&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Research Triangle Park NIC 27711 NOV'DEC oO/JAIM 01
Research and Development
Report
Abstracts
Industrial
Environmental
Research Laboratory
RTP
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
NORTH CAROLINA 27711
&EPA
RES
NC
January 1981
The attached abstracts (EPA Forms 2220-1) represent reports that
have been issued through EPA's Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory during the past 3 months. They are sent to you because
of the indication that you are interested in our multimedia activities
relating to the control of environmental pollution.
If any of these abstracts interest you (and you desire the full reports),
they should be available prepaid in about 6 weeks from the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
VA 22151 (phone 703/321-8543).
If you desire either to discontinue receiving these monthly abstracts ,
or to nominate additional recipients, please fill in the required infor-
mation below, as well as the return address block on the reverse
hereof, and return the sheet to us.
Sincerely
'
Frank T. Princiotta
Director
Enclosures: (14)
( ) Please discontinue sending these abstracts to me.
( ) Please start sending your monthly abstracts to the addressees
indicated below (complete addresses, please):
-1-
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(Please include ZIP code)
PLACE
STAMP
HERE
To: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Attn: Technical Information Coordinator
Mail Drop 64
(Fold oo dotted lines and sell before mailing)
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IERL-RTP-1109
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/D-80-015
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Industrial Environmental Research Brief: Reduction
of Air Emissions from Benzene Storage Tanks
S. REPORT DATE
December 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
Arnold Gunther
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Stop-Los Company
5 Lawrence Street
Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3144
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
IARB; 5/79-5/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL-RTP project officer is Bruce A. Ticntnor, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
is. ABSTRACT rj.ne J-^Q^ gjves results of a project to determine the technical and econo-
mic feasibility of using flexible pastic membranes to control emissions emanating
from benzene storage tanks. Emission rates and the expected life of the membranes
were to have been established. A demonstration unit, previously built for EPA (to
determine gasoline emissions), was refurbished and operated for benzene service.
Results indicate that emission control of 99-plus %, when compared to uncontrolled
tanks, can readily be achieved and that the life expectancy of the membranes is on
the order of 20 years of continuous service. The installed cost of these devices for
commercial-size applications was estimated and found to be competitive with conven-
tionally used floating roofs.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Benzene
Storage Tanks
Plastics
Membranes
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Plastic Membranes
13B
07C
13D
111
11G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
24
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-077b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TiTLfc AND SUBTITLE
Treatability Studies of Pesticide Manufacturing
Wastewaters: Dazomet
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Edward Monnig, Ruth A. Zweidinger, and
Mary Warner
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C33B1B
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2688, Task 109
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO/ER
Task Final; 8-10/79
ERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES iERIj_RTp project officer is David C. Sanchez, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
16. ABSTRACT The repOrt gjves results of laboratory studies of the treatability of manu-
facturing wastewater from synthesis of the pesticide, dazomet. A tiered approach
was taken: the lest costly and most available treatments were investigated first.
Effluent from the manufacture of dazomet was tested for treatability by activated
sludge systems when diluted to 1:100, 1:500, and 1:1000 in municipal wastewater.
At 1:100, dazomet showed greater than 95% reduction after biological .treatment;
however, effluent COD levels were unacceptably high at an average of 160 mg/liter.
