ORDES
WEST VIRGINIA BASELINE
PHASE II
OHIO RIVER DASIN ENERGY STUDY
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WEST VIRGINIA BASELINE
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November 1979
WEST VIRGINIA BASELINE
By
Charles Baer
Vincent P. Card!
Anna Graham
Thomas Hall
Dennis Rankin
Thomas J. Sweet
Edited by
Vincent P. Cardl
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
Prepared for
Ohio River Basin Energy Study (ORBES)
Grant Number R805585-01-0
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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PREFACE
This volume has been written for the Ohio River Basin
Energy Study (ORBES). Most of the research, conciliation of
data, analysis, and writing for this report was carried out at
the West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. The
scope of the work was designed by ORBES Core Team Members Robert
E. Bailey, Steven 1. Gordon, James C. Randolph, and Hugh T.
Spencer, all of whom would eventually be using this information
in their own work. The information contained herein parallels
that previously gathered for Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and
Ohio, and that which was simultaneously being gathered for
Pennsylvania.
While this information was put together primarily for use
by ORBES researchers in their studies, it appeared to the ORBES
Core Team that the work, gathered at government expense, would
be useful to other government agencies, academic institutions,
private research institutions, and the general public. For
this reason it is being published as a formal document.
The baseline data was divided into six different sections,
each one written separately, primarily by the identified authors.
The organizing, editing, and in some cases extensive rewriting,
was performed by the editor. The chapter on Terrestrial
Ecology was written by Charles Baer, Professor Emeritus in
Biology at West Virginia University. For help on scope and
format, he consulted with Professor J.C. Randolph and Mr.
William Jones, both of the School of Public and Environmental
Affairs at Indiana University*
The chapter on aquatic ecology was written by Mr. Dennis
Rankin, who worked as an assistant to Professor Edward Keller
at the West Virginia University Biology Department during
part of the time he was working on this project. For help
on scope and format, Mr. Rankin consulted with Professors
Hugh T. Spencer and Clara Leuthart of the University of
Louisville.
The chapter on geology and climatology was written by Mr.
Thomas Hall, a graduate student in the West Virginia University
Geology Department. Professor Robert Behling of that Department
helped with Initial discussions on the scope and use of
appropriate baseline data.
The chapter on socioeconomic data was written by Ms. Anna
Graham of the Department of City and Regional Planning at the
Ohio State University. Ms. Graham consulted with Professor
Steven I. Gordon of that Department on the scope and format
of this chapter.
Ill
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Much of Che preliminary socioeconomic data gathering and
synthesis was performed by Ms. Susan Gurski, a graduate student
in the Biology Department of West Virginia University, and
Professor George Stepko, then with West Virginia University in
the Geography Department.
The chapter on laws and institutions was written by Mr.
Thomas Sweet, an attorney working as a Research Associate at
the West Virginia University College of Law.
The baseline information on electricity generation by fuel
type and demand by sector was written by Professor Walter Page
of the West Virginia University Department of Economics, and
by Professor James P. Hartnett, Director of the Energy Research
Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. This
baseline data has been published as part of an ORBES document
by the Energy Research Center in "Electrical Generating
Inventory, 1976-1986: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, and West Virginia", and does not appear in this
volume.
The important baseline data on air quality for West Virginia
has been gathered by Tecknekron Inc., of Berkeley, California
under a separate ORBES support study. It is not clear whether
this data will be published.
A number of other people helped on this volume with advice,
and information. Mr. Joseph Farrell and Mr. Homer Speaker, law
students at the West Virginia University College of Law, helped
with some of the related administrative tasks.
Finally, appreciation is due Mrs. Jane Kitzmiller and
Mrs. Sandy Stiles, for the great amount of work they did in
co-ordinating authors, maps, meetings, tables, and telephone
calls, and for typing the information contained in this volume.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 5
2.1 INTRODUCTION 5
2.2 VEGETATION 5
2.2.1 PRE-SETTLEMENT VEGETATION 5
2.2.2 CHANGES IN VEGETATIVE COVER 13
2.2.3 CHANGES IN FOREST COVERAGE 13
2.2.4 CURRENT FOREST RESOURCES 14
2.2.5 CHANGES IN FOREST COMMUNITY COMPOSITION 19
2.2.6 CHANGES IN FOREST STAND AGE .21
2.2.7 CHANGES IN TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION 27
2.2.8 CURRENT VEGETATION PATTERNS: THE APPLACHIAN EXTENSION
OF THE NORTHEASTERN SPRUCE-FIR (BOREAL CONIFEROUS)
FOREST, AND THE EASTERN DECIDUOUS FOREST 28
2.3 FAUNA 36
2.3.1 ORIGINAL AND CURRENT FAUNA 36
2.3.2 GAME ANIMALS AND FUR BEARERS 36
2.3.3 NON-GAME WILDLIFE 42
2.4 COMMUNITY DYNAMICS 43
2.4.1 UPLAND HARDWOOD FOREST 43
2.4.2 FARM COMMUNITIES 46
2.4.3 RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES 47
2.5 PHYSICAL FACTORS DETERMINING WEST VIRGINIA'S NATURAL
ECOSYSTEMS 47
2.5.1 COMPONETS OF ECOSYSTEM 47
2.5.2 GEOBIOTIC FACTORS 48
2.5.3 CLIMATOLOGIC FACTORS 54
2.5.4 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT DISPERSION 55
2.5.6 EDAPHIC FACTORS 56
2.6 ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION 73
2.6.1 INVENTORIES OF NATURAL HABITATS AND ECOSYSTEMS 73
2.6.2 THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 73
2.6.3 NATURAL HISTORY AREAS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 74
VII
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Section Page
3. AQUATIC ECOLOGY 99
3.1 INTRODUCTION 99
3.2 GUYANDOTTE RIVER BASIN 100
3.2.1 BASIN DESCRIPTION 100
3.3.3 HYDROLOGY 100
3.3.4 WATER QUALITY 100
3.3.5 ENDANGERED SPECIES 109
3.3.6 CLEAN STREAMS 109
3.3 BIG SANDY-TUG FORK HIVER BASIN 109
3.3.1 BASIN DESCRIPTION 109
3.3.2 HYDROLOGY 120
3.3.3 WATER QUALITY 120
3.3.4 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 120
3.3.5 ENDANGERED SPECIES 120
3.3.6 CLEAN STREAMS 127
3.4 LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN 127
3.4.1 BASIN DESCRIPTION 127
3.4.2 HYDROLOGY 127
3.4.3 WATER QUALITY 132
3.4.4 ENDANGERED SPECIES 132
3.4.5 CLEAN STREAMS 132
3.5 KANAWHA RIVER BASIN 132
3.5.1 BASIN DESCRIPTION 132
3.5.2 HYDROLOGY 138
3.5.3 WATER QUALITY 138
3.5.4 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 150
3.5.5 ENDANGERED SPECIES 150
3.5.6 CLEAN STREAMS 150
3.6 MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN 150
3.6.1 BASIN DESCRIPTION 150
3.6.2 HYDROLOGY 178
3.6.3 WATER QUALITY 186
3.6.4 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 186
3.6.5 ENDANGERED SPECIES 203
3.6.6 CLEAN STREAMS 203
VIII
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Section Page
4. GEOLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 246
4.1 CLIMATE 246
4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 258
4.3 GROUNDWATER 262
4.4 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS 268
4.5 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 271
4.6 COUNTY DESCRIPTIONS 302
5. SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE 366
5.1 INTRODUCTION 366
5.2 ORBES-WEST VIRGINIA DATA COLLECTION 366
5.3 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 368
5.4 INCOME CHARACTERISTICS 375
5.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS 382
5.6 LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS 386
5.7 COAL MINING 396
5 .8 AGRICULTURE 396
5.9 PROPERTY VALUATIONS 403
5.10 IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS 403
5.11 SUMMARY 407
APPENDIX 408
6. LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY 466
6.1 INTRODUCTION 466
6.2 AN OVERVIEW OF LAWS RELATING TO ENERGY REGULATION............466
6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND LEGISLATIVE
AUTHORITY BY PROCESS 469
IX
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Section Page
6.3.1 EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS 469
6.3.1.1 COAL 469
6.3.1.1.1 SURFACE MINING 469
6.3.1.1.2 UNDERGROUND MINING 469
6.3.1.2 NATURAL GAS AND OIL EXTRACTION 469
6.3.1.3 WATER 470
6.3.2 TRANSPORTATION OF RAW MATERIALS
AND FUELS 470
6.3.2.1 NON-HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 470
6.3.3 RAW MATERIAL CONVERSION 470
6.3.4 GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY 470
6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF GOVERNMENTAL
INSTITUTIONS BY MEDIA 472
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. ORBES-WEST VIRGINIA
1-1 Ohio River Drainage Basin 4
2. TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
2-1 Potential natural vegetation of West Virginia (after Kuchler) 6
2-2 Changes in cropland acreage in West Virginia since 1930 1®
2-3 Map of USDA forest survey units of West Virginia H
2-4 Dominant vegetative cover types of WV (1951 map) 22
2T5 The regional forest vegetation of WV (1971 interpretation) 23
2-6 An ecological profile of W 23
2-7 Ecological relationships in the Core Arboretum at WVU 30
2-8 Ecological relationships in Cheat River Canyon at
Cooper's Rock State Park 32
2-9 Black bear breeding areas in Monongahela National
Forest, WV 40
2-10 Buck Deer population levels by counties in WV 41
2-11 Primary wild turkey range in WV *1
2-12 Snowshoe hare range in WV 41
2-13 Plant succession in the Dolly Sods Area of the
Alleghenies *4
2-14 Plant successional trends in the Gauley River region 45
2-15 Map of the bedrock geology of West Virginia 50
2-16 Topographic map with physiographic profile of WV 51
2-17 Topographic relief map of West Virginia Counties 52
2-18 Mean slope inclination classes by counties 57
2-19 Relative frequency distribution of slope classes in WV 57
2-20 Climatological divisions of WV 58
2-21 Soils map of West Virginia 59
2-22 Ecological Regions of WV identified by the DNR 60
2-23 Map of mineable coal areas in West Virginia 6l
2-24 State facilities map of the WV-DNR 77
2-25 Nature Conservancy's Natural Areas 78
2-26 Natural Landmarks of the Appalachian Plateaus ^
2-27 Sample WV-DNR computer read-out of natural areas in WV 83
3. AQUATIC ECOLOGY
3-1 Map of West Virginia showing major drainage basins 101
3-2 Map of West Virginia showing the Guyandotte River Basin.-* 102
3-3 Map of West Virginia showing the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin...119
3-4 Dissolved Oxygen Values for the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River
Basin (1971-76) 123
3-5 Conductivity values for the Big Sandy-Tuk Fork River
Basin (1971-76) 124
3-6 Map of WV showing the Little Kanawha River Basin 129
3-7 Map of WV showing the Kanawha River Basin 139
3-8 Dissolved oxygen values for the Kanawha-New Rivers (1971-76) 149
3-9 Conductivity values for the Kanawha-New River (1971-76) 151
XI
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Figure page
3-10 Map of WV showing the Monongahela River Basin 179
3-11 Mean levels of pH plotted at each site (measured
from ml in km) on the Monongahela, Tygart Valley,
and West Fork Rivers for all four sampling dates -1974 187
3-12 Meal levels of pH plotted at each site (measured from
ml in km) on the Cheat River for all four sampling
dates - 1974 188
3-13 Conductivity values for the Monongahela-Tygart Valley
Rivers 1971-76 189
3-14 Mean levels of conductivity, in umhos, plotted at each
site (measured from site Ml in km on the Monongahela,
Tygart Valley and West Fork Rivers for all four
sampling dates 190
3-15 Mean levels of conductivity, in umhos, plotted at each
site (measured from site Ml in km) on the Cheat River
for all four sampling dates 191
3-16 Dissolved oxygen values for the Monongahela
River Basin 1971-1976 192
3-17 Mean Concentrations of dissolved oxygen, in mg/1,
plotted at each site (measured from site Ml in km)
on the Monongahela, Tygart Valley, and West Fork
Rivers for all four sampling dates 193
3-18 Mean concentrations of dissolved oxygen, in mg/1,
plotted at each site (measured from Ml in km) on the
Cheat River for all four sampling dates 194
4. GEOLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
4-1 Climatic divisions and weather station location map 248
4-2 Topographic map of West Virginia 249
4-3 Mean annual precipitation, 1948-1972 249
4-4 Mean annual snowfall, 1931-1960 250
4-5 Snow cover map 251
4-6 Mean July rainfall, 1931-1960 251
4-7 Mean October rainfall, 1931-1960 251
4-8 Mean annual number of days with 0.01 inch or more
of precipitation 252
4-9 West Virginia drought index probabilities 252
4-10 Mean January minimum temperatures, 1931-1960 253
4-11 Mean January maximum temperatures, 1931-1960 253
4-12 Mean annual temperatures, 1931-1960 253
4-13 Mean July minimum temperatures, 1931-1960 253
4-14 Mean July maximum temperatures, 1931-1960 253
4-15 Average number of days annually with temperatures 90°F
or above, 1931-1960 254
4-16 Average number of days annually with temperatures 32°F
or below, 1931 TT 1960 254
4-17 Average annual cooling-degree days 254
4-18 Average annual heating-degree days 254
4-19 Freezing index in accumulated degree-days, 1930-1964 255
4-20 Average monthly pan evaporation from three locations
in West Virginia 1948-1965 255
XII
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Figure Page
4-21 Potential evapotranspiration during growing season
1931-1960 255
4-22 Average number of thunderstorm days per month for
three West Virginia cities 256
4-23 West Virginia tornado statistics 1965-1975 256
4-24 Average monthly wind speeds at four locations in WV 260
4-25 Isopleths of total number of forecast-days of high
meteorological potential for air pollution expected
in a five year period 260
4-26 Physiographic provinces of West Virginia .261
4-27 Ground water structures of West Virginia .264
4-28 Generalized distribution of reported yields from existing
small-diameter drilled water wells in West Virginia 265
4-29 Distribution of 1,418 highway landslides 1959-1975 269
4-30 Index map of WV showing the location of landslide maps 269
4-31 Geologic map of West Virginia 276
4-32 Generalized geologic columns for northeastern WV 278
4-33 Generalized geologic columns for northcentral,
northeastern and southwestern West Virginia 279
4-34 Original extent of minable coals in West Virginia 280
4-35 Generalized Geologic map of WV coal fields 282
4-36 Coal rank and fixed carbon of WV coals 284
4-37 Generalized sulfur content of WV bituminous coals 286
4-38 Generalized ash content of WV bituminous coals 288
4-39 Generalized BTU heating value of WV bituminous coals 290
4-40 Limestone outcrops and probable area underlain by rock
salt and natural brine in West Virginia 292
4-41 Oil and Gas Fields Map of West Virginia 294
4-42 WV soil survey progress as of January 1977 296
4-43 Earthquakes of the Central Appalachians from 1758 to 1970...297
5. SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE
5-1 ORBES Counties 367
5-2 Change in population, 1960-1970 373
5-3 Change in population, 1970-1975 374
5-4 ORBES-West Virginia Counties SMBA's 376
5-5 Rural population, 1970 377
5-6 Dependency ratio, 1970 378
5-7 Families below the poverty level, 1970 381
5-8 Housing lacking some plumbing, 1970 385
5-9 Housing units using coal for heat, 1970 387
5-10 Manufacturing Employment, 1970 393
5-11 Service Employment, 1970 394
5-12 Mining Employment, 1970 395
5-13 Coal production, 1976 398
5-14 Acres in farms, 1974 402
XIII
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LIST OF TABLES
Number page
1. ORBES-West Virginia
2. TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 5
2-1 Pre-settlement vegetation of the ORBES states 7
2-2 Principal forest types of the ORBES region 9
2-3 Net volume of growing stock on forest lands in WV 15
2-4 Area of commercial forest land in WV counties 16
2-5 Net Volume of growing stock on forest land by
stand size classes 17
2-6 Changes in forest area and timber volume, 1961-75 18
2-7 An ecological classification for the Appalachian
region of ORBES 24
2-8 Distribution of tree species along the Cooper's Rock
transect relative to soil pH 31
2-9 Importance values of tree species in four mixed
mesophytic forest stands in West Virginia 35
2-10 Cave Fauna of West Virginia 37
2-11 Elevation data concerning West Virginia counties 53
2-12 Slope inclinations of West Virginia 57
2-13 Climatological data for municipalities in WV 62
2-14 Surface mining acreage under permit by counties 63
2-15 Rare and endangered plant species found in
West Virginia-ORBES counties 64
2-16 Rare, endangered, and otherwise unique animal species,WV...69
2-17 Areas of special natural history significance in WV 76
2-18 Proposed Natural Landmarks in the ORBES region 80
2-19 West Virginia's natural history types 81
2-20 Inventory of State Lands in West Virginia 84
2-21 Summary Table of environmental data critical to
site selection for power plant location or coal
mine operation in West Virginia 85
3. AQUATIC ECOLOGY 99
3-1 Water quality limiting streams and their pollutants
for the Guyandotte River Basin 103
3-2 Water discharge records for Guyandotte River Basin
1975-1976 104
3-3 Water quality for Guyandotte River at Baileysville,
West Virginia 1975-1976 105
3-4 Water quality for Guyandotte River at Logan,WV 1975-76 106
3-5 Water quality for Guyandotte River at Branchland, WV
1975-1976 ". 107
3-6 Water quality for the Mud River at Milton, WV 1975-76 108
3-7 Water quality analyses for Guyandotte River, Branchland...110
3-8 Water quality monitoring stations of the Guyandotte River.Ill
3-9 Phytoplankton Genera of Guyandotte River Basin 112
3-10 Fish species located in the Ohio River drainage area
of West Virginia including the Guyandotte River Basin 113
XV
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Number Page
3-11 Rare or threatened fish species of the Guyandotte
River Basin 117
3-12 High quality streams of Guyandotte River basin .118
3-13 Water quality limiting streams and their pollutants
of the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin 121
3-14 Water discharge records of the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River
at Kenova, West Virginia 1971-76 122
3-15 Water quality analyses for the Big Sandy Tug Fork
River at Kenova, West Virginia 1971-1976 125
3-16 Monitoring stations of the Big Sandy Tug Fork River Basin.126
3-17 High quality streams of the Big Sandy Tug Fork River Basinl28
3-18 Water quality limiting streams and their pollutants
for the Little Kanawha River basin 130
3-19 Discharge records of the Little Kanawha River basin
for water year 1976 131
3-20 Water quality analyses for the Little Kanawha River
at Elizabeth 1971-76 133
3-21 Water quality monitoring stations and their storet
numbers for the Little Kanawha River basin 134
3-22 Partial list of aquatic invertebrate species
of the Little Kanawha River basin 135
3-23 Rare or threatened fish species of the
Little Kanawha River Basin 136
3-24 High quality streams of the Little Kanawha drainage 137
3-25 Water quality problems of the major tributaries
of the Kanawha River Basin 140
3-26 Kanawha River basin water quality limited
segments (organics) priority groupings 141
3-27 Kanawha River basin mine drainage-affected
segments priority groupings 142
3-28 Monitoring stations, drainage areas, and average discharge
for the Kanawha River Basin 143
3-29 Water discharge records for the New and Kanawha
Rivers, Water year 1976 144
3-30 Water discharge records for the Greenbrier and
Gauley Rivers, Water year 1976 145
3-31 Water discharge records for the Elk River,
Water year 1976 146
3-32 Pertinent data for major reservoirs located
within the Kanawha River basin 147
3-33 Monthly water temperatures for stations in the
Kanawha River basin, Water year 1976 148
3-34 Water quality analyses for the Kanawha River at
Winfield, West Virginia (1971 and 1976) 152
3-35 Water quality of Kanawha River at the Winfield
Dam, Water year 1976 153
3-36 Water quality stations of the Kanawha River Basin 154
3-37 Algae genera of the Kanawha River Basin 155
3-38 A partial list of aquatic invertebrate species
of the Kanawha River Basin 157
XVI
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Number Page
3-39 Fish species for the Kanawha River (above and below
the falls) and the New River 158
3-40 Fish species from the Kanawha, Elk, and New Rivers 161
3-41 Rare or threatened fiah species of the Kanawha River Basin 172
3-42 High quality streams of the Kanawha River Basin 175
3-43 Principal tributaries of the Monongahela River 180
3-44 Water quality of Monongahela River basin tributaries 131
3-45 Discharge at various monitoring stations in the
Monongahela River basin • .182
3-46 Discharge records for Tygart Valley River sub-basin.
Water year 1976 183
3-47 Discharge records for the West Fork River sub-basin.
Water year 1976 184
3-48 Discharge records for the Cheat River sub-basin.
Water year 1976 185
3-49 Water quality analyses for the Monongahela River
at Morgantown, 1971 and 1976 195
3-50 Water quality monitoring stations of the
Monongahela River Basin 196
3-51 List of phytoplankton species identified from the
Monotigahela River basin June 1975- February 1976 197
3-52 Phytoplankton taxa observed in Tygart River Lake
in 1973 and 1974 199
3-53 Zooplankton taxa collected at Monongahela River
Stations during April, 1975 20ft
3-54 Plankton identified in Cheat Lake 205
3-55 Benthic invertebrates of the Monongahela River mainstream 206
3-56 Benthic invertebrates of the Cheat River 207
3-57 Benthic invertebrates of the West Fork River 208
3-58 Benthic invertebrates of the Tygart Valley River 209
3-59 Benthic Invertebrates of the Monongahela River basin. 210
3-60 Fish species of the Monongahela River (Main stem) 215
3-61 Fish species collected in lock areas on the
Monongahela River 216
3-62 Fish species of Cheat River drainage basin and their
relative location 218
3-63 Rare or threatened fish species of Monongahela River basin
3-64 High quality streams of the Monongahela River basin 220
4. GEOLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
4-1 Average concentrations, in ground water, of those substances
which are most likely to occur in WV's major geological units... 266
4-2 Percentage of land area by counties in WV with slope
inclination greater than the indicated slope
XVII
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Number Page
5. SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE
5-1 Data items collected for ORBES-West Virginia
Baseline by source and time period 361
5-2 Population trends of ORBES states, 1960-1975 362
5-3 Population characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia
Counties 363
5-4 Miscellaneous demographic characteristics,
ORBES-West Virginia, 1970 364
5-5 Per capita income for ORBES states, 1969 and 1974 371
5-6 Income characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia
1969, 1974 372
5-7 Housing Characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia,
1960, 1970 375
5-8 Housing Characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia 1970
Part 2 376
5-9 Labor force characteristics, ORBES-WV 1960, 1970 380
5-10 Occupational characteristics, ORBES-WV 1970 381
5-11 Occupational characteristics, 382
5-12 Employment Characteristics, ORBES-WV, 1976 384
5-13 Coal production and employment, ORBES-WV 1976 389
5-14 Selected demographic and housing characteristics,
major coal counties, ORBES-WV, 1970 391
5-15 West Virginia coal reserves 392
5-16 Agricultural characteristics, ORBES, WV, 1969 and 1974 393
5-17 Total assessed valuation, utility and non-utility
property, ORBES-WV, 1975 and 1977 396
5-18 Selected characteristics, seven ORBES-West Virginia
Counties, 1970, 1975 398
Annotated Bibliography
Land use (in acres) - 1970
Statewide facility data - 1970
XVIII
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Ohio River Basin Energy Study (ORBES) is a three-year
technology assessment funded by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency under a mandate from Congress. This inter-
disciplinary effort is charged with the task of assessing the
social, environmental and economic impacts of projected energy
development in the Ohio River Basin through the year 2000.
To carry out the second and third years of the study,
grants were awarded to thirteen faculty members located at
eight universities in the six state region to be studied.
These researchers make up the study's Core Team. The Core
Team is responsible for designing and carrying out the
assessment of the impacts, assisted by support researchers
engaged under subcontracts, and advised by a public Advisory
Board.
Representing a variety of fields, including engineering,
ecology, sociology, biology, political science, regional
planning, law, and economics, the Core Team members are from
the Univerisity of Pittsburgh, Purdue University, and West
Virginia University. Two of the researchers, Professor Boyd
R. Keenan, Department of Political Science, University of
Illinois at Chicago Circle, and Professor James J. Stukel,
Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, are
also members of the group responsible for managing the project.
The major part of the ORBES study involves the development
of hypothetical future scenarios, each containing varying mixes of
economic growth rates, electricity production levels, environmental
control standards, and energy production technologies. From an
examination of each of these scenarios will come a projection of
the first and second-order impacts on the biological and physical
characteristics of the region. An assessment of these impacts
will yield information about possible higher order physical,
biological, health, social and economic impacts. These impacts
will then be examined for institutional, legal, and other policy
issues, and these issues in turn will be analyzed.
In order to formulate hypothetical future scenarios for
purpose of study, and in order to project what possible impacts
these future developments might have on the area's social,
environmental, and economic characteristics, it is necessary to
first produce a description of that area's present social,
environmental and economic characteristics. This volume is
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an attempt to gather together this information for West Virginia.
In the trade it is called "baseline data" or baseline information."
Previous ORBES Reports, have contained similar information for
Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
The study region is designed to include most of a six state
area drained by the Ohio River or lying within the Eastern
Interior Coal Field. This region includes most of Illinois,
Indiana, and Ohio, (excluding several rows of counties along the
northern borders of these states), all of Kentucky, the western
40% of Pennsylvania and all but the eastern panhandle of West
Virginia, (see Fig. 1-1). In total, the region is composed of
425 counties. In West Virginia, all of the state except
Pendleton, Hardy, Hampshire, Mineral, Morgan, Berkeley, and
Jefferson Counties are included. Grant County lies outside of
the Ohio River watershed, but was included in the study region
because the Mt. Storm Power Plant is located in that county.
Because most of the state lies within the study region, the
Core Team decided to use state-wide data where county totals
were not available.
Instead of selecting one calendar year as its baseline
period, ORBES selected the mid-1970's. This enabled researchers
to use statistical data collected in each of a number of years,
thereby making better sources available. The text should note
those places where information is based on data collected in years
outside the mid-1970's.
The information contained in this volume is broken down
into five subject areas: terrestrial ecology, aquatic ecology,
geology and climatology, socioeconomic data, and laws and
institutions. This breakdown results in part from the different
disciplinary work being done by the Core Team personnel who
helped design the scope of West Virginia baseline effort, and
in part from the number and disciplines of those people selected
to write this baseline report.
As mentioned in the Preface, data on West Virginia air
quality, and electricity generation and consumption in West
Virginia, is not contained in this volume. The air quality
work was done by Teknekron Inc. of Berkeley, California for
ORBES as a Support study. The data on electricity generation
by fuel type and electricity consumption by economic sector is
contained in an ORBES report published by the Energy Research
Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle.
-------
OHIO RIVER BASIN ENERGY STUDY REGION
PHASE I I
Ohio River Drainage Basin
-------
2. TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is an expansion of the earlier ORBES baseline
studies of the terrestrial ecology of the lower Ohio River Basin
in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky. The information covered
in these reports concerns the nature of the natural ecosystems
prior to the settlement by Europeans, the impacts that these
imigrants and their descendents have had on the natural and altered
environments, and the current status of neo-natural ecosystems.
It is apparent that the hill country and mountainous parts of
the upper Ohio River Basin present a different physiographic setting
than that of the glaciated lowlands in the lower Ohio River basin.
Although there are inherent similarities between the biota and ecosystems
of the upper and lower basins, there are also significant differences,
particularly in the relative abundance of individual species and
vegetative cover types, and in land use patterns. Past and prevailing
similarities and differences in the biota and habitats of the upper
and lower parts of the basin are elucidated by statistical data,
maps and other illustrations, and by interpretations.
Much of the information in the earlier baseline study by
Indiana, Ohio State, and Purdue Universities (ORBES, Preliminary
Technology Assessment Reports, Indiana University, et. al., Vol.
II-A, 1977, hereinafter referred to as ORBES, Indiana Report) is
applicable to the upper Ohio River Basin. In order that the
reader have immediate access to that comprehensive treatment of
the terrestrial ecosystems, part of the earlier report is incorporated
into the text of this West Virginia report. Also an attempt has
been made to follow the format and data array of the earlier study
as closely as possible so that the site selection criteria could
be applied uniformly. The uniqueness of the Appalachia Plateaus
region, when compared to the ecology of the Central Lowlands portion
of the Basin, should be given special consideration in formulating a
master, energy-development plan for the region as a whole.
2.2 VEGETATION
This section first describes the natural vegetation of the
ORBES region of West Virginia as it existed prior to settlement of
the area by Europeans and their descendants, and then describes
the present-day forest vegetation of this same region.
2.2.1 PRE-SETTLEMENT VEGETATION
Inasmuch as no careful studies of vegetation were recorded
prior to settlement by the white man, any description of original
natural vegetation Is to some extent conjectural. However, using
current distributions and detailed reconstructions from historical
records as guides (Gordon, 1969), ecologists have come to agree as
to the original character of this vegetation.
5
-------
Figure 2-1
KUCHLER'S
POTENTIAL
NATURAL VEGETATION
OF THE
EASTERN UNITED STATES
* * *
WEST VIRGINIA SECTION
N
102
106 .
Neeldelcaf Fore»t»
96
Northiaftern Sprucc-Tlr For««t
(?lcea-Ables)
Broadleaf Forests
100 Oak-Hickory Forest
(Qu«rcu§-Cary»)
101 Ela-Ash Torwt
(Dlnut-Frajcinua)
Beech-Maple Forest
(Fagug-Acer)
103 Mixed Mesophytlc Forest
(Acer Aeiculus Fagus-Liriodendron-Quercus-Tilla)
lfi« Appalachian Oak Forest
(Quercus)
Eroadleaf and Keedleleaf Forests
106
Northern Hardwoods Forest
(Acer-Be tula-F«gus-Pic«a-Tsuga)
111 Oak-Hickory-Piae For.at
(Quercus-Carya-Plaus)
112
Southern Mixed Forest
(?agus-Liquidamaar-!ti(cnolia-Pinus-Quercu)»)
•i \ \\
» > \ \
-------
TABLE 2-1
PRE-SETTLEMENT VEGETATION OF THE ORBES STATES
1. Northern Hardwoods (Acer-Betula-Fagus-Tsuga) [K-106]*
Physiognomy: Tall, broadleaf deciduous forest with an admixture
of needleleaf evergreen trees
Dominants: Sugar maple (Acer aaccharum); Yellow birch (Betula
allegheniensis); Beech (Fagus grandifolia); Hemlock
(Tsuga canadensis)
2. Beech-Maple Forest (Fagus-Acer) [K-102]-
Physiognomy: Tall broadleaf deciduous forest
Dominants: Sugar maple (Acer saccharum); Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
3. Maple-Basswood forest (Acer-Tilia)
Physiognomy: Medium tall, broadleaf deciduous forest
Dominants: Sugar maple (Acer saccharum); Basswood (Tilia americana)
4. Mixed Mesophytic Forest (Acer-Aesculus-Fagus-Liriodendron-Quercus-
Tilia) [K-103]
Physiognomy: Tall broadleaf deciduous forest
Dominants: Sugar maple (Acer saccharum); Buckeye (Aesculus octandra);
Beech (Fagus grandifolia); Tulip tree (Ltrioden
tulipifera); White oak (Quercus alba); Northern red
oak (Quercus rubra); Basswood (Tilia heterophylla)
5. Appalachian Oak Forest (Quercus) [K-104]
Physiognomy: Tall broadleaf deciduous forest
Dominants: White oak (Quercus alba); Northern red oak (Quercus
rubra)
6. Oak-Hickory Forest (Quercus-Carya) [K-10Q]
Physiognomy: Medium tall to tall broadleaf deciduous forests
Dominants: Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis); Shagbark hickory
(Carya ovata); White oak (Quercus alba); Red oak (Quercus
rubra); Black oak (Quercus velutinal
*Numbers showa in brackets [—J correspond to vegetation type numbers of
Kuchler's vegetation map, West Virginia section (Figure 2-1) of this report.
-------
7. Bluestern Prairie (Andropogon-Panicum-Sorghaatrum) [K-74]
Phy
Physiognomy: Dense vegetation of tall grasses and many forbs
Dominants: Big bluestern (Andropogon gerardi); Little bluestem
(Andropogon acoparlus); Switchgraaa (Panlcua virgatum);
Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans)
8. Oak-Hickory Breaks (Quercus-Carya-Andropogon) [K-82
Physiognomy: A mosaic of oak-hickory forest and bluestern
Dominants: (see types 6 and 7)
9. Oak Savanna (Quercus-Andropogon) [K-81]
Physiognomy: Tall grass prairie with broadleaf deciduous trees
scattered singly or in groves
Dominants: Big bluestern (Andropogon gerardi); Little bluestem
(Andropogon scoparius); Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa)
10. Elm-Ash Forest (Ulmus-Fraxinus) [K-101]
Physiognomy: Medium tall to tall boradleaf deciduous forest
Dominants: White ash (Fraxinus pennaylvanica); American elm
(Ulmus americana)
11. Southern Floodplain Forest (Quercua-Nysaa-Taxodium) [K-113]
Physiognomy: Dense, medium tall to tall forest of broadleaf
deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs and needle-
leaf deciduous trees
Dominants: Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica); Oak (Quercus spp.); Bald
cypress (Taxodium distlchum)
12. Northeastern Spruce-Fir Forest (Picea-Abies) [K-96]
Physiognomy: Dense needleleaf evergreen forest, low to medium
tall, or in the form of krumholz in high altitudes, with
a modest admixture of broadleaf deciduous trees.
Dominants: Red spruce (Picea rubena); Balsam fir (Abies balaamea)
13. Northern Hardwoods-Spruce Forest (Acer-Betula-Fagua-Picea-Tsuga) [K-108]
Physiognomy: Tall, dense forest of broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf
evergreen trees
Dominants: Sugar (or red) maple (Acer saccharumT A. rubrun);
Yellowb irch (Betula alleghenieaalgQ j, Beech' (Fagus grandi-
folia) ; Red spruce (Picea rubena) ; Hemlock.' (Tsuga
canadenaia)
8
-------
TABLE 2-2
PRINCIPAL FOREST TYPES OF THE ORBES REGION
FOLLOWING THE CLASSIFICATION BY THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS
A. FOREST COMMUNITIES
SAF-21
SAF-22
SAP-23
SAF-24
SAP-25
SAF-26
SAP-27
SAF-28
SAF-29
SAT-30
SAS-31
SAT-31
SAP-33
SAP-38
SAP-39
SAF-40
SAF-41
SAF-43
SAF-W
SAF-M
SAF-46
SAT-47
SA7-48
SAF-49
SAF-50
SAT-SI
SAF-52
SAF-53
SAF-54
SAT-53
SAP-56
SAF-57
SA7-58
SAT-59
SAF-60
SAF-61
SAP-62
SAT-63
SAT-64
SAF-65
SAF-75
SA7-76
SAF-77
SAF-7B
SAF-79
SAJ-87
SAF-95
Balsaa fir (AblM t»als«m«a)
Aapcn (Populug)
Pin ch«rry (Pniaua paasvlvanlca)
White pin* — nottheru red oak — white ash (Ptuus scrobus—
Quareua rubra — Fraxinua amatleana)
Vhite plna (?inna strobua)
White piaa— htialeck (Plnua attobua—TauMl
Hcolock (Tauga)
H«mlock-yellow birch (Tsuga— Betula •Ildg\anien»i8)
Sugar nanla— t>«aeh— T«llov birch (Acer aaecharua-^-Fagua-- Betula
Sugar naple-baaswood (Acer saceharua— -Tilla spp.)
Sugar maple (Ac«r aaccharun)
Black eharTT— sugar aaple (Primus aerotlna — Acer saceharua)
Black cherry (Prunua aerotlnai ~"
Bed spruee-rellow birch (Picea rubens— Betula alleghaaieoais)
Rad spruce— sugar maple— beech (Pieea rubena--Acar saceharun—
Had spruce (Pieca rubena)
Rad saruca— balaaa fir (Ptcea rubens— Abies balsanaa)
Tamarack (Lariat laricina)
Black ash— Aaericaa eln— red maple (Fraxinua nigra—
Plnua anaricaaa — Acer nib rum)
Past Oak— black oak (Quereus stellata— Q. velutina)
Scarlet oak (Quercua cocctnea)
Bear oak (Quereus lllciiolia)
Chestnut oak (Quatcua prinua)
Pitch pine {Pious rlglda)
Eastern redetdar (Juniparus viralniana)
Eos cera radcedar-- pina (Junlperus virgiaiana — Plnua)
Eastern redcedar— hardwood (Juniperus vlrglalanaj
Eastern redeedar— nine— hardwood (Jqnlaerua virjintana —
Plnus)
Black locust (Unbinla oseuaeacacia)
White nine-chestnut oak (Plnus sTrebus — Quereus orinus)
White oak-red oak— hickory (Quereus alba— Quarcua sqpT— Carva)
White oak (Quercua alba)
Northern red oak-bassuood— white ash (Quereus rubra—
Tllta BCD.— Fraxlnus aaarteana)
Northern red oak (Quareue rubra)
Northern red oak— oockernut hickory— swectgum (Ouercua
rubra— Carva tomatitosa— Llqutdaabar stvraelflua)
Yellow-ooolar (Llriodeadron tulio
Tellow-Poplar — hemlock (Llriodandron tulinifera — Tsuqa)
Yeilow-poplar— white. oak — northern red oak (Liriodendron
tullpifara — Quereus alba— 0. rubra)
Beech — sugar naple (Fagus — Acer saceharum)
River birch-sycaaore (Batula niqra — Platanus)
Silver maple — Amaricaa elm -(Acer saecharinum— Ulnua antericana)
Cottonwood (Populus)
Sassafras— persiomum (Sassafras albldun— Diospyroa vlrginiana)
Pin oak — sueetgum (Quereus palustris — Llquidanbar atyraciflua)
Shortleaf pine (Finns e china ta)
Shortleaf pine— oak (Plnus echinata— Quercua)
Shortleaf pine— Virginia pine (Pinus eehinata— P. virgtniaoa)
Virginia pine — southern red oak (Pinus virginiana— Quercus
falcata)
Virginia pine (Pinua virgintana)
Sveetgum— yellow poplar (Liquldacbar stryaciflua— Lirioden-
dron tulipifara)
Black willow (Sallx nigra)
-------
o
Id
u
1930
1940
19 JO
1960 1970 1980
(Source: Bones, 1976, USDA)
Figure 2-2
Change in cropland acreage in West Virginia since 1930.
10
-------
, T \ ™\ f '—--. SQ^THERN
vVv--,--' \ "/"* /--,^..
Xc. /•'•--• \ ,-? u"-t"/ s
KtfJTUCKT VX-./«V^, y N-x / " ""^%
MAP
OF
V/E5T VIRGINIA
SHOWING
FOREST SURVEY UNITS
1975
Figure 2-3
Forest Survey Units of West Virginia, United States Department of
Agriculture. The dashed line shows the eastern border of the
Ohio River Basin which bisects the Northeastern unit. Such
units bear little relationship to the Ecological Regions of the
state (see Figure 2-22) recognized by the West Virginia Department
of Natural Resources.
11
-------
Prior to settlement by European immigrants, temperate-climate,
broadleaf, deciduous forests occupied over 90 percent of the ORBES
region lying within Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and 100
percent of the ORBES region in West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania.
To the early settlers the forest represented a formidable challenge to
the establishment of agriculture. Geographically this massive forest
represented the north central phase of the more extensive Eastern
Deciduous Forest Formation or Biome which extended from the Atlantic
and Gulf Coasts, north to Canada and westward to the prairies.
The broadleaf tree dominated forests of the eastern United States
vary in composition, structure, and productivity in response to ecological
factors imposed by geographic and physiographic differences within the
major vegetative unit, the Eastern Deciduous Forest. At the broadest
level, the major subdivisions are the Mixed Mesophytic, the Beech-Maple,
the Appalachian Oak, the Oak-Hickory and Oak-Hickory-Pine Forests Regions.
These regions Identified by the predominant forest association are
readily subdividable into forest types (Table 2-2) and other plant
communities (Table 2-7). Generally the foregoing regional forest
associations and their variants occupy the warmer sections of West
Virginia at elevations below 3000' msl. Above that elevation forests
of more northerly affinities prevail. From 3000* to 4000' Northern
Hardwoods and Hemlock-Hardwoods forests predominate the landscape.
The roughness of the topography throughout West Virginia and the rest
of the Appalachian Plateaus causes a complex mosaic of vegetation types,
which is only moderately related to elevation effects. Thus, drawing
boundaries between major units of vegetation is highly arbitrary.
The Appalachian extension of the Boreal Coniferous Forest Biome
is found in disjunctive stands in the highest mountain areas of
West Virginia. Although designated in Figure 2-1 and Table 2-1 as
Northeastern Spruce-Fir, both the original and present-day stands in
West Virginia could best be called Red Spruce Forest, balasam fir
seldom being found in appreciable numbers. Most of the original Spruce
(-Fir) forest stands have been replaced by Northern Hardwoods, Hardwood-
Hemlock, and Hemlock-Hardwood stands. It is possible that some of
these stands, if spared from future cutting, will eventually return to
spruce dominated forests through the slow mechanism of plant
succession and soil accumulation.
The remaining vegetation types of the ORBES region included
southern flood plain forest, hemlock cove forest, and tall-grass
prairie, none of which covered extensive areas. Wetlands were
significant along the northern border of the region in Indiana and
Ohio where glaciated-topography predominated, but riverside wetlands
were never important (Gordon, 1969, Kuchler, 1964, Lindsey, 1965).
Only about half of Illinois was forested; the rest was covered
by extensive prairies. The largest of these was the Grand Prairie
a backland prairie mostly in the central part of the state.
There is less agreement among ecologists as to the geographical
distribution of various community types within the forest. A.W. Kuchler's
rendition (1964) of the original distribution of the major vegetation
12
-------
types is given in Figure 2-1. Maps of the original vegetation of
individual states representing the views of other ecologlst are available
for Ohio (Gordon, 1966), Indiana (Lindsay, 1965, Gordon,1936, et. al.),
and Illinois (Vestal, 1931).
A general conclusion relevant to the present study that can be
drawn from the figures and tables referred to in the preceding paragraphs
is that oaks, hickories, sugar maples, beeches, and ashes were
important species In pre-settlement forests of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois,
and central Kentucky and indeed remain so today. These species in
general are also common In the Appalachian Plateaus sections of Ohio,
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Kentucky; but tullptree,
red maple, sweet buckeye, basswood, birches and magnolias gain
importance as mixed mesophytic forests gradually predominate slightly
over oak forests along the western slopes of the Appalachian range.
2.2.2 CHANGES IN VEGETATIVE COVER
Data on present-day forest vegetation are presented at two
levels of resolution in this section. The most extensive data
have been assembled by regional experiment stations of the U.S.
Forest Service. Theseuhave been summarized in maps showing
approximate geographical distributions of forests and forest community
types in each of the ORBES states.
Data of higher resolution are available through summaries of
quantitative census of forest resources according to regional land
areas known as "forest survey units." Data on fourteen of these units,
thirteen of which border the Ohio River (including one in West Virginia)
were included in ORBES, Indiana Report,(See Figure 2'.1-66 and Tables
2.1-24 and 25 of the report). Comparable data for West Virginia are
found in Tables 2-3,4,5 of this West Virginia ORBES, report.
The following sections contain information on changes in the
original vegetation with respect to forest coverage, stand age, and
community composition.
2.2.3 CHANGES IN FOREST COVERAGE
The major changes in the original vegetation brought about by
settlement of the land by Europeans has been the conversion of forest
into treeless agricultural land. On many of the glaciated soils on the
flat land of the northern part of the ORBES region, trees have been
eradicated, except for those in hedgerows, in ravines, and along river
edges. Most of this cleared land is cultivated. The portion of the
region near the Ohio River in the lower basin and in the Appalachian
Plateaus have been subjected to less sustained deforestation. The more
rugged and largely unglaciated terrain away from the Ohio river is not
suited for tillage and not extensively suitable for grazing. Thus,
in these rugged parts of the region, a fcrested-pastoral mosaic has
replaced the original forest continuum. Unforested lands predominate
13
-------
in the Blue Grass unit, where the land is relatively level and fanned
(Gansner, 1968). Reversion of pastureland to forest cover
Is responsible for the 16 percent increase in forested lands in West
Virginia since 1961. (Bones, 1976).
Reduction in forested lands in the ORBES region as a whole is still
proceeding, though at a slower rate, in the more cultivable and more
quickly urbanizing northern portions of the ORBES region in Indiana,
Illinois, and Ohio. Conversely, the reduction of agriculture in the
Appalachian mountain and hill country of the eastern ORBES region
including West Virginia has resulted in appreciable increases in
forested lands, (Fig. 2-2).
2.2.4 CURRENT FOREST RESOURCES
Forests occupy 11.6 million acres or 75 percent of all land
in West Virginia (Bones, 1976). As previously stated, this represents
a 16 percent increase over the 9.9 million acres in 1964, accountable
primarily to reversion of pastureland to forest cover. Oaks account
for 40 percent of the growing stock volume and 44 percent of the saw-
timber volume. Of the 166.1 million cubic feet of timber harvested in
1974, only 10.6 million cubic feet was from softwoods, while 155.5
million cubic feet was made up of hardwood species. The net volume of
standing hardwood sawtimber on commercial forest land is led by yellow
poplar (Lirodendron tulipifera), followed closely by northern red oak
(Quercus rubra), white oak (Q. alba), other "red" oak species combined,
and other "white" oak species combine. The remaining significant
species, in descending order of volume, are hickories, beech, sugar
and red maples, black cherry, ash, sweet birch, basswood, yellow
birch, cucumbertree, black gum, and black walnut. Virginia pine has
the greatest standing sawtimber volume of all the soft woods, followed
by hemlock, red spruce, white pine and other yellow pines (pitch and
shortleaf). (See Table 2-3).
In recent years, the U.S. Forest Service (Bones, 1976) has reduced
the number of forest survey units in West Virginia from seven to three
(Fig. 2-3). Although these three geographic units are useful for
forest inventories, they bear little relationship to the ecology or
inventory tables (Table 2-3, 2-4, 2-5) combine the data from ecologically
and floristically different forest types; ie. the boreal forest extension,
the northern hardwoods and the southern hardwoods. The consolidation
of all forests types into five timber types (Table 2-4) gives an unclear
picture of the natural forest vegetation of the Appalachian portion of
ORBES. The most abundant forest cover in West Virginia according to
the 1975 Forest Survey statistics was oak-hickory, occupying 6,828,100
acres or over 50 percent of the commercial forest acreage in the state.
The maple-beech-birch type covering 2,618,000 acres was the second most
abundant, two thirds of which are located in the Monongahela National
Forest. The applicability of such Forest Survey statistics to site selection
for electrical power generating plants is dubious. However, such statistics
concerning forest resources are the best available index of the potential
role of forest Industries in the economy of subregions within the Ohio
River Basin.
-------
TABLE 2-3
NET VOLUME OF GROWING STOCK OH COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND, BY SPECIES
AND DIAMETER CLASSES, WEST VIRGINIA, 1975*
[In millions of cubic feet)
Total softwoods
Other red oaks
Red raJple
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Skcec birch
Hickory
Rpcch
Ash
Black walnut
\oll.o«-popV»r
Cucumbertree
Bin ckj; utn
Black cherry
HAS suood
Other hardwoods
Ml species
•
plnpa
rood)
oaks b/
Iks c/~
>aks~d/
53 e/~
r
Dd9
wooda
n
416.5
fie 1
Llj . 1
US .5
153.3
184.6
995.0
1,293.0
1,294.1
1,384.7
1,427.1
829.9
758.6
142.5
250.7
1,173.8
612.3
782.2
107.2
1,412 .8
124.7
132.5
453.6
107.5
633.2
12,520.4
13,515.4
55.7
6h
,**
16.4
4 A
• **
31.2
114.1
137.0
S4.2
158.7
13 1. A
156.1
133.8
34.6
71.2
210.5
57.2
33.8
11.4
W.I
11.2
24.7
33.6
13.7
82.0
1,497.2
1,611.1
99.2
31 A
tj >H
31.3
11 7
iJmf
24.1
187.7
178.2
108.6
187.4
162.3
IC8.5
133.6
35.9
57.7
225.8
61.4
39.4
14.3
157.4
23.2
17.0
41.6
18.4
120.1
1,731.0
1,«8.7
100. S
9fi 9
£Q . r
17.4
107
iy* f
14.5
174.0
201.7
158. 2
213.8
177.8
161.7
149.4
24.0
51.9
222.4
77.7
29.1
20.4
189.0
16.3
6.7
63.4
45.0
107.8
1,916.3
*,Q9Q,1
86. 8
23 .5
V&'.O
in 7
JU. r
20.9
175.9
200.3
151.2
175.2
14 J. 9
122. 8
87.0
9.4
24.1
175.8
89.3
51.3
13.9
217.7
26.4
13.2
68.0
39.1
90.4
1,706.5
i,aa?,4
4/.J
17.1
7.5
ye 9
£• Jm *•
20.1
117.2
182.5
157.5
182.0
215,9
91. 5
77.7
3.1
21.9
131.2
7'».6
43.5
16.6
216 .9
15.4
15.4
101.3
22.6
77.3
1,669.0
1,786.2
iVI.i
11.7
5.1
20.1
67.1
140.5
167.9
130.2
177.3
41.7
56.3
S.O
7.9
89.9
94.5
37.6
11.6
701.3
17.2
11.6
57.5
19.0
58.7
1,334.4
1,471.5
b.O
2.8
9.8
18.1
53.0
99.0
132.6
114.5
137.3
3Z.8
33.0
4.1
5.1
58.7
K.1
10.7
6-4
131. J
S.2
13.5
35.2
13.9
36.0
941.2
994.2
3.3
12.4
14.6
38.9
70.4
102.7
83. 5
90.0
11.6
19.4
7,4
7.4
27.5
32.6
8,6
3.4
li.4
5.8
10.7
31.7
11.6
22.1
617.8
656.7
13.5
20.3
39. S
68.6
194.8
121.1
153.9
36.6
61.0
16.0
3.5
30.7
58.6
16.0
7.2
78. 2
1.0
19.7
21.3
24.2
32.6
941.0
994.5
6.9
.7
7.6
19.8
36.2
18.3
31.1
4.5
7.4
--
--
1.3
10.0
2.2
--
5.0
--
—
--
--
6.2
142.0
149.6
n/ Include'; 1.8 millinn cubic feel i>f red ccd.ir
b, includes 1.280 n mllion cubic feel of -hit,: .,.,U. I 0 m.ll.'.n ur
~ 2.1 roil I inn of chinkapin nnk
c/ Includes only Nnrlliprn red nali-
d/ Includes 1.171 0 mi 1 1 ion cubic Irct «'l chp
-l..lc rmk . niul
»ali an6 '•.? million of pnsl ••»>.
c/ Incl.Klex 915 S mi 1 1 inn cubic Peel of black cmk: 419. T mi I I i.-n n( «=.-.i,-lcl ..»fc. lO.h
nilliun
-------
TABLE 2-4
AREA OF COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN WEST VIRGINIA
BY FOREST TYPE, COUNTY, AND GEOGRAPHIC UNIT, 1975*
[In thousand) of acres]
County V
Batbour
Berkeley
Brut on
Grant
Eaopihtre
Birdy
Bare It on
Jefferjon
Lewi*
Mineral
Morgan
FewSletOB
Feeaheaca*
Preston
Baadolph
Taylor
Tucker
Dpjbor
V cotter
Hort&eaitera (Talc
Boons
CT«y
rayette
Cretabrler
Eaoavha
Loiaa
KcDooell
Mercer
Klego
Honroe
Nlchalai
blelfcb
Sucmere
**''"
0.7
13.3
1.2
26.1
31.9
32.4
.6
3.4
1.2
24.7
16.4
27.5
1.6 3
1.8
1.6
.3
.5
.8 i
1.3 :
187.5 8
2.6 :
4.9 '
5.3 1
7.4 1
_—
i
2.2
7.0
6.1
4.5
2.3
5.7 1
»d
i
L.9
.3
.9
.4
.9
.2
.7
.3
.7
.7
.0
.3
.5
.2
.1
.1
.8
M
1.5
>.8
t.B
>.2
1.4
Z.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
t.6
.3
.9
.9
.1
.8
1.3
Oak-
hickory
74.5
72.9
136.9
142.3
199.3
183.5
73.6
23.3
93.6
96.2
62.8
178.5
177.8
167.3
270.6
34.1
102.7
84.5
162.6
2,337.0
160.4
127.3
225.2
281.4
335.3
150.6
174.0
126.3
139.8
122.3
217.8
199.7
104.7
171.4
Haplc-
becch-
blreh
37.4
8.0
73.2
20.9
19.4
18.8
36.3
3.0
44.8
10. 1
6.3
26.4
242.2
84.9
236.2
16.8
77.4
44.0
119.0
1.125.3
92.3
A3 .a
78.1
166.2
IPS .4
68.1
81.8
45.6
68.7
37.5
85.8
69.5
38.3
37.7
Other
hardwood
typci
21.4
22.1
35.8
44.5
65.1
39.8
31.6
6.5
25.3
33.2
23.6
63.5
48.2
42.5
51.6
12.6
24.3
22.6
30.4
665.6
8.5
12.8
23.1
35.4
31.5
10.3
16.6
12.5
11.0
15.3
23.7
20.6
10.9
17.4
All
types
135.9
118.0
2S2.0
236.2
319.6
297.7
144.8
36.5
167.6
165.9
110.3
301.2
503.3
300.7
5S9. 1
64.9
210.7
154.0
316.8
4,405.2
264.0
189.7
335.7
500.4
458.1
232.6
277.0
189.2
222.8
1B6.0
337.3
297.4
159.0
263.3
rtt Dolt
Brooke
Cabell
Cnlhoua
Doddrldge
Ctlaer
Hancock
JacVioa
Unco In
Marlon
Marsha11
rlaaoa
rionongalta
Olio
Vlraiant*
Futn.ia
Ritchie
Koa--.e
Tyler
Wayne
Wetiel
Viet
Wood
NorCbveatern Unlc
Total, State
48.2
70.4 2.JC6.0 1.038.8
249.5
485. i
1,935.1
454. S
160.2 C.528.1 2.618.6
149.8 3,913.2
1.2
13.1
17.1
4.2
5.1
.9
19.4
7.8
4.5
4.8
27.4
4.2
1.5
3.3
23.3
12.2
19.4
7.4
21.1
5.4
20.9
25.3
17.7
79.7
79.7
103.1
109.7
16.5
116.3
— 161.0
91.3
75.3
90.6
102.3
24.6
45.7
89.2
139.9
12B.8
76.6
153.1
120.3
67.1
86.4
3.8
17.8
18.4
21.7
22.2
4.3
27.1
39.5
18.2
18.6
20.9
21.6
5.9
10.0
21.6
31.0
31.4
17.2
38.1
27.7
16.9
20.6
3.9
20.8
23.3
21.3
23.9
3.6
28.4
38.6
18.2
17.8
24.1
21.2
5.4
9.4
22.2
32.3
31.8
18.1
42.8
28. S
18.2
22.4
26.6
131.4
133.5
130.3
160.9
25.3
191.2
246.9
132.2
116.5
163.0
149.5
37.4
68.4
156.3
215.4
211.4
119.3
265.1
191.9
123.1
154.7
476.2 3.165.3
1,391.6 11,483.7
* Reproduced from The Forest Resources of West Virginia., Bull. NE-1976.
16
-------
TABLE 2-5
NET VOLUME OF GROWING STOCK ON COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN WEST VIRGINIA,
BY STAND-SIZE CLASS, COUNTY, AND GEOGRAPHIC UNIT, 1975*
County
Barb our
Berkeley
Brut too
Grant
Hampshire
Hardy
Harrison
Jeffcraon
Lewi*
Mineral
Morgan
Fendlatoo
9ocahontaa
Ftcston
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Vpihur
Vefcater
Boxchaaatem Unlc
Boon*
Clay
Fay* tee
Crecnbrler
Kanauh*
Logaa
McDowell
fiercer
Mlngo
Manx oo
KIcholai
lalelgh
Surziera
Wyoming
Southern Unit
BrotiVe
Cabell
Calhoun
Doddrldge
Cllser
Hancock
Jecksoa
tlneeln
Marios
Marshall
Maaon
Monoagalta
Ohio
Flejianta
Pu?:ma
RUcMe
3o*ne
Tyler
Wayse
Vetzel
Wire
Wood
Northwestern U-tt
Total, State
Swtlnber
at and*
79.2
46.1
175.6
127.3
U0.4
140. t
33. Z
9.3
86.8
73.7
48.3
148.8
«53.5
191.4
751.5
26.9
253.1
103.0
365.0
3.473.3
195.4
134.2
234.9
516.3
325.9
173.2
1«S.4
147.3
153 .4
96.3
251.9
211.0
120.6
179.3
2,:io.i
13.3
75.3
73.6
120.8
119.1
14.8
121.4
170.0
100.5
61.1
100.7
117.9
22.2
69.2
115.2
168.9
112.6
B2.5
149.7
128.1
103.0
109.2
2.149.1
8,532.5
Folet Inber
(tanda
57.3
45.4
103.5
95.1
140.2
135.3
51.8
9.9
70.0
•71.2
47.3
125.1
188.0
128.2-
219.5
24.6
80.0
64.6
136.9
1.793.9
61.9
78.3
135.1
187.2
180.6
51.3
70.4
71.1
52.7
76.5
137.0
114.1
59. B
110.9
1.3S6.9
7.6
42.5
43.6
44.3
49.0
8.3
62.5
86.7
36.8
37.2
51.6
44.8
12.1
22.0
53.1
71.4
68.9
37.6
88.0
61.3
44.0
51.0
1.0Z4.5
4.205.3
Other
Btar.4i
10.4
7.5
16.3
12.6
13.1
15.6
14.9
2.8
14.9
10.3
6.7
15 J
16.3
22.0
13.5
6.3
8.5
10.2
14.1
241.8
13.0
12.6
23.0
24.9
32.0
11.8
2S.7
11.9
13. S
13.9
25.5
21.0
10.7
19.7
259.5
2.9
13.7
15.6
10.3
12.8
2.3
17.6
23.1
10.7
12.3
IS. 5
10.6
3.6
2.8
12.7
15.1
23.1
10. S
27. S
li.3
7.3
13.2
2'S.l
777.6
Total
146.9
99.0
295.9
235.0
293.7
291.0
119.9
22.0
171.7
155.2
102.3
289.2
857.8
341.6
989.6
57.8
341.6
177. B
516.0
3,509.0
270.3
225.1
393.0
728.4
533.5
236.3
259.5
230.3
219.9
191.7
415.4
346.1
191.1
309.9
4.555.5
23.8
131.5
132.8
176.1
180.9
25.4
201.5
276.8
148.0
U0.6
163.8
173.3
37.9
94.0
181.0
235.4
204.6
130.6
26S.S
203.7
154.3
173.4
3.449.9
13.515.4
Sanpllng
error ef
total
Percent
17
15
11
11
10
10
23
31
14
15
18
11
14
12
9
23
17
li
9
2.8
18
13
11
8
8
17
21
11
17
14
12
11
13
12
3.2
29
15
14
13
13
29
12
11
14
16
13
14
24
17
12
10
12
16
10
12
12
12
2.9
1.6
*Reproduced from the Forest Resources of West Virginia, Bull. NE--1976.
IT
-------
TABLE 2-6
CHANGE IN FOREST AREA AND TIMBER VOLUME. 1961 - 75
1961 1975 Change
Commercial forest land:
(thousand acres)
Growing stock volume:
(million cubic feet)
Softwoods
Hardwoods
TOTAL
Sawtimber volume:
(million board feet)
Softwoods
Hardwoods
TOTAL
11,389.0
532.0
10,290.0
10,822.0
1,378.0
20,458.0
21,836.0
11,483.7
995.0
12,520.4
13,515.4
2,599.7
25,031.1
27,630.8
+94.7
+463.0
+2,230.4
+2,693.4
+1,221.7
+4,573.1
+5,794.8
(Source: Bones, 1976, USDA)
18
-------
2.2.5 CHANGES IN FOREST COMMUNITY COMPOSITION
Although it seems probable that the composition of present-day forest
communities with respect to the mere presence or absence of individual
species is similar to that of pre-settlement communities, the relative
proportions of species, especially in different size or age classes, have
undoubtedly changed. Some of these differences become apparent when the
map of original vegetation types (Fig. 2-1) is compared with the maps of
present-day vegetation types (Fig. 2.1-58 to 2.1-65 in ORBES, Indiana
Report, Part 1 and Fig..2-5 of this report). These changes have included
major losses of beech-maple forests, increases in pine plantations and in
pines As a component of Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia oak forests,
and a relatively greater abundance of bottomland forests, due perhaps to
losses of upland forests in adjacent areas.
Present-day forest community types are defined in Table 2-2 of this
report and in Tables 2.1-20 and 2.1-22 in ORBES, Indiana Report. The
geographical distributions of these types are revealed by county statistics
in Tables 2.1-18 and 2.1-19 of the ORBES, Indiana Report and Table 2-4 of
this report, and tabulated by forest survey units in Table 2.1-23 in ORBES,
Indiana Report and also in Table 2-5 of this report. From these tables it
is evident that the oak-hickory forest is (USFS units) now the predominant
community type in the lower Ohio River Basin. Other important community
types include the mixed hardwood (mixed mesophytic), elm-ash-cottonwood
types, and mixtures of maple with beech and oak. The mixed hardwood types
occupy over 50 percent of the upland forests in the unglaciated Allegheny
Plateau Section of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and western Kentucky.
The maps and tables should not be interpreted to mean that there
is uniform species composition within the major forest types designated.
Naturally caused local variations in species composition may be expected
as a result of differential orientation of hillsides with respect to
solar radiation (insolation), the presence of drainage channels, erosion
and deposition of alluvium and deposit of alluvium and the extant stages
of secondary biotic succession. Communities attributable to man's
manipulation of nature, such as herb dominated old field communities,
successional forests on abandoned cropland, and wetland communities on
the margins of artificial impoundments are all of temporary nature.
Strip-mined lands support a variety of depauperate plant communities
including small-scale pond and marsh communities, but very rarely
mature hardwood forest stands.
The woody flora of the ORBES region includes about eighty species
of broad-leaved trees capable of growing to a height of forty feet or
more. Some species are much more abundant and important than others.
In Indiana and Kentucky, for example, seven species comprise 53 percent
of the standing timber volume (Table 2.1-24 ORBES, Indiana Report). In
the Ohio River Basin as a whole, the oaks (genus Quercus, about seventeen
species) constitute over 40 percent of the timber volume, as might be
expected from the prevalence of the oak-hickory community. Six species
of the hickories (genus Carya), tuliptree and American beech are ether
important trees. However, tuliptree and American beech are relatively
rare in the southwestern forest survey units (Randolph, 1976).
-------
Members of the genus Quercus (oaks) constitute the predominant genus
of trees in the deciduous forest of the Ohio River Basin including West
Virginia. Statewide in West Virginia, the red oak group and the white
oak group of species occur in nearly equal proportions in the Ohio River
Basin representing 21.7 percent and 20.6 percent respectively of the total
growing hardwood forest stock. In 1961 the northern red oak (Q. rubra) was
the most abundant timber species in the state followed closely by yellow
poplar or tuliptree Liriodendron tulipfera), and white oak (Q. alba)• However,
the 1975 statistics show that tuliptree, known as yellow poplar by the
foresters, is now the prevalent timber species in West Virginia. (Barnard
and Bowers, 1977.) Other significant species in descending order of
abundance in the growing stock are red maple, sugar maple, beech,
black cherry, hickories, sweet birch, ash, basswood, yellow birch,
black gum, cucumber tree and black walnut. The remaining five percent
of the hardwoods include twenty-some miscellaneous timber species.
Conspicuous by its absence is the once prolific, now nearly extinct,
American chestnut (Castanea dentata).
The woody flora of the ORBES region includes twelve or thirteen needle-
leaf, coniferous species, nine of which are native. Only one of these native
species, the eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), is widely distributed
throughout the region. In West Virginia and Pennsylvania it is generally
associated with less acidic soils. Natural stands of Other conifers
including hemlock, red spruce, balsam fir, white pine, arbor vitae,
and eastern larch (Larix laricina) occur as disjunct communities in
special ecosystems where conditions of climate or soils differ from
the norm. These represent the central Appalachian outliers of the
northeastern coniferous forests of the New England states and Canada,
occurring only at high elevations in West Virginia and western
Pennsylvania. (Fig. 2-1).
Softwood (coniferous) tree species in West Virginia comprise only
7.4 percent of the growing stock, nearly half of which is Virginia pine
(Pinus virginiana). Nearly pure stands of immature Virginia pine occupy
sizable areas in southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, and western West
Virginia. These represent natural succession on abandoned farmlands
with generally acidic, low fertility soils. Virginia pine, "old field
pine" or "scrub pine" has in recent years become important as pulpwood
in the state, growing best in the west-central and eastern counties.
Several methods have been tried to increase the production of yellow pine
pulpwood, including aerial spraying of young stands with selective
herbicides to destroy or typo herbicides to retard the growth of hardwood
trees. Uncontrolled, hardwoods will outgrow and eliminate the Virginia
pine. Industrial air pollution seems to affect Virginia pine less than
most other comercially valuable species.
The next most abundant conifer is hemlock, (Tsuga canadenais). a
species with inferior wood properties. It is found in stands throughout
the West Virginia ORBES region, but Is more abundant and luxuriant at
higher elevations. As an unwanted species in the past, it often escaped
cutting and now is the major species in the remaining virgin forests of
the state.
20
-------
2.2.6 CHANGES IN FOREST STAND AGE
Generally, only a quarter to a half of all the lower Ohio River valley
forestland supports an abundance of mature trees. The remainder is
dominated by small trees or by a combination of small trees and brush. In
1975, mature trees occupied 44 percent of West Virginia forest lands.
Since a greater proportion of the land in West Virginia was too steep
to farm efficiently, relatively early abandonment of farmed lands to
forest regeneration has resulted in a greater abundance of mature trees
in the forests of West Virginia than in the forests of the lower Ohio
River Basin states.
Several studies have suggested reasons for the prevalence of
immature forests in the various ORBES states. In general some forest
community types have been cut for lumber more severely than others.
Thus, while oak-hickory and elm-ash-cottonwood stands generally
contain an abundance of mature trees, mixed-hardwood forests tend to
be immature. According to Kingsley and Mayer (1970), the excessive
proportion of brushland and immature forest in Ohio has resulted
from excessive cutting of large trees in the past without adequate
allowance for regrowth, and from development of young forest on
abandonded agricultural and strip-mined lands. Gansner and DeBold
(1966) attribute the immature status of Kentucky Blue Grass survey
unit forests to overharvest of timber, livestock grazing, and exclusion
of forests from the most productive lands. DeBold and Gansner (1966)
give overharvest and recent reforestation of farmland as reasons for
the preponderance of immature forests in the western coalfield unit.
These young and brushy forests can be quite different in species
composition from the original climax vegetation and also tend to
support animal communities significantly different from those of
mature forests. Red cedars are common in young Kentucky forests, but as
the forests age they are succeeded by hardwoods in whose shade they cannot
survive. Other successional forests developing by abandoned farmlands and
drastically overcut woodlands are populated by such trees as black locust
(Robinia pseudo-acacia), wild black cherry (Primus serotina), sassafrass
(Sassafras albidum), American elm (Ulmua americanum), Ohio buckeye
(Aesulus glabra), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), hawthorns
(Crataegus spp.), and large-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata),
flowering crabapple (Pyrus coronaria), persimmon (Disosporus virginiana).
sumacs (Rhus typhina, R. glabra), holly (Ilex opaca), and hemlock
(Tauga canadensis). Examples of such communities reported in the impact
assessment literature include an osage orange-black locust-honey locust
riparian community and a black cherry-ash-elm upland community in Clark
County, Indiana (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977), and a tulip-sassafras
upland community in Jefferson County, Indiana (Public Service of Indiana, 1975),
In West Virginia, where most soils are acidic, old fields are often invaded
by the grasses broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), and poverty grass (Danthonia
spicata) and associated herbs. In turn, these are replaced by sassafras&
sumac-sourwood, black locust, Virginia pine, or other temporary arboreal
communities. As the canopy closes these shade intolerant species are gradually
replaced with the more stable forest communities. Such trends will be de-
scribed in more detail under Sections 2.2.7 and 2.2.8 which follow.
21
-------
DOMINANT
VEGETATIVE COVER TYPES
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
Sell* of atlas
0 5 '• 15 30
From cover CTpt u»p*
Norchuictrn Fcrtic Exp«rla«nt
Scaclon projcec 1951 (Ullioa «c.«l.)
Figure 2-4
This map of the vegetative cover types of West Virginia as it was
•just prior to 1950 was produced from aerial photography and ground-
control data using forest sampling techniques. The complex distri-
bution patterns are caused by the extreme erosional disection of
the Atmalachian Plateaus section of the ORBES region.
22
-------
Central Hardwood
Forests c1"^' Vj.-
J- u ttt» S 1 •
^^ .A'«"!^ ( x"/- '' ( 'x.£,.,.»
* /™~Vv-w;L/ ( /I'M.
-"">' i""f*C'"* '''EASTERN
>.,, ' \ 'v ^r--- / y RIDGE AND VALLEY SECTION
"7;"" ,\ ,'%.„., '-«\ / . ' "^ / ,r Oak-Pine Forests
S|«—J' "P s-v/ '- ii/ 'C"";/
>-<-" { ..'/'
; -;.«••--: j; '..«.- / ^
ALLEGHENY MOUNTAIN
N -— -,
W.. , '., ,., ,'
b ' IKO« , • i ~
•«%„.«., '" AND UPLAND SECTION
X1. • r.""»i Northern Forests
v\ " / MAP
V .'. »»v v- VN. f
>. • f • j 4.,,.«Tr.-
v^itutt / (••^m«« / _
««TuC«y> ' , , ,vrM "•> \ ,. ;
X A ~? ^^
-•\..O,N,. X'«"'" X'<"' '*
WCST VIRGINIA
IMOWINfi
Counties and Types of
Forest Vegetation
Figure 2-5
Map of HTe regional forest vegetation of West Virginia.
(After Strausbaugh and Core, 1971)
EAST
Figure 2-6
A diagrammatic profile across West Virginia, indicating the region
of highest rainfall and chief phytogeographic regions. (After
Strausbaugh and Core, 1971)
-------
TABLE 2-7
AN ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING TERRESTRIAL
PLANT COMMUNITIES FOUND IN THE APPALACHIAN PLATEAUS REGION OF ORBES
A. Forest Communities
1. Boreal Forest (Upland sites a-d, Lowlands e-h).
a. Spruce-Fir (climax)
b. Red Pine
c. Boreal Hardwoods (Birch-Aspen-Cherry-Maple)
d. Spruce (Red or Black)
e. Tamarack
£. Arborvitae
g. Conifer-Hardwood Swamp Forest
h. Other
2. Hemlock-Hardwood-White Pine (Appalachian Transition) Forests
(Lake Forest)
a. Hemlcok-White pine - Northern Hardwoods
b. Pine (White; rarely Red or Jack pine)
c. Aspen
d. Northern Hardwoods - Hemlock (and vice versa)
e. Other
3. Eastern Deciduous Forests (Upland sites a-k, Lowland sites l-o)
a. Mixed Mesophytic
b. Mixed Oak
c. White Oak
d. Chestnut Oak
e. Tuliptree
f. Oak-Hickory
g. Oak-Maple
h. Maple
i. Beech-Maple
j. Pine-Oak
k. Other upland forest communities
1. Willow-River Birch-Sycamore
m. Kim-Ash-Soft Maple
n. Red Maple-Red Gum-Swamp Oaks
o. Other lowland forest communities
B. Scrub and Shrub Communities
1. Low Tree Scrub (less then 10 meters high)
a. Pin Cherry
b. Sassafras-Sourwood-Sumac
c. Black locust
d. Deciduous holly
e. Dwarfed hardwoods
f. Mixed Scrub
g. Other
2k
-------
(TABLE 2-7 Continued)
B. Continued (Scrub and Shrub Communities)
2. Tall Shrub (1 m +)
a. Alder
b. Spirea
c. Dogwood (Cornus)
d. Hawthorne (Crataegus)
e. Rhododendron
f. Bear (or scrub) oak
g. Blueberry
h. Other
3. Low Shrubs (1 m -)
a. Blueberry (Vaccinium)
b. Huckleberry (Gaylussicia)
c. Chokeberry (Pyrus)
d. St. Johnswort (Hypericuta)
e. Brambles (Rubus)
f. Other
4. Creeping Shrubs (bogs, muskegs)
a. Cranberry (Vaccinium)
b. Buckbean (Menyanthes)
c. Bog rosemary (Andromeda)
d. Dewberries (Rubus)
C. Narrowleaf Herb Communities
1. Balds and Sods
a. Mountain oatgrass (Danthonia compressa)
b. Bluegrass (Poa)
c. Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus)
d. Poverty grass (Danthonia spicata)
e. Other
2. Savannas (with scattered or colonies of trees)
a. Oak openings (Herbs-Quercus)
b. Pine openings (Herbs-Pinus)
c. Cedar openings (Herbs-Juniperus)
d. Other
3. Marshes-Fens
a. Cattail (Typha)
b. Sedge-Rush (Carex,, Scirpus. etc.)
c. Marsh grasses (Leersia. Glyceria)
d. Other
-------
(TABLE 2-7 Continued)
D. Moss-Fern-Lyeopod Communities
1. Polytrichum moss bog
2. Sphagnum moss bog
3. Bracken fern brake
4. Other
E. Broadleaf Herb Communities
1. Annual herbs
2. Perennial herbs
3. Mixed herbs (including grasses)
4. Herb-scrub savanna
5. Herb-tree savanna
6. Other
F. Open Aggregations and Sparse-cover Communities (less than 50% cover)
named for habitats
1. Shale barren Invaders and Colonizers
2. Limestone I & C's
3. Sandstone I & C's
4. Talus I & C's
5. Sand and Gravel I & C's
6. Mud flat and bark I & C's
7. Abandoned field I & C's
8. Abandoned pasture 1 & C's
9. Roadside I & C's
10. Mine spoils 1 & C's
11. Other I & C's
26
-------
2.2.7 CHANGES IN TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION
The composition and form of the vegetative cover of West Virginia
before the intrusion by Europeans can only be deduced from fragmentary
evidence left by untrained observers. The rugged topography of the
wilderness and lack of ready access by navigable streams or natural
trailways led most settlers around the foreboding forests south of
Pennsylvania and north of the Cumberland Gap as they crossed the
Appalachians. The few pre-settlement accounts of western Virginia forests
were tales of fear-packed adventure followed by a great relief upon the
explorers' return to the inhabited broad valleys east of the Allegheny
Front. At the close of the 19th century the new state of West Virginia
was still largely forested. A reliable estimate of untapped timber
reserves by A.B. Brooks (1911), shows some 1.5 million acres of virgin
timber still remained, mostly boreal types in the higher mountain
counties. During the nest decade most of these magnificent forests
were decimated and the environments so drastically altered that the
spruce forests were incapable of regenerating. The three-foot deep
forest litter dried upon exposure and soon thereafter burned along with
the slash left by the loggers. The soluable material nutrients were
washed downstream to the Ohio and the Potomac. Northern hardwoods took
the place of the spruce and white pine forests, much as they did under
similar conditions in the New England states. Roy B. Clarkson in his
book Tumult on the Mountain, (1964), gives a graphic history of the
early logging history in West Virginia. Various opinions have been
expressed concerning the eventual species composition of the future
forests which will develop in areas that supported the virgin red spruce
forest type before logging. It is likely that most of the forests occupy-
ing these high mountain areas will continue to be harvested before con-
ditions favorable to the dominance of the shade tolerant, habitat-specific
red spruce are able to develop. The current northern hardwoods and
hemlock-hardwoods forests will thus persist as a subcllmax type or a
disclimax perpetuated by periodic logging. Even in those few wilderness
or preserve areas where logging ostensibly will be banned, the spruce
forests may not return if the intrinsic regional climate has truly
become significantly warmer over the past several centuries as some
climatologists contend. The spruce forests at the time of their removal,
a century or less ago, thus may have represented a self-perpetuating,
relict disclimax forest of Pleistocene origin. Their persistance
since glacial times could be due to the dense spruce forests' abilities
to modify the regional climate by virtue of its own action of creating a
cool, moist sub-canopy environment ideal for germination, seedling
survival, and early growth of red spruce trees, uninhibited by conpetition
from normally faster growing hardwoods. This perplexing question of which
forest type will emerge as the true, ultimate, climax-vegetation form of
the mountain crests in the central Appalachians is an intriguing one.
By comparison, the history and ecology of the deciduous hardwood
forest regions of West Virginia have received much less attention by the
botanists and ecologists. This is probably because of its lesser attractive-
ness and greater complexity of the forest biome of which it belongs. The
most comprehensive theories concerning the ecology of the Eastern Deciduous
Forest thus far published are those of E. Lucy Braun (1950, revised 1964).
-------
The West Virginia segment of this deciduous forest owes its diverse
floristic composition, in part, to the many environmental fluctuations
and inward migrations of species, first from its epicenter in the Great
Smokey Mountains, and then from the circumpolar Boreal Forests and
Arctic tundra regions, and finally from the mid-continent prairie and
dry complex in Post-Pleistocene times.
2.2.8 CURRENT VEGETATION PATTERNS
Geographic distributions of the present-day plant and animal
communities and species in the Ohio River Basin and West Virginia, like
all natural biotic distributions, are a function of past and present
physical and biotic interactions, and the impacts of modern man. This
section will attempt to describe the patterns of distribution of major
types of vegetation in three dimensions as depicted by vegetative cover
maps, and vertical cross sections relating elevation and slope characteristics.
The Potential Natural Vegetation map (Fig. 2-1) prepared by Kuchler
(1964) is a theoritical extrapolation prepared from historical records and
from interpretations of recent and extant patterns of vegetation. The
current forest cover exemplifies a state of extreme and repeated dis-
turbance by man. Almost all of the present vegetative cover types are
second-growth forests with varying degrees of similarity to the original,
virgin forests. In ecological logic these were the ultimate, climax, or
potential vegetative cover types, whose distributions closely parallel
climatic patterns.
One step closer to a true depiction of the current vegetative cover
of West Virginia is the cover type map prepared by Wilson and others in
1951 (Fig. 2-5). The apparent, fine-textured distribution pattern of forest
cover types shown in Figure 2-6 is, by necessity far less detailed than
the actual distributions mapped by Wilson and his associates on fifteen
minute topographic quadrangles. Copies of their individual topo-quadrangle
vegetation maps have not been published, although the original copies
are accessible for viewing upon request at the Wildlife Research Laboratory
of the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, Elklns, West Virginia.
The major physical factors controlling the vegetation patterns in
West Virginia are: 1) geologic/encompassing, bedrock minerology, erosion-
deposition actions, elevation, slope exposure, and slope inclination);
2) edaphic (soil conditions as related to plant and animal life); and
8) climatic (both macro and microclimatic).
A cross-section of the topography of West Virginia (Fig. 2-16) depicts
the changes in the physiography and the gradual increase in mean elevation
from the Ohio River eastward to the Allegheny Front. This trend of increasing
elevation is followed in the Ridge and Valley Province by an abrupt decline
in the mean elevation resulting in a dry, "rain-shadow" effect in counties
just to the east of the Front. Although there is a latitudinal effect on
the climate and vegetation from north to south in West Virginia, it is not
as significant as the elevation effect (Fig. 2-1, 2-4, 2-6). Thus, the
species of plants and animals with northern affinities are most abundant
28
-------
or found exclusively in the mountains, generally above 2500' elevation;
while the southern species inhabit the western and southern regions of
the state at elevations generally below 2500' elevation. Southern
species tend to be less abundant or absent in the northwestern region
of the state even at lower elevations.
In evaluating the aquatic or the terrestrial ecosystems in areas or
counties where siting of energy extraction or conversion facilities may
be feasible, the local distribution patterns and significance of
specific ecosystems should be determined. Few generalities can be
applied from stream to stream or forest to forest. Most of the current
vegetative cover of West Virginia has not been adequately mapped. The
outdated, small-scale maps available are of little value in planning
natural resource development or in preparation of environmental impact
statements. Fortunately, the data base suitable for large scale
vegetation mapping is available in the form of repeatedly updated
aerial and satellite imagery. The space age remote-sensing techniques,
for vegetational analysis and mapping, are proving to be less expensive
and often more reliable than data collected by ground crew surveys.
A broad conceptualization of the most common ecological units
(ecozones) encountered in the ORBES area is requisite to good regional
planning. Therefore, the following summary of the readily recognizable
units, even to the casual observer or student or geography, is included
in hopes of clarifying the broad picture. The internal ecological
variants within these broad, regional forest zones are so many and
their nomenclatures so esoteric that it seems expedient to bypass
them at this time.
At the highest level of classification, two major ecoregions or
biomea are represented in West Virginia, the Spruce-Fir Boreal Forest
blome at higher elevations and the Eastern Deciduous Forest at lower
elevations. These are described briefly in order to characterize their
biogeographic differences and to relate the current vegetative cover,
most of which is of youthful, second-growth forest stages of regeneration.
In essence, the deciduous forests are far from homogeneous. They contain
communities with a full range of habitat "preference," from cool and
moist to hot and dry during the growing season as a result of topographic
differences.
-------
I
s
I
I
•rl
*
Dry »outhT»3t
faclnn slop*
iw
ftf£&t$ @
, «OROAHTC!m i>.
" Elk Lick cotl
5hal«(ah) with 3on«
800
AUSS Mtrlna «h. * Is.
ah, illtitone & It.
a 9. & slltitane
flood plain •lluv'fun
TRANSECT
TIT. WEST VIRGINIA Ti[VSR5in
ARBUKrmit
Redrawn by C. Baer
after KaUwnr 1952
KB thasin.
Not* I Tallow oak (
-------
TABLE 2-8
THE DISTRIBUTION OF TREE SPECIES ALONG THE COOPERS ROCK
TRANSECT IN RELATION TO SOIL REACTION (pH)
Number of Individuals bv oH Groupings
Soecles
"Acidophilea"
Quercus moutana
chestnut oak
Acer rub run
ted staple
"Calciphiles"
Acer saccharua
sugar tuple
Tilia anerlcana
bassvood
Juglans nigra
black valnut
Celtis occider.talis
hackberry
"^derate CalclshUes"
Magnolia acuninata
cucuabercree
Cuercus auehlenbetjli
Bellow oak
Carya ovata
shagbark hickory
Cvonocladus diolea
Kentucky coffeecree
Liriodendron tulipifera
tulip tree
Cercis canadensis
redbud
"Indecerminanes"
Rabinia pseudoacacia
black locust
Quercus rubra
red oak
Carya glabra
pignut hickory
Cornus florida
flowering dogwood
I.
oH lesa
than 5.0
107
43
5
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
12
9
6
3
II.
PH
5.0-6.0
IS
6
36
0
1
0
11
8
0
5
3
3
8
6
10
5
III.
pH greater
than 6.0
5
0
68
13
9
S
19
9
12
9
4
4
14
13
12
3
31
-------
CO
COOPTH'3 HOCI
Il.T. Zlltfl
FOREST VEGETATION OF
CHEAT RIVER CANYON
AT COOPERS ROCK
STATE PARK
WEST VIRGINIA
CATHTLL
Bedrock Croupi or
I.ri..
POSES! COYSH
CO Cluitaat Oak
MO Hlr.d Oat
KM Kll.d H.iophj-tlc
JOO
( Pr*p*r>d by C.H. B».r. 1979 )
lc»l. IB f»t
T.rtlc»l:3orlion'.»l 111
tstflm of «lop» »pproi. ]5° (TOjf Ormi*)
Figure 2-8
The distribution of forest community types throughout the Appalachians
is closely linked to topography, slope aspect and inclination. The
steep southwest-facing slope at Cooper's Rock is characteristically
dry and excessively heated during the summer growing season. The
most xeric (dry) habitat, on the cliff-top supports a narrow zone
of oak-pine forest. Slightly less dry is the habitat supporting
the chestnut oak forest (CO). Mixed oak (MO) indicates moderately
dry conditions and mixed mesophytic (MM) or cove hardwoods a mesic
(moist) condition. The right-hand, northeast-facing slope is almost
uniformly moist from the river to the cliff-top with an elevation
close to that of Cooper's Rock. Variations in the minerology of
the bedrock strata is reflected in the acidity (pH) of the soils
and success of pH-sensitive plant species. See Table 2-8.
-------
The Appalachian Extension Of The Northeastern Spruce-Fir ^Boreal
Coniferous) Forest—
In West Virginia a red spruce forest is the prevalent type counter-
part of the spruce-fir forest which characterizes the Boreal Forest
Biome farther north and occurs in isolated stands in the Blue Hidge
Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. The red spruce forests
occur in West: Virginia as disjunct stands on mountain tops and in
swamps, mostly above 3500' elevation. Similarly, but even more
restricted, balsam fir is now reduced to a few small stands in the
Allegheny Mountain section of West Virginia. Aspens (Populus tremuloides,
P^ grandidentata) and pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) form open-stands
or groves as successional stages in mountain areas once occupied by
red spruce forests. This type of patchy, regenerative forest cover
persisted as late as 1950 in the Davis area of Tucker County (Fig. 2-3).
By the early 1920's most of the virgin spruce forests and closely
associated northern, hardwood-herniack-whlte pine forests were clearly
cut. The fallen tops and branches soon dried, and the slash burned and
in turn set fire to the abundant humus which is said to have burned for
months (Clarkson, 1964).
These temporary, savanna-like stands were characterized by scattered
trees and groves of aspens, cherries, black locust, sumac, and hawthornes
almost randomly dispersed throughout the less advanced continuum of
bracken ferns, grasses, goldenrods, and asters. Large expanses of
heath dominated shrub mats, locally known as "huckleberry plains",
occupied many of the rocky areas and hundreds of acres still persist
along the crest of the Allegheny Front in Grant, Tucker, Randolph and
Pendleton Counties. However, by 1975 most of the savanna-like expanses
on the acidic soils had become reforested with scrubby northern hard-
woods stands interspersed with scatterings of hemlock, spruce and white
pine. This youthful forest complex shows a progression toward the
recognized northern hardwoods forest type and various mixed northern
hardwoods-conifer types. The more mature second-growth forest stands
on the rolling uplands and plains along the Allegheny Front are
approaching the mixed oak community type, oak-maple, chestnut oak, or
the foresters' (SAP) red oak type which is dominated by northern red
oak, black oak, and scarlet oak, with white oak and chestnut oak as
subdominants.
The Eastern jjeciduous Forest
The mixed mesophytic forest association described by Braun
(1950, 1964) seldom reaches above 3000' elevation in West Virginia.
This forest community type increases in abundance and richness of
species southward in West Virginia. The nomenclature of these mixed
hardwood forest stands, wherein no one or few species are clearly
dominant, is unresolved. This more or less "catch-all" type includes
species which are dominant in other forest types, and others which
seldom, if ever, are present in sufficient numbers to lend their
name to any community type. Table 2-9 shows the variations in species
composition of several West Virginia mixed mesophytic forest stands.
Such stands, rich in tree species requiring moderate and sustained
soil moisture supplies indicate the presence of optimum conditions
33
-------
for suitable growth of numerous, typical Appalachian deciduous forest
species. Such climatic and edaphic (soil) conditions prevail on the
west slopes of the eastern continental divide from West Virginia
southward to northern Alabama where rainfall is abundant and winter
temperatures are moderate.
Appalachian Oak, Oak-hickory, and Oak-pine forests, which also occur
abundantly in West Virginia, occupy dry slopes and ridges throughout the
state but become uncommon at higher elevations. Although Braun (1950)
and Kuchler (1964) include a high proportion of such stands in the Mixed
Mesophytic region (Fig. 2-1) they can also be considered as extensions
or counterparts of the Central Hardwoods of Tennessee and Kentucky or
the extension of the southern Appalachian Oak region of the Valley and
Ridge physiographic province of Virginia, North Carolina, and eastern
Tennessee (Fig. 2-1).
Numerous forest types are recognized by foresters (Society of
American Foresters 1967, Table 2-2) and the Geologists' as plant
community types or associations (Table 2-7). Each occupies specific
environmental niches in the fine-textured distribution pattern of West
Virginia vegetation (Fig. 2-5). Like all plant communities, they are
dependent upon definite ranges of moisture availability, temperature,
and solar energy which combined characterize the habitats. Thus,
each forest type reflects a special set of slope exposures and in-
clinations. Essentially, level areas on the land surface of the Mountain
State are a rare commodity. Elevation effects and edaphic (soil)
condition also exert considerable influences on the success of new,
invading species, and their chances of reproducing their own kind.
A few examples of West Virginia environments and associated vegetation
types are shown in Figures 2-7, 2-8, 2-13, and 2-14.
Productive farmlands have always been at a premium in West Virginia,
primarily because of the extreme steepness of the slopes (Fig. 2-17,
2-18, 2-19, Table 2-12). The best farmlands occupy the limited
bottomlands along the major rivers, limestone bedrock areas, and
the rolling uplands of the Appalachian Plateaus. The distribution
of non-forested, agricultural lands are concentrated in three parts
of the state; the eastern panhandle (outside the ORBES region),
the Greenbrier-Monroe county limestone forest area, and a broad
swath of hilltop farmlands extending northward from Charleston towards
Elkins and Parkersburg and northward towards the Mason-Dixon Line and
the Northern Panhandle (Fig. 2-5). The youthful, yet highly dissected,
topography of nearly the entire ORBES region of West Virginia precludes
broad floodplains except along the larger rivers. Glades, wetlands and
gently rolling grazing lands are more common in the Allegheny Mountain
Section.
Three-quarters of West Virginia's surface is covered with forests,
and probably represents the best use for such steep land. The forests
on lands with soil capability classes 111, IV, and V are in various
stages of recovery from the denudation caused by the wasteful practices
of early logging. The recent application of better forest management,
particularly on the National Forests, is reflected in the increasing stocks of
high quality •standing timber (Table 2-5). Of major threat to the forests,
-------
TABLE 2-9
IMPORTANCE VALUES* OF FIVE MAJOR FOREST SPECIES TABULATED FROM
MATURE MIXED MESOPHYTIC STANDS IN FOUR STATE OWNED AREAS WITHIN THE
ORBES REGION OF WEST VIRGINIA
MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST
Species
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)
Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
White basswood (Tilia americana)
Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
Red Oak (Quercus rubra)
All Other Species
Kanawha
0%
24
12
6
7
51
Holly
River
21%
17
10
13
4
34
North
Bend
152
11
9
24
11
30
Pipe-
stem
14%
13
16
2
17
38
(after R. Sturm - 1977,
M.S. Thesis, W.V.U.)
*Importance value - a calculated value which includes the relative abun-
dance and timber volume of each species.
35
-------
streams and soils of the state are the extraction of coal, trie dis-
turbances of land surfaces, and the pollution of the waters and atmosphere
by industrial and domestic wastes. Where properly controlled, periodic
harvests of timber in Vest Virginia offer little threat to the flora
and fauna or the recreational uses of the forests.
2.3 FAUNA.
2.3.1 ORIGINAL AND CURRENT FAUNA
The original faunal of the ORBES region vas predominantly a
deciduous-woodland fauna. Wetland faunas were well represented,
although somewhat localized inasmuch as wetlands were extensive only
along the northern border of the ORBES region. Other localized faunas
included those of prairies, caves, and rock outcroppings and other
forms of steep relief. The only fauna that was, and is largely endemic
to the seven-state ORBES region, and thus unique, is the karat (cave)
fauna, which is especially well represented in southern Indiana (Lindsey,
1966), Kentucky, and southeastern West Virginia (Taole 2-10).
The current regional faunas of the counties Judged suitable for
power plant location and coal mine operation have been influenced by
man. There was selective elimination of the larger animals followed
by assisted return of deer, beavers, and wild turkeys. Patchwork
clearing of forests permitted certain prairie and forest-edge species
to increase in numbers at the expense of species of the forest proper;
for example, fox squirrels replaced gray squirrels, opossums and
raccoons became more numerous, and bobcats became rarer (Lindsay 1966,
Anonymous 1974, 1975, 1976). Many of the amphibian, reptile, and bird
species characteristic of rivers in the suitable counties appear to be
declining in population, although the causes of this have not been
adequately studied. On the other hand, several large impoundments in
the Ohio coal counties especially In the southeastern Musklngum River
watershed, serve as new stopping points for large numbers of ducks and
geese (USDA, 1975).
Distributions and population trends are elaborated upon in the
following subsections for game animals and fur bearers and for unique,
endemic, and endangered species.
2.3.2 GAME ANIMALS AND FURBEARERS
Much is known regarding the status of populations of game animals
and furbearers in the ORBES region. Knowledge of their life cycles and
the quality of available habitats permits inferences to be made as to
the general welfare of their populations. More Importantly, all fish
and game authorities monitor abundances of most species on an annual
basis through extrapolation from indices of abundance. Data are also
l"Fauna" here Is taken to mean all vertebrates exclusive of fishes,
except under the heading "Unique Species" (Section 2.1.4.3 of the
ORBES, Indiana Report are Included.)
36
-------
TABLE 2-10
AN ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF CAVE FAUNA COLLECTED IN CAVERNS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
Acarlna
Adrltylldae
Anfayitoma jeffenonlanum
Anbystomtdae
AneEdes aeneus
Anchrabla mammouthla
Apochthonlui pauclsplnosus
Apocrangonyx oarvus
Artodus prlitlnui
Asellus
Asellus cannulus
Aiellua holslngerl
Asellus price!
Asellus slnonlnl
Asellus slnuncus
Astocldae
Attheyella carolInensls
Bufo a amerlcanus
Cambarus b barton!
CambarjJ nerterlus
Catops gratlosu»
Chambarllnochthonlus henroti
Chelonethlda
Chlonea aspera
Chltrella retina
Chordeuml da
Chthonlldae
Cleldogonldae
Collembola
ConotylIdae
Coprlnus micaceous
Corynorhlnui macrotls
Corynorhlnus r raflnesaull
Carynorhinus raflnesqull
Oasypus
Decapoda
Desmognachus f fuscus
Desmognathus m montlcola
Desmognathus o oehrophaeus
Dlemlctylus v virldescens
Olxldevnes brannerl
Orassylus depressui
Entomobryldae
EpCealcus f fuscus
Euarctoi amerlcanus
Eurycea b blsllneata
Eurycea I longlcauda
Eurycea longlcauda
Eurycea luclfuga
Fells concolor coucuar
Fonclcans cartarea
Gamnarldae
Gammarus faiclacus
Gammarus minus
Gammarus minus cenulpes
Gammarus proplnquus
Geocencrophora cave ml col a
Gyrlnophllus p porphyrIClcus
GyrlnopMlus palleucus
Gyrlnophllus porphyrIclcus
Habrocescum pulex
Hadenoecus
HemI dactyl I urn icutatum
Horologlon speokoltes
Hydroblldae
Kleptochthonlus
Kleptochchonlus henrocl
Kleptochthonlus orpheus
Kleptochthonlus proserplnae
Laslonycterls noctlvagans
Laslurus boreal Is
Lelobunum bI color
Hamnut arnerfcanum
Marmota monax
Mefalonyx
Necalonyx jeffersonll
Herullus lachrymans
Meta menardl
Hylohyus exortlus
Myotls
Hyocls I luclfucus
Myotls luclfugus
Hyotls soda Us
Myotls subulatus lelblI
NeoblslIdae
Neotoma pennsylvanlca
Odocollus vlrglnianus
Opl Hones
Pha I angodIdae
Plplstrellus
Ptplstrellus s subflavus
Plolstrellus subflavus
Plplstrellus subflavus obscurus
Platygonus Intermedlus
Plecotus townsendll virgin!anus
Plethodon c elnereus
Plethodon g glutlnosus
Plethodon glutlnosus
Plethodon r rlchmondl
Plethodon w wahrle!
Plethodon wehrlel
Plethodontldae
Pluslocampa fleldlngl
Pseudanophthalmus
Pseudanophthalmus fuscus
Pseudanophthalmus granals
Pseudanophthalmus henroti
Pseudanophthalmus hypertrIchosis
Pseudanophthalmus tallentant!
Pseudanophthalmus orthosulcatus
Pseudanophthalmus p potomaca
Pseudanophthalmus potomaca senecae
Pseudonophthalmus hijglnbothaml
Pseudanophthalmus hypertrIchosls
Pseudoslnella gI sin I
Pseudotremla
Pseudotriton p porphyrItlcus
Pseudotrlton r ruber
Quedlus spelaeus
Rana clami cans me'anota
Slnella hoffmanl
Spelerpes macutlcaudus
Sphalloplana percoeca
Sphalloptana price)
Stygonectes cooperi
Stygonectes emarglnatus
SCygonectes graclllpes
Stygonectes splnatus
Syartnldae
Tonocerus bldentatus
Trechinae
Trlchopetallnae
Zygonopus Packard I
Zygonopus weyerlensls
37
-------
available from the Fur Resources Committee of the International
Association of Game, Fish and Conservation Commissioners for fur
harvests between 1970 and 1975 (Henderson, 1977). The latter set
of data is, of course, biased as a population indicator by state and
local trapping regulations, species-specific traditional hunting
and trapping preferences, and variability across species and years
with respect to monetary incentives.
According to Fred Brooks (1911) the American bison or buffalo
once roamed over the greater part of West Virginia and large herds
were observed in pre-revolution era along the valleys of the Ohio and
Kanawha Rivers. The last buffalo killed in the state was about 1825,
near Valley Head in Randolph County. Elk were of rather common
occurrence in the higher mountainous regions at the time of early
settlement, but by the middle 1800's the last of this magnificent
species was killed. The Virginia white-tail deer was abundant
throughout West Virginia. Venison and buckskin were nearly indi-
spenslble in the home of the settler. One hunter, Mr. Van Buren
Arbogast, kept records of his deer kills which exceed 600 by 1910.
