391. PRODUCTION OF NON-FOOD-CHAIN
CROPS WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE
by
Lilia A. Abron-Robinson et al.
Because sewage sludge contains high concentrations of plant nutrients
and organic matter, a study was done to look at the possibility of culti-
vating non-food-chain crops (NFCC) with it. Sewage sludge as a fertilizer
is primarily used for the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil.
It is also beneficial in improving the water holding capacity of soils.
Application of the sludge "as carried out by three methods—injection, sur-
face irrigation, and truck spreading. Of these, injection is the most
expensive and truck spreading the least expensive. It was concluded that
sewage sludge could be used to supplement or to replace fertilizers in non-
food-chain crops.
REFERENCE: EPA Municipal Environmental Research, EPA-600/S2-80-199, March
1981, pp. 1-3.
392. PULP AND PAPER MILL SLUDGE
DISPOSAL AND CROP PRODUCTION
by
Thomas R. Aspitarte et al.
Primary treatment plant sludge from pulp and paper manufacturing can be
disposed of successfully by ammending farm soil within or combining it with
bark to fora a hydromulch to establish grass on and hold steep embankments.
However, if crop production is to maintain original yields or increased
yields on ammended farm soils, the yearly ton/acre rates of application and
percentages of solids content in the sludge must be closely regulated to
insure proper site function. Findings of different application rates and
solids content in relation to soil quality and crop yield are included in
the report.
REFERENCE: Tappi, Vol. 56, No. 11, 1973, pp. '40-145.
227
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393. RELATION OF AN ESSENTIAL MICRO-ELEMENT TO
SEED PRODUCTION IN PEAS
by
Howard S. Reed
Peas were grown under different concentrations of zinc to determine its
role as an essential micro-element. Plants receiving only small amounts of
zinc produced dificiency symptoms, such as growth reduction of the plant and
seed deformities. Larger applications of zinc resulted in normal plant
growth with the seed yields by weight increasing with increat>ing zinc con-
centrations up to the amounts tested in this experiment.
REFERENCE: Growth, Vol. 6, 1942, pp. 391-398.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 112 and 113.
394. RELATIONSHIP AMONG EXPOSURE PERIODS, FOLIAR BURN, AND
FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS EXPOSED TO HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
by
D. F. Adams et al.
In some agricultural areas, low levels of fluorides were found due to
industrial gases. Fluorides were accounted for pathological, conditions in
various plants and began a series of fumiga-lon experiments. They were done
in order to find environmental variable effects on foliar responsive rate to
hydrogen fluoride fumigation. Selective plants were exposed to atmospheric
levels of hydrogen fluoride of up to 1.5, 5, and 10 partc per billion. A
correlation was set up between light and dark exposure and gathered foliar
fluoride concentration for family, species, and genus. Hydrogen fluoride in
darkness accounted for the varieties fumigated at an average of 91.3X. The
fumigation proved to be more responsive at the daily low level than at a
span of twice a week with high concentrations of about equal exposure factor.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 5, 1957, pp. 108-
116.
228
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395. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITRATE, NITRITE, AMD
NITR05AMINES IN PLANTS AND SOIL
by
Jurgen Dressel
Determinations of whether intensive .litrogen dressings lead to forma-
tion of nitrosaraines in plants were made in this study. Both cereals and
vegetables showed negative results. The nitrosamincs were apparently
degraded by microbes and proceeded by evapotranspiration.
REFERENCE: Quality Plant., XXV, 3/4, 1976, pp. 381-390.
396. RESIDUES OF PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE AN1)
RELATED COMPOUNDS IN GREENHOUSE SOILS
by
R. H. De Vos et al.
Greenhouse used Pentachloronitrobenzene as a soil fungicide. It was
beneficial for controlling Rhizoctonia and Botrytis in lettuce.
A gas liquid chromatography examination of several samples of soil
revealed a PCNB peak in the chromatograms and several other peaks, which
were probably related to that compound. Mass spectrometry was used to
identify those peaks.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Vol. 11,
No. 6, 1974, pp. 567-571.
229
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397. RESPONSE OF CROP PLANTS TO I AND Br
by
Harvey P. Newton and Stephen J. Toth
A total o£ nine samplings of soil were taken from the New Jersey area
in which potassium iodine was present by application. Tomatoes and Buck-
wheat were tested for iodine and remaining effects of iodine being applied.
Solution-culture procedures were used to test the iodine-chlorine and iodine-
broiaine relationships in tomatoes. When iodine was applied on Norton, Lake-
wood, Lawrenceville, and Washington soils at a rate of 10 pounds an acre, it
was toxic to the tomatoes. Whereas, iodine applied from 1 to 10 pounds an
acre had no yield responses on the growth of the tomatoes from the sampled
soil. When potassium chloride was applied, it tended to increase the
toxicity and iodine rate in tomatoes and buckwheat. Although increased
iodine uptake was intensified by additional chlorine, the iodine did not
affect chlorine uptake at all. Bromine, when applied at a rate of 50 and
100 pounds an acre, had no responses gathered from five New Jersey soil
samples.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 72, 1952, pp. 127-134.
398. RESPONSE OF SOME COMMON FIELD CROPS TO VARIOUS RATES
OF APPLICATION OF CALCIUM ARSENATE TO SEVERAL SOIL TYPES
by
W. B. Rogers
Calcium arsenate was applied to a number ot* crops on several different
soil types to determine the effects it has on plant growth. Vetch, oats,
'jarley, and wheat showed arsenic toxicity symptoms, while soybeans, cotton,
corn, and sorghum showed stimulated growth with calcium arsenate applica-
tions. Compounds tested to correct excess arsenic concentrations included
iron sulfate, roanaganese sulfate, and dolomitic limestone of which iron sul-
fate performed the best.
REFERENCE: Proc. Assoc. S. Agric. Workers, Vol. 33, 1932, pp. 30-31.
230
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399. RESPONSE OF SOME DECIDUOUS FRUIT
TREES TO ZINC CHELATES
by
N. R. Benson et al.
. This report details attempts to correct zinc deficiencies in peach,
sweet cherry, and apple trees. Two zinc chelates were added to the soil
directly under the trees—Na2Zn EDTA (disodiura zinc ethylenediarainetraacetic
acid) and NaZn HEEDTA (sodium zinc hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic
acid) were the chelates. Results showed deficiencies were corrected in the
peach and sweet cherry trees; greatest zinc uptake was noted in June and
again in November; zinc EDTA applied only in the fall did not result in good
zinc deficiency correction.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 84, 1957, pp. 63-75.
400. ROLE OF CATECHOL AND THE METHYLCATECHOLS AS INDUCERS OF
AROMATIC METABOLISM IN PSEUDOMANOS PUTIDA
by
Keith Murray and Peter A. Williams
This report discusses how pseudomonas putida NCIB 10015 produces energy
from nethylphenols and benzoates. Two processes, which include the meta and
ortho pathways, are used to start the reaction. When growth of any catechols
took place, then the ortho and tneta went into action. This reaction happened
in both the phenols and benzoates. Methylcatechols induced growth in the
meta pathway. Following this point, any additional growth causes ortho path-
ways to extend.
REFERENCE: Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 117, No. 3, March 1974, pp. 1153-
1157.
231
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401. SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS TRANSLOCATION THROUGH ANAEROBIC
DISSOLUTION AND GAS-LIFT
by
William B. Woods et al.
Lake water and sedim, nt obtained from Lake Michigan were used in labor-
atory experiment to study the mobilization of phosphorus. The first section
of the study discussed phosphorus movement by anaerobic dissolution. Car-
bohydrates were fermented by the bacteria moving the phosphorus by means of
acid reaction from the sediment into the water. The secondary part of the
study assimilated and demonstrated the positive mobilization of phosphorus
by the gas-lift phenomena arising from the loss of fermentation gases from
the lake sediment.
REFERENCE: Wateruse Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
pp. 610-613.
For article on related subject see No. 117.
402. SEPARATION OF DEGREES OF ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN WHEAT
by
Peter C. Kerridge et al.
A number of varieties of wheat were tested for their tolerance to alu-
minum. They were placed In three groups according to tolerance levels—
tolerant, slightly sensitive, and highly sensitive. The process used for
this study is called a nutrient solution culture technique. There are
several advantages of this method over the previous used soil method. The
nutrient solution method is a quick and reproducible technique. It also is
beneficial in that it is nondestructive to plants. Therefore, the same
plants may be used for subsequent testing as well as in a breeding program.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, July-August 1971, pp. 586-591.
232
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4(03. A SOIL BACTERIUM DECOMPOSING ORGANIC NITRO-COMPOUNDS
by
K. Gundersen and H. L. Jensen
An isolated strain in Corynebacteriura simplex soil bacterium was studied
by experiments shoving its ability to decompose 4,6-dinitro-o-creflol (DNOC).
The DNOC acted as an adequate scurce of carbon and nitrogen, as did several
other related organic compounds. The decomposition resulted in the release
of nitrite. The potential efficiency of this type of orgr.nisms was found to
be dependant upon the concentration of herbicide as well as soil ph.
REFERENCE: Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Vol. 6, 1956, pp. 100-11A.
For article on related subject see No. 119.
404. SOIL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF
COTTON FOLLOWING PEACH ORCHARDS
by
C. R. Lee and N. R. Page
Cotton will not grow normally on soils where peach trees have been
removed the previous year unless the trees are burned and the ashes mixed
with the soil. The problems result from the presence of fungi, nematodes,
decomposing peach roots, and salts of heavy metals. This investigation
reveals some soil factors which also contribute to the problem. The peach
trees appeared to have been sprayed repeatedly with zinc oxysulfate and sul-
phur, which lowered the soil pH and increased the zinc concentration to
levels that were detrimental to cotton plants. Treating the soil with peach
tree ash or lime (calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, or sodium carbon-
ate) raised the soil pH to 6.0 or above and decreased the concentrations of
zinc and manganese allowing cotton plants to grow normally.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 59, May-June 1967, pp. 237-240.
233
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405. SOILS AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR SAFE RECYCLING
OF WASTEWATERS AND SLUDGES
by
Donald E. McCormack
This paper was primarily concerned with using wastevaters and sludge in
low concentration as soil amendments. Some of thefe types of waste can pro-
vide significant amur.ts of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and a num-
ber of other beneficial components necessary for adequate soil properties.
Applications of a specific waste to a certain location depends upon a nunber
of factors such as permeability, temperature, and available water capacity,
which can be acquired by a complete soil survey.
REFERENCE: Wateruse - Proceedings ot the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
629-636.
For article on related subject see No. 206.
406. SOME ASPECTS OF CONTAMINATION OF HERBAGE
WITH COPPER, ZINC AND IRON
by
F. Beavington
Australia was the location where sanples of white clover and paspalum
were selected. The site was near copper and steelwork products. Test
results showed a definite level of zinc, copppr and iron found in city her-
bage. The zinc and copper were apparently more from the smelter, whereas,
the iron correlated more with the steelworks. A certain amount of all three
materials were in the white clover, but not to a large extent ir the pas-
palura.
REFERENCE: Environmental Pollution, Vol. 8, 1975, pp. 65-71.
234
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407. SOME EFFECTS OF SULFUR ON CROPS AND SOILS
bv
Henry R. Adams
This paper reports on experiments tested on the use of sulfur as a fer-
tilizer and its effect on the soil. The author tested the influence of sul-
fur on the germination and early growth of clover and alfalfa and its effect
on the acidity and solubility of the soils used.
The effect of leaching on the acidity produced by the sulfur treatment
was also tested. From the tests, it was concluded that alfalfa seed will
germinate when the intensity of the acidity is too great for growth. There
was an increase in soluble salts in the soil, which is probably due to the
biological oxidation of sulfur. The test performed for the effect of leach-
ing showed that the sulfate was practically all removed, but the acidity
produced by sulfur oxidation was not. Also, leaching made the treated soil
slightly more acid. As fast as it was formed, the sulfuric acid reacted
with the soil bases, and the increased soil acidity was due to insoluble
acids or acid salts. The last leaching from the soil were strongly acid,
and the alkaline soil was made more acid by leaching.
The results showed that although there may be little correlation be-
tween pH value and total time required to bring one soil to neutrality under
other conditions, there is no correlation between these properties in dif-
ferent types of soil.
REFERENCE: Soil Science. Vol. 18, No. 2, 1924, pp. 111-115.
235
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408. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE SOLUBILITY OF COBALT
by
Ralph A. Vou.ig
This study was designed to determine the effect of hydrogen ion concen-
tration, cations, and ions on the solubility of cobalt. Also studied were
the effects of these factors on the extraction of cobalt. Cobalt was found
to be very soluble in acid solutions, but would precipitate rapidly when
certain pH values were reached. Cations had hardly no effect on cobalt
solubility. Concentrations of acids and pH values necessary for the extrac-
tion of cobalt were determined although nothing was concluded as to the
effects of anions.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, Vol. 13, 1948, pp. 122-126.
409. SOME RELATIONS OF ARSENIC TO PLANT GROWTH: PART I
by
John Stewart
Experiments found levels of disodium arsenate in small dosages in all
the plants tested. In some plants, the arsenate showed not in the foliage,
but underground. The most prevalent of plants to show this was the radish.
Most analysis determined stimulation to be brought about in low levels of
arsenate. In the radish plants, all levels of concentration were evident
from the arsenate. The tests indicate all the arsenate that gathers in the
soil would be helpful rather than harmful to the plants. This is to say, of
course, that the spraying would not be large dosages.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1922, pp. 111-126.
236
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410. STABILITY OF NITROSAMINES IN SAMPLES OF
LAKE WATER, SOIL, ANP SEWAGE
by
Robert L. Tate, III and Martin Alexander
This experiment compared the stability of nitrosamines in three dif-
ferent medians: 1. Williamson silt loam, 2. raw municipal sewage, and 3.
Cayuga Lake water. Nitrosamines existing in lake water showed the most
resistance co degradation, slow degradation appeared in the soil samples,
and a somewhat faster rate occurred in tests involving sewage medians. This
suggested the presence of some type of microbial degradation.
REFERENCE: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 54, No 2,
February 1975, pp. 327-330.
For article on related subject see No. 122.
411. STUDIES OF FRENCHING OF TOBACCO WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THALLIUM TOXICITY
by
C. E. Bortner and P. E. Karraker
This study was conducted to determine the ecfects of thallium treat-
ments on the growth of tobacco plants in water, sand, and soil cultures.
Frenching of the plants was not initiated or increased by thallium applica-
tions. Thallium induced chlorosis was found. Water cultures required the
lowest concentrations for chlorosis development, while no chlorosis symp-
toms were found in soil culture grown plant until thallium was present in
unnaturally high concentrations. Liming and low nutrient content, which
affects Trenching of plants, caused no noticable affects toward thallium pro-
duced chlorosis.
REFERENCE: Journal of American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 32, 1940, pp. 195-
203.
237
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412. STUDIES ON THE ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF PLANT MATERIALS
III. COMPARISON OF THE COURSE OF DECOMPOSITION OF RICE STRAW
UNDER ANAEROBIC, AEROBIC AIID PARTIALLY AEROBIC CONDITIONS
by
Cadambl Narasimah Acharya
Aerobic, water-logged, and anaerobic conditions were used to test the
decomposition of rice straw in this study. Collected cellulose appeared the
most harmfully affected by the anaerobic process. Aeration brought about
much more hydrogen than anaerobic conditions. Carbon dioxide was produced
from organic acids and methane during experiments. The order In which the
nitrogen factors fell were aerobic, water-logged, and anaerobic. Protein
was formed during aerobic conditions and was often insoluble in water.
REFERENCE: The Biochemical Journal, Vol. 29, 1935, pp. 1116-1120.
A13. STUDIES ON THE DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM
BY FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
by
J. J. Perry and C. E. Cerniglia
Because of the tremendous demand for petroleum products today, a recur-
ring problem of petroleum pollution exists. The use of a filamentous fungi
for the degradation of such incidents as oil spills may be a more efficient
alternative. A number of other types of organisms are capable of degrading
hydrocarbons, including yeasts and various microbes. Results of this study
showed a greater degrading potential by the fungi studied providing the pre-
sence of phosphorus and nitrogen sources. An additional advantage was the
ability of the fungi to form spores, which can exist dormant during long,
harsh conditions, suggesting several beneficial uses.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, December 1972,
pp. 89-9A.
238
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414. STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF MOLVBOEMW.
BORON AND PAPER MILL SI'JDCE OS THE POST HAKV-ST QUALITIES OF
POTATO 7UBF.R (SOLANUM TVBEROSW L.)
by
R. C. Das *nd M. K. Jena
Soil application of molvbdenmr, boron, or calciua (paper mill sludge)
was shovn co produce the following in potato: 1. decrease* in specific
gravity, 2. increases In the moisture content, 3. increases In thv ascorbic
acid content, 4. increases in the starch content. 5. a very significant
decrease in both percentage of rot per graJe ar.d the number o. chats (too
snail for use), and 6. very significant increases in the nuitber of medium
and large grade potatoes.
REFERENCE: Madras Agric. Journal. Vol. 60. No. 8, 1973, pp. 1026-1029.
415. STLTIES ON THE POSSIBLE FORMATION OF POLYCHLORAZOBF-NZESCS
IN QC1NTOZF.NE TREATED SOIL
by
Hans-Rudolf Buser and Hans-Taul Bosshardt
This article states that polychloroazobeuzene was not formed in five
soils created with pentachloronitrobenzvne at a level of 1COO parts/106 with
an incubation of 24 days at 30°C. This supports previous work, which showed
that azobenrenes can only be formed from substituted anilines with at least
on« free ortho position.
REFERENCE: Pesticide Science, Vol. 6, 1975, pp. 35-41.
239
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416. A STUDY OF "CHLOROSIS" IN CORN PLANTS AND OTHER FIELD CROP PLANTS
by
R. M. Barnette and J. P. Camp
The underdeve.lopment of the chlorosis of corn, known as "white bud",
can be linkc-d to the application of zinc sulfate in the drill before plant-
ing. Other field crops such as cotton, cowpeas, velvet beans, and Pearl
tuillet have shown symptoms of zinc deficiency. Even though no definite
symptoms have been found on peanuts, sugarcane, Napin grass, and crotalaria,
these crops have responded to application of zinc sulfate. The Department
of Chemistry and Soils has done a cooperative project with this report;
further Information may be obtained from it.
REFERENCE: Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report, 1935, p. 45.
417. SULFUR AND TRACE-ELEMENT "VTP.TTIGlM OF ASPEKC1LLUS NICER
by
Robert A. Steinberg
The assimilation of sulfur was tested using a fungus Aspcrgillus niger.
Alkyl sulfonate, alkyl sulfinate, anabolites, homocystine, and methionine
were available sulfur supply sources. Sulfide, dirfulfide, and alkyl tner-
captans were not available sources. Factors affecting sulfur assimilation
included molecular structure, oxygen presence in the compound, and decom-
position of various sulfur compounds into usable forms.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 63, No. 2, July 15, 1941,
pp. 109-127.
For article on related subject see No. 18.
240
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418. SULFUR-ZINC RELATIONSHIPS IN SOME NEW YORK PEAT SOILS
by
E. V. Staker
Some peat soils in the New York area have been found to contain zinc in
amounts dangerous to the growth of vegetable crops. It is now known that a
part of the zinc is present as zinc sulfide. In a statistical study from
110 soils, a positive relationship was obtained between the sulfide and
total zinc. In another study, the plant growth character under field condi-
tions was compared with zinc and sulfide sulfur contents of the soil upon
which the plants were growing. Data was also received showing the relation
of sulfur and zinc contents from productive and unproductive peat soils to
the amount of zinc found in plants growing on these soils.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 8:345, 1943,
p. 345.
419. SULFURIC ACID TREATMENT OF CALCAREOUS SOILS:
EFFECTS ON PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILITY, INORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS FORMS, AND PLANT GROWTH
by
John Ryan and Jack L. Stroehlein
Sulfuric acid was applied to three phosphorus-deficient calcareous
Arizona soils—Cave, Latene, and Comoro—in order to reduce their buffering
capacities. This application significantly affected both soil pH and the
acid titratable basicity of all soils. Of these soils, Cave and Comoro were
cropped with tomatoes. The acid treated soil were found to produce higher
dry matter yields. Sulfuric acid treatment increased the ammonium chloride,
ammonium fluoride, and sodium hydroxide fractions with phosphorus, and also
extractable iron, aluminum, and phosphorus levels; and decreased the sul-
furic acid-phosphorus fraction. Overall, there was a negative relationship
between yield and the sulfuric acid-phosphorus fraction, and a positive
relationship with all of the others. This study shews that the application
of sulfuric acid on calcareous phosphorus soils can overcome the phosphorus
deficiency without the use of commercial fertilizers.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society America Journal, Vol. 43, 1979, pp. 731-735.
241
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420. TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM ON GERMINATING SEEDLINGS
AND POTATO TUBER SLICES
by
S. Mukherji and Barun Kuniar Roy
The toxic effect ^Cr^Oy has on rice seedlings and potato tuber slices
was studied. The seedlings of rice were placed in Petri dishes, in the
dark, containing l^C^Oy concentrate. The seedlings were then placed at a
constant 30°C for certain amounts of time. Copper reduction was used to
measure the amount of sugar and araino acids found by colorimetric ninhydrin
method. Potato tubers were tested and treated for openness by dipping into
concentrations of ^2Cr2Ql- The filters were examined for sugar by the
method of colorimetrics. At the former concentration, chromium did not stop
growth of the plant. It retarded the elongation period rather than growth
of the root. Chromium found in potato discs did affect the changes of the
openness in the discs when chromium was applied. Th« concentration not only
depressed the water level, but damaged the wholeness; of the membrane.
REFERENCE: Biochen. Physiol. Pflanzen, Vol. 171, 1977, pp. 235-238.
421. TOXICITY AND ACCUMULATION OF CHLORIDE AND
SULFATE SALTS IN PLANTS
by
Frank M. Eaton
A series of crop plants were grown in soil cultures and then applied
with various chloride and sulfate salts. Chlorides were found to be twice
as toxic as sulfates in many cases, but some results varied widely. Chlor-
ide salts also increased the hydrogen-ion concentration where sulfates did
not. Results showed a higher degree .•£ toxicity per unit of salt low con-
centrations than in higher ones. The application of salts caused such symp-
toms as reduction in leaf size, blossom-end rot, leaf burns, and growth
depression curves. The water requirements of plants growing on saline soils
were also found to be lower than control plants. The absolute tolerance of
any plant appeared to be a vague concept in that a wide range of concentra-
tions will prove fatal to plants over an extended period of time.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 64, April 1, 1942,
pp. 357-399.
242
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422. TOXICITY FROM ARSENIC COMPOUNDS TO
RICE ON FLOODED SOILS
by
J. Felding Reed and M. B. Strugis
This report documents arsenical activity of arsenic dusted cotton sites
that have consecutively been changed over to rice production, hence being
subject to flooding. Water-soluble arsenic didn't show toxicity, but 0.05
nitrogen hydrochloric acid-soluble arsenic showed some toxicity. Also,
related arsenic compounds in the soil were very toxic to rice during these
flood conditions.
REFERENCE: Journal of the American Sociaty of Agronomy, Vol. 28, 1936,
pp. 432-436.
423. TRACE-ELEMENT TOXICITIES IN OAT PLANTS
by
James C. Hunter and Ornella Vergnano
Crops grown on a certain igneous glacial drift soil were noted to con-
tain excessive concentrations of nickel along with other trace elements. An
investigation was conducted to determine the effects of nickel, cobalt,
chromium, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum and aluminum on oat plants.
Toxicity to the plants from these minerals occurred in the forms of chloro-
sis, necosis, increase in phosphate, nitrogen deficiency, and irregular
plant growth and structure, depending upon the mineral type and concentra-
tion. The results of this investigation are illustrated in detailed tables.
REFERENCE: Anal. Appl. Biology, Vol. 40, 1953, pp. 761-777.
243
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424. TRACE ELEMENTS IN CORN GROWN IN
LONG-TERM SLUDGE DISPOSAL SITE
by
M. B. Kirkham
Soil treated with municipal sludge for a period of 35 years was tested
along with the corn plants for evidence of aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron,
manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc. There was evidence of trace elements in
a concentration fron 0 to 30 cm. Although these test results showed large
amounts of trace elements in the soil, it was not necessarily found in the
corn plants, However, the roots did have amounts of the elements to quite a
large degree. Of all the elements, cadmium and copper were highest in con-
centration in the leaves.
REFERENCE: Environment Science Technology, Vol. 9, No. 8, August 1975,
pp. 765-768.
425. TRACE METALS IN SOILS, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS
by
Donald J. Lisk
Extensive research has been done concerning the presence and relation-
ships of essential metals in soils and the mobility, reactions, and effects
in biological systems of these metals. This is discussed at great length
and detail in two major sections consisting of four heading and two heading
respectively. The first section deals with the soil-plant complex. Detailed
discussions in this section are sources of metals in soils; associations and
behavior of metals in soil; the plant factor; and specific metals. The
second section deals with aquatic systems; water and aquatic organisms are
dealt with in this section. An overview of continuing research finalizes
this article. The abatement of pollutants and the recycling of products
will provide the solutions of the protection of our delicate environment.
Five tables aid in illustrating the main points concerning trace metals
in this article.
REFERENCE: Advanced Agronomy, Vol. 24, 1972, pp. 267-325.
244
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426. UNPRODUCTIVENESS OF CERTAIN ORCHARD SOILS AS RELATED
TO 1EAD ARSENATE SPRAY ACCUMULATIONS
by
S. C. Vandecaveye et al.
An investigation was done over soil samples taken from the Yakima
Valley area. Soil was taken at depths of 6 inches, which contained between
4.5 and 12.5 ppm of soluble arsenic. Soils that were untreated were analysed
in a laboratory using barley and alfalfa plants. The results were identical
when the arsenic treated soils and untreated soils were compared. The effect
of the arsenic showed a reduction of growth in the apple trees on site and
laboratory tests of plants when potted in soil from the valley location. A
decrease in growth was present, but no toxic effects were a result of soils
receiving more than 50 ppm of lead nitrate.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 42, May 25, 1936, pp. 203-215.
