PB84-195270
Annotated Literature References on
Land Treatment of Hazardous Waste
East Central Oklahoma State Univ., Ada
Prepared for
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab.
Ada, OK
May
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EPA-600/2-84-098
May 1984
ANNOTATED LITERATURE REFERENCES
ON LAND TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
by
Jean Galegar
Environmental Research Institute
East Central Oklahoma State University
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Cooperative Agreement No. CX-809429-02
Project Officer
Marvin L. Wood
Deputy Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
IPtcate read Instructions on the reverse before computing)
REPORT NO. .
EPA-600/2-84-098
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
PB8U-195270
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Annotated Literature References on Land
Treatment of Hazardous Waste
S. REPORT DATE
May 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
Jean Galegar
East Central Okla. State Univ., Ada, OK
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Institute
East Central Oklahoma State Univ.
Ada, OK 74820
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
rBRDlA
SRI
AC
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CX-809429-02
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 1198
Ada, OK 74820
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
final 08/81 - 04/84
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/15
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The major environmental problem in the decade of the 1980's will be the
safe disposal of hazardous and municipal wastes and residues.
Land treatment can be used to achieve specific effects through utilization
of various management schemes. Through proper management of the land processes,
soil characteristics may be altered to produce more productive soil, vegetation,
and a cost-effective treatment process.
This publication represents one of a five part response to the grant on
Land Treatment of Industrial Waste. This portion provides technical literature
annotations of land treatment processes for chemical, hazardous, and industrial
soild wastes. Since the concept of land treatment process is relatively new
for industrial waste, information is widely scattered. Approximately eight
hundred thirty publications, including material through the year 1982, have
been reviewed and annotated in this report.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COS AT I Field/Croup
Waste Treatment
Sludge Disposal
Land Use
Hazardous Waste
Land Treatment
Industrial Wastes
68C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThaKrportJ
unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
475
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 O-73)
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DISCLAIMER
Although the research described in this article has been funded wholly
or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency through con-
tract No. CX-809429-02 to Environmental Research Institute, East Central
Oklahoma State University, it has not been subjected to the Agency's required
peer and policy review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views
of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.
ii
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FORWORD
EPA is charged by Congress to protect the Nation's land, air and water
systems. Under a mandate of national environmental laws focused on air and
water quality, solid waste management and the control of toxic substances,
pesticides, noise, and radiation, the Agency strives to formulate and imple-
ment actions which lead to a compatible balance between human activities and
the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life.
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory is the Agency's
center of expertise for investigation of the soil and subsurface environment.
Personnel at the laboratory are responsible for management of research pro-
grams to: (a) determine the fate, transport and transformation rates of
pollutants in the soil, the unsaturated zone and the saturated zones of the
subsurface environment; (b) define the processes to be used in characterizing
the soil and subsurface environment as a receptor of pollutants; (c) develop
techniques for predicting the effect of pollutants on ground water, soil and
indigenous organisms; and (d) define and demonstrate the applicability and
limitations of using natural processes, indigenous to the soil and subsurface
enviornment, for the protection of this resource.
This project was initiated to prepare a master research plan for land
treatment of hazardous waste and to provide annotations on technical liter-
ature related to this area. The literature found has been grouped into six
major areas of interest conristing of site selection, design, operation and
management, monitoring of land treatment systems, closure, and economics.
Results indicate land treatment of selt -.ted organic waste to be an attractive
alternative cost effective method. This compilation should be useful to those
having a need to rapidly review available information in the areas identified
above.
Clinton W. Hall
Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
The major environmental problem in the decade of the 1980's will be the
safe disposal of hazardous and municipal wastes and residues.
Land treatment can be used to achieve specific effects through utiliza-
tion of various management- schemes. Through proper management of the land
processes, soil character it,tics may be altered to produce more productive
soil, vegetation, and a cost-effective treatment process.
This publication represents one of a five part response to the grant on
Land Treatment of Industrial Waste. This portion provides technical litera-
ture annotations of land treatment processes for chemical, hazardous, and
industrial solid wastes. Since the concept of land treatment process is
relatively new for industrial waste, information Is widely scattered.
Approximately eight hundred thirty publications, including material through
the year 1982, have been reviewed and annotated in this report.
iv
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CONTENTS
Title Page i
Disclaimer ii
Forward iii
Abstract iv
Contents ..... v
Acknowledgments vii
1. Site Selection 1
Site Characteristics 1
Topography 1
Hydrology 5
Geology 7
Soil Criterion 8
Soil Survey 8
Leaching 13
2. Design 26
Waste Characterization 26
Site Characterization 86
Soil 86
Climate 123
Soil Biota 127
Groundwater 250
Site Use 253
Pretreatment Requirements 254
Assimilative Capacity 261
Chemical 295
Lysimeter 385
3. Operation and Management 399
Waste Loading 399
Surface Run-On and Run-Off Control . 407
Land Management Practice 409
4. Monitoring of Land Treatment Systems 432
Air 432
Surface Run-Off 435
Treatment Zone 436
Unsaturated Subsurface Zone 439
Saturated Subsurface Zone 441
Waste and Degradation Products ..... 442
Controls to be Established at Site 447
Sampling 448
Analytical Techniques .... 450
Remote Sensing 457
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5. Closure 460
Maximum Limits for Accumulation of Pollutants in Soil
Treatment Site 460
Prediction of Long-Term Behavior of Residual 462
6. Economics 465
vl
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The compilation of these annotations could not have been possible with-
out the cooperation of the librarians at East Central Oklahoma State Univer-
sity, other libraries in the United States, too numerous to mention, students
at East Central Oklahoma State University who reviewed the publications and
the guidance of Marvin L. Wood, Project Officrr at the Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory of U.S. EPA, Ada, Oklahoma. This assis-
tance is gratefully acknowledged.
vii
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1. CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF SITES FOR TRLATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
by
S. Morekas
Through the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, the United States EPA inves-
tigated a concept about centralized treatment and disposal sites for hazard-
ous wastes. Studies conducted were from contractors and in-house investi-
gations. Criteria for the selection of sites was developed by the contrac-
tor, Battelle Northwest Laboratories of Richland, Washington. Based on
different reasons, two basic kinds of sites were located and identified as
waste processing plant sites and long-term hazardous-waste disposal sites.
Criteria for sites were based on earth sciences, transportation, ecology,
and human environment and resource utilization. Most concern dealt with the
location of the site based on processing and disposal information and also
the size of the area to be studied. Information in accordance to the sites
limited specific site identification to the county level (3,050 in the
United States). By using such large site areas, it would be hard to iden-
tify specific sites. Instead, locations were chosen with general exsisting
conditions that would be most or least suitable for site use.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
Management, October 1973, pp. 308-316.
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2. CURRENTLY AVAILABLE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS FOR USE IN
HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIONS
by
Roy B. Evans
There are three phases in a cost-effective waste-site assessment.
These include: 1. preliminary site assessment utilizing air photob and site
inspection; 2. geophysical surveys to find exact lot .cions of buried wastes
and to help define plumes of conductive contaminates in groundwater; 3. con-
firmation of groundwater contamination through monitoring well networks
designed on the basin of the geophysical survey. Geophysical methods most
useful in hazardous waste site investigations utilize metal detectors and
magnetometers, ground-penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction (EM).
resistivity surveys ard seismic procedures.
This article contains the following twelve useful diagrams:
1. Simplified diagram of metal detector system.
2. Metal detector data over a trench with buried drums.
3. Simplified diagram of a magnetometer system.
4. Magnetometer data over a trench with buried drums.
5. Simplified diagram of ground-penetrating radar system.
6. Example of ground penetrating radar for locating buried drums.
7. Composites of four geophysical profiles over hazardous material
burial sites.
8. Simplified diagram of Wenner Array for resistivity measurements.
9. Resistivity sounding.
10. Simplified diagram of electromagnetic system.
11. Conductivity data showing buried hazardous material.
12. Simplified block diagram of single trace seismic refraction system.
REFERENCE: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada,
89114, pp. 1-24.
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3. LAND APPLICATION OF WASTE — STATE OF THE ART
by
Kenneth R. Wright and Catherine Kraeger Rovey
Land application of waste water provides for two processes that comple-
ment each other: 1. the final treatment of waste-water, and 2. the reuse of
nutrients. Recent Congressional legislation has made it essential to con-
sider land treatment as a part of planning and designing new waste-water
facilities. Three types of land treatment most often used are irrigation,
overland flow, and rapid infiltration. Several elements to consider in
selecting an appropriate site are soil conditions, geology, topography,
climate, and proximity to the surface and subsurface water.
Due to its importance to maintaining the quality of human existence.
the safeguarding against contamination of groundwater is of utmost impor-
tance in siting and designing land treatment systems. A broad list of
elements to consider in protecting groundwater includes: 1. site selection;
2. proper pretreatment practices prio* to application; 3. a consistent pro-
gram of monitoring pretreatment and land application processes to ensure
the safety of the environment.
Land treatment of waste-water and the use of municipal sludge on farm
land for production is encouraged by Federal legislation. Sludge applied to
farm land contains limited amounts of heavy metals, salts, and toxic sub-
stances. Sludge is, for the most part, stabilized to eliminate pathogens
and reduce weight, volume, and odor before being applied.
Case studies are presented in this report to demonstrate the viability
at the land treatment concept.
REFERENCE: Grcundwater, Vol. 17, No. i, 1979, pp. 47-61.
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4. TERRAIN, LAND USE AND WASTE DRILLING FLUID
DISPOSAL PROBLEMS, ARCTIC CANADA
by
Hugh M. French
In relation to drilling operations and the disposal of waste fluids, a
survey was conducted in the Arctic Canada area. Some sixty abandoned well
sites were examined, and approximately 25% of the sites experienced terrain
disfunction due to the sumps and waste fluids. Under the Territorial Arctic
Land Use Regulations, waste fluids are to be confined to underground sumps.
To a large extent, t'oese have been satisfactorily used. The summer months
were the most critical times for use of the underground samps. With more
definite plans, careful operation techniques, and rigid application, the
sump related trouble can be resolved. In some areas of high potential
terrain and toxicity damage, other methods have been devised. A medium has
been arranged between direct spillage or overland trucking and underground
sumps in order to distribute disturbance of terrain, cost, and the effects
of uncontrolled release of fluids.
REFERENCE. Arctic, Vol. 33, No. 4, December 1980, pp. 794-806.
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5. COMPARISONS OF SOME FIELD METHODS FOR
MEASURING THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS
by
Mikko Sillanpaa
Although the hydraulic conductivity of soils is difficult to determine,
it is very important in agriculture and construction of all types. Field
investigations using the piezometer, the tube, and the auger hole method
have proven to be more reliable than laboratory investigations.
A new technique has been developed in determining the hydraulic con-
ductivity using piezometer pipes and a soil auger. In using this new
technique, conductivity values are slightly lower in more permeable soils
and higher in less permeable soils, and the results are in relatively good
agreement with earlier techniques.
This new method is particularly useful in areas where the water table
is not present or is very low.
REFERENCE: Acta Agriculture Scandinavia, Vol. 9, 1959, pp. 59-68.
6. FIELD DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY ABOVE A
WATER TABLE WITH THE DOUBLE-TUBE METHOD
by
Herman Bouwer
This double-tube method was tested in sand-box and field and was found
to be of practical application. It was found to be a suitable tool for the
(in situ) measuring of conductivity in soil not saturated previous to raea-
suren«er.::. Tl^ld equipment and procedures are discussed in detail.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1962, pp. 330-335.
For article on related subject see No. 1.
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7. RELATIONSHIP OF EXCHANGEABLE NA PERCENTAGE AT DIFFERENT
SOIL PH LEVELS TO HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
by
J. P. Martin et al.
A greater decrease in hydraulic conductivity is caused by the same
amount of sodium in acid soil than in neutral or alkaline soil. The
exchange capacity actually decreases in acid soil, therefore the same
amount of sodium really represents a greater percentage of sodium satura-
tion.
At sodium percentage of 5 to 15%, hydraulic conductivity in most
nautral and alkaline soils was slightly greater than expected.
It is not apparent why hydraulic conductivity at intermediate sodium
percentages increased at high acidity, but was at a minimum at moderate
acidity.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1964, pp. 620-622.
8. STREAM IMPROVEMENT THROUGH SPRAY DISPOSAL OF SULPHITE LIQUOR
AT THE KIMBERLY-CLARK CORPORATION NIAGARA, WISCONSIN MILL
by
R. M. Billings
Tills report discussed using- spray disposal as an alternate method for
sulphite liquor. The paper presented a detailed description of the opera-
tion including selection of the area, construction and operation. The
financial aspects were then briefly outlined. Because of the financial dis-
advantages, the system was only intended to be a temporary disposal system.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 23rd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, Vol. 96, 1958, pp. 71-80.
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9. AGGREGATE STABILITY
by
V. D. Kemper
Experimental procedures simulating actual field forces which disinte-
grate soil into smaller aggregates were conducted. The purpose was pri-
marily to determine a method by which agregate stability could be measured.
The report included use of various disrupting forces, equipment, and pro-
cedures. Coefficients obtained showed only small percentages of variation
between duplicate samples. Soils having coarse textures showed somewhat
larger variations between reproduced coefficients.
REFERENCE: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I, 1965, pp. 511-519.
10. PARTICLE FRACTIONATION AND PARTICLE-SIZE ANALYSIS
by
Paul R. Day
This paper discussed the procedures and theories of soil particle frac-
tionation and particle-size analysis. The procedures included fall under
sieving and sedimentation categories. Sieving methods are used for more
coarse structured particles. The pipette method ana the hydrometer method
operate on the principle of varying soil particle settling velocities.
These two methods operate following a formula called Stoke's equation.
REFERENCE: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I, 1965, pp. 545-567.
For article on related subject see No. 1.
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11. BASE UNSATURATION AND PH IN RELATION TO SOIL TYPE
by
Adolf Mehlich
The percentage base unsaturation of different soil types was determined
over a wide reaction range and various soil profiles. These base exchange
colloids; montraorillonite, hydrous mica, beidellite, halloysite, kaolinite,
Indianaite, and humus acid; have base unsaturation-pH's that exhibit con-
stant and specific characteristics for each mineral, though montmorillonite
and hydrous mica appear to be very similar.
Soil base unsaturation-pH's were found to have similar relationships to
those of known base exchange materials. Perhaps, this may enable the ascer-
tainment of the presence of which base exchange mineral is predominant in a
soil.
The base unsaturation-pH relationship is an expression of the specific
nature of the base exchange mineral and is not influenced by either base
exchange capacity or buffer activity. This relationship is useful in
determining lime requirements of soils.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1941, pp. 150-156.
For article on related subject see No. 9.
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12. A BASELINE STUDY ON TRACE METAL ELUTION
FROM DIVERSE SOIL TYPES
by
N. E. Kortc et ai.
Unwanted waste products are being distributed at the present time
through the saturation of soils. An understanding of the transportation,
saturation level, and sources involved have made an awareness of the need to
understand the systems ecological continuity. A sample from ten soils was
filtered with aluminum chlorate and iron chloride as a diluted solution.
Continuing this process, hydrogen chlorine was also mixed with the chlorine
solution and made to adjust to pH 3.0. Eight trace metals were examined as
well as pH for the outflow of each. This was to determine the highest level
of giving of the soils to the trace metal capacity from the soil solution.
After correlating various s-tils for the dominating factor in the metal, it
was the original metal which was found to be the controlling factor. Quite
a level of manganese, cobalt, zinc, nickel, copper, and chromium were found
more frequently than cadmium and lead in the soil filters. Two other con-
tributing factors to the controlling system were the total amount of manga-
nese and free iron oxides.
REFERENCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 5, 1975, pp. 149-136.
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13. CROPPING SYSTEMS AND SOIL PROPERTIES
by
J, B. Page and C. J. Willard
Chemical and physical soil properties are the primary concerns for the
continued productiveness of a cropping system. While the chemical proper-
tics of a soil are easily determined and altered by the use of the appro-
priate fertilizer, physical properties require extensive cropping proce-
dures. Physical properties such as aggregation and pore space may be
improved by the presence of adequate amounts of organic matter and by the
use of procedures like crop rotation, tillage, and cropping with soil-
building crops such as legumes and grasses. The significance of properties
in a given soil is of major importance as it is not easily improved by any
conventional means.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1946, pp. 81-88.
14. DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF CERTAIN SOIL TYPES TO
APPLICATIONS OF CALCIUM ARSENATE
by
U. R. Paden
It has been found that under certain conditions arsenic may be toxic to
some plants. Believing that significant results can be obtained by studying
the growth response of certain crops in pot cultures in which varying
amounts of calcium arsenate were added, a series of investigations was con-
ducted with several soil types. The two types of soil selected were David-
son clay loam and Durham coarse sandy loam. It was found that there is a
marked difference between two soil types with respect to the quanity of
calcium arsenate required to produce injury to the growth of plants. The
data indicates that calcium hydroxide may reduce appreciably the arsenic
injury on Durham soil.
REFERENCE: Journal of American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 24, 1932, pp. 363-
366.
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15. DISTRIBUTION OF LITHIUM IN SOME SALT AFFECTED SOIL PROFILES
by
I. C. Gupta et al.
Four salt-affected soils were analysed for various properties. Results
of these tests determined unusually high levels of lithium present, espe-
cially in surface soil samples. Two of the soils were found to be non-
jaline and non-sodic, while the remaining two were saline-sodic. In gen-
eral, saline-sodic soils were found to contain higher levels of lithium than
non-saline, non-sodic samples. These findings are significant in that
plants suffering adverse affects from lithium toxicity are also known to be
sensitive to sodium.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Vol. 22, No. 1,
1974, pp. 88-89.
16. EFFECT OF SURFACE APPLIED SULFURIC ACID ON WATER
PENETRATION INTO DRY CALCAREOUS AND SODIC SOILS
by
T. A. Yahia et al.
This report studied the effects of sulfuric acid on the penetration of
water in dry calcareous soils. Acid concentrations were applied to soils in
various amounts. Generally, increased application rates increased penetra-
tion. Penetration also increased in soils with a higher exchangeable
sodium percentage (ESP) rate. The applications of sulfuric acid were also
found to be more effective for this purpose than gypsum, which has been
commonly used in the past. Although the use of acid in areas with limited
rainfall may cause various adverse effects, it is believed that these pro-
blems could be solved by using a band treatment method.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 39, 1975,
pp. 1201-1204.
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17. RECENT TRENDS IN THE USE OF THE LAND-CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION
by
R. D. Hockensmith and J. G. Steele
This paper discussed several aspects of land capability classification.
This type of classification should include characteristics of the land that
limit its use» such as slope, low moisture supply, and soil texture. The
classification includes the grouping of land area into units of similar
physical characteristics. The report mentions the use of maps of the clas-
sified land and lists possible uses of this type of classification. The
information gained from these procedures may then be used along with tech-
nical assistance to determine the prope'- management practices for a specific
land plot.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1949, pp. 383-388.
For article on related subject see No. 10.
18. THE STUDY OF COBALT STATUS OF SOILS IN ARKANSAS AND
LOUISIANA USING THE BLACK GUM AS THE INDICATOR PLANT
by
Joe Kubota et al.
Leaves of the vlack gum were used as a test plant for areas of cobalt
deficiency along the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain to Ground-Water Podzols.
Cobalt contents of black gum from Ground-Water Podzols were lower than from
Regosols; Low Hinnic-Gleys and Humic Gleys. Sandy Regosols occur in Arkansas
and Louisiana, but Ground-Water Podzols do not. Soils at 29 sites ranged
from sands to loamy sands to clays. Cobalt content ranged from 6 to 62 ppm.
from lakeland soil and 23 to 410 ppm. from Shufauta soil; 56 and S3 ppm. were
lowest values; 62 and 410 ppm. were highest values. Cobalt content relates
to location of soil site. High cobalt values are not always related to
drainage conditions. Values of 5 ppm. or less were absent due to absence of
Ground-Water Podzols. Cobelt deficiency is related to the occurrence of
Ground-Hater Podzols along the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1960, pp. 527-528.
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19. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION PHENOMENA OF SULFATE IONS IN SOILS
by
Tsun Tien Chao et al.
This study contains results from equilibrium studies that are given to
demonstrate the adsorption-desorption process involving sulfate. Of fif-
teen soils studied, four soils showed much higher adsorption of sulfate than
the rest. Studies performed on retentive soils showed that sulfate adsorp-
tion was dependent on the concentration of the equilibrium solution. Re-
sults showed that adsorbed sulfate was in kinetic equilibrium with the sul-
fate solution. Definite anion exchange capacities or adsorption maxima was
not present in sulfate-retentive soils. The study proposed that other
mechanisms, in addition to anion exchange itself, are not implicated in the
retainment of sulfate.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, Vol. 1418, 1962, pp. 234-237.
20. ADSORPTION OF HYDROLYZABLE METAL IONS AT THE
OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE
I. CO(II) ADSORPTION ON SI02 AND TIO-. AS MODEL SYSTEMS
ft t*
by
Robert 0. James and Thomas W. Healy
Adsorption isotherms of aqueous cobalt in relation to silicon oxide and
titanium oxide were developed by concentration and pH functions, isotherms
of iron (III), chromium (III), and calcium (II); one silicon oxide was also
developed. Their similarities and differences are discussed.
REFERENCE: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, July
1972, pp. 42-52.
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21. ADSORPTION OF HYDEOLYZABLE METAL IONS AT THE
OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE
II. CHARGE REVERSAL OF SIO2 AND TI02 COLLIODS BY ADSORBED
CO(II), LA(III), AND TH(IV) AS MODEL SYSTEMS
by
Robert 0. James and Thomas W. Healy
In this second part of the paper, charge reversals in anionic colloids
are discussed. It is noted that tLere are up to three charge reversals,
(+ to -), (- to +) , and back to (+ to -) at high pH. Several possible rea-
sons for these reversals are given, then invalidated. New models for each
of the three are developed.
REFERENCE: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, July
1972, pp. 53-64.
22. ADSORPTION OF HYDROLYZABLE METAL IONS VT THE
OXIDE-WATER INTERFACE
ill. A THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF ADSORPTION
by
Robert 0. James and Thomas U. Healy
With evidence of papers (I) and (II), a new thermodynamic model was
developed. This model takes into account these parameters: 1. metal
(electrode)-ion interactions; 2. water electrode interactions; 3. ion-
primary water interactions; 4. born energy contributions; 5. changing
dielectric of solvent, which is then corrected if free energy is to be
positive. This model is highly reliable and does not breakdown when com-
pared with all the variables involved in the adsorption event.
REFERENCE: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, July
1972, pp. 65-81.
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23. AVAILABILITY OF IONS IN LIGHT SANDY SOILS
AS AFFECTED BY SOIL REACTION
by
Michael Peech
This study looked at the effects of two soil factors, fixation and
leaching, on ion availability in light sandy soils. Soil reaction was
observed to control not only availability of natural insoluble nutrients,
but fixation and leaching as well. Liming these soils to raise the pH
levels was found to both reduce leaching of cations and provide for avail-
able calcium and magnesium. This in turn would conserve the more valuable
fertilizer constituents. However, overliming was found to make other
elements unavailable, such as zinc and copper, even at low pH values.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 51, 1941, pp. 473-486.
24. DIFFUSION AND NEMATODE CONTROL BY
1,2-DIE?.OMEOTHANE, 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE,
AND l,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE IN SOIL
by
C. R. Youngson and C. A. I. Goring
1,2-dibromeothane, 1,3-dichloropropene, and l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
were tested as fumigants for the control of root-knot nematodes in soils.
The basi£ toxicity of 1,3-dichloropropene was found to be highest among the
three chemicals studied. Nematode control was highest when two injection
depths were used as opposed to applying the substance at only one depth.
The addition of manure and fresh plant material significantly decreased
nematode control by the fumigants. In some cases, the toxicity of the sub-
stances was also affected by the temperature level.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 93, 1962, pp. 306-316.
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25. DISTRIBUTION OF NONIOMIC SURFACTANT IN SOIL COLUMNS
FOLLOWING APPLICATION AND LEACHING
by
W. W. Miller and J. Letey
This experiment determined the distribution of Soil Penetrant in both a
wettable and water repellant soil. The surfactant was leached farther
through the wettable soil and was distributed more evenly throughout the
soil column. Calculations from a proposed model correlated adequately with
experimental data. Distribution of Soil Penetrant was closely related to
specific adsorptive characteristics.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 39, 1975,
pp. 17-22.
26. EFFECT OF PH ON ADSORPTION OF ARSENIC AND SELENIUM
FROM LANDFILL LEACHATE BY CLAY MINERALS
by
R. R. Frost and R. A. Griffin
Arsenic (VI), Arsenic (III), and Selenium (IV) adsorption was shown to
be highly dependent upon the pH of the soil. Results indicate that Arsenic
and Selenium are very mobile through pure clay beds, and contamination of
ground water could easily occur due to this mobility in leachate.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 41, 1977,
pp. 53-57.
16
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27. EFFECT OF PH ON EXCHANGE-ADSORPTION OR PRECIPITATION OF
LEAD FROM LANDFILL LEACHATES BY CLAY MINERALS
by
Robert A. Griffin and Neil F. Shimp
This study examined the effects of leachate and pH fluctuation on the
ability of two clays to remove lead from solution. Leachate significantly
reduced the lead removal as did a lower pH factor, the lead solution moved
much more freely through kaolinite clay, and lead was removed to a much
greater degree in the montmorillonite clay. Other smaller factors consid-
ered included: 1. the formation of lead-organic complexes, 2. dispersion,
and 3. diffusion. Data concluded that jnontmorillonite clay needs to be
present in thin layers to successfully remove lead under normal circum-
stances.
REFERENCE: Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1976,
pp. 1256-1261.
17
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28. FACTORS AFFECTING MOLYBDENUM AVAILABILITY IN SOILS
by
E. B. Davies
Total molybdenum in soils and rocks is uniformly distributed due to the
ability to replace a large amount of similar ionic elements. These are
found in the radius of the latice reek-forming minerals. Results of tests
on molybdenum found in soils and rocks range from 2—4 ppm, depending on
where the soil is tested. Soil testing has ranged from the low tundra in
the Nelson province of New Zealand, to the mountain tundra of the USSR. The
content of molybdenum in soils cannot be seen in well supplied soils. A
good example of this is ironstone soil. Molybdenum was ,rirst known for its
abnormalities. Research was done ot. clover and its responses in South
Australian pasture to woodash, whicl was unsatisfactory. In doing research,
excess molybdenum in animals and molybdenum deficiency in plants helped
point out extremes in either case formed from the symptoms. Molybdenum was
treated for content levels in herbage to see whether toxic forms were found
in stock or available plants. An arbitrary crop consisting of 2 tons from 2
million pounds of soil per acre was tested for a variety of twenty-four
soils. Molybdenum does exsist, but the content varies according to age,
species, and the past of the plant. Excess molybdenum present in herbage
was chemically tested for soil deficiencies. The soils varied from 0.04-
0.1? ppm. The oxalate method gave figures ranging from 0.20-0.70 ppm. Six
trials on Canterbury soils showed no connection with molybdenum content in
clovers or grasses in sulfate-plus-phosphate plots and "available" molyb-
denum. General comparison of pasture analyses shows that other factors are
involved in the molybdenum uptake. Alkaline soils are prone to have high
herbage molybdenum. Soils less likely to have contents of molybdenum are
calcareous sands and granites. Soils with low oxalate-solubles and low in
phosphates have produced pastures above normal. Likewise, soils with high
oxalate-solubles and slight acid have produced pasture levels below I ppm.
REFERENCE: Soil Sciences, Vol. 81, 1956, pp. 209-221.
18
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29. FATE OF ARSENICALS IN DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENTAL SUBSTRATES
by
E. A. Woolson
Arsenicals are, unless added specifically, in equilibrium concentration
within soils, water, and sediments. Transportation and transformation occur
in each of these substrates, but only the end results are known. Nothing is
known about the rates of these events, or just what causes a specific reac-
tion in the environment. More research is suggested in the qualitative
analysis of arsenical transportation and transformation to determine what is
taking place between the ends of an event. This will need to take place
before more definite conclusions can be made.
REFERENCE: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 19, 1977, pp. 73-81.
30. FATE OF INORGANIC FORMS OF N AND SALT FROM
LAND-DISPOSED MANURES FROM DAIRIES
by
D. C. Adriano et al.
Analyses conducted on several soils, which had undergone dairy waste
disposal, revealed concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen which would eventually
contaminate the ground water. Estimations were also made as to the amount of
salt waste produced by dairy cattle. Controlling the nitrate-nitrogen level
may be accomplished by either reducing cattle populations or by increasing
the ammonia volatilization from waste before applying it to the soil.
REFERENCE: Livestock Waste Management, 1971, pp. 243-246.
19
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31. AN IMPROVED BIOASSAY TECHNIQUE USED IN SOLID
WASTE LEACHATE PHYTOTOXICITY RESEARCH
by
Nelson T. Edwards and Balie M. Ross-Todd
A vertical seed germination system was set up for use in a short-term
phytotoxicity test of potentially hazardous chemicals. The apparatus was
made for the purpose of straight root growth from seedlings. This elimi-
nates crooked or coiled radicles encountered when seedlings are grown.
Radish and sorghum seedlings that are grown in this appartus can be measured
1 x 10 the time required.
REFERENCE: Environmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 20, 1980, pp. 31-38.
32. THE LEACHING OF SOME HALOGENATED ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS FROM DOMESTIC WASTE
by
C. J. Jones et al.
This experiment studied the leaching of several halogenated organic
compounds from domestic wastes. The leachate concentrations were found to
be reduced initially by evaporation and adsorption of the domestic waste.
The amount of organic comt-ounds detected in leachates was primarily deter-
mined by the solubility ut the compound. Although varying under different
conditions and with differing compounds, adsorption was determined to be
somewhat effective for reducing the concentrations of organic compounds in
leachates.
REFERENCE: Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 2, 1977-1978, pp. 227-233.
20
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33. LEACHING RATES OF HEAVY IONS IN FOREST SOIL
by
Germund Tyler
Two purely organic spruce forest soils were studied for leachability of
manganese, zinc, cadmium, nickel, vanadium, copper, chromium and lead—one
control soil and a similar soil polluted heavily by copper and zinc from a
brass foundry in southern Sweden. Rainwater, acidified to pH 4.2, 3.2, and
2.8, was used in the experiment. Comparison of the control soil and the
polluted soil treated with rainwater of pH 4.2 showed that residence times
of the elements above, excluding vanadium and chromium, decreased with pH
of rainwater.
REFERENCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1978, pp. 137-148.
34. MANAGEMENT OF GAS AND LEACHATE IN LANDFILLS PROCEEDINGS
OF 3RD ANNUAL MUNICIPAL SEWAGE WASTEWATER RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
by
Shanka K. Earnerji (editor)
The latest research information on management of gases and leachates in
landfills was presented at this symposium. Topics included gas and Icachate
formation, collection, and management. Papers were presented by these
research agencies: 1. the Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal Division, 2.
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, and 3. Research of Exsisting
Sanitary Landfills. Selected papers fron other organizations were included
because of their close relation to the topics of the symposium.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/9-77-026, PB 272-594, 1977, pp. 1-299.
21
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35. PESTICIDE MOBILITY IN SOILS
I. PARAMETERS OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
by
Charles S. Helling
The recently developed techniques of soil thin-layer chromatography
(TLC) was used to study pesticide movement. The adsorbent phase of soil is
developed with water using techniques like those of conventional TLC.
Mobility was insensitive to the following characteristics: removal of
coarse or medium sands, movement distance, soil layer thickness, tempera-
ture, and sample size. Water flux was modified by physical and solvent
amendment methods. The mobilities of 2,4-D and atrazine decreased substan-
tially in a solution of less than 0.5M sodium chloride and the decrease of
paraquat then followed. Distance to the wetting front on soil TLC plates
was linearly related to the square root of time.
Three methods of studying radioactive pesticide movement were com-
pared—autoradiography and radiochromatograra scanning and zonal extraction.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 35, 1971, pp.
732-737.
36. PREPARATION OF POROUS CERMAIC CUPS TO BE USED FOR EXTRACTION
OF SOIL WATER HAVING LOW SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS
by
B. L. Grover and R. E. Lamborn
Excessive amounts of calcium, sodium, and potassium were contributed to
solutions by the ceramic cups of soil moisture access tubes, and substantial
amounts of phosphorus were absorbed from solutions containing phosphorus
when these solutions were drawn through the access tube. Contamination of
sodium and potassium and adsorption of phosphorus were reduced to acceptable
levels by leaching the cups with IN of hydrochloric acid. Calcium continued
to contaminate solutions, but levels of calcium were greatly reduced.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 34, 1970, pp.
706-708.
22
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37. RATES OF LEACHING OF RADIUM FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL:
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF RADIUM BEARING SOILS FROM PORT HOPE, ONTARIO
by
Jatin S. Nathwani and Colin R. Phillips
Small-scale static leach tests were used to gain information about the
mobility and leaching characteristics of radium in the contaminated soils of
Port Hope. Ontario. This contamination is a result of uranium mill tailing,
with its naturally occurring counter part radium-226, used mistakenly
through the town as harmless fill. The studies revealed finer soils pro-
vide higher attenuation capacities and lower leaching rates; conversely,
acidic leachant increases the leaching rate and enhances radium mobility.
REFERENCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1978, pp. 453-465.
38. THE SIMULTANEOUS EFFECT OF PH AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS
UPON MERCURY(II) AS A POLLUTANT
by
H. C. H. Hahne and W. Kroontje
This experiment determined the effect of chloride concentrations and a
wide range of pH values on mercury(II) in aquatic systems. Chloride com-
plexes were found to effectively compete with the hydroxy complexes of
mercury(II). This may be the major factor associated to the mobilization of
the vnercury(II). At lower pH values, conditions were sufficient for all
mercury(II) to be in combined form while when higher pH values are consid-
ered, complete mobilization depends on chloride and mercury(II) concentra-
tions present. A portion of the experiment, which equilibrated montmoril-
lonite, illite and koalinite with mercury(II) in clay soils, revealed little
if any adsorption.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 37, 1973, pp.
838-843.
23
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39. SOIL ATTENUATIVE CAPACITY AND TRANSPORT POTENTIAL
OF SOLID WASTE LEACHATES
by
Aaron A. Jennings et al.
This report studied the attenuations associated with a certain type of
soll/leachate interaction. Leachates released in the experiments using Barr
sand would seriously affect groundwater quality. Oxygen demand, taste and
odor problems, ionic strength, and contamination by infectious agents were
some problems which could be encountered. Because attenuation may result in
only the temporary fixation of leachates, severe hazards may still be en-
countered. In a modified landfill facility, it was confirmed that attenu-
ation failed to prevent rapid movement of the leachace. The possibility of
co-disposal of wastes shows no advantages in changing the endangerment
evaluation. Column studies done on attenuations provided the most useful
information including attenuation capacity changes with time, reversability,
and transport model calibrations.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 33rd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, 1979, pp. 255-262.
40. SOIL MODIFICATION TO MINIMIZE MOVEMENT IN POLLUTANTS
FROM SOLID WASTE OPERATIONS
by
Wallace H. Fuller
All aspects of soil characteristics are surveyed then related to con-
trol of pollutant movement out of solid waste sites. Soil combination and
soil engineering are the two areas of control covered in this paper.
Examples of these waste treatment/utilization systems are soil liners, clay
liners, native soil liners, soil plus other material, soil covers, soil
trenches, soil layering, burials, area methods, biological treatment, oxi-
dation ponds, lagoons, land farming, sludges, cannery waste, composts, muni-
cipal-solid waste, oil and oil sludges.
REFERENCE: CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 1980, pp. 213-
270.
24
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41. VACUUM EXTRACTORS TO ASSESS DEEP PERCOLATION LOSSES
AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SOIL WATER
by
H. R. Duke and H. R. Haise
The described extractor takes samples from a large soil surface area,
interferes only slightly with plant roots, and establishes the exact area
from which the water sample was taken. Convergence is kept to a minimum
by flexible control of the applied suction.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 37, 1973,
pp. 963-964.
25
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42. ACTION OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS ON THE
METABOLISM OF BACTERIA
by
Zelma Baker et al.
This study showed chat synthetic detergents and wetting agents effect
respiration and glycolysis in gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms
in these ways: 1. all cationic detergents studied were very effective inhi-
bitors of bacterial metabolism; 2. gram-positive and gram-negative types are
equally sensitive to cationic detergent action. All anionic detergents were
selectively inhibitive of gram-positive types. Hydrogen ion concentration,
of both detergents, influences the inhibitive action. Maximum inhibitory
action by cationic detergents was displayed in the alkaline range, anionic
in the acid range. Straight chain alkyl sulfates and sulfoacetates display
maximum inhibitation by the 12, 14, and 16 carbon compounds; catiopic deter-
gents can inhibit bacterial metabolism comparable to inhibitory action dis-
played by quaternary ammonium compounds-. At low concentrations, anionic
detergents can stimulate bacterial metabolism.
REFERENCE: Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 73, 1941, pp. 249-271.
26
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43. ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC HERBICIDES BY MONTMORILLONITE:
ROLE OF PH AND CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF ADSORBATE
by
G. W. Bailey et al.
The objective of this experiment was to determine the role of pH and
the chemical character of the adsorbate on the adsorption of organic com-
pounds by clay samples. One type of clay sample was strongly acidic, while
the other type had a near neutral pH. Adsorption occurred much more readily
to the ac:"d clay. Conditions which affected adsorption were as fellows:
degree of water solubility, dissociation constant of the adsorbate, pH of
the clay, and surface acidity. The report also mentioned the possible
adsorption mechanisms for acidic organic compounds.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 32, 1968,
pp. 222-234.
44. ANAEROBIC .'.AGOON PRETREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTES
by
Joseph C. Hovious et al.
Petrochemical waste treatment by means of anaerobic lagoon pretrea'onent
was looked into. It was found that by correlating volumetric-organic load-
ing and temperature, design specifics can be generated for whatever lagoon
performance is desired with biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen
der.iad removal as the deciding factors.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 45, No. 1, 1973, pp. 71-84.
27
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45. ASPECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON AGRICULTURE LAND
by
S. M. King and S. A. Hart
1C is an accepted fact that certain lands should be designated only for
disposal of wastes. Land has historically been the store house of various
amounts of wastes. In addition, land should be benefited, and & buildup of
toxic materials should not be allowed to happen. It is true; soil acts as
an incinerator of biological materials and as a living filter. Although
very few of the allotted 100 acres across the world are being used as such
filters or bio-incinerators of concentrations of wastes. It has been pro-
posed that if only a small part of the hectarage be used for disposal, it
would later be beneficial as soil filters and incinerators.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
Management, October 1973, pp. 332-339.
46. ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS: SYSTEMS AND RESULTS OF TESTS FOR
INDUCTION OF MITOTIC SEGREGATION AND MUTATION
II. HAPLOID ASSAY SYSTEMS AND OVERALL RESPONSE OF ALL SYSTEMS
by
Barry R. Scott et al.
Using available disclosed literature, Aspergillus screening systems
were evaluated according to relevant information found in 58 of the 179
references collected. The 58 were divided into two groups. Group one
papers were analyzed for chemical effects on mitotic segregation in Asper-
gillus. Group two deals with Haploid Aspergillus response to a variety of
agents. The overall conclusion was that the simple haploid mutatj.onal sys-
tem and conjunctive use of diploid analysis creates a reliable screening
and in-depth analysis of genotoxic chemicals on Aspergillus nidulans.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 98, 1982, pp. 49-94.
28
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47. BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION INHIBITION SCREENING
PROCEDURES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS
by
Enos L. Stover
Two types of experiments were conducted to assess the nitrification
inhibition of three industrial wastewaters on samples of nitrifying organ-
isms. The experiments produced a list of major factors found to affect
biological nitrification. These factors were in agreement with previously
gathered data from other studied showing ammonia/nitrogen load, BOD load,
food/organism ratio, sludge age, wastewater and liquor pH, temperature,
hydraulic detention time, and tcxicity to be the most significant components
in affecting nitrification inhibition. These two procedures, when accu-
rately conducted, can produce accurate data for analyzing nitrification
rates of biological treatment systems.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste. Conference, Purdue
University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 887-895.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 11 and 23.
48. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WINERY STILLAGE
by
E. D. Schroeder et al.
This report discussed the use of biological methods for the treatment
of winery stillage waste. Aerobic methods appeared to be the most desir-
able. An important factor for an efficient system of this type is adequate
solids removal by methods such as anaerobic digestion. The report gives the
steps and procedures for this system and mentions some of the problems en-
countered. Effluents from this system may be used for irrigation purposes
or discharged into municipal sewers. Irrigation procedures should be accom-
panied' by an apparatus to detect water movement through the soil and deter-
mine any potential hazards.
REFERENCE: Food Processing Waste Management Proceedings, Cornell Agriculture
Waste Management Conference, 1973, pp. 8-20.
29
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49. BORON AVAILABILITY AS INFLUENCED BY APPLICATION OF
FLY ASH TO SOIL
by
C. 0. Plank and D. C. Martens
For a three year period, fly ash application and boron availability in
soil were tested for relationships under field conditions. From the fly
ash samples, two contained 232 and 370 parts per million of boron totally.
In application of either fly ash sample, the incorporation into a Tatum silt
loam increased alfalfa. By removal of boron, the yield increased. Initia.l
boron uptake in fly ash has availability, but lowers with time. Correlation
and decreasing data offers results that hot-water-soluble boron extractions
could possibly be utilized to predict plants with boron present in fly ash-
soil mixtures.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 38, 1974,
pp. 974-977.
30
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50. CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL BY GERBER PRODUCTS
by
Max R. Dietz and Ray C. Frodey
Disposal of cannery vastes by Gerber products became an acute problem
for Gerber and the city of Fremoni., Michigan around 1946. In 1949, Gerber
set out to build a disposal system independent of the municipal waste dis-
posal system. The first attempts were inefficient and costly. Gerber went
to ;">ray irrigation after extensive research on other canneries. Prelimin-
ary studies involved soil maps, drainage, elevations, and soil types.
Gerber chose an area under cultivation with cover crops of alfalfa, wheat,
oats, weeds, and June grass. Lateral lines were layed at lengths of 560
feet and at 60 foot intervals. Each line had fourteen spray nozzles. The
pumping system had the capacity to handle 167,000 gallons per day. The
cover crop provides advantages such as dispersing of the water before ^t
reaches the ground, take-up of some water from the ground itself, collecting
of some solids from the water before it reaches the ground, root systems
provide channels for water to infiltrate, prtventing stratification of suf-
face soil, affording more area for evaporation and prevention of erosion of
the soil. The nature of water to date has caused no apparent darage to any
cover crops. Solid wastes are screened off and are fed to hogs. These
methods of disposal are economically feasible as long as the plant is within
close proximity to the disposal area.
REFERENCE: Compost Science, Vol. 6, Autumn I960, pp. 22-25.
31
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51. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEWAGE SLUDGES AND ANALYSIS
OF THEIR POTENTIAL USE AS FERTILIZERS
by
L. E. SoiTiTners
An analysis was done on a number of different sewage sludges to deter-
mine the various concentrations of its constituents. Levels of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium were approximately the same in roost sludges while
levels of lead, zinc, copper, nickel, and cadmium varied considerably. The
use of each of these sewage sludges for fertilizer purposes should be pre-
ceeded by a detailed analysis of the substance to detect any hazardous trace
elements.
REFERENCE: Journal Environmental Quality, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1977, pp. 225-232.
52. COAL GASIFICATION WASTE DETOXIFICATION VIA LAND TREATMENT
by
Michael R. Overcash et al.
This report discusses the disposal of coal gasification wastes, pri-
marily polycyolic and heterocycle aromatic compounds by land treatment
methods. Decomposition studies concluded that this method of treatment
would be effective on practically all wastes, effluents, and sludges pro-
duced from gasification procedures. Land treatment has the advantage of
providing direct treatment of waste by-products as well as being an econca-
ical technique.
REFERENCE: Proceedings ASCE Division Environmental Engineers Specialty
Conference, August 10, 1981, pp. 468-A78.
32
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53. COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION AND TWO GASEOUS
CHEMICAL MUTAGENS ON SOMATIC MUTATION INDUCTION IN ONE
MUTABLE AND TWO NON-MUTABLE CLONES OF TRADESCANTIA
by
C. H. Nauman et al.
Mutable clone 0106 of tradescantia, its parent clone 02, and clone
4430, a hybrid of T. subacaulis and T. hirsutiflora, which was not a rela-
tive of either the 0106 or 02 used, were utilized to determine dose response
curves from X-irradiation, exposure to eithyl methanesulfonate and exposure
to 1,2-dibromoethane. The response curves for the mutagens show similar
characteristics—exponential rises followed by down turn saturation.
However, the sensitivites of the three clones to the three mutagens were not
congruent.
REFERENCE: Mutation-Research, Vol. 38, 1976, pp. 53-70.
33
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54. A COMPARISON OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND
LIMESTONE AS A SOIL AMENDMENT
by
Garth W. Volk et al.
A comparative study was made on the yield of mixed hays, alfalfa and
corn as affected by the granulated and air-cooled blast furnace slags and
limesontes. The test was to be conducted for the influence of fineness,
soil reaction, and rate of application. A combined experiment of both lab
and field work was done on their separate soils—Canfield, Meig, and Mahon-
ing. Between the crop yields and finer grades of dolomitic limestone and
air-cooled sing, there was no significant difference. This was a result of
high surface exposure. Granulated slag appeared better than air-cooled slag
or limestone. The air—cooled slag and limestone were effective in higher
crop yields when applied in equal proportions. In the greenhouse experi-
ment, both limestone and granulated slag had more of an effect than the air-
cooled slag. Crop response with applied slag was not predictable from the
soil reactions alone. In all areas of testing with carbon dioxide, the
air-cooled slag was less effective. The relationship between calcium and
liming material could therefore correct soil acidity.
REFERENCE: Research Bulletin 708, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,
1952, pp. 3-19.
34
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55. CONVERSION OF SLUDGES
INTO "TOPSOILS" BY EARTHWORMS
by
Myron J. Mitchell et al.
The role of Eisenla foetida and Lumbricus terrestris in altering the
physical and chemical properties of four different sludge types was inves-
tigated.
While some sludges are initially toxic to earthworms, microworms,
bacteria and fungi reduce this toxicity to safe levels. The physical break-
down of sludge is enhanced when converted to egesta as the surface area is
increased and quicker breakdown occurs by microbial decomposers.
Earthworms may increase the humic acid content in sludges in the ini-
tial stages of decomposition.
Earthworms may also reduce human microbial pathogens such as Salmonella
typhiinurium.
Earthworms reduce the quantity of sludge, but more importantly they
improve the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil.
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56. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE
SOAP AND DETERGENT
by-
Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA
This document presents the findings of an extensive study of the soap
and detergent manufacturing industry by Colin A. Houston and Associates for
the Environmental Protection Agency for the purpose of developing effluent
limitations guidelines, Federal standards of performance, and pretreatrent
standards for the industry to implement Sections 304, 306, and 307 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
Effluent limitations guidelines recommended herein set forth the degree
of effluent reduction attainable through the application of the best prac-
ticable control technology currently a"ailable and the degree of effluent
reduction attainable through application of the best available technology
economically achievable, which must be achieved by existing point sources
by July 1, 1977, and July 1, 1983, respectively. The Standards of perfor-
mance for new sources recommended herein set the degree of effluent reduc-
tion which is achievable through application of the best available demon-
stration control technology, processes, operating methods, or other alter-
natives.
The development of data and recommendations in the document relate to
the nineteen subcategories into which the industry was divided on the basis
of raw waste loads and appropriate control and treatment technology. Sepa-
rate effluent limitations are proposed for each subcategory on the basis of
raw waste load control and end-of-pipe treatment achievable by suggested
model systems.
Supportive data and rationales for development of the proposed efflu-
ent limitations guidelines and standards of performance are contained in
this report. Potential approaches for achieving the limitations levels and
their associated costs are discussed.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-74-018-a, April 1974, pp. 1-202.
36
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57. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE TIRE AND
SYNDETIC SEGMENT OF THE RUBBER PROCESSING
by
Effluent Guidelines Division
This document presents the findings of a study of the tire and inner
tube and synthetic rubber segments of the rubber processing industry by Roy
F. Weston, Inc. for the Environmental Protection Agency, for the purpose of
developing effluent limitation guidelines. Federal standards of performance,
and pretreatment standards for the '.'ndustry, to implement Sections 304, 306,
and 307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 USC 1251,
1314, and 1316; 86 Stat 816).
Effluent limitation guidelines contained herein set forth the degree of
effluent reduction attainable through the application of the best practi-
cable control technology currently available and the degree of effluent
reduction attainable through the application of the best available technol-
ogy economically achievable, which must be achieved by existing point
sources by July 1, 1977 and July 1, 1983, respectively. The Standards of
Performance for new sources contained herein set forth the degree of efflu-
ent reduction which is achievable through the application of the best avail-
able demonstrated control technology, processes, operating methods, or other
alternatives.
The development of data and recommendations in the document relate to
the tire and inner tube and synthetic rubber segments of the rubber proces-
sing industry. These two segments are further divided into four subcate-
gories on the basis of the characteristics of the manufacturing processes
involved. Separate effluent limitations were developed for each category on
the basis of the level of raw waste load as well as on the degree of treat-
ment achievable by suggested model systems. These systems include both
biological and physical/chemical treatment, and for the svr.chetic rubber
subcategories treatment of the secondary effluent by carbon adsorption.
Supportive data and the rationale for development of the proposed
effluent limitation guidelines and standards of performance are contained in
this document.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-74-013-a, February 1974, All pages.
37
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58. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
AND STANDARDS LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
by
Effluent Guidelines Division
The leather trailing and finishing industry characteristically is
family-owned, not very progressive or profitable, and dominated by small
plants employing less than 100 people. There are an estimated 188 leather
tanning and finishing plants in the United States today comprised of 170
dischargers to publicly owned treatment works (indirect dischargers) and 18
dischargers to waters of the U.S. (direct dischargers). Total industry flow
is approximately 52 million gallons daily (MGD), of which 47 MGD are dis-
charged to POTWs and 5 MGD are discharged directly to navigable waters.
For the purpose of establishing wastewater effluent limitations guide-
lines and standards of performance for new sources, the Leather Tanning and
Finishing Point Source Category has been subcategorized as follows:
1. Hair Pulp-Chrome Tan-Retan-Wet Finish
2. Hair Save-Chrome Tan-Retan-Wet Finish
3. Hair Save-Nonchrome Tan-Retan-Wet Finish
4. Retan-Wet Finish
5. No Beamhouse
6. Through-the-Blue
7. Shearling.
The primary criteria for subcategorizing the leather tanning and finish-
ing industry were the type of condition of animal hide processed, method of
hair removal, type of tanning agent used, and extent of finishing performed.
Plant size, age, and location, wastewater characteristics, and water usage
were also considered.
The most significant pollutants and pollutant parameters detected in
the industry's wastes in terms of occurrence and concentration include: the
conventional and proposed conventional pollutants BOD^, TSS, pH, COD, and
oil and grease; and the nonconventional pollutants ammonia, total Kjeldahl
nitrogen (TKN), and sulfide. The following toxic pollutants were found in
treated effluents at more than two plants above the nominal limits of
detection:
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2,4,6-trichlorophenol
chloroform
1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dichlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
naphthalene
pentachlorophenol
phenol
bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
toluene
chromium
copper
cyanide
lead
nickel
zinc
A total of 37 toxic pollutants were detected in raw waste discharges of
which 17 ware also detected in biologically treated effluents,
The Agency concludes that the best practicable control technology cur-
rently available (BPT) is based upon the performance of primary treatment
(coagulation-sedimentation) and "secondary" biological treatment (extended
aeration activated sludge) as practiced at plant No. 47 (subcategory No. 3)
and at the Berwick Maine POTW which treats more than 90 percent tannery
wastewater (subcategory No. 4). Treatment systems at plant No. 253 (sub-
category No. 7), a plant in the Netherlands (subcategory No. 1), and the
Hartland, Maine POTW treating 9P percent tannery wastewater (subcategory No.
1) support this conclusion because the performance of the systems equaled or
surpassed the performance of plant No. 47 and the Berwick POTW. The Agency
also concludes that the balance of the plants with direct discharge have
inadequate treatment systems and oust be upgraded to achieve effluent limi-
tations based upon BPT performance transferred from subcategories within the
leather tanning and finishing industry.
The pollutant parameters regulated by the proposed best practicable
technology (BPT) are BOD^, TSS, oil and grease, (total) chromium, arid pH.
The Agency concludes that the best available technology economically
achievable (BAT) builds on BPT technology with in-plant control, and pre-
treatment and upgraded biological treatment by powdered activated carbon
addition, and multi-media filtration. Plant No. 247 (now closed) employed
physical/chemical treatment to achieve an effluent quality far better than
required by BAT. The activated sludge system at plant No. 253 has achieved
BAT effluent quality for some of the regulated pollutant parameters for sub-
stantial periods of time. The balance of the plants with direct discharge
have inadequate treatment systems in place and technology and performance
transfer is necessary to achieve BAT effluent limitations.
The pollutants regulated by the proposed best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) and the new source performance standards
(NSPS) are BODp_, COD, TSS, oil and grease, TKN, ammonia, sulfide and pH, and
the toxic pollutants (total) chromium and (total) phenol. No effluent limi-
tations have been proposed for any other toxic pollutants. The control of
toxics other than chromium and phenol, which are found in significant con-
centrations in tannery wastewater, will be regulated by placing numerical
limitations on "indicator" pollutants, including BOD^, COD, TSS, oil and
39
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grease, TKN, ammonia, (total) chromium, and (total) phenol. EPA has con-
cluded from available data that when the indicator pollutants are controlled,
the concentrations of toxic pollutants are significantly lower than when the
indicator pollutants were present in high concentrations. The Agency con-
cludes from this data that control of the "indicator" pollutants is neces-
sary to ensure the control of toxic pollutants.
The Agency concludes that plants with ^indirect discharge contribute
substantial quantities of organic compounds and heavy metals, the most im-
portant of which is chromium, to the contamination of large quantities of
POTW sludges. In addition, the Agency concludes that the high concentra-
tions of nitrogen (particulary ammonia) in raw wastewater pass through POTW
largely untreated, and that the high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in
raw wastewaters can and do cause severe odor and health hazard problems.
In-plant controls, pretreatment of segregated streams, and primary treatment
of combined streams is the technology basis of pretreatment standards for
existing sources (PSES) to control the discharge of toxic pollutants, and
ammonia and sulfides. This level of control will increase POTWs sludge dis-
posal alternatives, improve POTW effluent quality, and essentially eliminate
odor and health hazard problems. The Agency concludes that this level of
control recognizes limitations on existing interior plant space and adjacent
land. Most plants will find it necessary to install a large portion of
these in-plant controls and pretreatment technologies to achieve PSES limi-
tations.
The Agency concludes that pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS)
should be based upon the same technology used for PSES plus physical/chem-
ical treatment to achieve BAT levels of control for toxic pollutants. The
Agency concluded this level of control would be necessary because POTW
effluent quality which incorporates PSES may not be the same as the efflu-
ent quality based on BAT for a direct discharger.
The pollutants regulated by the proposed pretreatment standards for
existing sources (PSES) are total chromium, ammonia, and sulfides. In
addition to limitations for these pollutants, the proposed pretreatment
standards for new sources (PSNS) also include limitations on the pollutants
regulated by BAT.
The Agency concludes that the total investment cost incurred by exist-
ing sources, both direct and indirect dischargers, to achieve thesa effluent
limitations guidelines (BPT and BAT) and pretreatment standards (PSES) is
$65 million, with total annualized cost of $34 million. A total of approxi-
mately 300,000 Ibs/yr of chromium will be removed by compliance with BAT
effluent limitations, and more than 2 million Ibs/yr of chromium will be
removed from POTW sludges by compliance with PSES. In addition, approxi-
mately 59 million Ibs/yr of conventional pollutants and 2.3 million Ibs/yr
of nonconventional pollutants will be removed by BAT/ and 172 million Ib9/yr
of conventional pollutants and 5.7 million Ibs/yr of nonconventional pollu-
tants will be removed by compliance with PSES.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-79/016, July 1979, All pages.
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59. DISPOSAL EFFECTS OF CITRUS BY-PRODUCTS WASTES
by
R. G. Ludwig and R. V. Stone
This study examined the disposal effects of citrus by-products wastes
at the Orange Products Division of Sunkist Growers, Inc. in Ontario, Cali-
fornia. Five" types of waste products were produced; these were: cooling
water, pectin waste, pulp press liquor, processing plant wastes, and cannery
floor washings made up the waste characteristics. The waste is disposed to
a disposal area of 220 acres divided into 4 plots, which is rotated during
the year. In the area, farming has been very successfully proportioned with
spreading operations. Most of the suspended solid waste filters out in the
first inch of topsoil, so that organic buildup forms on the surface soil. A
monitoring program has been set up to record the effects on groundwater.
This involves a sampling and analysis at least twice a year on 10 wells.
The effects on the groundwater mineral quality seem to conclude that the
mineral content of the water applied at a citrus spreading is higher than
for the groundwater, so the concentrations of the mineral ions are gradually
increasing. When the study of the citrus waste on groundwater quality was
started, it .was anticipated that the main effect on groundwater would be
organic, but the data shows that little or no pickup of organics; however,
there was a significant increase in mineral matter and some reduction in pH.
REFERENCE: Water and Sewage Works, November 1962, pp. 410-415.
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60. DISPOSAL OF HIGH ORGANIC CONTENT WASTES ON LAND
by
Ralph H. Scott
Liquid digested sewage waste, cheese manufacturing whey, and spent
sulfite liquor were studied as to their disposal liquor by land treatment.
The high organic concentrations of each waste were the primary concern.
Volume of waste applied to a given site appeared to be the main criteria
which needed to be determined. Of the projects completed, only one case
resulted in pollution of the ground water. Sewage and whey may both be
readily used as land applicants, while spent sulfite liquor disposal requires
a great deal more care.
REFERENCE: Journal of WPCF, Vol. 34, No. 9, September 1962, pp. 932-950.
61. DISPOSAL OF TANNERY WASTES
by
R. R. Parker
This paper discusses the treatment and disposal of tannery wastes.
Some treatment methods discussed included screening, sedimentation, lagoon
settling, sulfuric acid neutralization, and precipitation of chromic hydrox-
ide. The nature of the recieving medium is the principle factor in select-
ing a certain treatment method. After these processes, the effluent is gen-
erally suitable for discharge into a local sewer. The report gives a de-
tailed account of one working system, its problems, and the estimated cost
of installing spray irrigation as the primary form of disposal.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 22nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, 1967, pp. 36-43.
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62. EFFECT OF CHELATES ON THE MOVEMENT OF
FISSION PRODUCTS THROUGH SOIL COLUMNS
by
E. H. Essington and H. Nishita
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of chelates when
used to leach radioactive debris. Also Included with the chelates were dis-
tilled water and mock irrigation water. Each percolate was then tested
repeatedly on a number of radionuclides. Different radionuclides were found
to vary intensly in their ability to be leached. It was also discovered
that the use of chelates before leaching considerably affected radionuclide
movement through the soil.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 24, February 1966, pp. 1-23.
63. EFFECT OF DETERGENT APPLICATION ON THE GROWTH OF CORN
by
J. N. Judy et al.
Two types of detergents were tested to determine their effects at dif-
ferent concentrations in two types of soil on the growth of corn plants. A
slight stimulation in growth appeared where watering solutions contained low
detergent concentrations while stronger concentrations resulted in yield
decreases. The stimulation is thought to have been the result of phosphorus
in the detergent with detrimental effects arising from increased salinity,
primarily from sodium salts. Boron availability and pH fluctuation did not
seem to affect corn growth. Clay soils were found to grow plants more cap-
able of withstanding detergent applications than were sandy soils.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1973, pp. 310-
314.
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64. EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF FLY ASH ON CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.)
AND ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DISPLACED SOIL SOLUTIONS
by
C. 0. Plank et al.
Fly ash, a type of furnace residue, was applied to corn crops to deter-
mine its effect on the chemical composition of plants and soils and its
effect on plant growth. From the examination of plant tissues, no signifi-
cant increase of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, or magnesium was found. A
slight increase in the boron content was discovered. However, it was not
high enough to approach the toxic level. Soil samples taken were found to
contain increased levels of boron, calcium, magnesium, and nitrate concen-
trations while no significant increase of aluminum, manganese, potassium,
sodium, or chlorine was seen. The application of fly ash could possibly
become beneficial in that its addition to soil reduces acidity and increases
the available water holding capacity of some soil types.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 42, 1975, pp. 465-476.
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65. EFFECTS OF PH ON THE MUTAGENICITY OF SODIUM AZIDE IN
NEUROSPORA CRASSA AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
by
Craig R. Tomlinson
Neurospora crassa, resting conidia and in conidia trom heterokaryon
cultures #12 and #59 were planted at various pH values with sodium azide.
No forward mutation beyond the (adenine-3 control frequency) was observed.
Adenine-3 mutants were planted in the same manner with no reverse mutation
beyond the SET control. Data showed that pH 3 sodium azide inactivates
conidia by interaction with cytoplasm, not the nucleus, thus no mutations
took place. Dependence of sodium azide rautagenicity in relation to pH was
investigated in histidime-requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium with
suspension tests. There were no differences in the reversion frequencies
with pH values from 3 to 8. Conclusion: No pH dependency is associated
with sodium azide mutagenicity, and not growth or DNA replication is
required for mutagenicity in S. typhimurium by sodium azide.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 70, 1980, pp. 179-191.
66. EFFECTS OF SOME NITROGENOUS MATERIALS AND WETTING AGENTS ON SURVIVAL
IN SOIL OF LESION, STYLET, AND LANCE NEMATODES
by
P. M. Miller
Three types of nematodes, lesion, stylet, and lance nematodes were
studied as to their resistance to applications of nitrogenous materials and
wetting agents. Lesion and lance nematodes, which exist more in the plant
roots, were more easily injured than the stylet nematodes, which are more
coirmonly found in the soil. This is thought to be caused by the lance and
lesion nematode's lack of adjustment to substances released during decay
reactions to which stylet nematodes have adapted.
REFERENCE: Phytopathology, Vol. 66, 1976, pp. 798-800.
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67. AN EVALUATION OF THE PROPHAGE X INDUCTION (INDUCTEST)
FOR THE DETECTION OF POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS
by
William T. Speck et al.
Twenty chemical agents were analyzed by two different methods to detect
substances containing DNA-modifiying agents. One method called the Sal-
monella assay is the most widely used technique for detecting carcinogens,
but is still not capable of detecting a number of such substances. The
second method was an experimental version of prophage induction called the
Inductest, which had been modified to increase its sensitivity to carcino-
gens. It was thought that the Inductest could be used to supplement the
Salmonella assay. The analysis showed that the Inductest responded to only
three of the twenty agents, and these agents were all detected by the Sal-
monella procedure. Thus, the Inductest is not a valuable type assay in
determining these types of environmental agents.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 54, 1978, pp. 101-104.
68. EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF A SOIL USED FOR
THE DISPOSAL OF ALKALI CANNERY WASTES
by
L. R. Webber et al.
Alkali wastes containing sodium may cause salt-affected soils if
applied to soil as a method of disposal. The salinity of two such soils was
monitored for calcium carbonate equivalent, electrical conductivity, and
sodium saturation of the exchange complex. Salinity was not found to be a
problem. However, if salinity hazards did occur, calcium sulfate applica-
tions would be used to solve the problem.
REFERENCE: Food Processing-Waste Management Proceedings, Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, 1973, pp. 69-73.
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69. EXPERIMENTAL SPRAY IRRIGATION OF
PAPERBOARD MILL WASTES
by
Harold C. Koch and D. E. Bloodgood
Auglaize Division Mill of the Western Paper and Manufacturing Company
had to find another way of distributing wastewaters. Spray irrigation dis-
posal was decided to work most efficiently when compared to other methods of
disposal procedures. Applicability of spray irrigation for disposal of par-
ticular wastes has not been fully evaluated. Different sources of woods are
produced at the mills. To mention, some are of lineboard quality. Others
include paperboards, boxboards and papers. There is no cooking or wasting
of the stocks used; therefore, the main sources of wastewaters are from the
paper machines. The St. Mary, of Ohio receives the wastes from the mill.
Due to the depth and movement of waters in this stream, the application of
wastes is relatively slow. During the summer and fai: months, the water
level is at its lowest causing a small flow at this point. By recirculating
water, there is a reduction in total volume of water that was formally dis-
charged. Also there is a decrease in the total amount of suspended solids
lost ai.d to a lesser degree the total amount of soluble solids discharged.
Not all the wastes were reduced, so theve was not a sufficient prevention
toward excessive overload into the stream. Treatment by sedimentation was
considered, but this would lead to a sludgt. disposal problem; more adequate
methods were discussed. Land was purchased on which experiments with the
wastewater could be conducted. The land was bought with the amount of land
required per unit volume of waste to be disposed in thii experiments in mind.
The land was located near the Miami and Erie Canal. The land bought for
experimentation had been cultivated, and at the time of purchase, was pro-
ducing crops of alfalfa, timothy, corn, and soybeans. Piping was set up,
and the wastewaters were dispersed through a sprinkle system. Water dairs
were constructed to allow buildup of waters, and then the water was .pumped
through the pipes and sprayed on the fields. A scheduled pattern was
followed with application of waste on two different sprinkler systems.
Alternating every two days, the wastewaters were moved to different location
sprinklers. For example, sprinklers 1 and 2 were on Monday, sprinklers 3
and 4 on Tuesday, and so on. The amount of time on each sprinkler may have
differentiated with the hours the sprinklers worked. During the experiment,
alfalfa was cut three times producing beneficial crops. A crop of corn was
also planted and revealed no damage to the materials. Experienced farmers
observed the field and the crops harvested and accepted the wastewater with
proper distribution. At this time, the experiment is still in the trial
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run, but no serious problems are anticipated. The winter season tends to
raise questions with how the pipes will adjust to the cooler weather.
Icicles did form on some top plants and in various places surrounding the
sprayer, but the ponds never formed a thick layer of ice. Thus, this shows
absorption being done. The land development has increased with further
expanding of pipes, land, sprinklers and replacement of crops with grasses.
By expanding the sv&tem and program, it is expected to have a more complete
evaluation on abatement of pollution in streams. Prospects for developing
a spray irrigation disposal method, which will satisfy the needs of this
mill, are good.
REFERENCE: Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 31, No. 7, July 1959, pp.
827-835.
70. EXPERIMENTAL SPRAY IRRIGATION OF STRAWBOARD WASTES
A. D. Meightn
This project studied the feasibility of using spray irrigation for the
disposal of strawboard wastes. This system was designed to dispose of only
the portion of waste which would reduce the BOD and oTlow the remaining
waste to be disposed of in a receiving stream. This method appears to be
desirable in that waste is disposed of successfully, cover crops on dis-
posal areas are not severely damaged, and spray irrigation holds several
advantages, such as low cost and no harmful side effects which previously
used disposal methods possessed.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 13th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, 1958, pp. 456-464.
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71. FATE OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARONS IN
SEWAGE SLUDCE AFTER LAND DISPOSAL
by
D. Liu
This study determined the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in sewage
sludge after farmland disposal. One main concern was the possibility of
heavy metals and other toxic organic substances accumulating in the soil.
The application of sludge left high concentrations of petroleum hydrocar-
bons in the top layer of the soil. Some phytotoxicity was found in the
plants as a result of this accumulation. However, n-alkanes which represent
the majority of the hydrocarbons were significantly degraded after a one
year period. It is plausible that sludge treatment of some soil could, over
a period of time, increase the rate at which hydrocarbons would be degraded.
REFF.RtN'CEu Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology, Vol. 25, 1980,
pp. 616-622.
For article on related subject No. 30.
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72. FERTILITY AND TOXICITY OF CHEMICAL SEWAGE SLUDGES
by
S. A. Black and H. Kronis
To determine crop fertility and toxicity levels of sludges, studies are
being conducted regularly. The production sludge has come about by sewage
treatment applied chemically for removal of phosphorous. Several lime
sludges with traces of fertilizer supplement were used in the studies to get
the effect of greenhouse pots containing tomato seeds. Height, weight, and
chemical analyses were recorded on a weekly basis after twelve weeks of
growth. A follow-up of measurements were taken after the crop had been
harvested and replanted excluding any treatment. Application of sludge at a
rate of 10 to 80 metric tons/ha revealed beneficial increase on crops of
fertilized and unfertilized soils. The application rate of optimum proved
to be a little higher at 90 metric tons/ha. In heavy metals by the crop,
sludge seemed to increase uptake, but sludge decreased uptake of other crops.
Heavy metals did not correlate directly with the sludge applications, but
showed a higher level of heavy metals were taken up by the second crop
rather than the first crop.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
Management, October 1973, pp. 194-213.
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73. HAZARDOUS WASTES GET THE TREATMENT FOR REUSE
by
Richard A. Young
A new chemical service developed by SCA Chemical Services Company solves
the problems of handling toxic wastes in compliance with local, state, and
federal regulations. This process recovers and reutilizes raw materials.
The increased costs of raw materials has made this process economically
feasible. Those wastes with limited recoverability may be used as catalysts
in breaking down or neutralizing other wastes.
Products from waste processing can be classified into three groups: 1.
recovered or reusable organics, acids, alkalines and fuels, 2. detoxified
chemicals and treated inactive aqueous process effluent, and 3. dewatered
sludge and concentrated solid residues.
Incoming wastes are classified into five groups according to function:
1. organically contaminated aqueous waste, 2. acid recovery, 3. fuel recla-
mation and formulation, 4. acid/base redox neutralization, and 5. fuel re-
clamation and formulation. Each of the above processes is described and
diagrammed within the article.
REFERENCE: Pollution Engineering, June 1979, pp. 54-56.
74. HEAVY METALS IN SWEDISH SOILS: ON THEIR RETENTION,
DISTRIBUTION AND AMOUNTS
by
Arne Andersson
The sorption of several metals was studied in laboratory tests to eval-
uate the different effects the metals have on the soils. In acid areas,
organic substance had greater effect in adsorbing the heavy metals compared
in other minerals. Lead and chromium were the two to have the least in pH
which caused a low sorption rate. Salt effected some of the elements caus-
ing flocculation. Other metals were released by ion exchange. Clay content
had a strong correspondence with the following metals: manganese, copper,
zinc, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead, and cadmium.
REFERENCE: Swedish J. Agric. Res., Vol. 7, 1977, pp. 7-20.
51
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75. HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES FOR THE ANALYSIS
OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN MUTAGEN TESTS
by
H. J. Evans and Maurene L. C'Riordan
Both advantages and disadvantages of using human lymphocytes are sur-
veyed. All types of damages assayable are covered, both chromosome-types
and chioraatid-types. All materials, methods, and procedures are explained,
and the statistical calculations to relate the results are given.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 135-148
76. HYDROL1GIC AND QUALITY EFFECTS OF DISPOSAL
OF PEACH CANNERY WASTE
by
F. J. Hanks et al.
There has been an increased interest in the growth of the food proces-
sing industry. The disposal of cannery wastes has presented the management
with some puzzling problems. Since it is no longer acceptable to dump
wastes directly into a stream or lake or treat wastes in lagoons or sewage-
treatment facilities, the industry is turning to spreading waste on the soil
surface.
In this article, the following procedures are described: collection
and preparation of soil cores, collecting and storing waste water, treat-
ments, and measurement and analysis of wastewater. Results discussed in
this article are analyses made on samples, pH alkalinity, solids, biochemical
oxygen demand, cone effect on quality, infiltration analysis and evapotrans-
piration analysis. A lengthly part of the article is given to a discussion
of results and a conclusion.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1968, pp. 90-93.
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77. IDENTIFICATION OF TRACE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
IN TIRE MANUFACTURING PLANT WASTEWftTERS
by
Gregory A. Jungclause et al.
Effluents from two tire plants ware gathered and tested. Although the
plants measure similarly in terras of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand,
a need was seen to measure these effluents by chromatography to determine
the individual chemical components. It was found that these two plants
differed greatly in the types and amounts o£ organics let back into the en-
vironment and the relative toxicity of these pollutants. Closer tolerances
on specific compounds were advised.
REFERENCE: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 13, 1976, pp. 1894-1896.
78. INFLUENCE OF TANNERY EFFLUENTS ON SOILS AND CROPS
AND PROPER DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENTS
by
S. Varadarjan et al.
Effluent from tanneries has caused some potential problems to nearby
soil and water resources. The effluent, which is highly saline primarily
from sodium salts, is to be treated using screening, evaporation, and bio-
logical methods. Portions of the waste would then be used as fertilizer,
while some would require another disoosal method. Land which had already
been affected by the effluent was treated by flooding procedures to leach
away salts. Gypsum and organic matter applications will adjust pH and
enhance the soil's physical properties.
REFERENCE: The Madras Agricultural Journal, Vol. 57, No. 7, July 1970, pp.
345-360.
53
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79. LABORATORY PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING SPECIFIC LOCUS MUTATIONS AT
THE TK LOCUS IN CLUTURED L5178Y MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS
by
D. Clive and Jo-Anna F. S. Specter
This technique was brought about to measure mutation frequencies in
cultured mammal cells at a specific locus. Methods for using the genotypes
of thymidine kinase enzyme in quantitative analysis of forward and reverse
mutations are discussed. This test is simple, not costly, and results are
relevant to mammals, not micro biota.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 17-29.
80. LAND APPLICATION OF DREDGING, CONSTRUCTION,
AND DEMOLITION WASTE MATERIALS
by
C. R. Lee et al.
Large volumes of sediment are dredged from water ways in order to keep
them navigable each year. Many lakes, streams and coastal waters must also
be cleared. In the past, the sediments produced by these dredgings have
been discharged on land and water with little need for concern; however,
many of the harbors and water ways have become contaminated thus polluting
the dredged sediments. This raises the need for safe and responsible dis-
posal of these sediments. Construction and demolition waste material has
also become a concern in somewhat the same respect as dredging wastes.
Elements taken into consideration are composition of dredged material
methods of collection and transportation, land application potentials, legal
restrictions, and social and psychological concerns of communities near land
application sites.
With deterioration and transition of people out of the city, demolition
of older urban structures has increased. It is important to consider con-
struction and demolition wastes. The elements concerning these wastes dis-
cussed in this article are composition of wastes, methods of collection and
transportation, productive use and reclamation, social and psychological
concerns, and future trends.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials Soil Conservation Society of
America, 1976, pp. 165-178.
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81. LAND APPLICATION OF WINERY STILLATE WASTES
by
Ronald W. Crltes and Robert C. Fehrraann
The process of applying winery stillage wastes to land in California
has been done for many years. In 1979, a year long study and monitoring
program was set up. These were established in order to gather information
on odor and environmental effects of the wastes applied to the land. This
was done on the basis of understanding the operating conditions, information
from the monitoring program, and to state any necessary changes. Most of
the sites had the adequate type of sandy soil which provided satisfactory
operations. Following drying of the soil, it is tilled for a better perfor-
mance of crops. Research shows organic loading in proportioned amounts
(16,000 Ib/acre/day) of COD greatly increased the activity of soil bacteria.
Applications of BOD were given at a rate of 600 Ib/acre/day. Environment-
ally, organic matters do not cause harm, but certain constituents like
nitrate-nitrogen can leach downward into groundwaters. In some cases, immo-
bilization of the nitrogen may occur by microbial action. Accumulation of
constituents takes place primarily in the upper level of the soil with con-
centrations decreasing with soil depth. Groundwaters in the area were not
affected when tests for electrical conductivity, nitrates, and pH were run.
Finally, the report presents a design for a rapid infiltration facility.
REFERENCE: Industrial Wastes, January/February 1981, pp. 14-16.
82. LAND DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALLY TREATED WATERS AND SLUDGES
by
Stacy L. Daniels and Emery S. Conyers
This article states that while the amounts of ferric chloride added to
waste water as a coagulant during treatment is not a significant source of
trace elements that might be problematic in liquid or solid effluents, care
should be exercised when the ultimate disposal of the treated effluent is to
be on land used for agricultural purposes. High concentrations of elements
and resulting compounds may become present if the sludges being disposed of
are not monitored for elemental components and amount thereof.
REFERENCE: Watereuse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975.
55
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83. LAND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE 4TH ANNUAL RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
by
David W. Shultz (editor)
All reports presented in the 4th annual S.H.W.R.D. Research Symposium
are compiled herein. These papers are arranged in order of presentation at
the symposium. The general areas covered are methods development and
economic assessment, identification of pollutant potential, predicting trace
element migration, modification of disposal sites and wast? streams, and
alternatives for land disposal.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/9-78-016, PB 286-956, 1978, pp. 1-438.
84. LAND DISPOSAL OF MINERALISED EFFLUENT
FROM A PULP AND PAPER MILL
by
J. P. Hayman
This experiment investigated spray irrigation disposal of mineralized
pulp and paper mill effluent. Because of high sodium content in the efflu-
ent, soil ammendments, gypsum, and ferrous sulfate were applied along with
various amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers. Results
indicated that it would be possible to grow crops successfully by this
method of controlled irrigation.
