discontinue receiving these monthly
abstracts, or to nominate additional recipients, please fill in the
required information below, as well as the return address block
on the reverse hereof, and return the sheet to us.
Sincerely yours,
)nnAC. Bur chard
Director
Encl: (23)
( ) Please discontinue sending these abstracts to me.
( ) Please start sending your monthly abstracts to the addressees
indicated below (complete addresses, please):
-1-
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(Please include ZIP code)
PLACE
STAMP
HERE
To: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Attn: Technical Information Coordinator
Mail Drop 64
(Fold on dotted lines ind seal before mailing)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-042b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO,
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Source Assessment: Residential Combustion of Wood
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
D. G. DeAngelis, D. S. Ruffin, and R. B. Reznik
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Monsanto Research Corporation
1515 Nicholas Road
Dayton, Ohio 45418
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB015
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1874, Task 23
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PER
Task Final; 11/78 -
VERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is John O. Milliken, Mail Drop 63,
919/541-2745.
'6. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of an estimate of the potential environmental im-
pact of the residential combustion of wood. About 16. 6 million metric tons of wood
was burned in the residential section in 1976. About 30% of this was burned for pri-
mary heating in about 912,000 residential units. Geographic distribution of wood-
fired heaters is related to the natural forest regions in the U.S. By 1985, over 10
million homes will be using some wood fuel. Emissions from wood-fired residential
heaters include particulates, SOx, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons (HC), and polycyclic or-
ganic material (POM). The impact of these emissions has been assessed by source
severity, involving estimating maximum ground level concentrations of pollutants
and comparing these concentrations to a National Ambient Air Quality Standard for
criteria pollutants or to a reduced threshold limit value for non-criteria pollutants.
A comparative analysis of source severities for residential wood combustion with
other stationary sources indicates that residential wood combustion is a major
source of POM. Particulate, HC, and CO emissions from all residential wood-fired
sources were estimated to contribute 1.0, 1.5, and 3. 8%, respectively, of the total
national emission burden for those species in 1976.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Combustion
Wood
Residential Buildings
Heating Equipment
Assessments
Dust
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic Com-
pounds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Residential Heaters
Source Assessment
Particulate
Polycyclic Organic Ma-
terial
13B
2 IB
11L
13M
13A
14B
11G
07B
07C
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
99
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-075d
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from
Petroleum Refining: Volume 4. Appendices C, D,
and E
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
L. P. Provost and R. G. wetherold (C); G.E.Harris and
M.W.Hooper (D); and W.R.Phillips (E)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
P.O. Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2147, Exhibit B
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
919/541-2547.
project officer is Bruce A. Tichenor, Mail Drop 62,
is. ABSTRACTThereport gj^g resulte Of a 3_year program to assess the environmental
impact of petroleum refining atmospheric emissions. This volume contains Appendi-
ces C.D. and E. Appendix C presents the quality assurance program and a statistical
analysis of the emissions data. K describes quality control procedures for screening,
sampling, analyzing, species identification, and data validation. It discusses the ac-
curacy and precision of the various data types. Appendix D describes the procedures
used to develop a detailed environmental assessment of refineries. Refinery emission
rate data were used to predict ambient pollutant levels near a model refinery. The
environmental effects and the potential hazard to the public are discussed. Appendix
E is a detailed review and evaluation of pollution control technology. The state-of-
the-art of fugitive and process emission controls in refineries is reviewed. Avail-
able controls are described. Control technologies used in related industries are
examined for potential applicability in the refining industry.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Petroleum Refining
Assessments
Quality Assurance
Quality Control
Statistical Analysis
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
13H
14B
14D
12A
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Reportf
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
)F PAC
529
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-158a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Chemically Active Fluid Bed for SOx Control;
Volume I. Process Evaluation Studies
5. REPORT DATE
December 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
D. L.Keairns, W.G.Vaux, N.H.Ulerich, E.J.Vidt,
and R. A. Newby
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Westinghouse Research and Development Center
1310 Beulah Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHB536
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2142
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 7/75-10/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is Samuel L. Rakes, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2825.
s. ABSTRACT
repOrt describes selected process evaluation studies supporting the
development of an atmospheric-pressure, f luidized-bed , chemically active gasifi-
cation process, using a regenerative limestone sulfur sorbent to produce low- to
intermediate -Btu fuel gas. Limestone sorbent selection and attrition, alternative
medtal oxide sorbents, particulate control, fuel supply, and an updated process ass-
essment are investigated. Limestone sorbent selection results are presented for
the EPA-sponsored CAFB demonstration plant. Sorbent attrition and economics are
the main criteria as most limestone are not limited by sulfur removal. Trace ele-
ment, regeneration, and disposal characteristics should be considered. Feasibility
tests of air oxidation for disposal of gasifier solids for once-through operation show
up to 70% conversion of the CaS. Methods for improving performance are identified.
A procedure was developed to measure the attrition tendency of the sorbent selected.
Brownwood limestone has intermediate attrition resistance showing 5. 4% mass loss
by attrition for this test, compared with three reference stones ranging from 0. 5 to
9.1%. Sixteen alternative metal oxide sulfur sorbents that could reduce the environ-
mental impact of solids disposal and may improve process economics were screen-
ed. CaO/CaO3, ZnO, and FeO are sorbents identified for further study.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Sulfur Oxides
Fluidized Bed Processing
Coal Gasification
Calcium Carbonates
Dust
Aerosols .