427. THE UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION OF SELENITE BY HIGHER PLANTS
by
P. J. Peterson and C. U. Butler
Various plants such as wheat, red and white clover, and ryegrass were
tried in nutrient solutions including selenium-selenite ions. To understand
the absorption of selenium, the roots and shoot tissues were fractioned. In
general, the uptake was similar among all 5 plants for a 10 day span. The
Neptunia had the highest level of ethanol-soluble. In ethanol extrc'-ts, the
selenite was most frequent in wheat. Pasture species were found to correlate
with sulphur-containing metabolites. Large incorporations of selenium with-
in the seleno-amino acids were observed in red and white clover, ryegrass
and wheat. Found in Neptunia, was a decreased amount of protein incorpor-
ated in the selenium.
REFERENCE: Aust. Journal of Biological Science, Vol. 15, 1962, pp. 126-146.
245
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428. UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF INORGANIC FORMS OF
SELENIUM-75 BY SPIRODELA QLICORRHIZA
by
G. W. Butler and P. J. Peterson
Selenium-75 as selenite, selenate or colloidal selenium were in the
sterile nutrien* cultures of duckweed (S. Oligorrhiza). Absorption and
assimilation of selenium by the plant was measured, felenite was shown to
absorb and assimilate three times faster than selenate. Colloidal selenium
was metabolized very well also. The main path of assimilation was Beleno-
raethionine in proteins.
REFERENCE: Aust. Journal of Biological Science, 1967, pp. 77-86.
429. UPTAKE BY PERENNIAL RYEGRASS OF IODIDE, ELEMENTAL IODINE AND
IODATE ADDED TO SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS AMENDMENTS
by
David C. Whitehead
Analysis of perennial ryegrass was observed when three substances were
applied. Iodide, elemental iodine and iodate were the three applied at a
rate of 20 mg I/kg. One or the other element would cause an increase in
uptake, while another might cause uptake to decrease. In one test, farm
manure decreased the uptake of all iodines by ten times. Iodine appeared
most prevalent in uptake increasing when compared to the other iodines.
Rates of recovery in the ryegrass ranged from 0.03Z elemental iodine mixed
with soil plus FYM to 2.162 iodate combined with soil and chalk.
REFERENCE: Journal Sci. Fd. Agric., Vol. 26, 1975, pp. 361-367.
246
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430. UPTAKE OF A PCB (AROCLOR 1254) FROM SOIL
BY CARROTS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
by
Yutaka Iwata et al.
Carrot plants were used to study the translocatlon of polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs) in the soil. Higher degrees of translocation were asso-
ciated with lower biphenyls chlorination. Most of the uptake by carrot
plants occurred in the peel with little adsorption taking place in the plant
tissue.
REFERENCE: Bulletin Environmental Contamination, Vol. 11, 1974, pp. 523-528.
431. UPTAKE OF Ra226 BY PLANTS AND CHANGE IN ITS STATE
IN THE SOIL—PLANT TOPS—LITTERFALL SYSTEM
by
A. I. Taskeyev et al.
Radium226t located in Sod-Meadow soil, was found to be controlled more
readily by barium than calcium. There was a straight connection between
Radium226 and barium. No correlation was found between barium and calcium
or calcium and Radium226. Radium226 is in a mobile form within the Sod-
Meadow soil in a formation of acid-solubles, exchangeables, and water sol-
ubles. Plant tops can form compounds with Radium226 in a low chemical
mobility. Exchangeable Radiutn226 made soils as well as water-soluble forms
exceed formation. By drying process, plants increased in mobility of
Radium226 and formed stronger Radium226 bonds. The ratio between live plants
and litterfall depends upon the biochemical plant characteristics.
REFERENCE: Soviet Soil Science, Vol. 9, 1977, pp. 79-85.
247
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432. USE OF WASTE MATERIALS FOR REVECETATION
OF CHROMATE SMELTER WASTE
by
R. P. Gemmell
This paper looks at a study of the chromate smelting and on the correc-
tion of substrate toxicity in residues from the industry. The investigations
into techniques of revegetation of the waste were promoted by the Lancashire
County Council to reclaim one derelict site of Britain's three principal
smelters; two have already halted productions. The main conclusions of this
project are that waste can be revegetated for amenity grassland by treatment
with two other wastes.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 240, December 29, 1972, pp. 569-570.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 130, 131, and 132.
433. VARIETAL RESPONSE TO LEAD BY LETTUCE
by
Matt K. John
Lettuce varieties of nine categories were grown in water nutrient solu-
tion at six substrates of lead concentrations to 50 ppzn in the substance
acted upon by enzymes. Lead concentration in the top and root tissue along
with the amounts absorbed and transmitted into edible tissues were dependent
on exposure duration and variety of substrate lead. Lettuce plants did
absorb and translocate lead, while lead substrate was in condensed form.
Responses were different among the variety of similar shapes showing an
adjusted physiological mechanisms of lead condensation and translocation.
Varietal selection could reduce human and animal food intake of lead. In
early growth stages, varieties revealed some stimulation with low levels of
lead and suppressed growth with high levels of lead. Genetic variation also
comprised non-significant response of growth.
REFERENCE: Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 8, 1977, pp. 133-144.
For article on related subject see No. 133.
248
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434. YIELD AND METAL COMPOSITION OF CORN AND RYE
GROWN ON SEWAGE SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL
by
J. D. Cunningham et al.
Sludge was selected for detrimental effects from four municipalities
located in Wisconsin. The sludge was analyzed for extremely high concentra-
tions of chromium, zinc, copper, or nickel. After leaching the soil, three
crops were grown on the sludge-revised soil. High limed sludge increased pH
level to 7.4. Other effects involved with high rates of sludge were lowered
pH, and soluble salts reached valid concentration with higher rates of
sludge. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and polonium added positive responses when
added to sludge. Most yields of crops decreased except when exposed to high
rates of sludge. The significant difference between sludges was the tissue
metal concentration. The phytotoxlc concentrations of copper occurred more
often on a regular basis. Tissue concentrations ranged from 0.4 LO JT. 7 on
the average. The sewage sludge values were from 5-16 among the chemicals.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1°75, pp. 448-
454.
435. ZINC DEFICIENCY IN FLAX
by
C. R. Millikan
This paper discusses zinc deficiency and its symptoms in flax plants.
The time o£ year when flax crops were planted was found to h?.ve a direct
relationship with the incidence of zinc deficiency symptoms. Deficiency was
also found more often in black alkaline soils. Symptoms appearing several
weeks after germination include "bronzing", "resetting", and "die back" con-
ditions. In some cases, afflicted plants will recover by secondary growth,
while other tests where zinc deficiency was maintained resulted in no
recovery. Finally, zinc sulfate applications to the soil were shown to be
a remedy to the problem.
REFERENCE: The Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 44, February 1946, pp. 69-73
and 88.
For article on related subject sec Mo. 201.
249
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436. GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS FROM LAND DISPOSAL OF RESIDUES:
A SURVEY IN THE PROVINCE OF ANTWERP, BELGIUM
by
J. Verheyden and P. Voets
This research studied groundwater contamination from land disposal of
industrial residues. Leachates in the disposal areas were tested for chem-
ical characterisitcs. A multi-element screening was then done to determine
composition of waste materials. Although no detrimental effects were found,
future damage is possible. To solve this problem it was suggested the per-
colates in dump site be strictly controlled and that "black" leachages be
adequately aerated before being discharged.
REFERENCE: Water Science Technology, Vol. 13, 1981, pp. 1125-1134.
437. GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION BY FERTILIZER NITROGEN
by
Harold R. Duke et al.
This study analyzed the leaching of fertilizer nitrogen by excessive
spray irrigation water. Emphasis was made on nitrate-nitrogen, which mav
reach the water table. Total nitrate loss was directly related to the
actual amount of deep percolating water. Concentrations and percolation
rates of nitrate are also affected by time and soil variability. No quanti-
tative results were secured on nitrates present in return flows; however, if
any significant denitrification occurs, potential pollution by nitrates is
reduced. The most effective means of controlling this leaching known is by
careful irrigation water management.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, September 1978,
pp. 283-291.
For article on related subject see No. 153.
250
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438. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE
NITROGEN CYCLE IN WATER
by
Jack DeMarco et al.
This experiment studied the effects of environmental factors on the
nitrification cycle in water. Also mentioned was ammonia oxidation. Tur-
bulence and an increase in initial nitrifying seed concentration were the
factors found to increase the initial rate of ammonia oxidation. Ammonia
nitrogen oxidation was decreased in the presence of nitrites, while nitrates
had no significant effect. The presence of organic materials showed varied
effects depending on the ammonia nitrogen's assimilation state. An attempt
was made to use bacterial counts to evaluate nitrification potential, which
was unsuccessful because of Its inefficiency and the time needed to count
the nitrifying population.
REFERENCE: Journal AWWA, May 1967, pp. 598-592.
439. SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF PREDICTING FALL OF
WATER TABLE IN DRAINED LAND
by
Herman Bouver and Jan van Schilfgaarde
Using the steady-state theory and abrupt drainage of pore space, this
method is a good, simple, accurate formula for simple drainage design. How-
ever, it is not as accurate as some other formulas. This procedure is for
predicting rate fall of the water table in ditch-drained and/or tile-drained
land.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1963, pp. 288-291 and 296.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 3, 110, and 116.
251
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4^0. TRANSIENT DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
by
Jan van Schilfgaarde
Several previously used analysis for transient water tables were re-
viewed along with a new type of approach that includes precipitation in the
calculations. The analysis studied showed accurate formulations as checked
against field data for the design of drainage systems. One desirable method
is the use of frequency distribution of water table height in conjunction
with recurrence intervals. The results of this analysis show the feasibility
of the approach.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, Septembei 1965, pp. 9-
22.
441. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA: 1972 NATIONAL ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING
This is an update of the 1968 W. Q. C. Many new areas are discussed—
the recreational impact of boating, levels of use, disease, vectors, nuisance
organisms, aquatic vascular plants, viruses in relation to public water,
effect of dissolved gases on aquatic life, toxilogical research guidelines,
solid waste disposed in oceans, irrigation, and industrial waste water treat-
ments. Also, several potentially toxic substances not discussed in the 1968
report are considered.
REFERENCE: ms, PB 236 199 (EPA), March 1973.
252
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442. PLANNING FOR LAND-BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
SOME ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
by
Maurice Baker and Lee A. Christenscn
The use of air and water for disposal of wastes from production and
consumption is no longer acceptable. One of the alternative means of dis-
posal is land disposal. Decisions concerning utilization and disposition
of residual wastes is influenced by a large number of variables.
This article discusses the economics related to waste management in
terras of costs analyses, externalities, government actions, materials flow,
joint products, and stock and flow resources. Means for attaining environ-
mental goals are by a legal-regulatory approach and an economic incentive
approach. Opportunity costs will influence whether a residual will be used
in a production process. Some objectives of land application are minimiz-
ing waste treatment costs, disposing of wastes in an environmentally accept-
able mannei supplying nutrient or water .requirements of crops and recharging
ground aquifers. Some options for institutional structures discussed are
acquisition and management options; fee simple acquisition; less than fee
simple and contractual agreements. There is a long discussion of a decision
framework for considering land application, and a discussion of cost of land
application systems.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials, Soil Cons. Society of
America, pp. 278-288.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 17 and 198.
253
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443. AGRICULTURALLY RELATED PRETREATMENT
LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS
by
M. R. Overcash and F. J. Humenik
Animal production industry vastes and some agricultural processing
wastes can be treated by land application with nitrogen being the only com-
ponent that dictates treatment characteristics. Aerated lagoons, unaerated
lagoons, recycling overland flow, and sprinkler application are all known as
treatment methods for denitrif ication of the above waste types.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of. the 2nd National Wateruse Conference, 197S,
pp. 688-692.
444. BENCH-SCALE TESTING FOR RESIDUAL WASTE TREATMENT
by
J. Vuceta et al.
This project was primarily concerned with demonstrating the most effec-
tive technology for treating various industrial residual wastes. One of the
methods investigated, foan fractionation, was found to be an undesirable
treatment because of its ineffectiveness and its harmful by-products. Batch
process treatment technology was shown to be the most desirable method.
This is due to the diversity of processes needed to treat different types of
wastes. An extensive sequence of steps was then established for the proper
treatment of these substances.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 51, October 197V, pp. 2366-2383.
For article on related subject see No. 44.
254
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445. EFFECTS OF GAMMA RADIATION ON AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ON PHENOL
by
'.JOTan M. Coffman and David D. Woodbridge
This experiment investigated the use of radiation for the treatment of
various phenol solutions. Tests of various doses of gamma radiation from a
cobalt-60 source showed a significant destruction of the phenol structure.
This is a promising sign as the destruction by this means can alter The
structure of phenol compounds to more readily degradable forms.
REFERENCE: Bulletin .Environmental Contamination Toxicology, Vol. 11, No. 5,
1974, pp. 461-466.
446. FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT UTILIZING DU FONT'S PACT PROCESS
by
Harry W. Heath, Jr.
Using this method, highly acidic wastewater from the Chamber Works in
New Jersey was treated with higher than normal bacteriological degradation
due to the introduction of activated carbon in effluent aeration. This
synergistic relationship gives reductions in biochemical oxygen demand and
dissolved organic carbon and coloring. It is suggested that carbon regener-
ation furnace be better designed to increase recyclable carbon removal.
REFERENCE: EPA Project Summary, EPA 600/S2-81-159, December 1981, pp. 1-9.
For article on related subject see No. 71.
255
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447. A MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SEASONAL
ASPECTS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL
by
Don Yaron
This paper presents a model for the analysis of seasonal aspects of
water quality control. The model includes interseasonal variation of flow
intensity and the river's pollutant assimilation capacity. The paper gives
several application possibilities of the model and applies it to an actual
industrial situation. Results showed that seasonal adjustraents made pos-
sible by this model would bo a considerable economical advantage to the treat-
ment plant discussed.
REFERENCE: Journal Environment Econ. and Management, Vol. 6, 1979, pp. 140-
151.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 3, 73, and 82.
448. PHOTO FIRM ACHIEVES Z,-:RO WASTE DISCHARGE
A large photographic firm has been able to reduce their waste discharge
to zero. Their recycling process is in four phases. With this system the
firm is able to recover $700,000 worth of photographic silver a year,
$300,000 a year in chemical costs have been saved, and enough ammonia is
recovered to fertilize the lawn at the 57 acre site. The techniques used in
the system are reverse osmosis, electrolysis, ion exchange, and evaporation.
REFERENCE: Chem. and Eng. News, Vol. 56, 1978, p. 19.
For article on related subject see No. 376.
256
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449. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER (VOL. II)
by
Arthor D. Little, Inc.
Forty-seven unit engineering processes were examined as to their use
for treating hazardous industrial waste. Some of these processes are in use
now; some need further research and development before their use will be
economically attractive to industry. Of the processes, dialysis, electro-
phoresis, freeze drying and zone refining were found to be of no value in
hazardous waste treatment. Part two is the comprehensive descriptions of
each unit process. (NOTE: This is Volume 2 of a two volume report.)
REFERENCE: PB-257-287, 1976, pp. 1-516.
450. THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY'S DRIVE
TOWARD INNOVATIVE POLLUTION CONTROL
by
Swep Davis
This report discusses a pilot plant using ultrafiltration (UF) and
reverse osmosis (RO) as a method of pollution control primarily for the pulp
and paper industry. The report presents approximate costs and effectiveness
of the operation. Other forms of treatment discussed include aerated
lagoons, air-activated sludge systems and alum treatment.
REFERENCE: Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 12, June 1978, pp.
629-630.
For article on related subject see No. 111.
257
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451. RAPID-1NFLITRATION DISPOSAL OF KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT
by
A. T. Wallace et al.
After having difficulty with their existing biological stabilization
method, a lagoon system, Hoerner Waldore began studies investigating the
use of rapid infiltration to increase the average infiltration rate above
thai of continuous dosing, used that data to achieve high quality percolate.
All data from the field tests are included in the report as well as finan-
cial considerations involved in a system change-over.
REFERENCE: 30th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 1975,
pp. 506-516.
452. THE SECOKT) STAGE TREATMENT OF BIOLOGICALLY TREATED COAL
CARBONISING WASTES IN ADMIXTURE WITH SEWAGE
by
Henry B. Tench
Coal carbonising wastes that are biologically treated can be evaluated
for treatment by discharging them into the sewer. Here a treatment with
admixture of sewage is mixed. Twenty percent of the mixture is treated, and
nitrification can be present with a proper buffer to neutralise the acid
formation. Some of the effluents were coloured brown from chemicals pro-
cessed having phenols and chlorophenols. Ferrous or ferric hydroxide were
found to be a source of removal by surface adsorption by adding salts or
neutralisers to aeration tanks of sludge plants. There is a certain dis-
charge procedure which will have a satisfactory condition present. This is
a form of even handedncss, which can be done in a number of practical ways.
REFERENCE: Progressive Water Technology, Vol. 12, 1980, pp. 224-230.
258
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453. SELECTED EIODECRADATION TECHNIQUES FOR
TREATMENT AND/OR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ORGANIC MATERIALS
by
S.C.f-. Engineering
Treatment techniques using activated sludge, series lagoons, deep shaft
aeration, and pure oxygen biological systems were compared to evaluate their
usefulness in treating difficult waste problems. These problems were high
chemical oxygen demand-biological oxygen demand ratios, low nutrient content,
biocidal content, only marginally degradable constituents and and high shock
loading tendency. The best techniques were those that exhibited the highest
values in good treatment results over the broadest range of waste classes,
and also, those which showed to enhance treatment qualities.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-79-006, 1979, pp. 1-379.
454. SPECIFIC CHARACTER OF BORON ADSORPTION BY AN AMORPHOUS SOIL
by
Frank T. Binghan and A. L. Page
Boron adsorption characteristics of amorphous soils were studied.
Maximum values for B adsorption occur under alkaline conditions. It 'appears
that sites which absorb B art! more or less specific and are independent of
other inorganic aniuns.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 35, 1971,
pp. 892-893.
259
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A55. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM SMALL SEWAGE WORKS
by
R. G. Walker et al.
This report compared three different tertiary treatment methods by
studying records of an operating waste treatment facility. Grass plot irri-
gation, slow sand filters, and upward-flow clarifiers were the methods com-
pared for both effectiveness and costs. All methods significantly improve
humus-tank effluent. Upward-flow clarifiers were the least effective with
grass plots eliminating the most BOD. Slow sand filters more completely
reduced suspended solids. Charts of comparative costs are also given show-
ing initial cost, operational costs, etc.
REFERENCE: Water Pollution Control, 1972, pp. 198-201.
456. TREATMENT COMPATIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE AKD
BIOLOGICALLY HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS
by
A. F. Gaudy et al.
This study looked at ways to receive additional information on the
effects of several compounds and to find out the most useful study methods
to be used in measuring effects similar to thf need for pretreatment of
industrial wastes. In batch pilot plants, 24 :or»pounds were studied; 8 of
these were studied in continuous flow pilot plants operated at a sludge age
of 5 days. Four of the 8 were studied in extended aeration pilot plants.
The compounds were each studied for a period of 6 months under each area of
operation. Of the 24 compounds studied, only pentachlorophenol and 2-chloro-
phenol gave evidence of causing metabolic stress to the system at 5 mg/1 of
feed concentration. In the study of extended aeration systems, there was
only evidence for increased soluble COD in the effluent only from the unit
dosed with phenol at the 5 mg/1 dosage level. From this study it was evident
that effluents of the extended aeration pilot plant were lower in soluble COD
and in suspended solids concentrations. In designing a study procedure to
find the effects of priority pollutants on activated sludges, the ecological
considerations as in effluent clarity and also other aspects of ecology
should be included as parameters for assessment.
REFERENCE: EPA, November 1983, pp. 1-3.
For article on related subject see No. 135.
260
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457. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PRIMARY BIODEGRADATION
OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
by
E. Scitr Tucker et al.
Highly chlorinated polychlor:nated biphenyl (PCS) residues have been
found in the environment suggesting that they may be resistant to microbial
degradation. This study was ins'ituted to determine if PCBs were degradable
by activated sludge. The study showed that the lower chlorinated biphenyls,
such as mono- and dichlorobiphen ;1, were readily degraded by the sludge.
This is reinforced by the fact tnat Jower chlorinated materials are not
found as residues even in uncontrolled areas because they degrade rapidly
enough not to become accumulated. On the contrary, the data also showed
that as higher levels of chlorination, such as tri-, tetra-, and pentachloro-
phenyls occur, degradation rates decrease. This explains why residues in
biological and environmental samples were of higher chlorination levels.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 14,
No. 6, 1975, pp. 705-713.
For article on related subject see No. 215.
458. ADSORPTION AND MOVEMENT OF SELECTED
PESTICIDES AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS
by
P. S. C. Rao and J. M. Davidson
Webster, Cecil and Eustis soils were measured for adsorption of three
different pesticides. The following pesticides are 2,4-D amine, atroztne,
terbacil and methyl parathion. These pesticides were measured at their
solution concentration ranging from ;oro to the aqueous soluble limit of
pesticide present. Of the four soils Adsorption measured, the isotherms
soil-pesticide combined were nonlinear ireundlich type. Freundlich adsorp-
tion, potassium, based on soil mass. Soil columns were measured for the
influence the shape would have on the adsorption isotherm movement of 2,4-D
amine and atrazine. These were tested through water-saturated columns at
261
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two Imput solution concentrations. From 50 and 5,000 Mg ml"1 for 2,4-D
amine, to 5 to 50 yg ml~l for atrazine. In higher concentrations, the pes-
ticide mobility was of greater significance. Therefore, it may be the
beginning of errors when pesticide transports are moved from waste disposal
at high concentration.
REFERENCE: Water Research, Vol. 13, 1979, pp. 375-380.
For article on related subject see No. 19.
459. ADSORPTION-DESORPTION OF SELECTED PESTICIDES BY
ORGANIC MATTER AND MONTMORILLONITE
by
Richard D. Carringer et al.
This experiment used deionized water, IN calcium chloride, organic
matter and calcium-saturated montmorillonite to determine the adsorption and
desorption of a number of various types of pesticides. Results indicated
the adsorption of all pesticides except dicamba. For identification pur-
poses, the pesticides vere divided into four groups: acidic, basic, raic-
cellaneous nonionic and dinitroaniline. Basic herbicides were the most sig-
nificantly absorbed by the montmorillonite. Dicamba was adsorbed to some
extent by the clay. The remaining herbicides displayed little or no adsorp-
tion by the montniorillonite clay. The study concluded that the organic
matter content of the soil was the primary factor for determining adsorption
with clay content being useful when discamba and prometryn herbicides are
present.
REFERENCE: Journal Agric. Food Chimistry, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1975, pp. 568-572.
460. ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHORUS BY FOUR SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
by
D. A. Ronnie and R. B. McKercher
This report discussed the difference in phosphorus adsorption by soils
with varied colloid content. The equilibrium phosphorus coicentration was
closely related to the percent of phosphorus saturation occurring. Amounts
of phosphorus adsorbed varied in relation to colloid content of each soil.
Organic matter was also found to be an important factor for predicting phos-
phorus adsorption capacity.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 39, February 1959, pp.
64-75.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 20, 21, 22, and 43.
262
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461. ADSORPTION OF SOME MONOHYDROXYBENZENE
DERIVATIVES BY SOILS
by
Juan Artiola-Fortuny and Wallace H. Fuller
Field and laboratory tests were conducted to determine the adsorption
rate and factors influencing adsorption of phenols by the soil. In mineral
soils, the primary factors involved are pH and iron oxide percentage with
moderate pK level and a high buffering capacity supplementing adsoiption
rates. Two constants used agreed closely to actual behavior of the substance
in the soil. One of the constants showed the hydrophobic phenols are more
readily adsorbed in saturated soils than are the hydrophilic type.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 133, No. 1, January 1982, pp. 18-26.
462. ARSENIC SORPTION BY SOILS
by
L. W. Jacobs et al.
Preservation of arsenic increased as the sesquioxide capacity increased
with equilibrated arsenic. Iron and aluminum forms were removed by treat-
ments using oxalate elimination. The arsenic sorption level in the soil was
greatly reduced in relation to the treatments. Formed iron and aluminum
components that sorbcd additional arsenic removed arsenic quantity from
soils by extractional oxalate and recovery of arsenic added NH.F- arsenic
will be underestimated unless a correction of resorption is made with sorp-
tion by soil components during extraction.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 34, 1970,
pp. 750-754.
263
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463. ATTENUATION OF POLLUTANTS IN MUNICIPAL LANDFILL
LEACHATE BY CLAY MINERALS
by
R. A. Griffin and N. F. Shimp
Part one of this report is based on data from laboratory column studies
of municipal solid waste landfill leachate—attenuation of pollutants in the
leachat? by sand and calcium saturated clays. The most outstanding fact
generated by this study is that lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc were
strongly attenuated even when only small amounts of clays were present. The
clays in ascending order of attenuation capacity are montnorillonite, illice,
and kaolinite.
Part two is data from batch studies of the adsorption of chromium, cad-
mium, arsenic, selenium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc by montraorillonite,
and kaolinite in solution and leachate. (pll) was shown to have primary
effect on adsorption. It is cautioned, however, that predicted adsorption
of an element can't be transferred to a different leachate.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-78-157, PB 287-140, 197fJ, pp. 1-159.
'•64. BEHAVIOR OF CHROMIUM IN SOILS: III. OXIDATION
by
Richmond Bartlett and Bruce James
Chromium that is reduced is considered to be a stable form in soils.
When trivalent chromium was mixed with a hexavalent, it mixed coherently well
in many of the prevalent field soils. Manganese that is oxidized serves as
the electron acceptor during the reaction period. To test soil for its
ability to oxidize chromium, one can either measure the manganese lowered by
hydroquinone or by adding chromium III directly *:o moistened soil. It was
later discovered that the plants gave a more positive sample if they were
tested in moist soils with hexavalent chromium remaining present after 5
months at 25°C. Chromium (VI) was damaging to the plants when taken from the
form chromiuip (III).
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1979, pp. 31-34.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 12 and 225.
264
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465. BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS
by
K. Harmsen
An investigation was conducted to determine the content of zinc, cad-
mium, copper, lead, iron, and manganese in a salt solution and a dilute acid
in soils high in heavy metals, and to analyze the function that iron and
manganese oxide plays in binding other heavy metals. Exchange adsorption of
ions in soil and the role of hydrolysis was determined. Heavy metals were
found to be subject to regular and selective exchange adsorption and super-
equivalent adsorption. The results of this study may bo valuable for environ-
mental control of heavy metals.