In spite of laws protecting the deer its numbers declined greatly,
reaching an estimated low of approximately 1000 in 1900. A complete
ban on killing deer of either sex was in effect from 1924 through 1926.
The deer populations have increased 100 percent since the 1940's,
and the estimated population for the year 1975 was approximately
200,000 head with the harvest by hunters reaching 28,995 (Fig. 2-10).
The black bear, although surviving the period of settlement
and deforestation, has not fared as well as the deer. Its range
in Vest Virginia is reduced to two major roadless backcountry areas in
the high mountain counties of the ORBES region, both within the
Monongahela National Forest (Fig. 2-9). Their estimated population
was 586 in 1970 (Cantner, 1974).
Among the smaller mammals which were extirpated in the 1800*s
or early 1900's were the beaver, the porcupine, the martin or fisher,
the otter, the Canada lynx and the gray timber wolf. The beaver,
like the wild turkey, was introduced into the state in the 1930's
and has flourished under the influence of natural forest regeneration,
and protection by laws governing trapping which was legalized in 1948.
In his Mammals of West Virginia published in 1911, Brooks stated
that after tracing down numerous "panther stories" the proof of their
existence in West Virginia at that time was "not entirely convincing".
The belief by many at that time that a few cougar or panther still
existed in the most remote sections of the state has not changed by the
middle of 1970's (Cantner, 1974). As a matter of fact, two live cougars
were taken with tranquilizer darts by state wildlife personnel in 1976
jn Tocahontas County, but there was at least some evidence that the
animals had been reared in captivity and released by their owners as
an expedient means of shedding the responsibilities of their care.
The mystery of the existence of truly wild panthers in West Virginia
will continue to heighten the pulse of the hunters and backpacking
campers during their trips into the most isolated parts of the mountain
counties.
38
-------
The eastern wild turkey ranks as one of the six most hunted game
species in West Virginia (Cantner 1974). The state ranks 10th largest
in size of turkey populations in the Nation with West Virginia and
Pennsylvania leading the northeastern states. The eastern wild turkey
is a forest dweller. Mosby and Handley (1943) believed that 15,000
acres or more vas needed for successful management of turkeys, although
they are known to exist in dairy lands of New York, where few woodlots
exceed 250 acres. During the fall harvest of 1970 the population of
wild turkeys in West Virginia was in excess of 25,000 birds, and 914
percent were reported to have been harvested. Turkeys are helped by
management practices on forest lands which encourage the production of
acorns which are their primary winter food source, but the wild turkey
is an omnivorous opportunist, eating whatever acceptable items are
available (Mosby and Handley, 1943).
Since the major turkey range in West Virginia is in the mountainous
headwaters of the Ohio River tributaries (Fig. 2-11), expansion of strip
mining associated disturbances including the greater presence of man may
cause significant reduction in wild turkey populations. More study of
this relationship is needed.
Gray and fox squirrels are the most hunted game species in West
Virginia. The gray squirrel inhabits primarily extensive hardwood
forests with nut-producing trees, characteristic of much of the present-
day unglaciated Appalachian Plateau. Oak-hickory forests cover 7
million acres or 47 percent of the state. The second largest forest
area is the northern hardwood group, with over 2 million acres, but
it is not a favorable habitat for squirrels, particularly where oaks
and hickories are absent (Allen, 1943). The fox squirrel is generally
found in woodlots, forest margins, and open oak-hickory stands.
The 1966 population of squirrels in West Virginia was estimated
to be 12.5 million (Riffle 1970). Since squirrels are not particularly
shy of human activities other than hunting, the effects of coal mining
and power plant siting should be approximately proportional to the
quantity of food and den trees destroyed in the process. An incipient
decline in squirrel populations may he attributable to the damaging
effects of increased air pollution on nut bearing trees.
Cottontail rabbits are found in every county of the state, usually
in valleys and floodplains, on the rolling hill-top farms and at high
elevations where the forests are discontinuous. The ideal rabbit
habitat consists of about equal parts of cropland, grassland, brushland,
and woodland (Cantner 1974). This is the second most important game
species in terms of the numbers killed by hunters, estimated at 881,000
during the 1969-70 season. Because rabbits are the most abundant game
animal on floodplains and farmlands adjoining the major rivers of the
state, sitings of power plants would often coincide with good hunting
sites. However, rabbit populations do not appear to be appreciably
reduced on lands adjoining power plants. Some cover crops used in
strip mine land reclamation and roadside plantings are much more
supportive of cottontail rabbits than were the forests which were eliminated.
Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) exemplify boreal mammals found at
high elevations in West Virginia. They are found along the Allegheny
39
-------
MONOVCAHEIA
NATIONAL FOREST
WEST VIRGINIA
Figure 2-9
Black bear breeding areas
relative to the Monongahela
National Forest Boundary.
-------
Figure 2-10
Estimated buck deer
population densities
by counties in West
Virginia, based on
hunter success.
Figure 2-11
Primary wild turkey range
in West Virginia coincides
with remoteness from man
and adequate forest cover
and mast.
Figure 2-12
Snowshoe hare range in
West Virginia, showing
coincidence with the
region of heavy snow-
cover and boreal type
vegetation, eg. the
spruce-fir forest.
-------
Mountains where the Canadian life zone projects southward (Fig. 2-12) in
the higher mountains where the snowfall is heavy. Although they are legal
game in the state, their scarcity, coupled with their generally remote
habitats results in low hunting pressure (Cantner, 1974). The mere siting
of a snowshoe hare is a treat for the nature devotee or the backpacker.
Ruffed grouse and quail are the two most important upland game
birds in West Virginia other than turkey. The ringneck pheasant is
generally limited to the northern panhandle counties of the state
where enough corn and other row crops are grown. It is not an abundant
game bird in the state.
Waterfowl are not extensively hunted in West Virginia, although
the wood duck (Aix sponsa) the black duck (Anas rupripes), and
mallards (A. platyrhyncas) are known to nest in the state. Canada
geese (Branta canadensis) have been reintroduced and now nest in two
widely separated colonies where numerous ponds are found. Waterfowl
are in continual conflict with man and his activities, and thus their
continued nesting in this state is always threatened by water based
development and recreation.
2.3.3 NON-GAME WILDLIFE
At least 299 species of birds have been recorded in West Virginia,
and 44 species of aesthetically important non-game mammals (Hall, 1969).
The annual forays for songbirds, conducted by the Brooks Bird Club, in
numerous counties in the state during the breeding season consistently
tallies between 100 and 125 species of birds present in each of the
15 mile radius study areas.
Human activities have and will continue to have an impact on
non-game wildlife. Pollution, pesticides, mining, impoundments and
uncontrolled development of roads and recreation are listed by the
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources biologists as problems
facing certain forms of non-game wildlife. They suggest that such
populations should remain stable if sufficient concern and cooperation
are put into action by governmental agencies and citizens of West
Virginia. A carefully planned program for non-game wildlife is needed
(WV Department of Natural Resources, 1974).
West Virginia, including the ORBES region, has a wealth of
extensive hardwood forest habitat which harbor a variety of non-game
wildlife. Passerine (perching) birds, especially, are numerous. The
state also has sufficient agricultural and urban areas to support
wildlife indigenous to such areas.
Wetland habitats in West Virginia are very limited due to the
steep topography. A single pumped-storage power project being highly
contested by the Department of Natural Resources and various conservation
organizations would eliminate over 60 percent of the woodcock habitat
of Canaan Valley located in Tucker County. This high mountain valley
containing the largest wetlands area in the state, is also a registered
Natural Landmark, and is under consideration for establishment of West
Virginia's first National Wildlife Refuge. A momentous decision con-
cerning the future of this prime area is pending. Many of the Tucker
-------
County residents favor the flooding of 7000 acres of the valley to
create the large lower reservoir for the electric power interests'
energy storage system, primarily because of the projected high tax
revenues and flat-water recreation opportunities promised by the power
company. The unique ecology of the valley, particularly its diversity
of wildlife habitats, stands to be diminished by construction of the
power facility and the associated real estate and recreational
developments. No other area in the state could arouse such conflict
between the expansion of electric power generation and the preservation
of the most outstanding wetland component of the state's natural heritage.
Preservation of West Virginia's fauna, including its game and
non-game species hinges on preservation of a broad diversity of
habitats. Those in short supply warrant greater protection from
unnecessary degradation. There is an abundance of upland hardwood
forest land in the state and the flora and fauna of this cover type
are, for the most part, in little danger of extinction. Conversely,
wetland habitats are critically reduced in number and constitute an
endangered class of natural ecosystems in West Virginia.
2.4 COMMUNITY DYNAMICS !.
The animals and plants described in the preceding sections
interact with each other and with their physical environment in a dynamic
fashion. Though a detailed discussion of community dynamics is beyond the
scope of this report, this section contains brief descriptions of some of
the ecological interactions occurring within each of the three most common
rural biotic communities of the ORBES region: upland hardwood forests,
farmlands, and ribarian communities (Randolph, 1977).
Two additional regional biotic complexes occur above 3500* elevation
in West Virginia along the Eastern Continental Divide: the Northeastern
spruce-fir forests, and the Northern hardwoods forests (Fig. 2-1). These
climax forest types and their associated developmental (serai) communities
are presented in the form of a successional diagram of the Allegheny Mountain
section (Fig. 2-13). This is in contrast to the course of plant succession
at lower elevations in the Glaciated Allegheny Plateaus section (Fig. 2-14).
2.4.1 UPLAND HARDWOOD FOREST
One of the most important community interactions is that of energy
flow through the food web. Food sources vary from animal to animal and
from time to time. Of the upland hardwood forest fauna, only insects feed
on the mature leaves of hardwood trees. Most herbivorous vertebrates find
the leaves too high in fiber relative to the nutrient content, and tend to
eat buds and flowers in the spring and early summer and berries, nuts, seeds
and tubers in the late summer, fall and winter. Nuts in particular are present in
1. Large segments of this discussion have been taken from the
earlier baseline work of Indiana, Ohio State and Purdue (published in
QRBES. Indiana, Vol II-A Part 2, 1977). It is included herewith because
it applies also to West Virginia and will help complete West Virginia's
baseline data in one volume.
-------
UPLAND PLANT SUCCESSION IN THE DOLLY SODS WILDERNESS AREA
OF THE ALLEGHENIES
SPRUCE FOREST Climax
t
NORTHERN HARDWOODS-HEMLOCK-SPRUCE- Subclioax
WHITE PINE FOREST
*
NORTHERN HARDWOODS FOREST Dis climax
*
COLONIAL AND SCRUB FORESTS
( Aspens , birches, mountain holly, pin cherry, beech,
red maple, pitch-white-Table Mt. pines, etc.)
t
TALL SHRUB BUSH (lm.+)
(Amelaachier, winterberry, viburnums, spicebush, red
elder, hawthorne, rhododendron, witch-hazel, etc.)
i
LOW SHRUB MAT (1m.-)
(Blueberries, huckleberries, azaleas, deerberry, mountain laurel,
chokeberry, cinquefoil, teaberry, dwarf cornel, partridgeberry,
trailing arbutus, red raspberries, dewberries, blackberries, etc.)
S * *<
BRACKEN BRAKES FJELD FIELDS SODS __
(Bracken and hayscented (Fescue, wild bleed- (Mountain oatgrass,
ferns, goldenrod, aster, ing heart, mosses, poverty grass, fes-
lycopodia, mosses, pov- teaberry, bunch-berry, cue, pearly ever-
erty grass, broomsedge, painted trillum, ruoex, lasting, goldenrod,
fireweed, pearly ever- bluets, cinquefoils, aster, yarrow, oxeye
lasting, gentian, vio- lycopodia, low bush daisy, hawkweed,
lets, oxalis, etc.) blueberry, cow-wheat, dewberry, false
gay wings, etc.) strawberry, violets,
lichens, lycopodia,
mosses, etc.)
Figure 2-13
This generalized terrestrial succession applies to most of the
countain tops and windswept plateau areas above 3000' elevation
in the central Appalachians. The species listed are only repre-
sentative and may ba found in various combinations, constituting
commonly occurring plant communities. Wetland succesions from
ponds, muskegs, sedge meadows which also trend toward the red
spruce or spruce-fir climax in the mountain region are not shown.
-------
Plant Succeaaional Trends in the Gauley River Region
MIXED MESOPHYTIC FOREST (climatic aonoclimax)
BEECH-MAPLE '
t /'
(moist) MIXED HARDWOODS
HEMLOCK-HARDWOODS
(cool, moist)
COVE HARDWOODS
EARLY HARDWOODS
" OAK-MAPLE
T
(dry) MIXED HARDWOODS (edaohtc
fclimaxes)
OAK-HICKORY
(warm, drv)
7*
OAK-PISE
«X.!^J
/
HARD PIKE
•p
Ecoto&es: HARDWOOD SAVANNA PINE SAVANNA
t <\~
(moist) OLD FIELDS (dry) OLD FIELDS
MESORERE
Habitat: rel. moist, deep,
"rich" soils.
XEROSERE *****
Habitat: ral. dry. shallow.
"poor" soils.
Plant Community Types (Associations) of the Caulev Rl\
Forests:
BM Beech-Maple
CH Cove Hardwoods - tuliptree predominant
CO Chestnut Oak
KH Hemlock-Hardwood
KH(d) Mixed Hardwoods (dry phase) oaks predominant
MH(m) Mixed Hardwoods (moist chase) cherry, birch, M. red oak, etc.
MM Mlxed-Mesophytic: the regional climax forest tyoe
OH Oak-Hlckonr
OH Oak-Maple
OP Oak-Pine
Transient Invasion Forest and Savanna Ecotone Communities:
OF(n) Early hardwood trees, prior to canopy closure (better soils)
OF(p) Yellow pines: pitch, Virginia, scattered hardwoods, prior to
canopy closure (poorer soils)
Farmlands with managed communities:
OF
FC
Old Fields: grasses, forbs, and shrubs (trees sparse)
Pasture or Hay fields: bluegrass, broomsedge. orchard-grass
Row Crops in plowed fields
Tree Plantations: usually evergreens but some black locuse
Figure 2-14
Plant succession on abandoned farmlands in the Gauley River region
of east-central West Virginia at elevations below 2500'. Vegetative
cover type maps were prepared from 9 x 9" aero-ectachrome photographs
taken at peak autumnal coloration, allowing good discrimination of
various hardwood forest and old field communities.
-------
rich supply in the oak-hickory forest, helping to support abundant
populations of squirrels, and in the past, turkey. Green bark is
an alternative winter food source for some species, such as mice,
rabbits, and deer.
Occupying other niches in the forest food web are the birds,
most of which are insectivorous; the salamanders, which form a common
and diverse group of forest floor predators; and the reptiles, which
range in food habits from the carnivorous snakes to the omnivorous
box turtle. The large forest predators of past and present include
the bobcat, the gray fox and the owls.
Nutrient cycles in general play an important part in community
dynamics. The annual growth cycle of the hardwood trees is the most
prevading feature influencing the nutrient cycle of the upland hardwood
forest and the growth cycles of other plants. Before leaf production
by trees in the spring, the herbaceous plants of the forest floor are
especially active, accounting for the commonly observed spring wood-
land wildflowers and the generally green aspect of the mid to late
spring forest floor. Generally, nutrient movement in the form of
dissolved or particulate chemicals tends to be low in the soils
because dead leaf cover and decomposing humus retain the chemicals
or alternatively give them up to the roots and above ground structures
of living trees.
The upland hardwood forest community tends not to be continuous
and uniform over broad areas, because it experiences periodic alter-
ations in response to timber removal, wildfires, diseases, tornadoes,
and local individual tree falls. These phenomena open up patches
of the forest floor to direct sunlight in summer when adjacent areas
are shaded. These open areas provide a stock of "weed trees" and
brushland and afford reptiles a place for their required summer
retreat from the forest.
2.4.2 FARMLAND COMMUNITIES
Farmland communities in the lower Ohio River Basin vary from
large areas of continuously cropped land interspersed with farmsteads
(buildings and any yard trees, bushes, and flower gardens), through
fields interrupted by woody hedgerows and small wood lots, to large
wooded tracts interspersed with grazed brushland and small tilled
areas. A major feature is the transitional "edge" community occurring
at the interface between wooded and nonwooded land.
The animal portion of farmland communities is composed of livestock,
wildlife, and agricultural insect pests. In intensively farmed areas,
the vertebrate wildlife tends to be highly mobile, consisting of birds
and mammals. If there are farm ponds, toads, and to a lesser extent
frogs, may be present.
As land use departs from agriculture and moves toward abandoned old
fields and brushlands, particularly in association with forest areas,
wildlife diversity may increase substantially with the inclusion of
snakes, voles, deer, and more songbirds.
-------
In the Appalachian Plateaus portion of the Ohio River Basin
farming has experienced a drastic decline over the past several decades.
Millions of acres of family operated farmlands were abandoned in the
1940's and now support timber stands of marketable size. The fast
growing, high quality tuliptree or yellow poplar which is a predominant
invader of old fields throughout the central and southern Appalachians
is the top ranking saw timber species in the hill country of eastern
Ohio and Kentucky, most of West Virginia and western Pennsylvania. This
example of natural regeneration of youthful forests following a revolution
in land use is apparently unique globally in that the soils were not first
depleated of their natural fertility. Recovery of the natural nutrient
cycles has been phenomenal. Gradually there will be a return to the many
mixed mesophytic, climax forest types.
2.4.3 RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES
The most obvious feature of riparian communities is the juxta-
position of land and moving water. A number of habitats are possible
at the land-water interface. Temporal and geographical variations in
the effects of streamflow upon the land. Such habitats include open
and snag-covered high banks and sand bars associated with the main
stream; oxbow ponds, marshes, and svatnps of severed channels; and annual
floodplains and alluvial terraces.
The vertebrae fauna of riparian communities is probably the most
diverse within the ORBES region. The fauna of the alluvial terraces
often includes species also found in upland hardwood communities, some
as permanent residents and some as upland visitors that have come to the
river to drink. The annual floodplains support a uniquely riparian
amphibian community and also moles that burrow through exposed soils.
The total number of. animal species that feed on aquatic life but
reproduce on land is quite large, so that loss of aquatic life through
degraded water quality may result in loss of these terrestrial animals.
Other animals not associated with any particular riparian community include
snakes and turtles; migratory ducks and geese that rest on water and feed
in grain fields; raccoon and striped skunk, which feed in uplands as well
as lowlands; and bats that winter in upland caves and feed over streams and
possibly reproduce in riparian trees (Table 2-10).
2.5 PHYSICAL FACTORS DETERMINING WEST VIRGINIA'S NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
2.5.1 COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM
The presence and relative abundance of each component species in an
ecosystem is determined by (1) a ready source of propagative stock (seeds,
spores, animal mates, etc.), (2) an adequate complement of compatible and
often interdependent species, and (3) a suitable physical environment. Thus,
the composition, structure, and function of each biotic community reveals the
capacity of the physical complex to support the resident and migrant organisms.
The ecosystem is any functional unit composed of biota (the biotopes) and their
physical environment (the ecotope). Biogeographers and ecologists are concerned
with correlations between the spacial distributions of species, the communities
to which they belong, and the nature of their environmental complexes. Some
-------
apparent biotopic-ectopic correlations reflect direct cause-and-effect
relationships, some are patently coincidental, and others are obscured
by complex, chain reactions.
The first step in any study of local ecosystems is a search for
correlations between the distribution patterns of biotic populations
and physical factors such as geologic conditions and soils. The first
part of this chapter on terrestrial ecology dealt with the past and
present patterns of vegetative cover types and the predominant animal
life of the ORBES region. The second part will deal briefly with the
nature of the physical environments and how they appear to control
the successful life forms in the West Virginia ORBES region.
The physical environments of organisms should be examined
stratigraphically; that is all organisms are directly or indirectly,
depended upon the soil environment as well as the visable above-ground
and atmospheric environments. In a still broader sense, all organisms
are conditioned by geologic, edaphic (soil), climatic, and extra-
terrestrial variables, including solar energy and the earth's loss of
energy to space. Therefore this baseline study includes mental factors
which impinge on, and interact with, both natural and man dominated
ecosystems. Some of these fundamental components of the biosphere
can be expected to be altered by expansion of energy-conversion and
energy uses in the Ohio River Basin.
2.5.2 GEOBIOTIC FACTORS
(1) Chemical nature of the bedrocks; essentially all are of
sedimentary origin. Soils produced are commonly low in phosphorus,
calcium and magnesium, and high in sulfur, manganese, iron and aluminum.
Natural acidity poses a problem to agriculture (Fig. 2-16, 2-23).
(2) Particle size of elastics: range from quartz pebbles in
conglomerates down to clay micelles; vary greatly with conditions
during deposition, have a marked affect on soil texture, structure,
hydrology, minerology; vary greatly in the multllayered bedrock formations
and members; intrinsic productivity of residual soils is extremely
variable over short distances on slopes (Fig. 2-8, 2-9) regional
differences in predominant bedrock types are reflected in the array
species and communities of plants (Fig. 2-8, 2-9, 2-14, 2-15, Table 2-9).
(3) Elevation of land surfaces; The highest mean elevation of
any state east of the Mississippi, increasing gradually from the Ohio
River to the Allegheny Front, then undulating greatly with parallel
ridges and valleys (Fig. 2-5, 2-17) all of this causes great climatic
variability in temperatures, cloud cover, in rainfall, in snowfall and
accumulation in evapotranspiration potentials, and in wind patterns
(See Fig. 4-10 thru 4-21 by Hall, and Fig. 2-20 and Table 2-13) these
result in zonation of major vegetation and animal life (Fig. 2-1,
2-3, thru 2-6, 2-10 thru 2-13).
-------
(4) Diastrophism (folding) of the earth's crust; has predetermined
West Virginia's topography and the three major west-east physiographic
regions, and the major ecozones in West Virginia (Fig. 2-1, 2-4, 2-5,
2-6} these major subdivisions are distinguishable in several ways, e.g.
erosional and stream patterns, slope steepness regions, and the major
subdivisions are distinguishable in several ways, e.g. erosional and
stream patterns, slope steepness and orientations, habitat patterns,
and in the relative abundances and frequencies of various vegetation
types and biotic populations within the major physiographic regions.
1*9
-------
Figure 2-15
The bedrock geology of West Virginia strongly affects the soil texture,
minerology, tilth, and productivity, as well as slope stability and
steepness. Coupled with elevation and its related climatic effects
the bedrock determines the compatible native vegetation types and the
component species.
-------
TOPOGRAPHIC
MAP OF
WEST VIRGINIA
Ohio
River
Unglaciated
Allegheny
Plateau
Allegheny
Mountains
LECENB
Elevation - 1000* classes
\ 1 b«low 1000'
te££X>| woo* - 2000'
K^Sgi2000' - 3000'
I"vv5^3 3000' - 4°°o'
• «bov« - 4000'
WV-VA
State
Line
Figure 2-16
Elevation is a significant factor in determining the vegetation of
West Virginia. The increasing mean and maximum elevations of the
land surfaces from the Ohio River to the eastern continental divide
induces a decrease in air temperatures and an increase in annual
precipitation. East of the Allegheny Front is a rain shadow zone
of low rainfall. Topographic profile A—A* depicts Line A--A*.
-------
f
ji\
/:h«°
Q"°
rl
buuuu. /
<• 999 ! PENNSYLVANIA J
} i^.-—.,_.-— . 1-- — 1 —^r-__ .
A-) ^. , . J7"-x >«» •»/ ~l
^ V?^;J Uv.>^i fe
'-"vvr;.. lUx V j
"
v r^M^-J^7*^ ' ?"»"/
> ^67lS -> ^T. . .> t-«»"-/x^X I ^ ,'
J-
-------
TABLE 2-11
ELEVAIiai DKTA CCNCEMJ1NG TH5 ?OTX-?rE COUNTIES OP WRST VIRSCTIA
Maximum
HinlmuB
Mean
Difference
Barbour
Berkeley
Boom
Braxtnt
Brooke
Cabell
Calhouo
Clay
Doddridge
Fayaeta
GUnar
Croat
Creenbriar
Hampshire
Haacock
Hardy
Harrison
Jackson
JeMarsca
Konavha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
Marlon
Marshall
Mason
McDowell
Mercer
Mineral
t!lngo
Honangalia
Monroe
Morgan
Nicholas
Ohio
Pendleton
Pleaaanta
Poeahontis
Preston
Pgtnan
Raleigh
Randolph
Rl-chle
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
lipshur
Wayne
Webster
Itetsel
Wlrt
Wood
Wyoning
3300'
2220
3375
2160
1377
1165
1360
1875
1600
3375
1600
4150
4372
2870
1337
3320
1800
1260
1720
2850
1950
1500
2750
2003
1590
1070
3400
4020
3250
2450
2600
4050
2320
3850
1440
4862
1232
4342
3380
1232
3566
4760
1380
1500
3945
2003
4420
1500
3050
1500
4200
1650
1325
1204
3536
1000'
310
595
760
657
494
630
605
725
598
690
850
1520
520
666
725
880
525
247
542
760
535
600
847
591
510
875
1450
545
585
793
1450
380
675
610
1155
587
1952
875
513
820
1750
60S
615
1240
895
1450
580
10 3S
490
940
588
569
563
900
2650'
1265
1985
1460
1017
830
1095
1240
1162
1986
1195
2500
2946
1695
1002
2022
1340
892
984
1696
1355
1018
1675
1425
1090
790
2138
2735
1898
1518
1696
2750
1350
2262
1025
3008
910
3397
2128
872
2193
3255
993
1058
2592
1449
2935
1040
2044
995
2570
1119
-957
884
2218
2300
1910
2780
700
720
671
930
1270
875
2777
910
3300
2852
2350
671
2595
920
735
1473
2308
1290
965
2150
1156
999
560
2525
2570
2705
1665
1807
2600
940
3175
830
3707
645
2890
2505
719
2746
3010
675
885
2705
1108
2970
920
2012
1010
3260
1062
736
641
2636
53
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(5) Erosion of elevated surfaces; the strong relief of the
West Virginia hills and mountains results in an absence of natural
lakes, a paucity of wetlands, and an infinite variety of slope, ridge,
cove, ravine, cliff, and gorge habitats; severe erosion of soils is
commonplace; landslides are common; climatic-climax vegetation types
are uncommon, with successional stands of forests predominating
(Fig. 2-17, 2-18 and 2-19). Competitive agriculture is restricted to
grazing type animal production in most parts of the ORBES region of
West Virginia; there are few filled valleys or flood plains available
for highly productive row crops.
(6) Fossil carbon fuel extraction; activities of coal mining
have destroyed or degraded aquatic life in the majority of those
West Virginia streams located in coal producing counties; salt brine
from wells is a problem locally, vegetation and wildlife has been
badly treated in coal mining regions; spoils deposits and "overburden"
is a poor environment for most plant species (except sulfur bacteria),
but most can be "reclaimed" at great expense; strip mining devastation
of natural vegetation is obvious and documented and this leaves large
acres of land surfaces unproductive with a few notable exceptions;
some species of plants and animals are favored by mining disturbances;
the effects of oil and gas wells, and of quarries are very localized.
(7) Secondary effect of fuel extraction and utilization; burning
coal spoils (gobpiles) once cause widespread pollution of the air
with hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, a few still being tolerated;
S02 injury to plant-life (Baer, 1967) and some animals (Decker and
Menendez, 1974) is documented in the state: the major source of 802
pollution is coal-fired, electric power generating plants; damming of
streams and rivers to supply navigational waters, cooling water, and
coal-linked hydro-electric generation and storage systems have resulted
in losses of wetlands, flood plains, and free-flowing stream fisheries;
air and stream pollution have been accelerated by concentration of
fossil fuel utilizing industries; general adequacy of vegetative cover
and supply of wildlife in air polluted areas seems to limit public concern.
2.5.3 CLIMATOLOGIC FACTORS
The regional or mesoclimatic patterns in West Virginia have been
adequately presented in Chapter 4 by Thomas Hall. The correlations of
forest types and lesser, successional plant communities with elevation
zones, slope exposure and inclination have been described elsewhere in
this chapter.
It should be reiterated here that the microclimate of any small
space near the earth's surface (Geiger, 1965) is unique, yet predictable
within limits and is classifiable. Microclimates are thus cells within
the larger meso- and macroclimatic units. The microclimates of the
northeast-facing and southwest-facing slopes of any gorge such as
Cheat River Gorge in northern West Virginia are nearly as different as
the macroclimatic of two comparable level land surfaces in Ontario and
Alabama. Therefore, the common practice of using data collected at the
-------
nearest weather station of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Authority for a specific area in the hills of West Virginia or another
part of the Appalachians is unreliable. Each basically homogeneous
forest stand or other biotic community represents nature's "computerized
read-out" of the total environmental complex, most certainly its
microclimatic complex.
To complete this picture, it must be recognized that the climate
near the ground is modified by vegetation or any other intercepting
structures. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the microclimates
of the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf are markedly different. It
is remarkably well demonstrated that regional or state climate maps
reveal a close correlation of climate with generalized vegetation (Fig. 2-1,
2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6 and 2-20). However, in the hills of West Virginia,
the chances of finding the kind of vegetation specified by Kuchler (1964),
or the climates specified on climatological maps are remote. Since topo-
graphic variations are too diverse to register on small scale maps (scales
1:100,000 or greater), so, also, are the variations in plant cover.
2.5.4 ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT DISPERSION
Specific climatic data for use in the siting of energy conversion
units, as compelled by the permit requirements of the Federal Clean Air
Act and by related state statutes, are inadequate. The interactions of
climatic and topographic variables in determining dispersion patterns of
by-products of fossil fuel burning are well established. Less well
documented are the biologic impacts of the hydrothermal and atmospheric
pollution. The observable degradation of plant life around coal burning
power stations is well documented. The growth retarding effects of
sulfurous gases, oxidants (NOX, PAN, and ozone), acid rainfall, and
suspended participates in sublethal dosages is a matter of serious eco-
logical and economic concern.
From the standpoint of natural terrestrial ecosystems, climatic and
topographic variations play a major role in determining not only type of
vegetative cover present prior to construction of a generating faclltiy,
but also whether severe or chronic environmental impacts of atmospheric
pollution are likely to occur. Natural air stagnation pockets are abun-
dant in hilly topography.
2.5.5 TOPOGRAPHIC FACTORS
Elevation effects have been previously discussed in section 2.2.8
as they relate to major vegetation patterns of the ORBES region and West
Virginia.
The exposure-inclination (E/I) character of each slope in West
Virginia is probably the most limiting factor determining both the soil
and the biotic potential of any given site. Exposure to the sun's rays
determines the energy budget and thus the temperature regimes imposed upon
the biotic communities. Studies of the micro-environments of north and
south facing slopes (Bennett, 1971) in West Virginia indicated that the
ultimate critical factor is not temperature, but soil moisture stress
and induced plant moisture deficits which in turn determine the plant
55
-------
species able to survive and dominate the stand. Thus, each plant community
type or forest cover type reveals the soil and atmospheric moisture con-
ditions where it is found. In a very simplistic scheme, the driest forest
sites are dominated by certain oaks, hickories, and pines, while moist
river banks and floodplains support elms, soft maples, ash, willow, cotton-
wood, sycamore, and river birch. The mixed mesophytic communities (Braun,
1950} and the cove hardwoods and mixed Appalachian hardwoods communities
or forest types of the Society of American Foresters (1967) have inter-
mediate moisture requirements quite similar to their hard maple-beech-
basswood counterparts prevalent in the upper midwestern states.
2.5.6 EDAPHIC FACTORS
Two systems of soil classification are currently in use in West
Virginia and elsewhere in the ORBES region. The older system of designation
names soil types based on the visible and readily measurable, morphogenic
characteristics of the various soil horizons (discrete strata). Each
unique soil profile was given a colloquial name usually derived from locale
where it was first described, for example, Monongahela, Muskingum, and
Huntington. These identifications are now the lowest category in the
international system of nomenclature or in Soil Taxonomy (USDA Agric. Handbook
436, 1975), and are called soil series. An update of soil classification for
West Virginia was published by van Eck in 1976. A working copy of a soils
map of West Virginia's agricultural and forest soils is supplied herein for
the purpose of showing the three-way correlation between the soils, geology,
vegetation and climates of major ecological regions of the state (Fig. 2-22).
The new system, masterminded by Dr. Guy Smith of the USDA Soil Survey Staff,
recognizes the growing need for more precise description and definition of
the agricultural eco-system. Soil climate is used as a criterion throughout
the system, primarily temperature and moisture (van Eck, 1976).
Soil fertility and its related acid-base(pH) balance may be a major
factor in accounting for the marked differences in the flora and vegetation
types prevailing in the Appalachian Plateaus Province as compared to those
of the Central Lowlands Province of the ORBES region. Soils derived from
Pennsylvania strata are more often acidic. The same holds true for soils
produced from Mississippian sandstones and some of the shale sediments of that
period. The plant communities found on Mississippian limestone and calcareous
shales in the Appalachians tend to approximate the groupings of species
prevalent in the glaciated portions of the midwestern ORBES states and on
Mississippian and Devonian bedrocks. Devonian bedrock areas in the ORBES
region of West Virginia are restricted to a zone along the prominent Deer
Park Anticline and associated anticlines, stretching from Greenbrier County
in the southeast to Preston County in the north and then crossing into
western Maryland. The bedrock and soil minerology in this zone differs
greatly from that of the remainder of the ORBES region of the state, as do
the plant species and vegetation types (Fig. 2-5, 2-15, 2-21).
-------
Figure 2-18
Mean slope inclination classes by
counties. Heavy lines enscribe
West Virginia's planning regions (see
Table 2-13).
less than 10
10-20
20-30
30-40
reater than 40
12
3
cr
15
TABLE 2-12
SLOPE INCLINATION (55) OF WEST VIRGINIA'S
ELEVEN PLANNING REGIONS
Region
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
N
2768
2451
2012
3652
2556
2168
3267
2655
738
771
171
Maximum
100
90
105
85
70
95
80
85
80
75
60
Mean
28.9
36.3
36J
25.4
27.1
25.2
26.1
21.2
12.9
31.5
19.6
Standard
Deviation
15J
15.6
149
I3J
11.0
11.7
12.2
12.7
115
11.9
11.9
Slate
23209
105
27.5
30 45 6O 75 90 105
Slope Class (%)
Figure 2-19
The relative frequency distribution of slope classes in West
Virginia. Slope inclination and direction of exposure strongly
influences the kinds of successful biotic communities and the
potential to produce biomass, natural or cultivated.
(Table and figures above from Lee, Chang and Hill, 1976)
14.4
57
-------
I
/ I
/w~ n
UC rO
V / .'Hortb..
..-•'' / »•
» .- ,'Horth..,t.ni / 'V. /
north C..t™l J / / lm. > X
^ '^•'X ^^x* ; ^.f / iutst»«iM
_..^-' SMUfc««tM» N Cntnl / ' ^^.x 0 » Vo
101S- ,^ I547'..--' fi • •
I
/ .-' '
\ j W .,--" J
v, ^J
v ^k X /
\ // f
8oMtb.
ru .
Figure 2-20
Map showing the climatological divisions of West Virginia and their mean
elevations. Lee, Chang and Calhoun (1973) found the mean elevation of the
state to be 1,654 feet, 500 feet higher than the second highest state east
of the Rockies. Elevation markedly affects the climate and biota of West
Virginia. Only the Northeastern division lies outside the ORBES boundary.
-------
WEST VIRGINIA
SOILS
KILOMETERS
Gilpia-l'pshur
Gilpin (Berks)
Dekaib-Cllpin
Clymar-Dakalb-Gilpln
Glipin-Calvln
Frederlck-Vastmorelaad-Franks town
Alle ^hany-MoQonsanala
Whealir.g-rtuntin^ton
Ashcon-'-iSeeling-Monongahala
Lindside-Malvin-A3hcon
3erks-»ei!tert
Culleska-»«3Cnoreland-Cilotn
Dekalb-Ooeouon-idom
Dakalb
Calvtn-Meckeaviile
Lehew-3err:s-^ekalT
Kas5sr 5Cown-Trede rick-duffle Id-Franks Cown
Kanauha-Monongahela
Figure 2-21
General soils map of West Virginia, showing the distribution of the
dominant soil series. A comparison with geologic, climatic and veg-
etation maps shows certain coincident areas and boundaries.
(Pre-publication map supplied courtesy of Plant Sciences, WVU)
-------
MAP'
or
WEST VIRGINIA
SHOWING
»V«MIHC\ fiuwmj/ ^,
.^^ V -^rr—/-^!!!^' 4
^-Vv r V / >T-V*
i
/ *. MC OOWCLL /"••"•*" •-.
/ ''->. JA^-—
1—i±i i
m.
Figure 2-22
Ecological Regions of West Virginia identified by the Division
of Wildlife Resources of the State Department of Natural
Resources (1975).
60
-------
PROBABLE ORIGINAL MINABLE EXTENT
OK THE
BITUMINOUS COAL SEAMS
IN
WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
PENNSYLVANIA
Figure 2-23
t|p:
v>- m
•' The band of Upper Carboniferous aged
sediments include numerous bituminous
coal beds which have been the mainstay
of West Virginia's economy. The effects
of both deep and strip mining have been
the degradation of the streams, the
forests, and the land surface and air.
This map shows the areas of the state
which will be prone to further environ-
mental problems with expansion of coal
mining.
0 10 20 30 40 50
-
-------
TABLE 2-13
REPRESENTATIVE CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR EIGHT MUNICIPALITIES
WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN WEST VIRGINIA*
AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES
(degrees Fahrenheit)
Bliielield
Caiunn Vnlley
Cn.irlrt% illc
Lnittn
I'.irkrrihun!
MnnrrfirM
Ful.ix
Spruce Knrih
Am.
128
46.0
21.0
11.0
9.5
B.fl
59 i
57.0
Feb.
l-tl
350
35-5
3.5
11.5
2QO
240
300
Mar
15
13.0
60
.0
T
20
2(50
140
Apr
40
300
30
T
1.4
30
280
31.0
H«v
T
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
T
T
/unr 7u.'y
.0 0
.0 .0
.0 JO
•0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
.0 .0
a .0
Atte
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Sent.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
.0
Orf
93
SO
4.0
T
.0
.0
40
20
.Yin
40
50
40
.0
T
JO
60
50
Dec.
11.1
23.0
12 J
2.0
7.0
9.5
420
200
Ann.
57.2
155.0
8K.O
164
29.4
494
189.0
1680
-------
TABLE 2-14
SURFACE COAL MINING PERMITS IN EFFECT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1978
IN WEST VIRGINIA.
NUMBER OP ACREAGE OF AVERAGE
KUMBER OF
COUNTY ACTIVE MINES ACTIVE MINES ACREAGE INACTIVE MINES
Harbour
Berkeley
Boone
Braxcoo
Brooke
ft u _1 1
CabeLl
Clay
Fayette
Cilmer
Grant
Creenbrier
Hampshire
Hancock
Hardy
Harrlsoa
y ,, f f ji-rm nn
jexEerson
Kanauha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Kingo
Monongalia
Morgan
Nicholas
ffhin
UIILO
Pendleton
Pocahontas
Preston
Raleigh
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
UAf>Vttl
weczei
Wlrt
Wycalng
(Unknova)
Totals:
36
5
35
8
7
5
27
2
12
19
1
1
-.
62
42
21
1
IS
16
3
1
3
14
7
16
52
1
4
SB
35
28
S
13
17
—
9
1
13
—
578
2791.6
1090. 5
5095.9
296. S
300.9
I 1 ft
u.u
178. 0
4153.0
72.0
1238.8
2554.0
15.0
120.0
1149.2
A9C A
HAj fV
3871.3
960.6
105.0
2970.7
2128.8
85.0
6.9
217.0
1234.7
1159.7
1036.4
IO.A A
JUU.O
6712.8
125.0
62.0
3067.6
2932.1
2038.2
263.0
944.0
1254.8
718.9
Mf
, i
120.0
1908.0
53,766.4 acres
84.0 sq.rai.
82.1
218.1
145.6
37.1
63.0
1 1 ft
LJ.If
35.6
153.8
36.0
103.2
134.4
15.0
120.0
27.4
91 o e
£14 mJ
92.2
45.7
105.0
198.0
133.0
28.3
6.9
72.3
88.2
165.7
64.8
onn A
JUU.U
129.1
125.0
15.5
52.9
83.8
72.8
52.6
72.6
73.8
79.9
M7
• /
120.0
146.8
93.0
127 (6)*
2
56
8
31 (7)*
9
81
7
46
49
—
1
1
181 (11)*
108
97 (7)*
—
53
66
19 (1>*
1
10
63 (2)*
44
82 (9)*
63
I
1
2
177 (IS)*
69
61 (4) *
25 (1) *
21
100 (4) *
1
51 (2) *
58
8 (8)
1760
ACREAGE OF AVERAGE
INACTIVE MINES ACREAGE
4629.7
583.0
7737.7
333.6
662.0
261.0
8273.6
242.0
2639.9
3476.3
4.0
16.2
4994.6
8022.7
6826.7
6605.3
6956.1
392.8
39.6
564.0
1577.5
5610.7
2075.1
6711.0
9.7
79.4
16.5
5193.2
5776.0
2298.8
604.6
567.0
3067.3
20.0
4073. 1
5171.7
102,110.3 acres
159.5 sq.nl.
38.3
291.5
138.2
41.7
27.6
29.0
102.1
34.6
57.4
70.9
4.0
16.2
29.4
74.3
53.6
124.6
105.4
21.8 '
39.6
56.4
38.8 •
127.5
28.4
76.8
9.7
79.4
8.3
32.1
83.7
60.3
25.2
27.0
32.0
20.0
83.1
89.2
58.0
•^Source: Unpublished data, courtesy Economic Geology Section,
West Virginia Geologic and Economic Survey, Morgantown, West
Virginia.
63
-------
TABLE 2-15
RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT LISTINGS FROM THE PRELIMINARY REPORT
DISTRIBUTED BY THE WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 1978
Petitioned Federally Threatened Plants
The 12 plants In this category are listed as threatened in the
Smithsonian Institution's Report on Endangered and Threatened Plant
Species of the United States. Because they are of national signifi-
cance, we feel these native plants should be given priority considera-
tion. At this time, all listed threatened plants are pending review
and therefore do not have any legal state or federal protection status.
Asplenium ebenoides (Polypodiaceae) Walking Spleenwort
Syn. = Asplenosorus ebenoides
In West Virginia, it occurs on shaded ledges, limestone or cal-
careous sandstone in Fayette, Greenbriei, Jefferson and Pendleton
Counties.
Calamagrostis porteri (Poaceae) Porter's Reedgrass
In West Virginia it is known only from Greenbrier, Hardy and
Grant Counties.
Carex fraseri (Cyperaceac) Fraser's Sedge
Syn. = Cympphyllus fraseri
In the state it is restricted to coves and north-facing slopes
in the mountain counties, Preston southward to McDowell.
Habenaria flava (Orchidaceae) Pale Green Orchid
Syn. » Platanthera flava
Its seven localities are in the mountain counties and counties in
the low hills region. The habitat is wet meadows and swampy woods.
Habenaria peramoena (Orchidaceae) Purple Fringeless Orchid
Syn. = Platanthera peramoena
A plant with showy violet-purple flowers, this orchid is widely
scattered in the state, but occurs very locally in the mountain coun-
ties, except in the eastern sections.
Anemone minima (Ranunculaceae) Dwarf Anemone
It occurs in rich woods in Kanawha, Fayette, McDowell, Mercer
and Upshur Counties. April-May.
Heuchera hispida (Saxifragaceae) Rough Heuchera
In West Virginia it is found in three localities, each on calcareous
ledges. Its type locality is at Sweet Springs, Monroe County, with other
sites in Pocahontas and Harrison Counties.
6k
-------
Saxifraga caroliniana (Saxifragaceae) Carolina Saxifrage
The only state occurrence is in McDowell County in the Big Sandy
drainage system.
Prunus alleghaniensis (Rosaceae) Allegheny Sloe
It occurs in woods chiefly on the eastern slopes of the Alle-
ghenies in Monroe, Pendleton, Grant, Hardy, Mineral and Hampshire
Counties.
Scutellaria ovata var. pseudoarguta (Lamiaceae) Heart-leaved Skullcap
This herbaceous perennial is endemic to shale barrens in West
Virginia. It is only known from two localities in the state, Green-
brier and Pendleton Counties.
Synandra hispidula (Lamiaceae) Guyandotte Beauty
Its total range is rather restricted, locally occurring from
western Virginia west through southern West Virginia, northern Kentucky,
southern Ohio, Illinois, to eastern Tennessee.
Possibly Extirpated Plants
The plants listed are believed to be extirpated in West Virginia,
but they may grow in relative abundance in other parts of North America.
The original stations for these species have not been relocated after
repeated searches of the specific site and nearby similar habitats.
Dryopteris celsa (Polypodiaceae) Log Fern
A specimen was collected from Preston County in 1918, but this
population is believed to be extirpated after several efforts failed to
relocate the station.
Zizania aquatica (Poaceae) Wild Rice
A small population of this aquatic grass was reported from Lake
Terra Alta in Preston County.
Scheucherzia palustris (Juncaginaceae)
The southernmost record for this aquatic herb is Cranberry Glades
in Pocahontas County. Its usual habitat is cool sphagnum bogs in the
northern United States and in Canada.
Euphorbia vermiculata (Euphorbiaceae) Hairy Spurge
The only known collection of hairy spurge was from sandy alluvial
soil near Point Pleasant in Mason County in 1891.
Gentiana crinita (Gentianaceae) "Fringed Gentian
The fringed gentian was formerly abundant on a farm near Lewisburg
65
-------
in Greenbrier County. This population has been exterminated since
1947, and no other records are known for the state.
Pycanthemum torrei (Lamiaceae) Torrey's Mountain-mint
This species was collected in dry soil near the abandoned mining
town of Nuttallburg in Fayette County.
Restricted
Species were determined to be restricted if they met one or more
of the following criteria:
1. recognized by knowledgeable botanists as being rare through-
out their entire range;
2. endemic to a limited geographic region;
3. endemic to a highly specific habitat; and
4. subject to extirpation either by over-collection or destruction
of habitat.
Included in this list are such plants as shale barren endemics, plants
which grow on rocky river banks or at high elevations, many orchids,
and several plants which are endemic to the central and southern
Appalachian Mountains.
Thelpteris Simulata (Polypodiaceae) Bog Fern
Woodsia appalachiana (Polypodiaceae) Allegheny Cliff Fern
Syn. = W. Scopulina
W. scopulina var appalachiana
Wolffia punctata (Lemnaceae) Watermeal
Xyris torta (Xyridaceae) Yellow-eyed Grass
Allium oxyphilum (Liliaceae) Wild Onion
Clintonia alleghaniensia (Liliaceae) Harned's Swamp Clintonia
Disporum maculatum (Liliaceae) Spotted Mandarin
Trillium nivale (Liliaceae) Snowy Trillium
Aplectrum hyemale (Orchidaceae) Puttyroot, Adam-and-Eve
Cleistea divaricata (Orchidaceae) Spreading Pogonia
Corallorhiza wisteriana (Orchidaceae) Wiater's Coralroot
Cypripedium reginae (Orchidaceae) Showy Lady's Slipper
66
-------
Habenaria psycodes (Orchidaceae)
Syn. = Platanthera psycodes
Listera smallii {Orchidaceae)
Spiranthes lucida (Orchidaceae)
Triphora trianthophora (Orchidaceae)
Eriogonum alleni (Folygonaceae)
Aconitum reclinatum (Ranunculaceae)
Clematis albicoma (Ranunculaceae)
Delphinium exaltatum (Ranunculaceae)
Thaiictrum steeleanum (Ranunculaceae)
Cardamine clematitis (Brassicaceae)
Parnassia asarifolia (Saxifragaceae)
Parnassia grandifolia (Saxifragaceae)
Spiraea virginiana (Rosaceae)
Trifolium virginicum (Fabaceae)
Euphorbia purpurea (Euphorbiaceae)
Ilex collina (Aquifoliaceae)
Pachi3tima canybi (Celastraceae)
Oenothera argillicola (Onagraceae)
Pseudotaenidia montana (Apiaceae)
Monotropsis odorata (Pyrolaceae)
Pieris floribunda (Ericaceae)
Convolvulus purshianus (Convolvulaceae)
Syn. = Calystegia spithamaea
Subsp. purshiana
Phlox buckleyi (Polemoniaceae)
Stachys nuttallii (Lamiaceae)
Antennaria virginica (Asteraceae)
Syn. = A. neglecta var. argillicola
Aster linariifolius (Asteraceae)
Small Purple-fringed Orchid
Kidney-leaved Twayblade
Shining Ladies Tresses
Nodding Pogonia
Yellow Buckwheat
White Monkshood
White-haired Leatherflower
Tall Larkspur
Steele's Meadowrue
Bitter Cress
Kidneyleaf Grass of Parnassus
Largeleaf Grass of Parnassus
Virginia Spiraea
Kate's Mountain Clover
Glade Spurge
Long-stalked Holly
Canby's Mountain Lover
Shale Evening-primrose
Mountain Pimpernel
Sweet Pinesap
Mountain Fetterbush
Shale Bindweed
Swordleaf Phlox
Nuttall's Hedge-nettle
Shale-barren Pussytoes
Stiff Aster
67
-------
Aster steeleorum (Asteraceae) Steele's Aster
Marshallia grandiflora (Asteraceae) Barbara's Buttons
Rudbeckia spathulata (Asteraceae) Michaux's Coneflower
Senecio antennariifolius (Asteraceae) Pussytoea Ragwort
Solidago harrisii (Asteraceae) Shale-barren Goldenrod
ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES LISTED FOR OR3ZS REGION
BUT HOT SPECIFIED BY COUNTIES
Woodsia appalachiana - centered in northern West Virginia and south-
western Virginia
Aplactrum hyemale - state records scattered throughout several counties
Paronychia montana - frequent on dry shale barrens along eastern slopes
of Alleghenies
Trifolium virginicum - nine counties
Oenothera argillicola - shale barrens on eastern slopes of Alleghenies
Pseudotaenidia montana - eight shale barren counties
Convolvulus purshianees - shale barrens of eastern West Virginia
Antennaria virginica - dry woods, scattered parts of state
Aster linariifolius - rocky, sandy soils along river in mountain
counties
Harshallia grandiflora - in counties along western slopes of Alleghanies
Senecio antennarifolia - from shale barrens of eight eastern counties
Cheilanthes castanea - four stations among shale barrens of eastern
panhandle
68
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TABLE 2-16
RAPE, ENDANGERED, OR OTHERWISE SCIENTIFICALLY UNIQUE
WEST VIRGINIA ANIMAL SPECIES IDENTIFIED BY THE
WV HERITAGE TRUST PROGRAM OF THE DEPARTMENT OP NATURAL RESOTJRCES *
All species listed, except for those also on the Federal Register
list of endangered and threatened species, have the status of Scien-
tific Interest. Scientific Interest species are rare in West Virginia;
they have no legal protection. The species listed on the Federal Reg-
ister have legal protection under the 1973 Endangered Species Act.
Amphibians
Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki
Acris crepitans blanchardi
Acris crepitans crepitans
Ambystoma texanum
Aneides aeneus
Desmognathus quadramaculatus
Eurycea lucifuga
Plethodon hoffmani
Plethodon netting! netting! (e)
Plethodon punctatus
Birds
Coragyps atratus
Accipiter gentilis
Aquila chrysaetos
Circus cyaneus
Haliaeetus leucocephalus (E)
Pandion haliaetus
Falco columbarius
Falco peregrinus (E)
Rallus elegans
Rallus limicola
Coturnicops noveboracensis
Bartramia longicauda
Capella gallinago
Clstothorus platensis
Dendroica kirtlandii (E)
Dendroica potomac
Linmothlypis swainsonii
Aimophila aestivalis
Chondestes grammacus
Ammospiza henslowii
Spiza americana
Fishes
Ichthyomyzon unicuspia
Acipenser fulvascens
Polyodon spathula
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
Hiodon tergisus
69
Eastern Spadefoot Toad
Blanchard's Cricket Frog
Northern Cricket Frog
Small-mouthed Salamander
Green Salamander'
Black-bellied Salamander
Cave Salamander
Valley & Ridge Salamander
Cheat Mt. Salamander
Cow Knob Salamander
Black Vulture
Goshawk
Golden Eagle
Marsh Hawk
Southern Bald Eagle
Osprey
Pigeon Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
King Rail
Virginia Rail
Yellow Rail
Upland Sandpiper
Common Snipe
Short-billed Marsh Wren
Kirtland's Warbler
Button's Warbler
Swainson's Warbler
Bachman's Sparrow
Lark Sparrow
Henslow's Sparrow
Dickcissel
Silver Lamprey
Lake Sturgeon
Paddlefish
Shovelnose Sturgeon
Mooneye
-------
Fishes Continued
Clinoatomus eloneatus
Exoglossum laurae
Exoglossuia maxillineua
Hybopsis eracilis
Nocomls platvrhvnchua
Notroois ariommus
Notropis blenniua
Notropia buchanani
Notropia scabriceos (e)
Phenacobius ntirabilis
Phenacobiua teretulua
Phoxinua ervthroeaater (e)
Phoxinua oreaa
Semotilua marearita
Catostomus catostomus
Cvcleotus elongatus
Moxoatoma carinatum
Moxoatoma duguaenei
Etheostoma kanawhae (e)
Ethaoatoma longimanum
Etheoatoma oaburni
Etheostoma tippecanoe
Percina copelandi
Percina oxvrhvncha
Mammal a
Microaorex hoyi
Sorex paluatria
Condvlura crtatata
Scalopus aquaticua
Myotis keenii
Myotis leibii
Myotis lucifugua
Myotia aodalis
Pipiatrellua aubflavus
Plecotua rafineaquii
Plecotua townsendil
Sylvilagua tranaitionalia
Glaucomva sabrinus
Sciurus nieer vuloinua
Microtua chrotorrhinus
Microtua ochrogaater
Ochrotomya nut tali
Reithrodontomya humulis
Zapua hudaonius
Erethizon dorsatum
Cania latrana
Tirana americanus
Lontra canadenaia
Martea pennanti
nivalia
Spilogale putoriua
Felis concolor (E)
Redaide Dace
Tonguetied Minnow
Cutlipa Minnow
Flathead Chub
Blgmouth Chub
Popeye Shiner
River Shiner
Ghost Shiner
New River Shiner
Suckermouth Minnow
Kanawha Minnow
Southern Redbelly Dace
Mountain Redbelly Dace
Pearl Dace
Longnose Sucker
Blue Sucker
River Redhorse
Black Redhorse
Kanawha Darter
Longfin Darter
Finescaled Saddled Darter
Tippecanoe Darter
Channel Darter
Sharpnose Darter
Pygmy Shrew
Northern Water Shrew
Star-noaed Mole
Eastern Mole
Keen's Myotis
Small-footed Myotis
Little Brown Bat
Indiana Myotia
Eastern Plpistrelle
Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat
Townsend's Big-eared Bat
New England Cottontail
Northern Flying Squirrel
Eastern Fox Squirrel
Rock Vole
Prairie Vole
Golden Mouse
Eastern Harvest Mouse
Meadow Jumping Mouse
Porcupine
Coyote
Black Bear
River Otter
Fisher
Least Weasel
Eastern Spotted Skunk
Mountain Lion
70
-------
Invertebrates
Mollusks
Epioblasma torulosa torulosa (E) Tuberculed Blossom Pearly Mussel
Lampsilis orbiculata orblculata (E) Pink Mucket Pearly Mussel
Carychium costatum Land Snail
Fontigens tartarea Cave Snail
Hendersonia occulta Land Snail
Helioodiscus triodus Land Snail
Paravitrea reesei Land Snail
Paravitrea seradena Land Snail
Triodopsis juxtidens Land Snail
Triodopsis platysayoides (T)(e) Flat-spired Three-toothed Land Snail
Arthropods: Insects
Calephelis muticum Swamp Metalmark
Colias interior Pink-edged Sulphur
Erora laetaEarly Hairstreak
Euchloe olympia Olympia Marble White
Euptychia ge"™« Gemmed Satyr
Pieris vlrginiensis West Virginia White
Speyeria diana Diana
Arthropods: Crustaceans
Stygonectes spinatus Spiny Cave Scud
Cambarus chasmodactylua Crayfish
Reptiles
Chrysemys floridana floridana Florida Cooter
Chrysemys rubriventris Red-bellied Turtle
Chrysemya scripta elegans Red-eared Turtle
Clemmys guttata Spotted Turtle
Clemmys insculpta Wood Turtle
Graptemys geographica Map Turtle
Graptemys pseudogeographic ouachitensis Ouachita Map Turtle
Clemmys muhlenbergi Bog Turtle
Tricnyx muticus muticus Midland Smooth Softshell Turtle
Eumeces anthracinus anthracinus Northern Coal Skink
Eumeces laticeps Broad-headed Skink
Leiolopisma laterals Ground Skink
Elaphe guttata guttata Corn Snake
Lampropeltis getulus getulus Eastern Kinganake
Pituophis melanoleucas melanoleucas Northern Pine Snake
Thaanophis sauritus sauritus Eastern Ribbon Snake
Virginia valeriae pulchra Mountain Earth Snake
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Addendum
Mammals
Sorex dispar Long-tailed shrew
Synaptomys cooper! Southern bog lemming
Fishes
Ichthyomyzon bdellium Ohio lamprey
Ichthyomyzon greeleyi Alleghany brook lamprey
Hiodon alosoides Coldeye
Esox americanus Grass pickerel
(There may be a native population still in the state)
Notropis dorsalls. Bignouth shiner
Notropis galacturus Whitetail shiner
Pimephales.vigilq* Bullhead, minnow
Ammoerypta pellucida Eastern sand darter
Percina crqssa roanoka Piedmont darter
Percina macrocephala Longhead darter
Percina notogramna Stripback darter
Percina phoxocephala Slenderhead darter
Percina sciera Dusky darter
Species listed on the Federal Registry of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service are indicated, by (£) Endangered, (T) Threatened. Those
whose occurences in West Virginia are found only in a feu locations
are identified by (e) endemics and worthy of state protection.
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2.6 ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
2.6.1 INVENTORIES OF NATURAL HABITATS AND ECOSYSTEMS
The kinds of habitats available to the biota vary geologically,
edaphically, climatically, biotically and to the extent that they are
influenced by man. Common habitat types in West Virginia, as elsewhere,
usually derive their names from their gross appearance and/or primary
habitat condition or the vegetation type such as forest, bog, meadow,
marsh, field, gorge, escarpment, ridge, or valley. Combining the
habitat and dominant vegetation type provides a more complete descrip-
tion; for example, a red spruce swamp forest, an oak-hickory upland
forest, an elm-ash-maple bottomland forest, a sphagnum-cranberry bog,
or a weed-patch. There also serve as names for communities of organisms
(Table 2-7 and Fig. 2-1, 2-5, 2-13 and 2-14) more readily recognized
by the public. More complex systems of habitat and community nomen-
clature are preferred for technical works by the scientific community,
but they are generally inappropriate for broad-use documents such as
ORBES reports.
The full range of natural habitats in any area may be identified
by directly viewing the landscape, or by analyses of topographic
maps, relief maps, or panoramic photographs. In order of their
abundance the natural or neonatural, terrestrial habitats of West
Virginia's ORBES region are: forested slopes, rolling uplands,
roadside openings, stream bank and riverbank woodlands, mine spoilbanks,
brushlands and barrens, swamps and wetlands, cliffs and cliff-top
openings. The remaining land surfaces are under cultivation, pasture,
or pavement or other special habitat devoid of natural cover. It has
been well established that the human interest in, and extrinsic value
of, natural features or populations of plants and animals becomes
greater as the supply diminishes. The kinds of special habitats
suitable for unique native organisms center around special topographic
and geologic features such as caves, waterfalls, gorges, mountaintops and
rock outcroppings. These features are almost invariably the central
attractions of our state parks, national parks, recreation areas,
and private vacation retreats. Fortunately these unique natural history
areas are now being identified and registered through the activities of
several governmental agencies and private naturalist organizations.
Those thus far identified are incorporated in this report by county
location (Tables 2-17 through 2-21) but experience has shown that
the listing must be kept open-ended as additional significant sites
are brought to the attention of inventory and survey groups.
Numerous natural areas with high potential for priority consideration
in natural resource planning are yet to be officially identified in
West Virginia.
2.6.2 THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
In order to comprehend the current status of the terrestrial flora
and fauna of the ORBES region of West Virginia we must treat the biota
as components of dynamic, more or less finite, functional units
occupying the contact zone between the atmosphere and the geosphere.
These functional units, the ecosystems, encompass all the living
(organic) components and the non-living physical components of matter
73
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and energy. Ecosystems are constantly undergoing cyclic and unidirectional
changes. They react to environmental impacts from without and to evolution-
ary and maturation processes within. In a mature forest ecosystem a degree
of apparent stability is attained which is not static but a tenuous dynamic
equilibrium ready to react to disturbances originating beyond its spatial
boundaries. Vegetation is the best Integrator and indicator of environmen-
tal change or stability. Thus, a vegetation map reveals any similarities
of climate, soils, geology, and animal life and characterizes the ecosystems
present. The vegetative cover reflects the past onslaughts by man-made and
natural catastrophies and the history of natural resource management such
as logging, farming, and earth and soil disturbances. Vegetation may serve
as an indicator of atmospheric pollution and microclimatic variations. As
the primary consumer of sunlight and the sole photosynthetic energy fixer,
vegetation determines the kinds of animal life that the ecosystem can support.
Conversely modern plant life is dependent for its perpetuation on the insects,
mammals, birds and other animal life, as well as the micro-organismal com-
ponents of the ecosystem. The ecosystem, as an assemblage of interacting
organisms and physical forces, is the basic unit of ecology.
2.6.3 NATURAL HISTORY AREAS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The terminology applied to localities possessing unique or superior
natural qualities has varied with different authorities. We have chosen
Natural History Areas in order to avoid the widely held concept that
Natural Areas must be essentially free of the effects of man.
In this baseline study of the terrestrial ecology of the ORBES Region
we have included all recognized sites identified as having representative or
unique entities of nature. Loss or degradation of such features would repre-
sent a loss of scientific, educational or aesthetic qualities from the impact
area in question. The cultural and scientific values of such natural history
sites are, of course, very difficult to equate in monetary units, yet they are
tied to the laws of supply and demand. The supply of top quality natural
history entities is constantly declining since many such items are non-
renewable natural resources, including wetland habitats, free flowing streams,
scenic vistas, and populations of rare or endangered species.
Each natural history site must be evaluated carefully in its own right
and relative to others of its kind. The current amount of use a natural
history feature receives is but one factor in the assessment of its value
to this and future generations. Notoriety and over-use may in effect degrade
the primary feature which qualified the site for perservation. One objective
of ORBES at this time is to identify all natural resources and socio-economic
forces of West Virginia which should be given consideration in estimating
potential environmental impacts. Careful evaluations must follow as potential
sitings are identified.
The state of West Virginia, like many other states, has only recently
initiated a Heritage Trust Program for the recognition and preservation of
outstanding natural and human history features. The West Virginia Heritage
Trust program of the Department of Natural Resources has been gathering data
on these features, and the data gathered to date is included in Table 2-21.
Standaridized descriptions of all recognized sites with a given county, or
of all sites of a given type may be obtained as a computer read-out, upon
-------
request, from the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources (Fig. 2-27).
Our assimilation of baseline data for West Virginia natural history
sites has relied heavily on information from the Heritage Trust program, but
it also employed information from the Appalachian Plateaus Regional Study of
the Natural Landmarks Program of the U.S. Department of Interior, the U.S.
Forest Service, the Planning Divisions of the Huntington and Pittsburgh offices
of the U.S. Corps of Army Engineers, and the West Virginia Chapter of the Nature
Conservancy. The location and nature of such significant natural history sites
in each of West Virginia's fifty-five counties are presented in Figure 2-24.
Natural History areas, in contrast to point sites with a single dominant
feature or population of plant or animal species, are more in keeping with
ecological concepts since no feature, physical or biotic, is wholly isolated
from its surroundings. The quality of a natural history item such as a waterfall
or a colony of orchids is affected by its total environment. It is an integral
part of an ecosystem. Practices of natural area preservation have demonstrated
the need to include enough area to provide protection for the central feature or
theme. To protect a trout stream the entire watershed above the site must be
kept free of pollution. Alterations of the environment caused by strip mining
are not confined to the acres mined, nor are the benefits of air pollution
controls limited to organisms living within a mile or two of the site. A natural
area may encompass several square miles, as do many National Wilderness areas
and National Parks. Whole counties may be regarded as essentially natural and
rich in scenic beauty. In West Virginia several of the mountainous counties
within or bordering on the Monongahela National Forest owe much of their as-
tounding natural beauty to their extensive forest acreage (Table 2-4) and extreme
topographic relief (Fig. 2-17). Combined, these counties constitute a regional
natural area of great current and potential value to the people of the state
and nation. Their conversion to industrialized areas would be a great loss to
the natural heritage of West Virginia and the Nation. In another sense the
perpetuation and expansion of our federal lands systems, will mean that local
residents must be expected to forgo the benefits of industrialization and possibly
adequate taxes to support good schools and local services. Tax exempt natural
areas, national parks, wildernesses and recreation areas are often not desired
by those local residents who would welcome tax generating industries and more
jobs.
The Act of August 31, 1964,, Public Law No. 88-523, 78 Stat. 701 (codified
at 16 U.S.C. § 715s (1976) provides for payments of federal money in lieu of
general property taxes, at the rate of 0.75 percent of the current market value
of federal lands in the affected counties. Often this exceeds the taxes paid
by private and corporate land owners on comparable lands. Such compensation
should reduce the opposition to further expansion of National Forests, Parks,
Wilderness Areas, etc.
The recent emphasis on protection of natural areas, natural diversity,
and rare and endangered species, like zoning, has been challenged by industry,
some politicians and segments of the general populace. But, the alternative of
not preserving the best and rarest parts of a region's natural heritage is a
costly one. The compilation of lists and descriptions of natural history
features is necessary in order to make these hard decisions.
75
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TABLE 2-17
AREAS OF SPECIAL NATURAL HISTORY SIGNIFICANCE IN WEST VIRGINIA
At the state level of discrimination, the following areas
and features appear important in West Virginia because of their
abundant scenic, aesthetic, and natural history values.
1) Most of the lands included within the Monongahela National
Forest and adjacent parts of the highland counties; Preston,
Tucker, Grant, Randolph, Pocahontas, Pendleton, and Green-
brier.
2) River gorges: Cheat (Preston and Monongalia), Gauley
(Nicholas and Fayette), New River (Mercer, Raleigh,
Fayette, Kanawha), Bluestone (Raleigh) as wild and scenic
rivers.
3) Cave-karst areas (Greenbrier, Pocahontas, Monroe) as rec-
reational attractions and fragile areas.
4) Clean streams wherever they have escaped pollution by mine
waste, industrial chemicals, and domestic sewage.
5) The Ohio River and the Kanawha because of their potential
to regain high biological productivity if given proper
protection.
6) Virgin or over-mature forests with trees exceeding three
feet, dbh.
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CONAWAY RUM PFA -
CEDAR CREEK STATE PARK —]
NORTH BEND STATE PARK —i
HUGHES RIVER PM A -]
LLACKTOWH PAS.-^
PALESTWE FISH tUTCHEIIY—,
TURKEY RUN LAKE PFA
LEE CREEK PA S.
LOCK S OAK NO 19 f A. S —|
LOCK B DAV NO 20 PA S —I
-TCHLHMH RUN STATt HUM
[—CAJTUDU* RUN LAIC PFA
|—KAR ROCX LAME >K • FA
HUH LAKE VCA.
,— GRAVE CREEK HOUND STATE PARK
(—LEWS WETZEL P K A
-•AFTERS MTH MEMORIAL STATE «um
I— AUMA STATE PARK
-PWCKETTl FORT STATE MM
- VALLEY FALLS STATE MM
r PLEASANTJ CREEK PH. ft FA
-TY6ART LAKE 3TATE PARK
,—TETER CREEK LAKE ff F A.
--MONT CHATEAU STATE PKRK
.COOPERS ROCK STATE FOREST
(-PAR5OKS JTATE FOREST NUKSEftT
i—CAMNAN WALLFY STATE PARK
PENNSYLVANIA
H I 0
PCTCRSBURO TROUT HATCHERY
-SPHWO RUM TROUT HATCHERY
REEDS CREEK FI3M HATCHERY
NATHAMEL UOLHTAM PH A
LOST RtVER STATE PARK
SHORT MOUNTAIN PHA
PFA
EDWARDS RUN PH » FA
.CAPON KVCR PAS
8tRK£LEY SPRMGS STATE «RK
STATE PARK
SLEEPY CREEK PM • FA
TROUT HATCHERY
KANAWMA STATE FOREST—)
FORK CREEK PH.A
BIO UGLY PKA-
CHIEF CORNSTALK PH. a F A
CLTTON F McCLNTC WLCXJFE -)
STATION PH a F A
CLEMENTS STATE TREE NURSERY-,
PONT PLEASANT BATTUE MONUMENT -i
MILL CREEK P H. B F A. , | I
CHIEF L06AN STATE PARK --,
LAUREL CftEEK PH ft FA. -.
CABWAYUKOO STATE FOREST-.
—BKUCETON HILLS P F A.
—BLACKWATER FALLS STATE
XATHEOMAl. STATE PAtlK
FAOHUI STONE HISTORKAL UOhUUEXT
^ELKWS OPERATIONS CENTEfi
FRENCH CREEK GAME FAHM
EY P H. a F A.
TROUT HATCHERY
SENECA STATE FOREST
CASS SCENIC RAJLROAO
CALVM W PRKZ STATE FORES
KARTOWN STATE RARK
-HAWKS NEST STATE PARK
BABCOCK STATE PARK
PLUU ORCHARD LAKE »1 S FA.
GRAMVICW STATE PARK
SANDSTONE FALLS STATE PARK
GREEMOMCR STATE FOREST
LITTLE BEAVER STATE PARK
BLUESTONE STATE
MONCOVE LAKE P F A
BLUESTOME PH.6 FA
PIPCSTEH STATE PARK
CAHT CHECK IraTE FOREfT
TWIN FALLS STATE PARK
HORSE CREEK LAKE P F A.
PANTHER CHEEK ITATC
LAM PF A
RUMSEY HISTORtCAL MOMUUCNT
HORNER GAME REFUGE
CARHFEK FERRY BATTLEFIOJ STATE PABK
HOLLY RIVER STATE R&RK
KUUBRABOW STATE FOREST
:LK RIVER PH a FA.
SUUHEDSVILLC LAKE PH. » FA
OITCH PR » FA
DROOP MOUNTAIN BATTLEflCLD STATE PARK
STATE PARK
LEGEND
DIVISKM OF
PARKS a RECRCATON
FORESTRY
WLDUFE
KENTUCKY
I HOCK JTATE PARK
PH » FA.
--- OSTR.C1
--- COUNTY
OFTCXS
"if STATE
• DISTOCT
Figure 2-2U
FpVCUTIES MAP
WEST V1RGWA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
-------
UT
H
fcT
/' T
.
PENNSYLVANIA
~~) \ MARYLAND
A< rt .Vxy^' °"V('""'»"! yT*/ /"~ XK/"'
'I ..-'^" r s -,-^~ I .Suoti*^! { -Cii
rf^P'Y ^^{^,(9-.\ ^ / JX«
O /woo e/3—• V**"*^ > \^~^-JLS *-!-/ /
j x'"V'rcHitV •' -- /»*••••»/ "7 y^^-vrv/
. ) -)« I • f7"--X I LCW I f j -•» / I / u {•»«»»»/
\ ^A < . x- » 1 \ S ' •«-—-^.i— 141 ,J
KCNTUCKY
>j O VwrOMINcX ^_/SMMMt"J/
Y '"""">" ^"_X~V ''^/ *V- / M O M •
X 'vMe DOWCUL /-««««» 7V^
V. f x * \W
PROPERTIES
AQUIRED BY
THE NATURE CONSERVANCY
THROUGH 1978
Cranpsvllle Swamp Nature Sanctuary (313 acres) 10.
Yankauer Preserve (107 acres) II.
Murphy Preserve (276 acres) 12.
Greenland Gap Nature Preserve (255 acres) 13.
Hungry Beech Nature Preserve (121 acres) 14.
Sandstone Falls (1233 acres) 15.
Coal River Tract (735 acres) 16.
Woodlands & Whitewater Institute (392 acres) 17.
Cathedral State Park Addition (7 acres) W.
Figure 2-25
Beartown State Park (107 acres)
Holly River State Park Addition (104 acres)
Fanny Bennett Hrjnlock Preserve (60 acres)
Selmet Spruce Knoh Tracts (.1977 acres)
Dolly Sods, Mineral Rights (15,558 acres)
Mullcnax Trnct (156 acres)
Germany Val.ley - Seneca RocVs Tract (235 acres)
Hedrick Tract (221 acres)
Leetown Fisli Hatchery Addition (86 acres)
Map showing the locations of natural areas aquired by the West Virginia
chapter of the Nature Conservancy. Eight areas are currently owned by
the Nature Conservancy (1-8), three areas have been transferred to the
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources (9-11), five areas have
been transferred to the U.S. Forest Service (12, 13, 15, 16, 17) and the
mineral rights underlying much of the Dolly Sods area (14) were purchased
by TNC and later transferred to the Forest Service, and 86 acres of land
and waters (18) were purchased and later transferred to the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service for expansion of the Leetown Fish Hatchery.
78
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UA1IPKAJ. LANDMARKS OK THE AITAI.ACII 1 AN I1.ATIAIIS I'KOVINi:!:
(by Physiographic Suctiims)
SICIIONSOI HIE
APPALACHIAN I'LAI LAlls Pl(UVINf.t
A — MOHAWK if (1 ION
B - ClACIArtll Al I
A. MOHAWK SECTION
1. Moss Island. NY
B. ULACIATKII ALI.KHMKNY PLATEAUS
/. hi-al Swamp, NY
3. Mi-l.fiin H"l'.*-. NY
4. Kail brook Gorge, NY
4. Hr>aa Lake Hog. NY
6. Deer Lick
NjtntL- S.im-t u.iry , NY
7. ll.il.li-ii N.itui.il AI eas. Oil
6. White Pine bog Purest, Oil
9. At ll.ur B. Wi) Hams
Memorial Woods. Oil
10. Mantua Su.-inip , OH
11. Tinkers Creek Gorge, Oil
12. Brown Lake bog. Oil
_^ 13. Lake l.acawac, PA
\O It,. Cranberry Bug, PA
15. Hickory Run
Boulder Field, PA
16. The Clens Natural Area. FA
17. Pine Creek Gorge, PA
IB. Reynolds Spring and
Algerine Swamp Bogs, PA
C. CAjSKlLL MOIWIA1NS
I). AI.I.MCIIKNY MIIIIUTAJNS
* 19. Ferncllff PuiiliiBtil a
Natural Area, PA
* 20. Crancsville Swamp
Nature Sanctuary, WV
* 21. Cathedral Park, WV
* 22. Canaan Vallty, UV
« 23. Big Run Bo£, WV
* 24. Fisher Spring Run Bog, WV
* 25. Shavers Mountain
Spruce -II' n, ID. k Stand, WV
* 26. Rdiid Incur Sn-nlc Aroa, WV
* 27. Hlialer Run Swamp, WV
E. UNC1.AC1ATED Al.LKCIIENY PLATEAU
* 28. Tionobla Scenic .-nul
Research Natural Areas, PA
* 29. Hearts ContuiiL
Scenic Ait.-a. I'A
* 'JO. llouk Koifbt , I'A
* 11. Hc-Cnnnull ' t Mill
Stale Park, I'A
* 32. Clear Fork Corgc, Oil
* 33. Dysarl Woods, OH
* 34. Cranberry Cladca, WV
•35. Swago Karst Area, WV
* 36. Lost World Caverns, WV
* 37. Creenbrier Caverns, WV
* 38. Greenville Saltpeter Cave, WV
F. CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS
39. Lilly Cornell Woods, KY
C. CUMBERLAND PLATEAU
40. Red River Corge, KY
41. Kock Creek Natural Area, KY
42. Cumberland Caverns, IN
43. Conley Hole, TN
44. Grassy Cove Karst Area, Tit
45. Piney Falls, TN
46. Big Bone Cave, TN
47. Savage Cult, TN
48. Dick Cuvu, TN
49. Sheila Cave, AI.
50. C.it!,.-Ural Caverns, AL
51. Nfwsone Sinks Karst Area, AL
52. The- Dismals, AL
Map of Llie Appalachian
Platens study area showing the
locations of all Natural Landmarks
regl stt-'rt'd by the U.S. Turk Service
prior to July, 1976.
(sue opposite page)
C — CA ISKIl
D - AI C H,,l
E - UmilAC
f - [-UMRH1
G — CIJMULH
N
MOUNTAINS
NY UUUNIAINS
ATM) AI I f (.III NY PLATEAUS
AND MOUNTAINS
AND PLA1LAU
50
Figure 2-26
NATURAL LANDMARKS
OF THE
APPALACHIAN PLATEAUS PROVINCE
Registered prior to July 1976
by the
Ndlional Park Service
Scale
« Registered Natural Landmarks In ORBES Appalachian area.
.......,..n IV49
-------
TABLE 2-18
PROPOSED NATURAL LANDMARKS*
LOCATED IN THE APPALACHIAN PLATEAUS REGION OF ORBES
GLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU
Eagle Creek State Nature Preserve, Portage Co., OH
Kent Tamarack Bog, Portage Co., OH
Lake Creek Marshes, Crawford Co., PA
Muddy Creek Swamp, Crawford Co., PA
Stumpy Basin, Summit Co., OH
Timken Bog/Stewart Bog, Stark Co., OH
Triangle Lake Bog, Portage Co., OH
ALLEGHENY MOUNTAINS
Allegheny Front/Bear Rocks, Grant Co., WV -151 acres **
Blackwater Falls and Canyon, Tucker Co., WV -7000 acres
Cheat River Gorge/Coopers Rock, Preston Co., WV -3000 acres
Dobbin Slashing, Tucker Co., WV -600 acres
Finzel Swamp Nature Preserve, Garrett Co., MD -500 acres
Mt. Porte Crayon-Roaring Plains, Randolph, Fendleton Co., WV -7000 acres
Spruce Knob, Pendleton Co., WV -75 acres
Swallow Falls State Forest, Garrett Co., MD -500 acres
Tygart Valley, Randolph Co., WV -200 acres (scenic vistas)
Youghiogheny River Gorge, Fayette Co., PA -10,000 acres
UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU
Allegany State Park, Cattaraugus Co., NY
Allegheny River Island, Warren, Forest Co., PA -700 acres
Beaverkettle Farm, Columbiana Co., OH -2000 acres
Carnifex Ferry State Park, Nicholas Co., WV -100 acres
Carter Caves State Park, Carter Co., KY
Cass Cave, Pocahontas Co., WV -area unknown
Crulls and Thompsons Islands, Warren Co., PA -See Allegheny Mountains
Daily-Hirsch Woods, Ross Co., OH -100 acres
Gauley River Gorge, Fayette, Nicholas Co., WV -5000 acres
Haynes Cave, Monroe Co., WV -area unknown
Hocking Hills State Park, Hocking Co., OH -5000 acres
Kanawha State Forest, Kanawha Co., WV -550 acres
Miller Run Natural Area, Lycoming Co., PA
New River Gorge, Fayette Co., WV
Rock City/Glean, Cattaraugus Co., NY
Rock Run/Lake Katherine Area, Jackson Co., WV-OH -200 acres
Teays Valley, Cabell and Putnam Co., WV-OH -200 acres (scenic vistas)
World's End State Park, Sullivan Co., PA
*Note: This preliminary list shows highly rated natural areas and
features which have been proposed for National Natural Landmark
designation as additions to the areas registered prior to 1976
by the National Park Service. Information courtesy Appalachian
Plateaus Regional Study (Baer, Behling and Little, 1979).
** Acreages of sites are approximations.
80
-------
TABLE 2-19
WEST VIRGINIA NATURAL HISTORY SITES BY COUNTIES*
Braxton; Elk River Forest, Little Kanawha Back-country.
Brooke: Bethany College Woods.
Cabell: Teays Valley.
Clay: Strange Creek, Tea Table Rock.
Fayette: Fayetteville Hogback and Plateau, Gauley River Gorge,
New River Gorge.
Grant: Allegheny Front-Bear Rocks.
Greenbrier; Davis Spring, Gunpowder Ridge, Kates Mountain,
Rapp Cave, White Oak-White Pine Stand.
Hancock: Tomlinson Run State Park..
Harrison; Natural Cave.
Jackson: Ohio River Flood-plain Forest, Red Cedar Stand
Kanawha; Kanawha State Forest, Pain Creek Game Refuge.
Lewis; Homer State Game Refuge.
McDowell; Virgin White Oak.
Marion: Valley Falls.
Mercer: Bluestone River Gorge, Pinnacle Rock, Pipestem State Park.
Mineral: Pinnacles, The, Potomac River Gorge.
Monongalia: Cheat River Gorge at Cooper Rock State Park,
Core Arboretum, Tibb's Run Preserve
Monroe: Haynes Cave.
Nicholas; Carnifex Ferry State Park, Gauley River Gorge, Open Rocks.
Ohio: Oglebay Park.
Pendleton: Bennett Hemlock Tract, Mt. Porte Crayon-Roaring Plains,
Spruce Knob.
Pleasant: Burning Springs Anticline.
81
-------
Pocahontas; Bald Knob Spruce Stand, Beartown, Blister Swamp, Cass Cave,
Droop Mountain Bog, Dunraore Springs, Fossil Coral Reef,
Hills Creek Falls, Huntersville Arch, Shaver's Fork,
Watoga State Park.
Preston: Big Sandy River Valley, Cheat River Gorge at Cooper's
Rock State Park, Cornwall Cave, Virgin Hemlock Stand.
Putnam; Teays Valley.
Raleigh: Flat Top Mountain, Grandview State Park.
Randolph; Brierpatch Mountain, Cheat Mountain, Elk River Sinks>
Kumbrabow State Forest, Moore Run, Mt. Porte Crayon-
Roaring Plains, Otter Creek Wilderness, Rock Run Sugar
Maple Stand, Sinks of Gandy Creek, Tygart Valley.
Ritchie: Burning Springs Anticline, Murphy Preserve, North Bend
State Park, Ritchie Mines.
Roane; Hungry Beech Natural Area, Natural Bridge.
Summers: Pipestem State Park, Sandstone Falls.
Taylor: Valley Falls.
Tucker: Blackwater Falls and Canyon, Cave Hollow System, Dobbin
Slashing-Allegheny Front, Red Run.
Tyler: Grape Island, Jug, The-Middle Island Creek Loop
Upshur: French Creek Forest.
Webster: Black Fork of Elk Valley, Holly River State Park, Little
Kanawha Back Country, Salt Sulphur Springs-Webster Springs.
Hirt: Devil's Tea Table.
Wood: Blennerhassett Island, Burning Springs Anticline.
Wyoming: Virgin White Oak
* These sites represent areas suggested for inclusion in the inventory
of natural areas and sites which is a continuing operation by the
Heritage Trust Program of the West Virginia Department of Natural
Resources. Acreages of the sites are not included since most have
not been determined for adequate protective measures.
82
-------
INDEX KEYI AU.UOG.OOS (V)
-CUUNTYI-07S-
INDEX COntl 0^.000.005.1808033
NAME OF Sm/'KfM CKANbERhY GLADES BOTANICAL AREA
_-KUMbE«-XJF—Uw^EflSl—01-
CUDRD1NATESI 381 200NUB01600tK
-U6GS-bUAD-HAP-NAME-|-LOHEL I A-Nfc -
SPECIAL S1AIUSI NF NNLZNh
PROTECTION STAlUSr 1
(U)
PRINCIPAL UHNERI USA USF3 HONONGAHELA NF
SOURCE OF LEAQi FERREHEE. P./ 1975, NATURAL AREAS IH «V, THESIS, HVU
Slltl
CONTENTS UF MANUAL FlLEl
DIRECTIONS
BOUNDARY ON TUPU
B
PHOTU3
FIELO SURVEY
UNNEH INFO
0
HEFEHEMCES
R
00
STATEl
CUUMTVI
I—
-AU.BG&.-UOfc (V)
WV
OBJ
02.0011,006.JBU79S7-
BLISTER RUN SMAMP
02
CUUBUINATESI 3BJbSON079SI(IOH
USGS UOAD HAP NAMEI DURUlN St
(h)
NAME OF SITE/AREA!
NUMBER UF OhNERSl
PHINC4P.AL-UHNE.RI-USA-USF.3-MONnNGAHEUA..NF.
SOURCE OF LEAD I
DESCRIPTION!
CRUTLCIIUN STAIUSl 2
L*
-------
DIV1SIOH OF FORESTRY
Cn buoy lingo State Forest
Calvin H. Price State Forest
Camp Creek State Forest
Clements Tree Nursery
Coopers Rock State Forest
Fiie Tower Sites
Greenhrter State Forest
Kanawha State Forest
Kumbrabow State Forest
Panther State Forest
Parsons State Forest Nursery
Roniney Storage Building
Seneca State Forest
Yellow Poplar Seed Orchard Research Area
TOTALS
SURFACE
8,122.57
9,482.22
5,896.99
125.71
12,698 35
57.42
5.129.61
9.051.93
9,430.66
7.810.19
100.00
.75
11,684.06
29.40
79,619.906
DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES
Petersburg Trout Hatchery
Pleasants Creek P.H.S F.A.
Plum Orchard P.H.R F.A.
Back Fork of Elk River P.A.S.
Cacapon River P A.S.
Elizabeth P.A.S.
Hunters Access Site
James R. Jones P.A.S.
Leachtown P.A.S.
Lee Creek P.A.S.
Leon P.A.S.
Palestine P.A.S.
South Branch of Potomac River P.A.S.
Morgan town Lock & Dam
Ohio River P.A.S. Lock & Dam 19
Ohio River P.A.S. Lock S Dam 20
Ohio River P.A.S. Lock ft Dam 21
Reeds Creek Fish Hatchery
Ridtie Trout Hatchery
Shenandoah Wildlife Management Area
Short Mountain P.H.A.
Sleepy Creek P.H.S F.A.
Spring Run Trout Hatchery
Stonecoal Reservoir
Stony Creek Rearing Ponds
Sumniersville Lake P.H.S F.A.
Sunmit Point P.H.A.
Tcter Creek Lake P.F.A.
Turkey Run Lake P.F.A.
Upper Buffalo Creek P.F.A.
Upper Decker's Creek Watershed
Warden Lake P.F.A.
Westvaco P.H.A.
llidnieyer P.H A.
TOTALS
SURFACE
9.0
3,373.31
2,953.33
10.00
23.89
4.61
.17
2.24
3.80
3.82
.26
2.4
1.77
5.46
22.93
13.91
5.77
11.93
35.21
4.19
8,020 47
22,301.42
42.03
3.000.00
8.74
5,650 00
46 00
136.64
61.36
56 18
123.19
9, '159 H5
TABLE 2-20
INVENTORY OF STATE LANDS
IN WEST VIRGINIA
Courtesy
WV Department of Natural Resource
1979
DIVISION OF PARKS & RECREATION
SURFACE
Audra State Park 355.18
Dabcock State Park 3,636.78
Oenrtown State Park 107.42
Beech Fork Lake State Park
Berkeley Springs State Park 7-00
Olackwater Falls State Park 1,687.96
Blues tone State Park 2,145.01
Cacapon State Park 6,114.91
Canaan Valley State Park 5,809.81
Canyon Rim 3.84
Carnlfex Ferry Oaltlefield State Park 156.37
Cass Scenic Railroad 855.43
Cathedral State Park 133.09
Cedar Creek State Park 2.396.93
Chief Logan State Park 3302.73
Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park 287.90
Fairfax Stone Historical Monument 4-0°
Grandview State Park 890.93
Grave Creek Mound State Park 6.92
Hawks Nest State Park 275.84
Holly River State State Park 8101.UU
Little Reaver Slate Park 522.12
Lost River State Park 3,711.61
Hont Chateau State Park 42.16
Now River Gorge Scenic Railroad 23.49
North Bend State Park 1.405.05
Pinnacle Rock State Park 2*4.78
Pipes tern Stale Park 4.023.30
Pricketl's Fort State Park 188.47
Point Pleasant Battle Monument 3.62
Rumsey Monument 3.45
Sandstone Falls State Park 71-35
Stalls Hill Proposed State Park H9-1*
Tomlinson Run State Park 1.397.50
Twin Falls State Park 3.775.28
Tygart Lake State Park 2,133.67
Valley Falls State Park 1,070.00
Hatonn State Park 10,105.54
Walters Smith Memorial State Park 530.47
184.706 23
Totals
65,651.207
-------
TABLE 2-21
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
Co
County
Barbour
Berkeley
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types1
Oak— hickory, Virginia and
pitch pine, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
softwoods
Oak-hickory, other hardwood
types, maple-beech-birch
Oak-hickory, other hardwoods
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Acres
135.9
118.0
264.0
252.0
26.6
131,4
Portion
of
County
Land In
Forest
CO
62.8
58.4
82.5
76.1
39.7
73.4
Approx.
Surface
Areas
Mined?
Acres
18,223
26,951
856
4,406
______
Sig.
Govt.
Lands
Nat/
State
(*)
0/1
out*
0/0
0/2
0/0
0/0
Unique
Natural
Areas
Geo./
Bio.
<*)
0/0
0/0
1/0
1/2
1/2
0/0
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
(# )
2/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/2
1/0
maple-beech-birch, Virginia
pine and other softwoods
Calhoun
138.5
76.9
0/0
0/2
1/0
-------
TABLE 2-21 confd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST"COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL ?SNE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of Importance)
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Portion
of
County
Land In
Forest
Approx.
Surface
Areas
Mined?
Sig.
Govt.
Lands
Nat/
State
Unique
Natural
Areas
Geo./
Bio.
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
Clay Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood.types,
Virginia and other pines
Doddridge Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia pine and other
softwoods
Fayette Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia pine and other
softwoods
Gilmer Oak-hickory, Virginia
and pitch pine
Grant Oak-hickory, Virginia and
pitch pine, other hardwood
types, maple-beech-birch
Greenbrier Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwoods,
other softwoods, Virginia
and pitch pine
Acres
189.7
150.3
335.7
86.6
73.7
79.5
160.9 74.1
236.2 77.4
500.9 76.2
Acres
1,071
0/0
0/0
22,513 0/3
1,260 0/1
3,603 1/1
9,473 2/1
1/0
0/0
6/2
2/2
0/0
1/10
<#)
0/0
0/0
12/2
0/0
11/1
20/3
-------
TABLE 2-21 cont'd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
Hampshire
Hancock
IT4*J,r
tiaray
Harrison
Jackson
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
Oak-hickory, Virginia and
pitch pine, other hardwoods,
maple-beech-birch, other
softwoods
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types
Oak— hickory, other hardwood
types, maple-beech-birch
it ii
Oak -hickory, maple-beech-
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Acres
319.6
25.3
907 7
£? / • /
144.8
mo
. 2.
Portion
of
County
Land In
Forest
(%)
78.1
47.7
70 ft
/ 7 • O
54.0
O*f .O
Approx .
Surface
Areas
Mined3
Acres
607
29,002
Sig.
Govt.
Lands
Nat/
State
(//)
out*
0/0
0/1
r\ /i
0/1
Unique
Natural
Areas
Geo./
Bio.
(//)
0/0
0/4
n lf\
0/0
0/0
n /i
0/1
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
<*)
9/0
0/0
Q l(\
8/0
1/0
f\ 1 f\
0/0
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine
Jefferson Oak-hickory, other hardwood
types, Virginia and pitch
pine
Kanawha Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine,
other softwood types
36.5 27.0 out* 0/0
458.1 78.8 30,800 0/1 2/3
5/0
8/1
-------
TABLE 2-21 cont'd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER A.'!D SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORt SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
Original Vegetation (In de-
scendine order of importance)
Portion Sig. Unique Unique
of Appro*. Govt. Natural Species
For- County Surface Lands Areas Stations
estland Land In Areas Nat/ Geo./ Plant/
(x-1000) Forest Mined3 State Bio. Animal
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
Marion
Marshal 1
Mason
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine,
other softwood types
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood tvpes,
other softwood types
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
blrch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine
Oak-hickory, Virginia and
pitch pine, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwoods
Acres (%) Acres
167.6 66.8 12,973
246.9 88.2
232.6 79.7 10,669
132.2 66.8
116.5 59.4
163.0 59.1
720
340
0/1
0/0
0/1
0/2
0/1
0/3
1/0
0/3
1/0
1/0
1/0
0/0
1/0
1/0
2/0
1/1
0/0
3/1
-------
TABLE 2-21 cont'd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
McDowell
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
Oak-hickory , maple-beech -
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Acres
277.0
Portion
of
County
Land In
Forest
(%)
81.2
Approx.
Surface
Areas
Mined3
Acres
16,091
Sig.
Govt .
Lands
Nat/
State
<«
0/1
Unique
Natural
Areas
Geo./
Bio.
(//)
2/2
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
(//)
6/0
00
birch, other hardwood types,
other softwood tvpes
Mercer Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 189.2 70.9
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pines and
other softwoods
Mineral Oak-hickory, other hardwood 165.9 78.6
types, Virginia and pitch
pine, maple-beech-birch
Mingo Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 222.8 82.2
birch, other hardwood types,
other softwood types
Monongalia Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 149.5 63.9
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine
Monroe Oak-hickory, maple-beech-birch, 186.0 61.4
other hardwood types, Virginia
and pitch pine, other softwood
types
6,341
2,009
9,968
5,392
0/3
out*
0/1
0/3
1/0
1/9
0/0
1/0
1/24
1/0
4/0
5/0
2/0
2/4
7/3
-------
TABLE 2-21 cont'd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
Morgan
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
Oak-hickory, other hardwood
For-
est land
(x-1000)
Acres
110.3
Portion
of
County
Land In
Forest
(%)
74.0
Approz.
Surface
Areas
Mined3
Acres
Sig. Unique
Govt. Natural
Lands Areas
Nat/ Geo./
State Bio.
(//) (//)
out* 0/0
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
(*)
2/0
types, Virginia and pitch pines
Nicholas Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 337.3
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pines,
other softwood types
Ohio Oak-hickory, maple-beech-birch, 37.4
other hardwood types , Virginia
and pitch pine
Pendleton Other softwood types, oak- 301.2
hickory, maple-beech-birch,
other hardwood types, Virginia
and pitch pine
Pleasants Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 68.4
birch, other hardwood types
Virginia and pitch pine
Pocahontas Maple-beech-birch, oak- 503.3
hickory, other hardwood types,
spruce-hemlock and other
softwood types
81.3 13,410
55.0
67.7
82.4
83.5
1,443
1/2
0/0
out*
0/0
4/7
0/5
1/2
0/1
0/0
4/28
7/1
2/0
17/0
0/1
17/3
-------
TABLE 2-21 cont'd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
Preston
Putnam
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
hemlock and other softwood
types
Oak-hickorv. Virginia and oitch
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Acres
300.7
156.3
Portion
of
County
Land In
Forest
(%)
73.0
70.1
Appcoz.
Surface
Areas
Miu»d3
Acres
19,156
Sig.
Govt.
Lands
Nat/
State
(*)
1/3
o/n
Unique
Natural
Areas
Geo./
Bio.
(#)
2/4
i/n
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
(*)
8/1
n/n
pine, maole-beech-birch, other
hardwood types
Raleigh Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine,
other softwood types
Randolph Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
hemlock-spruce and other
softwood types
Ritchie Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine
297.4
569.1
215.4
77.6 17,947
85.8
74.5
7,736
0/2
2/1
0/1
7/0
4/14
2/6
4/1
13/0
0/1
Roane
211.4
68.0
0/0
0/1
0/1
-------
TABLE 2-21 conf d
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POVJER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, '.VEST VIRGINIA
vo
10
County
Summers
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-"
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Acres
159.0
Portion
of
County
Land In
Fores t
(%)
69.4
Approx.
Surface
Areas
Minftd^
Acra
71
Sig.
Govt.
Lands
Nat/
State
(*)
0/2
Unique
Natural
Areas
Geo./
Bio.
W
2/0
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
(*)
7/0
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine,
other softwood types
Taylor Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 64.9
birch, other hardwood types
Tucker Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 210.7
birch, other hardwood types,
hemlock-hardwoods, other
softwood types
Tyler Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 119.3
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine
Upshur Oak-hickory, maple-beech- 154.0
birch, other hardwood types
Wayne Oak-hickory, maole-beech-birch, 265.1
other hardwood tyoes, Virginia
and pitch pine
59.5
78.0
3,290
3,787
0/2
2/3
0/0
0/67
0/0
6/3
72.7
0/0
0/0
0/0
68.4
82.3
5,054
120
0/2
0/1
2/4
0/4
6/0
4/1
-------
TABLE 2-21 cont'd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AND SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Portion
of
County
Land In
Forest
Laud
Surfaces
Mined
by 1970
Sig.
Govt.
Lands
Nat/
State
Unique
Natural
Areas
Geo./
Bio.
Unique
Species
Stations
Plant/
Animal
Acres
Acres
(*>
(#)
(#)
*0utside of the Ohio River Basin
Other hardwood types - any one of many SAF hardwood forest types (Table 2- ) of lesser abundance than
those named.
o
Other softwood types - a Forest Survey category including softwoods (conifers) other than Virginia pine
and/or pitch pine, therefore hemlock, spruce, white pine, shortleaf pine, table
mountain pine, or red pine, or combinations thereof
Land surfaces mined - represents the sum of acreage from Stanford Research Project (1971) estimates of
lands disturbed by surface mining prior to 1970 and the acreage of active surface
mines under permit as of January 1978.