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Chemically Active Fluid
Bed
Particulate
Metal Oxides
13B
07B
13H,07A
11G
07D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
148
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-5-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-202
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Pollutants from Synthetic Fuels Pro-
duction: Environmental Evaluation of Coal Gasification
Screening Tests
5. REPORT DATE
August 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS) D> G. Nichols, J. G. Cleland, D. A. Green,
F.O.Mixon, T.J.Hughes, and A.W.Kolber
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING OROANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant No. R804979
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIO
Task Final; 8/78 - 7,
iVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600 A3
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
. project officer is N. Dean Smith, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2708. Grant-related reports include EPA- 600/7- 7 8-171, EPA-600/7-79-200, and
EPA-60Q/7-79-201. _
is. ABSTRACT
gives results of an environmental evaluation of 38 screening test
runs using a laboratory-scale , fixed-bed coal gasifier to study pollutants generated
during the gasification of various coals. Pollutants were identified and quantitative
analyses performed for tars, aqueous condensates, volatile organics, primary
gases, and reactor residues. Tar partition fractions were also generated and studied
for each coal providing distributions of insolubles , organic acids and bases , polar
and nonpolar neutrals, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Showing the greatest
potential for adverse health effects are: oxygen- containing species and PNAs in the
tars and aqueous condensates; carbon monoxide, benzene, and hydrogen sulfide in
the primary gas streams; and certain trace elements in the reactor residues. Bio-
assays of various coal gasification effluents showed the crude tars and selected tar
fractions to have a potentially mutagenic character.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal Gasification
Tars
Condensates
Organic Compounds
Gases
Residues
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Synthetic Fuels
13B
13H
07C
07D
14B_
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
150
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-6-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA- 600/7- 80-003
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Abundance of Trace and Minor Elements in Organic
and Mineral Fractions of Coal
7 AUTHOR(S)J.K.Kuhn, F.L.Fiene, R.A.Cahill,
H. J. Gluskoter , and N. F. Shimp
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AN
Illinois State Geological Su
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801
D ADDRESS
rvey
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2130
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 11/75-5/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ffiRL-RTP project officer is N. Dean Smith, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2708.
16. ABSTRACT The report gives results of .subjecting 27 U.S. coals to float/sink, acid,
and ion-exchange treatments. From these treatments, coal fractions were obtained
and analyzed to determine the organic and mineral associations of 45 elements. Of
the elements studied, B, Be, Br, Ge, and Sb were consistently classified organic;
sulfide-forming elements (Zn, As, Cd, and Fe) were classified inorganic; and others
(e.g. , Al, Ca, Ga, Ni, P, Si, and Ti) were intermediate or variable in their asso-
ciation. Three general observations were made: (1) the total concentration of an ele-
ment in coal is not indicative of its concentration in the organic phase; (2) because
concentrations vary widely, an accurate appraisal of trace and minor element asso-
ciations requires that each coal be evaluated separately; and (3) the highest concen-
trations of trace and minor elements in coal occur in the mineral matter. Despite
evidence that many elements exhibit some degree of organic association, most of
the trace and minor elements in these coals were in a mineral form. Thus many
elements could be significantly reduced by physical cleaning. The degree of reduc-
tion depends on the mineral, its size, and its distribution.
17.
a. DESCRIPTORS
Pollution
Coal
Analyzing
Organic Compounds
Minerals
Coal Preparation
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Characterization
Coal Cleaning
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
08G
14B
07C
081
21. NO. OF PAGES
74
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-7-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
iPA-600/7-80-015d
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
NTIS PB 80-222052
TITLE AND SUBTITLE Experimental/Engineering Support for
SPA's FBC Program: Final Report
Volume 4. Engineering Studies
. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
J.R.Hamm, D.F.Ciliborti, R.W.Wolfe,
R. A. Newby, and D. L. Keairns
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Westinghouse Research and Development Center
1310 Beulah Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2132
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 12/75 - 12/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ffiRL-RTP project officer is D. Bruce Henschel, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2825. EPA-600/7-78-163 also relates to this work.
6. ABSTRACT
gives results of engineering studies addressing several aspects
of fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) system design and performance , as applied to
coal, .ft reviews an evaluation of the impact of SO2 emission requirements on FBC
system performance and cost. Stringent SO2 emission requirements can be satis-
fied economically if design and operating parameters are properly selected. An
alternative SO2 control concept for pressurized FBC (PFBC), pressurized scrub-
bing of the products of combustion with water, is evaluated. The concept is not eco-
nomically competitive because of reduced plant efficiency and the need for recuper-
ative heating. A potential reduction in solid waste is realized with the concept, but
the SO2 control efficiency may be limited. An evaluation of PFBC , examining the
technical and economic trade-offs between the level of particulate control achieved
and the frequency of gas -turbine blade replacement, is described. The evaluation
incorporates models of PFBC particulate carry-over, particulate control device
efficiency, and turbine erosion. Also, an indirect air-cooled PFBC concept is com-
pared with other PFBC concepts. The indirect air-cooled concept provides signifi-
cant particulate control advantages over the adiabatic combustor PFBC concept,
resulting in about 4% lower plant efficiency and 1% higher cost of electricity.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Dust
Combustion Gas Turbines
Fluidized Bed Processing
Coal
Sulfur Oxides
Scrubbers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
13B 11G
21B 13G
13H,07A
21D
07B
131
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report!