At 1:500, effluent COD was much closer to the control effluent; however, nitrification
of ammonia was severely hampered. At 1:1000, dazomet wastewater had a variable
effect on nitrification while effluent COD levels were close to those of controls. It is
recommended that da/^met wastewater be diluted to at least 1:1000 in municipal
wastewater to minimize the negative effects on the nitrification of ammonia during
the activated sludge treatment process.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Pesticides
Waste Water
Water Treatment
Industrial Processes
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Dazomet
13B
06F
13H
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
40
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing/
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-105
NTIS No. PB81-108003
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AMDSUBTITLE
Volatilized Lubricant Emissions from Steel Rolling
Operations
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHORIS)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
C.J. Mackus andK.N. Joshi
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
1930 14th Street
Santa Monica, California 90404
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2606, Task 14
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF RE PORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 4/78-4/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is JohnS. Ruppersberger, Mail Drop
62, 919/541-2733. F • H
i.e.ABSTRACT The report gives results of a study of the volatilization of lubricants used
in steel rolling. Data from nine steel mills were used to: define the volatilized por-
tion of lubricants used in rolling; and prepare total oil, grease, and hydraulic mater-
ial balances for actual and typical cold and hot rolling operations. Air Pollution from
cold and hot rolling was estimated from data acquired from questionnaires, plant
visits, and emission source sampling. Introductory and background information on
steel rolling, lubrication practices, rolling mill lubricants, and rolling emulsion
application techniques is also presented. Study results generally agree with those
of a previous study which estimated that for a typical integrated steel plant, with a
raw steel production capacity of 3. 6 million metric tons per year, 6530 metric tons
per year of oils, greases, and hydraulic fluids are used throughout the plant. Since
about 83% of these lubricants are used in steel rolling and finishing, this study con-
centrated on these operations. For a typical cold strip mill, total hydrocarbon (HC)
emissions were estimated to be 358 metric tons per year. Therefore, the total HC
emission rate for all cold strip mills in the U.S. is an estimated 7160 metric tons
per year. It was also estimated that for a typical hot strip mill, total HC emissions
were 94. 7 metric tons per year (2460 metric tons per year for all US hot strip mills)
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Lubricants
Hydraulic Fluids
Steel Plants
Rolling Mills
Vaporizing
Hydrocarbons
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Steel Rolling
13B
11H
131
07D
07C
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
219
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
-5-
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IERL-RTP-1120
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-209
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Textile Warp Size Reclamation Using Thermal
Precipitation
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
W.S. Perkins, R.P. Walker, andL.J. Hirth
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING OROANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama 36830
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB610
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R805128
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 3/77-12/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP proiect officer Max M. Samfield is no longer with the
EPA; for details contact Richard D. Stern, Mail Drop 62, 919/541-2547.
16. ABSTRACT
The report describes a novel method for reclaiming size based on precip-
~itation of the size material by heating the desize washwater. The method uses hydro-
xypropyl cellulose (HPC) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) which are sol-
uble in cool water but insoluble in warm water. Reclaiming size would eliminate
most of the BOD typically resulting from sizing and desizing. Since maximum system
temperature with HPC is about 50 C, compared to 95 C for a conventional system,
considerable energy is conserved. Strength and elongation of yarns sized with virgin
HPC and with reclaimed HPC were not significantly different from those of yarns
sized with the conventional size, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), at similar add-on levels.
Abrasion resistence of yarns sized with HPC was lower than that of yarns sized with
PVA at similar add-on levels. Weaving of HPC-sized 50/50 polyester/cotton yarns
in the laboratory was successful. In production weaving of percale sheeting, HPC
accumulated on the shuttle caused poor weaving efficiency. The capital investment
for reclaiming HPC using thermal precipitation is much lower than for reclaiming
PVA usmg ultrafiltration. Operating costs for recovering HPC by thermal precipita-
tion and for recovering PVA by ultrafiltration represent a savings over conventional
sizing and desizing without reclaiming size.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Cellulose Ethers
Textile Industry
Textile Finishing
Sizing (Surface Treatment)
Reclamation
Precipitation (Chemstry)
Water Treatment
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Thermal Precipitation
Washwater
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
Hydroxypropyl Methyl-
cellulose
13B
05C,11E
13H
14G
07D
111
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
68
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-6-
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IERL-RTP-1121
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-81-001a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment of the At-Sea
Incineration of Liquid Silvex: Interim Report
5. REPORT DATE
January 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
D.G.Ackerman, L.L.Scinto, R.J.Johnson,
T. L. Sarro, and R.Schofield
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW, Environmental Engineering Division
P.O. Box 13000
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C1YL1B
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3174, W.A. 2
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Interim; 11/79-5/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
s.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is David C. Sanchez, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
i6. ABSTRACT
repOrt is an interim environmental assessment of the disposal of sus-
pended liquid silvex herbicide formulations. Several alternative means of disposal,
Including no action, were evaluated. The evaluation led to the selection of at-sea
incineration aboard a chemical waste incineration ship as the preferred alternative
disposal action. The other alternatives were rejected because of undeveloped tech-
nology, adverse environmental impacts, high cost, or excessive disposal duration.