REFERENCE: Progress in Water Technology, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 1039-1040,
56
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85. LANDFARMING DISPOSES OF ORGANIC WASTES
by
Dr. Carl F. Frandsen
This paper examines the controlled application of cultivation of wastes
on soil at an appropriate site in order to use micro-organisms naturally in
the soil from which they are used to decompose the organic fraction of the
wastes. There are four distinct advantages that landfarming offers: 1. to
dispose of the waste with minicum energy used; 2. the procedure is merely
odorless; 3. the application can be repeated safely at many intervals; 4.
since the landfann takes on the appearance of a plowed field, it is not an
eyesore. The site for the disposal of refineries' waste depends on the
amount of contained organic material to be biodegraded, if the landfarming
used is intensive or not, and the biodegraded rate. To spread the oily
sludge waste on the surface of the land, many refineries use tanker trucks
with pipes that distribute the waste. Periodically, samples of the subsur-
face soil are analyzed for nutrient content, oil content, and pH. The site
is also monitored to stay within the environmental regulations and to ensure
maximum efficiency of the biodegradation process. Some studies have shown
that soil properties such as porosity, nutrient level, and water-holding
capacity have been improved by landfarming. Also landfarming of industrial
organic wastes and oil sludges, without any treatment of the sludge, deposits
heavy metals in the soils. Therefore, the land is unsuitable for growing
crops for human or animal consumption, but it can be used for other purposes.
REFERENCE: Pollution Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2, February 1980, pp. 55-57.
57
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86. LAND TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
by
P. G. Hunt et al.
This study investigated the use of land treatment along with in-plant
operations for the treatment and/or disposal of most types of food proces-
sing wastes. When conditions include an uniform type of pollutant, many of
the conventional forms of treatment may be used. Food processing wastes,
however, frequently exhibit a fluctuation in waste-load making land treat-
ment a practical solution. Data on waste amounts, waste characteristics,
and treatment systems are discussed in detail. These are necessary along
with an understanding of the specific soil, plant, and microorganism
characteristics to design an effictive treatment process.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials Soil Conservation Society
of America, 1976, pp. 112-113.
87. LAND TREATMENT OF FISH PROCESSING WASTES ON
DREDGE SPOIL SITES: COMPARATIVE COST EVALUATIONS
by
Mark Meo et al.
A comparative cost analysis was done concerning the treatment of dredge
spoil sites with fish processing wa -tes. Results showed that overland flow
with marsh percolation could efficiently oi.hijve the advanced treatment
nefdcd. Previously used methods included physical separation, air floata-
tion, land treatment, and ocean disposal. Most of these were expensive r.s
well as less effective methods. Overland flow shows the lowest operational
cost because of its greater dependence on natural work services.
REFERENCE: Coastal Zone Management Journal, Vol. 3, 1977, pp. 307-318.
58
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88. LAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY PROCESSING PLANTS
by
Michael R. Overcash et al.
paper discusses land treatment systems for poultry processing
waste materials. Over thirty such systems, including spray irrigation,
overland flow options and sludge spreading have been developed. Several
advantages common to all land treatment systems were found. They included
minimal operating costs, energy conservation, and efficiency of waste dis-
charge. This project included a study comparing in-plant source control
to land treatment methods and a study which gave both a waste am! a sight
characterization. Land treatment was concluded as being the most desirable
and economic form of poultry processing waste management.
REFERENCE: 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 1979, pp.
385-393.
89. LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTAMINATION IN THE AREA
IMMEDIATELY SURROUNDING A LEAD SMELTER
by
H. W. De Roning
Examination of air, plant life, and soil was completed from lead and
cadmium samples. The plants indicated portions of lead which could threaten
animals grazing, but not human beings. Although thr cadmium from this area
was rather high compared to normal cadmium, it was not linked directly to
the smelter or the location.
REFERENCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 3, 1974, pp. 63-70.
59
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90. LITHIUM TOLERENCE OF WHEAT, BARLEY, RICE AND
GRAM AT GERMINATION AND SEEDLING STAGE
by
I. C. Gupta
Seeds of wheat, barley, rice, and gram were placed In glass petri-
dishes and moistened with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 25 ppm solutions of lithium and
allowed to germinate. Wheat and barley at germination stage were not harmed
by lithium as high as 20 ppm, but were adversely affected when the seedling
stage was reached (96 hours). Rice reacted similarly to wheat and barley.
Lithium tended to reduce the growth rate in gram seedlings at concentrations
much less than 5 ppm. In all cases, the roots were damaged more than the
shoots. The tolerance to lithium could be higher in soils than in sand
cultures.
REFERENCE: Indian Journal Agric. Res., Vol. 8, No. 2, 1974, pp. 103-107.
91. METHODS FOR DETECTING CARCINOGENS AND MUTAGENS WITH
THE SALMONELLA/MAMMALIAN-MICROSOME MUTAGENICITY TEST
by
Bruce N. Ames et al.
With the evidence obtained using this bacterial/mammalian-microsomal
assayt most carcinogens were found to bo mutagens. This test is very
economical co use and supplies quick reliable linear dose-response curves.
Herein are described the methods and procedures for ,'ts use, also, the
results from 158 carcinogens tested for rautatgenicity.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 347-364.
60
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92. MICROBIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF AMMONIUM
AND THIOCYANATE IONS IN SOIL
by
H. Gleen
This report discussed the oxidation of ammonium and thiocyanate ions by
soil micro-organisms. Ammonium ions in enriched nitrifying soils are quickly
oxidized to nitrate with only a fraction of nitrite being formed. Thiocya-
nate under similar conditions experiences a lag phase where oxidizing micro-
organisms and nitrite are built up. When both types of ions are present,
ammonium ions are metabolized to nitrite and than rapidly changed to nitrate
anions. Thiocyanate is quickly changed to ammonium sulfate, then to nitrite,
and then to nitrate. The study showed thiocyap-!te to temporarily inhibit
nitrification in soil and to affect nitrate forming organisms more acutely
than the nitrite forming type.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 168, July 21, 1951, pp. 117-113.
93. MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC — SECTION XV
CHEMICALS (STATISTICAL HIGHLIGHTS)
by
David B. Beck
Note: The miscellaneous chemicals mentioned herein are not included in
any previous section of this report.
Production, sales, and values of miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic
chemicals used for refrigerants, aerosols, solvents and chemical intermedi-
ates are listed with attention to halogenated hydrocarbons.
REFERENCE: Synethetic Organic Chemicals, 1978, pp. 307-345.
61
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94. MISCELLANEOUS END-USE CHEMICALS -- SECTION XIV
AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
by
David B. Beck
Miscellaneous end-use chemicals are r-ported on in this section.
Amounts produced, sold, and values are recorded for 1978. Cyclic and acyclic
chemicals ere both in this section. As a result of environmental legisla-
tion which restricts the use of lead aklyls in gasoline, the market is
expected to continue a decline.
REFERENCE: Synthetic Organic Chemicals, 1978, pp. 293-305.
95. MOLYBDENUM CONTENT OF PASTURE PLANTS IN RELATION
TO TOXICITY TO oATTLE
by
Isaac Barshad
An investigation was conducted to verify the assumption that molyb-
denum toxicity contributes to a disease which many cattle in the San Joaquin
Valley of California suffer from. Samples were taken from the soil, plants,
and dry cow dung and analyzed from molybdenum content. High concentrations
of molybdenum were found in areas where the abnormal conditions showed in
cattle. Legumes were found to absorb more molybdenum than nonlegumes. How-
ever, the plants appeared to be unaffected by the molybdenum. Some legumes
grown in soil of extremely low total molybdenum content appear to absorb
high quantities of molybdenum. Alkalinity in soils may increase molybdenum
solubility. Molybdenum content of plants also appears to increase with age
of the plant.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 66, 1948, pp. 187-195.
62
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96. MOVEMENT AND ACCUMULATION OF MERCURY IN
APPLE TREES AND SOIL
by
R. G. Ross and D. K. R. Stewart
Erad (phenyl mercury acetate) was applied to apple trees to determine
the behavior of mercury in the trees and the soil. Translocation was the
primary means of irercury movement within the trees with little movement due
to volatilization. Mercury in the soil is thought to exist as insoluble
sulfides which are not readily absorbed by the plant root system.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 42, No. 2, April 1962,
pp. 281-285.
97. MOVEMENT OF SELECTED METALS, ASBESTOS, AND CYANIDE IN SOIL:
APPLICATIONS TO WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS
by
Wallace H. Fuller
Using 250 references and 81 citations of related factors, this report
compiles knowledge concerning the selection and operation of land disposal
sites for wastes containing arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
copper, cyanide, iron, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc. Discussion in-
cludes soil, waste interaction, geological information, and chemical inter-
actions of both of the above with the studied elements. An informational
gap is found; information involving organic and inorganic solutes and their
interactions with the cited elements is lacking.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-77-020, 1977, pp. 1-257.
63
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98. MOVEMENT OF TWO NONIONIC SURFACTANTS IN WETTABLE
AND WATER-REPELLENT SOILS
by
W. W. Miller et al.
Soil Penetrant 3685 and Aqua Gro were tested at various concentations
in soil columns to determine their effects on the hydraulic conductivity of
the soil. Results of leaching the columns showed a decrease in flow rates
when the surfactant was present. Aqua Gro was held comparatively tight with
Soil Penetrant being more readily leached by tap water. Comparison of exper-
imental values with values obtained from a theoretical model showed incon-
sistent correlations. The model may be useful in certain cases, but its use
in the present form seems to be somewhat limited.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 39, 1975, pp. 11-16.
99. A MULTIPARAMETER OIL POLLUTION SOURCE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
by
John W. Miller
By measuring 19 diagnostic parameters, it is possible to identify a
crude oil. The crude is first fractionfd at 600+F then subjected to-the
tests. Results showed tl"«t evan as few is 6 parameters were sufficient to
determine a crude sample. GJS chroraatography of the hydrocarbons in the
sample were helpful in identification, but weathering reduces its effec-
tiveness.
By usin.s these parameters in a statistical procedure, unknowns can be
matched and identified with knowns.
REFERENCE: EPA-R2-73-221, PR-224-787, 1973, pp. 1-Q5.
64
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100. MUTAGENICITY OF ATRAZINE: A MAIZE-MICROBE BIOASSAY
by
Michael J. Plewa and James M. Gentile
Maize plants that were tested with atrazine contained a mutagenic agent
in its water soluble extract. Plants not treated with atrazine did not con-
tain mutagenic properties. The agent appears to remain active in the maize
plant at least until microsparogenesis.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 38, 1976, pp. 287-292.
101. MUTATION INDUCTION WITH UV- AND X-RADIATIONS IN SPORES
AND VEGETATIVE CELLS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS
by
Hiroshi Tanooka et al.
This study was conducted to determine the quantitative differences
between spore and vegetative cell mutation of deficient and proficient DNA-
repair function strains that were irradiated. It also questioned wheather
mutation was affected by treatment with caffeine after irradiation, as is
Escherichi coli when treated with caffeine after irradiation.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 49, 1978, pp. 179-186.
65
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102. NON-DISJUNCTION AND CROSSING-OVER INDUCED BY
PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS IN ASPERGILLUS NIDULAND
by
Margherita Bignami et al.
A means by which the non-disjunction and cross-over induced by drugs
can be tested rapidly, utilizing diploids of Aspergillus nidulans, has been
developed. This allows for semiquantitation of induced damage. One hundred
ten special drugs were tested, and thirteen of them strongly increased the
occurrence of somatic segregation. The spontaneous rate of non-disjunction
was about 1«10~^. The mutagenic drugs fall in the following classes: quin-
olines, sulfa drugs, benzodizepines, pyrazolidines, and various other drugs
with widely different compositions.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 26, 1974, pp. 159-170.
103. ONE SOLUTION TO THE PCS-DISPOSAL DILEMMA
An excellent set of guidelines for disposing of polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) was developed by Duke Power Co. The majority of the program calls for
the identification and record keeping of PCBs. It also discusses reporting
accidential spills and gives an outline of the company's spill report check-
list. Various forms of the PCBs were also categorized for shipping and
storage purposes. In addition, these guidelines include methods of spill
cheanup and environmentally safe methods of disposal using incineration and
landfill.
REFERENCE: Electrical World, Vol. 190, November 1, 1978, pp. 52-53.
66
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104. ORGANIC TOXICANTS AND PATHOGENS IN SEWAGE
SLUDGE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
by
J. G. Babish et al.
Sewage sludge can contain organic compounds that may or icay not be
degradable by soil biota. For this reason, it is suggested that sewage
sludge not be used to amend agricultural soil due to known and unknown muta-
genic or carcinogenic natures of these compounds that may be transported to
crops.
REFERENCE: Organics of Sludge, Cornell University, Special Report No. 2,
1981, pp. 1-5.
105. PAPER MILL SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON SOILS: EFFECTS ON THE YIEVD
AND MINERAL NUTRITION OF OATS (AVENA SATIVE L.)
by
S. G. Dolar et al.
Primary and secondary treatment processes were set up to study the
effect paper mill sludge would have on plant growth. In comparison with the
sludge rate, the soil weight ranged from 2.5% to 10%. In the secondary
treatment, traces of nitrogen and carbon were visible with the values of
12:2-50:1. This amount of visible nitrogen did not limit the plant growth.
However, in comparing the secondary to the primary treatment, the carbon/
nitrogen ratio organic matter was higher In the primary state. Nitrogen
fertilizer was applied to crops and fields after sludge wastes had been dis-
tributed, but the concentration of fertilizer was high. In summary of this
inforration, even after sufficient amounts of phosphorus, potassium, and
nitrogen fertilizer were applied to the soil, the growth of the plants in
time decreased.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 1, No. 4, 197'., pp. 405-
409.
67
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106. PAPER MILL WASTE WATER FOR CROP
IRRIGATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE SOIL
by
Ben D. Vercher et al.
Experiments were conducted to test the effects of using papennill waste
water to irrigate croplands. In all cases studied, beneficial results were
found from the waste water application. The crops studied which were bene-
fltted included the following: corn, rice, Coastal Bermudagrass, common
Bermudagrass, Dillisgrass and fescue. In some cases, the waste water appli-
cation would alter such conditions as pH, soluble salts, exchangeable sodium
and nitrogen content.
REFERENCE: Louisiana St. University A and M College, Agricultural Experiment
Station Bulletin No. 604, December 1965, pp. 5-46.
68
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107. PESTICIDE MOBILITY IN SOILS
III. INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES
by
Charles S. Helling
Soil characteristics acting on pesticide movement were determined by
correlation and multiple linear regress-ion studies. Soil thin-layer chroma-
tography showed mobility characteristics of 12 pesticides on 14 soils. Mo-
bility of nonionic compounds related inversely to the adsorption of similar
compounds, the capacity of field moisture, the contents of clay and organic
matter, and the capacity of cation-exchange. Mobility of acidic compounds
such as dicamba, picloram, fenac and 2,4-D correlated directly with soil pH
and inversely with picloram adsorption. Mobility of pesticides had a ten-
dency to increase with water flux.
Soils grouped according to clay content showed that montmorillonitic
clay content related directly to a tendency for movement of acidic pesti-
cides and that nonmontmorillonitic clay content related inversely.
Regression equations used usually took into account field moisture
capacity. Water flux, simazine and chlorpropham adsorption were used for
predicting movement; whereas, soil organic matter content of these parameters
were not in the regression equation.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 35, 1971, pp. 743-747.
69
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108. PLANT METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE
(EDB) TO A HUTAGEN OF GREATER POTENCY
by
Barry R. Scott
The results of this study suggest that (Dibromoethane) EDB is converted
i.o a mutagen by two reaction pathways. One way is a "Breakdown" product in
vitro; the other involves metabolic activation by plants. These rautagens
may persist in the plant tissue. Neither of the reaction pathways had been
researched fully as of date of publication.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 47, 1978, pp. 203-212.
109. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SOILS AND RECENT SEDIMENTS
by
M. Blumer and W. W. Youngblood
This report describes the natural formation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
How these substances are transported, their distribution in soil, recent
marine sediments, and environmental implications these hydrocarbons have are
also discussed.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 118, April 1975, pp. 53-co.
70
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110. POTENTIAL FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF TWO NONBIODEGRADABLE WASTES
by
William F. Ritter et al.
Land disposal of two nonbiodegradable nylon wastes were analyzed through
lab and greenhouse experiments. Eves boro sands were utilized in the exper-
iment. Studies were conducted to define the effect wastes had on ground-
water by using soil columns, soil adsorption, and soil lysimeters. The
greenhouse experiments were tested over a mixture of Kentucky 31 Fescue and
Reed Canory Grass for emphasis of phytotoxicity. The degradation rate of
wastes by soil microorganisms were analyzed in various Warbarg respirometers
and soil dehydrogenase tests. The soil column and soil lysimeter experiments
revealed levels of COD adsorption from the wastes. Certain characteristics
of the adsorption in the wastes did not fit the Freundlich or Langmuir iso-
therms. Both dehydrogenase and respirometer rests showed the wastes were
broken down slowly through a soil microorganism process. These wastes were,
therefore, considered a cause of serious groundwater infection if applied to
the soil.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1981, pp. 945-950.
71
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111. POWDERED CARBON-ACTIVATED SLUDGE-
FILTRATION PROCESSES FOR PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTEWATER
by
J. S. McBride et al.
The purpose of this research program was to determine the effect of the
addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) to petroleum refinery activated
sludge systems. Both bench-scale and full-scale tests were performed. A
wide range of PAC concentrations and sludge ages were evaluated.
Bench-scale activated sludge systems were designed and constructed.
The bench-scale units were initially operated to determine the conditions
for the full-scale test. Additional '. ench-scale tests were carried out to
evaluate conditions impractical to meet during the full-scale testing.
i
Similar remits were obtained during the full-scale and bench-scale
tests. A moderate enhancement of COD removal was observed. PAC addition
had little effect upon the removal efficiency of other contaminants or the
toxicity of undiluted effluents. An economic analysis of PAC addition was
carried out.
REFERENCE: EPA 600/S2-82-076, September 1982, pp. 1-2.
72
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112. A QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF MUTATION INDUCTION AT THE
HYPOXANTHINE-GUANINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE LOCUS
IN CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS (CHO/HGPRT SYSTEM):
DEVELOPMENT AND DEFINITION OF THE SYSTEM
by
J. Patrick O'Neill et al.
This assay measures mutation induced at the Hypoxanthine-Guanine
Phosphoribosyl Transferase Locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutant
cells which resist effects of 6-thiogurnine were labeled mutant because
6-thioguanine is lethal tc manwialian cells, but resisted by cells that by
mutation loose the enzyme-vHypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferage),
Quantitation for selection by resistance to 6-thioguanine and the experi-
mental conditions involved therein are described.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 45, 1977, pp. 91-101.
113. RAPID DETECTION OF MUTAGENS AND CARCINOGENS
by
Eve E. Slater et al.
DNA polymerase deficient bacteria are more sensitive than their parent
strain to agents that can alter cellular DNA. This attribute can be used to
screen for potential mutagens and carcinogens. The DNA polymerase deficient
bacteria used was (pd A-) rate of mutation.
This assay system is only valid when (pol A-) growth is inhibited. If
no inhibition is shown, then the agent is inactive or unable to penetrate
the cell.
REFERENCE: Cancer Research, Vol. 31, 1971, pp. 970-97.'.
73
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1U. REACTIONS OF CHROME TANNERY SLUDGE WITH
ORGANIC AND MINERAL SOILS
by
Carlos Wickliff et al.
Tannery sludge may be applied to agricultural land and used as ferti-
lizer, but four situations must be considered. First, total and available
nitrogen; second, total sal*" content; third, total and available chromium,
and fourth, th«; soil organic matter. These should be considered and applied
to the soil accordingly. For example, it can benefit crops if nitrogen is
added as an alternative fertilizer. Some tannery waste were treated with
additional chromium^ plus salt. This proved to decrease the pH in the soils.
Therefore, the tannery sludge can increase soils electroconductively up to
the highest rate of chromium^ salt. This rate was exceeding the values
suggested for good crop turnover. Tannery sludge can be applied to the soil
for productivity, but allowances must be made toward the rate of admission
and available salt content.
REFERENCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 17, 1982, pp. 61-74.
For article on related subject see No. 37
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115. RESPIRATION-DEFICIENT CHINESE HAMSTER CELL
MUTANTS: GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION
by
K. Soderberg et al.
A genetic experiment was conducted with a series of mutants of a
Chinese hamster cell that was defective in oxidative energy metabolism. The
mutations revealed a recessive characteristic in intraspecies hybrids. The
mutants consisted of thirty-five groups which were broken into eight comple-
mentation groups. One of these mutants did not complement two of distinc-
tive complementary groups. It is possible this cell was carrying two muta-
tions or a deletion. Due to the differences in frequencies with mutants,
the cells were isolated and treatment was administered with mutagens, while
spontaneous revertants appeared at unmeasurable or low frequencies. One
exception was the mutant with noticeable frequency of spontaneous reversion
was defective in mitochondria! protein synthesis, and the question brought
to mind was whether the mutation was on the mitochondrial genome. A full
scale analysis of reversion rate and comparison with rates was conducted for
other mutations consistent with a nuclear mutation. By experiments Involv-
ing fusions with cytoplast, this conclusion can be supported.
REFERENCE: Somatic Cell Genetics, Vol. 5, 1979, pp. 225-240.
116. A REVIEW OF THE ARSENIC CYCLE IN NATURAL WATERS
by
John F. Ferguson and Jerome Gavis
This report gives a review of the cycling of arsenic in freshwater. It
also discusses the chemistry of aqueous systems containing arsenic and re-
moval of the substance. Both local and global cycles are stated along with
a history of arsenic and its origin. The.danger of arsenic pollution results
primarily from natural and cultural factors. The cultural aspects, includ-
ing burning fossil fuels and the mining and processing of sulfide minerals,
account for many high concentrations of arsenic in localized freshwater
areas.
REFERENCE: Water Research, Vol. 6, 1972, pp. 1259-1274.
75
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117. SCREENING OF PESTICIDES FOR DNA INTERACTIONS BY "REC-ASSAY*
AND MUTAGENESIS TESTING, AND FRAMESHIFT MUTAGENS DETECTED
by
T. Kada et al.
The following chemicals, new pesticide ingredients, were found to be
mutagenic: a. Captan (N-(trichlonaethylthio)-4-cyclohexene-l,2-dicarboxi-
niide); b. Captafol (N-(l,l,2,2-tetrachloroethylthio-4-cyclohexene-l,2-dicar-
boximide), both base exchange mutagens; c. DAPA, Dexon (sodium-p-dimethyla-
minobenzene-diazosulfonate); d. NET, Nitrit (2,4-dinitrophenyl thiocyanate),
both framshift mutagens. These mutagens were detected by rec-assy and spe-
cifically labeled by E. coli W?2 and the Ames Salmoella system.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 26, 1974, pp. 243-248.
118. SIGNIFICANCE OF TRACE METALS AND
NITRATES IN SLUDGE SOILS
by
Robert E. Brown
Coils applied with wastewater sludge were found in some cases to accu-
mulate excess concentrations of nitrates. Hazards arising from this may
include pollution of the soil or even the groundwater. Applications of
sludge should be monitored and adjusted to balance the available nitrogen
with crop requirements, denitrification and volatilization losses to prevent
nitrogen accumulation. No specific determinations were made for trace
metals other than a positive need to control their concentrations in sludge-
amended soils such as limiting the zinc, copper, and nickel concentrations
to a certain percentage of the soil's cation exchange capacity.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 47, No. 12, December 1975, pp. 2863-2875.
76
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119. SISTER CHROMAT1D EXCHANGE AS AN ASSAY FOR GENETIC
DAMAGE INDUCED BY MUTAGEN-CARCINOGENS. I. IN VIVO TEST
FOR COMPOUNDS REQUIRING METABOLIC ACTIVATION
by
Daniel G. Stetka and Sheldon Wolff
This tests uses observable sister chromatid exchanges in animal's peri-
pheral lymphocytes induced by chemical mutagens-carcinogens. The chemicals
are injected into the animal's, then the lymphocytes are cultured and
strained with the FPG technique. Chemicals that require metabolic activa-
tion and those that do not produce increases in sifter chromatide exchange
frequencies one day after injection. Frequency then declines to control
level in under two weeks. This in vivo technique is highly sensitive in
checking the ability of agents to damage chromosomes.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 41, 1976, pp. 333-342.
120. SLUDGE FARMING OF REFINERY WASTES AS PRACTICED AT
EXXON'S BAYWAY REFINERY AND CHEMICAL PLANT
by
Robert S. Lewis
Exxon's Bayway Refinery and Chemical Plant has devised a land farming
process that allows regular deposits of oil sludge that reveals acceptance
in the soil. Materials such as oily wastes from tank cleanings and separa-
tor bottoms are being deposited on the sites selected at a rate of 150 tons/
acre/year. Economically and environmentally this process seems ty be reli-
able and sound when compared to other available disposal methods. In re-
spect of potential environment regualtions, further studies are being con-
ducted over development of work needed in the near future. Exxon feels
confident that sludge farming is an affective way ot dispensing wastes and
will gain acceptance on a continual basis.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the National Conference on Disposal of Residues
on Land, 1977, pp. 87-92.
77
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121. SOME EFFECTS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM ON SOIL FERTILITY
by
M. J. Plice
A study to determine the effects of crude-oil material on soils and
vegetation was conducted in 1938. Observations of natural contaminations
were also made. While previous studies revealed that petroleum may have a
stimulating effect on plant growth (perhaps due to bacterial decomposition
of the hydrocarbons), damage occurred in many instances as well. The extent
and duration of the damage to the soil depends on the degree and depth to
which it is saturated with oil. The damage was rarely due to toxicity of
the petroleum, but was due to the obstruction of moisture and air to the
plant roots. Reclamation of oil-damaged soils can be achieved through
naturally occurring biological processes and cultivation.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, Vol. 43, 1948, pp. 413-416.
For article on related subject see No. 40.
122. SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX): A NEW TEST SYSTEM FOR STUDY OF
GENETIC PARAMETERS AS AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENS
by
B. K. Vig
Some soybean plant varieties have dark green, yellow, or double leaf
spots. It is known that these spots are phenotypes controlled by the Yi]Y..,
yilvll» and ^nYii~yiiyii genotypes. When treated with known mutagens, the
plant responds by changing the frequency of which these spots occur. It was
stated that these changes were due to somatic crossing over, point mutations
and segraental losses. This response could possibly be used to study patterns
of mutagenic action on the cellular level.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 49-56.
78
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123. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF EFFLDENTS
CONTAINING DEINKING WASTE
by
Wesley A. Flower
This paper studies a spray irrigation project which has been developed
for the disposal of effluents containing deinking waste. Spray irrigation
is a prime choice because of _ts high BOD removal as well as being one of
the most economical forms of disposal. Spray irrigation also solves various
other treatment problems like persistent color and high concentration of
settled solids in the effluent. The study concluded that in most situations
modifications could be made to utiJize spray irrigation as the primary
source of deinking waste disposal.
REFERENCE: Tappi, Vol. 52, July 1969, pp. 1267-1269.
124. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF CERTAIN SULFATE PULP MILL WASTES
by
Stuart C. Crawford
This report discussed the use of spray irrigation as a method of sul-
fate pulp mill wastes. Predictions were made as to the ability of the soil
to absorb the waste. Actual experiments resulted in the soil absorbing
larger portions than expected. Spray irrigation proved to be an adequate
treatment method which may be inprov*d with future use. Soil pH was on the
p.verage increased while organic matter and mineral content suffered little
change. Corn, peanuts, soybeans, and a number of types of vegetables were
grown on treated land. Of the ones tested, both yield and quality were
increased. The report then briefly outlines the installation cost of this
system. The study concluded the spray irrigation, in this case, was an
efficient waste treatment system which provided some benefits to the envi-
ronment.
REFERENCE: Sewage Works Journal, Vol. 30, No. 10, 1958, pp. 1266-1272.
79
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125. SPRAY IRRIGATION JF WASTES FROM THE MANUFACTURE OF HARDBOARD
by
Ward C. Parsons
Spray irrigation can be a. good way of disposing waste, but the methods
that need to be employed to operate a spray irrigation system safely and
efficiently are not simple or constant from one location to another. This
report is an account of 5 years of operation of a spray irrigation system
disposing of hardwood manufacturing effluent, the advantages and disadvan-
tages thereof.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 22nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, 1967, pp. 602-607.
126. SYSTEMATIC HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE ASSESSMENTS
by
R. B. Evans et al.
The purpose of establishing a systematic assessment method is to esta-
blish criterion and objectives in dealing with hazardous waste sites. Three
main criterion for preliminary site assessment are evaluating the magnitude
of the hazard, identifying the source and the nature of the release, and
evaluating the factors that determine the necessity of immediate removal.
Fulfilling objectives in terms of subsurface characteristics follow three
main courses of action: 1. determining the hydrogeological characteristics
of the site, 2. locating and mapping leachate plumes, and 3. locating and
mapping buried wastes.
There are many remote sensine and assessment techniques that have just
now come into use. These techniques alleviate the use of extensive drilliniz
to obtain aeologic information; however, surface testing is still invaluable.
An extensive case study of an attempt to locate and assess a hazardous
landfill is described within this article. A list and description of a
multitude of sensing techniques is also provided. Two tables and twelve
figures are provided at the end of the article.
REFERENCE: Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab. & Technology, Inc. pp. 1-37.
For article on related subject see No. 8.
80
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127. TRACE ELEMENT AND PLANT NUTRIENT CONSTRAINTS OF
RECYCLING SEWAGE SLUDGES ON AGRICULTURAL LAND
by
A. L. Page and A. C. Chang
This paper discusses applying sewage sludge to agricultural land as to
soil amendment. Supplemental nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are bene-
ficial to most soils as is the organic matter content found in sewage sludge.
The main problem with this type of disposal is the possible accumulation of
trace elements such as barium, cobalt, chromium, manganese, nickel, mercury,
and tin. Most of these trace elements are toxic to plants when present in
high concentrations which could occur from sewage applications. There is
the possibility of groundwater contamination should any of the higher trace
element concentrations be leached over an extended period of time.
REFERENCE: Watereuse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
pp. 201-209.
128. TRACE ELEMENTS IN SEWAGE SLUDGES
by
M. L. Berrow and J. Webber
Large concentrations of certain trace elements were found in 42 sewage
sludges from rural and industrial towns in England and Wales. Total con-
tents of 52 zinc, nearly 1% chromium and copper, and .5% nickel were found
in certain dried sludges. Total contents of copper, tin, and zinc, and to a
lesser degree, silver, bismuth, and lead were much greater than the levels
of the elements in soils. Total contents of chromium and nickel were very
high in a small number of samples. Acetic acid-soluble zinc and copper
levels were higher than in soils. Percentage solubilities of manganese,
nickel, and zinc were higher than chromium, copper, molybdenum, lead, tin,
and vanadium. Zinc, copper, and nickel seemed to be the elements most
likely to be toxic to plants from using sewage sludge as a soil additive.
REFERENCE: Journal Science Fd. Agriculture, Vol. 23, 1972, pp. 93-100.
81
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129. USE LAND FARMING FOR OILY WASTF. DISPOSAL
by
G. W. Grove
Three ways of disposing oily and biological sludge are discussed and
compared. Land farming is concluded as being more environmentally, econom-
ically, and energy efficient then either direct landfill or incinerated ash
landfill disposal.
REFERENCE: API Refining Meeting, 1978, pp. 138-UO.
130. USE OF A SIMPLIFIED FLUCTUATION TEST TO DETECT
LOW LEVELS OF MUTAGENS
by
M. H. L. Green et al.
This fluctuation test is a simple and an accurate means for detecting
mutagenicity. It overcomes the problem of which mutation is spontaneous,
and which is induced by measuring the spontaneous mutation rate first; then.
observing the induced nutation throughout the experiment. Because of the
high sensitivity of this test, it makes it useful in detecting low level or
weal mutagens not usually detected by other tests.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 38, 1976, pp. 33-42.
82
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131. THE USE OF DIFFERENT TEST SYSTEMS WITH YEASTS FOR THE
EVALUATION OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED GENE
CONVERSIONS AND GENE MUTATIONS
by
M. Loprleno et al.
By using yeasts in a laboratory, it has been predicted that experiments
related to humans are a concern with genetic alterations when exposed to
chemical genotoxics. Single and double yeast cells were treated in a test
tube with the presence of mouse liver raicrosonies. Additional substances
were living organisms from the peritonean of the mouse. With different
methods to assay the genetic activity of a compound, the metabolic movement
taking place in the mammalian body can be analysed. Reliable extrapolation
could become more of a reliable source from laboratory experiments to man
himself.
The comparison between doses and frequencies of induced genetic effects
are explained by equations taken following regression analysis of the data.
This allows a very good comparison between the different methodologies and
genetic systems. Forward-mutations scored phenotypically represent one of
the genetic systems on a nonselective radium. Five loci with different sen-
sitivity were induced with mutations. Then an average data of mutation-
induced loci were analysed.
The second system was a selective medium mitotic gene-conversion which
was given to two loci with different kinetics.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe and diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
were then analysed for evaluation ot gene-mutation and gene-conveysicn.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 25, 1974, pp. 197-217.
83
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132. USE OF THE SPOT, PLATE AND SUSPENSION TEST SYSTEMS FOR
THE DETECTION OF THE MUTACENLCITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
AGENTS AND CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA
by
Tong-Man Ong
Spot, plate, and suspension tests in Neurospora crassa, using N23 and
N24, are satisfactory replacements for the adenine-3 forward-mutation system
for screening rautagenic activity of environmental agents and chemical car-
cinogens. N23 can be reverted to adeninc-independence from adenine depen-
dence by agents which cause base-pair translations. N24 is revertable by
frameshift mutagens. Both N23 and N24 are highly sensiti/e to mutagens.
Reversion is possible only by a specific group of chemicals.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 53, 1978, pp. 297-308.
133. THE USE OF YEAST CULTURES FOR THE DETECTION
OF ENVIRONMENTAL MUTACENS USING A FLUCTUAflON TEST
by
James M. Parry
This study modified a roicrcbial fluctuation to increase its sensitivity
in the detection of environmental mutagens-. Various strains of yeast were
found to be acceptable for use in the fluctuation test. This type of test
is more tine consuming than other methods; however, it is much mote sensi-
tive especially at low concentrations. Some problems may occur in testing
agents with high toxicity levels because of growth reduction of cells. By
using appropriate cultures and conditions, this method can be useful In
detecting environmental rautagens.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 46, 1977, pp. 165-176.
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13A. WATER QUALITY IN RELATIONS TO FERTILIZATION
AND PULP MILL EFFLUENT DISPOSAL
by
Kenneth G. Watterston
This paper discusses the relationship of water quality to pulpmill
effluent disposal by irrigation and fertilization in forestry areas. The
only problems fertilization pose in forestry operations arc far outweighted
by its benefits to vegetation. Pulp mill effluent disposal on the other
hand has been found to cause some problems prir.arily because of its high
sodium concentration. The sodium ions cause excess dispersion in fine-
textured soils which inhibits further irrigation. Sodium ions in coarse
soils lack the amount of dispersion needed to prevent percolation which
could lead to subsurface water contamination.
REFERENCE: The Consultant, Vol. 16, 1971, pp. 91-92.
135. WOOD-DERIVED TOXIC COMPOUNDS: REMOVAL FROM
MILL EFFLUENTS BY WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES
by
Dwight B. Easty et al.
Comparison was made as to the removal of resin, nnsaturated fatty acids,
their chlorinated analogs, chlorinated guaiacols, and epoxystearic acid
between several waste treatment systems. It was found that aerated lagoons
and air-activated sludge systems could remove up to 1002 of the toxicants
from kraft and sulfite mill process effluents, while oxygen-activated sys-
tems produced lower percentages of removal. Alum precipitation, lime pre-
cipitation, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration were other systems reviewed
and reported on in this report.
REFERENCE: Tappi, Vol. 61, Xo. 10, 1978, pp. 57-60.
85
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136. THE ABSORPTION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS BY FORAGE PLANTS:
I. THE PHOSPHORUS, COBALT, MANGANESE, AND COPPER
CONTENT OF SOME COMMON GRASSES
by
Kenneth C. Beeson et al.
Troubles occasionally occur in animals that have generated from poor
nutrients in the forage they consume. Studies over phosphorus, cobalt,
manganese, and copper were compared and analyzed among 15 samples of grasses.
They were grown in a greenhouse under uniform conditions revealing Kentucky
bluegrass; the most absorbant of high qualities of all these elements except
manganese. One of the least nutrient based grasses, Timothy, proved to be
lowest among these elements mentioned. There was not an overall correlation
among the elements found in the tested grasses. Comparable compositional
gasscs have been placed together for further survey.
REFERENCE: Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 39, 1948, pn.
356-362.
137. ACCUMULATIONS OF LEAD IN SOILS FOR REGIONS OF HIGH
AND LOW MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC DENSITY
by
A. L. Page and T. J. Ganjc
This study compared the accumulations of lead in soil whtre automobile
traffic density was high to soils with low traffic density. Over a forty
year period small accumulations were found to high density areas while no
accumulation occurred in areas of low automobile txaffic. No potential
hazards are forseun in that lead accumulation has not been found to reach
high enough concentrations to be toxic to plants or to accumulate in any
significant amounts in the.plant tissue.
REFERENCE: Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, February
1S70, pp. UO-142.
86
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138. AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM SOILS
by
Harry A. Mills et al.
Crops have been known to grow under better conditions if the fertilizer
is applied on soil reaction near neutrality. Tests have shown if
soil pH turns into alkaline, a nitrogen loss of Nil3 occurs during volatiliz-
ation. The basis of this study was to find if a healthy crop could lower
the volatilization of nitrogen and in particular soils with pH / and above.
The soil was placed in a closed system, and all the NHj vas accumulated and
drawn out by air and then gathered together. As a part of measurement, the
NH3*N gathered from the soil is judged for function of time, soil pH, pre-
sence or absence of seedlings, and nitrogen amount applied. Soil reaction
did occur when NH^*N was applied and caused ammonia losses. At pH 7.2,
great inflection of NH3-N loss happened. NH3-N losses reduced in plants
around 60% when in alkaline soils and even greater reduction in acidic or
neutral soils. The conservation of nitrogen occurred through fast absorp-
tion of NH^±N in the plant roots.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 66, May-June 1974, pp, 355-358.