-------
TABLE 2-21 cont'd
CHARACTERISTIC FOREST COVER AMD SIGHIFICANT NATURAL HISTORY SITES OF COUNTIES SUITABLE FOR
POWER PLANT LOCATION' OR COAL MINE OPERATION, WEST VIRGINIA
County
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Original Vegetation (In de-
scending order of importance)
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
borch, other hardwood types,
hemlock-hardwood, other soft-
wood types
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types,
Virginia and pitch pine
Oak-hickory, Virginia and
pitch pine, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types
Oak-hickory, Virginia and
pitch pine, maple-beech-
birch, other hardwood types
Oak-hickory, maple-beech-
For-
estland
(x-1000)
Acres
316.8
181.9
123.1
154.7
263.5
Portion
°f Approx.
County Surface
Land In Areas
Forest ni«M,
-------
2-A REFERENCES
Allen, D. L. 1943. Michigan Fox Squirrel Management. Michigan Game
Division. Pub. 100 404 pp.
Baer, C. H. 1967. Air Pollution Damage to Plant Life in West Virginia.
Paper. Natural Resources Conservation Symp. Proc. West Virginia
Academy of Science, 39:43-44a. Morgantown, WV.
Baer, C. H. 1970. Personal Observation. Classroom mimeo. Department
of Biology, West Virginia University. Morgantown, WV.
Baer, C. H.f R. E. Behling, and R. S. Little. 1976. Appalachian
Plateaus Regional Study of Potential Natural Landmarks. Draft
Report. Unpublished map of Natural Landmarks, NFS.
Bennett, Orvus L. et.al. 1971. Effects of Slope Orientation on Yield
and Water Use of Five Forage Species. Proc. 4th Ann. Geobotany
Cong., West Virginia University. Morgantovm, WV.
Bones, James T. 1976. The Forest Resources of West Virginia. HE Forest
Exp. Sta., USDA Forest Service. Res. Bull. NE-1976. Upper Darby, PA.
Braun, E. Lucy 1950, Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America.
Philadelphia; Blakiston.
Brooks, Fred E. 1911. The Mammals of West Virginia. Report, WV
State Board of Agric. for rth Quarter 1910. Bull. #20:9-30.
Buckman, R. E. and R. L. Quintus. 1972. Natural Areas of the Society
of American Foresters. Soc. Amer. Foresters, Washington, D.C.
Cantner, Dan E. 1974. Species Status Recommendations for the West
Virginia Wildlife Resources Plan. Terrestrial Section VI. III.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources.
DeBold, P. S. and D. A. Gansner. 1966. Kentucky Forests: Western
Coalfield Unit. U.S. Forest Service Resource Bulletin CS-9
(1966):1-45.
Decker, C. and R. Menendez. 1974. Acute toxicity of Iron and Aluminum
to Brook Trout. Proc. WV Academy of Science, Volume 46.
Essex, B. L. 1968. Forest Land of Indiana Counties. 1967 Research
Note NC-57. U.S. Department of Agriculture, North Central Forest
Experiment Station, ST., 1968.
Essex, B. L. and D. A. Gansner. 1965. "Illinois' Timber Resource".
U. S. Forest Service Resource Bulletin LS-3 (1965).
95
-------
Ferguson, R. H. 1964. The Timber Resources of West Virginia. U.S.D.A.
Forest Service Resource Bulletin, NE-2, 123 pp. N. E. Forest
Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA.
Fortney, R. H. 1978. Rare and Endangered Species of West Virginia.
Preliminary Report. Vol. 1 Vascular Plants. West Virginia
Heritage Trust Program, West Virginia Department of Natural
Resources, Charleston, WV.
Gansner, D. A. 1968. The Timber Resources of Kentucky. U.S. Forest
Service Resource Bulletin NE-9: 1-97.
Gansner, D. A. and P. S. Debold. 1966. "Kentucky Forests: Blue Grass
Unit." U.S. Forest Service Resource Bulletin CS-7 (1966): 1-33.
Geiger, Rudolph. 1965. The Climate Near the Ground. 611 pp., translated
from the 4th German Edition by Script-Technica, Inc., Harvard
Edition Press. Cambridge, England.
Gordon, R. B. 1936. "A Preliminary Vegetation Map of Indiana."
American Midland Naturalist 17:866-877.
Gordon, R. B. 1969. "The Natural Vegetation of Ohio in Pioneer Days."
Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series 3 (2): 1-113.
Hall, G. A. 1969. The Present Status of the West Virginia Bird List.
Redstart 36:62-65. Brooks Bird Club, Wheeling, WV.
Henderson, R. B. January 31, 1977. Personal Communication. Fur
Resources Committee of the International Association of Game, Fish
and Conservation Commissioners.
Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife.
1975. Non-game and Endangered Species Conservation: A Preliminary
Report. Indianapolis, IN.
Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Nature Preserves.
1976. Map and list of Indiana natural areas and nature preserves.
Jenkins, R. 1975. The Preservation of Natural Diversity: A Survey
and Recommendations. Prepared for the U. S. Department of the
Interior. The Nature Conservancy. Arlington, VA.
Kingsley, N. P. and C. E. Mayer. 1970. U.S. Forest Service Resource
Bulletin. NE-19 (1970): 1-137.
Kucliler, A. W. 1964. Potential Natural Vegetation of the Conterminous
United States. 1964. Special Publication 36. American Geographical
Society.
Lee, R. M., and R. Calhoun 1973. Elevation in West Virginia. West
Virginia Agriculture and Forestry, V 5:5-8, West Virginia University.
-------
Lee, R. M., Chang and S. C. Hill. 1976. Land Slope in West Virginia.
West Virginia Agriculture and Forestry. 6:10-16, West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV.
LIndsey, A.A., W. B. Crankshaw, and S. A. Qadir. 1965. Soil relations
and distribution map of the vegetation of presettlement Indiana.
Botanical Gazette 126 (3): 155-163.
Lindsey, A. A. (ed.). 1966. Natural Features of Indiana. Indianapolis:
Indiana Academy of Science.
Matheny, H. E. 1952. Line Transect Vegetational Analysis of West
Virginia Arboretum. Master Thesis, pp. 89. West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV.
Mosby, H. S. and C. 0. Handley. 1943. The Wild Turkey in Virginia:
Its status, Life History and Management. Commission of Game and
Inland Fish. Richmond, VA 281 pp.
Public Service Indiana. 1975. Environmental Report: Marble Hill
Nuclear Generating Station, Units 1 and 2. Volume 1.
Randolph, J. G. et. al. 1977. Ohio River Basin Energy Study. Preliminary
Technology Assessment Report, Indiana, Ohio State, and Purdue
Universities, Vol. IIA, Part 1.
Riffle, J. E. 1970. Hunting Survey. Annual job progress report
FW-4-R-2. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources.
Mimeo. Unpublished.
Snyder, Roy E. 1951. Vegetational Pattern of a Belt Transect Analysis
t Coopers Rock in Northern West Virginia. Masters Thesis, West
Virginia University.
Society of American Foresters. 1967. Forest Cover Types of the United
States. Stanford Resource Institute. 1971. A Study of Surface
Coal Mining in West Virginia. Final Report to WV Legislature
Committee. Menlo Park, CA 631 pp.
Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1971 Flora of West Virginia.
2nd Edition, Volume 4. Contribution, West Virginia University
Herbarium, Morgantown, WV.
Sturm, R. L. 1977. Comparison of Forest Cover Types in Seven Environmentally
Diverse Areas in West Virginia. Masters Thesis, pp. 260. West
Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1975. Muskingum River Basin: Type
IV Survey Report. Columbus, OH.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1968.
Indiana Soil and Water Conservation Needs Inventory.
97
-------
USDA, Soil Conservation Service. 1970. Illinois Soil and Water
Conservation Needs Inventory.
USDA, Soil Conservation Service. 1970. Kentucky Soil and Water
Conservation Needs Inventory.
USDA, Soil Conservation Service. 1971. Ohio Soil and Water Conservation
Needs Inventory.
USDA, Soil Conservation Service. 1974. Four Rivers Resource Conservation
and Development Project Plan. Indianapolis, IN.
USDA, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil Taxonomy. USDA Agriculture
Handbook 436.
vanEck, Willem A. 1976. Classification of West Virginia Soils.
Cooperative Extension Service, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV.
van Eck, Willem A. 1978. Personal Communication and Map. Soil
Sciences. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
Vestal, A. G. 1931. A Preliminary Vegetation Hap of Illinois.
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences. 204-217
West Virginia Geologic Survey. 1978. Surface Mine Acreage Under
Permit as of January 1, 1978. Personal Communication from
B. K. Dogolinsky; Head, Economic Geology Section, WV Geological
and Economic Survey, Morgantown, WV.
Wilson, H. Lee, et. al. 1951. Cover Mapping and Habitat Analysis,
Federal Aid to Wildlife, Project FA-21R WV-DNR, Charleston, WV.
Wray, R. D. 1952. Forest Statistics of West Virginia. N.E. Forest
Experiment Station, Upper Darby, FA. USDA Forest Statistics
Service: WV 1, 48 pp.
98
-------
3. AQUATIC ECOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
West Virginia is divided into six major drainage areas (Figure 3-1).
These areas Include the Guyandotte River Basin, the Big Sandy-Tug Fork
River Basin, the Little Kanawha River Basin,the Kanawha River Basin, the
Monongahela River Basin, and the Potomac River Basin. With the exception
of the Potomac River, which drains the eastern portion of the state,
these major rivers eventually drain into the Ohio River.
Generally, water quality in West Virginia varies with the geographic
location. Acid mine drainage is prevalent throughout the state and
greatly affects water quality. Where acid mine drainage is found, surface
water generally contains more than 250 ppm of dissolved solids (Doll,
Meyer, and Archer, 1963). High sulfate concentrations usually accompany
high dissolved solids (sulfate concentrations are generally less than
100 ppm in non-acid drainage areas).
Soft water is commonly found in parts of the Potomac, Cheat, Tygart
Valley, Little Kanawha, Gauley, and Elk Rivers. Hard water,i.e. water
with a relatively high level of calcium, magnesium, and similar cations,
is usually found in areas of high dissolved solids.
Iron concentrations vary significantly in West Virginia streams,
with high concentrations occurring in coal mining areas. Many streams
in these areas have a characteristic "yellow'boy" color produced by
oxidized iron.
Manganese concentrations exceed dtinking water standards at almost
every sampling station in the state. Calcium and magnesium are the
principal cations in the state. Levels of sodium and potassium are
generally low throughout the state.
Predominant anions in West Virginia waters are sulfate and bicarbonate.
Bicarbonate concentrations vary from 0 ppm to over 200 ppm (Doll, Meyer,
and Archer, 1963).
Dissolved oxygen content of most Vest Virginia streams is over 6.0
ppm most of the time; however, in some locations concentrations drop
below 6.0 ppm.
The major sources of pollution in West Virginia are coal mining,
sewage, and industry. Sewage and acid mine drainage are common through-
out most of West Virginia, while the major industrial pollution occurs
in the Kanawha River Basin.
Throughout the text of this chapter, water quality analyses of the
various streams are compared with water quality standards set by the
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources for the state's waterways.
These state standards are included at the end of the chapter in Table A-2.
Tables of "high quality" streams for each river basin are also included
in this chapter. Such streams, designated by the West Virginia Department
99
-------
of Natural Resources, are defined by that agency as those presently
supporting significant or irreplaceable fish, wildlife, and recreational
resources.
A compilation of references for West Virginia water resources and
aquatic ecology is included at the end of the chapter in Table A-l.
3.2 GUYANDOTTE RIVER BASIN
Basin Description
The Guyandotte River Basin is located in the mountains of south-
western West Virginia. Counties that are located within the drainage
basin include Raleigh, Wyoming, Mingo, Logan, Boone, Lincoln, Kanawha
Putnam, and Cabell (see Fig. 3-2). The total drainage area is 1,671
square miles. Topography of the basin is generally mountainous except at
the lower part of the basin, where the valley is wide. The slope in the
upper basin averages 11 feet per mile, but the average drops to 1.8 feet
per mile in the lower basin ( WV Department of Natural Resources, 1976).
The principal tributaries of the Guyandotte River are the Mud River,
with a drainage area of 360 square miles, the Clear Fork, with a drainage
area of 129 square miles, and Island Creek, with a drainage area of 103
square miles.
The major water quality problem in the Guyandotte River Basin is
the acid mine drainage caused by coal mining, the major industry in the
upper half of the basin. A total of 288 miles of streams are considered
to be continuously polluted, including the entire 164 mile length of the
Guyandotte main stem and 124 tributary miles (Appalachian Regional
Commission, 1969). Secondary water quality problems are caused by the lack
of sufficient waste treatment facilities In the drainage basin. Table 3-1
shows tributaries, pollutants, and the length of tributaries that are polluted.
Hydrology
The Guyandotte River is a natural flow river having no flood control
or low-flow augmentation reservoirs. Table 3-2 presents mean, maximum,
and minimum discharges for the water year October 1975 to September 1976
for six locations in the Guyandotte River Basin.
The Guyandotte River at Baileysville has a drainage area of 308
square miles and an average discharge (8 years) of 441 cfs. Briar Creek
at Hancock has a drainage area of 7.2 square miles and an average discharge
(7 years) of 10.7 cfs. Clear Fork at Clear Fork has a drainage area of
123 square miles. The Guyandotte River at Logan has a drainage area of
836 square miles and an average discharge (14 years) of 1,155 cfs.
The Guyandotte River at Branchland has a drainage area of 1,226 square
miles and an average discharge (49 .years) of 1,613 cfs.
Water Quality
Although much of the basin is polluted with acid mine drainage,
the water is normally of good quality. Tables 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6
present monthly specific conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved
100
-------
PENNSYLVANIA
MARYLAND
••"IT Y L E «"*>
^^MINERAL/
/B A S I TI >
H A R 0 Y /
V .>/
Hgure 3-1
MAP
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
SHOWING
s V-x \
BOONE;/'AYETTE<. —
/••—.U > CREENBRIE
—"•»«_ ^T
t"V* «
MAJOR DRAINAGE BASINS
OF VEST VIRGINIA
-------
PENNSYLVANA
MARYLAND
i-SM.92l.ON O A L I A
... .HAMPSHIRE
( * /
\ J S.-x
1. /RAN
M — '
•X, j POCAMONTAS
H O L A S >
Figure 3-2
MAP
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
SHOWING
I L—*<-. ^
THE GUYANDOTTE RIVER BASIN
-------
TABLE 3-1
WATER QUALITY LIMITING STREAMS AND THEIR POLLUTANTS
FOR THE GUYANDOTTE RIVER BASIN
(Dept. of Natural Resources, 1976)
Pollutant Description. Length (River Miles)
0, MD Guyandotte Mainstream 155.0
0 Guyandotte Mainstream MP155 to 168 13.0
MD Mud River MP 0 to 45 0-45.0
0, MD Island Creek 18.5
0 Dingess Creek 7.5
0 Rum Creek 6.9
0, MD Huff Creek 19.6
0, MD Clear Fork 28.2
0, MD Laurel Fork 22.6
0, MD Toney Fork 5.7
MD Indian Creek 5.6
0, MD Barkers Creek 12.0
0, MD Slab Fork 14.6
MD Winding Gulf Creek 9.5
0, MD Stonecoal Creek 9.1
MD Cub Creek 9.2
MD Pinnacle Creek 15.2
MD Cabin Creek 6.7
MD Tommy Creek 6.1
0 = Organic Pollution
MD = Mine Drainage
103
-------
3-2
WAT3R DISCHARGE RECORDS FOR GTJYAMDOT™! RTV3R BASIN 1975-76
(USGS, 1977)
(cfs)
Location Discharge Oct. Nov.
Guyandotte
River
(Baileys-
ville)
Briar
Creek
Clear
Fork
Guyandotte
River
(Logan)
Guyandotte
River
(Branch-
Land)
4ud
River
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Kax.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
"Mean
Max.
Min.
106 203
222 1070
80 82
1,4 6.1
4.7 62.0
0.7 1.0
48 144
218 1050
18 27
322 832
1380 5410
148 189
525 1171
2820 6060
199 300
143 230
1680 2510
21 41
Dec. Jan.
163 691
428 3960
90 180
3.7 15.5
29.0 91.0
1.0 4.5
101 349
305 1810
39 90
664 2093
1720 7430
271 734
1252 3228
3400 7250
510 1200
426 763
1920 3260
100 180
Feb. Mar.
827 502
2830 1050
428 258
16.7 10.0
80.0 34.0
6.9 3.8
350 191
1550 508
134 75
2218 1425
7790 3220
1160 634
3176 2321
7650 6490
1810 949
451 507
1950 4660
173 87
Anr.
314
940
140
5.1
15.0
1.4
88
260
33
777
2270
325
1280
4030
438
192
1360
40
May
198
642
109
1.4
3.1
0.7
39
96
23
389
974
253
508
1090
350
119
924
35
June
175
404
96
0.6
1.2
0.4
29
104
14
319
639
176
390
648
214
33
101
8
July
100
177
59
0.5
2.8
0.2
23
87
11
197
378
118
239
450
147
20
146
3
Aug.
71
191
41
0.3
0.9
0.1
18
54
9
165
346
100
273
762
112
40
278
7
Sept.
92
428
39
0.6
3.8
0.1
26
154
9
212
1180
101
288
2020
117
22
146
5
Year
287
3960
39
5.2
91
0.1
117
1810
9
801
7790
100
1221
7650
112
246
4660
3
-------
TABLE 3-3
WATER QUALITY FOR GUYANDOTTE RIVER AT BAILEYSVILLE, WV.,
(USGS, 1977)
1975-76
Date
Aug. 12, 1975
Sept. 17
Sept. 30
Oct. 22
Nov. 25
Dec. 09
Feb. 12, 1976
Feb. 26
Mar. 25
Apr. 08
Anr. 28
May 19
May 25
Jun 24
Jun 30
Jul. 29
Aug. 11
Aug. 25
Sept. 22
Oct. 18
Mean
Max.
Min.
Discharge
(cfs)
88
65
84
121
110
117
400
613
545
367
125
670
163
142
119
59
64
39
54
157
205
670
39
Specific
Conductivity
(micromhos)
560
470
450
605
360
700
305
200
249
530
480
380
460
490
605
615
725
490
440
480
725
200
PH
(units)
8.2
8.0
7.5
7.7
8.4
7.8
8.5
8.0
8.4
8.0
7.6
8.4
7.7
a.4
8.6
B.2
7.6
7.9
8.1
a. 5
7.5
Temperature
(°C)
23.0
18.0
20.5
13.0
6.0
7.0
5.0
12.5
14.0
14.5
14.0
16.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
23.0
23.5
15.0
12.0
16.1
24.0
5.0
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/1)
7.2
9.7
7.5
11.2
11.4
9.4
8.2
7.8
7.2
7.2
9.5
7.2
8.2
3.2
8.0
11.4
7.2
105
-------
TABLE 3-4
WATER QUALITY FOR GUYANDOTTE RIVER AT LOGAN, WV., 1975-76
(USGS, 1977)
Date
Aug. 13, 1975
Sept. 30
Oct. 23
Oct. 30
Nov. 25
Dec. 04
Jan. 08, 1976
Feb. 11
Mar. 16
Mar. 26
Apr. 13
Apr. 28
May 12
May 24
Jun- 15
Jun- 23
Jill. 08
Jul- 28
Aug. 17
Aug. 26
Sept. 14
Sept. 23
Oct. 19
Nov. 17
Mean
Max.
Min.
Discharge
(cfs)
214
240
326
240
444
277
1390
1230
1020
1600
575
370
262
395
650
699
392
132
194
100
124
120
365
350
488
1600
100
Specific
Conductivity
(micromhos)
500
450
600
520
380
700
340
225
470
260
500
510
540
350
480
460
725
600
760
690
570
440
385
672
760
225
pH
(units)
7.2
8.1
7.6
8.5
8.1
7.2
7.9
7.8
7.2
8.2
8.3
7.8
8.1
8.2
7.6
8.1
7.8
8.3
B.I
7.7
7.8
8.0
7.9
8.5
7.2
Temperature
<°O
25.5
21.0
14.0
14.0
9.0
5.0
2.0
8.0
9.0
12.5
13.5
14.0
18.0
22.0
24.5
20.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
26.0
20.5
15.0
10.0
4.5
15.8
26.0
2.0
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/1)
8.0
8.9
11.6
10,8
10.6
8.8
10.2
9.6
13. 8
9.2
7.6
7.2
8.1
—
8.4
9.2
12.4
9.7
13.8
7.2
106
-------
3-5
WATER QUALITY FOR GiJYANDOTFi; RIVER AT HRANCHLAND, WV, 1975-76
(USGS, 1977)
Date
Aug. 11, 1975
Sept. 18
Sept. 24
Sept. 30
Oct. 10
Oct. 28
Nov. 19
Nov. 28
Dec. 17
Feb. 04, 1976
Feb. 10
Mar. 10
Mar. 24
Apr. 21
Apr. 29
May 26
Jun-01
Jun. 22
Jul. 27
Aug. 24
Sent. 21
Oct. 20
Nov. 18
Mean
Max.
Min.
Discharge
(cfs)
458
235
2160
345
254
330
1350
482
3410
2090
2340
1900
3930
585
315
369
340
105
88
145
392
370
1000
3930
88
Specific
Conductivity
(raicromhos )
410
540
261
500
630
490
380
420
240
200
220
500
200
560
540
350
460
800
740
670
465
480
457
800
200
PH
(units)
7.7
7.9
8.0
7.2
8.1
7.5
8.1
7.6
7.2
8.1
8.4
7.2
7.2
7.1
8.2
7.6
8.3
7.7
7.8
8.0
7.7
8.4
7.1
Temperature
(°C)
24.0
20.5
17.0
17.5
16.0
8.0
7.5
6.0
3.0
3.0
10.0
13.0
22.0
14.0
20.0
22.0
21.0
23.5
24.0
19.5
11.0
5.0
14.9
24.0
3.0
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/D
7.2
8.1
9.0
9.0
9.8
9.8
8.3
9.6
6.3
9.2
8.0
8.6
8.5
9.2
11.2
8.8
11.2
6.3
107
-------
TABIE 3-6
WATER QUALITY FDR THE MUD RIW.R AT fflLTON, WV.
(TSQS, 1977)
1975-76
Date
Oct. 08, 1975
Oct. 28
Nov. 13
Nov. 17
Nov. 24
Dec. 17
Dec. 22
Jan. 23, 1976
Jan. 30
Feb. 10
Feb. 19
Mar. 10
Mar. 23
Apr. 21
Apr. 28
May 25
Jun. 04
Jim. 21
Jul. 27
Aug. 18
Aug. 23
Sept. 20
Mean
Max.
Mln.
Discharge
(cfs)
20
75
2760
226
74
938
157
174
512
282
912
671
993
59
49
68
94
25
4.3
3.4
14
12
369
2760
3.4
Specific
Conductivity
(micromihos)
165
124
122
170
160
80
160
160
140
100
150
180
120
140
190
90
150
180
155
110
123
125
141
190
80
PH
(units)
7.5
8.3
7.0
7.4
8.4
6.6
7.6
7.4
8.3
7.2
7.2
7.6
7.3
7.2
6.1
8.2
6.2
7.4
7.2
7.4
7.4
8.4
6.1
Temperature
<°C)
14.0
13.5
12.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
3.5
12.0
7.0
10.0
22.0
12.0
17.5
20.0
21.5
24.0
20.0
23.0
20.0
12.7
24.0
1.0
Dissolved
Oxygen
(»B/D
8.4
9.1
8.9
8.8
9.5
_ —
10.8
10.4
___
10.1
10.2
8.3
8.2
8.8
7.3
8.2
7.5
9.0
10.8
7.5
108
-------
oxygen values for four Guyandotte River Basin monitoring stations.
None of the values listed for these chemical parameters violate state
standards. Hydrogen ion (pH) and dissolved oxygen values are generally
good.
Table 3-7 presents a water quality analyses for the Guyandotte
River at Branchland. The substance levels are compared for the years
1971 and 1976. Only iron and manganese exceed permissible state levels
set for water supplies.
A list of present water quality monitoring stations and their
storet numbers is given in Table 3-8.
Aquatic Ecology
Most data for this river basin is not in presentable form. A
list of phytoplankton and benthic algae genera is presented in
Table 3-9. A total of 50 plankton and genera were found. Chry-
sophyta contained 19 genera, Cyanophyta 4 genera, Euglenaphyta 5
genera, Chlorophyta 21 genera, and Pyrrehophyta one genera. Chloro-
phyta contained the most genera. However Chrysophyta, which contained
the diatoms, dominated all sampling periods. A list of fish species
found in the Guyandotte River Basin is found in Table 3-10. Five
endangered or rare fish are found in the Guyandotte Basin (Table 3-11).
High Quality Streams
A list of the nine high quality streams found in the Guyandotte Basin
is presented in Table 3-12.
3.3 BIG SANDY-TUG FORK RIVER BASIN
Basin Description
The Big Sandy-Tug Fork Basin lies in the southwestern portion of
West Virginia, encompassing also parts of Virginia and Kentucky. Portions
of Wayne, Mingo, and McDowell counties are located in the drainage basin
(see Fig. 3-3). The Big Sandy-Tug Fork drainage area is 4,280 square
miles, of which 1,010 square miles are located in these three West
Virginia counites.
The Big Sandy is formed by the confluence of the Levisa Fork and
the Tug Fork Rivers at Louisa, Kentucky. The total length of the
Tug Fork is 155 miles, while the length of the Levisa Fork, which drains
Virginia, is 160 miles. The Big Sandy main stem is 27 miles long. The
Tug Fork drains approximately 1,555 square miles, including 937 square
miles located in three West Virginia counties.
The principal tributaries and their respective drainage areas are
Pigeon Creek, draining 142 square miles, Elkhorn Creek, draining 71
square miles, Clear Fork, draining 25 square miles, and Levisa Fork,
draining 2,325 square miles (1,471 square miles in Kentucky and 854
square miles in Virginia).
109
-------
TABLE 3-7
QUALITY ANALYSES FOR TFF. GITYANDOTTV, RTVER AT BRANCHLAND, wv
( Department of-cNatural Resources )
ANALYSIS (mg/1)
Iron
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Potassium
Sodlun
Fluorides
Phenols
Sul fates
Ftcal CeHform
1971
1.19
<.01
<.002
.22
<.0003
<.003
2.51
26
.08
.003
111
943
AVERAGE
1976
1.03
.54
<.004
<.009
<.06
.14
.0003
<.002
<.004
.030
4.45
39
.11
«.002
117
570
MAXIMUM
1971 1976
2.60
<.01
<.004
.89
.0007
<.004
3.70
46
.10
.007
166
3.200
2.42
1.7
.014
.036
.19
.28
.001
.004
.008
.092
8.00
60
.19
.005
223
2.800
MINIMUM
1971 1976
.26
<.01
<.004
.04
«.0002
«.002
1.40
10
.07
.001
79
100
.51
.16
<.002
.001
<.02
.07
<.0001
<.001
<.002
.010
2.40
13
.05
<.001
47
100
110
-------
TABW 3-8
WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS OF TfTC GTJYANDOTK RIVER BASIN
(Department of Natural Resources 1977 )
STORE! NO.
550639
550473
550397
550672
550676
550641
550657
550662
560663
550665
550495
550674
550675
550668
STATE NO.
OG-1
OG-34
OG-65
OG-1 43
OG-1 73
OGH-0
06-65-0
OG-6B-0
OG-70-0
OS- 76-0
OG-1 24-0
03-131-0
OG-1 34-0
OGC-0
LOCATION
Guyandotte River at Fifth Street Bridge.
Guyandotte River at Branchland.
Guyandotte River at Logan, W. Va. Route
119-A Bridge.
Guyandotte River at RR Bridge In Wyoming.
Guyandotte River at State Route 16 In
Blackeagle.
Hud River at Sec. 26 Bridge. Barboursvllle.
Island Creek at State Route 10 In Logan.
Dlngers Run In Stellings.
Rum Creek at State Route 10.
Huff Creek at State Route 80.
Pinnacle Creek, near Plnevllle.
Barkers Creek at Tralee.
Slab Fork at State Route 16 1n Mullens.
Clear Fork In Simon.
Ill
-------
TARTF. 3-9
Chrysophyta
Cyclotella
Melosira
Achnanthes
Diatoma
Synedra
Gomphonema
Navicula
Pinnularia
Nitzschia
Surirella
Rhorcosphenia
Cocconeis
Cymbella
Nedium
Eunotla
Gyrosigma
Meridon
Stauroneis
Amphora
Cyanophyta
Anacystis
Oscillatoria
Lyngbrya
Agmenellum
Euglenophyta
Trachelomonas
Cryptomonas
Euglena
Lepocinclis
Phacus
CF^TCRA OF THF, GflYANnOTIF, RIVFIR BASIM
(Corp. of Engineers 1976)
Chlorophyta
Ankistrodesnus
Dictyosphaerium
Cosmarium
Scenedesmus
Gonum
Mongeotia
Chlamydomonas
Staurastrum
Kirchneriella
Micractinium
Oocytis
Tetraedron
Treubaria
Actinastrun
Selanastrum
Pteromonas
Crucigenia
Coelastrum
Chlorella
Tetrastrum
Golenkimia
Pyrrhophyta
Glenodinium
112
-------
TABLE 3-10
FTSH SPECIES LOCATED IN THE OHIO RIVER DRAINAGE AREA
OF WEST VIRGINIA-INCLUDING THE GUYANDOTTE RIVER BASIN
(CORP. OF ENGINEERS 1976)
Petromyzontidae
LampsEra aepyptera - Least brook lamprey
Lampetra lamottei - American brook lamprey
Ichthyomyzon unicuspis - Silver lamprey
Ichthyomyzon bdellium - Ohio lamprey
Ichthyomyzon greeleyi - Allegheny brook lamprey
Polyodontidae
Polvodon spathula - Paddlefish
Acipenseridae
Acipenser fulvencens - Lake sturgeon
Scaphirhvnchus platorvnchus - ShoveInose sturgeon
Lepisostedldae
Lepisosteus osseus - Longnose gar
Amiidae
Amia calva - Bowfin
Hiodontidae
Hiodon alosoides - Goldeye
Hiodon tergiaus - Mooneye
Clupeldae
Alosa chrysochloris - Skipjack herring
Alsoa pseudoharengus - Alewife
Dorosoma petenense - Threadfin shad
Dorosoma cepedianum - Gizzard shad
Salraonidae
Salmo gairdneri - Rainbow trout
Salmo trutta - Brown trout
Salvelinus fontinalis - Brook trout
Esocidae
Esox masquinongy - Muskellunge
Esox niger - Chain pickerel
Esox americanus vermiculatus — Grass pickerel
Esox lucius - Northern pike
Esox americanus americanus - Redfin pickerel
Anguillidae
Aneuilla rostrata - American eel
Sciaenidae
Aolodinotus erunniens - Freshwater drum
113
-------
TABLE 3-10 CCNTINIM)
Catostomidae
Cvcleptus elongatus - Blue sucker
Ictiobua cvprinellus - Bigmouth buffalo
Ictiobua bubalus - Smallmouth buffalo
Ictiobua niger - Black buffalo
Carpiodes carpio - River carpsucker
Carpiodes cyprinus - Qulllback
Carpiodes velifer~- Highfin carpsucker
Catostomus eatostomus - Longnose sucker
Catoatomus eommersoni - White sucker
Hypenteliun nigricans - Northern hog sucker
Minytrema melanopa - Spotted sucker
Moxostoma anisufum - Silver redhorse
Moxostoma macrolepldotum - Shorthead redhorse
Moxostoma car±naturn - River redhorse
Moxostoma duquesnei - Black redhorse
Moxostoma erythrurum - Golden redhorse
Atherinidae
Labidesthes sicculus - Brook silverside
Cyprinodontidae
Fundulus diaphanus - Banded killifish
Percopsidae
Percopsls omlagomayeus - Trout-perch
Cvnrinidae
Campostoma anomalum - Stoneroller
Carassius auratus - Goldfish
Chrosomus erythrogaster - Southern redbelly dace
Clinostomus elongatus - Redside dace
Clinostomus funduloides - Rosyside dace
Cyprinus carpio - Carp
Erieymba buccata - Silverjaw minnow
Hybopsis aestivalis - Speckled chub
Hybopsis amblops - Bigeye chub
Hybopsis dissimilis - Streamline chub
Hybopaia storeriana - Silver chub
Nocomis micropogon - River chub
Notemigonua crysoleucas - Golden shiner
Notropis ardens - Rosefin shiner
Nocropis ariommus - Popeye shiner
Notropis atherionoides - Emerald shiner
Notropis blennius - River shiner
Notropis buchanani - Ghost shiner
Notropis cornutus - Common shiner
Notropis hudsoniua - Spottail shiner
Notropis photogenis - Silver shiner
Notropis rubellua - Rosyface shiner
Notropis spilopterus - Spotfin shiner
Notropis stramineus - Sand shiner
Hotropis umbratilia - Redfin shiner
Notropis volucellus - Mimic shiner
Notropis whipplei - Steelcolor shiner
Phenacohius tnirabilis - Suckermouth minnow
-------
TABLE 3-10 CONTINUED
Cyprinidae. cont.
Pimephales notatus - Bluntnose minnow
Pimephales promelas - Fathead minnow
Pimephaleg vj.gilax - Bullhead minnow
Rhinichthvs atratulus - Blacknose dace
Rhinlchthvs cataractae - Longnose dace
Semotilus atromaculatus - Creek chub
Semotilus margarlta - Pearl dace
Ictaluridae
Ictalurua catus - White catfish
Ictalurua furcatus - Blue catfish
Ictalurus melaa - Black bullhead
Ictalurus natalis - Yellow bullhead
Ictalurus nebulosua - Brown bullhead
Ictalurus punetatus - Channel catfish
Noturus flavus - Stonecat
Noturus gvrinua - Tadpole madtom
Noturus Insignia - Margined madtom
Noturus miurua - Brindled madtom
Pvlodictis ollvaris. - Flathead catfish
?ercidae
Anmocrvpta pellucida - Eastern sand darter
Etheoatoma blennioldes - Greenside darter
Etheostoma caeruleum - Rainbow darter
Etheostoma camurum — Bluebreast darter
Etheostoma flabellare - Fantail darter
Etheostoma nigrum - Johnny darter
Etheostoma tlppecanoe - Tlppecanoe darter
Etheostoma variatum - Variegate darter
Etheostoma zonale - Banded darter
Perca flavescens - Yellow perch
Perclna caprodes - Logperch
Percina copelandl - Channel darter
Percina macrocaphala - Longhead darter
Percina maculata - Blackside darter
Percina oxyrhyncha - Sharpnose darter
Percina phoxocephala - Slenderhead darter
Percina sciera - Dusky darter
Stizostedion canadenae - Sauger
Stlzostedion vitreum vitreum - Walleye
Centrarchidae
Ambloplites rupestrls - Rock bass
Lepomis cyanellus - Green sunfish
Lepomis gibbosus - Pumpkinseed
Lepomis gulosus - Warmouth
Lepomis humilis - Orangespotted aunfish
Lepomis macrochirus - Bluegill
Lepomis megalotls - Longear sunfish
Lepomis micrplophus - Redear sunfish
115
-------
P; 3-10 CONTINUED
Centrarchldae
Micropterus dolomieui - Smallmouth basa
Micropterus punctulatus - Spotted bass
Micropterus salmoldes - Largemouth bass
Pomoxis annularis - White crapple
Pomoxis nigromaculatus - Black crappie
Cottidae
Cottus bairdi - Mottled sculpin
Perclchthyidae
Morone chrysopa - White bass
Morone aaxatilis - Striped bass
116
-------
TABU; 3-11
RARE OR THREATENED FISH SPECIES OF THE GUYANDOTTE RIVER BASIN
(DEFT. OF NATURAL RESOURCES-HERITAGE PROGRAM 1978)
Ammocrypta pellucida (Eastern Sand Darter)
Mud River - 1 mi. above mouth, Cabell Co.
Mud River at Milton, Cabell Co.
Notropis blennuis (River Shiner)
Mud River, 1 mile above mouth, Cabell Co.
Confluence of Guyandotte & Mud Rivers, Cabell Co.
Guyandotte River at Rt. 10 bridge, Cabell Co.
Percina copelandi (Channel Darter)
Guyandotte River at Tamcliff, Mingo County
Guyandotte River at Justice, Mingo Co.
Guyandotte River at Camp Branch, Logan Co.
Percina phoxocephala (Slenderhead Darter)
Guyandotte River - 3 mi. below Baileyville, Wyoming County.
Phaxinus erythrogaster (Southern Redbelly Dace)
Mud River at Howells Mill, Cabell Co.
Trace Fork, Lincoln County
117
-------
TABLE 3-12
HIGH QUALITY STREAMS OF OTANDOTTS RIVER BASIN *
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1974)
Guyandotte River OG
Mud River OGM
Trace Fork OGM-20
Middle Fork OGM-25
Big Ugly Creek OG-38
Laurel Fork OGC-16
Buffalo Creek OG-75
Big Huff Creek OG-76
Indian Creek OG-110
Pinnacle Creek OG-124
* Accompanying symbols refer to West Virginia Dept. of Natural
Resource identification designations.
118
-------
CO-
70'
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'OHIO I
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Figure 3-3
MAP
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
SHOWING
BIG SANDY-TUG FORK
RIVER BASIN
n n
TQ M
-------
The watershed topography is generally rugged, the lower portion of
the drainage area Is relatively wide and gently sloped.
Major water quality problems in the basin include acid mine drainage
and sewage. Acid mine drainage is especially prevalent in the tributaries
which lie in McDowell and Mingo Counties. Table 3-13 shows those streams
affected by acid mine drainage and organic pollution.
Hydrology
The Big Sandy River is a natural flow river having no flood control
or low-flow augmentation reservoirs. Table 3-14 presents mean, maximum,
and minimum discharges for the water year 1976 (October 1975 to September
1976) for five locations in the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin.
At Litwar, the first of these five locations, the Tug Fork has a
drainage area of 502 square miles and an average discharge (based on 46 years)
of 545 cfs. At Williamson it has a drainage area of 932 square miles and
and average discharge (9 years) of 1,177 cfs. The Tug Fork near Kermit
has a drainage area of 1,185 square miles and an average discharge (42 years)
of 1,388 cfs. The Tug Fork at Glenhayes has a drainage area of 1,500 square
miles. The Big Sandy River at Louisa has a drainage area of 3,892 square miles
and an average discharge (38 years) of 4,425 cfs.
Water Quality
Although five water quality stations were operated by the WV Depart-
ment of Natual Resources, no data that coincided with the gaging stations
was presented, and therefore other water quality data was used. No
violations of state water quality standards were found for.temperature.
The water quality is genrally good in the basin. The pH ranged from a
low of 7.2 to a high of 8.4 for 1971, and a low of 7.2 to a high of
7.8 for 1976 (Department of Natural Resources, 1977). Dissolved oxygen
and conductivity values are presented in Figures 3-4 and 3-5. No violations
of state standards were recorded in the 1970's. Conductivity values
generally declined at downstream sampling points, probably due to increases
in size and flow.
Table 3-15 shows water quality analyses for the Big Sandy-Tug Fork
at Kenova, West Virginia. Iron and manganese levels exceeded state
standards. Cadmium and lead also exceeded state standard levels in some
cases.
Table 3-16 lists the monitoring stations and their storet numbers
zor the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin.
Aquatic Ecology
Fish species that may be found in the Big Sandy-Tug Fork Basin
are the same as found in the Guyandotte River Basin and are listed in
Table 3-10. The Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin only has one fish species
considered to be rare or threatened. This species, Phaxinus eryth-
rogastor (Southern Redbelly Dace), is found in Lynn Creek (Wayne County)
and Buffalo Creek (Wayne County).
120
-------
TARLK 3-13
WATRR QUALITY LIMITING STRRAMS ANT) THRIR POLLUTANTS
OF TFTC flIG SANDY - TUG PORK RIVER BASIN
(Department of Natural Resources, 1976)
Pollutant Description Length of Segment
0, MD Pigeon Creek 24.9
0, MD Rock House Creek 9.9
0, MD Mate Creek 10.6
0, MD Dry Fork 40.4
0 Bradshaw Creek 5.2
0 Barrenshe Creek 3.9
0, MD Jacobs Fork 12.3
0, MD Elkhorn Creek 21.7
0, MD North Fork of Elkhorn Creek 7.6
MD Big Sandy-Tug Fork Mainstem 82.0
MD Beech Creek 6.8
MD Left Fork 4-2
MD Panther Creek 7.9
MD Meathouse Fork 3.8
MD Long Branch 5.4
0 = Organic Pollution; MD = Mine Drainage
121
-------
TABLE 3-1^
'•W1ER DISCHARGE RECORDS FOR THE BIG SAMDY-TUG FORK RIVER BASICS (USGS, 1977)
Location
Tug Fork
(Litwar,
WV)
Tug Fork
(William-
son^ WV)
Tug Fork
(Kermit,
WV)
fn^n
Big Sandy
(Louisa,
KY)
(cfs)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean.
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
tfoan
•bfav
Min
Mean
Max.
Min.
Oct.
201
650
110
339
1380
199
521
2490
230
1922
8000
803
Nov.
299
1470
99
655
3960
215
1078
7570
323
3869
20500
1000
Dec.
268
550
126
527
1160
255
923
2150
388
3149
6430
1360
Jan.
829
3640
340
1829
7330
620
2535
9640
800
8555
24900
3270
Feb.
928
2650
595
1827
5320
1000
2468
7370
1390
7783
21500
4390
MONTH
Mar.
786
1520
436
1565
3540
669
1919
4290
858
6845
22600
3160
Apr.
645
2440
285
1051
3680
411
1316
4780
448
1 ^ftfc
Aft9n
S?9
4189
19100
1130
May
278
410
220
429
780
315
475
876
351
^>Ltt
jty
QAfl
ytu
Al L
1216
2190
790
June
215
400
150
301
568
188
337
644
214
li\L.
i oon
21A
1134
2860
482
Jul.
131
300
75
228
634
109
251
581
135
•snn
ftDQ
863
2260
394
Aug.
119
240
45
228
634
109
217
518
92
"*^^
1 1 nn
J.J.UU
•tA-l
909
2220
396
Sep.
136
1000
50
166
450
67
289
2800
95
91 1 O
1 12
742
2690
415
Year
403
3640
45
762
7330
67
1027
9640
92
S7R
AR9O
1 ^?
3431
24900
394
-------
H
ro
10.6-
10.2_
9.8.
9.4.
9.0_
8.6 .
8.2 _
7.8 .
7.4 .
7.0
6.5 .
AVERAGE VALUES
December 1970 - larch 1971
_ _ April - July 1971
August - November 1971
December 1975 - March 1976
April - July 1176
xxxxxx August - November 1976
Downstream
Stations
ff
i
o i—
ft <
«r> v>'
* ^
o
Figure 3-A
Dissolved Oxygen Values for the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin (1971-76)'(Department of Natural Resources 1977)
-------
650
620
590
560
530
500
470
440
410
380 .
ro
£-350
320
290
260
230
200
NICROWO
December 1970 - Harch 1971
_ _ April - July 1971
August - November 1971
December 1975 - March 1976
April - July 1976
xxxxxx August - November 1976
Downstream'
• Stations
= i
Figure 3-5
Conductivity Values for the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin
(1971-76) (Dept. of Natural Resources 1977)
Ll
o
il
fa-
s'
a-
-------
TAREF, 3-15
WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR THE BIG SANDY-TUG PORK RIVER
AT K5NOVA, WV - 1971 & 1976 (DEPT. OF NATURAL
RESOURCES 1977)
BIG SANDY-TUG FORK ANALYSES AT ,
-------
TABLE 3-16
MONITORING STATIONS OF THE BIG SANDY - TUG PORK RIVER BASIN
(DEPT. OF NATURAL RESOURCES 1977)
Storet No.
550393
550353
550394
550395
550685
550689
550354
550692
550697
550703
550698
State No.
BS-1
BST-0
BST-19
BST-31
BST-24-13
BST-40-1
BST-70-3
BST-70-M-1
BST-70-W-5
BST-70-U-3
BST-99-11
Location
Big Sandy, Highway Bridge U.S. Rt. 60
near Kenova, WV
Tug Fork Tall Bridge State Rt. 37,
Fort Gay, WV
Tug Fork Tall Bridge, Rt. 52/24 in
Kermit, WV
Tug Fork Private Bridge off Rt. 25,
Chattaroy, WV
Pigeon Creek above Elk Creek near
Delbarton
Mate Creek at Sec. 9 in North Matewan
Dry Fork Highway Bridge Rt. 80/2,
3 mi. south of laeger, WV
Bradshaw Creek at Bradshaw
Jacob Fork at Sec. 55 in Cucumber
War Creek below Lake Berwind
Elkhorn Creek at Sec. 52/3 in Vivian
126
-------
High Quality Streams
A list of high quality streams in the Big Sandy River System is
presented in Table 3-17.
3.4 LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
Basin Description
The Little Kanawha River Basin lies entirely within the Appalachian
Plateau. Its headwaters are located in north cental West Virginia in
Upshur County, and it forms a confluence with the Ohio River at Parkersburg.
The length of the Little Kanawha River is 169 miles and its drainage area
is approximately 2,312 square miles (Department of Natural Resources, 1974).
The entire area of Calhoun, Gilmer, and Ritchie counties lie within
the basin, while portions of 9 additional counties form the remaining
drainage area (Fig. 3-6). These counties include Wirt (99 percent), Wood
(54 percent), Braxton (53 percent), Roane (50 percent), Lewis (38 percent),
Doddridge (20 percent), Upshur (17 percent), Webster (3 percent), and
Clay (1 percent).
The principal tributaries of the Little Kanawha and their drainage
areas are the Hughes River, draining 534 square miles, Reedy Creek,
draining 130 square miles, West Fork, draining, 247 square miles, Leading
Creek, draining 147 square miles, and Steer Creek, draining 209 square
miles. (Department of Natual Resources, 1974).
The major water quality problem in the Little Kanawha River Basin
is municipal waste, which contributes to an increased concentration of
total and fecal coliforms. Oil and gas operations may be another potential
problem with this area of the state. A list of degraded streams is
presented in Table 3-18.
Hydrology
Six stream gaging stations are located on the Little Kanawha River
(United States Geological Survey, 1977). A list of mean, maximum, and
minimum flow data IB presented in Table 3-19 for the water year 1976.
The Little Kanawha River at Wildcat has a drainage area of 112
square miles. This station is a relatively new station. The Little
Kanawha River at Burnsville has a drainage area of 248 square miles.
The Little Kanawha River at Glenville has a drainage area of 386 square
miles and an average discharge (48 years) of 59B cfs. At Grantsville it
has a drainage area of 913 square miles and an average discharge (43 years)
of 1,334 cfs. The Little Kanawha River at Socksdale has a drainage area
of 205 square miles and an average discharge (41 years) of 258 cfs. At
Palestine it has a drainage area of 1,515 square miles and an average dis-
charge (37 years) of 2,093 cfs.
12?
-------
TABLE 3-17
HIGH QUALITY STREAMS OP THE BIO SAW-TUG TORK RIWi 3ASBS*
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1974}
Tug Pork River BST
Pl/igeon Creek
Fork
Panther Creek
Dry Pork RST-70
Clear Pork
^Accompanying symbols refer Co West Virginia Department of Natural
Resources Identification designations.
128
-------
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MAP
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
SHOWING
LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
KENTUCKY
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1 ^-J / -.
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-------
TABLE 3-18
WATER QUALITY LIMITING STREAMS AND THEIR POLLUTANTS
FOR THE LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN (Dept. of
Natural Resources 1976)
Pollutant Description Length of Segment
0 Spring Creek 27.1
MD Sand Fork, Cove Lick, Indian Fork 107.6
MD S. Fork Hughes River & Middle Fork 16.2
MD Cedar Creek 35.2
MD Copen Creek 6.3
0 = Organic Pollution
MD = Mine Drainage
130
-------
TABLE 3-lr»
DISCHARGE RECORDS OP THE LITHE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN FOR WATER YEAR 1976 (USGS, 1977)
(cfs)
Location
Little
Kanawha
River
(Wildcat,
WV)
Little
Kanawha
River
(Burns-
ville
WV)
Little
Kanawha
River
(Glenville
WV)
Little
Kanawha
River
(Grants-
ville.WV)
West Fork
Little
Kanawha
River
(Rocksdale
WV)
Little
Kanawha
River
(Palestine
WV)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
MONTH
Oct.
37.6
266
10
163
948
21
212
1550
29
498
3600
69
4.92
10.31
4.06
1039
6990
170
Nov.
89.0
545
19
172
876
26
202
1170
42
473
3600
92
4.95
8.95
4.22
958
5890
179
Dec.
223
807
66
467
1990
74
689
3900
117
1545
7570
274
6.12
13.73
4.75
2674
13600
660
Jan.
406
2010
113
859
3340
74
1308
6170
250
2943
16300
600
' 7.31
18.37
5.32
5157
23900
957
Feb.
332
1090
130
623
1160
115
842
1940
281
1743
3420
631
6.32
10.00
5.00
2790
6500
1030
Mar.
252
1100
61
535
1910
87
777
3710
138
1612
9470
308
6.09
12.10
4.58
2640
14300
508
Apr.
178
740
38
360
1510
62
521
2500
108
982
4590
232
5.22
8.17
4,37
1628
6660
396
May
107
709
28
237
1300
51
361
2400
67
711
4560
132
4.83
7.09
4.17
1013
4810
298
June
57.5
273
6.3
96.9
384
13
103
333
18
194
568
45
4.04
4.58
3.67
465
1470
97
Jul.
262
2190
15
361
2200
27
549
3720
34
970
6360
76
4.58
7.30
3.79
1599
7170
148
Aug.
18.9
60
3.6
40.4
128
6.2
54.1
145
15
174
321
33
423
1780
89
Sep . Year
40.0
307
4.9
46.7
423
7.3
62.6
410
17
143
1120
32
289
2330
51
168
2190
3.6
330
3340
6.2
474
6170
15
997
16300
32
5.44
18.37
3.67
1727
23900
51
UJ
-------
Water Quality
Water quality of the Little Kanawha Basin is genrally good.
There were no recorded temperature violations of state standards between
1971 and 1976. The pH readings are good throughout the basin. The average
pH value for 1971 was 7.0 with a miximum of 7.3 and a minimum of 6.6,
while the average in 1976 was also 7.0 with a maximum of 8.1 and a
minimum of 6.2.
The state standard for dissolved oxygen was not violated. Average
values for 1971 and 1976 were 8.7 mg/1 and 9.4 mg/1 respectively.
(Department of Natural Resources, 1977).
Conductivity levels are on the decline. The average for 1971 was
182 micromhos, while the average for 1976 was 176 mlcromhos.
An analysis of metals and other substances for the Little Kanawha
River at Elizabeth, West Virginia for the years 1971 and 1976 is presented
in Table 3-20. Iron, manganese, and phenol levels are above accepted
state standards.
A list of water quality monitoring stations for the Little
Kanawha River is presented in Table 3-21.
Aquatic Ecology
No data on phytoplankton or zooplankton is presently available.
A partial list of aquatic invertebrates is presented in Table 3-22.
There is no official listing of fish found in the basin; however, the
species list would be similar to that found in the Kanawha River Basin
(Table 3-39 supra). Also, reference can be made to the fish species
list found in the Ohio River Drainage Area in West Virginia (Table 3-10
infra).
Endangered Species
A list of endangered fish species for this basin is presented in
Table 3-23. A total of nine species considered threatened by the DNR
Heritage Program were found.
High Quality Streams
A list of high quality streams is presented for the Little Kanawha
Drainage Basin in Table 3-24.
3.5 KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
Basin Description
The Kanawha River Basin is the largest river basin in West Virginia.
Its drainage area encompasses 12,300 square miles and spans the width of
West Virginia and portions of Virginia and North Carolina. Portions
132
-------
TABIF, 3-20
WATER QUALITY JWKXSES TOR THS LITTLE ONAMHA KTVRR AT ELIZABETH
1971 & 1976 (Dept. of Natural
Resources 1977)
ANALYSIS (mg/1)
Iron
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadnlum
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Potassium
Sodium
Fluorides
Phenols
Sulfates
Fecal Conform
(No. /lOOnl.)
AVERAGE
1971 1976
.35
.01
.002
<.030
.072
<.OOC3
<.002
1.5
7.6
.09
<.otw
22
567
.79
.39
«.OD3
<.003
<-028
.115
•c.0004
.003
<.002
.018
1.9
5.9
.08
.002
16
<100
MAXIMUM
1971
.80
.01
.002
.052
.130
<.OOD4
<.004
i. a
15.0
.13
<.010
28
2.000
1976
1.34
.BO
.006
.004
.050
.240
0009
.004
.002
.030
2.4
7.0
.10
.003
21
100
MINIMUM
1971 1976
.09
.01
.002
<.020
.030
<.000l
<.002
.8
2.9
.05
«.001
15
100
.48
.18
<.002
.001
<-020
.061
•e.OOOl
.001
<-C02
,010
1.4
4.6
.05
.001
15
<100
133
-------
TABLE 3-21
WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS AND THEIR STORET NUMBERS FOR
THE LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1977)
Storet // State // Location
550444 LK-1 Little Kanawha River at
Farkersburg
550482 LK-23 Little Kanawha River.at
Elizabeth
550682 LK-31-21 Spring Creek below Nancy Run
-------
TABLR 3-22
PARTIAL LIST OF AQUATIC INVFTOEBRATR SP^CFtfS OF THE
KANAWHA RIVER BASIN (CORPS OF HNGINERRS, 1976)
Perlidae
Paragnetina media
Phasganophoracapltata
Perlesta placida
Isogeninae
Dlploperla dupllcata
Malirekus hastatus
Yugua arinus
Y. bulbosus
Isoperla blllneata
I. holochlora
I. namata
I. orata
I. similis
I. tranamarina
Corydalldae
Corydalus cornutus
Nlgronia serrlcornls
N. fasciatug
Chaullodes pectlnlcortilo
Perlidae
Perlesta placida
Acroneuria lycorias
Eecoptera xanthenes
Heptageniidae
Stenomena spp
Stenonema tripunctatum
Stenonena vicarium
Stream Dwelling Mussels
Unionlnae
Amblema costata
Lampsllinae
Lampsllls slliguoldea
Anodontinae
Anodonta grandis
135
-------
TABLE 3-23
RAH5 OR THREATENS FISH SPECIES OF THE LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
(Dept. of Natural 'Resources -Heritage Program)
(1978)
Ammocrypta pellucida (Eastern Sand Darter)
Little Kanawha River - 41 mi. above mouth, Wirt Co.
Little Kanawha River - at Calhoun - Gilmer line
Little Kanawha River - at Big Root Run - Calhoun Co.
Little Kanawha River - 44.3 miles above mouth - Wirt County
Hughes River - 8.8 mi. above mouth - Wirt Co.
Clinostomus elongatus (Redside Dace)
Little Kanawha River
Etheostoma Tippecanoe (Tippecanoe Darter)
Throughout Little Kanawha River System
Ichthyomyzon greleyi (Allegheny Brook Lamprey)
Pond Creek near mouth, Wood County
Moxostoma carinatum (River Redhorse)
Throughout Little Kanawha River system
Percina copelandi (Channel Darter)
Little Kanawha River at Sanoma Lowwater Bridge, Wirt Co.
Percina nacro cephala (Long head Darter)
Little Kanawha River at Rt. 5 bridge, Braxton Co.
Bonds Creek, 5 mi. above mouth, Ritchie County
Phaxinus erythrogaster (Southern Redbelly Dace)
Goose Creek at mouth of Short Run, Ritchie Co.
Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish)
Throughout Little Kanawha River Basin in larger pools and lagoons
136
-------
TABLE 3-24
HIGH QUALITY STREAMS OP THR LITTLE KAMAWHA DRAINAGE 3ASIN
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1974)
LITTLE KANAWHA RIVER SYSTEM
Little Kanawha River LK
Worthington Creek LK-2
Tygart Creek LK-6
Stillwell Creek LK-7
Walker Creek LK-10
Hughes River LKH
Goose Creek LKH-4
South Fork Hughes River LKH-9
Indian Creek LKH-9-J
Leatherbark Creek LKH-9-M
Spruce Creek LKH-9-R
Slab Creek LKH-9-W
Bone Creek LKH-9-X
Middle Fork Hughes River LKH-9-AA.
North Fork Hughes River LKH-10
Devilhole Creek LKH-10-G
Bonds Creek LKH-10-R
Rushers Run LKH-10-R-l
Standingstone Creek LK-21
Tucker Creek LK-23
Reedy Creek LK-25
Right Reedy Creek LK-25-B
Middle Fork Reedy Creek (no code)
West Fork Little Kanawha LKW
Henry Fork LKW-15
Beech Fork LKW-15-J
Steer Creek LKS
Bear Fork LKS-8
Right Fork Steer Creek LKS-9
Left Fork LKS-14
Spring Creek LK-31
Straight Creek LK-39
Leading Creek LK-40
Tanner Creek LK-66
Cedar Creek LK-72
Leading Creek LK-75
Cove Creek LK-75-K
Fink Creek LK-75-N
Sand Fork LK-86
Oil Creek LK-94
Saltlick Creek LK-95
Right Fork Little Kanawha River LK-115
Left Fork Right Fork Little Kanawha LK-115-H
137
-------
of 21 of West Virginia's 55 counties are located within the drainage area.
These include Boone (86.1 square miles), Braxton (55.2), Cabell (3.5),
Clay (96.9), Fayette (100), Greenbrier (100), Jackson (15.3), Kanawha
(100), Lincoln (11.6), Logan (13.7) Mason (46.8), Marcer (100), Monroe
(84.7), Randolph (8.7), Roane (50.3), Summers (100) and Webster (96.4)
counties. (Fig. 3-7).
The Kanawha River is formed by the junction of the New River and the
Gauley River in southern West Virginia. The total basin length is 190 miles.
Six major sub-basins are included in the Kanawha River Basin, including
the New River (6,920 square miles), the Greenbrier River (1,500 square
miles), the Elk River (1,540 square miles), the Gauley River (1,440
square miles), the Coal River (861 square miles), and the Pocatalico
River (238 square miles).
Pollution problems in the Kanawha River Basin are four-fold. High
total and fecal coliform levels are present. Chemical industries
dump organic wastes into the main stem. The third major contaminent is
brine and oil from the oil and gas industry. The fourth facet includes
the range of those many pollution problems resulting from coal mining
activities. A list of pollutants for the major tributaries is presented in
Table 3-25, and a list of polluted minor tributaries is presented in
Tables 3-26 and 3-27.
Hydrology
A list of monitoring stations,- drainage areas, and average discharges
is presented in Table 3-28. Monthly discharges for the 16 gaging stations
located throughout the drainage basin are found in Tables 3-29, 3-30 and 3-31.
The Kanawha River main stem has three lock and dam units located
at London, Marmet, and Winfield. These structures provide a navigable
channel to a point 91 miles above the mouth of the Kanawha.
The Kanawha River Basin also contains four major reservoirs. Of
these, Bluestone Lake, Sutton Lake, and Summersville Lake are located
in West Virginia. The fourth reservoir, Clayton Lake, is located in
Virginia on the New River. These reservoirs are used for flood control,
recreation, and low flow regulation. Pertinent data on these reservoirs
is presented in Table 3-32.
Water Quality
Generally, the water quality for the main tributaries is good,
especially for the New River and the Gauley River. The Kanawha River
main stem is especially bad around the Charleston area.
Water temperature has not violated state standards during the 1970's
even though installation of the dams has caused changes in natural
temperatures (Department of Natural Resources, 1977). Water temperatures
are presented in Table 3-33 for six gaging stations.
The dissolved oxygen levels for the basin were above state standards.
No violations were recorded in 1971 or 1976. (Fig. 3-8). Seasonally,
dissolved oxygen values are associated with stream flow and water tempera-
138
-------
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-------
TABLE 3-25
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS OF THE MAJOR
OF THE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN (Dept. of Natural Resources 1975)
Tributary Problem
Pocatalico River Sewage, chloride from oil and gas Industry
Coal River Limited acid mine drainage and sewage
Elk River Sewage, minor oils from oil and gas industries
Gauley River Limited acid mine drainage, black water and
sewage
New River Sewage on selected tributaries
Greenbrier River Sewage
Bluestone River Sewage
East River Sewage
-------
TABLE 3-26
KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENTS (ORGANICS)
PRIORITY GROUPINGS t DePt of Natural Resources 1975)
A Segment
B
401
417**
402
415**
422
421
408
407**
409**
403**
420
412**
414**
416**
418**
AH**
406**
419
405**
410**
413**
404**
Kanawha Mainstera
Piney Creek (Beckley Area)
Hurricane Creek
Arbuckle Creek
East River (Bluefield Area)
Brush Creek (Princeton Area)
Cabin Creek
Campbells Creek
Kelly's Creek
Pocatalico
Laurel Creek
Meadow River
Marr Branch
Dunloup Creek
Greenbrier River
Smlthers Creek
Clear Fork
Howards Creek
Spruce Fork
Paint Creek
Cherry River
Little Coal River
* Accompanying symbols refer to West Virginia Dept. of Natural Resources
identification designation.
** Also affected by potential or actual mine drainage.
141
-------
Group A:
Group B:
Group C:
TABLE 3-27
KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
MINE DRAINAGE AFFECTED SEGMENTS
PRIORITY GROUPINGS
(Department of Natual Resources 1975)
Segment 408 Cabin Creek & Tributaries
Segment 412 Meadow River & Little Sewell Creek
Segment 440 Gauley Mainstern
Group D:
Group E:
Group F:
Segment 405*
Segment 417*
Segment 442
Segment 404*
Segment 406*
Segment 407*
Segment 410*
Segment 413*
Segment 415*
Segment 429
Segment 403*
Segment 409*
Segment 411*
Segment 416*
Segment 424
Segment 426
Segment 427
Segment 428
Segment 439
Segment 441
Segment 414*
Segment 423
Segment 430
Segment 431
Segment 434
Segment 435
Segment 436
Segment 438
Segment 444
Segment 446
Segment 447
Segment 425
Segment 432
Segment 433
Segment 437
Segment 443
Segment 445
Segment 448
Spruce Fork
Piney Creek
Peters Creek
Little Coal River
Clear Pork & Sycamore Creek
Campbells Creek
Paint Creek
Cherry River
Arbuckle Creek
Marsh Fork
Pocatalico River
Kelley Creek
Smithers Creek
Dunloup Creek
Big Coal River
Pond Fork
West Fork
Spruce Laurel Fork
Loop Creek
Twentymile Creek
Marr Branch
Legg Fork
Peachtree Creek
Sandlick Creek
Blue Creek
Birch River MP 15-18 & Anthony Creek
Elk River MP 147.6 to 149 & Bergoo
& Leatherwood Creeks
Hughes Creek
Big & Little Clear Creeks
Bluestone Mainstern
Widemouth Creek
Turtle Creek
Tworaile Creek
Little Sandy & Wills Creek
Witchers Creek
Anglins Creek
Pinch Creek
Slaughter Creek
*Also Water Quality Limiting because of organics.
-------
TABLE 3-28
MCNITORING STATIONS, DRAINAGE AREAS, AND AVERAGE DISCHARGES
FOR THE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN (USGS, 1977)
Location:
New River (Bluestone Dam)
Greenbrier River (Durbin, WV)
Greenbrier River (Buckeye, WV)
Greenbrier River (Alderson, WV)
Greenbrier River (Hilldale, WV)
Gauley River (Craigsville, WV)
Gauley River (Summersville Dan)
Gauley River (Belva, WV)
New River (Hinton, WV)
Kanawha River (Kanawha Falls)
Elk River (Webster Springs, WV)
Elk River (Button, WV)
Elk River (Frametown, WV)
Elk River (Clay, WV)
Elk River (Queens Shoal, WV)
Kanawha River (Charleston, WV)
Drainage Area Average Discharge
(aq. mi.) [cfs]
4,604
134
540
1,357
1,625
528
804
1,315
6,257
5,485 (47 yrs.)
252 (33 yrs.)
864 (47 yrs.)
1,986 (81 vrs.)
2,215 (40 yrs.)
1,444 (12 yrs.)
2,184 (10 yrs.)
2,691 (48 yrs.)
7,797 (40 yrs.)
8,367 12,510 (99 yrs.)
268 696 (17 yrs.)
543 1,127 (38 yrs.)
752 1,552 (18 yrs.)
994 1,932 (18 yrs.)
1,145 2,010 (48 yrs.)
10,419 14,700 (37 yrs.)
-------
TABLE 3-29
WATER DISCHARGE RECORDS FOR THE NEW AND KANAWHA RIVERS. WATER Y«MR 1976 (USGS, 1977)
Location
New River
(Bluestone
Dam, WV)
New River
(Hinton,
WV)
Kanawha
River
(Kanawha
Falls, WV)
Kanawha
River
(Charles-
ton, WV)
(cfs)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
MONTH
Oct.
4862
27500
1520
5866
40100
1940
8934
49600
2700
102GO
43700
3930
Nov.
4052
9180
2090
5095
17400
2370
9353
28400
4530
11450
31900
5670
Dec.
3418
5960
1740
4178
10100
2230
7290
16700
4320
10440
20100
5730
Jan.
9168
28400
2980
13360
49100
3470
22110
81800
6290
27970
99200
8280
Feb.
7402
11700
4900
10910
20300
6730
18430
31400
11600
22460
36400
14700
Mar.
5236
10400
1310
7384
12200
3310
11210
19200
5580
15460
35200
6930
Apr.
5549
19200
2580
6665
24200
2620
8836
30700
3640
10060
34800
4200
May
4235
11400
2200
4627
12300
2310
6250
14500
2980
7194
17500
3380
June
9725
33500
2420
10120
34600
2460
11650
37800
3260
11790
37100
3490
Jul.
4103
7280
1770
4100
6990
2690
6415
10500
3910
7622
17000
4430
Aug.
2413
3540
1490
2305
3530
1540
3590
7490
2280
3986
8070
2330
Sep.
2239
4210
1460
2072
3860
1530
3296
6560
2420
4033
10100
2680
Year
5186
33500
1310
6370
49100
1530
9750
81800
2280
11860
99200
2330
-p-
-------
TABLE 3-30
R DISCHARGE RECORDS TOR i*K GJFFWKIFR tPID GAULEY RIVERS. WATER Y^-AR 1976 (USGS, 1977)
Location
Greenbrier
River
(Durbin,
WV)
Greenbrier
River
(Buckeye ,
WV)
Greenbrier
River
(Alderson,
WV)
Greenbrier
River
(Hilldale,
WV)
Gauley
River near
Craigs-
ville ,WV
Gauley
River be-
low Sum-
mersville
Dam, WV
Gauley
River
above
Belva, WV
(cfs)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
MONTH
Oct.
209
1970
48
797
10600
114
1504
11800
296
1601
14900
344
710
4830
199
2038
5570
90
2297
6800
186
Nov.
255
1120
68
793
5290
188
1434
7400
388
1620
8700
452
1290
5970
360
2460
5770
'120
3109
8020
1220
Dec.
236
1250
105
728
4550
277
1112
4770
476
1253
5610
580
1261
5240
550
1628
3680
680
2196
5070
944
Jan.
459
2310
140
1838
13100
432
4195
27500
740
4961
25500
820
2504
13000
600
3601
12800
700
5598
21700
1100
Feb.
430
718
192
1343
3040
657
3016
7700
1560
3849
8980
2090
2440
5050
880
3284
7460
1330
4803
10300
2140
Mar.
289
658
101
975
2630
338
1947
4770
770
2517
5260
992
1433
3770
463
1408
5950
126
2303
8000
1000
Apr.
158
442
50
554
2030
140
1185
4620
346
1599
5890
428
894
2810
235
203
1630
80
724
3190
264
May
77.9
170
43
300
810
109
697
1970
276
857
2670
344
893
3580
273
.554
2870
112
830
3670
250
June
69.1
198
30
333
1130
101
821
2440
301
992
2640
332
406
1490
177
605
2960
162
859
3250
234
July
117
450
35
282
1130
72
481
1320
258
604
1600
302
977
3840
164
1243
3810
112
1514
4950
204
Aug.
26.4
61
9.0
74.5
236
27
208
810
72
255
950
86
336
1830
60
711
I860
224
816
2900
268
Sept.
26.3
125
5.0
78.4
308
26
135
548
71
154
524
86
358
2790
62
716
1930
184
752
2430
173
Year
196
2310
14
674
13100
26
1391
27500
71
1683
25500
86
1122
13000
60
1538
12800
80
2144
21700
173
-------
TABLE 3-31
WATCR DISCHARGE RECORDS FOR TH3 ELK RIVER. WATER YEAR 1976 (USGS, 1977}
Location
Elk River
Below
(Webster
Springs
WV)
Elk River
(Sutton,
WV)
Elk River
near
( Frame -
town, WV)
Elk River
(Clay,
WV)
Elk River
(Queen
Shoals
WV)
(cfs)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Mln.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
MOUTH
Oct.
282
1570
91
750
1990
445
903
2270
504
906
2400
452
991
2410
521
Nov.
502
2420
132
1090
2760
455
1341
3350
665
1466
3920
619
1631
4340
731
Dec.
600
1480
260
1040
2130
390
1516
3040
632
1979
4080
690
2165
4450
910
Jan.
1178
5910
300
2121
4260
495
2924
7460
750
3925
L4300.
850
4358
L5500
956
Feb.
1184
2950
450
1916
3330
924
2446
4340
1220
2930
4850
1390
3313
5290
1750
Mar.
746
2180
240
1349
3890
292
1900
5120
414
2395
6900
470
2837
9620
610
Apr.
503
1870
143
105
540
80
388
2180
143
667
3370
200
849
3820
219
May
366
1490
143
479
2870
80
656
3690
133
789
4290
170
915
4740
203
June
167
365
60
274
690
77
370
865
91
376
891
100
372
811
99
July
516
4790
83
807
5850
120
1126
7370
174
1232
8090
157
1290
7530
174
Aug.
114
522
26
190
642
75
256
753
93
287
835
95
303
811
93
Sep.
109
564
29
336
1730
75
440
2530
96
497
3130
95
520
3140
93
Year
521
5910
26
875
5850
75
1188
7460
91
1454
14300
95
1628
15500
93
-------
TAB7E 3-32
PERTINENT DATA FOR MAJOR RESERVOIRS LOCATED WITHIN THE KAMAVRA RTVER 3ASIN
(Department of Natural Resources 1975)
Reservoir
Stream
County, State
Claytor Lake
New River
Pulaski, Va.
Bluestone Lake
New River
Summers, W. Va.
Sutton Lake
Elk River
Braxton, W. Va.
Summersville Lake
Gauley River
Nicholas, W. Va.
Year of
Storage
Commencement
1939
1949
1960
1965
Drainage Area
Controlled
(Sq. Mi.)
2,382
4,565
537
803
Storage (acre-feet)
Purposes
P, Gen R
Conser-
vation
Flood
Control
FC, LFR,
Gen R&F
FC, LFR,
Gen R&F
224,000
FC, Gen RSF 293,000 338,000 631,000
150,000 114,500 265,300
242,300 171,500 413,800
FC = Flood Control
Gen R&F = General Recreation 5 Fish & Wildlife
LFR = Low Flow Regulation
P = Power
-------
, 3-33
1WTHLY VMTCR ^E*TCATURp;S TOR STATIONS IN «*F. KANAWHA RIW.R BASIN
1976. (USGS, 1977)
Month
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feh
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
STATIONS
New River
(Blue-
stone,
WV)
Max Min
20°c 16°c
16 8
8.5 2.5
5.5 1.0
9 2.5
13 8.5
20.5 10
20 16
24 18
28 22
26.5 24
25.5 20
Gauley
River
(Craigs-
ville.WV)
Max Min
___
15 4
8 1.5
_ —
13.5 2
22 6
20 10
27.5 16
25.5 17
27 17
24 11
Gauley
River
(Summers-
ville.WV)
i
Max Min
19.5 16
16.5 8
8.5 3.5
5 1.5
6.5 2
11 5.5
15.5 5
11.5 7
11.5 8.5
15 9.5
20 15
21 18
Kanawha
River
(Kanawha
Falls, WV)
Max Min
19 15
15 7
8 3
6 1.5
8 2.5
13 7
21 10.5
21 16
23 19.5
23 19.5
25.5 22
_*_
Elk River
(Webster
Springs ,
WV)
Max Min
17 9
15 4.5
7 0.5
6.5 0
10.5 1
12.5 2.5
20.5 5.5
20.5 11
27.5 18
25.5 19.5
24.5 19
22.5 18
Kanawha
River
(Win-
field.WV)
18.5
12.5
6
3.5
6.5
11
16
20
24
25.5
26
24
-------
20
18
17
16
IS
H
13
12
11
10.0
9.5
9-0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7
ng/1 AVERAGE VALUES
Oecenber 1970 - March 1971
April - July 1971
August - November 1971
^ December 1975 - March 1976
April - July 1976
xxxxxx August - November 1976
, . • • •,.•
m Downstream
Z Stations
n>
vt
s
to
o
a
c*
ta
o
r> c/»
3- o
a c
fD
VI
S
n>
CL.
S r
ui •)
o a
Figure 3- 8
Dissolved Oxygen Values for the Kanawha-New Rivers (1971 and 1976)
Department of Natural Resources 1977
-------
tures, with low values occurring during warmer periods and periods of
lower stream flow.
Conductivity levels were found to be high in the lower reaches
of the basin due to a higher content of dissolved solids (Fig. 3-9).
Analysis of metal and other substances for the Kanawha River at
Winfield are presented in Table 3-34. Iron, manganese, and lead are
above accepted standards* Phenols also exceed state standards. Monthly
conductivity, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen values for the
Kanawha River at Winfield are presented in Table 3-35.
A list of water quality stations and their storet numbers are
given in Table 3-36.
Aquatic Ecology
Forty gix genera of algae are found in the Kanawha River (Table 3-37).
There are 4 genera of blue greens, 28 genera of green algae, 12 genera of
diatoms, 1 genus of dinoflagellates and 1 genus of euglenoids. Green
algae and diatoms are the dominant algae in the system.
A partial list of aquatic invertebrate species is presented in
Table 3-38. This list includes only some of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,
Odonata, and Megaloptera.
Fish species for the Kanawha River (above and below the falls)
and the New River are listed in Table 3-39. A total of 95 species were
found below the falls, 70 species above the falls and 43 species in
the New River (Dames and Moore, 1974). An additional list of fish for the
Kanawha River, the Elk River and the New River is presented in Table 3-40.
Endangered Species
A list of rare or threatened fish species and their locations is
given in Table 3-41. A total of 15 species were found to be rare or
threatened in the Kanawha River drainage area by the DNR-Heritage Program.
High Quality Streama
High quality streams of the Kanawha River Baain are presented in
Table 3-42.
3.6 MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Basin Description
The Monongahela River Basin is located on the Allegheny Mountains
and the Allegheny Plateau in northern West Virginia. The confluence of
the West Fork River and Tygart Valley River at Fairmont forms the
Monongahela River. Its drainage area is 7,340 square miles and encompases
portions of West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Maryland West Virginia
150
-------
MICROMHO
290 -
260 -
230 -
200 -
175 -
150 -
145 -
140 -
135 -
130 -
125 -
120 -
115 -
110 -
105 -
100 -
AVERAGE VALUES
December 1970 - March 1971
April - July 1971
. August - November 1971
December 1975 - March 1976
April - July 1976
xxxxxx August - November 197E
\
\
\
2 Downstream
S Stations
o
3
It
3
Ul O
s s
S 1
I (1
o t/>z
B rr-^
I '
I *3
vi a
Figure 3- 9
Conductivity Values for the Kanawha-New River (1971-1976)
Dept. of Natural Resources, 1977
-------
1-1 *
WATCR QUALITY ANALYSES FOR THR KANAWHA RIV^R AT WINFIKLD, WV.
(1971 R 1976)
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1977)
ANALYSIS (119/1)
Iron
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Potassium
Sodium
Fluorides
Phenols
Sulfates
Fecal Col i form
(No./lOOral)
AVERAGE
1971
.51
<.00l
.002
.14
.0004
<.003
.022
1.4
11.3
.10
<.Q09
36
126
1976
.64
.39
<-002
<.OOS
<.05
.13
.0003
.002
<.002
.028
1.8
13.5
.09
<.003
31
<220
MAXIMUM
1971
1.70
<.001
.004
.33
.001
<.004
.022
1.9
17.0
.13
.021
56
400
1976
.79
.54
<.002
.018
.15
.20
.001
.002
.003
.060
2.0
26.0
.IS
.006
53
600
MINIMUM
1971
.04
<.001
.001
—
.04
.0002
<.OD2
.022
1.0
6.0
.08
•c.001
22
-TO
1976
.54
.23
<.C02
<.001
<.02
.07
.0001
.001
«.002
.010
1.6
8.0
.04
*.001
22
<)00
-------
TABLE 3-35
WATER QUALITY OF KANAWHA RIVER AT THE WINFTELD DAM. WATER YEAR 1976.
(USGS, 1976)
Nov 07
Dec 16
Jan 23
Veb 23
Mar 23
Apr 28
Jun 04
Jul 27
Aug 18
Sep 23
Ave
Max
Min
Discharge
(cfs)
6560
15200
9400
27200
31100
4570
11300
7700
3160
2780
11897
31100
2780
Specific
Conductivity
(micromhos)
340
200
360
200
190
350
220
380
310
283
380
190
PH
(units)
7.5
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.6
7.4
7.6
7.1
Temperature
(°c)
15.5
7.5
1.5
6.0
10.0
14.0
22.0
26.0
20.0
13.6
26
1.5
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/1)
8.8
10.1
10.9
9.9
9.1
7.3
6.3
7.7
10.9
6.3
153
-------
3-36
T NO.
WAT*,R QUALITY S^AnONS OF TFF, KANAWKA RIVTO BASIN
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1977)
', NO. LOCATION
550398
550748
550504
550505
550506
550474
550545
550600
550476
550638
550626
550630
550477
550543
550538
550541
550537
550540
550500
550478
510013
550553
550722
550550
550546
550480
550726
550481
550729
550442
550479
550617
550443
550441
550557
550608
550770
K-2 Kanawha River 2 miles above Henderson
K-31 Kanawha River at Winfield Dam
K-46 Kanawha River at St. Albans, Nitro Bridge
K-52 Kanawha River at Dunbar Toll Bridge
K-56 Kanawha River at Patrick St. Br., Rt. 60, Charleston, WV
K-74 Kanawha River at Chelyan
KP-9 Pocatalico River at Lanham
KP-23 Pocatalico River at 1-77 Bridge below Sissonville
KC-5 Coal River at Tornado
KC-47-0 Clear Fork at Sec. 1/2 Bridge in Leevale
KC-10-0 Little Coal River at footbridge in Forks of Coal
KC-10-T-O Spruce Fork at Sec. 119/8 above Madison
KE-27 Elk River at Queen Shoals
K-49-0 Campbells Creek at mouth
K-61-1 Cabin Creek above Chelyan
K-64-0 Kellys Creek at Cedar Grove
K-65-1 Paint Creek 1 mile South of Pratt
K-72-0 Smithers Creek in Smithers
KN-1 New River above mouth of Cove Branch
KN-44 New River above Hinton
KN-60 New River at Glen Lynn, VA
KN-9-2 Marr Branch, Bank Sample below Fayetteville
KN-21-0 Arbuckle Creek at abandoned RR Bridge at mouth
KN-22-0 Dunloup Creek at WV Sec. Route 25 Bridge
KN-26-0 Piney Creek at U.S. 19 Bridge
KNG-6 Greenbrier River at Hilldale
KNG-25-2 Howards Creek near U.S. 60 and 1-64
KNG-49 Greenbrier River at Buckeye Bridge
KNG-130 Greenbrier River in Cass
KNB-20 Bluestone River east of Camp Creek
KNB-53 Bluestone River in Bramwell
KNB-12-1 Brush Creek at Sec. 3 Bridge
KNE-1 East River, 2 miles west of Va. State Line
KG-5 Gauley River, Jodie
KG-19-12 Meadow River near Nallen
KG-34-4 Cherry River at W.Va. Route 39 Bridge in Fenwick
K-22-5 Hurricane Creek at Co. 19 Bridge
-------
TABIE 3-37
ALGAE GOFJtt 0? TW KANAUHA KI^R BASTO (MHB & MOOFK, 1974)
Abundance3 Bating1*
Bluegreen Algae
Agmenelluro 0 36
Anabaena 0 22
Anacystis 0 19
Spirulina 0 37
Green Algae
hctinastrvm M 40
Ankistrodesmus M 10
Arthrodesrous 0 N
Chlorella H 5
Chlorococcum 0 50
Closteridium 0 N
Closteriopsis 0 N
Closterium M 16
Coelastrum M 41
Crucigenia 0 ^0
Dictyosphaerium 0 5a
Gloeocystis Q N
Golenkinia 0 46
Gompho sphaerla 0 N
Kicractinium 0 17
Hicrospora 0 N
Mougeotia 0 N
Nannochloris A N
Qocystis 0 3S
Pediastrum 0 24
Phytococcus 0 N
Seenedesnus M
Schroederia ° N
155
-------
TABIP. 3-37 OOTC1NURD
Green Algae (cent.)
Selenastrum
Sphaerocystls
Tetradesmus
Tetraedron
Tetrastrum
Diatoms
Asterionella
Cyclotella
Cymbella
Diatoma
Fragilaria
Helosira
Navicula
Pinnularia
Pleuronema
Stephanodiscus
Synedra
Tabellaria
Dinoflagellates
Peridinum
Euglenoids
Trachelomonas
Abundance3
0
0
0
0
0
0
A
0
0
0
M
M
0
0
0
M
0
Rating1*
57
N
N
N
N
51
15
39
44
29
13
7
49
N
32
9
N
26
Abundance: 0 = Occasional, M = Moderately Abundant. A -
Abundant
Relatively
Rating: 1-60, referring to the M algal genera most commonly
associated with polluted waters; rhus. Scenede.smus is the fourth
most frequently found pollution-tolerant freshwater algal genus.
N = Not in the list of 60 most pollution-tolerant genera.
156
-------
TABLE 3-38
A PARTIAL LIST OF AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE SPECIES OF THE KANAWHA RIVER BASIN
(TARTAR, 1975)
Ephemaroptera
Siphlonurus marshalli
Baetia cingulatus
B. flavish
B. intercalaris
B. propinguus
B. rusticans
B. vagans
Pseudocloeon myrusum
P. paryulum
Heptagenia juno
Stenonema interpunctatum
S. Ithaca
S. luteum
S. pulchellum
S. rubrum
S. vicaruim
Ephemerella panerails
E. invaria
E. rotunda
Plecoptera
Pteronarcya dorsata
Allonarcys beloba
A. comatocki
A. proteus
Paragnetina itnmarginata
P. media
Phasganophora capitata
Neopula clymene
Acrcneuria abnormis
A. carolinensis
A. evolute
A. internata
A. lycorias
Acrcneuria perplexa
Eccoptura xanthanea
Perlesta frlsoni
P. placida
PerllaellB..drymo
Cultus decisus
Dysloperla duplicata
Helopicus subvarians
Isogenoides hansoni
Malirekus hastatus
Remenus bilobatus
Yugus arinus
Y. bulbobatus
Isoperla bilaneata
I.
I.
I.
1.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
burkski
clio
dicala
holochlora
lata
namata
orata
richardsoni
similis
transmarina
Odonata
Agrion amatum
A. maculatum
Hetaerina americana
Lestes dryas
Argia sedula
A. violacea
Megaloptera
Corydalua cornutus
Nigronia serricornia
N. faaciatus
Chauliodes pectinicornis
C. rastricornis
157
-------
TABLE 3-39
FISH SPECIES FOR THE KANAWHA RIVER (ABOVE AND BELOW THE FAIlls)
AND THE NEW RIVER (DAMES i MOORE, 1974)
E » endemic; N = native; NP * probably present native;
NI = regarded as native but possibly introduced; I = introduced;
IP = probably or possibly introduced - regarded as such;
Ha = euryhaline or diadromous; X = fishes listed by Hocutt
Ichthyomyzon bdellium
Latnpetra aepyptera
Polyodon spathula
Lepisosteus osseus
Amia calva
Anguilla rostrata
Alosa chrysochloris
Alosa pseudoharengus
Dorosoma cepedianum
Dorosoma petenense
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Salvelinus fontinalis
Esox masquinongy
Esox niger
Campostoma anomalum
Carassius auratus
Chrosomus erythrogaster
Chrosomus oreas
Clinostomus funduloides
Cyprinus carpio
Ericymba buccata
Exoglossum laurae
Exoglossum max i.1 lingua
Hybopsis aestivalis
Hybopsis amblops
Hybopsis dissimilis
Hybopsis storeriana
Nocomis leptocephalus
Mocomis roicropogon
Nocomis platyrhynchus
Notemiqonus crysoleucas
Notropis albeolus
Motropis ardens
Notropis ariommus
Below
Falls8
N
N
N
Ma
Ma
Ma
Ma
I
I
I
IP
N
I
N
I
N
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
New
River*
I
I
I
N
IP
I
N
N
N
I
N
N
NX
N
N
N
N
X
X
X
X
158
-------
TAHLF, 3-39 CCNTINTFID
Notropis atherinoides
Notropis buchanani
Notropis cerasinus
Notropis coecogenis
Motropis cornutus (=chrysocephalus)
Notropis galacturus
Notropis hudsonius
Notropis leuciodus
Wotropis photogenis
Notropis procne
Notropis rubellus
Notropis rubricroceus
Notropis scabriceps
Notropis spilopterus
Notropis stramineus
Notropis telescopus
Notropis unbratilus
Notropis volucellus
Notropis whipplei
Phenacobius micrabilis
Phenacobius teretulus
Pimephales notatus
Pimephales proroelas
Pimephales vigilax
Rhinichthys atratulus
Rhinichthys cataractae
Semotilus atromaculatus
Carpiodes carpio
Carpiodes cyprinvis
Carpiodes velifer
Catostomus commersoni
Hypentelium nigricans
Ictiobus bubalus
Ictiobus niger
Minytrema melanops
Moxostoma anisurum
Moxostoma carinatum
itoxostoma duquesnei
Hoxostoma erythrurum
Moxostoma macrolepidotum
Moxostoma rhothroecum
Ictalurus furcatus
Ictalurus melas
Ictalutus natalis
Ictalurus nebulosus
Below
Falls3
N
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
IP
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Above
Falls3
N
IP
NI
IP
N
N
IP
E
N
N
IP
M
B
N
N
N
N
N
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N
IP
IP
159
-------
TABLE 3-39
CONTINUED
Ictalvirus punctatus
Noturus insignis
Noturus miurus
Pylodictis olivaris
Percopsis omiscomaycus
Labidesthes sicculus
Morone chrysops
Ambloplites rupestris
Lepomis auritus
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepomis gibbosus
Lepomi s gulosus
Lepomis macrochirus
Leporcis megalotis
Micropterus dglomieui
Micropterus punctulatus
Micropterus Sdlmoides
Pomoxis annularis
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Ammocrypta pellucida
Etheostoma blennioides
Etheostoma caeruleum
Etheostoma camurum
Etheostoma flabellare
Etheostoma kanawhae
Etheostoma maculaturn
Etheostoma nigrum
Etheostoma gsburni
Etheostoma tippecanoe
Etheostoma variatum
Etheostoma zonale
Perca flavescens
Percina caprodes
Percina copelandi
Percina crassa
Percina evides
Percina macrocephala
Percina maculata
Percina oxyrhyncha
Percina sciera
Stizostedion canadense
Stizostedion v. vitreum
Cottus bairdi
Cottus carolinae
Below
Falls3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NI
N
Above
Falls6
NI
N
N
IP
N
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
I
N
NI
IP
IP
IP
N
N
E
IP
N
N
N
N
E?
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
160
-------
TABLE
PISH SPKCIES FROM THE KWJAWHA, EIK, AND NFW RIVERS (DAMS & MOORE, 1971)
I = thought to have been introduced; IP = probably introduced} M = migratory, moving in
and out, not actually permanent residents; N = thought to be native to the drainage
system; X = known from above and below the vicinity of Charleston but unrecorded from the
Charleston, West Virginia area; P = Present
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
PETROMYZONTIDAE
Ichthyomyzon bdellium
Ohio lamprey
Lampetra aepyptera
Least brook lamprey
POLVODOMTIDAE
Polyodon spathula
Paddlefish
LEPISOSTEIDAE
Lepisosteus osseus
Longnose gar
ANGUILLIDAE
Rnguilla rostrata
American eel
CLUPEID^E
ftlosa chrysochloria
Skipjack herring
Dorosoma cepedianum
Gizzard shad
Kanawha River
Main Vicinity of
Channel Charleston
N
N
N
M
M
M
M
Elk River
Lower Middle
N
N
New River
at
Upper Glen Lyna
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
-------
CONTINUED
ON
ro
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Dorosoma petenense
Threadfin shad
ESOCIDAE
Esox masquinongy ohiensis
Ohio muskellunge
SALMONIDAE
Salmo gairdneri
Rainbow trout
Salmo trutta
Brown trout
Salvelinus fontinalis
Brook trout
CATOSTOMIDAE
Carpiodes £. carpio
River carpsucker
Carpiodes cyprinus
Quillback
Carpiodes velifer
Highfin carpsucker
Catostomus c. commersoni
White sucker
Hypentelium n. niqricans
Northern hogsucker
Ictiobus bubalus
Sraallmouth buffalo
Kanawha River
Main Vicinity of
Channel Charleston
N
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
Elk River
Lower Middle
New River
at
Upper Glen Lyna
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
-------
TABLE 3-^0 CONTINUED
LO
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Ictiobus niger
Black buffalo
M'inytrema melanops
Spotfin sucker
Moxostoma anisurum
Silver redhorse
Moxostoma carinatum
River redhorse
Moxostoma duquesnei
Black redhorse
Moxostoma erythrurum
Golden redhorse
Moxostoma breviceps
Shorthead redhorse
CYPRINIDAE
Campostoma a. anomalum
Ohio stonerollcr
Campos toma a_. michauxi
Appalachian stoneroller
Carassius auratua
Goldfish
Clinostonms funduloldes
Rosyside dace
Cyprinus carpio
Carp
Kanawha River
Main
Channel
N
Vicinity of
Charleston
N
N
N
N
N
N
Elk River
Lower Middle
Upper
New River
at
Glen Lyna
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
-------
TABLE 3-40 CONTINUED
Family Name Kanawha River Elk River New River
Scientific Name Main Vicinity of at
Common Name Channel Charleston Lower Middle Upper Glen Lyna
Ericymba buccata
Silver jaw minnow N N N N N IP
Exoglossum maxillingua
Cutlips minnow N
Hybopsis aestivalis hyostoma
Speckled chub N N N N N
Hybops is a_. amblops
,_, Bigeye chub N N N N N
0}
Hybopsis d. dissimilis
Streamline chub N N N N N
Hybopsis storeriana
Silver chub N
Nocomis leptocephalus
Bluehead chub N
Nocomis micropogon
River chub N N N N N
Nocomis platyrhynchus
Bigmouth chub N
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Golden shiner N N N N N
Notropis albeolus
White shiner N
Notropis ardens lythrurus
Rosefin shiner N
-------
TABLE 3-40 CONTINUED
ON
VJl
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Notropis ariommus
Popeye shiner
Notropis atherinoidos
Emerald shiner
Notropis blennius
River shiner
Notropis buchanani
Ghost shiner
Notropis c_. cornutus
Common shiner
Notropis £. chrysocephalus
Central common shiner
Notropis galacturus
Wlutetai] shiner
Notropis hudsonius ssp.
Snottail shiner
Notropis photogenis
Silver shiner
Notropis g. procne
Swallowtail shiner
Notropis rubollus
Rosyface shiner
Notropis s. spilppterus
Spotfin shiner
Kanawha River
Main
Channel
N
N
N
N
N
Vicinity of
Charleston
Elk River
Lower Middle
New River
at
Upper Glen Lyna
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
IP
N
N
-------
7. 3-^0 CONTTNUED
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Notropis s_. stramineus
Sand shiner
Notropis telescopus
Telescope shiner
Notropis umbratil is cyano-
cephalus
Redfin shiner
Notropis v. volucellus
Mimic shiner
Notropis v. wickliffi
Channel mimic shiner
Notropis whipplei
Steelcolor shiner
Phenacobius mirabilis
Suckertnouth minnow
Phoxinus erythrogaster
Redbelly dace
Phoxinus oreas
Mountain redbelly dace
Piroephales notatus
Bluntnose minnow
Kanawha River
Main Vicinity of
Channel Charleston
Elk River
Lower Middle
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
New River
at
Glen Lyna
N
N
N
N
N
-------
TABU5! 3-^0 CONTINUED
o\
Family Name
Scientific Name Main
Common Name Channel
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow I
Pimephales viqilax perspicuous
Bullhead minnow N
Rhinichthys atratulus obtusus
Blacknose dace N
Rhinichthys cataracte
Longnose dace N
Semotilus
-------
TABLE
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Noturus insignis ssp.
Marginal niadtom
Pylodictls olivari.s
Flathead catfish
Kanawha TU-ver
Main Vicinity of
Channel Charleston
Elk River New River
at
Lower Middle Upper Glen Lyna
N
N
N
N
O>
Oo
PERCOPSIDRE
Percopsis omiscomaycus
Trout perch
ATHERINIDAE
Labidesthes sieculus
Brook silversides
N
N
N
N
COTTIDAE
Cottus b. bairdii
Mottled sculpin
Cottus carolinae ssp.
Banded sculpin
PERCICHTHYIDAE
Morons chrysops
White bass
N
N
N
CENTRARCHIDftE
Ambloplites r_. rupescrls
Rockbass ""
Lepornia auritua
Redbreast sunfish
N
N
N
IP
-------
TABLF, 3-^0 CONTINUED
cr\
vo
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Lepomis cyanellus
Green sunfish
Lempomis gibbosus
Pumpkinseed
Lepomis gulosus
Warmouth
Lepomis macrochirus
Bluegill
Lepomis megalotis
Longear sunfish
Micropterus d_. dolomieui
Smallmouth bass
Micropterus p_. punctulatus
Spotted bass
Micropterus salmoides
Largemouth bass
Pomoxis annularis
White crappie
Pomoxis nigro-maculatus
Black crappie
Kanawha River
Main Vicinity of
Channel Charleston
Elk River
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
New River
at
Lower Middle Upper Glen Lyn
N
IP
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
-------
TA3IE
CONTIIflUED
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
PERCIDAE
Ammocrypta pellucida
Eastern sand darter
Etheostoma b. blenruoides
Greenside darter
Etheostoma caerulpiim
Rainbow darter
Etheostoma £. flabellare
FanLa11 darter
Etheostoma m. maculaturn
Spotted darter
Etheostoma n. nigrum
Johnny darter
Etheostoma osburni
Kanawha River
Main
Channel
Vicinity of
Charleston
Finescaled saddled darter
Etheostoma tippecanoe
Tippecanoe darter
Etheostoma variatum
Variegate darter
Etheostoma
zonale
Banded darter
Percina c. raprodes
Logperch
N
N
N
N
N
Elk River
Lower Middle
N N
N N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
New River
at
Upper Glen Lyn
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
-------
TABIE
CCNTTOIKD
Family Name
Scientific Name
Common Name
Percina copelandi
Channel darter
Percina crassa roanoka
Piedmont darter
Percina e_. evides
Gilt darter
Percina macrocephala
Longhead darter
Percina m. maculata
Blackside darter
Percina oxyrhyncha
Sharpnose darter
Percina s_. scipra
Dusky darter
Stizostedion canadense
Sauger
Stizostedion y_. vitreum
Walleye
SCIAENIDAE
Aplodinotus grunniens
Freshwatpr drum
Kanawha River
Main
Channel
Vicinity of
Charleston
Elk Biver
Lower Middle
Upper
New River
at
a
Glen Lyn
N
N
N
N
From J. R. Stauffer, Jr., 1975
N
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
new record for the New-Kanawha River system obtained by J. R. Stauffer, Jr., and R. F. Denoncourt
-------
TASK 3-tl
RARE OR THREATENED FISH SPECIES OF THE 'KAWAWHA RIVER BASIN
(Dept. of Natural Resources - Heritage Program 1978)
Etheostoma osburni (Finescaled Saddled Darter)
Gauley River at Gauley Mills, Webster Co.
Gauley River at headwaters (Big Run), Webster Co.
Gauley River - S. of Bolair, Webster Co.
Cherry River at Holcomb, Nicholas Co.
Gauley River - Just above mouth, Fayette Co.
Laurel Creek - near Nams Chapel, Greenbriar Co.
South Fork of Cherry River, Greenbrier Co.
Gauley River - near Swiss, Nicholas Co.
Williams River - 3 mi. from Hadley, Focahontas Co.
Rosen Run - 1 mile above mouth of Deer Creek, Pocahontas Co.
Deer Creek - Pocahontas Co.
Sitlington Creek - at Dunmore, Pocahontas Co.
Greenbrier River - at Renick, Greenbrier Co.
Anthony Creek - mouth, Greenbrier Co.
East Fork of Greenbrier River at Thornwood, Pocahontas Co.
Greenbrier River - at Alderson, Greenbrier Co.
Knapp Creek - E. of Marlington, Pocahontas Co.
Gauley River - at Miller Mill Run; Webster Co.
North Fork of Cherrv River - 2 miles N. of Richwood, Nicholas Co.
Second Creek near Rt. 219, Monroe Co.
Turkey Creek - E. of Willow Bend, Monroe Co.
Indian Creek near Red Sulphur Springs, Monroe Co.
Briery Run, Greenbrier Co.
Williams River - just E. of Pocahontas-Webster line
Stony Creek - Pocahontas Co.
Greenbrier River - 8 mi. above Bartow, Pocahontas Co.
Exoglossum laurae (Tonguetied Minnow)
Laurel Creek - at confluence of McMillion Creek, Greenbrier Co.
South Fork of Cherry Run, Greenbrier Co.