The analyses presented in the report show that potential environmental impacts of
the preferred and principal alternative disposal actions will be insignificant and
transient. Impacts of potential accidents and malfunctions were considered, and
means of mitigation are discussed.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATi Field/Group
Pollution
Incinerators
Herbicides
Waste Disposal
Assessments
Ships
Sea Water
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Silvex
At-Sea Incineration
Environmental Assess-
ment
13B
06F
14B
13J
08J
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. N
PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-7-
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IERL-RTP-1124
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-81-002
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Response Factors of VOC Analyzers Calibrated with
Methane for Selected Organic Chemicals
5. REPORT DATE
January 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
G.E.Brown, D.A.DuBose, W.R.Phillips, and
G.E.Harris
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8501 Mo-Pac Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78759
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3171, Task 1
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research,Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 11/79-9/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES J.ERL-RTP project officer is Bruce A. Tichenor, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
16. ABSTRACT
The report summarizes results of a laboratory study of the sensitivity of
portable volatile organic compound (VOC) analyzers to a variety of organic chemi-
cals. This type of analyzer is commonly used in monitoring for fugitive emissions:
most previous work involved Century Systems OVA-108 or -128, or the J.W. Bacha-
rach TLV Sniffer. The OVA-108 and TLV were used for testing in this study. The
sensitivity of the analyzer was characterized by a response factor, defined as the
ratio of the actual chemical concentration to the observed instrument response. Bag
samples of known concentration were prepared by introducing a measured weight (or
volume) of subject chemical into a Tedlar bag containing a known volume of
hydrocarbon-free air. Such response factors were determined for 168 organic chemi-
cals at a minimum of three concentrations. These data points were fitted to a pre-
dictive model to allow estimation of the instrument response at any concentration.
Coefficients of the predictive equation for each chemical, as well as the fitted re-
sponse factor at an actual concentration of 10,000 parts per million by volume (ppmv)
are presented.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b-IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Analyzers
Organic Compounds
Volatility
Responses
Sensitivity
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
VOC Analyzers
13B
14B
07C
20M
14G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
442
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 O-73)
8-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-81-003
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
, TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Frequency of Leak Occurrence for Fittings in
Synthetic Organic Chemical Plant Process Units
5. REPORT DATE
January 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
J.R.Blacksmith, G.E.Harris, and G.L.Langley
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8501 Mo-Pac Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78759
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB604
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3171, Taskl
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND I
Final; 11/79-9/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
s. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jjERL-RTP project officer is Bruce A. Tichenor, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547.
is. ABSTRACT
repOr^ summarizes results of a study of the frequency of leak occur-
rence in the synthetic chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI). The frequency of
occurrence of fugitive emissions was determined by instrumental screening, de-
fined as measurement of the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
as close as possible to the point of suspected leakage (e.g. , the valve stem, pump
seal). The screening value is the maximum repeatable VOC concentration detected
for any given source expressed in parts per million by volume (ppmv). A total of 24
process units in the SOCMI were tested. The frequency of fugitive emissions sources
with screening values equal to or greater than 10,000 ppmv was tabulated for all units
combined, for each type of chemical process, and for each process unit.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Processing
Leakage
.Chemical Plants
Organic Compounds
Volatility
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Fugitive Emissions
Synthetic Organic
Chemicals
13 B
13 H
14G
07A
07C
20M
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
168
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-9-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Plcasr read Instruction* on tin wmr brfiiri runi/>lrtinfi
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-029d
RECIPILNT s ACCESSION NO
«. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EPA Utility FGD Survey: July - September 1980
5 REPORT DATE
October 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTMORIS)
M. Smith, M. Melia, N. Gregory, M. Groeber
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PN 3450-17
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C2KN1E
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
6o-02-3173, Task 17
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TVPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Quarterly; 7-9/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IERL-RTP Project Officer is Norman Kaplan, Mail Drop 61, 919/
541-2556. The report supplements EPA-600/7-80-029a.