139. ARSENIC FIXATION IN RELATION TO THE STERILIZATION
OF SOILS WITH SODIUM ARSEN1TE
by
R. S. Rosenfels and A. S. Crafts
This report examined the sterilization of soils with arsenic by deter-
mining the fixation of arsenic compounds in various soils. Fixation was
highest in heavy soils, which also required the most arsenic to sterilize
them. Fixation occurred at varied rates in diffe-ent soils. Data gathered
on fixation ar vrall as information from calculations from an equation were
used to explain were used to explain toxicity in light of arsenic fixation.
REFERENCE: Hilcardia: A Journal of Aaricultural Science. Vol. 12, So. S,
1939* pp. 203-229.
87
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140. BIOGEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN AREAS OF COPPER-TIN
MINERALIZATION IN SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND
by
Anthony P. Millman
Biogeochemical studies were done to determine the content of copper,
tin, zinc, lead, and silver in an area of oak, birch, willow, and beech
growing in a zone of copper-tin mineralization in south-west England. Three
abandoned copper and tin mines, as well as areas known to be free of mineral-
ization, were sites where both soil and plant traverses were conducted. A
semi-quantitative spectrographic analysis was made of plant ashes and soil
samples. The results of this study were compared with similar studies pre-
viously done in Southern Nigeria and Northern Rhodesia. The results of this
study reveal an association between trace amounts of ore metals found in
plants growing in mineralized soils. Lead wao found to concentrate in the
twigs of trees rather than the leaves, while copper, tin, zinc, and silver
concentrate in the leaves. However, certain trees are better indicators of
this than others. This study is intended to aid in prospecting for ore
metals.
REFERENCE: Geochemical et Cosmochimica Acta., Vol. 12, 1957, pp. 85-93.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 23 and 45.
141. BORON ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIUM IN SOILS
by
S. Shah Singh
This article shows the boron adsorption capacity in soil depends on soil
texture. Langmuirs adsorption equation was found to be accurate when solu-
tions liad limited concentrations, but when all concentrations were checked,
the values followed a quadratic curve which was identified as the BET form
of adsorption isotherm relation.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 98, 1964, pp. 383-387.
88
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142. BORON IN CULTIVATED SOILS AND IRRIGATION WATERS
by
F. T. Bingham
Soron is an essential nutrient of some higher green plants. Low con-
centrations of boron can be phytotoxic to various plants. The range between
boron being beneficial or toxic toward a plant is very narrow. Concentra-
tions between 0.05 to 0.10 pgrams of boron/ml are usually safe and sufficient
for - •.. nts. For excessive concentrations of boron focused on plants,
the range would be 0.50 to 1.0 vgrams of boron/ml.
Boron is found in organic matter, different soil minerals, and soil
solutions. Boron is found in the three places just mentioned, but frequently
in soil minerals. Much of boron is contained in minerals resistant to
weathering, but it is also covered in organic fractions in soils. Boron is
found in small amounts and primarily in surface soils. Organic fractions
mineralize causing boron to redistribute among the water systems in the soil,
which is beneficial to plant growth. Most boron serves as fertilizer or is
utilized in irrigation waters which remain in soil solutions.
Three factors are considered wifb boron: the adsorption concentration,
the soil formations pH, and th«» Active units of adsorption. It is sug-
gested that boron is ab=siDed in acid conditions as a molecular boric acid.
The water-soluble boron is most frequently found in soil solutions which
tend to work toward building up the plant. Dealing with boron in water-
irrigation showed concentrations with as much as 1.0 ugrams or more, causing
symptoms of injury toward certain orchard leaves. In some cases, where
boron was found in heavy concentration, rain diluted the strength and it
could be adsorbed at a greater excess for beneficial plant growth.
REFERENCE: Trace Elements in the Environment, 1973, pp. 130-138.
89
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143. CATIONIC EFFECTS ON SULFATE ADSORPTION BY SOILS
by
Tsun Tien Chao et al.
This experiment showed the effects of cations on sulfate adsorption by
soils. The amount of sulfate adsorption in soils saturated with various
charged cations followed the order of chemical valency. The effects dif-
ferent cations had on adsorption were mainly related to pH; however, the
specific type of cation did have some influence. Increasing the concentra-
tions of sesquioxides, amorphous substances and exchangeable aluminum was
found to subsequently increase pH influence.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 17,
1963, pp. 35-38.
144. THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF ARSENIC IN SOILS:
I. CONTAMINATED FIELD SOILS
by
E. A. Voolson et al.
A comparison of soils treated with arsenic and non-treated soils showed
a difference as high as 165 ppm arsenic and as low as 13 ppm arsenic. This
study was taken from a number of 58 soil samples treated with arsenic.
Various forms of arsenic weie found, for example, in residual areas as iron-
arsenic. This procedure of detecing such arsenic was accomplished with
modified soil phosphorous. Aluminum and calcium-arsenic were other forms
present in the soil. It was found that if certain amounts of reactive
aluminum and calcium were high, then the reactive iron would be low. Plants
revealed a tolerance to large applications of arsenic in soils containing
highly reactive aluminum. Testing the contaminated and uncontaminated soils,
a comparison of growth deduction and arsenic fragments showed a difference
of 0.74 and 0.82.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35, 1971, pp.
938-943.
90
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145. COBALT CONTENT OF TYPICAL SOILS AND PLANTS
OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
by
Giichi Fujimoto and G.. Donald Sherman
Small quantities of cobalt in the diets of cattle and sheep have been
thought to be instrumental in the prevention of bush sickness, a nutritional
disease. An investigation was conducted to determine if a cobalt deficiency
does exist in Hawaiian soils which might contribute to the occurrence of
"Molokai Disease", a disease similar to bush sickness, which many Hawaiian
cattle suffer from.
The investigation revealed that cobalt values range from 5 to 156 parts
per million, the average of SO samples being 36.1 parts per million, which
is mid-range compared with soils world wide. The cobalt content of Hawaiian
plants was found to be much higher comparatively. Values ranged from 0.20
to 7.50 parts per million. There appeared to be no correlation between
cobalt content of the soil and that of the plant.
The possibility of a cobalt deficiency contributing to nutritional
diseases in Hawaiian cattle has been eliminated as a result of this study.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 42, No. 12, December 1950, pp. 577-581.
146. A COMPARISON OF BORON DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
AND POTATO LEAFHOPPER INJURY ON ALFALFA
by
W. E. Colwell and Charles Lincoln
Until recently, there has been no sure way to differentiate between
boron deficient alfalfa and alfalfa acted upon by the potato leafhopper.
This study did a comparative analysis on the symptoms of each. The most
reliable way found to distinguish between the two is the distribution of
discoloration on the plant. Other useful signs include the shortening of
the terminal internode and an abnormality of the terminal bud in boron-
deficient plants. These findings are substantial because some farming areas
have boron-deficient and/or leafhopper infestation in alfalfa.
REFERENCE: Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 34, 1942, pp.
495-498.
91
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147. CONTAMINATION OF SOILS NEAR A COPPER SMELTER
BY ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND LEAD
by
Eric A. Crecelius et al.
This paper discusses the relatively high concentrations of arsenic,
antimony, and lead in soil surrounding a ccpoer smelter. These high con-
centrations were measured in the thin upper layer of the soil which shows
little leaching at further depths. High concentrations of these elements
were found up to ten kilometers from the plant. The copper smelter is the
primary contributor to the arsenic and antimony elevation while high levels
of lead at greater distances from the smelter are believed to be the result
of automobile exhaust fumes.
REFERENCE: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 3, 1974, pp. 337-342.
148. CONTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER AND CLAY TO SOIL CATION-EXCHANGE
CAPACITY AS AFFECTED BY THE PH OF THE SATURATING SOLUTION
by
Charles S. Helling et al.
Sixty soils from Wisconsin were tested for the effect buffered solution
had on cation-exchange. These soils were tested between pH levels of 2.5
and 8.0. The independent variables were of contributed contents of clay and
'organic matter of total CEC. In the cation-exchange capacity, the pH ranged
from 2.5 to 8.0 allowing an average cation-exchange capacity of the organic
matter to range from 36 to 213 mg, per 100 g. Within the clay and organic
matter of CEC, the linearly increased with the pH. The cation-exchanga
capacity varied in these soils fron- 19% at pH 2.5 to '«5% at pH 8.0. The
mean of the organic matter and clay contents were 3.28* and 13.3% respec-
tively. The coefficients of multiple correlation varieJ from 0.927 at pH
0.959 at a pH level of 8.0.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 28, 1964, pp. 317-520.
92
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149. COPPER TO MOLYBDENUM RATT0 AND MOLYBDENUM
AND COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT FEEDS
by
J. E. Miltimore and J. L. M?son
Seven typical ruminant feeds were chosen from areas all over British
Columbia. These hays and grains were to be treated for concentration of
molybdenum and copper and then copper/molybdenum ratio. To cause copper
deficiency the copper/molybdenum ratio would have to be less than 2 in the
samples. Grass hays and sedge hays differed in their ratio of copper/
molybdenum. Sedge hays were 2.1 which left the grass hays U,k ratio more
than half the mean of sedge hays. Remaining mean ratios were as high or
higher than 5.0.
Nineteen percent of the samples were 2.0 or below. The lowest copper/
molybdenum being 0.1 ranging as high up as 52.7. This shows an extreme
variability in the copper/molybdenum ratios. Molybdenum concentrations were
found to be as low as copper concentrations. As copper increased in concen-
tration, the copper/molybdenum increased when all the foods were compiled
together. As copper increased, molybdenum concentration would increase,
then decrease, and once more increase to the sample level of copper concen-
tration. Of all feeds, only 12 were above 8.0 ppra molybdenum; 79 and 9.9
ppm had the highest value. In the copper concentrations, 3.0 ppra was- the
lowest of sampling and 10.0 ppm was the highest concentration ratio of the
feeds.
This data confirms there is a high nutritional variability from copper/
molybdenum ratio concentration. This also proves low copper levels within
the feeds, hays, and grains. To find the need for supplementation of copper,
tests were done on copper and molybdenum. Of all the information on copper
and molybdenum, this seems to be the first extensive form of information.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 51, April 1971, pp.
193-2CO.
93
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150. CROP GROWTH AND WET SOIL
CHAPTER 2
by
Jans Wesseling
This report presented information pertaining to the influence of drain-
age on soil aeration, soil temperature, and nitrogen availability. The
report reviews possible problems associated with wet soil conditions. These
problems include oxygen, ammonia and nitrate deficiency, and reduction of
soil temperature; all of which are detrimental to various plant life. The
paper concluded that plants respond to water-table depth and wet soil condi-
tions diff irently depending on growth stage of the plant, time of the year,
and plant type.
REFERENCE: Drainage for Agriculture, Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 7-37.
151. CROP RESPONSE TO EXCESSIVE ZINC FERTILIZATION OF ALKALINE SOIL
by
Louis C. Boawn and P. E. Rasraussen
Plants in this series of experiments were tested for endurance of zinc
fertilization. Various field crops and vegetable crops were treated for
zinc concentration in a similiar atmosphere. These crops were tested from a
range of 10 to 500 ppms of zinc in alkaline soil for a response for the
level of zinc concentration and dry matter yield decrease (YD). Most of the
crops concentration levels were located between 400-600 ppro of zinc. An
example of the variety of crops end their sensitivity to zinc were the grass
crops being the most sensitive with 40X yield decrease or greater. Alfalfa,
tomato, and lettuce were in the category between 20% and 40Z. White potato,
clover, and snap beans did not undergo any drastic yield decrease. Most
crops were able to withstand concentrations up to 200 ppms of zinc, and a
maximum of 300 before malformation. The only symptom visible due to the
zinc treatment was a stunting in the crop, but the coloring and form remained
the same.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. £3, November-December 1971, pp. 874-876.
94
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152. DAMAGE TO CANE SOILS BY ARSENIC
by
H. W. Kerr
Studies from entomologists have shown certain information about using
white arsenic. It has been used for many years as a grub control, but has
recently been revealed as being costly and damaging to the soil. If the
application of white arsenic is stopped, it will still be a number c" years
before the soil has cleansed itself of the arsenic. An analysis o.f a
farmer's soil, which he had used extensive amounts of arsenic, rev«-..led a
rate of 600 ppra.
REFERENCE: Cane Growers' Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 6, April 1, 1939, p. 189.
153. DESIGN OF TILE DRAINAGE FOR FALLING WATER TABLES
by
Jan van Schilfgaarde
A knowledge of the requirements of crops to be grown, the quantitative
measurements of proper soil properties, and the use of these data into an
equation are essential for the design of a drainage system. The purpose of
this article is to present a sound procedure for the determination of the
appropriate depth and spacing of tile drains, in view of the soil character-
istics and the desired rate of draw-down of the water table. The procedure
accounts for the effect of convergence of flow towards the drains and
avoids the common assumption of water-bearing stratum of constant thickness
even though the procedure was based on the Dupuit-Forchheimer theory. A
similar procedure that did not use these two features were compared.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, June 1963, pp. 1-11.
95
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154. DETERMINING SOIL PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 23
by
Herman Bouwer and R. D. Jackson
This report presented a description of techniques and formulas used to
determine a number of physical soil properties. Tht properties discussed
were hydraulic conductivity, tillable pore space, unsturated hydraulic con-
ductivity, the soil-water pressure head, the volumetric water content, water-
table position and the oxygen diffusion rate. The significance of these
properties is that they are used for such things as calculating drain spac-
ing, water content distribution, and for determining the soil aeration
status in drainage response studies.
REFERENCE: Drainage for Agriculture, Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 611-672.
155. DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES TO SOIL CADMIUM
by
Sam F. Boggess et al.
Cadmium exhibits a higher capacity of toxic agents among redistributed
trace elements. From the results of differing toxics found in cadmium,
plants show a variety of displaying adsorption and exhibiting. It has not
been comprehensively proven that cadmium uptake and/or susceptibility can
have differing varieties in one plant. A certain amount of prominent soy-
bean selections were grown and tested for cadmium from sewage sludge applied
soils. Cadmium toxicity symptoms varied from a color range of red tc purple
and included severe leaf curling. When cadmium increased, the dry weight in
the soil decreased. Three different cadmium chloride soils applied respec-
tively were found to correlate with one another and likewise with relating
cadmium concentrations from soils amended with sewage sludge. The nature
soybean did not correlate with visual affects, dry weight decrease or cad-
mium densification. Dunfield, Karosoy, Arksoy, Dare, Flam beau, and Scioto
were largely acceptable to cadmium chloride amended soils. Clark, Mukden,
Mandarin and Lee were less susceptible.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 70, September-October 1978, pp. 756-760.
For article on related subject see No. 14.
96
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156. THE DISTRIBUTION AND NATURE OF ARSENIC IN THE SOILS
OF THE BATHURST, NEW BRUNSWICK DISTRICT
by
E. W. Presant and W. M. Topper
Total arsenic was found in the levels of 20 podzol soil profiles with
mean values ranging froia 2 ppm in A0 horizons above non-mineralized bedrock
to 1,270 ppm in the C horizon over sulfide deposits.
The amount of arsenic associated with the 0.1 N HCI soluble, organic
and free iron oxide fractions was found in the horizons of six profiles,
arsenic demonstrated little tendency to combine with humus near the surface.
Arsenic tended to concentrate in the B horizons linked with the secondary
iron oxides. It was deduced that there was a probable arsenic-sulfide rela-
tionship from the high total arsenic values found in the lower horizons
above sulfide deposits. A more reliable measure of sulfide deposits can be
found in the B or horizons rather than in the An horizons.
REFERENCE: Economic Geology, Vol. 61, 1966, pp. 760-767.
157. AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF HYDROCARBON-OXIDIZING MICRO-ORGANISMS
by
J. G. Jones and M. Ann Edington
A two year survey was completed over microflora from upland moorland
soil and underlying shale. Some of the samples were taken from depth of 5,
20, and 40 cm. Samples of hydrocarbon-oxidizing organisms were present in
all tests occurrences. Twenty cm of the higher proportion of the population
was capable of utilizing hydrocarbons as sole energy and carbon source.
Hydrocarbons were capable of stimulating respiration in all the samples. En
was least effected when compared to the other samples. If the level of
hydrocarbon oxidation is on a high level, there is a level of lipid and
hydrocarbons present. The adaptation of raicrobial populations can also
raise the level of hydrocarbons oxidation. Oxidization in the longer chain
n-aliphatic hydrocarbons rather than short chains reacted in the organisms.
REFERENCE: Journal ~
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158. THE EFFECT OF ACID MINE WATER ON FI.OODPLAIN SOILS
IN THE WESTERN KENTUCKY COALFIELDS
by
R. L. Blevlns et al.
The effect of acid mine water on soils and plant growth was tested under
laboratory and greenhouse conditions. An increase in the acidity level of
soils as a result of high aluminum ion concentrations proved harmful to p.lar.t
growth. Treatment oT polluted soils was most efficiently accomplished by
soil amendments of both lime and phosphorus. Treatment of land which has
been contaminated with such wastes includes: 1. an adequate drainage system,
2. prevention of further contamination, and 3. the application of fertilizers
and soil pH adjusters such as lime.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 3, October 24, 1969, pp. 191-196.
159. THE EFFECT OF ANIONIC AND NONIONIC DETERGENTS
ON SOIL MICROFIJNGI
by
Benny K. H. Lee
A comparison was made between the effects of anionic and nonionic
detergents when used as a carbon source for several types of fungi. Dif-
ferent concentrations of each detergent were tested. The anionic type showed
greater availability of carbon and possibly nitrogen is well as caused a
lesser amount of growth inhibition of the fungi. Several other various
characteristic changes of the fungi were altered by both types of detergent.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Botony, Vol. 48, 1970, pp. 583-589.
98
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160. THE EFFECT OF ARSENITE OF SODA ON THE SOIL
by
W. T. McCeorg.2
For a number of five years, Hawaii has used arsenite of soda as a spray
to kill weeds. Through intense and extensive studies, this arsenite is
thought to have an indefinite affect. The use of the arsenite was most
effective, and the cost was rather cheap. The arsenite of soda was prepared
in two forms; one being of acidic type and the ether neutral sodium arsenite.
These proved to be most effective on killing weeds, but plant ^rowth was
effected in turn by the poison. Water movement was haulted within the soil
causing an altered state of the soil. In conclusion, the tests showed heavy
amounts of rains did not remove the arsenite of soda that had accumulated
over the years. There is ro danger from using the arsenite to kill weeds,
but to be aware not to use it in large amounts.
REFERENCE: Hawaii Agricultural Experimental Station, June 10, 1915, pp.
1-16
161. EFFECT OF CALCIUM AND ORGANIC MATTER ADDITIONS ON THE
UPTAKE OF RADIOSTRONTIUM AND RADIUM BY PLANTS FROM INDIAN SOILS
by
K. B. Mistry and B. M. Bhujbal
This experiment studied the effects of calcium and organic matter on
radium and radiostrontiuc uptake in maize. Concurrent incubation experi-
ments were used to study changes in pH and exchangeable calcium in soils
while a water culture experiment presented the effects of organic matter on
strontium-89 uptake by plants. Liming was found to be beneficial in reduc-
ing plant uptake by nuclides as well as increasing the exchangeable calcium
level in the soil. Applications of compost resulted in decreased amounts
of Sr-89 taken from the soil by maize plants. Applications of polysaccharide
fraction of compost was found to significantly lower radionuclide avail-
ability to plants.
REFERENCE: Agrochemical, Vol. 18, December 1973-February l'J74, pp. 173-183.
99
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162. THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM ARSENATE UPON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF
SEVERAL IMPORTANT SOILS OF THE COTTON BELT
by
Clarence Dorman et al.
This study tested '.he effects of various amounts of calcium arsenate on
seven different soil types. Calcium arsenate, which is used as an insecti-
cide, caused no adverse effects on any type of plant growth, nor did accumu-
lations of the substance occur until extremely large amounts were applied to
Vne soil. The most sensitive soils were sandy loams containing comparatively
low levels of clay, iron, aluminum, calcium and magnesium. The conclusion
reached was that the amounts of calcium arsenate required for insecticide
purposes should not promote harmful concentrations.
REFERENCE: Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 31, pp. 1020-
1028.
100
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163. THE EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT UPON THE UPTAKE OF
MOLYBDENUM, COPPER, AND COBALT BY ALSIKE CLOVER
by
Joe Kubota et al.
Four soils were tested for the effect molybdenum, copper, and cobalt
would have on the moisture level on the uptake of Alsike Clover, These
soils were potted respectively in nine pots. The first three pots contain-
ing soil for dry treatment, three more for wet treatment, two for border
pots, and one for continuous study of desorption on growing plants. Wet
soil conditions increased the molybdenum and cobalt concentration in the
soil solution and plant. After four cuttings, Alsike Clover was shown to
increase the cobalt level on the two Brown Podzolic soils, but not on the
Nevada soils. The soil wetness did not cause the copper contents to differ
in the plants.
Suggested from this information is the need to investigate poorly
drained soil. Molybdenum toxicity in the livestock could occur. Also,
forage may differ due to the soil wetness causing poor forage. It is
emphasized that this poor forage night be improved with better drainage con-
ditions. This could also lower the cobalt content in certain soils con-
taining forage plants.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, Vol. 27, 1963, pp. 679-683.
For article on related subject see No. 27.
101
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164. EFFECT OF SOIL PH AND TEXTURE ON THE AVAILABILITY OF
WATER-SOLUBLE BORON IN THE SOIL
by
John I. Wear and R. H. Patterson
The main purpose of this paper was to determine the effects of soil
texture and soil pH on the relationship between water-soluble B extracted
from the soil, and the B uptake by the plant, alfalfa. The experiment was
conducted with Norfolk sandy loam, Hartsells fine sandy loam, and Decatur
silty clay. These represented a coarse, medium, and fine-textured soil.
The treatments included five rates of B at three pH levels. The soils were
analysed for water-soluble B and pH after the plants were harvested. Plants
from the fine-textured soil had the least uptake of B per unit of water sol-
uble B in the soil, and alfalfa that was grown on coarse-textured soil had
the highest uptake. The medium-textured soil was found to be intermediate.
This work shows that of Southeastern soils, the soil texture and pH are
important factors in evaluating boron availability. It was found that water-
soluble B content of soil is a good indicator of available plant B as long
as soils of similar texture and close pH values are compared.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 26, 1962,
pp. 344-346.
165. EFFECT OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON THE ACCUMULATION
OF STRONTIUM-90 AND CESIUM-137 IN CROPS
by
M. A. Abbazov et al.
Uptake of strontium-90 and cestim-137 through wheat and rice from
different soil groups of Uzbekistan was studied in pot experiments. The
uptake of radionuclides was highest from the sandy desert soil. Uptake of
strontium-90 depends on exchangeable calcium content in the soil and cesium-
137 on the content of exchangeable potassium and clay. The soil humus con-
tent had a decreased effect with uptake of radionuclides by crops.
REFERENCE: Soviet Soil Science, Vol. 10, 1978, pp. 52-56.
102
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166. EFFECTS OF GALLIUM AND IfJDIUM ON THE GROWTH OF CITRUS
PLANTS IN SOLUTION CULTURES
by
George F. Liebig et al.
As a part of a general citrus nutritional investigation, the effects of
gallium and indium were studied. Culture experiments were carried out on
citrus plants to determine both the essentiality of the chemicals to growth,
and the order of toxicity in plants. Several concentrations of the elements
were applied. This resulted in no significant toy growth, but a slight
stimulation of the root system. The order of toxicity was found to be
similar to that of aluminum. Like other metals, che seat of toxicity was in
the cortical region of the root system. It was concluded that only trace
amounts of the elements tested were required for plant requirements and
functions.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 56, 1943, pp. 173-185.
For article on related subject see No. 16.
167. EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS APPLIED TO SAMPLES OK SOLONET2
SOIL ON WATER PENETRATION AND PLANT GROWTH
by
R. R. Cairns
Several surfactants were applied to Solonetz soils to determine their
effects on water permeability and plant growth. Soil permeability after
applications of surfactants was inconsistant, except for ammonium nitrate
which was steadily increased. Plant growth was inhibited with the surfactant
in some cases causing toxic effects such as discoloring and reduced growth.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 52, June 1972, pp. 267-
269.
103
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168. EFFICIENT AMENDMENT USE IN SODIC SOIL RECLAMATION
by
R. J. Prather et al.
A laboratory column study of sodic soil reclamation was used on two
soils with high (Sodium exchangeability percentage (ESP)) and high (Cat?on
exchange capacity (CEC)). The soils were amended with sulfuric acid, cal-
cium sulfate, calcium chloride (singly and in combination) to test amount of
amendment, time, and needed leaching. Singly, sulfuric acid is more effec-
tive than calcium sulfate and has a more desirable (ESP) than calcium
chloride. When calcium chloride (at %) proportion or sulfuric acid (at 3/4)
are combined with calcium sulfate, time and leaching are reduced with respect
to calcium sulfate alone. Certain soil conditions prevent or make the use
of calcium sulfate undesirable alone. Amendment conditions can save amend-
ment cost and do provide effective reclamation.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Journal, Vol. 42, 1978, pp.
782-786.
169. ENDEMIC GOITRE, THE FACTORS CONTROLLING
IODINE DEFICIENCY IN SOILS
by
S. R. Aston and P. H. Brazier
Endemic goitre, which can result from an iodine deficient diet, often
occurs in regions of relatively young glacial soils as in this area of study
in Northwest England. Although the area is small, the parent rock sources
differ greatly, and the soils are young. When tested, the soils and parent
rocks were found to vary in iodine concentrations from 0.4 to 2.5 ppm. The
input by rain wash out of atmospheric iodine from marine arosols is less
than 0.35 micro grams/cm2 per year.
The study revealed a strong correlation between iodine and organic car-
bon concentrations. Iodine retained through vetoitative decay in a maturing
soil was found to be much greater than iodine derived from parent rock or
from atmospheric iodine.
REFERENCE: The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 11, 1979, pp. 99-104.
104
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170. FACTORS AFFECTING DIHETHYLNITROSAMINE FORMATION
IN SAMPLES OF SOIL AND WATER
by
A. L. Hills and M. Alexander
The formation of dlraethylnitrosamine (DMNA) in soil, sewage, and lake
vacer was studied. S'itrosation was significantly decreased by either
organic matter removal or increasing pH factors. The addition of glucose
and microorganisms to the soil samples caused the formation of complex
organic matter which is Important for the nitrosation reaction.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality* Vol. 5, No. 4, 1976. pp. 437-
440.
171. FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOLYBDENUM CONTENT OF PASTURE PLANTS:
I. NATURE OF SOU. MOLYBDENUM, GROWTH OF PLANTS, AND SOIL PH
by
Isaac Barshad
California soils found with excessive amounts of molybdenum had three
basic parts present. First, a soluble molybdate salt, maybe a molybdate
anion, and possibly soil organic matter. The most effective means used to
control the water-soluble soil molybdenum was through growth and removal
of excessive molybdenum plants. The concentration of molybdenum in a plant
was discovered co correlate with the rate of growth in a plant. During show
growth, molybdenum begins to increase with aging of the plant. Two plant
species were analyzed, and the molybdenum content vas closely proportional
between molybdenum uptake and water-soluble molybdenum pH ranging from 4.7
to 7.5. A suppressive effect took place when the pH was above 7.5.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 71, 1951, pp. 297-313.
For article on related subject see No. 28.
105
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172. FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOLYBDENUM CONTENT OF
PASTURE PLANTS: II. EFFECTS OF SOLUBLE PHOSPHATES,
AVAILABLE NITROGEN, AND SOLUBLE SULFATES
by
Isaac Barshad
Molybdenum ion uptake in plants was stimulated by soluble phosphates,
particularly in acid soils. Molybdenum ion uptake was retarded by avail-
able nitrogen (ammonium).
Molybdenum content was increased when . "uble soil carbonates and
hydroxyl ions were decreased by treatment ,it'. gypsum, sulfuric acid, or
sulfur. Enhancing or retarding molybdenum uptake was explained as resulting
from soil effect in conjunction with plant physiological response. Means
were suggested for producing permissible molybdenum content plants from high
molybdenum content soils.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 71, 1951, pp. 387-398.
106
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173. FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOLYBDENUM STATUS OF SOILS
CHAPTER 7
by
II. J. Barrcw
The status of molybdenum in soil depends on both distribution and aolyb-
dat<> present in the soil. During adsorption, a reaction between raolybdate
and atoms result on the surface of the soil. It is beneficial to the mobil-
ity of molybdenum if the soil is high tn iron and aluminum. Maximum adsorp-
tion for molybdenum is close to four vhcn coinciding with the pH of an equal
amount of acid. Adsorption reduces greatly when pH is higher than four. It
is in, rtant to be able to measure adsorption due to the importance of molyb-
date fertilizers, and by doing so, one could prevent or overcome deficiency.
Adsorption can be measured by shaking molybdate solutions with soil or mea-
suring on a constant solution concentration. The level of molybdenum on a
long-term is based on how long and how much change absorbed molybdate has on
firmly-held forms. A high teTterature, for example, can cause rapid change,
low concentration of raolybdate solution, and decreases how much gets to the
plants. Soils do not affect the reactions of the solution. It is, there-
fore, subject to question whether the application should meet or exceed
initial requirements. It depends on the level of application and adsorption.
REFERENCE: Molybdenum in the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 583-596.
174. FLUORINE IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA
by
Lawrence Gilpln and Arthur H. Johnson
From the Berk, Chester, and Montgomery county area, 55 soil samples
were taken and measured for amounts of fluorine. Mean total, soluble, and
resin-extractable fluorine were measured. Overall, fluorine in these soils
was shown to be mostly immobile, insoluable, or not exchangeable or fixed.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Journal, Vol. 44, I960, pp. 255-
258.
For article on related subject see No. 30.
107
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175. GEOCHEMISTRY AND SAMPLING OF MOLYBDENUM IN
SEDIMANTS, SOILS. AND PLANTS IN COLORADO
CHAPTER 4
by
Donald D. Runnels et al.
Colorado offers Interesting systems for studying the release of molyb-
denum trom large point sources. Most natural releases are masked locally by
nining and milling ores of molybdenum. The -80 mesh fraction of stream
sediments or soils offer minute details and help in finding abundant sources
of molybdenum. In the stream sediment and adjacent soils, the fundamental
concentrations in the -80 mesh were in a range of 1 to 6 ppm. Most concen-
trations of molybdenum in waters across the state are below 10 ppm. Re-
search has proven the concentration level of molybdenum depends on the pre-
treatraent of sediments and their size before releasing them into the dis-
tilled water. A concentration of 800 ppm molybdenum in acidic ground water
showed levels below 200 ppm dissolved molybdenum. Statistics from sediments
taken front two different types of streams showed a single sample of sediment
can serve as a dependable indication of the population mean at a site.
REFERENCE: Molybdenum in the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 386-423.
176. HETEROTROPHIC NITRIFICATION IN SOILS—
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
by
C. T. I. Odu and K, B. Adeoye
From teak soil, isolated heterotrophic organisms were tested in glucose-
peptone medium, soil organic matter extract and sterilized soils. Isolates
were tested as to their ability to produce nitrites or nitrates. The amounts
of nitrogen produced varied with the medium used. Nitrate/nitrite production
was more common and efficient among the fungi, in which up to 4.76 ppra
nitrite and 12.88 ppm nitrate were produced after 14 days incubation.
REFERENCE: Soil Biology Biochemistry, Vol. 2, 1970, pp. 41-45.
108
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177. INFLUENCE OF SOIL TYPES ON THE MINERAL COMPOSITION
OF CORN TISSUES AS DETERMINED SPECTROCRAPHICALLY
by
Arthur L. Prince
This study determined the influence of soil type on chemical composition
of corn plants and ragweed plants. The procedure was conducted using spec-
trographi»al techniques to determine quantitative and serai-quantitative
amounts of a number of elements. Both trace and major elements were tested
for. Included in the report are supplying powers of each soil used, and
information dealing with th« distribution of each subscance in the plant
tissue.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 83, 1957, pp. 399-405.
For article on related subject see No. 3.
178. THE MAINTENANCE OF GRASSLAND ON SMELTER
WASTES IN THE LOWER SWANSEA VALLEY
II. COPPER SMELTER WASTE
by
G. T. Goodman and R. P. Gemmell
Testing with applications of organic materials and pulverized fuel ash
on copper smelter waste on grasslands was conducted in the lower Swansea
Valley in 1965 and was monitored until 1970. A decline in pasture growth
was attributed to the recurrence of copper toxicity despite annual applica-
tion of fertilizers.
A 22.5 cm covering of pulverized fuel ash was the most successful
treatment in the longterm, followed annually by NPK fertilization. Some
successful short-term treatments were applications of 5 cm layers of
sewage sludge or domestic refuse, or 7.5 and 15.0 cm layers of pulverized
fuel ash.
REFERENCE: Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 15, i>78, pp. 875-883.
109
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179. METAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN PLANT NUTRITION
I. EFFECTS OF SOME METAL TOXICITIES ON SUGAR BEET, TOMATO,
OAT, POTATO, AND MARROWSTEM KALE GROWN IN SAND CULTURE
by
E. J. Hewitt
The effects of various metals on sugar beets, tomatoes, potatoes, oats.
and kale were determined. A number of symptoms such as chlorosis, necrosis,
banding, disfiguration of the lamina, and iron and manganese deficiency were
discovered in the plants as a result of the application of raetal concentra-
tions. Results showed that heavy metal other than manganese may cause a
greater degree of iron deficiency. Magnesium deficiency vas apparent with
the adiiton of nickel, zinc, and cobalt. This suggested that heavy metal
excesses may result in other micronutrient deficiencies, particularly the
extent of manganese metabolism.
REFERENCE: Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 4, February 1953, pp. 59-6A.
180. MICRONUTRIENT CATION COMPLEXING IN SOIL SOLUTION:
II. COMPLEXING OF ZINC AND COPPER IN
DISPLACED SOLUTION FROM CALCAREOUS SOILS
by
J. F. Hodgson et al.
Among deficiencies, zinc deficiencies are more prevalent than copper
deficiencies when located in calcareous soils. Various amounts of calcar-
eous soil was selected from Colorado, and zinc level in the solution was 2
ppb less, and 75% of the zinc was complexed. Compared to copper, the aver-
age level was between 5 and 16 ppb. Some 98 to 99X of the copper was found
as having organic complexes. In comparing this study of calcareous soil to
acid soil, the zinc level was lower than copper complexes in calcareous
soil.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society America Proceedings, Vol. 30, 1966, pp.
723-726.
110
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181. MOBILE SYSTEM FOR EXTRACTING SPILLED HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS FROM EXCAVATED SOILS
by
Robert Scholz et al.
A transportable system for cleaning contaminated soil from a hazardous
material spill or toxic waste disposal site is being developed tor practical
field use. This device can operate with water alone or with added extrac-
tion chemicals to scrub a wide range of soils and chemical contaminants re-
turning the soil to a clean state.
REFERENCE: Environmental Energy Technology Center, No. 074, pp. 1-17.
182. A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF PLANT
NUTRITION AND FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT. PART I.
by
Marcel V. Homes
The value of a nutrient formula is impossible to define only on the
basis of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance; therefore, a more rea-
listic and useful method would incorporate balances of all nutrients,
anionic and cationic balances, and proportions of both in relation to yield.
The theory of these calculations and preliminary results are discussed here
in Part 1.
REFERENCE: Soils and Fertilizers, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1955, pp.
Ill
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183. NICKEL AND CHROMIUM TOXICITY
OF SERPENTINE SOILS IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA
by
B. D. Soane and D. H. Saunder
Soils in Southern Rhodesia were found to have extremely high levels of
nickel and chromium when located of the infertile soils where found around
serpentine rocks. Plants involved in the study were naize, tooacco, and
oats. Correlation between exchangeable nickels and nickel concentration
found in the same location were very similar. Infertility found in various
soils was traced toward nickel. Testing of toxicity intensity by increas-
ing pH to 8.2 provided information concerning nickel uptake and toxic eym-
toms and proved there was not an elimination of toxicity. To- city of soil
and the infertility of the soil seem to link together, but this system seems
to be complicated by other interceding parts such as calcium, chromium, and
phosphorus found in the soil—plant system.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 88, 1959, pp. 322-330.
184. NON-SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION IN SOIL AND
SOIL-PLANT SYSTEMS
by
A. W. Moore
More and better controlled research needs to be done on non-symbiotic
nitrogen fixation: possible fixation by higher-plant tissues or enzyme
reactions, letter as a fixation seat, blue-green algae fixation in non-humid
si-ils, seasonal changes in soil nitrogen and plant root interactions in non-
symbiotic fixation. 15N is suggested for use as a tracer, closed systems
and good Kjeldahl procedures to more clearly study this non-symbiotic fixa-
tion of nitrogen.
REFERENCE: Soils and Fertilizers, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1966, pp. 113-128.
112
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185. PERSPECTIVES ON MOLYBDENUM IN SOILS AND PLANTS
CHAPTER 1
by
W. H. Allaway
Research on molybdenum found in soil*, and plants was conducted in a
manner of highly international and interdisiplinary processes. World scien-
tific literature seems to have been the major support behind corrdinating
the research. Contributions of high significance have come from many dif-
ferent research approaches concerning molybdenum in plants and soils. Con-
trolled experiments are beneficial in using highly purified cultures, accu-
rate approaches to isolating enzymes and securing reactions of molybdenum
with soils. More important is; observing how and where plants proauco. pro-
ductively in field locations. The study of soil morphology and collection
of sediments from creeks and streams has increased knowledge coviceminf
molybdenum concentration of the soil. The information gathered from
research also provides knowledge for deficiency in plants and of the occur-
rences of soils lacking in available molybdenum. Another benefit ^s locat-
ing areas of high molybdenum plants. Biochemical reactions in plants and
microorganisms give explanations of plant symptoms for deficiencies of
molybdenum. Research has helped find the reactions of molybdenum
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186. PHOSPHORUS RETENTION IN COASTAL PLAIN FOREST SOILS:
I. RELATIONSHIP TO SOIL PROPERTIES
by
R. Ballard and J. G. A. Fiskell
Forty-two forest soils from the U.S. southeastern coastal plain were
tested for phosphorus-retention capacity. The adsorption maximum was deter-
mined by saturation and the Langmuir isotherm. The range in retention was
from 0-1,288 wg P/g soil. Although there was a considerable overlap between
soil orders, the spodosols were usually the lowest in retention capacity.
Many soil properties were correlated with phosphorus retention, and, except
for clay, the reaction was indirect through the extractable aluminum.