Williams River, Pocahontas Co.
N. & S. Fork confluence of Cranberry River, Pocahontas Co.
Deer Creek - 1.6 mi. W. of Green Bank, Pocahontas Co.
Sitlington Creek at Rt. 28 bridge, Pocahontas Co.
Sinking Creek, Greenbrier Co.
Second Creek - at Greenbrier-Monroe Co. line
Rich Creek, near Rt. 219, Monroe Co.
Near mouth of Wolf Creek, Summers Co.
Above mouth of Spring Creek, Greenbrier Co.
Indian Creek near confluence of Turkey & Dropping Lick Creeks,
Monroe Co.
Mill Creek near Rt. 12, Greenbrier Co.
Williams River, W. of headwaters of Stoney Creek, Pocahontas Co.
Williams River at Bannock Shoals, Pocahontas Co.
Turkey Creek at Willow Bend, Monroe Co.
Second Creek - 10.5 mi. above mouth, Monroe Co.
Milligan Creek at U.S. Rt. 60 crossing, Greenbrier Co.
Howards Creek at Hart Run, Greenbrier Co.
Culberson Creek at Fort Connally bridge, Greenbrier Co.
172
-------
TARItf 3-^1 CONTINUED
Ichthyomyzon bdellium (Ohio Lamprey)
Lilly Fork of Buffalo, Clay Co.
Ichthyomyzon unicuapas (Silvery Lamprey)
Elk River at Spread Shoal, Clay Co.
Moxostoma carlnatum (Rider Redhorse)
Spruce Fork near mouth of Sparrow Creek, Boone Co.
Notropis buchanani (Ghost Shiner)
Eighteen Mile Creek near Buffalo, Putnam Co.
Kanawha River near mouth Lens Creek, Kanawha Co.
Kanawha River at Kanawha Falls, Fayette Co.
Kanawha River at London Locks, Kanawha Co.
Notropis scabriceps (New River Shiner)
Williams River at Dyer, Webster Co.
Knapp Creek, Pocahontas Co.
Rosen Run, Pocahontas Co.
Deer Creek, Pocahontas Co.
Sidlington Creek near Dunmore, Pocahontas Co.
Anthony Creek at Rt. 92, Neola, Greenbrier Co.
East Fork of Greenbrier River, Pocahontas Co.
West Fork of Greenbrier River at Rt. 250 bridge, Pocahontas Co.
Williams River, Nicholas Co.
New River near Brooks, Summers Co.
Second Creek near Hollywood, Monroe Co.
Spring Creek near mouth, Greenbrier Co.
Williams River near Island Branch, Pocahontas Co.
Greenbrier River, 123.5 mi. above mouth, Pocahontas Co.
Muddlety Creek near Rt. 41, Nicholas Co.
Peters Creek near Drennin, Nicholas Co.
Hungard Creek - Boone Creek, Summers Co.
Lick Creek at Green Sulphur Springs, Summers Co.
Meadow Creek near Claypool, Summers Co.
Percina copelandi (Channel Darter)
Kanawha River near Hangford,.Kanawha Co.
Percina aacrocephala (Longhead Darter)
Gauley River near Malinda Creek, Nicholas Co.
Percina phoxocephala (Slenderhead Darter)
New River, Fayette Co.
Phenacobius teretulus (Kanawha Minnow)
Laurel Creek near Mamo Chapel, Greenbrier Co.
East Fork of Greenbrier River, Pocahontas Co.
West Fork of Greenbrier River, Pocahontas Co.
Williams River near Dyer, Webster Co.
173
-------
TABUS 3-1*! CCNTWTCD
Phaxinus erythrogaster (Southern Redbelly Dace)
Howard and Dry Creeks, Greeribrier Co.
Threemile Creek, Mason Co.
Mill Creek at Rt. 62, Mason Co.
Phaxinus oreas (Mt. Redbelly Dace)
East Fork of Greenbrier River, Focahontas Co.
Buffalo Fork, Focahontas Co.
Abe's Run, Pocahontas Co.
Buffalo Fork - below Townsend Run, Pocahontas Co.
Pimephales vigilax (Bullhead minnow)
Kanawha River at London Locks, Kanawha Co.
Folyodon apathula (Paddlefish)
Kanawha River at Charleston, Kanawha River
Elk River below Sutton Dam, Braxton Co.
Kanawha River near Fraziers1 Bottom P.O., Putnam Co.
-------
HIGH QUALITY STREAMS OP KANAWHA ^VTO BASIN
(Dept of Natural Resources 19/4)
Kanawha River K
Threeraile Creek K-5
Tenmile Creek K-10
Thirteenmile Creek K-12
Sixteenmile Creek K-14
Eighteenmile Creek K-16
Five and Twentymile Creek K-19
Hurricane Creek K-22
Pocatalico River KP
Left Fork Pocatalico River KP-17
Middle Fork Pocatalico River KP-17-B
Flat Fork KP-33
Coal River KG
Little Coal River KC-10
Spruce Fork KC-10-T
Spruce Laurel Fork KC-10-T-ll
Pond Fork KC-10-U
Marsh Fork KC-46
Elk River KE
Little Sandy Creek KE-9
Blue Creek KE-14
Big Sandy Creek KE-23
Laurel Creek KE-37
Little Sycamore Creek KE-40
Sycamore Creek KE-41
Leatherwood Greek KE-46
Lilly Fork KE-50-B
Beech KE-50-B-8
Sand Fork KE-50-F
Flat Fork KE-50-i-l
Robinson Fork KE-50-0
Otter Creek KE-64
Bogg Fork KE-64-E
Grove Creek KE-69
Strange Creek KE-74
Birch River KE-76
Little Birch River KE-76-E
Anthony Creek KE-76-N
Poplar Creek KE-76-0
Strange Creek KE-39
Rock Camp Run KE-82
Wolf Creek KE-91
Holly River KE-98
Right Fork Holly River KE-98-B
Left Fork Holly River KE-98-C
Desert Fork KE-98-B-16
Old Lick Creek KE-98-C-2
Laurel Fork KE-98-C-11
Fall Run KE-98-C-14
175
-------
3-1)2
CONTINUED
Back Fork Elk River KE-111
Sugar Creek KE-lll-K
Little Sugar Creek KE-lll-K-2
Dry Fork KE-133
Big Run KE-135
Props Run KE-136
Cupp Run KE-138-B
Old Field Run KE-139
Crooked Fork KE-139-B
Slaty Fork KE-140
Loop Creek K-76
Gauley River KG
Twentymile Creek KG-5
Otter Creek KG-13-B
Meadow River KG-19
Anglins Creek KG-19-G
Wolfpen Creek KG-19-Q-2
Big Clear Creek KG-19-U
South Fork KG-19-U-2
Little Clear Creek KG-19-V
Laurel Creek KG-19-V-5
Hominy Creek KG-24
Deer Creek KG-24-B
Cherrv River KG-34
Laurel Creek KG-34-E
Little Laurel Creek KG-34-F
Improvement Branch KR-34-F-2
South Fork Cherry River KG-34-G
North Fork Cherry River KG-34-H
Cranberry River KGC
South Fork Cranberry River KGC-23
North Fork Cranberry River KGC-24
Williams River KGW
Tea Creek KGW-20
New River KN
Laurel Creek KN-5
Mill Creek KN-7
Wolf Creek KN-10
Glade Creek Mann Creek KN-17-A
Piney Creek KN-26
Glade Creek KN-29
Pinch Creek KN-29-E
Meadow Creek KN-32
Turkey Creek KN-51-0
Indian Creek KM-51
Laurel Creek of Indian Creek KN-51-i
East River KN-60
Pigeon Creek KN-60-B
Rich Creek KN-61
176
-------
TABLE 3-
CONTINUED
Greenbrier River KNG
Milligan Creek KNG(S)-1
Sinking Creek KNG(S)-2
Culverson Creek KNG(S)-3
Burns Creek KNG(S)-3-A
Roaring Creek KNG(S)-3-C-l
Hills Creek KNG(S)-4
Wolf Creek KNG-7
Wolf Creek KNG-18
Muddy Creek KNG-22
Second Creek KNG-23
Anthony Creek KNG-28
Meadow Creek KNG-28-P
Laurel Run KNG-28-P-1
North Fork Anthony Creek KNG-28-Q
Laurel Run KNG-29
Spring Creek KNG-30
Locust Creek KNG-38
Laurel Run KNG-40
Beaver Creek KNG-47
Swago Creek KNG-49
Knapps Creek KNG-53
Brown Creek KNG-53-C
Stoney Creek KNG-55
Sitlington Creek KNG-66
Deer Creek KNG-68
North Fork Deer Creek KNG-68-A
East Fork Greenbrier River KNG-78
Little River KNG-78-C
Vivemile Run KNR-78-G
Mullenax Run KNG-78-C
Abes Run KNG-78-L
West Fork Greenbrier River KNG-79
Little River KNG-79-C
Bluestone River KNB
Mountain Creek KNB-5
Camp Creek KNB-13
Mash Fork KNB-13-D
177
-------
contains 4,150 square miles of this drainage which exists in the counties
of Monongalia, Marion, Preston, Harrison, Taylor, Barbour, Tucker, Upshur,
Randolph, Lewis, and Pocahontas. (Fig. 3-10).
The principal sub-basins of the Monongahela River Basin are the
West Fork, Tygart, and Cheat Rivers. The principal tributaries of the
Monongahela River Basin and their drainage areas are presented in Table
3-A3. These include the previously mentioned rivers in addition to
Dry Fork, Shavers Fork, the Buckhannon River, Big Sandy Creek, Middle
Fork River, and the Blackwater River.
Flow augmentation in West Virginia is provided by two reservoirs,
Tygart Lake and Lake Lynn (Cheat Lake), and a series of four U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Locks and Dams. These Locks and Dams are located
at Opekiska, Hilderbrand, Morgantown, and Point Marion (Pennsylvania).
These structures help to maintain river navigation througout the year.
The basin itself is divided into two general regions. The western
part of this region is located on the Allegheny Plateau and includes
the Monongahela River (main stem), the West Fork River, and the Tygart
Valley River. It is characterized by a rolling topography with low stream
velocities. The Cheat River Basin lies in the Allegheny Mountains and
is characterized by steep gradients and high stream velocities.
Since coal mining is the principal economic activity in the
Monongahela River Basin, the major water quality problem is acid mine
drainage. A second problem common to the basin is the lack of waste water
treatment facilities, which increases the organic, or sewage, load in the
system. A list of streams and their pollutants is presented in Table 3-44.
Hydrology
The average discharge of the Monongahela River at Point Marion,
Pennsylvania is about 7500 cfs (Department of Natural Resources, 1973).
Approximately 60 percent is contributed by the main stem, and about
40 percent comes from the Cheat River. Many smaller streams have no
flow during the summer months. The main stem flow is supplemented
by release of water from the Tygart Valley River Reservoir.
Water resources consist of approximately 7,400 acres of streams less
than one-eighth of a mile wide and ponds greater than 2 acres and less
than 40 acres in size. This includes the pools of the three lock and
dam structures. Also, Tygart Lake has a normal pool of 3,440 acres,
and Cheat Lake has a normal pool level of 1,730 acres.
A list of 17 discharge monitoring stations and their drainage
areas in the Monongahela River Basin is presented in Table 3-45. Discharge
data for the Tygart Valley River Sub-basin (8. stations), the West Fork
River and Sub-basin (4 stations), and the Cheat River Sub-basin (6 stations)
is presented in Tables 3-46, 3-47, and 3-48 respectively.
-------
PENNSYLVANIA
MARYLAND
r*-. <
-
MASON \ \ * ' _,•""
S , ROANE\ J *\ -r ^
_-=-* ' I * / B R A X T O N / X/
Figure 3-10
MAP
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
SHOWING
T f/^T /
LINCOL "
; f • \
<• <* » V, ^,-lf
\L OCA N>'^s S —V
' ^-^'^'^ ^
\ <— v S RALEIGH 5
w:K-v> \ y4
MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
,-v / --^.X
/SUMMERS/ *)
,*• \ »-o,
/' M
\M C OOWEUL/
-------
TABIfi 3J<3
PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES OF TfR MQNCNGAHELA RIV5R
(Department of Natural Resources 1973)
River
Monongahela River
(at WV-PA line)
West Fork
Cheat River
Tygart Valley River
Dry Fork (At Hendricks)
Shavers Fork (at Parsons)
Buckhannon River (at Hall)
Big Sandy Creek (Rockville)
Middle Fork River
Blackwater River
Sub-Basin
Cheat River
Cheat River
Tygart Valley River
Cheat River
Tygart Valley River
Cheat River
Drainage Area
(sq. mi.)
2715
881
1413
1381
345
214
277
200
151
142
180
-------
TABLF. 3-44
WATER QUALITY OP MCNOMGAHRLA HXTCR BASIN THZBOTARTES
Resources 1976)
. of Matural
+ = Orqanics
* = Mine Drainage
uepc. of Natural resources
Segment
Classi f ications
601+ *
€02+*
603+*
604+*
605+*
606+*
607+*
608+*
609+*
610+*
611+*
612+*
61 3+*
614*
615*
616*
617*
618*
619*
620*
621*
622*
623*
624*
625*
626*
627*
628*
629*
630*
631*
632*
633*
634*
635*
636*
637*
638*
639*
640*
Description
Sootts Run
Deckers Creek
Paw Paw & Little Paw Paw Creeks
Buffalo Creek
West Fork River
Helens Run
Salem Fork
Simpson Creek
Limestone Run
Browns Creek
Lost Creek
Tygart Valley River
Buckhannon River & Tribs.
Cheat River
Shavers Fork
Monongahela Mainstem
Dunkards Creek
Dents Run
Indian Creek
Dunkards Mill
Pyles Fork
Booths Creek
Binganen Creek
Jones Creek
Little Tenmile Creek
Rockcanp Creek
Elk Creek & Tribs.
Isaac Creek
Skin Creek
Three Fk. , Raccoom, Birds, & Brains
Creek
Sandy and Little Sandy Creeks
Pecks Run
Rink Run
Middle Pork River
Big and Little Sandy Creeks
Muddy Creek
Buffalo Creek
Blackwater River MP 0 to 12.8
Rhine Creek
Snowey Creek
Length of Segment
River Miles
6.8
22.5
13.8
16.2
74.3
4.2
9.0
29.1
6.5
4.5
10.3
156.0
21.8
38.0
85.0
38.4
14.4
6.2
5.7
8.2
14.2
16.4
14.2
6.4
7.2
7.3
22.4
5.6
10.5
31.6
13.1
8.4
8.6
15.8
19.4
13.2
9.6
12.8
4.8
181
-------
TABU; 3.115
DISCHARGE AT VARIOUS MONITORING STATIONS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(USGS, 1977)
Drainage Area (cfs)
(So Mi ) Average Discharge
Location
Tygart Valley River (Daily, WV)
Tygart Valley River (Elkins, WV)
Tygart Valley River (Belington, WV)
Middle Fork River (Audra, WV)
Buckhannon River (Hall, WV)
Tygart Valley River (Philippi, WV)
Tygart Valley River (Grafton, WV)
Tygart Valley River (Coifax, WV)
West Fork River (Brownsville, WV)
West Fork River (Butcherville, WV)
West Fork River (Clarksburg, WV)
West Fork River (Enterprise, WV)
Blackwater River (Davis, WV)
Shavers Fork (Bemis, WV)
Shavers Fork (Parsons, WV)
Cheat River (Parsons, WV)
Cheat River (Rowlesburg, WV)
187
272
408
149
277
916
1184
1366
102
181
384
759
86.
115
214
718
972
349 (60 yrs )
535 (32 yrs )
803 (69 yrs )
347 (34 yrs.)
593 (61 yrs )
1839 (36 yrs )
2324 (38 yrs )
2610 (37 yrs )
163 (30 yrs. )
300 (61 yrs )
589 (53 yrs )
1144 (52 yrs )
196 (55 yrs.)
330 ( 6 yrs )
550 (52 yrs )
1679 (63 yrs )
2253 (53 yrs )
182
-------
TABLE
DISCHARGE RECORDS FOR TYGART VALLEY RIVER SUB-BASIN. WATER YEAR 1976. (USGS-1977)
Location
Tygart Valley
River near
(Dailey.WV)
Tygart Valley
River near
(Elkins ,WV)
Tygart Valley
River (Beling-
ton.L WV)
Middle Fork
River (Audra,
WV)
Buckhannon
River
(Hall, WV)
Tygart Valley
River (Phil-
ippi, WV)
Tygart Valley
River at
Tygart Dam
near Graf ton,
WV)
Tygart Valley
River
(Col fax, WV)
(cfs)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
MONTH
Oct
1.32
3.44
.82
154
756
38
203
1050
55
85.9
226
.16
166
648
44
510
2180
149
1281
2540
650
1470
2680
685
Nov
1.72
4.28
.97
279
1510
59
441
2250
91
190
696
47
267
942
75
960
3410
247
1342
2360
610
1493
2690
643
Dec
2.13
3.63
1.34
400
1160
122
722
1910
237
356
725
148
614
1680
174
1604
4270
480
2527
5150
990
2877
5560
1040
Jan
3.35
8.87
1.93
949
4590
180
1547
7240
283
717
3000
250
1128
4250
273
3724
13700
960
4357
10800
858
4862
11200.
1070
Feb
3.24
6.53
2.07
972
2700
346
1537
3870
558
673
1810
260
1019
2240
405
3428
8190
1440
4560
7250
2030
6943
7540
2690
Mar
2.39
4.40
1.39
545
2010
137
914
3670
217
429
1730
108
682
3300
161
2178
9280
550
2171
5650
380
2405
6090
504
Aor
1.82
4.03
1.13
334
1390
82
592
1360
156
286
1190
76
461
1790
111
1453
5230
388
1257
5520
220
1461
5610
275
wiay
1.36
2.57
1.03
149
529
68
312
1110
127
189
748
66
313
1470
93
881
3230
302
589
3090
140
745
3260
183
Jun
1.00
1.86
.62
75.6
236
15
146
430
39
49.1
165
9.2
95.3
269
17
311
908
95
349
620
140
438
1310
173
Jul
1.77
1.48
.72
376
3270
34
581
4680
55
395
3620
10
732
6430
31
1738
11900
124
1814
9340
200
1954
9390
217
Aug
.76
1.48
.38
45.4
167
5.6
58.8
190
18
54.6
215
3.6
57.8
220
8.3
192
692
46
365
740
254
459
970
286
Sep
.76
1.80
.41
42.4
203
7.2
65.9
310
15
29.9
140
4.1
65.4
476
9.0
189
1300
39
356
410
290
427
568
349
Year
1.80
8.87
0.38
359
4590
5.6
591
7240
15
287
3620
3.6
466
6430
8.3
1427
13700
39
1742
10800
140
1956
11200
173
U)
-------
TASK 3-17
DISCHA??^ RECORDS FOR TH5 WST PORK RIV5R SUB-BASIN WATER YEAR 1976. (USGS, 1977)
Location
West Fork
River (Browns-
ville, WV)
West Fork
River (But-
cherville,
WV)
West Fork
River
(Clarksburg
WV)
West Fork
River
(Enterprise
WV)
«fe)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Oct.
60.2
504
9.2
136
985
22
358
2820
56
682
5040
182
Nov.
63.4
468
13
119
846
25
299
2320
71
656
4530
158
MONTH
Dec.
197
1310
41
390
2240
74
806
4060
118
1504
6830
260
Jan.
327
2240
58
606
3820
115
1310
7200
257
2496
12200
553
Feb.
229
596
63
435
1180
129
850
1980
276
1675
3020
610
Mar.
192
1150
32
333
1840
63
634
3980
138
1136
6050
355
Apr.
121
744
15
235
1290
38
471
2700
90
881
4200
254
May.
68.3
500
15
114
910
26
231
1920
54
449
2470
164
June
18.1
92
2.4
44.0
150
19
70.8
193
16
207
546
88
July
149
1460
6.7
302
3080
12
576
5720
19
939
5900
117
AUR.
9.91
27
1.9
37.8
92
14
61.7
>39
20
L58
i96
74
Sep.
12.3
107
1.7
72.1
282
42
73.9
424
39
135
578
77
Year
121
2240
1.7
236
3820
12
479
7200
16
910
12200
74
-------
TABU7, 3-^8
DISCHARGE RECORDS FOR THF. CHFIAT RIV^R SUB-BASIN. WATSR YSAR 1.976. (USGS, 1977)
Location
Blackwater
River
(Davis .WV)
Shavera Fork
(Bemls,
WV)
Shavers Fork
(Parsons ,
WV)
Cheat River
near (Parsons
WV)
Cheat River
(Rowelsburg,
wvl
Ufa)
Discharge
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
Mean
Max.
Min.
MONTH
Oct.
144
941
50
245
2050
88
310
1720
117
1011
7230
283
1282
5750
390
Nov. I
92.9
250
43
250
1090
84
347
1570
998
4360
333
1395
4750
446
Dec.
140
678
57
286
1410
118
428
1320
202
1276
4760
499
2140
5850
819
Jan.
306
1220
70
494
2850
110
786
4490
168
2637
13300
600
3861
20100
890
Teb.
390
1030
110
585
1280
190
909
2A30
260
3109
9010
900
4263
10900
1560
Mar.
208
617
70
351
1110
131
553
1900
211
1859
6690
556
2515
8970
770
Apr.
136
527
46
192
681
64
345
1190
1129
4100
366
1642
5260
515
May
77.2
200
35
203
715
70
265
893
121
650
1900
312
979
2720
470
June
91.1
359
24
126
352
51
161
342
69
516
L870
164
716
1110
245
July
63.7
222
25
400
3180
51
388
2360
61
893
4880
186
1038
4920
245
Aug.
19.1
43
6.8
66.6
275
15
85.3
306
21
190
582
66
249
759
81
Sep.
31.7
162
5.8
116
768
11
T22 1
643
19
"263
.320
61
285
i590
81
Year
141
1220
5.8
276
3180
11
390
4490
19
1206
.3300
61
1691
J0100
81
00
VJ1
-------
Water Quality
Water quality in the Monongahela River Basin is generally affected by
acid mine drainage, the major problem pollutant. Twenty-two percent
of the total stream miles is affected by acid mine drainage. The
Environmental Protection Agency estimates 35 percent of the acid load
is from non-mining industry, 25 percent from inactive mines, and 40 percent
from active mines. Domestic sewage, non-point source pollution, and
industrial wastes also contribute to the problem. Generally tributaries
located in the upper reaches of the Basin are high quality streams.
Although dams have slowed the natural flow of water in the downstream
area, there have been no unusual temperature variations or violations of
state standards in the 1970's.
The water quality in the main stem shows improvement regarding
acid mine drainage. The average pH was 6.1 with a minimum of 3.3 and
a maximum of 8.6 in 1971. The average pH for 1976 was 7.2 with a
minimum of 6.8 and a maximum of 7.6. No violations of state standards
have been reported in the Monongahela Basin since 1971. In 1971 the
average pH value in Morgantown was 5.9, while the average value 7.0
in 1976. Eleven percent of Cheat River samples in 1976 were in
violation of state standards (DNR, 1977). Mean levels of pH for various
sites in the Monongahela River Basin are shown in Figures 3-11 and 3-12.
Conductivity levels, as shown in Figures 3-13, 3-14, and 3-15
increased from up-river to down-river stations. Monongahela River
(main stem) values were higher than those found in the Tygart River
and Upper Cheat. Increases in suspended and dissolved solids from
mining activities probably caused the higher conductivity values.
Dissolved oxygen levels, as shown in Figures 3-16, 3-17, and 3-18
were within acceptable limits throughout the basin. No violations
below the minimum standard of 5 mg/1 were reported for the 1970's.
An analysis of Monongahela River water quality at Morgantown la
presented in Table 3-49. Iron and manganese are above standard levels,
probably due to acid mine drainage. Phenols were also in violation of
state standards. Sulfate values at times exceeded acceptable limits.
Total and fecal coliforms were also in violation of state standards for
1971 and 1976. This was due primarily to the high influx of domestic sewage.
A list of water quality stations and their storet numbers is presented
in Table 3-50.
Aquatic Ecology
A list of phytoplankton species found in a recent study in the
Monongahela River Basin is presented in Table 3-51 (Bohme, 1978). The
list contains 124 species identified in the Monongahela River Basin
from June 1975 to February 1976. An additional list of phytoplankton
taxa observed in Tygart Lake in 1973 and 1974 is presented in Table
3-52. A total of 89 taxa was found in this study.
186
-------
TR
8.T5"
ITS--
"S.TS--
1J5 •
ffebruar
"7
/
/
November
July
April
206
90
ISA WO
D.'ffente (lUj*row Site Ml (Fairmont, WV)
Figure 3_n
Mean Levels of pH Plotted at Each Site (Measured from Site Ml in Km.) on the Monongahela, Tygart
Valley, andWest Fork Rivers for all Four Sampling Dates - 1974 (Koon, 1977)
-------
ruary
200
iao So
Diitince (fciO from Site Ml (Fairmont, WV)
Figure 3-12
Mean Levels of pH Plotted at each Site (Measured from Site Ml in Km.) on the Cheat River for all
Four Sampling Dates - 1974 (Koon, 1977)
-------
M1CROMHO
500 -
400 -
300 -
275 -
250 -
225 ~
200 -
175 -
ISO -
125 -
100 -
90 -
SO -
70 -
60 -
50 -
xxxxxx
AVERAGE VALUES
December 1970 - March 1971
April - July 1971
August - November 1S71
December 1975 - March 1976
April - July 1976
August - November 1976
2
Downstream Stations
Figure 3-1 3
Conductivity Values for the Monongahela-Tygart Valley Rivers - 1971 & 1976 (DNR-1977)
-------
VIF
February
November
low-
u
m
o
400
200
April
ISO
D./tante
I0«
rom
Ni (Fairmont, W.Va.)
Figure 3-14
Mean Levels of Conductivity, in Umhos, Plotted at Each Site (Measured from Site Ml in Km.) on
the Monongahela, Tygart Valley, and West Fork Rivers for all Four Sampling Dates (Koon, 1977)
-------
November
e
•^.
n
_ _
100*
Figure 3-15
Mean Levels of Conductivity, in Umhos, Plotted at Each Site (Measured from Site Ml In
the Cheat River for all Four Sampling Dates. (Koon, 1977) ^eaSUred tr°m Site M1 in
-------
13.5 -
13.0 -
12.5 -
12.0 -
11.5 -
11.0 -
10.5 -
10.0 -
9.5 -
9.0 -
8.5 -
8.0 -
7.5 -
7.0 -
6.5 -
6.0 -
ng/1
AVERAGE VALUES
Decenber 1970 - March 1971
April - July 1971
— August - November 1971
Decenber 1975 - March 1976
TT.'.TT April - July 1976
xxxxxx August - November 1976
«* S?
id 2
r»
jo
e
3-
Downstream Stations
Figure 3-16
Dissolved Oxygen Values for the Monongahela River Basin - 1971 & 1976
Dept. of Natural Resources 1977
-------
VO
FeW
uary
November
Figure 3-17
Mean Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen, in Mg./l., Plotted at Each Site (Measured from Site Ml
in Km.) on the Monongahela, Tygart Valley, and West Fork Rivers for all Four Sampling Dates (Koon, 1977)
-------
February
November
tt«»> fr«« 5'.*e Ml (Fairmont. W.Va.)
Figure 3-18
Mean Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen, in Mg./l., Plotted at Each Site (Measured from Site Ml
in Km.) on the Cheat River for All Four Sampling Dates. (Koon, 1977)
-------
TABUS 3-49
WAT*;R QUALITY ANALYSES FOR im MONONGAWA RIWR A"1 TORGANTOWM
1971 and 1976
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1977)
ANALYSIS (mg/1)
Iron
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Potassium
Sodium
Fluorides
Phenols
Sul fates
Fecal Col 1 form
(to. /100ml.)
AVERAGE
1971 1976
1.26
0.011
0.002
0.46
0.0002
<0.003
1.37
16.28
0.19
<0.016
143
520
1.32
0.60S
<0.013
<0.006
<0.072
0.37
<0.0004
<0.002
0.007
0.096
2.81
16.60
0.14
<0.026
124
1,408
MAXIMUM
1971 \976
2.8
0.011
0.002
1.00
0.0004
<0.004
2.60
32.00
0.48
0.034
300
1.540
4.28
1.760
0.030
0.012
0.100
0.60
0.0006
0.002
0.010
0.148
6.60
31.00
0.30
0.266
260
8.100
M1NIKUN
1971 1976
0.2
0.011
0.002
0.28
0.0001
<0.002
0.70
6.10
0.08
<0.001
85
100
0.4
0.120
<0.002
<0.003
o.ooe
0.22
<0.0002
<0.001
0.005
0.042
l.SO
11.00
0.09
<0.001
49
<10
195
-------
, 3-50
WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS OP THS MONONGAHSLA RIVER BASIN
(Dept. of Natural Resources 1977)
LOCATION
Monongahela River, 1 mile downstream from
Morgan town.
Monongahela River In Fairmont.
Dunkard Creek. 4 miles east of BlacksvWe.
Scotts Run at Sec. 48 Bridge near Osage.
Deckers Creek at St. At. 7 and 92 Bridge
In Morgantown.
Paw Paw Creek at Sec. 17 Bridge below
Grant Town.
Buffalo Creek at Sec. 250/18 In Chesapeake.
Cheat River, Route 73.
Cheat River at Albright.
Cheat River below Parsons.
Sandy Creek at Clifton Mills.
Blackwater River at Davis.
Shavers Fork at Parsons.
Tygart Valley River In Grafton.
Tygart Valley River 2.1 miles upstream
from Beverly.
Buckhannon River at Sec. 119/3 Bridge
near Buckhannon.
Buckhannon River at Sago.
West Fork River at Enterprise.
Helens Run at Sec. 15/7 Bridge near
WorthIngton.
Salents Fork at Sec. 50/6 Bridge In Bristol.
Simpson Creek at Sec. 24/2 (covered) Bridge.
Browns Creek at Sec. 25 Bridge below
Mt. Clare.
Lost Creek at Sec. 27/4 Bridge at Rider.
Snowy Creek at Corinth.
Laurel Creek at State Line.
STORET NO.
550446
550447
550483
550563
550565
550568
550570
55044B
550484
55048S
550449
550450
S504B6
55C451
550452
550583
5S04B7
550585
550S87
S50589
550593
550595
550453
5504B8
STATE NO.
H-6
MC-36
M-l-20
M-6-0
M-8-1
M-22-4
H-23-Z
MC-6
HC-30
MC-75
KC-12-14
MC-60-D-4
MCS-0
MT-11
MT-54
HTB-21
HTB-31
MVJ-7
MW-4-1
HM-13-I-3
MW-15-8
KW-23-1
KU-26-3
MY-1
MY-2
196
-------
TABIE 3-51
LIST OP PHVTOPLWCTGM SPECIES ID^JTIFnn FRO?4 Ti2: F^OMQNGAJfiLA RIWJ* BASPJ
1975-FSB. 1975 (BOHMR, 1973)
Chlorophyta
Actinastrum hentzschli
Actinastrum ap.
Ankistrodesmus convolutus
Ankistrodesmus falcatus
Botryococcua sp.
Carteria ap.
Cerasterias ataurastroides
Cerasterias ap.
Characium limneticum
Characium sp.
Chlamydomonaa globosa
Chlamydomonas sp.
Chlorella sp.
Chlorococcum Sp.
Chladophora Sp.
Closteriopsis longissima
Closterium dianae
Closterium sp.
Cosmarium Sp.
CruclRenla quadrata
sp.
Gloeccystis Sp.
Kirchneriella lunaris
Kirchneriella sp.
Microspora sp.
Mougeotia sp.
Pediastram duplex
Pediastrum tctras
Scenedesmus abundans
S. armatus
S. bernardii
S_._ bi^uga
S. dlmorphus
S. obliquas
S. quadracauda
S. sp.
Sorastrum americanium
Staurastrum sp.
Ulothrix sp.
Wastelie linraris
197
-------
TABLE 3-51
CONTINUED
Euglenophyta
Euglena sp.
Phacus helikoides
Pyrrophyta
Ceratium hirundinella
Glenodinium sp.
Cryptophyta
Chroomonas sp.
Cryptomonaa erosa
Phacus sp.
Trachelmonas sp.
Gymnodinium sp.
Peridinium sp.
Cryptomonas sp.
Chrysophyta
Achnanthes minutissima
Amphiprora ornata
Amphiprora sp.
Amphora sp.
Cocconeis sp.
Cyclotella glomerata
C. meneghlniana
C. sp.
Cymbella nariculiformis
C. tamida
C. ventricosa
C. sp.
Diatoma hiemale
D. vulgare
Dinobryon bavarlcum
D. divergens
D. sertularia
D. sociale
D. sp.
Eunotla cristae
E. exigua
E. pectinalis
E. tenella
Frggilaria arcus
Fragilaria sp.
Frustulia vulgaris
Gomphoneis herculana
Gomphonema acuminatum
G. acuminatum var coronatum
G. angustatum
G. olivacrum
G. parmalum
G. sp. .
Gyrosigma sp.
Hantzschia amphioxys
Melosira various
Melosira sp.
Meridon circulare
Meridon circulare var
constricta
Navicula sp.
Nitzschia commutata
N. filiformis
N. palea
N. ap.
Pinnularia globiceps
P. mesolepta
P. sp.
Rhoicosphenia curvata
Stauroneis sp.
Surirella argusta
S. linearia
S. ovata
S. saxonica
S. sp.
Synedra acus
S. rumpins
S. tabulata
S. ulna
S. sp.
Tabellaria sp.
Tribonema sp.
Cyanophyta
Anabaena sp.
Aphanocapsa sp.
Chroococcus sp.
Oscillatorla angusta
0. splendida
0. tenuis
0. sp.
Phormidium so.
Spirulina sp.
G. constrieturn
198
-------
TABUS 3-52
PHYTOPLANKTON TAXA OBSERVED IN TYGAX7 KCW.R LA1^ n 1973 AND 1971*
(CORPS OF terra's, 1976)
CHLOROPHVTA (Green Algae)
Acanthosphaera Zachariasi
AnKistrodesmus taicatus
Ankistrodesmus sp.
ArtMrodesmus spT~
Uhlamydomonas sp.
Ciostenopsis Idngtssima
Uiostenum leioleinii
(Jiosterium venus
Ulosteriui^ sp.
Coelastrum microporum
Uoeiastrum sphaericum
Uosmarium arculars
CJosmanum lormosulums
UrucigeniFtenestrata
Crucigenia irregular is
UrucigenTa rectangularis
Urucigenia teirapedm
Dictyosphaeriam pulchellu.-n
Liuclonna elegans
bremospliaera viridis
Lagerheimia citntormis
MicrasterTas sp!
Mougeotia sp.
UphjocytTTinrbiseuspidatum
Podiastrum Boryanum
Fediastrum ouplex
Pcdiastrurn optusum
Hediastrum siiTiplex"
acenedesmus aouTT?ans
iScenedesmus Bernardil
ScenedeslmTs centiciilams
Scenedesmus oimorphus
Scenedesmus opoliensis
Scenedesmus perboratus
Schroedena setigera
Selenastrum gracile
Selenastrum sp.
SpaerocystTs "sp".
Staurastrum gracile
Staurastrum paracJoxum
-------
TABIE 3-52
CHLOROPHYTA (Green Algae)
Acanthosphaera Zachariasi
Ankistrodesmus talcatus
Ankistrodesmus sp.
Arthrodesmus sp.
uniamydomonas sp.
Ciosteriopsis longissima
Closterium leibieinn
ClosteriutrT venus
Ciosterium sp"!
Coelastrum"n"icroporum
(JoeiastrJm sphaencum
Cosmarium arculars
Cosmarium formosulums
Crucigenia tenestrata
Crucigema irregularis
Crucigenia rectangularis
Crucigenia tetrapedia
UictyospHaerium puienellum
Eudorina elegans
Eremosplmera viridis
Lagerheimia citritorrms
Micrastcrias sp.
MougeofTa^p.
gphiocytuim"biseuspidatum
Pediastrum Boryanum
PediastrTmi' duplex
PediastruriT obtusum
Pediastrllrn simplex*
Scenedesnuis abun"Ians
Scenedesmus bernar"f"i
ScenedesTTuTs denticulatus
Scenedesmus dTmorpnus
Scenedesmus oponensis
Scenedesmus perboratus
scnroedena'setigera
Selenastrum gracTfe"
Scienastrum sp.
Spaerocysfis sp.
Staurastrum" gracile
staurastrurn paracJoxum
200
-------
TABLE 3-52 CONTINUED
CHLOROPHYTA (Green Algae)
Stigeoclonium sp.
Tetraedron puslfrum
Tetraedron reguiare
Treubana _
uiotnnx"varTabilis
CHRYSOPHYTA (predominately diatoms)
Ast er u u lella for mosa
Cyciou-lia giomerata
Cyclotella meneghiniana
(Jymbeila sp.
Diatoma sp.
DiatomelTasp.
Uinobryon spT~
Epithemia sorex
Jj-'ragilaria oapucina
hragilaria crotonensis
Fragikaria sp.
frustulia rTJonnboides
Mallomohas sp.
Melosira disfans
Melosira grianulata
Meridion sp.
TTavicuia cuspidata
Navicula sp.
Finnuiaria sp.
Stepnanodiscus sp.
Sunreiia sp."""
Synedra acus
fasciculata
Tabeiiaria sp.
EUGLENOPHYTA
Trachelomonas sp.
PYRRHQPHYTA
Ceratium hirundinella
uryptomonas sp.
Tehdinium cinctum
Tenbinium Inconspicuum
Peridmium limDatum
201
-------
TABLE 3-52 OONTTN'FD
CYANOPHYTA
Anabaena sp.
unroocoecus sp.
Coelosphaerium sp.
Lyngpya sp.
UsciiTaTona sp.
Spirulina sp.
In addition some flagellates, pennate diatoms, desmids and filamentous types
of algae were observed in the samples which were not identified to the genus
level.
202
-------
A list of zooplankton taxa collected in the Monongahela River
in 1975 is presented in Table 3-53. A total of 9 species was found.
A similar list is presented in Table 3-54 for zooplankton found in
Cheat Lake.
Benthic invertebrate data for the Monongahela (main stem),
Cheat River, West Fork River, and Tygart Valley River is presented in
Tables 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, and 3-58. A list of benthic invertebrate
for 51 sampling locations is also presented in Table 3-59.
Fish species for the Monongahela River (main stem) are listed in
Tables 3-60 and 3-61. Preston (1974) reported that 27 species of fish
were found in the main stem (Table 3-60), while the West Virginia
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Agency
found 33 fish species present in the Monongahela (main stem)
(Table 3-61). A list of fish and their relative locations in the Cheat
River Basin is found in Table 3-62. Only three fish appear to be widespread
throughout the basin.
Rare and Threatened Fish
The Department of Natural Resources Heritage Program considers
three species of fish present within the basin to be rare or threatened.
The fish and their locations are given in Table 3-63.
High Quality Streams
A list of high quality streams for the Monongahela River Basin
is presented in Table 3-64. Streams are listed by sub-basins. Most
of the high quality streams are found in the upper reaches of the basin.
203
-------
R 3-53
7.00PT.ANKTON ^AXA OCOIF.OTCD AT MONONGAHP1LA RIW.R STATIONS DURING APRIL, 1975
(CORPS OF ENGINEERS, 1976)
Sampling Stations3
Name of Organism M-l M.2 M_3
Rotifera
Bracliinniirq Sp. X x Y
Euchlanis sp. „
Fllini;i 1 o_njgi_sc ta x
Kcr.i_LulIa cochlearis X x x
Rotaria sp. **
A
Cladocera
Bosmina sp.
Chydorus sp. X
Copepoda
Nauplius x
Calanoid copepodite x
Samples were collected at the same locations as phytoplankton
samples.
20k
-------
3-51
PLANKTON lEKNTIFKD IN CHEAT LAKR (BIBIfi, 1972)
*Taxa not observed more than twice,
Cyanophyta
Spirulina sp.*
Chlorophyta
Gleocystis sp.
Tetraspora sp.*
Kirchineriella sp.*
Fediastrum sp.*
Scenedesmus sp.*
Tetrastrum sp.*
Closterium sp.*
Ulothrix sp.*
Chyrsophyta
Dinobryon divergens
Pyrrophyta
Gymnodinium sp.
Peridinium sp.
Ceratium sp.
Bacillarlophyceae
Tabellaria sp.*
Synedra sp.
Denticula sp.*
Navicala sp.*
Cymbella sp.
Protozoa
Difflugia sp.*
Rotifera
Polvarthra sp.
Keratella cochlearis
Brachionus cf. urceolaris
Lecane sp.*
Cladocera
Leptodora kindtii*
Diaphanasoma sp.*
Daphnia parvula
Ceriodaphnia sp.
Bosmina longirostris
Copepoda
Diaptomus sp.
Mesocylops edax
Hauplius
?05
-------
TABLE 3-55
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OP THE MONONGAHELA RIVER MAINfSTEM (PRESTON, 1972)
Caddisflies
Hydropsychidae
Psychomyiidae
Stoneflies
Peilidae
Mayflies
Baetldae
Heptageniidae
Hellgrammites
Corydalidae
Alderflies
Sialidae
Biting Midges
Cenatopogonidae
Dragonflies
Libellulidae
Beetle Larvae
Elmidae
Dytiscidae
Psephenidae
Crayfish
Astacidae
Amohipoda
Fingernail Clams
Sphaeriidae
Snails
Pulmonata
Flatwortna
Planariidae
Moths
Pyralidae
Midge Flies
Tendipeclidae
Crane Flies
Tipulidae
Dance Flies
Enpididae
Leeches
Glossiphoniidae
Aquatic Worms
Ollgochaeta
206
-------
TARIE 3-56
BENTHIC ZNVRRTTORATOS OF TUP! CmAT RIW.R (PRKSTON, 1972)
Caddisflies Dragonflies
Hydropsychidae Libellulldae
Hellcapaychidae
Hydroptilidae Beetle Larvae
Leptoceridae Elmidae
Limnephilidae Dytlscidae
Philopotamidae Dryopidae
Psychomyiidae Psephenidae
Rhyacophilidae
Moths
Stoneflies Pyralidae
Nemouridae
Perlidae Crayfish
Perlodidae Aetacidae
Mayflies Fingernail Clams
Baetidae Sphaesidae
Ephemeridae
Heptageniidae Snails
Pulmonata
Biting Midges
Ceratopagonidae Snipe Flies
Rhagionidae
Hellgrammites
Corydalidae Midge Flies
Tendipedidae
Alderfliea
Sialidae Crane Flies
Tiuulidae
Gill Snails
Etenobranchiata Black Flies
Simuliidae
Aquatic Worms
Oligochaeta
20?
-------
TABLE 3-57
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OP THE WEST FORK RIVER (PRESTON, 1972)
Caddisflies
Hydropeychidae
Psychomyiidae
Hydrotilidae
Stoneflies
Nemouridae
Mayflies
Baetidae
Ephemeridae
Heptageniidae
Hellgranmites
Corydalidae
Alderflies
Sialidae
Biting Midges
Ceratopogonidae
Beetle Larvae
Elmidae
Psephenidae
Crayfish
Astacidae
Sawbugs
Asellidae
Fingernail Clams
Sphaeriidae
Midge Flies
Tendipedidae
Crane Flies
Tipullidae
Black Flies
Simuliidae
Aquatic Worms
Oiigochaeta
208
-------
TABItf 3-58
BKNTHIC IMV^RFBRATPIS OF THE TYGART VALLEY RIVTO (FrTCSTON, 1972)
Caddisflies
Hydiopsychidae
Hydroptilidae
Phllopotanidae
Rhyacophilidae
Stoneflies
Nemouridae
Perlidae
Mayflies
Raetidau
Ephemelidae
Heptageniidae
Hellgramites
Corydalidae
Alderflies
Sialidae
Rill Snails
Ctenobianchiata
Dragonflies
Libellulidae
Water Strider
Veliidae
Beetle Larvae
Elraidae
Psephenidae
Crayfish
Astacidae
Amphipoda
Fingernail Clams
Sphaeriidae
Snails
Pulmonata
Horse Flies
Tabanidae
Midge Flies
Tendipedidae
Crane Flies
Tipulidae
Black Flies
Sinuliidae
Aquatic Worms
Oligochaeta
209
-------
TABUS 3-59
OF TFTC HQNCNGAHRLA RIVTO BASIN
(Army Corp of 'togineers, 1976)
Aaron Creek - (Monongalia)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlidae
Big Run - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Pteronarcidae
Perlidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Ephemerellidae
Polymitarcidae
Leptophelibiidae
Heptageniidae
Big Sandy Creek -(Preston)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Hydeopsychidae
Helicopsychidae
Hychoptilidae
Leptoceridae
Limnephilidae
Rhyacophilidae
Enhemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetldae
Epheneiidae
Heptaglnidae
Megatoptera (Alderfly)
Sialidae
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Elnidae
Dryopidae
Psephenidae
Big Sandy Creek - (Preston)
Diptera
Tendipedidae
Tipulidae
Decapoda (Crayfish)
Sphaeriidae (Clam)
Black Fork - (Randolph)
Megaloptera
Sialidae (Alderfly)
Diptera
Tendipedidas (Midgefly)
Blackwater River - (Tucker)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Nemouridae
Leuctridae
Perlidae
Megaloptera
Carydalidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Rhyacophilidae
Hydropsychidae
Limnephilidae
Diptera
Booth's Creek - (Marion)
Megaloptera
Carydalidae
Diptera
Tendipedidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Psychomyridae
Philopotsmidae
Limnephilidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetidae
Heptageniidae
Petecypoda (Clam)
Sphaeriidae
Buckhannon River - (Upshur)
Diptera
Tendipedidae (Midgefly)
Tipulidae (Cranefly)
Simuliidae (Blackfly)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetidae
Ephemeildae
Heptageniidae
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Nemouridae
Perlidae
Trichoptera (Claddiafly)
Hydropsychidae
Buffalo Creek - (Preston)
Flecoptera (Stonefly)
Capniidae
210
-------
. 3-59 CONTINUED
Cheat River - (Preston)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Capniidae
Nemouridae
Perlodidae
Epheraeroptera (Mayfly)
BaBtidae
Cherry Fork - (Lewis)
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Rhyocophilidae
Limnephilidae
Lepidaalomatidae
Hydropsychidae
Philoptamidae
Plecoptera (StoneEly)
Perlidae
Pteronarcidae
Ephemeroptera
Heptageniidae
Odonata
Gomphidae (Dragonfly)
Cherry Fork - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Capniidae
Dry Fork - (Randolph)
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Hydropsychidae
Philopolamidae
Psychonoyiidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetidae
Heptageniidae
Megaloptera
Carydalidae (Hellgrammite)
Caleoptera (Beetle)
Elraidae
Psephenidae
Diptera
Rhagionidae (Snipefly)
Tendipedidae (Midgefly)
Tipulidae (Cranefly)
Dent's Run - (Monongalia)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlodidae
Perlidae
Deckers Creek - (Monongalia)
Megaloptera
Sialidae (Alderfly)
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Dytiscidae
Diptera
Deckers Creek, cont.
Tendipedidae (Midgefly)
Dunkard's Creek - (Monongalia)
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Hydropsychidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetidae
Heptageniidae
Diptera
Ceratopogonldae (Biting Midge)
Tendipedidae (Midgefly)
Empididae (Dancefly)
Elk Creek - (Harrison)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlodidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
-Hydroptilidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetidae
Megaloptera
Sialidae (Alderfly)
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Psephinidae
Diptera
Tendipedidae (Midgefly)
Tipulidae (Cranefly)
Elkwater - (Randolph)
Plerootera (Stoneflv)
Capniidae
Candy Creek - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Taeneopterygidae
Peltopereida
Pteronarcidae (Stonefly)
Pereodidae
Perlidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetiscidae
Gandy Creek - (Randolph)
Ephemerellidae
Heptageniidae
Caenidae
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Rhyacophilidae
Hydropsychidae
Hydroptilidae
Gandy Creek - (Randolph)
Limnephilidae
Philopotamidae
211
-------
TAflTT, V5
(CONTINUED
Glady Fork - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Pteronarcidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Ephemerellidae
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Trichoptera (daddisfly)
Rhyacophilidae
Grants Branch - (Randolph)
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Rhyacophilidae
Laurel Fork - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Pteronaicidae
Perlodidae
Perlidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Ephemerelidae
Heptageniidae
Trichoptera (Caddisflies)
Rhyacophilidae
Laurel Shoal Run - (Barbour)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptageniidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Hydropsychidae
Limnephilidae
Odonata
Aeschnidae (Dragonfly)
Leading Creek - (Lewis)
Perladidae
Perlidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Ephemerellidae
Heptageneniidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Hydropsychidae
Leading Creek - (Randolph)
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Little Kanawha River - (Upshur)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptaginiidae
Siphlonuridas
Ephemiridae
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Limnephilidae
Megaloptus
Carydalidae
Odonata
Cardulegasteridae (Dragonfly)
Little Sandy Creek - (Preston)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Capniidae
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
McGee Run - (Randolph)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptageniidae
Middle Fork - (Upshur)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Leuchridae
Perlidae
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Mill Creek - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptageniidae
Magaloptera
Corydalidae
Monongahela.River - (Monongalia)
Odonata
Libellulidae (Dragonfly)
Diptera
Tendipididae (Midgefly)
North Fork - (Pendleton)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptageniidae
212
-------
TABLE 3-59
(CONTINUED)
Otter Creek - (Randolph)
Flecoptera (Stonefly)
Pteronarcidae
Perlodidae
Perlidae
Peltoperlidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Rhyacophilidae
Polk Creek - (Lewis)
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Hydropsychidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetidae
iHeptagenlidae
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Elmidae
Diptera
Tendipedidae (Midgefly)
Tipulidae (Cranefly)
Prickett's Creek - (Marion)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Perlodidae
Perlidae
Red Creek - (Tucker)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Nemouridae
Leuctridae
Pteronarcidae
Perlidae
Peltoperlidae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Baetiscldae
Ephmmuellidae
Megaloptera
Corydabidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Lepidostomatidae
Roaring Creek - (Preston)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Pteronarcidae
Perlodidae
Sand Fork - (Lewis)
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
213
Seneca - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Nemouridae
Capniidae
Perlodidae
Shaver's Fork - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Capniidae
Pteronaicidae
Perlodidae
Perbidae
Shaver's Fork - (Randolph)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Ephemeridae
Ephemerellidae
Polymitaricidae
Leptophlebiidae
Baetidae
Heptageniidae
Megaloptera
Carydalidae
Shaver's Fork - (Randolph)
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Rhyacophilidae
Brachycentridae
Simpson Creek - (Harrison)
Diptera
Tendipedida (Midgefly)
Stony Run - (Randolph)
Phemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptageniidae
Ten-Mile Creek - (Harrison)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptageniidae
Diptera
Tendinedidae (Midgefly)
Two-Lick Creek - (Harrison)
Megoloptera
Carydalidae
Sialidae (Alderfly)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Heptageniidae
Caenidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Hydropsychidae
-------
TARTF. 3-59
(CONTINUED)
Tygart Valley River - (Randolph)
Plecoptera (Stonefly)
Capniidae
Taeniopterygidas
Perlodidae
Perbidae
Nemouridae
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Ephemerellidae
Polymitarcidae
Baetidae
Heptagenlidae
Tygart Valley River - (Randolph)
Siphlonuiidae
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Trichoptera (Caddisfly)
Rhyacophilidae
Hydrospychidae
Phryganeidae
Odonata
Gomphidae (Dragonfly)
West Fork River - (Lewis)
Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
Ephemeridae
Heptageniidae
Coleoptera (Beetle)
Diptera
Tendipididae (Midgefly)
Decapoda (Crayfish)
Isopoda
Asellidae (Sambug)
Pelecypoda
Sphaeriidae
21k
-------
TABLE 3-60
FISH SPECKS OF THE MONCNOAHELA RIVER (MAIN STEM)
(PRESTON, 197*0
Scientific names of fishes listed in this report:
Gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur)
Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus)
Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)
Golden shiner, Hotemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill)
Qnarald shiner, Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque
Spotfin shiner, Notropis spilopterus (Cope)
Sand shiner, Notropis stramineus (Cope)
Mimic shiner, Notropis volucellus (Cope)
Bluntnose minnow, Pimephales notatus(Rafinesque)
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque)
White sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede)
Golden redhorse, Moxostoma erythrurum (Rafinesaue)
White catfish, Ictalurus catus (Linnaeus)
Yellow bullhead, Ictalurus natalis (Lesueur)
Brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur)
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)
Banded Icillifish, Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur)
Rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque)
Green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque
Pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus)
Orangespotted sunfish, Lepomis humilis (Girord)
Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque
Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui Lacepede
Largemouth bass, Micropterus sfilmoides (Lacepede)
White crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque
Black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur)
215
-------
TABLE 3-6l
FISH SPECIES COLLECTED IN LOCK AREAS ON THE MONCNGAHELA RIVER
West Virginia DNRa
Family
Species
Lepisosteidae
Lepisosteus osseus
Clupeidae
Dorosoma cepedianum
Cyprinidae
Carassius auratus
Cyprinus carpio
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Notropis atherinoides
Notropis spilopterus
Notropis stramineus
Motropis volucellus
Notropis whippelei
Pimephales notatus
Pimephales promelas
Catostomidae
Carpiodes carpio
Catostomus commersoni
Moxostotna erythrurum
Ictaluridae
Ictalurus catus
Ictalurus natalls
Ictalurus nebulosus
Ictalurus punctatus
Common Sane
Longnose gar
Gizzard shad
Goldfish
Carp
Golden shiner
Emerald shiner
Spotfin shiner
Sand shiner
Mi/r c shiner
Stedlcolor shiner
Bluntnose minnow
F -.: head minnow
River carpsucker
White sucker
Golden redhorse
White catfish
Yellow bullhead
Brown bullhead
Channel catfish
Opeklska
Lock
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Morgan town
Lock
EPA, Region III
Maxwell
Lock
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE 3-61
CONTINUED
West Virginia DNRa
EPA. Region III
Family
Species
Cyprinodontidae
Fundulus diaphanus
Centrarchidae
Ambloplites rupestris
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepotnis gibbosus
Lepomis humills
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis cyanellus x
macrochirus
Lepomis cyanellus x
gibbosus
Micropterus dolomieui
Micropterus punctulatus
Micropterus salmoides
Pomoxis annularis
Potnoxis nigromaculat us
Percidae
Percina caprodes
Common Name
Banded killifish
Rock bass
Green sunfish
Pumpkinseed
Orangespotted sunfish
Bluegill
Sunfish hybrid
Sunfish hybrid
Smallmouth bass
Spotted bass
Largemouth bass
White crappie
Black crappie
Logperch
Opekiska
Lock
X
X
X
X
X
X
Morgantown
Lock
X
X
X
X
X
Maxwell
Lock
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lock
No. 2
X
X
X
aCollected by the Division of Fish and Wildlife, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources
during September, 1973 (Jernejcic, 1974).
Collected by the Wheeling Field Office, EPA Region III during 1967-73 (Preston, 1974).
-------
TARIJR 3-62
PISH SPECIES OF CORKS HIVER DRAINAG", BASIN AND THEIR KELATIVK LOCATICN
(COPE, 1959)
A. Wide spread
1) white sucker
2) hog sucker
3) creek chub
B. Cheat Lake Area
1) catfish
2) carp
3} white crappie
4) large mouths-bass
5) blue gills
6} sunfish
C. South of Rowlesburg
1} green sunfish
2) small mouth-bass
D. South of Parsons
1) trout
2) rosylace minnow
3} spottail shiner
4) blacknose dace
5) longnose dace
6) darters
E. Big Sandy-Blackwater River (clean)
1) trout
2} sand shiner
3} red side dace
4) sand minnow
5) common shiner
6) white crappie
F. Cleans Waters of Upper Cheat
Watershed
1) redhorses
2) trout
3) minnows
4) green sunfish
5) small mouth-bass
6) sculpins
G. Middle Tributaries
1) stone catfish
218
-------
TABLE 3-63
RARE OR THREATENED KESH SPECIES OP MOMONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(Dept. of Natural Resources - Heritage Program 1978)
Catostomus catostomus (Longnose Sucker)
Right Fork of Middle Fork of Valley River at Queens, Upshur Co.
Clinostomus elongatus (Redside Dace)
Booths Creek - near Weirton Mine, Monongahela Co.
Blackwater River - above falls, Tucker Co.
Big Sandy - above Bruceton Mills, Preston Co.
White day Creek, Marion-Taylor line
Notropus blennius (River Shiner)
Buffalo Creek near Barrackville, Marion Co.
219
-------
TABUS 3-64
HIGH QUALITY STREAMS OP THE MQNQNQAHPLA KTV5R BASIN
(Department of Natural Resources 1974)
MONONGAHELA RIVER SYSTEM
Monongahela River M
Cheat River MC
Morgan Run MC-2
Darnell Run MC-2-A-1
Blaney Hollow MC-2-B
Quarry Run MC-6
Big Sandy Creek MC-12
Little Sandy Creek MC-12-B
Beaver Creek MC-12-B-1
Laurel Run MC-15
Muddy Creek MC-17
Roaring Creek MC-18
Elsey Run MC-20
Saltlick Creek MC-32
Spruce Fork MC-32-B
Buffalo Creek MC-33
Little Buffalo Creek MC-33-D
Wolf Creek MC-32
Clover Run MC-51
Horseshoe Run MC-54
Maxwell Run MC-54-C
Slip Hill Mill Run MC-56
Dry Fork MC-60
Black Fork (no code)
Elklick Run MC-60-C
Blackwater River MC-60-D
Little Blackwater River MC-60-D-8
Otter Creek MC-60-F
Glady Fork MC-60-K
Three Springs MC-60-K-1
East Fork Glady Fork MC-60-K-17
Big Run MC-60-L
Laurel Fork MC-60-N
Camp Five Run MC-60-N-10
Red Creek MC-60-0
Gandy Creek MC-60-T
220
-------
TABLE 3-61
CONTINUED
Cheat River (Cont'd)
Shavers Fork MCS
Little Black Fork MCS-13
Dunkard Creek M-l
West Virginia Fork of Dunkard Creek M-l-F
Cobun Creek M-9
Whiteday Creek M-16
Pricketts Creek M-10
Paw-Paw Creek M-22
Buffalo Creek M-23
Tygart River MT
Wickwire Run MT-8
Three Forks Creek MT-12
Pleasants Creek MT-15
Teter Creek MT-23
Brushy Fork MT-23-C
Mill Run MT-23-F
Laurel Run MT-24
Leading Creek MT-43
Chenoweth Creek MT-45
Files Creek MT-50
Mill Creek MT-64
Beckys Creek MT-68
Elkwater Fork MT-74
Stewart Run MT-75
Big Run MT-81 -
Buckhannon River MTB
French Creek MTB-18
Tenmile Creek MTB-25
Panther Creek MTB-27
Right Fork Buckhannon MTB-31
Left Fork Right Fork Buckhannon MTB-31-F
Left Fork Buckhannon MTB-32
Middle Fork River MTM
Right Fork Middle Fork River MTM-21
West Fork River MW
Booths Creek MW-2
Corbin Branch MW-2-E
Tenmile Creek MW-13
Little Tenmile Creek MW-13-B
221
-------
TABLE 3-64
CONTINUED
Tygart River (cont'd)
Elk Creek MW-21
Hackers Creek MW-31
Freemans Creek MW-36
Stonecoal Creek MW-38
Right Fork MW-38-G
Skin Creek MW-46
222
-------
3-A-l
A PARTIAL ANNOTATED REFERENCE LIST OF WEST VIRGINIA WATER RESOURCES
(EXCLUDING THE POTOMAC RIVER DRAINAGE AREA)
Apoalachian Regional Commission. 1969. Acid Mine Drainage in Appalachia.
Appalachian Regional Commission. Washington, D.C.
Sources and occurrence of acid mine drainage. Abatement and control
techniques. Impact of drainage on industry, navigation, recreation,
and stream ecology. Data presented in tables and graphs. No water
qualitv or biological data. Maps included. 6 references.
Baloch, M.S., E.N. Henry, and W.H. Dickerson. 1969. Stream Flow Character-
istics of the Greenbrier River. Department of Natural Resources.Charles-
ton, West Virginia
Includes basin description, flow characteristics, hydrology, avail-
ability of surface water data, and a list of stream gaging stations.
Gives stream flow data in figures and tables for six stations located
in the basin. Information includes maximum and minimum 1 day, 7 day,
and 30 day flows. No water quality or biological data present. No
references.
Baloch, M.S. 1972. Lakes of West Virginia. West Virginia Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
A description of locks and dams, lakes and ponds located in West
Virginia. Data includes name, county, drainage basin, location,
use, surface area and owners. Brief discussions on uses and different
classes in each category- Maps. No references.
Baloch, M.S., E.N. Henry and J.C. Burchinal. 1973. Comprehensive Survey
of the Monongahela River Basin. Volume 1. Inventory Department of Natural
Resources.Charleston, WV
Basin description with regards to topography, tributaries, climate,
resources, navigation, transportation, archeological, cultural and
historical aspects, economics, recreation, land use, geology, water
quality and groundwater. Flow records. Maximum, minimum and average
for 60's for 17 stations. Parameters varied. No biological data.
Maps included. 35 references.
Baloch, M.S., E.N. Henry, and W.H. Dickerson. 1973. Streamflow Characteris-
tics of the Monongahela River Basin. Department of Natural Resources.
Charleston, WV
Includes basin description, stream gazetteer, climate, and hydrology.
Drainage areas for tributaries presented. Precipitation data. Dis-
charge data presented for 13 stations. Flow curves are presented for
approximately stations. No references.
223
-------
Benson, A. 1975. Investigation of Acid Mine Pollution Effects On Reservoir
Fishery Populations. Completion Report Contract Number 14-16-0005-3034.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S.
Department of the Interior.
Water quality and fish data for Tygart River and Lake. Drainage area
description. Surface water quality data for selected stations from
the years 1960-1964. Morphometric data for Tygart Lake. Water quality
data for 1967 (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, cold acidity, hot
acidity, total iron, and hardness.) Species list and standing crop
(fish) for various stations. 17 references.
Bible, J.L. 1972. An Analysis of the Plankton Community in an Acid Mine
Drainage Polluted Reservoir and Two Less Acid Embayments. M.S. Thesis.
West Virginia University. Morgantown, WV
Comparison of plankton communities and its relation to water quality
in Cheat Lake. Fhytoplankton genus list. Zooplankton species list.
Zooplankton biomass data, chemical data, plankton abundance and biomass
for 4 sample sites taken on 9 dates. Samples taken for alternate
meters. 8 chemical parameters. Literature review. 61 references.
Map.
Biesecker, J.E. and J.R. George. 1966. Stream Quality in Appalachia as
Related to Coal Mine Drainage. 1965. U.S. Geological Survey. Washington,
D.C.
Stream quality reconnaissance for 318 locations in May 1965. Examines
influence of coal mine drainage on water quality. Maps included.
Some generalized water quality data. Data for the 318 stations include
discharge, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, acidity, aluminum,
iron, manganese, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, phosphate, nitrate,
calcium, conductivity and color. No biological data. 19 references.
Butz, B.P. et al. 1974. Ohio River Basin Cooling Study. Environmental
Protection Agency. Cincinnati, Ohio.
History of the Ohio River region to include water quality, biota,
and electrical power generation (history and present). Biological
aspects of cooling water use. River temperature models and evaluation.
Thermal plumes in the rivers. Discussions of plankton, benthic inverte-
brates and fish. Fish species list. 184 references.
Center for Aquatic Biology. 1972. Water Quality Study - Davis Power Project.
Eastern Michigan University. Ypsilanti, Michigan.
Description of the Canaan Valley and the upper basin. Water quality
sampling stations (31) and their description. 14 water quality para-
meters measured in two series of diurnal samples. Parameters
measured every hour or every other hour. Sediment analyses. Data
discussed but not present formally. Biological data collected included
22k
-------
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic invertebrates, but was not
presented. Fish population was discussed. Maps. No references.
Chang, M., R. Lee, and W.H. Dickerson. 1976. Adequacy of Hydrologic Data
for Application in West Virginia. Water Research Institute. Morgantown,
West Virginia.
General topography, topoclimate, snowfally, precipitation, stream
flow, and water balance of West Virginia. Data presented in maps
and tables. Discussion of data adequacy for each category. 84
references. Section on data sources by category.
Corbett, R.G. and W.P. Stilson. 1974. Selected Water Quality Data - Lake
Lynn (Cheat Lake) West Virginia. Water Research Institute Report #2.
Morgantown, WV
Monthly water quality data (9-67/1-69) for total iron, manganese,
dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature. No biological data. No
references.
Core, E.L. 1959. Biological Investigations of Cheat Lake. Unpublished
Manuscript. West Virginia University. Morgantown, WV
History and description of Cheat Lake. Summary of other work. Lim-
ited water quality data (historical). Phytoplankton list. Macrophyte
list, zooplankton list. Check list and location of fish in basin and
lake. Water pollution discussion. Maps. 10 references.
Dames & Moore. 1975. Assessment of the Impacts of PL-92500 on the Kanawha
River Basin. Volume 182 (Preliminary draft). National Water Quality
Commission, Washington, D.C.
An assessment of the Kanawha River Basin by dividing the basin into three
main parts: Kanawha River (mainstern), New River and Elk River. Basin
description. Water quantity description. Waste treatment inventory.
Industrial inventory. Land use assessments. Water quality predictions
using a model. Socio-economic conditions. Overviews concerning mining,
non-point source pollution, construction, silviculture, and agriculture.
Species lists for algae and fish. Discussion of invertebrates. No
chemical data. Maps included. 75 references.
Dames & Moore. 1975. Assessment of the Impacts of PL 92-500 on the Ohio River
Basin for the National Commission on Water Quality - A Baseline Overview and
Recommendations for Analytical Study. National Water Quality Commission.
Washington, D.C.
General overview of the entire basin to include hydrology, climatology,
water quality, pollution loading, topography and historical development.
Basin is divided into subbasins for analyses. Point and non-point
sources of pollution. Economic and social overviews. Methodology of
the model development. Water quality and biological data presented
in discussion format. Maps included. 8 references.
225
-------
Dames & Moore. 1975. Assessment of the Impacts of PL92-500 on the Ohio
River Basin for the National Commission on Water Quality. Volume 2 (Chap-
ters 1,2, & 3).
Cost/technology of pollution analyses of the Ohio River Basin. In-
ventory of major municipal direct dischargers to the Ohio River between
MP 265.6 and MP 531.3. Inventories of minor municipal dischargers,
major industrial and minor industrial dischargers. Land use in Ohio River
sub-basins. Some water quality data relating to municipal and industrial
discharges. No biological data. Maps included. 37 references.
Dames & Moore. 1975. Assessment of the Impacts of PL92-500 on the Ohio
River Basin for the National Commission on Water Quality. Volume 2
(Chapter 4). National Water Quality Commission. Washington, D.C.
General basin description. Climatic and hydrologic characteristics.
Description of water quantity and quality. Discussion of water quality
pollutants. Flow data for various stations. Water quality data for var-
ious stations (maximum, minimum, average for 1962-1974). Projected
water quality for 1983 for various chemical parameters. Fish species
list and biomass data. Projected data for various abatement scenarios.
Benthic invertebrate list and species diversity. Algae species list,
maps included, 93 references.
Davis, J.J. 1978. Algal Assays. Chlorophyll A Concentration, and Trophic
Status of Seven West Virginia Impoundments. M.S. Thesis. West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV
Morphometric data for the impoundments examined. Some chemical data
to include conductivity, pH, total phosphate, nitrate and chlorophyll
A. Algal assays were used to assess trophic status. Literature re-
view. 39 references.
DePaulo, J.R. and M.S. Baloch. 1969. Comprehensive Water Resources Study
of the Greenbrier River Sub-Basin. Volume I - Inventory. Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
Discusses water resources and quality in the Greenbrier River Basin.
Sections on hydrology, runoff, water quality, mine drainage, waste
discharge and water supply. Also has stream gazetteer, basin indus-
tries, geology, land use, recreation, impoundments, dams, waste water
facilities, industrial and municipal and potential sites for development.
Little or no biological data. Water quality record for three years
(monthly values, 60-63) for five stations. Parameters include flow,
temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD, hardness, alkalinity, turid-
ity, chlorides, TS, TDS, TSS and coliforms. Maps included. 78
references.
Doll, W.L., G. Meyer, and R.J. Archer. 1963. Water Resources of West
Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. Charleston, WV
Presents general overview and hydrology of the six main river basins
226
-------
of West Virginia. Discussion includes hydrology, flood frequency,
water quality, water use, ground water, geology, pollution and future
water utilization. Table discussing significance of dissolved mineral
constituents and properties of water. Some water quality data
present for 1961 for each basin. Maps. 29 references.
Edens, D.L. 1975. A Comparative Study of Nutrients and Water Quality In
Cheat Lake Tributaries. M.S. Thesis.West Virginia University.Morgantown,
West Virginia.
Examines nutrient and chemical loadings of Cheat Lake by 8 tributaries.
Monthly sampling from 1973 to 1974. Slope and stream profiles of
tributaries. Discharge data. Chemical parameters include pH, alkalinity,
acidity, iron, sulfate, conductivity, silica, phosphate and nitrate. No
biological data. Literature review. Maps. 82 references.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1963. Conference on the Matter of Pol-
lution of the Interstate Waters of the Monongahela River and its Tribu-
taries. Volume I.Environmental Protection Agency.Washington, D.C.
Problems and assets in the Basin. Effects of acid mine drainage on
water quality. Listing of wells (200 gpm) in the Monongahela
River Basin. Stream gaging stations in the Monongahela River Basin.
Water quality data for selected stations (1955-56). Chemical analyses
of surface waters of different sub-basins. Industrial waste inventories.
Public water surveyors. Active mines inventories. Maps included.
No references.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1963. Conference on the Matter of Pol-
lution of the Interstate Waters of the Monongahela River and Its Trib-
utaries. Volume II. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.
Some water quality data. Status of industries other than coal.
Status of municipal waste treatment. Statements of 7 conferences.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1963. Conference on the Matter of Pol-
lution of the Interstate Waters of the Monongahela River and Its Tributaries.
Volume III. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
9 statements by conference attendees. Additional water quality data
for selected stations. Inventory of industries within the Basin. Some
graphs and figures pertaining to plankton and bacteria for the various
sub-basins.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Proceedings on the Conference in
the Matter of Pollution of the Interstate Waters of the Monongahela
River and its Tributaries - Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland (Second
Session). Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.
Characteristics of the Monongahela River Basin with regards to topo-
227
-------
graphy, hydrology, geology, mining, and coal deposits. Stream quality
as affected by mine drainage (includes stream length, streams affected
by basin). Mine drainage source inventory and pollution control. State
laws and programs. Limited water quality data by drainage basin (65-66)
characteristic of the various sub-basin. No biological data. No
references.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. Water Quality Assessment for the
Kanawha River Basin (North Carolina, Virginia. West Virginia).Environmental
Protection Agency. Wheeling, WV
Basin description. Sub-basin water quality situtations to include
New River, Kanawha River mainstem and their tributaries. Factors af-
fecting water quality. Water quality trends. Maps included.
6- references.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. Report on Bluestone Lake, Monroe
County, WV. Environmental Protection Agency. Corvallls, Oregon.
Discusses nutrient sources and concentrations for Bluestone Lake.
Lake basin characteristics presented. Selected chemical and physical
data for 1973. Chlorophyll A values and phytoplankton list. Maps inclu-
ded. 6 references.
Environmenal Protection Agency. 1975. Report on Lake Lynn. Monongahela
County, West Virginia. Environmental Protection Agency. Corvallis, Oregon.
Discusses nutrient sources and concentrations for Cheat Lake. Lake
basin characteristics presented. Selected chemical and physical data
for 1973. Chlorophyll A values and phytoplankton list. Maps included.
6 references.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. Report on Summersville Lake,
Nicholas County. WV. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon.
Discusses nutrient sources and concentrations for Summersville Lake.
Lake basin characteristics presented. Selected chemical and physi-
cal data for 1973. Chlorophyll A values and phytoplankton list.
Maps included. 6 references.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1975. Report on Tygart Lake, Harbour
County, West Virginia. Environmental Protection Agency. Corvallis, Oregon.
Discusses nutrient sources and concentrations for Tygart Lake.
Lake basin characteristics presented. Selected chemical and physical
data for 1973. Chlorophyll A values and phytoplankton list. Maps
included. 6 references.
Friel, E.A., B.H. Wilmoth, P.E. Ward, and J.W. Work. 1967. Water Resources
of the Monongahela River Basin - West Virginia. Department of Natural Re-
sources, Charleston, West Virginia.
228
-------
Geology, topography, and drainage, climate and vegetation is presented.
Surface water discharge data to include flow, channel characteristics,
flood frequency, low flow and flow duration. Surface water quality
includes pH, hardness, sulfate, D.O., dissolved solids, temperature
and sediment. Ground water occurrence and water use is presented.
Miscellaneous water quality data for early '60's is presented. No
biological data. Maps included. 66 references.
Gibbs and Hill, Inc. 1974. Sevelopment of an Overall Economic/Environ-
mental Plan for the Monongahela River Basin. Appalachian Regional Com-
mission. Washington, D.C.
Evaluation of the economic development Impact of acid mine drainage and
other pollution abatement problems. Discusses water and air pol-
lution in the Monongahela River Basin. Gives state water quality stan-
dards. Some water chemistry data to include acidity and acid load
for different streams. Land problems. Air quality in relation to
power plants, heating, transportation and coal refuse piles. Mo
biological data. Maps included. Ill references.
Gorman, J.W. 1957. An Annual Twenty-Four Hour Limnological Study of Cheat
Reservoir. Monongalia~County, West Virginia.M.S. Thesis.West Virginia
University. Morgantown, WV
Monthly diurnal determinations for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH
and alkalinity during Nov. 1955-Oct. 1956. Data presented in figures.
Tributary discussion. 22 references. No biological data.
Hegener, W.D. 1967. An Evaluation of Primary Productivity In the Mon-
ongahela River. M.S. Thesis. West Virginia University. Morgantown, WV.
Examines rate of primary productivity and how sewage and acid mine
drainage affects it. Limited chemical data to include dissolved oxygen
(daily depth profile - 12 hours for two days), acidity, PO^, N03, pH,
temperature, and secchi disk reading. Primary production rate. No
biological data. No maps. 13 references.
Koon, J.M. 1977, Chemical Water Quality of the Monongahela River Basin
in West Virginia (JL974-3.9.73X M.S. Thesis. West Virginia University.
Morgantown, WV
Basin description. Literature review. Quaterly water quality data
from 85 sites in the Monongahela River Basin. Includes statistical
analyses for 19 chemical parameters. Identifies similar areas within
the basin and compares results to past studies. Data presented
in figures. No biological data. Maps included. 53 references.
Mathes, Jr., M.V. 1977. Drainage Areas of the Guyandotte River Basin.
West Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-801. Charles-
ton, WV.
Report lists in tabular form 435 drainage areas of the Guyandotte River.
229
-------
Data includes stream, site, drainage area, river mile, county, quad-
rangle, latitude and longitude. No references.
Meta Systems, Inc. 1969. A Program For Simulation of Acid Mine Drainage
In A River Basin. Appalachian Regional Commission. Washington, D.C.
Model to evaluate acid mine drainage and pollution abatement in the
Monongahela River Basin. The model considers streamflows, waste
loads, stream standards, and other relevant data. No biological data.
Maps included. No references.
Michael Baker, Jr. Inc. 1975. Investigation of Mining Related Pollution
Reduction Activities and Economic Incentives in the Monongahela River Basin.
Appalachian Regional Commission, Washington, D.C.
Economic potential for coal waste utilization. Prospects of reclaiming
and revegetating mined lands. Inventory of coal refuse banks. Lo-
cation of limestone mining operations in the Monongahela River Basin.
No water quality or biological data. Some water quality data from
mine pumps. 297 references.
Ohio River Basin Commission. 1975. Monongahela River Basin Water and
Related Land Resources Study Report and Environmental Impact Statement -
Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania. Ohio River Basin Commission.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Environmental and economic studies and summaries. Recommended plans
for flood control, water supply, power, historic, recreation, trans-
portation, and water quality. Basin description and maps. Land use
assessment. Selected stream flow data. Major industrial and muni-
cipal dischargers. Active mine dischargers. Maps. No biological data
or references.
Preston, H.R. 1972. Benthic Biology - Monongahela River Basin - Penn-
sylvania. West Virginia, Maryland. Federal Water Pollution Control Ad-
ministration. Wheeling Field Station. Wheeling, WV.
Brief basin description. 225 sampling stations located in the four
main drainage areas of the Monongahela River Basin. Station descriptions
with benthic fauna predominance. Percentage composition for tolerance
groups for the subbasins. Family list. No water quality data. Maps
included. No references.
Preston, H.R. 1974. Fish Population Studies of the Monongahela River.
Environmental Protection Agency. Wheeling, WV.
A report dealing with fish population studies of the Monongahela
River. Results evaluated in relation to water quality. Sampling
summaries for Maxwell Lock and Lock #2 (number of fish, weight and number
of species). Species list. 12 references.
230
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Robinson, J.M. 1977. The Water Quality of The Monongahela River Basin
In West Virginia (1974-1976).M.S. Thesis.West Virginia University.
Morgantown, WV.
Statistical analyses of 27 chemical and physical parameters for the
years 1974-1976. Chemically similar areas are presented. Chemical
factors which affect general water quality. Effect of season on
water quality. Relationships among chemical and physical parameters.
54 references.
Sack, W.A., C.R. Jenkins, B.R. Chambers, and R.W. Lange. 1976. Modeling
of Acid Mine Drainage and Other Pollutants in the Monongahela River Basin
Under Low Flow Conditions"!Department of Natural Resources.Charleston,
West Virginia.
General basin and subhasin description. Predicted water quality for
20 drainage areas. Water quality model and calibration for the Basin.
No water quality or biological data. Maps and figures Included.
IS references.
Schwartz, F.J. 1957. The Cheat River Basin - Past, Present, and Future. Un-
published Report. West Virginia University. Morgantown, WV.
Discussion of Cheat River Basin - past and present. Includes pre-
cipitation, discharge, floods, climate, soils, geology, and water
utilization. Water quality data to include annual 24 hour cycles for
several stations. Parameters include pH, oxygen, per cent saturation,
and temperature. Some data on sedimentation rate. Light data. Fish
species list and composition. No maps. 239 references.
Sotak, M.J. 1968. "Fish Distribution and Acid Mine Pollution in the Mon-
ongahela River Main Stem of West Virginia. M.S. Thesis. West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV.
Study of fish distribution and water quality for a 29 mile section
of the Monongahela River in 1965-66. Parameters included pH, acidity,
hardness, iron, turbidity, and temperature. Water quality data.
Fish distribution data. Chemical data expressed as ranges. No
maps or other biological data. Seasonal comparisons. 15 references.
Tarter, D.C. 1976. Limnology in West Virginia. Marshall University.
Huntington, WV.
Benthic invertebrate keys and species lists. County distribution of
benthic genera and families. Maps included. Fish species list.
No water quality data. Over 100 references. Good benthic inverte-
brate data.
231
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Taylor, W.W. 1975. Zooplankton, Zoobenthos, and Brook Silverside Food
in Moncove Lake, West Virginia.M.S. Thesis^.West Virginia University.
Morgantown, WV.
Lake description. Statistical comparison of biological data. Lit-
erature review. Benthic organisms and their numbers. Seasonal
changes for certain organisms. Stomach analyses of Brook Silversldes.
No water quality data. 59 references.
Tsai, J.C.H. and J.C. Burchinal. 1963. An Annotated Bibliography of
Water Resource Papers Pertaining to the State of West Virginia.' West
Virginia Center for Appalachian Studies.West Virginia University.
An updated bibliography concerning water resources in West Virginia.
It contains 645 references or that material published prior to April,
1962. 21 different bibliographic lists were used in the preparation
of this publication.
U.S. Array Corps of Engineers. 1966. Ohio River Comprehensive Survey.
Appendix C. Hydrology. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Cincinnati, Ohio.
Basin description. Climate and meteorology. Hydrology to include
gaging stations, runoff (average annual, maximum and average daily),
floods of record, low flow, stream regulation and surface water avail-
ability. Sedimentation data. Data presented for basin in Table and
graph forms. 34 references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1966. Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey.
Appendix G. Fish and Wildlife Resources'] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Basin description to include topography, geography, geology, climate,
hydrology, industry, and population. Ba'sin fish and wildlife
populations and resources to include fisheries fstream, reservoir,
pond and lake), commercial fisheries, farm and forest game, furbearers,
and migratory birds. Prelected demands for hunting and fishing. No ref-
erences .
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1966. Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Survey.
Appendix H. Outdoor Recreation. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Provides recreation Inventories Including federal, state, and local
areas for those states located within the Basin. Projected recreation
demands for future years. Evaluations done by sub-basins. No water
quality or biological data. Inventory includes aquatic recreation
areas. Maps included. No references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1966. Ohio River Base Comprehensive Survey.
Appendix I - Electric Power. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Cincinnati, OH.
Description of power market and its requirements. Future capacity and
232
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underdeveloped hydroelectric sources. Water requirements for electric
generation. Stream flow for selected locations. Location of utility
plants within the basin. Maps included. No water quality data or
references.
U.S. Army Engineer Division. 1967. Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Sur-
vey - Appendix D: Water Supply and Water Pollution Control. Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration. Cincinnati, Ohio.
General summary description of the Ohio Elver Basin to include economy,
water requirements, and water quality control. Water quality control
discussed in terms of muncipal and industrial wastes, acid mine drainage,
chloride pollution, fish kills, heat pollution and corrective measures.
Discusses 13 sub-basins individually. Maps included. References as
footnotes.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1968. Ohio River Basin. Comprehensive Sur-
vey. Appendix M - Flood Control. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
Description of flood control and solutions for the Ohio River Basin.
Basin is broken down into 22 subbasins with a description of flood
control problems for each. Inventory of flood damage data and flood
damage methodology. Maps. No references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1968. Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Sur-
vey. Appendix E - Groundwater. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Hydrogeologic and physiographic setting of the Basin. General ground
water characteristics. Use and management of groundwater resources.
Reports on 12 gub-basin drainage areas to include hydrologic and chemical
characteristics. No water quality or biological data. Maps included
for each sub-basin. 164 references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1968. Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Scudy.
Appendix K; Development Program Formulation. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Development program with regards to streamflow control, hydroelectric
power, navigation, outdoor recreation, sport fishing, hunting and land
resources. Development program done by sub-basins. Tables with water-
sheds and their storage capacities. Maps included. No water quality
and biological data. No references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1968. Ohio River Basin Comprehensive Sur-
vey. Appendix L: Navigation. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Development of the Ohio River Basin navigational system. Present
233
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development of selected sub-basins. Demands for water transportation
for selected sub-basins. Problems and potential solutions. Freight
transportation data. Coal shipments. Development plans. Maps. No
references. No water quality data.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1969. Development of Water Resources in
Appalachia. Appendix C. The Incidence and Formation of Mine Drainage Pol-
lution.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Cincinnati, Ohio.
Discussion of incidence and formation of acid mine drainage. Acid
mine drainage examined in major river sub-basins in Appalachia. Water
quality data to include flow and 7 chemical parameters for several
stations in each sub-basin. Maps included. No biological data. 64
references. Also contains an annotated bibliography (67 references).
Contains another 174 references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1971. Final Environmental Statement -
Burnsville Lake, Little Kanawha River, West Virginia. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers. Huntington, WV.
Comments to draft impact statement to construct a dam on the Little
Kanawha. No water quality or biological data. No references. No
maps.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1971. Stonewall Jackson Lake - West Fork
River, West Virginia - Final Environmental Statement. U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers. Pittsburgh, PA.
Environmental setting and environmental impact of the area. Some
flow data. No water quality or biological data. Terrestrial data.
Mainly comments of the draft statement.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1972. Final Environmental Statement -
Willow Island Locks and Dam, Ohio River, Ohio and West Virginia. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Huntington, WV
Comments to the draft impact statement. Some temperature data. Pollution
impacts. No water quality or biological data. No references. Maps.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. An Evaluation of the Effects of Main-
stem Navigation Dams on the Water Quality of the Upper Ohio River. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Pittsburgh, FA.
Evaluates the effect of Ohio River Basin navigational dams on water
quality (especially D.O.). A total of 21 chemical and physical para-
meters were monitored. Phytoplankton and chlorophyll also included.
Summary table of chemical parameters for six months (1974) giving
mean, maximum and minimum. Fish species list. Phytoplankton data
discussed. Graphs. Map and description of each Lock and Dam structure.
15 references.
23k
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Monongahela River (Pennsylvania and
West Virginia) - Draft Environmental Statement On The Operation and Maintenance
of the Navigation SystenuU.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Pittsburgh, PA
Project description for 9 locks. Hydrology to include basin characteris-
tics, streamflow, water use, groundwater characteristics and quality.
Water quality. Aquatic biology to include plankton, macrophytes,
invertebrates and fish, climatology, soils, vegetation, wildlife,
geology, socio-economic characteristics. Archaeological and historical
characteristics. Flow data. Ground water quality data. Storet water
quality data. Species lists for wildlife, fish, birds, plankton, macro-
phytes, and benthic invertebrates. Some density measurements for
benthic invertebrates and birds. Sediment analysis for selected
areas. Maps included. 158 references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Monongahela River - Final Environmental
Statement on the Operation and Maintenance of the Navigation System. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Pittsburgh, PA.
Discussion of navigational system, existing environmental setting to
include water quality, aquatic ecology, hydrology, geology, terrestrial
ecology, soils, socio-economic characteristics and archaeological
characteristics. Environmental impact of proposed actions and also
alternatives to proposed actions. Discharge data. Sediment analyses.
Zooplankton species list. Phytoplankton generic list. Heavy metals
data. Some water quality data. Fish species list. Maps included.
190 references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1976. Monongahela River Navigation Projects
Annual Water Quality Report - 1976. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pitts-
burgh, PA.
Description of the basin. Recommendations for new and existing projects.
Pertinent data and maps of navigational projects. Discussion of 17
chemical and physical parameters and 3 biological parameters. Some chem-
ical data for 10 parameters. Results of 1975 sediment sampling. Species
lists for phytoplankton, aquatic macrophytes, and fish. 25 references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1976. Tygart River Lake Water Quality
Report. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pittsburgh, PA.
General characterization of Tygart River Lake. Tygart River Basin
description. Discusses water quality through tables and figures.
Evaluations of thermal characteristics, dissolved oxygen, acid mine
drainage, and heavy metals. Some water quality data for 9 chemical
parameters (73-74). Phytoplankton species list. Some discussion of
macroinvertebrates and fish. Maps included. 12 references.
235
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Marshall University. 1976. West Virginia
Benthological Survey. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Huntington, WV.
Basin descriptions and maps for the major river basins of West Virginia.
Summary data for benthic invertebrates and their locations. Maps
included. No water quality data. 39 references.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1977. Water Resources Development in West
Virginia - 1977. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cincinnati, Ohio
Water resources planning and development in West Virginia. Project list
by basins. Maps included. No water quality and biological data. No
references.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1968. Water Resources Data for West Virginia -
1967. U.S. Geological Survey. Charleston, WV.
Discharge data for 108 gaging stations in West Virginia for 1967. Data
includes location, drainage area, average discharge, extremes and daily
discharge records for Oct. 1966-Sept. 1967. Also includes chemical
and physical data for 17 sampling stations. No biological data.
No references.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1969. Water Resources Data for West Virginia -
1968. U.S. Geological Survey. Charleston, WV.
Discharge data for 108 gaging stations in West Virginia for 1968.
Data includes location, drainage area, average discharges, extremes
and daily discharge records for Oct. 1967-Sept. 1968. Also includes some
chemical and physical data for 24 sampling stations. No biological
data. No references.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1973. Water Resources Data for West Virginia.
U.S. Geological Survey. Charleston, WV.
Discharge records for 126 gaging stations located throughout West
Virginia (includes daily discharge, average discharge, drainage area,
location and extremes.) Water quality data for selected stations.
No biological data. Map of stations included. No references.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Water Resources Data for West Virginia -
Water Year 1976. U.S. Geological Survey. Charleston, WV.
Discharge records for 125 gaging stations (daily records). Water
quality to include temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen
and suspended solids for 44 gaging stations. Other water quality data
for selected stations. Ground water data for the counties. Maps
Included. Biological data include species lists for selected stations
(also some chlorophyll data). Records also include drainage areas,
average flows and extremes for the period of record. No references.
236
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U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1976. West Virginia Watershed Progress
Report. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Morgantown, WV.
Summary and status of watershed modifications for the state of
West Virginia in 1975. Brief description for each watershed which
includes location, size, sponsor, problem, land treatment and structure
measures. No water quality or biological data.
Volkmar, R.D. 1972. Phytoplankton Primary Production in Cheat Lake.
M.S. Thesis. West Virginia University. Morgantown, WV.
Examines the Influence of mineral activity on primary production
in Cheat Lake. Chemical data for three stations. 6 chemical para-
meters measured at various depths. Temperature, light and primary
productivity profiles for the different stations. No other biological
data besides productivity. Literature review. 44 references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1969. New River Flow Study.
Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
Examines New River flow from Bluestone Reservoir to Sandstone Falls
and its relationship to recreation. Discharge data. No water quality
data. Benthic invertebrate listing and count data. Benthic invertebrate
listing and count data. Benthic invertebrate drift data. No other
biological data. No maps. 1 reference.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1971 West Virginia Water
Quality Network - 1967. W. Va. Department of Natural Resources. Charleston,
West Virginia.
Bimonthly water quality data for 64 sampling stations are presented.
Data only encompasses the latter part of the year (July-December,
1967) and is only one sample per station. Parameters include appear-
ance, D.O., B.O.D., acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, pH, coliform,
color, conductivity, hardness, flourides, iron, lead, nitrates, phenol,
potassium, sodium, temperature, IDS, TSS, sulfates, odor, turbidity,
and per cent saturation of D.O. No biological data. No references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, 1973. Comprehensive Survey
of the Greenbrier River Basin. Volume II. Economic Base Study. W.Va. Depart-
ment of Natural Resources. Charleston, West Virginia.
Basin description, land use assessments in relation to forestry and
agriculture, general discussion of water resources developments and
recreational resources. No water quality or biological data. 34
references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1974. Economic Base Study
of the Monongahela River. Volume II-B. West Virginia Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
237
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General basin description. Basin economy structure. Selected popu-
lation characteristics. Employment by counties. Agriculture-Forestry.
Land use. Mining and manufacturing. No water quality or biological
data. 32 references. Maps included.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1974. Economic Base Study
of the Monongahela River. Volume II-B. West Virginia Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
General basin description. Basin economy structure. Selected pop-
ulation characteristics. Employment by counties. Agriculture-Forestry.
Land use. Mining and manufacturing. No water quality or biological
data; 32 references; maps included.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1974. West Virginia High
Quality Streams. West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. Charles-
ton, WV.
Listing of high quality streams by basin and sub-basin and also by
county. Listing of county game and fish biologists. Quality stream
criteria. Addresses of Soil Conservation Service District Conser-
vationists.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1975. Basin Water Quality
Management Plan for the Kanawha River Basin. West Virginia Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
Basin description. Segment listing. Municipal and industrial dis-
charge inventories. NPDES permits. Land use policies and non-
point pollution. Maps included. Some storet data regarding water
quality violations. No biological data. No references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water Quality
Management Plan for the Big Sandy-Tug Fork Klver Basin. W.Va. Department
of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
Includes basin description, water quality problems, municipal discharge
impacts, industrial discharge inventories, NPDES permits, land use
assessments and non-point pollution assessments. Monitoring stations
are listed for the basin. Tributaries are broken down into problem
segments. Limited water quality data (only water quality violations
for the period of 71-74). No biological data. Maps included. No
references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water Quality
Management Plan for the Guyandotte River Basin. W. Va. Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
Includes basin description, water quality problems, municipal discharge
impacts, industrial discharge inventories, NPDES permits, land use
assessments and non-point pollution. Monitoring stations are listed
238
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for the basin. Tributaries are broken down into problem segments.
Limited water quality data (only water quality violations for the period
of 71-74 are given). No biological data. Maps included. No references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water Quality
Management Plan for the Little Kanawha River Basin. W. Va. Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
Gives general overview of the Basin, municipal discharge impacts,
industrial discharge inventories, land use policies, NPDES permits,
non-point pollution, and monitoring and surveillance activities. Water
quality data limited to violations of state standards for '71-'74.
No biological data. Tributaries broken down into problem segments. Maps
included. No references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water Quality
Management Plan for the Monongahela River Basin. West Virginia Department
of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
General basin description and overview. Water quality violations (70-74).
Municipal and industrial discharge inventories. NPDES permits. Land
use policies. Non-point pollution. 201 & 208 plans. Monitoring plans.
Stream segment analysis. Maps included. Some storet data on water
quality violations. No general water quality data and no biological
data. No references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water Quality
Management Plan for the Ohio River Basin. W. Va. Department of Natural
Resources. Charleston, WV.
General basin description. Segment listing with pollutants and water
quality violations. Municipal discharge inventory and impact. In-
dustrial discharge inventory and impact. NPDES permits and data.
Land use assessments. Non-point pollution. Maps included. Limited
water quality data. No biological data.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Comprehensive Sur-
vey of the Monongahela River. Volume III. Problems, Needs, and Alternative
Solutions. W. Va. Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
Basin description with brief discussions on hydrology, mineral re-
sources, land use, water resources and fish and wildlife resources.
Problems such as erosion, acid mine drainage, sewage, floodwater
damage, water distribution and supply are discussed in greater detail.
Present and future needs-and notentials and alternative solutions
are discussed. No water quality data. No biological data. Data
covering water storage and potential of different watersheds is
included. Maps.
239
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West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Comprehensive
Survey of the Monongahela River Basin. Volume IV: Selected Plan Elements.
W. Va. Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
Presents selected plan elements and recommends programs, projects and
measures. Description of the basin. Section on natural and scenic
resources. Also section on unresolved conflicts. Data presented
in tables. No water quality or biological data. Map included.
No references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1977. Basin Water Quality
Management Plan for the Monongahela River Basin. W. Va. Department of
Natural Resources. Charleston, WV.
Addendum to plan published in 1976. Report on the public hearing held
in Morgantown, West Virginia, June 24, 1976. No water quality or bio-
logical data. No references.
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1977. West Virginia Water
Quality Status Assessment 1971-1976. W. Va. Department of Natural Resources.
Charleston, WV.
General description of seven main drainage basins in West Virginia.
Water quality data average for '71 and '76 for one station per drain-
age basin. Graphs for conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended
solids, nitrate-nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand and total coli-
forms. General basin problems (also reported fish kills). West
Virginia water quality stations. Stream gazateer. Streams affected
by acid mine drainage. Limited water quality data. No biological data
except for Ohio River fish data (species, numbers and biomass for
lock areas). 12 references.
Wheeling Field Station. 1968. Stream Pollution by Coal Mine Drainage -
Upper Ohio River Basin. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Wheeling Field Station. Wheeling, WV.
History of acid mine drainage. Formation and chemistry of acid mine
drainage. Abatement measures. Mine drainage problems in the Allegheny
River, Monongahela River, Beaver River, Muskingum River, Hocking River,
Little Kanawha River, Kanawha River, Scioto River, Guyandotte River,
Big Sandy River and Ohio River (Mainstern). Maps included. Some water
quality data for the forementioned basins. No biological data.
25 references.
Wojcik, B. and L. Butler. 1977. Aquatic Insects as Indicators of Stream
Environmental Quality in Northern West Virginia. West Virginia University
Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletin 653T. Morgantown,
West Virginia.
Survey of 17 stations on 9 northern West Virginia streams during
June 1972-May 1973. Chemical and physical data to include pH, total
iron, total acid, hardness and velocity (means and standard deviations
240
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for year). Qualitative and quantitative data for aquatic insects.
Environmental categories and indicator insects. 15 references.
-------
AQUATIC ECOLOGY REFERENCES
Appalachian Regional Commission. 1969. Acid Mine Drainage in Appalachia.
Appalachian Regional Comission. Washington, D. C.
Bible, J. L. 1972. An Analysis of the Plankton Community in an Acid
Mine Drainage Polluted Reservoir and Two Less Acid Embayments.
M.S. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
Bohrae, L. 1978. Phytoplankton of the Monongahela River Basin - West
Virginia. In Preparation. West Virginia University, Morgantown,
West Virginia.
Core, E. L. 1959. Biological Investigations of Cheat Lake. Unpublished
Manuscript. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
Dames & Moore. 1975. Assessment of the Impacts of PL 92-500 on the
Kanawha River Basin"! Volume 182 (Preliminary Draft).National
Water Quality Commission. Washington, D.C.
Doll, W. L., G. Meyer, and R. J. Archer. 1963. Water Resources of
West Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey. Charleston, WV
Koon, J. M. 1977. Chemical Water Quality of the Monongahela River
Basin in West Virginia (1974-1975).M.S. Thesis. West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV
Preston, H. R. 1972. Benthic Biology - Monongahela River Basin -
Pennsylvania, Meat Virginia, Maryland. Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration. Wheeling Field Station. Wheeling, WV
Preston, H. R. 1974. Fish Population Studies of the Monongahela
River. Environmental Protection Agency. Wheeling, WV
Tartar, D. C. 1975. Limnology in West Virginia. Marshall University.
Huntington, WV
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1975. Monongahela River (Pennsylvania
and West Virginia) - Draft Environmental Statement on the Oper-
ation and Maintenance of the Navigation System. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers. Pittsburgh, PA
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1976. Tygart Lake Water Quality Report.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pittsburgh, PA
U.S. Army Corns of Engineers and Marshall University. 1976. West
Virginia Benthological Survey. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Huntington, WV
U.S. Geological Survey. 1977. Water Resources Data for West Virginia -
Water Year 1976. U.S. Geological Survey. Charleston, WV
-------
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1974. Comprehensive
Survey of of the Little Kanawha River Basin. Volume I - Inventory.
