ACTIVE
RESEARCH
TASKS
REPORT
FISCAL YEAR 1973
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH CENTER
CINCINNATI, OHIO
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ACTIVE RESEARCH TASKS REPORT
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
Cincinnati, Ohio
A COMPILATION OF DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARIES
OF INTRAMURAL AND EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT
AND DEMONSTRATION TASKS
July 1, 1972-June 30, 1973
Compiled and Edited by:
George R. Shultz Doris J. Harmon
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
1973
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FOREWORD
A primary mission of the National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, is to find means to protect, preserve, and maintain
the environment in which we live. In doing this it is necessary
to provide a focus for coordinated developmental research, which
accents the interplay of the various sections of our total physical
environment...air, water, and land. The major theme of NERC-
Cincinnati is the development of environmental protection technology.
Many contract, grant, and in-house research projects are supported
by the Office of Research & Development at the Center. The need is
obvious for compiling and disseminating the information on these
projects.
This publication of the National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, entitled "Active Research Tasks Report," is a document
that will promote rapport between individuals. It should also pro-
vide a better understanding of what is being undertaken at the
Center and stimulate communication and the exchange of ideas.
Andrew W. Breidenbach, Ph.D., Director
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
iii
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PREFACE
The major theme of the Center's research activity is the development of technology
and processes for the control of pollutants that degrade our air, water, and land en-
vironment. Programs that directly reflect this major theme include: the development of
advanced methods for the treatment and control of municipal wastewater streams, in con-
junction with the control of pollution resulting from storm and combined sewer overflows;
the development of solutions to various specialized water pollution control problems such
as oil and hazardous material spills, watercraft wastes, industrial wastes, mine drain-
age, and recreational wastes; the development or improvement of contaminant removal pro-
cesses for the purification of the Nation's water supplies and recreational waters; the
development of processes for environmentally acceptable treatment of toxic and hazardous
solid waste materials; the development of resource recovery systems for the management
of municipal and industrial solid waste; and the development of improved methods for the
processing and disposal of these solid wastes.
Other programs at the Center, such as the assurance of monitoring quality, directly
complement the above technology development programs. They also provide input to the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforcement and standards-setting missions. Re-
presentative of these complementary research programs are: the development, refinement
and promulgation of improved analytical methods for the measurement and determination
of water quality (this activity is unique within EPA and serves as EPA's principal focus
for the development of water quality measurement procedures); the quantification and
analysis of radioactive discharges at existing nuclear power stations and associated
facilities, which leads to the development or improvement of appropriate radiochemical
analytical methods and the establishment of guidelines for appropriate radiological moni-
toring system.
The role of the Center's supportive research is to provide strong input to EPA's
overall missions and goals, and to provide research relevant to the Agency's overall
integrated research program. The toxicological and virological competence at the Center
is well known, and is essentially unique within the Agency. Programs indicative of this
supportive-type research include: the development of valid criteria for setting water
quality standards for drinking water supplies, municipal sewage treatment plant effluents,
sanitary landfill leachates, and recreational waters (this activity, encompassing toxico-
logical and virological assessments, has a vital role to play in determining the feasi-
bility of various water reuse possibilities); and, the detection and definition of the
harmful effects of environmental pollutants on living systems, in support of the develop-
ment of air quality criteria and standards.
Because of the existence of closely-related major and supportive research themes
at the Center, problems are addressed through a fully-integrated, multi-media, multi-
disciplinary "total environment" approach. Water pollution and solid waste management
technology developers, for example, work closely together utilizing an integrated, total
systems approach to insure that the pollutants removed from a water stream are "disposed
of" appropriately, whether it be through material reuse, non-air-polluting incineration
or pyrolysis, or through non-water-polluting sanitary landfilling. Also, technology
development researchers, together with supportive researchers, can readily determine to
what extent their engineered systems must perform and what standards must be met. They
can readily determine the health and environmental implications of poorly functioning
technological systems, and what it costs to increase their demonstration pollution abate-
ment plants and systems to higher and higher efficiencies. Finally, they are able to
weigh these costs against public health and environmental gains.
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CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH (1A1007) 3
Fuel and Fuel Additive Health Effects Research 5
Gaseous Air Pollutants 13
METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS (1B1027) 15
Development of Rapid Methods for the Detection and Enumeration of
Pathogenic Bacteria in Drinking, Recreational, and Other Waters 17
Methods for Determining Biological Parameters of All Waters 19
Methodology Development for the Concentration, Recovery and Identification
of Viruses from Any Water 25
Evaluation of Indicator-Organisms 29
Quantification of Physical and Chemical Pollutants in Water 31
Quantification of Physical and Chemical Pollutants 35
Virus Inactivation Studies 37
MUNICIPAL SEWERED DISCHARGES (1B2033) 39
Demonstration of Advanced Technology to Achieve Non-Polluting
Municipal Discharges 41
Waste Pretreatment, "In-System" Treatment and Management of
Sewer Systems 45
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND STORM WATER DISCHARGES (1B2034) 47
Storm and Combined Sewer Flow Control 49
Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows 57
Treatment of Storm Water Discharges 65
Technology for Control of Pollution Caused by Urban Non-Sewered Runoff 67
NON-SEWERED DOMESTIC WASTES (1B2035) ". 69
Develop Economically-Feasible Treatment and Disposal Systems for
Diffuse Population Areas 71
HEAVY INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (1B2036) 73
Updating State-of-the-Art and Development of Pretreatment and Practicable
Technology to Achieve 95% Pollutant Reduction for the Miscellaneous
Chemicals Manufacturing and Formulating Industries, SIC 2851, SIC 2815,
SIC 283, SIC 284, SIC 286, SIC 289 75
Develop Technology to Achieve Recycle, Reuse and Closed Loop Capability
for the Miscellaneous Chemicals Manufacturing and Formulating
Industries, SIC 2851, SIC 2816, SIC 2815, SIC 283, SIC 284, SIC 286,
SIC 289 77
Develop Advanced Waste Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing,
Machinery and Transportation Equipment Industries 79
Develop Technology to Achieve Recycle, Reuse and Closed Loop Capability for
the Metal Finishing, Machinery and Transportation Equipment Industries.... 81
Updating State-of-the-Art and Development of Pretreatment and Practicable
Technology to Achieve 95% Pollutant Reduction for the Plastics and
Rubber Industries, SIC 2821, SIC 30 and SIC 2822 83
Develop Technology to Achieve Recycle, Reuse, and Closed Loop Capability
for the Plastics and Rubber Industries, SIC 2821, SIC 30 and SIC 2822 85
Total Environmental Protection with Emphasis OK Treatment, Disposal
or Recovery of Products from Metal Finishing Sludges 87
vii
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PAGE
TRANSPORTATION SOURCES (1B2038) 89
Develop and Demonstrate Sanitation Devices for Vessels 91
Develop Test Criteria for Performance Evaluation and Marine
Sanitation Devices 97
Determination of the Effects of Outboard Engine Exhaust
on the Aquatic Environment 99
AGRICULTURAL SOURCES (1B2039) 101
Development of Innovative and Economical Wastewater Treatment and Disposal
Methods, Equipment and Criteria for Recreational Facilities and
Areas Used Only Seasonally 103
MINING SOURCES (1B2040) 105
Treatment of Mine Drainage 107
Pollution Control Methods for Solid Fuel Surface Mining and Other
Surface Properties of Solid Fuel Mining 115
Control of Pollution from Underground Solid Fuel Mines 117
New Mining Methods 119
Small Drainage Basin Water Pollution Control Demonstration 121
Mining Sources (Ores) 125
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS (1B2041) 127
Oil Spill Surveillance System 129
National Conference on the Prevention and Control of Spills of
Hazardous Materials 131
Physical Removal of Settled Hazardous Materials in Watercourses 133
Collection of Contained Spilled Hazardous Materials 135
Hazardous Material Spill Environmental Evaluation 137
Development of Physical-Chemical Treatment System for Hazardous
Material Spills 139
Demonstration of Instrearn Treatment of Hazardous Material Spills
with Mass Transfer Media 141
Development of Operational System for Plugging Leaks from Ruptured
Containers 143
Methods to Prevent Spills of Hazardous Materials at Production
Sites, Terminals and Storage Facilities 145
Chemical Identification of Oil Spills 147
Oil Contaminated Water Recycling Systems 151
OHMSETT Support (Test Basin) 153
Oil Spill Contaminant Devices 155
Waste Oil Recycling 15 7
Biodegradation of Spilled Oil '. 159
Assessment of Damage Due to Oil Spilled in Marine Environment 161
TREATMENT PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION (1B2043) 163
Development and Demonstration of Activated Granular Carbon
Adsorption Processes 165
Development and Demonstration of Activated Powdered Carbon
Adsorption Processes 169
Development and Demonstration of Membrane Processes for the Removal of
Dissolved Inorganics and/or Organics 171
Develop Nitrification and Denitrification Processes for Nitrogen
Control/Removal for New or Existing Treatment Plants 173
Develop Nitrogen Removal Processes by Physical or Chemical Means 179
Develop Higher Efficiency Processes for Phosphorus Removal
by Chemical and/or Biological Means 181
Use of High Purity Oxygen and Mineral Addition for Phosphorus Removal 185
Suspended and Colloidal Solids Removal by Filtration Processes 187
Suspended and Colloidal Solids Removal by Sedimentation Processes 191
Suspended and Colloidal Solids Removal by Flotation Processes 193
Dissolved Biodegradable Organics Removal by Pure Oxygen Aeration Processes... 195
viii
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PAGE
Dissolved Biodegradable Organics Removal by Rotating Biological
Contactor Processes 199
Dissolved Biodegradable Organics Removal by Upgrading Air
Activated Sludge Process 201
Dissolved Biodegradable Organics Removal by Upgrading Trickling
Filter Processes and Modifications 205
Treatability of Organic Compounds 207
Physical Methods for Disinfection and Removal of Microorganisms
in Wastewater 209
Chemical Methods for Disinfection of Microorganisms in Wastewater 211
Develop Processes for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters 215
Municipal Wastewater Sludge Handling and Disposal 217
Organic and Chemical Sludge Thickening and Dewatering 221
Stabilization of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge 229
Land Application of Sludges 231
Treatment of Supernatant from Sludge Conditioning 237
By-Product Recovery from Sludge 239
Handling and Disposal of Water Treatment Plant Sludges 241
Wastewater Renovation and Reuse for Potable Water Supply 243
Wastewater Renovation and Reuse for Non-Potable Reuse 247
Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Processes, Treatment Trains
and Sewerage Systems 251
Wastewater System Instrumentation and Automation 253
WATER SUPPLY HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH (1C1046) 259
Establish Health Criteria for Unknown Organic Contaminants of
Drinking Water 261
Screening of Known Chemicals for Specific Toxic Effects 263
Investigate Problems of Waterborne Disease 265
Review Safety of Products Used in Water Treatment, Storage, and
Distribution, and Unique Water Sources 267
Criteria for Recreational Waters 269
WATER SUPPLY CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (1C2047) \ 271
Evaluation and Improvement of Treatment Processes for the Removal
of Trace Organics and Tastes and Odors 273
Evaluation and Improvement of Treatment Processes for Removal of
of Turbidity and Specific Particles 275
Evaluation and Improvement of Treatment Processes for the Removal of
Trace Metals and Nitrates 277
Evaluation and Improvement of Methods for Killing or Inactivating
Microorganisms in Drinking Water 279
Evaluation and Prevention of Chemical Quality Deterioration
During the Distribution of Drinking Water 281
Study of the Behavior and Control of Contaminants and
Additives in Drinking Water Sources During Storage 283
Evaluation and Control of Bacterial Quality Deterioration of Potable
Water in Distribution Systems and Bottled Water Supplies 285
BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH (1D1312) 287
Strategies for Reducing Generation of Solid Wastes 289
COLLECTION AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (1D2063) 297
Effectiveness and Modeling of Urban Storage, Collection
and Transportation Practices 299
Wet Systems for Residential Refuse Collection 303
To Develop an Incinerator Test Facility Which Will Permit Evaluation
of Operating Parameters, Emissions and Construction Materials 305
Unclassified: Industrial Solid Waste Studies 311
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PAGE
DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY (1D2064) 313
Develop a Comprehensive Understanding of Solid Waste Disposal
in Sanitary Landfills and of the Environmental Impact of Landfills 315
HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES (1D2311) 325
Development of Techniques for the Characterization, Treatment and
Disposal of Hazardous Waste Materials, Including Pesticides 327
RESOURCE RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY (1D2314) 329
Field Test and Analysis of Prepared Solid Waste as a Fuel in
a Variety of Power and Heating Boilers 331
The Stimulation of Private Industry to Improve Resource
Recovery Techniques and to Develop Products from
Resource Recovered Commodities 333
An Analysis of the Impact that Future National Behavior will
Have on Resource Recovery Program Requirements 335
Processes for Separation and Resource Recovery of Wastes
from Municipal Refuse 337
MONITORING QUALITY ASSURANCE (1H1327) 343
Parametric Systems for Water Quality Measurement 345
Data Handling and Transmission 349
Radiochemical Measurements 351
Quality Control Program for Chemical, Biological and
Microbiological Analysis 353
Validation of Methods for Chemical, Biological and
Microbiological Analysis 355
Water Sample Collection and Conditioning Systems 357
APPENDIX A - Extramural Project Directors/Principal Investigates 359
APPENDIX B - EPA Project Directors/Project Officers 363
APPENDIX C - Extramural Institutions/Agencies 365
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INTRODUCTION
This report has been compiled in order to disseminate a total picture of
the research programs conducted and supported by the National Environmental
Research Center, Cincinnati, during Fiscal Year 1973.
The report is organized according to major research program elements,
subdivided according to the Center's research objective achievement plans, and
with each research objective achievement plan further subdivided into indivi-
dual research tasks (or projects).
The reader is reminded that research planning, as well as achievement of
research results, is a dynamic and sometimes rapidly changing process which
leads to program redirection; therefore, this report represents the current
research program at the Center at the time of the report's formative stage,
namely May-June 1973.
Some of the research tasks described in this report were initiated by
EPA's predecessor organizations and in order to provide a written continuity
for purposes of this report, these tasks have been "fitted" into current
research program elements and research objective achievement plans.
This report reflects the closely related major and supportive research
themes at the Center as they are being coordinated for a "total environment"
approach. It is believed that the information contained in the pages that
follow, will be of benefit to all users.
George R. Shultz
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BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
1A1007
OUTPUT: Generation of health effects information required
for development and revision of criteria and standards per-
taining to air pollutants. Program effort includes: (1)
studies of pollutants acting singly or in combination with
other pollutants or environmental factors; (2) assessment
of pollutant effects upon accidental exposure victims, human
volunteers, laboratory animals, isolated perfused organ sys-
tems and tissue cultures; (3) demonstration of possible ad-
verse effects caused by carbon monoxide, odors, certain
trace substances and acid mists; and (4) development of
laboratory models to predict the impact of environmental
pollution upon biological systems.
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FUEL AND FUEL ADDITIVE HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Comparative Toxicologic Evaluation of Emissions from Fuel Combustion
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFK 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[T|PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Jerry F. Stara, Director
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
B Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $491,700
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Objectives include determination of relative toxic potential of emissions resulting from use of various
fuels, fuel additives, and control devices in automotive, diesel and aviation mobile sources and in
stationary fuel combustion systems. The test data are used in process of criteria development which
are used for setting the environmental pollution standards; and in the process of development of
standardized toxicologic test protocols.
Serial experiments involving exposure to selected biological models iri vivo and in vitro to raw and
irradiated whole emissions or components thereof generated by combustion process using chemico-
physical characterization of emissions (gaseous and particulate components) and multidisciplinary
quantitation of associated biological effects are conducted.
In 1972, this approach has been used for the comparative evaluation of emissions and bioeffects re-
sulting from the use of reference fuel with and without a test additive. In FY '73, studies will be
conducted on diesel fuel, further gasoline and additives testing and the incorporation of emission
control devices (catalytic converter) using improved facilities and systems. Essential task elements
of the project include supportive aerometry (atmosphere monitoring and characterization); engineering
(operation, exhaust generation, dilution, delivery, and control systems); and multidisciplinary bio-
logical testing approach including biochemical, pathological and physiological investigations.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Assess Biochemical Changes Following Laboratory Animal Exposure to
Fuel Emissions and/or Trace Metals
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFK 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
(j| PROJECT DIRECTOR |~~|PROJECT OFFICER
S. D. Lee, Supv. Res. Chemist
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
in/72
EST. COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
JX [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $98,300
TASK/PROJECTDESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this investigation is to identify and assess early biochemical changes in animals
exposed to individual pollutants such as trace metals, and emissions from automotive, diesel, aviation
and stationary fuel combustion systems. The biochemical studies include the measurement of various
enzyme activities and profiles, oxidative metabolism of subcellular organelles and oxidative alteration
of tissue components; e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Hamsters are exposed to auto emissions under four different exposure conditions; biochemical para-
meters such as blood glutathione, leucineaminopeptidase, lactic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase, fatty acid composition of lung lavage, and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase are examined.
Biochemical effects which have been observed include the following: Oxidative destruction of fatty
acids, placed on film exposed to fuel emissions. Fatty acid composition of lung lavages and blood
glutathione levels changed slightly with exposure. Hamster lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity
decreased after 5 days and 13 days of exposure to fuel emissions. Intragastric administration of
CHaHgCl (0.05 & 0.1 mg/kg, B.W.) caused suppression in 14C02 output following injection of 14C-1-
glucose. This effect was cumulative when treatment was repeated one week later. This alteration is
one of the earliest effects observed after exposure to such low concentrations of methylmercury
chloride.
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Behavioral Effects Following Exposure to Fuels and Fuel Additives
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFK 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Michael I. Gage, Res. Psychologist
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab,
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
LJContract j | Grant
he (intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $73,700
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Several species of animals (monkeys, hamsters, rats, mice) are being examined for alterations in
behavior during and after exposure to emissions from combusted fuels and fuel component substances
including trace metals (manganese, lead, etc.)- Specific measurements including learning and memory,
patterns of schedule controlled operant behavior, locomotor activity, food and water intake, and ag-
gressive behavior. Initial results indicate automotive fuel exhaust emissions suppress voluntary
running of mice in activity wheels and under some conditions suppress water licking of rats. Exhaust
of fuel with a methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl additive produces activity wheel be-
havioral suppression similar to that produced by exhaust of fuel with no additives in short-term
exposure studies.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Assessment of Pulmonary, Cardiovascular and Renal Function Following Exposure
to Environmental Pollutants - A. Fuel Emissions
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFK 04(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR OPKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Mildred J. Wiester, Res. Physiologist,
Environmental Toxicology Res. Lab,
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnControet | | Grant
I xi Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $50,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to measure and assess various cardiovascular and pulmonary responses following ex-
posure to fuel emissions. The ultimate goal is to gain information that might differentiate relative
degrees of toxicity encountered when selected fuel additives are mixed with the fuel. Male rats are
exposed continuously for 1-2 weeks to graduated concentrations of emissions from mobile sources.
Arterial blood is drawn from catherized unanesthetized animals under the influence of the atmosphere.
Animal weights and body temperatures are noted. Hematology, blood gases, pH and carboxyhemoglobin
are measured.
The biologically inert and insoluble challenge aerosol, titanium dioxide, is used to assess the
pulmonary cleansing mechanisms (phagocytosis and mucociliary transport) for the removal of inhaled
sparingly soluble particulates following exposure to fuel and fuel additive combustion products.
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Assessment of Pulmonary, Cardiovascular and Renal Function Following
Exposure to Environmental Pollutants - B. Trace Metals
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21 AFK 04(b)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
C]PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Mildred J. Wiester, Res. Physiologist
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | | Grant
I xllntramurol
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $23,700
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The toxicity of cadmium has been established, especially as it relates to high industrial exposures.
However, health effects of lesser "environmental" levels oust be further defined. The objectives of
this investigation are to determine effects of chronic cadmium ingestion on blood pressure and renal
function in monkeys. Completion of the planned series of experiments should yield information on:
(1) cadmium dose-time hypertensive effect in primates; (2) cadmium-time-change in proximal tubular
function in primates; (3) relationship between cadmium induced hypertension and proximal tubular
damage; and (4) cardiovascular and renal changes relative to tissue cadmium levels in primates.
Blood pressure is measured under unanesthetized conditions using a non-invasive method. Twenty-four
urine samples are analyzed for amino acids, calcium excretion, and standard urinalysis. Renal function
tests, GFR, RPF, and TmPAH are performed before cadmium ingestion and subsequent to a pressor effect
or changes in urine components are found.
Progress to this time includes development of all necessary procedures and methodology. A pilot study
is underway to estimate the optimal dose-time-effect for monkeys.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Toxicity of Potentially Hazardous Substances - A. Metabolism and Kinetics
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFK 05(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Wellington Moore, Jr., Deputy Director
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
in/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OFSUPPORT
B Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $127,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this task are to determine percent absorption, distribution, critical organs, total
body burden, modes of excretion and comparative toxicity of potentially hazardous trace substances,
especially trace metals in animal test systems exposed by routes and at levels relevant to environ-
mental exposure. The hazardous trace substances of major concern are those associated with auto
pollution. Animals are exposed in environmental chambers to these substances (using radioactive
tracers, if available), sacrificed at prescribed intervals of time and tissues taken for histopathology
and chemical analysis. Substances under current study include Pb, Cd, Hg, and 2-methylcyctopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl. Special emphasis is placed on age sensitivity effects, usage of chemical com-
pounds present in the environment and various routes of administration relative to exposures by air,
water, and dietary media. Reports on some of the studies have been submitted to open literature for
publication.
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Toxlclty of Potentially Hazardous Substances - B. Neurophysiological Deter-
mlnatlon of the Central Nervous System Effects
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFK 05(b)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR C]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q[| PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
James P. Lewkowski, Res. Physiologist
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
10/72
EST. COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContract f~] Grant
LxJlntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The effects of various pollutants on the visual evoked potential is being tested. Initial studies
will determine if the intravenous administration of low levels of cations such as Mn, Cd, Hg, elicit
any change in the computer-averaged visual evoked potential. If results are positive, then chronic
experiments will be undertaken in which the pollutant or cation will be administered by inhalation.
The work on the visual evoked potential will be correlated with spinal cord studies. The effects of
various toxicological agents on the spinal cord will be determined through the use of isolated reflex
arcs. Since many of the transmitter agents in these reflex arcs are now known, then the effects of
various toxicological agents on the release of particular transmitter agents may be elucidated.
Thus, both the general and specific effects of various toxicological agents on the central nervous
system will be determined. Initial studies in both systems will include trace metals which will be
used as fuel additives and in catalytic converter systems. Later, experiments will include other
potentially hazardous trace metals and pollutants.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Micropathologic, Histochemical and Cytodynamic Evaluation of Tissues
from Animals Exposed to Fuel Emissions
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21 AFK 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
C]PROJECT DIRECTOR C]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x| PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
David K. Hysell, Vet. Pathologist
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-CIncinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
7/1/72
EST. COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Controct | | Grant
Ix (Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $49,200
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this task is to evaluate the effects in animals of exposure to fuel combustion
emissions and emission compounds utilizing micropathologic, histochemical and cytodynamic techniques.
Fuels used consist of a reference fuel and a reference fuel plus additives of major interest. During
and following exposure, animals are sacrificed and tissues taken for micropathologic or histochemical
analysis. Another set of studies concerns individual pollutants especially trace metals such as Pb,
Hg, and Cd. In addition, some animals are given labeled precursors to determine the effect of exposure
upon the incorporation of these substances into cells. Current studies involve the determination of
biological effects following short-term exposures to indolene (reference fuel) and indolene containing
2-methylcytopentadienyl manganese.
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Potential Hazards of Exposure to Fuel Combustion Emissions in Animal
Model Systems with Respect to Reproductive Function
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFK 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Wellington Moore, Jr., Deputy Director
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST. COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[Contract | [ Grant
1 xllntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $49,200
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this task is to assess the potential biological hazards of exposure to fuel combustion
emissions and selected emission components including trace metals, in experimental animal models, with
respect to reproductive function including male/female and offspring fertility, embryonic development,
and offspring survival.
Animals in early stages of pregnancy are exposed in chambers to irradiated and non-irradiated exhausts
from automotive and diesel engines. Prior to the end of gestation, some of the pregnant females are
sacrificed and the fetuses examined for presence of teratological changes. The offsprings from the
remaining pregnant animals are checked for size, weight, and for various other parameters of growth
and development. In other groups of animals, the pregnant females are exposed to radioactive labeled
fuel additives and maternal and fetal uptake and distribution determined.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Fuel and Fuel Additive Health Effects Research - Design and
Fabrication of Equipment
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFK 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
dPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[jj PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert G. Hinners, Supv. Res. Mech. Engr.
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/73
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
Ix [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Included in
Federal Cost: Tasks 01-07
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Provide and operate an exhaust generating and animal exposure system, required by the laboratory for
assessing the relative health hazard of emissions resulting from the combustion of fuel and additives
in various mobile sources.
The generating system has recently been modified to provide air cooling of the raw exhaust gas before
irradiation, to reduce loss of particulates.
The laboratory has obtained a 1975 Ford 400 C.I.D. proto-type engine with a monolithic catalytic
converter unit. The Ford engine will replace one of the existing 1972 Chevrolet 350 C.I.D. engines,
presently in use on a 60 day MMT additive experiment. A durability test using an unleaded gasoline
will be conducted to provide characterization of the emissions and determine toxicological effects
of the gaseous and particulate (trace metal) emissions, resulting from degradation of the catalytic
converter. After the Ford test has been completed, a 1975 Chevrolet proto-type engine with a GM
oxidizing catalytic converter will be installed and a similar experiment conducted. It is intended
to run each study for 50,000 miles or until failure of the catalyst, whichever occurs first.
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Analytical Chemistry of Atmospheric Pollutants in Animal Exposure Studies
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFK 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[3 PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
M. Malanchuk, Research Chem. Engineer
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OFSUPPORT
[^Contract | | Grant
I Xllntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Included in
Federal Cost: Tasks 01-07
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives involve the development and evaluation of atmospheric measurement used in the generation
of aerosols and gaseous atmospheres for animal studies on the effects of inhalation exposure to poten-
tially hazardous substances including trace metals and emissions from mobile and other fossil fuel
combustion sources.
Generation and monitoring of the exposure varies with the type of material and purpose of the study
and thus requires development or adaptation of methods and instruments used in the sampling and analy-
sis of gases, vapors, and particulate material. Animal tissue and body fluids are analyzed to deter-
mine as needed for the analysis of animal tissues and body fluids taken from exposed animals.
Sampling systems and analytical procedures are constantly being improved to provide accurate data on
concentrations of the toxic agents to which the test animals are exposed and which they have absorbed
into the body.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Highly Active Binders of Metal Pollutants
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFK 21
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QFJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Stanley C. Skoryna, Gastrointestinal Res. Laboratory
McGill University
P.O. Box 6070, Montreal 101, Quebec, Canada
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QpROJECT DIRECTOR [jfjPROJECT OFFICER
Jerry F. Stara
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | xl Grant
1 llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $29,940
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Preventive measures are sought which would diminish potential public health hazards of metals pre-
sently used and those the use of which, is expected to increase. The overall objective is to diminish
or nullify environmental hazards associated with metal usage, by means of metal ion exchange reaction.
The current work is carried out on cadmium, manganese, and lead. Methodology: (1) extraction and
isolation of metal binding polymers; (2) in vitro studies of binding capacities and binding stability
in presence of other metals; and (3) studies of the morphological characteristics of metal macro-
molecular complexes and interpretation of the reactions in terms of stereo chemistry.
10
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Effects of Lead and Mercury on Synaptic Transmission
in the Cat Spinal Cord
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFK 22
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
G. P. Cooper, Department of Environmental Health
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio 45219
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Mildred J. Wiester, Res. Physiologist
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
1/1/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pyContract | | Grant
I llntramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The main goals of these experiments are: (1) to determine whether inorganic lead or mercury ions have
any effect on either excitatory or inhibitory reflex activity in the cat spinal cord, in experiments
involving the stimulation of and recording from spinal roots and muscle nerves and, subsequently;
(2) to more clearly define the site and mode of action of lead and mercury through experiments in
which intracellular microelectrodes are used to examine synaptic transmission and membrane electrical
properties in single spinal cord neurons.
Decerebrate, curarized cats will be used in all experiments. Solutions of lead chloride or mercuric
chloride will be injected, in microliter quantities, directly into the ventral horn of the spinal cord
through multiple-barrel pipettes. In Phase I of these experiments spinal reflex transmission, as
studied in spinal roots and muscle nerves, will be examined before and after the injection of lead
chloride and mercuric chloride. Phase II will consist of experiments in which intracellular micro-
electrode recordings from anterior horn cells are used to determine whether lead or mercury ions
affect the amplitudes of excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, or the membrane potential
or effective input impedance of anterior horn cells.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Subelectron and Electron Microscopic Study of Lungs from Female Beagle Dogs
Chronically Exposed to Auto Exhuast and Other Pollutants
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFK 23
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(TJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert J. Stephens, Stanford Research Institute
33 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
David K. Hysell, Vet. Pathologist
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/31/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
[X~|Contract | | Gront
| | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $18,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of the study is to examine, at both the light and electron microscopic levels, pulmonary
tissue from beagle dogs chronically exposed for 5 years to automobile exhaust and other selected
atmospheric pollutants. An effort is made to ascertain morphologic changes which might be the result
of these chronic exposures. Biopsy specimens of lung tissue from 15 beagle dogs chronically exposed
to auto exhaust were taken by lobectomy and prepared for observation using recognized techniques.
Plastic embedded tissue is thin sectioned and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate for
examination by electron microscopy. It is currently planned that the final evaluation will be
completed prior to June 1973.
11
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Lead: Placental Transfer, Central Nervous System Effects, and
Immune Response Alterations
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFK 26
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
("XJPROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
William B. Buck, Iowa State University
Department of Science and Technology
Ames, Iowa 50010
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Jerry F. Stara, Director
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGfNNINGDATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
[^Contract | | Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $31,976 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this study are to investigate the placental transfer of lead to characterize the
neurophysiological and behavioral effects of lead exposure in the young lambs. In addition, the
effects of lead on the immune response mechanism are being determined. The placental lead transfer
is evaluated by determining the amount of lead transferred to the fetus following exposure of the
dam and by comparing this data with data received from experiments in which rats were exposed in an
analogous fashion. The central nervous system effects are ascertained through the -use of modified
HEBB-Williams maze which tests both learning and problem solving ability and through visual discrimi-
nation tests. The data received from the immune response system will determine the effect of lead
exposure on the serum immune proteins of young sheep as well as the effect of lead exposure upon the
immune response to bacterial antigens.
12
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GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Maintenance and Observation of Chronic Study of the Effects of Auto Exhaust
and Other Pollutants in Female Beagles
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFL 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADORESSOF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
D. L. Dungworth, Director of Pathology
Office of the Dean, Research and Development
University of California, Davis, California 95616
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Jerry F. Stara, Director
Environmental Toxicology Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/71
EST. COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I XlContrott [ | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this study is to evaluate the health effects of long-term exposure to automobile
exhaust and other pollutants in 104 female beagle dogs. The dogs have been exposed for five years in
chambers where carefully monitored amounts of raw automobile exhaust, simulated smog, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides and their combinations, were present. Subsequently, the animals have been maintained
for 1-1/2 years in an ambient environment. At regular intervals throughout the study the animals have
undergone a thorough testing regimen for various bioeffect parameters such as hematologic, radio-
graphic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, CHS, and clinical. Histopathologic examinations of tissues were
performed on animals who died accidentally during the study period and on lung biopsies from selected
animals. Results thus far indicate possible chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary effects. Clinically
the animals showed a higher incidence of dermatitis and epiphora during the exposure.
13
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METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR
IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS
1B1027
OUTPUT: Physical, chemical, and biological methods for de-
tection, identification, and measurement of water pollutants.
Program efforts will be to: (1) develop sensors and methods
that will indicate the presence of pollutants and measure
their quantity down to required levels, rapidly and continu-
ously; (2) develop the necessary instrumentation to utilize
these sensors and methods to identify, measure, and trace
pollutants automatically and economically, both in-situ and
by remote sensing; (3) develop statistical testing plans to
enable rapid screening of water for pollutants with a minimum
number of samples; and (4) develop mathematical models that
predict the sources of a pollutant from the information ob-
tained in downstream testing.
15
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DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID METHODS FOR THE DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN DRINKING, RECREATIONAL, AND OTHER WATERS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Investigation and Evaluation of Cultural, Biochemical and Serological
Methods for Salmonella
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AED 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR nPRINCIPAL|NVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/73
EST. COMP. DATE
12/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
MCI Infra mural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A series of cultural, biochemical, and serological tests which are tedious and time-consuming, are
required to fully identify enteric pathogens such as Salmonella. The objective is an abbreviated
generally acceptable test series which will identify these microorganisms and can be recommended as
guideline procedures for use with organisms isolated from water. Commercially-available diagnostic
kits and multi-test systems for the rapid identification of Enterobacteraccae will be evaluated for
use as screening tests. Serological confirmation and periodic confirmation of species identification
by state health laboratories or CDC will be included. Cultures recently isolated from water and known
stock cultures will be included in the evaluation.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Qualitative and Quantitative Procedures for Salmonella in Water
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AED 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
CUPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
4/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
riContract Q Grant
|v llntramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A wide variety of microbiological procedures for the isolation and identification of enteric pathogens
have been reported, particularly in recent years. Most of these methods and media were proposed for
environmental sources other than water, many of them for clinical specimens. Few of the methods were
quantitative. The objectives of this current research are to develop, apply and evaluate new or im-
proved procedures for the rapid detection of Salmonella in water. These investigations will include
sampling and field techniques, enrichment and selective plating media. The time and temperature of in-
cubation procedures for growth will receive special attention. Enrichment procedures will be modified.
There is a particular interest in the enumeration of these enteric pathogens; proposed Most Probable
Number and other semi-quantitative techniques will be evaluated. To-date a detailed evaluation of
three enrichment and four plating media commonly used has been carried out using natural water samples
from the local geographical area. The enrichment media in order of decreasing selectivity were dulcitol
selenite broth, tetrathionate-brilliant green broth and Rappaport's medium. The plating media in order
of decreasing selectivity were brilliant green, Hektoen enteric, xylose-lysine-desoxycholate and
MacConkey's agar. A secondary enrichment technique proved useful for tetrathionate broth only. Addi-
tional enrichment media are being evaluated for the isolation of these organisms from water.
17
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of a Fluorescent Antibody Technique for the Identification
of Enteropathogenic I!, coli from water
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AED 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR C>RINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q3PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST. COMP.DATE
6/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | | Grant
1 xllntramurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECTDESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The fluorescent antibody technique has frequently been reported to be a promising technique for the
rapid detection of specific organisms or groups of organisms from various sources. This research
project plans to investigate and evaluate the technique for indicator and pathogenic organisms in
water. The initial group selected for investigation is the enterop^thogenic ]J. coli because commer-
cially prepared antisera are already available. In addition to specific identification, enumeration
methods will be studied. The approach will include both cells and mini-colonies after minimal growth
periods. Sampling, concentration of samples, incubation, and staining procedures will be included.
The FA equipment and supplies have been acquired, set up and checked out in the laboratory. Initial
tests have been run with known cultures. Two investigators have received specialized training in the
technique.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Reversed Phage Technique
FY1973TASKNUMBER
05AED 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QDPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Richard K. Miller
Fairfax County Health Department
Fairfax, Virginia
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[JPROJECT DIRECTOR |X]PROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/73
EST. COMP.DATE
7/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [intramural
Grant
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The need for rapid methods for the identification of Salmonella and other pathogens is critical enough
to warrant the pursuit of more than one promising approach. This research grant proposal is a feasi-
bility study of a rapid and sensitive screening method developed by the Atlantic Research Corporation
for the detection of enteric pathogens by testing for the presence of bacteriophages capable of lysing
them. Samples seeded with a panel of representative pathogens are plated and observed for placque
formation caused by homologous phages present in water. The study would be carried out on polluted
streams receiving treated and untreated industrial and domestic wastes as well as relatively clean
streams in Fairfax County. The technique requires six hours but is limited to the number of cultures
included in the test panel and their homologous phages. Therefore, the technique may be applicable to
certain water samples or effluents where the presence of selected pathogens is of importance. The re-
versed phage titre procedure proposed offers a possible rapid screening test for pathogens in water
after careful investigation of: (1) its limits of specificity and selectivity; (2) the effect of indus-
trial wastes, disinfection and other waste treatment procedures upon phage; and (3) technical difficul-
ties such as false placques or the obscuring of placque formation by confluent bacterial growth. Prob-
lems in interpretation of results will include the viability of the bacteriophage in water, recency of
the pollution, the baseline values for bacteriophage, and the possibility that enteric pathogens may be
present without their homologous phage or, conversely, that the phage may occur naturally in the
absence of the host bacteria.
18
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METHODS FOR DETERMINING BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ALL WATERS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Prepare Methods Manual for Field & Laboratory Studies of Aquatic Organisms
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AEF 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[xJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
in/jo
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
IContract | | Grant
rxllntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A national committee of senior EPA biologists will screen, select, and describe methodology to be
incorporated into a unified manual describing techniques for the collection and analysis of plankton,
periphyton, macrophyton, macroinvertebrates, and fish. The methods will be compiled, edited, and
printed by the staff of the Biological Methods Activity, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory. The
manual will be revised periodically as required to keep it current.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Methods of Collecting Aquatic Organisms
FY1973TASKNUMBER
05AEF 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECTDIRECTOR DPKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Controct [ | Grant
[xj Intro mural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $28,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop sampling methods to determine the biological effects of
effluents, detect violations of water quality standards, evaluate the trophic status of waters, and
carry out effective long-term water quality monitoring programs. Problems considered include! (a)
sampling frequency; (b) replication and precision; (c) comparison or evaluation of the performance
of sampling devices such as grabs and nets; (d) studies of the effects of substrate composition and
texture, and the depth and length of exposure of artificial substrates on the quantity and species
composition of periphyton and macroinvertebrates which colonize the samplers. Portable devices for
measurement of field conditions such as current velocity, light, and temperature are also developed
and/or evaluated. Standardized and validated methods developed in this project will be included in
the Agency Biological Methods Manual.
19
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Portable Solid-State Water Current Meter
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AEF 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR dPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Frank A. Kelleher
Marsh-McBirney Company
Rockvllle, Maryland
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
fxlContratt | | Grant
| (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $13,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop a lightweight, inexpensive, portable electronic water
current meter, to be used in checking current velocity when sampling aquatic organisms during studies
of the effects of pollution on aquatic life. The instrument is to be equipped with a solid-state
electromagnetic current sensor housed in a probe approximately 3/8" x 6". The instrument case shall
be approximately 4" x 8" x 4", with a 4" panel meter calibrated in meters per second. The instrument
shall have two operating ranges: 0-1 meter per second, and 0-3 meters per second, and shall be
provided with a shoulder strap for ease in carrying in the field. The instrument shall be designed
with the intent that it be marketed at a price of $400 - $500.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Methods of Processing Samples of Aquatic Organisms
FY1973TASKNUMBER
05AEF 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
0 PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio ' 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/69
EST. COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Controct | ~| Grant
(X I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: 522,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop and evaluate techniques of preserving, staining, sorting,
and counting aquatic organisms in samples collected in field studies. Preservative properties that will
be examined include their stability, odor, and hazards involved in their use, and their ability to main-
tain the physical integrity, color, and other features necessary for identification of the specimens.
Stains, mechanical sorting devices, and sample splitting techniques will be studied to determine their
efficacy in reducing the time required to sort the organisms from debris, and otherwise process the
sample. Sample counting techniques to be investigated include the use of automatic optical and
electronic devices and computerized particle counting and sizing instruments. Methods found suitable
for Agency-wide application will be included in the Biological Methods Manual.
20
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Methods of Identifying Aquatic Organisms
FY1973TASKNUMBER
05AEF 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/69
EST.COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContratt | | Grant
Ixjlntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $16,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to provide techniques for the rapid and detailed identification of
aquatic organisms by field personnel. Project activities include: (a) the consolidation of widely
published taxonomic descriptions into laboratory guides for the identification of common aquatic
organisms; (b) development of techniques for rearing larval forms to maturity to obtain information
on life cycles which is essential for identification; (c) evaluation of the usefulness of new types
of photo and electron microscopy, such as phase interference (Nomarski optics) and transmission and
scanning electron microscopy, in solving identification problems; and (d) development of identification
techniques using karyosystematics, electrophoresis and gas chromatography. Methods found suitable for
Agency-wide application will be included in the Biological Methods Manual.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Methods of Measuring Biomass and Metabolic Rates of
Aquatic Organisms
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AEF 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[jj PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/69
EST.COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
S Contract j | Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $44,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop and/or evaluate methods of measuring biomass and biological
activity. Project activities include the study of techniques for determining dry weight, ash-free
weight, DNA, ATP, chlorophyll, organic carbon, caloric content and other parameters related to standing
crops, and the measurement of rates of metabolic activity such as respiration, electron transport,
photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and processes such as energy flow through the food web and biological
control mechanisms. Methods found suitable for Agency-wide application will be included in the
Biological Methods Manual.
21
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop New Methods for Measuring Chlorophyll
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AEF 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
G. Douglas Winget, Department of Biological Sciences
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio 45219
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | xl Gro ,t
I | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
New methods for the identification and quantification of algal pigments will be investigated, in-
cluding thin-layer, liquid and pyrolysis gas chromatography.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluate Static and Flow-through Bioassay Methods
FY1973TASKNUMBER
05AEF 10
NAMF, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cineinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
S Contract |~] Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop and/or evaluate methods for: (a) acute and chronic labora-
tory bioassays for toxic substances, industrial and domestic wastes, and surface waters; (b) long-
term or continuous field or in-plant monitoring of surface waters and effluents; and (c) tracing the
movement and accumulation of hazardous materials in the aquatic food chain. Methods which will be
studied include static (jar) and flow-through techniques for use in stationary and mobile (land or
water-based) laboratories, with response levels ranging from low-threshold physiological and/or
behavioral response to mortality (TLM).
22
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Water Quality Requirement Profiles for Indicator Species
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AEF 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Rex L. Lowe, Biology Department
Bowling Greene State University
Bowling Greene, Ohio
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR QF|PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[_J Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Published information on the geographical distribtuion, seasonal occurrence, water quality requirements
and pollution tolerance of common species of aquatic organisms will be compiled and summarized to
identify "indicator species" that will be of use to Federal and state pollution biologists in inter-
preting data collected in field studies. Information on the environmental requirements will be organiz-
ed in a standard format and machined for storage in the EPA computer system (STORE!) for direct access.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Computer Programs for Storage and Retrieval of
Biological Data
FY1973TASKNUMBER
05AEF 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QFJPROJECT DIRECTOR dPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
G. Meyerson
General Electric Corporation
Schenectedy, New York
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
|X [Contract [ | Grant
|] Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is the development of field and laboratory data report forms, a hier-
archial taxonomic coding system, and computer programs for storage and retrieval of biological data in
STORET and correlation of computer-based biological, chemical and physical water quality data.
23
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Biological Reference Samples for Interlaboratory
Methods Studies
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05AEF 15
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Qt]PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Cornelius I. Weber
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OFSUPPORT
1 (Contract | | Grant
1 xllntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $24,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to carry out interlaboratory evaluation and validation of biological
methods considered potentially suitable for routine use by Agency field and laboratory personnel.
The studies will be carried out jointly with personnel in the Methods & Performance Evaluation Activity,
AQCL. Descriptions of the methods will be prepared and reference samples will be developed and distri-
buted to participating laboratories. The results will be evaluated and reported jointly with the M&PE
lab. Methods which meet the established criteria will be included in the Biological Methods Manual.
Reference samples currently under development include: Sedgwick-Rafter plankton counting, chlorophyll
determination, diatom identification, and macroinvertebrate identification.
24
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METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CONCENTRATION, RECOVERY
AND IDENTIFICATION OF VIRUSES FROM ANY WATER
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Quantitative Detection of Small Quantities of Viruses
in Large Volumes of Water
FY1973TASKNUMBER
07AAP 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Gerald A. Berg
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
mm
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
S Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $100,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop methods that are relatively simple and inexpensive for
detecting very small amounts of viruses in very large volumes of water. In an effort to develop such
methods, a program has been undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of different filter systems.
The membrane filter method for recovering small amounts of viruses from large volumes of water will
be studied. The newly developed low pH approach (pH 3) will be tested and compared with pH for dis-
tilled water, river water and effluents. Efficiency of recovery will be determined when salts are
added and when they are absent. The newly developed virus recovery echnique utilizing pH 11.5 elutant
will be evaluated as will subsequent secondary concentration at pH 3. The Seitz filter and other
filter pad systems will be evaluated as an alternate means of recovering enteric viruses from water.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Viruses in Waters: Methods for Virus Detection and Removal
FY1973TASKNUMBER
07AAP 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR n^K'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Joseph L. Melnick, Baylor College of Medicine
1200 Hoursand Avenue
Houston, Texas 77025
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q]PROJECTDIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Berg
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
6/15/70
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/75
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Controct [X | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $120,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Quantitative field studies will be conducted on the survival and distribution of enteric viruses in:
(a) a minimally-polluted watershed system used as a source of municipal water supply for a major urban
area; (b) "tertiary"-treated and reclaimed wastewaters; (c) polluted estuarine and marine waters;
and (d) leachates from -Jiunicipal solid waste landfills. A newly developed, portable virus concentra-
tor which is capable of efficiently concentrating viruses from a variety of waters and wastewaters at
a rate of up to several hundred gallons per hour, will be employed in this study. In this apparatus
the water to be processed is first clarified by filtering through textile filters of graded porosity,
and then the virusui present are concentrated by: (1) adsorption to textile virus adsorbers;
(2) elution; and (j) subsequent reconcentration to a volume of several ml by adsorption to and
elution from eit.ier membrane filters or aluminum hydroxide gels.
25
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Quantitative Detection and Recovery of Viruses from Solids in Water
FY1973TASKNUMBER
Q7AAP 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Berg
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/30/77
METHOD OFSUPPORT
1 [Contract | | Grant
1 y 1 Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $50,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Methodology will be developed for recovering viruses from solids in water. The extent of adsorption
of viruses to various solids in effluents and waste will be determined. The efficiency of virus
recovery by direct titration of solids, will be evaluated. The study will describe the extent of virus
adsorption to various solids in various effluents and waters and the efficiency of recovery by direct
titration.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Preservation of Field-Concentrated Viruses During Transit
FY1973TASKNUMBER
07AAP 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
HO PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Berg
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/30/77
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | [ Grant
bcl Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Develop capacity for quantitatively preserving viruses, field-concentrated from large volumes of water,
during transit for assay. Methods are to be developed for each concentration technique for which field
utilization is anticipated. Present methods are being developed for preserving viruses from field-
processed samples collected by the menfcrane filter technic.
26
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Indicators of Enteric Viruses in Waste and Other Waters
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
07AAP 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[JJPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Yehuda Kott, Associate Professor
Technion, Israel Institute of Technology
Haifa, Israel
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Berg
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
6/5/75
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | y[ Grant
| {Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $28,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Correlations between enteroviruses and fecal bacteria in waters of various quality will be made using
and comparing two methods for detection and isolation of enteric viruses as described below:
1. Enteroviruses will be recovered from raw wastewater and treated wastewater effluents
by combinations of membrane filtration, and ultra-filtration (alginate filters).
2. Parallel samples will be treated with HC1 to lower pH to 3.0, filtered on MF and
eluted with 3% beef extract under sonication.
3. Samples containing not less than 1 PFU/ml will be counted directly (using high
concentration of antibiotics).
4. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts will be taken in order to correlate
both organisms with the viruses.
5. Water samples from water supply systems occasionally found to be polluted, will be
checked for enteroviruses and IJ. coli B. bacteriophage, fecal coliforms, and fecal
streptococci.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Removal of Viruses by Treatment Processes
FY1973TASKNUMBER
07AAP 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR {^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
R. Safferman, Supv. Res. Microbiologist
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/30/77
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
I X [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The degree of removal of viruses by waste treatment processes will be determined. Studies are to be
conducted on a pilot plant scale examining various treatment trains for water renovation on a system-
by-system basis. Data are to be used to ascertain the efficiency of present-day waste treatment
practices for removing viruses and determining the additional treatment and innovations necessary to
provide a virus-free effluent.
Studies are to be extended to evaluate removal potential of new treatment procedures as they are
developed. Evaluations of viral removal efficacy are in progress on the three-stage activated sludge
system at the EPA-Washington, D.C., Blue Plains pilot plant. Work is currently planned on the
effectiveness of physical-chemical treatment methods with specific emphasis on the high lime system.
27
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EVALUATION OF INDICATOR-ORGANISMS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Improved Methods for Fecal Streptococci
FY1973TASKNUMBER
07AAT 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR OPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[T] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/71
EST. COMP. DATE
12/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
a Contract |~] Grant
Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $21,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Many procedures have been proposed for the isolation, identification and enumeration of fecal strepto-
cocci. Methods are available for their recovery and enumeration from water and wastewater. However,
the methods for these slower-growing microorganisms require 48 hours and include some species which are
ubiquitous and not of any recognized sanitary significance. The media do not measure the same groups of
microorganisms. The objectives of this current research are to evaluate new and modified procedures and
media for the fecal streptococci and develop a more rapid and specific method applied to water samples.
Two Standard Methods media and more recently developed Selective Enteric Medium have been evaluated with
pure cultures and natural water samples from the local geographical area. A series of experiments have
been carried out using elevated incubation temperatures, enrichment media, and modified media formula-
tions with the MF technique using the KF test as the standard for recovery of fecal streptococci. The
SEM medium is superior as a plating medium but has not yet been adapted to use with the MF.
Methods for individual species (e.g., S_. bevis) and groups of species (S_. mitis-salivarias) will be
investigated. Efforts will continue to develop a 24 hour or less MF test. A research grant for the
development of a fluorescent antibody technique may produce a rapid method for evaluation.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Investigation of the Use of the Membrane Filter for Chlorinated Effluents
FY1973TASK NUMBER
07AAT 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR npRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert K. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
9/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
|X [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Microbiological examinations are performed on wastewaters to determine their sanitary quality and their
effect upon receiving waters. The membrane filter technique would be advantageous for this purpose
because it is more rapid, direct and accurate than the most probable number (MPN) procedure. However,
Standard Methods, 13th Ed., points out that "experience indicates that the membrane filter technique is
applicable to examination of saline water, but not chlorinated wastewaters." This statement is based
upon previous reports of erratic results with these effluents. This research proposed to investigate
the application of the membrane filter to chlorinated effluents in various types of treatment plants by
comparing it to parallel MPN results for total and fecal coliforms. Various enrichment, resuscitation
and sample mixing techniques will be investigated to achieve closer correlation of MF and MPN methods.
Approximately 100 effluent chlorinated and unchlorinated samples have been analyzed. MF results do not
agree with the 95% confidence limits of the MPN except for secondary unchlorinated effluents analyzed
for total coliforms. Various enrichment procedures have increased total and fecal coliform counts and
brought them closer in line with MPN confidence limits. However, enrichment procedures have lengthened
the time required for completion of the tests and attempts an :-;:ing made to shorten the overall time
requirements and maintain the validity of the results.
29
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Investigation of the Use of the Fecal Coliform Test
for Industrial Effluents
FY1973TASK NUMBER
07AAT 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/73
EST. COMP. DATE
6/74
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rHContratt | | Grant
LXJ Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The fecal coliform density has been proposed as the most appropriate parameter for the measurement of
the public health hazard of certain industrial effluents such as those from food, meat, dairy, poultry,
seafood, sugar, paper and pulp processing. The fecal coliform level is of concern whether domestic
wastes enter the effluent system or are separated from it. The research objectives are to determine
the applicability of the fecal coliform parameter to selected industrial effluents and identify prob-
lems with its use. Factors such as temperature, pH and turbidity may drastically affect the fecal
coliform count. Other microorganisms present may suppress the growth and recovery of fecal coliforms.
Other closely related groups such as Klebsiella may affect the count. The dominant species present and
the source, if domestic wastes are separated, are of interest. In-plant studies may be helpful. Toxic
and nutrient materials in the wastes will be measured. Appropriate fecal coliform standards will be
determined.
The approach will study natural samples representative of various types of effluents to determine levels
of fecal coliforms to be expected. Other characteristics of the effluents and environmental factors
and their effects upon the fecal coliform population will be investigated. Modified or alternate
methods will be investigated.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Rapid Field Test for Salmonella and Other Pathogenic
Bacteria in Streams
FY1973TASKNUMBER
07AAT 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR dPRiNCiPALINVESTIGATOR
Richard K. Miller
Fairfax County Health Department
Fairfax, Virginia
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Bordner
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/73
EST. COMP. DATE
3/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I llntramurol
Grant
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The need for rapid methods for the identification of Salmonella and other pathogens is critical enough
to warrant the pursuit of more than one promising approach. This research grant proposal is a feasibi-
lity study of a rapid and sensitive screening method developed by the Atlantic Research Corporation for
the detection of enteric pathogens by testing for the presence of bacteriophages capable of lysing them.
Plates seeded with a panel of representative pathogens are observed for placque formation caused by
homologous phages present in water. The study would be carried out on polluted streams receiving treated
and untreated industrial and domestic wastes as well as relatively clean streams in Fairfax County. The
technique may be adaptable to automatic monitoring.
The reversed phage titre procedure proposed offers a possible rapid screening test for pathogens in water
after careful investigation of: (1) its limits of specificity and selectivity; (2) the effect of indus-
trial waste, disinfection and other waste treatment procedures upon phage; and (3) technical difficul-
ties such as false placques or the obscuring of placque formation by confluent bacterial growth. Prob-
lems in interpretation of results will include the viability of the bacteriophage in water, recency of
the pollution, the baseline values for bacteriophage, and the possibility that enteric pathogens may be
present without their homologous phage, or conversely, that the phage may occur naturally in the absence
of the host bacteria.
30
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QUANTIFICATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS IN WATER
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Identification of Organic Pollutants by GC/MS-NMR
FY1973TASKNUMBER
09ABZ 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR npRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
William L. Budde, Organic Instrumentation
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST. COMP.DATE
7/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
|X^| Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $90,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop detailed and practical GC/MS and NMR techniques to identify organic pollu-
tants found in complex environmental mixtures. This instrumentation provides the most reliable and
sensitive means for confirming the identity of organic compounds, tentatively identified by other means.
The approach is to identify a large number of specific organic pollutants; determine the optimum condi-
tions for analysis, detection limits, capability of computer controlled GC/MS specific mass monitoring
techniques for enhancing the sensitivity for specific compounds; develop standard procedures for tuning
up the GC/MS system and develop quantitative GC/MS techniques; compare and evaluate existing computer
mass spectral matching programs for identification of unknown organic compounds; and provide confirma-
tory identification of unknown organic compounds as required by surveillance, enforcement, and compli-
ance with standards programs. A method for specific mass monitoring GC/MS of polychlorinated bi-
phenyls is being prepared for publication. Work on selection of a standard reference compound and
preparation of standard procedures for tuning the GC/MS system are in progress as is work on develop-
ment of quantitative analysis techniques. Application of the GC/MS to determine specific organic com-
pounds in domestic and industrial wastes is planned. To increase the capabilities and versatility of
the PDP-8/E computer that accompanies the Finnigan 1015 Mass Spectrometer, a Tektronix computer input/
output terminal has been interfaced via telephone line to remote time-sharing computers which provide
spectral matching programs. Programs to utilize the graphic display capabilities of the terminal will
be written. Application of the NMR to characterization of industrial wastes which are not amenable
to GC/MS analyses is planned.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Methods for the Identification of Pesticides and Other Organics
in Water and Bottom Samples
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ABZ 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR dPR'NCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James J. Lichtenberg, Pesticides Ident.