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
111
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (••73)
-8-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-018
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A Theoretical Analysis of Nitric Oxide Production in
a Methane/Air Turbulent Diffusion Flame
5. REPORT DATE
January 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Frank E. Marble (California Institute of Technology)
and James E. Broadwell
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW Defense and Space Systems Group
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
TNE829
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2613
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 1/78 - 4/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is W.S. Lanier, Mail Drop 65, 919/
541-2432.
16. ABSTRACT
The report gives results of a theoretical analysis of nitric oxide production in a
methane/air turbulent diffusion flame. In the coherent flame model used, the chemi-
cal reactions take place in laminar flame elements which are lengthened by the tur-
bulent fluid motion and shortened when adjacent flame segments consume intervening
reactant. The rates with which methane and air are consumed and nitric oxide gene-
rated in the strained laminar flame are computed numerically in an independent cal-
culation. The model predicts nitric oxide levels of approximately 80 ppm at the end
of the flame generated by a 30.5 cm (1 ft) diameter jet of methane issuing at 3050
cm/sec (100 ft/sec). This level varies directly with the fuel jet diameter and inver-
sely with the jet velocity. A possibly important nitric oxide production mechanism,
neglected in the analysis, can be treated in a proposed extension to the model.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cos AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Combustion
Nitrogen Oxide (NO)
Turbulence
Coherence
Shear Flow
Diffusion Flames
Mathematical Models
Methane
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
NOx Control
Coherent Structures
Methane/Air Flames
13B
21B
07B
20D
12A
07C
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
69
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-9-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(flcair rcaJ fnstmciiom on the rrrmr Ar/w funiiilitni.fi
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-029c
2.
3. RECIPILNT S ACCESSION NO
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EPA Utility FGD Survey: April - June 1980
5 REPORT DATE
July 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
M. Smith, M. Melia, N. wregory
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PN 3570-1-Z
J. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE828
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-4147, Task 143
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Quarterly. 4-6/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IERL-RTP project officer is Norman Kaplan,.Mail Drop 61, 919/541-
2556. The report supplements EPA-600/7-80-029a.
16. ABSTRACT
This report is the second of three supplements updating the October-December 1979
report (EPA-600/7-80-029a) and should be used in conjunction with it. The report,
which is generated by a computerized data base system, presents a survey of opera-
tional and planned domestic utility flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems, opera-
tional domestic particle scrubbers, and Japanese coal-fired utility boiler FGD in-
stallations. It summarizes information contributed by the utility industry, process
suppliers, regulatory agencies, and consulting engineering firms. Domestic FGD
systems are tabulated alphabetically by development status (operational, under
construction, or in planning stages), utility company, process supplier, process,
and waste disposal practice. It presents data on boiler design, FGD system design,
fuel characteristics, and actual performance. It includes unit by unit dependa-
bility parameters and discusses problems and solutions associated with the boilers
and FGD systems. Process flow diagrams and FGD system economic data are appended.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATi Field/Croup
Pollution
Flue Gases
Desulfurization
Electric Utilities
Waste Disposal
Boilers
Maintenance
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Utility Boilers
13B
21B
07A, 07D
15E
13A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to public
19. SECURITY CLASS (THisReport/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF P'XGES
308
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2*20-1 (t-79)
-10-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-039
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Chemical and Biological Characterization of Leachates
from Coal Solid Wastes
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R. A. Griffin, R. M.Schuller, J.J.Suloway,
N. F. Shimp, and W. F. Childers
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Illinois State Geological Survey
Natural Resources Building
Urbana, Illinois 61801
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2130
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL.RTp project officer is N. Dean Smith, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2708.
16. ABSTRACT ,
The report gives results of the chemical and mineralogical characterization
of coal solid wastes. The wastes included three Lurgi gasification ashes, mineral
residues from the SRC-I and H-Coal liquefaction processes, two chars, two coal-
cleaning residues, and a fly-ash-and-water-quenched bottom ash (slag) from a coal-
fired power plant. Leachates generated from the solid wastes at eight pH levels and
under two different gas atmospheres were analyzed for more than 40 chemical con-
stituents. Thermodynamic speciation of inorganic ions and complexes in solution
were modeled. The modeling demonstrated that similar mineral phases controlled
the aqueous solubility of the major ionic species for all wastes. Adsorption and co-
precipitation of trace metals with iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and hy-
droxides were thought to be the likely controls on trace metal concentrations in the
leachates. A high degree of attenuation of the leachate constituents by soils was ob-
served. Soil properties controlled the degree of attenuation to a greater extent than
did the chemical concentrations of the leachates. Results of acute 96-hour static
bioassays using fathead minnows identified mortality as being caused by the com-
bined effect of pH and total ionic strength of the leachate.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Wastes
Coal
Combustion
Bioassay
Ashes
Coal Gasification
Coal Preparation
Chemical Properties Fly Ash
Minerals Slags
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Biological Properties
Chars
Coal Cleaning
13B
21D
2 IB
07D
08G
06A
13H
11B
07A
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
110
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage}
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-11-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-044
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
POM Source and Ambient Concentration Data:
Review and Analysis
5. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J.B. White and R.R. \anderslice
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO,
INE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2612, Task 86
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 9/78 - 1/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is John O. Milliken, Mail Drop 63,
919/541-2745.