W. Va. Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1974. West Virginia
High Quality Streams. W. Va. Department of Natural Resources.
Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1975. Basin Water
Quality Management Plan for the Kanawha River Basin. W. Va.
Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water
Quality Management Plan for the Big Sandy-Tug Fork River Basin.
W. Va. Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water
Quality Management Plan for the Guyandotte River Basin. W. Va.
Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water
Quality Management Plan for the Little Kanawha River Basin.
W. Va. Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1976. Basin Water
Quality Management Plan for the Monongahela River Basin. W. Va.
Department of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. 1977. West Virginia
Water Quality Status Assessment 1971-1976. W. Va. Department
of Natural Resources. Charleston, WV
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources-Heritage Program. 1978.
Endangered or Threatened Fish Species and Their Locations. Un-
published data. DNR-Heritage Program. Charleston, WV.
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3-A-2
WEST VIRGINIA t-RTER QUALITY STANDARDS1
Parameter Standard
Arsenic 0.01 mg/1
Barium 0.50 mg/1
Cadnium 0.01 mg/1
Chlorides 100 mg/1
Chromium (Jfexavalent) 0.05 mg/1
Cbliform2 1000
Cyanide 0.025 mg/1
Dissolved Oxygen3 5.0 mg/1
Fecal Coliform^ 200
Fluorides 1.0 irg/1
Lead 0.05 mg/1
Nitrates 45 mg/1
6-8.5
Phenols 1.0 ppb
Selenium 0.01 mg/1
Silver 0.05 rog-'l
Temperature6 73-87°F
Threshold Odor No. 8 at 40°C
Toxic Substances 1/10 (96 hour TDn)
Source: "Administrative Regulations of the State of Vfest Virginia for
Water Quality criteria on inter state and intrastate streams"
Dept. of Natural Resources, 1974.
1. Applicable for all flows greater than or equal to the 7-consecutive
day drought flow with a 10 year return frequency.
2. Monthly average 1000/100 irj; Maximum daily 2400/100 ml.
3. D.O. minimum of 6 mg/1 in trout streams
-------
4. 3D day geometric mean 200/100 ml; Maximum for 10% of the samples
400/100 ml
5. Acid mine drainage streams: ironimum pH 5.5.
6. 87°F maximum May-Nov; 73°F maximum Dec.-April trout waters: Oct-
April 50°F, Sept. & Kay 589F, June-Aug. 66 Daily maxuron
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CLIMATE AND GEOLOGY
4.1 CLIMATE
West Virginia's climatic divisions and weather stations are shown in
Figure 4-1. The greatest controlling factor on the state's climate is
its mountainous topography. Figure 4-2 illustrates this topography and
Figures 4-3 and 4-4 show the climatic response in terms of mean annual snow-
fall and total precipitation. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 38
inches in the eastern panhandle to 50 to 70 inches in the central and northern
mountains, and varies from 38 to 50 inches elsewhere. The pattern of mean
annual snowfall is much more contrasted. Annual snowfall ranges from 20 inches
along the lower Ohio River Basin to well over 100 inches in the central and
northern mountains. Figure 4-5 shows the average number of days per year
with depth of snow cover of one inch or more. It should be noted that caution
should be used in interpolating the climatic maps, especially in the more
mountainous areas where the constantly changing terrain, slope direction, and
elevation make generalized maps less accurate.
West Virginia's latitudinal position places the state in the humid con-
tinental climatic zone. This zone is characterized by evenly distributed pre-
cipitation throughout four clearly defined seasons of nearly equal length. There
is a slight peak of monthly mean precipitation in July (Fig. 4-6) and a noticeably
drier period in October (Fig. 4-7). Figure 4-8 illustrates the number of days
with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation, which in the northern and central
mountains nears one half of the days annually. A degree of extreme drought
occurs on the average once in every ten years throughout many locations in
the state. Figure 4-9 shows the drought index probability by climatic divisions.
Climate in West Virginia is characterized also by large temperature contrasts
between summer and winter (Fig. 4-10 to 4-16). Figures 4-17 and 4-18 show the
annual cooling and heating degree days using 65°F as a base temperature. For each
day the number of heating degree days is the number of degrees the average temp-
erature for the day is below 65°F. Likewise the number of cooling degree days
is the number of degrees by which the mean daily temperature exceeds 65° . The
freezing index is presented in Figure 4-19. This is defined as the greatest
continuous accumulation of freezing degree-days. For each day the number of
freezing degree-days is the difference between 32°F and the daily mean tempera-
ture when the latter is below 32°F. Pan evaporation is highest in July, as is
illustrated by Figure 4-20. Potential evapotranspiration is also shown in
Figure 4-21.
The greater part of the precipitation in the summer is the result of
thunderstorm activity, with 40 to 50 thunderstorm days occuring annually at
most locations (Fig. 4-22). The thunderstorms frequently contain intense rain-
fall, cloud to ground lightning and strong gusty winds, and present the danger
of flash flooding. Large scale flooding is most likely from December to April
when saturated ground and snow cover in association with long rainy periods
produce a widespread and voluminous runoff. Large scale flooding also may
occur during the late spring to early fall as remnants of tropical storms or
hurricanes move inland. Tornadoes are not common in West Virginia, but as is
shown in Figure 4-23, about two observed tornadoes per year are expected.
The average monthly wind speeds for four locations are shown in Figure 4-24.
-------
In general, high average wind speeds over a long period of time are
most frequent from late fall to early spring, while high peak wind gusts
are more common during late spring to early fall.
West Virginia is located within the poorest air pollution
dispersion region of the Eastern United States. As is shown by
Figure 4-25, more than 40 forecast-days of high raeterological
potential for air pollution are expected in the southwestern part
of the state (Kanawha Valley). A combination of low mixing height
and nearly calm wind speeds leads to these pollution occurrences.
247
-------
Figure 4-1 Climatic divisions and weather station location map. (Reference 8)
WEST VIRGINIA
t* lUrtlnsYill* I * I
^ —b*-
7>']«V ^4 ^y| jf~~~^( 1| ••.<°» -Q- ,^ -J^ 0IB.U«to.^^ ^....^,.11., ^^ 1
} />}>- •»•—~«°»-" cr-y. 1 ». j ^ K 0^««M».,.L.-' ~f I^m^,t
I t (> •'l *^^^ ~^ * Cl«n»llle 2 K£ ® . ^ ItRlni »B AP Q f~~' ^* ^/
_i_ 1 EaclM DMI S3, <*»° Liverpool 1 I f^Q '"^"S - ^P Alp»n« 1 « * y N^ /
°T"
Ir-to., Oil. '" N
J—
f^ff
l@
'
'luatloctaB r«
-------
Figure 4-2-
Topographic Map of West Virginia.
(West Virginia Geological and Economic
Survey).
Figure 4-3
Mean annual precipitation (inches). Based on period
1948-1972. (Reference 1)
249
-------
,40
,—NORTH-
/ WESTERN
Figure 4-4
Mean annual snowfall (inches). Based on period 1931-60. (Reference 8)
250
-------
Figure 4-5
Snow cover map. Average number of days per year, depth
of snow cover is one inch or more. (Reference 8)
Figure 4-6
Mean July Rainfall (inches). Based
on period 1931-60. (Reference 8)
figure. 4-7
Mean October rainfall (inches).
Based on period 1931-60.
(Reference 8)
-------
Figure 4-8
Mean annual number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipitation.
(Reference 5)
Climatic Division
Northwester
North Central
Southwestern
Central
Southern
Northeastern
2
-1.29
-1.28
-1.24
-1.34
-1.33
-1.16
Recurrence
5
-2.94
-2.97
-2.85
-2.97
-2.79
-2.97
Interval (Return Period) in Years
10 25
-4.19 -5.84
-4.23 -5.91
-4.06 -5.67
-4.20 -5.83
-3.89 -5.35
-4.34 -6.15
50
-7.09
-7.18
-6.88
-7.07
^6.45
-7.52
DROUGHT CATEGORIES: 0.49 to -0.49 : Near Normal; -0.50 to -0.99 : Incipient Drought; -1.00 tc
-1.99 : Mild Drought; -2.00 to -2.99 : Moderate Drought; -3.00 to -3.99
: Severe Drought ; ^ -4.00 : Extreme Drought
Figure 4-9
West Virginia drought index probabilities.
(Reference 8)
252
-------
Figure 4-10
Mean January minimum temperatures-
(eF), based on period 1931-60. _1_
(Reference 8) J
Figure 4-
Mean January maximum temperatures
(°F), based on period 1931-60.
(Reference 8)
Figure 4-12
Mean annual temperatures, based on period 1931-60.
-(Reference 8)
+S—
Figure 4-13
Mean July minimum temperatures (°F),
based on period 1931-60. (Reference 8)
253
Figure 4-14
Mean July maximum temperatures
(°F), based on period 1931-60.
(Reference 8)
-------
Figure -15
Average number of days annually
with temperatures 90°F or above
Based on period 1931-60.
(Reference 8)
Figure 4-16
Average number of days annually
with temperatures 32°F or below.
Based on period 1931-60.
(Reference 8)
Figure 4-17
Average annual cooling-degree
days. (Base 65°F). (Reference 8)
Figure 4-18
Average annual heating-degree days.
(Base 65°F). (Reference 8)
-------
Figure 4-19
Freezing index in accumulated degree-days.
period 1930-64. (Reference 8)
(Base 32°F). Based on
w
C 4
z
I
JUUT JUG. 51" OCT XX
Figure 4-20
Average monthly pan evaporation from three
locations in West Virginia. Based on
period 1948-65. (Reference 8)
Figure 4 -21
Potential evapotranspiration (inches)
during growing season (May to October).
Based on period 1931-60. (Reference 8)
-------
20
10
CHttRLESTON-
ELKINS
FARKERS3URG-
OAN. FEB UAH. APR. MAT Mff. JUUf AUG. SEPT OCI NOV. DEC
Figure 4-22
Average number of thunderstorm days per month for three West Virginia
cities. (Reference 8)
West Virginia Tornado Information (1956-75)
Total number of tornadoes, 1956-75 4-0
Average number per year 2
Greatest number in any one year 6
Least number in any one year 0
Mean number per 10,000 sq. mi. per year 0,
Total days with tornadoes, 1956-75 32
Average number of days with tornadoes per year... 2
Total deathes from tornadoes, 1956-75 1
Average deaths per year 0
Kean deaths per 10,000 sq. mi. per year 0
- I960
83
Figure 4-23
West Virginia tornado statistics, based on period 1956-75.
(Reference 4)
256
-------
REFERENCES
1. Chang, M., Lee, R. and Dickerson, W. H., 1976, Adequacy of Hydrologic
Data for Application in West Virginia. Water Research Institute, WVU
Bull. 7, 145 p.
2. Grafton, C. R. and Dickerson, W. H., 1969, Influence of Topography on
Rainfall in West Virginia. Water Research Institute, WVU Bull. 1, 45p.
3. Holtzworth, G. C., 1972, Mixing Heights, Wind Speeds and Urban Air
Pollution Potential. EPA.
4. Ruffner, J. A. and Blair, F. E., Eds., 1977, The Weather Almanac,
Gale Research Co., Book Tower, Detroit, Mich., 728 p.
5. United States Environmental Science Services Administration, 1968,
Climatic Atlas of the United States. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 80 p.
6. United States Environmental Science Services Administration, 1970-72,
Climatologlcal Data; West Virginia, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, v. 78-80,
162 p.
7. Weedfall, R. 0., Supplementary Climatic Notes for West Virginia, W.Va.
Dept. of Agriculture, L-0467.
8. West Virginia University Agricultural Experiment Station, 1970, West
Virginia Climate in Relation to Weather Sensitive Industry, Bull. 591T,
26 p.
25?
-------
4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The total land area of West Virginia is 24,283 square miles. The state
lies between 37° 12' 7.8' and 40° 38' 17.1' North latitude and between 77°
43' 11.2' and 82° 38' 48.3' West Longitude, yielding extreme dimensions of
237 miles from north to south and 265.5 miles from east to .west. Most of the
state boundary is irregular, being defined by natural features. West Virginia's
average elevation of 1500* above sea level is the greatest of any state east
of the Mississippi River. The elevation ranges from 227 feet at Harpers Ferry
to 4862 feet on the summit of Spruce Knob. Although this is not alpine relief,
the land generally has a rugged character. It is well drained with no large
natural lakes. Of the total state area, 20,600 square miles are drained by
the Potomac River (eastern panhandle) and 80 square miles are drained by the
James River (Monroe County).
The physiographic provinces of West Virginia are shown in Figure 4-26. The
Allegheny Front, a prominent escarpment, separates the northwesterly dipping
topography and dendritic drainage network to the northwest, from the alternate
ridge and valley topography and trellis drainage network to the southeast.
It runs approximately from Keyser, past Green Bank and White Sulphur Springs,
to Bluefield. The Appalachian Plateau and Allegheny Mountain Provinces are
found northwest of the Allegheny Front, and the Ridge and Valley, Great
Appalachian Valley and Blue Ridge Provinces are found to the southeast of the
Allegheny Front.
The greater portion of the state lies within the Appalachian Plateau
Province which is entirely drained by the Ohio River System. This area is
characterized by a dendritically dissected plateau, consisting of low to
moderately prominent rolling hills of nearly the same elevation in any one area.
The mean elevation increases from the Ohio River towards the southeast. Local
relief of 200 to 500 feet is common in the northeastern part of the province,
while it exceeds 1000 feet in some localities in the southeastern portion.
The Allegheny Mountain Province is contained in the north central section
of the state. All but Grant County, which is drained by the Potomac River,
is drained by the Ohio River System. The topography varies widely over this
province with many high points exceeding 4,000 feet. Local relief of several
hundred to several thousand feet is found across the area. South of the Dry
Fork River it is characterized by well defined mountain crests running north-
east-southwest, interspaced by parallel, elevated mountain stream valleys.
North of the Dry Fork River the topography is more continuous, unbroken
highland, consisting mainly of hilly plateaus running from 2,000 to 4,000 feet
above sea level. The highland areas generally gain elevation from northwest
to southeast.
The Ridge and Valley Province occupies the extreme southeastern part of
the state, drained mainly by the Ohio River System, and the major part of the
eastern panhandle, drained by the Potomac River. This area is characterized
by prominent steep-crested or slightly rounded mountain ridges oriented in
a northeast-southwest direction. The dendritic streams flow parallel to the
mountains in narrow to broad valleys, occasionally cutting gaps perpendicular
258
-------
to the mountain crests. The relief is greatest along the Allegheny Front
and in Pendleton County, where local relief of 1500 to 3000 feet is found.
Elsewhere, relief of 500 to 2000 feet is common between the ridge crests
and valley bottom land.
In the extreme eastern panhandle, the Great Appalachian Valley Province
(Shenandoah Valley) passes through Berkeley and Jefferson Counties. This
section drains into the Potomac River and consists of a broad limestone valley
dominated by karst topography. Bordering it to the east along extreme eastern
Jefferson County is the Blue Ridge Province. This is part of a long
continuous mountain chain which, in this area, has a maximum relief of
about 1200 feet.
259
-------
6
o
§
CMtRLESTON-
ELKKS
MORGANTOWN-
J_
" L
sar.
-I
_!..,
JAM FEE MAR APR. MAT JUKE JULY AUG SEPT OCT. NOV. DEC.
Figure 4-24
Average monthly wind speeds (miles per hour) at four locations in
West Virginia. (Reference 8)
Figure 4-25
Isopleths of total number of forcast-days of high meteorological potential
for air pollution expected in a 5-year period. Based on period August 1,
1960 to April 3, 1970. (Reference 3)
260
-------
*—1
^-x /-^Vrj-*1 / •• '"J—»•*"—~n ! 3 / J" ^~"""V>C
.V ' I /....TO./ -..' / iT, 1-/4JV,.01.1,0. I
•• x-'" > > S^ -X X ' /> /
j-i^j,v"v^<.VT^.-.'; LV rN /
r^:';-M r / \ ,.-"x k -xfl £/
* ( *»* "-^- -•*•.••.«»".-• .•-.' Jv* j
\/
*
'AS •"
./..o..>c\
V » t
"
DOwlLL /
N
Figure 4-26 physiographic Provinces of West Virginia (West Virginia Geologic
and Economic Survey).
261
-------
4.3 GROUND'-ATER
West Virginia can be divided into six ground-water regions based on
the principal type of rock (lithology) and on the geologic structure which is
present. The regions are shown in Figure 4-27, and a brief description of each
is given below.
Region I. Limestone which has been severely folded and faulted.
The highest variability in. the ground-water yield and quality occurs
in this region.
Region II. Severely folded sandstone and shale. This area is character-
ized by high variability in the ground-water yield and quality.
Region III. Moderately folded sandstone, shale and coal. The region
contains primary, secondary and artesian aquifers. The water generally
becomes saltier with depth.
Region IV. Nearly horizontal sandstone with shale and coal. The area
contains both primary and secondary aquifers. The water generally
becomes saltier with depth.
Region V. Nearly horizontal shales with sandstone and coal. This
region contains primary and secondary aquifers. The water generally
becomes saltier with depth.
Region VI. Alluvial sands and gravels. Aquifers are found mainly
along the Ohio and Kanawha River valleys. Some large capacity wells
are present.
The yield of a well is a function of many variables, including the volume
of water entering an aquifer, lithology, amount of fracturing, efficiency
and size of the well and pump, depth of the well, and the proximity of other
wells. Figure 4-28 illustrates the generalized distribution of reported yields
from existing small-diameter drilled water wells in West Virginia. The
map shows that the northwestern part of the state has generally low well
yields, and the central and southern sections have somewhat higher well yields,
and the eastern part has highly variable well yields.
The most widespread problems in the quality of ground water in West
Virginia are due to five principal contaminants: compounds of iron, compounds
of sulfur, compounds of chlorine, hardness due to calcium and magnesium
compounds, and bacteria. Table 4-1 shows average concentrations in ground
water of those substances which are most likely to occur in the state's
major geological units. These ground-water contaminants may be due to
natural sources or to industrial and human wastes. Many contaminants become
concentrated in the ground-water and reside in the sub-surface system for
a long time. The single most widespread ground^water problem in West
Virginia is the presence of compounds of iron and sulfur which usually
occur together and are derived from the same source. These compounds are
produced by the solution of iron and sulfur minerals, particularly iron pyrite,
which occur in the aquifer, and by the leaching of iron-rich wastes in recharge
areas. The iron compounds cause objectionable taste, staining of clothing and
porcelain, and damage to water-carrying pipes. The objectionable sulfur compounds
range from foul-smelling hydrogen sulfide to highly corrosive sulfuric acid
and hardness-causing sulfates. Most of the chloride content of the water
originates in deep saline waters and reaches the surface area as a result of
excessive pumping, natural upward movement, and as a result of improper
methods of production of oil and gas. A considerable amount of chloride
262
-------
results from the run-off from roads which have been treated with sodium
or calcium chloride for de-icing. Water hardness, resulting principally
from the solution of calcium and magnesium carbonates as the bicarbonates,
causes increased soap consumption and other difficulties in laundering
and steam generation. In certain areas, a serious problem may result
from contamination by bacteria from human and animal wastes.
263
-------
Figure 4-27 The six ground-water regions of West
Virginia based on geologic structure and rock lithology.
Reference 7.
ro
AMHAUJ ^PENNSYLVANIA
II IV VJ Highly-Folded Sanditone. Shale
rv\ I and Some Limestone
Moderately-Folded Sandstone, Shale,
and Coal
Nearly Horizontal Sanditonei with
Shile and Coal
V I I Nearly Horizontal Shalei with
I I Sanditone and Coal
VI I T] Alluvial Sandi and Graved
Set* of u.iii
10
-------
0 20_ • 40 ^ 60 MHES
0 20 10 60 KILOMETE RS
Reponed Ranges of Yields to
Existing Small-Diameter drilled
Wells of all Depths, in gallons per mtnuti
Over 150
1 I 50-150
15-50
Under 15
Based On: Cooperative Work by the Wert Virginia Geological and Economic Survey and the U. S. Geological
Survey and on the State Geological Map.
Figure 4-28 Generalized distribution of reported yields from existing small-
diameter drilled water wells in West Virginia.
265
-------
Geologic
Unit
Dunkard
Monongaheta
Conemaugh
Allegheny
Pottsville
Mississippian
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
RANGES OF AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS
Chloride
{mg/1)
16- 83
6- 70
5- 58
4- 50
4- 38
2- 24
10-100
5.9
28.
4.0
Iron
(mg/l)
0.2-0.6
0.2-0.5
0.1-0.9
1.0-1.6
1.0-3.0
0.01-1.5
0.4-0.6
1.3
1.9
0.2
Hardness
(mg/l)
110-130
95-125
90-102
60- 80
46- 82
70- 94
63-246
127
275
61
PH
(units)
7.5-7.6
7.1-7.6
7.0-7.4
6.4-6.7
6.S6.6
6.76.8
6.8-7.2
7.8
7.3
7.2
Sources: .Ground-water data from cooperative program between the
West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey and the U. S. Geological
Survey.
Table 4-1 Average concentrations, in ground water, of those substances which
are most likely to occur in West Virginia's major geological units.
266
-------
REFERENCES
1. Carls ten, C. W., 1958, Ground-Water Resources of Monongalfa County,
West Virginia. W.Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bull. 15, 42 p.
2. Carlston, C. W. and Graeff, G. D., Jr., 1955, Ground-Hater Resources of
the. Ohio River Valley in West Virginia. W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey,
Vol. 22, Pare III, 131 p.
3. Bain, G. L. and Friel, E. A., 1972, Water "Resources of the Little Kanawha
River Basin, West Virginia. W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, River Basin
Bull. 2, 170 p.
4. Bieber, P.P., 1961, Ground-Water Features of Berkeley and Jefferson
Counties. West Virginia. W.Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bull. 21, 81 p.
5. Doll, W. L., Meyer, G., and Archer, R. J., 1963, Water Resources of Wegt
Virginia, W. Va. Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources,
134 p.
6. Doll, N. L., Wilmoth, B.M., and Whetstone, G. W., 1960, Water Resources
ol Kanawha County. West j/irgtnia. W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bull.
20, 189 p.
7. Landers, R. A., 1976, A Practical Handbook for Individual Water-Supply
Systems in West Virginia, W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Educational
Series, 102 p.
8. Nance, R. L. and Bieber, P. B., 1958, Ground-Water Resources of Harrison
County. West Virginia. W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bull. 14, 55 p.
9. Robison, T. M., 1964. Occurence and Availability of Ground-Water in Ohio
County. West Virginia. W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bull. 27, 57 p.
10. Ward, P. E. and Wilmoth, B. M., 1968, Ground-Water Hydrology of the
Monongahela River Basin in West Virginia, W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey,
River Basin Bull. 1, 170 p.
11. Wilmoth, B. M., 1966, Ground-Water in Mason and Putnam Counties, West
Virginia. W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bull. 32, 162 p.
267
-------
4.4 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Every county In West Virginia is subject to the hazard of flooding and
landslides. Both are tied closely to short tern climatic variations, geology
and human activity. Major large scale flooding is most common in the late
winter and early spring. Flash flooding may occur following any intense rain-
fall, most likely from late winter to early fall. Tributaries are especially
susceptible to flash flooding, while a more gradual rise in the flood water
occurs along the larger rivers.
Damage from landslides greatly exceeds the ten million dollars reported
annually in West Virginia. Figure 4-29 shows the distribution of highway
landslides from 1959 to 1975. Two thirds of the state has slopes ranging
from 10% to 40% that are within the range of landslide prone areas. Table
4-2 shows the percentages slope grades by county. The West Virginia
Geological Survey has published 28 maps of landslide conditions around
seven urban areas (Fig. 4-30). Types of landslides which occur in West
Virginia include creep, slump, earthflows, mudflows, debris,flows, and
debris avalanches. Common slope modifications made by man which may cause
landslides in unstable slope areas include the cutting away of the toe of
the slope, placing fill material and buildings at the top of the slope,
altering surface water or ground water conditions in unstable areas, and
trees and other vegetative cover.
268
-------
I
32'
—
»W «, V
Figure ^-29 Distribution of 1,418 highway
landslides from 1959 to 1975 (after W.Va.
Dept. of Highways).
Figure 4-30 Index map.of West Virginia showing the
location of landslide maps.
269
-------
#
01
02
03
04
05
05-
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
County
Name
Barbour
Berkeley
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Creenbrier
Hanpshire
Hancock
Hardy
Harrison
Jackson
Jefferson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Mingo
Level*
98.2
88.9
100.0
99.6
94.3
92.8
99.6
99.7
100.0
99.4
100.0
96.6
97.8
98.1
95.2
97.3
99.0
96.7
81.0
98.2
99.5
99.8
99.3
100.0
98.7
98.7
96.3
99.2
97.1
99.8
10
86.4
46.9
99.4
97.8
77.9
87.2
98.2
98.4
99.2
88.5
98.3
72.3
84.2
74.3
76.6
82.2
94.1
90.1
21.9
96.0
97.1
98.8
98.5
99.4
92.6
94.1
86.0
89.9
78.2
99.1
20
44.5
13.5
95.1
88.7
46.6
76.5
90.7
89.9
92.6
56.9
88.9
40.9
52.4
30.0
41.1
51.8
72.0
66.4
5.4
88.3
85.5
92.8
96.7
94.2
70.3
79.8
61.4
52.4
38.0
96.7
30
16.6
4.8
82.5
61.0
22.9
46.5
73.0
63.4
92.6
37.3
65.5
21.0
24.1
9.5
17.7
24.6
32.4
25.4
1.7
65.0
50.9
71.4
89.9
74.0
41.8
44.0
23.0
19.1
15.5
91.4
40
3.4
2.3
59.4
25.8
5.2
12.7
38.6
27.9
62.1
23.4
30.1
7.2
8.5
2.9
7.5
8.0
6.3
3.9
1.2
37.9
14.1
30.3
73.6
43.9
12.1
19.3
4.9
5.7
7.3
77.1
50
0.4
1.1
33.3
6.5
0.0
1.5
13.5
9.1
23.3
11.5
7.2
1.7
2.3
1.0
2.1
2.2
0.8
0.2
0.7
17.7
1.4
7.1
48.6
20.2
1.5
5.9
0.5
1.7
1.9
48.8
60
0.0
0.2
13.3
2.2
0.0
0.0
2.1
3.1
2.8
5.6
1.5
1.0
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.1
7.9
0.0
1.4
23.3
8.8
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.3
19.5
70
0.0
0.0
3.8
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.2
2.3
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.2
0.0
0.2
7.1
2.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
4.5
c.
0.56
1.90
0.16
0.31
0.25
-0.61
0.21
0.56
-0.06
-0.87
-0.04
1.00
0.58
1.25
0.86
0.70
0.01
-0.27
3.28
0.53
-0.29
•0.04
•0.40
0.45
-0.05
0.27
0.09
1.11
1.08
0.64
#
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
30
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
4&
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
County
Name
Monongalia
Monroe
Morgan
Nicholas
Ohio
Pendleton
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upsltur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Level*
99.2
99.2
97.7
99.5
98.1
99.7
95.4
98.2
99.0
99.1
99.0
98.4
98.9
98.8
98.3
97.0
95.0
99.2
99:i
99.6
99.4
99.2
98.7
93.8
100.0
10
92.5
83.7
81.5
89.0'
91.6
91.4
91.6
90.6
81.0
92.7
87.0
91.5
98.2
98.3
86.9
89.9
71.0
92.8
89.0
96.4
94.5
98.0
95.9
83.8
99.6
20
64.9
46.7
46.3
55.9
69.0
67.3
72.0
65.6
45.4
78.6
62.8
62.8
83.7
03.7
58.5
61.8
49.0
71.6
52.3
80.3
76.5
93.0
80.8
54.4
91.6
30
30.5
19.4
17.0
29.4
31.0
30.6
43.1
31.6
20.6
47.5
38.3
28.0
4-1.9
42.7
21.0
19.3
27.1
32.5
18.4
62.5
52.1
70.9
38.4
14.3
64.9
40
8.7
6.5
5.9
14.3
0.3
16.9
11.8
0.3
0.4
10.5
23.6
0.7
11.3
12.6
5.7
5.4
0.7
10.1
5.6
27.2
25.7
31.7
10.7
1.8
32.9
50
1.7
1.9
3.1
6.2
0.0
6.1
2.6
1.7
4.0
0.5
13.5
1.7
1.4
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.3
1.6
1.4
7.9
9.3
8.3
2.0
0.2
15.3
60
0.8
0.4
1.8
2.1
0.0
2.0
0.7
0.3
1.1
0.0
5.9
0.0
0.7
0.2
1.1
0.9'
0.8
0.0
0.0
2.1
1.7
1.4
0.2
0.0
6.7
70
0.1
0.3
1.3
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.1
C,
0.50
0.90
1.58
1.05
0.04
0.61
-0.10
0.26
1.24
-0.54
0.87
0.33'
0.36
0.36
0.72
0.70
0.70
0.13
0.70
•0.02
0.13
-0.25
•0.03
-0.20
0.90
The dope of "level" land U lew thin 2.5 percent.
Table 4-2 Percentage of Land Area by counties in West Virginia with slope Inclination greater than the indicated slope.
-------
4.5 GEOLOGY AND SOILS
A summary of the geology of West Virginia is presented on a county by
county basis in section 4.6 in this chapter. The following is a brief
description of the headings listed for each county.
Geologic Structure;
A brief description of the structure contour pattern across each county
is given under this heading. This includes the direction and degree of regional
dip where it exists, orientation, shape and names of major folds (anticlines
and synclines), and location and names of major faults. In general, the rock
strata west of the Allegheny Front have a slight regional dip to the northwest,
interrupted by occasional, nearly symmetrical folds which trend northeast-
southwest. East of the Allegheny Front the rock strata have been much more
severly folded and nay be vertical, overturned or faulted. The fold arcs
generally parallel the mountain crest in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures;
Surface rocks are listed according to group or formation and age of
deposition. They are listed in descending order, youngest to oldest or by
pattern of occurrence, where a discernable pattern occurs. As shown on the
Geologic Map of West Virginia (Fig. 4-31), the age of the rocks increases
from west to east. All surface rocks are sedimentary, except in extreme
eastern Jefferson County, where a metamorphic greenstone is found.
The generalized geologic columns for the four sections of West Virginia
are shown in Figures 4-32 and 4-33. The following is a brief description of
the principal surface rock units in descending order.
Quaternary System
Represented by clays, gravels and sand beds present along the
river and creek valleys, and by river-terrace deposits now resting
many feet above the present streams.
Permian System or Pennsylvanian
Dunkard Group: Non-marine cyclic sequences of sandstone, siltstone,
red and gray shales, limestone and coal.
Pennsylvanian System
Monongahela Group: Non-marine cyclic sequences of sandstone, silt-
stone, red and gray shales, limestone and coal.
Conemaugh Group: Cyclic sequences of red and gray shale, siltstone
with thin limestones and coal.
Allegheny Formation: Cyclic sequences of sandstone, siltstone, shale,
limestone and coal.
Pottsville Group:
Kanawha Formation: Sandstones, Massive conglomeratic sandstones,
sandy shales, fire clays, thin limestones, and coals.
New River Formation: Same as Kanawha.
Pocahontas Formation: Sandstone, shales and coals.
Mississippian System
Mauch Chunk Group: Red, green and medium gray shale, and sand-
stone, with a few thin limestones.
271
-------
Greenbrler Group: rredominantly limestone, layers of dark calcareous
shale, some red shale .and some sandy zones present.
Maccrady Formation: Predominantly red shale and mudstone, partly
calcareous.
Pocono Group: Predominantly hard, gray, massive sandstone vith some
shale.
Devonian System
Hampshire Formation: Non-marine shales and fine micaceous sand-
stones, mostly red to brownish gray, including siltstone, sandstone and
conglomerate.
Chemung Group: Gray to brown siltstone, and sandstone with shale
and conglomerate interbeds, mainly marine and sparingly fossiliferous,
boundaries gradational..
Brallier Formation: Predominantly.olive-gray to dark, thickly lamin-
ated marine shale and .siltstone, mainly non-fossiliferous.
Harrell Shale: Dark gray to black, thinly laminated to fissile shale.
Calcareous shale and limestone lenses near base.
Mahantango Formation: Predominantly a dark gray shale with sand-
stone lenses.
Marcellus Formation: Distinct black fissile shale.
Huntersville Chert-, Mostly a highly silicified black shale which
contains many beds that have been brecciated, and recemented with amorphous
silica.
Needmore Shale: Generally a very dark shale.
Oriskany Sandstone: Principally coarse grained sandstone with some
chert beds.
Helderberg Group: Essentially limestone, part cherty.
Silurian System
Tonoloway Formation: Thinly laminated, interbedded, argillaceous
limestone and calcareous shale.
Wills Creek Formation: Predominantly shale with sandstone interbeds.
Bloomsburg Facies: Red shale.
Williamsport Formation: Sandstone.
McKenzie Formation: Dark Calcareous shales and thin-bedded fos-
siliferous limestones.
Clinton Group:
Rochester Shale: Dark gray shale with thin limestone lenses.
Keefer Sandstone: Thin sheet sandstone.
Rose Hill Formation: Mostly shale with thin red sandstone
lenses.
Tuscarora Sandstone: Mostly a clean white sandstone.
Ordovician System
Juniata Formation: Non-marine red to reddish brown sandstone with
some shale.
Oswego Formation: Gray to gray-brown, non-fossiliferous, arkosic
sandstone.
Martinsburg Formation: Predominantly black to dark gray shale with
some sandstone interbeds.
Trenton Group: Dark gray shale and dark gray limestone with ben-
tonite beds. 272
-------
Black River Group: Predominately limestone with some dolomite and
chert with thin bentonite beds.
St. Paul Group: Predominately limestone with some doloaite and
chert. Nearly pure limestone at base.
Beekcantown Group: Predominately limestone and dolomite with some
sandstone.
Cambrian System
Conococheague Formation: Limestone and dolomite with sandstone and
shale layers.
Elbook Formation: Predominately limestone.
Waynesboro Formation: Predominately green shale with streaks of impure
sandstone and some dolomite.
Tomstown Dolomite: Mainly dolomite, nearly pure at top.
Antietam Formation: Predominately sandstone.
Cambrian or Precambrian
Harpers Formation: Sandy shale with varying degrees of metamorphism.
Weverton-Loudoun Formation: Predominately an arkosic course-grained
sandstone.
Catoctin Formation: Greenstone or schist.
Minable Coal Seams;
The minable coal seams are listed in descending order. Minable coals
of economic importance are only found west of the Allegheny Front. Figure 4-34
shows the original extent of the minable coals. The West Virginia Geological
and Economic Survey coal maps (Fig.4-35 through 4-39) provide additional
information on rank, fixed carbon, sulfur content, ash content, BTU heating
value and age of coals.
Limestone Resources:
Limestone groups, formations or members which outcrop in the county
and are suitable for quarrying are listed. Figure 4-^40 shows the major
limestone outcrop areas.
Sandstone Resources:
A listing is given of the sandstone members which outcrop in the
county and are suitable for quarrying.
Salt Resources: -
A statement is made as to whether the county is underlain by natural
salt brine and rock salt. Where it can be determined, the major rock members
containing the salt brine are listed. Figure 4-40 shows the areas that are
likely underlain by rock salt and natural brine.
Oil and Gas Deposits
A significant amount of gas and some oil is recovered yearly in the
western part of West Virginia. Figure 4-41 shows the oil and gas fields
in West Virginia as of 1971.
273
-------
Soil Limitations:
A sunsaary of the limitations and hazards associated with the various
soils is presented for the counties with modern soil publications completed.
Figure 4-42 shows the progress of soil mapping on a county to county basis.
It should be noted that the Upshur soil unit, wherever it occurs, is a serious
landslide risk. Brooke, Brookside, Clarksburg, Ernest, Gilpin, Leadvale
Markland, Meckesville, Shelocta, Vandlia, Westmoreland, Wharton, and Zoar soils
also have a slippage potential on moderate to steep slopes. Eroslonal problems
are likely with most soils left in unprotected areas. It is not uncommon for
bedrock to be exposed or located at a shallow depth below the surface.
Seismic Risk:
The seismic risk is given according to zone designation. As shown on
the earthquake location map, Figure 4-43, southeastern and extreme eastern
West Virginia fall within Zone 2, while the remainder of the state falls
within Zone 1. If an area is located within Zone 1, minor damage is expected.
If an area is located within Zone 2, moderate damage is expected. The higher
risk in the eastern part of the state is caused primarily by the earthquake
activity in the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Major Rivers;
A listing is given of the counties' largest rivers, the type of drainage
network and the ultimate drainage.
Comments;
Miscellaneous items are provided, including published landslide maps,
s.-ilicnt geological features, occurrence of limestone caverns, major impound-
ments, registered national landmarks (RNL), and the Nature Conservancy's
natural areas (TNC).
Boxed Information:
The boxed section consists of a presentation of the physiographic province
or provinces of the county; highest and lowest points above sea level; a
breakdown of the land area into flood plains, slopes and uplands; and meteoro-
logical station location and measurement capabilities (F - precipitation, T -
temperature, and E - evaporation).
The percentage of slopes given in the land area column is the percentage
of the land area with slope inclination greater than 10%. Table 4-2 presents
the percentage of land area by counties with slope inclination greater
than 2.5, 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 70 percent. The percentage of flood plains
was determined by estimating the area of Quaternary deposits terraces.
Uplands are the remaining areas of less than 10% slope, without Quaternary
deposits and with significantly higher elevations than the major streams and
rivers.
-------
GEOLOGIC MAP OF WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
Robert B. Erwin, State Geologist
1969
Figure 4-31
(406-425 mil. yra. ago).
Sandstone, shale, lime*
itone, rock salt, and ferru-
:mes(on«. artificial
ginoua beds,
Gas, l\
0 10 20 30 40 50
Kilometers
PENNSYLVANIAN
(280-310 mi I. yrs.affo). Cy-
clic sequences of sand-
stone, shale, clay, coal, and
limestone.
Coat, gas, oil, brint.
MISSIS8IPPIAN
(310-346 mil. yra. ago).
Limestone, red beda, shale.
and sandstone.
L\mf*tonf, QOM,oil, brine.
DEVONIAN
(346-406 mil. yra. *go).
Red beds, shale, sand-
stone, limestone, and
chert.
Gat, filiea »and, lime-
CAMBRIAN
» mil. yrs.
itone and doi
Rome sandstone and shale
(600-600 mil. yrs. ago),
Limestone and dolomite,
PREOAMBRIAN
(More than $00 mil. yn.
ago). Greenstone. Pres-
ent only in extreme eastern
Jefferson County.
-------
OCNCffAUZEO GEOLOGIC SECTION
NORTHEASTERN WOT VIKQINIA
trtrtM
1.0KW
on ro*»
-------
GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC SECTION
NORTH CENTRAL WEST VIRGINIA
PERMIAN
UNSYLVANIAN
u
o.
in
in
a
•t
z
0
u
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a
3
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a
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0.
0.
=1
«QQlF
UPP£>
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u
a.
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3
0
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lil
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JDWES
a.
MIDDLE
L0»f H
K
a.
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a
a
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C«iZ!f
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TL'SC**Oi<4
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Figure 4-33
GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC SECTION
SOUTHEASTERN WEST VIRGINIA
>"<«" o. £££•... "•*«'^.^.7.'<°:
PRF-
HINTOH
•LUtritLO
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mote
ICOWOCOCHIAGUE)
CHH.HO*(|
T
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tsutw
m.-.
OCNERALIZCD GEOLOGIC SECTION
SOUTHWESTERN WCST VIRQINI*
LO*EM
UCPtR
OK rOHMlTION
MUCH CKUMH
•UNMIX
KILLS CMtK
ilODLE
LOKEH
WILLIAHV^MT
UPPC* TUfNTOK
M>DDLt »N
LOWE*
1LAC« mvM
IT PAUL
THIMPIALIAU
•OMI-IHUDr
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|u«v IdCLUOt
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MTTSVlLLtl
nwion
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ti4 IDJUN-
•CUA.I
vti*
"t"«*
: «wiu»a
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i»o«Tfc, m
t»>n»»
HIHTUCKT
1968 State Ceolooic
279
-------
CO
o
s
A R 0 Y
V-
<*"' J
<.••MORGAN/
-v*-
y
.•OCRHCLCY/
/. ,-<.'./ / /. \ /
_r'-^>< ."VlAMPSHIRe y *V /^<
^:>:-/ ^.y < ^
.^j
Figure 4-34
MAP
o r
WEST VIRGINIA
SHOWING
ORIGINAL EXTENT
or
MINABLE COALS
M »»
-137-
UILCI
60'
-------
oo
to
GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC MAP
OK THE
COAL FIELDS
WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
Figure 4-35
Dunkard Group
Monongahela Group
Conemaugh Group
Allegheny Formation
Kanawha Formation
New River Formation
Pocahontas Formation
,••
Pottsville
Group,
undivided.
19
-------
COAL RANK AND FIXED CARBON
WEST VIRGINIA COALS
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
PENNSYLVANIA
oc
-o
SEMIANTHRACITE COAL
OVER 86% FIXED CARBON
a LOW VOLATILE BITUMINOUS COAL
78% TO 86% FIXED CARBON
n MEDIUM VOLATILE BITUMINOUS COAL
69% TO 78% FIXED CARBON
HIGH VOLATILE BITUMINOUS COAL
UNDER 69% FIXED CARBON
% FIXED CARBON
(DRY ASH-FREE)
BURNING SPRINGS ANTICLINE
•
0 10 20 30 40 50
I I I
Kilometers
-------
GENERALIZED SULFUR CONTENT
OK THK
BITUMINOUS COALS
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
/
K)
Figure 4-37
SULFUR CONTENT OVER 3%
SULFUR CONTENT 1.5% TO 3%
SULFUR CONTENT UNDER 1.5%
x
0 10 2O 30 40 SO
Kilometers
-------
GENERALIZED ASH CONTENT
OF THE
BITUMINOUS COALS
OF
WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
J
10 2O 30 40 50
Figure 4-38
ASH CONTENT OVER 12%
ASH CONTENT 6% TO 12%
ASH CONTENT UNDER 6%
NO MINABLE COAL
0 10 20 30 40 50
Kilometers
PLATE WV-4
-------
GENERALIZED BTU HEATING VALUE
01 THE
BITUMINOUS COALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
/ X/v
Vp ENOLETON (
] BTU 14,500 AND OVER
BTU 13,500 TO LESS THAN 14,500
| BTU 12,000 TO LESS THAN 13,500
[ | BTU UNDER 12,000
-------
to
MD
to
LIMESTONE OUTCROPS
AND
PROBABLE AREA UNDERLAIN BY
ROCK SALT AND NATURAL BRINE
i\
WEST VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY
PENNSYLVANIA
MISSISSIPPIAN AGE LIMESTONE
DEVONIAN AND SILURIAN AGE
LIMESTONE
ORDOVICIAN AND CAMBRIAN AGE
LIMESTONE
SILURIAN AGE ROCK SALT
NATURAL BRINE
0_ 10 20 30 40 50
Kilometers
• SILURIAN AGE ROCK SALT
AND NATURAL BRINE
-------
to
<*D
-t-
OIL
GAS
OIL AND
GAS
ALLEGHENY
TOPOGRAPHIC
FRONT
(HACHURES ON
DOWN SLOPE)
ANTICLINE
ST CLAIR
FAULT
*,
OIL AND GAS FIELDS MAP
OF WEST VIRGINIA
DUDLEY H. CARDWELL
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ROBERT B. ERWIN, DIRECTOR AND STATE GEOLOGIST
1975
Figure 4-41
P E NNSYLVANIA
MARYLAND
100 10 ZQ 3O 4O MILES
0 ] 20 30 4Q 50 KILOMETERS
•••"
...
-------
WEST VIRGINIA SOIL SURVEY PROGRESS
AS OF JANUARY 1977
Figure 4-42
LEGEND
Soil Mapping in progress
Modern Soil Surveys completed
and published
Modern Soil Mapping completed
Soil Mapping by request of
owners
-------
INTENSITIES
X —LESS THAN I
O— ¥
— SI
D—:
AmXWKMTE BOUNDARY OF
ZONE 1 AND 2 IN W.VA,
Figure A-43 Earthquakes of the Central Appalachians from 1758 to 1970,
showing approximate boundary of zone 1 and zone 2 in W. Va. Minor damage is
expected in zone 1 and moderate damage is expected in zone 2.
297
-------
REFERENCES FOR COUNTY REPORTS AND MAPS
Grirasley, G. P., 1910, County Reports and Maps, Ohio, Brooke and Hancock
CountijBSj W.Va. Geol. Survey, 378 p.
Grimsley, G.P., 1910, County Reports and Maps, Pleasants, Wood and Ritchie
Counties. W.Va. Geol. Survey, 352 p.
Grimsley, G. P., 1916, County Reports and Maps, Jefferson, Berkeley and
Morgan Counties. W.Va. Geol. Survey, 644 p.
Hennen, R. V., 1909, County Reports and Maps, Marshall, Tyler and Wetzel
Counties. W. Va. Geol. Survey, 654 p.
Hennen, R. V., 1911, County Reports and Maps, Wlrt, Roane and Calhoun
Counties. W. Va. Geol. Survey, 573 p.
Hennen, R. V., 1912, County Reports and Maps, Doddridge and Harrison
Counties. W. Va. Geol. Survey, 712 p.
Hennen, R. V., 1915, County Reports and Maps, Wyoming and McDowell Counties.
W. Va. Geol. Survey, 783 p.
Hennen, R. V., 1917, County Reports and Maps. Braxton and Clay Counties.
W. Va. Geol. Survey, 883 p.
Hennen, R. V., 1919.County Reports and Maps, Fayette County, W. Va. Geol.
Survey, 1001 p.
Hennen, R. V., and Reger, D. B., 1913, County Reports and Maps, Marion,
Motiongalla and Taylor Counties, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 844 p.
Hennen, R. V., and Reger, D. B., 1914, County Reports and Maps, Logan and
Mingo Counties, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 776 p.
Hennen, R. V., and Reger, D. B., 1914, County Reports and Maps, Preston County,
W. Va. Geol. Survey, 566 p.
Krebs, C. E., 1911, County Reports and Maps, Jackson, Mason and Putnam
Counties, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 387 p.
Krebs, C. E., and Teets, D. D., Jr., 1913, County Reports and Maps, Cabell,
Wayne and Lincoln Counties, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 483 p.
Krebs, C. E., and Teets, D. D., Jr., 1914, County Reports and Maps, Kanawha
County, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 679 p.
Krebs, C. E., and Teets, D. D., Jr., 1915, County Reports and Maps, Boone
County. W. Va. Geol. Survey, 648 p.
Krebs, C. E., and Teets, D. D., Jr., 1916, County Reports and Maps, Raleigh
County and the Western Portions of Mercer and Summers Counties, W. Va.
Geol. Survey, 778 p.
298
-------
Price, P.H., 1929, County Reports and Maps. Pocahontas County. W. Va. Geol.
Survey, 531 p.
Price, P. H., and Heck, E. T., 1939, County Reports and Maps. Greenbrier
County, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 846 p.
Reger, D. B., 1916, County Reports and Maps, Lewis and Gilmer Counties.
W. Va. Geol. Survey, 660 p.
Reger, D. B., 1920, County Reports and Maps, Webster County and Portion of
Mingo District, Randolph County, South of Valley Fork of Elk River. W. Va.
Geol. Survey, 682 p.
Reger, D. B., 1921, County Reports and Maps, Nicholas County, W. Va. Geol.
Survey, 847 p.
Reger, D. B., 1923, County Reports and Maps, Tucker County, W. Va. Geol.
Survey, 542 p.
Reger, D. B., 1924, County Reports and Maps, Mineral and Grant Counties, W. Va.
Geol. Survey, 866 p.
Reger, D. B., 1931, County Reports and Maps, Randolph County, W. Va. Geol.
Survey, 989 p.
Reger, D. B., and Price, P. H., 1926, County Reports and Maps, Mercer.
Monroe and Summers Counties, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 963 p.
Reger, D. B., and Teets, D. D., Jr., 1918, County Reports and Maps, Barbour
and Upshur Counties and Western Portion of Randolph County, W. Va.
Geol. Survey, 867 p.
Tilton, J. L., Prouty, W. F., and Price, P. H., 1927, County Reports and
Maps, Pendleton. County, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 384 p.
Tilton, J. L., Prouty, W. F., Tucker, R. C., and Price, P. H., 1927,
County Reports and Maps, Hampshire and Hardy Counties, W. Va. Geol.
Survey, 624 p.
White, I. C. , 1910, County Reports and Maps, Ohio, Brooke and Hancock
Counties, H. Va. Geol. Survey, 378 p.
White, I. C., 1910, County Reports and Maps, Pleasants, Wood and Ritchie
Counties, W. Va. Geol. Survey, 352 p.
299
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ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Baloch., M. S., Henry, E- N. and Burchinal, J. C., 1973, Comprehensive Survey
of the Monongahela River, W. Va. Dapt. of Natural Resources, Division
~of water Resources, v. 1, 319 p'.
Beverage, W. W. and Patton, B. J., 1960, Soil Survey of Marshall County. West
Virginia, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 50 p.
Beverage, W. W., Streputis, W. J., and Hatfield, W. F., 1968, Soil Survey
of Barbour County, West Virginia, IT. S. Dept of Agriculture, 65 p.
Cardwell, D. H., 1975, Geologic History of West Virginia. W. Va. Geol. and
Econ. Survey, Educational Series, 64 p.
Chang, M., Lee, R., and Dickerson, W. H., 1976, Adequacy of Hydrologic Data
for Application in West Virginia, Water Research Institute, WVU Bull. 7,
145 p.
Cross, A. T., Schemel, M. P., Carlston, C. W., and Graeff, G. D., Jr.,
1956, Geology and Economic Resources of the Ohio River Valley in West
Virginia, W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Survey, v. 22, 409 p.
Ellyson, W. J., Fonner, R. F., and Kunkle, W. W., 1970, Soil Survey of
Wood and Wirt Counties, West Virginia, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 79 p.
Ellyson, W. J., Kunkle, W. W., Ruffner, J. D., and Webb, J., 1974, Soil
Survey of Brooke, Hancock and Ohio Counties, West Virginia, U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 62 p.
Gorman, J. L. and Espy, L. E., 1975, Soil Survey of Fayette and Raleigh
Counties, West Virginia, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Soil Conservation
Service, 76 p.
Gorman, J. L. and Newman, L. S., 1965, Soil Survey of Monroe County, West
Virginia, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 114 p.
Gor-nan, J. L. , Newman, L. S., Beverage, \J. W., and Hatfield, W. F., 1972,
Soil Survey of Greenbrier County, West Virginia, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service, 95 p.
Gorman, J. L., Pasto, J. K., and Crocker, C. D., 1966, Soil Survey of Berkeley
County, West Virginia, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 141 p.
Gortian, J. L. and Rayburn, J. B., 1961, Soil Survey of Jackson and Mason
Counties. West Virginia, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 92 p.
Hatfield, W. F. and Warner, J. W., 1973, Soil Survey of Jefferson County.
West Virginia, U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service,
gr~p~:
Lessing, Peter, 1974, Earthquake History of West Virginia, W. Va. Geol.
and Econ. Survey, Envir. Geol. Gull. 12, 13 p.
300
-------
Lessing, P., Kulander, B. R., Wilson, B. D. , Dean, S. L., and Woodring, S. M.,
1976, West Virginia Landslides and Slide Prone Areas. W. Va. Geol.
and Econ. Survey, Envtr. Geol. Bull. 15, 64 p.
Losche, C. K., and Beverage, W. W., 1967, Soil Survey of Tucker County and
Part of Northern Randolph County. West Virginia. U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture, 78 p.
McCue, J. B., Lucke, J. B., and Woodward, H. P., 1939, Limestones of West
Virginia. W. Va. Geol. Survey, v. 12, 560 p.
Patton, B. J. and Beverage, W. W., 1959, Soil Survey of Preston County,
Uest Virginia. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 49 p.
Price, P. H., Hare, C. E., McCue, J. B., and Hoskins, H. A., 1937, Salt
Brines of West Virginia. W. Va. Geol. Survey, v. 8, 203 p.
Price, P. H., Rietz, C. T., and Haught, 0. L., 1938, Geology and Natural
Resources of West Virginia, W. Va. Geol. Survey, v. 10, 462 p.
West Virginia University-Agricultural Experiment Station, 1970, West Virginia
Climate in Relation to Weather Sensitive Industry, Bull. 591T, 26p.
301
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4.6 COUNTY DESCRIPTIONS
BARDOUR COU':i" 54 001
Geologic Structure: Regional dip to the northwest, gradual in west, very
abrupt in extreme east, interrupted by several synclinal basins which trend
northeast-southwest. Major features: Hiram Anticline and Belington Syncline.
Exposures: Dominated by the Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Group, Allegheny
Formation (Pennsylvanian), with a small amount of the Dunkard Group (Per-
mian). Alluvium (Quaternary) is found along the streams. Exposed along the
extreme eastern border are the Mauch Chunk Group, Greenbrier Group and Focono
Group (Mississippian); Hampshire Formation and Chemung Group (Devonian).
Minable Coal Seams: Redstone and Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group;
Elk Lick and Bakerstown Coal of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Upper
Kittanning, Middle and Lower Kittanning and Clarion of the Allegheny Form-
ation; Upper Mercer, Winifrede and Sewell Coal of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources; Uniontown, Sewickley and Redstone of the Monongahela
Group; Clarksburg, Orlando and Elk Lick of the Conemaugh Group; Johnstown
of the Allegheny Formation; Greenbrier Limestone.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Sewickley and Lower Sewickley of the Monongahela
Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Lower Connellsville, Morgantown,
Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo, Upper Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Upper
Freeport, Lower Freeport and East Lynn of the Allegheny Formation; Homewood,
Upper Connoquenessing and Lower Connoquenessing of the Pottsville Group.
i
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine in west; whole county under-
lain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Alluvial Land, Atkins, Lindside, Melvin, Philo and Pope
soils are subject to flooding. Brinkerton, Cookport and Monongahela are
soils of low permeability and contain a seasonal high water table. Calvin
and Belmont are stony soils on very steep slopes subject to erosion.
Clarksburg, Ernest, Upshur and Westmoreland occur on moderate to steep slopes,
contain zones of low permeability and are subject to the hazard of slipping.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Tygart Valley River, Buckhannon River, Middle River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Tygart Lake
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
(Allegheny Mountain -
extveme east)
Relief
3300'
1000'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 86
Uplands 12
Meteorological Stations
Philippi (P)
Hall
-------
BERKEID; COUXTV 5A 003
Geologic StrueCure: Berkeley County is located within the intensely folded
Appalachian Mountain Region. The structure consists of overthrust folds
with larga faults, and in the limestone valley the folds are sharp, close
together, with numerous fault-planes and overthrust faults, Ferrel Ridge
Anticline and North Mountain Faulted Anticline parallel the mountain ridges
in a northeast-southwest directjon.
Exposures; The surface rocks consist of the Pocono Group (Mississippian);
Hampshire Formation, Chemung Group, Brallier Formation, Mahantango Formation,
Marcellus Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonoloway
Limestone, Wills Creek Formation, Bloomsburg Red Shale, McKenzie Formation,
Clinton Group, Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian); Juniata, Hartinsburg Formations,
Black River, St. Paul Limestones, Beekmantown Group (Ordovician); Conococheague,
Elbrook and Waynesboro Formations (Cambrian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along
the streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams: A small amount of coal in the Meadow Branch area.
Limestone Resources: Limestones of (Group or Formation) Helderberg (Devonian);
Tonoloway, Mills Creek (Silurian); Black River, St. Paul, Beekmantown
(Ordovician); Conococheague, Elbrook and Waynesboro (Cambrian).
Sandstone Resources: Pocono Sandstones; Oriskany Sandstone; Sandstones in the
Devonian Shales; Keefer Sandstone of the McKenzie Formation; and Tuscarora
Sandstone.
Soil Limitations: Alluvial Land, Atkins, Huntington, Lindside, Melvin, Fhilo
and Pope soils are subject to flooding. Blairton, Buchanan, Captina, Mon-
ongahela, Pickaway, Sees and Tygart are terrace soils with slow permeability
and a seasonal high water cable. Leadvale has a slipping hazard. Csrbo,
Chilhowie, Corydon and Duffield overlie solution passages; Frankstone, Fred-
erick, Hagerstown, Murrill, Pickaway and Sees overlie cavernous limestone.
Seismic Risk; Zone 2
HglPjcL Rivers; Potomac River
Drainage Network: Trellis
Ultimate Drainage: Potomac River
Comments: Shenandoah Valley; Some caves; Yankauer Preserve (TNC)
Physiographic Province
West - Ridge and Val-
ley
East - Great Appala-
chian Valley
Relief
2220'
310'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 50
Uplands 46
Meteorological Stations
Hartinsburg FAA AP (P,
I, E)
Martinsburg 2 (P)
RcE: Gorman et al., 1966; Grimsley, 19L6; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
303
-------
BOON'E COUNT" 54 005
Geologic Structure: Boone County is traversed by the large Warfield Anti-
cline which passes through, the area in a northeast and southwest direction.
About ona-third of the area lies north and the remaining two-thirds lie south
of this anticline. Paralleling the Warfield Anticline, about five miles to
the southeast, is the Coalburg Syncline which is the largest trough in south-
ern West Virginia.
Exposures: The Conemaugh. Group (Peimsylvanian) is exposed in a few scattered
locations. The surface rocks are dominated by the Allegheny Formation and Kan-
awha Formation (Pennsylvanian), with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Lower Kittanning of the Allegheny Formation; Stockton-
Lewis ton, Coalburg, Winifrede, Chilton, Hernshaw, Williamson, Cedar Grove,
Alma, Campbell Creek (No. 2 Gas), Powellton and Eagle Coals of the Kanawha
Formation.
Limestone Resources: Boone County contains very little limestone.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Freeport and East Lynn of the Allegheny Formation;
Homewood, Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Upper Winifrede, Lower Winifrede, Upper
Chilton, Lower Chilton, Hernshaw, Naugatuck, Williamson, Upper Cedar Grove,
Middle Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Logan, Maiden, Brownstown, Matewan,
Eagle and Decota of the Pottsville Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, especially brine of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group) and Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group).
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Coal River and Little Coal River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments:
Phvsiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
3375"
595'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 95
Uplands 2
Meteorological Stations
Madison (P,T)
Ref: Krebs et al., 1915; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937, WVU Agri. Exp.
Sta., 1970.
304
-------
BRAXTQS
yiY 54 007
Geologic Structure: There is a gradual regional dip (at a very small angle
to the horizontal) from the southeast nargin. of the area to the northwest
border. There are several slight interruptions by low anticlines and shallow
synclines. These trend northeast and southwest. The pitch of the steepest
structural slope is barely perceptible to the eye.
Exposures; The surface rocks, in. a generally northwest to southeast pattern,
are the Dunkard Group (Permian); Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Group, Alle-
gheny Formation and the Kanawha Formation (Pennsylvanian) ; along with Al-
luvium (Quaternary) along the stream channels.
Minable Coal Seams; Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Bakerstown
Coal of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport ,, Upper Kittan-
ning, Middle Kittanning and Lower Kittanrticig Coals of the Allegheny Formation;
Stockton-Lewiston, Cedar Grove, Eagle and Sewell Coals of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources: Sewickley and Redstone Limestones of the Monongahela
Group; Clarksburg, Orlando, Elk Lick, Eving and Button Limestones of the
Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport Limestone of the Allegheny Formation.
Sands tone Resources : Mannington. and Hayneslmrg of the Dunkard Croup; Gil-
boy, U-aiontown, Arnoldsburg, Upper Sewickley, Lower Sewickley, CedatvilLe,
and Weston of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Lower
Connellsville, Morgantown, Grafton, Jane Lew, Saltsburg, Buffalo, Upper
Hahoning, Middle Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Upper
Freeport, Lower Fteeport, Upper East Lynn, East Lynn and Kittanning of the
Allegheny Formation; Komewood, Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Upper Winifrede,
Upper Cedar Grove, Peerless, Eagle and Decota of the Kanawha Formation.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, including brine of the
Pocono Group. Also underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age,
Soil Limitations-. Hodem soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Elk River and Little Kanawha River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage : Ohio River
Comenta: Burnsville Lake; Suttotv Lake
Fhysiograohic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
2160'
760'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 98
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Burnaville (P)
Centralia 2 NNW (P)
Gassaway (P,T)
Button Rsvr.(P,E)
Ref: Hennen et al., 1917; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
305
-------
RRCUKE COUNTY 54 009
Geologic Structure: Basically flat lying with a slight ro^ional dip to the
northwest, interrupted by the minor Mingo Syncline, which crosses the area in
a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures: The surface rocks consist of the Dunkard Group (Permian),
Monongahela Group and Coneraaugh Group (Pennsylvanian), with Alluvium
(Quaternary) along the streams and the Ohio River.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Maynesburg, Upper
Sewickley, Redstone and Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela Group; Bakerstown,
Brush Creek and Kahoning Coals of the Conemaugh Group; Lower Freeport, Middle
Kittanning, Lower Kittanaing and Clarion Coals of the Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources; Washington and Elk Grove Limestones of the Dunkard
Group; Benwood, Sewickley and Redstone Limestones of the Monongahela Group;
Ames and Cambridge Limestones of the Conemaugh Group.
Sandstone Resources: Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Freeport and Kit-
tanning of the Allegheny Formation.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, occurring especially in the
Salt Sands of the Pottsville Group. Also rock salt of the Silurian Age is
present.
Soil Limitations: Atkins, Chagrin, Chavies, Dunning, Huntington, and Linside
soils are subject to flooding. Ernest and Monongahela are footslope soils with
slow permeability and a seasonal high water table. Brooke and Upshur soils
are a serious landslide hazard. Brookside, Clarksburg, Ernest, Gilpin,
Westmoreland and Wharton have a moderate landslide risk.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments; Remnants of glacial Lake Monongahela
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1377'
657'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 78
Uplands 18
Meteorological Stations
New Cumberland (P,T)
Weirton (P,T)
Ref: Ellyson et al., 1974; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al.,
1937; White, 1910; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
306
-------
CABELL COLTTTY 54 01]
Geologic Structure: The Appalachian basin (Parkersburg Syncline) passes
through the central part of the county fron northeast to southwest. The
strata dip slightly to the east on the west side of the syncline and to
the southeast on the east side.
Exposures: The surface rocks consist of the Dunkard Group (Permian): Monong-
ahela Group and Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvania!!); with Alluvium (Quaternary)
along the rivers and streams.
Mlnable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Goal of the Monongahela Group; Little Pitts-
burgh of the Conetnaugh Group; Louer Kittanning Coal of the Allegheny "Form-
ation.
Limestone Resources; Very little limestone occurs in Cabell County.
Sandstone Resources: Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy, Uniontown,
Arnoldsburg, and Upper Pittsburgh of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pitts-
burgh, Connellsvillc, Morgantown, Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo and Mahonlng
of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport and Lower Freeport of the Allegheny
Formation.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brtue, especially brine of
the Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxon Sand (Mauch Chunk Group) and Big
Injun Sand (Pocono Group),
Soli Limitations: Modern soil mapping completed but not published.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers; Ohio River and Guyandot River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Huntington and Barboursville Landslide Quadrangles; Ancient Teays
Valley.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1165 '
494'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 10
Slopes 87
uplands 3
Meteorological Stations
Huntington Fed. Bldg.(P.T)
Ref: Krebs et al., 1913; Lessing, 1974; Price et al. , 1937; WVU Agri.
Exp. Sta., 1970.
307
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CALIIOUN' COUNTY 54 013
Geologic Structure: The county lies near the center of the Appalachian
basin, entirely on the eastern side of its deepest portion. The strata
dip slightly to the southeast, interrupted by several minor anticlines
(Big Moses, Burning Springs, Arches Fork, Chestnut Ridge), and several
ninor synclines (Burchfield, Robinson, Richardson Basin), trending in a
northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures: The surface rocks are the Dunkard Group (Permian); Monongahela
and, exposed in the south, the Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian); with Alluvium
(Quaternary) along the stream channels.
Minable Coal Seams: Waynesburg Coal of the Dunkard Group; Pittsburgh Coal of
the Monongahela Group; Campbell Creek Coal of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources: No outcrop of workable thickness occurs.
Sandstone Resources; Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower Marietta, Mannington and
Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Uniontovn, Arnoldsburg and Sewickley of the
Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Morgantovn, and Buffalo
of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural sale brine, especially brine of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), and Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group). Rock
Salt of Silurian Age probable in the northeast portion of the county.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Manor Rivers: Little Kanawha River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1560'
630'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 98
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Grantsville 2 NW (P,T)
Ref: Hennen, 1911; Lessing, 1914; Price et al., 1937; WVU Exp. St., 1970.
308
-------
CLAY COUNTY 34 015
Geologic Structure: There is a gradual regional dip at a very low angle
with the horizontal from the southeast margin of the area to the northwest
border, with several slight interruptions by low anticlines and shallow
synclinos which trend northeast-southwest. The pitch over the steepest
structural slope is barely perceptible to the eye.
Exposures; The rocks at the surface consist of the Monongahela Group,
Conemaugh Group, Allegheny Formation and the Kanawha Formation (Pennsylvan-
ian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Bakerstown
Coal of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper Kittanning,
Middle Kittanning, Lower Kittanning and Clarion Coals of the Allegheny Form-
ation; Stockton-Lewiston, Coalburg, Winifrede, Cedar Grove, Eagle and Sewell
Coals of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources: Sewickley and Redstone Limestones of the Monongahela
Group; Clarksburg, Orlando, Elk Lick, Ewing and Button Limestones of the
Conemaugh Group.
Sandstone "Resources; Upper Sewickley, Lower Sewickley, Cedarvllle and
Weston of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Lower
Connellsville, Morgantown, Grafton, Jane Lew, Saltsburg, Buffalo, Upper
Mahoning, Middle Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group;
Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper East Lynn and Kittanning of the Al-
legheny Formation; Homewood, Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Upper Winifrede,
Lower Winifrede, Upper Cedar Grove, Peerless and Eagle of the Kanawha
Formation.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, including the Salt Sands
of the Pottsville Group.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping not complete.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Elk River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1875'
605'
Est. Land Area
Flood Plains
Slopes
Uplands
(%) Meteorological Stations '
2
98
0
Clay 1
-------
DODURIDCE COUNTY 54 017
Geologic Structure: Nearly flat-lying strata, with a slight dip to the north-
west. The county is traversed by a number of minor anticlines and synclines,
trending southwest and northeast.
Exposures: The exposures are dominated by the Dunkard Group (Permian).
Also present is the Monongahela Group (Fennsylvanian), and Alluvium (Quat-
ernary) along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams; Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Uniontown and
Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela Group; Harlem Coal of the Conemaugh
Group; and Upper Kittanning Coal of the Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources: Uniontown Limestone of the Pennsylvanian System.
Sandstone Resources: Nineveh, Jollytown, Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower
Marietta, Mannington and Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy, Uniontown,
Arnoldsburg and Upper Sewickley of the Monongahela Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, expecially brine of.the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group), and Big Injun
Sand (Pocono Group). Also underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Middle Island Creek
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1600'
725'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 1
Slopes 99
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Smithburg (P)
West Union (P,T)
Ref: Hennen, 1912; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937;
WW Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
310
-------
FAYETTE COV.iTY. 54 019
Geologic Structure: The strata have only been slightly disturbed, showing
a low anglfe regional dip from the southeast to the northwest boundary; accent-
uated slightly by the Mann Mountain, Ravens Eye and Boggs Knob Anticlines and
depressed by the Clifftop, Lawton and Springdale Synclines, trending in a
northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures; The exposures in a very generalized northwest to southeast:
pattern consist of the Allegheny Formation, Kanawha Formation, New River
Formation and Pocahontas Formation (Pennsylvanian); Mauch Chunk Group
(Mississippian); Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams: Middle Kittanning and Lower Kittanning oE the Alleg-
heny Formation; Stockton-Lewiston, Coalburg, Winifreds, Chilton, Cedar Grove,
Alma, Peerless, Campbell Creek (No. 2 Gas), Powellton, Eagle, Little Eagle,
Glenalum Tunnel, Gilbert and Douglas of the Kanawha Formation; Sewell and Fire
Creek of the New River Formation; No. 6 and No. 3 Pocahontas of the Pocahontas
Formation.
Limestone Resources: Limestones of the Kanawha Formation. No significant
surface limestone resources in Fayette County.
Sandstone Resources; Upper East Lynn and East Lynn of the Allegheny Form-
ation; Homewood, Upper Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Winifrede, Lower Winifrede,
Upper Chilton, Williamson, Upper Cedar, Peerless, Monitor, Brownstone, Eagle,
Decota, Lower War Eagle, Upper Gilbert, Lower Gilbert, Dotson and Lower Dot-
son of the Kanawha Formation; Upper Nuttall, Lower Nuttall, Harvey Conglom-
erate, Guyandot, Lower Guyandot, Welch, Upper Raleigh, Lower Raleigh, Quin-
nimont, and Pineville of the New River Group; Flattop Mountain, Pierpont and
Upper Pocahontas of the Pocahontas Formation; Princeton Conglomerate of the
Mauch Chunk Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain in northwest portion of county by natural salt
brine.
Soil Limitations: Alluvial Land, Atkins, Gravelly alluvial land, Laudes,
Philo and Pope soils are subject to flooding. Ashton and Chavies are subject
to infrequent.flooding. Monongahela is a terrace soil with slow permeability
and a seasonal high water table. Cookport is an upland soil with slow permea-
bility. Meckesville, Shelocta and Vharton are subject to the hazard of slippage.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1 northwest, Zone 2 southeast
Major Rivers: Kanawha River, New River, Gauley River and Meadow River
'Drainage Network; Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: New River Gorge
Physiographic Province
Anpalachian Plateau
Relief
3375'
598'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 88
Uplands 10
Meteorological Stations
Hico (P)
Oak Hill (P,T)
Ref: Gorman et al., 1975; Hennen, 1919; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al. , 1939; Price
et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
311
-------
GILMER COUETY 54 021
Geologic Structure; There is a slight regional dip from the southeast to
the northxrest, accentuated by Chestnut Ridge Anticline and interrupted by
the Grassland Syncline (which trend northeast-southwest). The pitch of the
rocks is nowhere excessive, being usually hardly perceptible to the eye.
Exposures; The rocks exposed at the surface include only the Dunkard Group
(Permian); Monongahela Group and Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian). Alluvium
(Quaternary) is found along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Pittsburgh Coal
of the Monongahela Group; Bakerstown Coal of the Conemaugh Group.
Limestone Resources: "Redstone Limestone of the Monongahela Group.
Sandstone Resources; Rush Run, Jollytown, Lower Marietta, Mannington and
Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy, Uniontown, Arnoldsburg, Upper
Sewickley, Cedarville and Waston of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh,
Connellsville and Lower Connellsville of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, especially brines of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group) and Big Injun
Sand (Pocono Group). Also underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers; Little Kanawha River
Drainage Network; Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1600'
690'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 98
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Glenville (P,T)
Lockney (?)
Ref: Leasing, 1974, McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937; Reger, 1916; WVU
Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
312
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GRANT COUNTY 54 023
Geologic Structure: West of Allegheny Front: An area of gentle, symmetrical
folds which crend northeast - southwest; of comparatively slight disturbance,
and as a whole, may be considered as one broad basin with minor structural
relief and nearly horizontal strata. From west to east the folds are: North
Potomac (Georges Creek) Syncline, Blackwater Anticline and Stony River Syncline.
East of Allegheny Front: Orogenic disturbance has been comparatively severe.
The rocks have been greatly folded, tilted, being vertical in some localities
and elsewhere are overturned and faulted. Numerous anticlines (Patterson
Creek Mountain, Evitts Mountain, Wills Mountain, Laurel Dale, WeIton, Cave
Mountain, Royal Glen, Elkhorn Mountain, Sawmill, Peacock Cave, and Hopeville)
and Synclines (Elliber, Bean Cove, Bedford, Laurel Dale, Middle Mountain,
Kessel, Hiser, Blue Rock, Sawmill, Corners, Hopeville, and Deep Spring)
lie parallel to the mountain ranges in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures; West of the Allegheny Front: Motumgahela, Conemaugh Groups,
Allegheny Formation and Pottsville Group (Pennsylvanian). East of Allegheny
Front; Mauch Chunk, Greenbrier, Pocono Groups (Mississippian); Hampshire
Formation, Chemung Group, Brallier Formation, Harrell Shale, Mahantango Form-
ation, Marcellus Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg Group (Devonian);
Tonoloway Limestone, Wills Creek Formation, Bloomsburg Shale, McKenzie Form-
ation, Clinton Group, Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian); Juniata, Oswego,
Martinsburg Formations (Ordovician), Alluvium (Quaternary) occurs both east
and west of the Front.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Little Pitts-
burg, Elk Lick, Harlem and Bakerstown Coals of the Conemaugh Group; Upper
Freeport Coal of the Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources: Limestones of the Greenbrier Group (Mississippian);
Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonoloway, Wills Creek and McKenzie Formations
(Silurian).
Sandstone Resources^ Sewickley of the Monongahela Group; Connellsville,
Lower Connellsville, ttorgantown, Upper Grafton, Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo,
and Upper Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport,
Lower Freeport and East Lynn of the Allegheny; Homewood, Upper Connoquenessing,
Lower Connoquenessing, Guyandot and Sharon of the Pottsville group; Ridgeley
of the Oriskany Sandstone, Williamsport of the Bloomsburg Shale, Iron Sand-
stone of the Clinton Group and Tuscarora Sandstone.
Iron Ore: Found mainly in the Oriskany Sandstone and in the Clinton Group.
Salt Resources: Likely rock salt of Silurian Age in extreme N.E. corner.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is not complete.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Manor Rivers; North Fork South Branch Potomac River, South Branch Potomac
River, North Branch Potomac River, Patterson Creek and Stony River.
Drainage Network: Trellis
Ultlnate Drainage; Potomac River
313
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GRANT COUNTY. COKT.
Comments: Allegheny Front; some caves; Stony River Reservoir; Mt. Storm
Lake; Greenland Gap (INC)
Physiographic Province
West - Allegheny Mtn.
East - Valley and Ridge
Relief
4150'
850'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 5
Slopes 72
Uplands 23
Meteorological Stations
Bayard (P,T)
Petersburg (P,T)
Mt. Storm (P)
Stony River Dam (P)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937; Reger, 1924;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
31U
-------
GREEMBRIER COUNTY 54 025
Geologic Structure: Western: The rocks have been only slightly disturbed
leaving the strata nearly horizontal, interrupted by several anticlines
(Webster Springs and Boggs Knob) and several synclines (Kovan and Springdale)
which trend northeast-southwest.. Central and Eastern; The rocks have suffered
greater deformation leaving them tilted, vertical, occasionally overturned
and sometimes faulted. The anticlines (Alderson, Williamsburg, Sinks Grove,
Maple Grove, Browns Mountain, Neola and Glace) and Synclines (Creamery, Muddy
Creek Mountain, Caldwell, Hurricane Ridge, Stony River, Meadow Creek, Kates
Mountain and Tuckahoe) parallel the mountain crests in a northeast-southwest
direction. Major fault: Burr Foult located along the west side of Beaver Lick
Mountain.
Exposures; Kanawha, New River, Pocahontas Formations (Pennsylvanian); Mauch
Chunk, Greenbrier, Maccrady, Pocono Groups (Mississippian); Hampshire Formation,
Chemung Group, Brallier Formation, Harrell Shale, Marcellus Shale,.Oriskany
Sandstone and Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonoloway Limestone, Wills.Creek,
McKenzie Formation, Clinton Group, Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian); -Juniata
(Ordovician); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Sewell, Little Raleigh, Beckley and Fire Creek Coals of
the New River Formation; No. 7 Pocahontas, No. 6 Pocahontas and No. 3 Pocahon-
tas of the Pocahontas Formation.
Limestone Resources: Avis, Reynolds and Glenray Limestone of the Mauch
Chunk Group; Alderson, Union, Pickaway, Taggard, Patton, Sinks Grove and Hills-
dale Limestones of the Greenbrier Group; Helderberg, Salina and Niagara
Limestones of the Devonian and Silurian Systems.
Sandstone Resources: Numerous sandstones occur mainly of the Pottsville,
Mauch Chunk, Pocono, Chemung Groups, Brallier Formation, Oriskany Sandstone,
Clinton Group and Tuscarora Sandstone.
Iron Ore: The Oriskany Sandstone and Clinton Group.
Manganese: Mainly limited to the Helderberg Group.
Soil Limitations: Alluvial Land, Atkins, Chavies, Huntington, Lindside,
Philo, and Pope are subject to flooding. Albrights, Andover, Buchanan, Clarks-
burg, Ernest, Monongahela and Purdy are terrace or lower slope soils with
slow permeability and a seasonal high water table. Cookport, Pickaway, Nolo
and Sees are upland soils with slow permeability. Frankstown, Frederick, Mur-
rill, Pickaway and Sees contain sink holes and overlie cavernous limestone.
Clarksburg, Ernest and Westmoreland have the hazard of soil slippage.
Seismic Risk: Mostly in Zone 2 (Zone 1 - northwest)
Major Rivers: Greenbrier River, Anthony Creek - Trellis Network
Meadow River - Dendritic Network
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Numerous caves; Lost World Caverns (RNL)
315
-------
riRliENBRIER COl^'TY CONT.
Physiographic Province
Applachian Plateau -
west
Ridge and Valley -
east
Relief
4372'
1520'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 7
Slopes 84
Uplands 9
Meteorological Stations
East Rainelle 3 NNE (P)
Lewisburg 2 SSW (P,T)
McHoss (P,T)
Kenick 2 S (P)
White Sulphur SPRS. (P,T)
REF: Gorman et al., 1972; Lesaing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al.,
1939; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
316
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HAMPSHIRE COUNTY 54 027
Geologic Structure: Hampshire county lies vithin the folded Appalachian region.
In general the structure consists of one great syncline with numerous anticlines
and synclines impressed upon it. The anticlines (North Mountain, Cacapon Mountain,
Whip Cove, and Broad Top), and synclines (Meadow Branch, Sideling Hill,
Spring Gap Mountain, Town Hill and Clearville) lie parallel to the mountain
ranges in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures; The surface rocks consist of Focono Group (Mississippian); Hampshire
Formation, Chemung Group, Brallier Formation, Harrell Shale, Mahantango Forma-
tion, Marcellus Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonolo-
way Limestone, Wills Creek Formation, Bloomsburg Shale, McKenzie Formation,
Clinton Group, Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian); Junlata, Oswego and Martins-
burg Formations (Ordovician); Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and
rivers.
Mineable Coal Seams: There is no coal in Hanpshire County.
Limestone Resources: Limestones of the Helderberg Group, Tonoloway, Wills
Creek and McKenzie Formations.
Sandstone Resources; Purslane and Rockwell Sandstones of the Pocono Group;
Hendricks of the Chemung Group; Sandstones of the Brallier Formation; Ridgeley
of the Oriskany Sandstone; Williamsport of the Bloomsburg Shale; Iron Sandstone
of the Clinton Group; and the Tuscarora Sandstone.
Iron Ore: Limited mainly to the Oriskany Sandstone and Clinton Group.
Salt Resources'. No salt resources in Hampshire County.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is conpleted but soil survey not
published.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1, west; Zone 2, east.
Malor Rivers: Potomac River, South Branch Potomac River, North Branch
Potomac River, Cacapon River, North River, Little Cacapon River.
Drainage Network; Trellis
Ultimate PEainage; Potomac River
Comments: A few caves
Physiographic Province Relief Est. Land Area (%) Meteorological Stations
Valley and Ridge 2870' Flood Plains 5 Romney 3 NNE (P,T)
520' Slopes 74
Uplands 21
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Tilton et al., 1927; WVU Agri.
Exp. Sta., 1970.
317
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HANCOCK COUNTY 54 029
Geologic Structure; Basically flat lying with a slight regional dip to the
northwest, interrupted by the minor New Cumberland Anticline, passing across
the area in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures: Dominated by the Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian) with lesser
exposures of the Motiongahela Group and Allegheny Formation (Pennsylvanian),
along with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and Ohio River.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Waynesburg,
Upper Sewickley, Redstone and Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela Group;
Bakerstown, Brush Creek and Mahoning Coals of the Conemaugh Group; Lower
Freeport, Middle Kittanning, Lower Kittanning, and Clarion Coals of the
Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources; Washington and Elk Grove Limestones of the Dunkard
Group; Benwood, Sewickley and Redstone Limestones of the Monongahela Group;
Ames and Cambridge Limestones of the Conemaugh Group.
Sandstone Resources; Pittsburgh of the Monongahela Group; Connellsville,
Morgantown and Saltsburg of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, occurring especially in
the Salt Sands of the Pottsville Group. Also rock salt of the Silurian
Age is present.
Soil Limitations; Atkins, Chagrin, Chavies, Dunning, Huntington and Linside
soils are subject to flooding. Ernest and Monongahela are footslope soils
with slow permeability and a seasonal high water table. Brooke and Upshur
soils are a serious landslide hazard. Brookside, Clarksburg, Ernest, Gilpin,
Westmoreland and Wharton have a moderate landslide risk.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River
Drainage Network; Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments; Remnants of glacial Lake Monongahela
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1337'
666*
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 77
Uolands 20
Meteorological Stations
Wellsburg (P,T)
Ref: Ellyson et al., 1974; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al.,
1937; White, 1910; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
318
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HARDY COUNT"! 54 031
Geologic Structure; Hardy lies within the folded Appalachian region. In
general the structure becomes more complex toward the east. In the east the
deformation has been severe with the rocks being utisymmetrically folded,
vertical, overturned and faulted. In the west the folds are narrower, shorter,
more numerous and symmetrical with smaller dip. The anticlines (Elkhorn
Mountain, Broad Top, Kessel, Patterson Creek Mountain, Sawmill Ridge, Sugar
Knob, Crab Run, Anderson Ridge, Adams Run, Whip Cove,.Hanging Rock.and Baker
Mountain) and Synclines (Whip Cove, Middle Mountain, Town Hill, Clearvllle,
West Mountain, Sideling Hill, Meadow Branch, Wardensville and Sandy Ridge)
lie parallel to the mountain ranges in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures: The surface rocks consist of the Pocono Group (Miasissippian);
Hampshire Formation, Chemung Group, Brallier Formation, Harrell Shale, Ma-
hantango Formation, Marcellus Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg Group (De-
vonian); Tonoloway Limestone, Wills Creek Formation,.Bloomsburg Shale, McKenzie
Formation, Clinton Group, Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian); Juniata, Oswego, Mar-
tinsburg Formations (Ordovician); Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams & rivers.
Minable Coal Seams; There is no coal in Hardy County.
Limes tone Resources: Limestones of the Helderberg Group, Tonoloway, Wills
Creek and McKenzie Formation.
Sandstone Resources; Purslane and Rockwell Sandstones of the Pocono Group;
Hendricks of the Chemung Group; Sandstones of the Brallier Formation;
Ridgeley of the Oriskany Sandstone; Williamsport of the Bloomsburg Shale;
Iron Sandstone of the Clinton Group; and the Tuscarora Sandstone.
Iron Ore; Limited mainly to the Oriskany Sandstone and Clinton Group.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is completed but soil survey not
published.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1 west, Zone 2 east.
Major Rivers: South Fork South Branch Potomac River, South Branch Potomac
River, Lost River, Cacapon River.
Drainage Network; Trellis
Ultimate Drainage; Potomac River
Comments: Some caves
Physiographic Province
Valley and Ridge
Relief
3320'
725'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 7
Slopes 82
Uplands 11
Meteorological Stations
Mathias (P.T)
Moorefield 2 SSE (P)
Moorefield McNeill (P,T)
Wardensville RM Farm (P,T,
E)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Tilton et al., 1927; WVU Agri. Exp.
Sta., 1970.
319
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HARRISON COUNTY 54 033
Geologic Structure: Nearly flat-lying, with a slight regional dip to the
northwest. The county is traversed by a number of minor anticlines and syn-
clines which have a northeast and southwest trend.
Exposures: The rocks at the surface are: The Dunkard Group (Permian),
Monongahela Group and Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian), along with Alluvium
(Quaternary) along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams; Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Uniontown,
Pittsburgh and Redstone Coals of the Monongahela Group; Harlem Coal of
the Conemaugh Group; Upper Kittanning Coal of the Allegheny Formation.
Limestone. Resources: Clarksburg, Redstone and Benwood Limestones of the
Pennsylvanian System.
Sandstone Resources; Nineveh, Jollytown, Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower
Marietta, Manningtoa and Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy, Union-
town, Arnoldsburg, Upper Sewickley and Lower Sewickley of the Monongahela
Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Morgantown, Grafton, Saltsburg and
Buffalo of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brines, including the Salt1
Sands of the Pottsville Group. Also underlain by rock salt of Silurian
Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is complete but soil survey not
published.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Manor Rivers: West Fork River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Conments: Clarksburg, Rosemont, and Fairmont West Landslide Quadrangles;
Remnants of glacial Lake Monongahela.
Phvsiosranhic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1800 '
880'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 94
Uplands 3
Meteorological Stations
Benson (P,T)
Clarksburg 1 (P,T,E)
Ref: Hennen, 1912; Lessing, 1974, McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
320
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JACKSON CQU^rCY 54 035
Geologic Structure; This area occupies the middle or-deepest portion of
the Appalachian basin. The strata have a slight regional dip towards the
middle of the basin (Parkersburg Syncline) which passes through about the
center of the county in a northeast to southwest direction. The Flat
Fork Anticline passes through the southeastern part of the county.
Exposures: Dominated by the Dunkard Group (Permian) with the Monongahela
Group (Pennsylvanian) exposed in the extreme south, and Alluvium (Quaternary)
along the streams and the Ohio River.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Lower Freeport
Coal of the Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources: Nineveh Limestone of the Dunkard Group.
Sandstone Resources: Gilmore, Nineveh, Burton, Fish Creek, Rush Run,
Jollytown, Hundred, Upper Marietta and Lower Marietta Sandstones of the
Dunkard Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brines, especially the Salt Sands
of the Pottsville Group.
Soil Limitations: Kelvin and Moshannon soils are subject to frequent flooding;
Huntington, Lindside, and Senecaville have occasional flooding; Ashton and
Hackers are infrequently flooded. Chilo, Ginat, Markland, McGary, Purdy,
Sciotoville, Senecaville and Tyler are terrace soils with slow permeability
and moderate to poor drainage. Monongahela, Tilsit, Wharton, and Zoar have
moderate to low permeability with gentle slopes. Muskingum - Upshur soils are
a serious landslide hazard on slopes over 20%; Upshur, Upshur-Muskingum,
Vandalia and Westmoreland have a high landslide risk and Brooke is moderately
susceptible to landslides.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1260*
525'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 5
Slopes 90
Uplands 5
Meteorological Stations
Liverpool (P), Ripley (P,
T)
Portland Dam 21 (P)
Racine Dam 23 (E)
Ravenswood Dam 22 (P.T)
Ref: llatfield et al., 1973; Krebs, 1911; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939;
Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
321
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JEFFERSON COUNTY 54 037
Structure: Jefferson County is located in the intensely folded
Appalachian Mountain Region. The limestones of the Great Valley are thrown
into a series of compressed folds, with numerous faults, and the strata are
often overthrust. The Blue Ridge is an area of extensive, overthrust faulting,
with a development of minor synclines on its flanks.
Exposures : The exposures in a pattern west to east consist of the Martins-
burg Formation, Black River, St. Paul Limestones, Beekmantown Group (Ordo-
vician) ; Conococheague, Elbrook and Waynesboro Formations, Toms town Dolomite,
Antietam, Harpers Shale, Weverton-Loudoun Formations (Cambrian); Volcanic
and Crystalline Rocks (Precambrian) ; with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the
streams and rivers .
Mlnable Coal Seams; There is no minable coal in Jefferson County.
Limestone Resources: Limestones of (Group or Formation). Black River, St.
Paul, Beekmantown (Ordovician) ; Conococheague, Elbrook, Waynesboro, and
Tomstown (Cambrian) .
Dolomite: Dolomites of the St. Paul Group, Beekmantown Group and Tomstown
Formation .
Sandstone Resources: No significant sandstone resources.
Soil Limitations: Alluvial Land, Alluvial Land Marl Substratum, Huntington,
Landes, Lindside and Melvin are subject to flooding. Ashton is subject to
infrequent flooding. Monongahela and Blairton are soils with slow permeabil-
ity and a seasonal high water table. Benevola, Franks town, Hagerstown
and Frederick contain limestone outcrops. Chilhowie, Chilhowie-Opequon,
Dueffields, Frankstown, Hagerstown, Hagers town-Frederick, Huntington and
Lindside overlie solution channels.
Seismic Risk: Zone 2
Major Rivers; Potomac River and Shenandoah River
Drainage Network; Trellis
Ultimate Drainage; Potomac River
Comments ; Blue Ridge Mountains; Shenandoah Valley, Some caves
Physiographic Province
West - Great Ap-
palachian Valley
East - Blue Ridge
Relief
1720'
247'
Est. Land Area (%)
Floodplains 2
Slopes 22
Uplands 76
Meteorological Stations
Harpers Ferry (P,T)
Kearneysville (P,T)
Ref: Gorman et al., 1961, Grimsley, 1916; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al.,
1939; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
322
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KANAWHA COUNTY 54 039
Geologic Structure: Kanawha County is on the eastern flank of the Great
Appalachian Basin. The strata are very much twisted and distorted, with
a gentle regional dip toward the northwest in the north and central sections,
and a more rapid dip toward the northwest in the southern section. Anti-
clines: Byrnside, Milliken, Warfield, Winifrede, Hansford, Wake Forest.
Synclines: Saint Albans, Guthrie, Jarrett, Coalburg, Hundley, Quincy, Rob-
inson, Miami.
Exposures; The Dunkard Group (Permian) is exposed only in the extreme north-
west; the Monongahela Group and Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian) are exposed
mainly in the north; the Allegheny Formation and Kanawha Formation (Pennsylvan-
ian) are found at the surface in the southern and central sections; Alluvium
(Quaternary) exists along the streams and rivers.
Mlnable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Little Pit-
tsburgh, Little Clarksburg, Elk Lick, Harlem and Bakerstown Coals of the
Conemaugh Group; Middle and Lower Kittanning Coals of the Allegheny Form-
ation; Stockton-Leuiston, .Coalburg, Winifrede, Cedar Grove, Peerless,
Campbell Creek, Powelltoti, Eagle and Little Eagle Coals of the Kanawha
Formation.
Limestone Resources:
Groups.
Thin limestone seams of the Monongahela and Conemaugh
Sandstone Resources: Uniontown, Arnoldsburg, Sewickley, and Upper Pittsburgh
of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Morgantown, Grafton,
Saltsburg and Buffalo of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport and East Lynn of
the Allegheny Formation; Homewood, Coalburg, Upper Winifrede, Lower Wini-
frede , Chilton, Maiden, Peerless, Lower Peerless, Eagle and Decota of the
Pottsville Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, especially the brines of
the Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group), Big
Injun Sand (Pocono Group) and Oriskany Sandstone.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping completed but not published.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivera; Kanawha River and Elk River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
UltiraaEe Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Saint Albans, Pocatalico, Big Chimney, Alum Creek, Charleston
West, and Charleston East Landslide Quadrangles; Upper Falls of Coal
River (TNC).
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Ref: Krebs et al. , 1914;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta.,
Relief
2850'
542'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 96
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Charleston 1 (P,T)
Charleston UB AP (P,T)
Clendenin 1 SW (P)
Corton, London Locks (P,T)
Lessing, 1974; McCue et al. , 1939; Price et al., 1937;
1970
-------
LEWIS COUNTY 54 041
Geologic Structure; There is a gradual regional dip from the southeast to the
northwest, accentuated by Chestnut Ridge Anticline and interrupted by the
Grassland Syncline, which trend northeast-southwest. The pitch of the rocks
is nowhere excessive, usually it is hardly perceptible to the eye.
Exposures: The surface rocks are dominated by the Dunkard Group (Permian);
Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian). Exposed only in the
extreme southern panhandle of the county are the Allegheny Formation and
Pottsville Group (Pennsylvanian). Alluvium (Quaternary) is found along
the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Redstone and
Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Elk Lick and Bakerstown Coal of
the Coneraaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Upper Kittanning and Lower Kittanning of
the Allegheny Formation; Upper Mercer Coal of the Pottsville-Group.
Limestone Resources: Redstone Limestone of the Monongahela Group.
Sandstone Resources: Rush Run, Jollytown, Lower Marietta, Mannington and
Vaynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy, Uniontown, Arnoldsburg, Upper
Sewickley and Weston of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville,
Lower Connellsville, Morgantown, Grafton, Jane Lew, Saltsburg, Buffalo and
Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, especially brines of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), and Big"Injun Sand (Pocono Group). Also
underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers; West Fork River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Remnants of glacial Lake Monongahela
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1950'
760'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 97
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Freemansburg (P)
Horner, Ireland (P)
Jane Lew (P)
Weston (P,T)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937; Reger, 1916;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
324
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LINCOLM COUNTY 54 043
Geologic Structure: This area lies on the western side of the Appalachian
hasin. The strata dip slightly toward the northwest, interrupted by the
Branchland Anticline and the Ferrellsburg and Griffithsville Synclines,
which trend in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures: The exposures, in a very general north to south pattern, consist
of the Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Group, Allegheny Formation and Kanawha Form-
ation (Pennsylvanian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and streams.
Minable Coal Seams; Upper Freeport and Lower Kittanning Coals of the Allegheny
Formation; Stockton-Lewiston, Coalburg, Winifrede, and Campbell Creek Coals
of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources; Very little limestone occurs in Lincoln County.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Pittsburgh of the Monongahela Group; Lower
Pittsburgh, Connellsvllle, Morgantown, Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo.and
Hahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport and East
Lynn of the Allegheny Formation; Homewood, Coalburg, Upper Winifrede,
Lower Winifrede and Maiden of the Pottsville Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, especially brine of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), and Big Injun Sand (Pocono Group).
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping not conroleted.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers: Guyandot River and Coal River
Drainage Network; Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments; Alum Creek Landslide Quadrangle
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1500 '
535'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 1
Slopes 99
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Branchland (P)
Griffithsville (P)
Hamlin (P,T)
Ref: Krebs et al., 1913; Lessing, 1974, Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp.
Sta., 1970.
325
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LOGAN COUNTY 54 045
Geologic Structure; There is a gradual regional dip of the rocks from the
southeast to northwest, interrupted by occasional anticlines (Warfield is the
most important anticline) and corresponding synclines (Coalburg is the most
important syncline). The pitch of the rocks is nowhere excessive, usually
is hardly perceptible to the eye.
Exposures; The surface rocks are of the Allegheny Formation.and Kanauha
Formation (Pennsylvanian). The New River Formation (Pennsylvanian) is
found along some of the stream valleys. Alluvium (Quaternary) is located
along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Lower Kittanning Coal of the Allegheny Formation;
Stockton-Lewiston, Coalburg, Buffalo Creek, Winifrede, Chilton "A",
Chilton, Dingess, Williamson, Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Alma, Camp-
bell Creek (No. 2 Gas), Eagle, Bens Creek, Cedar, Lower War Eagle and Glenalum
Tunnel Coals of the Kanauha Formation.
Limestone Resources: Logan County contains little limestone reserves.
Sandstone Resources: East Lynn and Lower Clarion of the Allegheny Formation;
Horaevood, Upper Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Uoper Winifrede, Lower Winifrede,
Upper Chilton, Lower Chilton, Hernshaw, Williamson, Upper Cedar Grove, Middle
Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Logan, Peerless, Brownstown, Matewan, Eagle,
Bens Creek, Grapevine, Upper Gilbert and Lower Gilbert of the Kanawha Form-
ation; Wharncliffe of the New River Formation.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, especially the Salt Sands
of the Pottsville Group.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Guyandot River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments:
Physio ?raohic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
2750'
600'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 1
Slopes 99
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Logan (P,T)
Rcf: Henncn ct al. , 1914; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp.
Sta., 1970.
326
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MARION COUNTY 54 047
Geologic Structure: The strata are essentially flat-lying with a regional
dip to the northwest. The county is traversed in a northeast-southwest
direction by a number of minor folds, with the most prominent being the
Chestnut Ridge Anticline along the Taylor-Marion County line.
Exposures: The exposures basically from west to east: Dunkard Group
(Permian); Monongahela Group, Allegheny Formation and Pottsville Group,
Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams
and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Wajmesburg,
Sewickley and Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Upper Freeport and
Upper and lower Kittanning Coal of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Mercer Coal
of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources: Uniontown, Benwood and Sewickley of the Monongahela
Group; Upper Pittsburgh, Lower Pittsburgh, Clarksburg and Elk Lick of the
Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport and Lower Freeport of the Allegheny
Formation.
Sandstone Resources; Proctor, St. Cloud, Gilmore, Taylor, Nineveh, Burton,
Fish Creek, Rush Run, Jollytown, Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower Marietta,
Washington, Manniagton and Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy,
Arnoldsburg, Upper Sewickley, Lower Sewickley and Upper Pittsburgh of the
Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Lower Connellsville,
Morgantown, Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo and Mahoning of the Conemaugh
Group; Upper Freeport and Lower Freeport of the Allegheny Formation; Home-
wood and Upper Connoquenessing of the Pottsville Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, including the brines of
the Salt Sands (Pottsville Group) and Big Injun Sand (Pocono Group). Also
underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is completed but soil survey is not
published.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Maior Rivers: Monongahela River, Tygart Valley River and West Fork River.