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHConrratt | | Grant
I y [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $55,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to provide reliable and standardized methods for the isolation, identification, and
quantitation of organic pesticides and other organic compounds in water and bottom samples, to insure
the quality and validity of the analytical data obtained by a single laboratory and the comparability
of data from one laboratory to another. The methods are intended for use in support of surveillance,
enforcement, and compliance with standards programs. The approach is to conduct application and deve-
lopment research to provide the needed methods. Methods currently available from the literature or
other sources are evaluated. They are modified or new methods are developed as required. Methods for
sample collection, preservation, extraction, clean-up, separation, detection and quantitation are in-
vestigated. The most common method for detection and quantitation is gas chromatography. Other
methods such as liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy are employed
where appropriate. New and selective instrumental methods for qualitative and quantitative determination
as well as for confirmatory analysis are investigated. Methods for organochlorine pesticides have been
published and copies are available through this office. Drafts of methods for organophosphorus pesti-
cides, phenoxy acid herbicides, and polychlorinated biphenyls in water and bottom samples are in pre-
paration. Types of compounds under study are the organonitrogen pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbon
solvents, and chlorinated naphthalenes. Methods for other specific organic compounds will be developed
as the need arises.
31
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Continued Development and Improvement of Automated Procedures
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ABZ 15
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert L. Booth, General Analyses
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATc
7/72
EST. COMP.DATE
ink
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
I x] Infra mural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to evaluate, modify and develop automated analytical procedures that can be routinely
used in the laboratory and that may be adaptable for continuous monitoring use in the field to detect
sources of pollution, to determine trends, and to measure treatment efficiency.
The approach is to evaluate such systems in the laboratory on a wide variety of sample types, ranging
from comparatively clean river waters to raw sewages and waste outfall samples. Determination of pre-
cision and accuracy, working ranges, and comparability to approved EPA methods are made to establish
equivalency of evolved methods.
Automated methods for the completely automatic determination of total phosphorus and total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, either separately or concurrently, have been developed. Current research is on an automated
method for pheriolics, including the distillation step.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Quality Control Techniques for Insuring Data Validity
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ABZ 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ["^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
0 PROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
Robert L. Booth, General Analyses
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
Grant
IX [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop quality control techniques at the laboratory analyses level
that can be routinely used to insure documentation of methodology and validity of data. Initial ap-
proach was to develop a handbook covering all laboratory aspects of quality assurance under a single
reference source. Result was a "Handbook for Analytical Quality Control in Water and Wastewater
Laboratories" that has been distributed to approximately 20,000 requestors. Currently, use of quality
control chart techniques are being evaluated in various laboratories, precision-accuracy documentation
techniques are being used in methodology research, and techniques to establish equivalency of test
procedures are being evaluated.
32
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of New Analytical Instruments for Water
and Wastes Analysis
FY1973TASKNUMBER
09ABZ 17
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR D^'NOPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QO PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert L. Booth, General Analyses
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
rHContract | [ Grant
I xllntramurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to evaluate new types of instruments and redesigned instruments before their general
acceptance for routine use in analyzing water and waste samples.
The approach is to evaluate such instruments on a variety of waters and wastes, under potential inter-
fering conditions, and, where applicable, compare to existing approved EPA methodology.
Evaluations have been completed on Ionic's TOD unit, Dohrmann's TOG unit, and Beckman's DO meter.
Current studies are on the Technicon Monitor IV.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Ion Selective Probes as Analytical Tools
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ABZ 18
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR QPKINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[if] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert L. Booth, General Analyses
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
|X [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to evaluate existing and newly-developed ion selective probes on a variety of water
and waste sample types to determine their potential use in the measurement and/or continuous monitoring
of ambient and point sources of pollution.
The approach is to evaluate probes on actual sample types to determine potential background inter-
ferences and the reliability of probe measurements compared to wet chemical techniques that are time
consuming and require special glassware. Determinations of precision, accuracy, and working ranges
are also made to ascertain equivalency of probe techniques with existing EPA methodology.
Evaluations have been completed on the ammonia probe (similar to those done on the previously-tested
fluoride probe). Current studies are on evaluations of the nitrate and cyanide probes.
33
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Instrumental Methods for Trace Metals
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ABZ 19
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
John F. Kopp, Trace Metals Analysis
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
B Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to investigate and develop promising instrumental methods for trace metals. Fluores-
cence spectrophotometry is a sensitive and promising technique for a variety of trace metals. A
fluorometric method for selenium has been proposed but must be investigated to determine its appli-
cability and reliability. In addition, microwave plasma excitation has been proposed as a new excita-
tion source. This technique also holds promise but must be investigated in greater detail.
The microwave plasma excitation source has been investigated for metals such as antimony, zinc, cad-
mium, arsenic, and mercury. Results have been encouraging but considerable developmental work is
necessary before the technique can be recommended for general use.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Improvement and Evaluation of AA Methods for Trace Metals
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ABZ 21
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[XJ PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
John F. Kopp, Trace Metals Analyses
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
n]Conrract | | Grant
XJIntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to improve and evaluate existing atomic absorption methods for trace metals. Im-
proved methodology capable of extending trace metal detection limits is continually being sought. As
new techniques and instrumentation are found to be workable, recommendations will be made as to their
applicability.
An ultrasonic nebulizer has been investigated as a means of providing increased sample to the burner
of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Interfacing the nebulizer to the burner assembly presented
some difficulties. Of those metals examined, little improvement was noted and the investigation has
been delayed by higher priority tasks.
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QUANTIFICATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Analyses of Asphalts by Electron Capture Detector Gas Chromatography
FY1973TASK NUMBER
16AJA 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR PROJECT OFFICER
Fred K. Kawahara, Oil Identification
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
FlContract [~] Grant
I Xllntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop gas chromatographic method that will identify spilled oil products
(asphalts). The approach is to fingerprint minor components in asphalts by use of fluorinated deri-
vatives and analyze by use of gas chromatography with electron capture detector.
From the evaluation of gas chromatograms obtained with flame ionization detector, it became obvious that
the application of conventional method of fingerprinting asphalts via FIDGC is unsuitable as one or two
GC peaks would not provide diagnostic information. We are applying with success the gas chromato-
graphic method (with electron capture detector) of analyzing minor components, e.g., phenols and mer-
captans as pentafluorobenzyl ethers and thioethers, to provide fingerprints from asphalts after silica
gel percolation. Currently, we are examining asphalts of all types produced by leading petroleum
companies.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Characterization of Infrared Spectra of Heavy Petroleum Products
Via Statistical Analysis
FY1973TASK NUMBER
16AJA 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
CHpROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
|T] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Fred K. Kawahara, Oil Identification
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
(Contract 1 Grant
Ix 1 Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop discriminant function analysis that would classify mathematically petroleum
products. From a large population of each product, the approach is to determine linear discriminant
functions that would provide mathematical descriptions for characterization and/or identification of
each product.
An unusual combination of infrared absorbance measurements, data treatment and transformation, dis-
criminant function analysis through computer assistance, has resulted in a more precise and accurate
method of distinguishing asphalts and No. 6 fuel oils. Results show that asphalts and No. 6 fuel oils
not taken from the original 147 replicates used for the development of the procedure, but representa-
tive of the two groups, can be classified with a high degree of accuracy. Moreover, the spill sample
may be coupled to a source. The potential for detailed identification of environmental samples is
recognized.
35
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Analysis of Lube Oils by Electron Capture Detector Gas Chromatography
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR n^R'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
FY1973TASK NUMBER
16AJA 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Fred K. Kawahara, Oil Identification
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST. COMP.DATE
6/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract 1 1 Grant
I xllntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop a gas chromatographic method that will identify spilled lubricating oils.
The approach is to fingerprint minor components in lubricating oils by use of fluorinated derivatives
and analyze by means of gas chromatography with electron capture detector.
Heavy lubricating oils may now be identified by means of gas chromatography, minor components of oils
may be chemically reacted to effect pentafluorinated fingerprints. Fractionation via silica gel perco-
lation provides eluates which show defined and numerous gas chromatographic peaks in contrast to a
gross, singular, non-entity profile commonly characteristic of previously attempted gas chromatographic
technique with flame ionization detector. We are examining lubricating oils of various types produced
by leading petroleum companies.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Examination of Chemical and Physical Properties of All Types and Sources of
Oils and Products by Various Types of Instrumentation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
16AJA 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR [UPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
|T| PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
.Fred K. Kawahara, Oil Identification
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | j Grant
|X [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to examine by various instrumental methods, the chemical and physical properties of
all types of oils and products. The approach is to use various instrumental techniques and methods
that may be useful for the identification of all types of oils and products.
36
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VIRUS INACTIVATION STUDIES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Inactivation of Viruses and Viral Nucleic Acid by Halogens
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ARN 02-05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECTDIRECTOR [DPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Berg, Chief of Virology
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
3/31/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1x1 Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $27,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Studies are to be conducted on the effectiveness, stability and reliability of halogens on viral in-
activation. Special attention will be given to free infectious viral RNA. Prior to disinfection
studies, evaluations will be made of the assay sensitivity of infectious viral RNA in a continuous
cell line using preinoculation treatments. RNA extraction and concentration procedures will be opti-
mized for several enteroviruses. The degree of inactivation of intact virus and infectious RNA will be
determined by plaque and animal assays.
37
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MUNICIPAL SEWERED
DISCHARGES
1B2033
OUTPUT: New or improved technology for the effective and
economical control of pollution from municipal sewered dis-
charges. Program efforts will be directed to demonstrate
technologies for nutrient removal, removal of organic ma-
terials and other pollutants so that municipal sectors will
be able to achieve compliance with present and future water
quality standards. Improved methods of operating both new
and existing treatment plants will be developed and demon-
strated. This effort will include major pilot plant work
devoted to developing advanced treatment systems as well as
full-scale demonstration projects.
39
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DEMONSTRATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE NON-POLLUTING MUNICIPAL DISCHARGES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
An Advanced Physical-Chemical Wastewater Treatment Process for the
Housing and Community Development Industries
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAA 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
0PROJECT DIRECTOR OPR1NCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Russel S. Bodwell, Vice President
Levitt & Sons, Inc., A Subsidiary of IT&T
Lake Success, New York 11040
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Irwin J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/15/71
EST.COMP.DATE
12/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pHContraet Q Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $250,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the performance, economics, and applicability of a
physical-chemical domestic wastewater treatment system designed to provide high quality discharges for
isolated or developing communities having an average wastewater flow in the 25,000 to 500,000 gpd range.
The plant provides chemical clarification, magnetic filtration, activated carbon adsorption, and chlori-
nation for the liquid stream. Sludges generated will be incinerated in a fluidized bed incinerator.
This device will also be utilized for regenerating the activated carbon. All of the treatment equip-
ment is housed in a structure similar to the frames of the houses in the subdivision. The treatment
plant is on a standard subdivision lot, and has essentially no buffer zone. The plant was dedicated
in November 1972, and is now in its evaluation phase.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pis cat aw ay Model Advanced Waste Treatment Plant
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAA 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR [I]PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Alfred Machis
Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm., 4017 Hamilton Street
Hyattsville, Maryland
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x|PROJECT OFFICER
Thomas P. O'Farrell, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
NERC, Cincinnati, EPA, 5000 Overlook Ave.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Controct |X I Grant
I [intramural
FUN DING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $488,171 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to develop or confirm full scale design data for the various processes within the
plant, to determine seasonal effects on the operation of the processes at full plant scale, and to
provide operating cost information. The 5MGD Model Advance Waste Treatment Plant consists of two stage
lime treatment, dual media filtration, water stabilization, carbon adsorption, sludge thickening, lime
sludge dewatering or classification (centrifuge), lime sludge recalcination, and carbon regeneration.
The plant is fed effluent from a conventional step aeration activated sludge plant and removes carbon,
phosphorus and solids from the water. For phosphorus and solids removal, the two stage lime system may
be operated as high pH lime treatment (pH ^ 11.5) followed by recarbonation to pH 9.5 and second stage
sedimentation of the CaOVj precipitated by recarbonation, or as two parallel single stage lime - FeCl3
chemical clarifiers. The lime recovery system permits lime recovery and recycle with and without the
recycle of non-carbonate solids. The plant centrifuges may be operated either for total capture of the
thickened solids or for classification (separation) of CaC03 from the non-carbonate solids. The opera-
tion is a cooperative effort of EPA and WSSC personnel.
41
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Lake Restoration by Phosphorus Control
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAA 15 & 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ernest J. Peternel, City Clerk-Treasurer
Utilities Dept., City Hall, City of Ely
Ely, Minnesota 55731
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert M. Brice
Shagawa Lake Restoration Project
222 W. Conan Street, Ely, Minn. 55731
BEGINNING DATE
6/9/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
FjContract [~x] Grant
|xl Infra mural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $270,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The primary objective of this project is to restore Shagawa Lake bordering the City of Ely, Minnesota
from a highly eutrophic condition to a healthy state.
To accomplish the above objective, it was determined to be necessary to substantially upgrade the
quality of and to remove essentially all phosphorus from the City of Ely's high-rate trickling filter
plant effluent. This effluent constitutes virtually a point source of phosphorus discharge into the
lake. A 1.5 mgd tertiary treatment plant has been constructed to further treat the trickling filter
effluent. Tertiary facilities consist of flow equilization, two-stage lime clarification, dual-media
filtration, and chlorination. Lime sludge will be disposed of via gravity thickening, vacuum filtra-
tion, and trucking to sanitary landfill. The concentration of phosphorus being sought in the tertiary
effluent is 0.05 mg/1 as P, or less.
In April 1973, three years of carefully-controlled operation (using EPA and City personnel) was started,
during which time it is hoped the restoration of Shagawa Lake can be demonstrated.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Transportable Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant for Interim Use
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAA 37
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[x]PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Joseph E. Sunday, Director, Dept. of Public Works
County of Fairfax, 4100 Chainbridge Road
Fairfax, Virginia 22030
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Walter A. Feige
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/6/70
EST.COMP.DATE
*Unknown
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract |y | Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $97,820 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project was to operate a transportable advanced waste treatment plant of approxi-
mately 75,000 gpd capacity that would satisfy the treatment efficiency recommended by the Potomac
River Enforcement Conference for 1980 in Zone 1 of the River. However, there was extensive damage by
Hurricane Agnes on June 22, 1972, and termination of the project is now under consideration.*
The facility was to be operated for a 12-month period to evaluate its dependability, efficiency,
operational characteristics, and its economics. The approach to meet strict effluent standards
(5 mg/1 BOD, 2.5 mg/1 nitrogen, 0.2 mg/1 phosphorus, and trace amounts of suspended solids) was to
be through a combination of physical, chemical, and biological treatment. The planned treatment scheme
was flow equalization, chemical clarification, biological nitrification (activated sludge), upflow
columnar denitrification (with methanol), pressure filtration, and chlorination.
42
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Tertiary Treatment of Combined Storm Water, Sanitary Relief
Discharge and Sewage treatment Plant Effluent
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAA 50
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINC'PAL INVESTIGATOR
Joseph Rakowski, Supt., The Sanitary District of Chicago
5200 Indianapolis Boulevard
East Chicago, Indiana 46312
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Carl A. Brunner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/1/66
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnConJract Qjf] Granf
I [Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $450,000 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop and verify, on a small pilot scale, the preliminary design
and operating conditions for chemical coagulation, sedimentation, dual media filtration, and granular
activated carbon adsorption for treatment of combined municipal-industrial wastes mixed with storm
run-off. This pilot-plant unit will be operated for approximately four months. In addition, the aim
is to design and construct a minimum 1-MGD pilot plant to include the operation of the above process
steps.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Study of the Feasibility of Flow Smoothing Stations
Municipal Sewage Systems
in
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAA 51
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
C. N. Click, Env. Engr. (Presently with Illinois EPA)
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PROJECTOFFICER
H. E. Bostian
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
1/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I XJConrroct | | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $23,137 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Flow Smoothing in sanitary sewers was studied to determine under what conditions the resulting higher
flow capacities can be economically obtained. Conservative assumptions were made in this preliminary
design and economics study to provide a severe test for the cost effectiveness of the concept. In many
situations, flow smoothing is an attractive alternative when compared to relief pipe installation.
Circumstances which favor flow smoothing are high interest rates, high peak-to-average flow ratios,
low pipe slopes, small diameters, and low design depths of flow. Flow smoothing is strongly favored
where earthen construction can be utilized. The project is being closed and the following publications
have been prepared:
Click, C.N., "The Feasibility of Flow Smoothing Stations in Municipal Sewage Systems."
Environmental Technology Series Report EPA-R2-73-138, January 1973. To be published.
Click, C.N., and Mixon, F.O., "The Feasibility of Flow Smoothing in Sanitary Sewers."
Being submitted to J.WPCF.
43
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Waste Flow Reduction from Households
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAA 52
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
npROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Sheldon Cohen, Sr. Chem. Engr., Electric Boat Division
General Dynamis, Eastern Point Road
Groton, Connecticut 06340
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q] PROJECT DIRECTOR |T]PROJECT OFFICER
H. E. Bostian
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/24/71
EST.COMP.DATE
7/24/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
~~X]Contraet | | Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $50,642 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Water savings will be evaluated for using reduced flow toilets and shower heads and for reusing laundry
and bath water for toilet flushing and lawn watering. Eight test homes are being used for the study.
The program calls for 6 months of normal usage, followed by 12 months with water-saving devices, and
then 6 more months of normal usage after the devices are removed.
The period with water savings devices has been completed. Data analyzed to-date provide the following
results. Shallow-trap and dual-flush toilets have resulted in average decreases in toilet water usage
of 24 and 4%, respectively. Flow restricting shower heads have decreased bath water usage by an average
of 2%. Where wash water recycle systems for toilet flushing have been installed, reduction of total
water usage ranged between 23 and 33%. When the recycle systems in two homes were also used to provide
water for lawn sprinkling, net flow to the septic tanks decreased by an average of 16 gpd.
Preliminary economic estimates based on cost of water saved indicate that flow reduction devices are
attractive for individual homes. On the other hand, wash water recycle systems may not be justified
by water savings alone, unless one unit is used for multiple dwellings.
44
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WASi'E J'REXREATtiMT "IN-SYSTEM" TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SEWER SYSTEMS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJK1 TITLE
Feasibility Study on In-Sewer Treatment Methods
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAC 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS Or EXTRAMURAL
[JPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Richard Pomeroy, Pomeroy, Johnston and Bailey
660 South Fair Oaks Avenue
Pasadena, California 91105
BEGINNING DATE
9/70
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]pROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Stern
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
. COMP. DAT:
5/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I ylConlract | | Gran'
( |lntramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $69,525 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND RbHOK!
The objectives are to determine tvdiuicai and economic feasibility of In-Sewer treatment:, and recommend
future work. The approach basically, if; to conduct a desk top study with limited experimentation on
oxygen transfer.
The final report is being prepared. The nast promising approacli is biological treatnaat for BOD re-
moval. Appreciable BOD reduction occurs norcally in sewers, "ir.uirencnts are adequate oxygen supply,
oxidizing culture and time. Cultures can be suspended or atti-rhed to solid surfaces. Various methods
were explored for oxygen addition. Prospects for in linp -ewer rraatmcnt are good, especially in force
mains.
45
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COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
AND
STORM WATER DISCHARGES
1B2034
OUTPUT: New or improved methods of abating
pollution caused by (1) discharge of untreated
or inadequately treated waters from sewers
which carry either storm water or both storm
water and sewage; and (2) urban runoff not col-
lected and carried in sewers to a point discharge,
Program efforts will be to characterize the
quality and pollution impact of these waste-
waters and to develop methods,(processes, hard-
ware, and techniques) for their control and
treatment. Emphasis will be placed on advanced
technology for full-scale plant systems.
47
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STORM AND COMBINED SEWER FLOW CONTROL
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Wastewater Flow Measurement in Sewers Using Ultrasound
FY1973 TASK NUMBER
21AAF Al
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ronald J. Anderson, Sewerage Commission of the
City of Milwaukee, P. 0. Box 2079
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR |x]PROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
3/26/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $146,250 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to improve sanitary, storm and combined sewer regulation by application
and demonstration of new technology for measurement of sewage volume flow. To implement this objective,
two sewers in the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage System will be instrumented with, newly developed ultra-
sonic velocity and level measurement equipment. The purpose of the equipment is to provide a measure-
ment of sewage volume flow suitable for regulation systems which, in addition to conventional gravity
flow, involve sewage, gating, pumping and short-term retention of storage. The sewage metering equip-
ment to be demonstrated is of sufficiently low cost to achieve general use, can be conveniently in-
stalled in existing sewers, is non-fouling and is suited by design to long-term operation in the sewer
environment.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of New and Improved Devices for Automatic Sampling of
Sewer and Combined Sewer Flows
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAF A2
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(jOPROJECT DIRECTOR npKINC'PALINVESTIGATOR
Phil Shelly, Hydrospace-Challenger, Inc.
2150 Fields Road
Rockville, Maryland 20850
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNINGDATE
6/72
EST.COMP.DATE
8/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I Y IContfoct | | Grant
[__J Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $115,946 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is a seventeen-month development and demonstration of devices capable of collecting and
preserving representative samples of sewage from storm and combined sewers under all expected flow
conditions. Work planned includes development of a complete state-of-the-art and assessment of
sampling equipment and techniques, including types of samplers and advantages and limitations of each
with respect to S & CS conditions, engineering to adapt and/or modify existing sampling equipment to
effective operation under S & CS conditions.
New concepts will be considered if the preliminary data submitted indicates feasibility; assemble and
laboratory test each sampling device, report demonstrating the device capable of meeting usage require-
ments, installation of device at suitable field test site and on-site evaluation of the device under
actual operating conditions.
49
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Use of Polymers to Reduce or Eliminate Sewer Overflow in the Bachman
Creek Sewer
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAF 0311
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
A. E. Holcomb, City of Dallas
500 South Ervay Street
Dallas, Texas 75201
BEGINNINGDATE
5/23/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR (XJPROJECT OFFICER
Robert Killer
Region VII, EPA, 1735 Baltimore Avenue
Kansas City, Missouri 64108
METHOD OFSUPPORT
riContract [~x] Grant
I llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $331,233 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to design, construct, and evaluate a permanent polymer injection
station on the Bachman Creek Sewer in Dallas, Texas. This project will further demonstrate and evaluate
a technique developed earlier for FWPCA by contract which utilizes injection of polymers into a sewer
for the purpose of increasing the carrying capacity of the pipe. During periods of wet weather, the
Bachman Creek sewer receives excess quantities of ground or storm water due to infiltration. The flow
then exceeds its carrying capacity and untreated wastes overflow in at least ten locations, causing
pollution of Bachman Creek. This project will seek to eliminate or greatly reduce the number of volume
of untreated overflows by increasing the flow capacity of the Bachman Creek Sewer through the addition
of polymers. Design criteria, operating techniques, optimum polymer concentration and other pertinent
data critical to the intended use will be evaluated.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
The Construction and Technical Evaluation of the Various Aspects of
An Aluminum Storm Sewer System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0312
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[x]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
James J. Giordano, Chamlin & Associates
3017 Fifth Street, Peru, Illinois 61354
For Grantee: City of LaSalle
LaSalle, Illinois
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
EH PROJECT DIRECTOR [JJPROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risely, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNINGDATE
6/23/69
EST.COMP.DATE
4/23/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
BContract [jjQ Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $432,276 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the correction of combined sewer overflow problems by
constructing a separate storm drainage system for a portion of the city. Engineering study indicates
that this is the most economical solution for the city. The development and demonstration aspects
will be:
1. installation and evaluation of performance, durability, and dependability of
various size corrugated aluminum pipe;
2. prototype development and evaluation of improved joint couplers, tapping
•saddles, catch basins and manholes;
3. a detailed cost analysis to allow comparison of aluminum pipe with a commonly
used sewer material; and
4. a construction practice evaluation for future installation guidance.
50
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Trenchless Sewer Construction and Sewer Design Innovations
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0313
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR n^'NOPAL INVESTIGATOR
D. Russell Tatman, Edward H. Richardson, Assoc., Inc.
153 Chestnut Hill Road, Newark, Delaware
For Grantee: Sussex County Council
Georgetown, Delaware
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR QTJPROJECT OFFICER
H. E. Masters
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/18/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/75
METHOD OFSUPPORT
BContract fxl Grant
Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $796,238 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is to demonstrate a new sewer construction method which will be less costly and more rapid
than conventional construction, and overcome the problems of high water table, unstable soil, associat-
ed infiltration and expensive manhole installation. The technique is to utilize the "trenchless" pipe
laying system developed in England. The process uses an electro-optically-controlled blade which
"plows in" the pipe as it moves along. Other important sewer design innovations will be demonstrated:
new manhole construction and substitute cleanouts, improved sewer piping (PVC), jointing, and coating
materials and a new screw type sewage pump which requires no wet well. A thorough two year post-
construction evaluation is to be included.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Rainfall-Runoff Relations on Urban (and Rural) Areas
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0415
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
E. F. Brater, Department of Civil Engineering
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Robert Buckley
Region V, EPA (Lake Huron Basin), Edison
Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
12/1/68
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I IControct |X | Grant
| 1 Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,031 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to gain a better understanding of the factors which control the
relationship between storm rainfall, or snow melt, and the resulting storm runoff, and to determine
the effect of urbanization on this runoff process. The benefits would include prevention of flood
damage by means of improved design of storm sewers and waterways, and would provide data needed for the
improved design and operation of facilities for control of pollution due to storm water and/or combined
sewage.
51
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Portable Device for Measuring Wastewater Flow In Sewers
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0506
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
H. R. Thacker
Hittman Associates, Inc.
Columbia, Maryland
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Harry Torno
Office of Research & Development, EPA
Waterside Mall, Washington, D.C. 20460
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rxjConfraet | | Grant
L_J Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $137,200 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop a portable flow measuring device to overcome the adversities
imposed by storm water discharges on conventional instrumentation. The instrument is based on the
properties of electrical capacitance of a sewer cross-section with wastewater forming part of the
dielectric and the volumetric flow rate measured directly by introducing a tracer (small air bubbles)
immediately upstream from the measurement electrodes.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Combined Sewer Fluidic Regulator Demonstration
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0528
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(YJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Carmen F. Guarino, Philadelphia Water Department
City of Philadelphia, 1160 Municipal Services Building
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [XjpROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
9/18/70
EST.COMP.DATE
5/18/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I jControct |X | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $77,410 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project would utilize the design rationale developed under FWQA Program No. 11024 DGZ, (Contract
14-12-486) in the design, construction and operation of a full-size combined sewer fluidic regulator
installed in two typical locations in the Philadelphia sewer system.
The specific objectives of the project are the following:
1. Design, construction and operation of a fluidic regulator for a flow range below 2 CFS
with a minimum of reconstruction. The unit will be capable of demonstrating fluidic action
on demand by use of city water to simulate storm flow and a transparent top for observation.
2. Design, construction, and operation of a fluidic regulator for a 4 CFS peak dry weather
flow. This will demonstrate the use of a fluidic device at higher flows on combined sewerage.
The automatic control of the overflow will be done by sensing the interceptor level. No over-
flow will occur until the interceptor reaches a pre-determined limit.
3. Evaluate the operation of above fluidic devices over a years' period, and relate their
performance, both advantages and disadvantages to conventional regulator throughout the
Philadelphia sewer system.
4. Assembly of all data from the evaluation and testing program including rainfall data,
overflow vs. sensor height, so that the application of fluidics to sewer design can be
demonstrated on a full-scale basis.
52
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Lawrence Avenue Underflow Sewer System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0609
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
City of Chicago, Department of Public Works
Chicago, Illinois
(For information, contact Project Officer)
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
3/30/67
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
| | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,500,000 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of employing a deep tunnel system within
a highly developed urban area to temporarily store excess combined sewer flows for return to the sewage
treatment plant during off-peak hours. This project will reduce the discharge of untreated combined
sewage to the receiving stream and minimize overloading the waste treatment plant. Should this method
of control prove to be economically feasible, the use of advanced tunneling equipment, present plans
in the Chicago metropolitan area envisions a vast network of deep tunnels for ultimate control of all
waters in excess of that which can be conducted by the existing drainage systems.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of an Underground Storage Silo-Vortex Regulator/Solids
Separator System for Control of Combined Sewer Overflows
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0615
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GGPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Thomas Darmody, Meridian Engineering, 1776 Benjamin
Franklin Fkwy., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
For Grantee: City of Lancaster, 120 North Duke Street
Lancaster. Pennsylvania 17604
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContract JX~| Grant
j [intramural
FUNDINGtNFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,289,250 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is the demonstration of the feasibility of controlling combined sewer
overflows by storage in an underground 1.175 MGD "silo" which can offer benefits in minimizing use of
valued surface land. Stored flow will be discharged to the existing municipal sewerage system for
subsequent treatment during the non-peak flow periods. Excessive overflows caused by intense rain-
falls which cannot be contained in the "silo," will be treated by fine mesh screens and disinfected
prior to discharge. A submerged turbine-draft tube device will be installed in the 95' deep "silo"
to demonstrate a method of deep tank mixing and aeration with relatively low power and maintenance
requirements. A vortex device will be developed and demonstrated, which will have the dual capabili-
ties of overflow regulation (controlled diversion) and treatment by liquid-solids separation. During
overflows, the concentrate will be directed to the existing sewerage system, whereas the relatively
clear liquid will be directed to the "silo" for storage. The grantee will employ the Storm Water
Management Model as a design and evaluation tool. The model will also be further developed to include
a decision-making capability to identify effective least-cost alternatives as part of the development
and implementation of a plan for control of combined sewer overflows for an entire urban area, using
the City of Lancaster as an example.
53
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Void Space Storage with Treatment
and Flow Regulation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 0638
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
C. E. Susong, City of Akron
166 South High Street
Akron, Ohio 44308
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
George Harlow
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
5/23/69
EST. COMP. DATE
5/23/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
r_jContract |"x] Grant
I [intramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $562,500 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to construct, operate, and evaluate an underground storage/treatment
facility for excess combined sewage. The facility will include novel concepts in contraction and
operation. It will be an excavated hopper-shaped cavity, lined with an impermeable membrane, filled
with an inert material, covered with soil and the surface made usable. Storage will be in the void
space of the fill. The flow regulation of influent will be a new and improved device, probably a
fluidic regulator. The sewage will be pretreated prior to entry to the storage facility. Tube
clarifiers will be utilized to compare results with an on-going project where these units are being
used for the first time at an operational level on combined sewage.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Program for Demonstrating Combined Sewer Overflow Control Techniques for
Water Quality Improvement and Peach Protection
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAF 0718
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
City of Cleveland, City Hall
601 Lake-side Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
for information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TI.TLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Sid Beeman
Municipal Pollution Control Section, EPA
Arlington, Virginia
BEGINNING DATE
6/3/68
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
BContract [x"| Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $325,162 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to apply several control and treatment methods designed to abate
pollution from combined sewer overflows and control of water quality at the Edgewater and White City
bathing beaches on Lake Erie in the City of Cleveland. Control and treatment measures to be applied
include:
1. hypochlorination of combined sewer overflows and local streams contributing to
pollution of beach areas;
2. use of polymers to reduce overflows by increasing interceptor flow capacity;
3. initiation of a sewer flushing program to reduce solids discharged from the
drainage area tributary to the Edgewater overflow;
4. screening of overflows and streams;
5. construction of sheet piling and flexible barriers to enclose beach areas;
6. control of water quality within enclosed beach areas;
7. collection ! debris and coarse solids; and
8. miscellaneous sewerage system improvements.
54
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Boston University Bridge Storm Water Detention and
Chlorination Station
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAF 0722
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Metropolitan District Commission, 20 Somerset Street
Boston, Massachusetts
For information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Allyn Richardson
Region I, EPA, John F. Kennedy Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
BEGINNING DATE
9/2/66
EST.COMP.DATE
5/2/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
LJContract |"x] Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,000,000 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to construct a detention basin to intercept peak flows and to
chlorinate wastewater, as a means of reducing combined sewage overflows into the Charles River. This
project includes the construction and evaluation of a combined sewer overflow facility, designed to
provide a ten-minute minimum sedimentation-detention time with an influent of 233 MGD. The chlorinated
effluent will flow by gravity from the detention tanks through a 96-inch outfall pipe into the Charles
River. Sludge deposits in the detention tanks will be returned to the sewer system to be treated at
the sewage treatment plant. All settled materials will be flushed out of the tanks and into the sewer
system after the storm subsides.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Systems Monitoring and Remote Control
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAF 0803
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
John W. Brown
City of Detroit, Board of Water Commissioners
735 Randolph Street, Detroit, Michigan
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Lawrence O'Leary
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
2/14/66
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |x I Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,000,000 (66)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is the reduction in stream pollution caused by combined sewer overflows
by installation of modern control equipment for sewage flows thereby maximizing the use of storage
within the existing sewer system. The project consists of installation of new power operated diver-
sionary overflow structures and automatic control instrumentation. The instrumentation includes de-
vices for determination of wastewater quality, flow measurement, rainfall data, conduit liquid level
sensing, and remote operation of diversion gates. Telemetering will be provided to transmit and record
data collected by the instruments and to provide feedback data relative to status of the remote control-
led units. Investigations will be made to observe the modifications and additions to the system, to
analyze and evaluate the data collected, and to determine the overall effectiveness of the demonstration.
55
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
State-of-the-Art and Assessment of Storm and Combined Sewer
Management and Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAF 1104
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(jflPROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John A. Loger
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 1029 Corporation Way
Palo Alto, California 94303
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [xjPROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
06/72
EST. COMP. DATE
8/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fxlContract | | Grant
[ jlntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Project Cost:
Federal Cost: $199,209 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is a fourteen-month compilation, description, and assessment of promising S & CS pollution
control processes useful for establishing a rational basis for planning and evaluating new projects
and for assisting in future municipal planning and design efforts: Work planned includes sewer sepa-
ration, its functions, purposes, limitations, true perspective based on modern technology, vacuum,
and pressure alternatives, etc.; evaluation of control and/or treatment capabilities of facilities in-
tended to function as alternatives to sewer separation as a means of abating pollution from sewer over-
flows; new developments in sewer line installation, materials, jointing, coatings, sealants, impreg-
nation, etc., to reduce costs, alleviate infiltration and extend useful life by limiting corrosion and
erosion; establishment of basis for design; levels of treatment efficiency expected from various treat-
ment and/or control processes or combinations thereof; delineation and description of types and ranges
of pollutants most amenable to removal, conversion, and appropriate handling within the specified
system(s); description and evaluation of various math modeling techniques developed for "predictive"
and "decision-making" purposes to augment stormwater pollution abatement systems; assessment of existing
and new flow meters and sampling devices specifically for adaptability to measure wet-weather flow
in sewers; complete economic evaluation of the above; assessment of applicability of all methods,
facilities and systems employed for CS overflow to urban stormwater pollution control and unify terms,
terminology, nomenclature, units, parameters related to S and CS overflow characterization, abatement
facilities, treatment/control operation and practice.
56
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TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Combined Sewers - Microstraining Pilot Tests
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH Al
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
C. F. Guarino, Water Commissioner
Philadelphia Water Dept., 1140 Municipal Serv. Bldg.
15th & JFK Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
9/18/70
EST.COMP.DATE
4/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
riContraet [X] Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $82,000 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The proposal will essentially be an extension to the project evaluating microstraining and ozonation
or chlorination as applied to the treatment of combined sewer overflow. Additionally, the application
of polyelectrolytes will be investigated to determine their effect upon the removal of residual sus-
pended solids. It is believed that the use of these polymeric materials will permit higher micro-
strainer throughout rates because of agglomeration and strengthening of influent particulates combined
with the intent to study polyelectrolyte usage. It is also proposed to use coagulant-precipitant
such as alum, to research the possibility of removing total phosphates from the combined sewer overflow.
To-date, under the present grant to the City of Philadelphia (11023-FWT), it has been shown that sus-
pended solids removal by high rate Microstraining varies between 40% and 95%, with average removals of
about 75%.
The objectives of the proposed study are: (1) to investigate the application of polyelectrolytes to the
Microstraining of combined sewer overflow to improve effluent quality and attempt to further increase
throughout rates; (2) to investigate the use of suitable coagulant-precipitant in the process to remove
total phosphates from combined sewer overflows; and (3) to extend the present program to acquire more
complete data for evaluation of the process.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Development of a Swirl Concentrator for Grit Removal
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAH BJ
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QGPROJECT DIRECTOR QPK'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Kenneth W. Cestari, Chief Engineer, Merridian Engrng.,Inc.
1776 Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
5/73
EST.COMP.DATE
3/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 [intramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $56,863
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The City of Lancaster, Pennsylvania has proposed a supplement to their current demonstration project
for which they have successfully developed the swirl device for dual use as a combined sewage treatment
concentrator and an overflow regulator. The ongoing parent project is entitled "Demonstration of an
Underground Silo-Vortex (Swirl) Regulator/Solids-Liquid Separator System for the Control of Combined
Sewer Overflows," 11023 GSC. This supplemental grant will develop and evaluate the swirl concentrator
as a grit removal device. The same facilities and expertise utilized for the fruitful past development
of the swirl concentrator as an overflow regulator will be used for the proposed work which offers
direct economic benefits and a high probability for success. Both the previously developed swirl flow
regulator/solids-liquid separator and the newly proposed swirl degritter, will be installed as full-
scale prototype series operations at the Lancaster, Pennsylvania demonstration site under facility con-
struction monies already set aside by the original project grant (11023 GSC). The device is of simple
annular-shaped construction and requires no moving parts. It provides treatment by swirl action which
imparts liquid-solids separation. The grit remains at the bottom of the chamber, whereas the relatively
clean liquid overflows into a central downshaft. Treatment can be effectively accomplished at a small
fraction of the detention time required for conventional processes. A design manual-type final report
will result.
*For Grantee: City of Lancaster, Municipal Building
120 North Duke Street, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604
57
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Nutrient Removal Using Existing Combined Sewer Overflow
Treatment Facilities
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 56
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QpPROJECT DIRECTOR [""[PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Frank Drehwing, O'Brien & Gere Engineers, Inc.
1304 Buckley Road
Syracuse, New York 13201
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [xJpROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
5/73
EST.COMP.DATE
10/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [intramural
Grant
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $121,570
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This work will be a supplement to the ongoing Onondaga County, New York grant 11020 HFR. It will test/
evaluate the feasibility of nutrient removal with additional process units at a full-scale combined
sewer overflow treatment demonstration site in Syracuse, New York.
Alum will be fed at the proposed filter inlet and the alum flox will be allowed to penetrate into the
anthracite media which will affect phosphate removal. Furthermore, the ammonia nitrogen will be re-
duced by the zeolite media at the bottom layer of the filter bed. The system is expected to have 80%
of nutrient removal efficiencies.
Regeneration of alum sludge and exhausted zeolite as well as Badger solids monitor will also be
evaluated.
*For Grantee: Onondaga County Department of Public Works
650 W. Hiawatha Blvd., Syracuse, New York 13202
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development and Demonstration of Combined Sewage Treatment Utilizing Screening
and Split-Flow Air Flotation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0411
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[FJPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
William Katz, Rex-Chainbelt, Inc.
Technical Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [XjPROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risely, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
10/6/67
EST.COMP.DATE
6/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
IX [Contract | | Grant
I llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $378,322 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to study, design, fabricate, and demonstrate a system for the treatment
of combined sewer overflows using new techniques of screening chemical oxidation and/or air flotation.
The system to be studied will evaluta fine screening techniques for solids removal followed by chemical
oxidation and disinfection or air flotation and disinfection prior to discharge of the effluent. The
fine screening phase is intended to reduce the organic loading so that chemical-oxldant costs and de-
tention time in the oxidation zone may be held to a minimum. The chemical oxidants (H202, Cl2> and 03)
will be introduced into a rapid mix zone followed by a mixing baffle detention zone to allow contact
tine for oxidation of the organic material. The dissolved air flotation unit will be operated at re-
cycle rates from 5 percent to 30 percent of total flow and from 40 to 80 psig air pressure. These data
will be utilized to design and demonstrate the flow-through system of a MGD capacity to be evaluated
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
58
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Design, Construction, Operation and Evaluation of Rotating Biological
Contactor for Waste Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0418
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR n^'NOPAL INVESTIGATOR
Allis Chalmers
Milwaukee, Wis consin
For information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Darwin Wright, Systems Con. & Opers. Sec.
EPA, 1901 N. Ft. Myer Dr., Xerox Building
Arlington, Virginia 20460
BEGINNING DATE
9/28/67
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnContract Q] Grant
1 | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $416,526 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) was installed at the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage Commission
treatment plant at Jones Island, to demonstrate the feasibility of treating municipal waste with an
RBC system. The RBC system effectively treated domestic sewage at high loading rates. Ninety percent
COD removal was attained at a loading of 350 to 400 pounds of COD per day per thousand cubic feet of
disc volume. Pounds of COD removed increased with pounds of COD applied. Efficiency of treatment im-
proved with increased retention time. Percent BOD removal was approximately five percent greater than
percent COD removal. Lower disc speed resulted in a slightly lower efficiency. Lower strength wastes
are not as efficiently treated as higher strength wastes at the same organic loading. Recovery from
high hydraulic loading is rapid.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
East Chicago Treatment Lagoon
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0419
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(EJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
East Chicago Sanitary District
East Chicago, Indiana
For information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
12/23/66
EST.COMP.DATE
3/23/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
njCorttract |~x| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,044,120 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of treating combined sewer overflow in a
very deep detention basin having aerobic and anaerobic levels of treatment. The aerobic treatment is
accomplished by large oxygen transfer units suspended on surface of basin waters. The prime objective
of the project is to demonstrate a control method to optimize the quality of treatment to storm water
and combined sewage mixed with industrial wastewater. This treatment will render a more acceptable
discharge to the receiving waters. The demonstration will assess design criteria for detention basins
to provide storage and treatment to storm water and combined sewer overflows; design requirements for
large oxygen transfer units in relation to volumes of wastewater and quality of effluent.
59
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration Project of Biological Absorption of Pollutants from
Combined Storm Water Runoff and Sanitary Sewage
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0421
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[UPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
0. Fred Nelson, City of Kenosha
100-51st Place
Kenosha, Wisconsin
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
n PROJECT DIRECTOR |X]PROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
9/10/69
EST.COMP. DATE
6/10/72
METHODOFSUPPORT
riContract [x] Grant
I (Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $868,700 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to provide a means for high rate biological treatment of combined
sewage by the utilization of viable, activated sludge, clarification and disinfection. The method will
be to store sludge in a biosolids reservoir and maintain a contact tank and solids stabilization tank
in an empty and ready condition at the sewage treatment plant. When a rain event occurs the excess
combined sewage will be directed to the contact tank and the activated sludge proportionally introduced.
The tank will be designed to have 15 to 30 minutes contact time. From the contact tank the flow will
be directed to a clarifier for solids separation. The effluent will be disinfected and discharged to
Lake Michigan with solids returned to the solids stabilization tank and reused or wasted to the
digesters.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Stormwater Treatment Facilities
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAH 0424
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
City of Dallas, 210 City Hall
Main and Harwood, Dallas, Texas 75201
For information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Hiller,
Region VI, EPA, 1600 Patterson Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
BEGINNING DATE
6/21/68
EST.COMP. DATE
em/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |y | Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,093,360 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to design, construct, and evaluate a facility to treat overflows from
sewers carrying a mixture of domestic wastewater and infiltration Stormwater. Physical features include
a diversion structure, pumping station, flocculation and sedimentation basins, chemical feed facilities,
and a pipeline for conveyance of waste lime sludge from the municipal water treatment plant to the
overflow treatment facility. Treatment Unit No. 1 will include flocculation, sedimentation and polish-
ing treatment with tube-type clarifiers; Unit No. 2 will include flocculation and sedimentation; Unit
No. 3 will include high-rate sedimentation. Effluent from the facility will be chlorinated. Design
flow rate will be 28 million gallons per day. The facility will be operated and evaluated as a demon-
stration project for a period of one year following completion of construction.
60
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Large Scale Demonstration of Treatment of Storm-Caused Overflow
by the Screening Method
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAH 0425
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QfJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Paul Brunner
City of Fort Wayne, 308 East Beery Street
Fort Wayne, Indiana 46802
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
4/29/71
EST.COMP.DATE
11/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
| llntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,067,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to install rotating fine screens for the purpose of removing solids
from combined sewer overflows prior to discharge to a retention basin for further treatment with
effluent from the city's secondary treatment plant. Disinfection will be provided. Detailed evaluation
of the treatment process would be carried out.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Disinfection/Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows -
Syracuse, New York
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAH 0426
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECTDIRECTOR npRmciPA
*Frank Drehwing, O'Brien & Gere Engineers, Inc.
1050 W. Genessee Street
Syracuse, New York
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard Field
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/30/71
EST.COMP.DATE
7/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 1 Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,104,984 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the prevention of pollution of Lake Onondaga caused by
enteric organisms in combined sewage discharge. The treatment proposed is fine screening and oxidation/
disinfection at selected stationary, sequential, microstrainer and high speed rotary. There will also
be a solids/liquid separation utilizing the vortex separator. Disinfection will be evaluated utilizing
gaseous chlorine and chlorine dioxide generated on site, by a new and improved technique. Dosage,
points of application, aftergrowth, and other factors in kill efficiency, will be carried out. A special
virus disinfectant study will also be included in the project.
For Grantee: Onondaga County Department of Public Works
650 W. Hiawatha Blvd., Syracuse, New York 13202
61
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Screening/Dissolved-Alr Flotation Treatment as an
Alternate to Combined Sewer Separation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0427
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Honorable Kenneth L. Huck, City of Racine
730 Washington Avenue
Racine, Wisconsin 53404
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [TJPROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
6/24/70
EST.COMP.DATE
8/24/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,046,039 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A 700-acre drainage area in the City of Racine, Wisconsin, has a total of 53 outfalls on a four-mile
stretch of the Root River. Of these outfalls, 17 are separate storm sewers and 36 are combined sewer
overflow relief points. Several outfalls will be intercepted and the flows directed to five riverside
treatment units, of which three will treat combined sewage, one will treat storm water only, and one
will treat both. The untreated excess combined sewage and urban runoff produce high shock loads on the
receiving water during rain events or snow melt. Rather than separation of the combined systems, an
alternate of treating the sewage by screening down to 200 microns then flocculation and flotation with
pressurized dissolved-air will be demonstrated. There will also be verification of a recently deve-
loped combined sewer/water quality mathematical model.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Humbolt Avenue Overflow Detention and Chlorination Facility
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0506
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Herbert Goetsch, Public Works
City of Milwaukee, 841 North Broadway
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q] PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley, Jr.
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
10/15/66
EST.COMP.DATE
7/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 [Contract |x | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,468,589 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate effectiveness of a detention tank and chlorination
facilities for the treatment of combined sewer overflows. The tank influent will be screened. Design
of tank is based on a 15 minute detention time for sedimentation and chlorination. After overflows,
the sludge deposits and wastewater will be pumped back to the existing treatment plant. Aside from
typical testing, the evaluation will include river monitoring.
62
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Combined Sewerage Collection and Treatment Facility
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0507
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
City of Mt. Clemens
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
For information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Lawrence O'Leary
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
2/28/68
EST.COMP.DATE
10/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $500,250 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Overflows from combined sewers cause pollution of the Clinton River during wet weather periods. The
objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling such pollution by con-
structing three aerated "Lakelets" to serve as treatment units. The "Lakelets" will be equipped with
surface aerators and operated in series. Effluent from the first two ponds will be subjected to
chemical treatment and microstraining, with the final effluent from the third pond receiving similar
treatment and chlorination prior to discharge to the Clinton River. This project will explore the
potential of the "Lakelets" as recreation facilities for boating and fishing as a part of park
operation.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Systems Approach to Combined Sewer Storm Water
Overflow Pollution Abatement
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0509
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GDPKOJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
City of Shelbyville
Shelbyville, Illinois
For information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Ralph Christenson
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois
BEGINNING DATE
3/30/67
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[Contract | >J Grant
I llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $440,000 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate a systems approach to pollution abatement. The effect-
iveness of treating combined sewer overflows from small drainage areas in three types of detention and
treatment units will be evaluated. These individual units will be coordinated into a total control
system for the community. Units to be installed and evaluated under this project include:
1. a storm overflow lagoon, designed for five-day detention of a ten-year storm,
followed by primary and secondary stabilization lagoons will receive flow from 95
percent of the drainage area;
2. a storm overflow lagoon designed for 600 percent of dry weather flow; and
3. a primary storm holding tank for 600 percent of dry weather flow for two-hour
detention and equipped with a chlorinator, comminutor solids collecting facilities
and a lift station to pump sludge to the treatment plant.
63
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatment of Peak Wet Weather Wastewater Flows and Rate Control of All
Wastewater Discharges to Interceptor Sewers
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAH 0521
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*John A. Veogtle, YODER/ORWB Associates
1900 Olympic Boulevard, Walnut Creek, California
94596
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
William Bishop
Region IX, EPA, 100 California Street
San Francisco, California 94111
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContracf fx"| Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $359,568 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to construct a combined sedimentation and equalization pond to include
a unique sludge collection system for use as an aerator during dry weather. Excess flows from the pond
will be delivered to a storage and chlorination pond (existing oxidation pond) and released after a
two-day detention and chlorination.
*For Grantee: City of Rohnert Park
Rohnert Park, California
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Somerville Marginal Conduit Including
Pretreatment Facilities
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAH 0522
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QGPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*George Earle
Charles A. Maguire, Assoc., 178 Tremont Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02111
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
William Butler
Region I, EPA, John F. Kennedy Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
BEGINNING DATE
8/31/70
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract |y | Grant
| jlntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $452,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop, demonstrate and evaluate treatment method for excess
combined sewage. The treatment will consist of screening and chlorination. A suitable screening
technique will be developed. The chlorination process will involve new and improved utilization of
high current density electrolytic process to generate a sodium hypochlorite solution for disinfection
of combined sewage. The construction will be coordinated with adjacent highway construction and
drainage and recreational water protection.
Grantee: Metropolitan District Commission
20 Somerset Street, Boston, Massachusetts
64
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TREATMENT OF STORM WATER DISCHARGES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Chlorination and Hypochlorination of Polluted Storm Water Pumpage
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAI 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Sewage and Water Board of New Orleans
New Orleans, Louisiana
For information, contact Project Officer
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Killer
Region VI, EPA, 1600 Patterson Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
BEGINNING DATE
12/2/66
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
^Contract fxl Grant
| I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,034,290 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to control bacteriological pollution in Lake Pontchartrain. This
project will demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency, and economics of using open drainage canals
as treatment facilities; the effectiveness of chlorine and hypochlorite disinfection on intermittent
high flow discharges; and the optimization of various feeding rates, multiple points of application,
and contact time. Facilities for disinfection will be placed, evaluated, and operated in the St.
Charles Canal, the London Avenue Canal, and the Orleans Avenue Canal. A sodium hypochlorite blending
plnat will be constructed and a chlorine alarm system installed. This project will include the pro-
vision of appropriate instrumentation for the generation of quantitative and qualitative data neces-
sary for a comprehensive evaluation.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Characterization and Disposal of Combined Sewer Overflow
Sludges and Solids
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAI 20
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[x]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Anthony Geinopolos, Managing Associate
Environmental Sciences Div., Envirex Inc.
P. 0. Box 2022, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
EJ PROJECT DIRECTOR QJJPROJECT OFFICER
Anthony N. Tafuri
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
4/15/73
EST.COMP.DATE
4/15/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I X [Contract | | Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $99,240
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to: (1) characterize the residual sludges arising from the treatment (physical,
physical-chemical, and bio-chemical) of combined sewer overflows; and (2) develop promising alter-
native sludge handling/disposal treatment process flow sheets and an engineering evaluation of the
alternative flow sheets developed.
The project objectives will be met through the conduct of various work tasks consisting of the
following: (1) desk top analysis/reviews to obtain any available data regarding handling and disposal
of sludges; type and size of CSO control/treatment systems, hydrological data and available data
regarding the dry weather flow and treatment; (2) investigations at selected sites to supplement
available information by conducting sludge sampling programs to determine and evaluate the sludge
characteristics of each sludge generating process; bench scale sludge handling and disposal treatment
tests to determine their treatment amenability; obtain basic design criteria for engineering design
purposes; and (3) development of promising alternative sludge handling/disposal treatment process flow
sheets and an engineering evaluation of the alternative flow sheets developed.
A final report will entirely document the above work tasks and provide engineering recommendations for
the design of a treatment system for the handling/disposal of CSO sludges.
65
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TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTROL OF POLLUTION CAUSED BY URBAN NON-SEWERED RUNOFF
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Characterization and Treatment of Urban Land Runoff
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAJ 0203
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Newton Colston, Water Resources Research Institute
University of North Carolina, 124 Riddick Building
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Anthony N. Tafuri
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
riContract ["x| Grant
| jlntram ural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $106,672 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A 1,67 square mile drainage area in Durham, North Carolina, will be monitored over a two-year period,
for the purpose of correlating storm water discharge quality with land use, rate of flow, storm
characteristics, and runoff time; laboratory pilot-scale studies will be conducted to evaluate the
applicability, effectiveness, and economics of sedimentation and physiochemical treatment of storm
water discharges. Water quality management criteria will be developed to evaluate the relationship of
storm water discharge control/treatment versus advanced municipal waste treatment, in terms of cost and
effectiveness to meet desired water quality levels.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Urban Runoff Pollution from Motor Vehicles
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAJ 0204
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Gil Levin, '« -^herj~s, Incorporated
.,.->- ...a "-i.
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [xjPROJECT OFFICER
Francis J. Condon (EPA, Arlington, Va.)
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
4/24/72
EST.COMP.DATE
10/24/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
FSContract | | Grant
I llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $218,200 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is to provide first-line data on the specific contribution of motor vehicles to highway
dust, dirt, solubles and other deposits, which eventually become pollutants in street stormwater runoff.
67
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Study of the Environmental Impact of Highway Deicing
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAJ 0305/0405
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEXTRAMURAL
GDPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
David L. Richardson, Arthur D. Little, Inc.
25 Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
H. E. Masters
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/26/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OFSUPPORT
nncontroct r~] Grom
| jlntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $197,975 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Recommendations to reduce pollution hazards created by the use of deicing chemicals will be incorporated
into two manuals addressed to the use and storage of these chemicals. A Deicer Users Manual will de-
scribe improved snow and ice removal practices, optimum systems for applying deicing chemicals to
streets and highways and will recommend the absolute minimum amounts necessary to maintain safe traffic
flow. A second manual, for the storage and handling of deicing chemicals will include design and siting
recommendations for storage facilities.
In preparing both manuals, the contractor will consult equipment manufacturers, the salt industry, and
federal, state, and municipal agencies as well as Canadian, European, and British organizations respon-
sible for the use of deicing compounds. They will also observe and take into consideration, the policy
framework within which highway departments must operate.
In addition, an examination of the ecological effects of continued dumping of enormous quantities of
snow from streets and highways into nearby water bodies or onto water supply watersheds. Several sites
will be selected within the snowbelt states for field studies to determine the characteristics of the
snow being dumped. Recommendations will be made where existing snow removal practices are considered
environmentally unacceptable.
68
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NON-SEWERED
DOMESTIC WASTES
1B2035
OUTPUT: Demonstration of technology for the
effective and economical control of pollution
from non-sewered wastes so that municipal and
rural sectors lacking conventional gravity col-
lection systems will be able to upgrade their
treatment capabilities to achieve compliance
with present and future water quality standards.
Program efforts will be to: (1) demonstrate flow
reduction devices for the individual home; (2)
develop and demonstrate improved home treatment
systems; (3) examine economically feasible al-
ternatives to existing septic tank systems; and
(4) demonstrate intermediate systems between
conventional sewers and individual systems.
69
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DEVELOP ECONOMICALLY-FEASIBLE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
FOR DIFFUSE POPULATION AREAS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Economical Residential Pressure Sewage System with No Effluent
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAE 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Gerald F. Hendricks, President
SIECO, Inc., 931 5th Street
Columbus, Indiana 47201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECTOFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
A/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
| (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $65,919
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to demonstrate that septic tank effluent can be treated by a com-
bined anaerobic and aerobic lagoon without objectionable odors and show that the lagoon effluents con-
taining nutrients can be converted to vegetation at reasonable costs, and to provide a community pres-
sure sewer system that will demonstrate the volumetric reduction advantage in a tight pressure sewage
system, the cost advantage of plastic pipe sewerage system, maintenance and power cost of grinding and
pumping units by individual users.