is. ABSTRACT
repOrt gives results of an analysis of source and ambient concentration
data for polycyclic organic matter (POM). Based on the literature reviewed, POM
data were summarized and the sampling and analytical techniques were critiqued
and evaluated against state-of-the-art technology. The objective was to determine
the scientific and engineering credibility of a previously established POM data base
by an evaluation of the sampling and analytical techniques employed. (POM is an
unregulated class of pollutants which is a potential candidate for regulatory action as
outlined in Section 122a of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977. ) It was concluded
that sampling techniques contain uncertainties that limit the udesfulness of these data
in an environmental assessment of POM. The uncertainties include the possibility of
the incomplete capture of POM during emission sampling, the chemical degradation
of the collected sample during both emission source and embient sampling, and the
unproven reliability of benzo(a)pyrene as an indicator of total POM from emission
sources or in ambient media. The uncertainties may be compounded by losses during
analysis. Also, since it is not feasible to quantify all the POM which may be present
in an environmental sample, the number of POMs reported will reflect the scope of
the analytical strategy and the limitations of the analytical technique employed.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Pyrenes
Polycyclic Compounds
Organic Compounds
Sampling
Analyzing
Assessments
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Polycyclic Organic Mat-
ter
Benzo(a)pyrene
13B
07C
14B
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
147
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-12-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-080
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A Case Study in the Use of Ambient Data for
Source Assessment
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Edward T. Brookman and John E. Yocum
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRC—The Research Corporation of New England
125 Silas Deane Highway
Wethersfield, Connecticut 06109
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2615, Task 18
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND,PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 5-8/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is John O. Milliken, Mail Drop 63,
919/541-2745.
16. ABSTRACT The repOrj- jg a case history for an environmental management study to de-
termine what pollution sources are the principal determinants of environmental qual-
ity in Allegheny County, PA. The study was conducted for the Allegheny County
Health Department, Bureau of Air Pollution Control, in Pittsburgh, PA. Results
were used as part of Allegheny County's contribution to the State Implementation
Plan for achieving air quality standards for total suspended particulate matter (TSP).
Techniques used in this ambient-correlation study include: (1) analysis of present
air quality and trends; (2) log-normal distributions; (3) relative frequency of TSP
levels; (4) monthly variations in TSP levels; (5) weekday/weekend analysis; (6) wet-
day/dry-day analysis; (7) analysis of pollution roses; (8) wind frequency analysis;
(9) isopleth maps; (10) contribution of steel plant emissions by modeling; and (11) par-
ticulate identification analysis. The report describes the integrated application of
these techniques to determine the background traditional and nontraditional compo-
nents of the ambient TSP levels. Study results include estimates of the relative
source strengths of the particulates, the relative impacts of the sources, and the
level of confidence of these results.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTHRS
b.lDENT:FIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Dust
Aerosols
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Source Assessment
Particulate
Ambient Data
13B
14B
11G
07D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
33
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-13-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-084
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION"NO.
». TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Exposure to Pollutants from Domestic Combustion
Sources: A Preliminary Assessment
6. REPORT DATE
April 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
Edward T. Brookman and Amnon Birenzvige
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
>. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRC - Environmental Consultants, Inc.
125 Silas Deane Highway
Wethers field, Connecticut 06109
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3115, Task 112
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. .TYPE OF .REPORT AND PER1OC
Task Final; 8/79-2/8C
COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is John O. Milliken, Mail Drop 63, 919/
541-2745.
is. ABSTRACT ij«he repOrt gives results of B. preliminary assessment of exposure to pol-
lutants from domestic combustion sources, some of which emit airborne particulate
matter (PM), CO, and polycyclic organic matter (POM) near human receptors.