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Remnants of Glacial Lake Monongahela
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
2003'
847'
Est, Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 93
Uplands 4
Meteorological Stations
Fairmont (P,T)
Hoult Lock 15 (P)
Mannington 1 N (P,T)
Mannington 1 W (P)
Ref: Hennen et al., 1913; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al.,
1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
327
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MARSHALL CCO'TY 54 049
Geologic Structure: This area occupies the deepest portion of the Appa-
lachian basin. The strata are basically flat lying with a slight regional
dip to the northwest, interrupted by several low folds (which trend in a north-
east-southwest direction) with the most prominent being the Nineveh Syncline.
Exposures: Dominated by the Dunkard Group (Permian) and the Monongahela
Group (Pennsylvanian) with some of the Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian), and
Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and Ohio River.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Waynesburg,
Uniontown, Sewickley and Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela Group.
Limestone Resources: Nineveh and Washington Limestones of the-Dunkard
Group; Benwood, Sewickley and Redstone Limestones of the Monongahela Group.
Sandstone Resources: Several sandstones of the Dunkard and Monongahela Groups.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, occurring especially in the
Salt Sands of the Pottsville Group. Also rock salt of Silurian Age Is present.
Soil Limitations: Kelvin is frequently flooded, Lindside and Huntington are
occasionally flooded and Ashton is infrequently flooded. Captina, Monongahela,
Robertsville and Wyatt are soils on terraces above the flood plain which are
of low permeability and moderate to poor drainage. Guernsey and Holston are
soils on gentle to steep slopes with slow permeability. Gilpin-Upshur soils
are a serious landslide hazard on slopes over 20%, Clarksburg has a high land-
slide risk, and Brooke and Brookside are moderately susceptible to landslides.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers; Ohio River and Wheeling Creek
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Wheeling Landslide Quadrangle; Remnants of glacial Lake Monongahela.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1590'
591'
Est. Land Area (2)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 94
Uplands 2
Meteorological Stations
Clarington Lock 14 (P)
McMechen Dao 13 (P)
Moundsville (P,T)
Ref: Beverage et al., 1960; Hennen, 1909; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939,
Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
328
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MASOM COUNTY 54 051
Geologic Structure: This area occupies the middle or deepest portion of
the Appalachian basin. The strata have a very gentle regional dip to the
east towards the middle of the basin (Parkersburg Syncline) which passes through
the southeastern portion of the county.
Exposures: The Dunkard Group (Permian) and Motiongahela,Group (Pennsylvanian)
with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams; Pittsburgh and Little Pittsburgh of the Monongahela
Group; Lower Freeport of the Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources: No significant limestone reserves.
Sandstone Resources: Gilmore, Nineveh, Burton, Fish Creek, Rush Run,
Jollytown, Hundred, Upper Marietta and Lower Marietta Sandstones of the
Dunkard Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brines, especially the Salt
Sands of the Pottsville Group and the Big Injun Sand of the Pocotio Group.
Soil Limitations: Melvin and Moshannoa soils are subject to frequent
flooding; Huntington, Lindside, and Senecaville have occasional flooding;
Ashton and Hackers are infrequently flooded. Chile, Ginat, Markland,
McGary, Purdy, Sciotoville, Senecaville and Tyler are terrace soils with
slow permeability and moderate to poor drainage. Monongahela, Tilsit, Wharton
and Zoar have moderate to low permeability with gentle slopes. Muskingum-
Upshur soils are a serious landslide hazard on slopes over 20%; Upshur,
Upshur-Muskinguni, Vandalia, and Westmoreland have & high landslide risk and
Brooke is moderately susceptible to landslides.
Seisnic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River and Kanawha River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1070'
510'
Est. Land Area {%)
Flood Plains 12
Slopes 86
Uplands 2
Meteorological Stations
Hognett Gallipolis
Dam (P,T,E)
Point Pleasant (P,E)
Tribble
-------
MCDOWELL COUNTY 54 053
Geologic Structure: The strata have been only slightly folded or disturbed
from their original position of deposition. There is a gradual regional
dip at a very low angle with the horizontal from the southeast margin of the
area to the northwest edge, interrupted in the southeast by Dry Fork Anticline
which is an arch of considerable magnitude. This area also contains two minor
folds, the Bradshaw Anticline and Bradshaw Syncline.
Exposures: In a very general northwest to southeast pattern, the surface
rocks consist of the Kanawha, New River, and Pocahontas Formations (Penn-
sylvanian); Mauch Chunk Group (Mississippian); with Alluvium (Quaternary)
along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Alma, Campbell Creek
(No. 2 Gas), Powellton, Matewan, Eagle, Bens Creek, Little Eagle, Cedar,
Lower War Eagle, Glenalum Tunnel and Gilbert of the Kanawha Formation;
Douglas, Lower Douglas, laeger, Sewell "B", Sewell, Welch, Beckley, Fire
Creek, and No. 9 Pocahontas of the New River Formation; No. 7 Pocahontas,
No. 6 Pocahontas, No. 5 Pocahontas, No. 4 Pocahontas and No. 3 Pocahontas
Coals from the Pocahontas Formation.
Limestone Resources; McDowell County has very small limestone reserves.
Sandstone Resources; Many hard sandstones of the Kanawha, New River and
Pocahontas Formations and Mauch Chunk Group furnish an inexhaustible supply
for construction and building purposes.
Salt 'Resources: Likely underlain by natural brine in the western portion
of the county.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 2
Mai or Rivers; Tug Fork
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
3400'
875'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 1
Slopes 99
Uplands 0
feteorological Stations
Gary (P,T)
laeger (P)
Rcf: Hennen, 1915; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
330
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MERCER COUNTY 54 055
Geologic Structure: North: Area of gentle and rather symmetrical folds
of relatively slight disturbance, with the strata dipping slightly toward
the northwest. Major features are the Dunn Anticline and Bellepoint Syncline.
South: Severe folding with large reverse faults. The structural features
largely control the direction (approximately N 70° E), shape and height
of the mountains. Anticlines: Dry Pork, Abbs Valley. Synclines: Pocahontas,
Hurricane Ridge. Faults: Boissevain, Graham, St. Clair Fault (immense over-
thrust).
Exposures: The Silurian and Ordoviclan rocks are brought to the surface
by the St. Clair Fault along the southern edge of the.county. The surface
rocks are: New River and Pocahontas Formations (Pennsylvanian); Mauch
Chunk, Greenbrier Groups, Maccrady Formation and Pocono Group (Mississippian);
Helderberg Group (Devonian); Clinton Group, Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian);
Juniata, Oswego, Martinsburg Formations, Martinsburg,.Trenton, Black River,
Chazy and Eeekmantown Groups (Ordovician); Alluvium (Quaternary) along the
streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams: Sewell, Beckley, Fire Creek and No. 8 Pocahontas
Coals of the New River Formation; No. 6 Pocahontas, No. 3 Pocahontas, and
No. 2 Pocahontas Coals of the Pocahontas Formation.
Limestone Resources: Avis Limestone of the Hinton Formation; Raines Corner,
Reynolds and Glenray Limestones of the Bluefield Formation; Limestones of
the Greenbrier Group; Limestones of the Martinsburg Formation; Black River and
Beekmantown Limestones of the Ordovician System.
Sandstone Resources; Pineville of the New River Formation; Flattop Mountain,
Pierpont, Upper Pocahontas and Keystone of the Pocahontas Formation; Upper
Belcher, Glady Fork, Princeton; Falls Mills, Tallery, Hackett, Upper Bellepoint,
Stony Gap, Clayton, Graham, Bertha, Bradshaw and Indian Mills of the Mauch
Chunk Group; Logan Broad Ford and Berea of the,Pocono Group; Oriskany Sand-
stone; Keefer and Iron Sandstone of the Clinton Group; and Tuscarora
Sandstone.
Salt Resources: No salt resources in Mercer County
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 2
Major Rivers: Bluestone River and East River
Drainage Network: Dendritic (Bluestone) and Trellis (East)
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Some caves.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau,
majority of county
Ridge and Valley,
extreme southeast
Relief
4020'
1450'
Est. Land Area {%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 90
Uplands 8
Meteorological Stations
Athens Conconrd College
(P,T) ; Bluef ield FAA AP
(P,T); Flat Top (P,T)
Matoaka (P)
Ref: LessJng, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Reger et al., 1926; WU Agri. Exp.
Sta., 1970.
-------
MINERAL COUNTY 54 057
Geologic Structure; West of Allegheny Front: An area of gentle, symmetrical
folds (which trend northeast-southwest) of comparatively slight disturbance,
and as a whole may be considered as one broad basin with minor structural
relief and nearly horizontal strata. From west to east the folds are: North
Potomac (Georges Creek) Syncline, Blackwater Anticline, and Stony River Syn-
cline. East of Allegheny Front; Orogenic disturbance has been comparatively
severe. The rocks have bean greatly folded, tilted, being vertical in some
localities and elsewhere are overturned and faulted- Numerous anticlines
(Martin Mountain, Tussey Mountain, Evitts Mountain, Wills Mountain, Noswad,
Elliber, and Laurel Dale) lie parallel to the mountain ranges in a northeast-
southwest direction.
Exposures: West of Allegheny Front; Monongahela, Conemaugh Groups, Allegheny
Formation, and Pottsvllle Group (Pennsylvanian). East of Allegheny Front:
Mauch Chunk, Greetibrier, Pocono Groups (Mississiopian); Hampshire Formation,
Chemung Group, Btallier Formation, "Harrell Shale, Mahantango Formation, Mar-
cellus Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonoloway
Limestone, Wills Creek Formation, Blooosburg Shale, McKenzie Formation, Clin-
ton Group, Tuscarora Sandstone -(Silurian);.Juniata Formation (Ordovician);
Alluvium (Quaternary) occurs both east and west of the Front.
Minable Coal Seams; Sewickley, Redstone, Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela
Group; Little Clarksburg, Elk Lick, Harlem, Upper Bakerstown, Bakerstown,
Mahoning Coals of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Upper Kittanning,
Lower Kittanning Coals of the Allegheny Formation.
Limes tone Resources; Limestones of the Greenbrier Group (Msssissippian);
Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonoloway, Wills Creek and McKenzie Formations
(Silurian).
Sandstone Resources: Sewickley of the Monongahela Group; Connellsville,
Lower Connellsville, Morgantown, Upper Grafton, Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo,
and Upper Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport,
Lower Freeport and East Lynn of the Allegheny; Homewood, Upper Connoquenessing,
Lower Connoquenessing, Guyandot and Sharon of the Pottsville Group; Ridgeley
of the Oriskany Sandstone; Williamsport of the Bloomsburg Shale, Iron Sand-
stone of the Clinton Group, and Tuscarora Sandstone.
Iron Ore: Found mainly in the Oriskany Sandstone and in the Clinton Group.
Salt Resources: No salt resources in Mineral County.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil napping is complete but soil survey not pub-
lished.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: North Branch Potomac River, New Creek and Patterson Creek.
Drainage Network: Trellis
Ultimate Drainage: Potomac River
Comments: Allegheny Front; a few caves
332
-------
MINERAL COUNTY CONT.
Physiographic Province
West - Allegheny Mtn.
East - Valley & Mdge
Relief
3250'
545*
Est, Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 7
Slopes 78
Uplands 15
Meteorological Stations
Keyser
-------
MlWiO COUNTY 54 059
Geologic Structure: There is a gradual regional dip of the strata from the
southeast co northwest, interrupted by occasional anticlines (Warfield is the
most important anticline) and corresponding synclines (Coalburg is the most
important syncline). The pitch of the rocks is nowhere excessive, usually
it is hardly perceptible to the eye.
Exposures: The surface rocks are of the Allegheny Formation and Kanawha
Formation (Pennsylvanian). The New River Formation (Pennsylvanian) is
found along some of the stream valleys. Alluvium (Quaternary) is located
along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Lower Kittanning Coal of the Allegheny Formation;
Stockton-Lewiston, Coalburg, Buffalo Creek,.Winifrede, Chilton "A", Chilton,
(No. 2 Gas),. Eagle, Bens Creek, Cedar, Lower War Eagle and Glenalum Tunnel
Coals of the Kanawha Formation.
Limestone Resources; Mingo County contains little limestone reserves.
Sandstone Resources: East Lynn of the Allegheny Formation; Homewood, Upper
Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Upper Winifrede, Lower Winifrede, Upper Chilton,
Lower Chilton, Hernshaw, Naugatuck, Williamson, Upper Cedar Grove, Middle
Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Logan, Peerless, Brownstown, Matewan, Eagle,
Bens Creek, Grapevine, Upper Gilbert and Lower Gilbert of the Kanawha Formation;
Wharncliffe of the New River Formation.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk; Mainly Zone 1, Zone 2 in extreme south.
Major Rivers: Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River and Guyandot River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
2450'
585'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 1
Slopes 99
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Kerrait (P)
Williamson (P,T)
Ref: Hennen et al., 1914; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agr. Exp.
Sta., 1970.
-------
MONTONTGALIA COUNTY 54 061
geologic Structure: The strata are essentially flat lying with a regional
dip to the northwest. The county is traversed in a northeast-southwest
direction by a number of minor folds, with a prominent arch, Chestnut
Ridge Anticline, along the Monongalia-Preston County line.
Exposures; From west to east, the exposures are, basically: Dunkard
Group (Permian); Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Group, Allegheny Formation,
Pottsville Group (Pennsylvanian); Mauch Chunk Group, Greenbrier Group and
Pocono Group (Mississippian); along with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the
streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams; Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; .Waynesburg,
Sewickley, Redstone and Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela Group; Upper
Freeport and Upper Kittanning Coals of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Mercer
Coal of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources; Greenbrier Limestone of the Greenbrier Group; Elk
Lick, Upper and Lower Pittsburgh, Clarksburgh and Waynesburgh Limestones
of the Pennsylvanian System.
Sandstone Resources; Proctor, St. Cloud, Gilmore, Taylor, Nineveh,
Burton, Fish Creek, Brush Run, Jollytown, Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower
Marietta, Washington, Mannington and Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group;
Gilboy, Arnoldsburg, Upper Sewickley, Lower Sewickley and Upper Pittsburgh
of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Lower Connells-
ville, Morgantown, Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo and Mahoning of the Cone-
maugh Group; Upper Freeport and Lower Freeport of the Allegheny Formation;
Homewood, Upper Connoquenessing and Lower Connoquenessing of the Pottsville
Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, including brines of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group) and Big Injun Sand (Pocono Group). Also
underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Chagrin, Holly, Kanawha, Lobdel, Lobdel-Holly, and
Pope Variant are subject to.flooding. Durmont, Guernsey and Wharton are
ridge top soils with slow permeability and seasonally high water table.
Buchanon, Ernest, and Clarksburg are lower slope soils, and Monongahela
and Zoar are terrace soils with slow permeability and a seasonal high water
table. Gilpin-Culleaka-Upshur and Upshur are subject to the hazard of
slippage.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers; Monongahela River and Cheat River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments; Remnants of glacial Lake Monongahela; Cheat River Gorge; Lake
Lynn; a few caves.
335
-------
MON'OS'CALIA COUNTY. CONT.
Physio graphic Province
Appalachian Plateau -
Major Part
Appalachian Mountain -
along Preston Line
Relief
2600'
793'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 93
Uplands 4
Meteorological Stations
Morgantown FAA AP (P,T)
Morgantown L fi D (P,T)
Lake Lynn (P)
Ref: Henaen et al., 1913; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al.,
1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
336
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MONROE: COUNTY 54 063
Geologic Structure: Northwesj:: An area of gentle and rather symmetrical
folds trending northwest-southeast, of relatively slight disturbance, with
the strata dipping slightly toward the northwest. Anticlines: Alderson,
Mt. Pleasant, Abbs Valley. Synclines: Creamery, Laurel Creek, Knobs.
Southeast: Severe folding with large reverse faults and overturned folds.
The structural features control the shape, height and direction of the
mountains. The trend of the folds changes from approximately N 30°E to
N 70°E in this county. Anticlines: Sinks Grove, Maple Grove, Hillsdale,
Highland, Harts Run, Glace, Nigger Mountain, Fork Mountain, Back Valley,
Crosier. Synclines: Patton, Hurricane Ridge, Dorr, Hollywood, Kates
Mountain, Pedro, Wolf Hills, North Fork, Ray.
Exposures; The Silurian and Ordovician rocks are brought to the surface
by the St. Glair and Sugar Grove Faults in the Southeast. The surface rocks
are: (Group or Formation) Hinton, Bluefield,.Greenbrier, Maccrady, Pocono
(Mississippian); Chemung, Brallier, Harrel.Shael, Mahantango, Marcellus
Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg (Devonian); Clinton, Tuscarora Sand-
stone (Silurian); Juniata, Oswego, Martinsburg, Trenton, Black River, Chazy,
and Beekmantown (Ordovician); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and
streams.
Hinable Coal Seams; Monroe County contains no rainable coals.
Limestone Resources: Avis Limestone of the Hinton Formation: Raines Cor-
ner, Reynolds and Glenray Limestone of the Bluefield Formation; Limestones of
the Greenbrier Group; Limestones of the Martinsburg Formations; Black River
and Beekmantown Limestones of the Ordovician System.
Sandstone Resources: Falls Mills, Tallery, Hackett, Upper Bellepoint and
Stony Gap of the Hinton Formation; Clayton, Graham, Bertha, Bradshaw and
Indian Mills of the Bluefield Formation; Logan, Broad Ford and Berea of
the Pocono Group; Oriskany Sandstone; Keefer and Iron Sandstone of the
Clinton Group; and the Tuscarora Sandstone.
Iron Ore: In the Oriskany Sandstone and Clinton Group in southern part of
county.
Soil Limitations: Alluvial Land, Atkins, Huntington, Lindside, Melvin,
Philo and Pope soils are subject to frequent flooding. Captinar Clarksburg,
Landisburg, Leadvale, Monongahela and Robertsville are terrace or lower
slope soils with slow permeability and a seasonal high water table.
Guthrie, Pickaway and Tilst are upland soils with slow permeability.
Chilhowie-Tumbez, Duffield, Dunraore, Frederick, Frederick-Bodine, Frederick-
Duntnore and Murrill contain sinkholes and overlie cavernous limestone.
Seismic Risk; Zone 2.
Major Rivers: Greenbrier River and New River.
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River, James River (80 sq. miles)
Comments: Numerous Caves; Greenbrier Caverns (RNL); Greenville Saltpeter
Cave (RNL)
337
-------
MOMROE COITITY, CONT.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
west
Ridge and Valley
east
Relief
4050'
1450'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 84
Uplands 14
Meteorological Stations
Blues tone Dan (P,T,E)
Lindside (P)
Union (P,T)
Ref: Gorman et al., 1965; Leasing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Reger et al.,
1926; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
338
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MORGAM COUNTY 54 065
Geologic Structure: Morgan County is located within the intensely folded
Appalachian Mountain region. The county is dominated by well-defined,
fairly smooth folds, with a fair degree of symmetry. Cacapon Mountain
Anticline and Meadow Branch Syncline run parallel to the mountain ridges
in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures: The surface rocks consist of the Pocono Group (Mississippian);
Hampshire Formation, Chemung Croup, Brallier Formation, Mahantango Form-
ation, Marcellus Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg Group (Devonian);
Tonoloway Limestone, Wills Creek Formation, Bloorasburg Red Shale, McKetizie
Formation, Clinton Group and Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian); with Alluvium
(Quaternary) along the streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams; There is a small amount of coal in the Meadow Branch
area.
Limestone Resources; Limestones of Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonoloway
Formation and Wills Creek Formation (Silurian).
Sandstone Resources: Pocono Sandstones; Oriskany Sandstone; Sandstones in
the Devonian Shales; Keefer Sandstone of the McKenzie Formation; and
Tuscarora Sandstone.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is completed but the soil survey
is not published.
Seismic Risk: Zone 2
Major Rivers: Potomac River and Cacapon River
Drainage Network: Trellis
Ultimate Drainage: Potomac River
Comments: One cave.
Physiographic Province
Valley and Ridge
Relief
2320'
380 '
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 82
Uplands 15
Meteorological Stations
Berkeley Springs (P,T)
Omps (P,T)
Kef: Grimsley et al, 1916; Lessing, 1974; NcCue et al., 1939; WVU Agri. Exp.
Sta.,
339
-------
NICHOLAS COUNTY 54 067
Geologic Structure: Mainly a broad monocline showing a gradual north-
westward dip of the rocks away from Greenbrier, Rocahontas and Webster
Counties, where, in the former two, distortion has been much more severe.
The general dip in Nicholas County is interrupted by two slight anticlines
(Mann Mountain and Enon) and their corresponding shallow synclines (Lockwood
and Clifftop) in the west, and by another anticline (Webster Springs)
which cuts across the extreme eastern part of the county. The folds trend
northeast and southwest.
Exposures; The general outcrop pattern, from northwest to southeast,
consists of the Conemaugh Group, Allegheny Formation, Kanawha Formation,
and New River Formation (Pennsylvanian); Mauch Chunk .Group (Mississippian) ;
along with Alluvium (Quaternary) associated with the streams.
Minable Coal Seams; Lower Freeport, Upper Kittanning, Middle Kittanning,
Lower Kittanning and Clarion Coals of the Allegheny Formation; Stockton-
Lewis ton, Coalburg, Winifrede, Chilton, Alma, Peerless, Campbell Creek
(No. 2 Gas), Eagle, Little Eagle and Gilbert of-the Kanawha Group; Sewell
and Fire Creek of the New River Formation.
Limestone Resources; The surface rocks of Nicholas County contain no
limestone of any consequence.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh
Group; Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper East .Lynn and East Lynn of
the Allegheny Formation; Homewood, Upper Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Upper
Winifrede, Upper Chilton, Lower Chilton, Hernshaw, Upper Cedar Grove,
Peerless, Monitor, Brownstown, Eagle, Decota, Lower Gilbert, Dotson and
Lower Dotson of the Kanawha Formation; Lower Nuttall, Harvey, Guyandot,
Lower Guyandot and Upper Raleigh of the New River Formation; Princeton
Conglomerate of the Mauch Chunk Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brines in northwest, including
brine of the Big Injun Sand (Pocono). Also underlain by rock salt of
Silurian Age in extreme north.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Gauley River, Cherry River, Cranberry River and Meadow River.
Drainage Network; Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments: A few caves; Summersville Lake
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
3850'
675'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 89
Uplands 8
Meteorological Stations
Birch River 6 SSW (P,T)
Richwood (P,T)
Summersville (P)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937; Reger, 1921; WVU
Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
3UO
-------
OHIO COUNTY 54 069
Geologic Structure: Basically flat lying with a slight regional dip to the
northwest, interrupted by the minor Loudenville (Tinney) Syncline, passing
through the area in a northeast-southwest direction.
Exposures: Dominated by the Dunkard Group (Penaian) and the Monongahela
Group (Pennsylvanian), with some of the Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian),
and Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and the Ohio River.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Waynesburg,
Upper Sewickley, Redstone and Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela-Group;
Bakeratown, Brush Creek and Mahoning Coals of the Conemaugh Group; Lower
Freeport, Middle Kittanning, Lower Kittanning, and Clarion Coals of the
Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources: Washington and Elk Grove Limestones of the Dunkard
Group; Benwood, Sewickley, Redstone of the Monongahela Group; Ames and
Cambridge Limestones of the Conemaugh Group.
Sandstone Resources; Fish Creek and Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group;
Sewickley and Pittsburgh of the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connells-
ville and Morgantown of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, occurring especially in
the Salt Sands of the Pottsville Group. Also rock salt of the Silurian
Age is present.
Soil Limitations: Atkins, Chagrin, Chavies, Dunning, Huntington and Linside
soils are subject to flooding. Ernest and Monongahela arc footslope
soils with slow permeability and a seasonal high water table. Brooke and
Upshur soils are a serious landslide hazard and Brookside, Clarksburg,
Ernest, Gilpin, Westmoreland and Wharton have a moderate landslide risk.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Wheeling Landslide Quadrangle; Remnants of glacial Lake
Monongahela.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1440'
610'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 92
Uplands 5
Meteorological Stations
Wheeling Warwood Dam
12 (P,T)
Ref: Ellyson et al., Lessing, 1974; McCue at al., 1939; Price et al.,
1937; White, 1910; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
-------
PEWLETON CO'JN'TY 54 071
Geologic Structure: The structure as a whole nay be described as being
composed of two great synclinal areas (trending northeast to southwest),
one on the east (Shenandoah Mountain Synclinal area) and one on the west
(Stony River Synclinal area), with a third great area between them that
includes numerous anticlines and synclines. Of these, the'Wills Mountain
Anticline and Middle Mountain Syncline are the most pronounced. Major
reverse faulting occurs in some areas along the eastern limb of the Wills
Mountain Anticline.
Exposures: Older Rocks are exposed in anticlinal areas. The surface rocks
in descending order are: Alluvium (Quaternary); Pottsville Group (Pennsylvanian);
Mauch Chunk, Greenbrier, Pocono Groups (Mississippian);-Hampshire Formation,
Chemung Group, Brallier Formation, Harrel Shale, Mahantango Formation, Marcellus
Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Helderberg Group (Devonian); Tonoloway Limestone,
Wills Creek Formation, McKenzie Formation, Clinton Group, Tuscarora.Sandstone
(Silurian); Juniata Formation, Oswego Formation, Martinsburg Shale, Trenton
Group, Black River Group, St. Paul Group (Ordovician); a patch of igneous
rocks near the Virginia State line.
Minable Coal Seams; Thin seams in the Mauch Chunk and Pottsville Groups.
Limestone Resources: Great beds of limestone in the Tonoloway Formation
and Helderberg and Greenbrier Groups; smaller beds in the Clinton Group,
McKenzie and Wills Creek Formations and in the Chemung and Mauch Chunk
Groups.
Sandstone Resources: Purslane of the Pocono Group; Sandstones of the Hampshire
Formation, Chemung Group and Brallier Formation; Oriskany Sandstone; and Tuscarora
Sandstone.
Iron Ore: Iron Ore of the Clinton Group and Oriskany Sandstone.
Salt Resources: There are no salt resources in Pendleton County.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1, west; Zone 2, east.
Major Rivers: South Branch Potomac River, North Fork South Branch Potomac
River, South Fork South Branch Potomac River.
Drainage Network: Trellis
Ultimate Drainage: Potomac River
Comments; Spruce Kiiob-Senecn Rocks National Recreation Area; Numerous Caves;
Germany Valley (RNL); Fanny Bennett Hemlock Forest (TNC); Selmet-Spruce Knob
Tracts (TNC): Hendrick Tract (TNC); Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks NRA (TNC).
Physiographic Province
Ridge and Valley -
most of county
Allegheny Mountain -
Northeast
Relief
4862'
1155'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 91
Uplands 5
Meteorological Stations
Brushy Run (P)
Franklin 2 NE (P,T)
Spruce Knob (P,T)
Ref: Leasing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Tilton et al., 1927; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta. ,
1970.
-------
PLEASANTS CCUNTY 54 073
Geologic Structure: This area is located just west of the deepest portion
of the Appalachian basin. The strata have a very gentle regional dip to the
southeast, towards the Parkersburg Syncline which is the middle of the basin
and is located east of the county. The Burning Springs Anticline (which trends
north-south) is located in the western portion of the county.
Exposures; Dominated by the Dunkard Group (Permian) with the Monongahela
Group and Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian) being exposed along Middle Island
Creek •& 'French Creek and in the southwest portion of the county. A few areas
of the Allegheny Formation (Pennsylvanian) are also located in. the southwest.
There is Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and the Ohio River.
Minable Coal Seams; Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Lower
Freeport, Upper Freeport, Middle Kittanning and Lower Kittanning Coals
of the Allegheny Formation.
Limestone Resources: There are no significant limestone deposits in
Pleasants County.
Sandstone Resources; Marietta and Waynesburg Sandstones of the Dunkard
Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, especially brines of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group), and Big Injun
Sand (Pocono Group). Also underlain by rack salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1232'
587'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 8
Slopes 92
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
St. Marys (P)
Rcf: Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; White, 1910; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
3^3
-------
POCAHONTAS COUNTY 54 075
Geologic Structure: West of Greenbrier River: The strata have a general
regional dip to the west and form the eastern limb of the Kovan Syncline.
The dip is interrupted in the central portion by the Deer Park Anticline and
the North Potomac (Georges Creek) Syncline, which trend northeast and south-
west. East of Greenbrier River; The anticlines and synclines are, from west
to east: Blackwater Anticline, Browns Mountain Anticline, Job Syncline, Hor-
ton Anticline and Stony River Syncline. These are bold .features in a northeast
and southwest trend which largely control the direction, shape and height
of the mountains and exert considerable influence on the drainage basins.
Exposures; West of Greenbrier River: Kanawha and New River Formations
(Pennsylvanian); Bluestone, Princeton, Hinton and Bluefield Formations,
Greenbrier Limestone, Maccrady Formation and Pocono Group (Mississippian);
and Alluvium (Quaternary). .East of Gr&epbtier River; Pocono.Group.(Mississ-
ippian) ; Hampshire Formation, Chemung Group, Brallier Formation., Harrell
Shale, Mahantango Formation, Marcellus Shale, Oriskany Sandstone, Eelderberg
Group (Devonian).; Tonoloway Limestone, Wills Creek Formation, McKenzie
Formation, Clinton Group and Tuscarora Sandstone (Silurian); and Juniata
Group (Ordovician).
Minable Coal Seams; Gilbert Coal of the Kanawha Formation; laeger and
Sewell Coals of the New River Formation.
Limestone Resources: Reynolds and Glenray Limestones of the Mauch Chunk
Group; Alderson, Union, Pickaway, laggard, Patton, Sinks Grove and Hills-
dale Limestones of the Greenbrier Group; Helderbarg Limestone of Che Devonian
System; Tonoloway, Wills Creek and McKenzie Limestones of the Silurian System.
Sandstone Resources: Lower Gilbert and Dotson of the Kanawha Formation;
Upper Nuttall, Lower Nuttall, Guyandot, Lower Guyandot, Upper Raleigh,
Quinnimont and Pineville of the New River Formation; Princeton of the
Princeton Formation; Goodwyn and Stony Gap of the Hinton Formation; Big
Spruce Knob, Bradshaw, Droop and Edray of the Bluefield Formation; Broad
Ford and Berea of the Pocono Group; Sandstones of the Hampshire Formation;
Valley Head and Elkins of the Chemung Group; Sandstones of the Brallier
Formation; Ridgeley Sandstone of the Oriskany Sandstone; Reefer and Iron
Sandstone of the Clinton Group; and Tuscarora Sandstone.
Iron Ore: Iron ore of the Oriskany Sandstone and of the Clinton Group.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is not complete.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1, north; Zone 2, south.
Maior Rivers: Greenbrier River
Drainage Network: Trellis
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Numerous caves; Cranberry Glades (RNL); Gaudineer Scenic Aoea
(RNL); Swago Run Karst Area (RNL); Beartovn State Park (TNG)
-------
Pocahontas County, cont.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau, SW
Allegheny Mountain, NW
Valley and Ridge, E
Relief
4842'
1952'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 91
Uplands 6
Meteorological Stations
Arborvale 2 (P,T)
Buckeye (P.T)
Marlington (P)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1937; Price, 1929; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
-------
PRESTON COUNTY 54 077
Geologic Structure: The rocks are folded and distorted, with the folds being
roughly parallel to the mountain ranges which lie in a northeast-southwest
direction. Prominent anticlines: Chestnut Ridge, Preston and Briery Mountain.
Prominent synclines: Ligonier, Kingwood and Mount Camel^
Exposures; The Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Gaoup, Allegheny Formation and
Pottsville Group {Pennsylvanian); Mauch Chunk Group, Greenbrier Group and
Pocono Group (Mississippian); Hampshire Formation and Chemung Group (Devonian);
with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group;.Elk Lick,
Harlem and Bakerstown Coal of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Lower
Freeport, Upper Kittanning, Lower Kittanning and Clarion Coal of the Allegheny
Formation; Winifrede Coal of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources: Elk Lick and Pine Creek of the Conemaugh Group; Upper
Freeport and Lower Freeport of the Allegheny Formation and Greenbrier Lime-
stones of the Greenbrier Group.
Sandstone Resources: Connellsville, Morgantown, GraCton, Saltsburg, Buffalo,
and Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Lower Freeport and Clarion of the Alle-
gheny Formation; Homewood, Upper Connoquenessing and Lower Connoquenessing of
the Pottsville Group; and Rowelsburg of the Chemung Group.
Salt Resources; Likely underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Iron Ore; Found in the Conemaugh, Allegheny, Pottsville and Mauch Chunk
rocks, noneconomic deposits which consist mostly of lean carbonates.
Soil Limitations: Atkins, Elkins, Melvin, Mixed Alluvial Land, Philo and
Pope soils are subject to flooding. Brinkerton, Cavode, Ernest, Llckdale,
Monongahela and Tyler are terrace or lower hill soils with slow permeability
and seasonal high water table. Cookport and Wharton are upland sails with
slow permeability. Upshur has a high landslide hazard potential.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Cheat River
Drainage Network; Dendritic
"Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments: Cheat River Gorge; a few caves; Cranesville Swamp (TNC.RNL); Cath-
edral State Park (TNC)
Physiographic Province
Allegheny Mountain
(Appalachian Plateau in
extreme southwest)
Relief
3380 '
875'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 1
Slopes 81
Uplands 18
Meteorological Stations
Albright, Terra Alta (P)
Brandonville (P,T), Hope-
mont (P,T), Rowlesburs (P,T)
Ref: Hennen et al., 1914; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Patton et al., 1959
Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
-------
PUTNAM COUNTY 54 079
Geologic .Structure; This area occuoies the middle or deepest portion of the
Apnalachian basin. The strata dip slightly to the north or northwest toward
the middle of the basin (Parkersburg Svncline), which passes through the
northwestern portion of the county. An arch in the rocks, Byrnside Anti-
cline, extends through a portion of the southern part of the county.
Exposures; The surface rocks, in a very general north to south pattern,
consist of the Dunkard Group (Permian); Monongahela Group and Conemaugh
Group (Pennsylvanian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Little Pitts-
burgh of the Conemaugh Group; and Lower Freeport Coal of the Allegheny
Formation.
Limestone Resources; No significant limestone reserves.
Sandstone Resources: Gilmore, Nineveh, Burton, Fish Creek, Rush Run, Jolly-
town, Hundred, Upper Marietta, and Lower Marietta of the Dunkard Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural brine, including brines of the Salt
Sands (Pottsville Group), and Big Injun Sand (Pocono Group).
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River and Kanawha River
Drainage Network; Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments; Saint Albans and Pocatalico Landslide Quadrangles; Ancient Teays
Valley.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1232'
513'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 7
Slopes 93
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Winfield Locks (P,T)
Ref: Krebs, 1911; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
-------
RALEIGH COU'iTY 54 081
Geologic Structure: Raleigh County is east of the Coalburg Syncline. The
strata dip gradually in a southeast to northwest direction. No decided
synclines or basins exist within the area. There are a few small ones that
occur occasionally (which trend northeast-southwest). Minor Anticlines:
Pineville, Mullens and Dry Fork. Minor Synclines: Pineville, Mullens
and Weyanoke.
Exposures: The surface rocks, in a very general northwest to southeast pat-
tern consist of the Allegheny Kanawha, New River and Pocahontas Formations
(Pennsylvanian); the Mauch Chunk Group (Mississippian); and Alluvium (Quater-
nary) along the rivers and streams.
Minable Coal Seams; Stockton-Lewiston, Coalburg, Winifrede, Hernshaw,
Cedar Grove, Alma, Campbell Creek (No. 2 Gas); Powellton, Matewan, Eagle,
Little Eagle, Lower War Eagle, Glenalum Tunnel and Gilbert Coals of the
Kanawha Formation; Douglas, Lower Douglas, laeger, Lower laeger, Castle,
Welch, Little Raleigh, Beckley, Fire Creek, No. 8 Pocahontas of the New
River Formation; No. 7 Pocahontas, No. 6 Pocahontas, No. 5 Pocahontas,
No. 4 Pocahontas, No. 3 Pocahontas and No. 2 Pocahontas of the Pocahontas
Formation.
Limestone Resources: There are no important limestone reserves in Raleigh
County.
Sandstone Resources: East Lynn Sandstone of the Allegheny Formation; Homewood,
Upper Coalburg, Lower Coalburg, Upper Winifrede, Lower Winifrede, Upper
Chilton, Lower Chilton, Hernshaw, Naugatuck, Williamson, Upper Cedar Grove,
Middle Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Monitor, Peerless, Brawnstown, Matewan,
Eagle, Decota, Grapevine, Lower War Eagle, Upper Gilbert and Lower Gilbert of
the Kanawha Formation; Nuttall, Lower Nuttall, Panther, Upper laeger, Middle
laeger, Lower laeger, Harvey Conglomerate, Guyandot, Lower Guyandot, Welch,
Upper Raleigh, Lower Raleigh, Quinnimont and Pineville of the New River
Formation; Flattop Mountain, Pierpont, Eckman, Upper Pocahontas, Lower Poca-
hontas, Vivian and Keystone of the Pocahontas Formation.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine in the northwestern part of
the county.
Soil Limitations; Alluvial Land, Atkins, Gravelly alluvial land, Landes,
Philo and Pope soils are subject to flooding. Ashton and Chavies are sub-
ject to infrequent flooding. Monongahela is a terrace soil with slow per-
meability and a seasonal high water table. Cookport is an upland soil with
slow permeability. Meckesville, Shelocta and Wharton are subject to the
hazard of slippage.
Seismic Risk: Mostly Zone 2, Zone 1 in extreme northwest
Maj or Rivers: New River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio R
Comments: New River Gorge
-------
RALEIGH COUNTY, CONT.
Physiozraohic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
!•. • •
3566'
820'
Est. Land Area (2)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 87 '
Uplands 11
Meteorological Stations
Beckley VA Hosp. (P,T)
Beckley HB AP (P,T)
Dry Creek (P)
Naotna (P)
Ref: Gorman et al., 1975; Krebs et al., 1916; Leasing, 1974; Price et al.
1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
-------
RANDOLPH COUNTY 54 083
Geologic Structure: West: A gradual regional dip to the north parallel to
the axis cf structural folds and a sharp uplift to the east along Rich
Mountain. East: More severely folded than vest, with fold axis nearly
parallel to the crest of the mountain ranges, northeast-southwest. Anticlines
and Synclines (west to east); Hiram Anticline, Belington Syncline, Deer
Park Anticline, North Potomac (Georges Creek) Syncline, Blackwater Anti-
cline, Job Syncline, Horton Anticline, Stoney River Anticline.
Exposures: Exposures in descending order: Alluvium (Quaternary); Cone-
maugh Group, Allegheny, Kanawha and New River Formations (Pennsylvanian);
Mauch Chunk Group, Greenbrier Limestone, Maccrady Formation and Pocono Group
(Mississippian); Hampshire Formation, Chemung Group, Brallier Formation
and Harrell Shale (Devonian).
Minable Coal Seams: Bakerstown of the Conemaugh Croup; Upper Freeport,
Upper Kittanning, Lower and Middle Kittanning and Clarion of the Allegheny
Formation; Upper Mercer, Stockton-Lewiston, Winefrede, Campbell Creek,
Eagle, Gilbert, laeger, Castle, Sewell, Welch and Fire Creek of the Potts-
ville Group.
Limestone Resources; Reynolds and Glenray Limestones of the Mauch Chunk
Group; Alderson, Union, Pickaway, laggard, Patton and Sinks Grove Limestones
of the Greenbrier Group.
Sandstone Resources; Upper Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh
Group; Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport and Upper East Lynn of the Allegheny
Formation; Homewood, Upper Connoquenessing, Lower Connoquenessing, Upper
Cedar Grove, Peerless, Monitor, Brownstown, Eagle, Decota and Lower Gilbert
of the Kanawha Formation; Upper Nuttall, Lower Nuttall, Harvey, Guyandot,
Lower Guyandot and Upper Raleigh of the New River Formation; Princeton,
Stony Gap and Webster Springs of the Mauch Chunk Group; Hendricks of the
Chemung Group.
Salt Resources; Likely underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age in the western
part of the County.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is completed but soil survey not
published.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Middle Fork River, Buckhannon River, Tygart Valley River,
Shavers Fork of Cheat River, Dry Fork of Cheat River.
Drainage Network; Dendritic (Middle Fork and Buckhannon)
Trellis (Tygart Valley, Shavers Fork and Dry Fork)
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Many caves; Blister Run Swamp (RNL); Gaudineer Scenic Area (RNL);
Shavers Mountain Spruce-Hemlock Stand (RNL)
350
-------
RANDLOPH COim*. COMT.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau -
western
Allegheny Mountain -
central and eastern
Valley and Ridge -
extreme southeast
Belief
4760'
1750'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 6
Slopes 92
Uplands 2
Meteorological Stations
Alpena 1 NW (P)
Elkins WB AP (P,T)
Pickens (P,T)
Valley Bend (P)
Valley Head (P)
Ref: Leasing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al., 1937; Reger, 1931;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
351
-------
RITCHIE COUNTY 54 085
Geologic Structure: This area occupies the middle or deepest portion of
the Appalachian basin. The strata have a very gentle regional dip towards
the middle of the basin (Parkersburg Syncline), which passes through the
northwestern portion of the county from the southwest to northeast. The
Burning Springs Anticline trends north - south along the Uood-Ritchie County
Line.
Exposures: Dominated by the Dunkard Group (Permian), with the Monongahela Group
and Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian) exposed along the tributaries of the Hughes
River and along the western border. A few areas .of the Allegheny Formation
(Pennsylvanian) are located along the extreme western border. Alluvium (Quat-
ernary) occurs along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Pittsburgh Coal of
the Monongahela Croup.
Limestone Resources: There are no significant limestone deposits.
Sandstone Resources: Marietta and Waynesburg Sandstones of the Dunkard Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, including brine of the Salt
Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group), and Big Injun Sand
(Pocono Group). Also underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers: Hughes River System
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments: Murphy Preserve (TNC)
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1380'
605'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 98
Uplands D
Meteorological Stations
Cairo 3 S (P)
Ellenboro (P)
Smithville (P)
Rel: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al.
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
1937; White, 1910,
352
-------
ROANE coL™r: 54 087
Geologic Structure; The county lies near the center of the Appalachian basin,
almost entirely to the east of the deepest portion. The rocks dip slightly
to the southeast, interrupted by several minor anticlines (Flat Rock, Arches
Fork, Burning Springs, Chestnut Ridge) and several minor synclines (Spencer
and Robinson).
Exposures: The general pattern of surface rocks from northwest to southeast
consists of the Dunkard Group (Permian); Monongahela Group and Conemaugh
Group (Pennsylvanian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Bakerstown and Brush Creek Coals of the Conemaugh
Group; Lower Freeport and Lower Kittanning of the Allegheny Formation;
Stockton-Lewiston and Campbell Creek Coals of the Pottsville Group;
Waynesburg Coal of the Dunkard Group; and Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela
Group.
Limestone Resources: No outcrop of workable thickness occurs.
Sandstone Resources; Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower Marietta, Mannington and
Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Uniontown, Aronoldsburg and Sewickley of
the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Morgantown and Buffalo
of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, especially brine of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), and Oriskany Sandstone.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping completed but not published.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers: West Fork of Little Kanawha River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments: Hungry Beech Natural Area (TNC)
Physiograohic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1500'
615'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 98
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Spencer (P,T)
Ref: Hennen, 1911; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta. , 1970.
353
-------
SUMMERS COUTTY 54 089
Geologic ri:ructure: This is an area of gentle and rather symmetrical folds
(trending northeast - southwest), of relatively slight disturbance, and as
a whole nav be considered as one broad monocline (strata dipping toward the
northwest) in which minor structural relief has developed. Anticlines:
Boggs Kncb, Dunn, Alderson and Abbs Valley. Synclines: Springdale, Bellepoint
and Creamery. Fault: Talcott (slight).
Exposures: The surface rocks generally become older from northwest to
southeast. They consist of the New River and Focahontas Formations
(Pennsylvanian); Bluestone, Princeton, Hinton and Bluefield Formations
and the Greenbrier Group (Mississippian); Alluvium (Quaternary) along the
streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams:
hontas formation.
No. 6 Pocahontas and No. 3 Pocahontas of the Poca-
Limestone Resources; Avis Limestone of the Hinton Formation; Raines.Corner,
Reynolds and Glenray Limestones of the Bluefield Formation; Limestones of the
Greenbrier Group; and Limestones of the Martinsburg Formation.
Sandstone Resources; Pineville of the New River Formation; Flattop Mountain,
Pierpont, Upper Pocahontas and Keystone of the Pocahontas Formation; Upper
Belcher and Glady Fork of the Bluestone Formation; Princeton.of the Princeton
Formation; Falls Mills, Tallery, Rackett, Upper Bellpoint and.Stony Gap
of the Hinton Formation; Clayton, Graham, Bertha, Bradshaw and Indian Mills
of the Bluefield Formation.
Salt Resources: There are no salt resources in Summers County.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 2.
Major Rivers; New River, Greenbrier River and Bluestone River.
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments: Bluestone Lake
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
3945'
1240'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 87
Uplands 10
Meteorological Stations
Bluestone Dam (P,T,E)
Rcf: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Reger et al., 1926; WVU Agri.
Exp. Sta., 1970.
-------
TAYLOR COUNTY 54 091
Geologic Structure; The strata are essentially flat-lying with a regional
dip to the northwest. The county is traversed in a northeast-southwest
direction by a number of minor folds, with the most prominent, by far,
being the Chestnut Ridge Anticline in the western part of the county.
Exposures: The surface rocks are dominated by the Conemaugh Group (Pennsyl-
vanian). Also present are the Monongahela Group, Allegheny Formation and
Pottsville Group (Pennsylvanian), with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the
streams and rivers.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Upper Freeport
and Upper and Lower Kittanning Coal of the Conmaugh Group; Upper Mercer Coal
of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources: Sewickley of the Monongahela Group; Upper Pitts-
burgh, Clarksburg and Elk Lick of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport and
Lower Freeport of the Allegheny Formation.
Sandstone Resources; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Lower Connellsville,
Morgantown, Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo and Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group;
Upper Freeport and Lower Freeport of the Allegheny Formation; Homewood of
the Pottsville Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine and by rock salt of
Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping is complete, but soil survey not
published.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Tygart Valley River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments; Remnants of glacial Lake Monongahela: Tygart Lake
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
2003'
895'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 3
Slopes 90
Uplands 7
Meteorological Stations
Tygart Dam (P)
Ref: Hennen et al. , 1913; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al.,
1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
355
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TUCKER COUNT': 54 093
Geologic Structure: West: A region of extreme and sharp folding. Many
of the folds are discontinuous, their traceable length being a few miles
only, interrupted by monoclines, followed in turn by other short isolated
folds. The folds trend northeast-southwest. East: The folds are very
broad and on the whole, symmetrical. Their axes extend entirely across the
county, generally in a northeast-southwest direction. Anticlines: Texas,
Etam, St. George, Eglon, Drift Run, Deer Park, Blackwater. Synclines: Pifer
Mountain, Hannahsville, St. Ceorge, Leadraine, North Potomac.
Exposures; The Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Group, Allegheny Group, Potts-
ville Group (Pennsylvanian); Mauch Chunk Group, Greenbrier Group, Pocono
Group (Mississippian); Hampshire Formation, Chemung Group, Brallier Formation
(Devonian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Little Pittsburgh,
BakersCown of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport of the Allegheny Formation;
Sewell Coal of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources; tfinton Limestone of the Mauch Chunk Group; Greenbrier
Limestone of the Greenbrier Group.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Grafton, Grafton, Jane Lew, Saltsburg, Buffalo,
Upper Mahonlng and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport,
Lower Freeport and Kittanning of the Allegheny Formation; Homewood, Upper
Connoquenessing, Lower Gilbert, Upper and Lower Nuttall, Upper and.Lower
Guyandot and Upper Raleigh of the Pottsville Group; Princeton Conglomerate of
the Mauch Chunk Group.
Salt Resources: Western portion of county likely underlain by rock salt
of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Alluvial Land, Atkins, Barbour, Philo, Pope, Sequatchie
and strong alluvial land are subject to flooding. Brinkerton, Cookport,
Lickdale and N'olo are upland or plateau soils with slow permeability and a
seasonal high water table. Albrights and Blayo are lower slope soils and
Mononf»ahela, Purdy and Tyler are terrace soils with slow permeability and
a high writer table. Belmont overlies solution channels. Ernest and Meck-
esville are sublect to the hazard of slippage on steep slopes.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Cheat River, Shavers Fork of Cheat River, Dry Fork of
Cheat River, Blackwater River.
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Allegheny Front and Blackwater Canyon; Some caves; Big Run Bog
(RNL); Fisher Spring Bog (RNL); Canaan Valley (RNL); Dolly Sods Mineral
Rights (TNG).
356
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TUCKER COUNTY, COHT.
Physiographic Province
Allegheny Mountain
Relief
4420'
1450'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 71
Uplands 25
Meteorological Stations
Canaan Valley (P,T)
Parsons (P ,T)
Davis ^ Thomas (P)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; Losche et al., 1967; McCue et al, 1939; Price et al.,
1937; Reger, 1923; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
357
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TYLER COUNTY 54 095
Geologic Structure: This area occupies the center or deepest portion of
the Apoalachian Basin (Parkersburg Syncline). From the trough of the basin
the strata have a gentle rise both to the northwest and southeast. This rise
is interrupted by several low folds, the most prominent being the Big Moses
Anticline.
Exposures: The exposures consist of the Dunkard Group (Permian) and the
Monongahela Group (Pennsylvanian), with Alluvium (Quaternary) exposed along
the streams and Ohio River.
Minable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Waynesburg and
Uniontown Coals of the Monongahela Group.
Limestone Resources; There are no significant limestone reserves.
Sandstone Resources: Fish Creek, Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower Marietta and
Mannington of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy of the Monongahela Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, including brines of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group), and
Big Injun Sand (Pocono Group). Also underlain by rock salt of Silurian
Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1500'
580'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 93
Uplands 3
Meteorological Stations
Bens Run 1 SSE (P,T)
Middlebourne 2 ESE (P,T)
New Matamoris Dam 16 (P)
Ref: Hennen, 1909; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
3'JO
-------
UPSHUR COUNT: 5A 097
Geologic Structure: The prevailing structural feature is a long, gentle
monocline, giving the rocks a gradual regional dip northwest away from the
mountains of Randolph County, interrupted by only two shallow synclines. These
trend northeast -southwest and enter the northwestern part of the county.
Exposures: From northwest to southeast: Dunkard Group (Permian); Potts-
ville Group, Allegheny Formation, Conemaugh Group and Monongahela Group
(Pennsylvanian); with scattered Alluvium (Quaternary) along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Redstone and Pittsburgh of the Monongahela Group; Elk
Lick of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Upper Kittaiming, Middle
Kittanning, Lower Kittanning, and Clarion of the Allegheny Formation;
Upper Mercer, Stockton-Lewiston, Winifrede, Peerless and Eagle of the Kan-
awha Formation; laeger, Castle and Sewell of the New River Formation.
Limestone Resources: Uniontown, Sewickley and Redstone of the Monongahela
Group; Clarksburg, Orlando and Elk Lick of the Conemaugh Group; and Johnstown
of the Allegheny Formation.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Sewickley and Lower Sewickley of the Monongahela
Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Lower Connellsville, Morgantown,
Grafton, Saltsburg, Buffalo, Upper Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the
Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport and East Lynn of the Allegheny
Formation; Homewood, Upper Connoquenessing of the Pottsville Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine in west, and entire county
underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping is not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers; Buckhannon River and Middle Fork River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments:
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
3050'
1038'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 89
Uplands 7
Meteorological Stations
Buckhannon 2 W (P,T)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue at al., 1939; Price et al., 1937; Reger et al., 1918;
WVU Agri, Exp. Sta., 1970.
359
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WAYNE COUNTY 54 099
Geologic Strueture: The deepest portion of the Appalachian basin (Parkers-
burg Syncline) passes through the northern part of the county from east to
west. The strata in the northern fifth of the county dip slightly to the
southeast and the strata in the southern four-fifths dip to the northwest.
The Doane Anticline and Queens Ridge Syncline pass through the southeastern
part of the county.
Exposures: The exposures, in a very general north to south pattern, consist
of the Monongahela Group, Coneraaugh Group, Allegheny Formation and Kanavha
Formation (Pennsylvanian), with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and
streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Little Pitts-
burgh and Elk Lick Coals of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport and Lower
Kittanning Coals of the Allegheny Formation; Stockton-Lewiston, Coalburg,
Winifrede and Campbell Creek Coals of the Pottsville Group.
Limestone Resources: Very little limestone occurs in Wayne County.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Pittsburgh of the Monongahela Croup; Lower
Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Morgantown, GraEton, Saltsburg, Buffalo and Mahoning
of the Conemaugh Group; Upper Freeport, Lower "Freeport and East Lynn of the
Allegheny Formation; Homewood, Coalburg, Upper Winifrede, Lower Winifrede and
Maiden of the Pottsville Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, including brine of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), and Big Injun Sand (Pocono Group).
Soil Limitations; Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River, Big Sandy River, Tug Fork River, Twelve Pole Creek
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Catlettsburg and Huntington Landslide Quadrangles; Ancient Teays
Valley; East Lynn Lake.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1500'
490'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 96
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Dunlow 5 E (P,T)
Huntington WB AP (P,T)
Wayne 2 (P)
Ref: Krebs et al., 1913; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp.
Sta., 1970.
360
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WEBSTER CO'JNTY 54 101
Geologic Structure: The structure is a long monocline showing a gradual
southeastward dip of the strata away from Randolph, Pocahontas and Green-
brier Counties where distortion of the strata has heen much more severe,
interrupted by one slight anticline (Webster Springs Anticline) and its
corresponding shallow syncline (Kovan Syncline), both of which reach almost
across the county in an approximate north-south direction.
Exposures: Very generally, the rocks at the surface are younger in the
northwest than the rocks in the southeast. Included are the Conemaugh
Group, Allegheny Formation, New River Formation, Kanawha Formation (Penn-
sylvanian); Mauch Chunk Group and Greenbrier Group (Mississippian); with
Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Upper Freeport, Upper Kittanning, Middle Kittanning
and Lower Kittanning of the Allegheny Formation; Upper Mercer, Stockton-
Lewiston, Coalburg, Winifrede, Chilton, Cedar Grove, Alma, Campbell Creek,
Eagle, Lower War Eagle and Gilbert of the Kanawha Formation; laeger, Sewell,
Welch and Fire Creek of the New River Formation.
Limestone Resources; Hinton Limestone of the Mauch Chunk Group and Green-
brier Limestone of the Greenbrier Group.
Sandstone Resources: Upper Mahoning and Lower Mahoning of the Conemaugh
Group; Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper East Lynn and East Lynn of
the Allegheny Formation; Hotnewood, Upper Coalburg, Upper Winifrede, Lower
Winifrede, Upper Chilton, Lower Chilton, Upper Cedar Grove, Peerless, Monitor,
Brownstown, Eagle, Decota, Grapevine, Lower Gilbert, Dotson and Lower Dotson
of the Kanawha Formation; Upper Nuttall, Lower Nuttall, Harvey, Guyandot,
Lower Guyandot, Welch and Uoper Raleigh of the Pottsville Group; Princeton
and Webster Springs of the Mauch Chunk Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age, except in extreme
southern portion of county.
Soil Limitations! Modern soil mapping has not been completed.
Seismic Risk; Zone 1
Major Rivers: Cranberry River, Williams River, Gauley River, Elk "River and
Holly River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Potato Knob, Holly River State Park (TNC)
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
4200'
940'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 95
Uplands 3
Meteorological Stations
Camden on Gauley (P)
Hacker Valley (P)
Webster Springs 1 E (P,T)
Ref: Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price at al., 1937; Reger, 1920;
WVU Agri. £xp. Sta., 1970.
-------
WETZEL CC'J'iTY 54 103
Geologic Structure: This area occupies the center of the deepest portion
of the Appalachian Basin (Parkersburg Syncline). Towards the middle of
the basin the strata have a gentle regional dip both to the northwest and
southeast which is interrupted by several low folds. These trend northeast-
southwest. The most prominent are the Big Moses Anticline and the Nineveh Syn-
cline .
Exposures: The exposures consist of the Dunkard Group (Permian), and Mon-
ongahela and Conemaugh Groups (Pennsylvanian), with Alluvium (Quaternary)
along the streams and the Ohio River.
Hinable Coal Seams: Washington Coal of the Dunkard Group; Waynesburg,
Uniontown, Sewickley and Pittsburgh Coals of the Monongahela Group.
Limestone Resources: Nineveh and Washington Limestones of the Dunkard
Group.
Sandstone Resources: Fish Creek, Hundred, Upper Marietta, Marietta and
Mannington of the Dunkard Group; Gilboy of the Monongahela Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brines, including the Salt
Sands of the Pottsville Group. Underlain by rock salt of Silurian Age.
Soil Limitations; Modem soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River and Fishing Creek,
Drainage Network; Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments: Remnants .of glacial Lake Monongahela.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1650'
588'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 2
Slopes 98
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Duffy Dam 15 (P)
Hastings (P)
Hundred (P)
New Martinsville (P.T)
Ref: Hennen, 1909; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939; Price et al. , 1937;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
362
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WIRT COUNTS 54 105
Geologic Structure; The county lies near the center of the Appalachian
basin, almost entirely on the eastern side of its deepest portion. The rocks
dip slightly to the southeast, interrupted by several anticlines (Burning
Springs and Big Moses) and by a minor syncline (Middlebourne).
Exposures; The surface rocks mainly consist of the Dunkard Group (Per-
mian) , with the Monongahela Group, Conemaugh Group and Allegheny Group
(Pennsylvanian) exposed along the crest of the Burning Springs Anticline.
Alluvium (Quaternary) occurs along the streams.
Minable Coal Seams; Waynesburg Coal of the Dunlcard Group; Pittsburgh Coal
of the Monongahela Group.
Limestone Resources; Middle Rockport, Lower Rockport and Nineveh Limestones
of the Dunkard Group.
Sandstone Resources: Hundred, Upper Marietta, Lower Marietta, Mannington
and Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group; Uniontown, Arnoldsburg and Sewickley of
the Monongahela Group; Lower Pittsburgh, Connellsville, Morgantown and
Buffalo of the Conemaugh Group.
Salt Resources; Underlain by natural salt brine, especially brine of the
Salt Sands (Pottsville Group), Maxon Sand (Mauch Chunk Group), and Oriskany
Sandstone.
Soil Limitations: Ashton, Markers, Huntington, Lindside, Melvin, Moshannon
and Senecaville soils are subject to flooding. Cataco, Ginat, Markland,
McGary, Monongahela, Sciotoville, Tygart and Zoar are terrace soils with
slow permeability and a seasonal high water table. Brooke, Upshur and
Vandalia soils have a high landslide potential, and Markland and Zoar have
a moderate landslide risk where they occur on steep slopes.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers; Little Kanawha River and Hughes River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments: Kanawha Landslide Quadrangle
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1325'
589'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 4
Slopes 96
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Creston 1 SSW (P,T)
Ref: Ellyson et al., 1970; Hennen, 1911; Lessing, 1974; McCue et al., 1939;
Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
363
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WOOD COUNTY 34 107
Geologic Structure: This area is located }ust to the west of the deepest
portion of the Appalachian basin. The strata have a very gentle regional
dip to the southeast, towards the Parkersburg Syncline, which is the middle
of the basin and is located in the southeastern portion of the county. The
Burning Springs Anticline trends north - south along the Wood - Ritchie
County line.
Exposures: Dominated by the Dunkard Group (Permian), with the Monongahela
Group, Conemaugh Group and Allegheny Formation (Pennsylvanian) being exposed
along the eastern boundary. A significant amount of Alluvium (Quaternary)
exists along the Ohio and Little Kanawha Rivers.
Minable Coal Seams; Pittsburgh Coal of the Monongahela Group; Lower Freeport,
Upper Freeport, Middle Kittanning and Lower Kittanning Coals of the Allegheny
Formation.
Limestone Resources; No significant limestone deposits.
Sandstone Resources; Nineveh, Marietta and Waynesburg of the Dunkard Group.
Salt Resources: Underlain by natural salt brine, especially the brines
of the Maxton Sand (Mauch Chunk Group) and Big Injun Sand (Pocono Group).
Soil Limitations; Ashton, Hackers, Huntington, Lindside, Melvin, Moshannon,
and Senecaville soils are subject to flooding. Cataco, Ginat, Markland,
McGary, Monongahela, Sciotoville, Tygart ..& Zoar are terrace soils with
slow permeability and a seasonal high water table. Brooke, Upshur and
Vandalia have a high landslide potential. Markland and Zoar have a moderate
landslide risk where they occur on steep slopes.
Seismic Risk: Zone 1
Major Rivers: Ohio River and Little Kanawha River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage; Ohio River
Comments; Parkersburg, Valley Mills, South Parkersburg, and Kanawha Landslide
Quadrangles.
Physiographic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
1204'
563'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 10
Slopes 84
Uplands 6
Meteorological Stations
Belleville Dam 20 (P)
Parkersburg FAA AP (P,T)
Parkersburg WB City (P,T)
Washington Dam 19 (P)
Ref: Ellyson et al., 1970; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; White, 1910;
WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
364
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WYOMING COUNTY 54 109
Geologic Structure; The strata have been only slightly folded or disturbed
from their original position of deposition. There is a gradual regional
dip at a very low angle with the horizontal from the southeast margin of the
area to the northwest edge, interrupted by two low anticlines (Pineville and
Mullens) and two low synclines (Pineville and Mullens) which trend northeast-
southwest across the area.
Exposures; In a very general northwest to southeast pattern, the surface
rocks consist of the Allegheny, Kanawha, New River and Pocahontas Formations
(Pennsylvanian); with Alluvium (Quaternary) along the rivers and streams.
Minable Coal Seams: Lower Kittanning of the Allegheny Formation; Stock-
ton-Lewiston, Coalburg, Winifreds, Chilton, Williamson, Cedar.Grove, Lower
Cedar Grove, Alma, Campbell Creek, Powellton, Matewan, Eagle, Bens Creek, Lit-
tle Eagle, Cedar, Lower War Eagle, Glenalum.Tunnel,-Gilbert of .the Kanawha
Formation; Douglas, Lower Douglas, laeger, Sewell "B",-Sewell, Welch,
Beckley, Fire Creek and No. 9 Pocahontas of the New-River Formation;
No. 7 Pocahontas, No. 6 Pocahontas, No. 5 Pocahontas, No. 4 Pocahontas and
No. 3 Pocahontas Coals of the Pocahontas Formation.
Limestone Resources; Wyoming County has negligible limestone resources.
Sandstone Resources; Many hard sandstones of the Kanawha, New River and
Pocahontas Formations furnish an inexhaustible supply for construction and
building purposes.
Salt Resources; Likely underlain by natural brine in the western portion
of the county.
Soil Limitations: Modern soil mapping not completed.
Seismic Risk; Mainly within Zone 2.
Major Rivers: Guyandot River
Drainage Network: Dendritic
Ultimate Drainage: Ohio River
Comments:
Physio graohic Province
Appalachian Plateau
Relief
3536'
900'
Est. Land Area (%)
Flood Plains 1
Slopes 99
Uplands 0
Meteorological Stations
Kopperston (P,T)
Pineville (P,T)
Ref: Hennen, 1915; Lessing, 1974; Price et al., 1937; WVU Agri. Exp. Sta., 1970.
365
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5. SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Phase I of the Ohio River Basin Energy Study included, among
other things, the completion of a socioeconomic data base and a
descriptive analysis of the socioeconomic characteristics of the original
study region which included portions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio,
and all of Kentucky. At the onset of Phase II portions of Pennsylvania
and West Virginia were added to the study area. Consequently, data
collection and analysis efforts were necessary to update the baseline
information already completed for the four original ORBES states.
The purpose of this report is to provide background information on
West Virginia which, when coupled with the efforts of the researchers
at the University of Pittsburgh, will complete the socioeconomic
baseline for the entire Phase II ORBES region.
One of the functions of the ORBES socioeconomic baseline is to
provide a data bank for use by the Core Team and support researchers
in their impact analyses. The socioeconomic impact models and
analysis, the siting analysis, and support research on induced
migration have all required data stored as part of this baseline
information. As the study progresses further demands may be made
of this data bank. A second and equally important function of the
baseline is to provide a socioeconomic profile of the study region.
This profile, by identifying the current trends in population, income
and housing, can give some insight as to the areas which would be
the least and most affected by the development of energy facilities.
This report provides information that fulfills both functions of the
baseline as it relates to the ORBES portions of West Virginia.
5.2 ORBES-WEST VIRGINIA DATA COLLECTION
The ORBES portion of West Virginia contains forty-eight of the
total fifty-five counties in the state (See Fig. 5-1). The seven
counties not included in ORBES make up the eastern panhandle of
the state and were left out of the study region mainly because:
1) they are not part of the primary coal field that runs through
western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio and western Kentucky, and
2) they are not within the boundaries of the Ohio River Basin.
These counties are Berkeley, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Mineral,
Morgan, and Pendleton counties.
The basic unit used in the data collection is the county.
County level data is the most abundant and consistent of any
geographical unit below the state level. Altogether there are 425
counties in the Phase II ORBES region. There is great variation in
land area and population among these counties so it is advisable
to be cautious when comparing the characteristics of one against another.
366
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ORBES - NEST VIRGINIfl COUNTIES
WETZEL { HONONGRLIH
\_ —
MPRION
INSIDE GREES REGION
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5-1 ORBES Counties
36?
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The most significant socioeconomic impacts due to the construction
of a large scale energy facility will occur locally, including nearby
communities and surrounding area. For example, the housing stock of
nearby towns and villages and the local demand for public services by
in-migrants may be affected. Changes in the property tax base will
occur, in most instances, only at the local tax district level.
For the purpose of examining these local impacts, community or sub-
county level data is ideal. However, the availability, comparability
and accessibility of data at this level precludes the collection of
this information for the entire ORBES region. As part of the ORBES
Study, case study sites were chosen to enable Core Team members to
investigate local impacts for a selected number of planned energy
facility sites. Some data sources which could be used for this local
analysis are included in the Appendix as Table 5-A-l.
The time period chosen for the baseline by the Core Team was
1975. The majority of Census data, however, is recorded for 1970.
These data make up the foundation of the baseline. Additional
information for time periods ranging from 1960 to 1977 was also
collected. A list of the data sources, data items and time periods
covered is presented on Table 5-1.
The following sections describe the demographic, income,
housing, labor force, mining, agriculture and tax base character-
istics of ORBES-West Virginia. A final section includes implica-
tions for socioeconomic impact analysis. Baseline information is
presented in tabular and map form throughout the report. Detailed
information and an annotated bibliography are provided in the
Appendix.
5.3 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
The population trends for the six ORBES states over the period
1960 to 1975 are presented on Table 5-2. The relatively small
population of the ORBES-West Virginia suffered the greatest space absolute
and percentage decline over the 1960-1970 period. However, the following
five years provided a reversal of that trend with a percentage increase
greater than any other state except Kentucky. It should be noted that
in absolute numbers the increase was small in comparison. The county
level data (See Table 5-3 and Fig. 5-2 and 5-3) show that with
this reversal in population growth there was also a significant
geographical shift in the growth counties. In the earlier period,
1960-1970, the industrial counties, specifically those along the Ohio
River, grew in population while most of the other counties either
remained stable or lost population. The latter period, 1970-1975,
illustrates the shift of population to the mining and more rural
counties. This trend of urban to rural migration was observed through-
out ORBES during this period and was probably enhanced in West Virginia
by the renewed interest in coal as an energy source.
The largest cities in the state, Huntington (68,811), Charleston
(67,348), Wheeling (44,369), Parkersburg (38,882) and Morgantown (30,318),
are small in comparison to other major cities in the ORBES region, e.g.
Pittsburgh (458,651), Louisville (335,954), Indianapolis (714,878) or
Cincinnati (412,564). Five Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas
368
-------
Table 5-1
Data Items Collected for OR3ES-West Virginia Baseline
by Source and Time Period
Data Item
Population
Total county
Source
Time Period
1960 Census of Population
1970 Census of Population
Current Population Reports, P-25
Five year age groups 1970 Census of Population
1970 Census of Population
1970 Census of Population
Urban/Rural
White/Non-white
Housing
Total no. of units: 1970 Census of Housing
Year built
Water source
Sewage systems
Gross rent
Plumbing facilities
Persons per room
Vacancy
Heating source
Labor Force/Employment
Labor force-male/
female
Occupations (31)
Employment (39)
Income
Mean, median family
income
Per capita income
Coal Mining
Production by type
Employment by type
Agriculture
Acres in farms
Number of operators
Value of Products
Property Valuations
Assessed valuations
1960 Census of Population
1970 Census of Population
1970 Census of Population
1970 Census of Population
1970 Census of Population
Current Population Reports,P-25
Annual Dept. of Mines Report
Annual Dept. of Mines Report
1974 Census of Agriculture
1974 Census of Agriculture
1974 Census of Agriculture
Study of Property Values
As they Relate to Levies...
1960
1970
1975{est.)
1970
1970
1970
1970
1960
1970
1970
1970
1970
1969,1974
1976
1976
1969,1974
1969,1974
1969,1974
1975,1977
369
-------
Table 5-2
Population Trends of OR3ES States
1960-1975
ORBES-State
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Ohio
Pennsylvania
West Virginia
1960
3,185,622
3,583,098
3,039,156
6,651,496
3,677,787
1,748,129
1970
3,365,111
4,001,836
3,220,711
7,353,377
3,634,132
1,627,359
1975*
3,419,656
4,097,337
3,387,860
7,518,120
3,589,600
1,671,715
% Change
60-70
5.63%
11.69
5.97
10.55
-1.19
-6.91
% Change
70-75
1.62%
2.39
5.19
2.24
-1.23
2.73
ORBES
21,885,288 23,202,526 23,684,288
6.02
2.08
Sources: U.S. Department of Conferee, Bureau of the Census,
1960 City County Data Book.
U.S, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Current Population Reports, Series P-25, May 1977.
Notes: * These are estimates and not actual amounts.
370
-------
Table 5-3
Population Characteristics, ORSES-Wast Virginia Counties
County
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Oodd ridge
Fayette
Gilmer
€rant
Greenbrfer
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Un«Jln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Plcasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
1960
Population
15,474
28,764
15,152
28,940
108.202
7.948
11.942
6,970
61,731
8.050
8.304
34,446
39,615
77,856
18,541
252,925
19.711
20,267
61 ,570
71 ,359
63,717
38,041
24,459
68,206
39,742
55,617
11.534
25,414
68,437
7,124
10.136
27.233
23,561
77,826
26,349
10,877
15,720
15,6*0
15,010
7,750
10,026
18,292
38.977
13,719
19,347
4,391
78,331
34,836
1970
Population
14,030
25,118
12.666
29,685
106,918
7.046
9,330
6,389
49.322
7,782
8.607
32.090
39.749
73,028
20,903
229,515
17,847
18,912
46,269
50,666
61,356
37,598
24,306
63,208
32,780
63,714
11.262
22.522
64,197
7,274
8,870
25,455
27,625
70,080
24,596
10,145
14,111
13,213
13,873
7,447
9,929
19,092
37,581
9,809
20.3U
4,154
86,818
30,095
1975*
Population
15,402
27.853
12.964
31.049
103,654
7,583
9,702
6,575
52.426
7.806
8,712
32,928
40,126
75,103
22,144
225,037
20,166
20.251
47,026
51,661
62 .80S
38,841
25,254
65,379
34.628
• 67,116
11,644
24.659
60,283
7,717
8,637
26,844
30,927
77,046
25,934
10,274
14,740
13,501
15,188
7,578
9.979
21,005
38.357
10.332
20.370
4,523
87,449
32,473
'-. Change
60-70
-9.33
-12.68
-16.41
2.57
-1.19
-11.35
-21.87
-8.34
-20.10
-3.33
3.65
-6.84
.34
-6.20
12.74
-9.26
-9.46
-6.69
-24.85
-29.00
-3.71
-1.16
-.63
-7.33
-17.52
14.55
-2.69
-11.38
-6.20
2.11
-12.49
-6.53
17.25
-9.95
-6.65
-6.73
-10.24
-15.52
-7.54
-3.91
-.97
4.37
-3.58
-28.50
5.00
-5.40
10.83
-13.61
% Change
70-75
9.78
10.9]
2.35
4.59
-3.05
7.69
3.99
2.91
6.29
.31
1.22
2.61
.95
2.84
5.94
-1.95
12.99
7.08
1.64
1.96
2.16
3.31
3.90
3.43
5.64
5.34
3.30
9.49
-6.10
6.09
-2.63
5.46
11.95
9.94
5.44
1.27
4.46
2.20
9.44
1.76
.50
10.03
2.06
5.84
.28
8.88
.73
7.90
Notes: * These are estimates.
Sources: U.S. Department of Connerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960 City County
Data Book.
U.S. Department of Cororwrce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of
Population.
U.S. Department of Co-xierce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, Way 1977.
371
-------
Table 5-4
Miscellaneous Demographic Characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1970
County
% White * Aged X Aged Dependency % Rural
0-15 65+ Ratio
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabel 1
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
61 Inter
Grant
Greenbrfer
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
HcDowel 1
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Sumners
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Source: U.S.
93.69
98.74
99.21
98.97
95.63
99.89
99.91
99.75
89.18
99.70
98.30
94.79
96.51
98.39
99.92
94.07
99.29
99.92
93.79
81.92
96.08
99.22
98.73
91.47
95.75
97.74
95.25
99.96
96.64
99.45
98.41
99.56
99.90
89.84
99.03
99.83
99.41
95.63
98.82
99.69
99.84
99.66
99.82
99.91
99.91
99.86
99.02
98.29
25.40
23.41
26.80
28.00
23.99
27.21
32.30
27.02
27.00
24.16
29.43
27.02
23.97
25.30
31.64
25.46
23.92
31.00
30.64
31.68
24.02
27.12
29.22
25.93
32.51
21.68
24.22
33.49
23.42
30.95
25.78
29.05
29.67
27.17
25.83
25.28
24.46
25.57
25.75
25.72
23.11
25.34
23.38
29.41
29.33
23.65
23.13
32.31
Department of Comrerce, Bureau
14.44
10.09
14.99
9.32
12.16
14.24
11.62
16.50
12.51
13.25
11.46
12.79
8.27
13.06
9.05
9.42
16.57
10.83
9.07
8.97
13.03
10.93
10.45
11.64
9.73
9.26
14.55
10.23
15.09
10.54
15.49
12.51
8.33
11.41
12.40
17.24
15.29
15.28
14.99
14.45
13.72
12.83
9.80
12.60
11.51
14.88
9.97
6.59
65.21
65.27
71.79
59.54
56.63
70.77
78.33
77.03
65.33
59.76
69.16
66.14
59.33
62.22
68.59
55.95
68.04
71.91
65.85
68.49
58.99
61.42
65.75
60.20
73.14
44.79
63.31
63.69
62.64
70.91
70.23
71.13
61.42
62.82
64.58
77.05
65.97
69.07
63.77
69.98
74. SO
61.87
64.44
72.45
69.04
77.07
64.20
63.68
of the Census. 1970
73.60
100.00
100.00
50.21
32.95
100.00
100.00
100.00
86.79
100.00
100.00
100.00
34.43
52.33
64.20
31.56
58.97
100.00
84.54
91.81
53.00
48.92
74.81
63.33
82.21
45.83
100.00
83.63
14.23
100.00
100.00
89.98
82.60
71.63
65.31
100.00
100.00
65.92
53.65
100.00
83.67
61.97
64.55
100.00
55.32
100. CO
32.62
90.U
Census of
Population.
372
-------
CHflNGE IN POPULRTION, 1960-1970
ORBES - WEST VIRGINIA COUNTIES
tti
LESS THRN -157.
-14.97. TO -87.
-7.97. TO 07.
GRERTER THRN 07.
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5_2
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
373
-------
CHRNGt IN POPULRTION, 1970-1975
GRBES - NEST V1RGINIR COUNTIES
LESS THRN IX
17. TO 2.97.
37. TO 7.U7.
GREflTER THflN 7.47.
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5-3 Change in Population, 1970-1975
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Current Population Reports, Series P-25, May 1977.
-------
(SMSA) involve West Virginia counties: Huntington-Ashland, Charleston,
Stubenville-Weirton, Wheeling, and Parkersburg-Marietta (See Fig. 5-4).
Other demographic characteristics of the ORBES-West Virginia
population are provided on Table 5-4. As one might expect, the
majority of the counties, more than 55%, are greater than 75% rural
(See Fig. 5-5). Only three counties have non-white populations of
10 percent or more, with the majority of counties, almost 65%, containing
2 percent or less non-white populations.
The dependency ratio is an indicator of the age structure of a
given population. This ratio is equal to the dependents of the
population (those over 64 and under 15 years of age) divided by the
working age population (those between 15 and 64 years of age) times
100. In general, these dependents demand more of the public service
sector in terms of education, health and welfare services. At the
same time, their input into the public sector in terms of tax revenues
from income, property and sales taxes is generally very small. There-
fore a high dependency ratio can mean a disproportionate demand for
public services compared to a county of equal size and lower or average
dependency ratio. It is worthwile to note that the counties with a
high dependency ratio (greater than 70.0) are all very rural in
character, e.g. Braxton, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Lincoln, Mingo,
Pleasants, Pocahontas, Preston, Ritchie, Tyler, Webster and Wirt Counties.
Further examination of income and housing characteristics will show
these same counties have low incomes and poor housing conditions. A
map of counties according to their dependency ratio is provided as
Figure 5-6.
5.4 INCOME CHARACTERISTICS
Per capita income levels vary substantially among the counties
in ORBES. The cost of living also varies substantially across the
ORBES region. Comparison of per capita income levels therefore can
be somewhat misleading. Still, the extreme values can be indicative
of relatively poor or wealthy populations. The 1974 per capita income
for ORBES-West Virginia was $3,250. On Table 5-5 per capita income
levels are shown for all the ORBES states, 1969 and 1974. Only Kentucky
maintains a lower per capita income than West Virginia. The income
levels of both states are less than seventy-five percent of Illinois'
income level for 1974. A more dramatic comparison would be between
individual counties. For example, an extreme case might be Gilmer
County, West Virginia at $2,289 per capita income in 1974 compared
with Piatt County, Illinois at $5,523 per capita, 1974.
375
-------
ORBES - WEST VIRGINIR COUNTIES
SMSR ;5
NON SMSR COUNTIES
SM5R COUNTIES
OUTSIDE DR5E5 REGION
Figure 5-4 ORBES-West Virginia Counties SMSA's
376
-------
RURni PGPULRTIGN,1970
CRBES - WEST VIRGINIR COUNTIES
507. QR LESS
50.IX TO 99X
GREATER THflN 99X.
(sH OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5-5 Rural Population, 1970
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
377
-------
DEPENDENCY RflTIO, 1970
ORBES - NEST VIRGINIA COUNTIES
62.0 OR LESS
62.1 TO 69.0
GREflTER THRN 69.0
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure
Dependency Ratio, 1970
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
378
-------
Table 5-5
Per Capita Incomes for ORSES States
1969 and 1974
1974
$4,345
4,086
3,098
3,904
3,822
1 .
3,250
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Current Population Reports, Series P-25, May, 1977,
Income characteristics at the county level are presented
on Table 5-6. The highest mean family income is in Hancock
County, the site of Weirton, and part of the Steubenville-Weirton
SMSA. The highest percentage of families below the poverty level
is 41.32% in Gilmer County. The poverty level used to compute
this statistic is a national standard set according to family size.
The low dependency ratio and associated low numbers of population
below 15 years of age for Gilmer County indicate a large working
age population. In spite of this, the income levels are very low
and many families are below the poverty level. One possible
explanation for this situation could be high unemployment or under-
employment. A map of the geographical distribution of counties
according to the percentage of families below the poverty level is
shown as Figure 5-7.
379
-------
Table 5-6
Income Characteristics. ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1969-1974
County
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabel 1
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gllmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marlon
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upsnur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
1970
f Families
3,623
6,546
3,380
7.B91
28,187
1,939
2,243
1,587
12,594
1.641
2,256
7,687
10,363
19,735
5,480
61 ,661
4.327
4,893
11,574
12,542
16.632
9,863
6,276
16,565
8,016
15,251
2,859
5,850
15,733
1.795
2,290
6,702
7,752
18,426
6.212
3,271
3.605
3,240
3,440
3,752
1,942
4,718
10,209
2.488
5,480
1,076
23.006
7,560
1970
x Family
Income
$5.324
4.502
9.296
8.109
8.109
4.504
4,179
5.896
6.034
4.485
5.320
6.016
10.380
7,717
7,959
8,669
5,919
5.058
7,077
5.858
7,807
8,492
6,768
6,945
5,127
7,758
5,516
6,623
8,770
8.235
5,089
5.626
8,159
6,737
5,870
5,681
5,517
5.130
5,130
6,644
5,243
6,228
7,033
4,288
8,185
5,688
8.766
7,284
1969
Per Capita
Income
$1.785
1,874
1,936
2.821
2,770
1,659
1,297
1,714
1.908
1,497
1.863
2.056
3.055
2.518
2,225
2,826
1,865
1.611
1.998
1,746
2,465
2,537
2,007
2.340
1,606
2.461
1,726
1,920
2,922
2,308
1,734
1,824
2,355
2,135
1,916
1.836
1,754
1,763
2,090
1,769
2,204
1,943
2,150
1,504
2,520
1,811
2,740
1,908
1974
Per Capita
Income
$2,877
3,261
2,880
4,543
4,127
2,573
2.287
2,589
3.081
2,289
2,955
3,281
4,833
3.839
3,570
4,329
2,915
2,601
3,459
3,071
3,670
3,859
3,134
3,670
2,889
3,695
2,513
3,132
4,392
3,510
2,813
3,113
3,748
3,565
3,017
2,760
2,767
2,7bl
3,208
2,836
3,191
3,097
3.246
2,531
3,617
2,694
4,090
3.066
X Fam.
Below
Poverty
25.86
18.98
20.15
8.63
2.42
37.08
39.63
23.38
23.59
41.32
28.01
23.05
5.87
13.19
17.03
13.01
22.28
37.97
21.01
29.29
12.56
10.45
23.10
18.00
36.46
13.12
29.21
25.25
10.53
14.87
27.16
26.65
13.72
19.56
24.00
21.43
27.13
35.74
33.66
18.92
24.87
23.76
21.07
39.07
16.88
28.90
9.73
21.90
Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of
Population.
U. S. Department of Coirraerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, Series P-25, May 1977.
380
-------
FRM1LIES BELOW POVERTY LEVEL, 1970
ORBES - NEST V1RGINIR COUNTIES
LESS THRN 157.
,15. 17. TO 237.
j 23. 17. TO 307.
GRERTER THRN 307.
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5-7 Families Below the Poverty Level, 1970
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
381
-------
5.5 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
Indicators of the condition of housing stock are the
percentage of units with public water or sewer systems, the
percentage that lack some plumbing facilities, the percentage that
are crowded or vacant, the source of heat and the vintage of the
units. County data for these variables are presented on Tables
5-7 and 5-8. The vintage of the housing stock is shown by two
different variables: the percentage of housing units built between
1960 and 1970 and those built before 1940. One might expect that
the 1960-1970 period would have been a very slow period for home
building in West Virginia since many counties, and the state as a
whole, were experiencing a declining population. Most of the counties
support this expectation. Several counties (Jackson, Monongalia, and
Putnam), however, did experience population growth during this period
(See Section 5.3) and their share of housing built during the 1960-
1970 decade is substantially greater than any of the other counties
in the state.
Public sewer and water systems are not very abundant in many
of the ORBES-West Virginia counties mainly because of their small
populations and rural character. It is not economical to service a
widely dispersed, very small population. For example, Calhoun,
Clay and Doddridge counties each have 3,200 or less housing units
and the largest town in the three counties has a population of
1,093; all are 100% rural. The taxes necessary to support sewer
and water services for all of the households in these counties
may be a prohibitive burden. Housing in the larger counties is
enhanced by the availability of these important services.
The number of housing units lacking plumbing facilities is
indicated on Table 5-7 as a percentage figure. Again, high
percentages appear in the smaller rural areas such as Braxton,
Calhoun, Clay, Lincoln, McDowell, Webster and Wirt Counties where
the rate is greater than 40% (See Fig. 5-8).
The vacancy rate (see Table 5-8) measures the percentage of year
round housing units that were vacant at the time the Census was taken.
These units could be vacant for sale, for rent, or for some reason
other than seasonal housing. High vacancy rates appear to be the
case for many of the same counties noted above - those lacking some
plumbing facilities. Poor housing conditions along with a decade of
declining population could be responsible for these high rates.
Exceptions to this might be Roane and Monongalia counties, neither of
which have relatively high rates of housing units lacking some plumbing
facilities.
Another indicator of housing conditions is the amount of crowding
of the percentage of housing units with greater than 1.5 persons per
room. This indicator shows only a small number of units under these
circumstances. In general, these figures are expected to be at least
this low. The highest percentages are for Lincoln, Logan, McDowell
and Wyoming counties - all over 5%.
382
-------
Table 5-7
Housing Characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1970
County
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabel 1
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gi liter
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowel 1
Marion
Marshal 1
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
S limners
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
bpshur
Wayne
Webster
Uetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Source: U.S.
Total
Housing
Units
5,039
8,123
4,663
10,038
37,944
2,479
3,200
2,508
16,681
2,643
2.933
11 .503
12,479
26,032
6,898
78,837
5,838
5,969
13,902
15,572
22,179
12,333
8,193
21,701
17,678
7,961
3,800
7,379
22,374
2,272
3.421
8,516
9.081
23.425
8,472
3,755
4,993
5,023
5,073
2,715
3,511
6,532
12.331
3.563
7.033
1,642
29,539
8.834
Department of
% Built
Before
1940
65.431
49.85
63.61
46.75
55.99
57.64
49.28
70.93
62.60
62.66
51.65
53.37
41.69
67.37
42.08
43.23
71.53
42.25
64.57
70.58
67.61
61.50
41.61
51.97
64.07
25.52
53.47
43.87
70.23
61.27
60.01
63.77
35.95
43.96
63.47
73.70
63.69
64.28
75.56
72.38
69.10
54.19
42.80
46.99
58.60
58.10
46.44
38.75
Conine rce.
X Built
1960 to
1970
13.14*
13.11
13.90
15.69
16.57
14.36
14.91
10.93
7.32
15.74
22.20
15.84
18.02
10.98
28.20
16.28
11.44
18.98
9.24
6.92
11.56
15.91
19.79
13.69
7.99
59.52
15.18
19.14
9.83
15.76
18.39
14.07
31.17
13.11
14.45
10.14
14.72
11.05
8.42
16.46
14.73
18.20
21.95
11.35
16.98
20.04
22.70
15.56
Bureau of
% With
Public
Water
35.42*
32.08
32.45
71.61
86.42
18.64
18.19
20.97
63.46
28.94
34.91
55.83
82.92
79.06
37.82
87.17
47.52
25.92
78.25
67.44
87.58
73.21
53.75
69.95
93.36
15.22
31.89
37.31
92.44
50.44
27.68
31.18
58.50
80.08
59.58
37.75
29.86
38.44
57.70
64.75
45.97
43.26
57.46
31.53
57.14
23.63
83.94
50.59
the Census,
S With
Public
Sewers
30.48S
25.70
23.38
52.16
86.42
13.67
9. 28
19.46
41.75
25.69
31.50
31.91
75.91
63.33
36.14
66.53
40.20
15.21
36.93
39.61
66.01
64.91
42.26
52.96
76.30
10.40
21.79
28.87
84.91
48.42
22.07
31.05
27.71
40.37
44.32
35.09
23.47
36.05
44.88
60.41
43.01
36.65
42.87
16.59
51.19
16.20
70.96
31.29
% Lack
Some
Plumbing
38.561
26.10
41.65
5.30
6.36
41.11
51.72
36.40
24.49
35.26
29.19
24.38
3.62
9.52
22.76
6.98
20.55
41.36
24.42
40.43
8.25
9.19
24.86
17.37
18.40
29.19
37.76
27.24
3.85
18.53
37.09
29.91
18.36
18.24
24.54
25.32
28.16
35.22
21.94
21.62
20.85
26.75
22.46
43.96
16.98
40.93
6.24
29.38
1970 Census of
383
-------
Table 5-8
Housing Characteristics, ORBES-Uest Virginia Counties
1970 (Part 2)
County
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gi Inter
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Suimers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
% Vacant
13.87*
6.73
14.03
2.82
6.01
12.18
17.44
18.26
9.71
13.24
11.05
11.26
3.30
6.69
10.28
5.49
6.50
8.36
8.03
7.17
6.55
4.49
9.52
6.54
4.15
16.54
11.67
8.82
5.30
6.82
17.39
9.97
7.91
6.43
11.39
10.62
13.44
14.27
9.44
10.79
10.57
11.02
7.01
15.89
8.56
19.43
6.05
4.S6
t With
> 1.5
PPR*
1.85S
3.50
2.85
1.47
1.30
3.27
4.03
2.43
2.86
2.76
2.25
1.90
.99
1.35
1.17
1.60
1.13
5.91
5.47
5.72
1.17
.82
2.15
2.17
3.56
3.79
2.29
2.34
1.03
2.73
1.93
2/79
1.86
3.01
2.17
2.02
1.74
2.59
1.89
1.03
1.48
2.36
3.27
3.45
1.58
2.98
.90
5.15
X Heat
With
Gas
33.18$
71.80
48.40
61.26
85.95
78.30
42.56
85.05
57.34
82.94
4.98
28.24
73.68
90.53
61.58
87.10
87.38
75.19
72.92
4.84
85.84
73.97
37.73
34.87
22.40
17.13
41.79
84.79
86.93
3.01
13.46
66.12
63.84
38.63
80.83
76.93
35.60
68.05
42.39
78.61
57.69
79.13
5.86
84.26
54.51
87.80
51.98
X Heat
With
on
9.011
3.10
4.18
10.68
.91
1.65
.62
15.15
4.34
0.00
47.02
25.54
10.93
.47
2.93
.49
0.00
.99
2.09
14.78
.82
7.70
24.46
14.09
2.87
10.99
31.42
14.77
2.81
1.10
40.89
16.87
6.44
5.04
7.58
0.00
.48
17.86
5.14
7.07
4.02
2.24
1.19
16.54
3.91
4.26
.71
6.19
X Heat
With
Coal
38.621
12.30
23.61
13.83
.62
5.57
27.87
1.91
22.14
4.09
21.89
27.03
6.43
1.05
6.34
1.50
4.52
6.33
13.85
66.20
3.28
4.87
10.84
33.62
22.30
24.72
26.55
27.75
2.60
.84
31.28
54.00
3.69
18.98
31.54
.59
1.96
25.92
15.51
28.25
1.14
16.81
8.63
48.46
2.96
6.52
1.22
30.84
Gross
Rent
$65
52
60
88
79
57
41
51
58
60
73
65
94
71
88
82
62
51
58
45
69
76
71
70
50
98
55
63
74
76
54
54
75
64
74
63
65
51
53
57
65
81
71
47
78
67
86
54
Note: * Persons per room.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of
Housing.
384
-------
HOUSING LflCKING SOME PLUMBING, 197U
ORBES - NEST VIRGINIR COUNTIES
LESS THRN 187.
18. 17. TO 247.
24. IX TO 357.
GRERTER THRN 357-
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5-8 Housing Lacking Some Plumbing, 1970
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Housing.
385
-------
The major heating sources used for home heating are shown
on Table 5-8. Several coal using counties stand out: McDowell,
Preston, and Webster counties (See Fig. 5-9). These are rural
coal-producing counties. Oil is used in many homes in Grant and
Pocahontas counties. Gas seems to be the major source of house
heating, especially in the more populous counties.
Average rent values for ORBES-West Virginia counties range
from $41 per month in Clay County to $98 in Monongalia County
(site of Morgantown and West Virginia University). The mean rent
for renter occupied housing units for ORBES-West Virginia is $66
compared to $93 for ORBES-Indiana, $92 for ORBES-Ohio, $86 for
ORBES-Illinois, $79 for ORBES-Pennsylvania, and $65 for Kentucky.
5.6 LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Labor force data for 1960 and 1970 are presented on Table 5-9.
The decline in population during this period was obviously accompanied
by a decline in the labor force as exhibited by the fact that 28 out
of 48 ORBES-West Virginia counties experienced such a decrease.
Although not explicitly listed on Table 5-9, there is a noticeable
increase in both the absolute numbers and percentage of women in the
labor force over this decade. This coincides with a national trend
toward higher female labor force participation rates.
Occupational data for 1970 are provided on Table 5-10 and
5-11. The largest occupational groups are craftsmen, foremen and
kindred workers and operatives except transport. High numbers of
clerical, professional and service workers are concentrated in the more
populous counties of Cabell, Kanawha and Monongalia. Farm workers are
a very small group in the state and make up 500 or more workers only
in Greenbrier County.
Employment figures for ORBES-West Virginia are shown on Table
5-12. The major employer groups are manufacturing, services, retail
and wholesale trade, and mining. Maps depicting the geographical
distribution of counties with varying numbers of employees in
manufacturing, services, and mining are shown as Figures 5-10, 5-11,
and 5-12 respectively. The major manufacturing counties are along
the Ohio, Kanawha and Monongahela Rivers. The counties with large
numbers of employees in the service industries are those with the largest
populations. According to the 1970 Census data, the major mining
counties (based on employment) are Fayette, Kanawha, Logan, McDowell,
Marion, Raleigh, and Wyoming. These counties, with the exception of
Marion, form a large cluster in the southern portion of the state.
386
-------
HOUSING UNITS USING COni FOR HERT.1970
ORBES - NEST VIRGINIR COUNTIES
LES5 THRN 30X HOUSING UNITS
SOX OR MORE HOUSING UNIT
OUTSIDE ORBE5 REGION
Figure 5-9 Housing Units Using Coal for Heat, 1970
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Housing.
387
-------
Table 5-9
Labor Force Characteristics. ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1960-1970
Counties
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabel 1
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Uetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Sources: U.S.
Total
Labor
Force
4.367
7,132
3.811
10,372
39.884
2,357
2.498
2.032
15.854
2.241
2.607
10,961
14,343
27.550
5.602
88,408
6.054
4.234
15,554
17,078
22.599
12,924
7.687
20,886
8.564
19.362
3.590
6,811
26,953
2.340
3,066
7,951
6,892
21,684
8,068
3,366
4.528
4,057
4,368
2,280
2.994
5.339
11,258
3.251
5.915
1.398
28.534
8.354
Department of
1960
Male
Labor
Force
3.280
5.805
3,083
7,665
26,682
1.697
2.016
1,483
11.922
1,735
2.052
8,056
10,800
19,147
4,538
62,239
4.129
3,383
11.852
13.C40
15,661
9,370
5,904
14,558
6,697
13,350
2,761
5,422
17,870
1.680
2,413
6,210
5,631
15,482
5,817
2,568
3,287
3,043
3,180
1,664
2,275
3,908
8,241
2,549
4,549
1.100
19,574
6.875
Conner ce,
Female
Labor
Force
1.087
1,327
728
2.707
13.202
660
482
549
3,932
506
555
2.905
3.543
8.403
1.064
26.169
1.925
851
3,702
3.638
6.938
3.554
1,783
6,328
1,867
6.022
829
1,389
9,083
660
653
1,741
1.261
6.202
2.251
798
1.241
1.014
1,188
616
719
1.431
3.017
702
1.366
293
8.960
1.479
Bureau of
Total
Labor
Force
4,458
6.686
3.162
11.017
39.788
1,877
1,968
1,904
12.553
2.357
2,953
10.620
14.599
25.844
6.780
85.642
5.534
4,554
12,160
11,971
21.887
13.885
7.576
21,288
7.365
22.907
3.445
6.573
25.235
2,331
2.552
7,915
9.013
20.327
8,152
3.164
3,910
3.501
4.599
2,411
3,035
6.158
11.935
2,380
6.425
1.260
32.271
7,754
the Census,
1970
Male Female
Labor Labor
Force Force
2,943
4.939
2.255
7,686
25,186
1.299
1.542
1.352
8.811
1.496
2,083
7.219
10.214
17,331
4.955
55.538
3,425
3.276
8.398
8,649
14.116
9.358
5.506
13.831
5.256
14,491
2.349
4.683
15,557
1,568
1,869
5,475
6.758
13.723
5.415
2.122
2.610
2.466
2.980
1.645
2.191
4.046
8,273
1,727
4,725
936
21.466
6.200
1970 Census
1.515
1.747
907
3.331
14,602
578
426
552
3.742
861
870
3,401
4.385
8,513
1,825
30.104
2,109
1.278
3.762
3,322
7,771
4,527
2.070
7,457
2,109
8,416
1,096
1.890
9.678
763
683
2.440
2,255
6.604
2,737
1.042
1.300
1,035
1,619
766
844
2.112
3.662
653
1,700
324
10.805
1.554
of
Population.
U. S
Data
. Department of
Book.
Commerce
, Bureau of
the Census
. 1960 City
County
388
-------
Table
5-10
Occupational Characteristics. ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1970 {Part 1)
Counties
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
DoddM dge
Fayette
Gllmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marlon
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Morion gali a
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Source: U.S.
Professional
Technical &
Kindred
426
471
292
1,112
6,085
179
101
91
1,360
334
230
983
1,408
2,845
770
12,945
464
423
1,242
1,103
974
1,183
702
2,505
834
4,794
327
567
3,284
292
255
671
840
2,283
861
192
426
299
393
222
291
851
1,145
196
793
83
4,323
624
Managers
Except
Farm
303
545
285
625
3.462
171
153
68
891
187
197
864
725
2.159
521
7,964
365
247
1.045
801
1.400
669
476
1,762
617
1,706
181
427
2,015
171
168
427
576
1,514
826
162
316
318
345
187
204
411
720
155
370
88
2,482
569
Department of Commerce, Bureau
Sales
Workers
161
276
172
595
3.097
92
77
86
700
78
109
555
697
1.833
310
5.900
249
144
703
579
1.233
673
274
1,539
358
1.087
74
236
2.245
102
95
253
358
1,365
408
123
164
138
240
84
115
372
754
103
171
55
2,104
309
Clerical
&
Kindred
4,300
S98
316
1.344
6.027
144
120
174
1.549
235
212
1,277
1,854
3,616
738
15,920
648
368
1,674
1,163
2,695
1.537
738
2.977
877
3,235
269
605
4,027
292
204
733
1.132
2,550
1.053
206
424
393
523
290
274
715
1,560
173
617
150
4,828
593
of the Census, 1970
Craftsmen
Foremen
& Kindred
680
1.273
582
2,194
5,427
225
311
420
2.107
258
471
1.667
3,123
4,100
1,239
12,961
918
969
2,118
2.105
4,016
2,710
1,468
3,415
1,275
2,945
512
1,099
3,451
479
405
1,384
2.184
3.608
1,197
610
467
523
810
337
595
790
1.940
307
1,217
229
5,517
1,826
Census of
Populati on.