REFERENCE: Agric. Res. Rep., Vol. 866, 1977, p. 171.
466. A COMPARATIVE ELECTRON SPIN RESurtANCE STUDY OF V02+
COMPLEXATION IN SYNTHETIC MOLECULES AND SOIL ORCANICS
by
M. B. McBride
Recent work in the area of metal bonding on soil crganics, t.irough use
of electron spin resonance, has revealed the V0^+ (Vanadyl ion) to be of
great value in providing ligand type, degree of covalency of the metal-
organic complex, and stereochemical information. Comparisons between syn-
thetic and natural organics were undertaken with respect to the electron
spin resonance feature of the vanadyl ion (V02+), to reveal the physico-
chemistrj of complexing sites in soil organics. All results are recorded
therein.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society or America Journal, Vol. 44, 1980, pp.
495-499.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 32, 141, 231, 234, 235, 238,
242, and 244.
265
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467. CONTRIBUTION OF THE SOIL TO THE MIGRATION OF
CERTAIN COMMON AND TRACE ELEMENTS
by
W. 1!, Fuller et al.
Information on Che immobilization of health hazard trace elements is
limited in order to prevent migration *:hrough soil. Information is scant to
prevent movement from domestic waters into potential food channels concerning
trace element stabilization. This research has provided basic information
as a starting place to control hazardous migration through soils. Eleven
soils from the United States were contributed to mobility of common trace
elements. These were affected by four characteristics—pure water, dilute
acid, solutions like industrial wastes, municipal landfill Icachates. From
the data, much was learned in order to work with each characteristic. Soils
migrate at different rates relying much on some indigenous parameters. A
continual process of soils is solubilizing and mobility. Interesting enough,
data showed evc-n the cleanest aqueous vehicle can be a carrier of potentially
hazardous trace elements. In conclusion, every soil characteristic should be
identified for control of hazardous constituents in waste disposal.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 122, No. A, 1976, pp. 223-235.
For articliss on related subject see Nos. 251, 254, and 255.
468. DE.COMPOS ABILITY OF SOME ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN SOIL
by
Lloyd R. Frederick et al.
Numerous sulfur compounds were tested with aerobic conditions in dif-
ferent levels of soil. Various compounds were used in the experiment with
results being different at each level of soil. Decomposition had character-
istics of being nonbiolo^ical or of methionine. Certain concentrations,
such as 1% or more in sulfate soil, caused toxicity in thiourea, phenyl
thiourea, and mercaptoethanol. Some decomposition procedures caused an
increase in acid. This was brought about by sulfate and nitrate that formed
in the soil. Under methionine conditions alkaline and ther acid formed.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1957, pp. 287-292.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 55 and 260.
266
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469. DECOMPOSITION OF SPECIFICALLY CARBON-14 LABELED
BENZOIC AND CINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES IN SOIL
by
K. Haider and J. P. Martin
This experiment studied the decomposition of benzole, phenolcarboxylic
and cinnamic acid by tracing carbon labeled samples in a neutral soil.
Through a twelve weeL incubation period, phenolic compounds were readily
degraded. During the same tine, a maximum of 85% of t>.e benzole, cinnamic
and related acids were either lost or partially broken down into carbon
dioxide. Applications of peach wood or humic acid had little effect on
decomposition of phenols, while linkage into model phenolase polymers sig-
nificantly altered decomposition.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 39, No. 4, 1975, pp. 657-
662.
470. DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHF.NYLS
BY MIXED MICROBIAL CULTURES
by
R. R. Clark et al.
Organisms found common to three soil cultures were responsible for
degrading polychlorinated biphenols—Alcaligenes odorans, Alcaligenes deni-
trificans and an unidentified bacterium. The isomers of polychlorinated
biphenyls that were more water soluble and had a higher chlorination were
completely utilized by the cultures. The polychlorinated biphenyls residues
were mainly made up of higher chlorinated Isomers. In the presence of acetate
as the cosubstrate, a form of cometabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls was
also found with the cultures.
REFERENCE: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 37, No. 4, April
1979, pp. 680-685.
For articles on related subject sec Nos. 266 and 26J.
267
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471. THE DEGRADATION OF QUINTOZENE, PENTACHLOROBENZENE,
HEXACHLOROBENZENE AND PENTACHLOROANILINE IS SOIL
by
J sir gen Beck and Knud E. Hansen
Samples of soil previously treated with quintozene was tested to deter-
mine its rate of degradation in the soil. Several metabolites of quintozene
were found as degradation products in laboratory experiments such as pent?-
chloraniline and methyl Miiopentachlorobenzene. The fungicide quintozene as
well as its impurities and degradation products, even after prolonged periods
and in different soil types, consistently showed a strong resistance to con-
tinued microbial degradation.
REFERENCE: Pestic. Science, Vol. 5, 1974, po. 41-48.
472. DEGRADATION OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES IN SOILS
UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
by
Shozo Kuwatsuka
The degradation rate has been compared in this study between upland and
flooded conditions. A carbaraate and thiolcarbamate type showed difference
in the patterns of degradation when compared to other chemicals. Upland
conditions seemed to degrade quicker, and bentliioccrb could not be linked to
the degradation process. Under flood conditions, other chemicals broke down
faster than the carhamate types. For example, DDT and BHC degraded faster
due to microbes present in flooded conditions. Other information included
more bacteria and fewer fungi, and actinomycetes were found in tlie flooded
soils. This could be the reason behind higher degradation of pesticides
with an ester mixture applied to the flood site.
REFERENCE: Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides, 1972, pp. 385-400.
268
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473. DENITRIFICATION IN SOIL
I. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
by
J. M. Bremner and K. Shaw
The Kjeldahl method is used to determine the nitrogen that includes
nitrate and nitrite and can be applied to water logged soil. Rapid deni-
trification of nitrate in the soil can be started by incubation of the soil
under water logged conditions with organic materials like glucose and follow-
ing with a total-nitrogen analyses.
Percentage wise, the level of nitrates was the same no matter how the
added nitrate-nitrogens were lost during denitrification. Particles of
nitrate in water logged soil containing glucose was observed as having a
rapid, but temporary accumulation of large amounts of nitrite and by the
forming of smaller amounts of ammonia. Hydroxylaminc could not be found
during denitrification, but It was discovered that this compound was rapidly
decomposed in the soils studied by a process which seemed to be purely chem-
ical.
Denitrification of nitrate in soil is a microbiological process and
that the viability of the micro-organisms responsible for denitrification
are not affected by air-drying and storage of the soil. Factor.! affecting
denitrification in soil can be studied by determining loss of nitrogens from
soil under various conditions by total-nitrogen analysis. The rate of deni-
trification of nitrate in soil was based on various factors such as pH, tem-
perature and water content ot tne soil. Some 80-862 of nitrate-N applied to
the Rothamsted soils was lost by denitrification in 5 days. The rate was
affected by the pH in the soil. The rate is slow .c l«w pH and Increases
with a rise in soil pH and becomes very rapid when exceeding pH 8.0-8.6.
Temperature increased the rate when a change from 2° to 25°C occurred. Opti-
mum temperature was at about 60°C. Water saturation, organic matters present
and no loss of nitrogen all affected the ratoe of denitrification. These
results received support the idea that denitrification occurs only when oxy-
gen required by soil micro-organisms is restricted.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 51, 1958, pp. 22-52.
269
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474. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES TO DETERMINE
THE FATE OF MUTAGENIC COMPOUNDS FROM LAND APPLIED HAZARDOUS WASTE
by
K. C. Donnelly and K. V. Brown
To determine the fate of mutagcnic compounds from land applied hazardous
wastes, laboratory tests using Che salraonella/microsoaoe and bacillus subtilis
DNA repair bioassays and field tests with lysimeters were used. The wastes
tested for genetic toxicity were refinery and petrochemical sludge. Both of
these wastes were shown to be mutagenically active in all fractions extrac-
ted. Results froas dogradability tests are also included iu this report.
REFERENCE: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University,
1982, pp. 1-15.
For article on related subject see No. 269.
475. DISPOSAL OF OIL WASTES BY MICROBIAL ASSIMILATION
by
H. C. Francke and F. E. Clark
This experiment was concerned with the disposal of plant oil waste pro-
ducts by applying them to soil where microbial assimilation occurs. Both
laboratory and field experiments were conducted. Results of this decomposi-
tion study showed an adequate degree of microbial activity in degrading the
plant oil waste. Waste oil decomposition rates were determined, and no sig-
nificant problems occurred involving organic carbon or nitrogen loss.
REFERENCE: Union Carbide Corporation, Y-1934, May 1974, pp. 1-44.
For article on related subject see No. 24.
270
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476. DISSIPATION AND LEACHING OF MOSURON, SIMAZINE,
AND ATRAZINE IN NEBRASKA SOILS
by
0. C. Burnside et al.
ThLs research concentrated on the leaching of monuron, simazine, and
atraztne in silty clay Ice- soil. The two crops used for the experimant
wers oats and soybeans. Simazine and atrazine were found to be leached more
readily in areas c-f high rainfall. Monuron concentrations remained the
highest of the three herbicides studied; however, its toxicity was decreased
when leaching was continued over an extended period of time.
REFERENCE: Weeds, 1963, pp. 209-213.
477. THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS AND SOIL
MATERIAL AS INFLUENCED BY THE IONIC RADIUS
by
Arne \ndersson
Heavy metals were tested for the profile they have in surface soil. In
forming, the soil causes some separation in the elements and can cause dis-
tribution to be different. A strong link was found between clay and heavy
metals. The changing process of soil formation can be affected largely by
chemical weathering. The elements are then held In certain levels within the
secondary minerals at octahedral positions. The distribution of soil was
found to be similar to organic natter in soil profiles.
REFERENCE: Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1977,
pp. 79-83.
271
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478. EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS ON
THE BIODEGRADATION OF SOIL SLUDGE
by
J. T. Dibble and R. Bartha
Biodegradation from oil sludge has been evaluated for what affects it
may have on "land fanning". Oil sludge is usually taken from old refineries
as such, and this is then set up for testing. Soil moisture pH, mineral
nutrients, micronutrients, organic supplements, treatment rate, treatment
frequency, and incubation frequency all take in affect of biodegradation
treatment. At soil water-holding potential, oil sludge biodegradation had a
capacity of 30 to 902. The pH level was 7.5 to 7.8, and the carbon:nitrogen
and carbon:phosphorus ratios were 60:1 and 800:1 at a 20°C or above tempera-
ture. It was not prosperous to add micronutrients or organic matters.
Saturation of hydrocarbon (alkane/cyclo alkane) breakdown is higher when the
application is in small amounts. The reverse of this was found that higher
application of biodegradation was more effective toward the soil. Following
this with small applications was the result of higher biodegradation. Rather
than one large application, the small additional applications of two 100,000-
liter/hectare or 50,000-liter/hectareotl sludge seemed appropriate for most
temperate zone disposal sites.
REFERENCE: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 37, April 1979,
pp. 729-7VJ.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 25, 62, 274, and 277.
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479. EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED MOVEMENT OF THREE
HERBICIDES IN A WATER-SATURATED SOIL
by
J. M. Davidson and J. R. Mr.Dougal
Measurements of the equilibrium adsorption characteristics of 1,1-di-
methyl-3(a,a,a.-tri-fluoro-m-toly) urea (floneturon), 4-araino-3,5,6-tri-
chloropicolinic acid (picloran), and 2,4-ois (isopropylamino)-6-(methyle-
thio-s-tri-azine (pronetryne) were taken after solutions where the herbi-
cides were displaced through cnlcluiu saturated Norge loam columns of various
average pore-water velocities. A kinetic adsorption model in conjunction with
transport equations were used to predict the colume effluent herbicide con-
centration distribution. When measurement and calculation vere compared,
predicted values showed a similar distribution shift to that of the measured
values, but did not agree totally on specific values.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1973, pp. 428-
433.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 296 and 297.
480. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADSORPTION, DESORPTION,
AND MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES IN SOIL
by
George W. Bailey and Joe L. White
A review of literature associated with the adsorption theories of
Freundlich. Langmuir, Gibbs, Brunauer, Emmitt, and Teller, adsorption and
desorption of organic pesticides, by soil colloids, movement of pesticides
through soil and off soil surfaces, and physical-chemical properties of soil
constituents which influence pesticide adsorption and desorption. The
physico-chemical natures of all variables are also detailed in relation to
the factors that influence pesticide fate and behavior in soil systems.
REFERENCE: Residue Reviews, Vol. 32, 1970, pp. 29-92.
273
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A81. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BIODEGRADATION OF
API SEPARATOR SLUDGES APPLIED TO SOILS
by
K. W. Brown et al.
For complete disposal of hazardous industrial wastes, biodegradation of
its components is essential. In order to design a land treatment system,
information on rates of degradation as a function of soil morphology and
management factors is necessary. This information is also essential to esti-
mate the level of management and the length of tiose to achieve closure fol-
lowing the last application.
A continuous flow respirometer was utilized to determine the Influence
of certain environmental parameters on biodegradaticn of a refinery and a
petrochemical waste. By collecting carbon dioxide evolved and residual
hydrocarbon analysis, biodegradation rates of two wastes were measured. The
microbial population was evaluated six months after incubation had begun.
The following environmental conditions were studied: soil texture, soil
moisture, mineral nutrient amendments, application rates, application fre-
quency and temperature. The half lives of the refinery sludge and the petro-
chemical wastes were 141 days a"-s' 692 days, respectively. Adding mineral
nutrients increased biodegradation rates in the petrochemical waste only.
In general, degradation was best at field capacity and when the soil moisture
content was greater or lower than the level.
REFERENCE: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University,
pp. 1-11.
274
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482. FATE AND BEHAVIOR OF FIVE CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
IN THREE NATURAL WASTES
by
P. C. Oloffs et al.
Three different water samples were treated with five different chlori-
nated hydrocarbons to determine the fate of each pesticide and its effect on
the total number of heterotrophic bacteria. Lindane remained in the water
samples during the experiment, while the other agents, DDT, a-chlordane, y-
chlordane and Aroclor 1260 (PCB) were generally dispersed throughout the
atmosphere. Rapid, uneven distribution of the hydrocarbons resulted in most
cases, but were controlled by adding a surfactant to the water. Numbers o"
bacteria present increased upon application of.each pesticide showing that
low level chlorinated hydrocarbons do not harm native heterotropic bacteria
in natural waters.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 18, 1972, pp. 1393-1398.
483. FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR LAND DISPOSAL
OF A DILUTE OILY WASTEWATER
by
J. E. Ongerth and S. K. Bhagat
This study evaluated the degradability of dilute oil waste ami compiled
information for instituting system loading criteria. Information was ob-
tained from the study of land site, soil, and wastewater characteristics.
This information included hydraulic and organic loading rates, which could
be extended over the entire length of the system. The system involves using
pilot scale columns to test waste treatability. Developmental problems of
thii technique included the slow rate of soil system response and the com-
plexity of the various interactions within the system. Despite these deter-
rants, it was still possible to evaluate the major clogging potential of the
wastewater.
RErERENCE: 30th Industrial Conference, Purdue University, 1975, pp. 850-860.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 29, 71, and 304.
275
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484. FLUORINE: ITS TOXICm TO PLANTS AND ITS CONTROL IN SOILS
by
A. L. Prince et al.
Sandy loara and loam soils were put to a tost to find the toxic level
toward buckwheat and tomato plants. Fluorine did become toxic at a level of
360 ppra at a pH value of 6.5. To decrease toxicity, the pH needed to be low
and not exceed 180 ppm. -T!:ese results were taken from loam soil for buck-
wheat. Tomato plants were tested in sandy loan at pH values 6.5 and a range
between 360 and 720 ppn fluorine. Noticeable characteristics of plants with
toxicity was browning o.i tips of the leaves, which will eventually work in-
ward. Whenever lime cr phosphate was applied, there was a reduction in
toxicity and an increase in production. In comparijon, the sandy loam was
more severe in toxicity than the loara soils. In conclusion, the level at
which fluorine became toxic depended on types of soils, amounts of lirae or
phosphate and the plants grown in the soil.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 67, May 17, 1949, pp. 269-277.
485. GASEOUS DIFFUSION AND POROSITY IN POROUS MEDIA
by
C. H. M. van Bavel
A formula is given which can be used to measure the diffusion of gases
through porous cedia. This formula includes the presence of a gas current
and the friction caused by the current. The ratio between diffusivity in a
porous environment and a gaseous one was determined to a relatively accurate
figure, which correlated well with other studies.
REFERENCE: Soil Science (reprint), Vol. 73, No. 2, February 1952, pp. 91-
104.
For articles on related subject see No. 3H.
276
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486. HYDROLYSIS OF CIS- AND TRANS-1.3-DICHLOROPROPENE IN WET SOIL
by
C. E. Castro and N. 0. Belser
*j
The release of chloride from a solution of 10~~M of cis-l,3-dichloro-
propene was lound to buffer between 6.9 and 7.5 pH level. The chloride
showed a difference of points when a mixture of soil solution was mixed in
at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3. Independent runs are explained by the points, and in
this case there were two. The runs had a maximum pH change from 7.5 to 7.7.
Blank readings from the points; corrected chloride in the soil water mixture
with dichloropropene added. Hallde release was insensitive to the soil pre-
sent. Therefore, the rate of hydrolysis of cis-l,3-dichloropropene with a
ratio of 0.5 in only 1.4 times that in the absence of soil. No change is
conducted if the ratio is between 1 and 3. The mixture of higher soils
enhance the rate to about threefold. Allylic alcohols appear to be the only
detectable organic products. Yields of the alcohols were about 40% due to
difficulty in extracting them from the aoil-water mixtures.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agri. Food Chemistry, Vol. 14, No. 1, January/February
1966, pp. 60-61.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 74 and 317.
487. INVESTIGATION OF LANDFILL LEACHATE
POLLUTANT ATTENUATION BY SOILS
by
Wallace H. Fuller
Eleven soils from seven major orders in the United States were studied
as to the movement and retention of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
copper, mercury, nickel, lead, selenium, vanadium, zinc, and iron that is
carried In municipal sewage waste water leachate through soils. Total
organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand were also studied as to their
relation to municipal sewage waste wate".
277
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All results are compiled and are available in this report. Also, a
simulation model vas developed for predicting solute concentration during
leachate flow.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-78-158, PB-286-995, 1978, pp. 1-243.
For article on related subject see No. 331.
488. A METHOD TO DETERMINE A PHOSPHORUS ADSORPTION MAXIMUM OF SOILS
AS MEASURED BY THE LANGMUIR ISOTHERM
by
Sterling R. Olsen and Frank S. Watanabe
Presented is a method by which the potential phosphorus adsorption of a
soil can be calculated. Of two isotherms, the Fr^undlich End the Langmuir,
the Langmuir produced constants with a close assimilation to actual adsorp-
tion of phosphorus. Ethylene glycol retention was used to determine soil
surface area, which correlated with the adsorption naximum. Conclusions
shoved that phosphorus retention and bonding energy holding phosphorus was
greater in acid rather than alkaline soils.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society Proceedings, 1957, pp. 144-149.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 34, 80, 83, 85, and 336.
489. MIGRATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN
SOIL INDUCED BY PERCOLATING WATER
by
E. S. Tucker et al.
This report'attempted to evaluate the use. of landfill methods for the
disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The study was specifically
concerned with Arochlor 1016, a modified type of PCB. and the Beaching rate
of percolating groundwater on the substance. Results of tests were conclu-
sive that the amount of PCBs leached from the soil was minimal. In fact,
the less chlorinated, the more degradable homoiogs were the only contamin-
ants subject to excessive leaching. The study also agreed with other sources
that PCB contamination in the environment is caused only in a small part by
landfill dispc.,al.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Envliomnetal Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 13,
1975, pp. 86-93.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 92, 356, and 357.
278
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490. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN THE BIODEGRADATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
by
A. M. Chakrabarty
Man has developed organic compounds (herbicides and pesticides) which
have greatly improved agricultural productivity, many of which have been
banned because of their environmental persistence to biodegradation. Recent
evidence indicates that microorganisms have evolved and are developing the
ability to reduce some of these compounds including 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; and DDM,
a metabolite generated from DDT.
Gome of the recent discoveries regarding the reasons for and develop-
ment of the evolution of these microorganisms are discussed in this article.
REFERENCE: American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 44, No. 12, 1978, pp.
687-690.
For article on related subject see No. 364.
491. MOVEMENT AND FATF OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN SOIL SYSTEMS
D. n. Kaufman and S. B. Hornick
Because soil has many components that are potential treatment mechan-
isms, it is possible that it may be used to treat municipal and industrial
hazardous waste. The inert rock, gravel and sand, reactive minerals, organic
matter, living and dead vegetative matter, animal matter, and soil micro-
organisms in soil can induce these treatment mechanises: biological oxida-
tion/reduction, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, adsorption, and assimi-
lation into living plants and animals.
REFERENCE: Proceedings Conferences on Risk and Decision Analysis for
Hazardous Waste Disposal, Hazardous Materials Control Research
Institute, Silver Spring, MD.
For article on related subject see No. 96.
279
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492. MOVEMENT OF CHLORFENVINPIiOS IN SOIL
by
M. J. Edwards et al.
By applying chlorfenvinphos to sloping arable land at 22 kilograms
active ingredient ^er hectare and following its movement, leaching of chlor-
fenvinphos through soil was studied in two experiments. Only very small
amounts appeared later down slope and at the bottom. In ore experiment,
there was a pond at the bottom of the slope. No pesticide residue was found
ir. the mud or water in, the pond. Residues of the main soil metabolites of
the pesticide were not found in the pond water at 23 and 36 weeks of its use.
It was found that more chlorfenvinphos leached vertically into drainage
water than laterally over the surface in an experiment involving a though
containing soil in six separate compartments. Each compartment was five
centimeters higher than the one before it. Leachatcs were collected from
the bottom of each, most during the first nine weeks and most from the first
compartment. Only small amounts of the insecticide moved down the surface
of the slope.
REFERENCE: Pesticide Science, Vol. 2, January-February 1971, pp. 1-4.
493. MOVEMENT OF FLUOMETURON ACROSS AND THROUGH THF. SOIL
by
F. L. Baldwin et al.
This experiment determined the effects of initial soil moisture, rain-
fall and time span on the loss of fluometuron by runoff and leaching. The
amount of fluometuron loss was affected to some extent by each of these with
antecedent soil moisture being the most critical. Only small amounts of the
substances were actually lost. The majority lost, however, still remained
in the upper layers of the soil. The highest concentrations occurred on the
runoff sediment, but the highest losses were found in the liquid portion of
the runoff. Analysis of runoff water, after a one month resting period,
showed no signs of fluometuron contamination.
REFERENCE: Journal Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 2, March/April 1975,
pp. 191-194.
280
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494. MOVEMENT OF PROMETRYNE THROUGH CONGAREE
SOIL IKTO GROUND WATER
by
K. S. LaFleur et al.
The movement of prometryne, a cype of herbicide, through the soil and
into a shallow groundwater table was determined. The chemical was monitored
in bot^ the "Jil and the ground water for 16 months. Upper layers of the
soil Cw "jU..tly retained higher concentrations of the substance than the
layers below them. Infiltration into the water table was discovered two
months after the initial prometryne application. Data concerned with the
experiment included rainfall, pore volumes, runoff and drainage. A post-
experiment check found no prometryne concentrations in the groundwater after
a period of 20 months.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1975, pp. 132-
133.
495. NITRIFICATION OF AMMONIACAL FERTILIZERS IN
SOME CALIFORNIA SOILS
by
F. E. Broadbent et al.
This experiment Investigated the nitrification of ammoniacal fertil-
izers under modern fertilization conditions. Conditions found which inhib-
ited nitrification included excessively high or low pH, the presence of free
ammonia and high salt concentrations. High concentrations of ammoniacal
type fertilizers applied to slightly alkaline soils were found to be the
most desirable for the production of nitrates. Moisture and temperature
conditions were also found to affect the process.
REFERENCE: Hilgardia, Vol. 27, December 1957, pp. 247-267.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 97 and 98.
281
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496. NUTRIENT AND PESTICIDE MOVEMENT FROM
FIELD TO STREAM: A FIELD STUDY
by
J. L. Baker et al.
This field s.udy was designed to provide information pertaining to the
effects of different farm management systems on stream water quality.
Emphasis was made primarily on the movement of several herbicides and insec-
ticides. The study also included data on runoff loss of nitrogen and phos-
phorus due to hydrologic factors, which ave affected by land management pro-
cedures. AT. attempt was also made to modify a certain runoff model for the
purpose of calculating chemical transport between field and stream. Results
of experimental procedures showed runoff water as being the primary trans-
porter of herbicides from the field.
REFERENCE: Nutrient Management, pp. 213-245.
For article on related subject see No. 373.
497. OIL DEGRADATION IN SOIL
by
R. L. Raymond et al.
A study was conducted on field soils of the biodegradation of crankcase
oil from cars and trucks, an Arabian Heavy crude oil, a home heating number
2, and a residual fuel oil number 6 at three different locations across the
United States (Marcus Hook, PA; Tulsa, OK; and Corpus Christi, TX). The
study was conducted in 14 field plots of 1.7 meters by 3.0 meters over a
period of three years. The oils were added to each at a rate of 11.9m-V
4X103m'- per month. At half of the plots at each location, fertilizer . ..ere
mixed with the oils into the soils by the use of a rototiller to a depth of
10 to 15 cm. Depending on the type of soil and oil, there was a 48.5 to 90%
reduction in oil concentration. Rates of degradation did not exceed 2.4m3/
per month.
282
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With the use of. silica gel fractionation, gas chromatography, and ultra-
violet absorbence, compositional changes in the oil overtime were studied.
Silica gel fractation and gravimetric data showed a degradation of residual
oils in all classes of compounds; however, polar type degraded more slowly.
Thfi compositional changes were in the same general direction for all but two
of the fuel oils.
Studies of runoff water, leachnte, and soils showed that water movement
did not affect oil loss at the concentrations applied. Observations of lead
compounds showed no significant movement. Numbers of hydrocarbon-utilizing
microorganisms increased significantly in all plots treated. Increases in
hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi did not show up by the plotting technique used.
Concentration of residual oil or their oxidation product inhibited plant
growth nine months after their application. The compound causing this
inhibition could not be determined, nor could their long-term environmental
effects.
REFERENCE: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. SI, No. 4, April,
1976, pp. 522-535.