The project has been completed and a final report is being prepared.
For Grantee: Grandview Lake Lot Owners Association
RR#6, Columbus, Indiana 47201
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pressure Sewer Demonstration
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAE 02(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
SPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
*Daniel 0. Ramos, Project Engineer
RESD General Electric Company
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q|PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
2/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |x I Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $80,142 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of a pressure sewer system using indi-
vidual home pump-grinder units. The pump-grinder unit will be installed in each of five homes. The
sewage from the homes will be ground and pumped through a common pipe to an existing gravity sewer.
The plastic pipe will run about one-half mile and experience a net elevation rise of sixty feet. The
system will be evaluated over a six-month period.
The project has been completed and a final report is being prepared.
*For Grantee: Borough of Phoenixville
140 Church Street, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania
19460
71
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Methodology for Disposing of Wastes from Non-Sewered Sources
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAE 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR OKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
Grant
| Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $37,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine feasible methods for the safe and non-polluting disposal of waste from
septic tanks, pit-type tanks, and holding tanks.
A two month literature survey has been completed to determine current problems and treatment methodology.
Simultaneously, such wastes as are presently being discharged into the Lebanon Sewage Treatment Plant
have been characterized chemically, physically, and biologically. Tests have shown that these materials
primarily septic tank wastes, are extremely variable in character. Settling and thickening tests with
and without chemical addition and/or mechanical stirring have shown that there is generally little
potential for gravity thickening. Lime stabilization followed by sand bed dewatering is currently
the treatment method believed to have the greatest potential. Tests will begin in February 1973.
Other approaches to be considered are bleeding of the waste from a holding tank through the conventional
activated sludge process, introducing the waste into the main plant under various waste/plant flow
ratios, and evaluating possible pretreatment methods. Special attention will be devoted to the effect
of metals upon the activated sludge process.
72
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HEAVY INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
1B2036
OUTPUT: New or improved methods for the abatement
of water pollution caused by the discharge of wastes
from heavy industries. These industries include,
but are not limited to, metal and metal products,
chemicals and allied products, nuclear and fossil
fuel power production, petroleum and coal products,
machinery and transportation equipment manufacturing,
textile mill products, and rubber and plastic pro-
ducts, in addition to any joint industrial/municipal
waste sources. Program effort will be directed to
achieve, at minimum cost, the equivalent of 85 and
99 percent removal of contaminants and the techno-
logy to achieve closed loop systems for water reuse.
Emphasis will be placed on advanced technology
full-scale plant systems.
73
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UPDATING STATE-OF-THE-ART AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRETREATMENT AND PRACTICABLE
TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE 95% POLLUTANT REDUCTION FOR THE MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS
MANUFACTURING AND FORMULATING INDUSTRIES, SIC 2851, SIC 2815, SIC 283, SIC 284, SIC 286, SIC 289
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Armour Industrial Chemical Company Secondary Wastewater Treatment
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AEV 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*E. F. Harp, Director of Engineering
Armac Co., P. 0. Box 1805
Chicago, Illinois 60690
NAME.TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
n^OJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Clifford Risley
Region V, EPA, 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
BEGINNING DATE
10/6/69
EST.COMP. DATE
12/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContract |"x1 Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $210,000 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop and demonstrate a secondary treatment biological process to reduce the
effluent from a fatty acid derivatives chemical plant to less than 100 ppm of hexane soluble materials.
Development work includes the evaluation of an existing pilot-plant test unit, to be followed by a
full-scale (0.5 mgd) demonstration at the Armour plant in McCook, Illinois. The treated effluent water
quality improvement, obtainable by use of a tertiary treatment process, will also be explored on a pilot
scale.
Initial use of the system led to the development of undesirable odors. Attempts to control these odors
by careful control of the treatment system were unsuccessful and odor control equipment is now being
installed.
*For Grantee: Armour Industrial Chemical Company
Chicago, Illinois 60611
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Waterborne Wastes of the Paint and Pigments Industries
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
21AEV 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR GPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
William Barrett, Head, Environmental Chemistry Division
Southern Research Inst., 2000 Ninth Avenue
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/20/72
EST.COMP.DATE
3/19/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I IControct |x I Grant
I llntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $33,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
1. Characterize the industry for production and pollution purposes (i.e., size, age, product, or
products, manufacturing processes).
2. Characterize the industry wastewaters - raw waste loads and other unique problems, for (1) above.
3. Identify or define and assess the best practicable treatment technology in terms of operating
characteristics and cost.
4. Identify or define and assess the best available treatment technology in terms of operating
characteristics and cost.
5. Identify or define and assess pretreatment technology for discharge to municipal systems, in
terms of operating characteristics and cost where applicable.
6. Identify the R&D needed to achieve a "closed loop" wastewater control system or the elimination
of pollutional discharges.
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Characterization of Wastewaters from the Pharmaceutical Industry
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AEV 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John S. Ruggiero, Vice President
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association
1155 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContratt [j] Grant
I llntromurql
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $33,938
2.
3.
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
1. Characterize the pharmaceutical industry for production and pollution purposes.
Characterize the industry wastewaters - raw waste loads and other unique problems.
Identify or define and assess the best practicable treatment technology in terms of operating
characteristics and cost.
Identify or define and assess the best available treatment technology in terms of operating
characteristics and cost.
Identify or define and assess pretreatment technology for discharge to municipal systems, in
terms of operating characteristics and cost where applicable.
Identify the R&D needed to achieve a "closed loop" wastewater control system for the elimination
of pollutional discharges.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Biological Oxidation and Chemical Coagulation of Dyestuff and
Organic Chemical Wastes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AEV 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEXTRAMURAL
EPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Erwin J. Eccles, Research Chemical Engineer
Southern Dyestuff Company, P. 0. Box 10098
Charlotte, North Carolina 28201
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA, 1421 Peachtree St., N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
BEGINNING DATE
2/26/71
EST. COMP. DATE
7/26/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
1 [Contract [x | Grant
I llntramurol
FUN DING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $501,122 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The grantee will design, construct, operate, and evaluate a waste treatment system for the control of
wastes from a textile dyestuff and organic chemicals plant. The plant produces over 200 different dye-
stuff products and more than 40 aromatic organic chemicals. The plant will be designed to handle a
flow of 2.2 mgd with a BOD of 760 mg/1, a COD of 1750 mg/1, suspended solids of 350 mg/1, and a high
color content. The waste treatment system consists of biological decomposition of a thiosulfate waste
stream, pH control of acid and alkaline waste streams, and biological oxidation, coagulation and clari-
fication of the combined wastes. The system will be operated for a 12-month period in order to deter-
mine the unit process operating parameters and system characteristics.
In addition, pilot-plant studies will be conducted to determine the basic design factors needed to
upgrade the system's treatment capabilities for color removal.
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DEVELOP TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE RECYCLE, REUSE AND CLOSED LOOP CAPABILITY FOR THE
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING AND FORMULATING INDUSTRIES,
SIC 2851, SIC 2816, SIC 2S15, SIC 283, SIC 284, SIC 286, SIC 289
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Reclamation of Sulfuric Acid from Waste Streams
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AEX 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
Q3PROJECT DIRECTOR [UPR1NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
H. C. Peterson, Manager of Development
New Jersey Zinc Company
Palmerton, Pennsylvania 18071
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/29/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
BContract [jj] Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $149,560 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project provides for the design, construction, installation, operating, testing, evaluation, and
reporting on the effectiveness of a pilot plant system for the total evaporation and partial reconcen-
tration of waste sulfuric acid generated by hydrolysis of sulfuric acid digestion liquor during TiO£
pigment manufactured by the sulfate process. Removal of the contaminant salts from the vaporized acid
stream by a cyclone separator will also be evaluated. Problems of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur
dioxide generation will be explored and corrective measures implemented if necessary. Based on the
results of the pilot plant study, a full scale system will be designed and projected "full scale"
economics of the procedure determined.
The applicability of the total vaporization system to other waste acid streams, specifically spent
pickle liquor, will also be studied using the pilot plant equipment.
77
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DEVELOP ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE
METAL FINISHING, MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Destruction of Cyanide Wastes by an Electrochemical Redox Process
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AHN 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Raymond Tonks, President & General Manager
Aerodex, Inc., P. 0. Box 123
Miami, Florida 33148
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA, 1421 Peachtree Street,N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
7/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract [ y| Grant
1 1 Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $85,072 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project involves the development and demonstration of an electrochemical waste treatment process
for destroying cyanide in metal finishing rinse waters. The study consists of a pilot plant investi-
gation, the design of a continuous system based on optimized parameters, and a full scale demonstration
to determine the effectiveness and economics of the process.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Electrolytic Treatment of Job Shop Metal Finishing Wastewaters
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AHN 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Bruce E. Warner, President
New England Plating Co., Inc.
Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
John Ciancia
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
4/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract |x~l Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $119,424 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project involves the demonstration of a new carbon-bed electrolytic system consisting of three
cells for treating cyanide-bearing rinse waters and four cells for treating chromium bearing rinse waters
in a large metal finishing job shop. The cyanide is electrolytically oxidized to cyanate or carbon
dioxide and nitrogen, and the hexavalent chromium is reduced to the trivalent form which is amenable
to precipitation with -alkali. The treatment also includes the use of tube settlers for removing the
metal precipitates from the effluent of the electrolytic system and a centrifuge for dewatering and
concentrating the sludge.
79
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DEVELOP TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE RECYCLE, REUSE AND CLOSED LOOP CAPABILITY FOR THE
METAL FINISHING, MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Use of Reverse Osmosis for Treating Metal Finishing Effluents
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AHO 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Lee Rozelle, Director of Chemistry Civ., North Star
•Research & Dev. Inst., 3100 Thirty-Eighth Avenue South
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55406
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR (x]PROJECT OFFICER
Hugh Durham (Grosse II. Field Sta.,Mich.)
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
1/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnControct jjj] Grant
1 llntromurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $75,860 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop reverse osmosis membranes for the treatment of the various
types of rinse waters discharged from metal finishing facilities. The reverse osmosis system provides
pollution control, rinse water reuse, and concentration of the chemicals for return to the metal
finishing bath. Of particular interest are membranes that can withstand high and low pH as well as
oxidizing conditions.
*For Grantee: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
717 Delaware St., S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota
55440
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel from Plating Wastes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AHO 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
Qf]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
C. W. Grose, President & General Manager
Michigan Plating & Stamping Co., 740 Ann Ave., N.W.
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49502
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Hugh B. Durham (Grosse II.Field Sta.,Mich.)
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
3/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
(Contract |"vl Grant
I llntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $170,061 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project involves the demonstration of a metal finishing waste abatement system consisting of:
(1) integrated nickel and chromium chemical wash treatment; (2) electrolytic recovery of nickel from
the sludge produced in the nickel integrated treatment process; and (3) evaporative recovery of chromic
acid from save rinse and fume scrubber waters. The system will overcome the sludge disposal problems
encountered with conventional chemical treatment and permit the reuse of the bulk of the wastewater.
81
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Membrane Processes for Treating Metal Finishing Wastes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AHO 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(jjjPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Robert Goldsmith, Program Mgr. of Membrane R&D
Abcor, Inc., 341 Vassar Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
NAME, HUE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
John Ciancia
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
10/15/71
EST.COMP.DATE
10/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | x| Grant
LJ Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $114,386 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility and determine the economics
of reverse osmosis for treating metal finishing rinse waters by recovery of the chemicals and reuse
of the water. The project involves an in-house pilot plant investigation at the subcontractor's
(Abcor, Inc.) facility on various types of rinse waters for evaluation of membrane properties and
equipment configurations, effectiveness of treatment, operating parameters and removal of impurities
where necessary to achieve closed-loop treatment. The project also includes the demonstration of a
selected system in an actual metal finishing shop to evaluate the treatment concept under actual plant
conditions.
*For Grantee: American Electroplaters' Society, Inc.
56 Melmore Gardens, East Orange, New Jersey
07107
82
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UPDATING STATE-OF-THE-ART AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRETREATMENT AND
PRACTICABLE TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE 95% POLLUTANT REDUCTION FOR THE
PLASTICS AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES, SIC 2821, SIC 30 and SIC 2822
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
State-of-the-Art Effluent Study of the Rubber Industry
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AIB 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Dan Pennington, Gov't. Relations Assoc.
Rubber Mfgrs. Association, 444 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10022
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
2/28/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rnContract HE] Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $29,518
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Rubber Manufacturers' Association (RMA), with the assistance of a consultant, will report on the
nature and characteristics of the water pollution problem and the State-of-the-Art for control tech-
nology for the rubber and rubber products industry. The scope of work for the project proposes docu-
mentation of 5 segments of the industry as defined by the Standard Industrial Classifications 2822,
3011, 3021, 3031, and 3069. The project requires the development and documentation of information to
satisfy the following problem areas: (1) classification of the industry for production and pollution
purposes; (2) characterization of industry wastewaters with reference to classifications in (1);
(3) identification, definition and assessment of the wastewater management techniques that are avail-
able and in use; and (4) identification of the research and development needed to achieve a water
reuse capability.
83
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DEVELOP TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE RECYCLE, REUSE, AND CLOSED LOOP CAPABILITY FOR THE
PLASTICS AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES, SIC 2821, SIC 30, AND SIC 2822
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Industrial Wastewater Renovation Plant,
the General Tire and Rubber Company
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AID 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John H. Crozier, Chemical Engineer
The General Tire and Rubber Company
Odessa, Texas
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR |X]PROJECTOFFICER
Joseph Field
Region VI, EPA, 1600 Patterson Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
BEGINNING DATE
12/30/70
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
(Contract | y| Grant
1 llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $461,890 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is to demonstrate the applicability of a vertical tube evaporator (VTE) distillation plant
for the renovation of organics containing industrial wastewater. The chemical waste effluent emanating
from the General Tire and Rubber Company Synthetic Rubber Plant, Odessa, Texas, at rates up to 750,000
gpd, contains dissolved solids, mostly sulphates and chlorides, in concentrations up to 7,000 ppm in
addition to organics in excess of 100 ppm. The proposed VTE plant will be used to obtain high quality
water for reuse. The residual concentrated brine will be disposed of by means of the existing 90-acre
pvc-lined evaporation ponds.
This grant is intended to demonstrate the applicability of VTE to the renovation of organics containing
industrial waste effluents providing high quality recycle water and the substantial reduction of the
waste for ultimate disposal to a practical volume.
Extensive problems due to fouling and corrosion have now been attributed to sulfides in the influent.
Pretreatment by trickle filter to oxidize these sulfides is now being evaluated.
85
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TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION WITH EMPHASIS ON TREATMENT,
DISPOSAL OR RECOVERY OF PRODUCTS FROM METAL FINISHING SLUDGES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing Waste Treatment Sludges
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ARD 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*G. Ray Smithson, Chief of Waste Cont. & Proc. Tech.
Battelle Columbus Laboratory, 505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PROJECT OFFICER
Eugene Harris
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/6/70
EST.COMP.DATE
1/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |"y] Grant
LJ Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $90,069 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop information on sludge volumes and characteristics produced
in metal finishing plants, determine the effects of weathering on sludges in current disposal practice,
and carry out bench-scale investigations on potentially attractive techniques for recovering metals
from these sludges. On the basis of the investigation, the process design and economics will be deter-
mined for selected metal recovery systems.
*For Grantee: Metal Finishers' Foundation
248 Lorraine Avenue
Upper Montclair, New Jersey
07043
87
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TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
1B2038
OUTPUT: Technology for the development of efficient and
practical devices for the detection and prevention of
pollution of the marine environment by watercraft (and
other transportation sources) so as to enable industry to
meet forthcoming and/or established standards. Program
efforts will be concentrated on such pollutants as sani-
tary wastes, chemicals, oils, bilge waters, ballast waters,
wash water and engine exhaust. This program will provide
the necessary research to develop and evaluate prototype
shipboard detection and antipollution devices, and proto-
type supporting onshore dockside facilities.
89
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DEVELOP AND DEMONSTRATE SANITATION DEVICES FOR VESSELS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Device for On-Board Treatment of Wastes from Vessels
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APK OA
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John E. McWade, Gulf & Western Ind. Products Company
101 Chester Road
Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Bernard Hornstein
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP. DATE
3/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
| [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $106,269 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to design, develop and demonstrate a compact, simple to operate,
sanitary waste treatment system for handling 15 man days (3 x 5 or 5 x 3) of waste from existing marine
heads before filter replenishment.
Phase I development program is for experimental verification of the Clarke's Carbon treatment for
sanitary waste followed by filtration. Reportedly, the system produces an effluent closely approaching
drinking water quality. Any finely divided activated carbon will suffice, but superior performance is
reported for the Clarke's Carbon system.
Phase II proposes installation and demonstration on a 34 foot sailing vessel.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development and Demonstration of Device for On-Board Treatment
of Wastes from Vessels
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APK 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
G[]PROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPA1- INVESTIGATOR
W. B. Johnson, AWT Systems, Inc.
910 Market Street
Wilmington, Delaware 19899
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPR°JECT DIRECTOR [x|PROJECT OFFICER
Bernard Hornstein
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP.DATE
8/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
pjFjContract | | Grant
[Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $223,125 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is to design, develop and demonstrate a compact modular system for all wastes from
pleasurecraft. The system utilizes pressure filtration, carbon adsorption, incineration and vapor
phase catalytic and chlorination oxidation. The components of the system can be designed such that a
treatment device may consist of from one to four modules, depending on space and weight limitation of
vessels. Phase I, the laboratory phase, will consist of developing and testing the individual com-
ponents. Following the lab phase, a prototype system will be assembled for vessel installation and
demonstration.
91
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Device for On-Board Treatment of Wastes from Vessels
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APK 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [[^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
G. A. Remus, General American Trans. Corporation
7449 North Natchez Avenue
Niles, Illinois 60648
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
David J. Cesareo
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nflContract Q Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: 9137,800 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is to design, fabricate and test a system for treating sanitary and galley wastes from
vessels with a 6 to 20 man crew.
The unique feature of the proposed system is the incorporation of a hydrophilic filter consisting of
a screen and "sponge" to accomplish solids-liquid separation.
A Phase I, 9 month period is Included for development of full-scale system and laboratory testing.
A Phase II period includes installation onboard a vessel for performance testing.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
R/V Alcoa Sea Probe Sewage Treatment Plant
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APK 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QQPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
D. R. Froechlich
Ocean Science & Engineering, Inc. 3 Choke Cherry Road
Rockville, Maryland 20850
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
OROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/30/70
EST.COMP.DATE
2/28/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
1 [Contract Ix 1 Grant
1 1 Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $33,669 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of a closed circuit recirculating flush system
designed to preclude any overboard discharge from the sanitary facilities while the vessel is in port
or in restricted waters. Involved is chemical treatment, separation of solids and recirculation of
sterile flushing liquid.
Included is the modification of an existing design of an onboard sewage treatment plant to suit a
special purpose vessel of 2000 tons displacement and 50 person crew.
Shipyard installation of the system and auxilllary equipment during construction of the ship; initial
test and checkout of the plant; acquisition of operational data related to suitability of application;
and final report ar 'equired. The report will present results, conclusions and recommendations
covering installation efforts, operation aspects, costs, and chemical and biological effectiveness.
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Device for On-Board Treatment of Wastes from Vessels
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APK 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R. M. Chaniberlin, Westinghouse Electric Corporation
R&D Center, Beluah Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPKOJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
HContract Q Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: 5157,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop and test a small, reliable recirculating waste treatment
system for small pleasure craft up to 26 feet in length. The system will be designed to treat the waste
generated by four people and will fit into a space of 20 cubic inches.
All of the components, with the exception of an incinerator, have been evaluated in Westinghouse
Research Laboratories. The components of the proposed system include: (1) a commode base; (2) a unique
moving spring screen solid separator; (3) a liquid reservoir; (4) a solids incinerator; and (5) a dis-
infecting/chemical treatment device.
The above components will be designed, fabricated and tested in the laboratory using human waste during
Phase I. Phase II involves building, installing and testing the device aboard the Westinghouse vessel,
"Sea Search."
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development and Demonstration of a Device for On-Board Treatment
of Wastes from Vessels
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APK 14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR OKINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Terry McMahan, Ocean Systems, Inc.
11440 Isaac Newton Square North
Reston, Virginia 22070
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
David J. Cesareo
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP.DATE
9/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
firiContract | | Grant
| (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: ?194,590 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of a closed circuit recirculating flush system
designed to preclude any overboard discharge from the sanitary facilities while the vessel is in port or
in restricted waters. Involved is chemical treatment, separation of solids and recirculation of
sterile flushing liquid.
Included is the modification of an existing design of an onboard sewage treatment plant to suit a
special purpose vessel of 2000 tons displacement and 50 person crew.
Shipyard installation of the system and auxilliary equipment during construction of the ship; initial
test and checkout of the plant; acquisition of operational data related to suitability of application;
and final report are required. The report will present results, conclusions and recommendations cover-
ing installation efforts, operation aspects, costs, and chemical and biological effectiveness.
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Recreational Watercraft Waste Treatment System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APK 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
G3PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Stan Summers, Ametek/Calmec
5825 District Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90040
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP. DATE
3/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
ppContract [~| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $119,700 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this program is to design, develop and demonstrate a compact, simple to operate,
reliable and relatively maintenance-free physical-chemical waste treatment system for recreational
watercraft.
The unique feature of the proposed system Is the incorporation of the combined processes of an in-depth
filtration and carbon adsorption in a moving bed. An electrically driven, variable pitch screw shaft
moves the filtration/adsorption mixed media on an intermittent basis. The active zone of the unit is
replenished periodically with fresh media while the spent media is wasted to a storage cannister which
requires emptying once per boating season.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Devices for On-Board Treatment of Wastes from Vessels
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APK 18
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[UPROJECTDIRECTOR C]PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Paul D. Nance
Thiokol Chem. Corp., P. O- Box 524
Brigham City, Utah 84302
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Leo T. McCarthy, Jr.
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP. DATE
8/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 XjControct | ] Grant
1 [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $149,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to design, develop and test a compact, low-cost, highly reliable waste treatment
system for sanitary vessel waste with a crew compliment of 10 men. Emphasis on adaptability of the
proposed design to both smaller and larger pleasure craft will be included.
The proposed system employs the unique feature of a filter/incinerator developed by Thiokol. As re-
ported by Thiokol for the system performance, the effluent contains less than 50 mg/1 of suspended
solids and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and less than 240 MPN/100 ml of colifora. This quality
would more than satisfy the stated objectives of the RFP.
A seven month Phase II demonstration onboard a houseboat is proposed after the Phase I development.
94
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECTTITIE
Device for On-Board Treatment of Wastes from Vessels
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
21APK 19
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[xJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R, Henderson, Fairbanks Morse, Inc., Research Center
701 Lawton Avenue
Beloit, Wisconsin 53611
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECTOFFICER
David J. Cesaero
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cinctnnatl, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
pnContract Q Grant
| (intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $241,122 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this program is to design, develop and demonstrate a recirculating sanitary waste
treatment device for a crew size of 25, but applicable design changes can expand the treatment
capability to 20 to 50 man crew sizes.
The treatment process includes coarse solids separation, coagulation, filtration by means of a moving
paper filter, carbon adsorption and chlorination. All solid waste generated, including filter paper
and separated solids, will be incinerated.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Marine Sanitation System Demonstration
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APK 21
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*E. L. Kaminsky, Marland Environmental Systems, Inc.
150 Stratford Road
Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
2/28/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | xl Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDING IN FORMAT! ON
Federal Cost: $138,630 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project Is to demonstrate a physico-chemical marine sanitation system capable of
producing an effluent having characteristics equivalent to a high level of secondary treatment. The
vessel selected for the demonstration is a ferry operating between Cape May, New Jersey, and Lewes,
Delaware. The proposed process utilizes a centrifuge to separate the solids from the liquid waste
followed by a series of carbon adsorption columns to remove the remaining organic contaminants. The
liquid effluent from the system can be recirculated through the ferry plumbing system as flush media
or discharged overboard. The solids remaining will be collected onboard and will be disposed of on-
shore once each week.
*For Grantee: Delaware River and Bay Authority
P. 0. Box 71, New Castle, Delaware
19720
95
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Catalytic Waste Treatment Systems for Great Lakes Ore Carriers
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APK 22
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Paul D. Nance, Thiokol Chem. Corp.
P. 0. Box 524
Brigham City, Utah 84302
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Leo T. McCarthy, Jr.
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/15/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | xl Grant
[ | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $128,218 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The overall objective of this grant is to develop a physicochemical system of treating sanitary, galley,
laundry, shower and wash basin wastes generated on an ore carrier operating on the Great Lakes with a
crew of 30 men. The proposal envisages using three subsystems. One subsystem, employing a proprietary
catalytic-incinerator for solid liquid separation and solids reduction, and proprietary catalytic
columns for dissolved solids removal and oxidation, would treat only sanitary wastes. The second sub-
system, treating sanitary and galley wastes, would employ a centrifuge for solids, grease, liquid
separation; an incinerator for grease and solids reduction and catalytic columns for dissolved solids
removal and oxidation. The third subsystem would use electrolytic chlorination to sterilize shower,
wash basin and laundry wastewater. These three tanks and automatic controls to treat in excess of
2,900 gallons of waste per day. After fabrication, the subsystems will be assembled on shore and
tested before installation on board ship. Upon installation of the subsystems there would be a 90 day
shipboard evaluation followed by a 6-month program to evaluate performance reliability. Effluent
requirements for the proposed system would be less than 50 mg/1 of suspended solids, less than 50 mg/1
of BOD and less than 240 MPN of coliform organisms per 10 ml.
*For Grantee: Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company
1400 Union Commerce Building
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
96
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DEVELOP TEST CRITERIA FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND MARINE SANITATION DEVICES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Instrumentation for Monitoring of Marine Sanitation Systems
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APN 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
C. E. Mauk
Houston Research, Inc., 8330 Broadway
Houston, Texas 77017
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
9/15/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[^Contract Q Grant
| (intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $74,548 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate the technology for the effective monitoring
of effluents from marine sanitation devices installed onboard recreational vessels. The instrument
to be developed will use optical and colorimetric principles for automatic monitoring at a pre-
determined standard with provision to alert the boater and inspection personnel when suspended solids
exceeds or total chlorine residual is less than the pre-determined standard. The instrument will be
tamper proof, easily installed, capable of operating in salt, fresh and brackish flush systems, will
be safe to operate and easy to maintain, and will have an uninstailed first cost of less than $100.
The instrument will consist .of an optical assembly, electronic circuitry and a sample system which
shall be packaged in a compact unit no greater than 12" x 12" x 6." and weigh no more than 5 Ibs.
The program includes engineering research to adapt existing instrument principles for suitable opera-
tion under shipboard conditions. A prototype instrument will be assembled and laboratory tested using
a procedure that simulates the treatment of shipboard waste. The instrument will finally be installed
on an EPA approved recreational vessel equipped with a marine sanitation device for onboard testing
over a 90 day period to establish reliability, maintenance and operating requirements and accuracy
under actual field conditions. A final report will be prepared and distributed summarizing all aspects
of the program.
RESEARCH TASK/ PROJECT TITLE
Development of Instrumentation
Watercraft Sanitation Systems
for Monitoring Recreational
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APN 07 (a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert A. Mostello, Procedyne Corporation
221 Somerset Street
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QJPROJECTOFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
9/15/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnConrract | | Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $124,079 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this program is to develop and demonstrate the technology for the effective monitoring
of effluents from marine sanitation devices installed onboard recreational vessels. The instrument
to be developed will use optical and amperometric principles for automatic monitoring at a pre-
determined standard with provision to alert the boater and inspection personnel when suspended solids
exceeds or total chlorine residual is less than the pre-determined standard. The instrument will be
tamper proof, easily installed, capable of operating in salt, fresh and brackish flush systems, will
be safe to operate and easy to maintain and will have an uninstalled first cost of less than $100.
The instrument will consist of an optical assembly, electronic circuitry and a sample system which
shall be packaged in a compact unit no greater than 12" x 12" x 6" and weigh no more than 5 Ibs.
The program includes engineering research to adapt existing instrument principles for suitable opera-
tion under shipboard conditions. A prototype instrument will be assembled and laboratory tested using
a procedure that simulates the treatment of shipboard waste. The instrument will finally be installed
on an EPA approved recreational vessel equipped with a marine sanitation device for onboard testing
over a 90 day period to establish reliability, maintenance and operating requirements and accuracy
under actual field conditions. A final report will be prepared and distributed summarizing all aspects
of the program.
97
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DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF OUTBOARD ENGINE EXHAUST
ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Analysis of Pollution from Marine Engines and Effects of the Environment
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APO 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAAAURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Matt Kaufman, Boating Industry Association
333 North Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60601
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q]PROJECTDIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Leo T. McCarthy, Jr.
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
4/13/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract [^J Grant
(intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $199,220 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to obtain sufficient laboratory and field data to be able to predict
the number of outboard engines which can be operated on any particular body of water without causing
adverse effects on the aquatic environment. The project is divided into two phases. The first phase
will assess the extent of ecological disturbance caused by the operation of outboard motors and will
determine the affect on the aquatic system food chain. This phase will be conducted in natural aquatic
systems in both northern and southern climates. The second phase consists of a laboratory investigation
to identify and quantify the major components of submerged exhaust emission from outboard engine varia-
tions due to engine horsepower, manufacturers design, engine age and maintenance.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Effects of Exhuasts from Two-Cycle Outboard Engines
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APO 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
William W. Shuster
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York 12181
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Royal J. Nadeau
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I_2 [Contract | xl Grant
| llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $84,300 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The proposed project would investigate levels of outboard engine discharges that exist under a variety
of use patterns in an oligotropic/mesotrophic lake as a function of time of year. Engine discharges
associated with water surface, water column, and sediments will be measured and fingerprinted by gas
chromatography. Studies will be made to correlate the levels and fingerprints of these products to
primary productivity and consumer and decomposer activity. Laboratory and field studies will be con-
ducted establishing the kinetics of removal via microbial, adsorptive and evaporative mechanisms for
a loading estimate in terms of a boating hour index.
99
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AGRICULTURAL SOURCES
1B2039
OUTPUT: Methods and management practices for abatement
and control of pollution from agricultural sources. These
sources include, among others, forestry and logging opera-
tions, agricultural and natural runoff, irrigation return
flows, animal feedlot operations, and recreation facili-
ties. Program efforts will include: (1) definition of the
nature, extent, and effects of pollution from the various
sources; (2) development of mathematical models and im-
proved cultural practices to mitigate the pollution; and
(3) development of criteria for promulgating specifications
and guidelines for design and operation of control pro-
cedures. Where applicable, complete recycle technology
will be developed.
101
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DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE AND ECONOMICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL METHODS, EQUIPMENT AND CRITERIA FOR
RECREATIONAL FACILITIES AND AREAS USED ONLY SEASONALLY
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Flora Filter for Wastewater Treatment
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APP 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR nPR'NCIPALINVESTIGATOR
David Papier, Ohio Department of Water Resources
Water Management Department
Columbus, Ohio 44077
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
DPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Eugene F. Harris
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntromural
FUN DIN GIN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $77,329 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The overall program objective is to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of a Flora Filter
system for wastewater treatment in a recreational area. The Flora Filter system will eliminate the
problems associated with the disposal of wastewater on soils, and provides an ideal system for seasonal
treatment required in recreational areas. In this system, urea-formaldehyde foam is sprayed on soil or
an impervious surface and Merion Bluegrass is hydroseeded on the foam. Wastewater is applied to the
foam by overhead irrigation. The system will remove BOD, suspended solids and nutrients from the waste-
water and produces a marketable crop.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Recirculating Catalytic Oxidation Waste Treatment System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APP 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HlPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Paul D. Nance, Thiokol Chemical Corporation
P. 0. Box 524
Brigham City, Utah 84302
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECTDIRECTOR ^PROJECTOFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNINGDATE
7/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |X| Grant
| I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $45,098 (72)
TASK /PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project will develop and demonstrate a non-biological waste treatment system which eliminates
the organic wastes in sewage and makes the water suitable for reuse in flushing toilets, thus obviating
the necessity for a water supply for waste disposal. To demonstrate the performance of the developed
system, it will be installed at the top of Freds Mountain (10,400 feet elevation), Alta, Wyoming, to
treat the sanitary sewage generated by the customers and employees of a restaurant located there. The
restaurant will have a seating capacity of 60 and is expected to serve as many as 500 customers per
day. An estimated 1,500 gal/day of sanitary wastes will be treated. Treated wastes will have less
than 50 mg/1 of 6005, less than 50 mg/1 of suspended solids, and less than 100 MPN of coliform organisms
por 100 ml.
*For Grantee: Grand Targee ktsort Area, Inc.
P.O. Box 117, Driggs, Idaho 83422
103
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Non-Aqueous Sewage Disposal System for Recreational
and Remote Areas
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APP 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[xJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Floyd Matthew
4635 Wentworth Drive
Rapid City, South Dakota 57701
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
William J. Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/15/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I jControet [y | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cosh $75,213 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The overall project is to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using a compact, closed-
loop, non-aqueous system for collecting, transporting and disposing of domestic waste at remote and
recreational areas where conventional methods of disposal are undesirable because of needs to protect
recreational and underground waters and in areas where water is in short supply. It will be demon-
strated that water conservation is achieved since a non-aqueous flush media will be utilized. The
system will be demonstrated and evaluated during both winter and summer seasons at a facility serving
the recreational and tourist industry. The physical, biological, pathological, chemical, and aesthetic
characteristics of the flush media will be demonstrated.
Specific technical data to be determined and evaluated includes: (1) Data on the useful life of the
flush media; (2) per capita waste loading to establish future design criteria; (3) effectiveness of
the incineration process; and (4) operational maintenance and reliability data to project optimum
operational techniques and procedures.
For Grantee: Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District
P.O. Box 1692, Rapid City, South Dakota
57701
104
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MINING SOURCES
1B2040
OUTPUT: Methods and management pro-
grams for the prevention, alleviation,
and abatement of water pollution caused
by mineral extraction and mining activi-
ties. Program efforts will also be
directed towards the development of cri-
teria for the establishment of water
quality standards. Demonstration pro-
jects will be initiated to determine the
engineering feasibility and the economic
vectors associated with large-scale
abatement and control measures.
105
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TREATMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Lime/Limes tone Treatment of Ferric Iron Acid Mine Drainage
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
CDPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
|F] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
R. B. Scott, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
3/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
[Contract | J Grant
IX llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $2,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Studies were conducted to optimize the process of treating acid mine drainage, containing a relatively
high concentration of ferric iron as compared to the concentration of ferrous iron, by the addition of
lime and limestone. Work during FY 1973 will be the completion of the final report.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Lime/Limestone Neutralization of Acid Mine Drainage
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Alten F. Grandt
Peabody Coal Co., 301 N. Memorial Drive
St. Louis, Missouri 63102
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR |F]PROJECT OFFICER
John F. Martin, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/6/68
EST.COMP.DATE
5/8/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 | Intramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $472,400 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is for the design, construction and operation of a full-scale demonstration plant for
the neutralization of acid mine drainage utilizing lime and limestone. Project objectives are to
develop techniques to optimize neutralization efficiency, minimize chemical and operating costs, and
to obtain information for application of this process at other locations.
107
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Trough Creek Limestone Barrier Installation and Evaluation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QfJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John J. Demchalk
Div. of Dev. Research, Dept. of Environmental Resources
P. 0. Box 1467, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (JJPROJECT OFFICER
John F. Martin, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/22/70
EST.COMP. DATE
4/22/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
LJContract (x"| Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $28,160 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shall construct limestone barriers at six locations in the Trough
Creek Watershed for the purpose of eliminating mine drainage pollution of Trough Creek. As a part of
constructing these barriers, an investigation and evaluation of the effectiveness of the barriers
will be undertaken. This will include: (1) analysis of selected samples of limestone that will be
tagged and placed within the barriers; (2) chemical analysis of the stream; (3) flow gauging; and
(4) evaluation of hydraulic design and recommendations for improvement.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Studies on Removal of Manganese from Mine Drainage
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Ralph Rozelle
Wilkes College
Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania 18703
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [jCJPROJECT OFFICER
Ronald Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP. DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Controct | xl Grant
1 [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $16,245
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A study of several methods of removing manganese from mine drainage using strong oxidizing agent
including ozone and chlorine. Study will include oxidation rates, effect of pH, and interfering
ions.
First phase of study has been completed.
108
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Assemble and Shakedown Existing Neutralization Plant
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
C]pROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Scott, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
12/31/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
r_|Contract | | Grant
IY llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $89,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Assemble and put into operating condition the chemical treatment plant which was moved from Norton,
West Virginia, to Crown, West Virginia.
The plant will be used to neutralize acid mine drainage in order to obtain data concerning the
feasibility and economics of treating mine drainage with a high concentration of ferric iron.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Construction of Mine Water Treatment Plant at Hollywood, Pennsylvania
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFY 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OOPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John Demchalk, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Dept. of Environ. Resources, P. 0. Box 1467
Harrisbur^, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
DPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald D. Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/68
EST. COMP. DATE
6/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
| | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $700,000 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is a demonstration of the treatment of acid mine waters by neutralization. Investigations
of five basic treatment processes comprise the actual demonstration study in this 500,000 gallon per
day plant. These five processes are as follows: (1) flash mixing, aeration and settling; (2) flash
mix, aeration, thickening, settling; (3) thickening (with lime, sludge recycle, supernatant discharge;
(4) biological oxidation tank, thickening, limestone reactor, settling; and (5) trickling filter,
thickening, limestone reactor, settling.
Project is completed except for final report.
109
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Optimization of a Conciliation Lime/Limestone Treatment
of Ferrous Iron AMD
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFY 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
IT] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Scott, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
1/30/73
EST. COMP.DATE
12/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
Grant
I Intromurai
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Studies will be made to optimize the process of treating acid mine drainage, containing a relatively
high concentration of ferrous iron as compared to the concentration of ferric iron by the addition
of a combination of lime and limestone.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Lime-Soda Ash Treatment of Neutralized Mine Drainage
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 17
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John Demchalk, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environ. Res., P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Roger Wilmoth, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNINGDATE
6/18/70
EST. COMP.DATE
2/28/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
| [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $78,930 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A full scale lime-soda ash treatment process will be applied to each of four different water sources
and evaluated, to determine the following: (1) chemical dosages required to yield finished water which
will meet specific water use criteria; (2) operational factors associated with the process; (3) opera-
tion of the process on various feed water for sufficient time to determine the relevant operating
costs and such variables as sludge production and settling rates, ease of continuous operation along
with maintenance and labor required; and (4) attempt to evaluate the feasibility and economics of the
lime-soda process for municipal and industrial uses on feed waters containing under 500 mg/TDS and
over 500 mg/1 IDS.
The operational systems provided for this experimental work would include a 7.0 MGD capacity for lime
neutralization consisting of rapid mixing, slow mixing, aeration and sedimentation. This will be
followed by a 3.5 MGD capacity reactor-clarifier for the soda softening process with recarbonation,
for this final stage of treatment.
Plant is scheduled to go in operation February 1973.
110
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Thickening and Dewatering of Precipitates from the Lime/Limestone
Treatment of Mine Water
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFY 22
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GDPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Joseph W. Leonard
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [x|PROJECT OFFICER
Roger C. Wilmoth, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
2/5/70
EST.COMP.DATE
3/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I IControct |x | Grant
I llntramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $69,957 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project will provide the technical information necessary so that: (1) existing knowledge may be
properly applied; and (2) new or conceptual knowledge may be utilized in order to densify the sludge
which results from lime or limestone mine water treatment. Knowledge and procedures in the areas of
both chemical and mechanical densification will be employed. Broad areas of specialization which
are concerned with these techniques include: coagulation, flocculation, decantation, filtration,
thickening, centrifuging and cycloning.
Final report is being prepared.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Optimization of Lime and Limestone Sludge Dewatering and Compaction
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
dPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFY 26
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[JO PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Scott, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
5/30/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[ IControct | | Grant
I X| Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $55,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Studies will be made to optimize the dewatering and compaction of lime, limestone and lime/limestone
sludges created by neutralization of acid mine drainage.
The use of drying beds, lagoons, filtration and spray irrigation will be investigated.
Ill
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Purification of Acid Mine Drainage by Neutrolosis
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 29
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
G. L. Blackshaw, Engineering Experiment Station
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Scott, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
6/25/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
[^Contract | | Grant
I (Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $33,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Ibis project was for the construction and shakedown of a reverse osmosis system to further study the
reverse osmosis-neutralization system for complete treatment of acid mine drainage. A 60,000 gpd
R.O. unit was ordered. The test facility is under construction.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage Using a
Spiral Wound Reverse Osmosis Unit
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 30
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR n^OJECT OFFICER
Roger C. Wilmoth, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
8/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnControct | | Grant
| xl Intro mural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A spiral wound reverse osmosis unit will be used to treat acid mine drainage. Data will be obtained
concerning desirable ranges of pH, ion concentration, pressure, recycle rate and flow rates. The
amounts and effects of precipitates will be recorded under various operating conditions.
112
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Optimization Studies on the Use of Reverse Osmosis on Ferrous Iron
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFY 33
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
dJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Qi] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Roger C. Wilmoth, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
9/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 1 Contract 1 1 Grant
[XJ Infra mural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $21,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Pilot Plant studies will be made using the neutrolosis process. Neutrolosis will be used in combination
with reverse osmosis to produce a useable water from acid mine drainage with very small amounts of
sludge created for disposal.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Electrochemical Removal of Heavy Metals from Acid Mine Drainage
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFY 46
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPRCUECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John Demchalk, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environ. Resources, P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR (FJPROJECT OFFICER
Ronald D. Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/13/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | x| Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $89,457 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Laboratory studies will be conducted to develop the design parameters for an electrochemical process
for converting ferrous iron to ferric iron. A pilot plant will be constructed and operated for a
three month period on an actual mine discharge.
Project is in pilot plant stage.
113
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POLLUTION CONTROL METHODS FOR SOLID FUEL SURFACE MINING AND
OTHER SURFACE PROPERTIES OF SOLID FUEL MINING
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
State-of-the-Art - Surface Mining Pollution Control
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFZ 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
CIlPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
00 PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Elmore C. Grim, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
|X I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to prepare a report on State-of-the-Art for surface mining pollution
control. It will provide up-to-date procedures for maximum, solid, mineral recovery while providing
the best available reclamation techniques for the surface mined areas. Emphasis will be placed on
mine drainage pollution control before, during, and after mining.
Project phases consist of: (1) review of available literature concerning surface mining of solid
minerals; (2) contact the various State and Federal agencies who have expertise in surface mining;
(3) visitations to various states for on-site investigation of surface mining under varying conditions;
and (4) recognize the future research needs to control pollution from surface mining.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Mine Spoil Potentials for Soil and Water Quality
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFZ 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Richard M. Smith, Division of Plant Sciences
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [FJPROJECT OFFICER
Benton Wilmoth, EPA, Region III, Phil. Pa.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Wheeling, W. Va.
BEGINNING DATE
12/71
EST.COMP.DATE
12/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract fx] Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $99,903 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this study is to assure that variable earth materials in surface mine spoils and mine
slags are placed and treated appropriately for prevention of water pollution and development of
desirable soils and landscapes. This will be accomplished by: (1) identifying, correlating, describing
and sampling soil and rock strata in regions where surface mining is in progress or planned; (2) deter-
mining chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of soil, rock, mine spoil and mine slag samples
involved in water quality problems; (3) determining natural or induced weathering processes and rates
for earth materials in known or controlled environments; and (4) determining interactions among spoils,
amendments, plants (including microbes) and water over both short and long time intervals.
Major emphasis will be placed upon refining methods used to classify the pollution potential of over-
burden material representative of the Appalachian Region and to apply these methods at a few selected
field sites by analyzing the overburden prior to mining, recommending appropriate reclamation pro-
cedures and determining the effectiveness of these procedures.
115
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Millers Run and Campbells Run Mine
Drainage Pollution Abatement
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AFZ 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR OKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
John Demchalk, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environ. Resources, P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
n PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/6/70
EST.COMP. DATE
8/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
( (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $49,748 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of abatement procedures for acid mine
drainage which are to be applied on the Millers Run and Campbells Run areas of Western Pennsylvania.
The abatement procedures to be evaluated are surface mine reclamation, stream channel sealing and
mine sealing.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Control of Acid Drainage from Coal Mine
Refuse Piles and Slurry Areas
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AFZ 18
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR GPRINCIPAl INVESTIGATOR
G. L. Barthauer, Vice President
Midwestern Div., Consolidation Coal Company
Library, Pennsylvania 15129
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR |f]PROJECT OFFICER
E. E. Chaudoir,Region V, EPA, Chicago, 111.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Evansville, Indiana
BEGINNING DATE
10/68
EST.COMP. DATE
3/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Contract |xl Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $490,560 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is to demonstrate suitable methods for reclamation of coal preparation plant refuse
piles and slurry lagoons to eliminate acid drainage. Information derived from this study should
provide a rational and engineering procedure for future reclamation projects.
Field work is complete. Draft of final report is under review.
116
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CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM UNDERGROUND SOLID FUEL MINES
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Catawisa Creek Mine Drainage Pollution Abatement Project
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AGA 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John Demchalk, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environ. Resources, P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR {^PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/68
EST.COMP. DATE
3/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContract [~x] Grant
I [intramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $365,540 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is designed to confirm previous estimates of mine drainage pollution abatement and to
evaluate the at-source control method of inundation of a mine by plugging three existing drainage
tunnels within an isolated pocket of coal. Inundation of the mine will attempt to prevent acid mine
drainage formation by displacing the air with water.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Study of Use of Inert Gas to Eliminate Acid Pollution from Deep Mines
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AGA 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
John Demchalk, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environ. Resources, P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [jjjPROJECT OFFICER
Ronald Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/6/68
EST.COMP. DATE
5/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract [x| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $83,784 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
An abandoned drift mine of approximately 200 acres will be sealed, and air-blowing and monitoring
equipment installed. The air leak rate from the mine will be determined by correlating variable air
input rates to the changes in the barometric pressures and temperatures in the mine.
The proposed test mine was found to be unsuitable for these tests.
Final report is being prepared.
117
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Laboratory Study of Self-Sealing Limestone Plugs for Mine Openings
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGA 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR nPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
J. C. Troy, Cyrus Wm. Rice, Division
NUS Corporation, 1910 Cochran Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15220
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
n PROJECT DIRECTOR JJJJPROJECT OFFICER
James Shackelford, Off. of Air & Water Pro.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.20460
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST.COMP. DATE
2/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
nnc°ntratt I 1 Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $162,976 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Laboratory studies of self-sealing limestone plugs for mine openings were conducted to determine the
optimum limestone material for such a treatment and sealant technique. A pilot plant operation
utilizing synthetic solutions representative of anticipated acid mine waters, aggregate additives to
improve plug performance, and several basic types of limestone which were varied in terms of size of
gradation and placement density were constructed and tests made.
Final report is under review.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
High Expansion Foam as a Method of Inerting Abandoned Coal Mine Areas
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AGA 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GGPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ralph H. Hiltz, Mine Safety Appliance Company
MSA Research Corporation
Evans City, Pennsylvania 16033
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
John F. Martin, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/29/72
EST.COMP. DATE
12/29/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
fjjjContract Q Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $56,870 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The program to evaluate use of the high expansion foams as a sealing and inerting mechanism within
worked out areas would be conducted in four phases as follows: (1) procure and develop suitable mine
area; (2) evaluate the effectiveness of a new polyurethane formulation for sealing; (3) determine
further benefit from completely filling the remaining area with polyvinyl alcohol foam; and
(4) observe and analyze water issuing from the area for one hydrological cycle.
118
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NEW MINING METHODS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Demonstration of a New Mining Technique to Prevent the
Formation of Mine Acid in an Active Mine
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGB 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[xJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Roy C. Taliaferro, Island Creek Coal Company
Island Creek Division
Holden. West Virginia 25625
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Donald 0'Bryan, Off. of Res. & Dev.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.20460
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/71
EST. COMP. DATE
3/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
| | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $582,239 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is Phase II of a program to demonstrate that mining coal in an oxygen-free atmosphere
will prevent the formation and subsequent discharge of mine drainage pollution into streams and other
water courses. The objective of Phase II is to test the important systems, especially the life support
system, in an active ventilated mine and prepare a detailed design of the demonstration mine including
estimated costs of construction and operation.
The Phase I project was a system engineering evaluation that determined the feasibility of mining in an
inert gas atmosphere using "space age technology." '•
Phase II is in its final stages.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Feasibility Study of a New Surface Mining Method
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGB 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR nPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
H. F. Moorman, Potomac Engineering & Surveying
P. 0. Box 306
Petersburg, West Virginia
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
John Mulhern, Off. of Res. & Dev.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington,D.C. 20460
BEGINNING DATE
10/18/72
EST. COMP. DATE
2/18/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fxlContrcict Q Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $88,021 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A feasibility study will be made to determine the technological and economical feasibility of using
long wall mining techniques on surface mines.
119
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SMALL DRAINAGE BASIN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DEMONSTRATION
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Technique of Water Infiltration Control to
Achieve Mine Water Pollution Control
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGC 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Edgar Henry, West Virginia Dept. of Natural Resources
1800 Washington St., E.
Charleston, West Virginia 25305
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECTDIRECTOR ^PROJECTOFFICER
Robert B. Scott, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $672,047 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate on a full scale, the technique of water infiltration
control as a means of achieving mine water pollution control in the Dents Run Watershed. Reclamation
of the surface mines will eliminate their diversion of runoff into the underground mine water system.
The feasibility study is completed and construction has begun.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Tioea River Mine Drainage Pollution Abatement Project
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AGC 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John Demchalk, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environ. Resources, P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Eugene F. Harris, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
8/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[Contract | X| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $450,000 C71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the effectiveness of restoration of unreclaimed strip
mines as a technique for the abatement and reduction of acid mine drainage. Elements of this demon-
stration include the burial of coal refuse and other acid forming materials within strip pits as a
part of the restoration operation, the reconstruction of stream channels, the restoration and/or
grouting of subsidence areas and the reestablishment of a vegetative cover using agricultural lime-
stone and digested sewage sludges as soil conditioners.
The project work will include the establishment of a gauging, sampling and analytical program to be
carried out during the life of the project. During the early gauging, sampling and analytical program,
feasibility will be established and then construction plans and specifications will be prepared and
construction contracts let in a logical sequence. Monitoring of the mine drainage discharges and
receiving streams will continue during and after construction so that the effectiveness of the tech-
niques can be documented. Accurate cost records will be maintained of construction costs.
121
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Lake Hope Mine Drainage Demonstration Project
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGC 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[x]PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
S. L. Frost, State of Ohio
Department of Natural Resources
Columbus, Ohio 43215
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [JJPROJECT OFFICER
Eugene F. Harris, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/25/71
EST. COMP. DATE
10/1/74
METHOD OFSUPPORT
njContract |x~] Grant
I jlntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $808,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Lake Hope project will demonstrate the control and elimination of mine drainage pollution by refuse
pile disposal and/or covering and underground mine sealing. Acid producing coal refuse will be removed
and buried in suitably prepared sites. These sites will be finished, graded, and seeded. Non-acid
producing coal mine refuse piles will be reshaped to existing contours, covered and reclaimed by ap-
propriate seeding and tree planting for erosion control and aesthetic enhancement. The mine sealing
demonstration program will be undertaken in two phases. The first phase will seal those mine openings
which have been determined the most significant acid discharges, and those openings immediately
adjacent to or suspected of having connection with the high acid concentration discharge openings.
The second phase will seal selected remaining mine openings as determined by the continuous water
quality monitoring data obtained. Continuous water quality monitoring systems will obtain data to
be evaluated over the life of the project and after all construction has been completed. Feasibility
study is completed.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Reuse of Treated Active Surface Mine Drainage for
Revegetation Augmentation
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AGC 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
ODPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert E. Nickel, Commonwealth of Kentucky
Department of Natural Resources
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
n PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald D. Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/4/71
EST. COMP. DATE
12/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
| [Contract | ^d Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $322,068 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to determine on a full scale, the use of a mobile neutralization
plant to treat acid mine drainage from a surface mine and utilize the treated water to irrigate new
vegetative cover on regraded spoil banks in order to achieve higher vegetative survival and to eliminate
pollution. Demonstration will be made in Western Kentucky.
Feasibility study is completed.
122
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Debris Basins for Control of Surface Mine
Sedimentation in Steep Slope Terrain
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGC 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR C]PIHNC:IPALINVESTIGATOR
Robert E. Nickel, Commonwealth of Kentucky
Department of Natural Resources
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^[PROJECT DIRECTOR JJTJPROJECT OFFICER
John F. Martin, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/19/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
niContract [x] Grant
| | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $229,058 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of the project is to demonstrate the'effectiveness of debris basins to control sediment
discharges from surface mining operations in steep slope terrain. These basins will be constructed
in accordance with present rules, regulations and legislative requirements under actual working
methods as currently practiced in the eastern Kentucky coal fields.
The project will consist of five phases. Phase 1 - will be a detailed feasibility study; Phase II -
will be for engineering (surveying, mapping and design review); Phase III - will be the actual mining
operations; Phase IV - will be for monitoring; and Phase V - will be for the preparation of the Final
Report. The final report will include all pertinent project data and the evaluation and effectiveness
of the demonstration program.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Elk Creek Watershed Demonstration Project
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGC 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QjPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Edgar Henry, West Virginia Department of Natural Res.
1201 Greenbrier Street
Charleston, West Virginia 25311
BEGINNING DATE
6/15/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/14/75
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
OPROJECTDIRECTOR EPROJECTOFFICER
Robert B. Scott, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Norton, West Va.
METHODOFSUPPORT
niContract [~x] Grant
[ (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $448,700 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of the project is to demonstrate the effectiveness of three at-source (impermiable slurry
trench, deep mine roof collapse and regrading alkaline spoil material) mine drainage pollution control
methods at abandoned surface and deep mine sites. The project will consist of four phases: Phase I -
detailed feasibility study; Phase II - detailed plans and specifications; Phase III - construction of
the abatement facilities; and Phase IV - Monitoring and final report.
123
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Deer Park Daylighting Project
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AGC 07(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
John R. Matis, Department of Natural Resources
Water Res. Admn., Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Elmore C. Grim, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/15/72
EST.COMP.DATE
9/11/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $550,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the effectiveness of daylighting as a procedure for
acid mine drainage pollution abatement while providing adequate land reclamation to the immediate and
adjacent surface land area. As the secondary objective, the project will demonstrate the effectiveness
of erosion and sediment control in preventing stream pollution and siltation during and following
active surface mining.
The project is divided into five phases: Phase I - the indepth feasibility study; Phase II - the
engineering design; Phase III - the construction (actual mining operation); Phase IV - monitoring
for one hydrologic cycle; and Phase V - the Final Report. The Final Report shall include all perti-
nent project data and the evaluation and effectiveness of the demonstration project.
124
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MINING SOURCES (ORES)
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Study of the Carbonate Bonding of Taconite Tailings
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AGF 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
E. A. Pelczarski, Applied Technology Corporation
135 Delta Drive
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald D. Hill, Mine Drainage
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/72
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[xlContraet f~] Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $18,914 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A bench scale experimental effort primarily to determine the range of operating parameters that will
result in strong carbonate bonded taconite tailings that are impermeable to air and water as is con-
crete. The taconite tailings thus studied will be mixed with various amounts of lime hydrate to
determine the effects of the variables on strength properties such as compression and flexure. Select-
ed briquettes will be subject to compression and flexure loading tests to determine their strength
as a function of time, lime content and water content.
125
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OIL AND HAZARDOUS
MATERIAL SPILLS
1B2041
OUTPUT: Technology for: (1) the preven-
tion of oil and hazardous material spills;
and (2) the detection, control, and re-
storation of the water environment fol-
lowing accidental spills. Emphasis will
be directed toward spill prevention and
control methods at industrial complexes,
storage terminals, and major transportation
sources. Methods will be developed for re-
mote and congested areas, warm and cold cli-
mates , and fresh and marine waters. Rapid
detection and countermeasure techniques
and methods for the ultimate disposal or
recycling of oil and hazardous materials
removed from spill sites will be
demonstrated.