16. ABSTRACT
This report is the last of three supplements updating the October-December 1979
report (EPA-600/7-80-029a) and should be used in conjunction with it. The report,
which is generated by a computerized data base system, presents a survey of opera-
tional and planned domestic utility flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems, opera-
tional domestic particle scrubbers, and Japanese coal-fired utility boiler FGD
installations. It summarizes information contributed by the utility industry,
process suppliers, regulatory agencies, and consulting engineering firms. Do-
mestic FGD systems are tabulated alphabetically by development status (opera-
tional, under construction, or in planning stages), utility company, process
supplier, process and waste disposal practice. It presents data on boiler
design, FGD system design, fuel characteristics, and actual performance. It
includes unit by unit dependability parameters and discusses problems and
solutions associated with the boilers and FGD systems. Process flow diagrams
and FGD system economic data are appended.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cos AT i Field/Group
Pollution
Flue Gases
Desulfurization
Electric Utilities
Waste Disposal
Boilers
Maintenance
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Utility Boilers
13B
21B
07A, 07D
15E
13A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
350
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-10-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-067
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Behavior of Coal Ash Particles in Water: Trace
Metal Leaching and Ash Settling
. REPORT DATE
March 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHORIS)
T.Y.J. Chu, B.R. Kim, andR.J. Ruane
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Tennessee Valley Authority
1120 Chestnut Street, Tower H
Chattanooga, Tennessee 34701
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA Interagency Agreement
D5-E721
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 5/75-11/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES JERL-RTP project officer is Michael C. Osborne, Mail Drop 62,
919/541-2547. TVA project director is H. B. Flora II.
16. ABSTRACT -
report gives results of a study of the behavior of coal ash particles in
water, a study of importance to coal-fired power plants: at a 1000- MW plant, approx-
imately 700 tons of ash residues (fly and bottom ashes) from coal burning must be
disposed of daily. Dry or wet handling and disposal are used, depending on water
availability, disposal site proximity, environmental regulations, and cost. Ash pond
effluent limitations for suspended solids can be met by properly designing ash ponds
or by modifying existing ponds. Because of high ash concentration during sluicing,
90% of fly ashes follow the hindered-zone settling behavior, and settle faster than
those following discrete settling behavior. Chemical characteristics of ash pond
effluents are affected by the ash material and the quantity and quality of sluicing wa-
ter. TVA ash pond effluent pH varies from 3 to 12 , depending on the content of SOx
and alkaline metal oxides in the ash and on the buffering capacity of the sluicing wa-
ter. Alkaline pond water has a ratio of concentration (in terms of ng/1) of dissolved
Ca to SO4 greater than 0. 4. Trace metal leaching from the ashes depends on the con-
centration of each trace metal in the ash matrix, its chemical bonding in the ash,
and the water pH. Trace metals in the ash pond effluents monitored quarterly under
NPDES permits include As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Ni, Se, and Zn.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Water
Coal
Ashes
Particles
Leaching
Settling
Waste Disposal
Ponds
Suspended Sediments
Sluices
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Coal Ash
Trace Metals
13B
07B
21D 08H
2 IB
14B
07D,07A
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
194
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-11-
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-143
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Chlorine Minimization/Optimization for Condenser
Biofouling Control: Final Report
5. REPORT DATE
August 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R. D. Moss, H. B. Flora, H, R. A. Hiltunen, and
C. V. Seam an
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TVA, Energy Demonstrations and Technology
1140 Chestnut Street,Tower H
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Ihteragency Agreement
EPA-IAG-D5-E721
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND I
Final; 12/75-3/80
PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ESRL-RTP project officer is J.W.
EPA-600/7-79-198 covers study phases I and II.
Jones, MD-61, 919/541-2489.
. ABSTRACT
The repOrt. summarizes results of a chlorine minimization/optimization
study for the control of biofouling on the surface of condenser tubes at TVA's John
Sevier Plant from December 1975 to December 1978. The study concluded that: (1)
chlorine feed is a function of inlet water temperature, chlorine demand, and certain
water quality parameters; (2) chlorine consumption through the system and consump-
tion of free chlorine across the condenser are directly related to chlorine feed rate;
(3) chlorine feed rate at John Sevier could be lowered with no loss of condenser per-
formance if a free residual concentration of 0. 1-0. 2 mg/1 is maintained at the conden-
ser outlet; (4) chlorination must be applied year around, regardless of inlet water
temperature; (5) more frequent chlorination cycles of shorter duration are more effi-
cient in controlling condenser performance than infrequent cycles of longer duration:
(6) although chloroform , bromodichloromethane , and dibromochloromethane were
found at the condenser inlet and outlet at John Sevier, their average concentrations
were only 2% of the maximum allowed by Federal Water Quality Crieria; (7) chloro-
form and dibromochloromethane formation rates are directly related to chlorine feed
rate; and (8) chlorination is site specific; i.e. , each plant must conduct its own mini-
mization studies, if warranted. An included format assists in such studies.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Biodeterioration
Fouling Prevention
Condenser Tubes
Condensers
Chlorine
Chlorination
Cooling Water
Water Quality
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Biofouling
13B
06A
13H,13J
07A
131
7B
07C
.