389
-------
Table 5-11
Occupational Characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1970 (Part 2)
Counties
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gi liner
Grant
Greenbrler
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Sunrners
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Source: U.S.
Operatives
Except
Transport
795
1.369
314
1,997
4.975
355
392
329
2.122
330
486
1.252
2.680
4.139
1.084
8,271
1.033
782
2,183
2.466
5,076
3.038
1,305
2,752
1,137
2,802
570
1.506
2,929
272
327
1,459
1.387
2.994
1.064
774
750
228
700
436
665
981
2,241
503
1,227
273
5.489
1,745
Transportation
Equipment
Operatives
184
492
215
550
1.456
64
135
106
741
98
204
471
591
1.289
424'
3.835
233
275
941
939
1,002
546
280
1,274
491
840
205
454
1,003
105
144
564
550
1.314
417
134
183
320
305
104
115
333
674
176
254
61
1.362
642
Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Laborers
Except
Farm
247
450
300
871
1.994
208
172
195
823
106
332
713
1,246
1.331
419
3.833
225
437
511
779
1.188
905
543
1.129
596
1.103
284
438
1.211
164
266
730
652
966
545
202
267
258
301
255
260
417
935
190
507
95
1.340
572
the Census,
Farm
Workers
191
7
71
61
198
32
33
129
94
97
236
544
92
344
150
150
198
75
24
30
63
270
278
142
25
155
367
97
164
26
153
281
84
146
150
84
85
124
87
54
80
131
121
56
37
24
218
16
1970 Census
Service
Workers
730
684
280
1.292
5,118
217
170
175
1.444
462
308
1.635
1,793
2.948
592
10.348
927
410
1.145
1.121
2.494
1.693
1.010
2.735
767
3,274
343
616
3,981
301
307
1,033
911
2,414
1,173
252
490
491
616
340
353
800
1,186
300
824
142
3,828
597
Of
Population.
390
-------
In terms of population size, there are many West Virginia
counties with fewer than 15,000 people. They are often within
60 miles of an SMSA county, but, as noted in Section 5.3, the cities
involved in these SMSA's are quite small. The terrain and the
highway system here make commuting distances shorter for the sane
time span than those in relatively flat Ohio and Indiana.
The Census data on Table 5-12 show that construction employment was
over 2,000 in Kanawha (Charleston) and Cabell (Huntington) counties
only. A large power plant can require as many as 3,500 workers at
peak construction (e.g. the Rockport Plant in southern Indiana,
2600 MW). Kanawha and Cabell counties are located in the southwest
portion of the state and would be unable to supply (via commuting)
the skilled labor to the far corners of the state. Significant
migration of workers with their families may be required for power
sites located greater than 60 miles from these SMSA's. The trend
in population growth since 1970 (See Section 5.3) may indicate an
improvement in the supply of skilled labor for the rural and non-
SMSA counties for 1975 but the data is not available to verify this.
Though the vacancy rate is high in some counties, the
condition of the housing stock in terms of availability of plumbing
facilities and public sewer and water services may make these vacant
units unattractive to in-migrants. If the demand for housing increases
beyond the capacity of the existing housing stock that has these
services, new mobile homes may appear and housing prices may Increase
forcing local residents (not working at the plant at increased wage
rates) to vacate and move into substandard housing.
Local incomes are very low compared to a construction worker's
salary. The effect of the added income from in-migrant construction
workers to these small rural counties will mean increased sales and
services but also increased scarcity of goods and services and higher
prices. Though the mean income level for the county as a whole may
increase, those on fixed incomes will remain at those incomes and
may be at a marked disadvantage in terms of competition for local
goods, housing, etc.
From the section on coal mining it was evident that there remains
considerable coal reserves in the state. Extensive development of
these resources will also have socioeconomic impacts with regard to
in-migrants and their demand on public and private services and housing.
Existing coal activities are predominately carried out in some of the
larger counties where conditions are not so rural or incomes low.
However, there are some very small counties involved in coal production
and some more small counties with considerable reserves. The impacts
of coal development may be substantial in these counties.
Agricultural lands make up a very small portion of ORBES-
West Virginia. The displacement of croplands or pasturelands
would most liekly be very small and probably avoidable.
391
-------
Table 5-12
Employment Characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1970
Counties
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McOowel 1
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyomi ng
Agric.
221
38
77
93
284
32
37
136
113
102
268
638
117
407
169
307
204
121
53
71
1,210
338
331
234
45
245
3.830
178
229
34
204
329
129
215
268
95
104
138
92
96
80
148
193
73
48
24
317
40
Mining
742
2,175
131
280
265
128
326
119
2,545
203
155
832
99
2.092
158
3,799
332
372
3,796
4.783
2.992
1.016
182
1.678
1.691
1.998
360
1,931
825
0
70
994
96
4,584
405
191
177
111
178
82
65
442
167
456
322
36
228
3,305
Constr.
360
332
563
485
2,462
209
122
257
676
127
251
955
523
1,594
689
7.053
395
604
475
298
1.169
827
673
1.272
337
1.390
316
376
1,328
224
209
634
1,200
1.139
610
364
362
182
218
195
252
435
1,017
136
498
120
2.288
359
Manuf.
484
456
413
4,898
9,834
486
338
391
1,795
341
815
1,350
7,819
5,767
2,397
15,692
1,162
932
826
461
5,622
4,872
1,989
2.909
464
2.602
957
782
5.103
729
554
1.786
2,757
1.398
1.414
994
888
251
931
715
1.310
1,241
3.504
393
2,615
497
11.667
548
Services
& Bankg.
1,493
1,546
770
2,664
13,182
544
393
399
3,726
1,005
651
3.716
3,156
7,121
1,154
29,654
2,052
1,084
3,525
3.012
5,761
3,138
1,967
6,923
2,177
11,108
924
1.450
9,011
708
865
2.098
2.048
6.534
2.579
484
1,230
1.118
1.313
775
769
2.023
2,910
597
1,400
262
8,975
1.624
Trade
621
1.170
583
1.631
8.209
173
341
272
2.086
266
458
1,850
1,800
5,655
983
18,281
876
596
2.141
1.897
3,735
2.114
1,007
4,834
1.520
3,485
328
985
6,171
305
312
1,058
1.516
4.047
1.688
405
603
507
874
297
333
1.181
2.174
325
728
145
6.129
1.089
Transp.
& Ut1l.
226
448
290
590
3.639
115
107
199
890
147
187
620
695
1,968
'291
7,341
503
421
770
564
1,729
919
925
2,380
743
1,113
166
343
1,643
204
110
636
928
1.237
730
210
208
785
714
149
143
331
1,311
179
406
68
1.887
528
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce,
Population.
Bureau of the Census. 1970 Census of
392
-------
MRNUFRCTURING EMPLOYMENT,1970
ORBES - NEST VIRGINIfl COUNTIES
m
LESS THRN 5000 EMPLOYEES
5000 OR MORE EMPLOYEES
OUTSIDE ORBE5 REGION
Figure 5-10 Manufacturing Employment, 1970
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
393
-------
SERVICE EMPLOYMENT, 1970
GRBES - WEST VIRGINIR COUNTIES
LESS 1HRN 5000 EMPLOYEES
5000 OR MORE EMPLOYEES
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5-11 Service Employment, 1970
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
-------
MINING EMPLOYMENT, 1970
ORBES - NEST VIRGINIfl COUNTIES
LESS THRU 2500 EMPLOTEE5
2500 OR MORE EMPLOYEES
•=] OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Figure 5-12 Mining Employment> 197Q
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1970 Census of Population.
395
-------
5.7 COAL MINING
The subject of coal mining is examined in some depth in the
Geology Section of the West Virginia Baseline Report. However,
since coal mining is such an important part of the state's
economy and because this activity is so closely tied to the development
of power generation facilities it is appropriate that it be included
as part of this report as well. Increased coal production and the
expansion of coal mines will require new workers, induce migration
and place demands on public services just as the construction of
power plants will. All but fourteen of the ORBES-West Virginia
counties produced some coal in 1976 (See Table 5-13). Employment
in these coal counties is sometimes larger than for any other
(e.g., Boone, Fayette, Logan, Nicholas, and Wyoming). A map portraying
the various coal counties according to their production levels is
presented as Figure 5-13.
Referring back to Sections 5-3 and 5-5, Demographic and Housing
Characteristics, Table 5-14 was compiled to show some of these
characteristics for the major coal counties. The mean population for
this group (49,007) was somewhat higher than that for ORBES-West
Virginia (33,902) as was the 1974 per capita income ($3385 compared
with $4250). The dependency ratio was lower for this group than
for the state (63.29 compared with 66.35). The main reason for this
seems to be the inclusion of Kanawha and Monongalia counties in
this group. Both have very low dependency ratios and high per
capita incomes; Kanawha County is the largest in population of any
ORBES-West Virginia county.
A list of recoverable reserves was taken directly from the
State of West Virginia, Department of Mines Annual Report, 1976
and is presented as Table 5-15.
5.8 AGRICULTURE
Agriculture in West Virginia is sparse because of the hilly
terrain. Farming is declining here just as it is across the
country. Acreage in farms, 1969 and 1974, is shown on Table 5-16.
Only in two counties, Fayette and Nicholas, did farming acreage
increase over this five year period. Even here the absolute number
of acres involved is very small. Figure 5-14 shows the distribution
of farming counties. The largest farming counties appear to be
scattered primarily along the borders; some even in the 'hilly1
part of the state.
396
-------
Table 5-13
Coal Production and Employment, ORBES-West Virginia Counties
1976
Counties
Underground Surface Mining Employment Employment
Total Tons Tons Tons Underground Surface
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabel 1
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gllmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowel 1
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Total
2.997.290
10.468,942
177.435
875.166
62.731
3.186,924
44.670
1.600,887
1,029,437
5.161,463
7,684,902
382.252
172,414
8.612,153
10.463.144
5.701.851
5,131,175
45,550
805,521
4,434,673
10.575,252
5.230,669
1,501,590
778
2,479,950-
6,827,818
1,077,093
3,531
227,227
364,706
1,402,719
494,250
516,294
8,695,399
108.434,956
950.046
8.263,056
29,132
748.228
40.497
2.259,810
28.289
1,299.251
504,707
3.950.524
5.412.582
41.493
'172.414
7,113,887
9,516,678
5,615.695
5,131,175
45.550
784.804
3,796,526
9,649,969
3,964,981
1.501,590
778
971,007
5,730,110
404,388
3,531
949,022
494,250
213,145
8.224,163
87,811,278
2.047,244
2.204,986
148,303
126,938
22,234
927.114
16.381
301.636
524.730
1.210.939
2,272,320
340.759
1,498,266
946.466
86.156
20,717
638.147
925,283
1,265,688
1,508.943
1,097.708
672.705
227,227
364.706
453.697
303,149
471.236
20,623,678
696
5.053
27
344
29
1.649
26
780
241
1.105
3,378
8
91
4,567
6.979
2.846
2.362
49
567
1.916
3.221
2.572
939
1
309
4.662
297
5
341
189
120
6.402
51.771
737
676
87
31
5
502
12
62
490
561
554
158
475
346
21
16
379
195
441
440
633
217
93
56
321
176
248
7,932
Source: State of West Virginia, Department of Mines Annual Report. 1976.
397
-------
CGRL PRODUCTION, 1976
GRBES - NEST VIRG1NIR COUNTIES
0 TONS
.%
1-1,000.000 TONS
1.000.001-5.000.000 TONS
MORE THRN 5,000.000 TONS
OUTSIDE ORBE5 REGION
Figure 5-13 Coal Production, 1976
Source: State of West Virginia, Department of Mines Annual Report,
1976.
398
-------
Table 5-14
Selected Demographic and Housing Characteristics
Major Coal Counties, ORBES-West Virginia
1970
Counties
Barbour
Boone
Fayette
Grant
Greenbrier
Harrison
Kanawha
Logan
McDowel 1
Marion
Marshall
Mingo
Monongalia
Nicholas
Ohio
Preston
Raleigh
Randolph
Upshur
Wyoming
Mean
1970
Population
14,030
25,118
49,322
8,607
32,090
73,028
229,515
46,269
50,666
61,356
37,598
32,780
63,714
22,522
64,197
25,455
70,080
24,596
19,092
30,095
49,007
Dependency
Ratio
(1970)
66.21
65.27
65.33
69.16
66.14
62.22
55.95
65.85
68.49
58.99
61.42
73.14
44.79
68.69
62.64
71.13
62.82
64.58
61.87
63.68
63.92
% Housing
Lacking
Plumbing
38.56
26.10
24.49
29.19
24.38
9.52
6.98
24.42
40.43
8.25
9.19
18.40
29.19
27.24
3.85
29.91
18.24
24.54
26.75
29.38
22.45
% Families
Below
Poverty
25.86
18.98
23.59
28.01
23.05
13.19
13.01
23.01
29.29
12.56
10.45
36.46
13.12
25.25
10.53
26.65
19.56
24.00
23.76
21.90
21.11
1974
Per Capita
Income
$2877
3261
3081
2955
3281
3839
4329
3459
3071
3670
3859
2889
3695
3182
4392
3113
3565
3017
3097
3066
332-
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.^1970 Census of
Population. ',,„,. f
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of
Housing.
399
-------
Table 5-15
WEST VIRGINIA COAL RESERVES
COUNTIES
Brooke
Cabel 1
day
Doddrldge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbn'er
Hancock
Kanawha
Marlon
Marshall
McDowel 1
Mercer
Mineral
Mingo
Monongalia
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas....
Raleigh
Randolph
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Ty 1 er
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wyoming
Small Mines...
TOTALS
ORIGINAL
MINEABLE
RESERVES*
SHORT TONS
3,585,619,298
8,142,970,465
2,323,332,633
360,000,000
44,167,156
251,017,114
3,237,869,854
1,119,317,757
4,420,505,039
1,019,245,455
969,014,155
1,220,293,321
500,000,000
2,172,730,581
5,901,324,612
2,776,037,160
1,770,813,665
8,149,879,105
4,317,089,326
4,448,857,374
339,976,480
5,340,598,171
506,829,312
809,834,066
6,332,263,181
3,748,630,971
6,172,807,449
910,000,000
508,644,743
3,212,323,508
433,090,336
4,283,368,262
4,183,643,819
674,768,793
18,678,528
1,327,767,239
486,964,209
948,133,232
3,554,551,754
1,471,495,778
6,305,536,510
3,321,923,236
22,302,720
5,061,292,844
116,705,415,231
REPORTED
PRODUCTION
1883-1976 ***
(INCLUSIVE)
SHORT TONS
166,832,615
246
328,336,482
9,456,581
89,735,875
—
43,454,443
2,790
710,505,254
12,959,614
31,597,672
75,345,385
3,340,986
461,613,172
582,886,000
15,699,175
4,541,976
1,015,146,755
602,616,004
124,530,856
17,547,265
1,364,715,670
199,656,559
34,609,144
324,800,936
491,590,829
171,911,351
109,895,834
82,429
5,336,236
133,844,480
21,620,592
685,227,490
67,551,974
349,717
48,940,185
58,919,929
42,602,445
10,059,966
41,661,209
93,425
382,432,297
25,028,400
8,517,080,247
ESTIMATED
LOSS IN
MINING **
SHORT TONS
166,832,615
246
218,890,988
9,456,581
89,735,875
_
_
28,969,628
1,860
473,670,169
12,959,614
21,065,115
50,230,257
3,340.986
461,613,172
388,590,667
15,699,175
3,027,984
676,764,506
602,616,004
124,530,856
17,547,265
909,810,447
133,104,373
34,609,144
216,533,957
491,590,829
114,607,567
109,895,834
54,953
3,557,491
133,844,480
14,413,728
456,818,327
45,034,649
233,145
48,940,185
58,919,929
42,602,445
6,706,644
27,774,139
93,425
254,954,865
25,028,400
6,494,672,249
ESTIMATED
RECOVERABLE
RESERVE
SHORT TONS
1,625,977,034
-
4,557,445,797
1,152,209,736
90,264,125
22,083,578
125,508,557
1,899,267,470
671,587,864
1,941,797,770
496,663,114
549,810,821
656,830,607
246,659,014
624,752,119
2,957,908,767
1,372,319,405
1,057,946,223
3,874,780,706
1,555,928,659
2,099,897,831
152,440,975
1,839,643,232
104,441,028
370,307,889
3,474,556,973
1,382,724,657
3,531,773,119
345,104,166
299,850,610
1,472,317,274
238,233,610
1,884,793,467
2,442,634,318
404,861,276
10,857,400
614,493,435
184,562,176
474,066,616
1,734,673,432
872,837,501
3,741,660,697
1,660,868,193
11,151,350
2,654,343,409
-50,000,000
57,433,286,010
*Estimate by W. Va. Geological Survey using One Foot as the Minimum Mineable Thickness.
**Loss resulting from the Undermining of a Coal Bed not included.
***Includes 1975 Delinquent Production.
kOO
-------
Table 5-16
Agricultural Characteristics, ORBES-West Virginia
1959 and 1974
Counties
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddrldge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McOowel 1
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mingo
Monongal i a
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Sunrners
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
Source: U.S. Depar
1974
Acres In
Farms
83,810
4,552
72.352
12.100
44,279
43,468
12.216
54.536
22.374
53,185
135.387
183,602
8.192
89.080
107,818
18,962
90.102
37.086
2.363
1.866
38.649
71,594
113,824
54,421
555
48,105
134,887
38,732
22,812
13,783
136,881
127,696
58,514
30,715
134,667
74.317
86,336
45,360
41,221
36,426
43,314
56.631
27,186
12.807
42.930
33,350
62,349
4,233
tment of Commerce
1969
Acres In
Farms
96,071
10.900
97,173
167.900
65,386
53,899
18,798
72,022
21,883
62,775
158,705
212,016
9,618
114,159
138,951
23,946
126,621
54,397
4.652
na
43,964
102,996
154,468
63,318
1,203
60,032
161.655
37.649
28.936
20.142
154.128
149.412
81,570
46.872
181.109
89,045
123,313
60,713
45.737
54,353
49,331
79,749
45,375
13,380
57,399
45,445
70.958
7,162
, Bureau of
1974
Total Farm
Operators
460
55
336
55
419
180
74
237
201
208
384
718
62
503
608
171
365
319
20
8
297
450
647
325
8
335
649
296
148
87
438
629
475
276
388
316
430
295
255
156
211
344
180
100
228
172
438
43
the Census. 1974
1974
Total Value 4
Ag. Products
1.662
10B
890
686
1.182
336
124
415
655
580
4.535
7.253
349
2.523
1.891
326
2,435
815
122
749
2,022
7,445
1,332
1,070
4.988
1,002
2,377
274
2,107
5,470
1,514
1,429
2,492
985
1,060
1,107
1,730
656
995
1.166
916
136
406
795
3,333
69
Census of
Agriculture.
Note: * In thousands of dollars.
kOI
-------
flCRES IN FflRMS, 1974
ORBES - WEST V1RG1NIH COUNTIES
-13*
-
LESS THHN 25,000 RCRES
25.000-50.000 RCRES
50.001-100.000 HCRES
MORE THRN 100.000 RCRES
OUTSIDE ORBES REGION
Source:
Figure 5-14 Acres in Farms, 1974
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
1974 Census of Agriculture.
402
-------
5.9 PROPERTY VALUATIONS
One of the most important benefits from energy development
is the associated increase in the tax base and local tax revenues.
An energy facility that is privately financed must pay property
taxes. On Table 5-17 assessed valuations for both utility and
non-utility property is presented for 1975 and 1977. In general,
the utility valuation will be proportional to the size of the
population of the county. The site of a major public utility,
such as a power plant, will have a much larger valuation, however,
For example, in 1975 Grant County had an assessed valuation for
utility property that was more than double its non-utility
valuation. A large power plant, the Mt. Storm Plant owned by
Virginia Electric and Power Company, is sited in this county with
the third unit to be in operation in 1975. It would be safe to
assume that the major portion of the utility valuation, is due to
this power plant.
5.10 IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS
The socioeconomic impacts of energy development occur
primarily during the construction phase of the plant. These impacts
may involve:
Displacement of families, homes, cropland, forestland, etc.
Increased employment opportunities for residents
Influx of in-migrants and their associated demands on
housing and public services
Increased burden on public school system
Increased tax base from plant and new housing
Increased local government expenditures and personnel needs
Increased local traffic and noise
Increased retail trade and services to in-migrants and plant
. Higher prices on locally available goods, services and housing.
The extent to which these effects are felt locally depend on the
population size of the county, the county population growth rate,
the distance to the nearest metropolitan center, the number of
construction workers in the county, the construction time to build
the plant and the facility size in megawatts.* In general, the
smaller, more remote counties will be affected the most. These
counties usually have fewer public services available, low incomes,
few skilled workers and a small tax base.
Richard S. Krannich, "A Comparative Analysis of Factors
Influencing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Electric Generating
Facilities," Paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, Houston, Texas, June 1978.
403
-------
Table 5-17
Total Assessed Valuation, Utility and Non-Utility Property
ORBES-West Virginia - 1975,1977
Counties
Barbour
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabel 1
Calhoun
Clay
Ooddridge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hancock
Harrison
Jackson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Kingo
Monomjalia
Monroe
Nicholas
Ohio
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Uirt
Hood
Wyoming
1975
Non -Utility
Valuation
$ 46,719,825
104,806,350
41,406,835
128,151.265
493,759,620
26,816,640
31,893.450
14,819,640
157,327,937
30.063,200
35,494,860
118,563,525
na
311,604.761
119,851.260
1.165,654,190
56.924.680
30,526.300
115, 168, 400
129,798,140
259,192,473
265,914,740
92,245,093
187,082.240
69,401.700
256,297,125
31.653,600
66,119,900
297,768,225
28,571.770
37,162.130
76,422.007
152.007.720
213,996.950
71,431,010
34,453.090
50,848.880
31,518.540
45,180,910
22,459.620
35,022,000
63,799,230
90,522.840
32 .£11, 890
58,328,030
16,338.170
399.514.110
93,452,870
1975 1977
Public Utility Non-Utility
Valuation Valuation
$ 8,771,500
22.454,500
13.914.500
12,026.600
56,860.800
8.261.600
9.252,700
15,850.100
49.995.600
15,731.700
84.994.800
35.470,300
na
100.267,800
22.107,800
201.283.400
35.957,500
25.589,000
29.569,800
47,422,500
38.533,400
37,048.100
25,509,500
52,277,700
39,324,600
55.401,500
9.848,600
12.313,400
20,532,100
13,556,100
8.760,000
33.449,500
76.687,700
44,473,200
23,635,100
11,031,500
15,921,200
20,280,000
12,294,300
4,689,200
7,106,000
16,665.100
52.263,800
6.075.200
36.768.200
3,055,100
35.159,300
33.781,900
$ 62.841.405
127,724,925
45,433,505
138.561,615
563.216,610
31.748.450
40,496,370
25,052.870
197.744,539
42.216,430
43,092,991
150.410,350
266.241.900
359,826,050
148,176,070
1,318,006.058
65,936,350
36,211,255
147,605,150
165.691,970
288,429,604
304,637,340
100,984.550
236.514,090
85,197,800
304,254,300
40,124,200
109,858,950
323,801,762
45,722,510
43,890,160
107,959,883
183,971,630
274,943,050
84,843.450
45,876,380
59,164,179
33,782.860
52,731,930
27,009.270
38,291 .390
75,786.750
102.839.480
68,771,510
64.089.850
24,851.645
434,713,260
129,123,340
1977
Public Utility
Valuation
$ 11.710,200
26,491,400
15.739,000
14.068,800
67.593,200
11.316,800
10.789.100
20.622,800
55.847,500
19,664,700
83,177,500
38.424.800
16.648.400
112.705,000
24.783,700
224,391,100
40.456,500
28,545,700
34.456,500
53.069.800
44.699,300
39.557,700
32,444,100
59.295.800
44.704.100
S6.981.200
10.885,400
14.684.400
23,983,000
19.291,900
9,892,000
38.213,700
79.096.900
53.388,200
25,528,100
13,853,800
19,922.000
21,713,900
13,737,800
5,565,500
10,525,200
18.703,400
56.162.600
7,016,700
35,291,300
3.734.400
39,940.100
38,057,400
Source: West Virginia State Tax Cormission, Study of Property Valuations as
They Relate to Levies Laid for the Support of Schools in West Virginia
for the Assessment Year 1975 and 1977.
-------
Information on the tax base and county government revenues
and expenditures would be most useful when investigating the
local impacts of power development. For this report, only tax base
information is provided. Data sources for the expenditures and
revenues may be obtained at the county auditor's office. From
the tax base information the impacts of public utilities are evident;
what are not evident are the revenues generated and the expenditures
incurred by the public utility property and the indirect effects
associated with it.
After reviewing some of the demographic, income and housing
data for the ORBES-West Virginia, seven counties were identified
that exhibit some of the conditions which indicate that they
could be severely impacted by the development of a large scale
energy facility within their boundaries (See Table 5-18},
With the exception of Lincoln County these counties form a
cluster in the center of the state. Clay, Lincoln and Webster
are major coal counties. All have small populations, a high per-
centage of dependents and low income families with poorly served
housing stock. The only advantage that some of these counties
have is their proximity to Kanawha County (Charleston). The
construction of large power plants within any of these counties
could have major impacts on housing and public services. The extent
of these impacts would depend on the characteristics of the energy
facility, the available skilled labor force and other local con-
ditions. A detailed review of these characteristics would be
necessary in order to predict the impacts of a particular energy
plant on a specific county.
1*05
-------
Table 5-18
Selected Characteristics, Seven ORBES-West Virginia
Counties - 1970,1975
Counties
1975 1970
Population Dep.
Ratio
_ 1970 1970 1970 1970
x Family % Fam. % Housing % Housing
Income Below Public Lack Some
Poverty Sewer Plumbing
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Gi liner
Lincoln
Webster
Wirt
Sources:
7,588 70.77 $4504 37.08
9,702 78.33 4179 39.63
6,575 77.03 5896 23.38
7,806 59.76 4485 41.32
20,251 71.91 5058 37.97
10,382 72.45 4288 39.07
4,523 77.07 5688 28.90
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
1970 Census of Population.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
1970 Census of Housing.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau -of
Current Population Reports, Series P-25
13.67
9.28
19.46
25.69
15.21
16.59
16.20
the Census ,
the Census,
the Census,
, May 1977.
41.11
51.72
36.40
35.26
41.36
48.96
40.93
-------
5.11 SUMMARY
This socioeconomic baseline report provides the ORBES Core
Team with 1) a socioeconomic data bank for ORBES-West Virginia,
and 2) a socioeconomic profile of the state. The data bank
consists of the data presented in tabular form throughout the
report. The socioeconomic profile consists of the written
interpretation of these data. The profile provides information
that illustrates the demographic, income, housing, and
employment characteristics of ORBES-West Virginia.
ORBES-West Virginia contains 48 of the state's 55 counties.
Most are very small in population size; many are rural and poor.
The trend in population growth since 1970 has increased relative
to the preceding decade. Still, ORBES-West Virginia is the
smallest of the ORBES states. Employment is provided mainly
by manufacturing, services and mining industries.
Implications for impact analysis are presented as a final
section. It is noted that the extent of the impacts associated
with the development of large scale energy facilities can be a
function of many things, e..g. the size of the energy facility,
the available skilled labor force, the existing infrastructure
such as sewer and water services, the availability of housing.
Based on the information provided as part of this data bank
several counties were identified which could be severely
impacted by the construction of a power plant and the in-
migration of construction workers.
-------
5-A-l References
Business and Occupation Tax; Coal Distribution Tax and Severance
Tax Listing. 0-975 to present). Research Division, West Virginia
State Tax Department. Unpublished.
Seventy-five percent of the coal severance tax is distributed
by the West Virginia Tax Department and is returned to coal producing
counties. The remaining twenty-five percent of the coal severance tax
is distributed by the Vest Virginia Department of the Treasury. The
tax is returned to all counties, muncipalities (corporated and un-
incorporated); the share is based on population.
Consumer Sales Tax. Research Division State Tax Department. Un-
published .
Table by county of percent and total taxes with ranking for
all counties.
County Study Data Book - Measures of Social Change in West Virginia,
1940-1974. Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station; Office
of Research and Development.
This publication is an aggregation of statistics by county for
the years 1940, 1950, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1971, 1972, and 1973. The
statistics were collected from the U.S. Department of Census, West
Virginia Department of Welfare, the West Virginia Department of Em-
ployment Security, West Virginia State Superintendent of Schools,
the U.S. Department of Interior Minerals Yearbook, and the West
Virginia State Road Commission. The following categories are in-
cluded in this publication: population and vital statistics, govern-
ment, welfare, education, health, agriculture, transportation and
roads, and economic activity.
Directory of Mines. West Virginia Department of Mines - annually to
present.
Directory of employment, production and injuries by coal company
for underground, surface and auger mine by county areas.
Employment and Earnings Trends - Annual Summary. West Virginia De-
partment of Employment Security. (Annually to present).
Total labor force, employment and unemployment 1970 through
1976; non-agricultural wage and salary employment, 1948 through
1959, 1960 through 1976; female employment, 1970 through 1976;
gross hours and earnings of production workers, 1958 through 1976.
These tables are statewide by industries according to the Standard
Industrial Code Manual. The total labor force, employment and un-
employment estimates are as defined by the West Virginia Department
of Employment Security as stated under the West Virginia Labor Force
Estimates: Small Labor Areas annotation.
-------
Employment Wages. West Virginia Department of Employment Security,
Research and Statistics section (1970 to present).
These employment figures include only such employment as covered
by the West Virginia Unemployment Compensation Law. Each county is
reviewed by industry in terms of average employment (according to
the Standard Industrial Classification Manual), total wages, average
annual wage and average weekly wage.
Health Manpower and Inpatient Facilities in. West Virginia, 1974.
West Virginia Regional Medical Progran, Office of Research and
Evaluation.
This publication reviews health manpower estimates by planning
areas (11 in total) to include general practitioners, specialists,
nurses and supporting health technologists. Inpatient facility
data, by planning areas, reviews hospitals, skilled nursing facilities
and personal care homes in terms of mober of beds and services. One
can disaggregate the health facility data to county areas. The
manpower estimates cannot be disaggregated to county areas.
Index to Surface Mining. West Virginia Geological and Economic
Survey. Quarterly updates.
An index to surface mine operations listed by county giving
such information as: permit number, extracted mineral resource
and quadrangle location.
Projections of 1985: Industry and Occupation. West Virginia Depart-
ment of Employment Security, Occupational Employment Statistics Unit.
Summary report of long-term outlook for West Virginia industry
and employment. The information is for the total state and compares
employment by occupation for the years 1970 and 1974 with projection
to 1985.
School Dollar: An analysis of Public Financing and Related Statis-
tics in West Virginia, (1965 - present). State Board of School
Finance.
Each category of expenditures or taxes is reported at county
level. The following are included in the report: federal aid, per
pupil receipts, expenditure by pupil, expenditure (actual or total),
levy rates and tax receipts.
Study of Property Valuations, as They Relate to Levies Laid for the
Support of Schools in West Virginia. Report of the State Tax
Commissioner. (Annually to present).
County statistics by class of assessed valuation general taxes,
appraisal totals, ratio of assessed to appraised and taxes generated.
-------
Suita'iility of West Virginia Coals to Coal-conversion Processes.
Coal-geology Bulletin No. 1. Vest Virginia Geological and Econ-
omic Survey.
Relation of coal properties to coal-conversion processes by
factors of coal combustion, low BTU gasification, high BTU gasification;
liquefaction, and carbonization. These relationships are represented
in map form with accompanying conclusions and recommendations and
final plant sitings.
Welfare Statistics. West Virginia Department of Welfare, Division of
Audits and Accounts, (1936 to present).
The information in this report is collected by welfare areas.
This may be a single county or several aggregated counties. 1C is
not possible to disaggregate the multiple county areas in this report.
Statistics by welfare area included are number of cases, expenditures,
total medical services, and total administration.
West Virginia Agricultural Statistics, Annual Report. (1969 to
present.) In cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture:
Statistical Reporting Service.
Summary statistics by county for: crops, dairy, and poultry.
Other summary statistics at the aggregated state level are: prices
received, prices paid, farm labor, wage rates and farm income.
West Virginia Coal Facts. West Virginia Coal Association (1970-
1975).
Usable statistics are county level coal employment and coal wage
summaries as compared to total employment and total wages. County sum-
maries include total number of mines, production and employment for
underground and surface-auger mining. Each county is ranked in
production and the major coal companies are listed with their re-
spective production and employment figures. Coal Facts is a Coal
Industry publication, published by the West Virginia Coal Association,
a trade association which represents the state's underground mining
industry.
West Virginia Department of Agriculture, Annual Report. (1970 to
present). Annual publication July to June.
Summary statistics by entity for total state for: animal
licensing, consumer protection, crops, fiscal expenditures, lab
services, meat inspection, plant pest control, rural resources and
soil conservation.
Vest Virginia Department of Employment Security, Labor Supply Survey.
Ko date on any pamphlet.
Survey of selected cities with surrounding areas and selected
counties. Statistics of areas by age, sex, employment education as
410
-------
Labor Supply Survey, cont.
related to employment and sex, employment as related to sex, age,
transportation arrangements and distance from job.
West Virginia Department of Education Annual Report of the State
Superintendent of Schools. Annual publication July to June (1969
to present).
Aggregated reports of total state by education department di-
visions: organization, vocational services, planning services, finan-
cial, and action divisions.
West Virginia Department of Education: Education Statistical Sum-
mary. Annual Report (Volume II and Volume III) - July to June,
(1970 to present).
Volume II - Statistical data by county or entity on personnel,
pupils, transportation, school plan and facilities, miscellaneous
and private and parochial schools.
Volume III - Financial report of current expenditures by county
for administrative, health operation, maintenance of plants, student
outlays, food services, community services, debt service fund, bond
construction fund and total expenditures for all funds.
West Virginia Department of Health, Vital Statistics. Annually
published.
Birth, death and marriage statistics by counties and planning
regions along with total state population statistics by age, pop-
ulation density, and birth and death rates.
West Virginia Department of Mines Annual Report, (annually to
present).
Summary of production; distribution, employment injuries, method
of production, employment fatalities, violations, closings and in-
spections for whole state. The county information includes method of
production, employment (number of companies, number of employees,
total man days worked, tons mined per day and tons mined per nan
per year), reserves and permit numbers for all companies and mines.
West Virginia Economic Profile. 1977 only. By Office of the
Governor.
Total state statistics in nap fora for: transportation systems,
business and industry, educational facilities, natural resources,
industrial parks by county statistics in table form for: popula-
tion, labor force, income, economic indicators. This is a public
relations pamphlet with the above statistics and also text on the fol-
lowing: economic trends, state finance, recreation, taxes, industrial
financing, regional development, services of the economic develop-
ment division, and other state agencies.
kll
-------
West Virginia Hospital Patient Flov; 1976 Cpsnunity and Hospital
Profiles. Office of Health Services Research, West Virginia Uni-
versity Department of Community Medicine in cooperation with the
West Virginia Hospital Association. (1968, 1972, 1976).
Survey data in table form of influx and outflow to area hospitals
including out-of-state facilities and out-of-state influx. Specific
concentration was made on hospital profiles (instate and out-of-state)
and community profiles. These profiles include patient characteristics
and hospital characteristics.
West Virginia Labor Force Estimates: Small Labor Areas. West Virginia
Department of Employment Security. Research and Statistics Section,
annual averages (1971-1974), biannual averages 1974.
Total employment, labor force and unemployment, estimates for
labor market areas (cities and surrounding areas). Total employment
estimates are on a place of residence basis. Labor force estimates
are a sum of employed and unemployed persons by place of residence.
The total unemployment rate is the ratio of the number unemployed to
the number in the labor force. These are defined by the W.Va.
Department of Employment Security.
West Virginia Labor Force: Annual Averages 1970-1975. Hours and
earnings 1972 - 1975. West Virginia Department of Employment
Security, Research and Statistics Division.
Labor force, employment and unemployment estimates are as defined
by the West Virginia Department of Employment Security. This publi-
cation deals with specific West Virginia standard statistical areas:
Charleston, Huntington, Ashland-fronton, Parkersburg-Marietta, Wheeling.
Statistic definitions are as stated in the West Virginia Labor Force
Estimates: Small Labor Areas annotation.
West Virginia Physicians, 1974; Current Distribution, Recent Changes^
and Projected Needs for Selected Specialties. West Virginia Regional
Medical Program, Office of Research and Evaluation.
This publication is divided into 4 categories. The first is the
general distribution of physicians by specialty, county and planning
area and age. The second is changes: 1972 to 1974.' 'This section
reviews changes in number of physicians by selected specialties, by
licensing, and ratios per 10,000 of the general population. The
third section reviews the characteristics of and projected needs for
selected specialties and sections. Four reviews all residencies and
internships: January 1974. There are visual representations of all
ratios of population versus specialty.
-------
5-A-2
LAND US*. (H ACR=!3) - 1970
N
V)
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
TOTAL
esidcntlal
&
740
224
163
187
378
2O2
1 19
317
580
538
3448
1
1
1
0
5
0
0
1
1
0
0
anuracturing
ransportation
B H
383
405
510
103
286
186
219
401
485
412
9 3390
OJ
1
H
7
4
3
7
5
1
3
4
7
5
46
a
crvices 5
• <
V)
24
16
9
28
19
6
20
14
27
23
186
le Count
M
w-\
CJ
I
1
100
3
61
1
1
1
0
9COO
9169
'<
griculture
•<
•320
91 .
1325
25
114
23
23
708
114
457
3200
ineral Extraction
2!
12
3008
1
1
368
765
1317
0
£21
6
5999
ndeveloped
=3
37104
5C842
38273
89
22217
27104
17689
26294
45336
28343
298393
eve loped
o
I486
3750
2111
• 359
1221
1184
17C3
1446
1734
10441
25447
to
0)
V* *~*
< e>
*O i-l
se
rf £
rH M
Kt ^^
AJ
O
603
853
£31
7
382
442
302
435
796
606
5060
^Jraxton County
578
579
580
581
582
583
564
585
586
TOTAL
265
337
435
88
421
400
213
326
381
2866
302
O
22
21
13
23
0
O
35
416
804
603
1149
97
845
563
625
11 19
529
6354
6
B
15
20
IS
136
4
7
23
234
30
13
98
86
14
140
11
19
23
434
O
0
0
5
112
icse
11664
O
1
13858
11C48
7104
13568
0
1S040
3648
S2£0
174C8
SCS6
83392
0
10
0
0
0
O
O
0
10
20
26225
22157
41993
451
35524
6638
22079
38C81
22486
225034
13055
8C75
15287
317
1646£
- 6786
22017
1£679
6698
107574
645
486
89S
12
881
241
685
89 C
45C
519
Brooks County
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1061
1082
1083
1086
1087
1068
388
228
46
202
58
152
218
687
110
174
193
38
169
0
0
0
22
0
0
26
74
206
484
0
232
168
19
199
46
1 14
118
241
86
209
89
160
5
0
0
0
19
6
0
O
22
0
47
0
33
1
69
2
30
13
23
1
13
53
59
1
0
1115
9
0
10
4
0
150
Z2
0
6
0
£12
6656
1
3€40
0
0
1083
1C24
0
384
0
0
35
0
O
70
0
0
14
82
2
0
O
0
£338
7256
24O
eeo?
7
251
22S1
7773
211
4350
274
soes
1374
8168
144
4313
185
289
14C1
2211
329
1026
876
199
5g
241
e
205
3
10
82
15C
10
84
ie
51
TOTAL 2494 981 1681
99 298 1316 13505 203 38623 20577 925
-------
LAND US=: (IN ACfFJS) - 29?0
CAPF.IL COT-7TY
N
H
I/J
310
311
312
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
34O
341
342
343
344
345
358
359
36O
361
TOTAL
ESIDENTIAL
&
248
213
435
57
O
11
130
146
137
101
200
52
1
177
230
298
103
153
190
264
175
10
201
340
435
260
506
352
122
351
267
306
6471
<
•
i
i
i
4
1
!
•
0
o
0
LO
10
0
126
It
1
3
36
22
3
57
1
3
1
139
I
5
5
1
0
0
6
O
464
AMUrW-lUKAKU
RANSPORTATION
E H
391
278
1189
137
5
51
114
55
122
118
162
62
17
103
122
143
50
lie
59
90
64
124
124
226
412
334
261
270
222
453
195
662
6734
H
H
4
5
4
52
0
IS
34
5
6
11
26
24
0
6
25
9
1
1
O
0
8
21
8
23
5
5
24
6
3
2
3
4
340
ERVICES
to
71
10
9O
54
21
24
30
10
8
8
41
10
0
12
24
44
8
4
2
98
142
33
8
30
22
85
29
21
12
60
45
50
1114
ULTURAL
u
O
50
6
1
0
O
6
1
2
25
6
0
8
7
1
84
1
O
93
0
1
0
2
221
206
136
1 1
9
15
0
22
0
917
GRICULTURE
•<;
3758
1615
8912
0
0
14
•to
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
257
1226
1024
970
714
3190
2276
906
£466
30350
INERAL EXTRACTION
3C
0
O
0
1
o
o
o
o
0
4
3
1
O
0
0
0
1
o
1
1
4
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
DEVELOPED
O
16264
8701
26246
72
38
143
113
102
424
237
307
1C4
45
14
107
216
209
en
422
56
117
51
40
£22
12925
517S
£746
7E23
.6164
1E746
1116
23240
136602
EVELOPED
n
4472,
2179
10646
212
26
241
225
218
2EQ
2 C3
461
152
63
306
405
580
3C3
277
346
4S4
3*5
205
244
1098
2307
1861 .
1806
1273
3564
2142
1444
€486
46406
g£
5 a-
n
H
O
H
324
170
57 C
6
1
6
7
5
11
1C
12
4
2
5
C
14
' e
17
12
e
8
4
6
3C
238
110
lie
13S
152
342
40
46S
2860
573 S2O "188 786 136
574 1229 4E2 1526 576
575 196 9 44 17
576 609 231 924 306
CALHOUN COUMTY
465 7 5345
605 27-08 2C713
42 2 0
391 6 6904
0
0
0
0
40261
57951
10
36C6S-
7447 747
£7809 1340
210 5
937t . 710
TOTAL 2554 880 6280 1035 1503 2723 32962 0 134391 44937 2802
-------
LAND USE (IN AC3=S) - 1970
Clay County
in
C
•a
•H
m
OJ
PS
234
515 559
516 983
517 380
516 362
C
•H
h
3
JJ
U
o
IM
I
C
o
CO
9
Vi
I 452
1 778
4 1128
1 817
I 593
a)
1
H
2
4
22
3
2
m
ai
u
a>
co
14
37
56
19
13
l-l
a
Vi
XJ
f-l
3
U
2
O
0
2.
0
a
a
XJ
rH
3
U
Tl
^4
60
<
2SC5
3338
5-2 1O
4606
3479
tracclon
X
rH
a
Cl
e
X
0
1
1
1
O
•n
u
o.
o
i— |
5J
^
o
-o
c
S3
25139
E256C
256C6
577 IX
24962
"O
u
p.
o
-
•J c-
in
CO
o
H
444
89 £
675
993
459
TOTAL
2518
8 3768 33 139
5 19298
19058 25772 3466
Dodridge County
704
705
706
707
708
286
162
74
476
230
0
0
7
2
3
752
789
64
1070
588
4
3
5
5
3
13
15
9
21
10
TOTAL
1228
12 3263
20 68
1 6753 0 3fl39 7649 672
1 -1C 623 0 £1303 I15S3 983
240 155 165 S
1 12476 0 42134 14051 £93
1 1C746 0 3C86C 11581 662
6 40642 0 160591 45239 3216
Fayette County
255
256
257
258
259
260
2C1
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
160
90
117
180
20
1 12
133
260
47
163
78
139
322
171
0
106
150
93
1O4
544
157
36
49
128
106
160
0
0
1
1
0
3
2.
0
0
5
Z
0
1
3
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
2
100
1
2
641
111
707
387
279
92
218
516
48
99
57
215
316
889
30
113
211
215
77
276
772
49
58
144
135
180
3
0
1
0
1
7
1
4
0
20
7
2
5
O
0
1
I
2
3
2
7
9
5
8
1
10
9
5
14
17
2
10
6
10
r
22
13
6
a
12
0
3
10
3
17
4
19
15
1
5
5
12
2«55
0
0
0
0
6
0
o
0
is
i
0
1E50
277
2E19
0
0
375
12
0
585
1
3
0
0
367
3C27
4C5
1218
2600
269
1
224
207
1
1
0
323
236
318O
0
e«6
63
2557
0
2C76
££15
0
0
1024
896
O
O
0
434
0
S3S
10
C
487
0
0
0
0
S03
639
0
0
697,.
45
I
0
3845
0
0
lese
0
o
21621
7C73
35716
19655
IM1€
1103
£258
28C20
527
376
354
.,12755
5171
47501
163
eei6
19A12
16421
673
11914
25C15
145
330
2501
1736
3877
67 S5
671
2492
2265
1E10
241
594
1484
S7
328
158
665
3341
5171
2549
112O
1132
2291
215
3702
7601
111
118
3067
1 144
731
444
121
597
36C
202
21
93
461
It
11
e
210
133
822
58
124
32 1
308
17
244
519
4
7
87
45
72
-------
LAND US7-: (IN AC-vLS) - 1970
Fayette County Continued
c
o
to
c
o
o
•o
•H
O)
•H W
M fl
y u
4J Vl
u o
ft CX
*w en
•o
c
CO
-------
LAND US17, (PI ACIFS) - 1970
Greeribrier County Continued
Ss.
N
H
w
209
220
211
212
213
214
TOTAL
r-\
S
•H
4J
e
0
•a
•H
a
u
(A
101
56
187
26
53
2
2473
CO
-rl
H
3
u
y
ct
«H
3
£*
m
£
0
0
2
0
1
0
84
tation
M
o
(X
w
c
«
M
H
785
459
579
172
422
218
7396
01
•a
Cfl
H
H
1
1
4
0
O
0
180
m
a
o
•H
>
h
a
en
70
27
79
4
23
4
784
H
a
Wi
3
4J
r-4
3
O
96
1176
0
0
0
0
6501
a
M
3
4->
rH
3
O
i-t
M
ec
<
25248
14104
3562
1
6963
1164
134984
Extraction
1-1
a
u
o
c,
T-l
s:
75
O
18
4C3
26
O
906
•3
O
C.
o
1-4
e>
>
ei
•a
c
3
22C72
tcoeos
3C593
59174
28352
5S732
501284
•o
o
ex
0
-4
u
• >
0)
P
26376
14623
4421
666
7488
1268
153308
«
-------
L/WD USF: (r; ACHSS) - 1970
Hardy County
N
H
CO
o
•a
Tl
05
821 401
822 271
823 337
824 271
825 630
DC
c
a
ca
«H
I
C
o
•H
O
p.
01
Vi
H
TABLE
1910
2 657
1 617
25 69
I 427
3 1179
32 2949
o
-o
a
n
H
2
3
18
3
6
to
o
u
o
V)
a
t-i
3
u
•H
H
CO
19 60 20268
3O 23570 14720
23 2 2
11 2 16896
44 37449 20460
c
o
JJ
U
a
e
o
o
0
o
0
•o
u
c.
o
o
•a
82507
330S2
35
45227
68542
•d
01
o.
o
o
Cl
iH (A
ft ^
4J
O
H
21429 1624
39612 1136
477 C
17611 982
5S791 2005
32 127 61484 72386
229413 138920 5755
Harrison County
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
739
740
741
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
769
769
770
771
772
773
93
73
131
98
42
122
79
129
109
62
80
122
233
10
175
94
95
198
124
30
171
38
142
136
43
16
0
61
158
129
103
123
91
166
48
59
49
87
119
89
166
0
O
0
0
0
O
z
0
30
0
98
9
25
0
10
1
21
40
13
0
0
6
2
1
0
1
0
0
6
0
0
0
15
1
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
299
312
338
503
175
262
157
251
110
131
22
76
186
15
151
81
145
217
131
65
63
29
91
65
27
55
413
91
423
329
413
279
109
706
76
137
211
200
172
254
257
0
3
15
5
2
O
77
2
2
O
3
9
6
1
7
4
8
56
1
1
1
8
4
5
0
O
O
0
3
27
0
19
10
3
1 1
0
0
8
10
0
13
IB
8
25
26
6
12
12
to
9
14
6
23
18
26
19
6
11
137
3
1
18
4
9
71
10
0
0
0
27
19
12
30
16
34
13
3
6
10
12
27
12
O
270
0
0
O
700
O
0
6
C
11
CO
38
50
0
39
0
0
0
0
29
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
5
0
0
8
ei
48
3
3724
5004
7924
6900
4404
2601
356
2252
571
4064
57
0
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
656
2160
O
142O
6080
45C4
6680
2672
5080
C2S6
78
8L2
4760
4056
0
41E4
46C4
1478
3168
1338
2746
352
ae ee
563
1 = 49
70
141
211
0
0
0
0
141
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
211
352
0
O
O
2042
1126
1197
986
1126
0
0
€45
262
0
774
282
io£6o
£496
4693
15256
6219
4489
1762
4575
373
3248
1752
£33
326
26
86
559
1192
212
368
1119
166
107
456
354
333
36 O
99
348
9111
4342
15026
5790
2925
13952
2S
781
4177
2S17
571
10048
. 3111
sei2
6E38
S771
10278
4981
6583
1246
4193
907
4432
488
2S9
5C6
102
362
401
280
C48
272
97
282
£5
248
286
-947
2884
413
1572
6e«7
7050
8334
4322
£307
6226
231
1011
5871
465 1
389
5376
5337
253
224
226
399
175
173
47
137
20
120
35
13
13
2
7
15
23
IS
10
19
7
2
It
10
20
46
6
30
247
176
365
156
136
342
4
2E
157
112
IS
241
232
TABLE 4093 296 8024 324 725 1342 91952 23866 136764 130625 447
-------
LAND HS^ (PJ AOJFJS) - 1970
Jackson County
B
CO
548
549
550
551
552
554
555
556
557
558
559
561
562
esidcntial
K
346
327
410
201
37
247
144
155
264
62
184
171
143
anufacturing
ransportation
*
*
1
132
2
12
3
0
389
1
1
4
60
0
0
E H
1457
820
33
25
1008
497
385
518
39
94
737
478
0
•o
rt
H
6
25
18
27
I
O
18
6
13
9
23
2
O
erviccs
to
13
10
98
62
40
6
48
4
51
28
16
18
3
rH
C
tH
"3
U
142
1E6
119
31
0
17
75
0
10
15
3
0
69
griculturc
•<
3904
9304
12184
44
28
16408
C558
3020
7160
0
31
6233
7804
ineral Extraction
3E
O
0
10
1
0
0
9
0
1
0
0
0
10
ndcvolopcd
:=>
46394
46189
18147
1253
122
30442
7S42
7309
21806
35
933
21639
12429
eveloped
o
5S74
11411
13661
411
134
17666
7738
3S71-
80 IB
157
411
71C1
B£07
ctf
(U
to
•O -H
o-
tH CO
4J
O
H
812
900
497
26
4
752
2A5
• 170
466
3
21
450
374
TOTAL 2691 605 7253 148 397 637 72678 31 217640 84440 4720
Jefferson County
986
987
988
989
990
991
1001
1002
1003
1O04
1005
1 006
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
280
1004
391
266
119
23
392
237
657
531
216
82
120
237
102
52
54
32
7
0
t
1
0
0
22
0
0
4
20
14
1
4
0
1
237
282
151
192
121
34
118
111
139
325
146
121
408
88
46
274
33
14
14
3
36
0
163
0
0
O
0
22
6
56
2
2
5
7
2
13
0
74
0
0
0
22
0
7
18
13
35
10
3
2
22
2
3
2262
3
0
128
0
C
2135
1
e
15
71
2
2
0
9
12284
13308
6775
1 1638
4688
1415
3906
4900
ICO
11624
9
1
12464
6
10
12747
2
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
1
0
696
0
0
0
0
1S97
1497
££66
1742
C39
29
220
1620
3EC5
1336
26
218
2392
38
151
2920
0
12651
14631
S5S2
122 1O
4929
1763
4416
£292
4031
12488
422
258
13864
346
169
13080
• 128
232
252
257
218
87
2E
74
1OE
11?
216
7
9
254
6
R
250
2
TOTAL 4763 107 2826 330 221 5639 95877 697 25476 11046 2124
419
-------
LAND US^ (IN AC?F3) - 1970
Kanawha Coun
N
H
l/>
374
375
376
377
378
379
38O
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
401
402
403
404
405
406
411
412
413
414
42O
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
464
465
466
467
471
472
473
476
477
478
479
idential
CO
0
&
136
53
175
187
114
57
128
136
56
221
332
172
452
105
136
155
78
65
161
179
245
243
342
50
398
40
46
133
57
439
46
438
179
107
628
0
896
257
383
177
374
76
241
39
288
82
30
75
192
184
36
43
86
117
ufacturing
c
a
2£
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
5
3
23
. 2
0
2
1
1
0
4
3
355
IS
165
6
17
1
1
20
3
1
2
0
0
33
20
1
0
0
27
3
0
15
1
500
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
nsportation
a
Vi
H
380
331
271
426
29O
234
49
331
102
310
406
416
510
106
121
105
101
68
105
1 10
146
260
157
50
202
37
165
105
78
225
154
211
54
75
163
45
-317
249
120
55
133
109
74
803
173
- 91
152
182
1 1 1
140
57
24
82
229
o
•a
a
M
f-1
0
O
13
15
5
2
1
0
4
2
20
4
3
£1
19
5
0
40
6
63
12
6
30
10
28
6
58
42
4
4
12
34
3
18
3
2
26
129
3
2
7
81
1
2
33
7
2
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
m
01
u
•H
£4
0)
in
3
2
8
19
7
2
28
7
4
5
42
11
7
11
22
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1
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14
23
8
14
58
10
21
1
34
16
28
191
15
25
4
33
3
0
65
32
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19
0
0
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0
CO
0
1
1
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0
5
iculture
^4
60
<
489
401
305
0
227
166
0
354
0
1640
2145
3910
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0
2
0
427
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0
0
0
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0
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0
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0
0
1
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0
0
0
0
0
0
1
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0
123
0
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167
63
59
1450
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e
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624
487
276
500
4 £4
1
1
173
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0
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p.
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1634
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1148
1127
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172
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4515
3763
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351
272
607
188
2£8
440
411
536
676
479
672
249
217
220
171
863
252
714
£42
249
eoo
49
1357
694
619
235
. 587
317
330
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574
184
662
384
307
228
263
132
227
18C4
CO
£
< .
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W *
Q
H
372
356
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292
182
72
6
181
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144
180
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374
14
12
6
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4
5
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s
40
12
6
12
4
S
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3
34
4
ie
17
4
18
1
26
1 1
18
12
10
5
21
IS
£
1C
25
60
32
40
26
14
36
18C
420
-------
LAND USB (IN ACRES) - 1970
Kanawha County Continued
E
48O
461
482
483
484
465
486
487
488
489
490
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
391
TAL
detltial
^
CO
(4
164
219
110
131
2.30
72
35
46
56
66
184
217
419
131
112
123
137
212
153
92
176
179
228
1
13563
facturing
*3
g
X
i
i
138
0
IS
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
o
o
0
1
0
0
3
0
20
1
0
1423
aportation
c
a
H
251
234
218
342
66
62
56
298
230
234
243
814
676
643
146
227
157
383
261
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726
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17979
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468
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2107
4304
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550
727
1679
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2874
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3168
0
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ral Extraction
0
1-1
je
o
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624
0
t
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52
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462
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345
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379
188
33 £
120
9134
Lewis County
710
71 1
712
713
714
715
718
719
309
674
570
647
220
171
433
391
8
22
0
0
6
3
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93
903
1328
583
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128
105
328
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t
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25587
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263
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0
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2£490
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143
2710
4245
17646 674
29271 1175
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369 e
12€EO 240
15S47 315
TOTAL
3615 150 4718 420 1353 816 89693 7530 142169 10B295 3913
421
-------
- J.y/U
Lincoln County
c
o
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N
W
235
236
237
228
239
240
241
242
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Logan County
85
86
87
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104
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90
101
102
103
105
106
107
108
109
ill
112
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114
115
116
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118
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163
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269
124
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126
327
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204
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20
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23
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3
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27
14
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4
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17
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18
30
5
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0
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0
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256
256
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1
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476
211
185
106
317
0
132
0
211
211
0
159
0
0
0
106
159
211
132
159
159
608
0
158
6 28003
410 20014
7 14755
1 9617
4C1 14317
0 268
68 10228
51 13334
1 11S49
348 1C875
190 14581
1 7909
301 £047
0 0
5
574
14033
25109
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6061
33883
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1171
180
396
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595
901
3S5
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1097
28
322
431
619
2271
329
677
1419
1176
157
460
453
330
237
156
242
7
ice
216
196
184
234
132
96
t
14
226
402
55
100
540
lie
323
6
126
2958 133 3955 77 35** 3^29 3700 1933 27513^
163** 4558
-------
LAND USP5 (IX ACRrS) - 1970
McDowell
:£*»
N
H
t/J
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
AL
rH
ra
T«
4-1
C
u
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U)
«
PS
202
39
252
229
158
95
216
89
242
131
67
117
105
59
65
106
95
147
2414
cturing
ra
IM
3
c
Q
X
0
25
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
2
1
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
39
ortation
D-
U)
c
(0
M
H
444
64
562
412
25S
76
579
71
370
70
95
256
278
115
90
163
181
281
4362
O
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a
H
9
4
12
7
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1
1
5
1
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3
0
4
3
2
4
73
m
at
u
•H
^
M
0)
co
11
24
41
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29
25
4
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31
25
11
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319
«
u
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3
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1
0
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108
0
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668
100
888
128
300
0
462
128
4C2
0
0
236
191
0
64
236
0
236
4099
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n
M
o
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S
21
55
292
23
1
0
528
13
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57
413
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105
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3826
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c
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37555
712
40C41
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730
.1.6
667
546
443
12
850
125
637
13
14
305
184
130
36
205
154
31 1
5384
Marion County
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
87O
871
872
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
98
114
101
121
214
347
342
160
46
102
271
203
110
3
165
0
420
170
217
61
127
483
78
254
577
476
293
251
0
0
7
9
0
0
0
0
32
0
1
33
2
1
1
0
48
6
24
227
2
49
83
32
16
42
0
5
309
359
212
190
251
324
563
393
49
68
329
262
50
42
99
7
209
80
168
112
148
433
1 13
254
318
415
193
133
0
0
1
9
27
O
3
0
7
2
3
0
5
8
10
0
62
a
24
12
12
24
0
2
14
2
2
1
O
1
11
1
18
7
13
40
20
40
2
62
29
7
14
48
60
20
19
3
11
79
1
17
3O
20
11
10
1
68
120
1
4
635
64
1
6
0
4
60
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
64
124
4
4
1
1
1
4516
7240
20C7
2294
2££4
4C14
6226
27S6
0
1
2580
1362
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2079
645
860
2437
3154
2222
1935
3
6
6
2
1
1
A
14
I
0
19
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
16
1
10
14
I«£13
1S€36
3C79
4093
3565
88C8
14151
16116
95
235
9233
27S4
246
2
351
9
608
612
316
£89
596
3189
1452
4591
7580
8689
6676
4514
4927
7788
2465
£627
4059
5528
7.225
3404
161
213
3209
1582
202
62
289
55
eoo
284
452
415
-•30O
3211
1044
1425
3412
4111
2732
2350
335
36€
96
105
126
224
334
305
4
7
196
74
7
1
1C
1
22
14
12
1 1
14
IOC
35
94
17£
20C
147
114
TOTAL 5804 620 6083 238 594 1367 49964 102 135900 64772 3136
-------
LAND USE (PI ACH5S) - 1970
Marshall County
e
o
*?85
to
H
en
1016
1017
ioia
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
TOTAL
rH
CO
•H
4J
0)
•o
•H
(fl
p/
164
229
167
254
101
259
124
121
456
126
85
430
157
55
71
2799
oc
c
•H
3
U
U
CO
«M
g
n
306
0
542
3
4
1
21
24
271
0
0
0
0
1
147
1320
c
o
•H
*J
rt
*j
o
(X
0)
c
a
H
701
859
260
540
160
112
75
112
286
305
238
225
303
58
115
4349
o
•o
CO
n
H
0
3
0
3
29
9
1
10
18
0
10
0
0
1
5
89
n
or
o
•H
^
^4
at
CO
84 1
1
1
1
30
26
20
8
2
1
5
2
1
2
1
185
rH
10
M
JJ
4J
H
3
u
1400
0
2S3
0
11
41
1
11
41
0
9
275
106
1
1
12150
0
a
r-H
3
CJ
iH
^4
eo
<
10150
11826
35 1 1
10616
0
165
0
2
6984
12199
0
67C5
S512
22
O
71892
xtract:
w
t-i
CO
M
0)
c
IH
JC
18
37
7
0
36
O
O
0
11-
O
0
9
0
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o
118
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0
CL.
0
rH
0)
^
0)
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c
13
15705
39499
3547
16343
333
219
142
352
6523
9129
165
S410
6041
436
620
108864
•o
co
O.
o
l-t
0)
^
o
o
22823
12995
3141
11417
371
613
242
268
8069
12631
347
7646
9679
140
340
92902
CO
V
ll
•
•0 -rl
C X
3 •
_. cr
H Cfl
CO •w
u
O
H
602
820
142
465.
11
13
6
10
226
340
'8
2O4
280
S
IS
3153
Mason County
TOTAL
535
536
537
538
539
540
544
545
546
592
L
344
480
477
426
49
352
752
501
673
124
4178
1
400
0
396
2
28
1
1
250
33
1112
785
1157
1331
589
74
155
1290
321
974
385
7061
12
3
0
10
21
10
10
11
28
0
105
23
13
22
31
10
168
19
33
23
15O3
1845
40
10573
3
7
108
2
202
78
356
2464
13853
13509
244C3
17088
12633
0
676
15564
3651
7202
3752
98878
422
0
393
O
O
O
.0
143
20
0
978
17276
26783
355 Ifi
19692
440
1737
33170
6653
11366
3903
157238
15136
37089
19314
14092
264.
1£91
17838
4739
S626
€321
128010
506
996
863
531
11
52
797
178
326
191
4457
Mercer County
23
24
25
26
27
36
37
38
39
40
47
48
49
5
65
123
4
194
629
307
279
124
227
344
360
341
2
17
0
2
5
38
1
1
2
2
4
1
6
10
287
198
14
249
553
107
100
83
135
24O
250
598
15
36
7
5
34
6
2
10
15
29
3
5
9
3
31
11
5
60
18
3
22
5
2.0
3
13
10
0
2
3
0
268
O
0
8
5
2
0
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
5328
0
1
0
0
1600
1876
2636
1
O
1
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
28
906
€73
34
406
16516
2S24
27
150
32
1774
601 1
10792
36
438
343
30
810
6572
420
421
224
415
2194
2S65
3800
1
21
19
1
1-9
367
46
7
e
7
62
134
226
-------
LAND US17, (IN ACTS) - 1970
Mercer County Continued
N
H
VI
tt
Tt
•8
•H
m
£
60
4J
O
m
i
X
o
o
pu
in
§
u
"3
M
H
(0
0)
o
-------
LAND US*1. (INT ACK=S) - 1970
Monongalia County
%•
N
E_i
to
990
991
B92
803
901
902
903
904
90S
906
907
912
913
914
90S
909
91 0
91 1
TOTAL
r4
a
•H
u
e
0)
•o
•H
m
ai
*
202
5
204
351
480
746
178
551
439
421
263
456
662
198
92
274
8
22S
5760
to
ft
M
9
u
U
a
IH
3
(3
s
1
0
103
16
0
1
O
10
s
1
16
2
0
O
24
37
1
12
229
c
o
•H
JJ
(3
4J
lJ
O
a.
m
C
S
M
H
784
0
140
205
968
80«»
540
570
340
675
248
757
310
258
81
50
J2
*J4
6851
0)
•o
c0
VI
H
6
0
2
28
92
11
22
1 I
21
59
41
35
0
17
30
26
7
14
422
a
01
u
•H
>
&
01
OT
53
0
18
43
83
34
8
16
31
48
20
68
19
16
76
437
491
10
1491
i-i
a
t<
0
4J
iH
3
U
2
7990
2
61
0
0
1
0
5
7
54
52
0
132
1
8
0
13
8328
o
*
9
MJ
H
y
U
•H
14
CO
<
2816
1
0
O
7384
10941
2572
3643
4352
5144
0
1536
2816
1280
1
0
0
0
42491
traction
X
w
t-f
a
M
o
G
•H
S
0
o
0
5
39
221
0
53
O
151
10
0
2
0
1
0
o
0
482
•o
4)
CL.
O
•-<
U
>
V
•a
c
0
32296
0
427
507
29994
17164
11143
28549
10551
15382
564
6224
8031
8189
14
128
101
727
169991
•o
u
p.
o
rH
0)
>
a>
P
3864
7996
469
7O9
9046
12763
3321
4859
5193
esoe
652
2928
3609
19O1
306
632
539
361
66054
a
2~
-------
Nicholas County
p
v:
297
296
289
290
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
TOTAL
r— '
C
U
C
U
•g
-H
6
K
48d
561
439
601
464.
197
466
483
91
71
867
370
5138
facturing
a
c
X
195
17
39
4
36
13
3
30
3
50
19
0
409
sportatlon
£j
2
H
338
386
468
522
47?
101
269
33ft
107
59
370
331
3769
o
•o
r)
H
13
14
8
18
45
16
11
26
2
14
52
5
236
0!
o
U
^
U
10
43
72
105
33
70
30
39
72
7
23
157
113
764
•H
ti
•a
4-1
1-1
o
0
156
2727
0
126
19
2
26002
12
7
6
0
29057
culture
•rl
CO
•*
1356
5038
9633
3946
4958
0
7463
2428
0
9
8435
1079
44995
ral Extraction
o
5
a
732
640
0
1535
1798
200
2349
281
0
0
2486
0
10021
velopcd
o
•a
c
°
31691
56924
29155
487O1
54986
1152
28310
9574
482
215
24443
40323
325956
•a
a.
o
r-<
-------
LAND US^ CBt AC35S) - 1970
Pleasants County
N
H
V)
«27
828
829
830
esidential
K
352
243
155
247
anufacturing
JE
94
0
42
0
ransportation
H
529
510
82
733
0
•0
o
t-l
17
4
23
3
ervices
M
32
16
30
67
ultural
0
1582
21
57
286
o
rH
U
•F-l
eo
ineral Extraction
ndevc loped
< S P
1533
2972
0
5163
0
1
0
0
19285
19145
315
32640
eveloped
«
4139
3767
389
6496
a
o
»
•O -rl
§*
rH CO
SJ^
Q
366
358
1 1
611
TOTAL
997 136 1854 44 145 1946 9668
71385 14791 1346
Pocahontas County
528
529
530
531
532
533
591
593
237
4
12V
330
298
171
111
181
6
0
18
19
6
160
3
31
998
133
470
1249
829
830
439
73
29
0
1
7
26
60
13
31
48
0
20
10
2644
21
116
22
12838
19539
0
784
230
90
1900
0
19713
C
8780
31545
18680
663O
8005
1
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
10
61249
5540
69046
116321
83975
80708
46949
937
TOTAL
1511 243 4991 167 2881 35381 93354
33919 1AP7
19676 394
9418 1226
33951 2348
22713 1667
7932 1385
10587 899
340 20
17 464725 138545 9426
Preston County
916
917
918
019
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
540
247
430
401
853
289
566
133
1050
356
470
0
6
2
1
11
33
1
a
51
1
4
1574
188
1427
1004
1389
458
1780
150
1216
1 184
1393
2
1
3
2
6
19
4
2
7
0
3
22
A
85
117
161
60
372
21
138
5
137
0
5
19996
0
0
24
2823
10
600
1005
6592
12746
101
124*3
6904
10385
57
19652
235
7110
17469
14224
211
0
O
1056
1830
3
10
10
493
10
10
45513
214
29358
18547
22613
81
48136
194
26639
-•34626
37954
150<»5
554
34386
94B5
14635
943
25208
574
10865
20030
22833
947
12
996
436
562
16
1 146
12
5B6
854
950
TOTAL 5340 120 11763 49 1122 31255 101325 3633 263875 154608 6539
Putnam County
363
364
365
366
367
3a8
359
370
371
372
39O
TOTAL
30*
261
316
556
339
324
117
257
735
?90
80
3599
39
8
0
9
0
4
3
16
14
0
425
578
989
101
281
1077
288
676
207
237
1263
544
1
5664
22
18
6
3
47
13
15
3
28
20
Id
193
38
34
10
16
19
14
54
9
62
40
6
302
731
1
379
22
666
1
618
1
537
147
60
3163
1*28
6938
7
2724
4150
1424
8857
1733
682
10774
7558
2
44849
0
20
0
49
0
0
255
0
0
0
294
618
36827
170
6652
13574
7329
25887
7750
10187
38555
17897
630
165458
9061
470
3716
58b2
2783
9889
3002
1205
13413
8599
886
58906
717
10
1C2
304
1 £8
559
168
178
812
414
24
3506
-------
LAND USS (IN AC5F.S) - 1970
Raleigji County
*
N
H
Vt
1 J7
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
163
164
165
166
Io7
16B
169
170
171
172
173
a
•rl
U
C
U
•a
•H
CO
16
24
65
6
1 1
18
7
32
9
13
27
8
37
32
15
73
27
4
6
135
0
0
33
18
0
12
O
13
111
0
r4
ta
u
.-1
3
U
1
1
196
1
1
2
1
386
1
61
300
1
1
7
121
11
11
1
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
878
ei
a
*j
r-l
^3
U
Ti
00
<
1383
1271
6684
7153
937
0
736
4140
1807
961
7689
3002
O
O
0
0
1
C
1
1372
134
2735
6356
4475
1671
469
O
335
1071
0
Extraction
ri
a
ei
c
•H
£
563
48 j
991
0
725
0
1
7
2
I
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
998
1786
65
0
0
1
1
0
•0
u
c.
0
rH
O
U
•a
c
53
33045
19027
20762
33062
23640
93
2521
15958
5495
1450
16414
9404
173
76
93
134
34
137
240
10671
1864
11316
49003
3*279
5336
1834
234
3566
7224
865
•a
o
c.
a
a
>
u
a
2667
2477
8934-
7642
2344
163
1O63
5602
2155
2070
88O2
3908
339
436
483
570
542
311
464
2449
1592
2904
10389
6873
2088
1110
22
786
1736
895
(3
< f~
•O vl
C £
0
•J •
c
TIC
4J
0
H
558
336
464
636
406
4
56
340
220
55
3^4
208
a
8
9
11
9
7
11
205
54
23O
928
643
116
46
4
140
26
TOTAL
8037 119 8767 321 752 2023 56390 5637 308450 82046 6102
Randolph County
614
615
616
617
618
M9
620
621
622
623
627
6*>a
236
297
171
355
302
641
463
329
1 14
176
J12
2oa
0
2
e
10
i
14
2
10
179
10
5
0
662
669
783
406
788
1285
1277
104
73
95
383
383
0
2
0
3
9
35
1
16
14
4.
15
3
22
2018
25
26
17
15
34
85
19
62
30
31
6
9443
1
1
5
1034
170
9
A
O
105
5
732 C
5800
8563
608C
6975
15469
15330
0
C
O
6767
10151
19
73
73
2
6
0
16
1
0
0
70
1
79941
7264Q
65600
33741
40473
43011
175534
342
109
293
12793
16188
8315
18304
9624
8883
8103
18493
17298
554
403
347
7687
10782
1379
1421
1491
666
759
961
3013
14
8
10
320
421
TOTAL
305 241 6908 102 2384 10783 84453 261 560865 108793 10463
-------
LAND US5 (IN ACRSS) - 1970
Ritchie Count-,
B
CO
a
•H
4J
a
v
•o
10
&
686 418
687 305
688 266
639 152
690 345
701 162
702 144
TOTAL 3072
CO
u
eg
c
c
o
-ft
u
Rl
VI
M
O
P.
0)
3 1516
1 R37
2 1256
5 54
4 449
15 82
O 395
51 7867
01
rt
14
H
1O
9
6
3
8
2
72
0)
o
u
•rl
O
CO
24
19
26
22
18
25
5
238
R)
M
3
0
^
3
U
69
Extraction
Rl
U
O
c
•a
u
P.
o
r-t
O
e>
•a
£
139P 27586
3 16589
1524 17516
1 0
62 8773
6 0
1 1273O
5734 142618
85 74816
0 37341
71 53127
3 717
0 14365
1 725
4 17337
281 340162
•a
o
o.
o
O
31040
17763
20665
243
9654
299
13281
a
u
*D M
|S.
V
•-4 (A
O
H
1654
861
1153
15
375
16
478
159334 7803
Roane County
564
565
566
567
568
56«
571
612
499
654
621
2
156
648
12
6
6
24
0
e
6
1086
1305
1623
1005
1
94
1151
37
9
78
78
0
19
46
85
58
34
40
125
14
35
12
10
12
67
0
-r
13
23700
13975
22510
1702
O
13
129A&
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
26872
37826
57O67
59631
O
122
39491
TOTAL
3192
62 6265 267 391
121 79846 15 221009
25544 819
20862 917
24917 1281
3537 987
128 2
326 7
14845 849
90159 4862
Summers County
175
176
177
1 78
1 79
180
1 83
1 84
191
217
628
632
72
847
136
259
628
0
0
6
23
1
4
21
22
0
0
461
8<»0
861
67
683
249
835
277
O
10
5
12
2
5
14
25
2
0
14
10
16
1
263
24
20
7
0
16047
8636
2304
0
222
10
65
70
704
6726
12831
9463
0
4414
O
10C98
5324
0
0
0
D
0
0
0
0
0
0
11213
27490
33345
241
29146
826
30596
17346
0
23475
23006
13311
143
6438
454
11324
6308
704
542
789
729
6
556
20
655
370
11
TOTAL
3419
77 4323 75 355 28058 48856 544 150203 85163 3678
Taylor County
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
785
786
105
291
89
is
1 16
306
227
83
71
i r i
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
18
0
0
92
160
183
61
229
572
191
64
285
330
0
10
1
0
0
1
133
21
1
0
1
44
0
0
2
1960
26
4
3
2
0
0
0
3621
0
730
0
0
0
320
1694
1942
2519
356
4729
11506
0
0
6959
6654
544
1349
0
0
0
638
0
0
0
0
2684
8108
3603
3560
7468
17759
555
194
6889
1 11B5
2436
3796
2792
4056
5076
15713
597
190
7319
9417
80
166
100
119
196
523
18
6
222
322
TOTAL
1417
38 2167 167 2042 4671 33359 2531 62010 51392 1772
-------
LAND US1-: (IM ACH5S) - 1970
1\icker County
c
o
N
H
CO
608
809
810
611
612
813
814
esidential
K
332
117
92
144
82
59
134
anufacturing
*
69
0
0
17
0
2
0
ransportation
H
458
617
713
275
353
196
533
01
•o
rt
H
10
0
0
1
5
2
1
ervices
w
34
5
4
16
7
6
9
ultural
u
5
7863
40
106
14
1
2
griculture
<
2631
9010
5205
2519
112
112
291 1
ineral Extract
S
1
0
a
0
21
4
4
ndeveloped
t»
33S80
71 343
34778
13754
18350
26370
36835
•o
at
Ou
o
i-i
a)
0)
n
3540
17612
6054
3076
594
382
3594
rt
01
x-x
|S
i-l V
id to
U v
H
580
1390
638
263
296
418
632
TOTAL
960
88 3145 19 81 3031 22500 30 235015 34854 4217
Tyler County
632
833
8J4
83 L
836
337
200
363
153
50
98
456
0
2
15
3
48
17
485
1062
580
36
202
921
1
1
3
3
8
3
7
24
9
69
16
8
0
363
0
0
130
0
10047
14775
16542
30
0
9950
0
0
0
0
400
0
25100
461 10
2901
193
186
34582
10740
16610
17707
191
902
11255
560
980
322
e
17
716
TOTAL
1345
85 3286
19 133
493 51644 400 109072 57405 2601
Upshur County
604
605
606
607
609
61 0
61 1
612
488
1
230
56
303
142
325
953
13
0
15
27
18
56
10
33
1694
0
160
88
326
500
709
1611
17
0
33
12
25
18
118
6
33
35
12
15
11
6
33
20
525
10
17
0
8
132
64
536
15076
0
1
0
6536
8602
592o
14954
10
0
2
5
281
186
40
50
53440
18
234
437
21288
10582
23977
53619
17856
46
470
203
10008
9642
7127
18163
1114
1
11
10
489
316
486
1 [22
TOTAL
2498 172 5588 229 165 1292 52997 574 163595 63515 3549
-------
LAND TJS=: (ri ACPES) - 1970
Wayne County
5*5s
N
H
in
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
22«5
226
227
229
229
230
231
232
233
ential
•a
•rl
ra
ft
CU
o
o
u
"O
s>
42096
61410
34318
24547
119
42228
2680
3403
2776
509
1565
2022
1605
355
69
350
1 14
121
•o
o
o.
o
tH
01
o
o
15O56
23505
34930
8861
329
17548
1992
2997
1384
899
1251
922
285
251
162
78
519
n
IL
"O -rl
B*
i— 1 M
(A K^
^j
o
H
893
1327
1082
522
7
934
73
100
65
22
44
4ft
2ft
10
5
a
3
10
TOTAL
3207 366 6807 33 646 33892 65681 524 220287 111156 5179
Webster County
520
531
522
523
524
525
526
39
969
93
277
514
149
182
2
99
5
2
3
35
46
394
79*
44
227
652
447
730
2
83
7
14
5
9
6
0
41
46
57
12
9
38
382^0
2110
11
17000
O
0
7C77
0
10050
8
190
2161
436
625
22
45
0
31
0
29
0
24789
61295
1258
26298
78509
33318
47336
38699
14225
214
17798
3347
1114
•9304
992
11PO
2J
689
1279
538
965
TOTAL
2223 192 3292 126 203 65058 13470 127 27243 84701 5586
Wetzel County
839
840
841
843
844
B45
848
649
85O
391'
413
195
85
151
302
483
215
1 078
0
4
26
O
4
36
376
0
0
723
1 151
103
124
96
214
1191
789
471
12
5
12
2
20
71
0
1
21
53
31
17
20
7
34
22
5
60
1492
9714
12
1
0
200
15
0
10
4964
4810
16
83 G
0
O
5558
4978
2331
0
17
O
O
0
16
0
0
38
25389
50031
195
3217
746
279
50541
36380
19908
7635
16145
381
1071
278
873
7635
5988
4009
516
1034
9
07
16
18
909
662
374
TOTAL
3313 446 4852 144 249 11444 23496 71 186686 44015 36005
432
-------
LAND US^ (IN ACR=S) - 1970
Wirt County
N
r)
•rl
U
C
3
m
&
on
l-l
o
p.
a
o
at
u
-a
c
a.
o
n
o
•a T4
O
H
682
693
TOTAL
618
266
1345
19 1339
2 34
0 633
21 2256
26
190
14
91
221
6
8903
24874
11
B77S
0 60919
1 39
1 42309
27337 1379
345 6
19073 959
40 295 9132 33664 2 103267 46755 2355
Wood County
6J6
637
633
639
640
64.1
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
6-32
653
654
655
656
657
66B
669
670
671
677
673
170
183
111
146
23B
13
I 13
281
I 15
145
100
19
558
141
194
227
313
277
265
1 IB
129
260
348
0
2BS
271
1 B
247
171
??fi
0
O
0
0
462
0
1
0
22
20
107
6
If.
0
1
13
3
t
30
17
64
3
164
4
0
1
O
3
1
609
7B5
360
447
49
73
417
49
104
163
37
43
55
72
120
101
274
71
282
110
Ql
9t>
17
4?7
446
710
412
505
711
2
O
0
0
10
0
31
0
7
8
1
19
11
15
19
26
12
12
8
5
23
31
0
26
0
8
0
1
2
7
5
2
3
5
1
25
9
39
11
5
3
13
15
8
36
15
20
2
15
117
62
1
22
2
120
17
B
35
10
0
0
0
0
0
120
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
17J>
0
0
163
120
7
16
17
0
0
12
0
120
t
0
1 1346
8046
7Q03
10247
508
960
4685
5£
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
22C
0
0
c
113
2427
6548
0
4459
6830
6604
3
5
O
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
4
0
0
^
3
1
14
0
2
1
0
O
27
0
9
33
41
18691
21640
13029
9160
789
3205
4680
1627
b5
594
86
9
16
214
282
271
696
619
11936
613
303
1106
345
4038
• 10998
1127
5552
16571
26626
12157
8952
8411
10936
1067
1147
5560
229
315
302
170
631
240
29B
550
497
584
533
800
283
593
558
295
3194
7306
857
5264
7557
7614
48?
478
33 5
314
29
66
leo
29
6
14
4
10
4
S
13
12
20
in
199
14
14
26
10
113
286
31
169
377
535
TOTAL
5534 959 7636 277 623 767 70961 147 154888 86904 3778
-------
UNO 'JS=: (IN ACPF5) - 1970
Wyoming County
c
o
«B
3^-
N3
H
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
1 33
134
1 35
a
4J
0
0
•o
0)
0)
P!
463
?82
230
671
196
494
1 196
266
110
38
127
274
422
246
3*S4
00
c
•H
4J
u
CO
<4-i
3
C
s
13
0
9
5
0
23
0
18
7
0
9
0
0
2
0
o
4J
t-1
O
p.
0)
c
}4
H
364
312
431
721
161
270
641
186
57
31
76
271
377
199
171
O
•EJ
n
H
4
13
37
3
0
54
34
3
14
1
43
5
13
O
5
m
a>
u
•H
>
K
a>
w
2B
35
53
36
16
15
59
0
19
9
40
43
13
0
18
rH
a
l<
s
f^
^
u
o"
23
19
8
3
65
8
0
34
0
20
3780
6
0
36
a>
3
4J
rH
3
U
tJ
00
<
1320
1016
0
5486
694
2249
1438
510
C
0
O
1546
0
497
1242
Extrac
r-l
c3
^4
o
c
•H
X
12
ioa
22
1343
137
182
O
11
O
0
1
6
94
0
1 16
o
c.
o
iH
U
>
U
c
3
30800
16179
35167
44205
11975
19688
32912
14750
783
113
452
18779
20067
21594
22816
•o
0
CL
o
o
>
0
p
2224
1769
801
8275
1209
3352
3376
994
241
79
316
5925
925
934
1952
0
<*-*
•a T!
c X
a
>J •
tr
0 >-"
4J
O
H
516
312
562
620
206
36 O
567
246
16
3
12
386
328
352
387
TOTAL 5379 86 4278 229 386 4002 160015 2032 292295 32392 5073
Note: STZ is a standard traffic zone.
Source: West Virginia Department of Highways, Statewide Traffic
Assignment Model Study, n.d.
-------
STAT5WIEH FACILITY DATA - 1970
N
H
w Barbour County
801 BROADOUS
51 ANIMALFOS5ILS
58 C.WAHSALTPETERCAVE
56 HAYNESSALTPETERCAV
801 COVEREOBRIDGE
802 AUORA
802 AUDRASTATEPARK
788 TwINLAKES
803 HERSHEYHUDKINS
803 HUDKINSCAMP
803 TETERCREEKLAKE
805 PLEASANTCREEK
79O BARBOURCCUMPYCLUB
803 CAMPBARBOUP
789 BELINGTONINDPARK
802 COADETACHMENT
801 COCHOUSEPHILIPPI
789 BELINGTONBRANCH
801 PHILIPPIPUBLIC
789 BEL INGTON
801 PHILIPPI
806 KASSON
802 PHILLIPBAREOUR
801 ALDERSON-BSDADDUS
S02 S1MP5ONAIRPORT
801 PHILIPPI
601 PHILIPPI
789 BEL INGTON
832 PHILIPPI
Berkeley County
981 MARTINSBURGVAHOSP
971 MARTINS8UBGCITY
971 KINGSDAUGHTERS
967 NORBORNECENTER
966 SNODGRASSTAVEPN
971 BOYDVILLE
97i ADAMSTEPHENHOUSE
965 SLEEPYCREEKPHFA
984 FALLINGWATERS
984 YOGI8EARSJELLYSTON
966 toOODBRIERGCLFCQURS
982 MARTINSBURGGOLFCLU
964 CAMPFRAME
974 MARTINSBURGPLAZA
967 BERKELEYPLAZA
961 8EPKELEY2NCUSTRXAL
974 SCHMIDTBAKINGCO
971 SHEPPAROSTIENCO
c
Q
•H
(0
u
•H
IS-*
•H
0)
CA
BJ
T" 1
CJ
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
to
10
to
C
o
"£,
n
o
iw
Tl
0) •
w .
re
iH
0
.0
en <
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
7
1
1
5
6
6
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
2
a.
1-1
z
tfl
^4
1)
i
S
i
i
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
t
1
1
1
t
1
t
2
2
t
2
2
2
I
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
1 2
2 1
2 1
3 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
4 1
4 2
7 1
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
Berkeley County
continued
973 ROYCEHOISEPYHILLS
962 PETINC
961 CORNINGGLASS
984 OUPONT
971 NATIONALFRUIT
974 PERFECTIONGAPMENT
971 MARTINMARIETTA
966 GENERALMQTORS
967 COCDETACHMENT
971 NGUNITMARTINSBURG
972 WEPMANMARTZNSBURG
972 WESMAMMAPTINSBURG
971 COCHOUSEMBURG
956 NAYLOPMEHORIAL
971 MARTINS3URGPUBLIC
984 NOBERKELEYBRANCH
967 MARTIN5BURGNORTH
971 MARTINSBURGSQUTH
962 MUSSELMAN
966 HEDGESVILLE
971 HARTINSBURG
966 J.RUMSEYVOC-TECHCE
972 MARTINSBURG
970 O'BOYLETANKLINES
971 WHITTINGTONTRANSFE
972 COOKMUTORLINES
982 CONSOLIOATEOFRTWAY
984 RUDECARRIERCORP
961 MARTINSBURGMUNICIP
971 HARTINSBURG
969 WHEATLAND
969 WINDE-WALO
971 GATtWAYINN
972 MARTINSBURG HOTEL
984 MDTEL81
961 PIKESH3E
967 HOLIDAYINN
967 SHAOY3EST
969 FLAGG
969 RON-OE
5
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
6
8
8
8
6
9
10
10
10
1O
10
to
10
10
1O
to
2 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
1
2
3
3
S
6
6
6
1
1
2
2
2
4
2 2
3 3.
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
4 1
3 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 *
2 2
2 2
2 2
-------
.STAT-WTF. FACILITY DA7A - 1970
=Ss
N
Marion County
continued
o
o
V
W
m
a
1-1
o
c
o
O
u
=ce
N
H
V)
Marshall County
continued
g
•H
C <->
o rt
T* U
VI v<
(0 *M
U -ri (X
-rt m >H
«M M f
•rl D 01
01 i-4 H
m o a)
a jo e
3
O
County
1035 HANMACOAL 6 52
1035 WHEELXNGPITTSTEEL S 5 2
1035 BENWOOD 9 1 X
1O31 MCMECHEN 911
1020 MOUNDSVILLE 9 31
1018 TERRACE 10 22
1021 WRIGHT 1O 22
1023 HAVEN 10 22
1023 REILLEYAPMS 10 22
1029 MOUND 10 22
1020 GRAV5CREEKMOUND 11 11
1021 MOUNOSVILLEGENERAL
1023 FEYNOLDSME*GRI«_
10.14 MCCONAUGHEYHOME
1020 GRAVECREEKMOUNC
1020 GPAVECREEKMOUNC
101B OUIETRESTCAMPING
1029 MOUNDSVILLECCCUUE
1020 MOUNDSVILLEPLAZA
1035 COOK'SPLAZA
1032 GARVINSJERSEY,1NC»
1035 WHEELINGSTEEU
1023 MARXCO
1023 TRIANGUECDNDUITCC
1016 PITTSOURGHPLATEGUA
1016 MQBAYCHEMICAL
1018 ALLIEDCHEMICAL
1022 FOSTORIAGLASS
1022 U.S.STAMPINGCO
1O20 COAOETACHMENT
1021 NGUNITMOUNDSV1LLE
1020 WEIFAMMOONOSVILLE
IO20 COCHOUSEMOUNDSVILL
1021 MIPACLEVALLEYREGIO
IO31 MCMECHENPU9LICBRAN
103* CAMERONPUBLICBRANC
046 SAIIMTJOSEPH
1020 MOUMDSV1LUE
1020 STFRANCZSXAVIER
1031 &TJAMESANDJOHN
1032 SHEPtRARD
1032 OURLADYGFPEACE
1035 UNION
1023 JOHNMAftSHALL
1031 BISHOPOONAHUE
1034 CAMERON
1021 KITTLEHAUUING6SUPP
1023 Gl_ENOALEAI«PARK
1016 ALLIEDCHEMICAL
i016 HANNACOAL
1016 P»P.G»CHEMICAl.S
1016 MOBAYCHEMICALS
1020 VAULEYCAMPCOAl.
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
4.
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
e
a
e
8
8
8
2
2
3
I
1
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
5
6
6
6
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
I
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Mason County
SAO PLEASANTVALLEV
592 LAKINSTATE
539 POINTP8GROUND
539 PTPLEASANTMDNUMENT
535 ASHTONKIVERVIEWCAM
536 JER3YSRUNCAMPINGAR
536 CHIEFCCRNSTALKPHA
538 SHADYrfATERSRESORT
592 MCCLINTIC*ILDLIFE
592 H1DDENVALLEYCOCLUB
536 MASONCOUNTVYOUTH
538 STAUFFERCHEMJCAL
540 WVAHALLEABLEIRCN
546 FOOTEMINERALCCU
536 GOODYEARTIRE
539 COBDETACHMENT
592 NGUNITPTPLEA5ANT
539 COCHOUSEPTPLEASANT
540 MASONCQPUBLXC
545 MAS3NCOUNTYPUBHC-
546 NEWHAVENPU3LIC
544 POINTPLEASANT
535 HANNAN
540 PDINTPt-EASANT
545 WAHAMA
544 KASONCOVCC-TECHCEN
592 MASONCOAIMPORT
537 UNIONCARBIDE
5*5 L1EVINGCGAL
545 RIVERCOAL
546 OHIOPOfcEP
539 POINTPLEASANT
539 LOWESMOTOR
592 REDCAHPETINN
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
a
a
e
a
8
9
10
10
2
4
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
7
2
2
3
3
I
2
5
6
6
6
1
2
2
2
4
4
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
1
1
1
S
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA - 1970
Ni
248
253
246
248
250
251
247
247
244
244
245
247
248
250
251
252
252
253
253
253
247
248
252
247
247
244
247
251
251
531
213
186
209
533
534
534
534
593
583
592
583
593
581
583
531
533
Boone County
BQONEMEMORIAL
FQRKCREEKPHA
fllVERVIENCCUNTRYCL
WALHQNDE
CODDETACHMENT
COBOETACHMENT
COCHOUSEMADISON
BOONE-MADISDNPUB
RAMAGE
JEFFERVSPENSER
WHARTON
MAOlSONOANVlLt-E
VANEL
WHITESVIULE
LORY JULIAN
COMFORT
SETH
ASHFORDRUMBLE
NELCIS
PEYTONA
SCOTT
VAN
SHERMAN
BOOrtECOVOC-TECHCEN
MADISON
WILLIAMS
HOMESTEAD
ROSEOALE
RANORMQTEL
Braxton County
GASSAWAY
C.WARSALTPETERCAVE
SLOTHFOSSILBONHS
GRISTMILUHIGGIBOTH
BEERUN
6KQCKRUN
KANAWHARUN
BRAXTONCQUNTY
COAOETACMMENT
NGUNITGASSAVlAY
WSGgAMSUTTON
COCHOUSESUTTON
GASSAWAYPUBLIC
SUTTONPU3LIC
GASSAWAY
5UTTON
N
1
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
1O
10
10
10
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
e>
6
7
7
2 1
2 1
4 2
4 1
1 l
5 I
6 1
1 1
t 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
4 1
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
7 1
1 1
2 1
3 2
5 1
6 1
6 1
1 1
1 1
536
583
581
583
533
58O
533
533
536
1079
1074
1083
1076
1077
1O77
1077
1O81
1082
1079
1O87
1078
1078
108d
1087
1087
1078
1O78
1074
1086
1O86
1078
1076
1079
IO78
1083
1O74
1076
1079
1079
1083
1083
1087
1082
1076
1074
1087
1076
1074
1031
1O86
Braxton County
continued
BURNSVILLE
BRAXTONCOUNTY
LINCOLN
MIDWAY
SUTTONAIRPORT
TPAVSLERS1NN
ELKMOTORCOURT
LAURELCCURT
MOTEL79
Brooke County
WELLSBURGEYE-EAR
JONdSNURSINGHOME
BROOKEHAVENINC
OLOMAINtBETHANYCCL
A»CAMPBEU_MANSION
PEACEPOINTCAMPGROU
BROOKEHILLSPARK
HIGHLANOSPR SGOLFCO
VILLAGEGREENGOLFCO
WVAPULPANDPAPERCO
FORTSTEUBENMETAL
MAMMOTHPLASTICS
CRESCENTGLASS
COLL tERSTEECCORP
SIGNODECORP
CONTINENTALCANCO
MURPHYFABRICATJON
EAGLECO
WHEELINGSTEEL
WHEEL1NGSTEEL
KOPPERS
COAOETACHMENT
WVBCFMBETHANY
COCHDUSE*eLLS8URG
BSO3K.ECDPUBUIC
HOOVERSONHTSBRANCH
BEECHBOTTOMMIDDLE
BETHANYM1DDLE
WELLS8URGMIOOLE
STJOHNWELL 5 BURG
FOLLANSBEEMIDOLE
STANTHONY
EDGEWOOOMIOOL.E
BROOKECOUNTY
BETHANrCOLLEGE
DONSWARTTRUCK INGCO
P.L.HIGGINSTRUCKtN
GRESHAMHOUSE
DONSMAPT
WEIRTONICEANOCOAU
-WHEEL1NGSTEEL
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
a
10
8
8
8
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Z
3
3
3
3
1
3
5
6
6
2
3
3
3
1
5
5
5
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
Z
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
2
1
1
1
1
I
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
. FACILITY DATA - 1970
Brooke County
continued
N
Cabell County
continued
1086 KOPPERS
1037 WcIRTONICEANOCOAL
1078 WELLSBURG
1083 FOLLANSBEE
10S7 WEIRTON
1074 WIDTQttN
1033 WASHINGTQNTRAIL
1077 BETHANYCOLLWDODS
Cabell County
315 HUNTrNGTONHOSPITAL
326 O3THOPEDICHTGN
326 OOCTORSNEMCPIAL
319 SAINTMARYHOSPITALL
323 GUTHRIEMEMQRIAL
326 CASELLHTGNHOSPITAL
312 HDRRISMEMORJAL
319 PLEASANTVIEMMANOR
319 CUSTODIALC-ARE
323 FAIPHAVENRESTHOME
325 BRUMFIELOSCARE
326 HILLVIEWNUR5ING
326 GOLDENYEAHSCOST
327 HUNTINGTON STATE
343 BARBOURSVILLESTATE
315 B&ORAILRQAODEPOT
316 OLDMA1N.MARSHALL
360 COLLINSTRAILERPARK
221 SUGARWOODGOLFtCCUN
341 GUYANGOLF&COUNTRYC
342 GLENaRlEHCCUNTKYO-
342 RIVieRACOUNTRYCLUB
343 KNO3HILLGDLFCOURSE
343 OFCHAROHILLSCCUNTR
344 DAVISCREEKCAMP
325 FAIRFIELDSTADIUM
326 FAIRFIELDPLAZA
344 EASTERNHEIGHTS
342 KYLEFIELDINDPARK
319 HUNTINGTONINDPARK
317 LOGANPACKINGCO
321 MA1DENFORM
360 BLENKOGLASS
322 DELAVALTURBINE
323 AfiMSTRONGCO.
322 KEINERSBAKERY
315 HTGNPU6L1SHING
317 ACFINDUSTRIES
319 PERRYNORVELLCO
324 OWENSILLINGISGLASS
8
e
9
9
9
10
10
11
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5 2
5 2
i i
i i
i t
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
21
A
2 2
2 1
2 2
2«
A.
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
4 1
4 1
1 2
1 1
2 2
4 1
4 2
4 1
4 2
4 2
4 2
7 1
8 1
2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
328
317
328
322
324
333
315
344
322
315
315
315
316
322
315
316
315
315
322
327
343
360
310
312
315
315
318
321
322
326
327
331
332
340
342
343
360
315
318
325
343
360
316
318
315
315
315
317
317
317
321
321
322
327
K.EP3GLA SSCQMPANY
CCNSORSSTEELCO.