127
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OIL SPILL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Oil Spill Surveillance System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANO 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
G[]PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
H. G. Eldering, Baird-Atomic, Inc.
125 Middlesex Turnpike
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QJ PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Kurt Jakobson, OR&D, Washington, D.C.
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNINGDATE
6/30/71
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
| (intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $185,298 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The contractor shall furnish the necessary personnel, facilities and equipment to complete a prototype
Florescence Oil Spill Surveillance System. The technical approach shall include the following five
tasks: (1) determine detailed florescence excitation/emission signatures and emission efficiency data
on model oils; (2) design and construct a prototype florescence oil spill surveillance instrument em-
ploying a plused xenon source; (3) design and evaluate an alternate laser source; (4) test the oil
surveillance system at the Baird-Atomic plant; and (5) field test the system in a work demonstration
effort at a site to be recommended by Baird-Atomic and approved by the EPA project officer.
129
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NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPILLS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Joint EPA-API-Coast Guard Conference on Prevention
and Control of Oil Spills
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ANR 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Jack Gould, Secretary, American Petroleum Institute
1801 K. STreet, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QJPROJECTDIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Kurt Jakobson, OR&D, Washington, D.C.
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
8/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rHContract [x~| Grant
| [intramural
FUN DIN GIN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to sponsor a joint conference with the American Petroleum Institute
and the U.S. Coast Guard on the prevention and control of oil spills. At this conference, the current
state of the research in the field of oil pollution will be presented. This research includes oil
spill prevention, oil pickup, oil disposal, and the effects of oil spills. This three-day conference
will be held in Washington, D.C. A compilation of the papers presented at this conference will be
published.
131
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PHYSICAL REMOVAL OF SETTLED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN WATERCOURSES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Methods to Physically Remove Spilled Hazardous
Materials from Bottoms of Watercourses (A)
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANS 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
BPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Robert Sanders, Ind. Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc.
1810 Frontage Road
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x|PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph P. Lafornara
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/20/72
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[^Contract QJ Grant
| (intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $52,679 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This is one of two projects (the other, Project No. 68-03-0182 (21ANS-02a), is being carried out by Rex
Chainbelt, Inc.) to demonstrate and evaluate methods of removing spilled, insoluble, heavier-than-
water, hazardous materials from the bottoms of watercourses. The site for this demonstration and
evaluation is a designated 500-ft. section of a creosote-contaminated stream in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
namely the Little Menomonee River. In this demonstration it is essential that the general contour of
the stream, as well as the banks, shorelines and vegetation, not be disturbed. This requirement elimi-
nates the more conventional dredging methods. In a continuous operation, creosote, river mud, and
detritus will be fluidized with a hand-held vacuum head and pumped to a large sedimentation tank to
which flocculants are added. The settled-out creosote and mud will be periodically drawn off and hauled
to a sanitary landfill disposal site. The water, which contains solubilized and dispersed creosote and
mud fines, will be passed through a high rate, filtration settling column and then pumped through the
"EPA 'Dynactor' and Magnetic Separator" (developed by the contractor under Contract #68-01-0123,
(21ANX 02). Polishing, if required, will be done with a second high rate, lamellar flow, filtration
settling column. The treated water will be tested for creosote/mud content and either returned to the
stream or cycled for retreatment. During the demonstration, the water in the Little Menomonee River
will be tested above and below the operation site to assure that water quality is not degraded. The
superior creosote-removal method (this one or the method being evaluated under Project 68-03-0182) will
then be applied to the cleanup of the entire contaminated length (2-1/2 miles) of the Little Menomonee.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Methods to Physically Remove Spilled Hazardous Materials
from Bottoms of Watercourses (B)
FY1973TASK NUMBER
2 LANS 02a
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert Agnew, Ecology Division
Rex Chainbelt, Inc., P.O. Box 2022
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph Lafornara
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/31/72
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
pnContract | | Grant
I (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $83,333 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This is one of two projects (the other, Project No. 68-03-0182 (21ANS 02a) is being carried out by Rex
Chainbelt, Inc.) to demontrate and evaluate methods of removing spilled, insoluble,
heavier-than-water hazardous materials from the bottoms of watercourses. The.site for this demon-
stration and evaluation is a designated 500-ft. section of a creosote-contaminated stream in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, namely, the Little Menomonee River. In this demonstration it is essential that the general
contour of the stream, as well as the banks, shoreline and vegetation, not be disturbed. This require-
ment eliminates the more conventional dredging methods. Creosote, river mud, and detritus—as Ca. 5%
slurry—will be removed continuously from the river bed with a specially designed vacuum head. The
head will be manipulated from a flotation tank-supported frame that permits vertical, lateral, and
horizontal movement of the suction head. Repositioning of the frame itself will be achieved by adjust-
ment of cables secured to the river bank. The slurry will be fractionated into solids and water with
the EPA "Mobile Beach Cleaner" (developed by another EPA Contractor). The solids will be disposed of
at an approved sanitary landfill. The liquid will be passed through a large sedimentation tank to which
flocculants will be added and then processed in the EPA "Modular Spills Treatment Unit", developed by
Rex Chainbelt under EPA Contract #68-01-0099 (21ANX 03). Effluent from the treatment process will be
tested for creosote/mud content and then either returned to the river or reprocessed, as required.
During the demonstration, the water in the Little Menomonee River will be tested above and below the
operation site to assure that water quality is not degraded. The superior creosote-removal method (this
one or the method being evaluated under Project 68-03-0181) will then be applied to the cleanup of the
entire contaminated length (2-1/2 miles) of the Little Menomonee.
133
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Documentation of Methods for the Removal of Settled Hazardous
Materials in Watercourses
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANS 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[£]PROJECT DIRECTOR [UPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Edward H. Bryan, Citizens for Menomonee River
Restoration, Inc., 1545 South 108th Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53214
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR JJTJPROJECT OFFICER
Joseph Lafomara
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
10/2/72
EST.COMP.DATE
10/2/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[^Contract | | Grant
|_J Intro mural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $17,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A 13-1/2 minute sound, color motion picture documentary film will be produced to show: (1) original
state of the creosote-contaminated Little Menomonee River, including footage of volunteers attempting
clean-up; (2) operations by two EPA contractors (Rex Chainbelt, Inc., and Industrial Bio-Test
Industries, Inc.) in applying EPA-sponsored removal systems to separate 500-feet sections of the
River; (3) clean-up operations on the entire 2-1/2 mile contaminated length of the River by an EPA-
selected "best" approach for clean-up; and (4) views of the River some time after tne full-scale clean-
up to indicate the effectiveness of the operation and the accompanying restoration of the River to a
creosote-free and environmentally "clean water" condition.
134
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COLLECTION OF CONTAINED SPILLED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Control of Hazardous Chemical Spills by Physical Barriers
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANV 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
Lx]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ralph Hiltz
MSA Research Corporation
Evans City, Pennsylvania 16033
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [jjjPROJECT OFFICER
Ira Wilder
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/29/71
EST.COMP. DATE
2/28/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fjTjContract Q Grant
| I Intramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $160,688 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to develop and demonstrate methods to confine spills of hazardous
materials on land by use of polyurethane compounds, and low and high expansion foamed inorganics.
Selected high priority hazardous materials, including ammonia, chlorine, acrylonitrile, acetone
cyanhydrin, methyl alcohol, phenol, lindane, and an organic mercury solution, will be used to select
an appropriate compatible foam, structurally stable for creating foam dikes. The methods are to re-
sult in a portable, high capacity foaming device which can be deployed immediately following a spill,
handled, for example, as a back-pack and installed and carried on a transporting vehicle.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Physical Barrier to Contain Spilled Hazardous
Materials in Watercourses
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANV 02a
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Frank A. March, Ocean Systems, Inc.
11440 Isaac Newton Industrial Square, North
Reston, Virginia 22070
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PROJECT OFFICER
Paul Heitzenrater, OR&D, Washington, D.C.
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/29/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
pclControct Q Grant
llntramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $148,518 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Phase I. The objective of this project is to develop and test a physical barrier that can be used to
contain spilled hazardous materials in watercourses to prevent dispersion to surrounding waters. In-
corporated in the barrier is an air-inflated flotation collar which supports the top of the barrier,
and a water-inflated seal which seals the bottom of the barrier to the bottom of the watercourse.
Components necessary for deployment will be evaluated to optimize functional and operational procedures
under actual field conditions in both a lake and flowing stream. The ability of the barrier to with-
stand currents up to three knots in a tidal situation will be determined.
Phase II. Based on evaluation in flowing stream tests, the barrier will be redesigned and refabricated.
Tnis improved barrier will be maintained in a ready-to-use condition until it can be deployed and
evaluated in an actual spill situation under a stand-by contract to be issued by the Division of Oil
and Hazardous Materials, EPA. The final report will not be issued until the on-site spill evaluation
test of Phase II has been completed.
135
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Emergency Collection System for Spilled Hazardous Materials
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANV 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ralph Hiltz, Senior Scientist
MSA Research Corporation
Evans City, Pennsylvania 16033
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QJ PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
John E. Brugger
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
11/10/72
EST. COMP. DATE
11/10/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fX~|Contract | ) Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $67,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A field-operable, liquid pumping system for collecting spilled hazardous materials in a plastic bag
will be developed and tested. The system will weigh less than 1000 Ibs., be pallet mounted, and occupy
a shipping volume no greater than 4' x A' x 2'. The major components are: (1) a high efficiency,
explosion-proof pumping system; (2) a rechargeable battery pack; (3) two 7000 gallon plastic collection
bags; (A) hoses, piping, and valves; and (5) necessary electrical switching components. The system
will operate for at least 2 hours at a maximum head of 30 feet. The pump will operate at a rate of at
least 100 gpm at no head with liquids of viscosity up to 100 cps. The bags will be self-deployable,
non-rolling on steep hillsides, and chemically resistant to most hazardous liquids. The system will be
designed, fabricated, and field tested with subsequent modification, if necessary, to evolve a working
prototype.
136
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HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILL ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Disposal Techniques for Spilled and Unused Pesticides
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANW 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
E. W. Lawless, Chemist, Process Chem. Section
Midwest Res. Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECTOFFICER
John E. Brugger
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/29/71
EST. COMP. DATE
6/29/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
|X IControct | | Grant
I llntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,800 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to develop and compile information describing safe and non-polluting
methods for treating spilled and unused portions of pesticides or other agricultural chemicals in
terms understandable by, and with equipment available to, informed laymen, county agents and public
health officials. Information to be gathered and/or developed includes the toxicity and hazards of
the materials, detoxification by conversion to innocuous products, treating spills in general and on
a layman's property, and proper decontamination of pesticide containers and equipment. The effort
will result in the preparation of a manual which could be furnished to appropriate officials for
distribution of information on specific pesticides.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Land Spill Decontamination Technique
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ANW 03a
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Michael Smith
Hancock Co. Port & Harbor Comm., P.O. Box 69
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39520
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Peter B. Lederman
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
niContraet [~x| Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $68,500 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are: (1) conduct a short-term research program for decontamination of
spills of two hazardous materials, phenol and chlordane, at a large captive site (Mississippi Test
Facility (MTF), Hancock County, Mississippi) to show the feasibility, practicality and suitability of
the site as a testing facility for evaluating spill prevention, control, detoxification, disposal and
restoration devices and procedures; and (2) collect and critically evaluate information and data from
MTF with respect to existing facilities, potential for modification, if necessary, and general useful-
ness for demonstrations of prevention, control, containment, detoxification, and ultimate disposal
techniques for spills of hazardous materials under full-scale conditions and in a captive area of
characterized ecology, climate, geography, and hydrology.
137
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Rapid Detection of Toxic Materials in Water
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANW 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OOPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Louis H. Goodson, Senior Advisor for Biology
Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q] PROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
Thomas Hoover, SEWL, Athens, Georgia
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
2/24/71
EST. COMP.DATE
2/28/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
|X [Contract | | Grant
1 [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $84,180 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project incorporates the design, development, fabrication, demonstration and evaluation of an auto-
matic water monitoring device which will provide an immediate warning signal in response to the pres-
ence of organophosphates in watercourses. Organophosphates are inhibitors of the enzyme cholinesterase
which will be used as a sensor to monitor the water being sampled. Water suspected of containing
organophosphates and a substrate will be passed over the enzyme in an electrochemical cell. In the
absence of the organophosphates the substrate will hydrolyze and produce a low potential. When the
toxic material is present the substrate will not be hydrolyzed and a high potential will activate an
alarm system.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Field Detection and Damage Assessment Handbook
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANW 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPKOJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
D. M. MacArthur, Enviro Control, Inc.
1250 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [xfjPROJECT OFFICER
C. Hugh Thompson, Office of Water Programs
Washington, D.C., Edison Water Q. Res. Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/21/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
fxlContraet Q] Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $56,297 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is designed to produce a handbook of procedures and techniques which are technically
and legally defensible for assessing damages to the aquatic environment resulting from discharges of
oil and hazardous materials. The handbook will serve as a model for developing State response and
contingency planning programs. Standardized observations, testing and reporting will result from
State and local programs adopting similar damage assessment techniques.
138
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DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Devices to Treat Spilled Hazardous Materials
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANX 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert G. Sanders, Industrial Bio Test Labs., Inc.
1810 Frontage Road
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPKOJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Ira Wilder
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/29/71
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pnContract | | Grant
I (intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $138,916 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to develop a continuous flow through thin film aerator to which chemi-
cals can be added to neutralize, oxidize, precipitate or adsorb spilled hazardous materials. A sepa-
ration device to remove precipitates, carbon slurries, gasses, and other solids from the effluent of
the aerator will also be investigated. High priority hazardous materials will be evaluated to
determine the effectiveness of these devices.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Modular Transportable Prototype System for
Treating Spilled Hazardous Materials
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ANX 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GJPROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Donald G. Mason, Manager, Process Products
Rex Chainbelt, Inc., P.O. Box 2022
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR |T|PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph P. Lafornara
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE,
6/29/71
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
pjIContract | | Grant
[ Jlntramurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $217,341 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to develop and fabricate a modular transportable prototype system for
removing and treating spilled hazardous materials in aqueous solutions. Equipment necessary to treat
most of the high priority hazardous materials will be mounted as modular units on a truck which can be
driven to a spill site where treatment can be instituted immediately. Treatment will include neutrali-
zation, flocculation, precipitation, filtration, and carbon adsorption.
139
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DEMONSTRATION OF ISSTREAM TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS WITH MASS TRANSFER MEDIA
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Mass Transfer Media for Treatment
of Hazardous Material Spills
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANY 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJJPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
A. J. Shuckrow, Research Associate, Pacific NW Labs
Battelle Memorial Institute, P.O. Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Ira Wilder
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/29/71
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
ly [Contract | | Grant
( (intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $112,690 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The goal of this project is to select, test, demonstrate, and evaluate the production, subsurface
application and surface collection of floatable mass transfer media for in situ treatment of spills in
watercourses. Ion exchange resins and physical sorption media will be utilized to treat spills of
toxic bases, acids, and organic compounds. Media will be selected that can be made floatable with a
controlled rate of rise to insure optimum contact time with the contaminated watercourse. Methods will
be developed to effectively deposit the media at the bottom of the watercourse under spill conditions
and subsequently collect the spent media on the water surface.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Methods to Treat, Control, and Monitor Spills
of Selected Hazardous Materials
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANY 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR OPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Roland Pilie
Calspan Corporation
Buffalo, Hew York 14221
NAME, TITLE, AND AD DRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph P. Lafornara
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/29/71
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
PpContract | | Grant
| llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $494,424 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This is a comprehensive project to develop new and effective methods to prevent selected spilled
hazardous materials from reaching watercourses and to treat, control and monitor the materials in the
watercourses. Materials to be investigated include anhydrous ammonia, phenol, chlorine, acrylonitrile,
acetone cyanhydrin, methyl alcohol and heavy metals. The development of appropriate countermeasures
will include consideration of use of neutralization, precipitation, and adsorption agents; methods
for introducing treatment materials; methods to detect and monitor spilled materials; development of
appropriate flotation, containment and skimming methods; bioassay determination of effects of counter-
measures on the aquatic environment; and an evaluation of the logistics involved, including cost
factors, safety, delivery systems, availability and storage requirements.
141
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DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATIONAL SYSTEM FOR PLUGGING LEAKS FROM RUPTURED CONTAINERS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Foamed Plastic Barriers for Stopping Spills of Hazardous Materials
from Leaking Containers
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ANZ 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
LXJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Rex Mitchell, North American Rockwell Corporation
Rocketdyne Division, 6633 Canoga Avenue
Canoga Park, California 91304
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Ira Wilder
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNINGDATE
6/29/71
EST.COMP.DATE
it/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pnControet f"~| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $99,072 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of a system based on the use of foam
plastic barriers to plug leaks of hazardous materials from ruptured containers on land and under water.
Various types of currently available plastic foams will be tested and evaluated in the presence of high
priority hazardous materials. The evaluation will include compatability of the plugging material with
hazardous substances and water resistance, bond strength, barrier effectiveness and setting time of the
material under simulated spill conditions.
143
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METHODS TO PREVENT SPILLS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AT PRODUCTION
SITES, TERMINALS AND STORAGE FACILITIES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Control of Toxic and Hazardous Material Spills in Municipalities
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOA 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL'NVESTIGATOR
George A. Brinsko, Plant Supt., Allegheny County Sanitary
Authority, 3300 Preble Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15233
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
John E. Brugger
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST.COMP. DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
ppContract Q Grant
L [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $310,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to develop a comprehensive program to identify, monitor, manage and
control toxic and hazardous material spills in a municipal waste collection-treatment system serving a
large metropolitan area. Included in the project are: (1) identification of character and quantity of
actual and potential sources and location of toxic and hazardous materials entering the collection sys-
tem to evaluate and plan for treatment strategies; (2) design and installation of a monitoring and sur-
veillance system to verify identification of materials and provide an early warning of spilled toxic
materials; (3) utilization of existing pilot plant to establish modifications to operating techniques
to adequately treat toxic materials and protect the biological treatment process; and (4) development
of an emergency response contingency plan for controlling hazardous material spills and model ordinances
for control of discharges based on treatability studies.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pollution of Watercourses by Sudden Discharge or Spillage of Thallium and Re-
lated Metallic Compounds from Ore Refining Operations & Chemical Storage
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AOA 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OGPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Thomas Magorian, Principal Geophysicist
Calspan Corporation
Buffalo, New York 14221
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
C] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
John E. Brugger
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/21/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/21/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
njlContraet | | Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $130,504 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to investigate and document the threat to the water environment due to
spillage or sudden discharge by compounds of thallium and certain other related metals, such as cadmium,
lead, indium, arsenic, and selenium, that are present in the residues and wastes from a variety of ore
refining and chemical operations. This study will determine the magnitude of the threat to water
quality posed by discharges and spills during storage and/or disposal of thallium and other wastes in
holding tanks, lagoons, cinder banks, landfills, and slag deposits. A program of sampling and analysis
will be conducted on the water, sediment, and biota—with special emphasis on the food chain—in water-
courses near selected industries.
145
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CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF OIL SPILLS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Quantitative Analysis of Oil by Infrared Spectrophotometry
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOE 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR n^'NOPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
GO PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Michael Gruenfeld
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
12/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
niContraet | | Grant
|X I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $9,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
An in-depth assessment of infrared Spectrophotometry as an analytical technique for the accurate
quantitation of oil is performed. Different extraction solvents and path length cells are compared,
and the Beer's Law behavior of some representative oils is established. The lower detection limits of
the representative oils by this technique are also determined.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Extraction of Oil from Sediment for Quantitation Spectroscopic Analysis
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOE 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
Michael Gruenfeld
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
1/2/73
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContract Q Grant
|y [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $9,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A method is sought for the complete rapid extraction of small quantities of oils from sediments.
Quantitative determination of extracted oil is to be achieved with a spectroscopic instrumental
technique such as an infrared, ultraviolet, or fluorescence Spectrophotometry. A rapid clean-up
procedure is also sought for separating sediment components that interfere with the analysis.
147
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Passive Tagging of Oils by Fluorescence Spectrophotometry
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOE 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Michael Gruenfeld
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
8/1/72
EST.COMP. DATE
9/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
Grant
(intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $15,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The initial effort is to determine whether fluorescence Spectrophotometry is usable for passive tagging
oils; i.e., does this technique measure oil parameters that maintain their integrity in the presence of
weathering. An optimum, rapid, method will be devised if the technique proves successful. A thorough
literature search, and an evaluation of similar EPA research efforts are being performed as part of
this project.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Passive Tagging of Water Dispersed Oils
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOE 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
O"OJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[XjPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Michael Gruenfeld
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP. DATE
10/1/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Controct [ | Grant
I Xl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques will be developed for passive tagging trace levels of
water dispersed oils (0.1 - 10 ppm). Multi-instrumental techniques that have already been developed
for oils occurring as slicks and shoreline residues will be optimized and evaluated for trace analysis
applications.
148
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Oil Contamination Meter
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AOE 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR |x]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
M. Fragger, Nucor Corporation, Nuclear Division
2 Richmond Drive
Dcnville, New Jersey 07834
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
OPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECTOFFICER
Leo T. McCarthy, Jr.
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
12/4/72
EST. COMP. DATE
12/4/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
|X (Contract | | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $87,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project involves the development and demonstration of an oil contamination meter which continuously
measures and records on a real time basis, the concentration of oil in treated water discharged from
either marine, brackish, or fresh water contaminated by oil wastes. Based on flame emission spectro-
scopy, the range of quantitation is from 5 ppm to 500 ppm oil concentration in water, with a sensitivity
of plus/minus 0.5 ppm in the low range and 10% of absolute concentration in the high range. Fully auto-
matic features incorporated are: automatic ranging, self calibrating, self zeroing, self purging, self
cleaning, etc. Testing to determine the effectiveness of the meter will be conducted in the laboratory
and at a typical test site. A report describing the equipment design (engineering drawings, etc.)
operating, assembling and maintenance procedures will be delivered upon completion of this report.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Feasibility of Identifying Mystery Oil Spills
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOE 50
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Gardner S. Hunt, Dept. of Environmental Protection
State of Maine
Augusta, Maine
NAME, TITLE, AND AD DRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
J. Stephen Dorrler
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rHContract |"x1 Grant
I llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $39,306 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project will determine the feasibility of identifying oil spilled in coastal and inland waters,
in conjunction with the State of Maine's Oil Conveyance law, by chemically and physically matching
spilled oil to reference oil samples using readily available laboratory techniques. Oil samples
will be taken from ships as required by this state law. Each sample will be divided into three parts:
one for storage as a reference sample; one for field weathering; and one for weathering under labora-
tory conditions. The reference samples, as per the Oil Conveyance Law, will be stored for a 15-day
period at a cool temperature, in a dark room, under custody of project personnel. The sample for field
weathering will be spilled under controlled conditions in the waters of Casco Bay, Maine. Weathering
will take place for periods up to two weeks. The laboratory weathered third sample will provide a
backup for the "field" sample. This simulated weathering will take place in 500 gallon, continuously
flushed, salt water tanks located within the Trigon Laboratory in South Portland, Maine. In addition
to providing backup spill samples, these laboratory tests will also develop some important information
on physical and chemical changes due to exposures of the oil to the environment.
149
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OIL CONTAMINATED WATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Oil Contaminated Water Recycling System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOF 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QCJPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Jerome L. Overfield, Pollution Abatement Research
P. 0. Box 38674
Dallas, Texas 75238
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR |x]PROJECT OFFICER
Frank J. Freestone
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
1/3/73
EST.COMP.DATE
12/1/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
pTIContract | j Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $89,874
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The contractor will design, fabricate and demonstrate a pilot scale, 50 gpm oil-water-solids separation
system for treatment of wastewater originating from an offshore oil production platform. The system
shall use a chemically assisted backwashable coalescer and a chemically assisted backwash solids treater
for treating wastewater containing free oil, finely dispersed oil, chemically stabilized emulsions and
oil-wet solids. The objective is to obtain water effluent with less than 10 ppm oil content. The
project will be divided into two phases, laboratory bench testing and pilot scale design, fabrication
and testing.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Oil Contaminated Water Recycling System
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AOF 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR [UPR'NCIPALINVESTIGAT
Ben Holt, President
The Ben Holt Company, 201 South Lake Avenue
Pasadena, California 91101
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Frank J. Freestone
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
12/20/72
EST.COMP.DATE
10/20/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pHContract Q Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $93,146
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The contractor will develop and demonstrate a conceptual system for the recycling of oil contaminated
water. The system will be specifically developed to remove chemically stabilized and dissolved oils
from wastewaters, and will involve the adsorption of the oil onto selected solids and recycling of the
solids through a solvent cleaning stage. The project is divided into two phases, laboratory bench
scale testing and pilot scale (50 gpm) testing.
151
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OHMSETT SUPPORT (TEST BASIN)
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Construction Supervision of the OHMSETT
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOG 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
F. Zelman, Engineers, Inc.
50 Park Place
Newark, New Jersey 07101
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (JJPROJECT OFFICER
David A. Mattie (EPA, Washington, D.C.)
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
4/27/72
EST.COMP.DATE
10/15/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pnContract | 1 Grant
I (intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $99,464 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The services of this contract shall be for on-site construction and supervision and inspection of the
oil and hazardous materials systems control basin at Leonardo, New Jersey.
153
-------
OIL SPILL CONTAMINANT DEVICES
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Mechanical Control of Oil Spills Utilizing a Streamlined Boom
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AOH 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[jCJPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
David Wooten, Ultrasysterns, Inc.
500 Newport Center Drive, Suite 800
Newport Beach, California 92660
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
J. Stephen Dorrler
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
3/20/72
EST.COMP. DATE
3/20/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
pnContract | | Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $47,460 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Development of a streamlined oil containment and collection boom including the following technical
approach: (1) theoretical studies conducted to determine the hydrodynamic properties of a streamlined
oil containment and collection boom; (2) measurements conducted of the hydrodynamic forces and flow
pattern around a laboratory size boom and the results compared with the theoretical studies; (3) measure-
ments and observations of an unconstrained boom, designed on the basis of data obtained in item 2,(Tests
performed in the Lockheed Ocean Laboratory Towing Basin with and without waves and under steady and un-
steady flow conditions); (4) use of control surface to provide positive buoyancy control and maintain
proper boom orientation determined experimentally; (5) experimentally establish optimal boom thickness
and chord length as a function of wave height, length and flow; (6) recommend a prototype design based
on the parameters and data obtained from the laboratory tests and measurements; and (7) furnish
Project Officer with still and photographic documentation of significant design and test events.
155
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WASTE OIL RECYCLING
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Oil Recovery Program
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOI 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[JQPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Wilfred H. Shields, Chief, Solid Wastes Services
Maryland Environmental Ser., State Office Building
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
GPROJECTDIRECTOR [JJPROJECTOFFICER
Peter B. Lederman
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
10/31/72
METHOD OFSUPPORT
[^Contract [x~| Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $141,800 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The following tasks will be accomplished during this project: (1) perform a state-of-the-art review
and analysis of existing technology for reclaiming, reprocessing and re-refining waste oils; (2) deter-
mine the sources, locations and quantities of waste oils in the State of Maryland; (3) provide a manage-
ment program for collection and handling of all waste oil quantities including numbers of trucks, col-
lection network, pickup and delivery scheduling, and storage points; (4) provide a preliminary financing
plan with alternate methods of financing and management alternatives; and (5) perform preliminary engi-
neering and prepare preliminary plans and specifications for the waste oil recovery system(s) in the
State of Maryland, such that preparation of detailed plans and specs and construction may proceed
Immediately.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of the Complete Conversion of Crankcase Waste Oil Into
Useful Products Without Producing Pollutant Material
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
21AOI 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
0PROJECT DIRECT OR |~| PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Solfred Maizus, President
National Oil Recovery Corporation, P.O. Box 338
Bayonne, New Jersey 07002
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard Keppler (Region I, EPA, Boston)
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
12/15/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I XlContract I Grant
D i i
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Project Cost:
Federal Cost: $350,000 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The principal objective of the project is to convert waste crankcase oil to a diesel oil and fuel oil
with no solid or liquid wastes discharged to the environment. The National Oil Recovery Corporation
vacuum-distillation process system shall be utilized and modified to produce a diesel fuel and a
bottom product.
157
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Study of Waste Auto Lubricants as Incinerator Fuel
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AOI 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[TlPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Steven H. Chansky, GCA Corporation
GCA Technology Division
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard Keppler,(Region I, EPA, Boston)
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNINGOATE
5/2/72
EST.COMP.DATE
2/2/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
npContract | j Grant
I (Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Project Cost:
Federal Cost: $29,441 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The contractor shall provide the necessary personnel, materials and facilities to conduct a study of
the feasibility of using waste automotive lubricants to improve the municipal incineration combustion
process. The purpose of the study is to examine the technical and economic feasibility of using waste
oil in the incineration process. The Technical Study shall evaluate the burning characteristics of
waste oil. The Economic Study shall evaluate the work necessary to determine the capital investment
necessary to purchase and install an incineration system using waste oils.
158
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BIODEGRADATION OF SPILLED OIL
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Microbiological Seeding to Accelerate Degradation of Hydrocarbons
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AOJ Al
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Carl Oppenheimer, Marine Science Institute
University of Texas
Port Arkansas, Texas
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
F. T. Brezenski, (Region II, EPA, New York)
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
4/11/69
EST.COMP.DATE
2/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
j [Controct |y | Grant
j | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $105,803 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Techniques will be developed to accelerate the natural degradation process of oil in marine waters.
Selected cultures of microorganisms, nutrient material and additives to increase the oil surface area
will be added to oil in the environment to increase the ratio of degradation by microbiological action.
159
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ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE DUE TO OIL SPILLED IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development and Use of a Salt Marsh Microcosm as an Oil Pollution Research Tool
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APU 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
00PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Royal J. Nadeau
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
4/5/72
EST.COMP.DATE
4/5/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
I y | Intramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $2,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A salt marsh microcosm consisting of marsh sod excised from a nearby native salt marsh (Cheesequake
State Park) was established at the EWQRL. Plant growth and fauna development were monitored for six
weeks, followed by contamination with low level concentrations of oil. Immediate fate of oil was
monitored through chemical analysis and characterization of the hydrocarbon types found in the water
column and sediments. Further monitoring during Phase II of the study will delineate chronic impact
of the oil to the indigenous biota. The project itself will determine the feasibility of using micro-
cosms to assess potential damage to natural ecological domains.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Marine Tunicate Response to Low Level Concentrations of Oils
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APU 02(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Royal J. Nadeau
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
11/15/72
EST.COMP.DATE
11/15/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
1 [Contract | | Grant
1 xl Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $4,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A continuous flow system incorporating a dialysis cell and peristalic pump was constructed to observe
sublethal responses of the marine tunicate Molgula manhattensis (DeKay, 1843) to low concentrations of
oil. This system was developed for screening small macro-invertebrate marine organisms for potential
indicator species that could be used to delineate impact of an oil spill upon certain marine communi-
ties. During Phase II techniques will be developed for using other organisms (individuals and colonies)
to determine sublethal responses to the presence of oil.
161
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Assessment of Intertidal Animals and Plants
Following Contamination by Oil
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APU 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Cadet Hand, Bodega Bay Marine Laboratory
University of California
Bodega Bay, California 94923
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Royal J. Nadeau
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
2/15/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
BContract [X~| Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,092 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is an investigation to assess the repopulation of several intertidal sites which, prior
to the San Francisco Bay Standard Oil Incident, were heavily populated with marine animals and plants,
but, as a result of the incident, have suffered substantial loss through death and retardation. The
assessment includes (1) a survey of each of the sites at bi-monthly intervals for a total of twelve (12)
months to permit an estimate of repopulation; and (2) an estimate of the secondary impact of the oil
spill on the disruption of the food web by examination of the sex organs and behavior of four inter-
tidal marine organisms.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Temperature Effects of Santa Barbara Crude Oil in the
Upper Intertidal Zone
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APU 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OGPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Dale Straughan, Allan Hancock Foundation
University of California
Los Angeles, California 90007
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Royal J. Nadeau
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
2/15/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnControct [jc] Grant
I llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $14,590 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this study is to evaluate the temperature effects of oil in the intertidal zone on
larval settlement and subsequent survival of these organisms. The information developed by this project
will assist in determining and assessing the biological damage resulting from oil spills.
162
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TREATMENT PROCESS
DEVELOPMENT AND
OPTIMIZATION
1B2043
OUTPUT: Process information for use in design of
^i^iripal and municipal-industrial wastewater
treatment plants. Program efforts will be direct-
ed to: (1) develop new or improved technology for
removal of pollutants; (2) develop charts and com-
puter systems to facilitate design simulation and
evaluation of individual treatment processes and
systems of processes; (3) develop process control
and instrumentation technology; and (4) develop
new or improved methods for non-pollutional disposal
of sludges and concentrated pollutants resulting
from treatment processes. Operating and economic
data from pilot and laboratory investigations will
contribute to designs for demonstration facilities.
The goal is total water reuse.
163
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DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF ACTIVATED GRANULAR
CARBON ADSORPTION PROCESSES
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Adsorption from Aqueous Solution
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAL 02(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR OPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Walter J. Weber, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engineering
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QpROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
C. A. Brunner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $44,995
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is the definition and description of adsorption phenomena associated with
the uptake of organic pollutants from waters and wastewaters by active carbon, and the delineation of
factors which govern rates and equilibria of adsorption from aqueous solution. The studies include a
detailed investigation of the adsorption process and of the mass-transfer properties of different ad-
sorption systems, and a detailed comparison of various conditions of operation from the points of view
of efficiency and effectiveness of removal of persistent organic pollutants.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of 50,000 gpd Physical-Chemical Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAL 0204
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Leon Directo, Los Angeles County Sanitation District
2020 Beverly Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90057
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
I. J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I XlControct | | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this study are to evaluate a 50,000 gpd physical-chemical treatment system treating
raw wastewater of domestic origin. Complete system performance including carbon exhaustion rates, the
effects of regeneration on carbon capacity, and the effects of diurnal flow variation will be deter-
mined. This system is designed to simulate the 10 mgd Rocky Rover design including chemical coagulation
with iron and alum followed by downflow single-stage carbon contacting. Effluent quality, coagulant,
and polymer dosage, headless and H2S formation and control are being studied. Preliminary results in-
dicate effluent TCOD's of less than 20 mg/1 with soluble effluent COD's of less than 15 mg/1. After 14
million gallons of throughput, carbon loadings have reached 1.75# TCOD/#carbon. H2S generation is being
adequately controlled by the addition of 5 mg/1 of nitrate nitrogen.
165
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Effect of Feed Characteristics on Granular Activated Carbon Performance
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAL 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECTDIRECTOR [UPKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
(xH PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James J. Westrick, Sanitary Engineer
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContract | | Grant
|x| Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Clarified raw sewage will be fed to a battery of carbon columns connected in parallel. Flow rate and
detention time will be maintained within the ranges used in typical physical-chemical plant design.
Carbon performance will be evaluated in terms of treatment efficiency and carbon capacity. Parameters
measured will be suspended solids, COD and TOC. Virgin carbon will be utilized at the start of each
run. This year two runs are planned each of which should last approximately 4 months. During the first
run the effect of pH will be evaluated. During the second, the effect of D.O. level will be studied.
During the latter run upflow expanded bed operation will be utilized. In addition, it is planned that
a report will be issued on the effect of the use of various coagulants for clarification prior to carbon
treatment. This experimental work was completed in fiscal year '72. At the end of the first year it is
expected that reports will be issued which will detail the effects of coagulant type, pH and dissolved
oxygen on granular activated carbon performance.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Chemical Clarification and Carbon Filtration and Adsorption as Secondary Treat-
ment for Rocky River Wastewater Treatment Plant - Cuyahoga County, Ohio
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAL 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EXTRAMURAL
£]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John H. Puzenski, Board of County Commissioners
Cuyahoga County, 1219 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Irwin J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/16/68
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/75
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Contract |xl Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $250,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project objectives are to demonstrate the practical application of the principles of chemical
clarification and granular activated carbon filtration to provide a new method of treatment in lieu
of conventional secondary treatment, to demonstrate the economic advantages of this system at a 10 MGD
scale for communities with similar limited space, to demonstrate odor-free operation and to remove a
significant amount of phosphate so that state requirements can be met.
166
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Advanced Waste Treatment at Painesville, Ohio
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAL 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRA/AURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAl-INVESTIGATOR
Kenneth McDonald, City Manager
City of Painesville, 7 Richmond Street
Painesville, Ohio 44077
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR QJJPROJECT OFFICER
James J. Westrick
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/15/69
EST.COMP. DATE
6/15/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContraet [x"| Gront
I (Infra mural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $684,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project objectives are to demonstrate and evaluate a physical-chemical process for treating a com-
bined municipal-industrial wastewater on a full-scale (5 MGD) level. The waste stream includes 0.5
MGD of oily waste from an oil additive manufacturer and chemical wastes from several other large indus-
tries that result in a combined waste that is difficult to treat biologically. The industrial waste-
water is over one-half the total plant flow. The treatment train includes addition of lime or iron
salts and polyelectrolyte to the primary clarifier; coarse sand filtration; granular carbon adsorption;
chlorination; and carbon regeneration.
167
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DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF ACTIVATED POWDERED CARBON ADSORPTION PROCESSES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Waste
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAM 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
G. L. Shell, Eiinco Processing Machinery Division
Envirotech Corp., 537 West Sixth South
Salt Lake City, Utah 84110
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
James J. Westrick
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntromurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $340,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to determine on a pilot scale, the feasibility of the physical-
chemical treatment of raw sewage by chemical coagulation and precipitation followed by adsorption by
powdered activated carbon and dual-media filtration, including powdered carbon regeneration and reuse.
This treatment combination should produce a high quality water with very low pollution load and with
potential for a number of reuse possibilities.
169
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DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES FOR THE
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED INORGANICS AND/OR ORGANICS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Membrane Lifetime Study Using Spiral-Wound Modules
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAP 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EXTRAMURAL
OBJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ching-lin-Chen
Los Angeles County Sanitation District
Los Angeles, California
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPKOJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
John M. Smith
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST. COMP. DATE
7/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
nnContraet | | Grant
I (intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $15,000
TASK/PROJECTDESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to continue a membrane lifetime evaluation of a spiral-wound reverse
osmosis module treating sand-filtered secondary effluent. A 10,000 gpd spiral-wound reverse osmosis
unit has been operating at the Pomona Pilot Plant for 1-1/2 years treating sand-filtered secondary ef-
fluent. Flux decline, membrane cleaning techniques, membrane lifetime, and rejection performance are
being investigated. No major operational difficulty has been encountered with this system since its
start-up in April 1971. The salt rejection, flux, and recovery has declined from their original values
of 95%, 15 gfd, and 85% to 80% 7.2 gfd and 73% respectively. This task is partially supported by in-
house personnel as described in Task 21AAF 07.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Membrane Lifetime Study Using Spiral-Wound Modules
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAP 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
John M. Smith
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST. COMP. DATE
7/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 IControct | | Grant
1 Xj Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $17,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to continue a membrane lifetime evaluation of a spiral-wound reverse
osmosis module treating sand-filtered secondary effluent. A 10,000 gpd spiral-wound reverse osmosis
unit has been operating at the Pomona Pilot Plant for 1-1/2 years treating sand-filtered secondary
effluent. Flux decline, membrane cleaning techniques, membrane lifetime, and rejection performance are
being investigated. No major operational difficulty has been encountered with this system since its
start-up in April 1971. The salt rejection, flux, and recovery have declined from their original
values of 95%, 15 gfd and 85% to 80% 7.2 gfd and 73% respectively. (This in-house task supports the
contract effort at the Pomona Pilot Plant as described in Task 21AAP 06).
171
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DEVELOP NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION PROCESSES FOR NITROGEN
CONTROL/REMOVAL FOR NEW OR EXISTING TREATMENT PLANTS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Nitrogen Removal by Biological Systems
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAT 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR n^'HOPM INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop (EPA-DC Pilot Plant)
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContrael | | Grant
JX I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $32,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to evaluate nitrogen removal by the three stage activated sludge system and by a
single stage activated sludge process with simultaneous BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification.
The three stage activated sludge process consists of primary sedimentation, modified aeration with alum
or FeCL3 addition, nitrification, denitrification with methanol and alum addition, filtration. The
single stage process includes a reactor with two basins in series, an optional denitrification basin
for residual nitrate removal and a final gravity settler. The study emphasizes instrumentation and
process control in the three stage system and process feasibility in the single stage activated sludge
process. The in-house studies are coordinated with the District of Columbia studies on these systems
at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Nitrification and Denitrification Processes for
Nitrogen Control or Removal
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAT 04(c)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
E. Earth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
a Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $45,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to evaluate process options and engineering parameters related to the nitrogenous con-
tent of wastewater. Two pilot systems are used for process development. A dual train 50,000 gpd
facility contains both trickling filter and activated sludge units. Piping arrangements are such that stage
operation is possible in several modes. Small 200 gpd plastic units are used for initial feasibility
screening studies.
Several stage approaches to controlling nitrification will be evaluated initially. These include
modifications such as trickling filter followed by activated sludge, activated sludge followed by
trickling filter, and chemical addition to primary tanks to reduce the organic load prior to biological
nitrification. Comprehensive analytical control is necessary for obtaining high efficiency through
understanding of mechanistic processes.
173
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pilot Plant Study of Nitrification on Plastic Media
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAT 05(c)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[x]P"OJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Glenn Buddies, Dow Chemical Company, USA
2020 Dow Center
Midland, Michigan 48640
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Earth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/70
EST. COMP. DATE
2/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnContract | | Grant
I jlntramurc1
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $185,569 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to determine the feasibility of using biological growths attached to plastic sur-
face as a second-stage nitrification reactor, and to establish hydraulic application rates, mass loading,
and temperature coefficients.
A 21-foot tower with a 3 foot diameter, located exposed to weather, was used for this investigation.
Media packing consisted of surface sheeting. Secondary Affluent from the Municipal Midland, Michigan
Wastewater Treatment Plant was applied to the tower. Nitrified effluent from the tower was then fil-
tered by use of a tri-media filter. A comprehensive analytical program was used to determine the
profile of the various nitrogen species through the system.
At hydraulic application rates of 0.5 g/ft^/min., and temperatures above 10°C, a highly nitrified ef-
fluent could be produced. Because of the low net cell yield for this second-stage system, direct fil-
tration of the tower effluent was possible. It was also established that with the addition of methanol,
the tri-media filter could serve as a packed column denitrification system.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
El Lago Advanced Waste Treatment Facility
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAT 05 (e)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEXTRAMURAL
0PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
William Wilson, Harris County Water Control and
Improvement District #50, 1122 Cedar Lane
Seabrook, Texas 77586
NAME, TITLE, ANDADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [xJpROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Earth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/15/70
EST. COMP. DATE
8/14/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContratt [~x| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $173,304 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to institute high-quality treatment for removal of BOD, suspended solids, nitrogen,
and phosphorus at an existing 0.3 mgd trickling filter plant.
The approach is to retain existing primary settler and trickling filter for BOD removal, add sequential
stages of suspended growth nitrification and column denitrification, and provide positive solids con-
trol by terminal filtration before disinfection.
The major construction features were completed in November 1972. Phosphorus removal is accomplished
via iron and polymer addition to the primary settler. The nitrogen control sequence has just gone on-
stream and data evaluation is in progress.
174
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Sludge Characteristics of Nitrogen Deficient Wastes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAT 05(f)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR DPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Anthony Geinopolos, Rex Chainbelt, Inc.
P. 0. Box 2022
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Earth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/1/70
EST. COMP.DATE
8/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
npContract [~1 Grant
[ Jlntramural
FUN DING INFORM ATI ON
Federal Cost: $122,780 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine the characteristic properties of waste activated sludge in response to
various ratios of carbon to nitrogen in the influent wastewater.
Two parallel secondary systems are to be operated. One will be a "control" system and the other a
"test" system for varying C/N ratios. Comparison of the resulting sludges will be made on the basis
of subsidence, thickening and vacuum filtration. The "test" system will be varied over C/N ratios of
16:1, 33:1, 67:1.
Equipment installation and laboratory analyses set-up have been completed.
studied will be the 67:1 ratio on the test system.
The first C/N ratio to be
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Three-Stage Activated Sludge for Nitrification Denitrification
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAT 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Alan B. Hais, Sanitary Engineer, Dept. of Env. Services
Government of the District of Columbia, 415 12th St.,NW
Washington, D.C. 20004
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
(31 PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST. COMP.DATE
10/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
nnContraet | | Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000
TAS*/iP.R,Q.lfiCr DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Ihe dJbjfeetlyes are to -evaluate system reliability with seasonal variations, to determine the kinetic
xates .of atfctfld.£Lcation and denitrif ication at varous wastewater temperatures , to provide design data
wljSi •tfrfv'tval ^requirements and, in coordination with an automation study, to develop instrumentation
and pEooefis control Automation ifojr the system.
,Eia«t consists of primary sedimentation, modified aeration with alum or
tte *y»t«m At £be EE&HBC
FeCLj addition, aitadjfiLcatiaa, cdimiitir'if ication with methanol addition and alum addition and filtration.
Ihe fjtt&t Is operated at A svamin*! flaw rate of 50,000 gpd with a maximum (rain) diurnal peak to
Miittf. flav TOrlatlan of 2sl- Hatstawneatt .control loops (both analog and digital) are being developed
for the fftfmifftl additions, pE contitol point* *nd for D.O. control in the aeration basin.
175
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Removal of BOD and Nitrogen in a Single Stage Activated Sludge System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAT 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QGPROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NC'PAL INVESTIGATOR
Alan B. Hais, Sanitary Engineer, Dept. of Environ. Serv.
Government of the District of Columbia
415 12th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20004
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR JJTJPROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
9/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
fTlContract Q Granf
| jlntramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $101,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to evaluate the feasibility of BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification in a
single activated sludge system under varying seasonal conditions; to determine the effect of solids
production and wasting on the nitrification and denitrification; and to determine the supplemental
methanol requirements for complete denitrification. The single stage system employs alternating periods
of cycling dissolved oxygen in which the D.O. varies from above 2 mg/1 to essentially zero in a reactor
operated at F/M ratios of 0.15 to 0.20 Ib of BOD/lb of MLVSS/day. The cycling D.O. permits alternating
nitrification and denitrification by the activated sludge mass. [Mixed liquor from the discharge of the
reactor is recycled to the sludge mass 7) Mixed liquor from the discharge of the reactor is recycled to
the reactor influent to allow the BOD of the wastewater to serve as the carbon source for improved
denitrification. The system includes an optional (1 hour detention) denitrification basin for methanol
denitrification before the gravity settler.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Two-Stage Suspended Growth and Columnar Nitrification Studies
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAT 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
J. Gasser
Los Angeles County Sanitation District
Los Angeles, California 90057
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]pROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Barth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I x|Contrqct | | Grant
I (intramural
FUNDING1NFORMATION
Federal Cost: $38,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this investigation is to operate a two-stage activated sludge system at a 2 mgd scale
to verify process kinetics and to optimize system performance parameters such as contact time, clarifier
overflow rates, sludge age, MLVSS concentration, D.O. levels and sludge wasting volumes. Effluent
quality will be monitored and compared to a small parallel oxygen fed columnar nitrification system.
Preliminary results in the oxygen fed packed bed system indicate over 90% nitrification with an empty
bed contact time of 30 minutes.(This task at the Pomona Pilot Plant is partially supported by in-house
personnel as described in Task 21AAT 14.)
176
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Two-Stage Suspended Growth and Columnar Nitrification Studies
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAT 14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Earth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[Contract | | Grant
1x1 Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $15,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this investigation is to operate a two-staged activated sludge system at a 2 mgd scale
to verify process kinetics and to optimize system performance parameters such as contact time, clarifier
overflow rates, sludge age, MLVSS concentration, D.O. levels and sludge wasting volumes. Effluent
quality will be monitored and compared to a small parallel oxygen fed columnar nitrification system.
Preliminary results in the oxygen fed packed bed system indicate over 90% nitrification with an empty
ted contact time of 30 minutes.
(This in-house task supports the contract effort at the Pomona Pilot Plant as described in Task 21AAT 13.)
177
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DEVELOP NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESSES BY PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL MEANS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Nitrogen Removal by Breakpoint Chlorination
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAV 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Thomas A. Pressley
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Clncinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
I 6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rHContract | | Grant
I X [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $35,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of the study are to determine the kinetics of the breakpoint reactions as a function of
pH, to evaluate breakpoint chlorination on influent wastewaters (limed) at pH's above 10, and to pro-
vide support to the automation of the chlorination process. Various wastewaters with NH3 -N concentra-
tions between 10 and 20 mg/1 are chlorinated under control pH (base addition) to oxidize the NH3 -N to
N2. The kinetics of the oxidation of monochloramine to N2 (2 NH2C1 + HOC1 •* N£ + HaO + 3HC1) are being
determined by spectrophotometric methods. The breakpoint of high pH lined wastewater effluents require
chlorine addition and then either small amounts of acid or base to produce the final reaction pH near
7.0. The information obtained is used for reactor design and to develop instrumentation and automation
of the chlorination process.
179
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DEVELOP HIGHER EFFICIENCY PROCESSES FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY
CHEMICAL AND/OR BIOLOGICAL MEANS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Higher Efficiency Processes for Phosphorus Removal
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAW 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Barth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 jContract | | Grant
1 X 1 Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $65,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Several alternate systems for phosphorus control are extant, as are several modifications of secondary
treatment. Much developmental work is needed to match phosphorus control systems with compatible
secondary processes. Most phosphorus control technology leaves a residual phosphorus concentration of
1 mg/1. In some cases much lower residuals must be obtained.
200 gpd pilot units are to be used to study process combinations, such as extended aeration and mineral
addition. Sludge properties, phosphorus removal efficiency, alkalinity relationships, and process con-
trol parameters are to be evaluated. Due to the low net biological solids production of extended aera-
tion processes, the increased inorganic sludge production of the mineral addition technique for phos-
phorus control may be a limiting parameter for this combination of processes.
A pilot unit, operating at an organic loading of 0.1 pounds of COD per day per pound of MLVSS, with a
detention time of 18 hours, is being dosed with 10 mg/1 aluminum ion on a continuous basis. To date,
the main process problem has been increased turbidity in the final effluent.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Use of Iron Salts and Organic Polymers for Removal of Phosphorus
from Municipal Sewage
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAW 05(b)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR npRiNciPALiNVESTiGATOR
Doris Van Dam, Wastewater Treatment Plant,
City of Grand Rapids, 1300 Market Avenue, S.W.
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49502
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Barth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/15/69
EST. COMP. DATE
6/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContract |x~l Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $355,634
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to determine the optimum dosage of iron and polymer for efficient removal of phos-
phorus in the existing primary settlers of the 45 mgd treatment plant; operate treatment facility to
obtain an effluent residual phosphorus content of 1 mg/1, or less; determine cost of process; and
define operational variables necessary for efficient phosphorus removal.
An automated dual open loop system was installed to dose the entire influent plant flow, with ferric
chloride in response to mass loading. An automated polymer system was installed to dose the influent
flow with 0.2 mg/1 of polymer. A comprehensive analytical program was instituted.
Residual effluent phosphorus levels of 1 mg/1 or less are difficult to obtain at the existing facilities,
primarily because of high weir overflow rates in the final tanks. The iron salt effectively insolu-
bilizes the phosphorus but residual solids increase the total phosphorus content to 2-3 mg/1. Phos-
phorus in the various process outlets is accounted for on a mass balance basis.
181
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Hatfield Township Advanced Waste Treatment Facility
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAW 05(c)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(TJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Tracy Greenland, Hatfield Township Municipal Authority
P. 0. Box 2
Colmar, Pennsylvania 18915
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Earth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/1/71
EST. COMP.DATE
4/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContraet [x~| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $126,878 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project provides for the demonstration, analysis and evaluation of the Hatfield Township advanced
waste treatment plant which must produce a high quality effluent for discharge to the Neshaminy Creek..
BOD5, NOD, suspended solids and phosphorus will be controlled by an integrated series of unit processes
including lime precipitation, biological nitrification, tertiary coagulation and filtration. Equaliza-
tion tanks are used to provide constant flow to the advanced processes.
Presently the plant is in the shake-down stage for equipment and process capability. Background analyti-
cal data on wastewater quality and receiving water quality are being collected. Bids for chemical sup-
plies have been let, and operator training is in progress.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Improved Liquid-Solids Separation by Use of Aluminum Compound in
Activated Sludge Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAW 05(f)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Timothy Troutman, County of Greene, Xenia, Ohio
P. 0. Box 116
Alpha, Ohio 45301
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR (x]PROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Barth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/4/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
n]Contraet fx"| Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $48,548
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to demonstrate that more efficient liquid-solids separations can be affected when
a weighting agent, such as alum or sodium aluminate is added to wastewater undergoing secondary treat-
ment. Considerable improvement in phosphorus removal capability will be an incidental benefit.
Install chemical storage tanks and chemical pumps to dose the 2 mgd Greene County plant with aluminum
compounds, and to maintain chemical dosage, in relation to flow variation, to obtain 10 mg/1 of
aluminum ion in primary effluent flow.
Currently, progress has been retarded due to a capital expansion program to double the plant capacity
for secondary treatment. Background analytical data collection and systems check-out is in progress.
182
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration and Pilot Plant Program for Secondary and
Advanced Waste Treatment
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAW 05(g)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
Q3PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Peter F. Mattel, Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District
2000 Hampton Avenue
St. Louis, Missouri 63139
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
O PROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Edwin F. Earth
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/71
EST.COMP. DATE
5/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract |x [ Grant
LJ Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $208,800 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to demonstrate and compare the effectiveness and relative costs of various processes
for secondary and advanced treatment of weak combined wastewater and strong industrial-domestic
wastewater.
The approach is to employ pilot and full-scale of candidate processes such as high purity oxygen aera-
tion and metal salt addition for phosphorus removal, and to determine mass loading of various waste-
water constitutents by programmed sampling and analytical schemes.
Oxygen aeration proved very effective for the industrial-domestic waste with a high soluble BOD content.
Programmed sampling has shown the mass loading profile through the existing facilities.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Phosphorus Removal in Physical-Chemical Treatment
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAW 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C., 20032
BEGINNINGDATE
7/1/ 72
EST.COMP. DATE
6/30/ 73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | | Grant
Ixl Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of the study includes the determination of the kinetics of precipitation (and floccula-
tion) of CasOH(P04)3, CaC03, and Mg(OH>2 in lime treatment of raw wastewater and the evaluation of
phosphorus removal by a short detention (4 hours) physical chemical treatment system. The laboratory
kinetics performed with equilibrated (EPA-DC Pilot Plant) lime sludges provides overall rates for
precipitation (and flocculation to greater than 0.45 v particles) at various pH, temperature, and
reactor solids (recycled) concentrations. The short detention physical chemical treatment system con-
sists of single stage Iime-Fed3 treatment at about pH 10, breakpoint chlorination, carbon adsorption
and filtration with alum addition ahead of the filters. Alum at doses of 20 mg/1 in early work pro-
vides phosphorus residuals after the final filters of about 0.1 mg/1 as P.
183
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Phosphorus Removal in Biochemical Systems at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAW 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR OPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Alan B. Hals, Dept. of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 12th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20004
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
9/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fiflContract | | Grant
j Jlntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,00
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to evaluate phosphorus removal by mineral addition (FeCl3 and alum) in the three-
stage activated sludge system for nitrification-denitrification and in a single stage activated sludge
system with simultaneous BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification; to evaluate Technicon sensors
for continuous phosphorus measurement in the pilot processes; and to determine the effects of the
mineral addition (pH and solids wasting) on the nitrification-denitrification processes within the
treatment systems. In the three-stage system, the Fed3 is added to the first stage (modified aeration)
at a dosage of about 1.2:1 Fe/P and alum is added to the third stage (denitrification) at a dose of 3
to 4:1 AL/P. Phosphorus residuals of about 0.1 mg/1 as P are achieved after filtration of the denitri-
fied effluent. Alum will be added at various AL/P ratios to the last pass of the single stage system
to determine the phosphorus removal and the effect of pH reduction and increased solids wasting on the
nitrification and denitrification in the system.