498. OXIDATION OF THE CARCINOGENS BENZO(A)PYRENE AND
BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE TO DIKYDRODIOLS BY A BACTERIUM
by
David T. Gibson
Two carcinogens, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene, were used as a
substrate for a bacterium. An enzyme system of these organisms oxidize
certain polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to various dihydrodiols. The
primary metabolits of each carcinogen studied was also identified.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 189, 1975, pp. 295-297.
499. PESTICIDE MOBILITY: DETERMINATION BY
SOIL THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
by
Charles S. Helling and Benjamin C. Turner
Several pesticides, including dicamba, fenac, diuron, trifluralin,
atrazine, and CIPA (by their commercial names) were used in conjunction with
soils and thin-layer chromotography to determine the mobility of such
chemical pesticides in the various soils. This process now called "Soil
283
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Thin-Layer Chromotography" is a rapid and reproducible method for observing
chemical mobility in soil. Of 16 pesticides tested by this process, it was
shown that acidic herbicides had had the most mobile tendencies, while insec-
ticides comprised by chlorinated hydrocarbons showed low mobile tendencies.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 162, 1968, pp. 562-563.
500. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY SOIL IN RELATION TO WASTE DISPOSAL
by
J. Beck, F. A. M. de Haan
In the Netherlands, a sewage farm located near Tilburg was used during
the past 50 years as irrigation of domestic sewage water. Samples of the
soil were selected from both flooded areas and studied for aluminum, iron,
and phosphate chemicals. Ninty-six percent of the contents taken from the
soil vas phosphate. Net total phosphate and phosphate stored appeared in
agreement when analyzed on a balance-sheet of calculations. Six days was
the longest time of residence of sewage water, and the retention was attri-
buted to adsorption reactions and precipitation. During precipitation,
phosphate can appear as calcium, aluminum or iron phosphates. The require-
ments for calcium ions are provided through the sewage water. Furnishing
aluminum and iron ions is accomplisned by soil compounds. Found in the
drainage water is the correct concentration of phosphate soil pH level.
This is assuming several solid phases knowito happen in soils are present.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
Management, October 1973, pp. 77-86.
For article on related subject see No. 35.
501. PHOSPHORUS ADSORPliON SITES IN SOILS
by
Robert D. Harter
This study examined through tests the phosphorus adsorption sites in
soils. The study of phosphorus adsorption as an operation of five soil
types showed that organic matter was important in the initial bonding of
phosphorus by soils. It appears through several studies, that adsorbed
phosphorus is basically bonded to organic matter rather than aluminum. It
then can be found that adsorbed phosphorus is linked to iron and aluminum
in acid soils. It then concluded that phosphorus is primarily bonded to
anion exchange sites on organic matter and changed into less soluble ion
and aluminum phosphates.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 33, 1969,
pp. 630-632.
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502. PLANT-SOIL ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY FOR ORGANIC
SOLVENT CONSTITUENTS IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
by
D. Pal et al.
This article states that two cornerstone parameters must be carefully
investigated when a landtreatment design for organic solvents is being
determined. The first consideration is the critical concentration of a
specific solvent in a soil above which adverse responses in plants, micro-
flora, and soil are noted. The second is the rate of loss or decomposition
of a specific solvent from a soil system. These two components considered
together are of priority importance when determining the overall space needed
for a land application site.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 32nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, 1977, pp. 259-271.
For articles on related subject see.Nos. 186 and 384.
503. RECLAMATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH OIL
by
R. B. Schwendinger
This article investigates the use of bacterial seeding as a means for
reclaiming soils contaminated by oil. Laboratory results showed that even
high soil contamination levels can be reduced by this method. Of particular
interest is the reclamation of soil after a significant oil spill since
large amounts of oil damage plants by anaerobic and hydrophobia conditions.
This creates an Interference vith soil-plant-water relationships.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol. 54, No. 531, July
1968, pp. 181-197.
For article on related subject see No. 110.
285
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504. THE RELATION OF HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION
TO THE AVAILABILITY OF ZINC IN SOIL
by
Wreal L. Lott
This experiment was designed to gather data on the effects of pH on
zinc availability in soil. The experiment was conducted using oat seedlings
grown in slightly acid soils. The detrimental effects of excessive zinc
were found to be prevented by the application of calcium carbonate. By
ammending the soil to reach a slightly acid pH once again, zinc concentra-
tions were returned to a non-toxic level. In addition, the use of zinc sul-
fate for various reasons may result in an increase in zinc concentrations in
the soil.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Proceedings, 1938, pp. 115-121.
505. REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATER AND
SLUDGE BY ADSORPTION ONTO SOLID WASTES
by
N. A. Poonawala et al.
This report deals with investigations into the use of solid wastes to
remove heavy metals from municipal wastewater and secondary sludges. Results
revealed municipal wastcwaters and secondary sludges contain some organic
residues that can form stable complexes with toxic heavy raetalc, such as
copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and mercury. These tend to decompose
quickly, hus releasing dangerous metals into soils they have been disposed
on. Municipal wastewater and secondary sludge can be amended with less
soluble organic wastes, such as composted pine bark, corn cobs, peanut hulls,
and ground rubber scraps, which can greatly slow down the decomposition rate.
This provides a protective effect to the soil, plants, and animals and allows
a slow rate of release of heavy metals, which can then be utilized as trace
elements.
REFERENCE: Wateruse, Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
pp. 241-254.
286
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506. REMOVAL OF PLUTONIUM-239, TUNGSTEN-185 AND LEAD-210 FROM SOILS
by
D. O. Wilson and J. F. Cline
This ex-per^roent studied the removal of plutonium-239, tungsten-185 and
lead-210 from the soil by plants. Barley was grown in a number of different
types of soil containing the various isotopes. Only minute quantities of
the lead and plutonium Isotopes were absorbed by the barley, while tungsten-
185 accumulations were significantly larger. Factors seeming to affect
radioisotopa availability to plants included acidity, to some degree, and
soil type, which greatly influence plant uptake. No detrimental effects
were found as a result of the nuclides to either plant appearance of crop
yield. The report also presented information proving the unreliability of
soil extracting procedures to estimate radioisotope quantities.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 209, February 26, 1966, pp. 941-942.
507. RESPIRATION STUDIES ON SOIL TREATED WITH SOME HYDROCARBONS
by
Ann L. Dobson and H. A. Wilson
IVo types of soils were chosen to measure the respiration by uptake of
Q2» The soils included oil free soil and oil-impregnated soil. By using
the Haldene device, the soils around oil wells revealed large biological
activity. On the other hand, respiration was higher in the soils that were
oil-free. Following application of crude oil, mineral oil, and kerosene,
the reactions were much as expected. Each applicant had similar effects,
but were slightly different in the biological activity. Respiration rate
was show to be higher in the soils with applied hydrocarbons.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of American Proceedings, Vol. 28, 1964,
pp. 536-539.
237
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508. RETENTION AND RELEASE OF MOLYBDENUM BY SOILS
by
S. G. Misra et al.
Variable amounts of molybdenum are reta '.nee' when MgO^- is applied to
soils. To hold the pH on a level, it was found that it cculd be done by
conditioning with calcium carbonate, organic matter content, various com-
plexants, (Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn^+, and Al3+) and macronutrient fertilizers.
Although the maximum of molybdenum pH is between 3.0 to 5.0, it can continue
as high as 8.5. When organic matter is removed from the starting soils, it
can cause molybdenum to decrease as much as 16. 8Z to 25. 9Z. Zinc and alu-
minum ions increased retention in the soils for molybdenum, but other ions
varied in whatever the soil type. The type of soil was a good indication of
an increase or decrease in the retention in monocalcium phosphate. Similarly,
aluminum reacted the same way in showing no effect or an increase on reten-
tion. Coraplexants were useful in releasing molybdenum in the soils. Various
methods and combinations of the complexants or organic matters applied caused
different responses during testing.
REFERENCE: Molybdenum in the Environment, Vol. 2, pp. 597-613.
509. RETENTION CF PHENOLIC ACIDS BY NONCRYSTALLINE HYDROXY-ALUMINUM
AND -IRON COMPOUNDS AND CLAY MINERALS OF SOILS
by
P. M. Huang et al.
In young plants, certain conditions can prohibit growth. Adsorbing
phenolic acid is one such condition. A study done in Taiwan showed such
evidence as being affirmative. Four soils that were selected for testing
purposes along with kaolinite, illite, vermiculite and compound hydroxy-
aluminum and iron were inhibitive toward growth of plants. Steric hindrance
and negative repulsion caused vermiculitic minerals not to turn down the
retention of phenolic acids. By taking out the noncrystalline components of
the soil, it lowered the adsorption rate of acids by the plants. The posi-
tive charge from A1-OH20«5+ and Fe-OH2^-5+ caused the noncrystalline compon-
ent to have such an effect in the adsorption rate of acids.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 123, No. 4, April 1977, pp. 213-219.
288
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510. SOLUBII.IZATION OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
by
H. B. Kievens
This experiment studied the solubility of several polycyclic hydro-
carbons. Linear relationships were found for all the hydrocarbons tested
by plotting them against either the molecular length or the molar volume.
Slope of the graphs changed most significantly with benzene followed by
toluene ethylbenzene and n-butylbenzene. A zero slope was finally reached
for the condensed-ring polycyclics. Data which agreed with past findings was
also gathered for alkylbenzenes, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and dimethyl-
araino-azobenzene solubilization.
REFERENCE: Journal of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Vol. 54, 1950, pp.
283-298.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 38, 39, 191, 206, and 121.
511. SORPTION AND DESORPT10N OF COPPER BY
AND FROM CLAY MINERALS
by
Fawzy M. Kishk and M. N. Hassan
When copper is sorted by clay minerals, the higher the pH, the more
copper is scrbed. This is due to greater hydrogen + ion competition at low
pH values with copper -H- ions, and the fact that increased pH produces an
increased solubility produce (Ks ). At low pH, octahedral ions also compete
with copper ++ ions.
When copper is extracted from clay minerals, a function of pH is again
noted. With all clay minerals, the higher the pH, the less copper could be
extracted.
The hydrogen + ion competition may account also for the calcium-copper
isothenic exchange. \t pH 3.5, copper clay doesn't generate from calcium
clay, but at pH 5.2, copp^r-montmorillonite (clay) generates clacium-mont-
norillonite spontaneously; 3.2 pH gives positive free energy; 5.2 pH gives
negative free energy.
REFERENCE: Plant and Soil, Vol. 39, 1973, pp. 497-505.
289
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512. SORPTION AND OXIDATION OF MANGANOUS IONS AND REDUCTION OF MANGANESE
OXIDE BY CELL SUSPENSIONS OF A MANGANESE OXIDIZING BACTERIUM
by
S. M. Bromfield and D. J. David
Arthrobacter, cells fron soil, and manganese oxide were put together,
and manganous ions (Ma2+) adsorbed from aqueous solutions. Copper ions
could be desorbed by regular ions. When the mixture of cells reach a rate
of oxidation below pH 5.7 or above pH 7.5, this is unstable. A pH of 6.5
Is the maximum rate for oxidation. Tiie rate of changes during oxidation is
very sensitive, which causes the pH level to stay within a limit of 5.7 to
7.9. Concentrations of 0.5 and 6 mm of manganous ions had very small effects
on the oxidation rate. Mechylene blue had an inhibiting affect on the oxi-
dation of manganese cell suspensions. Cells of soil Arthrobacter sp. and
the manganese oxide they formed quickly absorbed manganous ions (Mr>" ) from
aqueous solutions.
REFERENCE: Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol. 8, Kay 1975, pp. 37-43.
513. SORPTION OF DIBENZOTHIOPHENE BY SOIT.S AND SEDIMENTS
by
J. J. Hassett et al.
A heterocyclic sulfur compound, dibenzothlophene, which has been identi-
fied in used crankcase oil, storm run-off water participates, coal-gasifica-
tion waste water, leachates from coal storage sites, and in Delaware River
sediments, was analyzed to determine its solubility in water and its sorption
by various soils. Dibenzothiophene, and its sorption is due to weak solute-
solvent interaction (hydrophobic sorption).
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1980, pp. 184-
186.
290
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514. SPRAY RESIDUES AND CROP ASSIMILATION OF ARSENIC AND LEAD
by
J. S. Jones and Miles B. Hatch
This study was concerned with the uptake of arsenic and lead by plants
and the possible poisoning to animals or people using the plants as food.
Of the studies conducted, no danger was. found to human or livestock which
consumed the plants. The primary problem witn arsenic or lead being present
is the reduced growth or yield of the plant itself.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 60, 1945, pp. 277-283.
For article on related subject see No. 454.
515. STUDIES ON SOIL COPPEP
II. THE SPECIFIC ADSORPTIOK OF COPPER BY SOILS
by
R. G. McLaren and D. V. Crawford
A study of soil adsorption isotherms was conducted to determine specific
adsorption of copper in soils and soil constituents. The Langmuir adsorption
was the equation found to have two important constants; one the adsorption
maximum and the other the bonding terra. Two other factors in adsorption are
organic matter and free manganese oxides. These are solid contributors for
adsorption and come in a specific order. Manganese oxides come first with
organic matter next in line. Following these two are the iron oxides and
clay minerals. These four are helpfi.l in location of whole soils. The pH
level of adsorption in the study o? soil copper was best at 5.5 with maxima
adsorption between 340 and 5780 vg g~^« Test soils are much greater in
cation exchange limit than a specific adsorption maximum. The important
factor to remember is that specific adsorption is more important for smaller
amounts of soil copper to control in the concentration process.
REFERENCE: Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 24, 1978, pp. 443-452.
291
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516. STUDIES ON THE METHANE FERMENTATION
V. BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF METHANOBACTERIUM OMELIANSKII
by
H. A. Barker
This paper determined the compounds which can be oxidized by a specific
bacteria; what can replace carbon dioxide as an oxidizing agent; and the
source of cell carbon? Of the experiments conducted, only simple primary and
secondary alcohols were utilized by the bacteria. Growing cultures were used
to determine other oxidizing agents, which could replace carbon dioxide.
Oxygen and nitrogen were found to be toxic in this test; sulfate and methanol
showed no significant effects leaving formate as the only tested substance
utilized. Carbon assimilation data showed the majority of carbon being
derived from ethanol with a significantly smaller percentage being assimi-
lated from carbon dioxide. This establishes the fact that carbon dioxide is
not the sole source of carbon in this reaction.
REFERENCE: Biological Chemistry, Vol. 127, 1941, pp. 153-167.
517. TRANSFORMATION OF ACSTATE CARBON INTO CARBOHYDRATE AND
AMINO ACID METABOLITES DURING DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL
by
L. H. Sjirensen and E. A. Paul
Carbon and the formation it makes when mixed intc heavy clay soil dur-
ing decomposition was the focus of this study. The carbon changes from
acetate carbon irto carbohydrates and amino acids when the clay pH is 7.6.
Following 6 days in incubation at 25°C some 70% of the acetate changed into
carbon dioxide. After four days, 192 of carbon residual was found in carbo-
hydrates, 28% in amino acids, and 21% insoluble residue in the soils. Chem-
ical compounds breaking down at different times followed the formation of
carbohydrates and amino acids after 30 days in incubation. After 200 days
of incubation, only 2.2% of the original carbon was located in the carbohy-
drates, 7% in the amino acids, and 5% in the insoluble residue. Carbohy-
drates were found to decay at a faster rate than amino acids in this test.
A protective mechanism is the reason for different rates of decay from the
substances.
REFERENCE: Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol. 3, 1971, pp. 173-180.
292
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518. TRANSPORT, DETOXIFICATION, FATE, AND EFFECTS OF
PESTICIDES IN SOIL AND WATER ENVIRONMENTS
by
R. A. Leonard et al.
Despite the fact that pesticides are poisonous to at least some segment
of the ecosystem, they have become indispensable tools in agriculture, and
their use is expected to continue. Before man should continue the use of
pesticide, knowledge of transport systems is required. Four main discussions
of transport are land t~ water, land to atmosphere, atmosphere to land, and
atmosphere to water. The ultimate fate of pesticide depends upon these
transport systems.
The main topics discussed in this article are as follows: pesticide
production and use, pesticide properties, pesticide adsorption reaction in
soils, pesticide persistence in soils, pesticide losses to the atmosphere,
pesticide mobility and leaching and leaching in soils, pesticide runoff,
pesticide fate in the aquatic environment, aquatic effects of pesticides,
and management of pesticide wastes. Fifteen tables are included to illu-
strate such things as pesticidal herbicide production in the United States;
pesticide market and prices; solubility, vapor pressure, and toxicity of
selected herbicides/insecticides; physical properties of soil constituents;
pesticide persistence in soils, common and chemical names of pesticides;
mobility of selected pesticides; runoff losses; biomagnification of DDT
residues; and factors affecting pesticide fate and potential environmental
impact of land disposal.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials, 1976, pp. 48-78.
293
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519. USE OF POROUS CERAMIC CUPS TO SAMPLE SOIL WATER
WITHIN THE PROFILE
by
George H. Wagner
Described is a simple infield piece of equipment for sampling soil
water without disturbing surrounding soil to great extents as do trench
iysimeteis. This method cannot sample suspended solids due to filter affect
of the ceramic cup.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 94, 1962, pp. 379-386.
For article on related subject see No. 431.
294
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520. ACCUMULATION OF SODIUM IN POTTED
SOIL IRRIGATED WITH PULPMILL EFFLUENTS
by
K. Kadambi, Ph.D.
This experiment studied the accumulation of sodium in a number of
potted plants, which were irrigated with three pulpmill effluents; one was
acid, one was alkaline, and one was a neutral solution. With the exception
of one plant, all levels of soil sodium rose after neutral solution treat-
ment varied with alkaline treatment and declined with acid treatment. Acid
effluents were also found to reduce the level of magnesium, calcium, and
potassium concentrations considerably. The study concluded that land irri-
gated with pulpmill effluents may require supplemental fertilization.
REFERENCE: Consultant, Vol. 16, 1971, pp. 93-94.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 137, 209, and 210
521. THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF SIX MONOCYCLIC AROMATIC
CRUDE OIL COMPONENTS TO STRIPED BASS (MORONE
SAXATILIS) AND BAY SHRIMP (CRAGO FRANC1SCORUM)
by
Pete E. Benville, Jr. and Sid Korn
Acute toxicities were determined by static bioassay for striped bass
and bay shrimp. Some of the toxicities include benzene, toluene, ethylben-
?ene, p-xylene, m-xylene and o-xylene. By using gas chromatography, the
solubilities of seawater with salinity of 25% with aromatics were used as a
procedure for dosing the animals. An example of the solubilities were 1400,
330, 180, 210, and 230 u/1 ppm. It was found these lethal enough to be used
against striped bass and bay shrimp. The aromatics effect was more effec-
tive in the shrimp rather than in fish when compared in the tests ranging
between 24 and 96 hours.
REFERENCE: California Fish and Game, Vol. 63, 1977, pp. 204-209.
295
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522. ACUTE TCXICITY OF 12 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
TO FRESHWATER AND SALTWATER ORGANISMS
by
M. W. Curtis et al.
Using the 96 hour LC50 test, 12 industrial chemicals were tested to
determine their toxicity of fresh and saltwater animal species. The two
species used in the test were the freshwater Fathead Minnow, Pimephales
Promelas, and the saltwater Crass Shrimp, Palaemonetes Fugio. In freshwater
ammonium fluoride, arsenic trisuleide, benzoyl chloride, cupric acetate, o-
dichlorobenzene, p-dichlorobenzene, mecuric acetate, mecuric thiocyanate,
resorcinol, sodium hypochlorite, and toluene—2,4-diisocyanate were all toxic.
In saltwater, all except toluene-2,4-diisocyanate were toxic. All experi-
mental procedures and result calculations are included in the report.
REFERENCE: Water Research, Vol. 13, 1979, pp. 137-141.
523. ADVANCED TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR METAL FINISHING WASTE WATERS
by
Herbert S. Skovronek and Mary K. Stinson
EPA has been involved for several years in developing and demonstrating
methods for the control, recycle, and destruction of water pollutants gener-
ated in the electroplating and related industries. This paper examines a
number of the newer technologies, describes applications in which EPA's
R & D program has been involved, and presents cost figures generated as the
result of these studies. All EPA projects are referenced, so that the
reader can pursue those of particular interest in greater detail.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/J-77~056b, October 1977, pp. 1-10.
For article on related subject see No. 461.
296
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524. AERATED LAGOON AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATMENT FOR THE
EFFLUENT FROM A PENTACKLOROPHENOL WOOD PROCESSING PLANT
by
John Ball and Vicky R. Wilson
The use of aerated lagoons was assessed and compared to hydrogen per-
oxide treatment for controlling phenol, COD and oil and gas concentrations
from wood processing wastes. Laboratory tests using hydrogen peroxide treat-
ment show good phenol removal, but when full scale tests were conducted, its
effectiveness was inadequate especially in COD reduction. The three-cell
lagoon pilot plant adequately reduced all constituents under concern. The
only problem with the aerated lagoons was the necessity of a larger land
area.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, pp. 48-56.
525. ANALYSIS OF POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATERIALS IN COAL, COAL ASH,
FLY ASH, AND OTHER FUEL AND EMISSION SAMPLES
by
A. G. Sharkey et al.
The report gives results of a high-resolution mass spectrometric inves-
tigation to determine the major polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNA) in
samples derived from various fuel conversion processes and related plant
emissions. Studied were participate materials and extracts of hydrocarbons
in the particulate materials collected on filters placed in flue gas streams
fvora coking, smelting, and similar industrial operations. The analysis con-
sidered 14 highly carcinogenic PNAs, with nine unique formulas. Additional
quanitative dataware obtained by low ionizing voltage techniques for major
aromatic hydrocarbon classes, where possible. The gases evolved from the
particulate samples that were also identified.
REFERENCE: EPA 600-2-76-075, March 1976, pp. 1-31.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 218 and 219.
297
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526. ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF METABOLISM OF TERRACLOR IN
BEAGLE DOGS, RATS, AND PLANTS
by
Edward J. Kuchar et al.
Tests were done on Beagle doga fed Terraclor for a period of tvo years.
The PCNB present in the foort contained pentachloroaniline and methyl penta-
chlorophenyl sulfide. The evidence of these metabolic products was based on
mass spectroscopy. Tests were given on rats and plants in which the results
revealed similar metabolism.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 17, No. 6, November/
December 1969, pp. 1237-1240.
527. APPLICATION OF EXCHANGE RESINS FOP
TREATMENT OF TEXTILE DYE WASTES
by
Allison Maggiolo and J. Henry Sayles
Various commercially attainable resins were tested separately and in
combination as to their ability to remove textile dye wastes from the
effluent. These resins, both ionic and neutral plant (direct, acid, basic,
vat) dye effluents. However, dispersed dyes could not be removed by these
resins. After special investigation, treatment of a dispersed dye effluent
with a neutral resin column followed by treatment with a weak base column
resulted in a complete color removal.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-75-016, 1975, pp. 1-39.
298
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528. APPLICATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS TO AUTOMOTIVE
ELECTROCOAT PAINT WASTEWATER RECYCLING
by
J. E. Anderson et al.
This report describes field and bench-scale experiments with a cellu-
lose acetate membrane reverse osmosis unit and wastewater from automotive
electrocoat operations. In operation, the feed water permeated through the
membrane along with some solutes, which are recycled for reuse later. This
practice e14rninaced the need for a flux reduction mechanism. Also, experi-
ments were conducted when colloidal lead was present in the feed water. This
caused only slight foulin0 of the membrane, which could be cleaned weekly
with dilute lactic acid.
REFERENCE: Desalination, Vol. 36, No. 2, 1981, pp. 178-188.
529. APPLICATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS TO
ELECTROPLATING WASTE TREATMENT
Part IV
by
A. Golomb
This study looks at the application of reverse osmosis to electroplat-
ing waste treatment. Of technical and economic studies done, the results
showed that a cooperative venture by.a group of small plating shops can
change acid dragout losses to a 70% w/w aqueous solution of sodium dichomate,
which could possibly be used by leather tanneries of chrome pigment manufac-
turers. This would present a more environmentally acceptable method of
dealing with chromium plating wastes than chemical reduction and sludge dis-
posal. The proposed study would require cooperation between an important
number of small Job-shop platers in the area; it would be expected that some
practical organizational problems would have to be solved. The estimated
cost of treatment would be approximately 90c/lb of chromic acid removed. An
adequate amount of planning and foresight would be required to ensure effec-
tive implementation of the proposed concept.
REFERENCE: Plating. Vol. 61, No. 10, October 1974, pp. 931-934.
299
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530. AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY, ADSORPTION, AND VAPOR BEHAVIOR
OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL AROCLOR 1254
by
Rlzwanul Haque et al.
The solubility of Aroclor 1254 was determined to be in the form of 56
ppb. A factor is the nature of the adsorbent when comparing dependability
of soils. Some soils adsorb very little compared to other types ot soils.
The less vapor used, the more important the data was when Aroclor was taken
from a sand base. When temperatures rise, usually the vapor loss becomes
greater. In conclusion, it is a known factor »nat the fewer chlorines an
isoiner contains, the greater the loss will be in the atoms.
REFERENCE: Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, February
1974, pp. 139-142.
531. ARSENIC SOLUBILITY IN A REDUCED ENVIRONMENT
by
Lloyd E. Deuel and Allen R. Swoboda
Soluble arsenic levels were shown to be relative to total arsenic found
in flooded soils in lower environment collected. Equilibration of flooded
soils were at 25ZC gathered from concentrations of arsenic ranging from 0.06
to 0.18 pptn when treated with 0.568 rag of arsenic per 100 grams of soil.
Following this procedure, it is applied to the soil as sodium arsenite. At
25ZC, the balance of arsenic found was not significant in which had not been
treated with arsenic. Higher balance of samples at 38ZC turned out to have
higher soluble arsenic concentrations. The range of soluble arsenic varied
between 0.15 ppm with no arsenic addition to 0.79 ppm with 1.135 mg of
arsenic per 100 grams subjected from the soil. Higher soluble arsenic was
in greater levels from a reduced environment. Balance samples at 38ZC were
decreased more by concentration level than compared with the balance of 25%C.
The expansion of soluble arsenic in lower reduction levels was accountable to
decreases in lead and not arsenic reduction itself. In the soil samples,
arsenic was not detected at all.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society America Proc., Vol. 36, 1972, pp. 276-278.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 139, 222, and 223.