Transient ambient concentrations of these pollutants at the receptor (and the cor-
responding time-averaged exposures) have been determined for the following domes-
tic combustion sources: lawn mowing, chain sawing, charcoal cooking, indoor gas
cooking, and indoor side-stream smoke. An experimental test program utilizing
personal monitoring equipment was conducted to acquire data for the lawn mower,
chain saw, and charcoal grill sources. Literature data were used to assess the in-
door sources of gas cooking and side-stream smoke. Transient ambient concentra-
tions of total suspended particulate (TSP) matter encountered were as high as 35
times the 24 hour secondary ambient air quality standard of 150 micrograms/cu m
for TSP. However, large quantities of noncombustion-related PM on the filters
(e.g., grass particles, sawdust),' concurrent lower values of ambient CO relative to
ambient air quality CO standards, and the absence of detectable POM indicate that
these sources probably do not result in exposures to combustion-generated pollu-
tants that are relatively significant.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS Ic. COS ATI Field/Croup
Pollution
Combustion
Assessments
Measurement
Grasses
Saws
Gasoline
Charcoal
Stoves
Cooking Devices
Smoke
Dust
Polycyclic Compounds
Organic Compounds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Domestic Combustion
Lawn Mowers
2hain Saws
Side-stream Smoke
Particulate
3B
JIB
4B
)6C
31
Z1D
13A
06H
11G
07C
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report}
Unclassified
2O. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
48
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 («-73)
-14-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-094
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Evaluation of Two Concepts for Protection of Fish
Larvae at Cooling Water Intakes
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7.AUTHOI«S)*TXA.Tomljanovieh,*J.H.Hener J.B.Brel-
lenthin, J. T. Johnson,S. H. Magliente, *M. Smith,
*P. Smith, *S. Vigander, and *R. Whittaker
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
TVA EDT-102
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Tennessee Valley Authority
Division of Energy Demonstrations and Technology
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Interagency Agreement
D8-O721-BE
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 5/75-3/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer: Theodore G. Brna, MD-61, 919/541-
2683. TVA project director: H. B. Flora H. (*) Coauthors are with TVA, Office of
Natural Resources, Norris, TN 37828.
is. ABSTRACT
report gives results of a. laboratory evaluation of 'impinge-release' and
'fish-avoidance' concepts for protecting fish larvae at cooling water intakes.
Impinge-release requires a vertical-traveling screen that limits impingement time
to several minutes , the maximum time depending on the species to be protected. A
stationary slotted screen in flowing water was used to evaluate the ability of fish to
avoid entrapment. Both concepts showed high potential for protecting larvae as well
as older life stages. Approach velocities = or < 30. 5 cm/s did not affect survival.
But at 61 cm/s, survival was usually significantly reduced, especially for impinge-
ments over 2 minutes. Fish in a water-holding tray of a screen panel had higher
survival than fish exposed to air on emergence of the panel from water. Low pres-
sure sprays for rinsing fish into and from the tray, followed by spilling the fish into
a return trough, did not significantly reduce survival. The large range in swimming
ability, size, and behavior among species gave large differences in their avoidance
response. Adequate protection for small larvae may require 0. 5-mm slots and
through-screen (slot) velocity = or < 7. 5 cm/s. Large larvae (> 10 mm) can avoid
screens with 2-mm slots and a 7. 5-cm/s slot velocity. Except for channel catfish,
larvae avoidance of the slotted screen was higher during daylight.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Fishes
Larvae
Cooling Water
Water Intakes
Impingement
Releasing
Avoidance Responses
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Impinge-release
Fish-avoidance
13B
06C,08A
13A
13M
14B
05J
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
112
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-15-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-105
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Cost Benefits Associated with the Use of Physically
Cleaned Coal
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
G.A. Isaacs, R.A. Ressl, and P.W.Spaite (Consultant]
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
P.O. Box 20337
Dallas, Texas 75220
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE623A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2603, Task 31
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 5/78-11/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES iERL_RTp project officer is James D. Kilgroe, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2851.
IB. ABSTRACT !phe report identifies and quantifies several benefits associated with the
use of physically cleaned coal in the operation of utility electric power plants. The
benefits occur in: coal and ash handling, boiler operation, and gas handling and
cleaning. Cleaning removes sulfur from the coal, thus reducing the emission of SO2
into the atmosphere. In most cases, however, the power plant must install supple-
mental control equipment to reduce emissions enough for compliance with environ-
mental regulations. The cost of this supplemental equipment is less than the cost of
a control system for use with uncleaned coal, but the cost decrement is usually insuf-
ficient to offset coal cleaning costs. Typically, however, the total of all benefits ad-
dressed in the report exceeds the cost of cleaning the coal. In a typical case, the
cost of coal cleaning is #4.85 per ton of cleaned coal; whereas, total benefits asso-
ciated with cleaning the coal are #7.20 per ton of cleaned coal. The report recom-
mends additional projects aimed at quantifying coal cleaning benefits, and presents
an annotated bibliography of related studies.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT i Field/Group
Pollution
Coal
Coal Preparation
Desulfurization
Cost Effectiveness
Electric Power Plants
Utilities
Coal Handling
Ashes
Materials Handling
Gas Scrubbing
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Physical Coal Cleaning
13B
21D,08G 15E
081 21B
07A,07D 13H
14A
10B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
124
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-16-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-131
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Projection of 1985 Market Potential for FGD
Byproduct Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid in the U.S.
5. REPORT DATE
July 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
W.E.O'Brien, W.L.Anders, and J.D. Veitch
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TVA, Office of Power
Div. of Energy Demonstrations and Technology
Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35660
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11, CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Liter agency Agreement
D9-E721-BI
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 1/79-4/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Julian W. Jones, MD-61, 919/541-
2489.