184
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USE OF HIGH PURITY OXYGEN AND MINERAL ADDITION FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Alum Addition in Oxygen Activated Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAX 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnControct | | Grant
Ixllntramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to evaluate phosphorus removal by alum addition in a "plug flow" oxygen activated
sludge system, to determine the effects of the phosphate precipitate and AL(OH)3 formation on the
settling characteristics of the oxygen activated sludge mixed liquor and to determine the amount of
lime required to prevent the alum addition from reducing the pH of the wastewater effluent from the
oxygen activated sludge process.
The study is part of an overall study of oxygen activated sludge at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant. Alum is
added to the final pass of an oxygen activated sludge reactor at AL/P ratios from 1:1 to 2:1. Lime
is added to prevent the effluent pH (normally in the pH range of 6.3 - 6.6) from decreasing further
with the alum addition. The studies to date have revealed phosphorus removals of about 80%. The work
is continuing to determine maximum phosphorus removals at higher alum doses and to determine effects of
alum addition on the settling characteristics of the mixed liquor.
185
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SUSPENDED AND COLLOIDAL SOLIDS REMOVAL BY FILTRATION PROCESSES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Role of Polyelectrolytes in Filtration Processes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAZ 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EPROJECTDIRECTOR OPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
C. R. O'Melia, School of Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Sidney A. Hannah
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
2/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
BContract [F] Grant
Intramural
FUNDING IN FORM ATI ON
Federal Cost: $25,400 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to investigate destabilization of particulate matter and attachment
of such solids to media during in-depth filtration. Basic mechanisms and methods for dosage control
of filter aids for application to water and wastewater treatment will be determined.
Experimental work is complete and the final report is being prepared.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of In-Depth Filtration for Wastewater Treatment
Using a Mobile Pilot Plant
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAZ 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
IGPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Timothy G. Shea, Engineering-Science, Inc.
158 East Foothill Boulevard
Arcadia, California 91006
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/13/70
EST.COMP.DATE
6/13/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fxlContract [ | Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $127,610 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop design and operating criteria for in-depth filtration as
applied to the treatment of various wastewaters for the purposes of clarification and/or phosphorus
removal. Various coagulants, modes of filter operation and degrees of pretreatment will be evaluated
to achieve different levels of product quality for activated sludge, trickling filter and primary
effluents. A profile of application for in-depth filtration will be developed. A unique feature of
the proposed research is development of an accurate process control technique.
187
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Filtration Kinetics in Water and Wastewater
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAZ 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Erman A. Pearson
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [1JPROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $43,350 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to improve the design and operation of granular media filters based
upon the development of an accurate description of filtration kinetics. This kinetic description of
the filtration system will also lead to the development of new areas of application of granular media
filtration in wastewater treatment. This research is directed towards answering the two fundamental
questions: (1) what is the best way to design filtration systems given a water or wastewater of known
quality and a desired effluent quality; and (2) what is the best way to improve the efficiency of ex-
isting filtration systems.
These objectives will be achieved by investigating the physical and chemical factors which control
filter performance through granular media for the removal of colloidal or flocculent particles within
the size range of 5 to 50 microns.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Hanover Tertiary Plant Studies
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AAZ 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[j§PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Cecil Lue-Hing, Metro. San. Dist. of Greater Chicago
100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/68
EST.COMP.DATE
3/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContraet |"x] Grant
I llntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $263,182 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to evaluate the performance of various combinations of chemical
treatment, rapid sand filtration, microstraining, chlorination, and post oxidation for a 1 MGD ter-
tiary treatment plant, and to evaluate the performance of up and down flow sand filters, ion exchange
units, and ammonia separators on a pilot-plant scale.
The final report on this project is being reviewed.
188
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
New Process to Improve Quality of Trickling Filter Effluent
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAZ 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR OPRINCIpAL INVESTIGATOR
Michael S. Kachorsky
Borough of Manville
Manville, New Jersey
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
npROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
William Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Edison, New Jersey
BEGINNING DATE
8/12/68
EST.COMP.DATE
3/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Contract |X j Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $490,000 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of a Moving Bed Filter (MBF) for con-
tinuous treatment of trickling filter effluent on a full-scale operation. Four automated MBF units
of .5 MGD capacity will be installed for clarification of trickling filter effluent. The principle
of the filter is the use of a continuous countercurrent sand filter bed in which the sand is cleaned
and recycled. Movement in the filter is accomplished by a hydraulic diaphragm.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Performance Analysis of 15 MGD Microstrainer for Tertiary Treatment
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
21AAZ 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Cecil Lue-Hing, Metro. San. Dist. of Greater Chicago
100 East Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR (FJPROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio A5268
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
10/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContract j~x| Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $148,927
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago plans to install a 15 mgd microstrainer for
tertiary treatment at their North Side Treatment Plant. This will be the largest such facility in
this country, and will afford the Environmental Protection Agency an opportunity to verify its mathe-
matical model development and obtain realistic cost and performance information on a large-scale plant.
The facility is designed to meet an effluent quality criteria of 5.0 mg/1 of suspended solids and
4.0 mg/1 of 5 day BOD at a feed concentration of 18.0 mg/1 of suspended solids and 13.0 mg/1 of BOD.
189
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Backwash of Granular Filters Used in Wastewater Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AAZ 18
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[j[]PROJECT DIRECTOR nPR'NC|PAL INVESTIGATOR
J. L. Cleasby, Professor of Civil Engineering
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50010
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEPA
[^[PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cinclnnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/71
EST. COMP. DATE
3/15/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,923
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is designed to address, through laboratory and pilot studies, several areas of uncertainty
in the practice of wastewater filtration. Some of these areas being studied Include: (1) the optimum
degree of expansion for backwashing of mono-, dual- and tri-media filters; (2) the optimum degree of
intermixing of the various media in terms of filter effluent quality and headless development; (3) pre-
dictive method development, using readily-measurable media properties, for the design of filters with
optimum mixing and expansion characteristics; and (4) determination of optimum air scour and other
auxiliary backwashing techniques.
190
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SUSPENDED AND COLLOIDAL SOLIDS REMOVAL BY SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Investigation of Performance of Tube Settlers
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABA 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
E. T. Oppelt (Lebanon Pilot Plant)
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rnContratt | | Grant
IX [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to evaluate the ability of shallow bed clarification devices, when
installed in an existing clarifier, to absorb the hydraulic stress experienced by the clarifier during
peak flow and continuous hydraulic overload conditions. Other objectives are to obtain long term
operating and maintenance cost data and some concept of the economic advantages and disadvantages
associated with shallow bed clarification.
A shallow bed clarification device (a Neptune MicroFloc settling tube assembly) will be installed in
one of the two parallel settling basins at the Lebanon Sewage Treatment Plant, with the unmodified
basin serving as a control. The performance of each basin will be evaluated for solids capture
ability under normal and stressed conditions. Information will also be gathered from which it will be
possible to predict the operating and maintenance costs and problems associated with the basin.
The construction of the settling tube installation is currently nearing completion. The evaluation
will likely begin in late January or early February 1973.
RE SEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Shallow Bed Gravity Clarification
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABA 05 (a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Stuart L. Davis, Neptune MicroFloc, Inc.
P. 0. Box 612 - 1965 Airport Road
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PROJECTOFFICER
R. V. Villiers
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/6/72
EST.COMP.DATE
1/5/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I jControct | y| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $39,102
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this contract is to design and install a Neptune MicroFloc Inc., settling tube device
in the West final settling basin of the City of Lebanon, Ohio wastewater treatment plant. The device
will be designed to provide sedimentation for 750,000 gpd with an effluent suspended solids content not
to exceed 20 mg/1. The installation will include all necessary modifications to the existing basin,
provision for tube cleaning, and installation of flow measurement from each of the two basins, original
and modified. A manual of operation will be provided and the unit will be performance tested before
release for an in-house investigation by staff at the Lebanon Pilot Plant, AWTRL.
191
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SUSPENDED AND COLLOIDAL SOLIDS REMOVAL BY FLOTATION PROCESSES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Air Flotation for Solids Separation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABB 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NC|pALINVEST|GATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
H PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James F. Kreissl
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
hFjInframural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project involves an extensive literature search resulting in the production of a state-of-the-art
review of the process.
193
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DISSOLVED BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS REMOVAL BY PURE OXYGEN AERATION PROCESSES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of the Oxygen Aeration Process to Upgrade Existing
Waste Treatment Plants
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABE 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
G3PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
William Pressman, Administrative Engineer
New York City Dept. of Water Res., 40 Worth Street
New York, New York 10013
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR QJPROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/70
EST. COMP. DATE
5/1/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContract [x~| Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $250,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The major objectives of this project are to demonstrate that oxygen aeration can be applied without
expansion to upgrade an existing modified air aeration activated sludge plant from 75%i treatment to
90%+ treatment and that a molecular sieve oxygen gas generation unit can be successfully integrated
into the total process to supply oxygen requirements. One 20 mgd bay was isolated from 15 other simi-
lar bays of New York City's Newtown Creek modified aeration plant and converted to the Union Carbide
submerged turbine-sparger oxygen aeration option. A 15 ton/day Pressure Swing Adsorption oxygen
generation plant was installed along with a liquid oxygen backup supply system. After system startup
and shakedown, a one-year demonstration run was commenced in mid-September 1972. Early results indi-
cate that effluent BOD5 and suspended solids concentrations of approximately 10 and 15 mg/1, respec-
tively, are being produced in the oxygen test train at a constant flow of 20 mgd (equivalent to an
aeration detention time based on raw wastewater flow of 1.4 hours). Corresponding F/M and volumetric
organic loadings approximate 0.7 Ib BOD5 applied/day/lb MLVSS and 150 Ib BOD5 applied/day/1000 ft3,
respectively. In contrast, the remainder of the plant (the 15 unconverted bays) is producing an ef-
fluent with average 8005 and suspended solids concentrations of about 30 and 40 mg/1, respectively, at
a nominal aeration based on raw wastewater flow of 2.5 hours. Oxygen train performance is currently
being evaluated under diurnal flow variations. Subsequent phases will determine the ultimate organic
and/ or hydraulic loading capacity of the oxygen train and phosphorus removal efficiencies possible via
mineral addition to the oxygen aerator.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Simplified Method of High Purity Oxygen
Activated Sludge Processes
Injection into
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABE 10
NAME, TiTLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
fXJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
"Ralph Wagner, Chief Sanitary Engineer
Las Virgenes Mun. Water Dist., 4232 Las Virgenes Road
Calabasas, California 91302
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
9/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | X| Grant
| | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $157,549 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to demonstrate upgrading of an existing air aerated activated sludge plant with a
simplified single-stage oxygen contact system, using existing aeration tanks, blowers, and diffusers
to greatly reduce the cost of dissolution equipment. A 2 mgd aeration bay at the Las Virgenes Municipal
Water District Tapia Water Reclamation Facility has been converted to a single-stage oxygen system using
an inflated oxygen tent tank cover to contain the oxygen-rich atmosphere over the aerator. A conven-
tional centrifugal air blower, corrosion proofed on the suction side and modified to be compatible with
oxygen gas, is used to recirculate gas from within the tent cover through conventional coarse bubble
spiral roll air diffusers. Virgin oxygen is introduced to the system through a fine bubble sparger.
The system is currently being evaluated on a one-year demonstration run. One conservatively-designed
phase (nominal aeration time based on raw wastewater flow =9.5 hours) has been completed to date, to
determine if effluent acceptable for agricultural recycle could be produced. Effluent quality for the
phase averaged BODs = 2 mg/1, COD - 35 mg/1, suspended solids = 9 mg/1 and was complete nitrified. At
the high sludge age (>70 days) induced by this type of operation, total biological sludge production
was virtually nil. However, the reduced sludge wasting pattern permitted a buildup of grease and other
poor settling debris, thereby deteriorating sludge settling characteristics (SVI = 200 ml/gram ±). Sub-
sequent phases of the experimental program will examine system performance and sludge characteristics
at 4 and 2 hours of nominal aeration time (based on raw wastewater flow).
*For Grantee: Las Virgenes Mun. Water District
4232 Las Virgenes Rd., Calabasas, California
195
91302
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Open Tank Oxygenation System for Accelerated Sewage Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABE 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR OPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Duane M. Parker, Martin Marietta Corporation
P. 0. Box 179 (Mail No. 1642)
Denver, Colorado 80201
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/25/72
EST.COMP. DATE
9/24/74
METHOD OFSUPPORT
1 [intromufol
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $142,483
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to develop a technically feasible and economically attractive open-
tank oxygen aeration activated sludge system. An ultra-fine (<0.2 mm) bubble diffuser, developed by
Martin Marietta Corporation, will be evaluated for feasibility of dissolving oxygen gas and obtaining
a high overall oxygen utilization factor in an open-tank activated sludge aerator. (Commercially
available oxygen aeration system to date have all utilized covered-tank aerators.) The diffuser works
on the shear principle with mixer liquor continuously recycled through the diffuser at right angles
to injected oxygen gas. To be economically realistic, 90% or greater of the oxygen bubbles must dis-
solve before rising to the aerator liquid surface. This concept will be evaluated in a 30 gpm pilot
plant located on the grounds of a suburban Denver wastewater treatment plant. At the date of this
writing, the 30 gpm pilot plant is in the process of being fabricated. A one-year experimental program
will commence in spring 1973 after installation and "shakedown."
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Oxygen Activated Sludge Studies on Primary, Secondary
and Raw Uastewaters
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABE 17
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Alan B. Hals, Dept. of Environ. Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 12th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [xJpROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032-NERC-Cincinnati,0.
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST.COMP. DATE
9/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
[ xlContract | | Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $50,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of the study are to evaluate air flotation as an alternate to gravity settling in an
oxygen activated sludge process with conventional plug flow of primary effluent; to evaluate step
feeding of primary effluent into the oxygen activated sludge reactor; to evaluate the conventional
"plug" flow operation on D.C. raw wastewater; and to evaluate oxygen nitrification of D.C. secondary
(modified aeration) effluent. Each of the two oxygen activated sludge systems consists of 4 totally
mixed stages to approximate "plug" flow in the reactor and includes external oxygen recirculation
within each stage and co-current oxygen-wastewater flow between stages. The study provides product
quality, sludge production, kinetic rates of nitrification and solids separation characteristics.
To date, air flotation clarification did not produce satisfactory suspended solids in the effluent
from the clarifier as compared to gravity clarification.
196
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Expanded Bed Biological Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABE 24
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR [UPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QCJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
E. T. Oppelt
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
BContract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $55,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this work is to develop information on the feasibility of a three-phase (oxygen-media-
water) fluidized bed contacting system for the biological oxidation of soluble organic wastes using pure
oxygen. The process efficiency will be thoroughly evaluated and compared to the best state-of-the-art
competing suspended-growth waste treatment system. The advantages of the system will be defined and
design data will be generated to permit scale-up and eventual full scale demonstration of the process.
The project involves six distinct phases: (1) literature search; (2) construction of a 10 gpm pilot
unit; (3) optimization of system hydraulics, selection of media; (4) determine system kinetics, opera-
ting methods, maximum performance; (5) construct and test the concept at the 100 gpm scale; and (6)
demonstration of the process at the 2-5 mgd scale. Phases I, II, and III are completed and Phase IV
will be completed June 30, 1973. A columnar system using eight 10" x 12" columns is currently being
run on primary treated wastewater using 0.5 mm sand as the bed media. Soluble COD removals of 71%
have been achieved with an empty bed contact time of 30 minutes. Final effluent quality ranges be-
tween 17 and 37 mg/1 soluble COD. Pending on economic analysis and further evaluation of process
kinetics, it is planned to proceed with Phase V.
197
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DISSOLVED BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS REMOVAL BY ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR PROCESSES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of the Rotating Biological Disc Method
of Waste Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABF 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
David L. Kluge, Admn. Engineer
Village of Pewaukee, 226 Oakton Avenue
Pewaukee, Wisconsin 53072
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Robert L. Bunch
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/15/69
EST. COMP. DATE
2/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
FjContract [~x| Grant
1 (Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $353, 972 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project is to demonstrate and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the Rotating Biological
Contactor Process (RBC) for treating municipal wastes on a full-scale community level. The performance
of the RBC will be compared directly with an existing trickling filter under identical conditions.
Eleven months of operating data have been collected. During this period the raw wastewater averaged
118 mg/1 and the final effluent averaged 20 mg/1 giving an 83% removal. Nitrification was experienced
when the plant was lightly overloaded. It is projected that additional funds will be allocated to
this project to evaluate phosphorus removal on discs via mineral addition.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of the Performance of the Biological Disc Treatment Plant
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABF 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[x]PROJECT DIRECTOR Q]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
William A. Sack, Associate Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering, West Virginia University
Morgantovm, West Virginia 26506
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert L. Bunch
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
2/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rHContract QT) Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDING IN FORM ATI ON
Federal Cost: $16,194 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to monitor a 6.2 gpm biological disc treatment plant at a summer recreation camp.
In addition to determining the common parameters of performance, the amount of time spent on main-
tenance and operation is to be recorded.
Under daily flows that vary from 1600 to 6000 gpd the unit produces an effluent with less than 10 mg/1
of suspended solids. BODs removal ranges from 73 to 97% with an average of about 90%. Best estimates
indicate that the daily water consumption at a facility of this type is about 35 gpcd. The final
report is in preparation.
199
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DISSOLVED BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS REMOVAL BY UPGRADING AIR ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Reclamation of Wastewater by Controlled Biological Kinetics
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABG 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
|T]PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Donald Feuerstein, Lab Director
Engineering Science, Inc., 4144 Telegraph Avenue
Oakland, California 94609
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPR°JECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Stern
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/67
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $145,612 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to develop an accelerated high rate activated sludge process and documentation of
kinetic relationships which define performance; and, to apply this performance toward greater substrate
loading capacities, thereby reducing the size of biological installation as well as increasing con-
taminant removals. A 3 MGD (total flow) biological plant designed for steady or diurnal flows and for
loading rates up to 30 Ibs BOD/lb of MLVSS/day, was constructed and operated for 13 months. Provisions
were added for chemical addition at any point in the system. Various solid-separations devices were
tested on full and pilot scale basis. Increased substrate loading rate as well as increasted tempera-
ture, tends to stimulate growth of filamentous organisms. Bound water content varies with growth rate,
thus extremely high growth rate sludges and filamentous sludges have high bound water contents. In
terms of substrate loadings, filamentous sludges remove same amounts of BOD as conventional sludges,
and tend to increase removal of N and P; however, colloidal materials are not as efficiently removed.
The major problem in high rate systems is the separation of solids (sludge) from the liquid phase.
Various solids-liquid separation devices were tested. Vibrating screens were ineffective. Picket
fences in the secondary clarifier concentrated the sludge by a 3-fold factor. The most effective ap-
proach was dissolved air flotation.
*For Grantee:
City of Chino, Central at
Chino, California 91710
"D" Street
RESEARCH TASK/ PROJECT TITLE
Actinomycetes of Sewage Treatment Plants
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABG 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Hubert A. Lechevalier, Prof, of Microbiology
Rutgers University, The State Univ. of New Jersey
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR [FJPROJECT OFFICER
Ranald F. Lewis
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
Grant
(intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $33,278 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to determine the systematic position of actinomycetes growing in sewage treatment
plants and to investigate the ecological factors responsible for the growth of these organisms in
sewage treatment plants. The ultimate aim is to obtain basic information that will permit the develop-
ment of a rational approach to the control of troublesome mycelial mat formation in the aeration tanks
of activated sludge systems. This nuisance mat formation may become up to two feet thick on the sur-
faces of some aeration tanks and large chunks may break off and travel through the clarifier and into
the final effluent.
Over 120 species of Nocardia have been isolated from the actinomycete foams. Many may be atypical
strains of 11. asteroides. Work is in progress at the Pasteur Institute in Paris to determine if the
sewage actinomycetes exhibit the pathogenicity of typical strains of N. asteroides isolated from
patients with nocardiosis. Factors affecting the growth of these Nocardia such as types of substrate,
amounts of inocula needed, and operating procedures of the activated sludge plants have also been
briefly studied.
201
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Measurement of Active Biomass Concentrations in Biological
Waste Treatment Processes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABG 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Frederick G. Pohland, Prof, of Civil Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
9/1/73
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald F. Lewis
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |y | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $23,458 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of the research is to define the applicability and limitations of the dehydrogenase assay
for measurement of the active biomass associated with biological treatment of domestic and industrial
wastewaters. The specific objectives are: (1) to study the effects of varying organic content and
nutritional deficiencies on the dehydrogenase activities of biological sludges; (2) to study the
relationship between the active biomass concentrations and dehydrogenase activities of biological
sludges undergoing endogenous metabolism; and (3) to develop a laboratory procedure for correlating
dehydrogenase activities with the active biomass concentrations of biological sludges obtained from
prototype and industrial treatment processes.
The studies have been conducted with pure cultures of bacteria and mixed cultures in batch and con-
tinuous flow systems using a variety of defined food materials or actual wastes. The range of de-
hydrogenase enzyme activity under the varying conditions has been established as well as a definite
correlation between dehydrogenase activity and ATP content of the cells.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
High Performance Bio-Treatment of Municipal Sewage
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABG 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Carl Beer, Senior Research Scientist
New York State Dept. of Environmental Conservation
Albany, New York 12201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
6/21/68
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContract [sT] Grant
1 I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $371,125 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project objective is to develop a high-rate biological treatment process and other related process
units that is, especially for smaller communities, compatible with modern requirements and technology.
A novel 120,000 gpd pilot plant has been constructed on the grounds of the New York State Vocational
Institute in West Coxsackie, New York, to treat the sewage of the resident inmate population. The
treatment facilities consist of an aerated equilization tank, a two-stage split-culture activated
sludge regime, intermediate upflow activated sludge clarifiers, multi-compartment horizontal flow
(with inclined trays) final clarifiers, a multi-compartmented tank for batch aerobic digestion of waste
activated sludge, and Purifax equipment for high pressure chlorination treatment of primary sludge.
A two-year experimental development program has recently begun in which the above facilities will be
evaluated in various sequences to optimize treatment of small (but widely varying) flows for maximum
removal of organic carbon materials, suspended solids, phosphorus, and nitrogen. The results of this
project will have greatest application to small communities with typical broad-swing diurnal flow
patterns.
202
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of the Replacement of Secondary Clarifiers
by Dynamic Straining
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABG 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRA/AURAL
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Warren G. Palmer, Staff Engineer
FMC Corp., Environmental Engineering Laboratories
P.O. Box 698, Santa Clara, California 95052
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/15/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
nHContract [~^j Grant
| 1 Intramural
FUNDING IN FORM ATI ON
Federal Cost: $63,149 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The immediate objective of this project is to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of
clarifying activated sludge mixed liquor by means of ultrasonically excited rotating micromesh
strainers. The ultimate objective of the strainer concept is to demonstrate consistent performance
and production of highly clarified secondary effluent which will justify the replacement of gravity
settling basins for liquid/solids separation of mixed liquor. A 10 gpm pilot plant has been outfitted
with two rotating strainers; a primary strainer and a secondary strainer. The primary strainer is
immersed directly in the mixed liquor and is designed to produce an intermediate quality effluent of
50 mg/1 suspended solids or less. Strained solids are continuously removed from the primary strainer
fabric by the rotational effect and ultrasonic energy and are retained in the aerator. Primary strainer
effluent is fed to the secondary strainer unit located in a small external receiver tank. The secondary
strainer hopefully will further reduce suspended solids to an acceptable level of 20 mg/1 or less.
Solids shed by the secondary strainer are recycled to the aerator. Activated sludge wasting is done
directly from the aerator. Installation was complete and the system in the final stages of startup and
"shakedown" as of the end of 1972. The strainer units will be evaluated for initial feasibility for
a period of three months utilizing varied rotational speeds, driving heads, and fabric types.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Microscopic Examination of and Characterization of Batch Flux
Settling Properties of Activated Sludges
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABG 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald F. Lewis
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/76
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
Xi Intra mural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to: (1) study the organism types and population mixes of activated
sludges from pilot and full-scale plants that cause nuisance effects such as bulking of activated
sludges or massive mycelial mat scum formation on activated sludge tanks; and (2) determine the effect
of seasonal changes, if any, on activated sludge settling rates (both air and oxygen aeration) and the
relative settling rates of air and oxygen activated sludges at similar concentrations and sludge ages.
Approaches utilized are: (1) identification of factors influencing growth of nuisance organisms via
microscopic examination and instituting changes in activated sludge plant operation; and (2) conducting
periodic batch flux settling tests with 6-inch, 8-ft long stirred columns on both air and oxygen
activated sludges at full-scale operating plants. Experience indicates that nuisance organisms usually
causing the greatest operating problems are bacteria of the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group, the filamen-
tous sulfur bacteria Thiothrix and Beggiatoa, and the filamentous Nocardia species. Successful methods
of controlling these organisms have included air stripping of H2S from primary effluents to prevent
growth of Beggiatoa or Thiothrix adjustment of the C/N ratio or D.O. level of the activated sludge mixed
liquor to minimize growth of the Sphaerotilus-leptothrix bacteria and adjustments of the MLVSS and
sludge age to achieve a young vigorously growing activated sludge to minimize nuisance nocardia growths.
As of the end of 1972, column fabrication for performing the batch flux settling tests was just being
completed. Between six and ten trips will be made to each of several full-scale sites to evaluate the
settling properties of oxygen and air sludges over the complete range of seasonal wastewater
temperatures.
203
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Performance Comparison of Commonly Used Activated Sludge Flow Regimes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABG 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[jf] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
S Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $66,250
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to define comparative substrate removal rates, sludge production
rates, sludge settling characteristics, and overall performance of commonly used activated sludge flow
regimes. Reliable data is extremely scarce in the literature in which different activated sludge flow
regimes have been evaluated in parallel on the same wastewater. Generally, capabilities of these
various regimes have been delineated through a history of isolated and unrelated studies. This project
will attempt to confirm kinetic rates shown in the literature for three or four of the regimes by utili-
zing pilot plants to compare plug flow, complete mix, step aeration, and possibly contact stabilization
processes on a common wastewater source. As of the date of this writing, one conservative loaded
phase (6 hours nominal aeration time based on raw wastewater flow) had been completed with comparable
performance in the three trains' (plug flow, complete mix, step aeration) now being operated. Subsequent
phases will utilize detention times of 4, 3, 2, and 1 hours of nominal aeration time. Further plans
call for scaling up of this comparative examination (now being conducted in Cincinnati) in FY '74 using
the larger pilot plant facilities available at the joint EPA/DC Blue Plains Pilot Plant in Washington,
D.C.
204
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DISSOLVED BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS REMOVAL BY UPGRADING TRICKLING
FILTER PROCESSES AND MODIFICATIONS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Demonstration on Enhancement of Effluent from a
Trickling Filter Plant
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABH 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[£]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*James E. Laughlin, Partner
Shimek, Roming, Jacobs & Finklea Consulting Engineers
2118 Adolphus Tower, Dallas, Texas 75202
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/23/69
EST. COMP.DATE
2/24/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
jContract |X | Grant
| j Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $27,852 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project was to demonstrate that the performance of standard-rate trickling filters
as measured by BOD, suspended solids, and phosphorus removals, could be upgraded by the judicious appli-
cation of chemical supplements within the basic process. The approach taken consisted of several trial
runs in which two metallic salts (liquid alum and liquid ferric chloride) were dosed separately and in
combination with polymer at several points in the flow pattern (notably just ahead of the primary
clarifier and just ahead of the secondary clarifier) followed by a one-year demonstration run utilizing
the most favorable chemical dosing sequence. Results of this project revealed the greatest improvement
in overall plant (scale, 1 mgd) performance was afforded by a controlled dose of liquid alum to the main
process flow stream in the mole ratio of Al/P = 1.5/1.0 to 1.7/1.0 just after passage through the
trickling filters but prior to entrance to the secondary clarified center feed well. Precipitation of
phosphorus, coagulation, and flocculation of solids, and efficient liquid/solids separation all were
accomplished within the secondary clarifier. Recirculation of settled trickling filter humus and chemi-
cal sludge to the raw sewage wet well in turn improved performance of the primary clarifiers and de-
creased organic loading to the trickling filters. Compared to typical baseline effluent quality (prior
to chemical addition) of BOD5 = 20 mg/1, suspended solids = 15 mg/1, and total phosphorus - 8 mg/1,
these same effluent parameters averaged 5 mg/1, 7 mg/1, and 0.5 mg/1, respectively, during the one-year
extended alum run.
*For Grantee: City of Richardson
P.O. Box 309, Richardson, Texas
75080
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Improved Trickling Filter-Based Treatment System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABH 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRA MURAL
[X|PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Professor James C. Brown, UNC Wastewater Res. Center
The University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR (x]PROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/6/69
EST. COMP.DATE
4/15/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pjflContraet | | Grant
| | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $6,587 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this research project was to evaluate and demonstrate potential methods for upgrading
the performance of high-rate trickling filter systems. Three major investigations were carried out
using facilities of the joint University of North Carolina/City of Chapel Hill municipal treatment
plant: (1) single-stage trickling filter operation was compared with two-stage trickling filter opera-
tion in pilot units with equivalent volumes in both systems; (2) overall system removal was analyzed
in the full-scale plant as a function of final settling tank overflow rate; and (3) alum addition to the
final clarifier was evaluated as an upgrading technique in the full-scale plant. Data from these
investigations indicate: (1) in any treatment plant with two or more trickling filters, provisions
for series or staged operation of the filters will produce significantly better treatment than operating
the filters in parallel as single-stage units; (2) funds spent on additional final settling tank capa-
city is perhaps the most economical method of improving performance of trickling filter plants; and
(3) controlled dosing of liquid alum just ahead of the final settling tank yielded the greatest improve-
ment in treatment efficiency of all methods studied on this project, and can upgrade the performance of
a high-rate trickling filter plant from marginal levels to one comparable with a well operated con-
ventional activated sludge plant.
205
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Tertiary Solids Removal Following Combined Chemical-
Trickling Filter Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABH 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OBJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
James C. Brown, School of Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard C. Brenner
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/21/73
EST.COMP.DATE
6/21/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
nnContract \ | Grant
I llntramuro!
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Two or more tertiary processes, including settling ponds and granular media filtration will be
evaluated in depth for removing suspended solids (principally chemical floe particles) from aluminum
sulfate (alum) coagulated and settled trickling filter plart effluent. The upstream trickling filter
plant shall be a full-scale municipal high-rate system as typically operated in this country, with „
effluent (settled or unsettled) recirculation and a secondary clarified surface loading of 800 gpd/ft
or greater. Aluminum sulfate shall be continuously applied to the trickling filter effluent just prior
to introduction to the secondary clarifier. Previous experience has established that the optimum alum
dose is 200 mg/1 ± 25 mg/1.
206
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TREATABILITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of More Meaningful Molecular Indicators of Fecal
Contamination of Fresh Water Resources
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABK OB
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[£) PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Henry H. Tabak
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContratt | | Grant
I X I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of the study were to develop more meaningful markers for domestic sewage contamination of
water courses. Steroids offer such a class of organic compounds, since the sterol, coprostan-33-ol is
one of the principal sterols in mammalian feces and its occurrence in water would indicate excreta from
domestic waste or run-off from pastures and barnyards. The emphasis was to provide and outline an analy-
tical method for the estimation of coprostanol in river water, sewage and treated wastewater and to
quantitate the relationship between sterol and the extent and source of fecal pollution. An analytical
procedure for the estimation of coprostanol in river water and wastewater was outlined and consisted of
hexane extraction, mild aikali-alochol hydrolysis of esters and conjugates to free the parent sterol,
clean-up by thin layer chromatography, and quantitation by gas-liquid chromatography. The method was
applied successfully to the recovery and quantitation of coprostanol from 57 different sampling points
on the Missouri, Mississippi, North Flatte, and Ohio Rivers. The study emphasized the merits of using
this fecal sterol as a positive indicator of fecal pollution in addition to the standard for enumera-
tion of fecal coliforms. A close correlation was shown between the concentration of coprostanol and the
extent of fecal pollution of the water courses. Chlorination of raw wastewater and wastewater treatment
plant effluents has no detectable effect on the structural configuration of coprostanol and it does not
interfere with the assay. The method is very applicable for detecting domestic waste in industrial out-
falls that are void of microorganisms because of heat and toxic substances. The research study was
published in Industrial Microbiology. 13, 296-307, 1972.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Biodegradability of Organic Compounds
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABK 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Qc] PROJECT DIRECTOR Q]PROJECT OFFICER
Robert L. Bunch
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/77
METHODOFSUPPORT
I IControcr | | Grant
[xl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $37,500
JASK/P.«0J.ECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Ihe Abjective of this project is to test the biodegradability of high impact organic compounds which
•anelMsing discharged into municipal sewers. A list of organic compounds for which biodegradability
fffltentlal Is unknown, will be selected. Criteria used in the selection will include relative tonnage
dts-rihargefl rtattiattSaiy and toxiclty considerations. Laboratory biodegradability techniques will be
i»ed to *c*een «he selected (compounds. Those which exhibit questionable biodegradability in the labora-
tory *1H to* futtfcer «*aiLuated in biological treatment pilot plants. Development of analytical methods
to determine ewuKntration jtn «ewage .will be necessary for some compounds. At the date of this writing,
caapauaia* for Initial sxaafining in TY '7.3 '.were in the process of being selected and analytical methods
developed «bexe necessary-
207
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatability of Organic Compounds
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABK 16/17
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
0 PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard A. Dobbs
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Clncinnatl, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/72
EST. COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnControct | | Grant
[XJ Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $65,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine, through laboratory and pilot plant investigations, the capability of
physical-chemical processes to remove potentially hazardous organic compounds from wastewater. Synthetic
organic compounds are of particular concern because of toxicity, carcinogeniclty, mutagenicity and
teratogenicity. Laboratory evaluation of activated carbon will be based on adsorption isotherms.
Standard jar test procedures will be used to determine the effect of chemical clarification on specific
compounds. Pilot plant studies will be conducted by adding known compounds to wastewater. Specific
analyses of the wastewater after each treatment process will be performed to measure the degree of re-
moval achieved. Present plans involve the use of ultraviolet absorbance to measure concentrations of
organics in laboratory tests with solvent extraction and gas chromatography employed for wastewater
samples from the pilot plant.
208
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PHYSICAL METHODS FOR DISINFECTION AND REMOVAL OF MICROORGANISMS IN WASTEWATER
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Bactericidal Effect of Various Combinations of Gamma Radiation and
Chloramine on Aqueous Suspension of Eseherichia coli
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABL 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Albert D. Venosa
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/69
EST.COMP. DATE
11/30/72
METHOD OFSUPPORT
jControct | | Grant
1 xllntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $35,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The primary objective of this project was to determine whether the bactericidal effectiveness of
chlorine could be so enhanced by gamma radiation as to provide an economically feasible alternative
to wastewater disinfection with chlorine alone. Different methods of combining gamma radiation with
chloramine to disinfect aqueous suspension of ]£. coli were investigated. Logarithmically-grown cells
were exposed to the bactericidal agents sequentially, (i.e., radiation followed by chloramine, and
chloramine followed by radiation) and simultaneously. Regardless of which combination was used, the
bactericidal effect was always less than additive. During the phase of work involving the simultaneous
addition of both agents, it was observed that chloramine was destroyed more rapidly by radiation than
were the organisms. Since an increase in the bactericidal effectiveness of either disinfectant by prior
or simultaneous treatment of the cells with the other disinfectant was not achieved in buffered dis-
tilled water, it was concluded that disinfection of wastewater effluents by combining ionizing radiation
with chloramine would not be economically feasible. Publication is in press and the final report is
being prepared.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Bacterial Zoogloea Formation
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABL 02(d)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GDPROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Richard F. Unz, Asst. Prof, of San. Microbiology
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Cecil W. Chambers
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/69
EST.COMP. DATE
2/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | jj Grant
| llntramurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $13,132 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The study is aimed at the collection and evaluation of data related to the factors and mechanisms in-
volved in bacterial zoogloea formation. Nine Zoogloea strains were examined for their ability to
utilize 35 aromatic compounds. Benzoate, m—toluate, and p-toluate, as well as phenol, o-cresol,
m-cresol, and p-cresol, were utilized by eight strains. These strains exhibited meta cleavage of
catechol and of methyl-substituted cetechols. With the exception of L-tyrosine, none of the aromatic
compounds tested supported growth of Z_. ramigera ATCC 19623. A medium containing sodium m-toluate was
used to isolate 37 zoogloea-forming bacteria from various polluted environments.
identified as strains of Zoogloea.
The isolates were
209
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CHEMICAL METHODS FOR DISINFECTION OF MICROORGANISMS IN WASTEWATER
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
AWTRL Pilot Plant Studies on Disinfection
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABM 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Qj PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Cecil W. Chambers
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/7/72
EST. COMP. DATE
9/30/75
METHODOFSUPPORT
LJControct | | Grant
|y llntramufal
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $65,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The only accepted standard method for enumerating coliform organisms in chlorinated waste-waters is the
most probable number (MPN) procedure. Since the MPN procedure is only a statistical approximation sub-
ject to extreme variation, great care must be exercised in interpreting MPN data. Much controversy sur-
rounds the use of the membrane filter (MF) procedure for chlorinated wastewaters. However, the data
presently available precluding the use of the MF procedure for chlorinated wastewater is questionable.
Therefore, it is the primary short-term objective of this study to compare the 5-tube MPN procedure with
the MF procedure for enumeration of coliform organisms in chlorinated wastewater.
The long-term objective of this research involves chlorinating secondary effluent for disinfection pur-
poses according to characteristic guidelines. It is hoped that by properly analyzing all the physical
and chemical characteristics of wastewater passing through a sewage treatment plant, the dosage of
chlorine necessary for adequate disinfection of the effluent may be predicted within reasonable limits.
The parameters to be studied include suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, suspended volatile solids,
and ammonia nitrogen.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Preliminary Evaluation of Chlorine Disinfection of Effluent
from 3-Stage Activated Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABM 04(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR OKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[xJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Stephanie Roan, AWTRL, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
1/1/73
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 [Contract | | Grant
| xl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $2,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine the disinfection requirement for the effluent from the three-stage (BOD
removal, nitrification, denitrification with alum or iron addition for phosphorus removal) activated
sludge system at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant.
Effluent from denitrification will be chlorinated and filtered through dual or tri-media filters. Total
counts will be determined on the influent and effluent from the filters with and without chlorination.
The MPN will be determined on the final effluent.
211
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
A Comparative Study of the Inactivation of Viruses in Wastewater
by Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AHM 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GQPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Pasquale V. Scarpino, Prof, of Civil & Env. Engineering
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]pROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Berg
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/21/75
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I IControct |X | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $53,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to determine the capability of chlorine and certain of its compounds to
destroy viruses in wastewaters and in other waters. The chlorine and chlorine compounds that have been
investigated are: (1) hypochlorous acid (HOC1); (2) hypochlorite ion (OC1); and (3) the so-called
combined chlorine compounds which comprise the ammonia chloramines and organic chloramines or N-chlor
compounds. The following standardized virus stocks have been or will be used in these studies: (1)
poliovirus 1;(2) coxsackievirus A9; (3) echovirus 7; (4) reovirus 1; and (5) an adenovirus. The rate
of death of these selected test viruses, compared with appropriate reference organisms such as the
bacterium Escherichia coli and selected cloiphages, are being elucidated at different temperatures,
contact times, and pH values. For example, comparisons were made between the inactivation rates at
5°C of viruses and bacteria in chlorinated phosphate buffer systems at pH 6 (HOC1), and in chlorinated
borate buffer systems at pH 10 (OC1~). At pH 6, the animal viruses were the most resistant, being 13
times more resistant than the RNA coliphages, f2 and MS2 (which were equally sensitive), about 40 times
more resistant than E. coli, and about 135 times more resistant than the DNA coliphage T5. At pH 10,
E. coli was most resistant, being about twice as resistant as the animal viruses, about 8 times as
resistant as TS, and 10 times as resistant as f2. The future use of coliforms and coliphages as indi-
cators of animal virus pollution of water will be discussed and evaluated.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Detection and Inactivation of Enteric Viruses in Wastewater
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABM 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[JCJPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINC'PAL INVESTIGATOR
H. 1. Shuval, Head of Environ. Health Laboratory
Hebrew University
Jerusalem, Israel
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Berg
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/75
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rnControct |"x] Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $131,878
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Carefully controlled and standardized laboratory experiments on the basic kinetics and chemistry of
virus inactivation by ozone will be carried out in a cooperative study according to a research protocol
developed by the Chief of Virology, National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati. The studies
will be carried out: (1) in demand-free aqueous solution; (2) in the presence of organic and inorganic
pollutants; (3) in combination with chlorine and other disinfectants in various sequences and con-
centrations; (4) with continuous ozone dosing. The project will include basic studies of the chemistry
of ozone and ozone species and their disinfectant characteristics in aqueous solutions and field studies
to optimize, test, and evaluate ozonation under actual field conditions. A series of controll compara-
tive laboratory and field studies will be undertaken with the most promising methods available for
detecting, quantitating, and identifying small amounts of viruses in large volumes of water. Further
work on the development and evaluation of the phase-separation method, the pad method, and the fluores-
cent antibodies method will be carried out in laboratory and field studies.
212
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Parallel Ozonation and .Chlorination with Dechlorinatlon
of Chlorinated Effluent
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABM 11
NAAAE, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QCJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
James Sheeran, City Engineer
City of Wyoming, 1155 28th Street, S.W.
Wyoming, Michigan 49509
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Cecil W. Chambers
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST. COMP. DATE
10/31/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
riContract [xl Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $261,308
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The primary objective of this project is to disinfect parallel streams of effluent from a secondary
activated sludge wastewater treatment plant with chlorine and ozone. Part of the chlorinated effluent
stream will be dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide. The chlorinated, dechlorinated, and ozonated streams,
and a control stream of the same effluent, would be compared for their toxic effect on several species
of fish and macroinvertebrates. Disinfectant dosage will be controlled at levels sufficient to yield
effluents having a total coliform count not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml, but use of gross excesses of
disinfectant beyond the amount necessary to yield the desired reduction in coliform content will be
avoided. Results obtained will provide a basis for determining which system of treatment will combine
the desired level of disinfection with the lowest toxic effect on the biological forms used in the
tests. The same work will be carried out at a trickling filter plant that has industrial effluents
equal to more than half its load. The project will commence after both plants have begun removing
phosphates in compliance with the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference orders. A fifth stream of final
effluent disinfected with Bromine-chloride may be added at both plants.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
New Microbial Indicators of Wastewater Chlorination Efficiency
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ABM 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R. S. Engelbrecht, Professor of Environ. Engineering
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [3f|pROJECT OFFICER
Cecil W. Chambers
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/1/69
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/76
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | x| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $21,100
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project has the following objectives: (1) through disinfection tests isolate from wastewater,
microorganisms sufficiently resistant to chlorine that their destruction should assure an effluent
free from enteric pathogens; (2) the chlorine resistance of isolates from "1" will be compared with
that of coliform bacteria and virus pathogens; and (3) determine origin and improve the methods for
recovering resistant indicator organisms.
This is a cooperative project with shared funding from both EPA and the U.S. Army Medical Research and
Development Command.
213
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DEVELOP PROCESSES FOR REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATERS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Removal of Heavy Metals by Wastewater Treatment Processes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABO 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Harold Wolf, Water Reclamation Research Center
1020 Sargent Road
Dallas, Texas 75216
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR [£]PROJECT OFFICER
Irwin J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/28/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
(Contract | X| Grant
1 (intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $118,166 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine heavy metal and virus removal by physical-chemical treatment of secondary
effluent. Wastewater from Dallas trickling filter will be nitrified in pilot activated sludge unit
(0.5 MGD) then passed through two tertiary treatment flow schemes in parallel. One flow sheet will
provide only deep bed filtration in a multimedia filter. The other will provide chemical coagulation,
flocculation, multimedia filtration, carbon adsorption and chlorination. Analysis for removals of 20
metals and virus at background levels will be conducted. Short runs with spiked inflow of f2 phage
and Type 1 polio will be made. Lime at pH >11 and alum will be used as coagulants.
Excellent phage removal (105) and good metal removal have been achieved with high pH lime. Alum
studies are not complete. Task 21ACP 07 provides in-house virus analytical work on this grant project.
*For Grantee: Dallas Water Utilities Department
500 S. Ervey, Suite 201A, Dallas, Texas
75201
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Analysis of Data and Preparation of Interim Report on Metals Removal
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABO 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[J]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Sidney A. Hannah
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/3/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Contract | [ Grant
|x llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Metals removal data from various sources are being collected and analyzed to provide guidelines for
removal of specific metals and to serve as a basis for continuing in-house research on metals removal
by physical-chemical treatment processes. For FY '74, this task has been incorporated into 21AST 14
and results will appear in the final report of that task.
215
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Process Modifications to Enhance Removals of Heavy Metals
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ABO 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
|jf] PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Sidney A. Hannah
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/73
EST. COMP. DATE
12/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
n]Contract | | Grant
Ix [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
In a continuation of work started under Task 21ACP 09, removal of additional toxic metals by physical-
chemical treatment processes will be determined. Unit processes will include coagulation with iron or
lime, filtration and activated carbon adsorption.
Additional methods, such as chemical oxidation or reduction, chelation, precipitation and pH change
will be used to enhance removals of those metals which are not effectively removed by normal treatment
conditions. Initiation of this project awaits completion of the new physical-chemical pilot plants.
216
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MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER SLUDGE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Support for Contract, Grant, and Pilot Plant Studies Together with
Service for Task Forces Related to These Studies
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACG 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
0 PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Joseph B. Farrell
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
SContract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $80,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to learn more about sludges and other waste streams produced by
various processes. Conventional analytical measurements for various elements and colligative pro-
perties such as COD, heat of combustion, etc., will be determined. Specialized measurements of the
physical properties of fresh sludges, such as specific filter resistance, settleability, etc., alone
and when treated with appropriate polymers will be evaluated either in the field or in the Cincinnati
Laboratory. In addition, a series of "Sludge Information Summaries" is being prepared from grant,
contract, and pilot-plant investigations. If final reports of grants, contracts, and pilot-plant
studies have already been prepared, these reports will be reviewed, and information on sludges will
be extracted, evaluated, and published as a Sludge Information Summary. Contact will be made with
project officers on projects not yet completed, to request them to see that sludge information is given
proper emphasis in final reports on these projects.
Six "Sludge Information Summaries" have been prepared as internal documents.
contacting the project director. Additional summaries are in preparation.
They can be obtained by
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Sludge Handling Studies at Pomona
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACG 02(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR QJPROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Dean
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP. DATE
7/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
[ [Controct | | Grant
I X|lntram ural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to determine sludge production rates, thickening characteristics,
and dewaterability on the nitrification and physical-chemical treatment systems being evaluated at
the Pomona Pilot Plant.
217
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Mercury and Other Heavy Metals in Sludge
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACG 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
B. Vincent Salotto
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
[xllntramural
FUN DING INFORM ATI ON
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to determine what losses of mercury may occur as a result of addition
of various forms of mercury compounds to sludge samples under controlled manipulative techniques.
Analysis of total mercury by the cold digestion technique in spiked and unspiked sludge samples will
be conducted under "rigidly" controlled laboratory conditions. A second objective is to characterize
sludge as regards trace metals and other hazardous metals in sludge.
A paper is being prepared for publication.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Preconcentration of Brines in Evaporation Cells as an Adjunct to
Solar Evaporation Ponds
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QF-ROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John Muller, President
Veracity Corporation, P. 0. Box 717
Glen Echo, Maryland 20768
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACG 12
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR OJ]PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph B. Farrell
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/31/70
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
fxjConfract | | Grant
(Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $43,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project was to evaluate the feasibility of concentrating brines rejected from
inland desalination plants by evaporation in a specially designed cooling tower. Performance of the
cooling tower-evaporator was calculated for three representative sites in the United States, and
costs compared with costs of other methods, such as evaporation ponds. Work on final report is nearly
complete.
218
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Transfer of Sludge in a 2-inch Pipeline to
for Soil Renovation
a Strip Mine
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACG 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Timothy Shea
Engineering Science, Inc., 4242 Airport Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph B. Farrell
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/22/69
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
HflContract | | Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $170,324 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project was to complete the installation of the 1.5-inch diameter pipeline for
transporting digested sludge from the Morgantown Wastewater Treatment Plant to a nearby strip mine;
evaluate feasibility and economics of transport of sludges in small pipelines; determine by plant
growth, experiments on the effectiveness of digested sludge for rejuvenating strip mines.
Experimental work has been completed. The final report is being prepared.
219
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ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL SLUDGE THICKENING AND DEWATERING
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Wastewater Purification
FY1973TASK NUMBER
2LACH 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GOPROJECT DIRECTOR O^R'NOPAL INVESTIGATOR
F. J. Micale, Center for Surface & Coatings Research
Sinclair Laboratory, Lehigh University
Behtlehem, Pennsylvania 15015
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [JPROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Dean
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract (X] Grant
I llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $120,909 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The effect of various additives on the improved dewatering of activated sludge is being determined and
the surface properties of the additives characterized in order to arrive at a mechanism for flocculation
of activated sludge particles. The primary additives investigated are fly ash and 3 sludge incinera-
tor ashes. All four ashes have high surface areas, 1.7 to 17 m2/g, a hydrophilic surface and a high
concentration of water soluble salts. Since the presence of salts and a solid surface complicates
the interpretation of experimental results, a series of experiments were devised where either salts or
solids alone were added to the activated sludge for settleability measurements. The solids consist of
the washed ashes themselves, as well as two silicas, two carbon samples and magnetite, which contains
high surface areas and exhibits different surface properties. The salts consist of the washings ob-
tained from the ashes and a number of inorganic salts and ionic polymeric surfactants. All four ashes
greatly increase the rate of settling of activated sludge in the order Tahoe> Kansas> Millcreek>
Beckjord. Repeated washing of the ashes has the effect of decreasing the rate of settling and changes
the relative efficiency to Kansas > Millcreek > Beckjord > Tahoe. The hydrophilic silica carbon black
and magnetite greatly increase the rate of settling while hydrophobic silica and graphon have very
little effect. Halide salts and only the cationic polymeric surfactant are capable of increasing the
rate settling. A dual mechanism, which was based on coulombic interaction between sludge particles and
solid additives, is proposed. The final report is being reviewed.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Source Control of Water Treatment Waste Solids
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACH 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Donald D. Adrian, Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
James E. Smith, Jr.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | xl Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,177 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This research is for the purpose of finding solutions to the sludge handling problem. Solutions are
obtained by optimizing the design of sludge dewatering and drying beds. In order to optimize the design
of these facilities additional research is carried out on the sludge dewatering process, the sludge
drying process and the synthesis of dewatering and drying into economic designs. Included in the study
are: A. Sludge dewatering - the role of chemical conditions; the role of additives; and the role of
freezing. B. Sludge drying - the role of physical parameters; the effect of chemical conditioning
agents .and freezing upon drying. C. Synthesis of A and B into practicable designs - formulate models
of each process; determine the costs associated with each process or operation; and optimize the design.
A major accomplishment has been the development of computer programs for use in designing sand drying
beds for the dewatering of water and sewage sludges. Computer input includes the characteristics of
the sludge and physical environment.
221
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Existing Processes for the Dewatering of
Physical-Chemical Sludges
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR n^'NciPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Joseph B. Farrell
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOF SUPPORT
a Contract j~j Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $137,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to: (1) determine and compare the dewaterability of a number of
physical-chemical sludges by vacuum filtration, sand drying beds, pressure filtration, and centri-
fugation; (2) compare the dewaterability of these sludges with that of conventional sludges such as
raw primary and waste activated; and (3) determine what inorganic or organic conditioners will optimize
the dewatering of physical-chemical sludges by mechanical means and determine the overall cost of the
systems.
This project will involve the collection of sludge from the appropriate physical-chemical system or
systems if a comparative effort is in progress. The sludge will then be gravity thickened followed by
a parallel dewatering project. Dewatering will be done by rotary vacuum filtration, centrifugation,
and sand bed dewatering. A variety of chemical conditioners will be studied to assist in the optimi-
zation of the sludge handling schemes. Cost analyses will be made.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Solids Handling of Physical-Chemical Sludges
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 04 (a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
CJPROJECT DIRECTOR n^lNCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Stephen M. Bennett, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContract | | Grant
I X]Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of the study are to develop thickening, dewatering and recalcination or incineration
characteristics of physical-chemical sludges produced by lime treatment of raw wastewater at the EPA-
DC Pilot Plant and to demonstrate recovery of lime by classification (centrifugation) and recalcination
of the CaC03 in the sludges. The pilot scale thickening includes gravity and air flotation thickening.
Dewatering studies include vacuum filtration (pilot and leaf tests), centrifugation for total capture
and for classification, and pressure filtration for capture of the solids after thickening and in the
centrate from the classification studies. The incineration or recalcination studies are performed in
a multiple hearth furnace. Satisfactory classification (separation) of the CaC03 from the non-
carbonate solids in the sludges from lime treatment of raw wastewater has been achieved. Recovery of
lime with an available lime index of between 65 and 70% has been accomplished. The study is coordinated
with the District of Columbia Grant (Task 21ACH 04(b)) to study solids handling and incineration in a
fluid bed furnace.
222
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Sludge Treatment Pilot Plant
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 04(b)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Alan B. Hals, Dept. of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
Washington, D.C.
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
10/1/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Contract [X [ Grant
| I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $568,379 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to design, construct and operate a solids handling pilot plant which when operated in
coordination with the existing biological and physical chemical pilot plants at the District of
Columbia Water Pollution Control Plant will provide complete evaluation at all treatment systems. The
plant consists of gravity or air thickening, vacuum filtration, and fluid bed incineration. The solids
handling studies are being performed on physical chemical (lime) sludges and biological (raw and waste
activated) sludges from the oxygen activated sludge system, the three stage activated sludge system
which includes mineral addition; and a single stage activated sludge system which provides simultan-
eously BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification. The data obtained includes thickening, charac-
teristics, dewatering (vacuum filter and centrifuge) characteristics, chemical conditioning require-
ments and stack gas analysis studies for air pollution control.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Solids Handling and Chemical Recovery of Primary Lime Sludges
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACH 04(c)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R. B. Samworth, Dept. of Sanitary Engineering
District of Columbia
Washington, D.C. 20004
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR |x]PROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
4/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I xlControct | | Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $72,800 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to obtain detailed data on the recovery of lime from lime sludges.
Solids handling processes would be proposed for the design of new physical-chemical treatment facilities.
Two basic approaches to the solids handling of lime sludges would be evaluated. This project would
produce the following information: (1) thickening characteristics (of combined and separate sludges
from the two lime stages); (2) centrifugation data on separation of CaC03 and inerts; (3) centrate
handling data; (4) vacuum filtration characteristics and chemical conditioning data; (5) calcination
data with and without inerts; (6) stack gas analysis to define any air pollution problems; and (7)
design criteria for handling systems.
Research findings are reported at technical society meetings and are published in the literature. A
project report will be released upon completion of the project.
223
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Land Disposal of Raw and Waste Activated Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 04(d)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJQPROJECT DIRECTOR ("^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Alan B. Hals, Dept. of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 12th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20004
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
n PROJECT DIRECTOR fJ]PROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.