300
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532. ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF PRESERVATIVE
TREATMENTS OF WOODEN JOINERY
by
Janice K. Carey
Comparisons of tri n-butyltin oxide (TnBTO) and pentachlorphenol (PCP)
were made as to their performance as a preservative in wood joints. Destruc-
tive examination methods were used to analyze the wood samples after a given
period of time. Data showed a complex sequence of colonization involving
bacteria, blue stain fungi, soft rot fungi and Basidiotnycetes. This colon-
ization along with permeability increases in the wood were consistently
inhibited by immersion treatments. In comparison, PCP treatments were more
effective in delaying initial colonization and activity of the organisms
than was the TnBTO.
REFERENCE: Holz als Roh-und WerVstoff, Vol. 40, 1982, pp. 269-274.
lor articles on related subject see Nos. 224 and 462.
533. ASSESSMENT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR METAL FINISHING
POLLUTION CONTROL: THREE CASE STUDIES
by
P. Militello
This research program was initiated with the objective of bringing
information concerning performance and cost of new waste water treatment
technologies to the attention of the metal finishing community. Many novel
approaches to treatment of electroplating waste water have been evaluated
based on available information under an earlier effort. The most promising
of these were selected for further investigation to include sampling, per-
formance verification, and cost analysis. This report presents the results
of that investigation for the three emerging technologies selected. The
treatment methods included a system for treatment of electroplating wastes
with ozone, a technique for chrome recovery by ion transfer, and a method of
treating mixed waste streams using ion exchange. Performance of each of
these technologies was evaluated through sampling and analysis for prototype
operation under normal production conditions. Performance data and cost pro*
jections for each system are presented herein.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-81-153, August 1981.
301
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534. ASSESSMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICES IN
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
by
D. G. Rosenburg et al.
Waste streams from 16 refineries were sampled and chemically analyzed.
Principal hazardous waste found was oil at 110,000 metric tons per year;
fluoride was next at 812 metric tons per year. Heavy metals totaled 250
metric tons per year. Phenol, cyanide, and benz-a-pyrene totaled to 6
metric tons per year. On site disposal and waste reduction was predicted to
increase due to more recycling, material reclamation, and product recovery.
Costs of presently implemented treatment were also included.
REFERENCE: EPA/SW-120C, PB 259-097, 1976, pp. 1-352.
535. ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS
WASTE PRACTICES-TEXTILE INDUSTRIES
by
E. F. Abrains et al.
Textile Industries that fall in (SIC) class 22 were examined as to
their land destined wastes. Some textile industries use chromium and copper
in dyeing and finishing operations,1 and as of this report data, no toxic
levels of these chemicals were found in the land destined effluent wastes
of these industries. But the amount of fufre treatment sludge is to increase
with the implementation of effluent guideline limitations.
REFERENCE: EPA/SW-125C, PB-258-953, 1976, pp. 1-276.
302
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536. ATTEMPTS TO QUANTITATE THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SELENIUM
AGAINST MERCURY TOXICITY USING JAPANESE QUAIL
by
M. M. El-Begearrai et al.
This experiment quantified the amounts of selenium needed to affect
mercury toxicity in quail. In all cases, an increase in the selenium con-
sumption (which was only tested up to 6 ppra) increased protection from a
fixed amount of mercury in the quail's diet. There was no significant sur-
vival rate in quail receiving no selenium. Survival percentages increased
with selenium concentrations to a period of 67 days. However, most all quail
which received the mercury died at a later date.
REFERENCE: Federation Proc.-American Society for Experimental Biology, Vol.
32, 1973, p. 886.
537. AUTOMATIC MONITORING OF COPPER IN
WASTE WATER FROM PLATING SHOPS
by
J. B. Vanhumbeeck
This paper studies the use of automatic monitoring of copper in waste
water from plating shops. Waste water from plating shops can be monitored
three ways: 1. by the entrance of the treatment process to calculate the
total amount of pollutants, 2. by the process of operational control, and
3. when leaving the plant site for emission control. The process for treat-
ing copper contaminated wa&e water is not always safe, and in view of low
discharged limits, continuous monitoring of the'copper concentration of the
discharged water is highly advised. A new automatic monitoring system has
been developed; it is based on a colorimetric procedure with bathocuproin
sulphonic acid, i.e. the German standard method. By using the analytical
procedure for automation, the wear and case of the upkeep necessary for
working under conditions and by also using a microcomputer based electronic
control and data treatment system, a very sure and safe monitoring system
was gained.
REFERENCE: Water Science Technology, Vol. 13, 1981, pp. 539-544.
303
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538. AVAILABILITY OF MOLYBDENUM AS INFLUENCED BY LIMING
by
W. 0. Robinson et al.
A field selected at random with a pH of 5.5 to 5.8 and containing 31.5
ppra. of molybdenum was partitioned and limed in a greenhouse. Liming pro-
cedures were conducted at the rate of pH 7 and pK 7.6. Crops included in
analysis were ryegrass, crimson clover, alfalfa, and Austrian winter peas.
Molybdenum shown in ryegrass Increased during the second cutting, but a small
increase in the first and third cuttings while liming was administered. The
remaining three crops show an increase by liming. Ratio in the three crops
ranged from six to elevenfold, while increasing the rate of liming. Alfalfa,
crimson, clover, and Austrian winter peas content of molybdenum can be
increased to a point of being toxic to cattle with great amounts of liming.
This correlates if the soils are high in molybdenum and retain acid. Rye-
grass is not effected as much by molybdenum content as that of legumes.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 72, 1951, pp. 267-274.
539. BERYLLIUM
by
L. B. Tepper
This paper discusses the topic concerned with the toxicity of beryllium.
It gives a detailed account of such things as sources of exposure, symptoms,
beryllium related illnesses and treatment, toxicology and carcinogenic fac-
tors. Also presented are a number of analytical methods for the detection
of beryllium concentrations. The final goal of this study was to establish
a report which would explain the biological properties of beryllium.
REFERENCE: CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, July 1972, pp. 235-259.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 230 and 464.
304
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540. BIODEGRADABILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE REFINERY
WASTEWATER FROM MOUSTOROD OIL REFINERY
by
Ahmed S. Moursy and Mohamed M. El-Abagy
Refinery wastcwater containing hydrocarbons were uaed in conjunction
with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in laboratory casts. Most of the hydrocarbon
compounds were degraded totally after seven days of exposure to the micro-
bial flora. Only four compounds, all (n-paraffins), were not completely
degraded. Degradation without exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa took 23
days.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Incernational Symposium, 1982, pp.
541. BIODEGRADATION RATES OF ISOMERIC DIHEPTHLBENZENE SULFONATEa
by
R. D. Swisher
Microdesulfonation and capillary gas chromatography can be used to
quantitatively determine the relative rates of biodegradation of isomeric
straight chain dihepthlbenzene sulfonates in an activated sludge culture.
A faster rate of degradation is thought to be a result of a greater distance
between the sulfonate group and the farthest end of the alkyl chain.
REFERENCE: Developments in Industrial Microbiology Proceedings, Vol. 4,
19th general meeting, 1962, pp. 39-45.
542. BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF CARBON AND NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS FROM COKE PLANT WASTES
by
John E. Barker and R. J. Thompson
A one-year study of a biological process for treatment of coke plant
ammonia liquor was conducted. The process was designed to remove carbon
305
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compounds and ammonia. The pilot plant consisted of three treatment svstems
arranged in series. These systems were designed for the removal of carbon
compounds, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate (nitrification), and the
reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas (denitrification). The results of the
study indicate that the biological process can be us~d to remove carbon com-
pounds and ammonia from dilute ammonia liquor. Treatment efficiencies
obtained include removals of greater than 99.9% phenol, 80% COD, and 90%
ammonia. Removal efficiencies for cyanide and thiocyanate were less encour-
aging with averages of 57 and 17%, respectively.
REFERENCE: EPA, R2-73-167, April 1973.
543. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT WASTES
UTILIZING AN INTEGRAL CLARIFICATION CONCEPT
by
Myrl R. Wear et al.
This paper deals with the treatment of the sanitary sewage, ammonia
still waste, and the benzol plant waste at Armoc's Hamilton Coke plant
located at New Miami, Ohio. The treatment of coke plant waste to attain
phenol and ammonia removal in a single stage reactor has shown to be a con-
scious treatment method, evtn though expensive when used in series with a
caustic soda ammonia still. The controlling of pH is the most difficult
factor because of the formation of acid in the treatment process and the
destruction of the available alkalinity. No problem was presented in nega-
tive effects on nitrification or phenol removal by the introduction of
emulsified oil. Also, operating the system with extremely high mixed
liquor and long sludge ages in the aeration basin has not presented any pro-
blems. Even though the operations of the plant have run smoothly, the plant
only operated six months of satisfactory nitrification of the thirteen
months of being open. Nitrification has only occurred during winter months,
and it is necessary for complete demonstration of the plant to obtain a full
year of working evidence.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, pp. 343-353.
306
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b44..BIOOXIDATION OF PAINT PROCESS WASTEWATER
by
James A. Brown, Jr. and Marvin Weintraub
This paper presents a study on the biode<»radability characteristics of
a paint process wastewater effluent. In cellosolve biodegradation experi-
ments, influent and effluent samples from the biooxidation cells were
examined by gas chromatography for cellosolve. It was found that chemical
oxygen demand (COD) reduced 39% at 1.2 days' residence time to about 87% at
2.4 days' residence time. Other experiments performed to show the influence
of organic loading showed that increasing the organic material to micro-
organisms ratio decreases the removal efficiency. This study suggested the
production of organic metabolic by-products. Cellosolve is biodegraded, but
to products which in turn may be degraded at different rates or by different
metabolic pathways from those utilised in cellosolve biodegradation.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 54, No. 7, July 1982, pp. 1127-1130.
545. BIOPHYSICAL TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT WASTEWATERS
by
Gerald L. Bauer et al.
The activated sludge povdered activated carbon process (ASPAC) and the
rotating biological contractor powdered activated carbon process (RBCPAC)
were assessed and compared as to their efficiency in treating coke plant
wastewp.ters. Constituents of the waste under concern included ammonia,
cyanide, BOD and COD. Both methods controlled these substances to the satis-
faction of proposed standards for coke wastewaters. Although meeting all
restrictions, the RBCPAC process showed several strong disadvantages—inabil-
ity to continue adequate nitrification under increased loading rates, the
necessity of an extremely large land area and an significant cost difference
as compared with the capital cost of the ASPAC process.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Confetence, Purdue
University, pp. 332-342.
307
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546. CATALYZED BIO-OXIDATION AND TERTIARY
TREATMENT OF INTEGRATED TEXTILE WASTEWATERS
by
Alvin J. Snyder and Thotras A. Alspaugh
This report was conducted on the basis of a pilot plant operation that
was conducted in order to upgrade the waste effluent found in an integrated
textile dye dill. The pilot plant observation was used in order to activate
carbon due to the fact carbon increases bio-degradation. Tertiary treatment
was useful in conforming to submitted water standards. Attaining better
water effluents were analyzed through two different methods. One including
the addition of alum and alum recovery during the biological treatment plan.
The quality of the effluents increased to a higher degree, but trace color
was present in the supernatant. In order to improve the waste effluents,
adsorbent resins were treated and found to have positive effects, which pro-
vided recreational standards. The data provided the information that carbon
catalysis increased biological degradation and alum and resin systems caused
a satisfactory tertiary treatment.
REFERENCE: Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-600/2-74-039,
June 1974, pp. 1-83.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 49, 141, 142, 236, 237, 238,
239, and 240.
547. CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOLOGICAL TREATABILITY
OF COAL CONVERSION WASTEWATERS
by
James C. Lamb, III et al.
Coal conversion wastewaters were characterized and a similar synthetic
one formulated for testing purposes. Chemostats were tested over several
time periods for TOC removal. Increased detention time was found to increase
effluent quality. Other testing procedures are being used to test not only
TOC, but COD and BOD as well. The treatment processes studied have lowered
308
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toxicity of the waste material with respect to living cells. Modified pro-
cedures now include the use of fresh sludge and the extended observation of
chemical effects. Partial data is also given on the determination of design
parameters.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 63-72.
For article on related subject see No. 143.
543. CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
FROM ARMY VEHICLE WASHRACKS
by
L. P. Furland and W. E. Schley
The wastewaters originating from military vehicle washracks were charac-
terized from such agents as TSS, £005, oil and grease, and pH. With this
data, the design of a treatment system was begun. The process involved
several different techniques, which included gravity settling, surface skim-
ming, biological BOD treatment and coagulation by addition of alum. The sys-
tem vas designed to meet EPA and state health regulations and an attempt was
made to utilize existing facilities.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 643-654.
549. CHARACTERIZATION OF EMISSIONS FROM THE DISPOSAL OF
WOOD PRESERVING WASTES IN AN INDUSTRIAL BOILER
by
Richard S. Merrill et al.
The purpose of this paper is directed toward one disposal technique
usable in wood preserving industries. Thermal destruction was the one tech-
nique discussed in the article.
Release from wood preserving waste is toxic. So, in working with the
wastes, data was needed to know the material destroyed, form of the boiler,
and both types of emissions rising from the process.
309
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Analysis was made to see If the destruction and removal process was safe
and accurate. Dioxins and Furan components of pentachlorophenol and gas from
the stacks were all tested and checked for safety. Organic compounds were
checked to make sure there were none being emitted from the industry.
REFERENCE: Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
New Orleans, Louisiana, November 10, 1981, pp. 1-33.
550. CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
OF WOOL PROCESSING WASTES
by
L. T. Hatch et al.
A new method of treating wool-scouring wastewaters has been developed.
The process involves a physical/chemical phase of high temperature acid-
cracking in which the grease concent is reduced 905!, biochemical oxygen
demand is reduced 701, and chemical oxygen demand is reduced 80%. The bio-
logical phase of the process consists of an extended activated sludge unit
with 10 days' detention, which reduced the biochemical oxygen demand 837, and
the chemical oxygen demand 54%. The settled effluent is then lagooned for
53 days in which the biochemical oxygen demand is reduced 56% and the chem-
ical oxygen demand 54%. It was concluded that the period of aeration should
be extended to 20 days and that sludge drying beds would be superior to
lagooning.
REFERENCE: Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-660/2-73-036,
January 1974, pp. 1-57.
For article on related subject see No. 51.
551. CHROMIUM DISPOSAL: TWO VARIATIONS
A system called the M & T process, which is a new chromium treatment
technique, is described. Problems with conventional methods of treatment
include the use of hazardous chemicals for chromium reduction and sludge
disposal. The M & T process utilizes only non-toxic, non-corrosive chemicals
and releases only a fraction of the amount of sludpr produced by other
methods. The initial difference of this technique from previously used ones
is making hexavalent chromate insoluble without reducing it. The other vari-
ation in the system is the neutralization of the waste, while in its most
concentrated form rather than in the rinse water.
REFERENCE: Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 22-
23.
310
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552. COAL PREPARATION ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MANUAL
by
David C. NuneKamp
The manual provides an introduction to physical coal cleaning to indi-
viduals outside of the coal preparation industry. Specifically, the manual
covers the general nature and characteristics of the U.S. coals; provides an
overview of the coal preparation plant; discusses the major equipment and
processes currently in use in coal preparation; identifies the primary waste
streams found during the coal cleaning operatioa; discusses the techniques
of control currently applied to those waste streams; and Describes the con-
taminant removal potential of coal.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-76-138, May 1976, pp. 1-729.
553. COAL TO BURN?
by
T. G. Callcot
This paper examines the problem of whether or not coal has a techno-
logically sound future, and also to show some of the ways in which the
sceintific knowledge of coals ought to be developed, so considerable decisions
by the government, utilities, and companies can be made at the right time.
In coke-making, a new process to make ordinary blast-furnance coke, has been
devised called the Auscoke process. The results show that the Auscoke pro-
cess does make blast-furnance coke from poor to medium coking coals and can
use a wide variety of blends. Another approach to gasification has coroe out
of the problem providing a compact source of hot gas of the Auscoke shaft
furnance. The new process is described as OXidation And Reforming of fuels,
or OXAR« Energy is basic to all societies, and the importance of avoiding
prodigal waste of fuels is now well appreciated far beyond the circles of
fuel technologists. Coal is critical to the emergence of modern industries,
although less readily used and modified than petroleums. The author suggests
that coal science can be a useful science, and that it is best fostered in
close association with industries.
REFERENCE: PACE, Vol. 31, No. 4, April 1978, pp. 9-19.
311
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554. COMBINED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE-PLANT WASTEWATER AND
BLAST-FURNACE RECYCLE-WATER SYSTEM SLOWDOWN
by
Joseph J. Gauthier et al.
Because of the production of several different types of wastevaters
from integrated steel plants, the possibility of combined biological treat-
ment was studied. The feasibility of the combined treatment of coke-plant
wastewater and blast-furnace recycle-water system blowdown was shown to be
positive and would result in an adequate reduction of ammonia. The combin-
ation of the two effluents would provide adequate floe formation for bioraass
settling and phenol to support heterotrophic bacterial growth. This method
presents other advantages, such as providing some of :he dilution water
needed in the coke-wastewater treatment procedure as well as economic advan-
tages in treating wastes in a single facility.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 36th Industrial Waste Conference, 1982.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 145, 247, 248, and 249.
555. COMPARATIVE PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
BY ELECTROLYTIC, DISPERSED AIR AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION TECHNOLOGIES
by
Ernest R. Ramirez
This study consisted of conducting experiments, which would provide
the data necessary for selecting the right type of flotation technology for
a specific situation. The experiments study the use f electrolytic, dis-
persed air and dissolved air flotation. Pilot or beaicer tests were shown to
be a valuable information source prior to selection of one certain method.
Various considerations must be made when analyzing these methods. These
include initial cost, operation costs, and, of course, effectiveness. In
some cases, a specific technique may actually enhance the treatment process
in diverse ways, such as the electrolytic currents effect on coagulation
properties of algae.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 699-709.
312
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556. A COMPARISON OF COASTAL AND COMMON BERMUDACRASSES
(CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) PERS.) IN THE PIEDMONT REGION.
II. EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION AND CRIMSON CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM)
ON NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM CONTENTS OF THE FORAGE
by
William E. Adams et al.
It has been found through testing that higher percentages of N, P, and
K are contained in common bertnudagrass grown with or without crimson clover
as compared to coastal bermudagrass forage similarly fertilized. As more
and nore N was applied to the grass, ranging from approximately 1.651 N, with
no N fertilization to 2.7Z N at the 448-Kg/ha N rate, the nitrogen content
of the grass forage was increased. By increasing levels of fertilization*
the P and K contents of both grasses were increased. The N, P, and K con-
tents of the grass forage were significantly higher ir. the July harvest than
in adjacent harvests in June or August. In comparison to common bennuda-
grass, coastal bermudagrass recovered more nutrients from the soil, up to 862
of the applied N, up to 46% of the applied P, and as much as 1912 of the
applied K. The reason for more nutrient uptake by Coastal was because of
higher yields obtained with the grass. By the use of fertilization, the P
and K contents of crimson clover were significantly increased. In relation
to crimson clover grown with Coastal bermudagrass, the K content of crimson
clover grown with common bermudagrass proved to be higher.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Journal, Vol. 59, May/June 1967, pp. 281-284.
For article on related subject see No. 146.
313
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557. COMPOSITION OF H-COAL ASPHALTENES:
ACID-BASE SEPARATION AND OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION
by
Peter A. S. Smith st al.
This article deals with the interactions between salt-forming agents,
such as dry hydrogen clorlde, perchloric acids, and asphaltenes or pre-
asphaltenes. Emphasis is towards improving the separations and fraction-
ations of these asphaltenes and improving the purification of resulting salt
precipitates.
REFERENCE: American Chem. Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Vol. 24,
No. 4, 1979, p. 974.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 251 and 252.
558. A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL
TREATABILITIES OF PHENOL AND METHANOL-I
ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GROWTH AND SUBSTRATE
REMOVAL KINETICS BY A STATISTICAL METHOD
by
Jung WK Kim et al.
This study developed a statistical model, which would accurately demon-
strate bacterial growth and substrate removal kinetics. This model con-
sisted of two equations with a third e-juation, which described the oxygen
utilization rate based on substrate removal and growth kinetics. The para-
meters derived from the equations were evaluated as to their accuracy by
comparison to experimental data. Using this type of statistical method dis-
plays a significant advantage over the conventional linear graphical method
in that results are of unbiased nature.
REFERENCE: Water Research, Vol. 15, 1981, pp. 1221-1231.
314
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559. A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE BIOLOGICAL
TESTABILITIES ON PHENOL AND KETHANOL-II
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, pH, SALINITY AND NUTRIENTS
by
Jung UTC Ktra and Neal F. Armstrong
An investigation was conducted over the temperature, pH, nutrients on
bacterial activities, and salinity by using a statistical method. During pH
deviation from neutral, the rate of coefficient (kj decreased. Salinity
increased causing unfavorable pH and salinity alleviation to effect the tem-
perature on potassium. A modified Arrhenius equation failed in being effec-
tive in describing the temperature range on potassium. Environmental factors
such as pH, temperature, and salinity can affect the endogeneous respiration
activity, as it did in this case. Howevar, clay decay in the coefficient
raethanol and phenol sludge turned out to a single parameter, potassium. The
pH iu this instance was the main factor in affecting the decomposing rate in
natural systems of normal cells. In phenol decomposition, water was the main
factor where pH was decreased. Observation in 8 out of 115 phenol batch
tests and 31 out of 66 methanol tests showed an initial log phase.
REFKRENCF: Water Research, Vol. 15, 1981, pp. 1233-1247.
560. COST EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AT COKING FACILITIES
by
William F. Kcmner
Tb" report describes a computer model, developed for coking facilities,
That allows the user to determine the optimum mix of pollution control
devices to achieve a specified reduction in pollutant emission at the mini-
mum annual capital cost. The computer calculates and displays the associated
cost for each emission level in pounds of pollutant per ton of coal and tons
of pollutant per year for the following four pollutant types: total sus-
pended solids, benzene-soluble organics, bcnzo(a)pyrene, and benzene. The
program can consider 20 emission sources and 9 control options for each
emission source.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-79-185, August 1979, pp. 1-297.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 149, 257, 258, and 467.
315
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561. CRYSTALLINE VITAMINE B12
by
Edward L. Rickes et al.
Crystalline vitamin B}2, which was isolated from liver, has been found
to be an effective treatment for addisotiian pernicious amenia. After drying,
the compound crystallizes into small red needles, which darken to black at
210-220°. The potency of the compound is about 11,000,000 LLD units/rag and
the recommended dosage is 20-60 micrograras. Coinroerical liver extracts were
tested to determine their vitamin &i2 content.
REFERENCE: Science, Vol. 107, April 16, 1948, pp. 396-397.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 151 and 259.
562. DESIGN OF AN ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM
FOR WOOD PRESERVING WASTES
by
Robert F. Pence and Tom D. Reynolds
The use of an activated carbon system was investigated for its use as a
secondary treatment process for wood preserving wastes. Parameters used in
the project design were determined from equilibrium and laboratory column
break-through tests. This method may be feasible in plants not having an
available municipal treatment system, plants having small carbon requirements
or in plants large enough to justify carbon regeneration. Carbon require-
ments are relatively high in most cases, but may be alleviated in light of
the highly concentrated waste being treated.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference, Puidue
University, pp. 33-38.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 152, 261, 268, and 471.
316
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563. DETERMINATION OF OIL CONTENT OF OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL
by
W. B. McGill and M. J. Rowell
Methylene chloride, an oil extractant, can be used to measure the oil
content of soil contaminated by oil spillate. The method in this article
works well on both mineral and organic soils.
REFERENCE: Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 14, 1980, VP- 245-253.
564. DETERMINATION OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN HARDWOOD CHIPS
by
Floyd R. Fullerton et al.
This paper described a method of determining pentachlorophenol (PCP)
content in cardboard and hardwood chips. This study was concerned with
developing a method which was both more rapid as well as more sensitive to
(PCP). In a series of tests using several different concentrations of PCP,
quantitative recovery amounts were determined. Initial tests displayed the
high sensitivity of this technique, and repeated testing showed the repro-
ducibility of similar results.
REFERENCE: Journal Agricultural, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1982, pp. 1117-1119.
317
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565. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR THE
GUM AND WOOD CHEMIC/LS MANUFACTURING
by
Robert B. Schaffer et al.
An extensive study has been done concerning gum and wood chemicals in
search of the purpose of effluent limitations, performance for new materials,
and pretreatment standards in certain sections of the Clean Water Act. In
this particular study, an estimate of 119 gum and wood chemicals were focused
on and some 7 were affected by the findings. Limitations on effluents were
given guidelines and then set up with a degree of effluent reduction avail-
able by additions of the best practicable control technology presently avail-
able for a new subcategory, Sulfate Turpentine processing. The guidelines
were established for the reason that a certain level of effluent reduction
would be attainable through application of (BAT). This is the best available
technology and can be achieved economically. The best conventioned pollu-
tant control technology is (BCT). New sources with standard performance
were set forth for a degree of effluent reduction that can be reached by
applying the best available demonstrated control technology, operating
methods, processes, and ether selections. Existing and new sources have pre-
treatment standards (PSES and PSNS) set up so the level of effluent reduction
that must be reached ia order to prevent any discharge of pollutants that
interfere, pass through, or are incompatible with the POTW operation. BPT
for Sulfate Turpentine and BPT are established on the same form of regulation
by deriving at the same methodology. BCT regulations were based on the best
practicable control technology. BAT and NSPS were also derived on practic-
able control technology and additional removal of metals at-the-source where
the metals were being used as catalysts. PSES and PSNS are being considered
for metal removal as a proposed regulation when metals are being used as
catalysts. Informative data, methods for development and rationale for pro-
posed effluent limitation standards of performance and guidelines are within
this document.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-79/078-b, December 1979, pp. 1-246.
318
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566. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR TOE
INK FORMULATING
by
Effluent Guidelines Division
This document presents the findings of an extensive study of the ink
manufacturing industry for the purpose of developing effluent limitations
for existing point sources and standards of performance for new sources and
pretreatment standards for existing and new sources to implement Sections
301, 304, 306, and 307 of the Clean Water Act. The study covers approxi-
mately 460 ink manufacturing facilities in SIC Group 2893.