Aluminum and iron were found to be the best extractables of phosphorus
retention. IN NH^ OAc was the mos»: successful of aluminum extracts for
phosphorus. The most successful for iron extracts of phosphorus retention
was 0.3M. The order of activity fourd in phosphorus retention was exchange-
able > amorphous > crystalline, with little difference between iron and
aluminum. Aluminum was primarily a greater contributer than iron because of
its greater amount in active forms.
REFERENCE: Soil Sciences Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 38, 1974,
pp. 250-255.
For article on related subject see No. 107.
187. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT:
HOMOLOGOUS SCRIES IN SOILS AND RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS
by
W. W. Youngblood and M. Blumer
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are contained in solid and marine
sediments. A remarkable uniformity is observed in molecular weight distri-
bution. It is suggested that natural fires form and that air currents dis-
perse a complex PAH assemblage; analytical, geochemical and environmental
implications are given,
REFERENCE: Ceochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 39, 1975, pp. 1303-1314.
114
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188. PROGRESS REPORT ON THE CONTROL OF ZINC TOXICITY IN PEAT SOILS
by
E. V. Staker
Soils of western New York were tested to see if some alleviation could
be done on the toxic effects of zinc. Four various soils were chosen with
different levels of zinc ranging from 0.43 to 10.16 percent zinc concentrate.
Spinach and onions were chosen for treatment. Sufficient amounts of sodium
hydroxide with a pH value of 7.0 was the most efficient in growth with
spinach. However, the yield was half in this experiment compared to normal
productive soil. In spinach and onion, the highest yield was in calcium
hydroxide at the rate of four tons per acre. Calcium hydroxide nor sodium
metaphosphate did anything toward increasement of productivity when the
soils had large amounts of ziru-. Timing or leaching with acid to original
pH was a failure in improvement to the soil productivity.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings. Vol. 7, 1942, pp. 387-392.
189. SEMIQUINONE CATION ADSORPTION ON MONTMORILLONTTE
AS A FUNCTION OF SURFACE ACIDITY
by
Charles C. Dodd and Satyabrata Ray
This study determined the effects of varying pH on the adsorption of
seraiquinone ions by clay soil. Calculations were made from data gathered
on the amount of nitrogen adsorbed at each pH level. As pH levels increased,
the amount of nitrogen also increased, especially as the pH approached the
neutral level. Calculated values were lower than actual values unless an
allowance was made for nonabsorbed free base and base lost during filtration.
REFERENCE: Clays and Clay Minerals Proceedings, 8th National Conference on
Calys and Clay Minerals, Vol. 8, 1959, pp. 237-251.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 7 and 114.
115
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190. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER-METAL COMPLEXES:
I. FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION OF VARIOUS CATIONS
by
F. E. Broadbent and J. B. Ott
Three types of soil were used lo find the condition from which they
formed with metals. Upland, meadow, and peaty muck were the soils selected
for the study. Using spectrophotoraetrics, formation of chelate was spotted
in a copper sulfate. Samples in organic matter could form complexes with
the cations being from a very dilute substance. This all depended on the
time of contact, the conditions, and the pH level.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 83, No. 6, June 1957, pp. 419-427.
191. SOLUBILITY OF MANGANESE, IRON, AND ZINC AS AFFECTED
BY APPLICATION OF SULFURIC ACID TO CALCAREOUS SOILS
by
J. Ryan et al.
This procedure studied how the solubility pf manganese, iron, and zinc
in calcareous soils were affected by the application of sulfuric acid. The
study was more specifically concerned with using the acid as a soil amend-
ment to Increase the .aicronutrient availability. Sulfuric acid was found to
increase the availability of iron and manganese in deficient soils. This,
in turn, would evoke a positive plant response, but the level of sulfuric
acid added should remain below the acid-titratable basicity (ATB) to prevent
the soil from becoming acetic. The most feasible methods proposed for this
type of application were found to be band application and spot treatment.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 40, 1974, pp. 421-427.
116
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192. THE SOLUBILITY OF MOLYBDENUM IN SIMPLIFIED
SYSTEMS AND AGUEOUS SOIL SUSPENSIONS
by
L. H, P. Jones
Molybdate precipitation by iron or aluminium shows a definite relation
between minimum solubility, pH, sorption, and concentration of molybdate in
solution. Ferris and aluminium molybdate, molybdate sorption by simple
solids, pH effects, concentration effects, the nature of molybdate solids,
molybdate sorption by soils, and concentration effects are all detailed in
this report.
REFERENCE: Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1977, PP. 313-326.
193. SOLUBLE ALUMINUM STUDIES: I. THE CONCENTRATION OF ALUMINUM
IN THE DISPLACED SOIL SOLUTION OF NATURALLY ACID SOIL
by
W. H. Pierre et al.
A selection of thirty soils representing acid soils was taken for a
series of tests. Aluminum contents and hydrogen contents were selected
along with ions and salts to be used in various studies. The concentrations
of the aluminum varied from 1.5 to about 12 ppm with the pH level ranging
from 4.0 to 4.9. Data from the tests showed a high concentration of anions,
chlorides and sulfates maintained a high level of aluminum from the soil
solutions. Soils having high organic matter though produced low amounts of
aluminum. Studies using a curvilinear method showed 88Z of the variance of
aluminum came from variance in hydrogen-ion concentrations. Leaching was
found most affective in decreasing th» aluminum concentration in aluminum
soils. It has been discovered from these experiments that there are other
methods that can be used to find the solubility curve for the aluminum con-
centration. This was just one test emphasized for this test.
REFERENCE: Soil Science. Vol. 34. 1932, pp. 145-160.
117
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194. THALLIUM POISONING AND SOIL FERTILITY
by
S. C. Brooks
Thallium toxicity in the soil was found in the immediate area where
thallium sulfate had been used for vermin control. The small areas affected
had no plant growth and showed no type of recovery over the following two
years. Areas treated with thallium compounds may result in: 1. harmful
effects to plants, 2. potential erosion hazards, and 3. soil sterility.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 75, No. 1934, January 22, 1932, pp. 105-106.
For article on related subject see No. 18.
195. THE TITANIUM CONTENT OF HAWAIIAN SOILS
AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
by
G. Donald Sherman
The Hawaiian Island soils were gathered to identify typical soils found
there. A test was run for the purpose of determining the content of titanium
oxide. A study on .soil formation in connection with titanium oxide was com-
pleted. The results showed Hawaiian soils had a range of 2.5 to 25X titanium
oxide. The higher surface soil which is exposed more toward the wet and dry
seasons contained a large amount of titanium oxide. Humic Ferruginous
Latosol soils contained the greatest amount of titanium which was in wet and
dry seasons, but also was adjacent to the tropical rain forest. Titanium
and iron oxides were found to gather under the same conditions in tropical
soils. Dehydration forms concretions when near the surface. Titanium oxide
tends to dehydrate the resist reduction more when compared to iron oxides.
Not until conditions are greatly reduced, will titanium be leached from the
soil. Gibbsite is then resilicated to Kaolinlte.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1952, pp. 15-18.
118
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196. TITANIUM IN SOME NEW ZEALAND SOILS AND PASTURES
by
H. 0. Askew
This study was concerned with the presence of titanium concentrations
in the soil. Concentrations of the soils tested varied considerably, but
never exceeded a relatively low percentage. Bush-sick soils were a result
of low titanium concentrations and occurred more often in sandy soils. Data
also showed a correlation between the amounts of iron and titanium in that
soils showing low titantium concentrations contained lower levels of iron.
REFERENCE: The New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology. December 1930,
pp. 173-179.
197. TRACE-ELEMENT CONTAMINATION OF SOILS IN URBAN AREAS
by
D. Purves
Analysis of top-soils in urban areas with trace-element concentrations
in mind showed much higher levels of copper, boron, lead, and zinc than is
typical in average rural soil. The soils sampled contained twice the boron,
four times the le d, five times the copper, and twenty times the zinc as
rural soils. Cf.canination of zinc in urban areas appeared to be the most
serious, while the other trace-elements are uncommon even in urban soils at
toxic levels.
REFERENCE: Trans. 9th Int. Congressional Soil Science, Vol. 2, 1968, pp.
351-355.
119
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198. TRACE ELEMENT SORPTION BY SEDIMENTS AND SOILS—SITES AND PROCESSES
CHAPTER 5
by
Everett A. Jenne
It is suggested that the most significant part a clay-size mineral
plays in a trace element sorption during transport is a mechanical substrate
for the precipitation and flocculation of minerals. Consequently, the clay
is relatively unimportant as a trace element sink. Any one of the trace
element sinks may be quantitatively important as a repository for elements
in given sediments. It depends on the abundance and reactivity of the var-
ious sinks, distribution, and the depositional environment. Evidence shows
that important sinks are oxides of iron and nanganese, sulfides, carbonates,
and organic matters. Phosphates, iron salts, and the clays themselves are
of lesser importance. The variety of sinks are understood by the reactions
of the surface and structural properties. In conclusion, the nature and
sediments are considered by evaluation.
REFERENCE: Molybdenum in the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 425-553.
120
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199. TRANSPORT OF POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS TN RUNOFF
WATER FROM LAND AREAS RECEIVING ANIMAL
WASTES: A REVIEW
by
R. Khaleel et al.
Animal wastes deposited on land react as being the most degrading to
the water during a water runoff. The extent of this study was performed on
three samples of land. One being in a feedlot, another being on pasture or
range land, and the third being from cropland and such. The climate, how
the wastes were deposited, and management of the land were taken into con-
sideration during the time of testing. The passage of nitrogen and phos-
phorus oxygen compounds were tested for the affect the wastes had on them
during a water runoff. The affect on nitrogen and phosphorus did differ in
time of application, depending on whether ic was winter and spring, or in
the summer and fall. Various things of importance like the method used in
application of the wastes made a difference in the transporting of these
nutrients. Little data has been received over this matter, but further
research will be done.
REFERENCE: Water Research, Vol. 14, 1980, pp. 421-436.
200. USING ORGANIC WASTES AS NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
by
P. F. Pratt et al.
Th-: use of organic nitrogen fertilizers has recently increased with the
need to dispose of large quantities of animal waste and municipal sludge.
The rate of mineralization, or decay series, must be understood to
determine the proper long term application of nitrogen to the soil. From
this study the "Constant Input Approach" and the "Constant Output Approach"
were developed to determine the rate of application needed to maintain a
constant rate of mineralization.
With experimentation, the technique developed here could readily be
applied to the use of organic fertilizers.
REFERENCE: California Agriculture, June 1973, pp. 10-13.
121
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201. YIELDS OF COTTON AND OTHER CROPS AS AFFECTED BY APPLICATIONS
OF SULFURIC ACID IN IRRIGATION WATER
by
P. D. Christensen and P. J. Lyerly
The year 1947 through 1952 crop yield was investigated for the effect
sulfuric acid would have on it. Irrigation water used was treated with acid
of a pH 6 to a pH 2.3. One other irrigation water contained no acid.
Cotton and other crops in alkaline soils indicate an increase through soil
acidification. Calcareous soils appear to have greater absorption or iron,
manganese, and other nutritive elements. In another soil such as noncal-
careous soil, when acid is applied, the results of yield are determine^ by
the crop planted. Acid elements and sulfur applied to high calcareous soils
show little or no value for application. The crops in this situation reveal
no increase in yield. With the crop alfalfa, the yield reduces when irri-
gation water with acid or phosphoric or sulfur are applied. Economically,
it is not truly feasible, although in some cases it Increases crop yield.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, Vol. 15, 1954, pp. 433-436.
122
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202. AN APPROACH TOWARD A RATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE
by
C. W. Thomthwaite
This article brings into view the role of evaporation and transpiration
as vital environmental parameters that need attention when the overall cli-
matic conditions of an area are being evaluated. The paper also relates
temperature and growth and gives equations by which growth, moisture index,
and evapotranspiration may be calculated. The accuracy of calculated evapo-
transpiration was tested and shown to be adequate.
REFERENCE: Geographical Review, Vol. 38, 1948, pp. 55-95.
203. DENITR1FICATION IN SOME TROPICAL SOILS
by
D. J. Greenland
A determination was made of the extent to which denltrification occurs
in tropical soils and the effects on denitrification in inadequate energy
supplying carbon compounds. Soils showed small nitrogen losses when unsat-
urated with glucose, while saturated samples exhibited more significant
denitrification. Increased temperatures and lowered carbon demand makes
nitrogen loss more probable for these type soils, but the lack of sufficient
substrate for this process make it unlikely. Concern for soils in forested
areas r» /, however, be warranted.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 58» 1962, pp. 227-233.
123
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204. THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER MOVEMENTS
by
L. R. Holdrldge
This report presents two methods by which the movement of atmospheric
moisture can be analyzed. The first method involves using a graph called
the noraogram to show water movement in the air. The second method utilizes
a formula to determine evapocranspiration values. This formula exceeds the
nomogran in performance in that it also provides data in edaphic and atmos-
pheric associations from physiognomic characters.
REFERENCE: Ecology, Vol. 43, No. 1, Winter 1962, pp. 1-9.
205. OCCURRENCE OF SULFATE AND NITRATE IN RAINFALL
by
Arlo W. Gambell and Donald W. Fisher
Data from six thunderstorms were used to study the nineral composition
of rainwater at Prince William National Forest Park, Virginia. The data
support tha supposition that much of the sulfate in rainfall forms from the
oxidation of sulfur dioxide in cloud droplets. Nitrogen dioxide is thought
to be a catalyst in this transfer and is. for this reason, very important
Indications from the data show »•-« sulfato. nitrate and ammonia in rainfall
sterared predominately from gaseous constituents in the atmosphere The
origin of nitrate in thunderstorm rainfall is discussed. Data is'presented
to show that the role of lightning is negligible. »««n«a
REFERENCE: g™jp«f4££jgjcal ^search, Vol. 69. No. 20. October 15,
For article on related subject see No. 163.
124
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206. SOIL TEMPERATURE EFTECTS OS UPTAKE OF CADMIUM AND
ZINC BY VEGETABLES GROWS ON SLUDGE-AKEXDKL' SOIL
by
P. H. Giordano «t al-
The uptake on heavy aetals were created for the effect soil temperature
would have on plants grow* on sludge-aiaendcd soil. Uptake ot *?ne ami cad-
mium on various vegetables were selected fro* Sango ail attended with anaero-
bically digested sewage sludge with 224 netrlc ton/ha. Soil* taken in the
selection were heated to around 27 "*C **y 4 thermostatically regulated cable
placed 30 era into the soil and 30 CB across the soil. A neasuret»ent was
then taken over edible plants possessing heavy aetal* during uptake. Levels
of concentration in extraccable vetals did increase in the soil, but was not
found in higher plant life. The heating of soil intensified the level of
cadni.ua and zinc in broccoli and potato. The concentration of line and caJ-
uiua was hig'aer in other plants, but not enough difference to note.
ing the level ot cadmium and zinc was done by lining, but better
dilution justifies part of reduction. Tests did reveal a noveveot of up to
20 to 30 en of zinc and cadaiua.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environaental Quality, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1979. pp. 2)>>
236.
207. SOIL TEMPERATURES
by
B. J. Fluker
Natural soil temperatures were Measured on bare ground surface frow a
location at College Station. Texas. The data was from a testing of ait «vl
nine different ground surface depths to the depth of 10 feet. Annual te»~
perature is observed at each level including effects of rainfall and result-
ing in a content change in soil auisture.
REFERENCE: Sotl Science. Vol. 86, 1958, pp. 35-46.
125
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208. VOLATILITY OF ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES FROM SOIL:
I. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION, TEMPERATURE, AIR FLOW
RATE, AND VAPOR PRESSURE
by
W. J. Farmer et al.
Volatilization of dieldrin from Gila silt loam was treated in a labor-
atory at an air flow of 20C and 30C for influence of soil pesticide concen-
tration. Lindane and DDT were compared with the volatilization of dieldrin
from Gila silt loam for the influence of pesticide vapor pressure. During
the volatilization process, no net water movement went to or from the soil.
Vapor denisty was the controlling factor of the soil-applied pesticide vola-
tilization rate of dieldrin increased with soil pesticide concentration
until 25 ug/g was reached in soil dieldrin concentration. To have vapor
density equivalent to a pure compound, this is required soil aieldrin con-
centration. By increasing the volatilization rate 10°, it increased the
volatilization about fourfold. To increase the rate of volatilization two-
fold, the rate of air movement over the surface soil needs to increase from
0.005 to 0.018 mile/hour. The order of rate of volatilization is lindane >
dieldrin > DDT. To increase the vapors, they must be in the same order of
rate. The rate of volatilization was less in the insecticides than the
vapors due to the concentrations of lindane and dieldrin. Losses of lindane,
dieldrin and DDT at 202, 22, and 5 kg/ha/year caused decreased volatiliza-
tion rates in the soil pesticide concentration. Laboratory data suggests
the rate of volatilization accounts for pesticides lost in normal field
conditions.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 36, 1972, pp.
443-447.
126
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209. ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFLCTING THE TOXICITY OF LEAD TO FUNGI
by
H. Babich and G. Stotzky
Fungi exposed to the toxicity of lead in a pure culture was influenced
by a variety of abiotic components. For example, pH, clay minerals, humic
acid, and inorganic anions affected the toxicity toward the fungi. The lead
toxicity increased in power when influenced by i.cidic conditions of 5 and 6
pH. Phosphate anions reduced toxicity presumably from formation of extra
soluble lead salts. Parts of humic acid and clay minerals were protected
from the poisons of lead, which lowered availability of fungi uptake. Other
factors relating to reduction of toxi<-ity of lead were soluble organics
including yeast extract, cysteine, and succinic acid.
REFERENCE: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol, 38, September 1973,
pp. 506-513.
210. THE ABSORPTION OF ARSENIC BY BARLEY
by
S. H. Collins
This experiment was interested in explaining the absorption of arsenic
by barley using potted plants. Because of unknown arsenic in the test soil,
the only conclusion reached was that soils may contain unnoticed arsenic
concentrations, and plants grown in such soils may contain the substance.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Februa-y 28, 1902.
127
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211. ABSORPTION OF CATIONS BY ROOTS.
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN IONS AND ESSENTIAL ROLE OF CALCIUM
by
D. W. Rains et al.
Research was conducted to determine how the growth and ecology of
plants and the absorption of ions are affected by the pH of the soil and the
activity of hydrogen ions in the soil cation exchange capacity. Two hypoth-
eses were confirmed by the investigation. In instances of high or low pH
values, the external solutions must compete with other ions for binding sites
of ion carriers, thus the rate of ion absorption is reduced. In a low pH
solution, injury to the ion absorption mechanism is caused by hydrogen ions.
REFERENCE: Plant Physiology, Vol. 39, 1964, pp. 274-278.
212. THE ACIDIFICATION OF ALKALINE NURSERY SOILS
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EXOTIC PINES
by
H. E. Young
This study was concerned with the growth of exotic pine trees in alka-
line soils. Manure applications and attempts to introduce symbiotic fungus
into the soil did not solve growth problems. Alkalinity was determined to
be the primary detrimental growth factor. Sulfur and aluminum svlfate were
tested for their ability to lower soil pH. Both agents accomplished the
acidification, but aluminum sulfate was found to be toxic to plant growth
when applied to adequate pH adjusting concentrations.
REFERENCE: Queensland Agricul-jral Journal, Vol. 1, November 1938, pp. 585-
600.
For article on related subject see No. 136.
128
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113. THE ADAPTATION OF FUNGI TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL
AND ITS BIODEGRADATION
by
A. J. Cserjesi
In this study of fungi tolerance to pentachlorophenol, the association
of adaptation or inheritance involved in pentachloropheuol degradation was
investigated. Only one isolate of Cephaloacus fragrans was adapted to
pentachlorophenol tolerance, but showed no ability to degrade. Three
species of trichoderma did show an ability to degrade pentachlorophenol even
in a short incubation period.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal or Microbiology, Vol. 13, 1967, pp. 1243-1249.
214. AEROBIC CHEMOORGANOTROPHTC BACTERIA OF A DANISH BEECH FOREST
MICROBIOLOGY OF A DANISH BEECH FOREST I.
by
Esther Holn and Vagn Jensen
This article contains information concerning the microbiological study
of a beech forest ecosystem. This study was carried out in a Danish Forest.
The physical parameters of the study area were discussed as follows:
mean height, mean diameter, area of standing crop, yearly increase In area
of the stand, soil characteristics, leaf-burst and leaf fall.
Methods are described for the sampling of litter and surface soil, soil
profiles, ground vegetation, and beech leaves. Physical and chemical anal-
yses, qualitative studies, and plate counts were taken. From the plate
counts, studies were made of the numbers of bacteria in the litter layer;
and in the surface soil, the distribution of bacteria in the soil profile,
the bacteria in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of the ground vegetation,
and the numbers of bacteria in the tree canopy were studied. From the
qualitative studies, a classification was made of the bacteria found in the
litter layer, soil bacteria, bacteria in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of
the ground vegetation, and bacteria in the tree canopy. From all the
studies involved in this project, bioraass calculations were made.
REFERENCE: OIKOS, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1972, pp. 248-260.
129
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215. AGAR-PLATE METHOD FOR TOTAL MICROBIAL COUNT
by
Francis E. Clark
The agar-plate method is an empirical me'hod for determining the micro-
bial count of soil samples. This report gives the principles behind this
methoii, and then goes through the procedures step by step to the final cal-
culations. Hints are given to increase the accuracy of measurements such as
leaving the soil sample in the same condition as is natural, and the proper
way to withdraw samples from the soil dilution. Not following procedures
carefully can result in high or low raicrobial counts, which may have been
avoided.
REFERENCE: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, 1965, pp. 1460-1466.
216. AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL UTILIZATION
OF FERMENTATION RESIDUES
by
Henry C. De Roo
Fermentation residues are the waste mediums produced by the making of
some pharmaceutical drugs. In this report, these residues were studied as
to there use in agriculture because of their relatively large percent nitro-
gen content. Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out over a two
year period. These test were conducted on composting and stockpiling, and
testing was conducted on these plants: chrysanthemum, juniper, oats, corn,
tomatoes, rye, and tobacco. The results and conclusions are detailed there-
in.
REFERENCE: The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1975, pp. 1-42,
Bulletin 750.
130
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217. ALKANE DEGRADATION IN BEACH SANDS
by
T. E. Ahlfeld and P. A. LaRock
The rate of n-alkane degradation was estimated in beach sand? from Coal
Oil Point, California. Large samples of sand were taken from a beach con-
sistantly polluted with oil from naturally-occurring seeps. These samples
were analyzed gas chromatographically and gravimetrically for hydrocarbon
content. Maximum degradation of n-alkanes occurs at a rate of 0.32 grams
per day for 100 square meters of beach. An estimation of oil input was 5g/
lOOra^/day. It is noted from these calculations that 6% removal of the
alkane content occurs by rae£..s of oxidation, which includes bacterial degra-
dation, evaporation, and autcxidation.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 199-203.
218. ALUMINUM TOXICITY SYMPTOMS IN PEACH SEEDLINGS
by
J. H. Edwards et al.
Aluminum toxicity symptoms in leaves and severely restricted root
growth was induced in Elberta peach seedlings at an aluminum concentration
of 2000 pM for 27 days. Toxicity in the early stages was characterized by
marginal chlorosis that later developed into necrotic areas that extended
along the veins toward the midrib. The collapse of the midrib, terminal
dieback, and defoliation of the seedling showed the advanced stages of poi-
soning. The advanced stages of toxicity coincide with typical symptoms of
calcium deficiency In peaches. Roots died and new roots developed as
irregular-shaped cylinder* with crimps and bulges at the end of the root
at high aluminum concentrations.
REFERENCE: Journal of the American Society of Horticulture Science, Vol.
101, No. 2, 1976, pp. 139-142.
131
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219. AMMONIUM AND NITRATE NITROGEN NUTRITION OF BARLEY AT DIFFERENT
SEASONS IN RELATION TO HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION, MANGANESE,
COPPER, AND OXYGEN SUPPLY
by
D. I. Arium
Methods were used to study the ammonium and nitrate nitrogen nutrition
found in barley plants. The process was maintained during the different
seasons, while pH levels between 5 and 6.7 were maintained. Most results
showed a pH 6 level at its best during the fall season. Ammonium plants
showed a large affect, which appeared positive with forced aeration. Other
plants needed little or no aeration. The dry weight found in the ammonium
plants was found to have increased 400X in shoots and 800% in roots. During
experiments, portions of manganese and copper along with aeration were used
as controls in the barley plants. Hydrogen-ion was only one of the concen-
trations used among the variables.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 44, 1937, pp. 91-121.
220. AQUEOUS HEAVY METAL REMOVAL VIA WASTE BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
by
R. D. Ueufeld and E. R. Hermann
This article describes a method of reraoviag toxic heavy metals from a
waste stream by contacting that stream with a biological activated sludge
such as from sewage treatment. It was shown that zinc, cadmium, and mercury
were quickly taken up from the waste stream by the biological floe. Three
hours of contact was enough time to bring about almost complete equilibrium,
and no incorrectable problems were found when this method was tested.
REFERENCE: Watereuse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975.
132
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221. ARABIDOPSIS AS A GENETIC TOOL
by
C. P. Redel
This report presents a new organism, Arabidopsis, for use as a genetic
tool. This plant has previously been used for the study of continuity of
chromosomes. A number of advantages have been found for this species in-
cluding plant <_'ze and nuclear make up. Arabidopsis appears to be advan-
tageous to several aspects of genetics.
REFERENCE: Ann. Rev. Genet., Vol. 9, 1975, pp. 111-127.
222. ARSENIC COMPOUNDS TOXIC TO RICE
by
E. A. Epps and M. B. Sturgis
This study revealed that arsenic compounds can be toxic only if the
compound is water soluble: thus, a flooded condition would cause toxic
arsenic concentrations in the soil. Sulfur was added to soils with the
above condition and a decreased plant Intake of arsenic was snown along
with improved crop growth. Soluble arsenic present in a soil Is an index
of arsenic toxicity. When soluble arsenic concentrations are greater than
0.2 ppm, injury due to arsenic poisoning can be expected.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, Vol. 4, 1939, pp. 215-218.
133
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223. ARSENIC INJURY OF PEACH TRKES
by
R. C. Lindner
Tills report traced symptoms of peach trees to arsenic poisoning. The
arsenic present in the soil is thought to have come from arsenic applica-
tions on apple trees previously grown on the land. Injections of dilute
arsenic into uncontaminated trees showed similar symptoms. Sensitivity to
arsenic concentrations varies among trees. Highly sensitive trees, such
as peaches and apricots, may even be damaged by the natural arsenic content
of some soils.
REFERENCE: American Society for Horticultural Science, 1943, pp. 275-279.
224. ARSENICALS IN BIOLOGY—RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
by
Douglas V. Frost
The transition element. Arsenic—a metalloid, reacts readily with
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen t. 1 also forms alloys with metals. The use of
arseuicals as a poison gave it an aura of mystery. However, all tissues
contain very low levels of arsenic. In fact, organic arsenicals were found
to improve health in several species. Vital tissues of most mammals can
hold only small quantities of arsenicals (about 1 ppm). Arsenicals are
ubiquitous. Water, soil, and air all contain measurable quantities of
arsenicals. Arsenicals have mistakenly been thought to cause cancer in a
number of forms. Arsenate has been found to be a catalyst in oxygen and
phosphate transfer reactions. Arsenicals may cause chickening and densifi-
catlon of bones in animals and may be useful in dental health as an agent to
reduce solubility of enamel.
The laws regarding the use of arsenic have evolved faster than scien-
tific study and should be reconsidered.
REFERENCE: Trace Elements in Nutrition-Federation Proceedings, Vol. 26,
1967, pp. 194-208.
134
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225, BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF DETERGENT COMPOUNDS
by
Robert A. Goodnow and Arthur P. Harrison, Jr.
Surfactant degradation was tested on aerobic bacteria which was placed
in a peptone medium. Tallow-alkyl, alkyl-ethoxylate, and linear-alkyl-ben-
zene-sulfonates were used in this survey. A total of 19 genera and other
strains and species were used in the process of degradation from the deter-
gent compounds. In certain species, degradation was restrained while others
had degradation in a toxic concentration.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, Vol. 24, No. 4, October 1972, pp. 555-560.
For article on related subject see No. 46.
226. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF MINERAL
OILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES
by
C. E. ZoBell
Thirteen samples of oil-polluted water, soil, and tundra much collected
from the North Alaska Slope showed presence of psychrophilic oil-oxidizing
bacteria. It could be seen that after a week or two, clear mineral oil was
being degraded by bacteria at 8° and 4°C. After two to three weeks at
-1.3.OC, biodegradation became apparent. It was calculated by the uptake of
oxygen that bacteria oxidized mineral oil at rates ranging from 0.13 to 0.9
tng/liter/day at -1.1°C. It was calculated that a population of 10** repro-
ducing cells per ml of mineral oil medium would use oil for creating biomass
at a rate of 1.2 mg/liter/day at -l.ioc based on the assumption that an over
generation time was cne day. Nine different types of crude were attacked by
bacteria growing -1.1°C.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 153-161.
135
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227. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM MATERIALS
IN LOW TEMPERATURE MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
by
R. W. Traxler
This report discussed the degradation of petroleum products by bacteria
in low temperature marine waters. Samples taken were found to contain a
wide variety of microorganism genera. The study was concerned with several
factors including types of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria, types of hydro-
carbons, effects of temperature of metabolism and rate of metabolism in cer-
tain given situations. Results showed that a type of bacteria could be
isolated which readily utilizes a wide variety of hydrocarbons and implies
that similar organisms may also be isolated.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 163-170.
228. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS II. RATE STUDIES
by
Paul T. Wong and Klaus L. E. Kaiser
Polychlorinated biphenyls were introduced into samples of lake water to
determine their degradation of bacteria. No detrimental effects to the
bacteria were noticed, while a slight growth stimulation occurred in two
cases. Degradation did occur in most all cases; however, non-chlorinated
biphenyls were degraded more rapidly than the polychlorinated types. This
suggests that inhibition is caused by biphenyl chlorinatlon. Degradation
rates were also related to the position of the chlorine atom in the molecule.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Envirounental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 13,
No. 2, 1975, pp. 249-256.
136
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229. BACTERIAL UTILIZATION OF ANIONIC SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
by
0. B. Williams and H. 6. Rees, Jr.
This study covered application of bacteriology of surface-active agents.
More often these agents were foun.l in detergents. The bacteria usually sur-
vived under all the tests that were run v?ith the same application of dif-
fering surface-active agents. Positive fom:s of grain bacteria and catlonic
types of appeared more sensitive to the surface-active agents. Gram-negative
particles were tested, however, for growth on shampoo agar. Certain ele-
ments grew on the medium, while others grew in addition to the sodium lauryl
sulfate medium. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa are examples
•jf those growing on a medium. Proteus vulgar is, serratia marcescens are
examples of those growing on mediums and sodium lauryl sulfate mediums,
Those not growing on any shampoo medium included alcaligenes faecalis and
achromobacter thalassius, as a few for example. At least two anionic sur-
face-active agents were sound to allow some growth from a few bacteria types.
REFERENCE: Journal Ba-terial, Vol. 58, No. 6, 1949, pp. 823-824.
230. BACTERIAL UTILIZATION OF DODECYL SULFATE AND
DODECYL BENZENE SULFONATE
by
W. J. Payne and V. E. Feisal
.This experiment w»*s conducted over two isolan^s taken from enriched
soils and place on media for culturing. In testing the isolant, C12B was
able to grow in the foaming area. The other bacterial isolant, C12, des-
troyed the foaming capacity because of the dodecyl sulfate in its system.
Dodecyl benzene sulfonate did not kill the foaming process due to the kero-
sene isomers from which it came. Results from the test reveal phenyl iso-
me rs of dodecyl benzene sulfonate from 2, 3, or 6 alky! chains were perfect
for C12t' growth. Phenyls of carbon 4 or 5 showed toxic effects toward the
bacteri'i.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, Vol. 11, February 18, 1963, pp. 339-344.
137
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231. THE BEHAVIOUR OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE IN PINE
FOREST MICROCOSMS: TRANSPORT AND EFFECTS ON SOIL PROCESSES
by
Beverly S. Ausmus et al.
An investigation was conducted to determine the transport of Hexa-
chlorobenzene in a loblolly pine forest soil and its effect on nutrient
cycling processes in the microcosm. Foil cores were obtained and tested
for liexachlorobenzene transport by volatization and leaching, carbon dioxide
efflux and calcium loss. The experiment revealed a measurable quantity of
carbon-14 in particulate and dissolved form. Hydrochlorobenzene altered the
soil nutrient cycling processes as indicated by an increasing loss of cal-
cium. Hydrochlorobenzenp also inhibited efflux of carbondioxide from soil
biotic activity.
REFERENCE: Environmental Pollution, Vol. 20, October 197*, pp. 103-111.
232. BIODEGRADATION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
POLLUTANTS BY SOIL AND WATER MICROORGANISMS
by
Eva J. McKenna and R. D. Heath
This report examines the limits of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
degradation in soil and water by microorganisms, and the persistence of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons' in the presence of degrading microorgan-
isms.
REFERENCE: UILU-WRC-76—0113, April 1976, pp. 1-25.
138
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233. BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND REHABILITATION
FOLLOWING HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION
by
C. CudIn and W. J. Syratt
This paper studies the respiratory activity of four different soil
types which had received hydrocarbon materials, either by an accident or
deliberately, over a one to four year period were investigated. The dis-
appearance of two solid hydrocarbon residues after incorporation into soil
and the effect of incorporation of the residues on plant growth were also
looked at in the study. An increase in microbial oxygen uptake Is caused
by the incorporation of hydrocarbon material into the soil. Also seen is
competition between microorganisms and higher plants for available soil
nitrogen. A study of IS oil-contaminated sites showed that members of the
Leguminosae are abundant in oil-contaminated areas, may be because of the
nitrogen-fixing symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium spp. Rehabilitation
of soil spill sites should include improved aeration of the soil, the
addition of a nitrogenous fertilizer, and the creation of a vegetation cover
to improve the rhizosphere.
REFERENCE: Environmental Pollution, Vol. 8, 1975, pp. 107-112*
For article on related subject see No. 140.
234. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIORS OF
CYANOGENIC WASTES
by
Charles E. Renn
This report was concerned with the effect of cyanogenic wastes when
introduced in various concentration into the environment. The comparison
of several such wastes and the tolerance of fish to each was of special
interest. Potassium cyanide at extremely low concentrations showed toxic
effects on fish. Tolerance levels were only slightly higher for lactoni-
trile. Much higher levels of acrylonltrile nitrogen were tolerated than was
tolerated as cyanide or lactonitrile. Toxicity was found to be influenced
by water hardness or pH. The age of the solution where hydrolytic decom-
position occurred was also of importance.
REFERENCE: Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 27, No. 3, March 1955, pp.
297-310.
139
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235. BORON, STRONTIUM, AND BARIUM ACCUMULATION IN SELECTED
PLANTS AND LOSS DURING LEAF LITTER DECOMPOSITION
IN AREAS INFLUENCED BY COAL STRIP MINING
by
James D. Lawrey
Boron, strontium, and barium were found located in a surface coal min-
ing area in eastern Ohio, It was determined especially for plant .species
usually found in strip-mined and unstripped habitats. Boron exhibited the
highest values within the species of the strip-mine where strontium and
barium were lower in value. In leaf litter decomposition of 10 selected
trees, boron loss was greatest after one year, followed b> strontium. Bar-
ium appeared to gain value during certain leaf break-down, whereas, it lost
value in other leaves after one year. During leaching, boron was found to
be affected mostly after the time period of one year and indicated boron
loss during the interval of leaching. Strontium and barium showed during
leaching little mobility. In drainage of the soil, strip-mining changes
with concurrent increases in plant assemblage of boron. Boron loss from
break-down in leaf litter shows little increase of boron in litter with
time.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Botony, Vol. 57, 1979, pp. 933-940,
For article on related subject see No. 142.
140
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236. BOROSTLICATE GLASS AS A CONTINUING
SOURCE OF BORON FOR ALFALFA
by
E. R. Holden and A. J. Engel
Borosilicate glasses have been studied as a possible source of steadily
released fertilization-in areas with heavy rainfall. A coarsely ground boro-
silicate glass was added to a sandy loam where alfalfa was grown. Minus 20-
mesh glass No. 176-C w_3 added to soil in amounts equivalent to 0, 19, 38,
76 and 152 pounds of borax per acre. Ranger alfalfa was planted in May,
harvested tour times in the following seven months, dried, veighed and ana-
lyzed for boron. Application of the glass up to the 19-pound level caused
an increase in yield. In applications above 19-pounds, the yield remained
constant, but content and uptake of boron continued to increase. Similar
testing on the second year indicated that a sufficient supply of water-
soluble boron for the alfalfa could be obtained from the residual glass.
REFERENCE: Agricultural and Focd Chemistry, Vol. 6, No. A, April 1958, pp.
303-306.
237. BROMINE RETENTION IN SOME SOILS AND UPTAKE OF
BROMINE BY PLANTS AFTER SOIL FUMIGATION
by
Zenobius Stelmach
Three bromine containing, compounds were applied to various crops to
determine bromine retention of soils, plant uptake of the substance and its
affect on crop yield. Of the three soils used, two retained moderate
amounts of bromine, while the third retained only small amounts. Bean and
cabbage plants were found to contain the highest bromine concentrations of
the plants sampled. Generally, plants grown in treated soils contained the
highest levels of bromine in the root system and the lowest level in the
stem. Crop yields varied widely; however, a decrease in production after
the application of bromine was the most common. The adverse affects present
were thought to have been caused by damping off and nitrogen deficiency.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 88, August 1959, pp. 61-66.
141
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238. CADMIUM ABSORPTION AND GROWTH OF VARIOUS PLANT SPECIES
AS INFLUENCED BY SOLUTION CADMIUM CONCENTRATION
by
A. L. Page et al.
There is little information for cadmium in relation to the substrate
cadmium. Cadmium was reported to be harmful to plants, animals, and human
lives. It was suspected after treating radish tops gathered in close proxi-
mity of a frequently traveled road that the tree residue had a part in pro-
ducing cadmium. Further investigation of phosphate fertilized plants showed
certain amounts of cadmium in the soil. In comparing the cadmium content of
foods in general, the plants grown in fields fertilized with phosphate had
slightly more cadmium than the other controlled plants. This was not in
excess when compared to general lines of foods. The plant leaves tested
revealed cadmium concentrates increased as the substrate solution was added.
The levels of concentration did differ showing cabbage being most absorbent
with 50% growth reduction of a concentration of 9 ug/ml cadmium. Beets,
turnips, and beans showed the least toleration with 0.2 vig/ml concentration.