BEGINNING DATE
4/72
EST. COMP. DATE
4/73
METHODOF SUPPORT
rxjConfraet | | Grant
1 llntraniural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $95,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are: (1) to determine the environmental effects (such as odors, nitrogen movement into
ground water, and nitrogen phosphorus, and heavy metals uptake by plants) of land disposal (trenching)
of various sludges (raw primary-activated, digested primary-activated, and mineral (alum) addition
or lime treated sludges) in both greenhouse and field scale studies; and (2) to evaluate field scale
trenching application techniques for limed raw and digested sludges at very high loadings per acre
(over 200 tons/acre). Greenhouse studies in sandy soils simulated trenching techniques and revealed
nitrogen and organic movement through four feet of soil. In the field studies, initiated in May 1972,
raw and digested sludges were limed to pH 11.5 to stabilize the sludges, successfully placed in trenches
(21 - 4' deep) and covered with backfill. Ground water samples were periodically withdrawn from field
wells to determine movement of pollutants into the ground water; the area between trenches was planted
with crops and trees. The results through November 1972 revealed essentially no movement of pollutants
into the ground water and no odors or other esthetically objectionable effects and successful plant
growth. The project is a cooperative study of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Maryland
Environmental Services and the District of Columbia Department of Environmental Services.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Fly Ash Filter Aid for Sewage Solids Dewatering and Disposal
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*J. W. Gerlich, Howard R. Green Company, Consultants
417 First Avenue, S.E.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52401
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR (TJPROJECT OFFICER
Ralph Christensen, EPA, Region V
1 North Wacker Drive
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Chicago, 111. 60606
BEGINNING DATE
3/1/68
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract |X | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $78,527 (68)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The project will demonstrate the use of fly ash from a nearby power plant and sludge incinerator ash
as filter aids in the pressure filtration of sludges. Pilot plant tests Indicate that due to the nature
of the sludge from the trickling filter plant, other alternate methods of pretreatment would incur severe
economic penalties. On the other hand, the chemical ingredients in the fly ash and sludge incinerator
ash, which are obtained at no cost, permit adequate dewatering at minimum cost. In addition, the trace
minerals in the ashes and the plant food value from the sludge constitute a useable soil conditioner.
The City of Cedar Rapids plans to utilize some of this sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer in
their parks.
*For Grantee: City of Cedar Rapids
Water Pollution Control Plant
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52401
224
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Top Feed Filtration
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Larry Ernest, Sewerage Commission of the City
of Milwaukee, P.O. Box 2079
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph B. Farrell
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
2/10/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract EH Grant
1 [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $261,258 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to modify an existing pilot-scale rotary vacuum filter from bottom
feed to top feed mode. Evaluation will be made on effectiveness of the top-feed rotary vacuum filter
for dewatering activated sludge when compared against existing bottom-feed filters. Determinations
will be made for the top-feed filter, the filter cloth, and operating conditions which give best
filtering rates and filtrate quality. Project is complete except for review of final report.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Optimization and Design Criteria of an Oil Activated Sludge
Concentration Process
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
T. M. Rosenblatt, Esso Research & Engineering Company
Government Research Lab, P. 0. Box 8
Linden, New Jersey 07036
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
(^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
James E. Smith, Jr.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/23/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/5/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I XlContract | ] Grant
| | Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $80,420 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Laboratory and pilot plant studies and cost calculations are being performed for a new process for the
disposal of sewage sludge. The process consists of an oil assisted gravity separation of the majority
of the water, followed by multiple effect evaporation to dryness in an oil slurry and incineration of
the dry solids. In the gravity separation, secondary sludges are concentrated from about 0.5% up to
5-10% solids. Solids capture is i 98% with high shear oil-sludge contacting. However, solubilized
organic carbon losses are observed in the separated water from the oil concentration and in the dis-
tillate from the evaporators. These losses are primarily temperature dependent and range up to about
25% of the secondary feed. The agreement of performance between laboratory and pilot plant results is
good, indicating no scale-up problems. The process economics show an advantage of $13-32 a ton com-
pared to the best known commercial technology for a 189 ton/day plant processing a 50/50 mixture of
primary + activated sludges to ash. The total costs for the process are estimated at $21-39/ton of
dry solids for the 189 ton/day plant. These cost estimates include an economic penalty for a 25%
recycle of solubilized secondary sludge. A lower temperature gravity separation step could greatly
reduce the total solubilization loss and could yield a net economic improvement of $l-12/ton of dry
solids, depending on plant size and sludge type. Other possible cost reductions in the thickening and
settling steps have also been identified, which could amount to $l-5/tcn dry solids.
225
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Summary Report of Pilot Plant Studies on the Dewatering of
Primary Digested Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACH 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John D. Parkhurst, Los Angeles Co. Sanitation Dist.
2020 Beverly Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90057
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
CJ PROJECT DIRECTOR QQPROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Dean
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/6/72
EST. COMP. DATE
4/6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntromurol
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $19,466
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
LACSD is completing a $500,000 study of sludge handling at their Harbor City plant. At the present
time, about 50 percent of their sludge is captured in horizontal bowl Bird centrifuges, dried on the
land, and sold for soil conditioner. They propose to prepare an engineering report on competitive
dewataring processes they have studied, including a basket centrifuge, vacuum filter, pressure filter,
air flotation tank, Porteous heat treatment unit, and multiple-hearth furnace. Pilot-scale examples
of each piece of equipment have been installed and operated on their digested primary sludge. Funds
will be used to complete engineering calculations and carry out additional engineering and analytical
work to round out the study. LACSD has decided to use basket centrifuges to capture the solids in the
centrate from their Bird centrifuges in order to meet new discharge requirements for suspended solids.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Central Contra Costa County Combined Sludge Processing Project
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACH 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
CjPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*D. S. Parker, Brown and Caldwell
66 Mint Street
San Francisco, California
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Dean
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/28/72
EST. COMP. DATE
3/15/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract fxj Grant
1 llntromurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $15,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
CCCSD has built an Advanced Treatment Test Facility (AATF) to treat raw sewage with lime followed by
biological nitrification and denitrification at up to 2.5 MGD. The excess lime sludge is dewatered in
a pair of centrifuges operated in series to separate calcium carbonate from calcium phosphate organic
matter and inerts. Calcium carbonate is to be converted to recovered lime in one set of multiple
hearth furnaces and the residual sludge will be incinerated in another set of furnaces. This proposal
is to document the studies already carried out leading to the above conclusions and to fill in engi-
neering and analytical data necessary to make a complete report. The State of California is co-
sponsoring this report.
*For Grantee: Central Contra Costa Sanitary District
1250 Springbrook Road, Walnut Creek, California 94596
226
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Originating and Demonstrating Novel Methods of Sludge Dewatering
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACH 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QTJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R. M. Chamberlin, Research & Development Center
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Beulah Road
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15235
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
d] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James E. Smith, Jr.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/28/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pTjContract Q Grant
1 _ (intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $145,250 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The dewatering of biological sewage sludges by a proprietary capillary suction device on an endless
belt is being studied. A compression roller increases the sludge dewatering and improves the cake
discharge. The cake transfers to the compression roller and drops off onto a conveyor. The capillary
belt (porous felt) is then washed and dewatered with additional compression rollers. Results for waste
activated sludge have been extremely encouraging. The operation of the device requires little or no
chemical conditioning which could mean a significant saving over other filtration systems. Solid
yields well in excess of 2.5 and as high as 6.0 lbs/ft2, hr., have been obtained with polyurethane foam
and polypropylene and nylon felts. Life tests of polypropylene felt and polyurethane foam media have
been in progress for over 17 months. Dry solids off the compression roller exceeded 16 percent in
general, and have been as high as 21 percent. A 1,000 gpd capillary dewatering unit is presently being
demonstrated at a Pittsburgh sewage treatment plant.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of a Device for Improved Gravity Thickening
of Wastewater Sludges
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACH 14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Stanley R. Rich, R.P. Industries, Inc.
344 Boston Post Road
Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
James E. Smith, Jr.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
8/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
ppContract | | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $75,931 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this work is to optimize the "Seprameg" Process for dewatering waste activated sludge.
In this process non-magnetic suspended solids are rendered temporarily magnetic by the addition of
small quantities of inert and non-toxic magnetic materials combined with small percentages of certain
binding agents. A magnetic separator should then readily separate out all of the suspended solids.
According to preliminary work results, the separated solids are thickened and dewatered at the same
time resulting in the production of a sludge of high solids concentration. Pre-contract work by
R. P. Industries on a "test tube" scale, indicated that a 4 percent solids waste activated sludge with
0.2 percent magnetic material, added together with 0.5 ppm of binding material, could be dewatered in
3 seconds to approximately 30 percent solids.
Since commencement of work on this project, R.P. has found that a coninuous unit is unable to.dewater
sludge above about 8 percent net sludge solids. Consideration is being given to changing the scope
of work to a more fruitful area.
227
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STABILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Waste Heat Utilization in Wastewater Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACI 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[FJPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Mel Fields, URS Research Corporation
155 Bovet Road
San Mateo, California 94402
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Stem
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/70
EST.COMP. DATE
5/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fijnConfract | | Grant
( j Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $34,530 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of using waste heat to improve
conventional and advanced wastewater treatment processes, with emphasis for low temperature areas.
The approach is to conduct a "desk top" study for the determination. Cost benefit analysis indicates
that where secondary effluent treatment is employed and capacity is greater than 5 MGD, the benefits
exceed costs from 0.2 to 0.9^/1000 gallons provided the transport of waste heat is less than one mile.
Fouling .of heat transfer is an unknown factor. For advanced waste treatment processes, the vise of
waste heat shows a cost benefit ranging from 1.6? to 9.4C/1000 gallons for the reverse osmosis, carbon
adsorption and ion exchange processes. Use of waste heat to increase temperatures during nitrification
would have the effect of decreasing the required aeration volume, hydraulic detention time and oxygen
requirement, in addition to carbonaceous oxidation. The group utility concept (wastewater treatment
plant near an electric power utility) could result in savings ranging from lc to 45C/1000 gallons. A
final report is in preparation.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Experimental Investigation of the Aerobic Stabilization of
Sludges from Wastewater Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACI 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HlPROJECT DIRECTOR QpRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John L. Puntenney, Metropolitan Denver Sewage
Disposal District No. 1, 3100 E. 60th Avenue
Commerce City, Colorado 80022
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [£]PROJECT OFFICER
James E. Smith, Jr.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I xlContract | | Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $81,798 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The information obtained from this research will provide information on the aerobic stabilization
process. Variables to be investigated include: (1) the time of stabilization; (2) the process loading;
(3) the amount of air or oxygen applied; and (4) the percent of primary and secondary sludge that is
mixed together so that a variety of conditions might be studied. Important considerations will be
naintainance requirements and the ultimate method of disposal for the stabilized sludge. Consideration
will be given to batch, continuous, one, two-stage, and multi-stage operation. This work comprises
plant and pilot scale studies. In the plant scale study, emphasis will be on the effect of load-
variation, while in the pilot study, emphasis will be on the effects of varying the solids concentra-
tion under aeration, detention time, dissolved oxygen level, loading, and mixture of primary and waste
activated sludges. Both studies will consider the thickening and dewatering properties of the non-
stabilized and stabilized sludges. In addition, the pilot study will consider batch, continuous, and
staged operation.
229
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Design, Development, and Evaluation of a Lime-Stabilization System
to Prepare Municipal Sewage Sludge for Land Disposal
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACI 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
A. J. Shuckrow, Battelle Memorial Institute
Pacific NW Laboratories, P.O. Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James E. Smith, Jr.
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/1/72
EST.COMP. DATE
3/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[jFlContratt | | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $84,800
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This program is designed to determine operational parameters for a process to produce lime-stabilized
sewage sludge suitable for land disposal. Lime dosages and contact times required to stabilize raw
sewage sludges from a pathological and odor standpoint will be determined by preliminary laboratory
studies, and the information obtained will be translated into operational parameters for a pilot scale,
continuous flow process. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the stabilized sludge
produced by pilot plant operation will be determined on a continuing basis. Soil and crop studies,
both in a greenhouse and on controlled outdoor plots, will be performed to determine the long-term
effects of spreading lime-stabilized sludge on soil.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Heat Treatment of Sludge by Porteous Process
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACI 22
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert J. Alban, Office of Lake Co. San. Engineer
H. T. Nolan Building
Painesville, Ohio
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[J PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James B. Farrell
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/15/69
EST.COMP. DATE
12/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
B Contract Qc] Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $645,907 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to perform heat treatment on wastewater sludges from Lake County's
Mentor and Madison plants, as well as sludge from other selected locations. The effect of the
temperature and time of heat treatment on the dewaterability of the sludges and on the quality of the
supernatant and filtrate removed from the sludge will be determined.
230
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LAND APPLICATION OF SLUDGES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Agricultural Benefits & Environmental Changes Resulting from the Use of
Digested Sludge on Field Crops & Criteria for Use in Selecting Disposal Sites
FY1973TA5K NUMBER
21ACJ 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QQpROJECT DIRECTOR H]PRINC|PAL INVESTIGATOR
Cecil Lue-Hing, Metro. San. Dist. of Greater Chicago
100 East Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/67
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $211,380 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The beneficial effects on crops and soils of applying nutrients, organic matter, and water in digested
sewage sludge are being demonstrated. Field plots and recording lysimeter plots were used to measure
the long range effects of the metals, other organic and inorganic constituents upon the runoff and
drainage water, soil properties, and crop yields and composition. Three contrasting soil types are
used in the lysimeter plots. Criteria for selecting sites and designing a land disposal system for
large municipalities are being developed. The project is in the fifth year.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatment of Wastes Using Peat, and Peat in Combination with Soil
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 01(a)
NAME. TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[X]PROJECTDIRECTOR ORINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Robert Scuffy, Dept. of Iron Range Resources & Rehab.
State of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/1/69
EST. COMP. DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract [x~| Grant
| | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $44,380 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective was to determine the effectiveness of various kinds of peat and peat-soil mixtures as
filter media in treating sewage. Application techniques, the mechanism of BOD and phosphorus removal
from the sewage and regeneration of the adsorptive capacity of the peat were studied. Drained plots
in a natural peat bog, lysimeters, and columns in the laboratory were used in the study. Thin layers
of peat over sand were found to be effective in removal of BOD and phosphorus from sewage. The draft
of the final report has been prepared.
231
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Land Reclamation Through the Use of Digested Sewage Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Ben Sosewitz, General Superintendent
Metro. San. Dist. of Greater Chicago, 100 E. Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
IContract |x~l Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $610,500 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A 100-acre burned dump adjacent to the Calumet Sewage Treatment Plant was used to demonstrate benefits
of applying liquid digested sewage sludge to improve marginal land for crop production. Sludge was
applied in sufficient quantity to build up the organic matter and fertility before wheat and corn were
grown. The effects of sludge on the soil and crops were measured. A draft of the final report has been
prepared.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Review of Landspreading of Liquid Sewage Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GDPROJECT DIRECTOR DPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
J. M. Genco, Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QIPROJECTDIRECTOR [JJPROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pnControct I | Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $51,755 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this program is to provide a critical review of existing information and operational
experiences in landspreading of liquid sewage sludge. Major emphasis will be given to obtaining in-
formation concerning unreported landspreading operations currently employed in this country, through
a telephone survey and visits to representative treatment plants and associated landspreading opera-
tions. This information will be evaluated with respect to present technology, and environmental im-
pacts from landspreading including evaluation of landspreading subsystems relating to sludge handling
and conditioning, modes of transport, spreading techniques, and soil and/or crop responses. Further,
this program will also provide a summarization and an updating of sewage sludge landspreading practices
found in the literature. An evaluation of the data obtained will identify deficiencies where additional
studies are needed and aid in the development of proper design criteria for landspreading systems.
232
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatment Processes - Wastes Pimped from Septic Tanks
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John J. Kolega
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut 06268
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $230,441 (69)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A three-year study of the characterization, volumes, appropriate treatment and handling methods of
septic tank sludge was conducted. Public attitudes and policies toward septic tank sludge treatment
and disposal were determined by interviews and questionnaires. Pilot studies of treatment and disposal
by soil injection, aeration-anaerobic digestion-filtration system, and controlled addition to a small
municipal sewage treatment plant were conducted. A draft of the final report has been written.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Wastewater Solids Utilization on the Land
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[j-JPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Michael Gritzuk, Ocean County Sewerage Authority
40 Hadley Avenue
Toms River, New Jersey 08753
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/75
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |X | Grant
| [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $200,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The applicant proposes to demonstrate the feasibility of disposing of sewage sludge by applying it to
soils that are typical of many found along the East Coast. Improvement of low quality land without
detrimental environmental impact will be demonstrated. Application techniques and rates compatible
with the environment and the constraints imposed by sludge properties, will be determined. Extensive
ground water quality studies are to precede the sludge application and are to be run during sludge
spreading.
233
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Use of Physical-Chemical Sludges on Land
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X| PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rjContraet | | Grant
I X| Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $55,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Greenhouse pot culture is being used to determine the effects of applying physical-chemical sludge on
soils. Aluminum hydroxide and ferric chloride are added to sewage to precipitate phosphate. Sludge
is limed to pH 11.3 to stabilize it. The effect of the sludge on soil, crops, and leachates is being
measured.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Availability, Performance Characteristics, Cost & Functional Designs of Equip-
ment and Machinery for Disposal of Sludges & Other Organic Wastes on Soils
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 15
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
G3PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
G. L. Nelson, Agricultural Engineering Professor
Ohio Agricultural Research & Development Center
Wooster, Ohio
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/70
EST. COMP. DATE
3/1/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
nQContract | | Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $22,179 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A 12-month study of available equipment and systems for spreading wastes on land was conducted. Inter-
views, questionnaires, and demonstrations were sources of information. A method of sludge disposal
systems analysis was developed. The draft of the final report has been prepared.
234
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Microbiology of Sewage Sludge Disposal in Soil
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACJ 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert Miller, Professor of Agronomy
Ohio State University
Wooster, Ohio
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PROJECT OFFICER
G. Kenneth Dotson
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/16/70
EST.COMP.DATE
8/15/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
jxJContract | | Grant
1 [Intramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $56,289 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A laboratory and growth chamber study of climate, soil, and sludge factors that determine the rate of
microbiological decomposition of organic matter in sludge treated soils was conducted. Microbial popu-
lations and activity were identified and studied. The effects on 40 and 100 tons of freeze dried
digested sludge solids per acre applications on growing plants was determined. Specific soil and
climatic factors that determine the rate sludge decomposition are being ascertained by multiple re-
gression equations. Phytotoxic substances in leachates were analyzed. More efficient management and
better site selection will be possible because of the project. The final report is being prepared.
235
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TREATMENT OF SUPERNATANT FROM SLUDGE CONDITIONING
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Conditioning of Wastewater Sludges Using S02 and Low Pressure Steam
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACK 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
BPROJECT DIRECTOR n^'NOPALINVESTIGATOR
Myron Weinberg, Foster D. Snell, Inc.
Hanover Road
Florham Park, New Jersey 07932
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR Qc]PROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Dean
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/3/69
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $122,125 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Pressure cooking of sludge to improve filterability, as by the Porteous or Zimpro process, requires
high temperatures and pressures (about 185°C and 400 psig). The addition of S0£ reduces the temperature
to about 125°C. The supernatant liquor can be evaporated to an organic molasses that is rich in amino
acids and sugars. Further evaporation produces an Organic Feed Concentrate (OFC) that has potential
as an animal feed supplement. No adverse metabolic or teratogenetic effects from OFC in the diet of
rats or chickens, have been found at low dosages. The high phosphoric acid content of the first batch
of OFC led to difficulties with egg production which can easily be corrected by an intermediate lime
clarification. Further studies will have to be carried on at a scale sufficiently large to produce
useful quantities of improved OFC for larger scale feeding tests.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatment of Supernatants from Heat Treatment of Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACK 01(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[J PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert B. Dean
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/1/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
(xl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $17,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Heat treatment Supernatants and filtrates are high in BOD and COD and place a large load on wastewater
treatment plants.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the magnitude of the effect of recycle of these liquors on
the final wastewater effluent, and to develop means for treating them to minimize their impact on
effluent quality.
237
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BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY FROM SLUDGE
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Studies on the Methanogenie Bacteria in Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACL 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
Qc|PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Paul H. Smith, Professor of Microbiology
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32601
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
(^PROJECT DIRECTOR JTJPROJECT OFFICER
Cecil W. Chambers
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/22/69
EST. COMP. DATE
9/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
riConfract |"x] Grant
[ Jlntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $28,331 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to isolate the methanogenic bacteria present in digesting domestic
sewage sludge and to determine those factors which control the rates of anaerobic digestion. Emphasis
is being placed on methane production from intermediates in the digestion process. Hydrogen gas,
acetate, propionate and butyrate are being investigated. Isolation attempts are being made utilizing
methods which give maximum control of oxygen tension. 0/R potential is being maintained below 300 mv.
Intermediates and rates are being investigated using isotope dilution techniques.
The hydrogen utilizing methanogenic microflora has been isolated and its ecological function has been
demonstrated. Hydrogen has been shown to inhibit short chain fatty acid metabolisms. The hydrogen
utilizing microflora maintains the hydrogen concentration below a toxic level. Current studies involve
efforts to develop a methane fermentation which is insensitive to environmental changes. This is being
approached by selection of insensitive mixed populations of organisms capable of dissimilating organic
water.
239
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HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Disposal of Waterworks Sludges at Sewage Treatment Plants
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACN 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
B. Vincent Salotto
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Clnclnnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/72
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContraet Q] Grant
Ixllntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $7,500 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to determine by a pilot plant study, the effects doses of waterworks
sludge has on activated sludge process in terms of treatment efficiency; determine by sampling sewage
outlets phosphate-removing ability of several doses of waterworks sludge, added singly, in activated
sludge process; and determine the effects of addition of waterworks sludge on the efficiency of opera-
tion in terms of COD and SS removals and turbidity of final effluent. A report of the research results
has been published. An oral presentation was made at the 34th Annual American Water Works Association
(Ohio Section) Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 25 - 27, 1972.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatment of Waste Alum Sludge from a Water Treatment Plant
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACN 50
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
*Patrick F. Mahoney, Smith & Mahoney Consulting Engineers
11 North Pearl Street
Albany, New York 12207
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
(^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph B. Farrell
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
6/27/71
EST.COMP.DATE
3/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 [intromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $31,871 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to conduct a detailed pilot plant alum sludge filtration study at the
Feura Bush Water Treatment Plant of the City of Albany. The objectives being to optimize operating
parameters, demonstrate process reproducibility, and develop information necessary for full-scale
plant design. Rotary vacuum precoat filtration of alum sludge will be conducted and technical and
economic feasibility will be determined. A comparison of the performance of various filter aid grades
and other operating variables, and cost effectiveness of the sludge treatment, will be made. Design
criteria for a full-scale facility will be sought. The dewatering of alum sludge by natural freezing
followed by thawing will be followed in a pilot scale study. Economics will be compared with cost of
precoat filtration. Project is complete except for final report.
*For Grantee: City of Albany, Dept. of Water and Water Supply
City Hall, Albany, New York 12207
241
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WASTEWATER RENOVATION AND REUSE FOR POTABLE WATER SUPPLY
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstration of Virus Removal from Municipal Sewage
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACP 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QDPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Hugh C. Norris, Jr., Department of Public Works
City Hall, Military Plaza
San Antonio, Texas 78205
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECTOFFICER
Irwin J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/1/69
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
niContract |~X| Grant
I jlntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $423,750 (70)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to demonstrate the suitability of lime coagulation for removal of
virus from municipal sewage and to prevent the creation of an imminent public health hazard from the
rapid, natural percolation of sewage treatment plant effluents containing active viruses into the out-
cropping limestone aquifer used by the City of San Antonio as its water supply and to demonstrate that
use of this process as the primary treatment step can provide additional benefits of considerable
economic value.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Part 1. Quantitation of Pathogens in Effluent and Affected Areas
Part 2. Fate of Microorganisms in Advanced Waste Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACP 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR npRINC|PAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
00 PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Bernard A. Kermer
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
I X ! Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $50,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Part 1: The objective is to develop simplified quantitative methods requiring no special facilities
and no special equipment for isolating and enumerating classes of bacterial pathogens known to be pre-
sent in municipal and industrial wastes, as well as in miscellaneous pollution sources, such as agri-
cultural. These methods are to be distributed to all Federal Agencies and interested parties. Methods
have been completed and published in-house for the simultaneous quantitation of Salmonella species and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa from treatment effluents and affected areas. The methodology paper has also been
cleared for publication in a journal. Currently, work has commenced in efforts to develop methods for
the isolation and enumeration of pathogenic species of Leptospira from polluted waters and treatment
effluents, and also concurrently, work has been started on the isolation of Shigella species. There are
no precedent methods for the isolation of the latter two groups of pathogens from water. Service samp-
lings from other research projects in wastewater treatment are utilized at no additional cost other than
chemical or serological materials. Part 2: The objective is to make evaluations throughout successive
stages of advanced waste treatment processes (from influent to effluent) of the progressive elimination
of both pathogenic and indicator bacteria. This will relate the fate of such microorganisms to specific
types of bacterial nutrients and growth promoters. Information should indicate which advanced waste
treatment processes can most effectively produce water for specific reuse needs. This is a service re-
search project for other research programs as requested, and requires a bacteriologist interested in
taxonomy, as is the requester. Results have been published by research programs requesting the service.
243
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Removal of Heavy Metals by Wastewater Treatment Processes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACP 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR nPR'NciPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[j| PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Irwin J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/28/72
EST. COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
]Contract [~j Grant
be [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $35,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This task provides in-house virus analytical work for Task 21ABO 02 grant project described below.
The objective is to determine heavy metal and virus removal by physical-chemical treatment of secondary
effluent. Wastewater from Dallas trickling filter will be nitrified in pilot activated sludge unit
(0.5 MGD) then passed through two tertiary treatment flow schemes in parallel. One flow sheet will
provide only deep bed filtration in a multimedia filter. The other will provide chemical coagulation,
flocculation, multimedia filtration, carbon adsorption and chlorination. Analysis for removals of 20
metals and virus at background levels will be conducted. Short runs with spiked inflow of £2 phage
and Type 1 polio will be made. Lime at pH >11 and alum will be used as coagulants. Excellent phage
removal (10$) and good metal removal have been achieved with high pH lime. Alum studies are not
complete.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Special Studies on Water Reuse
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACP 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR dpR|NC|pAi-iNVESTiGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[3 PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Stephanie Roan, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
50QO Overlook Avenue, S.W.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST. COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnConfraci Q Grant
Ixl Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $35,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The study, in cooperation with NERC's virology group, is determining the effectiveness of various pilot
plant systems, especially the three stage activated sludge (staged nitrification-denitrification) system
for removing virus and heavy metals. The feed waters and intermediate effluents in the systems are
also being "spiked" with virus or heavy metals to improve the evaluation of individual process and sys-
tem removal efficiencies. The heavy metals concentrations are determined by atomic adsorption techiques.
The virus analyses are performed by NERC's virology section.
244
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Removal of Toxic Metals in Physical-Chemical Pilot Plant
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACP 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Sidney A. Hannah
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
2/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 (Contract 1 1 Grant
Ix llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to determine removals of toxic metals, such as Cd, Hg, Cr, Zn, Pb,
Ba, Ni, Mn, and As by coagulation with iron and by precipitation with low and high lime dosages; and
determine the effectiveness of activated carbon for metals removal.
Influent to the pilot plant was analyzed for the metal of interest and spiked to 5 mg/1 with additional
metal. Removals after chemical addition and sedimentation, filtration and carbon adsorption were
determined. Experimental work on the above metals is complete. In general, good removals were ob-
tained. A report on the work is in preparation.
245
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WASTEWATER RENOVATION AND REUSE FOR NON-POTABLE REUSE
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Advanced Waste Treatment for Water Reclamation
Reuse by Injection
and
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACQ 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[JGPROJECT DIRECTOR npR'NCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Herbert J. Simons, Commissioner of Public Works
County of Nassau
Mineola, New York 11501
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Irwin J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/31/66
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
]Contract [jj] Grant
[ [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $700,000 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to conduct studies of advanced waste treatment processes and to
demonstrate that the reclaimed secondary effluent is suitable for reuse and injection into underground
aquifers. This project will provide operating data on advanced waste treatment processes and allow
optimizing the economics of the process. It will also demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability
of advanced waste treatment as a method of providing water for reuse from secondary treatment plant
effluent.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Tertiary Treatment by Lime Addition at Santee, California
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACQ 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NciPALINVESTIGATOR
Edwin Houser, Santee County Water District
P. 0. Box 70
Santee, California 92071
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Stern
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
12/66
EST.COMP.DATE
5/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract |~x] Grant
| I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $800,000 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to demonstrate on full scale, that lime tertiary treatment followed by dual media
filtration can provide effective treatment for reclaiming secondary effluent and that these processes
can be used as substitute for the Santee percolation beds for producing recreational lake water. A
nominal 2 MGD tertiary facility - lime addition -one stage lime treatment (with and without polymers)
in a solids contact reactor-clarifier; pH adjustment with C02 produced from natural gas and dual media
filtration. The facility was built and operated for 22 months. Secondary effluent was compared to
tertiary effluent, and also to additional treatment by carbon adsorption and electrodialysis, as well
as from percolation beds treatment for algal growth in the laboratory and in simulated ponds. The final
report is scheduled to be completed by May 1973. It was demonstrated that a small sanitary district
can build a tertiary treatment plant through regular consulting engineering design and bidding pro-
cedures, and operate the facility with regular plant personnel. Phosphorus removal in solids contact
reactor-clarifier was 85% with a lime (CaO) dosage of 60 mg/1 and a pH range of 9.5 to 10.0. Phospho-
rous removal can be increased to 95% (0.77 mg/1 P as residual) with a lime dosage of 200 mg/1 and pH
range of 10.5 to 11.0. Approximately 0.75 gpm/ft2 was found to be a reasonable operating upper limit
flow rate for the solids contact reactor-clarifier. Equipment reliability was a serious problem in this
small plant. Using Santee secondary effluent as a basis, the lime treatment resulted in a 10-fold re-
duction, and the addition of granular activated carbon and electrodialysis treatment resulted in a 100-
fold reduction in algal growth. The estimated cost for a 1.5 MGD steady flow, with a 200 mg/1 lime
dosage and filtration, is 19
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Water Reclamation Project for Antelope Valley
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACQ 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Richard E. Kuhns, Sanitation Division Engineer
County of Los Angeles, Dept. of County Engineer
108 W. 2nd St., Los Angeles, California 90012
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
John N. English
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/70
EST. COMP. DATE
12/31/73
METHODOF SUPPORT
rjContraet lyl Grant
1 llntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $90,000 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
the objectives of this project are to enable engineers and scientists to conduct continuing studies
under actual "full-scale" operational conditions of a wastewater reclamation project in Antelope Valley;
to demonstrate that sufficient algae and nutrient removal can be realized to prevent excess biological
growth, and to maintain aesthetic levels of clarity, and to assure an adequate habitat for fish life in
recreational lakes; to ensure safe degree of enteric pathogen and virus destruction to permit safe use
of reclaimed wastewater; to provide controls for any insect or noxious plant problems which occur in
conjunction with such projects; to develop a "Manual of Practices" that would have widespread applica-
tion in the field of wastewater reclamation; and to demonstrate the acceptability by the public of the
use of reclaimed wastewater for establishing attractive aquatic recreational facilities, especially in
water-short desert areas.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Demonstrated Technology and Research Needs for Reuse of Municipal Wastewater
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACO 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Curtis J. Schmidt, Vice President
S.C.S. Engineers, 4014 Long Beach Boulevard
Long Beach, California 90807
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
nPKOJECT DIRECTOR |F]PROJECT OFFICER
Irwin J. Kugelman
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/14/72
EST. COMP. DATE
9/18/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fTjContraet Q Grant
1 llntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $56,775 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to conduct a state-of-the-art survey of intentional reuse of municipal wastewater.
All pertinent domestic and foreign literature will be searched. Specially designed survey forms will
be mailed to all known reuse installations, and all U.S. Federal, state, and municipal agencies. The
data will be processed to determine: (1) quality standards for types of reuse application; (2) econo-
mics of available technology for production of usable water from municipal sewage; (3) research needs;
and (4) market projections.
248
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Reverse Osmosis of Treated and Untreated Secondary Sewage Effluent
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACQ 50
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR OPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Doyle Boen, Eastern Municipal Water District
P.O. Box 858, 24500 San Jacinto Street
Hemet, California 92343
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Stern
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NEROCincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/67
EST.COMP.DATE
5/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract [~x] Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $37,466 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
4L
The objective is to demonstrate on a pilot scale, the effectiveness of reverse osmosis to remove con-
stituents, particularly dissolved solids, from secondary effluent (activated sludge). Pretreatment of
the reverse osmosis feed is needed to enhance effectiveness. A facility was constructed to develop the
most feasible combination for post-treating secondary effluent as feed to the reverse osmosis process.
Six reverse osmosis units from 5,000 to 10,000 gpd nominal capacity, having different module designs and
membrane flux characteristics, were tested over a 15-month operating period. Alum coagulation followed
by sand filtration or sand filtration followed by activated carbon, were equally effective for treating
secondary effluent prior to reverse osmosis. Adding small amounts of chlorine, and pH adjustment to
around 5 of the feed water, were needed for partial sterilization and scale deposition control. The
most effective reverse osmosis module and product water flux membranes was the tubular configuration
with a relatively tight membrane (low product water flux—high salt rejection). Membrane fouling was
encountered even with the use of all of the secondary effluent post-treatment processes in series.
Various methods, such as acid flushes, enzymatic-detergent combination treatment, EDTA, sodium borate,
air-water flushing were tried for removing membrane foulants. EDTA was found to be effective for in-
organic fouling (scale deposition) removal. Enzymatic-detergent and sodium borate were effective for
organic or organic combined with particulate (colloidal or suspended solid) fouling. Membrane fouling
effects can be controlled by periodic treatment. Total estimated costs, including secondary effluent
post-treatment and assumed 3-year membrane life, are 76.5c/l,000 gal for a 1 MGD facility, and 64C/1000
gal for a 10 MGD facility. The final report is being prepared.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Carbon Adsorption and Electrodialysis
at Santee, California
for Demineralization
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACQ 51
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[DPROJECT DIRECTOR npR|NciPAiINVESTIGATOR
Edwin Houser, Santee County Water District
P. 0. Box 70
Santee, California 92071
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XjPROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Stem
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinanti, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/68
EST.COMP.DATE
5/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[X [Contract | | Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $37,522 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to demonstrate activated carbon treatment followed by electrodialysis of tertiary
effluent to produce a final water product equal to or exceeding the quality of Santee raw water
(Colorado River water); to compare the product water with PHS Drinking Water Standards; and to compare
the electrodialysis process with De-Sal ion exchange process for demineralization. A lOOjOOOgpd activated
carbon, followed by a 50,000 gpd, 2-stage, electriodialyses process facility, was constructed and
operated for one year on tertiary (lime treated and dual media filtered) effluent. The final report is
in preparation. Darco activated carbon was used for organic removal. COD removal in 3-stages (approxi-
mately 36 minutes detention at 2 gpm per square foot application) was 60%. Carbon fines, after thermal
regeneration was a serious problem. The electrodialysis process produced an effluent with a quality
exceeding Santee Colorado River raw water supply and very nearly equal to PHS Drinking Water Standards.
Activated carbon treatment cost for 100,000 gpd capacity and replacement of the carbon is estimated at
32C/1000 gallons. The estimated cost for a 50,000 gpd electrodialysis treatment is $1.04/1000 gallons.
249
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Tertiary Sewage Treatment for Reclamation and Full Reuse
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACQ 52
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
|T]PROJECT DIRECTOR DPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Roy Stoyer, Director, Adv. Planning & Development
Irvine Ranch Water Dlst., P.O. Box D-l
4201 Campus Drive, Irvine, California 92264
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Gerald Stern
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/67
EST.COMP. DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract |X | Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $325,500 (67)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to demonstrate nutrient removal for reclamation of wastewater. A 0.26 MGD (pilot
scale) nutrient removal wastewater treatment facility was constructed and operated for 12 months. The
major steps involved were: (1) phosphate incorporation into biological sludge and nitrification in an
aeration basin; (2) sludge-liquid separation by either vibrating screens and/or dissolved air flotation;
(3) the liquid phase is treated for nitrogen removal (denitrification) in an upflow sand filter with
methanol addition as organic food source; (4) the concentrated sludge (2% to 3%) from the vibration
screens and/or dissolved air flotation is treated with acid (sulfuric) to reduce the pH to around 5
(at this pH the phosphate in the sludge is solubilized); and (5) the phosphate laden liquid phase is
separated from the solid (sludge) phase by co-current solid bowl centrifugation. The phosphate-free
sludge is recycled to the aeration basin. Thus mechanical separation is used to separate the liquid
and concentrate the sludges as quickly as feasible to avoid biological sludge deterioration. Dis-
solved air flotation is a very effective process for separating mixed liquor. The flotate (sludge)
solid phase) can be concentrated to 3% solids. .Up-flow sand filtration provides an excellent media,
with methanol addition, for denitrification. Care must be taken to avoid solids breakthrough by
nitrogen gas bubbles. The combination of nitrification in the aeration basin, dissolved air flotation
for solids-liquid separation, and adding methanol as organic food source to the liquid influent feed to
the upflow sand filter, results in up to 95% nitrogen removal. Vibrating screens are not an effective
separating device for mixed liquors. Phosphate removal could not be demonstrated because of the inef-
fectiveness of the co-current solid bowl centrifuge to separate the phosphate laden liquid from sludge.
A final report is being prepared.
250
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OPTIMIZATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES, TREATMENT
TRAINS AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Cost and Sizing Relationships for Wastewater Treatment Processes
FY 1973 TASK NUMBER
21ACT 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR DPKINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
OTJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert Smith
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
LJContract | | Grant
[x] Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This is a continuing intramural project to develop cost and sizing relationships for conventional and
advanced treatment processes for municipal wastewater. Examples of processes being studied are air
flotation thickening, addition of chemicals such as iron, alum, methanol, lime, polyelectrolyte and
others for removal of phosphorus or for sludge conditioning.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Compute the Cost of Various Alternative Sludge Handling
and Disposal Schemes
FYT973TASK NUMBER
21ACT 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
dPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert Smith
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
a Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $37,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to compute the capital, operating and maintenance costs for alter-
native sludge handling and disposal schemes for both primary and activated sludge municipal waste-
water treatment plants. The processes to be considered are gravity sludge thickening, air flotation
thickening, centrifugation, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, elutriation, sludge storage, addi-
tion of chemicals, vacuum filters, filter presses, sand drying beds, multiple hearth incineration, and
disposal on the land. A total of 181 separate sludge handling schemes have been identified using this
set of processes. Mathematical models will be developed for each process and an Executive digital
computer program will be used to solve all mass balance and sizing computations. Recycle streams
from all processes will be returned to the main plant and the impact on the cost of the main plant will
be computed. The results of the study will be cost estimates for each of the 181 separate schemes for
handling and disposing of the sludges. The plants considered are conventional plants with no chemicals
added for removal of phosphorus.
251
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Economics of Combined Use of Dry Weather and
Wet Weather Processes
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACT 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS Of EXTRAMURAL
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
0 PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Smith
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
S Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A continuing problem in water pollution control is how to handle and treat storm and combined waste-
water flows. If storm facilities are installed, these can be used to enhance the treatment of dry
weather flows. Dry weather facilities might be increased in size to partially handle the wet weather
flows. The purpose of this task is to investigate the optimum design procedure to maximize the cost-
effectiveness of the combined installation for both dry and wet weather treatment.
252
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WASTEWATER SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION AND AUTOMATION
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
State-of-the-Art Report- on Instrumentation and Control in Wastewater
Systems and Treatment Plants
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACU 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
Qf]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Allen E. Molvar, Environmental Systems Center
Raytheon Company, Box 360
Portsmouth, Rhode Island 02871
NAME, TITLE, AND ADqRESSOF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Joseph F. Roesler
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio A5268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnContract [ | Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $158,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to: survey the literature; survey the user experience of instrumen-
tation and control systems and determine the performance of instrumentation in the field; design alter-
native control strategies for each wastewater treatment unit process; prepare a plant layout for a
hypothetical 1 and 10 mgd facility; estimate the costs incurred, benefits derived and operating prob-
lems associated with actual or proposed process control schemes; and identify future research needs.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Advanced Control Algorithms for the Activated Sludge Process
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACU OA
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ronald N. Doty, City of Palo Alto
250 Hamilton Avenue
Palo Alto, California 9A301
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Joseph F. Roesler
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio A5268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
A/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnConfract [IE] Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $65,200 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives and descriptions of the work are to: evaluate seven schemes for control of the activated
sludge process, including DO control, air return activated sludge control, sludge blanket control,
MLSS control, feed forward TOC control, feed forward feedback TOC control, and respiration rate
control; demonstrate the use of a digital computer for the implementation of advanced control methods;
demonstrate value of advanced control methods on a full scale activated sludge process; and quantify
cost and performance improvements associated with process control.
253
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Installation of Instrumentation and Control Devices for
Three-Stage Activated Sludge
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACU 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
|x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Walter W. Schuk, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | J Grant
|X [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are: (1) to install and evaluate process sensors such as Technicon autoanalyzers for
measurement of COD, phosphorus, NH3 and N03, D.O. probes, magnetic flow meters, etc., and control de-
vices such as valves, metering pumps, automatic chemical feeders in the three-stage activated sludge
treatment pilot plant; (2) to evaluate and to modify the sensors and control devices for use in analog
control loops; and (3) to assemble the devices in analog control loops for control of alum or Fed 3
feed for phosphorus removal, methanol feed for denitrification, lime for pH control in nitrification,
D.O. in the aeration basins, sludge wasting for the system, and, if suitable sensors can be obtained,
the control of the food to mass (F/M) ratio in the first stage activated sludge system. The progress
to date, includes the development of an imperical relationship to linearize the output of the Technicon
autoanalyzers, the installation and successful analog operation of flow-proportional (feed forward)
pH-error (feedback control of lime in the nitrification system) the development of a feed forward mass
(NO^J-proportional control loop for methanol feed in denitrification.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Analog Responses Data for Analog and Digital
Control of Physical-Chemical Treatment
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACU 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
Walter W. Schuk, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Washington, D.C.
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContraet | ] Grant
LXJIntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $37,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop and to evaluate closed and open loop response data of an existing analog
control system for physical-chemical treatment of raw wastewater. The physical-chemical treatment of
raw wastewater. The physical-chemical treatment system consists of two-stage lime treatment (lime
precipitation at pH 11.5, recarbonation to pH 9.5 and settling of the CaC03 produced by recarbonation),
dual media filtration, two-stage chlorination (chlorine addition for pH reduction to 7 followed by
chlorine addition for oxidation of NH3 to N£) , and carbon adsorption. The feed forward-feedback analog
control loops are flow-proportional (feed forward) pH-error (feedback) control of lime, C02 in lime
treatment and C12 feed in the first chlorination stage and mass - (NH^) - proportional (feed forward)
residual-free-chlorine error (feedback) and mass (Cl2) proportional pH error for respective control of
Cl£ and base (NaOH) in breakpoint chlorination. The feed forward systems are flow proportional controls
of FeCl^ in the recarbonation, and sludge wasting in the two lime settlers. The analog response data
has been developed for the control loop and is being used to evaluate the analog systems and, in another
study, to develop control algorithms for digital process control of physical—chemical treatment.
254
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Automation of Physical-Chemical and Three-Stage
Activated Sludge Systems
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACU 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OGPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert B. Yarrington, Dept. of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 12th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20004
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [xJpROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
7/71 (G)
10/1/72 (C)
EST. COMP. DATE
4/1/73 (G)
9/30/73 (C)
METHODOFSUPPORT
| [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
$150,000 (G)(69)
Federal Cost: $ 41,000 (C)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to develop digital control algorithms for physical chemical treatment of raw waste-
waters, to evaluate these control algorithms with an IBM System 7 process control computer on the pilot
physical-chemical treatment system and to evaluate an analog control system in the three-stage acti-
vated sludge treatment in the EPA-DC Pilot Plant. Closed and open loop analog response data developed
by the EPA on an existing analog control system, is being used by the District of Columbia and IBM,
to develop digital control algorithms for four feed-forward feed-back control loops and three feed-
forward loops in the physical-chemical system. The feed-forward feed-back control loops are flow-
proportional pH-error control of lime and C02 in lime treatment, and ClJ in pH reduction, and, in
breakpoint chlorination, mass-proportional CIJ in error control of Cl^ and mass-proportional pH-error
control of NaOH.
The feed-forward loops are flow-proportional control of FeCl3 and sludge wasting in the two-stage lime
treatment process. To-date, the control algorithms have been developed and confirmed by IBM with simu-
lation techniques. The system 7 computer is installed and on-line evaluation of the control systems is
proceeding. The evaluation of the analog control system in the three-stage activated sludge system is
beginning and will be used in a later study to develop digital control of portions of the three-stage
activated sludge system.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Two Ammonia Probes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACU 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR DPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Williams
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
7/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
Contract | [ Grant
] X| Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $11,700
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Two ammonia probes will be evaluated for application to control of monitoring of wastewater treatment
plant effluents.
255
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Wastewater Sample Transfer and Conditioning System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACU 14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[Y]PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Allen Molvar, Environmental Systems Center
Raytheon Company, P. 0. Box 360
Portsmouth, Rhode Island 02871
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Robert H. Wise
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/73
EST. COMP.DATE
9/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnContract | | Grant
( (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $82,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The proposed program is designed to furnish on-line process hardware which will automatically sample,
blend, transfer, and condition all types of wastewater treatment process streams for appropriate auto-
matic analyses without the occurrence of unacceptable chemical changes in the sample during any of
these three steps. This type of reliable sampling system is necessary for continuous auotmated analyses
which will also permit cost-effective feed forward process control.
The prototype hardware system will be evaluated by the contractor at a suitable wastewater treatment
plant; it will then be incorporated into a process-control demonstration project.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Digital Automation of the Three-Stage Activated Sludge System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACU 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QCJPROJECT DIRECTOR OPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert B. Yarrington, Dept. of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 12th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20004
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Dolloff F. Bishop, EPA-DC Pilot Plant
5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST. COMP.DATE
9/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I XlContrott | | Grant
1 [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $153,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to develop digital control algorithms needed in the three-stage (BOD, nitrification,
denitrification) activated sludge for process control; to evaluate these control algorithms with an
IBM system 7 process control computer on the three-stage activated sludge pilot system at the EPA-DC
Pilot Plant; and to develop digital data acquisition programs for the three-stage activated sludge
system. The three-stage activated sludge system consists of an activated sludge stage with mineral
addition (alum or FeCl3) for BOD and phosphorus removal, nitrification and denitrification with
methanol and mineral addition for nitrogen and residual phosphorus removal, and filtration for resi-
dual solids removal. The control loops for chemical feed of methanol or minerals (alum or FeCl^) are
mass - (P or NO^) - proportional feed-forward systems; for sludge wasting, flow-proportional feed-
forward systems, for D.O. control, a complex feed-forward feed-back system based on flow, and recycle,
D.O. uptake rate, oxygen transfer efficiency, and D.O. error deviation from set point. Any F/M control
will require sensor evaluation and analog development.
256
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Investigate the Effectiveness of Process Control by Computation
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21ACU 33
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert Smith
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
m/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnControct | | Grant
I X llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A time dependent model for the activated sludge process has been developed and this model will be used
to investigate the potential effectiveness of automatic control schemes such as dissolved oxygen con-
trol, control of mixed liquor suspended solids concentration by means of wasting control, sludge
storage, or other means. The advantages of an equalization basin upstream of the primary settler will
be studied. PID control of dissolved oxygen has been completed. The validity of the study will be
limited by the existing poor relationships for the rate constant in the aerator and by the poor model
for the final settler.
Some field data from a full sized plant is expected from Task 21ACU 04, and these will be used to
validate the model.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Instruments for Control of Wastewater Treatment Systems
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21ACU 41
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR DPKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Wise
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnConfract | | Grant
| X| Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $22,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of the work are to evaluate instruments or equipment which show a potential application
for control or monitoring of wastewater systems. The instruments would be evaluated in regard to their
accuracy, dependability, and maintenance-free operation when operated on-line in a pilot or full-scale
plant. This program is planned to be continued in FY '74 under Task 21ASC 307.
257
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WATER SUPPLY
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH
1C1046
OUTPUT: Development of valid criteria for
promulgating water quality standards for
municipal (drinking) and recreational
(freshwater and marine) uses. Research ef-
fort includes studies of biological effects
resulting from the presence of infectious
agents and potentially toxic contaminants
in the water environment. The goal of the
program is to assure public health and
pleasing aesthetics.
259
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ESTABLISH HEALTH CRITERIA FOR UNKNOWN ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS OF DRINKING WATER
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Establish Health Criteria for Unknown Organic Contaminants of
Drinking Water: Part 1 - Chemistry
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APV 01-05 & 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR DPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q| PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert G. Tardiff
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/77
METHOD OFSUPPORT
1 (Contract | | Grant
Ixllntramurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $184,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to concentrate and extract the organic compounds in drinking water
for toxicity testing and to characterize and identify the toxins from the most toxic fractions. The
overall objective is to develop health-related criteria for the development of a drinking water
standard for organics. Concentration will be accomplished through the use of reverse osmosis with
multiple membranes. Extraction and partitioning will be accomplished by lyophilization and solvent
extraction. Other partitioning methods employed include gel permeation, ion exchange, gas chroma-
tography and liquid chromatography. Identification methods applied include GC-Mass Spectrometry, NMR
spectroscopy, and IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry.
At present, progress has been made in the development of standardized procedures for concentration and
extraction. Work is being carried out on the evaluation of various RO membranes and different ion ex-
change resins. Work is being carried out on the evaluation of the potential benefit of using TOC as a
monitoring tool.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Establish Health Criteria for Unknown Organic Contaminants of
Drinking Water: Fart II - Toxicology
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APV 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert G. Tardiff
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/77
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | | Grant
1 X| Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $20,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to assess the toxicity of fractions and concentrates of organic com-
pounds isolated from tap water. The overall objective is to develop health-related criteria for the
development of a drinking water standard for organics. The project is composed of 2 parts: (1) Gross
screening of organic fractions for classification of acute toxicity (including LD5Q, Cumulative index,
sensitization potential, and potential interaction); and (2) In-depth subacute toxicirr studies (histo-
pathologic, physiologic, and biochemical).
Only a few samples have been obtained for toxicity testing. The quantifies of each were sufficient
only to conduct U)$Q studies. The samples tested were classifi°<» as "very toxic," i.e., having an
LD50 between 50 and 500 mg/kg.
261
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SCREENING OF KNOWN CHEMICALS FOR SPECIFIC TOXIC EFFECTS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Screening of Known Chemicals for Specific Toxic Effects
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APW 2, 3, 8, 13, 15,
19, 21, 28, 29, 5, 30
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
|F] PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Gunther F. Craun
Water Supply Research Laboratory
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/78
METHODOFSUPPORT
LJContract | | Grant
Ix llntramurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $310,600
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop and apply methods of general application for screening the effects of
environmental chemicals on various biologic systems. The systems are used to establish effect para-
meters that can be used to develop and correlate with biochemical indicators of effect in more ac-
cessible tissues for sampling in field investigations. Determine the magnitude of exposure to environ-
mental chemicals by assaying drinking water and human hair.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
The Role of Silicates in the Etiopathogenesis of
Endemic Nephropathy
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
21APW 34
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
L~JPR°JECT DIRECTOR Qc]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Antal Bata, Instiute of Pathologic Physiology
Belgrade University Medical School
Belgrade, Yugoslavia
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
Leland J. McCabe
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/72
EST.COMP.DATE
9/76
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContract [~x] Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
(PL-480 Funds)
Federal Cost: $73,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this PL-480 project is to clarify the possible role of silicates in endemic nephro-
pathy and provide basic information about silicates in drinking water and any harmful effects from a
wide range of exposure in the water. The results will be helpful to EPA in considering the need for
inclusion of silica in U.S. Drinking Water Standards
263
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INVESTIGATE PROBLEMS OF WATERBORNE DISEASE
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Maintain Current Awareness of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APX 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR C]PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Gunther F. Craun
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/46
EST.COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rHContract fj Grant
IX llntramural
FUN DING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this long established project are to assist the Epidemic Intelligence Officers of the
Center for Disease Control, HEW, in the investigation of outbreaks to determine the deficiency in water
supply that allowed the outbreak to cocur, and to summarize the causes of waterborne outbreaks on a
periodic basis.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
North Carolina Disease Analysis
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APX 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Frederick E. Hamblet
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/73
EST. COMP. DATE
6/78
METHOD OF SUPPORT
a Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $30,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Ten years of disease data on poliomyelitis, leukemia and infectious hepatitis are being analyzed in
relation to the source of water supply for five river basins in North Carolina. The supplies are cate-
gorized as individual supplies, municipal wells, municipal creek supply and municipal river supplies.
Preliminary results show that in poliomyelitis and infectious hepatitis disease rates are highest with
private supplies, lowest with municipal wells, and intermediate in the creek and river supplies.
265
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Study Water Supplies for the Occurrence of Viruses and
Other Pathogens
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APX 8-10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
O»ROJECT DIRECTOR OR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Norman A. Clarke
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/72
EST. COMP.DATE
6/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[nContraet | | Grant
1 yllntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $272,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine the efficacy of four different techniques for concentrating small numbers
of viruses from large volumes of treated water and to concomitantly determine if a relationship exists
between the presence or absence of viruses and other microbiological pathogens and indicator bacteria.
Nine different water supplies in widely scattered geographical areas of the United States are being
studied. If pathogens are detected in treater water, corroborative epidemiological studies will be
initiated to determine the significance of such findings. Results will be used to develop new criteria
for changes in drinking water standards and water treatment techniques.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Detection of Viruses in Water: Methodology Improvement
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APX 16-18
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Norman A. Clarke
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[_jContract | | Grant
fxl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $95,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to improve methods used to concentrate small numbers of viruses from large volumes
of water. Three basic techniques for concentrating viruses from water are being studied to improve
their efficacy. The methods include flow through samplers, sequential techniques (membrane type filters
followed by polymer two-phase separation), and adsorbent techniques (PE 60, activated carbon).
266
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REVIEW SAFETY OF PRODUCTS USED IN WATER TREATMENT,
STORAGE, AND DISTRIBUTION, AND UNIQUE WATER SOURCES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Review Safety of Products Used in Water Treatment, Storage
and Distribution
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APY 3 & 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Benjamin Pringle, NE Water Supply Res. Lab
South Ferry Rd.
NERC-Cincinnati, EPA, Narragansett, R.I.
BEGINNINGDATE
7/68
EST.COMP. DATE
6/78
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContracf | | Grant
JX [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to develop protocols and policies for the evaluation of water treatment chemicals;
determine the best means of toxicologically and chemically testing the different types of water treat-
ment chemicals; promulgate the protocols; evaluate data submitted to determine safety-hazard to the
population from the intended use of the products; and determine maximum safe levels for emergency
situations.
267
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CRITERIA FOR RECREATIONAL WATERS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Recreational Water Quality Measurements
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21APZ 01, 09-14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
C]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
JJTJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Victor J. Cabelli, NE Water Supply Res, Lab
South Ferry Road, NERC-Cincinnati, EPA
Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/78
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContraet | | Grant
JXJ Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $200,200
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop and evaluate techniques for measuring water quality that relate to health
effects on recreaters. Pathogens capable of health effects and multiplication in nutrient or thermal
polluted waters will be quantified. Studies of health effects will be preceeded by method adaptation
to identify and quantify significant health effects and health effectors/indicators.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pretest of Epidemiological Methods for Bathing Beach Study
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APZ 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Paul W. Habermann, Center for Policy Research
476 Riverside Drive
New York, New York 10027
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR HPROJECT OFFICER
Victor J. Cabelli, NE Water Supply Res. Lab
South Ferry Road, NERC-Cincinnati, EPA
Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882
BEGINNING DATE
6/73
EST.COMP.DATE
5/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
rHContract [~x| Grant
[ [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $87,229
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project is to determine whether test beaches selected are, in fact, suitable as regards the
demographic characteristics and bathing activities of the populations at the beaches on weekends; to
pretest the "illness Inquiry System" as a means of obtaining accurate and unbiased data on the inci-
dence of illness among populations swimming at the test beaches, and to define the relevant methods of
data collection and analysis.