Effluent limitation guidelines are set forth for the degree of effluent
pollutant reduction attainable through application of best available tech-
nology economically achievable which must be attained by existing point
sources by July 1, 1984. The standards of performance for new sources (NSPS)
set forth the degree of effluent pollutant reduction that is achievable
through the application of the best available demonstrated control tech-
nology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives. Pretreatment
standards for existing and new sources (PSES and PSNS) set forth the degree
of effluent pollutant reduction that must be achieved in order to prevent
the discharge of pollutants that pass through, interfere with, or are other-
wise incompatible with the operation of POTW.
The proposed regulations for BAT, NSPS, PSES and PSNS are based on
application of contract hauling to completely eliminate the discharge of
pollutants from ink plants.
Supportive data, rational-, and methods of the proposed effluent limi-
tation guidelines and standards of performance are contained ia this docu-
ment .
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-79/090-b, December 1979.
319
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567. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR THE METAL FINISHING
by
Effluent Guidelines Division
The Metal Finishing Category (MFC) encompasses 44 unit operations
involved in the machining, fabrication and finishing of products in SIC
groups 34 through 39. The effluent guidelines for the Metal Finishing Cate-
gory were developed from data obtained from previous EPA studies, literature
searches, and plant surveys and evaluations. Initially, all existing info-
mation from EPA records and data from literature searches were collected.
This information was then compiled in a format that summarized the individual
plane descriptions for the following information: manufacturing unit opera-
tions performed, water usage, process water discharges, wasteuater treatment
practices, and wastewater constituents.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440-1-80-091-A, June 1980.
568. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR E/FLUF.NT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
AND STANDARDS FOR THE PAINT FORMULATING
•by
Robert B. Schaffer et al.
This document presents the findings of an extensive study of the paint
manufacturing industry for the purpose of developing effluent limitations
for existing point sources and standards of performance for new sources and
pretreatroent standards for existing and new sources to implement Setions 301,
304, 306 and 307 of the Clean Water Act. The study covers approximately
1500 paint manufacturing facilities in SIC Group 2851. Efiluent limitation
guidelines are set forth for the degree of effluent pollutant reduction
attainable through application of best available technology economically
achievable vhich must be attained by existing point sources by July 1, 1984.
The standards of performance for new sources (NSPS) set forth the degree of
effluent pollutant reduction that is achievable through the application of
the best available demonstrated control technology, processes, operating
methods, or other alternatives. Pretreatment standards for existing and new
sources (PSES and PSNS) set forth the degree of effluent pollutant reduction
320
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Chat must be achieved in order to prevent the discharge of pollutants that
pass through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with the opera-
tion of POTW. The proposed regulations for BAT, NSPS, PSES and P5NS are
based on application of water use reduction, recycle of rinse water, and/or
contract hauling to completely eliminate the discharge of pollutants from
paint plants. Supportive data, rationale, and methods of the proposed efflu-
ent limitation guidelines and standards of performance are contained in this
document.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-79/049-b, December 1979, pp. 1-469.
569. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS VOR THE PETROLEUM REFINING
by
Effluent Guidelines Division
This development document presents the technical data base developed by
EPA to support effluent limitations guidelines for the petroloum refining
point source category. Technologies to achieve these limitations arc defined
as best available technolcgy economically achievable (BAT), best conventional
pollutant control technology (BCT), and best available demonstrated tech-
nology (BADT). This document outlines the technology options considered and
the rationale for selecting each technology level. These technology levels
are the basis for the proposed effluent limitations.
The rationale by which the Agency selected the technology option for
each of the proposed effluent limitations guidelines is presented in Sections
VIII, IX, X, and XI. Effluent limitations guidelines based on the applica-
tion of BAT and BCT are to be achieved by direct dischargers by July 1, 1984.
New source performance standards (NSPS) based on BADT are to be achieved by
new facilities. Pretreatment standards for both existing sources (PSES) and
new sources (PSNS) (based on application of BAT to those pollutants which
are incompatible with a POTW) are to be achieved by indirect dischargers.
These affluent limitations guidelines and standards are required by sections
301, 304, and 307 of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217).
The petroleun refining industry discharges significant quantities of
toxic, conventional, and non-conventional pollutants. The Agency is pro-
posing to control the toxic pollutants chromium (both total and hexavalent)
and phenol (total 4AAP); and the conventional pollutants oil and grease,
total suspended solids (TSS), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Non-
conventional pollutants such as ammonia, sulfite. and chemical oxygen demand
(COD) are also regulated under existing BPT.
321
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EPA is proposing BAT effluent limitations based on reduced flow through
greater recycle and reuse of wastewaters; or based on the use of powdered
activated carbon and/or rotating biological contractors as pretreatn.ent
before BPT. Table 1-1 lists these limitations.
EPA is proposing BCT effluent Hesitations based on BAT technology.
These limitations are listed in Table 1-2.
For NSPS. EPA is proposing to prohibit the discharge of pollutants to
navigable v^a^ers. This standard is based on existing industry practice at
exemplary facilities and demonstrated technologies.
EPA is proposing P?NS and PSES based on removal of metals and existing
PSES control technolop.y for oil and grease and ammonia. Table 1-3 lists
these limitations.
EPA also is proposing separate PSES and PSNS for those refineries dis-
charging into a POTW which has received a waiver under Section 301(h) of the
Clean Water Act of 1977. Such waivers would exempt POTW's from achieving
effluent linitations based on secondary treatment. These pretreatmsnt
standards are listed in Table 1-4 and are based on the sarae te.:hnoloR\ as
that for the proposed BAT guidelines. These standards, however, set explicit
tvunsrical values on the concentration of regulated pollutants. Informa-
tional mass linitations are also provided for POTWs wishing to limit total
mass discharge.
EPA estimates the annual costs for the petroelum refining industry to
comply with the proposed regulation to be $53.9 million.
REFERENCE: ETA,440/l-79/014-b, December 1979.
570. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLl'EVT
LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW' SOURCE
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING
by
Effluent Guidelines Division
This document presents the findings of a study of the pharmaceutical
manufacturing point source category for the purpose of developing effluent
limitations and guidelines for existinp. point sources plus standards of per-
formance and pretreatmcnt standards for existing and new source, to implement
Sections 301(b), 301(c), 304(b). 304(c), 306(b), 306{c), 307(b) and 307(c)
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended {33 U.S.C. 1251, 1311,
131A(b), 13U(c), 1316(b), 1317(b) and 1317(c), 86 St*t. 816 et. seq.) (the
"Act").
322
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Effluent limitations and guidelines contained herein set forth the
degree of effluent reduction attainable through the application of the Best
Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT) and the degree of
effluent reduction attainable through the application of the Best Available
Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) which must be achieved by existing
point sources by July 1, 1977, and July 1, 1983, respectively. The standards
of performance and pretreatment standards for existing and new sources con-
tained herein set forth the degree of effluent reduction which is achievable
through the application of and Bebt Available Demonstrated Control Technology,
processes, operating methods, or other alternatives.
The development of data and recommendations in the document relate to
the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, which is one of eight industrial
segments of the miscellaneous chemicals industry. Effluent limitations were
developed for each subcategory covering the pharmaceutical manufacturing
point source category on the basis of the level of raw waste load as well as
on the degree of treatment achievable by suggested model systems. These
systems include biological and physical/chemical treatment and systems for
reduction in pollutant loads.
Supporting data and rationale for development of the proposed effluent
limitations, guidelines and standards of performance are contained in this
report.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-75/060, December 1976.
571. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION PROCESS
FOR THE TREATMENT OF CADHIUN(II)-PLATING WASTEWATER
by
C. P. Huang, P. K. Wirth
This paper looks at a study of an activated carbon adsorption process.
The process was developed for the treatment of ccdmium plating wastewater.
A total of 15 activated carbons were tested. Of the 15 tested, the results
shoved that powdered activated carbons generally have a better Cd(II) removal
capacity than the granular carbons, at least below acidic or neutral pH con-
ditions. A suspension-polymerization technique was tried to mount up to one
of the powdered activated carbons, Nuchar SA, to sizes adequate for column
packing. H2S04, HC1, and HCIO^, strong acids, were tried to regenerate the
Cd (Il)-laden activated carbon beads.
REFERENCE: Heavy Metal Environmental International Conference, 3rd, 1981,
pp. 100-103.
323
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572. DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINANTS AND WASTES PROM BY-PRODUCTS OF COAL
CARBONIZATION INDUSTRY—PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
by
B. P. Das et al.
This paper reviews the pollution problem similar to the coal carboniz-
ation industry, available methods of treatment of wastes, and also develop-
mental vork for their proper disposal. A problem exists from the disposal
of wastes from coal carbonacion by-products, which could be minimized by the
recovery of useful industrial products and chemicals. The chrmicals and
products recovered can be used as feedstock for chemical and allied indus-
tries. The many types of wastes, their sources, quantity, and nature are
studied in this paper, and also a look is taken at the present industrial
practice, and the R & D activities in the field are studied. Some of the
promising developments have possibilities of application and are shovn in
text of Indian industries.
REFERENCE: Chemical Economy & Engineering Reviev, Vol. 14, No. 7-8, July/
August 1982, pp. 13-19.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 14 and 155.
573. DISPOSAL OF NITROGENOUS LIQUID EFFLUENT
FROM MODDERFONTEIN DYNAMITE FACTORY
by
N. A. Lever
Nitrogenous effluent has been disposed of as a liquid fertilizer on
pasture land and hay crops. Its effects on the application sites were found
to be satisfactory. When the effluent was applied to crops grown on fertile
soil, a highly desirable fodder was produced. The only adverse effect found
of nitrogen applications was uitrogen poisoning; however, concentrations of
the effluent in this study were not high enough to cause such a problem.
Although no deleterious effects have been found, it is believed that appli-
cations of potash, phosphate, and magnesium may be used to supplement the
effluent.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 21st Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, Vol. 121, 1966, pp. 902-925
324
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574- DISPOSAL OF TREATED AND UNTREATED ELECTROPLATING
WAST1' IN AN SIMULATES MUNICIPAL LANDFILL
by
Larry M. Jones and Philip G. Malone
This experiment examined the possibility of adding one pare electroplat-
ing waste (EPW) ro four parts municipal solid waste (MSW) before disposal of
a municipal landfill. Applications of deionized water were used to simulate
rainfall and predict leachate compositions. Leachate analysis showed lower
concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, zinc, and
chloride when EPW was presant in the waste. Tests were conducted on both
treated and untreated EPW with no significant difference in the amount of
hazardous material lost due to leaching in either case. The untreated waste
did tend to raise the pH slightly more than the presence of treated or no
EPW.
REFERENCE: Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste. Proceedings of the 8th Annual
Research Symposium, EPA 600/9-82002, March 1982, pp. 294-314.
575. DURA-TREET I
A NEW, COMPLETELY WATER-BORNE PENTACHLOROPHENOL PROCESS
by
David B. Hatche-
Idacon's patented method involves pressure treating wood in a negative
hydrocarbon for pentachloropbenol. The method has been done in a water-borne
system, which includes a process to solublize the pentachlorophenol. Alka-
line solution such as a sodium, potassium, calcium, or ammonium salt are
used in the solubilizing process. The wood is treated with injections of
clear organic ester, and following a period of time, there is a reaction.
Deposits of non-leaching pentachlorophenol in the cell wall are part of this
reaction. Treated wood has characteristics of being light (color/weight),
paintable, and glues as well as other wood untreated. There are no dis-
charges in the environment due to the water in the treating cylinder and
"kickbacks" can be recycled.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 77th American Wood-Preservers' Association,
Vol. 28, No. 11, 1981, pp. 89-97
For articles on related subject see Nos. 15, 157, and 476.
325
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576. DURA-TREET II, A WATER DISPERSIBLE PENTACHLOROPHENOL
by
David B. Hatcher
This report deals with a water dispersible pentachlorophenol, wood
treatment; comparisons with standard treatments, and environmental aspects
are discussed such as leaching, soil-block tests, results of electron micro-
scope and micrograph investigation, and element mapping by x-ray photograph.
Tests to evaluate its commercial use are also reported on.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting of American Wood-Pre-
servers' Association, Vol. 76, 1980, pp. 308-320.
577. THE EFFECTS OF BIOCIDAI. TREATMENTS ON METABOLISM IN SOIL—
I. FUMIGATION WITH CHLOROFORM
by
D. S. Jenkinson and 0. S. Powlson
This study was performed over the effect biocldal conditions would have
on the metabolism of soil. A flush system was designed to stimulate decent-
position and soil biomass. Fumigated soil by chloroform caused increases in
the ammonium and organics. This soil was then under incubation for a period
of 10 days. Nitrogen and oxygen were often increased more in the fumigated
rather than the unfumigated soils. Following fumigation, a flush did not
increase unless the soil was ever in incubation. However, the second flush
never increased over one-seventh the size of the first. Results stipulate
decomposition after the flush comes from organisms already broken down.
1 lis leads to the fact that 10Z of the glucose carbon was in the soil biomass
in the first place.
REFERENCE: Soil Biol. Biochera., Vol. 8, 1976. pp. 167-177
For articles on related subject see Nos. 16. 26. 27. 160. 162, 164. 16S,
272, 275. 276, 278, 280, 284, 286. 287, 288, and 289.
326
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578. THE EFFECTS OF BIOCIDAL TREATMENTS ON
METABOLISM IN SOIL—VI.
by
V. N. Kudeyarov and D. S. Jenkinson
The use of carbon dlsulfide as a soil fumigant was studied and compared
to the effectiveness of CHClj. Carbon disulfide exhibited very similar
characteristics for use in measuring bionass other than it is consistently
less efficient to a small degree. High carbon disulfide concentrations for
nitrification inhibition results in increased nitrogen mineralization. Lower
concentrations were shown to cause inhibition with essentially no other
effects on the soil unless in soils with low organic content. In this case,
nitrogen mineralization and soil respiration were both increased.
REFERENCE: Soil Bio. Biochem., Vol. 8, December 20, 1975, pp. 375-378.
579. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTED BY OIL ON AQUATIC ANIMALS
II. N-PARAFFINS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND CRUDE OIL
CONCENTRATION ON TAINT IN SCALLOP (PECTEN >ESSOENi>lS)
by
Terushige Motohiro and Zensuke Iseya
The adductor muscle of scallops was analyzed by organoleptic testing
by the addition of several types of quantities of hydrocarbons. Tests were
to determine the type and amount of hydrocarbons, which may cause taintirg
of the scallop muscle. Tested concentrations of n-tetradecane and n-hexa-
dccane caused no detrimental effects to the scallop. Substances found to
cause tainting to a nore significant degree included crude oil, xylene,
toluene and mixtures of hydrocarbons.
REFERENCE: Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ., Vol. 26, No. 4, 1976, pp. 367-
371.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 290, 291, 2S2, 293. and 294.
327
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580. EFFLUENT PROBLEMS AND MAT?:RIAL RECOVERY
IN THE ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY
by
R. Pinner
This; report discusses the metal electroplating industry in general as
to its waste production, treatment, and cost. Tables are given showing
metal and water consumption, netal concentrations, effluent discharge of one
system and average cost of several treatment systems. The paper briefly
discusses restrictions of type and amount of discharged effluent. A number
of aspects of different treatment systems are then mentioned which are asso-
ciated with metal recovery, concentration of rinse water and sludge disposal.
Finally, methods of increasing efficiency are reviewed, such as recovery of
non-metals and excess water. These considerations are made primarily for
operation cost reduction.
REFERENCE: Product Finishing, Vol. 28, No. 11, November 1975, pp. 26-33.
581. ELECTROPLATING EFFLUENT CONTROL—PART 2
by
Dr. C. A. Smith
Several methods or phases of electroplating effluent treatment are
explained. Methods for reducing contaminants in rinse water were evapora-
tive recovery, climbing filra evaporators and flash evaporators. In most
cases, additional treatment following these mentioned will be necessary.
These secondary treatment methods were categorized under "batch treatment"
and "continuous flow treatment" systems. When the electroplating effluent
must attain lower levels of suspended solid, techniques such as filtration
or an integrated treatment system may be used. The report then briefly dis-
cussed the construction of various waste treatment facilities.
REFERENCE: Water Services, February 1980, pp. 92-94.
328
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582. ELECTROPLATING WASTE WATER SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION
by
CENTEC Corporation, Reston, VA
EPA's RCRA regulations have ptovisions, the Extraction Procedure (EP) ,
for evaluating the hazardous nature of certain materials. This test method
was evaluated by EPA and the American Electroplaters* Society and applied to
metal finishing sludges. Concurrently, tests to chemically and physically
characterize the sludges were performed, Thib report provides an evaluation
of the leachability of metal finishing sludges tested according to the EPA's
Extraction ?rocedure (EP). The results showed that many sludges were dis-
posed segragated fron acidic environments. However, when tested by the EP,
ma^y were found to leach excessively. This is partly an artifact of the test
procedure, but does indicate that basic sludges will redissolve in acidic
environments. Questions should be directed to the Nonferrous Metals and
Minerals Branch of the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory.
REFERENCE: EPA 600/2-81-%4, April 1981, pp. 1-85.
533. ELECTROPLATING WASTES: HISTORY & CURRENT STATiJS
An extensive history of pollution control is illustrated in this
article; from the time when control was totally voluntary, to the present
with strict regulations on wastes to future legislation. Emphasis is placed
upon the neutralization of cyanide and the separation of metals. Regulatory
pressures have improved upon the conventional techniques. There are, in
general, four new techniques—improved ion exchange resins, better evapora-
tion techniques, inprove-l precipitants for metals, and membrane process.
Ion exchange has been used to recover metals for around 25 years.
Several variations of traditional ion exchange techniques aie described
within the article. Improvements in evaporation techniques are also
described. Solubility improvements have caused changes in precipitation
methods. Meabrane processes discussed included ultrafiltration, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis, and Donnan dialysis.
REFERENCE: Industrial Finishing, Vol. 57, No. 11, November 1981, pp. 14-17.
329
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584. EMISSIONS AND RESIDUE VALUES FROM
WASTE DISPOSAL DURING WOOD PRESERVING
by
B. DaRos et al.
Agency restrictions on the discharge of wastewater generated during the
preservation of wood has resulted in the increased use of evaporation tech-
niques for water removal by the wood preserving industry. This report, which
further details the type of work described in EPA report 600/2-81-066 "Wood
Preserving Industry Multimedia Emission Inventory " discusses emissions and
residues that were measured during thermal (pan) evaporation, spray pond
evaporation, and direct thermal destruction of organic components in the
wastewater. The information presented includes plant and evaporation device
descriptions, wastewater and residue handling procedures, sampling and
analytical results, and conclusions and recommendations. Also presented are
qualitative descriptions of the fugitive emissions and res-1-lues that occur
during normal processing operations.
It was concluded that toxic materials are both emitted and disposed as
residues. This includes organic compounds (phenols and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons) that were emitted to the atmosphere during thermal (pan)
evaporation. Similar organic emissions from the spray pond were below
detectable levels. Contrarily, solid residues from evaporators had low con-
centrations of toxic organic constituents, while residues in spray ponds
contained touch higher levels than the feed wastewater. Fugitive organic
emissions from the retort and vacuum vents were highly concentrated although
limited in duration. Thermal destruction of wastewater sludge by cofiring
in an industrial wood-fired boiler was 96.1 to 99.99*- percent complete for
the measured organics. Chlorinated dioxin and furan components were measured
in both sludge and ash wastes, but varied too much to determine removal or
generation rates.
Sludges produced from each process contained a significant toxic organic
fraction. Waste sludge cast be recycled back to the process for reuse or
disposed in a manner cognizant of the toxic components indentified.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/S2-82-062, August 1982, pp. 1-6.
330
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585. ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR COKE PLANT
WASTEWATER ACHIEVING COMPLETE NITRIFICATION
by
A. Bhattacharyya and A. C. Middleton
This paper describes a bench-scale treatability study, which showed
adequate nitrification of coke plant wastewater. This method is based on
the Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BATEA). One alter-
native is a physicocheaiical process, which is highly effective; however, it
normally entails high operation costs. Biological treatment, when applic-
able, demonstrates a more desirable technique. Acceptable nitrification was
achieved by filtration and dephenolization of ammonia liquor followed by
steam distillation with soda ash and also by the use of activated sludge
technology. The system also achieves high ammonia, phenol, thiocyanate and
thiosulfate treatment of these wastes.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, pp. 354-372.
586. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COKE BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY PLANTS
by
D. W. Van Osdell et al.
The report gives results of an initial screening study, initiating a
multimedia environmental assessment of coke by-product recovery plants in
the U.S. The study included both the gathering and analysis of existing
data and sampling and analysis at one plant based on EPA's Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory RTP Level 1 protocol. Process data con-
cerning design and operation of existing plants and processes were examined.
Many variations of all process types exist, forcing an examination of the
industry to determine the commoner processes. Sampling and analysis utilized
a basic EPA Level 1 format, tailored for organic vapor sampling. Specific
samples were also analyzed for cyanide. Air was sampled at all suspected
pollution sources, most of them storage tanks. The largest single source
was the final cooler cooling tower—sromatics at > 50 g/Mg coke and cyanide
331
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at 278 g/Mg coke were both significant. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) compounds were indicated, but not quantified. Concentrations of
pollutants in the vapor above storage tanks were measured, but actual emis-
sion rates were not determined because of the difficulty in measuring working
and breathing losses for the tanks sampled. Water sampling data from the
same plant, developed by CPA's Effluent Guidelines Division, were included
in the over all study analysis.
REFERENCE: EPA 600/2-79-016, January 1979, pp. 1-389.
5B7. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF DRY COKE QUENCHING
VS COSTINOUS WET QUENCHING
by
C. W. Westbrook and D. W. Coy
The report gives results of an assessment of the multimedia environ-
mental of continous wet and dry quenching at National Steels' Weirton, West
Virginia, Brown's Inland coke plant. The report, based primarily on design
data, tests data from related processes, and engineering judgement, suffers
from the lack of definitive test data. The assessment indicates that dry
coke quenching results in less particulate matter emitted, less solid waste
generated, less process-related gas emitted, and potentially less emission
of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and organics in general, than wet
quenching. Dry coke quenching also results in increased aqueous effluents
and fugitive emissions from coke transport And screening. The assessment
concludes that, with proper wastewater treatment and control of coke trans-
port emissions, the dry quench process should have less negative environ-
mental impact than continous wet quenching. The report identifies areas
where data are insufficient for Level 1 assessment and indicates the testing
required for a complete Level 1 assessment.
REFERENCE: EPA 600/2-80-106, May 1980, pp. 1-38
588. EVALUATION OF PASSIVE MONITORS FOR ASSESSING
VAPOR DEGREASF.R EMISSIONS
by
J. F. Hazur et al.
This report discussed passive monitors and their effectiveness in
collecting airborne vapor degreasing solvents. One stage of the experiment
determined collection efficiencies for methyl chloroform and trichloroethy-
lene under laboratory conditions. The utilization of static chambers
332
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determined standard atmospheres at various solvent concentrations. The last
part of the experiment, monitored several solvent vapor degreaser systems in
actual use. This provided a useful comparison to the laboratory finding and
to the previously used charcoal tube sampler method.
REFERENCE: American Ind. Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 42, October 1981,
PP. 752-756.
589. EVAPORATION RECOVERY OF CHROMIUM PLATING RINSE VATER
by
L. N. Elicker
This paper concentrates on providing more thorough performance and
economic information on a new evaporative approach for recovering chemicals
and refining chromic acid rinse waters for reuse. The study proved the
economic soundness of an evaporative recovery system for waste waters, and
the project also showed that the effluent from plating rinse dragout can be
practically disregarded. It pertains only to decorative chromium operations,
even though other electroplating solutions are currently being recycled
successfully.
REFERENCE: Finishing Industries, Vol. 2, No. 11, November 1978, pp. 28-32.
590. EVAPORATIVE RECOVERY SYSTEM CUTS CHROME CONSUMPTION 702
This climbing film evaporator system recovers 952 of chromic acid once
lost in waste and used in conjunction with cation exchange^ the chromic; acid
content in the effluent is almost zero. The evaporator also recovers a pro-
prietary foam depressant for re-ise.
REFERENCE: Industrial Finishing, Vol. 52, No. 5, May 1976, pp. 42-44.
591. FATE AND IMPACT OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES IN
A TERRESTRIAL MICROCOSM
by
Jay D. Gile et al.
Creosote, containing either phenanthrene or acenaphthene, pcntac.hloro-
phenol aitd bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, which was present in treated wood
posts, was examine'1 as to its affect on the environment. This preservative
was compared to dieldrin, an insecticide, in a microcosm containing topsoil,
333
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plant and animal life. The majority of perservative released into the soil
remained in the close proximity of the posts. Concentrations in plant and
animal life were determined, but varied widely. Only a small percentage of
creosote escaped from the posts during the period of time studied. No
adverse affects were shown from this while some toxicity was seen in crickets
containing dieldrin concentrations.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agri. Food Chem., Vol. 30, No. 2, 1982, pp. 295-301.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 170, 171, 172, 173.
592. FATE OF BASIC POLLUTANTS IN TREATMENT
OF COKE-PLANT EFFLUENTS
by
J. J. Ganczarr.zyk
This paper examines new information on coke-plant effluents treatment
in laboratory, pilot-scale and full-scale, to support other available data
on the subject. The study is directed to facilitate the selection of treat-
ment methods and treatment strategy for the specific treatment requirements.
A table presented in the study shows a range of component concentrations
describing typical coke-plant effluents. Usual treatment of coke-plant
effluents is capable of removing from the wastewater the basic pollutants,
such as phenolics cyanide thiocyanate, and ammonia, but the residual concen-
trations of some of the analytical indicators may be higher than some con-
centrations. The state of residual organic substances in conventionally-
treated coke-plant effluents should be a subject of further studies, because
they show noticeable quantities of carcinogcnous polycyclic aromatic hydro-
carbons. The paper concludes that analytical methods used to show coke-
plant effluents and to control treatment of this wastewater are to a large
extent insufficient and often produce questionable data.
REFERNECE: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, pp. 325-331.
For article on related subject see No. 29.
334
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593. THE 15 MILLION DOLLARS NICKEL PLATERS WASTE
by
Conrad A. Berube
Electroplating of nickel uses 35 million pounds of nickel and costs
100 million dollars a year when additive chemical costs are added to the
cost of octal alone. Fifteen million dollars could be saved from this 100
million dollar cost by using the proper process, evaluating the cost effec-
tiveness of additives used, maximizing the useful life of additives, using
cost saving processes, and adhering to optinum conditions of additivt use
without lowering tl.e quality of plating desired.