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
267
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-12-
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ERL-RTP-1111
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-178
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
NTIS No. PB81-113003
TITLE ANOSUBTITLE
Addendum to: 'Environmental Assessment: Source Test
and Evaluation Report--Chapman Low-Btu Gasifica- i
tion'
5. REPOFU OAit
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
D.S. Lewis and G.C. Page
September 1£8(
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
P.O. Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3137, Task 3
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT A.ND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final: 3/79-9/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES j£RL-RTP project officer is James D. Kilgroe, Mail Drop 61,
919/541-2854. This is an addendum to report EPA-600/7-78-202 (NTIS PB 289940).
e. ABSTRACT
repOr|. contains detailed organic analysis data on six streams, trace
element and organic data on the solid waste leachates, and trace element data on the
feed coal, all of which were not included in the original report, EPA-600/7-78-202.
Samples from six streams were analyzed to provide a detailed organic characteriza-
tion of emissions and potential fugitive emissions from an operating Chapman low-
Btu gasifier using Virginia bituminous coal. The streams were: coal feeder vent dis-
charge, separator vent discharge, separator liquor, separator tar, gasifier ash,
and cyclone dust. All streams except the ash and dust contained organic compound
concentrations of concern to health when evaluated using SAM/IA methodology.
Phenols in the separator vent discharge and liquor and fused poly cy dies in the coal
feeder vent discharge and the separator tar were of greatest concern. When com-
pared to screening data, potential effects were lower, but relative ranking of
streams was essentially unchanged. The ash and dust were subjected to leachate
extraction tests using the RCRA method and deionized water. No organics were
found in the leachates. Concentrations of trace elements in the RCRA and deionized
water leachates were different, but were found to have low potential for causing
adverse health or ecological effects.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Croup
Pollution
Assessments
Coal Gasification
Tests
Evaluation
Wastes
Leaching
Dust
Aerosols
Tars
Organic Compounds Phenols
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Chapman Process
Trace Elements
13B
14B 07D/07A
13H 11G
14G
07C
07C
13. D!3TPI8UTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
100
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-13-
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IERL-RTP-1125
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-81-003a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Emissions Assessment of Conventional
Stationary Combustion Systems: Volume III. External
Combustion Sources for Electricity Generation
5. REPORT DATE
January 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHORts)C.C.Shih,R.A.Orsini,D.G.Ackerman,
R.Moreno,E.L.Moon,L.L.Scinto, and C.Yu
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW Environmental Engineering Division
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C9KN1C
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2197
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; .
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TERL-RTP project officer is Michael C. Osborne. Mail Drop 62.
919/541-3996. Vols. I and H are EPA-600/7-79-029b and -029c.