INTNICKELCdfiP
ENSIGNELECTRICCO
HOUDAILLEINDUSTRY
CHEMTRONCOHP
HUNTINGTOHIND
COBDETACHMENT
NGUNITHUNTINGTON
VfGNTAMHUNT INGTGN
WKEEAMHUNTINGTQN
WKEEFMHUNTZNGTON
WMULAHHUNTINGTGN
WWHYAMHUNTINGTON
WHTNTVHUNTINGTON
WMULTVHUNTINGTGN
COCHOUSEHUN1INGTON
CAB5LLCOPUBLIC
MUKTINGTOXiMESTBRAN
GALLAHERVtLLAGEBRA
BARSOURSVILLEBRANC
HILTON6RANCH
SALTROCK
ONA
OLEY
SAINTJOSEPM
ENSLO*
SACREDHEART
WEST
HTGNHOSPITAL
LINCOLN
OUPLAOYOFFATIMA
BEVERLYHILLS
CAM^ACK
CCXLANOING
BARBOURSVILLE
MILTON
STJOSEPH
HUNflNGTGNEAST
HUNTINGTON
BARBOU&SVILLE
MILTCN
MARSHALL
CABELLCOVOC-TECHCE
HUNTINGTON
HUNTINGTON
REFRIGERATECEXPRE5
COHMERCIALMOTORFRT
RUSSELLTRANSFER
VELLDWFHEIGHTSYSrU
COO
-------
STATEWIDE FACIU1Y DATA - 1970
Cabell County
continued
Clay County
323
3H
3*1
359
342
317
319
32J
315
315
315
315
315
340
315
315
322
3*1
344
575
574
576
574
574
576
575
575
573
574
576
575
575
574
575
C. I.WHITTENTHANSFE
SMITHTRANSFER
CASEDFUVEWAY
CAR90LLTRUCKINGCQ
WILSONFREIGHT
NEIWLONAIRPORT
TPI-STATEMATERIAUS
QHIOKIVERCO
AMHERSTINDUSTR1ES
HUNTINGTON
F IF THA VENUE
FREDERICK
HUNTINGTON
JONES
BILTMOPE
HOHDAYINND3HNTOHN
UPTOWNERINN
TOURIST
GATEWAYINN
OUALITYCOUHTS
HOLIDAYINNEAST
STONELODGE
Calhoun County
CAUHCUNGENERAL
J.D«J. ACRES
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
1O
10
10
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 Z
3 2
4 1
5 2
5 2
S 2
S 1
I 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
RIVERSIOEGCLFCLUB
B.FaGOOORICHCO.
C08DETACHMENT
CQCHQUSEGRANTSVILL
CALHQUNCOPUaLlC
MINNORA
APNOLDSBURG
BROOKSVILLE
CALHCUN
CAL.HQUN-GILMERVOC-
HOUCHINS
RIVERSIDE
1
3
3
3
S
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
2
2
2
4
3
1
5
6
1
1
1
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
J
1
1
2
2
516 BRADLEVFIELD
516 CQBDETACHMENT
516 CCCHOUSSCLAY
516 CLAYCOPUSLIC
514 HEWHITE
515 BROtfNEL
515 LIZEMORE
516 CLAY
516 VALLEYFORK
516 CLAY
516 HENRYCLAY
Doddridge County
704 COADETACHMENT
706 COCHOUSE»ESTUNION
706 OODORIOGECOPUBLIC
704 GREENWOOD
7O4 SUMMERS
705 MIDDLE ISLAND
706 WESTUNIOS
707 BIGI5AAC
707 CARR
707 GREENBRIER
707 SMITHBURG
708 CENTEKPOINT
70S SEOALIA
706 DODDRIDGE
704 GREENWGCD
3
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
7 1
1 1
5 1
6 1
1 1
I 1
I I
\ 1
1 1
2 1
1. 2
6 ]
6 S
6 I
7 ]
7 1
7 \
7 I
7
7
7
7
7
7
7 ;
10 ;
i
L
L
2
2 2
-------
STA'ETO/ID-. FACULTY WA - I
N
w Fayette County
264 OAKHILLHOSPITAL
276 MONTGOMERY GENERAL
266 HILLTOPHOME
273 CHRISTIANHOME
269 BABCOCK
280 HAWKSNEST
255 PLUMORCHABDPHA
266 SLEEPYHOLLQhCAMPGR
269 BABCOCKSTATEPARK
281 PATTYHILLCAMPGROUN
284 NEWRIVERCAMPGROUND
205 RA INELLEGOLFCLUB
267 WHITECAKCOUNTFYCLU
294 HAWKSNESTCQUNTRYCL
272 CAHPBECKWITH
275 WASHINGTONCARVEP
267 FAYETTEPLATEAUPARK
278 UNIONCARBIOE
264 LONGAIRDCXCORP
264 CODDETACHMENT
200 COODETACHMENT
264 NGUNITOAKHILL
273 NGUNITMONTGOMERY
266 WOAYAMOAKHILL
266 WOAYFMOAKHILL
266 WOAYTVOAKHILL
273 COCHOUSEF*VILLE
260 MTHOPECOMMUNITYBRA
254 OAKHILLBRANCH
273 FAYETTECOPUBLIC
260 WOUNTHOPEMIODLE
261 SCARBRO
262 PAGE
264 COLLINS
265 ROSEDALE
265 OAKHILLCATHOLIC
257 SUMMERLEE
276 MONTGOMERY
277 OAKLAND
278 FALLVIE*
230 ANSTEDMIDDLE
282 CANNELTON
233 GAULEY5RIDGE
234 JODIE
256 MOUNTHOPE
258 MEADOWBRIDGE
264 COLLINS
273 FAYETTEVILLE
275 NUTALL
277 MONTGOMERY
280 ANSTEO
233 GAULEYBRIDGE
276 WVATECH
c
0
T4
CO
o
•H
lm
•H
CO
CO
cd
^H
CJ
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
C
o
4J
13
U
•H
U-l
•H
cn
(0
rt
t-H
CJ
w
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
7
7
1
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
o
T
^c
Cfl
^
a
*
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
=85
H Fayette County
OT continued
265 FAY5TTEPLATEAUVOC-
257 PRINCE
264 BRQW1ESSERVICEXNC
276 COOtMOTORLXNES
274 FAYETTEAIRPORT
2SO LEEHASSEYAIRPOHT
278 ALLIEOCHEHICAL
278 HUMSLECIL
278 UNIONCAR3IOE
264 OAKHILL
264 HILL
284 CONLEY
269 BABCOCK
230 HAW
-------
STATFWIDS FACILITY DATA — 1970
w Grant County
816 GRANTMEMORJAL
816 etGBEND
816 FOXANOOXCAMP
819 ROLLINGACRESCAMPGR
816 CAMPECHO
817 EOINBURGMFG
816 ALLIED/EGRYSYSTEMS
817 COCOETACHMENT
817 COCHQUSEPETERSBURG
817 PETERSBURGPUBL1C
817 PETERSBURG
818 UNION
817 SOBRANCHVOC-TECHCE
816 DETTINBURNTRUCKING
817 SOBRANCHMOTORFREIG
816 PETERSEURGAIRPORT
816 FOR THILL,
817 HERMITAGE
817 PARK
817 TOWNHOUSEMQTEL
818 BOB-INNMOTEL
818 MILCSMOTEL
81S MOUNTAINEER
819 LAHMANSHOMESTEAO
819 LITTLEBROWNeAT
Greenbrier County
130 GREENBRIERVALL.EY
189 G&EENBRZERMANOP
203 GREENBRIERCOUHTHOO
203 OLOSTONECHURCH
203 SUPREMECTL1BRARY
137 THEGREENBRIER
203 STUARTMANOfi
186 SECONDCREEKCAMPGRO
187 GREEN9RIERRIVERCAM
192 GREEN3RIERSTFOREST
192 GREEN5RIERMOUNTAIN
209 MOUNTA[NVIEWFARM
210 YOUNGSCAMPGROUNDS
210 BLUEBEND
210 LAKESHERWOQD
214 SUMM1TLAKE
137 THEGREENBRIER
187 THEGREENBRIER
187 THEGREENBRIER
187 VALLEYVlEHCQUNTRYC
202 COUNTYYOUTHCAMP
169 REDOAXSCENTER
187 WSSSHOPPINGCENTER
§
-H
a
u
•H
^M
•H
m
m
a
rH
1
3
3
3
3
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
c
o
TH
o
u
•H
•,_!
0)
0)
CO
f»(
u
JO
3
2
2
2
2
7
2
2
1
5
6
2
2
4
3
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
c.
•H
_r*
tn
M
O
6
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
2 2
3 2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
7 1
2 2
2 2
Greenbrier County
continued
205 GEORGIAPACIFIC
202 BENOIXCORP.
202 COODETACHMENT
190 NGUNITRONCEVERTE
189 WRdNAMRONCERVTE
203 COCH3USELE*ISBtRG
167 WTSULPHURSPRPU9LIC
203 GREENBRIERCOUNTV
205 CAINELLEPUSLIC
Id7 WHITESULPHUR
188 ALDERSCN
190 GREENBRIER
201 SHOOT
203 LEWISBURG
205 RAINELLE
206 RUPERT
209 WILLIAMSBURG
211 CHR1CHTON
213 RENICK
203 GREENBRIEREAST
211 GREENBRIERwEST
208 JCHNSONTRUCKINGCO
107 GREENBRIERA1RPORT
139 BDO.NEF1ELD
202 GREENBRIERVALLEY
206 RAINELLEAIRPORT
137 GREENBPIER
137 WESTVIRGINIAN
203 HOTELNEELY
187 ALVON
137 ALLSTATE
187 COLONIALCOUKT
167 MOUNTAlNBROViLOOGE
187 OLOWH1TE
187 VILLAGE
190 GATEWAYINN
202 OLDCOLQNYINN
202 SUNSETTERRACE
203 FORTSAVANNAH
203 GENERALLEWIS
203 LEtolSBURGTCViNHOUSE
2O5 RAINELLEMOTORLODGE
209 JIMS
209 MTVIEVtFARM
185 ORGANCAVEFCRMATION
186 GREENBRIERCAVERNS
136 HEDRICKSCAVE
201 MUDDYCREEKCAVE
202 LOSTWOPLOCAVERNS
210 NO,FORKANTHONYCRK»
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
a
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
2 2
3 2
1 1
2 1
3 2
5 1
6 1
6 1
6 1
1 1
I 1
1
1
1
I
1
1
I
1
2 1
2-1
3 2
4 1
4 2
4 1
4 1
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
-------
STAT'-MIK FACILITY D-.TA - 1970
N
Hampshire County
Hancock County
continued
U IO
948 HAMPSHIREMENORIAL
9*7 KIDWELLRESTHOME
9*6 COLDSTREAMCAMPGROU
946 COLOSTREAMK.O.A.
94*. JUDYSTRAILERCOURT
944 NATHAN1ELMT.PHFA
944 PARKER*SGROVE
944 WAPOCOMO
945 SHORTMT.PHFA
946 HAWKRECREATJONAREA
946 BAKER'SCAMP
943 MILESONSWALNUTGROV
949 GREENMEADOwSCAMPGR
946 CAPONSPHINGS&FAHM
94B KINNEYSHOECORP
947 COCDETACHMENT
947 COCHOUSEROMNEY
946 CAPONBRIDGEPUBL1C
947 HAMPSHIRECOUNTY
946 CAPONBRIOGE
947 ROMNEY
947 HAMPSHIRECOUNTY
947 HAMPSHIRECOVOC-7EC
946 CAPONSPRGSAIRPORT
943 MANORLANDPCST
944 KOOLWINK
946 G3EENLANTERN
947 HOUSERS
Hancock County
1104 WEIRTONOSTEOPATHIC
1105 WEIRTONGENERAL
1104 WIERTONCONVHOME
1114 OLDCQURTHOUSE
1092 TOML1NSCNRUN
1115 KENNEDYPARKVARINA
1101 VILLIAMSCOUNTRYCLU
1104 PLEASANTVALLEYGCLF
1114 WOOOVIEWGOLFCOURSE
1117 XATERFORDPARK
1093 TQMLINSONSRUN
1103 PREMIEPCENTF.R
1103 WE1RTONPCAZA
1116 NATIONALCHURCHCO
1092 AIRREOUCTION
1120 OHIQ6AASS
1119 CELOTEXCORP.
1115 OUAKERSTATE01L
1117 GLO9EREFRACTORS
1120 LAUGHLINCHINA
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
10
1O
10
10
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
1
5
6
6
1
i
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1119
1102
1102
1103
1103
1113
1101
11 13
1118
1101
1101
1103
1103
11 13
1118
1120
1103
1103
11 13
1103
1033
11 16
11 05
1115
1115
1119
1 1 01
10S7
1101
11 03
1117
1092
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
3
1
1
2
4
4
4
5
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
TAYLCRSMITHCOMPANY 5 32
NATIONALSTEEL S 32
STARVIGGINOUSTRY 532
COADETACHHENT 611
WEIRAMWEIRTON 6 32
COCHQUSENEVkCUM6ER 6 5
MARVHWEIRPUBLIC 6 6
SWANEYMEMORIAL 6 6
NORTHHANCQCKAREA 6 6
SA1NTPAUL 712
WEIR r
SAINTJCJSEPH 7 Z
SACREDHEARTOFMARY 7 2
NEWCUVBERLAND 7
CHESTER 7
WELUS 7
WEIR 7
MADONNA 7 22
OAKGLEN 7 2
WVANORTHENCOMM 7 3
WEIATONAIRPORT S 4
HFRPONFIELC 842
NATtONALSTEEU 8 52
QUAKERSSTATEOIL 8 52
C»F»Y»INC» 8 52
CHESTER 911
WEIRTON 931
TOWNHOUSE 10 2 2
WEJRTONMOTORINN 10 22
WEIRTON 10 22
WATERFOROtNN 10 Z Z
TOMLINSONRUNSP 11 2 1
-------
. FACILITY DATA - 1970
Hardy County
to
Harrison County
continued
824 FORTPLEASANT 212
622 LOSTRIVER 311
825 TROUTPONO 321
825 WOLFGAP 321
821 VALLEYVIEW 3*1
825 CAMPP1NNACLE 371
823 ROCKINGHAMPCULTRY 522
823 RAYGOLDNANU 522
823 COCDETACHMENT 611
821 WELDAMFISHER 632
823 COCHOUSEMOOREFIELD 651
823 HARDYCOPUBLIC 661
822 MATHIAS 721
823 MOOREFIELD 721
825 WAROENSVILLE 721
825 HARDYCOVOC-TECHCEN 741
824 MOOREFIELDMUNICIPA 841
825 SEES 10 I 2
822 LOSTRIVER 10 22
823 BEANSTOURIST 10 2 2
823 HARPERSMOTEt- 10 2 2
825 TROUTPOND 11 11
Harrison County
734 CLARKSBURGVAHOSP 1 12
727 UNITEOHOSPCENTER 1 21
740 UNITEDHOSPITALDOWT 121
740 LIDACLARKHOHE 1 32
760 HERITAGEHOME 1 32
771 LEVISHINNHOUSE 212
722 WATrERSSHITHNEM 311
755 TAYLORSTRAILERPARK 322
760 GLASSBARNCAMPGROUN 322
762 SYCAMOHEROADCAMPGR 322
724 BEL-WEADOWCCCLUe 341
726 CLARKSBURGCOCLUB 3 42
726 SUNNYCPOFTCOCLUB 342
726 HIDE-A-ttAYGCLFCOUR 341
731 CRESTVJEWGGLFCOURS 341
765 BPIDGEPOfiTCCCLUB 342
754 HILLSPLAZA 422
754 HOLIDAYPLA2A 422
754 TERRACEPLA2A 422
755 VALLEYHILLSCENTER 422
759 BENEOUMAIRINOPARK 512
735 NAIDENFDRM 522
732 HARVEY INDUSTRIES 522
739 EAGLECONVEXGLASS 522
727 1NGERSOLLRAND 522
739 HINKLEBROS
739 LOCKHCEDAIRCKAFT
740 ROLLANOGLASS
740 BPOCKWAYGLASSCO.
731 UNIONCAR8IDE
736 COADETACHMENT
768 COAHEADQUARTERS
727 NGUNITCLARKSBURG
761 NGUNITSALEM
740 WBOYAMCLARKS9URG
740 WHA5AMCLARKSBURG
740 WBOYTVCLARKSBURG
740 COCHOUSECLARKSBURG
740 CLARKSBURGPUELIC
754 BENEDUMCIVICCENTER
771 SHINNSTONPUBLIC
735 SAINTMARY
736 NORWOOD
739 BROADWAY
740 CENTRAL
741 NORTHVIE*
753 ALLSAINTS
754 BRIDGEPORT
756 SALEM
757 SUMHITPARK
764 GORE
766 WALLACE
770 ENTERPRISE
771 SHINNSTON
773 WYATT
.722 SOUTHHARRISCN
727 LIBERTY
732 WASHINGTON IRVING
735 NOTREDAME
740 ROOSEVELTWILSON
753 BRIDGEPORT
767 LUM3ERPCRT
771 SHINNSTON
756 SALEMCOLLEGE
740 KELLYMILLERVOC-TEC
764 UNITEDCAREERCENTER
74O CLARKSBURG
760 HALLSMOTORTRANSIT
731 COOKMOTORLINSS
733 BYRONCONST»C3
739 ALLECHEOYFRTLINES
740 ELMERG«BRAKEING
769 JOHNSONMOTORLINES
759 BENEDUMAIRPORT
754 BRIDGEPORT
756 SALEM
771 SHINNSTCN
740 CLARKSBURG
5
5
S
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
1 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
3 2
3 2
4 2
5 1
6 1
6 1
6 1
1 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
I
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
1 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
4 I
I 1
1 1
1 1
3 1
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA - 1970
c
o
c
o
Harrison County
continued
740 GORE
740 PARSONS
740 SHERATONZNN
740 STONEWALLJACKSON
727 TQWNEHOUSEteEST
733 RIVERBENO
736 GREENBRIERWOTOR
739 HCLIDAYINN
752 HEDGES
752 TOWNEHOUSEMOTOPEAS 10
752 TERRACE
755 ROTH
762 SUNCR6STCOUBT
764 CUROTZ
763 BARNES
Jackson County
550 JACKSONGENERAL
548 RIPPLINGWATERS
550 ROLLINSLAKE
554 RU3YLAKECAMPGROUND
555 GREENHILLSCOCLUB
549 CEOARLAKESCAMP
559 RAV5NSWOODPLAZA
551 MARTINISPORTSlftEAK
555 KAISERALUMINUM
550 COBOETACHMENT
550 HV.OVAMRAVENSyOOC
551 COCHOUSERIPLEY
551 JACKSONCCPUBL1C
558 RAVENSfcOOOeHANCH
543 KENMA
550 COTTAGEVILLE
551 RIPLEY
557 GILMOfiE
551 RIPLEY
559 RAVENSWOOD
S57 ARCHA.MOOREJR.VOC-
550 POINTEXPRESS
562 RAVENSWOOOAIRPORT
559 RAVENSWOOO
551 RZPLEY
551 ALPINEHOTEL
549 77MOTEL
551 COLONIAL
551 HI-WAY
559 EOGSWOQD
559 WASHINGTON
c
0
•H
jj
o
u
•H
*W
•w*
m
m
a
^ j
r^
u
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
jj
f3
U
•H
•H
m
m
n
,-H
u
WJ
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
7
2
2
3
1
3
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
3
4
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
a
•H
_f
«
%4
a
*
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
O
H
OT Jefferson County
1006 CHARL£STO*VGENERAL
1002 JEFFEHSONMANOR
1005 KNOTTSHOME
1005 JEFFERSONCOURTHOUS
99O CLAYMONTCOURT
1012 STPETERSRCCHURCH
989 TKAVELLERSREST
999 PRATOR1O
1014 RUMSEYHALL
1014 SHEPHERDSTOIftKiHIST*
990 HAREWQOD
1002 HAPPYPETREAT
1010 BEALL-AIR
1012 HISTORICALPARK
1014 RUKSEYMONUMENT
939 SHANG-RA-LA
1003 BLUER1OGEBENOFAMIL
1010 HARPERSFERRYK.O.A.
1010 SLEEPYHOLLCWGDLFCO
991 SHENANDQAHDOWNS
1002 CHARLESTOWNTRACK.
1010 SHENANDQAHPLAZA
1010 SHENANDOAHQUARHY
iOlO HALLTOWNPAPERCO
1006 DIXIENARCOCO
936 M1NNESOTAMINING
1006 POWHATANCO
1002 COCDETACHMENT
1005 WXVAAMCHARLESTOWN
1005 WZFMFMCHARLESTCWN
1005 COCHOUSECHARLESTO*
1005 OLDCHARLESTOtfNPUBL
1014 SHEPHERDSTO*NPUeLI
1002 CHARL&STOWN
1012 HARPERSFERRV
1013 SHEPHERDSTOHN
10O4 JEFFERSON
1014 SHEPHERDCOLLEGE
1011 HARPERSFERRY
1005 CHARLESTOWN
1011 H1LLTOPHOUSE
1002 KRATZ
1002 SHENA.MDOAH
1002 SPORTSHENMOTOR
1002 TOWMEHOUSEMOTOR
1002 TURF
1010 CLIFFSIDEMOTOR
4J
<3
U
U T<
O H-.
O -rl PL.
f* n -H
•** 10 £•
•H c» en
m r-t ^
01 o o
to js p
M ^ 5
U V) O
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
2 1
3 2
3 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 2
5 2
5 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
1 1
3 2
3 2
5
6
6
1
1
1
2 1
3 1
2 2
1 1
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
-------
STAT7.-JID-; FACILITY D'"A - 1970
e
o
Kanawha County
continued
5tl ELKVIEW
512 CUENOENIN
330 EASTBANK
383 NITHD
404 SAINTALBANS
413 SOUTHCHARLESTON
420 CHARLESTCNCATHOLIC
421 CHARLESTON
430 GEORGgWASHINGTON
434 STONE WALLJACKSON
465 DUNBAR
482 DUPJNT
503 SIS50NVILLE
512 HERBERTHOOVER
427 MORRISHARVEY
467 WVACGSTUOIES
467 WVASTATE
420 GARNETCAREERCENTER
465 B.FRANKLINCAREER&T
432 CARVEPCAREERCENTER
502 CREOEAOULTEDCENTER
420 CHARLESTON
430 CHARLESTON
411 GORDDNSTRANSPORT
411 SCHWERMANTKUCKING
421 ELKVALLEYMOTaflexPR
421 OKTRUCKINGCOMPANY
431 TOWERLINES
431 COMHERICALCARRIEPS
432 ALLECHENYFREIGHT
435 EAZOREXPRE55
435 JCHNSONMOTOPLINES
435 REINHARDTTRANSFER
435 PUINTEXPRESS
467 HALLSMOTORTRANSJT
471 CAROLINAFRTCAflRlER
471 LEMMQNTRANSPORT
471 CHEMICALTANKLINES
431 HOUFFTRANSFER
481 SMITHTRANSFER
431 UNITEOPARCEL
482 FALWELLFASTFBGIGhT
464- KANAWHACOAIRPORT
471 M1DWESTSTEELCORP
376 SCUAPPALACHIANCOAL
384 MATERIALSHANOLING
412 PARKCORP
414 FOODMACHINEKYCORP
414 UNIONCARBIDE
414 TROJANSTEEL
414 EVANSLEAO
430 KANA3HABLOCK
430 EXXONOIL
431 CAPITAL1RONCMETAL
c
o
•H
U
fl
U
•,_(
-H
to
1-1
o
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
£
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
H Kanawhs. County
w continued
467 W»VA»PAVING
467 UNIONCARBIDE
491 AMHERSTINDUSTRIES
432 DUPQNT
482 WALKERMACHINERY
483 VALLEYCAMPCCAL
435 KELLEYSCR&NkESTRR
486 APPALACHIANPQWER
488 MONTGOMERY IBONE.SCR
488 TEXACO
465 DUNBAR
338 NITRO
402 SAINTALBANS
413 SOUTHCHARLESTON
420 CHARLESTON
420 DANIELBOONE
420 HOLLEY
485 MID-WAY
384 GENES
384 JOHNSMILEYS
334 KANAWHATERRACE
334 RUSTIC
3&» 48STATES
405 BLAND
405 ELRANCHO
405 MODERN
405 TCWNCOUNTRY
411 LILLIANA
411 OWENS
411 HARVINS
411 WELCH
413 RAMAOA
420 HEART-O-TOON
420 HOLIDAYINNN01
420 HOLIDAYINNN02
421 MARV1NMIDTCHN
425 IVYTERRACE
427 KANAtfHAClTYVOTOR
480 GOODS
481 MOUNTAINLODGE
490 YOUNGS
504 PARKMOTEL
504 RIVERIA
511 COOKS
512 JACKSONS
512 STUMPS
391 OWARFANEMQVEBEO
413 SOCHARLESTONMOUND
q
o
C U
o rt
^ > - *
Ctf U-4
U 1-1
•H 10
iH rt
10 i-<
10 u
ID .0
«-l 3
U OT
8
6
a
a
8
6
8
8
B
6
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1O
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
tl
11
0.
•H
H
V4
01
5
o
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
2
2
3
3
5
I 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DA^A - 1970
N
Kanavgha County
Kanawha County
continued
411 H.J.THOMASMEMORIAL
412 SOUTHERNHILLS-PICK
42O KANAWHAVALLEY
420 EYEANDEARCLINIC
420 SAINTFRANCIS
CHARLESTONGENERAL
MCMILt-IANDIVCHARGE
427 CHARLESTONMEMORIAL
431 STAATS
394 RIVERSIDE
421 HARRELLNUHSINGHOME
421 HOUSEOFMERCV
421 MTSTATENURSING
425 HIGHLANOHOSPITAL
413 INDIANWOUNO
421 CPAIK-PATTONHOUSE
422 STATECAPITALHUSEUM
504 DBODNEROADSIDEPAHK
391 KANAWHASTATEFOREST
503 GREENBERRYFARMKOA
383 BIGBENDGOLFCOURSE
316 BERRYH1UUSCOCUUB
346 KANAWHACCUNTPYCLUB
404 STALBANSCHIP&PUT
434 CHARLESTONMUNICIPA
467 SHAWNEEGOLFCOURSE
505 COONSKINPARKGOLFCO
501 CAMPVIRGILTATE
421 LAIDLEYFIELD
402 GATEWAYCENTER
402 STALBANSPALL
421 PLAZAEAST
424 K-MARTPLAZA
465 DUNBARPLAZA
412 CHARLE.STONORDCENTE
406 PEERLESSINOPARK
431 PURITYBAKERY
421 WVASTEEL
43J TROJANSTEEL
421 KANAWHAMANUFACTOR
509 tLKREFININGCO.
420 TINCH5ROENTALLAB
4JI VALLEYBELLDAIRY
420 N'EWSPAPeflAGENCV
414 FMC
482 DUPONT
414 UNIONCARBIDE
412 UNIONCARBIOE
42* LIBBYOWENSFORD
435 TRUETEMPER
467 UN10NCARBIDE
411 COBHEADOUARTERS
411 CQBOETACHMENT
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
4 2
1 1
1 2
1 1
1 1
2 1
2 2
4 1
4 2
4 2
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
7 1
8 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
1 1
1 1
422 EXECOTIVEOFFICE
476 ACADEMY
481 TURNP1KEDETACHMENT
436 C08DETAOMSNT
5J2 CaBOETACHMENT
A02 NGUNITSA1NTAL.BANS
464 NGUNITCHARLESTON
465 NGUNITOUNBAR
332 WMONAMMONTGOMERY
402 WKLCAMSAINTALBANS
402 WKLCFMSAIN7ALBANS
413 W2DSAMSOUTHCHAR
420 fcKAZAMCHARLESTON
420 WTIPAMCHARLESTON
42O WXITAMCHARUESTQN
420 WKAZFMCHARLESTON
420 WTIQFHCHARLESTON
421 WCHSAMCHARLESTQN
421 WBESFMCHARLESTON
425 WCAWAMCHARLESTON
425 WVAFAMCHARLE5TON
420 WSAZTVCHA9LESTON
421 WCHSTVCHARLESTCN
420 COCHOUScCHARUESTON
338 NITRGPUBLICERANCH
402 STALBANSPUELICBRAN
413 SOCHARLESTQNPUBLIC
420 KANAWHACC^UBLIC
465 DUN3ARPUBLICBRANCH
330 EASTBANK
334 HCKJNLEY
385 WASHINGTON
337 MARMET
383 NITRO
402 FRANCISOFASSISSL
403 SAINTALBANS
406 HAYES
411 SPRINGHILL
413 SOUTHCHAKLESTON
42O SACREOHEART
421 ROOSEVELT
421 THCMASJEFFERSON
425 HORACEMANM
425 SA1NTAGNES
430 ADA«S
431 LINCOLN
431 SAINTANTHONY
434 WOODROWWILSON
465 OUN3AP
477 ANOHEWJACKSCN
432 DUPONT
435 CEOARGROVE
503 SISSGNVILuE
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
^
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-------
STAT^ITK FACILITY DATA - 1970
Lewis County
714 STONEWALLJACKSCN
714 HAPLE5CONVALESCENT
714 WESTONSTATE
718 JACKSON1SMILL
711 WOOOLANDGOLFCQURSE
718 JACKSONSMILL
719 LEtelSCOUNTYINDPARK
718 COLONIALGLASS
719 LEWtSCOUNTYGLASS
714 LOUIEGLASS
711 WESTVIRG1NIAGLASS
712 COAOETACHMENT
711 NGUNITWESTON
714 MHAWAHWESTCN
714 WHAWFMWESTON
714 WDTVTVUESTON
714 COCHOUSE*rEST3N
714 LEWISBENNETTWARMEM
710 WAL
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
T
7
7
7
7
6
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
z
2.
2.
2
1
4
4
7
3
1
2
3
3
3
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2.
2.
2
3
4
4
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITjf DATA - 1970
H
01
c
o
16
U
W
01
ffl
McDowell. County
11
12
12
2
10
2
12
12
11
11
3
4
4
WELCHEMEPGENCY
OOCTORSMENORI
STEVENSCL1NIC
PANTHERSTATEFi
GARYCQUNTRYCL
PANTHERYCUTHC
12 COODETACHMENT
11 NGUN1TWELCH
WELCAMWELCH
WXEEAMWELCH
COCHOUSEWELCH
MCDOWELLCO:
IAEGER
BRADSHAW,
THREEFORKS
6 8ARTLEY
7 WAR
8 BERWIND
9 COALWOOD
11 HEMPHILL
15 DAVY
16 KI MBALL
2O ELKHORN
21 ANAWALT
3 IAEGER
7 BIGCREEK
10 GARY
12 WELCH
19 NORTHFORX
12 MCDOWELLCO
12 CAREEREOCENTER
17 VIVIANMII
11 WELCH
16 WELCHMUNICIPAL
i1 WELCH
5 BEAUTVREST
5 SPRATTHOTOR
11 BELCHER
12 JOHNSON
15 POCAHONTAS
16 BIGFDUH
Marlcn County
863 FAIRMONTGENERAL
870 FAXRMONTEMERGENCY
655 SISHINGt»ELLHOM=
864 ST8ARBARASMEMORIAL
B68 WALHUTGROVEHOME
870 EASTFAIRMONTHOME
835 COVEREOBRIDGE
c
o
cd
O
•H O.
01 -H
-------
STATOJIIF. F^dTI^Y IUTA - 1970
t-t
V)
fiercer County
26 STLUKESHOSP17AL
27 BLUEFIELOSANT
38 PRINCETONCOMMUNITY
26 STMARYSNURSINGHOME
27 GREENVALLEYHONE
46 GLENWOOOPABKHOME
S3 PINNACLEPOCK
52 BLUEJAYCAMPINGAREA
27 BLUEFIELDCOCLU8
48 PRINCETONELKSCQCLU
46 GLENWOODPARK
25 BLUEFIELOPLAZA
36 THEPRINCECCRP
49 6LUEPRINCEPLAZA
27 BETSYROSSBHEAC
27 WVAARMATUae
36 COPPINGEHMACHINERY
27 NAT'LELECTRICCOIL
23 DAILYTELEGRAPH
24 BAILEYLUM8ER
25 JOYSERVICECENTER
48 MAIDENFORMINC
48 ROCKWELLINT
40 CQOOETACHMENT
36 NGUNITBLUEFIELO
38 NGUNITPRINCETON
23 WKOyAPBLUEFIELO
25 WHISAMSLUEFIELD
25 WHISFNBLUEFIELO
ft7 WAEYAMPRINCETON
25 WHISTVBLUEFIELO
40 COCHQUSEPRINCETON
23 BLUEFIELOPUBLIC
J8 PRINCETONPUELIC
27 CENTRAL
27 FAIRVIEW
38 PRINCETON
48 GLENWOOD
24 PARKUNGRADED
27 BLUEFIEUD
38 PRINCETON
50 OAKVALE
51 ATHENS
52 SPANISH8URG
S3 BRAMWELL
53 MATOAKA
S3 MONTCAUM
2* 8LUEFJELDSTATE
51 CONCOROCOLLEGE
40 MERCERCOVOC-TECH
26 BLUEFIELD
24 BLUEFIELO
24 CONSOLIDATEOMOTOR
49 OVE^^4ITETRANSPORT
49 POINTEXPRESS
c
0
T*
U
o
0
•H
t_<
•H
W
a
o
rH
CJ
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
c
o
, -1
^"
*J
a
u
•H
U4
•H
m
w
o
i-t
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J3
3
M
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
4
4
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
1
2
3
3
3
&
-rt
_*^
•Jl
Vi
u
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
Mercer* County
continued
49 SMITHTRANSFER
36 MERCERCOACRPORT
40 PRINCETON
23 BLUEFIELD
23 WESTVIRG1NIA
25 MILNERMATZ
40 VIRGINIAN
40 RIVEPIA
39 GATEWAY
40 TCWN-O-TEL
47 EOENRQCK
47 HOLIDAY INN
47 PRINCETON
47 TOWNANOCOUNTRY
47 TURNPIKE
43 GREENTREE
49 BELA1R
49 BRIAR
49 HIGHLANDER
49 HOLIOAYINN
49 RAINBOW
49 MIDWAY
51 MTLION
53 PINNACLEROCK
6
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
3 2
4 1
2 1
3 1
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
-------
FACILITY DATA - 1970
N
Mineral County
O CO
N:
£-•
CO
Mingo County
continued
O
O
O
CO
to
cd
O CO
ti
O
•H
•p
a
o
co
S
-g
O 0)
932 POTOMACVALLEY
939 FORTASHBY
93O NANCYHANKSMONUMENT
930 NANCYHANKSMEMORIAL
939 ROCK-A-WAYBEACH
930 MILLCREEKCOCLUB
937 CAMPMINCO
937 KEYSERINOUSTRIALPK
932 KEYSERGARMET
938 HERCULESINC.
932 COCDETACHMENT
933 NGUNITKEYSER
937 WXLPFMKEYSEP
932 COCHOUSEKEYSER
931 PIEDMONT
932 KEYSERMINERALCOPUB
929 NEWCREEK
930 BURLINGTON
933 SAINTFRANCIS
941 WILEYFORO
928 ELKGARDEN
931 PIEDMONT
932 KEYSER
939 FORTASHBY
941 RIDGELY
933 POTOMACSTATE
9 12 MINERALCOVQC-TECH
937 SPENCERTRUCKING
929 MILLERFIELO
941 CUM8ERLANDMUNICIPA
932 KEYSER
932 MERRYRAY
929 HENDERSON
929 POTOMAC
929 TOLLGATE
930 VALLEY
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
10
2
1
1
2
2
4
7
1
2
3
1
2
3
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
3
4
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
t
2
2
2
2
2
71 BEECHCREEK
71 REOJACKET
72 THACKER
60 WILLIAMSON
69 BURCH
72 MAGNOLIA
77 GILBERT
79 LENORE
si KERMIT
60 SOWVACOMMCOLLEGE
60 MINGOCOVOC-TECH
60 WILLIAMSON
80 POINTEXPRESS
67 MINGOCOAIRPORT
60 WILLIAMSON
60 MOUNTAINEER
60 MUSICK
6O "TMMOTEL
67 PHILLIPS
74 JUSTONIAN
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
&
e
9
1O
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I-'ingo County
60 WILLIAMSONMEMOPIAL
82 LAURELCREEK
68 RIVERVIEWPARTHREE
63 TUGVALLEYCCCLUB
50 CODDETACHMENT
60 NGUNITSILLIAMSON
60 WBTHAMWILLIAMSON
72 WHJCAMMATEWAN
60 COCHOUSEWILLIAMSON
60 WILLIAMSONPUBLIC
69 MINGOCENTERDELBAR
66 NOLAN
67 CHATTAROY
1
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
2 2
2 1
4 1
4 2
1 1
2 1
3 2
3 2
5 1
6 1
6 1
-------
: FACILITY DATA - i?yo
o
N
w Monongalia County
910 MONONGALIAGENERAL
90S MONOGENOOMNTOWNOIV
910 WVUHOSPITAL
911 SUNOALERESTHOME
90S ALEXANDERWAOEHOUSE
891 HENRYCUAYFURNACE
908 OLDIHONWORKS
914 MONTCHATEAU
891 COOPERSROCKSTATEFO
914 SANOSPRINGSCAMPING
906 MOUNTAINEERGOLF&CO
906 MEAOOWPONOCLUB
912 PINECGUNTRYCt.ua
914 LAKEVIEWINN&COCLUB
891 CHESTNUTRIDGE
903 CAMPMUFFLY
908 MOUNTAINEERFIELD
911 MORGANTOWNPLAZA
908 WVANEfcSPUB
9O9 SENACAGLASS
909 BEAUMONTCO
909 MORGANTOMNGLASS
908 GREERLIMESTONE
910 MILANPHARMACEUTICA
903 MORGANTOtaNMACHlNE
911 OAVISLYNCHGLASS
892 MORGANSHIRTCO
892 STERLINGFAUCET
910 COADETACHMENT
912 NGUNITMORGANTOWN
903 WAJRAMMORGANTOWN
903 WCLGAMMORGASTOkN
90S WAJRFMMORGANTOfcN
908 WWVUTVMORGANTOWN
908 COCHOUSEMOPGANTOKN
903 MORGANTOWNPUBLIC
892 SABRATON
9O2 WAITMANBARBE
906 CASSOISTRICT
907 RIVERSIDE
907 WESTOVER
908 WORGANTOViN
908 STFRANCISDESALE
911 SUNCRESTFLATS
912 CHEATLAKE
893 NORGANTOVtN
901 CLAYBATELLE
908 UNIVERSITY
910 STFRANCISCENTRAL
908 WVAUNIVERSJTY
909 HVAUNIVERSITY
910 WVAUNIVERSITY
e
0
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j i
«0
0
•H
U-l
•H
M
m
0
•H
O
1
i
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4-1
r>
u
^j
Tfl
IM
•H
CO
m
c3
r-4
a
.0
3
C/J
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
4
4
4
6
7
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
c.
•H
*»
"m
^
O
3
I
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
d
o
c
o
to
u
Monongalia County
continued
MONONGALIAVQC-TECH
MORGANTOMN
LEWISTRUCKING
CONNERSTRUCKING
HORGANTOWNMUNICIPA
MORGANTOWNORD.toKS.
CHRISTOPHERCOALCO.
MONONGALIAPQWER
CHRISTCPHERCOALCO.
CHRISTOPHERCOALCO.
VANCECOALCO
*E STOVER
MORGANTOWN
LAKEVIEWINN
MONTCHATEAU
MORGAN
WESTOVER
MID-CITY
MORGANTOWN
MOUNTAINEER
SANORALEE
HOLIDAYINN
AIRPORT
BABBLING8ROOK
HOLIDAY
CH1NOUAPINOAK
Monroe County
55 ANDREWROWANMEMHOME
55 OLDSWEETSPRINGS
55 MONCOVELAKE
56 B.F.GOODKICHCO
56 CODDETACHMENT
56 COCHOUSEUNION
56 MONROECOPUBLIC
55 GAPMILLS
53 GREENVILLE
56 UNION
53 PETERSTOWN
56 SUNNYSIDETCURIST
56 PENCESTOURIST
53 MONROE
58 UNDERGROUNCPONC
H
co
893
908
892
905
912
932
902
906
906
906
907
907
903
914-
914
909
907
903
933
910
911
91 I
912
912
912
910
n)
u
•H
*W
•H
CO
CO
A
0
7
a
8
8
8
8
a
8
a
8
8
9
9
10 •
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
IM
•H «X
0) -rt
m f.
a co
rH \*
U 01
•s 1
M O
4 1
1 2
3 2
3 2
4 1
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
2 1
4 I
1 2
3 1
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
1
2
3
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
11
3 2
1 2
2 I
3 2
1
5
6
1
I
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA - 1970
o
•H
C u
o «
•H w
JJ -H
U
to
o
=*=
N
IO
Morgan County
m
Vw
O O
3 I
to O
CO
Nicholas County
continued
e
o
•H
4J
U
•H
ID
M
2
a
-rl
*
m
<-( »4
o at
V)
956 WARMEMORIAL
956 VALLEYVIEWNURSING
956 CANOOCANAL
956 BERKELEYSPRXNGS
954 CACAPON
956 BERKELEYSPRINGS
956 RUMSEYMONUMENT
955 CACAPONSOUTH
955 COOLFONTRECREATION
955 TR1-LAKE
957 KAR-TUR-HOCAMPGPQU
957 ND8LESMUSICHALL&CA
956 PZTTSGLASSSANDCO
956 COCDETACMMENT
956 WCSTAMBERKELEYSPGS
956 COCHOUSE9SPRINGS
952 PAWPAWPUBLIC
956 NOPGANCOPUBLIC
952 PAWPAW
956 BERKELEYSPHINGS
957 POTOMACAIRPARK
954 CACAPON
956 PARKVI£ttINN
956 WASHINGTONHOUSE
955 CACAPON
955 MILLERS
955 MOUNTAINSTATE
955 PARKMAVENMOTOR
955 TIM3ERRIDGE
955 OANOOMOTEL
956 BERKELSYSPKINGS
Nicholas County
305 SACREDMEART
301 SUMHERSVILLEMEMORI
208 CARNIFEXFERRYeATTL
289 BATTLERUNREC*AREA
239 SUMMERSVILLEK»O.A,
304 BIGROCKCAMPGROUND
307 INDIANROCKCAMPGROU
301 N1CHOLASCOGOLFASSO
304 CHERRYHILLCOCLUB
301 NICHOLASHEMPARK
290 BOISECASCADE
288 CARROLLSHOECO.
289 BRIGHTOFAMERICA
306 SaF.GOODRICHCO*
301 COOOETACHMENT
305 COOOETACHMENT
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
5
6
6
2
2
4
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
6
6
2
2
1
1
1
1
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 2
4 2
4 2
7 t
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
1 1
1 1
305
306
307
302
306
287
287
288
288
289
289
290
290
290
301
301
303
303
304
306
306
306
307
307
308
302
396
288
239
290
306
306
301
302
302
302
304
306
307
NGUNITRICHfcOOO 621
WVARAMRICHWOOD €> 3 2
COCHOUSES'VILLE 6 5
ELIZABETHSTEPHENSO 6 6
RICHWOOOPUBLIC 6 b
DIXIE 7
OTTERCREEK 7
KESLERSCROSSLANES 7
ZELA r
MOUNTUOOKOUT 7
HOUNTNEBO 7
FLEGEPRIDGE 7
LEIVASIT 7
NEWHOPE 7
GLADECREEK T
MUDDLETV 7
CANVAS 7
NETTIE 7
FEN WICK 7
MILLTOKN 7
RICHWOOD 7
TANNERY 7
BEAVER 7
CRAIGSVILUE 7
B1PCHPIVER 7
N1CHOLASCOUNTV 7
SHELTONTRUCKING
SUKMERSVILLEAIRPOR
RICHWQODMUMC1PAL
RICHWOOD
OAKFORO
MOUNTAINSTATE
LAKESERVICE
OXFOROINN
SAINTMCMCLAS1HN
MARLWOOQ
WATERGATEINN
MID-TOWN
8
8
6
9
10
1O
10
10
10
10
JO
10
I
2
2'i
32
42
41
11
1 2
22
22
2 2
2 2
22
2 2
22
If 52
-------
FACILITY DATA - 1970
N
H
CO
1038
1049
1045
1040
1039
1091
1064
104S
1091
1091
1091
1091
1039
1091
1091
1040
1047
1064
1042
1040
1038
1040
1043
1049
1 049
1046
1040
1038
1038
1042
1047
1038
1038
1038
1038
1038
1067
1038
1038
1038
1040
1038
1039
1039
1040
1041
104T
1043
1044
1047
1047
1049
1049
1 949
Ohio County
WHEELINGHOSPITAL
OHIOVALLEYGENERAL
GOOOSHEPHcROHOME
INDEPENDENCEHALL,
SUSPENSIONBRIDGE
MANSIONMUSEUM
DALLASPIKECAMPGROU
WHEELINGPARKGOLFCO
OGLEBAYPARKCRISP IN
OGLE8AYPARKPAR3
OGLEBAYPARKSPEIDEL
WHEELINGCOCLUB
WHEELINGDOWNS
OGLEBYPARK
CAMPRUSSELL
WARrfOODCENTER
ELMTERRACEPLA2A
CALLASPIKEI-70
WEIMERPACKING
CONSOLIDATEOCORP
M.MARSHANDSON
CENTREFOUNORY
WHEELINGCLQSURECC
BLOCHBROSCO
CONTINENTALEAKING
WHEELINGMACHINECO
WHEELINGSTAMPING
WHEELINGSTEEL
OGDENNEWS
BLAWKNOXFOUNDRY
COADETACHMENT
WKWKAMWHEELING
WWVAAMWHEEL ING
WKWKFMWHEELING
WWVAFMWHEELZNG
WTRFFHWHEELING
WNEUAMWHEELING
HTRFTVWHEELING
COCHOUSEWHEELING
OHIOCOPUBLIC
UAR4000BRANCH
WASHINGTON
MADISON
BLESSEDTRIMTY
CORPUSCHRISTI
WOOOSOALE
CLAY
CATHEORALGRADE
SAINTMICHAELS
BFIOGESTREET
STVINCENTOEPAUL
RITCHIE
WEBSTER
SAINTALPHONUS
c:
o
-H
JJ
13
U
•H
IM
myj
01
s
•H
CJ
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
S
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
C
o
T-l
tJ
a
u
•H
•H
0)
(0
rt
rH
u
3
CO
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
7
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
c.
Tl
^f
U)
CJ
6
5
i
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
N Ohio County
w continued
1065 TKIADELPHIA
1040 WARWOOD
1043 CENTRALCATHCLIC
1044 MTDECHANTELACAOEMY
1046 TRIAOELPHIA
1049 WHEELING
1043 WVANORCOMMCOLLEGE
1044 WHEELINGCGLLEGE
1070 WESTLIBERTYCOLLEGE
1043 MCKINLEYVOC-TECH
1038 WHEELING
1040 TOWERLINES
1040 WARWOODTRANSFER
1049 COMMERCIALKOTOPFRT
1049 COOKMOTORLINES
1049 EASTERNEXPRESS
1049 HALL'SMOTORTRANSIT
1049 HOUFFTRANSFER.
1049 SMITHTRANSFER
1049 YELLOWFREIGHTSYSTM
1049 CONSOLIDATECFRTWAY
1072 OHIOCOAIfiPCRT
1040 EXXON OIL
1040 SUNOIL
1040 AMERICANOIL
1049 CONTRACTORSSUPPLY
1049 STANDARDSANCG.GRAVL
1038 WHEELING
1038 MCCLUHE
1038 ROGERS
1033 WHEELING
1091 OGLEBAYWILSONLOOGE
1033 DCWNTObNERINN
1038 HOWAROJOHNSON
1038 MIDCITY
1045 GROVETERRACE
1O45 FORTHENRY
1064 RAMADAINN
1065 STONEHOUSE
o
•H
C u
o eg
•H U
« -H
flj IP^
O Tt CL
•H 0) -H
-------
FACILITY DA~A - 1970
o
In Pendleton County
630 MACK'SCABINS
631 BUANOSCAMPINGAREA
631 SENECARECREATIONAR
631 SPRUCEKNOBBECAPEA
631 YOKUM'S
633 THOMPSONSMOTEL
634 BPANOYWINELAKE
634 CAMPRUNREC.AREA
634 SUGARGROVECAMPSITE
634 SMOKEHOLE
630 THORNSPRINGSPARK
632 FPANKLININOPARK
632 HANOVERSHOECO
632 CDCOETACHMENT
632 COCHOUSEFRANKLIN
632 PENDLETONCOPLBLIC
631 SENECAROCK
632 FFANKLIN
633 UPPERTRACT
634 BRANDYWINE
631 CIKCLEVILLE
632 FRANKLIN
631 HEORICKS
631 YOKUMS
632 MOUNTAINSTATE
632 NEWFRONTIER
632 THOMPSONS
634 BRANDY*INE
630 S1NNIT-THORNMTCAVE
63O TROUTCAVEFORMATION
631 SENECACAVEKNS
631 PRINCESSSNQWBIRD
631 SHALESINOWEEO
631 CANBY'SMT.LCVEP
633 SMOKEHOLECAVE
Pleasants Coanty
630 MAGNOL1AMANOR
830 &IVERSIDECAMPING
830 STMARYSCOUNT3YCLUB
829 OUAKSRSTATECO
627 AMERICANCYANAMID
829 COADETACHMENT
829 COCHOUSESTMARYS
8JO SISTERVILLEPUBLIC
829 PLEASANTSCOPU8LIC
829 PARK
829 SAINTMARYS
829 PRTVOC-TECHCENTER
827 MONONGAHELAPOWER
827 HOSPITALITYINN
829 QUALITY1NN
o
•A
*•
o
-r(
*M
•rl
V)
M
U
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
1
3
3
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
10
10
a
u
•H
-) 0-
0> -H
ca J=
2.
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
•
£
1
1
1
]
*
:
i
-------
. FACILTT: DATA - 1970
922
9I>»
918
926
92 2
922
925
921
9?2
921
921
922
920
921
921
923
916
922
924
916
919
920
921
926
921
922
921
917
923
919
9ia
91B
920
921
921
923
Preston County
PPESTONMEMORIAU
HJPSMUNTSTATE
B^DHORSETAVERN
CATHEDRAL
APP^LACHIALAKE
PRESTONCOCLU<3
ALPJNRLAKE
PP.ESTONC04-HCAMP
KINGWOQOINDPARK
INT5PSTATELUMBEP
PITTSF*URGVALUECO
SHF.JOCWBRONZECORP«
KINNEYSHOECO
COAOETACHMENT
NGUNITK ING MOOD
WFSPAMK INGWOOD
CnCHOUSEKINGWOOD
KtNCWOOOPUBLlC
TERRAALTAPUDLIC
FELCOWSVILLE
ALBRIGHT
VALLF.Y
POWLESBUPG
AUROPA
NE'WBURG
TUNNELTON
KINGWOOD
TCKRAALTA
VALLEY
BPUCETON
PPESTONCOEDCENTfER
CAMPDAWSONAIRPORT
KINGwnOD
HQWAPP
DUNNINGTON
FAIRLEA
MILUSTONELODGE
SUNRISE
MAMtE'S
KINGWDOD
THEINN
SPAHP'S
c
o
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«J
4«
(3
a
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>H
•ri
m
01
a
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CJ
i
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
B
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
ID
10
1O
e
o
•r^
3
CO
2
4
1
I
2
A
6
7
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
3
5
6
6
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
4
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
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2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
t-o
Putnam County
372 IMOIAtlVlLLAGESITE
363 WESTEPNHILLSGdLFCL.
365 SLE=PYMOLLO«GOLFCO
366 PUTNAMVIULAGE
390 ROCKBPANCHINDPARK
390 HUBINDUST3IAL.PARK
390 FMC
370 B.M.P.CO.
3'3 PUTMAMFABTICATION
390 FMC
390 MCNSANTC
369 COBOETACHV.ENT
365 WPNSAMHUrtHICANE
369 COCHOUSEWlNFIELO
36* PUTNAMCOPU8LIC
36* HURRICANE
367 POCA
371 GF03GEWASHINGTON
365 HURRICANE
367 POCA
369 to INFIELD
372 BUFFALO
371 PUTNAMCOVOC-TECHSC
355 RLJ=FFFRriSTRUCKIN
366 MASON-DIX3MTANKLIN
365 MCLEANTRUCKING
3?0 CW=PNITETRANSFER
390 HF.NNE STRUCK ING
3^0 COASTALTANKLINES
390 FOODMACHINEPYCORP.
372 KANAWHAMFGR»CO»
370 HU33ICANEREADY-MIX
366 APPALACHIASPOWER
368 CLAXTDNF.SMITH.SR.
370 UNITJNBCrXER
390 AUL1EOCHEMI CAU
364 HURRICANE
368 MAPLfc'aDODLCDGE
•5S9 VALL.EY
2.
3
3
4.
5
5
5
S
5
S
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
a
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
'I 2
4 1
4 2
2 2
1 2
i 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
1 1
3 2
5 1
6
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
5 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
-------
FACILF'v
- 1970
o
aj*-
N
H
W
149
163
150
149
152
151
163
1 52
144
173
147
1 39
146
151
144
1 54
1 69
169
169
150
16*
145
169
144
152
164
152
153
153
153
153
155
152
l&O
150
137
137
141
141
142
142
143
144
145
148
149
150
151
151
I6t>
166
1 3*1
139
Raleigi County
BECKLEY VAHOSP ITftL
APPALACHIANHEGI3N
RALEIGHGENERAL
BECKLEYHOSPITAL
PINECREST
E AST BECKLET HOME
PINELODGEHOME
VULOWOODHOME-
LITTLEBEAVEP
GRANDVIEW
LAKESTEPHENS
LAKEV1EWGOLFCOURSE
TWINOAKSCGCLUB
BLACKKN IGHTCOCLUB
4-HCAMP
TDWNANDCOUNTRY
BY-PASSPLAZA
PFCKLEYPLAZA
NEWR I VER INDUSTRIAL
BEC KLEY NE*SPA»ER
GCEENBRIEROAIRY
LIVELYMFGREOUIPCO
B^CKLEYMANU
WI LCOXM ANUF ACTOR I N
CODHEAOOU ASTERS
NGUNITBECKLEY
WVPBFHBECKLEY
WBKtfAMBECKL^Y
WCJRAM8ECKLEY
WJLSAMBECKLEY
WCIQFWBECKLEY
WWNRAMBECKLEY
WSWPTVBECKLEY
COCHOUSE8ECKLEY
RALEIGHCOPUBLIC
PHODELL
STOCT
MARKTWA1N
SLAQFORK
SOAKCREEK
SOPHIA
MIDWAY
SHAOYSPRING
LESTER
ECCLES
FfiANClSDE SALES
PARK
BECKLEY
STHATTON
MAPSHFOPK
MOUNTVIEW
STOCO
SHAUYSPR1NGS
O
•H
U
•H
U-4
•H
M
m
n
u
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
S
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
rt
o
•H
en
(A
rt
f— i
u
.a
M
I
2
2
Z
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
7
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
1
1
1
2
2
P.
Tl
.e
M
fa
V
1
1
I
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
I
rS
K
142
147
163
166
167
153
171
159
150
163
164
150
150
144
143
149
150
152
I 52
152
153
155
155
155
623
623
623
627
621
619
615
620
620
62O
620
620
619
619
623
617
622
619
622
622
619
623
623
621
Raleigji County
continued
SOPHIA
TPAPHILL
WOOOR'JMWILSON
MARSHFORK
CLCARFORK
BECKLEYCOLLEGE
APPLACH1ANB IBLEINS
KALE IGHVOC-TECHSCH
BEOCLEY
SVITHTRANSFER
RALE IGMCOMEMORI AL
BECKLEY
ee-CKLF.Y
MOONGLO
RAVADA
STARLITE
CHARLESHOUSE
GREENBANK
HCNEY1 NTHEPOCK
PINECREST
EASTPAIN
GENEVA'S
GROSE'SPIKE
PAG3DA
Randolph County
DAVT-SMEMO^-TTL— -
MFMORIALGENCLINIC
NELLASNURSI NGHOME
NELLASINC
GASSAWAYOAVISHOME
fi ICHMTBATTLEFIELD
KUM8RABOWSTATEPARK
REVELLEGAMPGROUNDS
BEARHAVENRECaAREA
STUARTREC. AREA
LAURELF ORKREC. AREA
SPRUCEKNOftLAKEREC.
FLKSCCUNTRYCLU8
CAMPPIQNEER
TYGARTVALLEYMALL
COASTALLUMBERCO
ALLEGHENYL UM8ERCO
LABORATORY FURN ITOR
KELLYFOUNDHY
REIOUOAROBROSCO
BATASHOCCQPP
COCHEADQUARTERS
NGU"11TELKINS
WONEAMCLKINS
C
O
•rt
4ft
a
u
•r*
IW
i
rH
U
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
[cation
-n
in
•H
0)
01
3
^i
u
.0
w
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
1
3
4
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
7
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
D.
•t-4
at
u
*
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
i
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1"
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
-------
ED-. FACILITY DATA - 1970
ITS
ISO
17Q
175
177
175
175
177
179
193
175
175
179
17ft
179
180
176
ISO
130
176
177
179
183
179
190
183
130
179
180
175
176
177
Summers County
SUM.VERSCOUNTYHOSP
HINTONHOSPITAL
BIGBENDTUNNEL
PIPE STEM
BLOESTONE
BLUESTONEP.H.A.
PIPESTEMSTATEPARK
BLUESTONESTATEPARK
PENCESPRINGSCAMPGR
BASSUAKE
PIP5STEMGDLFCOURSE
PIPESTEMPAR3COURSE
WILLOWWOODCOCLU9
CAMPARTLOUGH
PENCE SPRSMANUFACTU
CODDETACHMENT
NGUNITHINTON
WMTDAMHINTON
COCHDUSEHINTON
F^RESTHILLS
JUMPINGBRANCH
PENCESPPINGS
SANDSTONE
TALCOTT
HINTON
SUMMERSCOVOC-TECH
HINTON
HINTON
PIPESTEM
SANDMAN
COASTTOCOAST
e
o
•H
n
o
T(
«W
•r4
n
o
(3
T1^
U
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
10
c
o
i^ i
•rt
1J
R
U
VM
•H
tn
CO
ra
rH
U
£
(O
2
2
1
I
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
7
2
1
2
3
5
I
1
1
1
2
2
4
2
4
1
3
2
2
o.
•H
,fj
U)
|^
4)
g
^
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
t
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
I
2
2
Taylor County
continued
781 TAYLORCOPUBLIC
781 GRAPTONMIOOLE
780 IND5CHOOLFOB9OYS
776 FLEMINGTON
78Z GRAFTOM
761 GRAFTON
778 TYGARTLAKE
780 CCZYHEST
780 GPAFTuN
781 CQ1SLIP
6
7
7
7
7
9
10
10
10
1.0
6
1
2
2
2
2 1
3 1
2 2
2 2
781
792
731
778
778
778
766
779
796
730
701
7OI
791
791
731
Taylor County
GFAFTONCITYK3SP
RESTHAVENHCME
NAT rONALCEMETEOr
MOTHER* SDAYSHRJNE
TYGARTUAKE
GPAFTONCITYPARK
TYGARTLAKESTATEPAO
TYGARTRIVERCAMPING
TYGA«tTLAKECOCLOB
GPAFTONCOUNTRYCLUB
CAMPTOWLES
HAPM3N
STREGISPAPERCO
WVAPLASTICS
CDADETACHMENT
WVUWAMCRAFTON
CQCHOUSEGRAFTON
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
6
6
6
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
A
4
7
2
2
2
1
3
S
1
2
1
Z
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA - 1970
N
U)
621
614
621
623
615
616
618
62O
622
627
617
610
621
621
617
619
619
61 o
620
621
ft2l
621
621
621
621
620
620
6?0
620
Randolph County
continued
COCHOUSEELKINS
VALLEYHEADPUBLIC
ELKINSPUBLIC
ELK INS
TYGARTVALLEY
PICKENS
CQALTON
HAPMAN
ELKINS
DAVISANDELK INS
HOM5STEAOCENTER
ELK INSRANDOLPHCOAI
TLK1NS
TYGART
CONRAOS
FARAWAYHILLS
CHEATRIVER
LOOP
ALPINE SPRINGS
ELK INSMOTORLOOGE
FOURS£ASONS
IRONHORSE
KAY* S
MARIAN'SGUESTHOUSE
SFNECA
SPRUCEFLAT
ALISMATRIVIALE
OTTERCREEKWILOERN
SINKSOFGANDY
620 SPHAGNUMSWAMP
6BJ
690
698
683
669
690
701
666
690
619
639
689
669
696
68R
6 '39
690
639
701
698
693
.701
Ritchie County
PiNEvre-awoME
SHEPHERDHOME
NORTH9END
NORTHBEND5TATEPARK
NORTHBENOCOCLUB
P I TCHIECO4-HCAMP
PENNSBOROMANUFACT
Rf TCHIEINOCORP
MID-ATLANTICGLASS
ECONOMY INDUSTR I ES
COADETACMMENT
COCHOUSEHAPRISVILL
PITCHIECOPUBLIC
SVl THVILLE
CAIRO
HAPRISVILLE
ELLF.N9ORO
HARHISVILLE
P^NNSHORO
NORTH3FND
THR1EPOINT
PENNSOORO
C
0
•H
4J
ie
u
*r\
1^4
•rl
0)
0)
n)
r-\
U
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
1
1
3
3
3
3
S
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
o
u
n
u
tu
i-l
in
0)
c
cH
u
1
5
6
6
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
^5
3
1
2
4
7
2
2
2
2
1
5
6
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
2
C-
•rt
r*
"5
14
o
°
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
I
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
^
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
2
2
Ste
p£
f .
.
566
569
563
554
571
566
557
569
571
569
569
569
569
569
569
555
565
566
567
567
569
571
564
569
569
571
567
56ft
Roane County
ROAMEGENERAU
GORDONMEMORIAL
SPFNCEPSTATE
SANDY«3RAE
ROANECCF- 1 ELOCLtia
COUNTY4-HCAMP
SPENCER INDUSTRIAL
MONAfiCHRUBBERCO
KELLWOOOCO
CO3DETACHMENT
NGUN1TSPENCER
WVRCAMSPENCEP
COCHOUSESP«=NCEH
ALPHAREGIONAL
ROANECOPUBLIC
LEFTHAND
NEWTON
GANOEEVILLR
CLOVER
LINDEN
SPENCER
REEDY
WALTON
SOENCEP
POM ILLERTRANSFER
T I MBERTPUCK INGCO
ROANECOAIRPORT
SM1THG9ANOVIFW
I
U
OS
o
•t*4
IM
^4
m
to
0
o
i
1
1
3
3
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
10
Ication
>M
•H
m
m
CQ
tH
U
13
3
co
2
4
4
4
7
1
2
3
1
2
3
5
6
6
2
2
3
3
4
p
P.
•H
_rf
in
^4
0)
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
_2
It 58
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA - 1970
5*;
N
226
21b
218
232
226
224
230
225
2J3
221
225
220
230
220
31 6
217
220
222
229
2J-*
22b
229
231
231
233
230
230
210
Wayne County
HUNT I NGT'UKkVAHOSP
CABWAYLINGCST.FORE
EASTFCRKCAMPGR-3UND
CAMDEN PARK
SPR I NG VALC.EYCOCLUB
NOVAMONTCORP
A"ER ICANRUBBERCO
PILGRIMGLASS
CORQINLIMITEO
COBOETACHMENT
NGUNITHUNTINGTON
COCHOUSSWAYNE
CeRcOOKgNOVAMEMDP I
WAYNE
CRUM
FORTGAY
WAYNE
BUFFALO
CLREOCKEN3VA
VINSON
TRISTATEAIRPORT
ASHLANDOIL
OGLEBAY -NORTON
UNIONCONCRETEPIPE
HUNTINGTCN
HOLLYWOCO
KFNOVA
GREATBLUEHERON
Lcation
-fl
IM
Tt
10
0)
C3
rH
o
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
B
8
6
9
10
10
11
siflcation
v/
0)
n
i-H
u
_f\
0
m
2
2
3
4.
2
2
2
3
1
2
5
6
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
5
5
5
2
2
2
1
JS
to
M
01
c
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
ti
Wetzel County
844
844
846
840
848
845
845
841
845
845
841
845
839
841
845
850
344
844
844
845
841
845
344
844
844
B-J9
WETZELCCUNTYHOSP
LEWISWET2ELHOME
MASON-OIXONLINE
LEWIS*£TZ£LP»H»A.
CAMPWETZEL
VIKIMGGUA55
DECHPATORrNOUSTRIE
COAD6TACHMENT
WFTZAMNS*M» VILLE
C JCHOUSENEWM* VTLLf
PADENC IT Yt»UBt. 1 C
NrWMARTINSVlLLEPUa
VALLEY
PAOENCITY
MAGNOLIA
HUNDRED
MATLACKINC.
OHt 3VALLF.YSAND&GPA
OHIOVALLEYSANDtGRA
DHI ORI VERSAND&G9AV
PACENCITY
NEWMART INS VILLE
RURLINGAME
SUNSET
TPAVELEKS
SOUTHERNS ALDEAGLE
i
1
2
3
3
5
5
6
6
6
6
o
7
7
7
7
8
B
B
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
2
3
1
2
7
2
2
1
3
5
6
6
2
2
2
2
3
5
5
5
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
.2
2
1
2
2
2
i!
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
Wirt County
Webster County
526
520
526
521
522
522
522
521
522
524
526
522
5?2
HOLLYRIVER
CRANSERRYRcC.AREA
HOLLYRI VERSTATEPAR
CAMPCAESAR
COCOETACHHENT
COCHOUSEWSPRINGS
WEBSTER-ADC ISDN
COWENADVANCEO
WEBSTER SP»INGSAOV
DIANA
HACKEPVALLEY
WEBSTERSPRINGS
MOTDRLODGE
RtOGABLES
522 M!NERALSP»ING5
521 FPASER*
1
' 3
3
3
3
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
11
2
1
2
2
7
1
5
6
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
692 CAMOBAPBE 3 T 1
683 PAVENSMETAL 522
693 COBDETACHMENT 6 t I
683 COCH3USEELI2A8ETH 651
683 DORABWOOOYAROMEMOP 661
633 WIRTCOUNTY 721
-------
. FACILITY nAmA - 1970
o
w Tucker County
aoa TUCKEPCCUNTYHOSP
808 WHITEGABLESHOME
812 FAI'^FAXSTONE
613 MTSTATEMUSEUM
809 BLACKWATERFALLS
309 CANAANVALLEY
812 FAIRFAXSTONEMONUME
809 BLACKWATERFALLSSTA
809 LAZYACRES
809 RESTRITECAMPGROUND
809 REOCREEKREC.AREA
813 SAYcRSCAMPSITES
814 HORSESHOEREC.AREA
809 CANAANVALLEYPARK
810 HCLLYMEADOMSCOCLUB
809 CANAANVALLEY
810 CAMPKIDD
814 HINCHCLIFFLUMBEP
BOB KINGSFORDCO.
808 PARSQNSFO3TKEAR
BOS PARSONSTANNING
808 COCDETACHMENT
808 COCH3USEPARSONS
308 PARSONSPUBLIC
808 PAF.SCNS
813 MOUNTAINEERSENIOR
811 AoMOOSECAREERCENTE
809 BLACKWATERFALLS
813 WORDENS
808 CARL'S
808 MARYLLOYOTOURIST
809 MDUNTAINVIEW
811 SUNSET INN
813 BLACKWATER
B13 GOLIGhTLY'S
813 M3UNTAINAIRE
813 STONE
809 RF.DCRFEK
OO9 PEDRUNBOG
809 BLACKWATERFALLS
County
836 SISTfPSVILLEGFN
63f> DURHAMHOUSE
836 WFLLSINN
836 CITVHALL
834 PREHISTORICRUINS
833 CONAWAYRUNLAKE
833 CAHOCOPPERHEAD
BJ3 TYCOFAIRCAMPGROUND
c
o
•H
*J
ft
U
•rt
IM
i-l
0)
D>
CO
tH
U
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
JJ
eg
u
•H
IM
•H
n
«n
«9
i-4
u
JO
3
to
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
6
7
?
2
2
2
1
5
6
2
2
4
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
L
o.
•H
&
n
14
O
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
834
833
836
837
S35
835
836
835
836
SJ5
836
Tyler County
continued
ST STEPSVILLECOCLUB
TYLERC04-MCAMP
UNIDNCAR3IOE
CORNINGGLASS
COCHOUSEM•BOURNE
TYLERCOPUBLIC
SISTEPVILLEMIDDLE
ELSWORTH
SISTERSVILLE
TYLERCOUNTY
WELLSINN
3
3
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
10
4 2
7 1
5 1
6 1
1 1
1 1
2 1
2 1
1 2
TIpshur County
607
606
612
604
A04
612
604
611
611
610
606
610
610
607
610
605
610
607
606
611
606
611
605
610
610
606
607
607
607
610
ELI ZABdTHCOf LI NNtM
SAINTJOSEOHHOSP
HOLBROOKHDME
PIONEERCAMPGROUND
LITTLEKANAViHARIVER
BUCKHANN3NCQCL.ua
UPSHURCOYCUTHCAMP
HFCKSSHOPPINGCENT-
BUCKHANNJJNPLAZA
EDMJNISTON INDPARK
PEIDBQARDDROS
COPHARTREFRACTORIC
MOOREBUSIMESSFORMS
COCDETACHMENT
NGUN ITBUCKHANNON
WWCFMBJJCKHANNON
WBUCAMBUCKHANNON
COCHOUSEBUCKHANNON
GIBSONPURLIC
STONEWALL J ACKSOREG
BUCKHANNONUPSHUR
B UC KHA NNON UPSHUR
WVAWESLEYAN
INTER-CITY TRANS POP
LEWISFIELD
BUCKHANNON
BAXA
COLONIAL
CENTENNIAL
PAPPAS
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
B
9
10
10
10
10
<£
2
3
2
2
4
7
2
2
1
2
3
3
1
2
3
3
5
6
6
1
2
3
3
4
2
1
1
2
2
£
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
I
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
-------
STAT^IIF. FACILITY DATA - 1970
N
to
644
644
648
645
650
652
660
671
641
639
677
642
653
650
677
653
639
648
671
645
656
671
671
651
653
644
647
647
648
668
640
668
663
6*5
654
646
640
646
652
6*0
655
670
669
677
657
6*4
644
644
671
671
Wood County
CAMDENCOCRKHOSTP
HARTMANNEENTHOSf
SAINTJOSEPHHOSP
CKEELMEMOBIALHOME
TURTLECREEKCENTER
GPEENLAWNINC
QHIOVALLEYHOME
WOKTHINGTONMANOR
BLENNERHASSETIS
OUTCHEFS8ENO4HCAMP
CORRALMARINA&CAMPG
SHADYRESTCANPING
SOUTHH1LLSGOLFCOUR
MINIBELGOLFCOURSE
WORTHINGT3NGOLFCLU
PAR-MARGOLFCLUB
PAPKERSBURGCOCLU8
BUTCHEPSBEND4-H
PARKER5SURGHIGHSTA
GHANDCFNTRALMALL
PARKSHOPPINGCENTER
SOUTHGATESHOPPING
K-MART
HILL'SPLAZA
PAFKERSBURGINDPLAZ
KFENECORP.
MISTYMANUFACTURING
STORCHOAKERY
lOEALDOXCO
OGOENNEWSPAPER
MTSTATESTE6LCO
AMERICANMETALCO
UNIONINSULATING
APCHANCECO
QAMESCO
STARCITYGLASSCQ
BROCKWAYGLAS5
CORNINGGLASS
PUPONT
fcALKERTEXTRON
JOHNSMANVILLE
MARgONCHEMl CAL
FENTONGLASS
PENNZOILUNITED
COt30ETACHMENT
NGUN1TPARKEPSBU9G
NGUNI TPAPKEPSBURG
WCEFAMPARKERSBURG
WPABA^PARKEPSBURG
WCEFFMPARKERSBURG
WKYGAMPARKERSBUPG
hKYGFMPARKEPSBURG
c
o
•H
a
a
V
•rt
•4-1
•H
05
CO
CO
r*
0
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
A
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
C
0
•r4
*J
4
u
^^
1*4
•H 0.
a -H
0) JC
a m
•-I M
u ai
*° 6
a 5
w o
2 1
2 2
2 1
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
I 1
2 1
2 2
2 2
4 2
4 1
4 1
4 2
4 2
7 1
B 1
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 Z
2 2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
1 I
2 1
2 1
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
=fe
K
644
644
644
652
647
647
649
651
653
656
657
648
648
650
654
655
657
669
671
657
644
642
644
644
644
644
6*7
647
647
651
651
657
657
671
677
645
668
645
652
644
644
669
677
677
644
644
650
656
669
669
659
Wood County
continued
WTAPTVPAPKER'SB'URG
COCHQUSEPKSBUPG
CAKMEGIEPU3LIC
VIENNAPU8LIC
SUMN5P
WASHINGTON
HAMILTON
VANOEVENOER
JACKSON
EDISON
FOANKLIN
PARKERSBURG
OESALESHEIGHTS
PKS3GCATHOLIC
STJO5EPHP3EPSEM
WILLIAMST3WN
PAUKE^SBURGSOUTH
PARKE-'SBUflGCQMMCOL
OHlOVALLtYCOLLEGE
WODDCOVOC-TECHCENT
DARKERSBURG
SM1THTRANSFEP.CO
OVERNITETSANSFEP.
PEOPLLSCARTAGE
UNITF.DDISPATCH
MoJ.DELTANDSON
HALL» SMQTOHTRANSl T
YFLLO*F«fEIGHT
CONSOL1TAD5D
CAPOLINAFQEIGHT
JOHNSDNyOTORHNES
ALL=CHENYFREIGHT
COCKMPTO9LINES
EAZOScXPRESS
WOQOCOAIftPDRT
OHI3RIVERSAND&GRAV
AMEqiCANVISCOSE -
PAP*E£RSRU»GSTEEL
V IENNA
PAPKERS3UPG
BLENNERHASSETT
PAH<
W2DGEWO3D
BRIARGATE
CHANCELLOR
U=»TOWNEEINN
ACROPOLIS
HILEY'S
GREZNACRES
HOL I DAY INN
JOBr'S
cation
Ti
«w
•H
n
o
a
u
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Q
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
ification
n
m
01
r-{
U
to
4
5
6
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
3
5
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
o.
!c
m
(U
o
2
- 1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1*61
-------
STAFWEE FACILITY DATA - 1970
N
w
129
132
129
132
132
127
123
123
123
129
Ul
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
127
129
1 31
131
132
132
1 15
122
123
124
1JO
131
J 32
123
127
129
123
127
131
132
129
Wyoming County
WrOMINGGENERAL
CUE ARFORKV ALLEY GOL
TfclNFALLSPAPKGdLFC
WYCMINGCOYOUTHCAMP
COOOETACHMENT
WWYOAMPZNEVILLE
COCHOUSEPINEVILLE
WYGMINGCOPUBLIC
MULLENSBRANCH
OCEANA8RANCH
HUFFCONSOLIDATED
BAILEY5VILLE
PINEVILLE
HERNDON
CQ4LMOUNTAIN
LONGBHANCH
GLENFORK
MATHENY
MULLENS
OCEANA
RCADPRANCH
GLENROGERS
JJH'JMCGRAWS
KOPPER&TON
BAIUEYSVILLE
PINSVILLE
H=RNDOM
MULLENS
OCEANA
GLENROGERS
WYDMINGCOVOC-TECH
WYOMINGCOAIRPOPT
WOLCE*s(S
MOUNTAIN
COWSHED
ROBERTS
TtflNFALLS
WYOMING
e
0
•rt
I*
U
•H
U-l
T«
c>
0)
c9
r-\
O
1
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
r
7
7
7
7
7
7
B
9
10
10
10
10
10
c
o
Ti
*J
rt
u
•rt
in
•H p.
B) -rl
» .e
a m
i-l M
0 Cl
•° ?
3 5
(A O
2 2
1 1
4 2
4 1
7
1
3
5
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
I 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 1
I 2
Source: West Virginia Department of Highways, Statewide Traffic Assignment
Model Study, n.d.
462
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA CODES
Facility Classification
Health Facilities
Historic Sites
Recreation Facilities
Shopping Facilities
Industrial Facilities
Public Service Facilities
Education Facilities
Transportation Facilities
Cities
Lodging Facilities
Fragile Areas
Numeric Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Facility Classification
Education Facilities
Transportation Facilities
Cities (Central
Business Districts)
Lodging Facilities
Fragile Areas
Subclassification
Junior Highs
Senior Highs
State Colleges and
Universities
Vocational Education Schools
Grade Schools
Bus terminals
Railway terminals
Truck terminals
Airports
Docks
2,500 to 4,999 population
5,000 to 9,999 population
10,000 to 24,999 population
25,000 to 49,999 population
50,000 and above
Hotels
Hotels
State Lodges
Unique Natural areas
Primitive areas
Numeric Code
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
1
2
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA CODES
Facility Classification
Heal th
Historic Sites
Recreation Facilities
Shopping Facilities
Industrial Facilities
Public Service Facilities
Subclassification
Veterans Hospital
General Hospital
Nursing Home
Mental Hospital
Historic
Prehistoric
Scenic
Geological
County line
State line
State Parks
Camp sites
Amusement parks
Golf courses
Race tracks
Ski resorts
4-H camps
Stadiums
Roadside parks
Other
Regional Shopping Center
Community Shopping Center
Neighborhood Shopping Center
Industrial parks
Major manufacturing Plants
(250 enployees or more)
Nediam manufacturing Plants
(100 to 250 employees)
Small manufacturing Plants
(less than 100 employees)
Department of Public Safety
National Guard Facilities
Radio Towers
Television Towers
County Court Houses
Public library
Federal buildings
Post offices
Civil defense centers
Sewage treatment plants
Numeric Code
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
464
-------
STATEWIDE FACILITY DATA CODES
Ownership Code
Public 1
Private 2
-------
6. LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY
6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is designed to supplement the ORBES Phase I support study
"Legal Analysis of Institutional Accountability for the Ohio River Basin"
by Nicholas White and John F. Fitzgerald (hereinafter referred to as "ORBES
Legal Study"). That study gave an overview of federal and state laws
"pertinent to the development and operation of energy conversion facilities
in the Ohio River Basin" (ORBES Legal Study, p. III-E-iii, 1977). But in
1977 the ORBES region did not include West Virginia, and accordingly West
Virginia state laws were omitted.
In supplementing the White and Fitzgerald study, this chapter adopts and
continues for West Virginia, the methodology and breakdown used by Professor
White and Mr. Fitzgerald. This approach begins with an "Overview" of the
legal institutions in the state (Part 6.2 of this chapter).
This is followed by the "identification of Institutions and Legislative
Authority by Process", which identifies "in more detail those governmental
institutions (agencies and departments) and their legislative authority as
such relate to different processes utilized in energy conversion." (ORBES
Legal Study, p. III-E-iii, 1977).
Finally, in Part 6.4 of this chapter there is a table identifying
institutions and legal authority by Media. As described by White and
Fitzgerald, this "part approaches the identification of institutions and
legislation by the media — air, water, land, etc. — that will be
impacted by the development and operation of the energy conversion
facilities. As an example, air pollution problems irrespective of whether
they arise from the extraction process or generation process are identified
in paragraph 1.0 in which air is the media." (ORBES Legal Study, p. III-E-iii,
1977).
In order to retain consistancy in the sectional breakdown, the same
numerical system is used in this process section and the media table as is
used in the White and Fitzgerald tables, except that in the process discussion,
each number is preceded by 6.3.
6.2 AN OVERVIEW OF LAWS RELATING TO ENERGY REGULATION
Most legislative and administrative authority over energy related activities
in West Virginia rests within the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources,
the West Virginia Department of Mines, the West Virginia Public Service Commission,
and the West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission.
West Virginia has neither a comprehensive environmental protection law or
agency, nor a power plant siting authority. Environmental concerns are vested
primarily in the Department of Natural Resources which administers water
programs and surface mining reclamation programs. Solid waste and air programs
are administered by the West Virginia Resource Recovery and Solid Waste Board
and the Air Pollution Control Commission respectively.
466
-------
The Department of Mines has duties with respect to coal mine safety and
miners' health as well as regulating coal mining procedures and techniques.^-
The Department of Natural Resources (D.N.R.) has authority and duties
with respect to a range of resource related activities. In addition to the
traditional type of authority over wildlife, parks, state forests, and water
resources, the D.N.R. administers among other laws the Water Pollution Control
Act, Natural Streams Preservation Act, Dam Control Act, Surface Mining and
Reclamation Act,^ Interstate Mining Compact, Coal Refuse Disposal Control Act,
and the Cave Protection Act.
Structurally, West Virginia's D.N.R. is comprised of six divisions; Game
and Fish, Forestry, Parks and Recreation, Water Resources, Law Enforcement,
and Reclamation. In addition there is a Natural Resources Commission which
serves as an advisory board to the D.N.R.
Of particular interest to ORBES are the Division of Vater Resources and
the Reclamation Division.
The Water Resources Division is responsible for implementing the Water
Pollution Control Act and the Water Resources Act. Although West Virginia is
not currently enforcing the NPDES permit program under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, ^ steps are being taken to obtain such authority, which would be
vested in the D.N.R. division of water resources.
The Water Resources Division is also designated as the "statewide 208-planning
agency" charged with developing a comprehensive areawide waste water management
plan under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Although no plan has been
1W. VA. CODE §§22-1-1 to 22-1-35.
2W. VA. CODE §§20-1-1 to 20-8-4.
3V. VA. CODE §§20-5A-1 to 20-5A-24.
4W. VA. CODE §§20-53-1 to 20-5B-17.
5W. VA. CODE §§20-5D-1 to 20-5D-14.
6W. VA. CODE §§20-6-1 to 20-6-32.
7W. VA. CODE §§20-6B-1 to 20-6B-4.
8W. VA. CODE §§20-6C-1 to 20-6C-8.
9W. VA. CODE §§20-7A-1 to 20-7A-6.
^33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq. (Supp. 1978), now commonly known as the Clean
Water Act.
-------
finalized yet, this aspect of water pollution regulation is particularly important
in West Virginia as these 208 plans are directed at controlling the pollutant
loadings caused by non-point sources. The mining and forestry industries in West
Virginia present significant non-point source water pollution hazards which are
not effectively regulated under existing water pollution control programs.
The Division of Reclamation is responsible for enforcing the West Virginia
Surface Mining Control Act.*1 The regulatory format under the statute is directed
at minimizing the adverse environmental impacts of surface mining in West Virginia.
The basic regulatory structure is a permit process with bonding requirements to
insure reclamation of surface mined areas. Although the West Virginia Act does not
address the environmental impacts of deep mining, the D.N.R. has recently
promulgated regulations under the State Surface Mining Act to control surface
effects of underground mining. These proposed changes are to conform with the
standards of the Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977,
thus enabling West Virginia to implement the Federal Act.
The West Virginia Public Service Commission12 has a fairly traditional
regulatory role with respect to electrical utilities, regulating rates, service,
and certifying the need for expanded capacity. The only explicit environmental
responsibilities of the PSC relate to the construction of high voltage
transmission lines, for which environmental impact assessments must be performed
by the utility.13
The Air Pollution Control Commission (A.P.C.C.) is a separate administrative
agency with exclusive jurisdiction over air quality regulation in the state.
This seven member commission consists of the Director of Health, the Commissioner
of Agriculture, and five members appointed by the Governor. The Commission
appoints the Director of the A.P.C.C. The A.P.C.C. implements the state Air
Pollution Control Act, as well as the various regulatory duties placed on states
by the Federal Clean Air Act. These include permitting of major sources,
monitoring and enforcement activities, and implementing the EPA-approved State
Implementation Plan.
11W. VA. CODE §§20-6-1 to 20-6-32.
12W. VA. CODE §§2A-2-l to 24-2-15.
13W. VA. CODE §§24-2-llA.
1AW. VA. CODE §§16-20-1 to 16-20-13.
1*68
-------
6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY BY PROCESS
6.3.1 EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS
6.3.1.1 COAL
6.3.1.1.1 SURFACE MINING
The Division of Reclamation of the West Virginia D.N.R. has primary
responsibility for regulating the environmental effects of surface mining
in West Virginia. This responsibility is discharged through a permit system
which requires D.N.R. approval of any surface mine prior to operation. There
are provisions for public notice of pending surface mine applications, and
as yet unused authority to delete certain areas of the state from all surface
mining. Operators are required to reclaim disturbed lands and must post bonds
to insure such reclamation.
West Virginia is currently seeking delegation of regulatory authority
under the Federal Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.
6.3.1.1.2 UNDERGROUND MINING
The Department of Mines exercises authority over all underground mines.
The focus of this authority is safety and health protection rather than
environmental protection (§§22-2-1 et seq.). Among the duties of the
Department of Mines are permit issuance, (§§22-2-1, 22-2-2, 22-1-13),
mine inspection training and certification of mine inspectors, fire boss,
mine foremen, and both surface and underground miners (22-6-1). An independent
Board of Coal Mine Health and Safety was created in 1977 to review existing
health and safety provisions, and develop appropriate rules and regulations
for a comprehensive program of mine safety. (§§22-2A-l et seq.).
The provisions for coal mine health and safety extend to all open-pit
and surface mines for various minerals as well as underground limestone or
sandstone mines (§22-3-2).
The Water Resources Division of the Department of Natural Resources has
authority over water discharges from mines. Under regulations promulgated by
the Water Resources Board measures are to be taken to minimize acid mine
drainage (Water Resource Board Regulations, Series 1, §5). At present West
Virginia is not implementing the NPDES permit program, so the U.S. EPA
regional office regulates point source discharges from surface and deep
mines.
The Air Pollution Control Commission regulates air emissions from coal
preparation and handling operations (A.P.C.C. Reg. V), as well as from coal
refuse disposal areas (A.P.C.C. Reg. 1).
6.3.1.2 NATURAL GAS AND OIL EXTRACTION
Natural Gas and Oil extraction is regulated by the state through the
deputy director for oil and gas of the Department of Mines (§§22-4-1 et seq.).
This regulatory format includes a permit program (§22-4-lK), bonding
provisions (§22-4-2), inspection programs (§22-4-lf), standards to protect
coal mine operations (§22-4-5), reclamation requirements (§22-4-12b), and
various standards for operations. Additional regulatory authority is exercised
-------
over oil and gas extraction by the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (§22-4A-l)
which is charged with promoting development and conservation of oil and gas
generally and with preventing waste with respect to deep wells specifically.
6.3.1.3 WATER
West Virginia has declared that as public policy the water resources of
the state with respect to the quantity thereof shall be available for reasonable
use by all citizens of the State (§20-5-1A).
Explicit statutory provisions exist with respect to water quality but
aside from authority over various dams, the control of water consumption or
quantity is left to common law riparian doctrines within the jurisdiction of
the Circuit Courts. (Halltown Paperboard Co. v. C.L. Robinson Corp. 150 W. VA.
624, 148 SE2d 721 (1968)).
6.3.2 TRANSPORTATION OF RAW MATERIALS AND FUELS
6.3.2.1 NON-HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
West Virginia regulates the transportation of raw materials primarily
with respect to rates of carriers through the Public Service Commission
(§24A-2-3). The basis of this authority is to insure safety in such transport
and to stabilize service at just and reasonable rates. Coal transport from
mine operations to loading facilities by truck is exempt from P.S.C. regulation
(§24A-l-3 (7)). Gas Pipeline transport is also regulated by the P.S.C.
primarily with respect to safety (§24B-1-1).
6.3.3 RAW MATERIAL CONVERSION
Raw material conversion of coal, oil, nuclear or gas is not specifically
regulated in West Virginia. As with any industrial facilities, provisions of
the Air Pollution Control Act, and Water Pollution Control Act must be complied
with.
6.3.4 GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Environmental regulation of the various electrical generating facilities
in West Virginia is based on the general environmental laws applicable to all
industrial processes. There is extensive regulation of the air emissions from
coal-fired power plants, all of which follow the lead of the Federal Clean
Air Act. As of August 1978, West Virginia was having discussions with the
United States Environmental Protection Agency with respect to the regulation
of SO2 from existing power plants. The basic issues in these discussions are
related to the use of relatively high sulfur West Virginia coal in certain
plants which results in S02 emissions in excess of current Federal standards.
Various revisions of the state implementation plan with respect to S0« emissions
are anticipated.
Since West Virginia does not have NPDE5 authority, electrical generating
facilities, which are invariably point source dischargers, must obtain a NPDES
permit from U.S. EPA, an action which requires an environmental impact statement
to be prepared by U.S. EPA. West Virginia State Implementation Plan is scheduled
for approval review in December, 1978.
-------
The authority of the Public Service Coaaission (P.S.C.) over electric
utilities forms the basis of most of Vest Virginia's exercise of authority
over electrical generating facilities. The rain concern of the P.S.C. is
the rate structure and service area of electrical utilities. However, there
are certain powers vested in the P.S.C. which affect the physical aspects of
the generating industry. Among these are requirements for a certificate of
public convenience and necessity before construction or expansion of generating
capacity is commenced (§24-2-11). Arguably the grant of authority to the F.S.C.
with respect to these certificates allows consideration of. environmental factors;
however no case or authority for such action has been found.
Unlike several other ORBES states there is no centralized authority over
the siting of electrical generating facilities in West Virginia. It appears
that the individual utility companies have a relatively free hand in site
selection, subject to disjointed environmental, and economic review.
The current policy of the state appears to be one of encouraging develop-
ment of electrical generating facilities for export both to the lower Ohio
River Basin and the Eastern population centers in Virginia and Maryland.
Interestingly in this context the West Virginia legislature recently revised
the rate structure for the Business and Occupation tax on the production of
electrical power. Under the prior structure, electricity generated in-state
to be sold out-of-state was taxed at a substantially lower rate than electricity
consumed in-state for either residential or industrial uses. These previous
tax rates were 5.72% of gross value on electricity for residential and commercial
use in West Virginia, 4.29% on electricity for industrial use in West Virginia,
and .88% on electricity consumed outside West Virginia. The new rate is a
uniform 4% tax on all types of electricity. With a 2.46% rate for large
consumers.
Several utility companies are challenging these revisions as an unconstitutional
interference with interstate commerce. It is unlikely that these utilities will
prevail in this litigation. More interesting though is the policy inherent in
this tax revision. Along with the invitation to utilities to come into West
Virginia is the clear statement that West Virginia intends to capitalize upon
increased energy development in a more vigorous and direct manner than in the
past.
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West Virginia
6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS BY MEDIA
Media
Institution
Authority
U.O GENERAL:
jr- 1.0 MR
"Jo l.l General Pollution
1.1.1 Standards
1.1.2 Planning
1.1.3 Enforcement
2.0 WATER
2.1 Quantity
Natural Resources Commission
Advisory board to DNR, public
membership
Commission on Energy, Economy and
Environment
19 member advisory commission to
legislature and executive, pro-
motes research into clean, efficient
fuels, encourages citizen participa-
tion, ascertains resource base of
West Virginia
Air Pollution Control Commission
APCC
APCC
APCC (Director)
(Note legal assistance comes from
attorney general's office, or of-
fices of county prosecuting attor-
neys)
Water Development Authority
Water Development Authority Board
(1972 c 84)
DNR Division of Water Resource
Dam Control Act
Slack Water Dams
W.VA. CODE 20-1-3
W.VA. CODE 5-17-1 et seq.
APCC Reg 1-13, 40 CFR 52.2520
W.VA. CODE 16-20-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 16-20-5(4)
W.VA. CODE 16-20-5 (16)
W.VA. CODE 16-20-6
W.VA. CODE 76-20-6
W.VA. CODE 20-5C-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-5C-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-5d-l et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-5-6 et seq.
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Media
Institution
Authority
2.2 General Pollution
2.2.1 Standards
2.2.2 Planning
2.2.3 Monitoring
2.2.A Enforcement (WPCA)
2.3 Flood Control
2.4 Navigation
DNR Div. Water Resources
Water Resources Board
Water Resources Act
Water Pollution Control Act
DNR Div. Water Resources
Water Development Authority
Statewide "208 Planning Agency" -
DNR, Div. Water Resources
DNR, DWR
voluntary
monitors
1. Permits
DNR, DWR
2. Orders
3. Emergency Orders
4. Civil Actions
5. Criminal liabilities
Any County Commission or Muncipality
may engage in flood control projects
or in regulating flood plains (sec 3.3)
or create Drainage Districts
National Flood Insurance Act of 1968
Authorization (see sec. 3.3)
Wheeling Creek Watershed and Flood
Prevention Compact
DNR - must approve or exempt any
obstruction across waterway which
may impede fish passage, fish
ladders required
W.VA. CODE 20-5-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-5-3
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-3a
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-5-1 et seq.
see FWPCA sec. 208
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-8A
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-5 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-10
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-12A
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-17, 19A
W.VA. CODE 20-5A-19
W.VA. CODE 8-30-1
W.VA. CODE 7-l-3u
W.VA. CODE 19-21-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 7-l-3v
W.VA. CODE 29-1F-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 61-3-47
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Media
Institution
Authority
2.5 Drinking Water
2.6 Conservation (Consumption)
2.7 Recreation and Wildlife
2.8 Wild and Scenic Rivers
2.9 Hydroelectric
3.0 LAND
3.1 General
Water Development Authority
Local Public Service Districts
construct and operate facilities
State Department of Health
sets standards, plans, and speci-
fications
Public Service Commission
regulates rates and service
DNR Div. of Water Resources
Watershed Improvement Districts
(in conjunction with Soil
Conservation Districts)
DNR Division of Wildlife Resources
Fishing and Hunting
DNR Div. of Parks and Recreation
DNR Div. of Low Enforcement
motorboating regulations
DNR Div. of Water Resources
Natural Streams Preservation Act
P.S.C.
general authority to regulate "
power companies"
DNR Forestry Division
DNR Public Land Corporation
DNR Division of Reclamation
Municipal and County Commissions
zoning and planning authority
water
W.VA. CODF. 16-13A-1 et seq,
W.VA. CODE 16-l-9a
W.VA. CODE 24-2-5
W.VA. CODE 24-2-1
W.VA. CODE 20-5-1, 20-5-14
W.VA. CODE 19-21B-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 19-21A-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-2-1
W.VA. CODE 20-4-1
W.VA. CODE 20-7-11
W.VA. CODE 20-5B-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 24-1-1 to 24-5-1
W.VA. CODE 20-3-1
W.VA. CODE 20-1-15
W.VA. CODE 20-6-1
W.VA. CODE 8-24-1
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Media
Institution
Authority
3.2 Landfills
3.3 Flood Plains
Resource Recovery - Solid Waste
Disposal Authority
County Commissions
Aquisition and operation of sanitary
landfills
County Solid Waste Authorities
Department of Health
Supervision over local sanitation
Counties and Municipalities auth-
orized to regulate land use in
Flood plains
W.VA. CODE 16-26-1 (1977 supp.)
W.VA. CODE 7-l-3e
W.VA. CODE 7-16-1 -7-16-8
W.VA. CODE 16-1-9
W.VA. CODE 7-l-3u
W.VA. CODE 7-l-3v
3.4
Transportation
v/i
3-5 Archeological and Historic
Sites
3.6 Government Lands
1. Roads and Highways
State Road Commission
P.R.C. Common Carriers
(exempts conl truck)
2. Railroads
Railroad Maintainance Authority
Department of Culture and History
Archives and History Division
(protection of state owned or
controlled archeologic and historic
sites)
Archives and History Commission
Advisory to Department and Division
Federal:
Department of Interior
State:
Public Land Corporation
W.VA. CODE 17-1-1
W.VA. CODE 24A-1-1
W.VA. CODE 29-18-4
W.VA. CODE 29-1-1 et seq.
(1977 supp.)
W.VA. CODE 29-1-7
W.VA. CODE 29-1-6
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Media
Institution
Authority
3.7 Soil Conservation
— j
o\
3.8 Natural Resources
3.9 Recreation
4.0 OTHER MEDIA
4.1 Noise
4.2 Radiation
5.0 MISCELLANEOUS
5.1 Research
5.2 Regulation
5.2.1 Coal
5.2.2 Oil and Gas
A. Soil Conservation Districts
Local Agency
B. Soil Conservation Committee
supervise Soil Conservation
Districts, State Agency
C. Board of Adjustment
administers any land use ordinance
promulgated by Soil Conservation
District
Cave Protection Act
DNR
DNR Division of Parks and Recreation
County Commissions
Municipal Govt.'s Parks Departments
Dept. Motor Vehicles
mufflers
Member State Southern Interstate
Nuclear Compact
Commission on Energy, Economy, and
Environment
Surface DNR Div. of Reclam.
Underground Dept. of Mines (Safety)
Oil and gas Dept. of Mines
Deputy Director for Oil and Gas
Conservation
W.VA. CODE 19-21A-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 19-21A-4
W.VA. CODE 19-21A-11
W.VA. CODE 20-7A-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-4-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 8-21-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 10-2-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 17C-15-3y
W.VA. CODE 29-1E-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 20-6-1
W.VA. CODE 22-1-1 et eeq.
W.VA. CODE 22-4-1 et seq.
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Media
Institution
Authority
5.3 Policy and Planning
5.4 Taxation
5.5 Pesticide and Herbicide
Gas Pipeline Safety Commission
Regional Planning and Development
Councils
Interstate Regional Planning Commissions
Municipal and County Planning and
Zoning
Commission of Energy, Economy, and
Environment
Business and Occupation Tax
1. Coal 3.85% gross value
2. Oil 4.34% gross value
3. Gas 8.63% gross value
Pollution Control Facilities
Tax Treatment
Department of Agriculture
Pesticide Use and Application Act
W.VA. CODE 24B-1-1
W.VA. CODE 8-25-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 8-25G-5
W.VA. CODE 8-24-1 et seq.
W.VA. CODE 11-13-2A
W.VA. CODE 11-6A-1
W.VA. CODE 19-16B-1
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