16. ABSTRACT The report projects the 1985 market potential for flue gas desulfurization
(FGD) byproduct sulfur and sulfuric acid in the U.S. The projection is 165,000 tons
of sulfur from 11 power plants and 554,000 tons of acid from 6 power plants, with a
combined benefit to the affected industries of #20 million. FGD technology improve-
ments and cost increases, particularly for fuel oil, enhanced the FGD sulfur market
potential and decreased the FGD sulfuric acid potential, relative to previous projec-
tions. The 1979 revised New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and the require-
ment (in many cases) for FGD waste treatment, improved the potential for both pro-
ducts. The revised NSPS, which preclude low-sulfur coal as an option, greatly incr-
ease the FGD market potential for plants coming on line after the mid-1980s. Fuel-
oil cost escalation is important in reducing FGD sulfuric acid market potential, as
are process modifications for chloride control. Limestone scrubbing with waste
sludge ponding remains the economically predominant option. The limestone scrub-
bing advantage is decreased, however, when extensive waste treatment and landfill
are required.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Flue Gases
Desulfurization
Sulfur
Sulfuric Acid
Byproducts
Marketing
Calcium Carbonates
Scrubbers
Sludge
Ponds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B 05C
2 IB
07A,07D 131
07B
08H
14G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
68
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage/
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-17-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/8-80-025
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO,
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A Manual for the Use of Electrostatic Precipitators
to Collect Fly Ash Particles
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Jack R. McDonald and Alan H. Dean
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
SORI-EAS-80-066 (3540-7)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2114, Task?
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 12/78-2/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Leslie E. Sparks, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2925.
16. ABSTRACT
The report incorporates the results of many studies into a manual oriented
toward the collection of fly ash particles (produced by the combustion of pulverized
coal) by electrostatic precipitation (ESP). It presents concepts, measurement tech-
niques, factors influencing ESP performance, data, and data analysis from a prac-
tical standpoint. Extensive use of data from full-size ESPs should familiarize the
user with what to expect in actual field operation. The manual covers fundamentals
of ESP, mechanical and electrical components of ESPs, factors influencing ESP per-
formance, measurement of important parameters, advantages and disadvantages of
cold-side, hot-side, and flue-gas-conditioned ESPs, safety aspects, maintenance,
troubleshooting, the use of a computer model for ESP, and features of a well-
equipped ESP. Studies considered in this report include those, by various individ-
uals and organizations, on comprehensive performance evaluations of full-scale
ESPs, in situ and laboratory measurement of fly ash resistivity, rapping reentrain-
ment, evaluations of the effects of-flue gas conditioning agents on ESP performance,
fundamental operation of hot-side ESPs, basic laboratory experiments, and develop-
ment of a mathematical model of ESP. Information from these studies can be used
by power plant personnel to select, size, maintain, and troubleshoot ESPs.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Electrostatic Precipitation
Fly Ash
Measurement
Maintenance
Mathematical Models
Electrical Resistivity
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Operation
Troubles hooting
13B
13H
21B
14B
15E
12A
20C
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
782
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-18-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/8-80-031
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment Data Systems User Guide:
Project Profile System
5. REPORT DATE
June 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
J.P. Reider, Editor
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3177, Work Assignment
No. 3 & H
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 8/79-4/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is
919/541-2745.
Gary L. Johnson, Mail Drop 63,
16. ABSTRACT
report jg a ug^ guide to the Project Profile System (PPS) , a compu-
terized data base on projects of various types that pertain to specific industrial cate-
gories. PPS is one of five data bases which are components of the Environmental
Assessment Data Systems (EADS) , designed to aid researchers in environmental
assessment, emissions characterization, and control technology development. PPS
contains data from nine general projects: source monitoring; integrated assessment;
transport, transportation, and fate; socioeconomics; sampling methods development;
fuels; control technology; ecological effects; and health effects. Each project descri-
bed in the PPS is identified by its sponsor, contractor, and other administrative in-
formation. The PPS contains an abstract of each project reported in text form and
lists pertinent references. The specific data in the PPS depends largely on the type
of project being reported; however , sufficient detail is available to report on a parti-
cular pollutant being sought or identified during the project. The PPS does not give
results (e.g. , pollutant concentrations, process data); it tells what the project invol-
ved. The guide gives detailed instructions for encoding PPS datasets , defines proce-
dures for submitting and retrieving data, and contains standard nomenclature to fa-
cilitate data encoding. The guide also discusses procedures to access PPS.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution Fuels
Assessments Ecology
Information Systems
Industries Environmental Bi-
Monitors ology
Sampling
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Project Profile System
Socioeconomics
13B 21D
14B 06F
05B,09B
05C
14G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
214
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page}
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-19-
-------
IERL-RTP-1047a
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Industrial Environmental Research Brief: Greenhouse
Production of Bedding and I oliage Plants with Indus-
trial Waste Heat
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Isaac J. Crumbly
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Fort Valley State College
P. O. Box 5800
Fort Valley, Georgia 31030
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant R-804499
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 8/76-8/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is Theodore G. Brna, Mail Drop 61,
2683. Replaces cancelled report EPA-600/7-80-108.
is. ABSTRACT
gives results of an evaluation of potentially beneficial uses of
industrial waste heat for production of bedding and foliage plants, using convention-
ally and warm-water heated greenhouses in Fort Valley, GA. Each greenhouse was
a plastic covered, 30 x 72-ft quonset. The research greenhouse was heated and
cooled with simulated warm condenser cooling water; the control greenhouse was
conventionally heated and cooled during the 9-month test. During 1979, cultivars of
10 leading ornamental plants , 8 species of foliage plants , and tomatoes used as bed-
ding plants were studied for growth rate, survivability , and susceptibility to disease
in the humid greenhouses. No statistically significant difference in growth rate for
7 of 10 ornamental and 4 of 8 foliage plants was observed in the two greenhouses.