This data shows the cadmium concentration in the substrate effects the level
of cadmium in foods.
Two techniques were used to show the amount of cadmium in plant mater-
ials. The two methods used were a dry and wet ashing-atomic absorption test.
The amounts ranged from 8-10 ug/ml cadmium/g in the dry ashing-atomic method.
It was found that In the dry ashing-atoroic procedure the volume was slightly
greater in value than in the wet ashing-atomic absorption, .he reason for
the differences is the amount of plant material ashed. For 10 ug/g or less,
lg of material from the plant was ashed, and if the cadmium content was 25
Ug/g °r greater, only 0.5 g or less was ashed of the plant material.
In summarizing the data, the tolerance of the plants tested of cadmium
covered a wide range. Growth reduction can exist and depends on the solu-
tion concentration and the ug/ml level the plant is submitted. According to
the authors there is no real information available to decide whether cadmium
levels will be a health hazzard or not toward plant, animal, or human life.
This report does, however, suggest that soils affected by cadmium concentra-
tions can accumulate cadmium in sufficient amounts to be a concern of the
public for health related reasons.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 1, No. 3. 1972. pp. 288-291.
142
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239. CALCIUM ARSENATE AND UNPRODUCTIVENESS IN CERTAIN SOTT,S
by
W. B. Albert and W. R. Paden
Calcium arsenate applications to sandy loam soils were studied as to
their effect on plant growth. Increased calcium arsenate concentrations
increased arsenic content of plant tissue and caused more severe growth
defects. Organic matter content of the soil affected arsenic toxicity in
that appreciable plant growth existed in forest land soil even after calcium
arsenate applications. Calcium carbonate and various iron salts were shown
to decrease arsenic concentrations by diffusate analysis. Calcium hydroxide
neutralization of the soil also showed soiae signifir.r.nt benefits in arsenic
reduction.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 73, No. 1901, 1931, p. 22.
240. CAN BORIC ACID IN HIGH DILUTION EXERT A
STIMULANT ACTION ON PLANTS?
by
M. Nakaraura
Because some so.'.ls have been found to contain boratas and, therefore,
have small quantities of boric acid present, this study was conducted to
determine the effect of boric acid on plant growth. Extremely small concen-
trations of boric acid did cause some sort of growth stimulation, while
larger applications all caused poisonous effects. Past studies have also
documented the toxic nature of boric acid in plants and animals.
REFERENCE: Bull. Coll. Agric. Tokyo Inp. Univ., Vol. 5, No. 4, 1903, pp.
509-512.
143
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241. CHEMICAL FACTORS CONTROLLING THE ADAPTATION OF
WEEPING LOVEGRASS AND TALL FESCUE TO ACID MINE SPOILS
by
A. L. Fleming et al.
Grasses and legumes have been used In the revegotation of acid strip
mine spoils. Weeping lovegrass and tall fescue were studied to determine
their reaction to environments containing Aluminum and Manganese, which
are present in strip mine spoils of the Appalachian Mountains. Phosphorus
waft added to increase plant growth.
Weeping lovegrass was found to be more productive than tall fescue in
acid mine spoils, which have high Aluminum concentrations or low pH. Both
weeping lovegrass and tall fescue were grown successfully on spoils with
high Manganese concentrations.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 66, no. 6, November-December 1974, pp.
715-719.
144
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242. THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF ARSENIC IN SOILS:
II. EFFECTS OF TIME AND PHOSPHORUS
by
E. A. Woolson et al.
Through time arsenate changes to a reduced soluble compound from sodium
arsenate. To determine Che breakdown solubility, arsenic was analyzed in
IN NH^Cl 0.5N NfyF, 0.1N NaOH, and 0.5N H2S04. Following the study, the
arsenates were identified as witer soluble arsentte. Aluminum, iron, and
calcium were recognized as water soluble arsenics. Amongst the water solu-
ble arsenics available, the le"el of arsenic applied was equally contributed
with the aluminum and iron i~. che soil. The Hagerstown silty clay loam had
predominantly more iron-arsenite compared to lake land loamy sand which had
more of the aluminum arsenic. Testing the growth of corn on arsenic soil
proved that the longer the in:ubation time was intensified, the growth in
corn increased. With phosphorus added to the arsenic, phytotoxicity changed.
With applications of phosphor is, the arsenic phytotoxicity was higher, and
in the Hagerstown soil, it increased. Depending on the arsenic and phos-
phorus in the soil, the plant will respond accordingly. Application of
arsenic was distributed differently when a leaching process decreased arsenic
772 in the Dunkirk fine sand.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 37, 1973, pp.
254-259.
243. THE CHEMISTRY OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES
by
W. Flaig
This paper discusses in detail the chemistry of huraic substances.
These substances are derived from lignins. Quinones are formed from the
decomposition of lignin products, which in turn are changed to synthetic
huraic acids. Lignin substituents were carbon-U-labeled to identify the
intermediate decomposition products. The structur* of the substar.--- ;-
thoroughly discussed, while they were in the presence of subsf>.ices such as
1,2-diphenyls and phenoloxidases.
REFERENCE: Supplement to Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 1963,
pp. 103-127.
145
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244. CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES: DEGRADATION BY MICROBES
by
C. I. Chacko et al.
An investigation was conducted to locate soil microbes that can break
down DDT, dieldrin and pentachloronitro-benzene (PCNB). The degrading
ability of several species of fungi and actinomycetes was tested by growing
the test microorganism in a nutrient medium which contained a specific
amount of the chosen pesticide. After 6 days, the amound of pesticide re-
maining in the solution was determined by gas chromotography.
All test organisms, but one, degraded PCNB to a metabolic product.
None of the microorganisms successfully reduced dieldrin. While all types
of fungi had no effect on DDT, 6 of 9 types of actinomycetes declorinated
DDT to DDD.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 54, November 18, 1966, pp. 893-894.
245. CHLORINE—A MICRONUTRIENT ELEMENT FOR HIGHER PLANTS
by
T. C. Brover et al.
Tomato plants grown in cultures where the chlorine content was strictly
controlled were used to determine the necessity of chlorine far the growth
of higher plants. When chlorine levels were sufficiently low, plants
developed such deficiency symptoms as wilting, chlorosis, naurosis, and dis-
coloration. Determinations were made as to the plant yield at different
concentrations as well as location of chlorine within the plant. The
article concludes chlorine to be an essential micronutrient clement for
maximum growth.
REFERENCE: Plant Physiology, Vol. 29, 1954, pp, 526-532.
146
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246. CLEAVAGE OF THE ETHER BOND OF PHENYLMETHYL ETHERS
BY ENZYMES OF ARTHROBACTER SP.
by
Deborah D. Raymond and M. Alexander
This study revealed that enzymes of the bacterium arthrobacter sp.
could convert m-roethoxybenzoate to ra-hydroxybenzoate and vanillate to pro-
tocatechuate. The enzymes also formed formaldehyde from the ether bond
cleavage of ra-methoxybenzoate, vanillate and other methoxy compounds. In
addition, it was shown that the enzymatic cleavage of the ether bond of m-
methoxybenzoate required gaseous oxygen (02) and a reduced pyridine nucleo-
tide.
REFERENCE: Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 2, 1972, pp. 270-
277.
247. COBALT: A MICRONUTRIENT ELEMENT FOR THE GROWTH OF
SOYBEAN PLANTS UNDER SYMBIOTIC CONDITIONS
by
Shaukat Ahmed and Harold J. Evans
This study determined the effects of small concentrations of cobalt on
the growth of soybean plants under symbiotic conditions. The plants were
grown in nitrogen deficient soils where they were forced to depend upon sym-
biotic nitrogen fixation. Results shoved that plants given nutrients with-
out the presence of cobalt were stunted in growth with some plants eventually
dying. Plants given solution containing nitrogen continued growing vigor-
ously. The study concluded that trace amounts of cobalt are essential for
the growth of soybean plants In nitrogen deficient soils under these condi-
tions.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 90, 1960, pp. 205-210.
147
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248. COBALT AND NICKEL IN SOILS AND PLANTS
by
R. L. Mitchell
Because of tho close geocheraical relation between cobalt and nickel,
their behavior in soil and plants w«.s studied together. There was no cor-
relation found between soil content of cobalt and nickel and plant uptake
mainly because the substances are bound in a crystal lattice and are not
readily available to plants. However, when uptake of these elements does
occur, plants tend to prefer nickel over cobalt. Small additions of nickel
to the soil was ber.eficial to plants, while addition of cobalt resulted in
depressed yields. Cereals grown in soils with high nickel content were also
found to have higher nickel content in the grain produced. In areas of low
cobalt levels, livestock were found to acquire cobalt deficiencies, while
the primary problem with nickel is its poisonous effects on plants given
higher concentrations.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 60, 1945, pp. 63-70.
249. COBALT IN NITROGEN FIXATION BY A LEGUME
by
H. M. Reisenauer
Today's understanding of cobalt as a micro-nutrient element, which is
required by most animal species and various micro-organisms, evolves around
the role of vitamin B^* In most animal species, vitamin Bj^ is required
for the formation of hemoglobin and may be involved with protein metabolism.
In one experiment, the results showed the huge reductions in the amount of
nitrogen fixed by inoculated lucerne plants effect when culture solutions
are purified and controlled with regard to cobalt contamination. In an
experiment directed by Hohn-Hanson, they noted that in the cultures with low
content, growth reduction of the nitrogen fixing species was more pronounced
than for the species requiring combined nitrogen. The amount of the results
obtained here clearly implies an essential role of cobalt in symbiotic
nitrogen fixation.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 186, April 30, 1960, pp. 375-376.
For article on .elated subject see No. 145.
148
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250. COMETABOLISM OF THE HERBICIDE 2,3,6-TRICHLOROBENZOATE
by
Raymond S. Horvath
This article describes the degradation of 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoate by
Brevibacterium sp and the oxidative pathway through which the degradation
proceeded. The pathway went from 2,3,6-trichloro-4-hydroxybenzoate, then to
2,3,5-trichlorophenol with the end product result being 3,5-ddchlorocatechol.
REFERENCE: Journal Agricultural Food Chemiscry, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1971, pp.
291-293.
251. COMPARATIVE FLUORINE UPTAKE BY PLANTS IN LIMED AND UNLIMED SOIL
by
Annie M. Hurd-Karrer
Fluorine applied to soil as hydrofluoric acid to 50 ppm, in small incre-
ments, was administered over a period of 6 weeks. The limed and unlimed
soil differentiated the plant fluorine uptake (collard plant). Lime in the
soil decreased fluorine uptake in the plants, and there was a decrease in
withering and chlorosis. Whereas, unlimed soil had a larger amount of fluo-
rine uptake, and the plants were not as capable of tolerating the concentra-
tion of fluorine. When collard and buck wheat were compared, the buck wheat
showed a larger amount of toleration toward sodium fluoride, calcium fluo-
ride, and other fluoride factors.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 70, 1950, pp. 153-159.
For article on related subject see No. 53.
149
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252. A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR HYDROCARBON
ANALYSIS OF MARINE BIOTA
by
R. L. Gritz and D. G. Shaw
• This study compared methods of analyzing biological materials for hydro-
carbons. The methods, Soxhlet extraction with two hour saponification and
direct two hour saponification, did not adequately remove esters, and in
some cases, caused emulsion problems. Twenty-four hour saponification and
column chromatography was the most desirable method test. Separation of
alkanes from aromatics was normally adequate, but in substances containing
significant numbers of alkenes, analysis must be conducted with extreme care
or by using more complex methods.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 17,
No. A, 1977, pp. 408-415.
253. A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL LEGUMES WITH RESPECT TO
NITROGEN ACCRETION
by
T. L. Lyon and J. A. Bizzell
An experiment was conducted in which several legumes—hay crops, grain
crops, and auxiliary crops—were planted and tested to determine which crops
or combinations of crops were the best nitrogen fixers. Over the 10 year
duration of the experiment, the nitrogen in the crop and in the soil were
measured, and the total and average annual accretion of nitrogen was calcu-
lated. Alfalfa alternated with cereal crops had the highest nitrogen con-
tent of any combination, but alfalfa grown continuously was even greater in
nitrogen content. The cereal combination was more effective, however, in
causing a gain of soil nitrogen. Sweet clover and a mixture of red and
alsike clover followed alfalfa in efficiency of nitrogen fixation. Specifics
of the data accumulated are presented in tables included in the article.
REFERENCE: Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 26, 1934, pp.
651-656.
150
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254. CONSIDERATION OF SOILS FOR ACCEPTING PLANT NUTRIENTS
AND POTENTIALLY TOXIC NONESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
by
L. M. Walsh et al.
It is not necessarily true that phytotoxic or accumulative elements
will develop in the food chain when soils receive substantial amounts of
nutrients and nonessential toxic elements; however, proper soil management
practices and proper nutrient application rates need to be maintained to
uphold proper water quality. A sound description of loading limits need to
be defined for elements potentially hazardous to the environment.
Some subjects that are considered within this article concern plant
growth and potential nutrient removal; the principle guiding crop and soil
selection with emphasis on crop charaterisitics, soil conditions and loading
limits; essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, ammonia, excrement of
man and animals, fertilizers, phosphorus, precipitation, bases and salts,
sulfur, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, iron and manganese; potentially
toxic nonessential elements such as aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
lead, mercury, selenium, and uranium; and loading limits for potentially
toxic elements.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials, Soil Conservation of
America, 1976, pp. 22-47.
255. CONTAMINATION OF SOILS BY PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
by
Roscoe Ellis, Jr. and Russell S. Adams, Jr.
Contamination of soils by petroleum hydrocarbons, most commonly crude
oil and natural gas, greatly affect the properties of soils and the growth
of vegetation. The increase in organic matter and nitrogen content of soils
increases microbiological activity. In several contaminated soils, defloc-
culation and loss of structure may lead to erosicn. As gas saturates the
soil, the air is displaced and growth of vegetation is eliminated for some
time. However, the increased nitrogen supply may result in increased growth
of vegetation after the soil returns to a normal oxidation state.
REFERENCE: Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 13, 1961, pp. 197-216.
151
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256. CONTROL IN RHIZOCTON'IA SOLANI BY PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE
ACCUMULATED FROM SOIL BY BEAN PLANTS
by
P. R. Bristow ct al.
Comparisons were made between planes which were grown in pentachloro-
nitrobenzone treated soil and control plants as to their resistance to
Rhizoctonia solani. PCNB was accumulated in the outer layers of the plant
and, in general, promoted disease caused by the pathogen to be less severe.
The effectiveness of the fungicide was decreased by the presence of higher
quantities of organic matter. While PCNB decreased this specific micro-
organism type, the growth of other species may be increased.
REFERENCE: Phytopathology, Vol. 63, July 1973, pp. 808-813.
257. COPPER: AN ANALYSTS OF SOIL-PLANT RELATIONS
by
James Dragun and Dale E. Baker
This paper looks at the chemistry of copper in relation to soil and
plant properties. Copper Is held very strongly by several soil components;
therefore, a small amount of movement of copper in the soils is shown and
only very small amounts of copper can be found in soil water. Other amounts
of copper can be added to soils from different sources. Copper sulfate has
been used as fungicide for fruit crops and potatoes since the late 19th
century. Also, the land recycling of sewage sludges has become more exten-
sively used. One of the most important factors within a climatic region is
soil copper, which affects the copper content of plants. Copper toxicity
Jn plants can be produced by somewhat high levels and high availability of
soil copper. At the present time, a new soil testing is being developed at
Penn State to monitor the effectiveness of heavy metal status of soil. The
Fair Funds administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture con-
tributed partial support for this project.
REFERENCE: Science In Agriculture, Vol. 23, 1976.
For article on related subject see No. 55.
152
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258. COPPER IN ANIMAL LIVER INDICATOR OF TOXICITY
by
W. S. CorbetC and R. M. Leach, Jr.
This investigation discussed the problems associated with unusually
high or low levels of copper in animal livers. The potential application
of copper containing wastes to livestock production areas may result in the
excessive copper uptake by the animals. Of particular concern were sheep
because of their extremely low tolerance of copper. The localization and
metabolism of copper in the liver of sheep was compared to that of labora-
tory rats. This resulted in an assumption that sheep are not able to syn-
thesize metal-binding proteins, which aid in metabolism and excretion of
copper. Possible solutions to this problem were genetic selection and con-
sumption of high levels of dietary zinc, which promotes the synthesis of
metal-binding proteins.
REFERENCE: Science in Agriculture, Vol. 23, 1976.
153
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259. CROP PRODUCTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH SOIL MOL.'BDENUM
CHAPTER 11
by
Sharon B. Hornick and Dale E. Bakci
Molybdenum contamination in soils were studied for the toxicity associ-
ation with molybdenosis round in cattle, vegetables, and forage crops. Soil
molybdenum was located as far as 1.4 mi to 2. mi in ranges of 31 to 71 ppm
from a molybdenum processing plant. There was a decrease of 5.1 ppo in the
distance of 5 mi. Herbage 1.5 mi from the plant at 25.9 ppm molybdenum
caused molybdenosis in cattle that was amended through copper glycinate vac-
cination and feeding of copper sulfate supplements. Major yield limiting
factors were low amounts of phosphorus, poor soil cultivation, low pH and
high aluminum availability. Experiments were conducted over two contaminated
soils which differed in ppm of molybdenum with respect to calcium, phosphorus
magnesium, and others. Crops were then grown on these soils, and no molyb-
denum toxicity was revealed. The chemical previously tried on the soils
were observed later in the cr«r>s at varying ppm levels, but caused no harm.
REFERENCE: Molybdenum i? the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 665-684.
For article on related subject see Nos. 149 and 150.
154
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260. CRUDE OIL UTILIZATION BY FUNGI
by
J. S. Davies and D. W. S. Westlake
foil from Northern Canadian oil-producing areas provided some sixty
fungal isolates of which 34 were gathered through static enrichment tech-
niques. Twenty-six of the fungi were from culture collections. These fungi
were screened and tested for their growth ability on seven crude oils of
various mixtures and also on n-tetradecane, naphthalene, and toluene. Forty
some cultures were discovered to grow on one or more crude oils in which at
least 28 soil isolates were also found on the crude oils. The data presented
here shows growth ability on pure n-alkane is not a good indicator of ability
to grow on crude oil. Gravimetric and gas-chroniatographic techniques demon-
strated the deterioration of crude oil on Rainbow Lake by isolates.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 25, 1979, pp. 146-156.
For article on related subject see No. 151.
261. CUMULATIVE TOXIC EFFECTS OF BORON, LITHIUM, AND SODIUM IN
WATER USED FOR HYDROPONIC PRODUCTION OF TOMATOES
by
E. F. Wallihan et al.
Boron, lithium, and sodium were tested individually and combined to
compare the effect these chemicals would have on tropical tomato plants in
solution cultures. The leaves showed evidence of chlorosis and necrosis
after boron, lithium, and sodium were applied at levels of 2,2, and 140 ppm.
The highest level of concentration in a leaf was evident at 170 ppra B, 80
ppm Li, and 7000 ppm Na. Among the lower concentrations, the elements were
not seemingly effected.
REFERENCE: Journal of American Society of Horticulture Science, Vol. 103,
1978, pp. 14-16.
155
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262. CYTOLOGICAL DETECTION OF MUTAGEN—CARCINOGEN
EXPOSURE BY SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE
by
P. Perry and H. J. Evans
The symmetrical exchange of sister chromatids at one locus is now being
used for detection of mutagens-carcinogens. The frequency of sister chroma-
tid exchange, measured by autoradiographic studies, was known to increase
after exposure to X-rays, ultraviolet light, and chemical mutagens. But
with the advent of straining techniques ultilizing 5-brotno-aeoxyuridine,
sensitive and isotopes and autoradiography. The method reported on in this
article used cultured Chinese hamster cells. At the time of this article,
there is question whether sister chrotnatid exchange is a constant indicator
of or perhaps results directly in aberrations in some instances.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 258, 1975, pp. 121-125.
263. DECOMPOSITION OF SPECIFICALLY CARBON-14-LABELED FERULIC ACID:
FREE AND LINKED INTO MODEL HUMIC ACID-TYPE POLYMERS
by
J. P, Martin and K. Haider
This study compared the decomposition of several types of ferulic acids
while in free state and while linked into model phenolic polymers. Carbon
loss was significant in most cases involving free ferulic acids. The link-
age of the acids to model humic acid-type polymers significantly decreased
microbial decomposition of the ferulic acid. Side group carbons seemed to
be most st -ongly affected by microbial degradation. The degree of aeration
in the environment aff^e^ed metabolism of phenolic compounds to some extent.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society America Journal, Vol. 40, 1976, pp. 377-380,
156
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264. DEGRADATION OF A NONIONIC SURFACTANT IN SOILS AND PEAT
by
N. Valoras et al.
This paper presented a study that determined the effects of soil mois-
ture content and rate of application on the degradation of Soil Penetrant
3685, a nonionic surfactant in soil nnd peat. Uater-rep<*llant soils, one
wettable soil, and Canadian Sphagnum peat were used. Time produced "S"
type curves versus plots of degradation percentage. The lag period increased
previous to most rapid degradation by increasing the concentration. The
highest percentage of surfactant degradation occurred in sandy loam, and the
lowest in the peat with Glendora being the middle. The percentage of decom-
position is related to the amount of surfactant absorbed by the different
soils. From 73 to 83% of the added surfactant C was released from the
mineral soils during the incubation period. By decreasing the soil moisture
content, the rate of degradation also declined. Of surfactant applications
up to 10,000 ppm, the soil organic matter was not affected, however, it
gradually decreased with higher surfactant concentrations.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vo3. 40, 1976, pp. 60-
63.
157
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265. DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL BY YEASTS AND
ITS EFFECTS ON LESBISTERS RETTCULATUS
by
W. L. Cook et al.
Hydrocarbonoclastic yeasts of high densities were isolated from fresh
and marine waters being enriched with oil. Strains had various character-
istics from affects of chronic oil pollution; for example, some demonstrated
high rates of oil oxidation and emulsification. Also the ability to utilize
various hydrocarbons was affected by the pollution. Yeasts possibly can be
utilized from the oil pollution to facilitate degradation as seen from the
observations. If for testing purpose an inocula "seed" of higl' concentra-
tions is spread, careful attention should be given to the potential patho-
genicity and toxicity of their metabolites for natural biota. Two such
hydrocarbonoclastic yeasts were selected for activities concerning the
aforementioned hydrocarbon-utilization. Candida tropicalis and Endoraycopsis
lipolytica were examined in correlation with the crude oils and their
effects on common guppies mortality, Lesbistet. Reticulatus.
REFERENCE: Tb» Microbiai Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 279-282.
266. DEGRADATION OF DIELDRIN TO CARBON DIOXIDE
BY A SOIL FUNGUS TRICHODERMA KONINGI
by
M. U. Bixby et al.
Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that is very persis-
tent in the environment. It is known that some microorganisms can degrade
this toxic hydrocarbon to safe metabolites. This particular fungi was
selected to test because of good growth with dieldrin as the only'source of
carbon. It was shown that this fungi was capable of degrading carbons from
the chlorinate ring of dieldrin molecules and no other degradation products
besides ^C-carbon dioxide were identified.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 6,
No. 6, 1971, pp. 491-494.
158
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267. DEGRADATION OF ENDRIN, ALDRIN, AND DDT BY SOIL MICROORGANISMS
by
K. C. Patil et al.
This research concentrated on the ability of various soil microorganisms
to degrade five insecticides: endrin, aldrin, DDT, baygon and a gamma iso-
mer of benzenehexachloride (y-BHC). Twenty cultures of various microorgan-
isms were used. The majority of these were found to degrade endrin, aldrin,
and DDT, while none of the cultures degraded baygon or (y-BHC). It was con-
cluded that the enzymes which occur naturally in the soil and degrade all
five -insecticides must vary considerably in characteristics.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, Vol. 19, May 1970, pp. 879-881.
268. THE DECrJujATIUN OF POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS BY MICRO-ORGANISMS
by
R. A. Baxter et al.
The effects were studied on two micro-organism cultures from single
compounds and mixtures of multicomponent polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
These PCB compounds of up to six chlorine atoms per molecule could be broken
down. PCB compounds were frequently found to be more degraded in present
single compounds rather than multi-component mixtures. Work on single com-
pounds does not enable further predictions about commercial mixtures to be
made. Tentative explanations are available for the actions of mixture
exposed to the cultures in this report.
REFERENCE: The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 4, 1975, pp. 53-61.
159
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269. DESTRUCTION OF BENZO(A) PYXENE BY SOIL BACTERIA
by
M. N. Poglazova et al.
Man's environment as a result of incomplete combustion of coals and oil
products has a vide spread hydrocarbon known as benzo(A) pyrene (BP). Benzo
pyrene has been known to be found in large amounts around large cities and
around areas such as railways or old oil refineries. Samples have contained
up to 200 mg F benzo pyrene per 1 kg of soil. Recent studies show some
microorganisms are capable of accumulating benzo pyrene. It can also be
transformed through the process of metabolism.
Hechods are used in offering new iata about the presence of bacteria
able to accumulate and destroy benzo pyrene. Seventeen strains of pore
forming aerobic bacteria were Isolated from soil samples of an oil refinery;
samples contained 100 mg of benzo pyrene per 1 kg of soil. Bacteria were
isolated and cultivated on meat infusion agar. This bacteria was tested
through different series. Samples had 100 mg of benzo pyrene per 1 kg of
soil. The soil was kept in a thermostat for 8 days at 28°C. In a photo-
electric method, data was recorded by a DFS-12 spectrometer, which carries
out at 10-7 - 1CT8 g/ml. Several more isolated strains with soil bacteria
were tested and they proved the hydrocarbon disappeared in four days at the
rate of 16 percent. Benzo pyrene extracted was tested to show biomass of
bacteria after extractions of n-octane had been hydrolysed. Nutrient medium
and KOH mixed with ethanol for 3 hours at 80°C was tested for further ex-
tractions. These show the disappearance of benzo pyrene from nutrient
medium and microbial biomass has no connections with benzo pyrene-nutrient
complexes. Benzo pyrene con-arainated soil show bacteria can accumulate
benzo pyrene and also trans\-rna large amounts of it by oxidation. Soil
bacteria cultivated too long gradually loses the ability ot destroying benzo
pyrene. For example, soon after isolation, 72% of the benzo pyrene contam-
inants were destroyed. Four months after laboratory cultivation, only 26Z
of the substance was destroyed. Preliminary flouresence microscopic exams
show bacteria actively accumulates benzo pyrene, fatty inclusions and lipo-
protein components of cytoplasm.
. Thus experiments show benzo pyrene, the carcinogenic hydrocarbon, can
be destroyed by some bacteria cultivated in laboratories and in the soil
which is contaminated. This presents, biologically, a way of ridding soil
160
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of carcinogenic hydrocarbons. Possibly by Increasing cultivation of some
soil bacteria, benzo pyrenc contaminants can be destroyed. This increased
activity results in appropriate enzymastic systems used by aromatic hydro-
carbon.
REFERENCE: Life Sciences, Vol. 6, 1967, pp. 1053-1062.
For article on related subject see No. 153.
270. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS TEST SYSTEMS
FOR MUTACENS, INVOLVING DNA-REPAIR DEFICIENCY AND
SUPPRESSIBLE AUXOTROPHIC MUTATIONS
by
Hiroshi Tanooka
For testing purposes, a mutagen-tester of Bacillus subtilis was con-
structed and known carcinogens were tested. A parental strain was trans-
formed to carry excision-repair deficiency mutation of the 'his' and 'met*
genes. In a construction of TK15211 A 20-30 fold sensitivity showed a
higher level of His reversion than the parental strain. These results
followed application of UV and UV-mimetic treated chemicals. Methyl methane-
gjlfonate along with X-rays showed no reaction of change on the mutagens.
Spot testing was conducted with 30 various chemicals with the tester strain.
The results were equivalent, but at times were broader in detection when
compared with other systems. Other tests were conducted to detect repair-
dependent DNA damage that is produced by chemicals. It was found that
spores could be used in the different testings.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 42, 1977, pp. 19-32.
161
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271. DEVELOPMENT OF MUTAGENICITY TESTS USING
ESCHERICHIA COLI K-12 INDICATOR ORGANISM
by
Georges Mohn et al.
This report reveals Escherichia Coli K-12 (strain 343/113) to be as
useful as other bacterial strains for testing the mutagenicity of environ-
mental compounds. Escherichia was placed in various genes and picked
separate parts of bacterial populations. Bacterial types detected were auxo-
trophies, 5-methyl-tryptophan and phenotype. In order to discover mutants,
it is reasoned from the study that DNA deletions and changes are helpful in
the process. Different tests were used in the study including spot, liquid,
extract of mammalian organs and mammalian-mediated.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 25, 1974, pp. 187-196.
272. EARLY EFFECTS OF PHYTOTOXIC BURDENS OF CADMIUM,
COBALT, NICKEL, AND ZINC IN WHITE BEANS
by
Wilfricd E. R*user
White bean seedlings were enposed to the heavy metals cadmium, cobalt,
nickel, and zinc. The seedlings response after one day were observed and
compared to determine if these metals produced similar changes in the plant,
thus denoting similar photoxicity through similar mechanisms.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Botony, Vol. 56, 1978, pp. 1744-1749.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 12 and 143.
162
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273. THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION
by
P. W. Brian
The production of antibiotic-i by several types of organisms and its
significance to the ecology of the surrounding environment was studied. The
majority of the study dealt with antibiotic production in thn soil; however,
a brief study of such organisms In water and plant tissue Is also included.
Experiments were conducted in supplemented sterile soil, uusupplemented
sterile soil, and in soil containing normal roicroflora. A positive rela-
tionship was found between the presence of antibiotic-producing organisms
and biological activity in the environment.
REFERENCE: Microbial Ecology 17th Symposium of Society of Gen. Microbiology,
1958, pp. 168-188.
274. EFFECT OF AMENDMENTS ONTHE MICROBIAL UTILIZATION
OF OIL APPLIED TO SOIL
by
A. Jobson et al.
Tests were completed over replicate plots under controlled analysis.
For a period of 10 months, rhe experiments were run by applying oil, bacteria
and fertilizers upon the plotted fields. A method such as chromatographic
technique was used to record any changes that took place in chemical make-
up. Fertilizer appeared to stimulate bacterial growth and use the n-alkane
components the most. Oil helped the rate of n-alkane grow slightly at a
range between C20 to C25. Fertilizer did show the greatest amount of
increase in recovery when compared to the other applicants.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, Vol. 27, January 197A, pp. 166-171.
For article on related subject see No. 157.
163
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275. EFFECT OF APPLIED SELENATE ON RYEGRASS AND ON LARVAE OF
SOLDIER FLY, INOPUS REBRICEPS MACQUART
by
J. H. Watkinson and G, M. Dixon
At 11 rates, selenate was applied from 1 to 10^ selenium/ha toward rye-
grass and soldier fly larvae surface soil. Growth In ryegrass plants dimin-
ished after 11 weeks of application when the level of selenate reached 2500
Ug/g. Solider fly larvae mortality was raised above the point of poisoning
or starvation with the addition of selenium. The maximum of selenium was at
an intermediate level between the root and shoot of the larvae. The concen-
tration was at a level of 200 ug/g.
REFERENCE: New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 7, 1979,
pp. 321-325.
For article on related subject see Mo. 159.
164
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276. EFFECT OF BROMIDE FROM A SOIL FUM1GANT AND FROM CaBr2
ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CITRUS PLANTS
by
J. P. Martin et al.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of bromine from
calcium bromide treatments of the effects of othylene dibromide fumigation
prior to planting on the growth and chemical composition of citrus plants.
The percentages of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium or phosphorus were
not affected by the treatment. Fumigation prior to planting with ethylene
dibromide or treatment with calcium bromide reduced growth of citrus seed-
lings; however, fumigation with ethylene dichloride or treatment with calcium
chloride had little or no effect. In one soil, higher concentrations of
bromine foand in citrus leaves correlated with reductions in growth rates.
Citrus leaf bromine concentrations stemming from either application of cal-
cium bromide on soils or soil pretreatment with ethylene dibromide furaigant
were linked to comparable growth retardation.
Carrot and lima bean plants showed more tolerance to bromine than
citrus plants. A percentage comparison is drawn between citrus plants and
carrot and lima bean plants.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1956, pp. 209-212.
165
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277. EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ON MICROBIAL
DECOMPOSITION OF AROMATIC HERBICIDES
by
M. Alexander and M. I. H. Aleem
This study is dealing with the application of herbicides on plant life.
Not only does it have a persistant affect; it has a decomposing affect as
we.ll. The phytotoxicity of these herbicides can be found within the soils
many years after application. Therefore, it is known that the herbicide has
a lasting affect. One small exception is found in a group of compounds, but
there is little evidence of favorable conditions. Most active substances
will be found in soil microflora. Further tests with certain soil groups
and the use of halogenated phenols and phenoxyalkyl acids will be selected
and analyzed.
REFERENCE: Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 1, January/February
1961.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 161 and 162.
166
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278. EFFECT OF FLUORINE CONTENT OF IRRIGATION
WATER OK THE GROWTH OF' FOUR PLANT
SPECIES IN RELATION TO SOIL SALINITY
by
M. MafCoun and B. Sheibany
Maize, sunflower, soya bean, and mung bean plants were used to deter-
mine the effect of different concentrations of fluorine in relation to
various soil salinity levels. Dry weights of both tops and roots of the
plants were tested. The adverse effects on all four types were more pro-
nounced as the fluorine concentration increased. When equal amounts of
fluorine were present at different salinity levels, plant growth was sup-
pressed more severely in saline soils than in non-saline soils. The fact
that soil salinity levels work addJtively with fluorine levels in inhibiting
crop yields is especially important in that fluorine content is generally
assocaited with irrigation water.
Roots and/or tops of all plants were eventually affected by fluorine
concentrations. Of these, maize was found to be the most resistant to
fluorine concentrations, and sunflower plants were the most sensitive.
REFERFVCE: Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), Vol. 58. July 1979, pp. 213-218.
For article on related subject see No. 63.
167
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279. THE EFFECT OF "MINOR" ELEMENTS ON THE GROWTH OF
WHEAT IN OTHER PARTS OF THE STATE
by
L. J. H. Teakle and I. Thomas
From the tests run toward improving wheat growth, two important factors
were found. One is the type of soil used and the conditions the wheat is
grown under. Minor elements did not seem to improve yield as much as stable
manure. In certain tests, there was a significant decrease in yield result-
ing from application of zinc sulphate and various elements when mixed togeth-
er. Only under certain conditions and the right types of soil was any pro-
ductive yield visible from application of various minor elements.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agriculture, W. Australia, Vol. 16, June 1939, pp.
143-147.
280. THE EFFECT OF RUBIDIUM SULPHATE AND PALLADIUM
CHLORIDE ON THE GROWTH OF PLANTS
by
Winifred E. Bronchiey
Various concentrations of rubidium sulfate and palladium chloride were
applied to plant seed and seedlings during growth. Rubidium sulfate in no
case altered plant or seed growth from that of control plants. Palladium
chloride on the other hand displayed toxic effects at relatively low concen-
trations. The toxicity increased with increasing concentrations of the com-
pound. Symptoms of palladium chloride toxicity were usually seen as stunt-
ing of the main and lateral roots. Toxicity effects also varied among the
different plants used including barley, oats, peas, and broad beans.
REFERENCE: Annals of Applied Biology, Vol. 21, 1934, pp. 398-417.
168
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281. EFFECT OF SOIL ACIDIFICATION ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND
LEAF COMPOSITION OF LEMON TREES IN POT CULTURES
by
D. C. Aldrich ot al.
This investigation determined the effect of soil acidification on yield
and composition of lemon trees grown on alkaline soils. Results showed a
positive correlation between soil pH and plant growth where growth decreased
as the soils became more acidic with treatmei.t. Salinity was also found to
contribute to reduced pl?nt yield. Detailed analysis of leaves indicated
sulfur toxicity was a primary factor in growth reduction. While the effects
of acidification vary widjly with different soils and plants, it does not
appear to be of any beneficial use for the management of citrus trees on
neutral and alkaline soils.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 79, 1955, pp. 427-439.
282. THE EFFECT OF SOIL-ADDED CADMIUM ON SEVERAL PLANT SPECIES
by
L. J. Miles and G. R. Parker
Plant species orignially from the northwestern part of Indiana were
taken as seedlings and grown In a greenhouse for a time period of 6 weeks.
Four-levels of soil-added-cadraium were tested in uncontaminated sandy soils.
Cadmium/grams applied to the soils ranged from 0-100 ug in strenth. These
cadmium levels were located in and around the industrial part of the urban
area. From the data gathered, height was the only inaccurate indicator of
cadmium concentration levels. Germination, weight, and constancy were fairly
good indicators of cadmium present. Although the cadmium concentration was
tested on various plants, this information came from concentration levels
that were low in cadmium levels. Lastly, more data research will be done,
but a test on cadmium tolerance on plants will be conducted because there Is
a good indication there exists some tolerance.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1979, pp. 229-232.
169
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283. EFFECT OF SOIL PHENOLICS ON THE GROWTH OF RHIZOBIUM
by
D. Purushothaman and K. Balaraman
This paper reports on the effect of certain soil phenolics on the
growth of Rhizobiuin sp, The results show that of the four soil types exa-
mined, lignite contained maxium quart!ty of total phenols, besides the five
phenolic acids. There were only two compounds present in black soil, and
three of each in red and peat soil. The results from this study show that
as lignite contains more quantities of phenolic than other soils do, it may
prove toxic or inhibitory to the growth of Rhizobia if used as a vehicle.
However, peat soil has only a very low quantity of phenolics, and this
speaks of its suitability.
REFERENCE: Current Science, Vol. 42, No. 14, July 20, 1973, pp. 507-508.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 64 and 163.
284. THE EFFECT OF SOME MANGANESE SALTS ON
AMMONIFICATION AND NITRIFICATION
by
P. E. Brown and C. A. Hinges
This study determined the effect of the magnesium salts of chlorine,
sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen on nitrification and ammonifxcation in soil.
In all cases, small magnesium salt applications increased to some degree
ammonification and nitrification, which may in turn increase crop -/ields.
Large applicrtions of the salts either inhibited or stopped ammonification
and nitrification possibly due to the reduction of bacterial activity. The
applications of magnesium, although following the same patterns, did vary to
some degree.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1916, pp. 67-85.