Interviews and follow-up required inquiries by mail, phone, and personal interviews will be conducted
to determine if the required quality and quantity of information can be obtained from populations using
the NYC Beaches on summer weekends. An inquiry system has been developed and will be tested on week-
ends during the summer of 1973.
269
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Study Etiology of Amebic Meningoencephalitis
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21APZ 20-21
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
|T] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Shih L. Chang
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
nfjlntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cosf: $60,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Examine clinical material from cases of meningoencephalitis. Determine the distribution of free-
living and pathogenic amoeba, especially Naegleria species, in fresh water lakes relative to nutrient
pollution and other environmental data.
270
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WATER SUPPLY
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
1C2047
OUTPUT: New or improved technology for the
effective and economical control of drinking
water contaminants during storage, treatment,
and distribution. Program efforts will be
directed to demonstrate technologies for
removal of infectious agents, potentially
toxic or aesthetically displeasing contami-
nants so that municipal sectors will be able
to achieve compliance with present and future
water quality standards. Improved methods of
operating both new and existing water supply
facilities will be developed and demonstrated.
271
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EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR THE
REMOVAL OF TRACE ORGANICS AND TASTES AND ODORS
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation and Improvement of Treatment Processes to Remove Trace
Organics and Tastes and Odors
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AQB 02, 04, 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
£] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
James M. Symons
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/78
METHODOFSUPPORT
rHContract | | Grant
[xllntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $93,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
In present practice, the most common method of organic and taste and odor control is the use of acti-
vated carbon, either granular or powdered, to adsorb organics. This technique has deficiencies, both
operational and economic. This situation must change if consumers are to be provided with estheti-
cally pleasing and healthful drinking water. A three-way research approach will be used. One, a study
will be conducted, on the organic content of drinking water around the country; two, field studies on
existing systems will be continued to better understand their performance; and three, bench- and pilot-
scale studies on activated carbon, other adsorbents, and oxidants.
273
-------
EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR REMOVAL OF
TURBIDITY AND SPECIFIC PARTICLES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation and Improvement of Treatment Processes for Removal of Turbidity
and Specific Particles
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AQC 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECTDIRECTOR OPR(NC|PALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
0 PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James M. Symons
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/78
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContract | | Grant
Ixl Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $16,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Two major problems exist, the sludge produced from turbidity removal plants and economical turbidity
removal from relatively clear water. Techniques for turbidity removal at: (1) high water flow rates;
and (2) with minimum sludge production must be studied as well as sludge disposal methods. Pilot
plant and field scale studies on waters of various composition, using various combinations of coagu-
lants, coagulant aids, and filter aids on various types of granular beds should be performed. Bench-
scale studies on water plant sludge are performed.
275
-------
EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR THE
REMOVAL OF TRACE METALS AND NITRATES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation and Improvement of Treatment Processes for the Removal
of Trace Metals and Nitrates
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AQD 02-04 & 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR n^RINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
H PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
James M. Symons
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/78
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
IY [Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cosh $82,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The state-of-the-art on the removal of trace metals during conventional water treatment processes is
not complete. Nitrates are known not to be removed so new treatment methods must be evaluated. Study
the fate of As, Ba, Cd, Se, Cr, and Hg during coagulation, softening, and activated carbon treatment.
Bench- and pilot-scale experiments are necessary. Study performance of nitrate selective anion ex-
change resins using hard, high nitrate waters.
277
-------
EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF METHODS FOR KILLING OR INACTIVATING
MICROORGANISMS IN DRINKING WATER
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation and Improvement of Methods for Killing or Inactivating
Microorganisms in Drinking Water
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AQE 03-04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR n^K'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
(HI PROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
Helen Seraichekas, NE Water Supply Res.Lab
South Ferry Road, NERC-Cincinnati, EPA
Narragansett, Rhode Island 02822
BEGINNING DATE
7/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/78
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[ [Contract | [ Grant
IY [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $86,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Disinfection is the crucial step of water treatment in killing biological pollutants. This project has
examined thirty strains of enteric virus under identical experimental conditions. Data Indicate that
virus resistance to chlorine is wholly unpredictable and varies over a wide range and data on bacterial
pathogen disinfection must be translated into practical design criteria. The difference in resistance
of the purified virus from naturally occurring virus, will be determined. The source of the latter
will include feces from children who just received polio vaccine and those who became ill from various
viral infections. The various environmental factors which may affect the efficiency of water disin-
fection such as turbidity, will be clearly defined. Finally, the viricidal effect of chlorine and
other disinfectants will be evaluated in pilot plant and actual treatment plant using attentuated virus
strains.
279
-------
EVALUATION AND PREVENTION OF CHEMICAL QUALITY DETERIORATION DURING THE
DISTRIBUTION OF DRINKING WATER
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development of Water Quality Monitor for Distribution Systems
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AQF 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(2QPROJECT DIRECTOR FlPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Hina I. McClelland
National Sanitation Foundation
NSF Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR OPROJECT OFFICER
James M. Symons
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/69
EST.COMP.DATE
10/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[x [Contract | | Grant
1 llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $15,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this project is to develop a mobile water quality monitor that will permit the investi-
gation of the deterioration, if any, of drinking water from the point of production to the point of use.
The monitor will measure continuously or send-continuously 15 water quality parameters.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation and Prevention of Chemical Quality Deterioration During
the Distribution of Drinking Water
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21AQF 04-05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QT] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
James M. Symons
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/78
METHOD OFSUPPORT
[^Contract | | Grant
I XIIntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $98,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The 1969 Community Water Supply Study showed the occurrence of toxic metals at consumers' taps when
none existed in the finished water. Little is known about what conditions cause or enhance this prob-
lem and what treatment measures would prevent this occurrence. Studies on chemical water quality
changes during distribution for waters of different character, relating them to type of piping and
nature of treatment practices. Once the extent of the problem is known, effect of changes in treatment
practice should be studied.
281
-------
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR AND CONTROL OF CONTAMINANTS AND ADDITIVES IN
DRINKING WATER SOURCES DURING STORAGE
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Study of the Behavior and Control of Contaminants and Additives
in Drinking Water Sources During Storage
FY1973TASKNUMBER
21 AQG 03-04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
James M. Sytaons
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/69
EST.COMP.DATE
6/78
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 I Contract | | Grant
Ixllntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $65,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Two major problems exist; one, natural processes that occur during storage and any deterioration in
water quality must be controlled; and two, the effect of chemical additives for controlling water
quality must be fully known. Three specific problems will be investigated in the early phases of the
study. One, the fate of polymers, added to reservoirs for temporary turbidity control, will be
studied. Two, the survival of indicator organisms and enteric bacteria pathogens in bottom muds will
be determined. Three, the influence of artificial destratification for the control of plankton will be
field tested.
283
-------
EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF BACTERIAL QUALITY DETERIORATION OF POTABLE WATER IN
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND BOTTLED WATER SUPPLIES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation and Control of Bacterial Quality Deterioration of Potable
Water in Distribution Systems and Bottled Water
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AQH 01-04 & 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [UPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Edwin E. Geldreich
Water Supply Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
11/71
EST. COMP. DATE
6/78
METHODOFSUPPORT
(Contract | [ Grant
be [intramural
FUNDINGIN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $111,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The problems associated with bacterial quality deterioration in distribution systems are vaguely recog-
nized because of limited standard plate count measurements made on distribution water samples and even
less attention to turbidity and chlorine residual in these waters. Studies will be made on maintenance
of free chlorine residual and low bacterial nutrient levels in distribution networks as a means of con-
trolling bacterial regrowth. Development of a continuous bacteriological monitoring system, after its
feasibility is established by in-house research. Then equating this surveillance tool to Standard
Methods procedures.
285
-------
BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH
1D1312
OUTPUT: Improved understanding of
human behavior and of materials sys-
tems as they relate to the generation
and disposal of solid waste, leading
to strategies for reducing solid waste
loads and for increasing resource
recovery.
287
-------
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING GENERATION OF SOLID WASTES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Decision Rules for Economic Efficiency in Solid Waste Management
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24ABV 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GDPROJECT DIRECTOR DPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
S. E. Jacobsen, Environmental Dynamics
1609 Westwood Boulevard
Los Angeles, California
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECTOFFICER
Haynes Goddard
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/73
EST. COMP. DATE
1/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[X [Contract | | Grant
1 (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Public policies relating to solid waste management will very likely rely heavily on economic incentives
(or disincentives). To fully understand how these incentives can be effectively applied, there is an
important need for disaggregated microeconomic models that incorporate the materials balance concept
in terms of solid waste flows. A materials balance concept in terms of physical flows, has been formu-
lated by resources for the future, but their model is too general for developing public policy. The
overall purpose is to develop an explicit set of economic decision rules for attaining economic effic-
iency in solid waste management, based on the materials balance concept.
The microeconomic approach will provide a qualitative overview and identify critical economic decision
points in residuals generation and flows. The analytical framework to be developed will be useful to
research and policy analysts in solid waste management.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Analysis of the Feasibility of Pricing Mechanisms in
Solid Waste Management
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24ABV 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EXTRAMURAL
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ulrich F. W. Ernst, ABT Associates
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Haynes Goddard
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/27/72
EST.COMP.DATE
9/26/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
r^jContraet | | Grant
I (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $44,367
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The theoretical efficiency and effectiveness of price mechanisms in alleviating resources are well
demonstrated in a market type of economy. There are prevailing questions as to why such mechanisms
can not or are not being used more extensively in solid waste management. One explanation is that the
theory of pricing mechanisms as applied to solid waste management has not been sufficiently developed
to-date. Thus, there is a definite need for thorough exploration of the feasibility of applying
mechanisms in solid waste management. The approach is to incorporate the particular aspects of solid
waste problems into price theory models. The research will identify operational pricing mechanisms
that can be used to influence private sector decisions affecting solid waste generation, disposal, and
recycling.
289
-------
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Improving Labor Productivity in Solid Waste Management
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ABV 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QfjPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R. L. Shell, Associate Professor
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Oscar W. Albrecht
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract |x I Grant
1 (intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $123,957 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
It may be possible to improve the efficiency of solid waste management collection and disposal labor
input through a scheme providing for wage incentives. The union/management/worker attitudes and
interests wage incentives will be evaluated. The practicality of applying work measurements to various
categories of collection and disposal tasks will be determined. A prototype wage incentive program
will be designed and implemented in a selected municipality to assess its impact on total system costs.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Measuring Externalities Associated with Solid Waste Management
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ABV 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEXTRAMURAL
[j]PROJECT DIRECTOR G>*RINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Richard Schmalensee, Institute for Policy Analysis
8961 Nottingham Place
La Jolla, California 92037
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Paul Downing
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
2/28/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rHContraet |"x| Grant
I llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $41,400 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The existence of externalities generated by solid waste management techniques is well recognized, but
the exact nature and extent of the external effects is less evident. The objective is to identify
the exact nature of the externalities and develop measurement techniques to provide quantitative
analyses. The proposed methodology will then be tested by application to operational data available
for San Diego County, California.
290
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
An Evaluation of Available Policy Instruments to Minimize Paper
Residuals in the Commercial Sector
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ABV 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR F13PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Edward J. Beltrami, Public Systems Research
P. 0, Box 69
Stony Brook, New York
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Paul Downing
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $92,620 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The variables that determine solid waste residuals generation in the commercial sector, will be
identified. The objective is to analyze proposed policy incentives aimed at minimizing residuals
generation. An analysis will be made as a result of proposals that include effluent charges, raw
material and finished product specifications, and raw material and product taxes.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Operations Research Techniques Applied to Solid Waste Management
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ABV 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QOPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Charles R. Glassey
University of California
Berkeley, California
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PROJECTOFFICER
Ronald Talley
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/75
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 [Contract [x| Grant
1 1 Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $55,340 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The series of specific problems involved in the planning and operation of solid waste management
systems, will be studied through the use of operations research and mathematical economics. Specific
problems to be evaluated include collection, processing, recycling, and disposal systems, and the
location and design of operational facilities, including transfer stations. Queuing problems and load
relationships between collection and transfer vehicles will also be considered.
291
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Metropolitan Housewives' Attitudes Towards
Solid Waste Disposal
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24ABV 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Petterson Marzoni, Jr., National Analysts, Inc.
1015 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECTOFFICER
Richard H. Ongerth
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/25/71
EST. COMP. DATE
7/31/72
METHOD OF SUPPORT
|X [Contract | | Grant
I llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $72,775 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A nationwide survey of 1200 homemakers was conducted. The purpose of the survey was to determine base-
line data on housewives' conceptions and misconceptions on solid waste, recycling, and various resource
recovery problems. Virtually all metropolitan housewives (90%) express a willingness to separate their
trash into three categories—cans and bottles, newspapers, and all else—to facilitate recycling. If
required, housewives (90%) would prefer to perform this separation themselves, rather than pay even one
dollar per year to have the municipality do it for them. Further, only one housewife in eleven reports
that it would be difficult for her to perform this separation. Between 30% and 45% of the housewives
surveyed, reported that they are willing to change their purchasing habits to cut down on solid waste
or facilitate an increase in recycling. Consumers believe that the responsibility for cause and clean-
up of pollution and solid waste falls squarely on government and individuals; however, the costs should
be shared by industry as well. The final report, entitled as above, is available from the National
Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151, as Report
#PB 213 340.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Annotated Bibliography on Hospital Solid Wastes, Collection,
Treatment and Disposal
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24ABV 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Richard G. Bond, University of Minnesota
1325 Mayo Memorial Building
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Oscar W. Albrecht
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract |iC | Grant
I llntromural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $14,739 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
An annotated bibliography of the available literature, is being prepared on hospital solid waste col-
lection, treatment, and disposal systems, including the literature on microbiological and health
aspects related to the various systems. Various information systems and bibliographical sources will
be searched for relevant information.
292
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Federal Purchasing to Reduce Solid Waste
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24ABV 14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECTDIRECTOR C]PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Jack Milgrom, Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Oscar W. Albrecht
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/28/71
EST.COMP.DATE
4/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
ppContract | | Grant
I llntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $127,270 (71)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are: to identify federal procurement policies and practices that effect solid waste
generation and recycling; and, to determine how the federal government's purchasing power can be used
as an incentive to reduce the generation of solid waste and encourage recycling.
Federal specifications for procuring government purchased items are evaluated and the significance of
these to the solid waste stream. The main commodity areas examined in depth, are paper, rubber,
metals, and glass. The manner in which product performance characteristics would be affected by
varying amounts of secondary materials are considered. Recommendations for specific changes in federal
procurement practices and policies, are presently being formulated.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Secondary Fibre Recovery Incentive Analysis
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ABV 15
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
John Clement, Resource Planning Institute
14 Story Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Oscar W. Albrecht
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract [~XJ Grant
| |lntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $48,820 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task involves construction of an analytical framework for use in evaluating the potential effect
of investment tax credits and depreciation allowances on firm decisions. The objective is to determine
the effectiveness of various policy instruments designed to achieve increased capital investment in
resource recovery plants and equipments for collecting, processing, and utilizing secondary fibres.
293
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Framework for Analyzing and Selecting Among Alternatives for
Regional Solid Waste Management
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ABV 19
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Benjamin H. Stevens
Regional Science Research Institute
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Ronald Talley
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContract [x] Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $90,917 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Considerable interest and suggestions concerning economies of scale in regional solid waste management
systems have been expressed. The economic feasibility of regional solid waste management will be
investigated. Primary emphasis will be on the development of a model framework to facilitate analysis
and selection among alternatives for regional solid waste management systems, including implications
for regional economics.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
State-of-the-Art in Litter Collection
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24ABV 20
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard Ongerth
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
7/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract [ | Grant
[jy Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $40,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Various mechanical devices are currently being developed for litter pickup. The literature relating
to new technology will be reviewed and personal contacts made with industry and municipalities to
obtain data on costs and effectiveness. This information will be included in total systems costs for
solid waste management.
294
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Effects of Alternative Pricing Mechanisms on Amounts of Household
Refuse, Litter, and Total Systems Costs
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ABV 22
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Oscar W. Albrecht
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/73
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnControct | | Grant
IxMntromurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $39,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
It has been suggested that positive marginal pricing shifts some responsibility for collecting house-
hold solid waste from individuals to the public through increased littering. The influence of in-
cremental user charges on alternative means of self disposal, will be investigated. Implicit and ex-
plicit costs of alternative pricing mechanisms will be considered. The overall objectives are to
evaluate the various pricing mechanisms in terms of their effects on total systems costs for household
refuse collections and solid waste generated including litter.
295
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COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
1D2063
OUTPUT: (1) Storage, collection, and transportation
technologies for both residential and commercial solid
waste management; and (2) new or improved processes
for efficient reduction of the amounts of solid wastes
which must be disposed, including combustion, densifi-
cation, and separations systems. These technologies
will be used for the purpose of establishing standards
and for planning and implementing programs relating to
ultimate disposal and recycling schemes. Potential
markets for materials reclaimed from residential, in-
dustrial, and agricultural wastes will be identified.
297
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EFFECTIVENESS AND MODELING OF URBAN STORAGE, COLLECTION
AND TRANSPORTATION PRACTICES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Transferable Refuse Collection & Routing Package Including Manuals, Guides,
& Associated Programs for use by Cities to Upgrade their Operations
FY1973TASK NUMBER
02AAE 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
E]PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Jon C. Liebman, Professor of Environ. Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, Illinois 61801
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR (jCJPROJECT OFFICER
Donald A Oberacker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/71
EST. COMP. DATE
5/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I llntromurol
FUN DING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $64,813
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This task involves a one year project which will lead to the development of a transferable solid waste
collection districting and routing package. This package will be easy to use, flexible and easily
adaptable to the collection problems of all interested cities, and will give local governments an
immediate way to provide more efficient refuse collection. The data collection and analysis phases of
the proposed effort will also build a receptive local administrator attitude toward, the more compre-
hensive, long range R&D efforts which will still be needed for a total systems approach to the entire
solid waste management problem. This package will be implemented in five test cities, and a "proven
package" will be available to all interested local governments. Regional seminars in three test cities
will disseminate information on the package to a wide local government audience, and will allow the
funding agency to link this effort to the broader scope and objectives of concurrent efforts in the
solid waste management area.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
To Develop & Demonstrate Analytical Models to Aid in Solving of Operation,
Investment, and Districting Problems in Solid Waste Collection
FY1973TASK NUMBER
02AAE 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
David H. Marks, Professor of Civil Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 1-274
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Donald A. Oberacker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/15/71
EST. COMP. DATE
5/14/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $42,460
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to develop and extend, on a macro-scale or district by district
basis, mathematical models in specific areas of the solid waste collection and disposal process. The
purpose is to increase efficiency and reduce costs. These areas are: optimal location of facilities
such as truck depots, transfer stations, and incinerators; study capital budgeting and investment
criteria for solid waste management systems and develop guidelines; mathematically analyze routing and
scheduling of collection vehicles operating over several districts; and study districting problems to
find optimal subdistricts for collection purposes. The model and techniques proposed are natural ex-
tensions of previous work by Marks and Liebman. Through sensitivity analysis, the influence of alter-
nate institutional arrangements, policy decisions, and social constraints will be studied. Finally,
to test the validity and applicability of the models to be developed, data from the City of Brookline,
Massachusetts, which has .demonstrated cooperation in this research, will be used. The progress as of
October 1972, has been good In the areas of community level model development and regional level model
development. Under community level model development, the major accomplishment has been in analyti-
cally dividing an area Into well defined collection assignments, specifically in dealing with an 8-truck
40 district problem in Brookline. This was accomplished with a heuristic algorithm developed under
this grant. The regional level model lias also been developed and is presently undergoing shakedown
runs on the computer. Further expansion of this model is planned to include time variables and multiple
source-sink situations for optimizing major facility location problems.
299
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RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Computer Program Utilizing Mathematical Optimization and Heuristic
Algorithm for Routing of Collection Vehicles
FY1973TASKNUMBER
02AAE 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GQPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Costis Toregas, Public Technology, Inc.
1140 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECTOFFICER
Albert J. Klee
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/72
EST. COMP. DATE
9/74
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rHContraet |y~| Grant
LJ Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $124,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this research is to study, on a micro-scale or street by street basis, the routing of
solid waste collection vehicles in urban areas. The research is aimed at developing mathematical opti-
mization as well as heuristic algorithms for the routing of these vehicles. The best of the algorithms
will become part of a computer program, which will be designed for easy use by city officials and con-
sulting engineers. Included will be a number of street layout situations within one district with
combinations of one and two-way streets. Specifically, the research plan is to: further investigate
of traveling salesman approaches; develop a mathematical optimal algorithm for the Chinese postman
problem with bidirectional and unidirectional streets; develop mathematical optimal algorithms for
solving the multiple-postman Chinese postman problems and the multiple-salesman traveling salesman
problem; develop heuristic algorithms for the above problems; and incorporate the most promising
algorithms in a computer program package designed for easy use and write the necessary users manual.
The results as of October 1972, are: a new algorithm for the traveling salesman and the multiple-
salesman problem was developed, but found to be inefficient; a mathematical method was developed for
optimal (not heuristic) algorithm solutions to the postman approach for a network of directed (two-way)
and unidirected (one-way) streets; and work in continuing on the multiple-postman approach and at
coding existing algorithms for ease of use.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Routing Street Sweepers in Conjunction with Parking Regulations and
Enforcement Procedures
FY1973TASKNUMBER
02AAE 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GOPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Alexander H. Levis, Professor of Elec. Engineering
Polytechnic Institute, 333 Jay Street
Brooklyn, New York 11201
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
nald A. Oberacker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
in/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Controct |X| Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $23,343
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Experiments will be conducted to develop and expand a data base used to investigate the relationship of
on-street parking to street cleaning. The ultimate objective is to develop and optimize a model for
constructing mechanized sweeper routes in conjunction with parking regulations, enforcement procedures,
and other similar factors. The model will aid in predicting the effects of various sweeping policies
and the interaction between solid waste collection, parking, parking violations, land use, street
traffic. The current study takes full advantage of initial work at Brooklyn Polytech in this area,
which dates back at least 18 months. A basic "data bank" already exists for a 300 block area of upper
Manhattan,' New York. The area is essentially equal to a New York City Sanitation Department district,
and much has already been done in collecting generation rate and vehicle parking data. An effective
procedure for optimizing sweeping of streets will aid in reducing the problems of overloading sewers.
The study will also compliment other SWRL efforts including optimization of solid waste collection
routing, districting, and facilities location.
300
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
To Develop Criteria to Measure the Effectiveness of Urban Refuse
Storage, Collection, and Transportation Practices
FY1973TASK NUMBER
02AAE 06
NAME, TITLE. AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
PDPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
H. Donald Messer, President
Messer Associates, Inc., 8555 16th Street
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Albert J. Klee
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnContratt O Grant
| (intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $89,447
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Perhaps between 75-80 percent of a solid waste system cost is due to storage, collection, and trans-
portation, the remainder being attributable to disposal. Given an adequate accounting system, the
monetary costs of a solid waste management system are much easier to compute than are the benefits
produced and the nonmonetary cost incurred. Thus, although a community may have an accurate estimate
of what it is spending upon its system, it often is uncertain as to whether or not it is receiving
reasonable value in benefits returned, i.e., it has little or no idea of its system efficiency or
"cost effectiveness." What is needed, then, is some measure of effectiveness or index for each of the
system elements; storage, collection, and transportation. (NOTE: Land disposal and processing facilities
such as incinerators and grinders, are excluded from the proposed scope of work as it is intended that
they will be investigated at a'later date. Transfer station operations, however, as they form part of
a solid waste transportation system, are included.) In order then to either evaluate or optimize a
solid waste storage, collection, and transportation system, the significant variables that reflect upon
the performance of the system, must be identified, quantified, and combined by some model to produce
one or more measures of effectiveness. The purpose of the proposed contract, therefore, is to develop
effectiveness measures for the solid waste management functions of storage, collection, and transporta-
tion, and for the solid waste management system (exclusive of disposal) as a whole.
301
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WET SYSTEMS FOR RESIDENTIAL REFUSE COLLECTION
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Technical/Economic Feasibility Study of Wet Collection Systems
FY1973TASKNUMBER
09ADA 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EPROJECTDIRECTOR OPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Peter M. Meier, Curran Associates, Inc.
182 Main Street
Northampton, Massachusetts 01060
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR ["XJPROJECT OFFICER
Donald A. Oberacker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/9/72
EST.COMP.DATE
8/8/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
JX [Controct | | Grant
I (intramural
FUN DIN GIN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $138,123
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This research covers a systems analysis to technically review and economically evaluate wet pipelines
for residential solid waste collection and transport by carrying out a rather detailed and computer-
modelled study of the economics involved. Items such as rising labor costs, construction of facilities,
recycling opportunities, and comparisons to existing and forecasted collection and transportation
methods are included. The results should be a complete and accurate report on wet pipeline transport
from an economic and social impact standpoint.
303
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TO DEVELOP AN INCINERATOR TEST FACILITY WHICH WILL PERMIT EVALUATION
OF OPERATING PARAMETERS, EMISSIONS AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Experimental and Theoretical Program to Develop Criteria for The Design
and Control of Municipal Incinerators
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIO 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GPROJECT DIRECTOR [X]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Adel Sarofim, Associate Professor, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
R. C. Thurnau
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
9/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | X| Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $70,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this research is to establish the design and control criteria essential for the
efficient operation of incinerators. The effect that variables, such as refuse composition (particle
size, density, moisture content) and the amount and temperature of underfire air, have on the burning
rate will be investigated. The development of control equipment criteria will be studied in conjunc-
tion with the degree of burnout observed in the fuel bed. An example of this would be control of
underfire air as the refuse travels along the grate. As the degree of burnout is increased, the amount
of underfire air would be decreased. One of the rate controlling steps in combustion is the pyrolysis
of the organic fraction and, therefore, a parallel study in pyrolysis will be conducted to obtain in-
formation necessary for modeling the conditions in the fuel bed. Successful completion of this task
will advance the state-of-the-art of incinerator design by further defining the combustion occurrences
that take place in the fuel bed. In addition, the data necessary for the development of control
equipment will also be generated.
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Overfire Air Mixing Study to Reduce Combustion Emissions in
Municipal Incinerators
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24AIO 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Thomas J. Lamb, Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEPA
OPROJECTDIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
R. C. Thurnau
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I XlControct | | Grant
I llntromural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $84,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to conduct an overfire air mixing study to reduce combustible emissions in muni-
cipal incinerators. This work resulted from an earlier study which showed that combustible pollutants
could be theoretically generated from the fuel bed and proposed the addition of jets in the secondary
chamber to increase turbulence, thus prolong residence time and complete the combustion of the unbumed
fraction of pollutants.
The plan calls for determining the combustible fractions of pollutants during normal operating conditions
This will be followed by the installation and operation of jets in the secondary chamber. The dif-
ference in the concentration of combustible pollutants will be due to the additional turbulence created
by the jets and, possibly, a mechanism to decrease the amount of pollutants emitted from municipal
incinerators will result. Successful completion of this task will demonstrate another control tech-
nique that could be employed to help existing and new municipal incinerators bring combustible emissions
under control.
305
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RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Pilot Scale Incinerator that will Simulate Conditions
in Municipal Incinerators
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIO 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[JPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert Cutter, Owner & Vice President
Jarvis Inc., 25 Ringe Avenue Extension
Cambridge, Massachusetts
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
R. C. Thurnau
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fxIContract Q Grant
I (intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $75,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to procure a pilot scale incinerator that will simulate conditions in municipal
incinerators. The incinerator will be used to study the emissions from municipal incinerators and
their relation to the operating parameters. A contract was awarded to furnish the Thermal Degradation
Project with an incinerator that would simulate municipal conditions.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Testing Capability to Investigate the Operating Parameters Associated
with the Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIO 14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QclPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R. W. Gerstle, Pedco Env. Specialists, Inc.
Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OFFICER
R. C. Thurnau
Solid Waste Research Lab
^ERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pHContract Q Grant
[ Jlntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $24,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to obtain the testing capability to investigate the operating parameters
associated with the incineration of solid waste. The Thermal Degradation Project was seriously handi-
capped by the lack of sampling and data collection manpower necessary to accomplish the goals of the
in-house research. Therefore, this aspect of the work was contracted to an outside group, with the
main emphasis being on the collection of particulate samples.
306
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Corrosion Problems and Relation of the Corrosion Rate
to the Combustion Conditions
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24AIO 15
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QT]PROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Dale Vaughn
Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [fjpROJECT OFFICER
R. E. Loebker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/1/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
(Contract |x~l Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to study the corrosion problems and relation of the corrosion rate to the com-
bustion conditions. Earlier work in this area revolved around the corrosion problems experienced by
both combustion chambers and wet air pollution control devices. This work resulted in a wealth of
metallurgical data as well as a proposed mechanism for the corrosion of metal parts of an incinerator.
The present study is applying this work to the more specific problem of suspected corrosion agents and
their concentration. The feed material into a municipal size unit was determined as well as the re-
sulting corrosion. Next varying amounts of chloride was added in the form of PVC plastic and the
change in the corrosion rate was noted; the difference being due to chloride and plastic addition.
Additional tests are scheduled with the amount of chloride added being varied. This should show a
dependence of the corrosion rate on chloride and give incinerator operators additional information on
the incineration of chloride containing plastics. This research should better define the problems of
incinerating plastics.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Technical and Economic Feasibility of Using Molten Salt Pyrolysis
Technology for Pyrolyzing Solid Waste
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Vernon L. Hammond
Battelle Memorial Institute, P.O. Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
FY1973TASKNUMBER
26AIO 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PROJECT OFFICER
Donald A. Obcracker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
10/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
niContract fxl Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $76,442
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of using molten salt pyroly-
sis technology for pyrolyzing solid waste. This technical and economic feasibility study should provide
Information about the economics of the molten salt system and what is needed to make it technically
workable. Composition, degree of contamination, refuse preparation, ash removal, and methods of stoking
refuse into the reactor are of interest. Work of this nature is needed to determine if molten salts
are an effective tool in solid waste management.
307
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Relationships Between the Scrubber Water Effluent and the Corresponding
Stack Conditions for a Given Input into the Scrubber
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIO 17
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRE5SOFEPA
(X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
R. C. Thurnau
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnControet | | Grant
[xjlntrainural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to establish the relationships between the scrubber water effluent and the cor-
responding stack conditions for a given input into the scrubber. The research will determine the
efficiency of the scrubber at various operating conditions. If done properly, this is important be-
cause it will eliminate one sample train and one sampling team during the incinerator test program.
If the efficiency of the scrubber is known and furnace emissions are sampled ahead of the scrubber,
the concentration of various pollutants in the stack can be accurately determined without actually
sampling.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Relationships Between the Operating Parameters of the Incinerator
and the Resulting Farticulate Emissions
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
FY1973TASK NUMBER
21AIO 18
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
R. C. Thurnau
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract 1 1 Grant
I Xllntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to establish the relationships between the operating parameters of the incinera-
tor and the resulting particulate emissions. In attempting to improve incinerator practices, it was
found that very little work had been done on correlating the operating parameters of the incinerator
with the resulting emissions. This study will investigate the emission of particulates as a function
of underfire air distribution, overfire air distribution, temperature, burning rate, and the composi-
tion of refuse. In all cases this study will attempt to close the energy and material balances as
well as establish the relationships between emissions and operating parameters. Successful completion
of this task will allow the optimization of incineration systems to achieve good conbustion with
minimal air pollution.
308
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Relationships Between the Gaseous Emissions and the
Operating Parameters
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24AIO 19
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND A DDR ESS OF EPA
[T] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
R. C. Thurnau
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rjContract | | Grant
K~J Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to establish the relationships between gaseous emissions and the operating
parameters. If possible, this task will be conducted concurrently with Task 24AIO 18 and will be
related to the same parameters as described in Task 24AIO 18. This study will investigate the emission
as a function of underfire air distribution, overfire air distribution, temperature, burning rate, and
the composition of refuse. In all cases this study will attempt to close the energy and material bal-
ances as well as establish the relationships between emissions and operating parameters. Successful
completion of this task will allow the optimization of incineration systems to achieve good combustion
with minimal air pollution.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Relationships Between the Waterborne Effluent and the
Operating Parameters
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIO 20
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
R. E. Loebker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
10/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContratt | | Grant
1 X| Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to establish the relationships between the waterborne effluent and the operating
parameters. If possible this task will be completed concurrently with Task 24AIO 18 and related to
the same parameters as described in Task 24AIO 18. Successful completion of this task will allow the
optimization of incinerator systems to achieve good combustion with minimal air and water pollution.
309
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UNCLASSIFIED: INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE STUDIES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Requirements for Effective Utilization of Municipal and Utility
Sludges and Ashes
FY1973TASKNUMBER
90SWR 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
LX]PROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Norman L. Hecht, University of Dayton Research Institute
300 College Park Avenue
Dayton, Ohio 45409
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Daniel F. Bender
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/9/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/8/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
r^lContract [jjj Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $31,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives are to (1) perform a comprehensive literature review and survey of the present municipal
and utility sludge and ash production, disposal methods and utilization methods; (2) determine techni-
cal feasibility and economic practicality of more widespread application of present utilization
methods; and (3) suggest new utilization methods with consideration of technical feasibility and
economic practicality.
A search of the literature and contact with a variety of governmental and trade organizations who are
producers and/or present or potential users of sludges and ashes are the methods to be used.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
• Industrial Solid Waste Classification Systems
FY1973TASK NUMBER
90SWR 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[jjjPROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Joan Berkowitz, Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Canbridge, Massachusetts 02140
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Daniel F. Bender
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I xlControct | j Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $76,571 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to design and test a detailed, practical, systematic classification system applicable
to all solid wastes generated by industries in all divisions of the SIC codes. The project involves
use of literature, personal interviews with government agencies, trade associations, university per-
sonnel, economists and salvagers, as well as plant visits for observation and testing of scheme.
Information of interest includes waste generation (quantities and properties), present handling
procedures with emphasis on salvage operators (present and potential), and environmental impact.
311
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
An Evaluation of Alternatives for Industrial Waste Management
in the Chemical Industries
I FY1973TASKNUMBER
90SWR 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
(TJPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Charles C. Humpstone, Vice President
Intl. Research & Tech. Corp., 1225 Connecticut Ave.,N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
NAME,TITLE, AND AODRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Daniel F. Bender
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/30/72
EST. COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
npControct |~~) Grant
I llntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $59,798 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop and evaluate rational and implementable techniques and strategies for
solid wastes from the chemical industry. The strategies and techniques will involve means of encourag-
ing reuse by other or source industries, suggested and evaluated methods for the reuse or conversion
of the wastes to useful raw or end product materials, suggested and evaluated methods for the safe and
proper handling of the wastes and suggested and evaluated non-polluting, efficient methods of ultimate
disposal where reuse is not feasible.
312
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DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY
1D2064
OUTPUT: Guidelines and/or policy decisions for sanitary
landfill design, construction, and operation. Recommen-
dations will be developed relative to dry versus wet
land disposal and cover versus no cover landfill prac-
tices. Program efforts will produce methods for identi-
fication and control of gases and methods for the control
and treatment of leachate. Reports will be compiled on
pathogen survival, movement, and control; and design
criteria will be established for settlement. This pro-
gram will be conducted at both laboratory and field
scales.
313
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DEVELOP A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SANITARY LANDFILLS
AND OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LANDFILLS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Marine Disposal of Fine-Grained Waste Solids
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAC 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
M. Grant Gross, The Research Foundation of
State University of New York, Marine Sciences Res. Ctr.
Albany, New York 12224
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QpROJECTDIRECTOR [jjPROJECT OFFICER
Dirk R. Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
8/31/72
METHODOFSUPPORT
BContract (x~| Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $68,410
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This study is intended to characterize waste solids and marine solid accumulations, investigate their
immediate environmental impact, and investigate processes involved in environmental interactions. The
study will deal with the coastal waters of the New York Bight, specifically Long Island Sound, and off
New York Harbor. The study will attempt to define and determine the extent of the problem. Studies
will be conducted to find out the sources of the solids and their characteristics, geological and chemi-
cal interactions, their movement and distribution, how these effect the sediments, water and biological
systems.
The ultimate goals are to establish predictive models and develop management systems to maximize
beneficial uses.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatability of Leachate from Sanitary Landfills
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert K. Ham, University of Wisconsin
TT2 Civil Engineering Building
^.adison, Wisconsin 53706
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Dirk R. Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/70
EST.COMP.DATE
12/72
METHODOFSUPPORT
pHContract [x] Grant
I I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $61,523
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine the treatability of leachate from sanitary landfills by use of standard
unit processes for wastewater treatment. The work is to be done in the laboratory using raw, natural
leachate obtained from simulated landfill cells. Detailed analysis of each unit process is not anti-
cipated, but a general overview of potential capability of different unit processes for treating leachate
is expected. Progress reported after one year of this two-year grant, indicates biological treatment
is more amenable to treating leachate than chemical methods. This is primarily due to the large quanti-
ties of chemicals required and resultant large volumes of sludges. Determination of the most feasible
method of leachate treatment will be evaluated in the second year. This work will serve as the basis
for future pilot plant studies.
315
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Bibliography - Influence of Solid Waste Management Practices on
the Environment
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAC 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
(jj] PROJECT DIRECTOR [JpROJECT OFFICER
Dirk R. Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | I Grant
Ix [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $2,500
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this continuing activity is to compile, in a readily available source, pertinent arti-
cles describing the influence of various solid waste management practices on the quality of surface water
and groundwater. Such information is frequently requested from other activities within EPA and from
public and private interests outside of the EPA. The work done to-date, has been used by Government and
private engineers and scientists, to more accurately assess the impact of solid waste management prac-
tices on the environment. Primary emphasis has been in the sanitary landfill area. Two reports have
been published and future work will update these basic reports. The Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System is used along with other sources, to perform this activity.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Sanitary Landfill Stabilization with Leachate Recycling
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAC 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
GOPKOJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Frederick G. Pohland, Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Civil Engineering
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR QJJPROJECT OFFICER
Dirk R. Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
niContraet Qf] Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,845
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Present scientific information on leachate characteristics, mechanisms of landfill decomposition, and
leachate treatment is at best minimal. Substantial information on the feasibility of leachate recycle
as a practical and useful method for accelerated landfill stabilization and leachate treatment, is
needed before large scale application of this concept. In accordance with the above needs, 14-foot
simulated landfills have been operated to determine the effect of leachate collection and recycle on
the rate of stabilization within the fill, and the feasibility of using the fill as a treatment process
for the constituents in the leachate. A review of the available literature has been completed, and
has been included with experimental data as part of a special research problem report. Results indi-
cate that stabilization of food and garden wastes is accelerated by just recycling leachate, and that
addition of nutrients and seed, together with the control of pH, can enhance the rate of stabilization.
Recommended design, operation and control methods applicable to conventional sanitary landfill practice,
will be developed.
316
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Determine the Feasibility of Spray Irrigation as a Leachate Treatment Method
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR OPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[}[] PROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
Dirk R. Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
SContract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING IN FORM ATI ON
Federal Cost: $15,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Numerous landfills in the United States have encountered problems with leachate emanating from solid
waste and contaminating surface waters and/or groundwaters. Management of this problem is usually
most difficult when treatment is found to be necessary before discharge of leachate to the environ-
ment. Since leachate contains large quantities of organic materials and possible toxic concentrations
of metals, a practicable treatment scheme will be difficult to develop. Spray irrigation of leachate
is a possible low-cost, on-site treatment scheme that warrants further investigation. Ten test plots,
each of 21 square feet surface area, are used to evaluate the optimum loading rates on sandy soil and
on a clay soil. Results to-date, indicate that a loading rate of 150 pounds BODs per acre per day
appear to have little detrimental effect of the bluegrass cover crop, and that percolate from 18 inches
of soil indicates removal efficiencies from 50 to 95 percent for the organic and inorganic constituents
of leachate. This work has been conducted during one growing season and definitely should be conducted
over several years to determine the full impact of leachate on the soil and grass system. The promising
use 'of this treatment scheme will greatly aid small landfill sites, as they are not readily equipped
to evaluate such a systen^yet must solve a very real leachate problem with limited resources.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treat ability of Leachate from Sanitary Landfills
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAC 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert K. Ham, University of Wisconsin
Department of Civil Engineering
3232 Civil Engr. Building, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR (5TJPROJECT OFFICER
Dirk R. Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/70
EST.COMP.DATE
12/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Contrott | X| Grant
| | Intro mural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $24,816
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Treatment of leachate from landfills is a practical necessity in many cases. Where a sewerage system
is available, treatment can be performed at the central plant; otherwise, treatment must be performed
on-site. No performance data is available on lab, pilot, or traditional wastewater methods. This
research grant effort is intended as a brief survey of treatment methods with pilot plant application
of the most feasible. Detailed analyses of each method is not expected. The final outcome of this
study will be a practical on-site treatment scheme and an evaluation of how much leachate can be added
to conventional domestic wastewater treatment plants when leachate is discharged to a sewerage system.
It has been determined that a conventional biological treatment plant can accept up to 10 percent
leachate-domestic wastewater without effecting plant performance significantly. The most promising
on-site treatment scheme appears to be anaerobic lagooning followed by aerobic polishing. A pilot plant
has been established but results from this portion of work have not been obtained as yet.
317
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Treatment of Leachate Generated from Sanitary Landfills
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
LTJPROJECT DIRECTOR Q]pRINCIpAL INVESTIGATOR
Edward S. K. Chian, University of Illinois
Department of Civil Engineering
Urbana, Illinois 61801
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [x|PROJECT OFFICER
Dirk R. Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/72
EST.COMP. DATE
11/74
METHOD OFSUPPORT
B Contract | | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $170,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The treatment of leachate from many landfills in the United States is a practical necessity. Research
presently underway is designed to give quick answers to the question of how to treat this liquid, since
no lab, pilot, or field-scale data is available. A more detailed study is needed to determine process
kinetics, the nature of the organic fraction of leachate, and the degree of treatment that may be ob-
tainable using conventional wastewater treatment methods. In addition, other methods of removing pollu-
tants from water are being studied because of small volumes and the vast range of contaminant concen-
trations and flow rates. The final report, due in September 1974, should provide the technical data
needed to rationally design on-site leachate treatment schemes.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluate an Experimental Landfill of High Ash Papermill Sludge
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAC 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
npROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
0. B. Andersland, Michigan State University
Division of Engineering Research
East Lansing, Michigan 48823
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
nPROJECT DIRECTOR (X]PROJECT OFFICER
Kent S. Kisenbauer
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/71
EST.COMP. DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[ [Contract | %[ Grant
| [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $68,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Land disposal of high ash pulp and papermill sludges introduces questions regarding the type of landfill
construction most suitable for efficient operations and for extending the life of existing disposal
sites. Very little information is available in the literature on the engineering behavior of papermill
sludges placed in organized landfills or embankments. The objective of this project is to find a satis-
factory method for the disposal of pulp and papermill sludges. The investigator has constructed, in-
strumented, and observed an experimental landfill of papermill sludge. Laboratory tests on high ash
pulp and papermill sludges have been completed. The field test facility has been constructed and has
been monitored for one year. Results to-date, indicate that a maximum settlement of 36 inches can occur
over a period of one year for a 20-foot fill area. Correlations of pore pressure and total stresses
with soil mechanics criteria, have been developed. However, the correlation between inorganic clay
soils and papermill sludges for the angle of internal friction (landslide characteristics), does not
appear to exist. Final field testing will attempt to provide the answers needed to develop this
correlation.
318
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Liner Materials Exposed to Leachate
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 15
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QGPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Henry E. Haxo, Jr., Materials Res. & Development
2730 Adeline Street
Oakland, California 94607
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
(^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Norbert B. Schomaker
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/5/73
EST.COMP.DATE
4/5/76
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnContract j | Grant
1 [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $79,981
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The effective life of commonly-used liners for leachate collection over a range of conditions commonly
encountered in various landfills, needs to be evaluated. The objective of this project is to evaluate
various synthetic membranes, asphaltic concrete, and soil additives for containment and collection of
leachate in landfills. It is anticipated that this effort will involve use of large lysimeters con-
structed in a laboratory.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pollution of Subsurface Water by Sanitary Landfill
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAC 16
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR {^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
A. A. Fungaroli, Drexel University
32nd & Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Dirk Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/66
EST.COMP.DATE
1/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract [~x| Grant
I [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $48,932
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The long-range objective of this study is to provide means for not only predicting the movement of
contaminants from sanitary landfills in groundwaters, but also to develop methods of design and reme-
dial procedures for reducing undesirable contaminant movement as well as various criteria for the
evaluation of site suitability for sanitary landfill operations. The data's incorporation into mathe-
matical models which will reliably predict the effects of sanitary landfill upon pollution of subsur-
face waters under the many diverse combinations of impossible conditions, is difficult at best and
perhaps sometimes impossible. Some of these conditions are: quantity and schedule of precipitation,
types of subsurface materials, aerial size of the sanitary landfill, depth of the landfill, character
of the landfill materials, surrounding topography, and other factors. Mathematical design models are
being developed from data obtained from monitoring controlled laboratory and field sanitary landfills.
The models will describe the hydrologic functions of a sanitary landfill and site-geologic materials.
It is expected that final models will be used in the determination of optimum landfill dimensions,
soil cover thickness, potential remedial procedures for existing leaching landfills, and associated
studies. Results to-date, have provided extensive long-term data concerning leachate quality during
the most active years of decomposition. The present interest in leachate and the need for its control
can in part, be credited to the data obtained under this research grant.
319
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Conduct Quality Controlled Evaluations of Selected
Sanitary Landfill Processes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 17
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Dirk Brunner
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP. DATE
6/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContraet | | Grant
ncllntromufol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $242,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Test cells are to be constructed in the same manner and under conditions similar to those which would
occur under normal sanitary landfill operations. We will be able to duplicate existing landfill condi-
tions and thereby eliminate the problem of scaling factors. Scaling factors occur when laboratory work
is not directly equitable to field conditions. Because of the concern with the environmental effects
of disposing solid waste on the land, various aspects of leachate, gas, and settlement will be investi-
gated at the Boone County Field Site. Test Cell #1 was constructed as a control cell and was heavily
instrumented to monitor gas, settlement, temperature, and leachate. This cell was also an integral
part of the "Virus Survival and Movement Study." Test Cell #2 was constructed to be completely en-
closed by a syntehtic membrane in order to obtain quantitative and qualitative data on leachate gene-
ration. In addition, three 6-foot diameter simulated sanitary landfill cells will be compared to
determine testing variability; the aggregate results will be compared to the performance of the lined,
field-scale cell. Results from Test Cell 2 will be used to determine the direct applicability of con-
clusions from Test Cell 3 field conditions. Mass flow rates of leachate carrying pollutants will also
be determined on a field-scale basis. Test Cell 3 will be a comprehensive investigation using 19 six-
foot diameter simulated cells. The following conclusions can be made from results obtained to-date:
(1) settlement has been negligible; (2) leachate characteristics from a field-scale cell are similar to
those reported for laboratory-scale cells; and (3) methane production is slower in the field-scale cell
than in most laboratory-scale cells.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Equilibrium and Modeling Studies of Soil-Leachate Mixtures
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 18(a)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Wallace Fuller, University of Arizona
Dept. of Soils, Water and Engineering
Tucson, Arizona 85721
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
James A. Heidman
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/72
EST.COMP. DATE
6/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
FjnContract | | Grant
I llntromural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $137,337
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The migration of leachate from a landfill occurs through the surrounding soil media. Soil can act as a
filter for leachate contaminants. Therefore, the various attenuation mechanisms of soil need to be
evaluated and related to leachate movement through the soils. This project will identify the attenua-
tion mechanisms; evaluate pollutant attenuation of soils by column studies; develop simulation models
for prediction of solute changes for water flow through soils. It is anticipated that empirical pre-
dictive equations relating to leachate pollutant attenuation in soils can be developed.
320
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Leacnate Migration Investigation in Large Soil Columns with Field Verification
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAC 18(b)
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Neil F. Shimp, Illinois State Geological Survey
Natural Research Building
Urbana, Illinois 61801
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Janes A. Heidman
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/73
EST. COMP. DATE
8/75
METHOD OF SUPPORT
pRContract O Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $115,954
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The migration of leachate from a landfill occurs through the surrounding soil media. Soil can act as a
filter for leachate contaminants. Therefore, the various attenuation mechanisms of soil need to be
evaluated and related to leachate movement through the soils. This project will identify the attenua-
tion mechanisms; evaluate pollutant attenuation of soils by column studies; develop simulation models
for prediction of solute changes for water flow through soils. It is anticipated that empirical pre-
dictive equations relating to leachate pollutant attenuation in soils can be developed.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Survival and Movement of Viruses in Landfilled Solid Waste
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 19
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
Mirdza L. Peterson
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
I X I Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this project are to determine the survival patterns of viral pathogens in landfilled
solid waste and to evaluate the potential contamination of water resources through leaching of viruses
from a waste disposal site. Microbiologic monitoring of leach at es from Cells #1 and #2 are being con-
ducted in order to determine the degree of health hazard involved in solid waste disposal by landfilling.
The results so far indicate that poliovirus may survive in compacted solid waste for at least 13 days
at temperatures of 68-80°F, but the virus is inactivated in 2-4 days in a landfill with temperatures
ranging from about 120-140°F.
321
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RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Tine-Settlament Behavior of Processed Refuse
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 20
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QTJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Arley G. Franklin, Northwestern University
Department of Civil Engineering
Evanston, Illinois 60201
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR {j]PROJECT OFFICER
Gregory Frank
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
2/28/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,100
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Among the primary problems associated with the reclamation of sanitary landfills sites, is the occur-
rence of large amounts of settlement resulting in structural damage and expensive compensating design
features. The primary objective of this research is to develop a means of predicting settlement pat-
terns within the landfill mass. Based on knowledge acquired from this effort, predictions for future
settlement of currently existing landfills may be determined. In return, this information will assist
in planning future landfills to expedite and to maximize the beneficial use of the completed fill site.
Settlement characteristics as effected by biological and chemical activity, as well as mechanical pro-
cesses, form the basis for predicting amounts of settlement and time of occurrence of settlement in
sanitary landfills. Actual work currently in process, includes laboratory testing, data gathering,
mathematical modeling, and computer programming. A formal report, based on work so far completed, is
now under preparation.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop and Evaluate a Process for Rapid Structural Stabilization of
Sanitary Landfills by Injection Grouting
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 21
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Lyle K. Houlton, West Virginia University
Engineering Science Building
Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q]PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Kent S. Klsenbauer
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContraet [If) Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $41,382
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to determine the effect of different grout-refuse confcinations on land-
fill strength and settlement characteristics. The influence of grout on biological decomposition and
long-term landfill stabilization is also being determined. Time settlement data from lab and field
testing are recorded and leachate analyses performed. The preliminary testing of various grouts and
grouting materials in various combinations with refuse, has been completed. Laboratory results indicat-
ed that a grout composed of 50 percent fly ash and 50 percent water, was most beneficial for use in the
field experiment. The evaluation of the grouted and ungrouted lab and field specimens indicated the
grouted specimens produced a marked settlement reduction (less than 0.001 in./day) with a corresponding
increase in the rate of anaerobic biological decomposition as measured by short chain fatty acids. This
would tend to indicate an early biological stabilization. The leachate analyses indicated that the
level of potential pollutants from the grouted specimens was higher than from the ungrouted specimens,
but the quantity of leachate produced is considerably less in the grouted specimens. Thus, it would
appear that the total amount of pollutants introduced into the surrounding soil media would be less than
the amount introduced by an ungrouted landfill. To-date, some minimal results indicate that methane
production was inhibited in the grouted refuse specimens. A final report will be prepared relating all
investigative efforts, and with recommendations presented as to the (1) effectiveness of injection
grouting of the landfills with inexpensive waste materials in accelerating the stabilization of sanitary
landfills; and (2) reducing the production of leachate and gas.
322
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Provide Analytical Support to Boone County Field Site
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01 AAC 25
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Larry Elfers, PEDCO-Environmental
Suite 8, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Daniel F. Bender
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/72
EST.COMP.DATE
12/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
|X [Controct | | Grant
I [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $12,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The purpose of this task is to provide additional analytical capability for Task 01AAC 17. Rapid and
timely results necessary for control of the various experiments conducted at the Boone County Field Site
will be possible only with a contract such as this. Specific tests will be limited to routine water and
solids tests.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Determination of the Effects of Compost on Selected Soils and Plants
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAC 26
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[UPROJECT DIRECTOR npRINC|pALINVESTIGATOR
0. W. Kuchtitzky, Tennessee Valley Authority
725 Edney Building
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QJPROJECTDIRECTOR [x]PROJECT OFFICER
Carlton Wiles
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
y Contract | | Grant
1 (Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $67,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to obtain data to help determine short- and long-term effects of compost pro-
duced from municipal refuse on selected soils and plants. Emphasis is being directed at determining
use benefit relationships and the fate of heavy metals and other potentially toxic materials when the
compost is applied to selected soils and plants. There is a dearth of data relative to what happens
to waste material containing potential toxic substances when disposed of on the land. There is also
an interest in more fully utilizing the land as a disposal sink and processing medium for various
wastes (e.g., municipal refuse, industrial sludges, sludge wastewater, etc.). Completion of this task
will provide some of the data not available relative to the fate of potentially toxic substances con-
tained in wastes disposed of on land.
323
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HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES
1D2311
OUTPUT: Techniques for the characterization, collection,
treatment and disposal of hazardous waste materials. These
wastes may include among others: industrial and chemical
wastes, hospital wastes, pathogenic wastes, pesticides
and pesticide containers, and radioactive materials. An
inventory of possible disposal sites for these materials
will be compiled.
325
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DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MATERIALS, INCLUDING PESTICIDES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Recommended Methods for Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
06ALR 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS Of EXTRAMURAL
[X]PROJECT DIRECTOR (^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
R. Ottinger, Systems Group of TRW, Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Henry Johnson
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
12/71
EST. COMP. DATE
5/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
nnControct | | Grant
I [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $691,339 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Based upon the findings of the Hazardous Waste Survey, the contractor is to recommend acceptable
methods for the disposal of the listed hazardous wastes. Presently being determined is the effective-
ness of current hazardous waste disposal practices, and recommendations involving other acceptable tech-
niques and conducting research to modify or develop other handling and disposal techniques, will be
made. Through these investigations it is anticipated that adequate methods for disposal of specific
hazardous materials will be described.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Attitudinal Research on Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
FY1973TASKNUMBER
06ALR 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
EPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
T. 0. Jacobs, HumRRO
2210 Wynnton Road
Columbus, Georgia 31906
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Henry Johnson
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/29/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I XlContract | | Grant
| [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $136,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This research involves attitudinal research, the results of which will be used to develop a public
awareness program for the dissemination of information on hazardous wastes, to evaluate the physcho-
logical effects and the sociological impact of a system of regional sites to properly handle these
wastes. It is anticipated that this research effort will alleviate objections and opposition to
specific sites and will generate public support for a national disposal site system.
327
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Non-Industrial Toxic and Hazardous Wastes
FY1973TASK NUMBER
06ALR 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QTJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Seymour S. Block
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Mirdza L. Peterson
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
4/10/72
EST. COMP. DATE
3/31/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | 2i| Grant
1 [Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $47,080
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Prior research did not include municipal waste streams as a source of hazardous waste. This task will
determine the types and quantities of hazardous waste in municipal streams. It is anticipated that this
research effort will be a significant addendum to the overall hazardous waste program. It will provide
a basis for deciding whether hazardous wastes in municipal streams should be considered for disposal
at national disposal sites or some other collection and disposal system.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
lexicological Studies
FY1973TASKNUMBER
06ALR 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECTDIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
H PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Henry Johnson
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/72
EST. COMP. DATE
11/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
|x| Intro mural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $34,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The degree of pollution caused by adding industrial waste mixtures to municipal refuse at sanitary
landfill sites has not been determined. Since many industrial wastes are now and will be disposed of
at sanitary landfills, it is necessary to study the environmental effects of leachate coming from such
landfills. This study should involve toxicity tests and chemical analyses for general pollutants. The
field activities will be associated with the simulated sanitary landfill studies (Task 01AAC 17). An
interagency agreement with DOD will be used for gathering toxicity data on the leachates in question.