Tomatoes, coleus, geraniums, Ardisia humilis, and Hypoestes sanguinolenta grown
in the conventional greenhouse and the remaining cultivars in the research green-
house had statistically significant higher growths. No significant difference in sur-
vivability among the foliage plants, and 8 of 10 ornamentals was seen in either green-
house. Browallia and coleus survived better in the conventional greenhouse. No dis-
eases were evident in either greenhouse. Research greenhouse heating and cooling
were satisfactory despite the oversized heat exchanger that was used.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATi Field/Group
Pollution
Greenhouses
Industrial Wastes
Heat Recovery
Plants (Botany)
Vegetation
Diseases
Growth
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Bedding Plants
Disease Resistance
13B
02C
20M,13A
06C
06E
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
48
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-20-
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ERL-RTP-1089
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
I. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
». TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Proceedings: Fourth Symposium on Fugitive
Emissions: Measurement and Control
New Orleans, LA, May 1980
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Christine Wibberley (Compiler)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRC—Environmental Consultants, Inc.
125 Silas Deane Highway
Wethersfield, Connecticut 06109
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. .TYPE OF. REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Proceedings: 9/79-7/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
J}
2557. EPA-600/7-79-182 reports the third symposium.
Harris ^ MD-62 , 919/541-
16. ABSTRACTThe proceedings document papers presentated at the Symposium, which
provided a forum for the exchange of information between concerned representatives
of industrial, research, and government organizations relative to recent develop-
ments in industrial and energy-related fugitive emissions measurement and control.
It is part of lERL-RTP's continuing effort to develop methods for the measurement
and control of air- and water-borne fugitive emissions. Several important factsemer-
ged from the Symposium. Fugitive dust sources contribute substantially to both total
suspended particulate (TSP) and inhalable particulate. Within a given industry, the
contribution of fugitive emissions can be more than 50%, with the added problem that
these particles may contain toxic or hazardous sunstances. Civil engineering fabrics
are in common use for: ground stabilization, subsurface drainage, railroad construc-
tion and maintenance, sediment control, and erosion control. Using these fabrics for
air pollution control is a recent development and the subject of recent and future
field tests. Emissions from unpaved roads are reduced by covering the roads first
with fabric, then with coarse aggregate. Emissions from unpaved parking lots, inac-
tive piles, and construction sites could be similarly controlled.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Processing
Leakage
Emission
Measurement
Dust
Erosion
Toxicity
Industrial Fabrics
Subsurface Drainage
Roadbeds
Erosion
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Fugitive Emissions
Particulate
Ground Stabilization
Sediment Control
Construction Sites
13B
13H
141
14B
11G
06T
11E
08H
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
477
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-21-
-------
IERL-RTP-1100
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Evaluation of Solid Sorbents for Water Sampling
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J.C.Harris, M.J.Cohen, Z.A.Grosser, and
M.J.Hayes
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
C-82480-42 (7/80)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C33B1B
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2150 (Task 108) and
68-02-3111
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research arid Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AMD PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 9/78-9/81
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/1?
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is Larry D. Johnson, MD-62. 919/541-
2557.
16. ABSTRACT
describes a systematic evaluation of the applicability of macro-
reticular resins for general and compound-specific sampling of organics. The first
portion is an extensive review of current pertinent literature concerned with the use
of macroreticular resins for sampling and analysis of organic compounds in an
aqueous matrix. The main body of the report describes and presents results of a
laboratory investigation of selected solid adsorbents that appeared promising for
sampling, based on the literature review. Results of screening a variety of sorbent-
solute pairs indicate that a combination of two dissimilar resins is the most promi-
sing approach to a general purpose sorbent sampling system. In particular, a com-
bination of XAD-2 and XE-347 resins offers the possibility of collection and recovery
of both non-polar and polar organic species. This XAD-2/XE-347 system was, for
the most part, found to be comparable with solvent extraction in regards to recovery;
polar species such as phenols and pyrrole were recovered in higher yield from the
cartridge. •
J7-
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Water Analysis
Sampling
Polymers
Reticles
Organic Compounds
Sorbents
Chromatography
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Macroreticular Resins
13B
14B
07D
07C
11G
13. Dli^oipuTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
89
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (i-73)
-22-
-------
IERL-RTP-1101
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
«. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Industrial Environmental Kesearch
Brief: A Preliminary Feasibility Study for an
Offshore Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility
REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.J. Johnson, F. E. Flynn, and P. J. Weller
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C33B1B
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3174, Task 19
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPQRT AND PERIOD COVERED
IERB: 4-6/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
project officer is
2547. Provided as Problem-Oriented Report to EPA/OWWM.
EPA/600/13
Sanchez, MD-62, 919/541-
16. ABSTRACT
repOrt summarizes a feasibility study of using an existing offshore
oil platform, being offered to the Government, as a site for incineration of hazardous
wastes and related research. The platform , located in the Gulf of Mexico about 100
km south of Mobile, AL, has potential as an environmentally safe site for operational
and research oriented incineration. The study indicates that an incinerator, capable
of destroying a wide range of waste types at up to 3 metric tons /hour, can be instal-
led on the platform along with the necessary support facilities. An environmental
assessment of worst- case air and water quality impacts from waste incineration
revealed insignificant air quality effects at the nearest land point and on the platform.