170
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285. THE EFFECT OF SURFACTANTS ON GROWTH OF FUNGI
C. W. Steincr and X. D. Watson
Cationic surfactants had the highest level of Inhibition and a lower
level of toxicity when compared to nine other surfactants. The test was
chosen to discover what effects these surfactants would have on fungi. The
fungus showed different reactions to different surfactants. One nonionic,
TMN, showed a coropariron to i.n anionic surfactant. Through testing, three
surfactants showed similar reactions no matter the procedure used. The
inhibition was the same degree in all the fungus colonies whether it was 100
ppm or 60,000 ppm. Nonionic surfactants showed inhibition of fungi at a
level of 100 ppm.
REFFfcENCE: Phytopathology, Vol. 55, 1965, pp. 1009-1012.
286. EFFECT OF THALLIUM ON GROWTH OF TOBACCO PLANTS
J. E. McMurtrey, Jr.
This paper is over the effect of thallium poisoning on the growth of
tobacco. In the last few years, an extensive search has been conducted to
find the cause and the control of the so-called frenching disease of
tobacco. The severity of the effects of thallium disagreed to some extent
In the different soils and proved to be greater at the higher moisture con-
tents. In conclusion, It cannot adequately prove that the frenching disease
of tobacco Is due to thallium toxicity at this present time.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 76, No. 1960, 1932, p. 86.
171
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287. THE EFFECT OF TRACES OF BERYLLIUM
ON THE GROWTH OF KALE, GRASS, AND MUSTARD
by
R. J. B. Williams and H. H. Le Riche
Beryllium in a growth medium at 1 to 2 ppm is toxic to plants. In an
acid soil, beryllium is always toxic to plants at 1-2 ppm, but not so in
soils with free calcium carbonate. Beryllium salt can increase growth in
soils with free calcium carbonate.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1968, pp. 312-326.
288. EFFECT OF VARIOUS SOIL TREATMENT 7OR CORRECTING
ARSENIC INJURY OF PEACH TREES
by
A. H. Thompson and L. P. Batjer
A study was conducted to discover soil treatments which reduce the
arsenic poisoning of peach trees planted ii soils previously planted in
apple trees. After the soil was treated with ammonium phosphate, ammonium
sulphate, iron sulphate, and normal superphosphate, the injury appeared to
be corrected by zinc sulphate and iron sulphate. The emphasis of this
investigation was placed on the use of combinations of nitrogen and zinc in
treating arsenic injury of peach trees. The investigation was conducted in
6 orchards in the Wenatehee and Yakiraa districts over 4 years. The results
of the study indicate that injury resulting from arsenic toxicity was reduced
when ordinary nitrogen applications were doubled and was nearly completely
corrected when zinc sulphate was combined with high nitrogen fertilization.
The addition of sulphur to these treatments Increased effectiveness on alka-
line soils, but not acid' soils. Ferrous sulphate was found to be less
effective than zinc sulphate. One zinc sulphate application followed by
continuous high nitrogen fertilization was generally sufficient In treating
arsenic injury to peach trees.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 65, 1950, pp, 281-290.
172
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289. EFFECT ON SOIL AND PLANT MINERAL
LEVELS FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF MANURES
OF DIFFERENT COPPER CONTENT
by
E. T. Kornegay et al.
Three different levels of copper, high level, low level, and no copper,
were added to samples of finishing pig manure; and the manure was then added
to a Groseclose soil supporting corn. This was then tested to determine the
effects of manure containing high level copper on the soil and plants and to
study ion movement in the soil. Each of the following, copper, potassium,
zinc, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium levels increased. Of these elements,
phosphorus was the only one found to permeate beyond the 10 cm depth before
plowing. Although slight effects of potassium and phosphorus were found in
the grain, copper levels remained constant with the grain normally fed to
farm animals. This is significant in that the use of copper as a growth stim-
ulate could be financially beneficial in agriculture.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 45, 1976, pp. 151-162.
290. EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON TWO BIOCONTROL INSECTS
AND THEIR HOST WEEDS
by
P. C. Quimby et al.
The Alligatorweed Flea Beetle (agasicles hygrophilia) and Nutsedge Moth
(Bactra verutana) are used for control of the Aquatic-Alligatorweed and the
Purple Nutsedge Weed. The effects of cadmium on these plants i. studied in
relation to the feeding and reproduction of these biocontrol insects. Cad-
mium in Alligatorweed did cause marked decrease in the reproduction, life
span, and feeding of the beetles. Cadmium in Purple Nutsedge did not pro-
duce any observed effects on any stage of moth development or reproduction
or feeding of the Nutsedge moth.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 22,
1979, pp. 371-378.
173
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291. EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON THE FREQUENCIES AND LOCATION OF
CHEMICALLY INDUCED CHROMATID ABERRATIONS IN BARLEY
by
H. Nicoloff et al.
Caffeine has an effect on the frequency and location of aberrations in
barley caused by N-Methol-N^-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and Maleic Hydrazine,
M-N-NG and M-H respectively. The frequencies of aberrations induced by both
chemicals was increased by post-treatment with caffeine; however, there was
no delay in the appearance of aberrations from the M-N-NG affected barley,
Caffeine did not exhibit its usual inhibition of post-replicant repair in
the M-N-NG case. It was also found that certain chromosomal segments were
more sensitive to caffeine augmentation of chemically induced aberration.
Distribution of aberrations seem to be a function of differences in regional
chromosomal repair capabilities.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 70, 1980, pp. 193-201.
292. EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ARSENATE ON RICE
by
A. H. Mever
This paper reports on experiments that determine the tolerance pf rice
to calcium arsenate. Also, the yields from the use of fertilizers were
obtained. From the experiments, it vas found that no benefit is bad from
the use of commercial fertilizers. It was also obtained that there was a
slight decrease. The results from the experiments clearly show that under
anaerobic conditions, calcium arsenate is very toxic to rice.
REFERENCE: Association of Southern Agricultural Workers, Proceedings of the
34th - 36th Annual Conference, 1933-1935, p. 241.
174
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293. EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM ON GROWTH AND MINERAL
NUTRITION OF SOYBEANS
by
M. A. Turner and R. H. Rust
The effects of chromium on growth and mineral uptake of soybeans, both
in nutrient solution and in soil, was Investigated. "Chippewa-64" and
"Xorsey" soybeans were germinated in moistened paper towels in a controlled
environment, then treated with a potassium dichromate solution in varied
concentrations. Soybeans were also planted in Nicollet lean in a similarly
controlled environment and treated with a potassium dichroroate solution.
Both varieties of soybeans behaved similarly. Tt appeared that chromium
interfered with the ability of the soybeans to get calcium, potassium, mag-
nesium, phosphorus, boron and copper from the soil, while iron and manganese
were not affected. Potassium dichromate in the nutrient solution decreased
amounts of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, and manganese in tops, and
magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and manganese in roots. Magnesium, zinc, and
boron in the tops were unaffected by potassium dichromate.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35, 1971, pp.
755-758.
294. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOLYBDENUM LEVELS UPON WILDLIFE
CHAPTER 15
by
Eldon W. Kienholz
Live traps were set up down stream of a molybdenum mining camp where
Rainbow Trout were placed. Observers state there were alterations in the
mineral content of the liver and kidney of the fish. Potassium was lowered
to around 102 less than normal concentrations of potassium. During the two
week peroid of testing, none of the fish died. In other experiments, baby
chickens were fed with food containing 20Z of the mine wastes. Here again*
no handicap was visible in growth. Other tests report content of tissue
molybdenum was normal, and there were no deleterious effects in such wild-
life as the Pik,i.
REFERENCE: Molybdenum in the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 731-737.
175
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295. EFFECTS OF LAST) DISPOSAL APPLICATIONS OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE ON CROP YIELD AND HEAVY METAL UPTAKE
by
P. M. Giordano and D. A. Mays
Field and greenhouse studies were carried out from 1969-1975 on the
effects of municipal compost and sewage sludge applications to certain soils
and plants. The study concluded that the sewage product matrix, for compost
or sludge, is the primary determiner of plant uptake of heavy metals. Com-
post of municipal waste showed the least transfer of metals to plant tissue.
Downward movement of heavy metals was slight for both waste forms under a
variety of environmental conditions.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-77-014, PB 266-649, 1977, pp. 1-85.
For article on related subject see No. 154.
296. EFFECTS OF LEAD ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER
by
P. Doelman and L. Haanstra
This experiment studied the effects of lead on the decomposition of
organic matter. The substances studied were glucose, starch, cellulose,
glutamic acid, casimino acid and millipede excrements. Short range effects
of lead were seen in all organic matter tested. Slight effects could still
be seen in some cases up to two years later. The study concluded that lead
pollution in these types of conditions may intensely affect the chemical
breakdown of organic matter.
REFERENCE: Soil Bio. Biochem., Vol. 11, 1979, pp. 481-485.
176
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297. EFFECTS OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS ON MONOCOTS
by
R. M. Endo et al.
In this paper, the effects of Aqua Cro and Soil Penetrant, two commer-
cial nonionic surfactants, on reed germination, shoot growth, and root
growlh of different raonocots were studied in solution culture and soil. The
plant species that were involved in the studies are barley, common ryegrass,
creeping bentgrass, common bermuda, and KentucVy bluegrass. Of the two sur-
factants, both of them showed the results to be raoie toxic to plants in
solution as compared to soil. The reason for this finding was becuase of
adsorption of surfactant by soil thus reducing its toxicity. Except for a
few cases, Soil Penetrant was found to be more toxic than Aqua Cro, mostly
in the soil experiments. Some cytological observations suggest the effects
may be on cellular membranes; however, the mode of action of either sur-
factant is not known.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 61, November/December 1969, pp. 850-854.
For article on related subject see No. 64.
298. EFFECTS OF SOME CHELATINC AND PHENOLIC SUBSTANCES
ON THE GROWTH OF EXCISED PEA ROOT SEGMENTS
by
P. C. DeKock and D. Vaughan
Substances such ae 2.2l-dipyridyl, 8-l,ydroxyquinoline and desferal were
selected from several chelating materials. The growth of extended periods
of time was conducted with parts of pta root tips. The tip cultures were
exposed to 2Z sucrose and non-chelating analoque such as 2-hydroxyquinoline
and 4,4'-dipyrirfyl and were without much effect. Phenolic, cinnamic, feru-
lic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids appeared to enhance growth. When elonga-
tion was apparent, so was intertase, but mostly peroxidas* activity was
increased. Cinnamic acid was incorporated into the cell walls continuously,
which could only be partly removed by pronase, or HCIO/j and NaOH. Some
radioactivity was tr-nsferred from cytoplasm and was not directly put into
the walls.
REFERENCE: Planta, Vol. 126, 1975, pp. 187-195.
177
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299. EFFECTS ON CORN BY APPLICATIONS
OF HEATED ANAEROBICAU.Y DIGESTED SLUDGE
by
T. D. HInesly ct al.
A variety of hybrid corn grown in four 20 X 40 foot plots In ?. Cray-
Brown Podzolic soil near Joliet, Illinois, were fertilized and repeatedly
treated with heated anaerobically digested sludge in applications of 0, ^,
%, and 1 inch. Samples of sludge, soil, and plant tissues were analyzed to
determine nutrient and mineral accumulations and chemical changes. Acid-
soluble phosphorus, sodium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc and cadmium
increased in the upper 6 inches of the soil. Sodium, chromium, copper, zinc,
manganese, lead and cadmium increased in the 12 to 18-inch depth. Analysis
of plant tissues indicated increases in nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, man-
ganese, zinc, cadmium, boron, and magnesium. The elements did not accumu-
late to toxic levels. The application of large quantities of sludge was
found to increase crop yields under most conditions.
REFERENCE: Compost Science, Vol. 13, No. 4, July/August 1972, pp. 26-30.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 66 and 167.
178
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300. EVAPOTRANSP!RATION AND ITS CHEMICAL REDUCTION
by
William L. Powers et al.
This pnper was produced to gain understanding of the natural event
invvr/ing plants, soil, and climate that would lead to more; adequate use of
water* anil to test the efficiency of various chemicals on reducing evapo-
transpiration. The report first looked at the laboratory experiments where
several chemicals were screened for their potential in decreasing transpira-
tion. Transpiration is water evaporation from the stomata of plant leaves;
because of this, chemicals which partially close the stomata will reduce
transpiration. Since the closing of the stomato may also reduce C02 diffu-
sion into the plant, it also reduces photosynthesis and crop yield. Onl'.
plants treated with selected chemicals were measured of both photosynthesis
and transpiration. A research site was constructed of a 5-acre tract of
land located 2 miles southwest of Manhattan, Kansas, where two precision lysl-
meters were placed. In one study, in the summer of 1970, evapntranspiration
from soybean and sorghum fields were tested. On an hourly basis, a model
for evapotranspirati^n based on the resistance to vapor diffusion of a
single leaf was measured.
REFERENCE: Kansas Water Resources Research Institute, J*«ne 1971, pp. 1-58.
For article on related subject see No. 67.
301. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN PLANTS
by
J. Borneff c-t al.
This experiment showed the positive formation of polycyelic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) in a controlled study of algae growth. Algae grown using
"C acetate as the primary carbon-source showed the adsorption of labeled
carbon atoms by PAH-molecules to greatly stimulate growth. This may be the
source of a significant portion of the distribution of carcinogenic hydro-
carbons in nature. Data from this study shows in general the biosynthesis
of PAH in plants.
REFERENCE: Environmental Research, Vol. 2, 1968, pp. 22-29.
179
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302. EXPERIMENTS ON THE DEGRADATION OF NITROSAMINES BY PLANTS
by
J. Sander et al.
This study was concerned with the possible accumulation of nitrosaroines
in edible plants which may constitute dangerous carcinogenic or mutagenic N-
nitroso compounds. Results showed some degree of nitrosamine absorption by
plant roots; however, concentrations decrease rapidly with no further addi-
tion of nitrosamine. Although dangerous carcinogens may be formed from pes-
ticides or fertilizers applied to soil, human contamination does not appear
to result from plant consumption.
REFERENCE: International Agency for Research on Cancer, October 17-20,
Lyon, France, pp. 205-210, 1973.
303. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TOXICITY OF HEAVY METALS IN FOOD
by
Donald Huisingh and Joellen Huisigh
It is not easy to determine the level of heavy metals that can be in-
gested by nan. The heavy metals that are of concern due to their wide dis-
tribution are mercury, cadmium, and lead. There are many factors that deter-
mine the absorption, transport, and biotransforraations of heavy metals and
their effects on man. This article discusses the influence of the form of
the heavy metal on its toxicity, the ability of several elements to modify
the toxicity of heavy metals, and the age and health status of the organism
susceptible to the heavy metal.
This article suggests a need to set up a Standardized Food Monitoring
Network to obtain information needed on forms and concentrations of the
heavy metal and their effects on man.
REFERENCE: Ecology of Food and Nutrition, Vol. 3, 1974, pp. 263-272.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 28, 171, and 172.
180
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304. FATE OF LABELED NITRATE AND AMMONIUM NITROGEN
WHEN APPLIED TO GRASS AND CLOVER GROWN
SEPARATELY AND TOGETHER
by
T. W. Walker et al.
Ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate labeled with N15 and applied at
various levels to grass and clover growing separate and together were tested
for distribution of nitrogen in plant tops. Independent of plants grown.
approximately 302 of labeled nitrogen was lost by denitrification due to
trial conditions. Potassium nitrate had slightly higher losses. All cases
show some nitrogen converted to soil organic nitrogen. Where clover was
grown alone, more nitrogen was recovered from the soil than the plant then-
selves. With increased levels of combined nitrogen, more nitrogen was taken
up and less fixed symbiotically by nitrogen fixating bacteria. Grass con-
tained 95% of utilized nitrogen when grown with clover. There was no trans-
ference of nitrogen from grass to clover.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 81, No. 5, 1956, pp. 339-351.
305. FATE OF 2,2'-DICHLOROBIPHENYL-14c IN CARROTS, SUGAR BEETS,
AND SOIL UNDER OUTDOOR CONDITIONS
by
Prannath Moza et al.
This experiment showed the behavior of 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl-lAC when
applied to soil growing carrots and sugar beets. Roots of the plants were
analyzed to show the concentrations of dichlorobiphenyl and its metabolites
in the plant tissue. A high percentage, of the substance is lost due to
volatilization from the soil. Cases in which high concentrations of the sub-
stance arc present in the soil are probably the only conditions where lower
chlorinated PCB contamination may occur.
REFERENCE: Journal Agri. Food Chemistry, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1976, pp. 881-884.
181
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306. FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS
by
W. H. Maclntirc et al.
Tills study was based on questions relating fluoride fertilizers and
forage crops. The testing vas done to see what effect thi-i forage would
have on the livestock. Fluorides in great ranges of diversity were directly
applied in the forms of phosphatic and liming materials. The toxiclty had
no significant effect upon the grass germination or intensity of fluorine.
Future toxicity in plants appeared improbable due to the non-existent harm
in first applied fluorines. This study was concluded by stating no harm
will come to livestock feeding off the fertilized forage.
REFERENCE: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 34, No. 12, 1942,
pp. 1469-1479.
For article on related subject see No. 66.
307. FOOD CHAIN ASPECTS OF THE USE Or ORGANIC RESIDUES
by
W. H. Allaway
This report discussed the use of organic wastes on crops and Its effect
on nutritional qualities. A number of elements which have been known to be
potentially toxic arc discussed in detail as to their concentrations in cer-
tain wastes as well as their possible effects on plant., and animals. An
outline is presented which gives the general procedures necessary for imple-
menting an organic residue utilisation system.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of Soils for Management of Organic Wastes and Waste
Waters Symposium, 1975, pp. 282-298.
182
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308. FRENCHING OF TOBACCO AND THALLIUM TOXICITY
by
Ernest L. Spuncer
This experiment compared thallium toxicity with the frenching of
tobacco plants. Results concluded that frenching of plant leaves was a
result of thallium toxicity. The frenching, which thallium caused, was
affected by plants grown in nutrient water cultures, sand, field soil and
orchard soil. These are listed in sequence from lowest thallium conccntra*
tion needed to produce chlorosis to the highest. Different plant species
studied shoved a correlation between frenching symptoms and thallium
toxicity. Frenching was controlled by applications of nitrogen salts,
aluminum sulfate solutions and potassium iodide.
REFERENCE: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 24, 1937, po. 16-24.
309. FREQUENCY AND SPECTRUM OF CHLOROPHYLL MUTATIONS
IN A SIX-ROWED BARLEY
by
R. Kumar and S. V. S. Chauhan
"Jyoti" was one of 6-rowed barley used with the highest frequency of
chlorophyll mutation when looked at through NMU treatments (N-nitroso-n-
methyl urea). The M^ population mutants revealed a high level of male
sterility, and a majority of. these were viridis type. Ethyl-methane sul-
phonate (EMS) along with gamma rays provided maximum albinas. Comparing the
routagcns, the NMU seemed to be basically different.
REFERENCE: Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 49, November 1979,
pp. 831-834.
183
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310. FUNCTIONS OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN PLANTS
by
C. A. Price et al.
This report discussed several plant micronutrients by looking at the
molecules in which the clement exists. No evidence was found of any
specific molecules containing either boron, manganese or zinc. However,
manganese is present during photosynthesis, and zinc may be present in cyto-
plasmic ribosomes. Copper occurs in plant oxidases and various proteins.
Iron occurs in various plant functions as an essential element and may be
associated with the ribosomal RNA of chloroplasts.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, 1972, pp. 231-242.
311. FUNGICIDE MOVEMENT IN SOILS
by
Charles S. Helling
A number of fungicides were tested as to their mobility in the soil by
leaching procedures. Cychloheximide, cyclohexiraide oxiiae, Ceresan L, Dexon,
formetanate, forparanate, and oxycarboxin were shown to be relatively mobile
compounds, while chloranil, chloroneb, DCNA, dichlone, dodine, hexachloro-
phere, Morestan, PCNB, TCNA, Terrazole, and zineb were the more immobile
fungicides. In some cases, fungicidal mobility was related to the organic
matter content of the soil.
REFERENCE: Phytopathology, Vol. 64, August 1974, pp. 1091-1100.
184
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312. GROWTH AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION OF APPLE, CHERRY, PEACH,
AND GRAPE PLANTS AS INFLUENCE BY VARIOUS LEVELS
OF CHLORIDE AND SULFATE
by
David R. Dilley et al.
Montmorency cherry was treated with chloride and sulfate one at a tine
anH then 's a combination. The Delicious apple, Elberta peach, and Concord
gr«»f .ei:_ treated with a nutrient solution method. The outcome of this
experiment provides information about growth increase and decrease of the
four fruits mentioned.
A nine treatment mixture was devised with Hoagland's nutrients from a
3 level course of chloride and sulfate. It was accomplished without any
metallic cation content breakdown. Anions from various chemicals were used
to complete this solution. Growth of the trees and leaves were measured and
weighed and, in addition, were analyzed for 12 elements ranging from nitro-
gen, phosphorus, potassium to calcium, magnesium, and iron. Growth began to
decrease in the crops when chloride was increased, and peach developed a
chloride toxicity. When sulfate was increased, it did not directly affect
the trees growth, but depressed the cherry trees growth. The chloride
level was lowered as an overall affect when sulfate and chloride were
applied. Sulfur content in the plants was higher when chloride was absent,
but when chloride was applied, the sulfate level dropped in all the crops.
The elements found within the trees and plants were either lover or higher
in proportion to the fruits. For example, manganese in cherry, apple, and
peach increased when chloride solution increased. In the sane 3 fruits,
potassium decreased after chloride solution was applied. The calcium in
cherry and peach decreased, magnesium in peach and grape, and in cherry
alone, boron element decreased when chloride solution was applied. The only
significant change with sulfate solution applied was the increase of boron
in apple, peach, and cherry leaves. It did decrease calcium in cherry and
peach leaves.
In conclusion, the reduced growth in these leaves may very well have
been accountable for the ions taken in by the leaves instead of the chloride
levels induced upon the plants.
REFERENCE: American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 72, November 19
1957, pp. 65-73.
For article on related subject see No. 175.
185
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313. GROWTH AND NUTRIENT RELATIONS OF A GRASS-LEGUME MIXTURE
ON SODIC COAL-MINE SPOIL AS AFFECTED BY SOME AMENDMENTS
by
N. M. Safaya and M. K. Wall
A study was conducted over thickspike wheatgrass and yellow sweet clover
with the intention of finding out the affects gypsum, fertilizers, and sul-
fur ic acid had on nutrient deletions and growth of mixed crops. Nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium were added to the two crops and increased the dry
matter yield by 10 to 37 times. Wheatgrass crops were affected more by
nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas, sweetclover only needed phosphorus. Nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and potassium, in addition to zinc, decreased sweetclover
growth and the manganese in both plant species. Both species reacted against
leonardite, which also correlated with potassium+/sodiunH- ratios during cal-
cium uptake. When phosphorus was applied, the extractability was higher
from the leonardite treated spoil. Gypsum proved not to be as effective as
sulfuric acid in sodium release in the sices of the spoils. Sulfuric acid
enriched the phosphorus state in the plants, and yield in wheatgrass became
larger with the application of 75 mg phosphorus/g spoil from phosphoric acid
source.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society America Journal, Vol. 43, 1979, pp. 747-753.
186
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314. GROWTH RESPONSE OF CABBAGE PLANTS TO ARSENIC
AND ANTIMONY UNDER WATER CULTURE CONDITIONS
by
Tetsuo Kara et al.
Nagaoka cabbage plants were grown end treated with graded levels of
arsenic trioxide and antimony trioxide solutions. The plants were then har-
vested, dried, weighed and milled. Ash samples dissolved in HCL were tested
with a spectrophotoraeter.
The dry weight of a plant decreased as levels of arsenic and antimony
increased. Living plants showed symptoms of toxicity injury at A to 20 ppm
arsenic solution and at 4 to 20 ppm antimony solution.
Increasing concentrations of arsenic and antimony solutions increased
the content of both elements in the plants. The plants were found to be
more tolerant to an excess of antimony than arsenic.
The behavior of these elements in other chemical forns may differ from
these findings.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Plant Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1977, pp. 253-255.
187
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315. GROWTH RESPONSE OF CABBAGE PLANTS TO TRANSITION
ELEMENTS UNDER WATER CULTURE CONDITIONS
II. COBALT, NICKEL, COPPER, ZINC, AND MOLYBDENUM
by
Tetsuo Uara et al.
A study was done to determine the growth response of water-cultured
cabbage plants to the following ten transition elements: chromium, cobalt,
copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, vanadium, and zinc.
The plants were found to be least tolerant to titanium and vanadium; slightly
tolerant to copper, chromium, cobalt, and nickel; and most tolerant to man-
ganese, iron, zinc, and molybdenum. Low level application of zinc and molyb-
denum increased yields slightly. However, high level applications of all
transition elements used decreased plant yields. The study alsc stated that
higher plant types may respond selectively to the elements if tested under a
water-culture condition.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Plant Nutrition, Vol. 22, 1976, pp. 317-325.
316. HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION AND GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS OF FIVE
FOREST SPECIES AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL CADMIUM LEVEL
by
J. M. Kelly et al.
These tree seedlings, white pine, loblolly pine, yellow birch, yellow
poplar, and choke cherry were planted in sand pretreated with cadmium, lead,
copper, and zinc. Then more cadmium was added to each plant by soil intro-
duction of cadmium chloride. Root and shoot growth were reduced in variance
with species and soil cadmium concentration. Root and shoot uptake of the
other metals were affected by species and soil cadmium concentration.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1979, pp. 361-
364.
188
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317. HEAVY METAL AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS
FROM SLUDGE APPLICATION
by
R. F. Reefer et al.
A field experiment was conducted to compare the yield response of corn
grown on two types of soil to two sewage sludges by determining the chemical
composition of leaves, edible grain, and soil. A municipal sludge with
little industrial waste and moisture of 18% was broadcast on a tilled and
sweet corn-seeded, silt loam soil at 0, 10, 20, and 30 tons/acre. A munici-
pal sludge with 592 moisture was spread on a tilled and field corn-seeded,
sandy loam soil at 0, 9.45, 18.9, and 37.8 tons/acre. The sweet corn (har-
vested at milk stage) and the field corn (harvested at maturity) were ana-
lyzed for yield, and chemical analysis was made of grain, leaf, and soil
samples. Sweet corn grown on the silt loam soil appeared unaffected by the
application of sludge, while the field corn on the sandy loam soil was
stunted and showed signs of nitrogen and potassium deficiencies. Only slight
absorption of heavy metals was evident in the grain samples; small increases
of cadmium and nickel appeared in the leaves. Both amounts were well below
hazardous levels; however, heavy raetaJ.s appeared to accumulate in soils to
undesirable levels.
REFERENCE: Compost Science, May/June 1979, pp. 31-34.
189
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318. HEAVY-METAL ION UPTAKE BY PLANTS
FROM NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS WITH METAL IONS,
PLANT SPECIES AND GROWTH PERIOD VARIATIONS
by
Olle Pettersson
Various crops were selected and analyzed for a period of one to two
weeks with additions of heavy metals. The metals shoving greatest motion
were nickel, lead, and manganese. Translocation was not affected in the
shoots of cucumber plants in the silver metals. Cadmium and nickel solu-
tions increased the growth in roots and shoots 5-10 times in accordance with
increasing the amount of metal ion concentration. Between the nickel and
cadmium uptake, there were distinct differences in the roots and shoots of
the oats, rape, wheat, and cucumber. Tomatoes had the greatest uptake of
both cadmium and nickel. A noteable fact is that with age in a plant, the
nickel and particularly the cadmium becomes greater.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 45, 1976, pp. 445-459.
319. HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE IN PLANTS
by
R. G. Turner
A number of plants and microorganisms were tested to determine their
resistance to various heavy metals, specifically zinc and copper. Metals
entering the organisms tolerant to the substance were either expelle-* from
the organism or made inactive by enzyme changes. Accumulation of heavy
metals in the cell wall was also apparent.
REFERENCE: Ecological Aspects of Mineral Nutrition of Plants, 1969,
pp. 399-410.
190
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320. HYDROCARBON BIODEGRADATION IN ALASKAN WATERS
by
B. Robertson ct al.
In Alaska's Cook Inlet and Port Valdez, groups of hydrocarbon-oxidizing
organisms were found to be 1/cc and less in the Arctic Ocean. Distribution
decreased with salinity in Cook Inlet and with depth in Port Valdez. Oxida-
tion of l^C-dodecone (91 ug C/liter) occurred within hours and continued at
a rate of 1 pg/liter-day. Storage of Cook Inlet crude oil is seawater at
10oc for four years affected removal of most visible components. Oil slick
stability was substantially affected after mixing. Silt, a major component
component of Alaskan estuaries, had little affect on the solubilization pro-
cess. Certain organisms had certain preferences for various parts of kero-
sene, emulsified crude oil and reacted in a normal way to incubation temper-
ature, Ea 1A.5 to 16 Real/male. Some effects of crude oil inhibition are
discussed. Calculations show that for rapid slick inoculation, motility is
necessary. .
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 171-184.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 75 and 176.
321. HYDROCARBON UTILIZATION BY CLADOSPORIUM RESINAE
by
J. J. Cooney and J. D. Walker
This report discussed two strains of the Cladosporium resinae organism,
which is a filamentous fungi, and its use as a hydrocarbon-using organism.
This type of fungi was found to grow on a variety of substrates. Slow growth
resulted in hydrocarbon substrates, while limited growth was exhibited when
fungi was grown on cyclic and aromatic compounds. Cellular hydrocarbons and
fatty acids were both affected by growth substrates. This fungi resembled
other types of microorganisms In several ways. C. resinae, however, did ex-
hibit a competitive advantage over other types of organisms. This fungi may
also be an efficient "seeding" organism because of the amount of hydrocarbons
which could be metabolized with a relatively small biomass accumulation.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, LSU-SG-73-01, 1973,
pp. 25-32.
191
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322. IMMOBILIZATION OF FERTILIZER NITRATE APPLIED
TO A SWELLING CLAY SOIL IN THE FIELD
by
D. E. Kissel et al.
In this nitrogen balance field study, immobilization.was observed to he
delayed compared to laboratory tests by several uncontrollable soil condi-
tions. Immobilization can deprive growing plants of available nitrogen,
especially when soil temperatures remain at 22°C or greater for 2 weeks. It
is noted that nitrogen fertilizing could be helpful in soil having many
cases of exhaustive cropping in their histories.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society America Proceedings, Vol. 41, 1977, pp. 346-
349.
323. INDUCTION OF CYCLOEXIMIDE-RESISTANT MUTANTS
IN SACCHAROMYCES CERVISIAE WITH N-METHYL-N1-
NITRO-N-NITROSOGUANIDINE AND ICR-170
by
David J. Brusick
N-Methy-N'-Nitor-N-Nitrosoguanidine and acridine mustard, (ICR-170)
both have mutagenic effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Specifically
N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine treatment results in missense mutations,
which lead to the loss of the ribosorae binding sites of the antibiotic cyclo-
heximide rendering the cell resistant to cycloheximide. ICR-170 treatment
causes fram shift mutations that alter ribosome structure, but result in cell
death.
REFERENCE: Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 109, 1972, pp. 1134-1138.
192
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324. INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ON PLANT GROWTH
AND MINERAL NUTRITION OF POTATOES
by
C, R. Lee
Three experiments were conducted on eight potato varieties to determine
the effect on plant growth and mineral nutrition. In Experiment 1, all
potato varieties were grown in nutrient solutions containing 0 (as a control)
and 20 ppm aluminum at pH 3.5. In Experiment 2, two potato varieties (Netted
Gem and Sebago) were grown in nutrient solutions with 0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 ppm
aluminum at pH 3.7. In Experiment 3, two potato varieties (Green Mountain
and Katahdin) were grown in nutrient solutions of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 ppm
aluminum at pH 3.8. After 14 days, plants were harvested and tested. All
plants in Experiment 1 suffered effects of aluminum toxicity with decreased
plant yield. However, aluminum at 1 to 5 ppm stimulated growth in some
varieties. Content of other plant nutrients (calcium, phosphorus, manganese,
iron, copper, zinc, magnesium and potassium) was also affected by aluminum.
Aluminum tolerance among some varieties may be affected by the ability of the
plant roots to absorb magnesium and potassium
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, July-August 1971, pp. 604-608.
325. INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM IONS ON DEVELOPMENT
MORPHOLOGY OF SUGftRBEET ROOTS
by
M. Keser et al.
Aluminum found in low pH soils in large quan'.ties are known to be
poisonous to sugarbeets. When concentration of aluminum was increased by 4,
8, and up to 12 ppra, the reaction was a reduction in root and plant growth.
Evidence of this was a curved root system and the root cap expanded. The
primary root had out breaks of abnormal lateral root growth. Complete exami-
nations were done over the primary and lateral root system, and in the pro-
cess, external materials were located. In acid soils, aluminum can serve as
a decreaser of sugtr^jet growth.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 67, January-February 1975, pp. 84-88.
193
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326. THE INFLUENCE OF ARSENIC UPON THE BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
OF NITROGEN IN SOILS
by
J. E. Greaves
Arsenic in various compounds was assessed as to its toxicity on nitri-
fying and ammonifying potential of soil. Sodium arsenate, zinc arsenate,
lead arsenate, arsenic trisulfide, and Paris green slightly stimulated nitri-
fication and in some cases ammonification. Large quantities of these com-
pounds resulted in stopping or inhibiting I se nitrifying and ammonifying
capabilities of the soil. Lead arsenate appeared to be the least toxic,
while Paris green showed the highest potential toxicity. The concentration
required to cause adverse affects on soil activity were found in most cases
to be higher than would ever be encountered in natural conditions.
REFERENCE: Biochemical Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 9, 1913, pp. 2-16.
327, THE INFLUENCE OF CADMIUM IN THE SOIL ON THE YIELD
OF VARIOUS PLANT SPECIES AND THEIR CADMIUM CONTENT
by
A. Kloke and H. D. Schenke
This study examined the influence of increasing amounts of cadmium on
cadmium content and yield of various types of plants. The study concentrated
on: 1. the difference in sensitivity between plant species, 2. the develop-
ment of various toxic symptoms, and 3. the cadmium content of various plant
parts. The range of sensitivity varied widely among the plants. Tomatoes
were the least sensitive with sensitivity increasing in broccoli, oat, let-
tuce, ray grass, carrot, radish, bushbean, pea, and spinach being the most
highly sensitive. Symptoms resulting from cadmium toxicity included dis-
colored leaves, absence of fruit, stunted growth and deformed leaves. Rela-
tive yields of different plants varied greatly to cadmium applications. In
most cases, cadmium content was found to be relatively low in seed, fruit and
root areas, while high concentrations were frequently found in the leaf and
straw portions.
REFERENCE:
is.
S. Pflanzeneraehr. Bodenkd., Vol. 142, 1979, pp. 131-136.
194
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328. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN SOURCES IN THE.^FORMATION OF
OXIDIZED AND REDUCED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS
by
A. V. Vladimirov
Certain formulations can be made from the effect NH^+, N02~, and NO-j-
have on oxidized and reduced organic coripounds in plants. N. rustica has a
level of acidity that Increases with nitrate nitrogen. When ammonia nitrogen
is available, the acid level decreases. Through the changing process, the
nitrate nitrogen helps in the plant organism formation. Ammonia nitrogen
provides the reduction process. Within the plants are instilled the capacity
of reduction with the lower the organic acid content, the higher the reduc-
tion. There is no loss of sugars under the ammonia nutrition combination,
while is linked to nitrogenous compounds and organic acids. Citric and malic
acids increase which under nitrate nutrition.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 60, No. 4, 1945, pp. 265-275.
329. THE INFLUENCE OF SULFUR ON SOIL ACIDITY
by
H. Clay Lint
This experiment was concerned with the effects of sulfur application en
soil conditions. The oxidation of essentially all of the sulfur content of
coils tested was completed after eight or nine weeks. Similar experiments
using both a heavy clay loa
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330. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL POPULATION
AND DECOMPOSITION PROCESSES IN COMPOSTS OF STABLE MANURE
by
Selman A. Waksman et al.
This study was concerned with the effects of «arying temperature on the
decomposition of stable manure. Of interest were the heraicelluloses, cellu-
loses, proteins, and lignins. Raising or lowering the temperature affected
both the substance being degraded as well as which organisms were the most
active. Nitrogen changes were quite significant with respect to temperature.
Nitrification resulted only at the lower temperatures, and the loss of vola-
tile forms of nitrogen occurred if degradation was inhibited.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 47, 1939, pp. 83-113.
331. INFLUENCE OF THE PLANT ROOT ON
ION MOVEMENT IN SOIL
by
Stanley A. Barber
This report concentrated on the properties of the soil immediately sur-
rounding plant roots. Topics covered were: 1. physical properties of the
soil, 2. Ion distribution, 3. nutrient supply rates, a.id 4. ion accumulation
influence on nutrient availability. In general, the &tudy showed a narked
difference between total soil characteristics and just that portion of soil
adjacent to the root. The root itself can greatly alter the immediate envi-
ronment as can tertilizers, soil, climate, etc.
REFERENCE: The Plant Root and the Environment, Vol. 1, 1974, pp. 523-554.
196
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332. INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL CHEMORECEPTION BY HYDROCARBONS
by
F. Walsh and R. Mitchell
Bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas sp. were used to determine the
effect of hydrocarbons on bacterial chemoreception. The hydrocarbons, which
act as pollutants, appear to block the cherooreceptors to a certain extent
depending on the hydrocarbon concentration. As concentrations become more
concentrated, chetnotactic response levels decrease. Efficiency of the
bacteria in feeding and environmental adaptation may occur and may lead to a
more resistant type species. The chemotactic response levels of polluted
bacteria may be returned to its original state by washing the bacteria in
fresh seawater.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, LSU-SG-73-01, 1973,
pp. 275-278.
333. INJURY TO GROWING CROPS CAUSED BY THE APPLICATION
OF ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS TO THE SOIL
by
H. E. Morris
This experiment studied the effects of arsenic compounds on the growth
of plants. Arsenic compounds when applied to the growth median, decreased
transpiration rates with small concentrations and caused plant injury or
death at higher concentrations. Different types of plants varied consider-
ably in their ability to withstand arsenic applications with cereals anil
grasses being the most, and beans and cucumbers being the least resistant.
Arsenic compounds in the form of arsenite were found to be considerably more
toxic to plants than arsenic existing as arsenate.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 34, No. 1, January 1,
1927, pp. 59-78.
197
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33A. THE INTERACTION OF COPPER AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN PLANT INJURY
by
P. M. A. Toivonen and G. Hofstra
This study determined the effects of copper and sulfur dioxide on
Laurier barley. This type of plant was used because of its sensitivity to
sulfur dioxide. When plants were treated with sulfur dioxide, the adverse
affects consisted of necrotic streaking. Plants treated only with copper
were found to have decreased root development and stunted plant growth.