is. ABSTRACT
report characterizes multimedia emissions from external combustion
sources for electricity generation. Study results indicate that external combustion
sources for electricity generation contribute significantly to the nationwide emissions
burden. Flue gas emissions of NOx, SO2, and particulate matter from these sources
account for approximately 50, 57, and 25%, respectively, of these pollutant emis-
sions from all stationary sources. Additionally, flue gas emissions of sulfates and
several trace elements from coal- and oil-fired utility boilers also require further
attention. POM compounds in flue gas emissions are mostly naphthalene, phenart-
threne, and pyrene. However, dobenz (a, h)anthracene and possibly benzo(a)pyrene,
both active carcinogens, were detected at a limited number of coal-fired sites. A
second major source of air emissions is vapors and drifts from cooling towers. Air
emissions of Cl, Mg, P, and sulfates from mechanical draft cooling towers were
found to be comparable to flue gas emissions of these pollutants from oil-fired util-
ity boilers. The multiple use of water in steam-electric plants results in wastewater
streams from several operations. Overall, concentrations of Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, and
P are at levels that may be harmful. Average organic levels ranged from 0. 01 mg/1
for ash pond effluents to 6.0 mg/1 for boiler blowdown. No POMs were detected.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Combustion
Electric Power Generation
Flue Gases
Processing
Leakage
Waste Water
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
Fugitive Emissions
13B
14B
2 IB
10A
13H
141
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
476
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-14-
-------
IERL-RTP-1122
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-81-003b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Emissions Assessment of Conventional Stationary Com
bustion Systems: Volume IV. Commercial/Institutional
Combustion Sources
5. REPORT DATE
January 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
'•" •"«-' N. F.Surprenant,P.Hung, R.Li, K.T.McGre-
SDr ,W. Piispanen, and S. M. Sandberg (GC;A/Technology
iv. . 213 Burlington Rd, Medford. MA 01730)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GCA-TR-79-62-G
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2197
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PE
Final; 9/76-12/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES TERL-RTP project officer is Michael C. Osborne, MD-62, 919/
541-3996. Vols. I and II are EPA-600/7-79-029b and -029c.
IB. ABSTRACT
report characterizes air emissions from commercial/institutional ex-
ternal combustion sources and reciprocating engines and is the fourth of a series of
five project reports characterizing emissions from conventional combustion sources.
This characterization was based on a critical examination of existing data, followed
by a modified Level 1 sampling and analysis approach to resolve data gaps. The
major deviation from Level 1 procedures was the additional of GC/MS analysis for
polycyclic organic matter (POM). Tests were conducted at 22 external and six inter-
nal combustion sites. Results of the environmental assessment indicate that air emis-
sions from these sources represent a potential environmental hazard. Emissions of
criteria pollutants , except for CO , from most of the source categories tested are
environmentally significant. Particulate, SO4, and SOS emissions from the coal- and
wood-fired sources are also significant. In addition, emissions of several trace ele-
ments are of concern: Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, K, Li, Na, Ni, P,
Pb, Si, and V from coal-fired external combustion sources; Ni from distillate oil
sources; and Ni, Cl, Cr, and V from residual oil sources. Several potentially haz-
ardous POM compounds were tentatively identified in the emissions from solid-fuel-
fired sources , particularly from one wood-fired stoker tested.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Combustion
Reciprocating Engines
Flue Gases
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Commercial Systems
Institutional Systems
13B
14B
2 IB
21G
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
207
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage}
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-15-
-------
IERL-RTP-1112
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/9-80-054
2.
NTIS No. PB81-113052
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Proceedings: EPA/Industry Forum on Coal
Liquefaction (October 1979)
6. REPORT DATE
September 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
I*
Dorothy G. Weatherby, Editor
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Hittman Associates, Inc.
9190 Red Branch Road
Columbia, Maryland 21045
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C2GN1E
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3147, Task 2
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Proceedings: 10/23-24/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES iERL_RTp project officer is D.
919/541-4112.
Bruce Henschel, Mail Drop 61,
16. ABSTRACT
The proceedings document presentations made at the EPA/Industry Forum en Coal
Liquefaction, October 23 and 24, 1979, in Chicago. The forum brought together rep-
resentatives of government and industry with the goal of sharing information and
increasing cooperation between the two groups. Following an overview of EPA's
activities in the area of synthetic fuels, standards-setting procedures, activities,
and plans relating to coal liquefaction were discussed for air emissions, solid
wastes, and liquid effluents. EPA permit procedures were summarized for coal lique-
faction plants. EPA's research and development activities in coal liquefaction were
described, as were plans and activities of EPA's Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory (RTP) in coal liquefaction. State government participation in coal lique-
faction development was discussed for Kentucky and Illinois. Industry plans in the
area of coal liquefaction were presented by representatives of several firms actively
involved in development and use of the technology: Exxon Research and Engineering
Co., Ralph M. Parsons Co., Hydrocarbon Research, Lie., Mobil Research and
Development Corp., Texas Eastern Corp. , and Fluor Corp.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Coal
Liquefaction
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Synthetic Fuels
13B
2 ID
07D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
178
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (t-73)
-16-
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