Water quality effects will not be significant for most wastes. For highly toxic and
persistent substances , an activated carbon scrubber water treatment system can be
provided. Estimated capital costs were 3*6. 6 million for offshore and shore base
facilities, and waste transportation containers. Labor, offshore personnel subsis-
tence, fuel, transportation, maintenance, depreciation, and land lease costs were
estimated at #3.9 million/year, or approximately $2QB/metric ton of waste inciner-
ated for 12 hour/day, 7 days /week operation. Continuous and intermittent operation
of the incinerator were also considered.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Offshore Structures
Incinerators
Waste Disposal
Toxicity
Hazardous Materials
Activated Carbon
Scrubbers
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
At-Sea Incineration
Hazardous Wastes
13B
13M 07A,13I
06T
11G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
34
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-23-
-------
IERL-RTP-1102
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
..TITLE AND SUBTITLE industrial Environmental Research
Brief: Facilities Evaluation of High Efficiency Boiler
Destruction of PCB Waste
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J. E. Cotter and R. J. Johnson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
». PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C1YL1B
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3174, Task 11
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Research Brief; 1-4/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
,5.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is David C. Sanchez, MD-62, 919/541-
2547.
is. ABSTRACT
repOrt gives results of an evaluation of destruction in two different
high-efficiency boilers (as an alternative to landfill disposal) of waste (a rendering
plant byproduct, yellow grease) found to be contaminated by PCBs from a transfor-
mer leak. (The PCB content—under 500 ppm— determines the disposal method under
40 CFR Part 761. ) At the first boiler: (1) logistics and fuel handling requirements
were found to be feasible to set up in a short time; (2) boiler size and residence time
were determined to be likely to allow high destruction efficiency; (3) with 99. 9% des-
truction of PCBs , downwind concentration was estimated to be less than CSHA limits
for industrial exposure; and (4) fuel characteristics of the yellow grease were used to
support the recommendation for 100% grease fired as fuel. At the second boiler: (1)
the size and facilities were determined to satisfy all prerequisites for high efficiency
boilers (40 CFR Part 761); (2) best operation was by blending the waste with the nor-
toal fuel oil supply; and (3) a 30% waste blend was found to be completely miscible and
feasible with respect to logistical support. A verification test burn was recommended
and outlined for either candidate site. Current EPA protocol and policy developments
for PCB destruction were found to be appropriate for the preparation of a candidate
facility test plan and an example public notice.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Tallow
Chlorine Aromatic Compounds
Biphenyl
Boilers
Waste Disposal
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Polychlorinated Bi-
phenyls
Yellow Grease
Rendering Plants
13B
06A
07C
ISA
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
45
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (J-73)
-24-
-------
IE RL-RTF-1104
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Source Assessment: Dry Bottom Utility Boilers
Firing Pulverized Bituminous Coal
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR.S) D G DeAngelis ,R. B. Reznik, D. S. Ruff in,
J.N. Rigano,W. R.McCurley, J. C.Ochsner, and
T.W.Hughes
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
MRC-DA-997
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Monsanto Research Corporation
P. O. Box 8, Station B
Dayton, Ohio 45407
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB015; ROAP 21AXM-071
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1874, Task 9
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD
Task Final; 5/74-8/80
COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ffiRL-RTP task officer is Michael C. Osborne, MD-62, 919/541-
3996.
repOrt describes and assesses the potential impact of air emissions,
wastewater effluents, and solid wastes from dry-bottom utility boilers firing pulver-
ized bituminous coal. Consuming about 320 million metric tons of the coal per year,
this is the primary method of firing coal in utility boilers. Air emissions were char-
acterized from literature data, supplemented by field sampling. Significant emis-
sions from coal combustion were particulate matter, SOx, NOx, hydrocarbons, poly-
cyclic organic materials, and a number of elements emitted as particles and vapors.
The potential environmental impact of each emission species (after passing through
state-of-the-art controls) was individually assessed using a calculated quantity
known as ambient source severity (the ratio of the maximum ground level concentra-
tion—determined through dispersion equations—to an ambient environmental goal).
No species were found to have an ambient source severity greater than 1.0; NOx
(0.97) and SOx (0. 93) had the highest severities. It was estimated that the human
population around an average source in this category exposed to an ambient severity
greater than 0.05 was about 300,000 persons for NOx and SOx. Pollutant concentra-
tions were also determined in wastewater and solid waste streams. Effluent source
severities and solid waste discharges were both found to be minor, with controls.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Bituminous Coal
Pulverized Fuels
Combustion
Boilers
Utilities
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Dry Bottom Boilers
13B
2 ID
2 IB
13A
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
OF Pt
209
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-25-
------- |