However, plants containing copper in the toot median were found to have a
significantly higher stotnated resistance. Because of this, the adverse
effects of sulfur dioxide on the copper containing plants were reduced.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 59, April 1979, pp. 475-
479.
335. INTERACTIONS OF LEAD AND CADMIUM ON METAL
UPTAKE AND GROWTH OF CORN PLANTS
by
Joseph E. Miller et al.
When Pb and Cd was added to soil both together and separately, short
term accumulation and growth effects of corn grown under greenhouse condi-
tions were investigated. It was observed that soil Pb increased plant Cd
and total Cd uptake of the corn shoots. The soil Cd reduced total Pb uptake
and also the concentration. The two metals worked well together in promot-
ing growth.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 6, No, 1, 1977, pp. 18-20.
198
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336. ISOLATION OF THE NITRIFYING ORGANISMS FROM SOIL
by
H. Lees
This experiment was desig-ned to develop a method by which nitrifying
organisms could be isolated from soil samples. This was accomplished by
maintaining adequate aeration and beginning with a medium free of organisms.
After a number of percolation procedures of the medium, the nitrifiers were
obtained in a relatively fare form. This procedure was developed with the
thought that it would provide adequate quantities of the nitrifiers to be
throughly analyzed.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 167, March 3, 1951, pp. 355-356.
337. KINETICS OF LOSSES OF PCNB AND DCNA IN THREE CALIFORNIA SOILS
by
C. H. Wang and F. E, Broadbent
The results of this study revealed chat the fungicides PCNB (Penta-
chloronitrobenzene) and DNCA (2,6-Dichloro-4-Nitroaniline) were lost from
three California soils according to first order kinetics. The persistence
of the fungicides was measured by calculated half times in the three soils.
High organic matter was linked to slowed PCNB loss, but conversely it caused
greater DCNA loss. Clay content affected PCNB, and DCNA in a similar manner.
PCNB loss was due mainly to volatilization, while DCNA loss due mainly to
microbial degradation.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 36, 1972,
PP. 742-745.
199
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338. LANDFARMING SHOWS PROMISE FOR REFINERY WASTE DISPOSAL
by
H. E. Knowlton
Landfarming is a safe and effective method of disposal of many organic
petroleum wastes. Oily sludges and Mosollds (from less than 200 to snore
than 600 bbl year/acre) arc spread several inches thick and cultivated at
regular intervals to provide oxygen.
A landfarra site should be chosen carefully, so that it can be control-
led and limited from surrounding environments as much as possible. However,
when a landfnrm sit_o j2 Ecr.itorcu ctuu controlled properly (oil content,
nutrient content, and pH regulated), this can be a very effective disposal
technique.
REFERENCE: Oil and Gas Journal, May 14, 1979, pp. 108-116.
For article on related subject see No. 79.
339. LEAD UPTAKE AND CORN GROWTH WITH SOIL-APPLIED LEAD
by
G. R. Baurahardt and L. F. Welch
Eight rates of lead ranging from 0 to 3,200 kg/ha were applied to a
control field of corn. Many conditions of the corn were not affected with
the lead applied to the soil. For example, the lead did not Affect the
sprouting, coloring, maturity or any other visual differences in the two
years the corn was studied. The stover content increased in load when
studied. Lead contents of a young whol«> plant averaged between 2.4 and 37.8.
For the leaves, the ppm ranged from 3.6 and 27.6. At the time the grain was
harvested, the ppra factor was 4.2 and 20.4. The average lead content of the
grains was 0.4 ppm and was not affected by the application of lead.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1972, pp. 92-
94.
200
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340. LEAD UPTAKE FROM SOLUTION BY PERENNIAL
RYEGRASS AND ITS TRANSPORT FROM ROOTS TO SHOOTS
by
L. H. P. Jones et al.
Lead uptake In ryegr-sss grown in solution cultures was measurec in all
parts of the plants. It was concluded that the roots of growing ryegrass
provide a barrier function that inhibits the transfer of lead to the parts
of the plant above ground.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 38, 1973, pp. 403-414.
341. THE MANGANESE CONTENT OF GRASSES AND ALFALFA
FROM GRAZED PLOTS
by
Donald U. Bolin
This experiment consisted of analyzing eight different grasses to
determine the manganese content of each. There was a significant difference
in the concentrations of manganese between the varieties of grasses with
alfalfa having the lowest. The grasses also varied in their manganese
adsorbtion capabilities. Fusion of the plant ash with anhydrous sodium car-
bonate was the method used for analysis. The method recovered larger quan-
tities of manganese than previously used method".
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 48, No. 7, April 1, 1934,
pp. 657-663.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 90 ana 178.
201
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342. MANGANESE STUDIES CALIF. SOILS AND
CITRUS LEAF SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY
by
H. D. Chapman et al.
This report is divided into two parts. The first part of the study
showed manganese to be an essential element for the growth of alfalfa. This
was followed by a procedure which assessed manganese deficiency symptoms on
citrus leaves. Manganese deficiency symptoms resembled those of zinc defi-
ciency and are increased by soil alkalinity. Control of these symptoms may
be gained by controlling soil pH of neutral or slight" acidic levels.
REFERENCE: The California Citrograph, Vol. 24, Nov^Jiber 1939, pp. 11, 15,
427, and 454.
343. MANGANESE TOXICITY EFFECTS ON LEAF CELL MULTIPLICATION AND
EXPANSION AND ON DRY MATTER YIELD OF SUGAR BEETS
by
N. Terry et al.
The effect of manganese toxiclty was tested on a group of hydroponically
cultured sugar beets. Overall, the sugar beets were found to be more resis-
tant to manganese poisoning than other previously tested types of plants.
Low level manganese concentration.* had no significant effects on plant
growth, while higher applications decreased dry yields by as much as 50Z.
In addition, leaves affected by manganese toxicity were found to be smaller
in size as compared to control plants. This is explained in that the leaves
examined contained both fewer and smaller cells than unaffected plant leaves.
REFERENCE: Crop Science, Vol. 15, March-April 1975, pp. 205-208.
202
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344. THE METABOLIC DETOXICATION OF 2,4-DINITROPHENOL
BY FUSARI'JM OXYSPORUM
by
Clarence Madhosingh
Fusarium oxysporxtn indicated in testing thj power to reduce Dinitro-
phcnol to a lower toxic nitrophenol. The two lesser toxics were 2-amino-4-
nitrophenol and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol. Organisms can also reduce the com-
pounds along with fusarium oxysporurt. At a level of pH 7.1, Dinitrophenol
had its largest amount: of reduction. SorHijs nitrate stimulated growth in
fusarii oxysporum and caused Dinitrophenol to reduce to a level of 1.27.
Changes occurring in the experimen-s indicated a reversible nitro-reducing
system. By Dinitrophenol decreasing, it indicates a threat to treated wood
by wood-rotting fungi, and the tests must focus on preserving the wood.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 7, 1961, pp. 553-567.
345. THE METABOLISM OF CYCLOHEXANOL BY ACINETOBACTER NCIB 9871
by
Nuala A. Donoghue and Peter VI. Trudgill
Acinetobacter NCIB 9871, while unable to sustain itself on many all-
cyclic alcohols and keytones, did utilize cyclohexanol as.its sole carbon
source. The Cells also significantly oxidized cyclohexane and at a slower
rate l-oxa-2 oxocycloheptane and 6-hydroxyhexanoate. The conversion of
cyclohexanol to adipate was then shown. From this, several key intermediate
aromatic compounds were distinguished.
REFERENCE: European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 60, 1975, pp. 1-7.
203
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346. THE METABOLISM OF CYCLOHEXANOL BY KOCARDIA GLOBERULA CL1
by
D. B. Norris and P. W. Trudgiil
This study was concerned with the metabolism of cyclohexanol and its
oxygen uptake. The study determined the reaction sequency of cyclohexanol,
which resulted in the formation of adipate that may be further oxidized.
The first oxidation steps occurred quite simularly. However, further steps
occurred more slowly, and adipate was not oxidized at all.
REFERENCE: Biochemistry Journal, Vol. x21, 1971, pp. 363-370.
347. METABOLISM OF 0-PHTHALIC ACID BY DIFFERENT GRAM-NEGATIVE
AND GRAM-POSITIVE SOIL BACTERi/.
by
Gabriele Engelhardt et al.
This report characterizes and tentatively identifies different soil
bacteria that can metabolize o-phthalic acid for growth. Benzoic acid,
terephthallc acid, protocatechulc acid, salicylic acid, di- and mono-butyl
phthalate were metabolized by some of the organisms. All organisms tested
cleaned protocatechuate or catechol, respectively by the "ortho" fission
when grown on phthalate, terephthalate, or hexyzoate as carbon source.
REFERENCE: Archives of Microbiology, Vol. 109, 1976, pp. 109-114.
204
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348. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
by
D. T. Gibson and W. K. Yeh
Pseudomonas putIda 39/D, Pseudomonas SP. stxains, and Deiterincria
B8/38 are mutagenic strains isolated from soil bacteria grown on benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, and biphenyl. These specific strains
were then grown on the aromatic hydrocarbons. The initial chemical reactions
that took place in the bacterial strains oxidizing hydrocarbons were studied
and related to mammalian oxidation of the same hydrocarbons. Resulting
evidence suggested that these bacterial strains degrade hydrocarbons by use
of an enzyme that fixes both oxygen atoms from 02 to the hydrodiols eventu-
ally. Mammals oxidize hydrocarbons with only one oxygen atom producing
arene oxides, which are more carcinogenic than their parent compounds and
become trans-dihydrodiols eventually.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 33-38.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 91 and 179.
349. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF ASPHALT
by
R. W. Traxler
This report states that bacterial degradation of asphalts does occur.
Temperature, pH, and oxygen tension Influence asphalt degradation, but their
importance varies as different organisms degrade asphalts by different enzy-
matic means. Also, the individual chemical components of the asphalt
dictate which microorganisms can or cannot assimilate and degrade it.
REFERENCE: Biotechnology and Bioengineerlng, Vol. 4, 1962, pp. 369-376.
20S
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350. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL AND
THE VARIOUS HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
by
D. L. S. Liu
This report is an attempt to supplement previous knowledge on crude oil
and hydrocarbon degradation. Crude oil-grown bacteria were studied as to
their efficiency in metabolizing these petroleum products using raanomctric
and gas chromatographic methods. Both procedures were in agreement that n-
alkanes were readily degradable by the studied bacteria. The roanometrlc
technique also confirmed the utilization of hydrocarbon alcohols, methyl
ester of fatty acids and alkylbenzenes. However, this degradability poten-
tial of the bacteria cultures was inhibited in experiments conducted in the
presence of benzene, toluene or ethyl benzene in the substrates.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 95-104.
351. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBONS
by
David T. Gibson
This paper discusses the various types and sources of hydrocarbons and
their ability to be microbiologically degraded. The biodegradation of both
single and mixed hydrocarbon substrates is mentioned. Finally, the complex
nature of crude oil biodegradation is discussed with emphasis on the types
of compounds present, which are readily degradable. Parafins and various
simple cyclic compounds are examples of this, which a number of polycydic
compounds are not easily removed from crude oil by microbial degradation.
REFERENCE: Dahlem Workshop on the Nature of Seawater, pp. 667-696.
206
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352. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL AND HYDROCARBONS
IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE
by
P. H. Pritchard and T. J. Starr
Continuous culture techniques were shown to be of greater value than
batch cultures because they more closely approximate conditions in an aquatic
ecosystem. These open continuous culture experiments revealed data about
the degradation of hydrocarbons and oil by microorganisms that was previ-
ously masked by extraneous artificial factors inherent with batch culture
techniques. This new information will be important in the area of oil slick
clean-up degradation.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, Center for Wetland
Resources, 1973, pp. 39-45.
353. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL: PRESENT
STATUS, PROBLEMS, AND PERSPECTIVES
by
C. E. ZoBell
At this time, 200 bacteria, yeasts, and fungi have been identified as
hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms. The microorganisms can degrade simple
hydrocarbons like methane and complex hydrocarbons containing AO or more
carbon atoms. Most micrubial hydrocarbon degradation is through oxidation,
and this paper summarizes kinds and occurrences of hydrocarbon oxidizers,
hydrocarbons oxidized, factors affecting degradation of hydrocarbons, cri-
teria for raicrobial degradation of specific hydrocarbons, products from
hydrocarbon degradation, problems with raicrobial degradation, and new possi-
bilities for the use of microorganisms for degrading hydrocarbons.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 3-16.
207
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354. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES
by
M. Alexander
Frequently, the only prevention of pesticides in an ecosystem is by
microorganisms. Many times microorganisms govern the way pesticides behave
in an environment. The degradation process caused products to form that
w^re at times very toxic. If an intermediate was found in the persistent
and toxic, then that suggests it is unsuitable as a substrate for microor-
ganisms .
REFERENCE: Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides, Part V, 1972, pp. 365-
383.
355. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF PLASTICIZERS
by
R. E. Klausmeier and W, A. Jones
The ability of a number of various types of plasticizers to support the
growth of several different microorganisms was determined. Fatty acid deri-
vatives, natural oils, and derivatives of lauric, oleic, ricinoleic, and
stearic acids were the type of substrates supporting fungal growth. Aromatic
hydrocarbons, a number of various esters, derivatives of toluenesulfonic
acid, and certain glycol and glycolic acid derivatives (lid not support the
growth of the organisms used.
REFERENCE: Development of Industrial Microbiology, 1960, pp. 47-53.
208
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356. MICROBIAL D2GRADATION Of SOME POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
by
Donald P. Cox and Richard A. Conway
Microorganisms from the primary non-industrial sewage of Charleston
were enriched with polyethylene glycol that had a molecular weight of 1540.
Then to these enriched cultures was addtd CARBOWAX polyethylene glycol-200,
polyethylene glycol 400, 600, 1000, 1540, methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000
and 5000, polyethylene glycol 6000, and 20,000. These cultures were incu-
bated in reactors, then tested and measured as to growth, turbidity of bio-
mass and weight of biomass, loss of polyethylene glycol from decreases in
total organic carbon and loss of reaction to Burgers reagent on silica gel
plates in thin layer chromatography analysis. It was shown that these
polyethylene glycol 1540 enriched cultures could degrade other molecular
weights cf polyethylene glycol, no* including PEG 6000 (unsubstitute nr
methoxypolyethylene glycol 5000.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 3rd International Biodegradation Svwpcsiura
of Applied Science Publications, 1976, pp. 835-841.
357. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF PETROLEUM
DEGRADATION IN CHESAPEAKE RAY
by
R. R. Colveil et al.
Measurements were made of the number of petroleum-degrading microorgan-
isms in water and sediment samples taken from Chesapeake Bay. These mea-
surenents were directly related to the oil concentrations in the samples,
which varied considerably. Microorganisms taken from samples containing
high oil concentrations produced higher yields when grown on an oil sub-
strate, than organisms from weaker samples. Microorganisms studied pro-
liferated on substrates representing aliphatic, aromatic, and tefractory
hydrocarbons. It is apparent that the microbial flora native to the area is
what controls the microbial degradation of petroleum.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, LSU-SG-73-01, 1973,
pp. 185-197.
209
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358. MICROBIAL HYDROXLATION OF 4-CHLOROBIPHENOL AND
4,4'-DICHLOROBIPHENYL
by
P. R. Wallnofer et al.
Because of the widespread occurrence of chlorobiphenyls in nature, the
possible metabolism of these substances by microorganisms was studied. The
experiment used 4-chlorobiphenyl, 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl, and a certain
species of soil fungus. Both substances contained radioactivity in the
hydroxybiphenyl region of the chromatogram, while none was found in the
mycelia extract.
REFERENCE: Cheraosphere, No. 2, 1973, tip. 69-72.
359. THE MICROBIAL METABLOISM OF BIPHENYL
by
D. Lunt and V. C. Evans
This study was interested in the microbiai degradation of biphenyl.
The metabolism was traced to phenylpyruvate with seme of the intermediate
metabolites also being identified. The degradation of phenylpyruvate is
already known. This knowledge may help provide a means of selecting bio-
degradable types of chlorinated biphenyls.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Biochemical Society, Vol. 11R, 1970, pp.
54-55.
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•160. THE MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF NITRO-AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
by
R. B. Cain
In this study, species of Nocardia tnd Pseudomonas were isolated as
being able to oxidatively metabolize nitrobenzoic acids and other aromatic
compounds. The aspects of this metabolism are discussed herein. Three
methods were available for estimation of the nitrobenzoic acids: 1. color-
line trie,. 2. photometric, and 3. chromatographic.
REFERENCE: Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 19, 1958, pp. 1-14.
363.. MICROBIAL UTILIZATION OF CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS
by
Frederick D. Sisler and Claude E. ZoBell
This experiment was interested in the utilization of six carcinogenic
compounds by marine organisms. The apparatus was constructed to collect the
carbon dioxide after decomposition from which the total amount of hydrocar-
bons oxidized could be calculated. High oxidation rates were found, and it
is assumed that oxidation would continue over a longer incubation period.
Research of this type may be beneficial in finding an effective treatment
for cancer.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 106, Novi-nber 28, 1947, pp. 521-522.
362. MICROBIAL UTILIZATION OF HYDROCARBONS
by
H. F. Haas et al.
Certain molds and isolated bacteria were shown to be capable of utiliz-
ing petroleum products as a carbon and energy source. Hydrocarbons subject
to metabolism included light petroleum, mineral oil and wax. By-products of
this metabolism from respiration were carbon dioxide and water. Molds* in
some cases, were found to produce sterols.
REFERENCE: Transactions Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 44, 1941, pp. 39-45.
211
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363. THE MICROBIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF PLASTICIZERS
I. GROWTH ON ESTERS AND ALCOHOLS
by
William H. Stahl and Helmut Pessen
This report showed that Aspergillus yerslcolor and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa were common plasticizer degrading organisms. These two organisms
were grown on several different substrates such as esters with 3 to 18 car-
bon atom alkyls, fatty-oil plasticizers, alcohols, and plasticizers with
chain branching. The observations revecled that structural modifications
that would retard the growth of the fungus Aspergillus versicolor and, there-
fore, the degradation of the plasticizers it uses for food would not neces-
sarily retard the growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the
same plasticizer, and the converse was also found to be true.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, 1953, pp. 30-35.
364. THE MOBILIZATION AND FIXATION OF MOLYBDENUM, VANADIUM,
AND URANIUM BY DECOMPOSING PLANT MATTER
by
C. Bloomfield and W. I. Kelso
Decomposing plant matter was broken down through an aerobic process
causing molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium to draw together as anlons. This
process was not a usual occurrence, due to the differences in dissolved
metals. Molybdenum in mobilized form was fixed by colloidal organic decora-
position at a pH level of 1-5. Vanadium was similar to molybdenum with the
exception of retention ranging between 1*5 and 7-0, at a maxiumura of pR 3.
Vanadium and molybde-'-m in a particular fixation was much lower and consis-
tently ranged in p.. values of 1-5 - 6-5 and 1*0 - 9«0, Uranium wa<* set by
humified organic ic..cter at a pH maximum of 4-5. Even though organic matter
was higher than molecular size, decomposed products both had the same number
of amino acids, and they were in proportion.
REFERENCE: Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1973, pp. 368-379.
212
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365. MODIFICATIONS OF THE SOIL FLORA INDUCED BY
APPLICATIONS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM
by
I. L. Baldwin
This study investigated the effects which applications of crude petro-
leum have on soil flora. The majority of bacterial species were found to be
inhibited by the application, while a few varieties were stimulated signifi-
cantly. Mold growth was not affected adversely. Ammonia production was
lowered to a small amount. Nitrate production, however, was completely in-
hibited, but was found to recover after a period of tine depending c;i appli-
cation size. In most cases, large applications have produced harmful effects
on the soils physical state, while smaller applications are eventually
broken down returning the soil to its original condition.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, January 11, 1922, pp. 465-477.
366. MOLYBDNEUM IN RELATION TO GROWTH OF
HIGHER PLANTS AND MICRO-ORGANISMS
by
E. G. Mulder
A series of experiments were conducted to determine the relationship
between molybdenum and plant growth. Ironstone soils havine a low avail-
able molybdenum content were used along with a variety of leguminous and
non-leguminous plants. In leguminous plants, the fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen was the most noteworthy symptom of molybdenum deficiency. In the
non-leguminous plants, various severe symptoms were often found in the
early stages of plant growth. Upon treatment of the deficient plants with
molybdenum, nearly all varieties showed growth improvement of some kind.
A number of the plants studied were also found to exhibit a reduction in
nitrates as a result of molybdenum deficiency.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 4, October 1954, pp. 368-415.
For article on related subject see No. 95.
213
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367. MOLYBDENUM NUTRITION OF CROP PLANTS
I. THE INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHATE AND SULFATE ON THE
ABSORPTION OF MOLYBDENUM FROM SOILS AND SOLUTION CULTURES
by
P. R. Stout et al.
One pound per acre of molybdenum deposited to the soil as NA2M00^ was
shown in large amounts in plants absorbing molybdenum. In some cases where
the phosphate levels were intensified, the molybdenum consumption was
increased as much as 10 fold. In low concentrate cultural solutions, plants
were able to draw out molybdenum. Experiments with radio active molybdenum
did show absorption of 1 ppb from cultural solutions and transferred to the
upper parts of the plant- The ions of molybdate are divalent and are the
same size of sulfates. Therefore, it is believed these two ions compete for
the spot of absorption of the roots of these plants. Contrary to what is
expectrj, the phosphates were diametrically different in the physical chem-
ical interchanges between anions. Soil molybdenum Js stronger s»t when in
acid reaction, but cultural solutions absorb molybdenum through plants at
greater amounts in acid solutions than in neutral reaction solutions. Lim-
ing tends to cause greater adsorption within acid soils which suggests the
concentration of available soil molybdsnum is sufficient enough to surmount
the lack of ability to absorb molybdate from increasing alkaline media.
Phosphates are of such nature that they can easily be changed by moderate
quantities of phosphate fertilizer or fertilization.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil III, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1951, pp. 51-87.
214
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368. MOLYBDENUM STATUS OF UNITED STATES SOILS AND PLANTS
CHAPTER 6
by
Joe Kubota
It is proposed the soils in the United States has a median concentra-
tion of molybdenum that ranges a little more than 1 ppm and varies from
0.08 to over 30 ppm. Molybdenum is less in the eastern soils due to glacial
and marine origins in the sandy materials. One exception is found in the
Allegheny Plateau region because of the shale present. Shale and granite
are molybdenums main rock source in western soils. Decreasing of molybdenum
concentrations are most evident in plants from the western to the eastern
United States. (East median of 6 ppm, West median of about 5 ppm.) Patterns
of plant concentration parallel somewhat with the distribution of neutral to
alkaline, often calcareous soils from the west and the eastern soils being
acidic due to moisture occupied areas. The molybdenum-toxic areas in the
west used for grazing are seldom many because of narrow floodplains and
alluvial fans of small streams. Most often the deficiencies of molybdenum
in crop plants are primarily found in acid soil areas.
REFERENCE: Molybdenum in the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 555-581.
369. NITRATE CONTENT OF PERCOLATES FROM MANURED LYS1METERS
by
D. G. Bielby et al.
This experiment determined the nitrate content of percolates from
manured lysimeters using corn as the primary crop. The majority of nitrates
that were discharged by either manured or nonmanured lysimeters did so after
crop harvest. The tests concluded that the nitrogen contained in percolates
and that removed by corn consisted of less than 25Z of the total application
amount.
REFERENCE: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, May-June 1973, pp. 124-
126.
For articles on related subject see Nr-;. 100, 101, and 182.
215
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370. N-NITROSAMINE FORMATION BY CULTURES OF SEVERAL MICROORGANISMS
by
A. L. Mills and M. Alexander
Pseudomonas stutzeri was the only one of 30 cultures able to form
dimethylnitrosamine. Dlmethylar^Lne and nitrite were used in order to make
the formation during growth. Certain microorganisms were capable of forming
dimethylnitrosamine, but without nitrosamiue. Nitrosamine was not formed in
Pseudomones fragi ncr Proteus mirabilis. Also found in the study were boiled
cells of stutzeri that formed dimethyInitrosamine. Nitrosamine was also
made by extracts of Escherichia coli when the cell's pH reached 5.0.
REFERENCE: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 31, June 1976,
pp. 892-895.
371. N-NITROSAMINES: A3SENCE FROM SAUEKitRAUT AND SILAGE
by
Robert L. Tate III and Martin Alexander
Raw corn silage and silage treated with increased amounts of nitrates
were tested for volatile nitrosamine content. Similar analyses were con-
ducted on several sauerkraut varieties, some with increased nitrate or
nitrite concentrations. No volatile nirrosamines were detected in any of
the cases mentioned. The hypothesis could be made from this study that even
when nitrate-rich plants are used, it is improbable that nitrosamine forma-
tion will occur.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1975,
pp. 896-897.
216
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372. NONIONIC SURFACTANT EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND
POROSITY OF BARLEY ROOTS
by
R. J. Luxmoore et al.
Nonionic surfactant substances were added to solution and soil cultures
in which the barley (Hordeum Vulare L.) was growing to evaluate the surfac-
tant effects on the growth and porosity of the barley roots. The surfactants
were toxic on solution to th2 roots causing reduced dry weights and a
decrease in root porosity. But in soil cultures, a soil showing a high sur-
factant adsorption reduced the toxicity to the roots.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 66, 1974, pp. 673-675.
For article on related subject see No. 102.
373. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY
OF PETROLEUM-DEGRADING BACTERIA
by
B. Austin et al.
By the use of numerical taxonomy, 99 strains of petroleum-degrading
bacteria from Chesapeake Bay water and sediment were identified. Forty-
eight biological, cultural, physiological, and morphological characteristics
of these bacteria along with 33 reference cultures were examined. Computer
analysis of these utilized both simple matching and the Jaccard coefficients.
By use of the unweighted average linkage method, clustering was achieved.
Fourteen phenetic groups made up of 85 of the petroleum-degrading bacteria
were defined at the 80Z similarity level from the sorted similarity matrix
and dendrogram. The groups identified were actinamycetes, caryneforma,
Nacardai species and Sphaeratilus natans. In conclusion, the degradation of
petroleum is accomplished by a wide range of bacterial taxa, those isolated
only at a given station and those from sediment collected at a given station.
REFERENCE: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 34, No. 1, July
1977, pp. 60-68.
217
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374. ON RUBIDIUM CONCENTRATION IN PLANTS. II
by
T. Borovick-Ramanova
This report presents analytical data showing the presence of rubidium
in plants. A vide variety of plants were tested using spectrum analysis.
Rubidium was found in relatively equal amounts between fresh-water, salt-
water, and land plants despite variations in the rubidium concentrations of
the different mediums. It was found, however, that plants remove rubidium
and potassium in nearly equal ratios of that in the soil.
REFERENCE: Corap. Rend. Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., Vol. 44, No. 7, 1944, pp. 285-
288.
375. ON THE ACTION OF CERTAIN COMPOUNDS OF ZINC, ARSENIC,
AND BORON ON THE GROWTH OF PLANTS
by
Winifred E. Brenchley
This experiment determined the effects of various concentrations of
zinc, arsenic, and boron compounds on plant growth. Zinc fulfate and arsenic
compounds were both extremely toxic to plants even at very low concentra-
tions. Small and moderate levels of boric acid showed some type of growth
stimulation in plants, but toxicity symptoms did appear at the hiphei con-
centrations.
HEFERENCE: Annals of Botany, Vol. 28, April 1914, pp. 233-301.
218
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376. THE OXIDATION OF PIPECOLIC ACID IN PREIKCUBATED SOILS
by
M. A. Guirguis and V. Vancura
A number of substrates were added to soil samples to determine their
effects on the oxidation of plpecolic acid. The curve representing pipe-
colic acid oxidation showed two peaks after incubation with various sub-
strates, while one peak was all that was present in control samples. The
level of carbon in the soil was also found to be an important factor for
influencing chemical oxidation.
REFERENCE: Folia Microbiologica, Vol. 15, 1970, pp. 459-467.
For article on related subject see No. 104.
377. OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF ARSENATE-ARSENITE
SYSTEMS IN SAND AND SOIL MEDIUMS
by
Clark M. Keaton and L. T. Kardos
Oxidation-reduction potentials were studied on the arsenate-arsenite
system. Overall, it was noted that Peters' equation is valid for the system.
Also, addition of ferric oxide oxidized the arsenic to the arsenate form.
This is of most importance when arsenic contaminates soil because this oxi-
dation fixes the arsenite to arsenate, which allows crops to grow normally
in the noil once contaminated.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 50, 1940, pp. 189-207.
For article on related subject see No. 184.
219
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378. OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF NAPHTHALENE BY SOIL PSEUDOMONADS
by
J. L. Davies and W. C. Evans
This paper confirmed and outlined the metabolism of naphthalene by soil
microorganisms. Stages of this .process include: 1. ring-cleavage, 2. ring-
fission products and their properties, 3. this product's isoraerization, and
4. the presence of a NAD-specific dehydrogenase and its oxidation. This was
the general metabolic system in effect with any napthalene-utilizing micro-
organism.
REFERENCE: Biochemical Journal, Vol. 91, 1964, pp. 251-261.
379. PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF SOIL, MICROBIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITIES AND SOIL FERTILITY: 1
by
Selman A. Wakstnan and Robert L. Starkey
This report discusses the effects of toluene and heat on the microbio-
logical populations of various soils. Bacteria nnd fungi were found to
increase in numbers as were ammonia accumulations. Noticeable effects were
also shown on protozoa and actinomycetes in the soil samples. The roles
played by fungi and actinomycetes seem to be important factors in the decom-
position of organic material and growth of soil microorganisms.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 16, 1923, pp. 137-157.
For articles on related subject see No. 105.
220
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380. PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE RESIDUES IN POTATOES
by
Slegbert Gorbach and Ulike Wagner
Pentachlotonitiobenzene (PCNB) was found in the peels and tissue imme-
diately under the peel of potatoes grown in (PCNB) treated soil. Two other
metabolites were found to be present in the potatoes; oi;e was identified as
pentachloroaniline. The conclusion was made that the formation of metabo-
lites occurred before the substance entered the peel of the potato.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, Vol. 15, No. A, July/
August, pp. 654-656.
381. THE PERSISTENCE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF ANTIBIOTICS IN SOIL
by
D. Pramer
This report was concerned with the effects of antibiotics when intro-
duced to the soil. Most antibiotics are readily degradable in soil. The
ones tested showed small amounts of activity due to chemical instability,
absorption by the soil, and/or microbial degradation. Results of field and
laboratory studies varied considerably where microbial population was con-
cerned with tield sites requiring much higher antibiotic concentrations to
produce the same results. Effects on plant and seed development were evi-
dent, but at higher concentrations than were determined under laboratory
conditions. The effects of using antibiotics as soil ammendments are still
not predictable.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, Vol. 6, 1958, pp. 221-224.
221
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382. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAVY METAL CONTENT
OF CORN GROWN ON SLUDGE-TREATED STRIP-MINE SOIL
by
William J. Garcia et al.
In this study, corn was grown in strip-mine soil and on adjacent strip-
mine soil that was treated with anaerobically digested liquid sludge. The
corn grain, cobs, and husks from the crops were compared, and results showed
that the corn grown on strip-mine soil alone was of poor quality, with low
yield. Conversely, the crop grown on the sludge treated strip-mine soil was
comparable to commercial-grade corn nutritionally and in kernel size, and
the yield was four times that of the other crop. There were small differ-
ences in amounts of the heavy metals zinc, manganese, copper, lead, chromium,
cadmium, and mercury present in the corn grain, cobs, and husks of the dif-
ferent crops, but these amounts were not excessive by comparison with the
heavy metal content in 11 other corn varieties grown under normal conditions.
REFERENCE; Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1974,
pp. 810-815.
For article on related subject see Wo. 185.
383. PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN PLANT NUTRITION
by
F. J. Richards
This experiment studied the effects which rubidium accompanied with low
potassium has on plant nutrition. Results of the experiments gave symptoms
associated with excess rubidium including short, thick roots, waxy leaves
and usually results in premature death. The study then examines the inter-
action of phosphorus, potassium and rubidium in various combinations on
plant growth and plant yield.
REFERENCE: Annals of Botony, N,S,, Vol. 5, April 1941, pp. 263-296.
222
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384. PHYTOTOXICITY OF ;'.INC, NICKEL, CADMIUM, LEAD, COPPER AND
CHROMIUM IN THREE P/STURE PLANT SPECIES SUPPLIED WITH
GRADUATED AMOUNTS FROM THE SOIL
by
W. Dijkshoorn et al.
Three pasture plants were, grown on acid sandy soil in addition to zinc,
nickel, cadmium, lead, copper and chromium being applied. Metals were clas-
sified for inhibj.tive metal concentrations in the narrow-leafed plantain,
white clover and perennial ryegrass, and in the soil. Covering a fivefold
range was nickel, cadmium, and copper, although cadmium in the plantain was
hindering at a level of tenfold, tissue concentration compared to clover and
grass. The most efficiently absorbed metal was zinc, and it tolerated
higher levels of soil intensification due to less toxicity toward the
tissues. Chromium was taken in at lower levels of concentration, but at
higher levels in soil because its roots were smaller during uptake. Rela-
tive uptake and shoot concentration was actually the difference batween
plant species and response to soil test levels for toxicity,
REFERENCE: Neth. Journal Agricultural Science, Vol. 27, 1979, pp. 241-253.
385. PLANT UPTAKE AND LEACHING OF UIMETHYLNITROSAMINE
by
Deborah Dean-Raymond and M. Alexander
This report discussed the behavior of dimethylnitrosamine in the soil
and its uptake by plants. Data showed the assimilation of dimethylnitro-
samine (DMNA) by both lettuce and spinach plants. Other data which is in
agreement with previou« ctudies also shows the potential for i .trosamlne
formation and movement in the soil and grwundwater.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 262, July 29, 1976, pp. 394-396.
For article on related subject see No. 108.
223
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386. PLANT UTILIZATION OF ZINC FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF
ZINC COMPOUNDS AND FERTILIZER MATERIALS
by
Louis C. Boawn et al.
Various tests were conducted over zinc and eight compounds of zinc.
The compound ZnSO^ was used in sll the analyses as a form of evaluation.
The tests involved growing potted plants in which zinc compounds were admin-
istered. The greatest use came from chelate with ZnS04 added. The other
compounds compared about the same as with ZnSO^. While certain slag
increased the zinc level, other experiments showed no use at all from zinc
in frit materials. Based on the fact that only one crop was used in the
experiment, the evaluation of residual effectiveness could not be adminis-
tered .
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 83, 1957, pp. 219-229.
387. THE PLASTOCHRON INDEX AS APPLIED TO A
CADMIUM TOXICITY STUDY
by
Robert J. Lamoreaux et al.
The Honeylocust leaf was tested for what affect low levels of cadmium
ranging from 0 to 2.0 ppm of cadmium2+ concentration would have on the
development of the seedlings. After 12 weeks, the seedlings of dry weight
roots were found to be greatly reduced with cadmium^* of 1.0 and 2.0 ppm.
The leaf and stem did not indicate much reduction with similar cadmium**
levels. There resulted very little difference between the leaf, root, and
stem dry weight other than the growth was reduced in the leaf from the cad-
mium2+ concentration. Plastochron Index allowed seedlings with cadmium^"1"
treatment to acquire the morphological age of untreated seedlings.
REFERENCE: Environmental Pollution, Vol. 16, 1978, pp. 311-317.
224
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388. POSSIBLE MICROBIAL CONTRIBUTION TO NITROSAMINE
FORMATION IN SEWAGE AND SOIL
by
Abateni Ayanaba et al.
This report discussed the potential formation of nitrosamine by micro-
organisms present in sewage. Trimethylamine was converted to dlriethylamine
(DMA). Sewage microorganisms were subsequently found to form nitrosamine
from DMA and nitrite in certain neutral pK and acid environments. This data
indicates the potential danger of nitrosamine formation in sewage and soil.
REFERENCE: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 50, No. 3, March
1973, pp. 811-813.
389. A PRELIMINARY NOTE OS THE RELATION OF ZINC
TO DISEASE IN CEREALS
by
C. R. Milllkan
Experiments for control of eelworra and root rot disease were conducted
with growth samples of wheat from the field and sand. The wheat tested
showed comparatively superior growth with the addition of zinc sulphate.
For a certain measure of application, testing was done in order to know to
what affect superphosphate linked with zinc sulphate has on growth of wheat.
Significantly, the heaviest infested areas show more improvement in early
maturation i-^d darker colouring in'spite of infestation of Heterodena
Schachtii. The superphosphate in application of 15 and 30 pounds of zinc
sulphate appeared to influence the wheat more so than the single application
of superphosphate only. Growth of wheat headed around two weeks before its
expected time of maturation. In addition, the zinc treatment did not pre-
vent the eelworra of root rot diseases, but gave Che wheat stock enough
strength to be productive in a superior kind of wax. It was also found that
the zinc had the same affect on oats as that of wheat.
225
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A remarkable difference between wheat grown In the field and wheat in
sand cultures became evident after zinc was applied to each. The nutrient
solution did not increase growth or colour in the wheat in sand cultures.
Curvularia Ramosa and Helmiathosporium Sativum when grown oa glucose agar,
induced quite a variation when zinc was applied. In conclusion, baking and
milling qualities had no important influence on wheat.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agriculture, Victoria, Vol. 36, August 1938, pp. 409-
416.
390. PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGEABLE
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM IN PODZOL SOILS
by
Umesh C. Gupta and D. C. Mackay
Four reagent factors, 0.2M ammonium oxalate (pH 3.0), 0.1 N HC1, 0.1 N
NaOH, and 2% citric acid solution were used as extracts for exchange between
copper and molybdenum on some podzol soils from Eastern Canada. Cut of the
four, HCL proved inefficient for molybdenum. Likewise, citric acid proved
poorly on copper. HC1 and NaOH were intermediates for copper. Intermediates
for molybdenum worked out as NaOH and citric acid. Indirect and direct
extractions were made on the effect of removing organic matter from both
elements. The "direct" affected failed due to copper and molybdenum in the
ammonium oxalate; citric acid and molybdenum in NaOH worked as interferring
solutions. Time limits for shaking was set up to 16 hours. Any further
extractions after this time produced negligible amounts. Froi) the test,
0.2M ammonium oxslate with a pH of 3.0 was deicncineu the best reagent for
exchange between copper and molybdenum.
In conclusion, there are three important factors that prove the reason-
Ing for the above. First, the extractant is easily prepared. Second, there
is sufficient buffering to prevent the pH soil from extracting any material
change. The third reason is it is a stable complex between copper and
molybdenum
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 101, 1966, pp. 93-97.
226
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