REFERENCE: Products Finishing, Vol. 40, No. 9, June 1976, pp. 50-53.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 71 and 305.
594. FORD ENGINEERS SELECT KEY DESICX FEATURES Or SUCCESSFUL
ACID ETC!', NICKEL, AND CHROME RECOVERY SYSTEMS
by
Betty A. Rose
Ford Motor Company's Saline Instrument and Plastics plant is the world's
largest injection molding plant. Two chrome plating lines utilize massivg
amounts of. chemicals and recovery chrocic acid etch, nickel, and decorative
chrome.
Three design considerations discussed are concerned with rinse flow
rates, rinse concentration, and impurities. The main topics discussed in
this article are: 1. the plating process, 2. acid etch recovery, 3. chromic
acid regeneration, 4. nickel recovery, 5. decorative chrome recovery, and 6.
maintenance and operation.
REFERENCE: Industrial Finishing, Vol. 55, No. 5, May 1979, pp.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 72, 174, 306, and 484.
335
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595. FORD MOTOR COMPANY BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT
by
Charles E. Sponagle
A survey of process wastes resulting from operation of the Ford Motor
Company Coke '?lant at Dearborn, Michigan, was undertaken by the Environmental
Health Center, Public Health Service, with the cooperation of the Ford Motor
Company. The survey covered the period from October 23 through November 3,
1949 and was carried out for the purpose of collecting detailed information
regarding the wastes produced by thus plant. Coal was carbonized in coke
ovens for production of blast furnance and foundry coke. Coking conditions
during this survey were abnormal in that coking temperatures for production
of blast furnance coke were frotn 350-400°F. lower than normal, while coking
time had been doubled. This was necessitated by a coal shortage due to a
strike in the coal fields. Gas and liquor evolved in the process are treated
for recovery of by-products, which include ammonium sulfate, naphthalene, tar
and light oils. Following by-product recovery, coke-oven gas is stored and
used for various purposes in the plant. Principal process wastes are from
the ammonia stills and final coolers. There is some liquid discharge from
the decanters in the light oil plant, but only a very small volume comes from
these units. Unit values of major constituents of wastes were found to be:
Phenol, 0.30 Ib/ton coal carbonized; ammonia 0.44 Ib/ton coal carbonized;
cyanide 0.55 Ib/ton coal carbonized; 5-day BOD 9.1 Ib/ton coal carbonized.
The waste flow per ton of coal carbonized was 2420 gal. from the final
coolers, and 31.8 gal. from the ammonia still. The amount of coal carbon-
ized varied from 2130 to 2309 tons per day, and averaged 2233 tons per day.
Results obtained from this survey are compared with those of a previous sur-
vey undertaken in 1947, when plant operation was normal. The 1947 survey
disclosed unit waste discharge to be: Phenol, 0.14 Ib/ton coal carbonized;
cyanide, 0.76 Ib/ton coal carbonized; 5-day BOD, 6.1 Ib/ton coal carbonized.
Waste disposal is by dilution in the Rouge River through the tailrace outlet.
REFERENCE: EPA, PB 230 082, November 1949, pp. 1-39.
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596. GAS-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM OF CARBON DIOXIDE PLUS M-CRESOL AND
CARBON DIOXIDE PLUS QUINOL1NE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
by
Herbert M. Sebastian et al.
This paper studies the vapor and liquid equilibrium phase compositions
for two binary systems—C02 plus m-cresol and C02 plus quinoline at tempera-
tures v.p to 430°C in the pressure range 20-50 atm. In one experiment, the
temperatures of C02 plus m-cresol mixtures were 189 .9-391.5°C. In the
second experiment, the temperature was 188.6-430.2°C and pressures up to 50
atm. For both of the resutls, a flow apparatus was used.
REFERENCE: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1980,
pp. 381-333.
For article on related subject see No. 308.
597. AN IMPROVED BISMUTH PLATING PROCESS
by
W. Dingley et al.
The plating electrolytes in this research were unstable chemically
during the plating. Electrolytes were then modified to produce composition
and surface pretreatment and produced stable electrolytes, which obtained
bright, dense and adherent deposits on copper and copper-coated steel.
Optimum results were taken from the electrolyte that had 15 g/1 bismuth, 180
g/1 hydrochloric acid, 5 g/1 gelatin, 52 g/1 ammonium hydroxide and suffi-
cient sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH value to 0.36. The best range for a
dependent pH electrolyte was between 0.20 to 0.36. The high deposits of
bismuth were produced on. copper at a thickness up to 0.127 mm in a density
range of 2.2 to 3.2 A/dm2. The pretreatment was a pickling solution con-
taining nitric, phosphoric and acetic acids.
REFERENCE: Plating and Surface Finishing, April 1976, pp. 26-33.
For articles on related subject see Non. 175, 312, 313, 314, 316, 322,
and 437.
337
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598. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PROFILES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL USE:
CHAPTER 6. THE INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
by
Ralmond Liepins et al.
The catalog of Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use was
developed as an aid in defining the environmental impacts of industrial
activity in the United States. Entries for cash Industry are in consistent
format and fona separate chapters of the study. Industrial organic chem-
icals are the product of at least one chemical reaction in this industry and
will undergo at leasu one additional treatment step in a downstream proces-
sing industry. These compounds are intermediate materials in the manufacture
of such products as plastics, synthetic fibers, Pharmaceuticals and surfac-
tants among others. The industry is discussed in tenne of ten feedstock
groups: benzene, butylene, sources of cresylic acids, t hylene, methane,
naphthalene, paraffins, propylene, toluene and xylenes. .en chemical trees,
ten process flow sheets and 365 process descriptions have been prepared to
characterize the industry. Within each process description available data
have been presented on function, input materials, operating parameters,
utilities, waste streams, EPA Source Classification Code and references.
Data related to the subject matter, including company, produce and raw
materials data are included as appendices.
REFERENCE: Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-60072-77-0231,
February 1977, pp. 6-001 - 6-992.
599. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PROFILES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL USE:
CHAPTER 24. THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
by
Terry Parsons (editor)
The catalog was developed to aid in defining the environmental impacts
of U.S. industrial activity. Entries for each industry are In consistent
format and form separate chapters of the catalog. The Iron and Steel Indus-
try encompasses a variety of processes for transforming iron ore into fabri-
cated iron and steel products: most large steel mills operate by-product
coke plants that produce metallurgical coke and coke by-products. The
industry is divided into five segments: ore preparation, coke preparation,
338
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coke by-products recovery, pig iron production, and steel manufacturing.
F^W'process flow sheets and 30 process descriptions characterize the indus-
try. For each process description, available data is presented on input
materials, operating parameters, utility requirements, and waste streams.
Related information presented as appendices include raw materials, company,
and product data.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-72-023x, February 3977, pp. 1-209.
600. INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY REPORT - A STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIQUID WASTES FROM A BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT
by
Stanley G. Monroe
This study was made in connection with the program of industrial waste
studies being conducted by the Public Health Service in cooperation with
State Health Departments and other Agencies concerned. The primary purpose
is to determine the sources, quantities, and characteristics of wastes pro-
duced together with a study of the processes or conditions that materially
affect the quantify andycharacteristics of these wastes. A study was made
of the discharge? from^the principal waste producing operations of the plant.
Special studies vere made on the dephenolizing unit which employs the benzo
extraction process, and also on the gas final cooler recirculating system.
This plant operates 385 ovens primarily for the production of metal-lurgical
coke. During the period of the study an average of 6,828 tons of coal were
carbonized and 5,329 tons of coke produced daily. Gas produced in the coking
process is utilized in the plant. During this period, the plant discharged
91/3 Ibs. of phenol dally. The ammonia still effluent contained 47.8 Ibs.,
the benzol plant 38.3 Ibs. and the coke quench water discharge 5.2 Ibs. A
total of 31.2 Ibs. of cyanides were discharged of which 18.7 Ibo. were con-
tained in the ammonia still etfluent and 12.5 Ibs. in the discharge from the
benzol plant. Studies on the dephenolizing plant indicated a 90.9Z removal
of phenols from the weak ammonia liquor by this unit. A maximum removal of
93.IX was obtained during the period of study. The study on the final cooler
recirculation system was made to determine to what extent cyanides may be
. released to the atmosphere in the exhaust air from the Marley cooling tower.
The analyses made indicated that an average of 656 Ibs. were discharged daily
through the exhaust stacks to the atmosphere as compared to 31.2 Ibs. from
other plant units discharged in liquid wastes to the sewers. The phenols
contained in the Marley exhaust vapors discharged to the atmosphere amounted
to 12 Ibs. per 24 hours during the period of the study.
REFERENCE: EPA, PB 228 775, May/June 1950.
339
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601. INITIAL REACTIONS IN THE OXIDATION OF NAPHTHALENE
BY PSETOOMONAS PUTIDA
by
A. M. Jeffrey et al.
A strain of an organism capable of utilizing naphthalene was used in
determining initial reactions of the total naphthalene oxidation process.
The organism was grown on glucose where concentrations of a specific cis
dihydrodiol were found to accumulate. This intermediate phase required
either NADH or NADPH to occur. The findings were results of both nuclear
magnetic resonance spectrometry and radio-chemical trapping procedures.
REFERENCE: Biochemistry, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1975, pp. 575-584.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 324, 325, 327, 328, and 438.
602. INTERPRETATION OF PERSISTENCE AND EFFECTS OF
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN BIRDS
by
S. Bailey and P. J. Bunyan
Pigeons and Japanese quail were fed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
with their feed to determine the metabolation of lower chlorinated. Varied
concentrations for different periods of time were administered. Analysis of
the bird's tissues showed the lower chlorinated PCBs as being more readily
metabolized than the higher chlorinated types. In fact, some of the lower
chlorinated PCB's were metabolized extremely fast while residues of such
highly chlorinated types as 'Aroclor 1254' are commonly found in nature.
REFERENCE: Nature, Vol. 236, March 3, 1972, pp. 34-36.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 333 and 334.
340
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603. AN INVESTIGATION OF FOREIGN BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT & BLAST
FURNACE WASTEWATER CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
by
Harold Hofstein & Harold J. Kohlmann
A study was made to determine if more advanced process for the treatment
of by-product ccke plant and blast furnace gas cleaning wastewatera were
used in foreign plants than in 'domestic ones. Some unusual techniques for
the treatment of blast furnace gas cleaning wastewaters were found. Aera-
tions of gas cleaning wastewater prior to classification improved settling
and resulted in a greater rate of recirculation. Filtering the wastewater
through slag or flue dust removed cyanide although the removal machatiism is
not known.
Treatment of by-product coke plant and blast furnace gas cleaning waste-
water is generally not more advanced in foreign plants than in the United
States. However, blast furnace gas cleaning water in foreign plants is gen-
erally recycled to a greater degree.
Discussions were held with plant and corporate personnel at 26 plants
in 14 countries and with regulatory agencies in 10 of the 14 countries, to
determine the legulations imposed upon the plants, the incentives provided
to reduce pollution loads to receiving waters and to investigate treatment
technology.
Recommendations for research projects are made, and there appears to be
promising areas for improvement of wastewater treatment techniques.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution
Abatement November 1980, EPA 600/9-81/017, 1981, pp. 479-496.
341
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604. AN INVESTIGATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVAL OF
CHROMIUM FROM ELECTROPLATING WASTES
by
G. R. Smith, Jr.
This report describes work which was conducted on the removal of hcxa-
valent chromium from plating rinse waters employing various treatment pro-
cesses. The study consisted of an initial phase in which information was
sought by questionnaire and by waste water analyses on the type of waste
produced by smaller electroplating plants. Laboratory studies were conducted
on several nonconventional methods for treatment of these wastewaterc includ-
ing ion flotation, adsorption on activated carbon, and solvent extraction.
A demonstration pilot-plant study also was conducted on the activated carbon
process employing actual rinse waters from a hard chrome plating operation.
The results of the various phases of the study indicated that activated car-
bon adsorption for chromium removal may have practical application in small
plating plants. Further development of the process was recommended in actual
plating plant installations.
REFERENCE: EPA, PB 215 694, March 1971, pp. 1-89.
605. ISOLATION OF PCB'S FROM SOIL RECOVERY
RATES USING DIFFERENT SOLVENT SYSTEMS
by
G. Seidl. K. Ballschmiter
Soils containing radloactively labelled clophcn A-30 (A PCB) were
treated with different solvents to determine recovery rates. Sbxhlet-v.xtrac-
Cion with acetone of acetonitrile showed the best recovery at above 95%.
Soxhlet-extraction with hexane or homologies or cold extraction with acetone
using ultrasonic bath did not show good PCB recovery from soil.
REFERENCE: Chemosphere, No. 5, 1976, pp. 373-376.
342
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606. LAGOONING AND SPRAY DISPOSAL OF NEUTRAL SULPHIET
SEMI-CHEMICAL PULP MILL LIQUORS
by
Don Voights
This report discussed the change of a pulp mill's sulphite liquor dis-
posal system to one utilizing lagoons and spray disposal. The change became
necessary because of increased production of effluent which began to conta-
minate the nearby wacer supplies. Spraying of the liquor resulted in com-
plete killing of all growth present. After a period of time, the inorganic
salts present were washed from the soil by rainfall leaving the organic
sludge to act as a fertilizer. The pollution of the local lake and stream
was eliminated by this process. The life expectancy of the disposal site
appears to be indefinite assuming present production.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 10th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, Vol. 89, 1955, pp. 497-507.
607. LAND DISPOSAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING WASTES
by
George C. Colovos and Nelson Tinklenberg
Spray irrigation has been used as a method for disposal of fermentation
spent beers. The beers disposed of by spraying, in this article, contained
1-52 total solids content and were highly colored, malodorous, Chlorine pre-
treatment deodorized the liquid. Then the liquid was sprayed to the equiva-
lent of l>f inches of rainfall over the test area. The disposal method worked
satisfactory, and no anaerobic conditions were present or developed.
REFERENCE: Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 4, Issue 2, 1962, pp. 153-
160.
343
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608. LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH
SMALL APPLICATIONS OF BORON
by
M. 0dellen
This experiment studied the Long-term effects of boron deficiency on
swedes, a plant strongly affected by low boron concentrations. High concen-
trations applied over an extended period of time resulted in a slight
decrease in crop production. Smaller concentrations on an annual basis
essentially eliminated deficiency symptoms, such as root discoloration.
Increased symptoms were seen on untreated plots of land. This is a result
of low initial soil concentrations as well as boron loss due to leaching
and crop uptake.
REFERENCE: Soil Science, Vol. 95, 1963, pp. 60-62.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 89, 90. 339, and 340.
609. MEASUREMENT OF PERCHLOROETHYLENE IN AMBIENT AIR
by
G. F. Evans et al.
A series of field studies was conducted of various urban sites to deter-
mine the perchloroethylene concentrations of the surrounding air. A slight
variation between the three cities studied vas found with the highest amounts
located in areas producing the greatest amount of pollutant. A noticeable
variation also existed on different days of the week.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/4-79-047, August 1979, p. iv.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 341, 342, and 343.
344
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610. A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF A PACKED-BED ELECTRODE CELL
TO REMOVE METAL IONS FROM DILUTE EFFLUENT SOLUTIONS
by
Anthony W. Bryeon and Kevin A. Dardis
A porous cathode cell derived as a methematical model was acquired in a
basic kinetic parameter for the sediment of metals from dilute solutions. In
order to treat electroplating waste effluents, the model pilot plant was
designed. Data shows through experiments that copper, nickel, chromium and
zinc concentrations were lowered by at least 902 allowing an efficient
current to continue. The pilot plant was made to efficiently reduce nickel
from 20 og dm~3 to 2 mg dm~3. This was to allow a flow rate of 180 dm^h'*
and a current of 30 A. The procedure was successful, but chromium was sited
in the effluent. Through the data gathered, it has been decided that the
modeling and design procedure can be applied to a certain size and operating
conditions of reasonable large-scale cells.
REFERENCE: Journal of Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., Vol. 30, 1980, pp. 14-19.
611. MEETING BPT STANDARDS FOR INTERMEDIATE AND
SECONDARY REFINERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT
by
D. L. Ford and L. F. Tischler
Methods of treating refinery vastewaier in the intermediate and secon-
dary stages are assessed as to their compliance with a section of the *ederal
Water Pollution Control Act. The primary concern is aeeting best practicable
technology (BPT) as outlined by the EPA.. Intermediate treatment consisted
of dissolved air floatation (DAF), coagulation-precipitation and equilization
procedures. The secondary procedures discussed were the use of high-rate
activated sludge and, in roost cases, filtration. Other secondary treatment
methods are also available, such as aerated lagoons and trickling filters.
These techniques can often be used as a polishing step in the treatment
facility. Their use as the sole means of secondary treatment, however, is
limited to special circumstances.
REFERENCE: Industrial Wastes, Vol. 23, No. 5, September/October 1977,
pp. 41-45.
345
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612. METHOD AND COMPOSITION 50R TREATING
WOOD WITH PENTACHLOROPK^NOL
by
Roy P. Kirchner
A composition for impregnating wood with pentachloro).henol is prepared
by dissolving pentachlorophenol in a petroleum faction, at i,->ast 50% of
which will distill above 485°F, and mixing the resulting solution with water
to produce a finely divided dispersion of the solution in water.
REFERENCE: United States Patent, No. A,296,152, October 20, 1981.
For article en related subject see No. 344.
613. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF EKOFISK OIL IN SEAWATER
BY SACCTiARCMYCOPSIS LIPOLYTICA
by
F. C. Stunner and A. Vinsjansen
This report is a detail of experiments evaluating the effect of pH and
temperature on the production of acid from the degradation of Ekofisk oil by
the yeast Saccharomycopsis Lipolytica. During the experiments, the pH
dropped to various levels, depending on the conditions used. The experiments
were performed at 8°C and 20°C. These temperatures were used because of the
temperature in the North Sea basin.
REFERENCE: AMBIO, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1976, pp. 141-142.
For articles on related subject see N'os. 300 and 488.
346
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614. MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS
by
Oldrick K. Sebek and D. Perlraan
Although microorganisms have been used Co generate intermediates for
synthesis into steroids, and some antibiotics have been modified by raicrobial
degradation, such as the hydrolysis of benzlpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic
acid and of mannosidostreptomycin to streptomycin, there in still a lacking
in the extended use of microbial antibiotic modification. This article is a
call for greater research emphasis in this direction.
REFERENCE: Advances in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 14, 1971, pp. 123-149.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 354 and 358.
615. MINIMIZING GOLD WASTE AND REDUCING GOLD THICKNESS ON PCBs
by
J. S. Stevenson
This article deals with gold waste and thickness reduction. A compre-
hensive study on all cost savings has not been made. However, some costs
in which the operator can contribute have been reduced. The transition
metal hardened acid gold processes are referred to in this article. This
information maybe applied to eletroplating processes used in various indus-
tries.
REFERENCE: Finishing Industries, August 1979, pp. 16-21.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 180 and 361.
347
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616. MUTAGENIC AND TOXIC ACTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFLUENTS
FROM UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION EXPERIMENTS
by
H. Timourian et al.
Screening for mutagens and toxics present in extracts from goundwater
was done by using bacterial bioassays. It was also done for tar from product
gas at two sites located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Gasifi-
cation processes might be considered biologically hazardous, implying human
health concerns. Mutagens were present following 2 years of terminated gas-
ification. The activity and chemical composition changed with time. The
mutagens suggested amounts of quinoline and aniline derivatives in the
groundwater. Toxins showed groundwater to have parts of phenolic compounds.
Organic bases and neutrals were found to be genotoxic from the bacterial and
mammalina cells found in tar of product gas. The tar being bacterial and
mammalian along with rautagenic represents a disposal problem. In conclusion,
the tar is difficult to assess for a health hazard to low mutagenic activity.
This is perhaps becarse of contaminants in the neutral fraction that suppress
mutagenicity.
REFERENCE: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Vol. 9, 1982,
pp. 975-994.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 93, 94, 95, 366, 367, and 368.
617. NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS: ARSENIC
by
W. E. Davis and Associates
Data assembled is that of the nature, degree, and extent of atmospheric
arsenic emissions in the United States for 1968. Overall factors reported
on are from a single arenic nroducing plant; copper, zinc, and lead smelters;
and reprocessing companies used 50% of all arsenic consumed in the United
States in 1968.
REFERENCE: APTD-1507, PB 720-619, 1971, pp. 1-60.
348
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618. NICKEL RECOVERY FROM ELECTROPLATING RINSEWATERS BY ELECTRODIALYSIS
by
John L. Eisenmann
A program to demonstrate the feasibility of metal salt recovery and
pollution control on a Watts-type nickel plating line by electrodialysis was
conducted at Kisdon Manufacturing Co., Waterbury, CT. Each of two reclaim
rinse tanks, arranged in series following plate tanks, was treated by recir-
culating the rinse solutions through separate electrodialysis stacks. The
first rinse solution was maintained at 2-5 g/1 nickel, tmd the second rinse
held at 0.3-0.4 g/1 nickel over several months of plating operations. The
nickel salts recovered from the rinse solutions were concentrated 20-fold by
the electrodialysis treatment and could be returned directly to the plate
tanks for reuse. Several operational problems are discussed and recommenda-
tions made. It is concluded that electrodialysis can be useful and econom-
ically viable process for the treatment of at least some types of electro-
plating rinses. Both plating-metal recovery and pollution control are
accomplished. A cost estimate based on the data obtained during the demon-
stration indicates that 957, of the nickel lost from untreated rinses could
be recovered and that ancillary benefits in sludge disposal, use of treat-
ment chemicals, etc. could be realized. Payback periods of less than 18
months are anticipated for commerical units.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-81-130, July 1981, pp. 1-54.
For articles on related subject see No. 183.
349
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619. NITRIFICATION OF COKE OVEN WASTEWATEK
WITH HIGH AMMONIA CONCENTRATION
by
Melnt Olthof
Coke oven waste-water containing high concentrations of ammonia must
undergo nitrification by one of several different treatment methods. This
study briefly discussed each, but since the vaste under concern contains
high ammonia amounts, only one technique was studied in detail in light of
its advantages over the other methods. Biological nitrification was found
to exhibit good COD removal which agreed with past studies. Lower yield
coefficients produced higher nitrifer percentage in sludge and vice-versa.
Most data gathered coincided well with that from previous experiments. The
major disadvantage to this method is the production of nitrates which in some
instances may be to be treated separately.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 22-25.
For article on related subject see No. 369.
620. NPRA'S '72 PANEL VIEWS PROCESSES
A selection of answers from the National Petroleum Refiners Association
1972 Question and Answer Session are concerned with hydrogen fluorine alkyl-
ation, sulfuric and alkylation, reforming, hydrotreating, catalytic cracking,
environmental control, and delayed coking. Hints of processing and operating
guidelines are given.
REFERENCE: Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 52, No. A, April 1973, pp. 143-154.
For articles on related subject sse Nos. 184 and 371.
350
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621. ODOR CONTROL IN WOOD PRESERVING PLANTS
by
C. U. Best and P. C. Caskin
A certain process had been established in order to take care of pre-
serving wood. A schedule was set up in which the wood was transferred from
a cylinder to the end process. Moving the wood then to a yard, either
located at the plant or made ready for shipment, takes place. The process
of caring for and making the wood ready can cause odors unpleasant to
residents. Therefore, improvements in the process involved a vacuum of the
excess preservatives inti the atmosphere. Also, the time in which the wood
products were taken from the cylinder was changed so as not to disturb the
neighboring community between 7:00 pro and 6:00 am. A general upgrade in
the processing equipment went from steam ejector to electrical power.
REFERENCE: American Wood-Preservers' Association, 1979, pp. 105-108.
622. OXIDATION OF POLYC1ILORINATED BIPHENYLS BY
ACHROMOBACTER pCB
by
M. Ahmed and D. D. Facht
Various chemicals were purchased from North Haven, Connecticut. Di-
chlorobiphenyl, trichlorobiphenyl, tetrachlorobiphenyl, and pentachloro-
biphenyl were the four elements selected although there is quite a selection
among the four chemicals. All of these pclychlorobiphenyls were oxidized
by bacteria with the exception of 2,5,3',4*-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Every
polychlorobiphenyl was oxidized without lag except 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl.
When tasted on pure cultures of Achrombacter polychlorobiphenyl, 2,3-DCB,
2,4-DCB, 3,4-DCB, and 3,5-DCB were oxidized. Those chemicals slightly
oxidized were 3,4,2'-TCB, 2,3,2',3'-TCB and 2,3,4,5,6-PCB. The rate of
oxidation is thought to be the result off degradation of an unsubstituted
ring. All the dichlorobiphenyls had one unsubstituted ring except 3,3'-DCB.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination/Toxicology, Vol. 10,
no. 2, 1973, pp. 70-72.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 374 and 375.
351
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623. OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF PHENANTHRENE AND
ANTHRACENE BY SOIL PSEUDOMONADS
by
W. C. Evans et al.
Phenanthrene and anthracene were studied as to their metabolism in the
soil. The study emphasized the ring-fission process which occurred in the
metabolism of both substances. The metabolism was accurately traced for both
chemicals. Phenanthrene resulted as naphthalene, of which the metabolism is
known. Anthracene metabolized in much the same manner, but resulting as 2-
hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid of which the metabolism was mentioned. An enzyme
in the soil organism used is responsible for portions of the metabolic pro-
cesses involved.
REFERENCE: Biochem. Journal, Vol. 95, 1965, pp. 819-831.
For article en related subject see No. 377.
624. PENTACHLOROPhENOL AND NAPHTHALENE EMISSIONS TO
AIR DURING THERMAL EVAPORATION OF WASTEWATER
by
L. J. Thibodeaux et al.
This paper presents a model which attempts to predict the loss of penta-
chlorophenol and naphthlene into the air during certain wood treatment pro-
cesses. Utilizing previously proved models along with a number of modifica-
tions resulted in the final values in this equation. Calculations from this
model were then compared with experimental emission rates. A reasonable
correlation between the predicted air emissions and the measured experimental
one was found to indicate thig model as being an adequate predictor.
REFERENCE: 1981 Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
New Orleans, LA, November 8-12, 1981, pp. 1-13.
For article on related subject see Nos. 380.