The chemical analyses for the general pollutants will be performed in-house when possible. It is anti-
cipated that the information gained from this case study will determine the feasibility of disposing
of industrial waste mixtures at municipal refuse sanitary landfills.
328
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RESOURCE RECOVER
TECHNOLOGY
1D2314
OUTPUT: (1) Methods and implementation activities
which will stabilize the quantities of solid waste
being generated; and C2) systems which will allow
greater percentages of solid waste material col-
lected to be recycled by energy recovery, material
reuse, and materials conversion. The efforts of
this element are related to four basic areas:
solid waste generation behavioral studies, incen-
tive studies, resource conservation studies, and
reclamation technology development. Emphasis
will be placed on shifting the relative economies
of resource recovery by internalizing the external
costs involved in virgin materials extraction and
processing and in disposal.
329
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FIELD TEST AND ANALYSIS OF PREPARED SOLID WASTE AS A FUEL, IN A
VARIETY OF POWER AND HEATING BOILERS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pilot Plant Testing of.the CPU-400:
to Electricity
Solid Waste Conversion
FY1973TASK NUMBER
05ABZ 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QTJPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Frank Walton, Conibustion Power Company, Inc.
1346 Willow Road
Menlo Park, California
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Richard A. Chapman (on-site at Menlo Park)
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/23/67
EST.COMP.DATE
12/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
|x"~|Contract | | Grant
I | Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $1,500,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine the operating and performance characteristics of a completely-integrated
pilot plant designed to convert the combustible component of municipal solid waste to usable electri-
city. The process utilizes a pressurized fluidized bed combustor to burn shredded, air-classified
refuse, thereby generating hot gases which, after passing through inertial separators for particulate
removal, are expanded through a gas turbine for power generation. The development of the process has
gone through several stages. Following an initial feasibility study, extensive subscale experiments
were performed utilizing a 12-inch diameter fluidized bed combustor. The process was then scaled up
to its present daily capacity of approximately 100 tons of solid waste, or the equivalent of about
1 megawatt of generated electricity. A major effort involved the development of effective inertial
separators. The fluidized bed combustor, now about 7 feet in diameter, underwent extensive testing
which led tc its present vertical configuration. Turbine integration is underway and this will be
followed by a series of long-duration test runs designed to establish total system performance.
331
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THE STIMULATION OF PRIVATE INDUSTRY TO IMPROVE RESOURCE RECOVERY TECHNIQUES AND TO
DEVELOP PRODUCTS FROM RESOURCE RECOVERED COMMODITIES
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
To Determine the Specifications for Input Required by Manufacturers
for Recovered Materials
FY1973TASK NUMBER
06AKO 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Harvey Alter, Director of Research Programs
National Center for Resource Recovery
Washington, D.C. 20036
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR 0PROJECT OFFICER
R. Olexsey
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
BContract HTI Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $46,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to formulate a set of descriptive specifications for paper, glass, ferrous, and non-
ferrous metals recovered from mixed municipal refuse. An evaluation procedure will be developed to
determine the usefulness of the developed specifications to professional, trade, and private organi-
zations. Meaningful specifications for materials recovered from refuse would provide criteria to aid
product and process quality control for resource recovery systems.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
To Develop a Standardized Testing Procedure for Recovered Materials
FY1973TASK NUMBER
06AKO 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR npRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Harvey Alter, Director of Research Programs
National Center for Resource Recovery
Washington, D.C. 20036
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
R. Olexsey
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
B Contract Qjj Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $49,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this task is to develop statistical sampling plans by which the solid waste product
specifications developed in similar work, will be monitored. This means sampling and test procedures
to monitor each unit operation in a resource recovery processing facility, as well as sampling plans
for the products separated from municipal waste. In addition, the procedures necessary for testing
and establishing the final specification must be chosen. The cost effectiveness of the entire sampling
and test procedure is to be analyzed. Since any production oriented plant requires quality control
measures for effective operation, a successful high volume refuse separation and recovery plant will
require these same control devices.
333
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
To Determine the Role of Transportation in Resource Recovery
FY1973TASK NUMBER
06AKO 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
L1QPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Robert M. Sontheimer
Resource Planning Institute, 14 Story Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q] PROJECT DIRECTOR [x|PROJECT OFFICER
Oscar W. Albrecht
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP. DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
riContract ET1 Grant
| (Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $55,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to provide an indepth analysis of the effects of transportation on the costs and
operations of salvage firms. Specific aims are: (1) to quantify the actual transportation costs
(inbound and outbound) as a percentage of firm sales and costs of goods sold; (2) to identify the
freight rate considerations in purchasing and pricing policies; (3) to define the constraints on in-
creased recycling that transportation costs place on salvage firms; and (4) to compare transportation
costs for secondary materials with virgin materials for similar situations for a specific area. Phase
I consists of data collection to characterize the operation of firms and identify internal and external
factors affecting transportation considerations in the salvage industry. Phase II will include an
analysis of the critical factors and determine the sensitivity of the transportation parameter on
operations of salvage firms.
334
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT THAT FUTURE NATIONAL BEHAVIOR WILL HAVE ON
RESOURCE RECOVERY PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Forecast of the Effects of Air and Water Pollution Controls
on Solid Waste Generation
FY1973TASKNUMBER
09ABF 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[TJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ralph Stone, President, Ralph Stone & Company, Inc.
10954 Santa Monica Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90025
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECTOFFICER
Ronald J. Talley
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
4/23/73
EST. COMP. DATE
3/23/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
fjjjContratt | | Grant
| (Intramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $60,495
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to develop information relating the generation of solid waste to current and impending
air and water pollution controls. Implementing these controls could result in sizeable increases in
the Nation's solid waste load, and consequently could aggravate solid waste management problems. This
contract will provide the information necessary to anticipate any such problems and develop appropriate
responses in advance. This project will rely as much as possible on recent studies of the effects of
air and water pollution controls on pollution sources (in particular, The Econo""' cs of Clean Air and
The Economics of Clean Water)to derive estimates of the implications for solid waste generation of
such controls. The contractor will provide any additional analyses necessary, not contained in avail-
able studies, to derive his estimates, although the emphasis will be on making use of available re-
search as much as possible.
335
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PROCESSES FOR SEPARATION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY OF
WASTES FROM MUNICIPAL REFUSE
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Solid Waste Reclamation Pilot Plant that Functions Through Material
Coding and Subsequent Mechanical Sorting
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
LX]PROJECT DIRECTOR DPKINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
David G. Wilson, Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Mass. Institute of Tech., 77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
OPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
Robert Olexsey
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 llntromurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $99,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This task involves the development and evaluation of various automatic sensing, coding, and separating
devices for reclamation of municipal solid waste. The devices consist of a vortex classifier to effect
gravity separations; infrared, impact, conductivity, spectroscopic and magnetic sensors; coding and
information systems in conjunction with the sensor systems. Based upon results of laboratory evalua-
tions of selected devices, the goal is to construct and evaluate a functioning pilot plant for the
separation and reclamation of municipal solid waste. The plant may also have application for separa-
tion and reclamation of certain industrial solid wastes.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Infrared Spectral Sensor to Facilitate Solid Waste Material
Coding for Subsequent Separation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QDPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Frank Winkler, Professor of Physics
Middlebury College
Middlebury, Vermont 05753
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
^PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Olexsey
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | x| Grant
I llntromurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $24,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to develop and evaluate a sensor for the automatic identification of the various
components present in municipal waste. The principle of the sensor is to identify materials based
on reflected infrared radiation at a wavelength characteristic of each material. The task goal is to
incorporate the sensor, with appropriate switching devices, into the refuse separation pilot plant
being developed under Task 24AIN 06.
337
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Mechanics of Refuse Size Reduction for the Purpose of Comminutor
Design Specifically for Refuse Size Reduction
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
CGPROJECT DIRECTOR QPR'NCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
George Trezek, Professor of Mechanical Engineering
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, California
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
(^PROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
R. Olexsey
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | X[ Grant
L_J Infra mural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $86,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objectives of this research are to obtain fundamental data on the size reduction of municipal solid
waste and provide a design of a machine specifically for the reduction of refuse. Engineering and
mathematical principles will be employed to describe the fundamental mechanisms involved. Existing
equipment employed for solid wastes processing are primarily devices designed for rock crushing and
comminution of other brittle materials. This equipment has not exhibited any functional degree of
reliability when applied to solid waste size reduction. Since reduction of solid waste has been ex-
tremely costly, successful completion of this research could aid in significantly reducing the cost of
solid waste processing. This could greatly effect the economics of various resource recovery schemes
and other solid waste management techniques.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Optimal Pilot Plant Procedures for Production of Protein
from Cellulosic Waste
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Charles Dunlap, Professor of Chemical Engineering
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]pROJECT OFFICER
Charles J. Rogers
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
5/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
4/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContract [jc] Grant
I llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $78,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The task objective is to optimize an existing pilot plant for the production of single cell protein
from cellulosic wastes. The pilot plant was designed to manage specialized solid wastes and not as
an answer to the total municipal refuse problem. Homogeneous waste resulting from agricultural acti-
vities (e.g., straw, bagasse, sawdust, fruit and vegetables residues, etc.) can be processed into single
cell protein for use as livestock feed. If process optimization proves economically feasible, the
process will offer an attractive alternative to landfilling and incinerating this specialized type of
solid wastes.
338
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Fabrication of Single Cell Proteins from Cellulosic Waste
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR Q|PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
William H. Daly, Associate Professor, Chemistry
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70703
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Charles J. Rogers
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/8/72
EST. COMP. DATE
8/8/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
(Contract | X| Grant
1 [intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $21,868
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Single cell protein produced from cellulosic waste has been proposed for use as animal feed. However,
if large quantities of the protein are produced for animal feed, the conventional grain markets could
be disrupted. Therefore, the objective of this research task is to develop expanded uses of the protein
product. Potential products to be investigated are as follows: (1) isolation of the protein in pure
form for use as dietary protein for human consumption; (2) incorporate the protein into fibers for
use with syntehtic fibers in the textile industry for improving drying properties; and (3) evaluation
of the potentials of developing biodegradable packaging materials and adhesives. Successful development
of alternative uses would lead to higher valued products and the higher cost benefits could make fer-
mentation of selected cellulosic wastes a profitable resource recovery alternative to existing manage-
ment of landfilling and incineration.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pyrolytic Methodology for Conversion of Wood Wastes
to Useful Products
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
[^PROJECT DIRECTOR [x]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Fred Shafizadeh, Professor of Wood Chemistry
University of Montana
Missoula, Montana 59801
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q] PROJECT DIRECTOR [JPROJECT OFFICER
Richard A. Carnes
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
3/1/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract QT] Grant
| | Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $28,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The conversion of wood residues and cellulosic waste materials to useful products using thermal de-
gradation procedures, are being investigated. Thermal degradation presently yields a random mixture
of products. The task objective is to control the undesirable side reactions and determine the con-
ditions and/or catalysts required for selective conversion of the wastes to a few products acceptable
for industrial uses.
339
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Conversion of Waste Glass to Form Insulation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 12
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Ivan B. Cutler, Professor, Engineering
The University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QPROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
Charles J. Rogers
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/26/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/25/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract |x| Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $28,530
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
In this country, more than five million tons of glass are discarded annually in municipal waste. Only
a small percent of the discarded glass is recycled into reuseable containers since constraints for
doing so are great. Because of color and impurities, virgin rather than recovered glass is usually
used by the industry. Since technology is available for the recovery of glass from municipal waste
streams, the objective of this task is to develop foam glass insulation from waste glass and determine
its market potential. The process being investigated has great potential as an inexpensive method for
converting waste glass into a valuable insulation product.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
To Study the Formation of Silicon Carbide from Rice Hulls
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 13
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
I. B. Cutler, Professor, Engineering
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QJPROJECT DIRECTOR [XJPROJECT OFFICER
Richard A. Chapman (on-site at Menlo Park)
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
5/31/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 [Contract | X| Grant
| [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $32,000 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
In the formation of silicon carbide from rice hulls, research has shown that an iron oxide catalyst
increases the yield of silicon carbide. The kinetics of the reaction and the parameters that effect
the rate of silicon carbide formation are being investigated. The products are unusually high surface
area materials which are not available on an industrial basis, indicating that a market is available
for the products. Successful task completion will provide a process to help alleviate a specialized
solid waste problem.
340
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
To Explore the Fundamental Nature of Polyblends that Can be Made
from Plastic Wastes found in Refuse
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 14
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRA/MURAL
HPROJECT DIRECTOR DPKINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
Donald R. Paul, Department of Chemical Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas 78712
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
n PROJECT DIRECTOR [j]PROJECT OFFICER
Daniel F. Bender
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
8/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
7/31/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
rnContraet [ji) Grant
1 llntramurol
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,404 (72)
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to determine the physical characteristics of polyblends that can be made from the most
common plastics found in refuse in the actual occurring proportions. Polyblends without additives have
been studied and several publications are in various stages of preparation. Polyblends with additives
which increase physical strength, have been found and a study to optimize additive conditions and to
determine their strengths is currently proposed as the third year effort.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Separation and Recovery Techniques on a Unit Process Basis
at Pilot Plant Scale
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AIN 15
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECTDIRECTOR DPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
(5 PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Robert Olexsey
Solid Waste Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
I Xl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $140,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
One task objective is to design, construct, and evaluate a pilot plant to accomplish automated sorting
of municipal refuse on a dry basis. Emphasis is on adapting existing equipment and processes to re-
fuse sorting rather than the development of new equipment specifically for refuse. Equipment has been
selected, procured, and will be installed on a unit basis. The second task objective is to design,
construct and evaluate a pilot plant to study the scale-up potential of various processes for the con-
version of cellulesic wastes to useable products. Fermentation techniques, chemical conversion pro-
cesses and other similar techniques, will be investigated for processing specialized solid wastes. This
limited technological development is a necessary approach currently being studied as a method to induce
a greater degree of resource recovery from municipal solid waste.
341
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MONITORING
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
1H1327
OUTPUT: Development and identification of
an Agency-wide standardization and quality
control program to assure that environmental
data produced by federal, state, and local
agencies are compatible, accurate and legal-
ly defensible. Program effort will be to
select, evaluate, standardize, and publish
procedures and methods for sampling, analyz-
ing, and reporting data relative to environ-
mental pollutants. In addition, this program
will establish procedures for an determine
the acceptability and equivalency of methods
and instruments for field use.
343
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PARAMETRIC SYSTEMS FOR WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENT
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
State-of-the-Art Survey of Instrumental Measurement of Biochemical
Oxygen Demand for Control Applications
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAD 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECTDIRECTOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[XJPROJECT DIRECTOR QpROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
BContract Q Grant
Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The reduction of waste loads to receiving streams from municipal sewage treatment plants would greatly
enhance the quality of these streams. Waste treatment plant processes and retention times can be con-
trolled more efficiently if rapid determination of waste loads upon the plant and discharged waste
loads to the receiving stream can be made. The objective of this survey, then is to determine if instru-
mentation or alternative methods for the rapid measurement of BOD (the recognized standard for waste
load) is presently available. The literature survey includes papers obtained through: (1) a related
inquiry by R. C. Kroner to the Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC); (2) Water Resources
Abstracts; (3) recent environmental journals; and (4) bibliographic references of pertinent papers.
The papers were all obtained through EPA library services. No direct, reasonably rapid, or reproducible
instrumental technique for measuring the BOD was discovered in the literature. An alternative approach
recommended by A. F. Gaudy utilizing the change in COD (ACOD) across a treatment plant shows more
promise. It is theorized that further work in this area could bring even more results. That is, ef-
fluent discharge in terms of ACOD and actual treatment plant efficiencies. Collection of field data
is necessary to verify and refine the method. Eventually an instrumental approach could be pursued by
the selection and evaluation of suitable oxidants and sensors.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Survey of Instrumentation for Biological Measurements
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAD 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QDPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
10/1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContract | | Grant
I Xl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective is to acquire information on instrumentation for biological measurement for field appli-
cation and considers two basic areas; instrumentation for evaluation and instrumentation requiring
modification. The second may also require a sample preparation method to be developed prior to field
application. Consequently, the instrumentation package will require more extensive development in
comparison to instrumentation planned for evaluation only. The survey suggests the instrumental tech-
niques most amenable for field monitoring. In view of program redirection, this state-of-the-art sur-
vey is being redirected in its original intent and is being incorporated into Task 01AAD 05.
Instruments are generally not designed for direct application to field investigations; however, the
fluorometer is an exception. This instrument measures chlorophyll a. The photometer, with luciferin
and luciferase which are the extract of the lightning bug, is employed for measuring total biomass and
can be adapted to intermittent or continuous field application.
345
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Optical Techniques for Biological Measurement
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAD 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
|T] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/1/73
EST.COMP. DATE
6/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
1 [Contract | ] Grant
1 xl Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The main objective is the evaluation of optical techniques such as fluorescence and luminescence for
field measurement of biological indications of pollution; however, due to program redirection (see
Task 01AAD 03), this task has been restricted to evaluating the fluorometer for application in field
investigations. The evaluation will involve the determination of the selectivity of the technique
employed. This can be done through careful scrutinization of the sample conditioning. Sample inter-
ference will also be investigated. This would entail studying the techniques for possible degradation
of the sample reading due to such effects as turbidity and color. Long-term stability is usually a
problem encountered with optical systems; this characteristic and temperature stability of the system
will be analyzed.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
State-of-the-Art Survey on Specific Ion Electrodes Adaptable to
Continuous Field Measurement
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAD 08
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
^PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/1/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
[x| Intro mural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
A variety of specific ion electrodes have been developed primarily for short-term laboratory use. The
survey objective is to determine design configurations that are available and adaptable to intermittent
or continuous field applications for effluent monitoring. A survey of companies and study of papers
dealing with the subject will be pursued, employing the various libraries and information centers
available to EPA.
It is currently planned to document those sensors suitable for field application when the survey is
completed and augment the most recent specifications for the integrated system with these parameters.
A section of this document is closely interrelated with Task 24ALE OS.
346
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Adapt Specific Ion Electrodes to Field Instrumentation
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAD 09
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
QPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
QPROJECTDIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
11/1/72
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rnContratt | | Grant
I XI Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
This project has been redirected to perform field evaluation of the ammonia and cyanide monitoring
systems recently developed by the Orion Company. It is intended to evaluate the sample conditioning
functions for optimizing the sensor performance, and to also consider the possibilities of differential
measurement techniques.
The monitors will be analyzed for construction detail, operating principles, and papers dealing with
laboratory application reviewed. The monitors will be tested in the laboratory to verify background
data and tested under field conditions.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Performance and Design Evaluation of Turbidimeters for
Field Application
FY1973TASK NUMBER
01AAD 10
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[5T] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
1/73
EST.COMP.DATE
1/74
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
I X llntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Continuous measurement of turbidity and/or suspended solids has not been totally satisfactory for field
applications. The objective is to evaluate several turbSdimeters to determine preferred optic design
for adaptation to continuous effluent monitoring and incorporate these findings in the latter editions
of monitor specifications.
Several parametric systems employing various optical arrangements will be studied and evaluated under
laboratory and field conditions. Linearity, optical drift, response to particle size, and color
characteristics of the selected system will be observed and reported. Four turbiditneters employing
different design concepts have been obtained for investigation. It is planned to acquire a variety of
standards and background color for initial performance studies.
347
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Pulse Techniques for Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen
FY1973TASKNUMBER
01AAD 11
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
dPROJECT DIRECTOR QPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[X] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/15/72
EST.COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHOD OFSUPPORT
rnControct | | Grant
[xllntramurcil
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Field measurement of dissolved oxygen in continuous monitoring applications is affected by mechanical,
chemical, and biological components adhering to the membrane. The objective of this project is to
develop a system for measuring dissolved oxygen that will be independent of the contamination affects
on the membrane based upon a concept originally suggested by H. Mancy. Digital computer techniques
will be adapted to the design to provide a periodic reduction potential and the sensor current integrat-
ed and converted to indicate dissolved oxygen concentrations. Several sensors have been acquired and
several are being modified to experimental work with the pending parametric system.
348
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DATA HANDLING AND TRANSMISSION
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Application of Nimbus Satellite to Water Quality Data Transfer
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ADO 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECTDIRECTOR nPR'NciPALiNVESTiGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
2/1/73
EST. COMP. DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rHContraet | | Grant
Ix llntramurol
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $5,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Several methods for transferring water quality data from a remote facility to a central station, have
been explored, the most recent being application of the Nimbus satellite. The objective of the
experiment was to accumulate data in two modes - hourly transmission via hard wired into a minicomputer
and semidaily transmission to EPA through Lewis Research Center, NASA, via the Nimbus; analyze the
data; and determine the feasibility of the overall approach.
The water quality data acquisition system (EPA specifications) was interfaced (EPA) into a transmitter
(NASA) and a parallel input was made available to the Schneider telemetry system (EPA specifications).
Twelve months of data has been accumulated for analysis. It is planned to document the operation,
summarize the data, and noting the necessity for extending the System software program to automatically
analyze other data originating from the NASA system (see Task 09ADO 06).
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Develop Data Reduction Program
for Teletype System
FY1973TASK NUMBER
09ADO 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[jf| PROJECT DIRECTOR [~]PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNINGDATE
9/1/72
EST. COMP. DATE
6/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
| [Contract | | Grant
I Xj Intramural
FUN DIN GIN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $8,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this task is the reduction of data through the use of a program on the PDP-8/S computer
for the comparison of EPA/NASA transmission modes described in Task 09ADO 05. The program was written
in Pal III assembly language. Separate segments were written to: (1) load EPA data into memory in
conjunction with the System II interface program; (3) load NASA data into memory from an ASCII coded
paper tape; and (3) reduce and compare the data to determine transmission mode accuracy.
Tests simulations of the program have been completed. Present and future satellite data when trans-
ferred to ASCII coded tape of the proper format, can be reduced and compared to the System II data
collected from telemetry facilities. A report will be available soon which describes the program.
Simplified flow charts and complete program listings will be included.
349
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RADIOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development and Testing of Analytical Radiochemical and Chemical Methods for
Measuring Radionuclides Discharged at Nuclear Facilities
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24AAK 01
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
IQPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Bernd Kahn, Radiochemistry
& Nuclear Engineering Research Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/68
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
Contract [ | Grant
[X [intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $73,700
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Methods are tested and modified to determine the concentrations of radionuclides that are discharged
at nuclear power stations and associated facilities. The procedures are developed in cooperation with
standard-setting groups to assure that the methodology is applicable. Upon completion of the project,
a laboratory manual of methods will be published for use by nuclear facility operators and regulatory
agencies.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Development and Testing of Methods for Measuring Radionuclides in the
Environment at Extremely Low Concentrations
FY 1973TASK NUMBER
24AAK 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESS OFEPA
[x]PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
Bernd Kahn, Radiochemistry
& Nuclear Engineering Research Lab
NERC - Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/68
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract | | Grant
fxl Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $30,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of this project is to measure population radiation exposures from nuclear facility
operations due to discharges of radionuclides. Radionuclides, many of which are below normally
detectable levels, are to be measured in samples of air, food, biota and drinking water. Techniques
include analysis of very large samples and/or application of extremely sensitive detection equipment.
Upon completion of the project, instruction manuals and test reports will be published for utilization
by EPA, AEC, and state agencies concerned with measurement of population radiation exposures.
351
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QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND
MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Reference Sample Program for Quality Control of Chemical, Biological
and Microbiological Methods
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ACX 01-07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR OPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EPA
[jpPROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
John A. Winter
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
Continuing
METHOD OF SUPPORT
[Contract ( [ Grant
1 xl Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $50,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
To establish and maintain quality control within environmental laboratories, an independent
source of samples is needed for each constituent analyzed. The reference sample program provides
these samples on a continuing basis as requested. The samples are used for independent checks on
reagents, instruments or techniques, for training analysts and for laboratory certification. Reference
samples are available for Nutrient Analyses (nitrate-N, ammonia-N, Kjeldahl-N, orthophosphate and total
phosphorus), Demand Analyses (BOD, COD, TOC), Mineral Analyses (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
sulfate, chloride, alkalinity/acidity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, pH, and specific con-
ductance), Nitrilotriacetic Acid (4 levels), Trace Metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,
iron, lead, manganese, selenium, and zinc, 3 levels), Mercury (organic and inorganic, 3 levels), and
Linear Alkylate Sulfonate (LAS), a surfactant reference standard.
The reference samples are prepared as concentrates in sealed glass ampuls, which when diluted to volume
with distilled or natural water, according to instruction, produce samples with the concentration of
constituents ranging from minimum detectable levels to those found in heavily polluted streams.
353
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VALIDATION OF METHODS FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Method Study 4, Automated Methods of Analyses
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AEL 04
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OROJECT DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
Q| PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
John A. Winter
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/71
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
I [Contract [ | Grant
Ixllntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Analytical Quality Control Laboratory is responsible for assuring the legal defensibility of data
from water and waste analyses in EPA. This objective is attained by selection and evaluation of the
best methodology in formal interlaboratory method studies. EPA laboratories and any other interested
laboratories are invited to participate. The only requirements for participation in these studies are:
(1) strict adherence to instructions for preparation of samples; (2) use only of the specific method of
analysis; and (3) reporting back of the data within a set period of time. Formal EPA reports are pre-
pared for each method study. Laboratories are identified only by a confidential code number. Method
Study 4, Automated Methods for Minerals and Nutrients, was conducted to yield a valid measure of the
performance of EPA and other laboratories for ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen,
organic nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, alkalinity, chloride, and sulfate, as measured on
the Technicon Autoanalyzer.
The data were collected and are being evaluated in a formal EPA report. The data will be used to pro-
vide precision and accuracy measures for EPA's manual: Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes.
RESEARCH TASK/ PROJECT TITLE
Method Study on Organic Pesticides in Water and Wastewater
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24AEL 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR ^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR QPROJECT OFFICER
John A. Winter
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
6/70
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHODOFSUPPORT
1 IControct | | Grant
|_X_| Intra mural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Analytical Quality Control Laboratory is responsible for assuring the legal defensibility of data
from water and waste analyses in EPA. This objective is attained by selection and evaluation of the
best methodology in formal interlaboratory method studies. EPA laboratories and any other interested
laboratories are invited to participate. The only requirements for participation in these studies are:
(1) strict adherence to instructions for preparation of samples; (2) use only of the specific method
of analysis; and (3) reporting back of the data within a set period of time. Formal EPA reports are
prepared for each method study. Laboratories are identified only by a confidential code number.
Method Study 5, Organic Pesticides in Water, was conducted to measure the performance of EPA labora-
tories and others in analyses for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides present at the low nanogram/liter
levels found in our natural waters.
The data wei._ collected and after evaluation were used to provide precision and accuracy data in the
EPA Manual: Methods for Organic Pesticides in Water and Wastewater, 1971, and are being prepared in a
formal EPA report.
355
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RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Method Study 7, Trace Metals in Water and Wastewater
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24AEL 06
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR QPRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
|T] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
John A. Winter
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP. DATE
12/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rjContraet | | Grant
pfjlntramural
FUNDING IN FORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Analytical Quality Control L boratory is responsible for assuring the legal defensibility of data
from water and waste analyses in EPA. This objective is attained by selection and evaluation of the
best methodology in formal interlaboratory method studies. EPA laboratories and any other interested
laboratories are invited to participate. The only requirements for participation in these studies are:
(1) strict adherence to instructions for preparation of samples; (2) use only of the specific method
of analysis; and (3) reporting back of the data within a set period of time. Formal EPA reports are
prepared for each method study. Laboratories are identified only by a confidential code number. Method
Study 7, Trace Metals, was conducted to yield valid measurements of the performance of EPA laboratories
and others for the elements: aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese,
selenium, and zinc. Concentrations were set at typical natural and polluted levels. All analyses
were by atomic absorption spectrophotometry except for arsenic and selenium, which were done by the
silver diethyldithiocarbamate and diaminobenzidine methods.
The data were collected and are being evaluated for inclusion in a formal EPA report and for use as pre-
cision and accuracy statements in the EPA manual: Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes.
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Method Study 8, Total Mercury in Water
FY1973TASKNUMBER
24AEL 07
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR [^PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
QTJPROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
John A. Winter
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/71
EST.COMP. DATE
6/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
riContraet | | Grant
I Xllntramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $25,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The Analytical Quality Control Laboratory is responsible for assuring the legal defensibility of data
from water and waste analyses in EPA. This objective is attained by selection and evaluation of the
best methodology in formal interlaboratory method studies. EPA laboratories and any other interested
laboratories are invited to participate. The only requirements for participation in these studies
are: (1) strict adherence to instructions for preparation of samples; (2) use only of the specific
method of analysis; and (3) reporting back of the data within a set period of time. Formal EPA reports
are prepared for each method study. Laboratories are identified only by a confidential code number.
The sudden awareness of the world to the omnipresence of mercury in the environment demanded many
answers to questions on disposition of mercury in streams and stream bottoms. To assist EPA in its
need for mercury methodology, M&PE conducted ASTM/EPA Joint Method Study 8, Mercury in Water, to
measure the precision of EPA, ASTM and other laboratories in analyzing for both organic and inorganic
mercury using a single selected cold vapor method. The data were collected and are being evaluated
first to support acceptance by the ASTM D-19 Committee at its January 1973 meeting; second, to prepare
a formal EPA report; and thirdly, to prepare precision and accuracy statements for the EPA manual:
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes.
356
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WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION AND CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
RESEARCH TASK/PROJECT TITLE
Design and Install an Automatic
Affect of Sample Degradation
Cleaning
System to Evaluate
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ALE 02
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
OPROJECT DIRECTOR C]PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
9/72
EST.COMP.DATE
6/73
METHOD OFSUPPORT
B Contract [ | Grant
Intramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $4,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Biological growth on the inner pipe surfaces of pumping systems for automatic instrumentation can
change the water sample (especially dissolved oxygen) prior to analysis. The change in sample increases
as the internal surface area of the pipeline increases, the water velocity decreases and the water
temperature increases with seasonal conditions. The object of this investigation is to determine the
feasibility of automatic chlorination for eliminating growth within the system and to determine the
optimum concentration of chlorine and frequency of chlorination at a specific location during warm
weather when biological activity is at a maximum. The approach is to adapt a small commercially avail-
able chlorinator (vacuum operated) to an instrumentation pumping system. The system is designed to
automatically chlorinate the pipelines at a preset concentration, for short intervals, periodically
throughout the day. The optimum concentration and frequency of chlorination is to be determined
in this study. The mechanical operation of the system is to be evaluated.
An evaluation of an automatic chlorination system for eliminating biological growth in pumping system
for automatic instrumentation was tested under selected conditions and a report discussing the per-
formance is in preparation.
RESEARCHTASK/PROJECT TITLE
Evaluation of Intake Design Variations and an Assortment of Motor/Pump
Assemblies to Provide Minimal Degradation
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ALE 03
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
dlPROJECT DIRECTOR dPRtNCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR ^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/70
EST.COMP.DATE
6/30/74
METHOD OF SUPPORT
niContraet | | Grant
[jy Intramural
FUNDINGINFORMATION
Federal Cost: $10,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
Intake systems for automatic instrumentation have presented problems of sample degradation related to
design configuration and mechanical problems, the most significant being pump failure. The objective
of this study is to evaluate systems for sample change (overall and across specific parts of the
system) and to evaluate pumps (commercially available, modified and prototypes) in an effort to locate
a most suitable unit for supplying a continuous undegraded water sample to automatic instrumentation
with minimal downtime. The approach is to evaluate systems for sample change by comparing parameters
(mainly dissolved oxygen) at the source to readings at specific locations as the sample travels 'to the
instrument. This identifies components contributing most significantly to change and allows a rational
decision regarding redesign of that part of the system or elimination of the cause with chlorination or
some other method. An evaluation of pumps against specifications for size, weight, capacity, sample
degradation and durability is also required. Current progress includes the evaluation of two pumping
systems on different rivers and exposed to different flow and pollutional load characteristics. One
provided basic data on an operational system. The other evaluation was performed to obtain data on a
system which was serviced more frequently in an effort to retain minimal sample degradation. To-date
three different pumps have been evaluated and areas where improvement is needed was determined. Several
documents have been prepared on the design and evaluation of intake systems and pumps. A continuing
effort is planned for obtaining the most ideal intake systems for automatic instrumentation.
357
-------
RESEARCH TASK /PROJECT TITLE
Auxiliary Flow Cell for Intermittent Field Measurements
FY1973TASK NUMBER
24ALE 05
NAME, TITLE, AND ADDRESS OF EXTRAMURAL
DIRECTOR n^'NOPAL INVESTIGATOR
NAME,TITLE, AND ADDRESSOFEPA
[x] PROJECT DIRECTOR [^PROJECT OFFICER
A. F. Mentink
Analytical Quality Control Lab
NERC-Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
BEGINNING DATE
7/1/70
EST. COMP. DATE
7/73
METHOD OF SUPPORT
rnContratJ | | Grant
I Xllntramural
FUNDING INFORMATION
Federal Cost: $2,000
TASK/PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND REPORTS
The objective of the experimental auxiliary flow chanter, is to provide means for sample preparation
so that oxygen decay and selected specific ion sensors can be investigated in field installations. The
experimental oxygen decay measurement is generic, but is expected to be related to a specific source
and exhibit an equivalent oxygen requirement by a source. Electrodes specific to a selected measure-
ment require a medium with minimal interferences for proper operation.
The auxiliary flow cell is equipped with a control function, two storage vessels, heaters, aeration
stirrers, recirculation pump, pH control, dissolved oxygen sensor, and selected specific ion electrodes.
The sample is conditioned for the measurement chosen, given a continuous output.
It is planned to test this device in FY
closely coordinated with Task 01AAD 08.
'73 under various environmental conditions. This task is
358
-------
APPENDIX A
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTORS/PROJECT OFFICERS
REGION I
REGION II-New York (Cont'd.)
CONNECTICUT
COHEN, S. . .
KOLEGA, J.J.
MAINE
HUNT, G.S....
MASSACHUSETTS
ADRIAN, D.D. ..
BERKOWITZ, J...
CHANSKY, S.H. .
CLEMENT, J. ...
CUTTER, R
EARLE, G
ELDERING, H.G.
ERNST, U.F.W..
GOLDSMITH, R..
LAMB, T.J
MARKS, D.H
MEIER, P.M....
MILGROM, J....
RICH, S.R
RICHARDSON,
SAROFIM, A
SONTHEIMER, R.M.
WARNER, B.E
WILSON, D.G
D.L.
RHODE ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
GRITZUK, M
KACHORSKY, M.S. ..
LECHEVALIER, H.A.
MAIZUS, S
MOSTELLO, R.A
PRAGGER, M
ROSENBLATT, T.M..
WEINBERG, M
ZELMAN, F
NEW YORK
44
233
149
221
311
156
293
306
64
129
287
82
305
299
303
293
227
68
305
334
79
337
MOLVAR. A.E 253, 256
VERMONT
WINKLER, F 337
REGION II
233
189
201
157
99
149
225
237
153
202
291
BEER, C ..............................
BELTRAMI, E.J ........................
BODWELL, R.S ......................... 1
DREHWING, F .......................... 58, 61
GROSS, M.G ........................... 315
HABERMANN, P.W
LEVIS, A.H. . . .
MAGORIAN, T. . .
MAHONEY, P.F. .
PENNINGTON, D.
PILIE, R
PRESSMAN, W. . .
SIMONS, H.J. . .
SHUSTER, W.W. .
269
300
145
241
83
141
195
247
98
REGION III
DELAWARE
JOHNSON, W.B.
TATMAN, D.R. .
91
51
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ALTER, H 333
GOULD, J 131
HAIS, A.B 175, 176, 184, 196, 223, 224
HUMPSTONE, C.C 312
MacARTHUR, D.M 138
RUGGIERO, J.S 78
SAMWORTH, R.B 223
TOREGAS, C 300
YARRINGTON, R.B 255 , 256
MARYLAND
FROECHLICH, D.R.
LEVIN, G
MACHIS, A
MATIS, J.R
MESSER, H.D
MULLER, J
SHELLY, P
SHIELDS, W.H
THACKER, H.R
92
67
41
124
301
218
49
157
52
PENNSYLVANIA
BRINSKO, G.A 145
CESTARI, K.W 57
CHAMBERLIN, R.M 93, 227
DARMODY, T 53
DEMCHALK, J.J... 108-110, 113, 116, 117, 121
FUNGAROLI, A.A 319
GREENLUND, T 182
GUARINO, C 52, 57
HILTZ, R 118, 135, 136
KAMINSKY, E.L 95
MARZONI, P., Jr 292
McWADE, J.E 91
MICALE, F.J 221
PELCZARSKI, E.A 125
PETERSON, H.C 77
359
-------
REGION Ill-Pennsylvania (Cont'd.)
REGION V
RAMOS, D.O. .-
ROZELLE, R. ..
STEVENS, B.H.
TROY, J.C. ...
UNZ, R.F
VIRGINIA
MARCH, F.A. -
McMAHAN, T. .
SUNDAY, J.E.
71
108
294
118
209
135
93
42
WEST VIRGINIA
BLACKSHAW, G.L 112
HENRY, E. 121, 123
LEONARD, J.W Ill
MOORMAN, H.F 119
MOULTON, L.K 322
SACK, W.A 199
SMITH, R.M 115
TALIAFERRO, R.C 119
REGION IV
ALABAMA
BARRETT, W.
FLORIDA
BLOCK, S.S.
SMITH, P.H.
TONKS, R
75
328
239
79
GEORGIA
JACOBS, T.0 327
POHLAND, F.G 202, 316
NORTH CAROLINA
BROWN, J.C 205, 206
CLICK, C.N 43
COLSTON, N 67
ECCLES, E.J. 76
O'MELIA, C.R 187
KENTUCKY
NICKEL, R.E 122, 123
MISSISSIPPI
SMITH, M 137
TENNESSEE
KUCHTITZKY, O.W.
323
ILLINOIS
CHIAN, E.S.K
ENGELBRECHT, R.S
FRANKLIN, A.G
GIORDANO, J.J
HARP, E.F
KAUFMAN, M
LIEBMAN, J.C
LUE-HING, C ,
REMUS , G . A
SANDERS, R.G
SHIMP, N.F ,
SOSEWITZ, B
INDIANA
BRUNNER, P. .
HENDRICKS, G.F
RAKOWSKI, J
MICHIGAN
ANDERSLAND, O.B
BRATER, E.F
BROWN, J.W
DUDDLES, G
GROSE, C.W
SHEERAN, J
VAN DAM, D
WEBER, W.J., Jr
MINNESOTA
BOND, R.G ^
PETERNEL, E.J
ROZELLE, L
SCUFFY, R
OHIO
ALBAN, R.J
COOPER, G.P
ELFERS, L
FROST, S.L
GENCO, J.M .-..
GERSTLE, R.W
HECHT, N.L
MCDONALD, K
MILLER, R
NELSON, G.L
PAPIER, D
PUZENSKI, J.H
SCARPING, P.V
SHEA, T
SMITHSON, G.R
SUSONG, C.E ,
TROUTMAN, T ,
VAUGHN, D
, 318
, 213
, 322
50
75
99
299
188, 189, 231
92
133, 139
321
232
61
71
43
318
51
55
174
81
213
177
165
292
42
81
231
230
11
323
122
232
306
311
167
235
234
103
166
212
217
87
54
180
305
360
-------
REGION V-(Cent'd.)
WISCONSIN
AGNEW, R ,
ANDERSON, R.J..
BRYAN, E.H
ERNEST, L
GEINOPOLOS, A.
GOETSCH, H.
HAM, R.K
HENDERSON, R...
HUCK, K.L
KATZ, W
KLUGE, D.L. .. .
MASON, D.G. ...
NELSON, O.F. ..
131
49
134
223
..65, 175
62
.315, 317
95
62
58
199
... 139
60
REGION VI
LOUISIANA
DALY, W.H.
DUNLAP, C.
TEXAS
CROZIER, J.H. ...
HOLCOMB, A.E. ...
LAUGHLIN, J.E. ..
MAUK, C.E
MELNICK, J.L
NORRIS, H.C., Jr.
OPPENHEIMER, C...
OVERFIELD, J.L...
PAUL, D.R
WILSON, W
WOLF, H
339
338
85
50
205
97
25
243
159
151
341
174
215
REGION VII
IOWA
BUCK, W.B. ..
CLEASBY, J.L.
GEKLICH, J.W.
MISSOURI
GOODSON, L.H.
GRANDT, A.F..
LAWLESS, E.W.
MATTEI, P.F..
12
190
224
138
107
137
183
REGION VIII
COLORADO
PARKER, D.M 196
PUNTENNEY, J.L 229
MONTANA
SHAFIZADEH, F.
339
REGION VIII-(Cont'd.)
UTAH
CUTLER, I.B 340
NANCE, P.D 94, 96, 103
SHELL, G.L 167
SOUTH DAKOTA
MATTHEW, F.
REGION IX
ARIZONA
REGION X
OREGON
DAVIS, S.L.
WASHINGTON
104
FULLER, W
CALIFORNIA
BOEN, D
CHEN-LIN, C
DIRECTO, L
DOTY, R.N
DUNGWORTH, D.L
FEUERSTEIN, D
FIELDS, M
GASSER, J
GLASSEY, C.R
HAND, C
HAXO, H.E., Jr
HOLT, B
HOUSER, E
JACOBSEN, S.E
KUHNS, R.E
LOGER, J.A
MITCHELL, R
OTTINGER, R
PALMER, W.G
PARKER, D.S
PARKHURST, J.D
PEARSON, E.A
POMEROY, R
SCHMALENSEE, R
SCHMIDT, C.J
SHEA, T.G
STEPHENS, R.J
STONE, R
STOYER, R
STRAUGHAN, D
SUMMERS , S
TREZEK, G
VEOGTLE, J.A
WAGNER, R
WALTON, F
WOOTEN, D
320
249
171
165
253
13
201
229
176
291
162
319
151
247, 249
289
248
56
143
327
203
226
226
188
45
290
248
187
11
335
250
162
94
338
64
195
331
155
191
HAMMOND, V.L 307
SHUCKROW, A.J 141, 230
361
-------
FOREIGN
ISRAEL YUGOSLAVIA
SHUVAL, H.I 27, 212 BATA, A 263
362
-------
APPENDIX B
EPA PROJECT DIRECTORS/PROJECT OFFICERS
ALBRECHT, O.W 290, 292, 293, 295, 334
EARTH, E.F 173-177, 181-183
BEEMAN , S 54
BENDER, D.F 311, 312, 323, 341
BENNETT, S.M 222
BERG, G. 25-27, 37, 212
BISHOP, D.F 173, 175, 176, 183-185, 196
223, 224, 255, 256
BISHOP, W 64
BOOTH, R.L 32, 33
BORDNER, R.H 17, 18, 29 , 30
BOSTIAN, H.E 43, 44
BRENNER, R.C 195, 196, 202-206
BREZENSKI, F.T 159
BRICE, R.M. 42
BRUGGER, J.E- 136, 137, 145
BRUNNER, C.A 43, 165
BRUNNER, D 315-320
BUCKLEY, R 51
BUDDE, W.L .. 31
BUNCH, R.L 199 , 207
BUTLER, W 64
CABELLI, V.J 269
CARNES, R.A 339
CESAREO, D.J 92, 93, 95
CHAMBERS, C.W 209, 211, 213, 329
CHANG, S.L 270
CHAPMAN, R.A 331, 340
CHAUDOIR, E.E 116
CHRISTENSON, R ,63, 224
CIANCIA, J 79, 82
CLARKE, N .A 266
CONDON, F.J 67
CRAUN, G.F- 263, 265
DEAN, R.B 217, 221, 226, 237
DOBBS, R.A 208
DORRLER, J .S 149, 155
DOTSON, G.K 231-235
DOWNING, P 290, 291
DURHAM, H 81
ENGLISH, J.N 248
FARRELL, J.B 217-219, 222, 225
230, 241
FIEGE, W.A 42
FIELD, J 85
FIELD, R 49, 52, 53, 56-58, 61
FRANK, G 322
TREESTONE, F.J 151
GAGE, M. 6
GELDREIOL, E.E 285
GODDARD, B.C. .. 289
GRIM, E.C 115, 124
GEBENFELD, M 147, 148
HAMBLET, F.E --* 265
HABMAH, S.A OS7, J215, 216, 245
HARLDW, G ... • 54
HABRIS, E. ,,..37, 103, 121, 122
HE1DMAH, J.A .....320, 321
HEITZENKATER, P - I35
HILL, R.D 108, 109, 113, 116, 117
122, 125
HILLER, R 50, 60, 65
HINNERS, R.G 9
HOOVER, T 138
HORNSTEIN, B 91
HYSELL, D.K 8, 11
JAKOBSON, K 127, 131
JOHNSON, H 327, 328
KAHN, B 351
KAWAHARA, F.K 35, 36
KENNER, B .A 243
KEPPLER, R 157, 158
KISENBAUER, K.S 318, 322
KLEE, A.J 300, 301
KOPP, J.F 34
KREISSL, J.F 71, 72, 187-190, 193
KUGELMAN, I.J 41, 165, 166, 215, 243
244, 247, 248
LAFORNARA, J 133, 134, 139, 141
LEDERMAN, P.B 137, 157
LEE, S.D 5
LEWIS, R.F 201-203
LEWKOWSKI, J .P 8
LIBRIZZI, W.J 92-95, 97, 103, 104, 189
LICHTENBERG, J.J 31
LOEBKER, R.E 307-309
LOMASNEY, E 76, 79
MALANCHUK, M 10
MARTIN, J.F J-Q7, 108, 118, 123
MASTERS, H.E 51, 68
MATTIE, D.A 153
McCABE, L.J 263
MCCARTHY, L.T., Jr 94, 96, 99, 147
MENTINK, A.F .345-349 , 357 , 358
MOORE, W., Jr 7, 9
MULHERN, J H9
NADEAU, R.J 99, 161, 162
OBERAKER, D.A 297, 300, 303, 307
O'BRYAN, D 119
O'FARRELL, T.P 41
O'LEARY, L 55, 63
OLEXSEY, R 333, 337, 338, 341
ONGERTH, R.H 292, 294
OPPELT, E.T 191, 197
PETERSON, M.L 321, 328
PRESSLEY, T.A 179
PRINGLE, B.H 267
RICHARDSON, A 55
RISELY, C., Jr 49, 50, 53, 58-62, 75
ROAN, S 211, 244
ROESLER, J.F 253
ROGERS, C.J 338-340
SAFFERMAN, R.S 27
SALOTTG, B.V 218, 241
SCOTT, R.B 107-109, 112, 121, 123
SCHOMAKER, N.B 319
SCHUK, W.W 254
SERAICHEKAS, H 279
SHACKELFORD, J 118
SKOVRONEK, H.S 75-77, 83
SMITH, J.E., Jr 221, 225, 227, 229, 230
SMITH, J.M 171
363
-------
SMITH, R 251, 252, 257 VILLIERS, R.V 191
STARA, J.F 5, 10, 12, 13 WEBER, C.I 19, 24
STERN, G 45, 201, 229, 247, 249, 250 WESTRICK, J.J 164, 167, 169
SYMONS, J.M 273, 275, 277, 281, 283 WIESTER, M.J 6, 71, 11
TABAK, H.H 207 WILDER, 1 135, 139, 141, 143
TAFURI, A.N 65, 67 WILES, C 323
TALLEY, R.J 291, 294, 335 WILLIAMS, R.T 255
TARDIFF, R.G 261 WILMOTH, B 115
THOMPSON, C.H 138 WILMOTH, R.C 110-113
THURNAU, R.C 305, 306, 308, 309 WINTER, J.A 353, 355, 356
TORNO, H 52 WISE, R.H 256, 257
VENOSA, A.D 208 WRIGHT, D 59
364
-------
APPENDIX C
EXTRAMURAL INSTITUTIONS/AGENCIES
AST ASSOCIATES 289
AERODEX, INC 79
ALLEGHENY COUNTY SANITATION AUTHORITY 145
ALLIS CHALMERS 59
AMERICAN ELECTROPLATERS1
SOCIETY, INC 82
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 131
AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION 143
AMTEK/CALMEC 94
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 125
ARMOUR INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 75
ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC 68, 293, 305, 311
AWT SYSTEMS 91
BAIRD ATOMIC, INC 129
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE .. 230, 232, 307
BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE 25
BELGRAD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 263
BIOSPHERICS, INC 67
BIO-TEST LABS, INC 133
BLACK HILLS CONSERVANCY SUB. DIST 104
BOATING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 99
BOROUTH OF MANVILLE, N.J 189
BOROUGH OF PHOENIXVILLE 71
CALSPAN CORPORATION 145
CENTER FOR POLICY RESEARCH 269
CENTRAL CONTRA COSTA SANITATION
DISTRICT 226
CHAMBLIN & ASSOCIATES 50
CITIZENS FOR MENOMONEE RIVER
RESTORATION, INC 134
CITY OF AKRON 54
CITY OF ALBANY 241
CITY OF CEDAR RAPIDS 224
CITY OF CHICAGO 53
CITY OF CHINO 201
CITY OF CLEVELAND 54
CITY OF DALLAS 50, 60
CITY OF DETROIT 55
CITY OF ELY 42
CITY OF FT. WAYNE 61
CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS 181
CITY OF KENOSHA 60
CITY OF LANCASTER 53, 57
CITY OF LaSALLE 50
CITY OF MILWAUKEE 62
CITY OF MT. CLEMENS 63
CITY OF PAINESVILLE 167
CITY OF PALO ALTO 253
CITY OF PHILADELPHIA 52
CITY OF RACINE 62
CITY OF RICHARDSON 205
CITY OF ROHNERT PARK 64
CITY OF SAN ANTONIO 243
CITY OF SHELBYVILLE 63
CITY OF WYOMING 213
CLEVELAND CLIFFS IRON COMPANY 96
COMBUSTION POWER, INC 331
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY 122, 123
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 109, 110
COUNTY OF FAIRFAX 42
COUNTY OF GREENE 182
COUNTY OF NASSAU 247
CURRAN ASSOCIATES, INC 303
CUYAHOGA COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY
COMMISSIONERS 166
DALLAS WATER UTILITIES DEPARTMENT 215
DELAWARE RIVER & BAY AUTHORITY 95
DEPARTMENT OF IRON RANGE RESOURCES
AND REHABILITATION 231
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 108, 113, 116
RESOURCES (Harrisburg) 117, 121, 123
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES (Annapolis) 124
DOW CHEMICAL COMPART 174
DREXEL UNIVERSITY 317
EAST CHICAGO SANITATION DISTRICT 59
EASTERN MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT 249
ENGINEERING-SCIENCE, INC 187, 217
ENGINEERS, INC 153
ENVIREX, INC 65
ENVIRO CONTROL, INC 138
ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS 289
ENVIROTECH CORPORATION 169
ESSO RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY ... 225
,FMC CORPORATION 203
FAIRBANKS MORSE, INC 95
FOSTER D. SNELL, INC 237
GCA CORPORATION 158
GENERAL AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION
CORPORATION 92
GENERAL DYNAMIC'S ELECTRIC BOAT
DIVISION 44
GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 202, 316
GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF 175, 176
COLUMBIA 184, 196, 223, 224, 255, 256
GRAND TARGEE RESORT AREA, INC 103
GRANDVIEW LAKE LOT OWNERS
ASSOCIATION 71
GULF & WESTERN INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS COMPANY 91
HANCOCK COUNTY PORT & HARBOR
COMMISSION 137
HARRIS COUNTY WATER CONTROL AND
IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT #50 174
HATFIELD TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL
AUTHORITY 182
HEBREW UNIVERSITY 212
HITTMAN ASSOCIATES, INC 52
HOUSTON RESEARCH, INC 97
HUMRRO 327
HYDROSPACE-CHALLENGER, INC 49
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 321
INDUSTRIAL BIO-TEST LABS, INC 139
INSTITUTE FOR POLICY ANALYSIS 290
365
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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 312
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 12, 190
IRVINE RANCH WATER DISTRICT 250
ISLAND CREEK COAL COMPANY 119
ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 27
JARVIS, INC 306
LAS VIRGENES MUNICIPAL WATER
DISTRICT 195
LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 221
LEVITT & SONS, INC 41
LOS ANGELES COUNTY SANITATION
DISTRICT 165, 171, 176, 226, 248
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY 338, 339
MSA RESEARCH CORPORATION 118, 135, 136
MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION 196
MARYLAND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 157
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY 299, 305, 337
MATERIALS RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT - OAKLAND 319
MESSER ASSOCIATES, INC 301
METAL FINISHERS' FOUNDATION 87
METCALF & EDDY, INC 56
METROPOLITAN DENVER SEWAGE
DISPOSAL DISTRICT 01 229
METROPOLITAN DISTRICT
COMMISSION - BOSTON 55, 64
METROPOLITAN SANITATION DISTRICT
OF GREATER CHICAGO 188, 189, 231, 232
METROPOLITAN ST. LOUIS SEWER
DISTRICT 183
MICHIGAN PLATING & STAMPING COMPANY 81
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 318
MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE 337
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 137, 138
MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY 81
NATIONAL ANALYSTS, INC 292
NATIONAL CENTER FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY.. 333
NATIONAL OIL RECOVERY CORPORATION 157
NEPTUNE MICROFLOC, INC 191
NEW ENGLAND PLATING CO., INC 79
NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY 77
NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT
OF WATER RESOURCES 195
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 202
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 322
NUCOR CORPORATION 149
NUS CORPORATION 118
OCEAN COUNTY SEWERAGE AUTHORITY 233
OCEAN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING, INC 92
OCEAN SYSTEMS, INC 93, 135
OFFICE OF LAKE COUNTY SANITARY
ENGINEER-PAINESVILLE 230
OHIO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT CENTER 234
OHIO DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES 103
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY - WOOSTER 235
ONONDAGA COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC WORKS 58, 61
PEABODY COAL COMPANY 107
PEDCO-ENVIRONMENTAL
SPECIALISTS, INC 306, 323
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 207
PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION 76
PHILADELPHIA WATER DEPARTMENT 57
POLLUTION ABATEMENT RESEARCH 151
POMEROY, JOHNSTON, & BAILEY 45
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN 300
POTOMAC ENGINEERING & SURVEYING 119
PROCEDYNE CORPORATION 97
PUBLIC SYSTEMS RESEARCH 291
PUBLIC TECHNOLOGY, INC 300
R.P. INDUSTRIES', INC 227
RALPH STONE & COMPANY, INC 335
RAYTHEON COMPANY 253, 256
REGIONAL SCIENCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 294
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 99
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE 43
RESOURCE PLANNING INSTITUTE 293, 334
REX CHAINBELT, INC 58, 133, 139, 175
83
.. 201
RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION,
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY ,
S.C.S. ENGINEERS
SANTEE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT 247
SEWAGE & WATER BOARD OF
NEW ORLEANS
SEWERAGE COMMISSION OF THE
CITY OF MILWAUKEE
STATE OF MAINE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
SOUTHERN DYESTUFF COMPANY
SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SUSSEX COUNTY COUNCIL
SYSTEMS GROUP OF TRW, INC
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
THE BEN HOLT COMPANY
THE GENERAL TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY.
THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO.,
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS ,
THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH
THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION
248
, 249
65
225
149
122
315
76
75
51
327
323
151
85
43
341
340
94
URS RESEARCH CORPORATION 229
ULTRASYSTEMS, INC 155
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 320
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
(BERKELEY) 188, 291, 338
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (BODEGA BAYX . 162
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (DAVIS) 13
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (LA) 162
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA (MENLO PARK).. 11
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI 11, 212, 290
UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT ' 233
UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH
INSTITUTE 311
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA .239, 328
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 213, 299, 318
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS 221
366
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 51, 165 VERACITY CORPORATION 218
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 292 VILLAGE OF PEWAUKEE 199
UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 339
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH WASHINGTON SUBURBAN SAN. COMMISSION... 41
CAROLINA 67, 187, 205, 206 WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 159 NATURAL RESOURCES Ill
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 315, 317 WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY. .112 , 115, 199, 322
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION 93, 227
WILKES COLLEGE 108
367
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