352
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625. THE PERMANENCE OF PEIJTACHLOROPHENOL
IN PRESERVED JOINERY TIMBERS
by
R. J. Orsler and M. W. S. Stone
The effectiveness of dipping timber in pentachlorophenol as a preserva-
tive was studied. Bloassay experiments wer«* conducted to assess the resis-
tance after treatment to various fungi. A similarity was found between PCP
loss and formally tested y-HCH loss, although PCP loss was significantly
slower. Results of analyzed lumber showed a possible deficiency in the pre-
servatives effectiveness. Precise data was also gathered on movement of the
PCP within t'.ie wood. However, the results gathered still do not provide a
precise answer to the problem.
REFERENCE: IrteruatloKal Journal of Wood Preservative, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1981,
pp. 177-183.
626. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT WASTE WATER
by
Richard Osantowski et al.
The report documents a pilot-plant study of the use of advanced waste
treatment methods in upgrading metallurgical coke making waste waters to
Best Available Technology (BAT) levels. Mobile treatment units, operable at
a flow rate of 19 1/min, were used. Two physical/chemical treatment trains
were studied: a. alkaline-chlorination/filtration/ac^ivated-carbon. and
b. alkaline-chlorination/sodium-bisulfite-dechlorination/filtration. For
each treatment studied, samples (Including toxic pollutants) and operational
data were obtained for later use in assessing and comparing treatment ade-
quacy. Chlorinatlon was effective in consistently reducing pollutant con-
centrations to below BAT levels, except for total cyanide. Filtration was
essential as an adjunct to alkaline chlorination for post-treatme.it suspended
solids removal. Activated carbon and sodium bisulfite were efficient in
removing excess chlorine resulting from treatment by alkaline chlorination,
although carbon was more effective in removing organic priority pollutants.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-81-053, April 1981, pp. 1-207
For article on related subject see No. 185.
353
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627. PLATING POLLUTION: THE LATEST FROM EPA
This report on the proposed EPA guidelines for effluent originating in
plating plants. The regulations, before ratification, were brought before
a convention of mi_tal plating company representatives who strongly opposed
the new standards. These standards were to include a maximum liters/square
meter of pollutant/surface area for discharge amounts and limitation of
rinse water to he used. Portions of the discussion period of the meeting
are recorded in this report. Because of the controversy of this proposed
legislation, the new guidelines were under "intense review" in the hope of
getting them changed.
REFERENCE: Products Finishing, Vol. 36, No. 7, April 1974, pp. 141-145.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 385 and 386.
628. POLLUTION FROM US EXPLOSIVES AND
PROPELLANTS PRODUCTION
by
L. K. Wang et al.
This paper presents a perspective of selected munitions manufacturing
wastewaters generated at Government owned-concractor operated (GOCO) plants.
Since nitrocellulose wastewater occurs as a colloid and is not open to bio-
degradation, physiochetnical pretreatment is necessary prior to any biological
treatment system. Nitroglycerln wastewater, as a dissolved pollutant, is
considered to be carried by streams without settling in reservoirs or lakes.
The production of 2,4,4-trlnitrotoluene (TNT) from toluene by the nitration
procedure also brings about significant wastes. Dry-fill operations are an
improved processing technique which eliminates amounts of phossy water and
would create the pollutant only at transfer and cleaning operations. The
dry-fill method will minimize waste pollution and eliminate air pollution due
to phosphorus oxides.
REFERENCE: Efflueut and Water Treatment Journal, June 1982, pp. 222-225.
354
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629. POTENTIAL TOXICANTS FOR CONTROLLING SOFT ROT IN
PRESERVATIVE-TREATED HARDWOODS
PART V.
by
Laurie J. Cookson et al.
Laboratory testing of various groundline maintenance treatments for
remedial control of soft rot showed that Busan 72, and 30; TCMTB; Stannicide
AQ; BLLIE 1 Paste; Basilit BFB Paste; PATOX Bandage 1; at.d Wolmanol Bandages
BF and CBF could be used for remedial soft rot treatment.
REFERENCE: Material UND Organismen; Beiheft, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1981, pp. 1-13.
630. POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL USES OF SULFURIC ACID
IN SOUTHWESTERN AGRICULTURE
by
S. Miyamoto et al.
Air pollution control regulations implemented by means of acid plants
projected to exceed market demand in Southwestern U.S.A. Surplus actH used
in considerable quantities can be beneficial for several things. For e ample,
reclaiming sodium-affected calcareous soils, increasing the phosphorous
availability, and treating alkaline and ammoniated irrigation water. This
improves range grass, controls various weeds, and can be used for various
other purposes. These principles involved are fairly well-established, but
further studies are required to determine special effects in field appli-
cation areas.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. A, No. 4, 1975, pp. 431-
437.
355
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631. PRACTICAL GUIDE TO TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM WASTE LIQUORS
by
John Kraljik
This paper gives a general discussion of treating cnroraium containing
wastes. Given is a table containing EPA limitations of chromium content in
effluent and maximum quantities, which can be produced per day or month.
The paper then presents a brief discussion of such methods as chemical pre-
cipitation, electrolyte reduction, activated carbon, ion-exchange, evapora-
tion and electrodialysis. Finally, the report gives /actors to be considered
in selecting the appropriate treatment process for a given situation includ-
ing theoretical results.
REFERENCE: Metal Finishing, Vol. 73, October 1975, pp. 49-55.
632. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND OPEN FORUM ON MANAGEMENT OF PETROLEUM
REFINERY WASTEWATER (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
by
Edited by: Francis S. Mannig
Data from the second open forum on managemeit of petroleum refinery
vastevater, held in Tulsa, OK, June 6-9, 1977 is compiled in this report.
Papers, questions, answers, present and future research and regulation
directions, problems in wastewater management, biotreatment, and various
other related information is included. Speakers represented all agencies,
committees, and interest groups.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-78-055, FB 284-247, 1978, pp. 1-564.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 389 and 390.
356
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633. PROCESS CONTROL FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT
OF COKE PLANT WASTEWATERS
by
Andrew C. Middleton
Once an activated sludge system has been started up and brought to
steady operation, control methodology must be applied to it to maintain it
in such a state. Additionally, during the life of the system, the situation
may change from that of the original design, and the control methodology
must be capable of maintaining control in such situations. This paper pre-
sents a straight forvard, rapidly interpretable control methodology based on
solids retention time (SRT), a methodology for determining capacities of an
existing system, and an illustration of these for a coke plant activated
sludge system.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution Abate-
ment, November 1980, EPA 600/9-81-017, November 1981, pp. 321-
3A2.
634. PROCESS FOR TREATING AQUEOUS LATEX PAINT WASTES
by
Joseph C. Sherwood and Richard 1. Brunbeck
A process for producing leach-resistant consolidate from the slack
sludge precipitated from the flocculating of dilute aqueous latex paint
waste is shown. It comprises: rapidly heating said slack sludge with
agitation to a temperature which at least approaches the boiling point of
the water present in said sludge; settling the resulting heated mixture
into a consolidate fraction and a serum fraction; and separating said frac-
tions. Such consolidate can be used for landfill, structural units, or
dispersed as a component of a paint.
REFERENCE: United States Patent, No. 4,312,759, January 26, 1982.
357
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635. PROCESSING REFINERY WASTEWATER BY COAGULATION AND
FLOTATION FOLLOWING BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
by
Arthur E. Franzen
The refinery effluent treatment sequence consisting of API separators,
aerated lagoon, chemical destabilization, and dissolved air flotation pro-
vides generally good effluent quality. Quality variability due to seasonal
aerated lagoon performance, phenolics residuals above-pending goals and
minimal nitrification capacity, however, severely limits the applicability
of this sequence to meet increasingly stringent quality goals. Dissolved
air flotation is a useful unit operation in any refinery end-of-pipe efflu-
ent treatment sequence. Extensive work on a here to fore ignored approach
to optimization of this unit operation involving negating the mutual repul-
sion of negatively charged flotation bubbles and negatively charged suspended
solids is reported. Extensive background on appropriate water chemistry,
properties, and characteristics of chemicals used in destabilization of
colloid systems, chemical antagonists in waste waters, principles involved
in colloid destabilization, and chemical models proposing a mechanism for
destabilizing negatively charged solids with negatively charged polyelectro-
lytes is presented. Important design considerations for air flotation units
are discussed, and guidelines for optimization of performance by proper
chemical destabilization are presented.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-89-047, February 1980, pp. 1-315.
636. A RAPID SCREENING METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
OF FOSSIL ENERGY PROCESS EFFLUENTS
by
L. M. Schalit and K. J. Wolfe
The report describes the simplest member cf a sequence of Source Analy-
sis Models (SAMs) of increasing complexity and thoroughness which can be
used as tools to help with one or more of five tasks involved in the environ-
mental assessment of energy and industrial processes. The tasks are: 1.
ranking individual effluent stream? by the expected toxicity of their dis-
charges, 2. establishing sampling priorities, 3. determining problem pollu-
tants, 4. recommending best multimedia control technology alternatives, and
358
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5. recommending control/disposal technology development programs. This
model, SAM/IA, is useful for rapidly screening each effluent stream from a
specific source: it is based on comparing effluent concentrations with the
set of Minimum Acute Toxiclty Effluent (MATE) criteria established by the
EPA. The report explains the purposer. of SAM/IA, the format used, and the
MATE criteria against which pollutants are gauged. Several examples are
included to illustrate specific facets of the model and of the formate.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/7-78-015, February 1978, pp. 1-168.
For article on related subject see No. 188.
637. RECLAMATION OF METAL VALUES FROM METAL-
FINISHING WASTE TREATMENT STUDIES
by
Arch B. Tripler, Jr. et al.
The effects of this program havo included the determination of the
worth of recovery metal values from metal-finishers' wastewater treatment
sludges, the definition and research of processes for such recovery, and the
selection, design, and costing of a recommended process. The study included
a survey of the literature to determine the state-of-the-art regarding the
generation, disposal, and recovery processes possibly applicable to those
sludges. This information was supplemented with a survey by questionnaire
to determine the current status of relevant practices and conditions. Field
investigations provided detailed examples of plant practices, sludge storage
conditions, and sludge characteristics. The extraction of metal values from
waste sludge by various leaching agents, and the recovery of metal values-by
techniques including electrowinning, cementation, and liquid-liquid ion
exchange were studied. A portable pilot process for the treatment of waste
sludges and recovery of metal values was selected and equipment and operating
costs developed.
REFERENCE: EPA, 670/2-75-018, April 1975, pp. 1-97.
359
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638. RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF CHEMICALS FROM
BY-PRODUCT WASTES OF THE COKING INDUSTRY
by
D. K. Sen et al.
This is a discussion of the production of useful materials from coking
by-product wastes, and also presents information on processing coalter
fractions into a greater variety of useful chemicals.
REFERENCE: Chemical Age of India, Vol. 28, No. 1, January 1977, pp. 55-65.
639. RECOVERY OF ZINC FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE
by
J. B. Stephenson et al.
A procedure is described pertaining to the removal oC zinc from waste-
water treatment sludge. The procedure used included roasting, leaching-
purification and electrowinning. One modification of this system over pre-
viously accepted ones is a more complex purification process arising from
large amounts of impurities being extracted with the zinc. More data is
needed to determine impurity accumulation from electrolyte recycling and
adequate disposal of leach residues.
REFERENCE: Resource and Conservation, Vol. 6, 1981, pp. 203-210.
640. RECYCLE OF SYNTHETIC WARP SIZES FROM TEXTILE DESIZINH WASTEWATER
by
Carl E. Bryan
A process has been developed for recovering and reusing the warp sizing
material, carboxyoethyl cellulose, from textile plant desizing wastewater.
The carboxymethyl cellulose was precipitated with aluminum sulphate and de-
watered to a solid level of 10-152 using a centrifuge of Dual Cell Gravity
unit and a Multi Roll Press. Use of the recovered carboxymethyl cellulose
360
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in sizing fabrics of polyester and cotton (65:35) and polyester and rayon
(65:35) proved to be satisfactory.
REFERENCE: Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-600/2-75-014,
June 1975, pp. 1-51.
641. REDUCED TOXICITY OF AN AQUEOUS COAL-CONVERSION EFFLUENT
FOLLOWING WASTE DISPOSAL TREATMENT
by
T. Wayne Schultz
The effectiveness of tvo coal refinery waste treatment processes was
studied. One process was the sand-filter stream (SFS), and the second was
the carbon-filter stream. The ciliate Tetrahytnena was used to assess the
toxicity of waste constituents. Harmful effects of the effluent at concen-
trations under 20% were essentially none. Problems arising at higher concen-
trations were probably caused by aromatic amines, analine, quinoline and
possibly unaccounted for trace elements. The treatment process does prove
useful, however, in controlling toxicity of essentially all compounds in
lower effluent concentrations.
REFERENCE; Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicology, Vol. 20, 1978, pp. 633-639.
642. REDUCTION OF ENERGY & RESOURCE USE IN
COKE WASTEWATER TRF.ATMENT
by
John P. Carvin
This paper presents a method by which the bio-oxidation step of coke
plant uastcwater treatment may be conducted in a manner that would reduce
the amount of energy and resources needed. Electrical energy, land space,
and concrete were the main resources under concern. Modifications men-
tioned were: 1. an alternate physical design of the basin; 2. a system to
cool the waste for bto-oxidation, 3. the potential use of coronerical coagu-
lants and growth factors such as glucose during the clarification stages
of treatment.
REFERENCE: Energy and the Environment: Proceedings of the National
Conference, Vol. 6, 1979, pp. 307-312.
361
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643. REFINERY WASTE DISPOSAL SCREENING STUDY
by
Juanita Galloway
Estimations of the quality and phase characteristics for major refinery
solid waste streams were taken from information compiled for the OAQPS
which requested this same data in 1978. Also a supplementary report was
given as, a base to develop a AP-42 factor for VOC emissions for refinery
solid wastes. Solid waste control technologies are described and analyzed.
A listing for operators in the organic waste industry is provided.
REFERENCE: EPA-450/3-79-019, PB 299-351, 1979, pp. 1-188.
6-44. REFINERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE
by
Kenneth E. Bush
This report gives a general discussion of refinery wastewater treatment.
A brief background of rules and regulations is followed by a list of a num-
ber of treatment processes and their categorization into primary, inter-
mediate and secondary/teiciary classes. Because of an abundance of hydrogen
sulfide and ammonia in refinery wastcwaters, Lneir removal by air or steam
stripping was discussed as was dissolved-air floatation of pH control.
Several of the secondary and tertiary methods were described according to
their design, use, and efficiency. Finally, the paper discussed the com-
plexity of various treatment systems, which depends upon the amounts and
types of waste being produced.
REFERENCE: Chemical Engineering, Vol. 83, No. 3, April 12, 1976, pp. 113-
116.
362
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645. REMOVAL OF CYANIDES FROM COKE PLANT WASTEWATERS BY
SELECTIVE ION EXCHANGE—RESULTS OF PILOT TESTING PROGRAM
by
Robert A. Bessent et al.
Selective Ion exchange was analyzed as to Its effectiveness in removing
free and complex cyanides from coke plant wastewaters. This pilot program
showed selective ion exchange technology as being effective in reducing com-
plex cyanide concentrations in affluent. A preliminary seep in this process
adequately reduced free cyanide to levels below metropolitan sewage limita-
tions. Work is now being done on specific design of the project for indus-
trial use. The only significant problem found with this process is the dis-
posal of the sludge produced by iron sulfate addition, which is thought to
contain potentially hazardous materials.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 47-62.
For article on related see No.. 7.
646. REMOVAL OF EMULSIFIED OIL WITH ORGANIC
COAGULANTS AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION
by
Richard G. Luthy et al.
This study investigated the use of organic coagulants along with dis-
solved air flotation (DAF) for emulsified oil removal from wastewater.
Using the proper coagulant and controlling pH were the most important factors
for oil removal. Chemical additives had little effect on efficiency when
these two factors were controlled. Oil removal was decreased when high
levels of surfactants were present she-wing the need for their control. High
concentrations of coarse oil suspensions were not found to either be harmful
to the (DAF) process or to the initial oil droplet coagulation.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, February 1978, pp. 331-346.
363
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647. REMOVAL OF EXPLOSIVES FROM LOAD-ASSEMBLE-PACK
WASTEWATER (PINK WATER) USING SURFACTANT TECHNOLOGY
by
Donald J. Freeman and Olin A. Colitti
Composition B wastewater (pink water) that contains dissolved toxic
explosives, namely TNT or RDX, which cannot be treated by usual methods, can
be treated by surfactant removal. The surfactants tested were Amine N-
Tallow Diaminopropane; Quaternary Aniines Trinethyl Tallow Ammonium Chloride;
and N, N, N1 , N1, N'-Pentatnethyl-N-Tallow-l,3-Propane Diamznonium Dichloride.
All of the surfactants were effective in removing TNT und RDX from the efflu-
ent. But N, N, N1, N', N'-Pentamethyl-N-Tallow-l,3-Propane Diammonium
Dichloride proved to be the most promising of the surfactants tested because
of its low cost and chemical features more desirable than the other surfac-
tants.
REFERENCE: 36th Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, 1982,
pp. 383-394.
648. REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM ELECTROPLATING RINSEWATERS
BY PRECIPITATION, FLOCCULATION AND UNTRAFILTRATION
by
Erik R. Christensen and John T. Delwiche
Chromium, nickel, copper, and zinc can be effectively removed from
electroplating rinsewaters by applying hydroxide precipitation. Each
element was reduced by a form of precipitation. The way water recovered
depended a lot on the type of metal removed. During the ultrafiltration
run, mass balance assumed the concentration function.
REFERENCE: Water Resources, Vol. 16, No. 5, May 1982, pp. 729-737.
364
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649. REMOVAL OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM
WOOD PRESERVING WASTEMATERS
by
Bruce K. Wallin et al.
Laboratory and pilot-scale studies were undertaken to develop econom-
ically feasible technologies for the treatment of wastewaters from wood
preserving operations. Of prime concern vas the removal of phenol and its
chlorinated derivatives, in particular, pentachlorcphenol. Screening
analysis of the wastewater indicated that penfachlorophenol was the only
chlorinated derivative consistently present in concentrations of approxi-
mately 100 ng/1.
Treatment technologies investigated for the treatment of these waste-
waters included:
1. adsorption,
2. biological oxidation,
3. chemical oxidation,
4. coagulation,
5. extraction, and
6. pH adjustment.
Each of the above, alone or in combination, was capable of yielding a
measurable reduction in the concentration of total phenols and pentachloro-
phenol in the untreated wastewater.
Two technologies yielded consistently high levels of treatment:
1. pH adjustment of the wastewater, followed by adsorption with ben-
tonite clay and final polishing by the polymeric adsorbent, XAD-A,
and
2. pH adjustment of the wastewater, followed by extraction with a
mixture of ?2 fuel oil and a co-solvent such as still bottoms from
amyl alcohol production.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/S2-81-043, April 1981, pp. 1-3.
365
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650. REMOVAL OF 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE (TNI) AND 1.3.5-TRINITRO-1.3.5-
TRIA2ACYCLOHEXANE (RDX) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH SURFACTANTS
by
Y. Okamoco et al.
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazacyclohexane can be
removed by surfactants that contain amino and quaternary ammonium groups.
The explosives TNT and RDX are found in composition B (pink) waste water,
and treatment of this waste water with ammonium cationic surfactants removes
(TNT) by forming an insoluble and non-explosive solid, while simultaneously
(RDX) is hydrolyzed.
REFERENCE: Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 7, 1982, pp. 18-21.
For article on related subject see No. 506.
651. RENOVATION OF A WOOD TREATING FACILITY
by
W. Lawrence Ramsey et al.
This paper looks at the renovation of an out-of-service wood processing
facility in St. Mary's County, Maryland. The plan Is a joint effort between
regulatory and service agencies and the private sector to clean up a striking
hazardous waste problem in a fairly commonplace industrial operation* In
doing this project, the state had several objectives in mind. One was to
demonstrate the feasibility of reclaiming a hazardous waste site. Another
was the development of low cost, unsophisticated solutions to waste problems
to encourage cooperation and participation by industry in cleaning up their
own problems. The final objective was to treat or destroy hazardous wastes
at, or as close to, th<» point of generation as possible.
REFERENCE: National Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites
Conference, 1981, pp. 212-214.
366
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652. A REPORT ON THE CONTROL OF
CHROMIUM IN PLATING SHOP EFFLUENTS
by
American Electroplaters' Society Environmental
Pollution Control Subcommittee
Presented is a general report on the production and treatment of
chromium produced from plating shops. Chromium discovered in drinking water
has been shovrn to cause severe problems at high enough concentrations. The
toxicity of chromium to animals or humans is related to its valency, quant-
ity, oxygen present and the type of organism it acts upon. Hexavalent
chromium is treated by its conversion to trivalent chromium, which is then
neutralized and precipitated. Several systems are available for its treat-
ment, some are still in the developmental state and connot be evaluated yet.
However, methods are available to provide an acceptable technique of its
treatment.
REFERENCE: September 1970, pp. 889-892.
653. RESEARCH STUDY OF COAL PREPARATION PLANT AND
BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT EFFLUENT
by
Edward F. Pearson
Source stream characterizations and bench/pilot treatability studies
were performed on waste water from an integrated coal washery/by-product
coking operation at an iron and steel plant. Major parameters of interest
were phenolics, cyanide, ammonia, and suspended solids. The feasible treat-
ment schemes identified among nine procedures tested were: biological
activated sludge and caibon adsorption (for phenolics and cyanide); steam
stripping/acid adsorption (for ammonia); and neutralization/polyelectrolyte
addition/centrifugation (for coal suspensions). In addition, a new full-
scale design for the coal preparation plant was produced.
REFERENCE: EPA, 660/2-74-050, April 1974. pp. 1-312.
367
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554. RESIDUES OF QUINTOZENE, HEXACHLOROBENZENE, DICHLORAN AND
PENTACHLOROANILINE IN SOIL AND LETTUCE
by
W. De.^onckheere et al.
This experiment studied the uptake of quintozene (PCNB), hexachloro-
benzene (HCB), and dichloran from treated soils by lettuce plants. All
three substances were readily absorbed by the lettuce plants. PCNB was
metabolized into both pentachloroaniline (PCA) and pentachlorothioanisole
(PCTA). PCA was also absorbed by the plants through the root system. The
tCN'B/HBC ratio in plant tissue was essentially the same an the same ratio
in the soil.
REFERENCE: Bull. Environ. Contara. Toxicology, Vol. 13, 1975, pp. 720-729.
For article on related subject see Nos. 396.
655. SAND FILTRATION OF WASTEWATER FROM
MILITARY VEHICLE WASHING FACILITIES
by
E. Lubieniecki, Jr. et al.
This report discussed the use of sand filtration as a method of treating
military vehicle washing wastewater. The sand filtration system is used in
conjunction with sediment>tioi procedures. Measurements were made for removal
of both total suspended solids (TSS) and biological oxygen demand (8005).
Although effluent from the sand columns varied considerably in quality, all
samples tested satisfied F.PA regulations. Studies done so far have also
shown this method of treatment to be not only effective, but one requiring
little operational cost and time.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 34th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, May 8-10, 1979, pp. 655-663.
For articles on related subjsct see Nos. 116, 397, 398, 399, 408, 508,
and 509.
368
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656. SCREENING STUDY TO DEVELOP BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND DETERMINE THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSION'S FOR PESTICIDE PLANTS
by
C. N. Ifeadi
In this study, available background information is developed and the
significance of air contaminant emissions from the manufacture of six pes-
ticides determined. Pesticide studies are 1. insecticides: methyl parathion
and toxaphcne, 2. herbicides: MSMA and trifluralin, 3. fungicides and wood
preservatives: pentachlorophenol, and 4. fumigant: paradichlorobenzene.
Background Information is gathered from published data and responses to the
questionnaires sent to the pesticide manufacturing firms. Based on the
available data, production projections are made up to the year 1980. A list
of manufacturers of each pesticide i<5 presented. Manufacturing processes,
raw and waste material handling, air contaminant emission sources, quantity
or quality, and pollutants, together with their present practical control
methods are disr-'ssed. Significance of air contaminant emissions from the
pesticide industries is evaluated on the basis of available data on the
emission quantities and/or toxicity of the pollutant(s) emitted. Gaps in the
data required to make a complete evaluation of significance are identified
and recommendations to fill those gaps are made.
REFERENCE: EPA, 540/9-75-026, March 1975, pp. 1-85.
657. SEPARATION OF NITROCELLULOSE FIND PARTICLES
FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT WITH ORGANIC POLYMERS
by
Lawrence K. Wang et al.
The polymers in this experiment were used to identify the proper opti-
mum type and dosage needed for an effective treatment. The treatment was
for industrial effluent encompassing nitrocellulose fine particles. Results
of different contacts were made during this experiment. For example, certain
mixing, flocculation, and settling of waste water containing cationic poly-
electrolyte and bentonite clay had as high a turbidity as 952. Contact
flocculation filtration was found to not be effective for treating the nitro-
celloluae-waste waters. Due to high initial turbidity, chemicals were not
effective and contacts failed in efficiency also.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 60, February 1982,
pp. 116-123.
369
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658. A SHORT NOTE ON THE SUITABILITY OF HIGH VISCOUS GRADE FUEL
OIL FOR BLENDING COAL TAR CREOSOTE FOR
PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF TIMBER
by
J. K. Jain and Satlsh Kumar
This report summarizes experiments with two grades of fuel oil (high
viscosity and low viscosity). In these experiments, 10% mineral turpentine
was added to the high viscosity oil. This brought the specific viscosity
and surface tension down to a level similar to that of low viscosity oil.
Absorption and penetration by wood was also tested, and the modified high
viscosity oil was shown to be useablc as a substitute for low viscosJcy
in wood preservative mixtures.
REFERENCE: Journal of Titnb. Dev. Association, Vol. XXVI, No. 1, January
1980, PP. 5-11.
659. SINGLE-DOSE AMD REPEATED-EXPOSURE TOXICITY OF A COMPLEX
WASTEWATER FROM MUNITIONS MANUFACTURING PLANTS
by
Charles A. Tyson et al.
The wastewater from munitions manufacturing plants, called condensate
water (CW), waa tested as to its toxicity in animals. Croups of dogs, rats
and mice were given various doses of the substance, and then the animals
were analyzed, some after one dose and others after repeated exposure to the
CW mixture. The chemicals concentrated on, 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene;
both were found to cause harmful effects in each type of snitwl including
compensatory anemia and neurological disorders. A number of other symptom.-.
were also found confirming the obvious danger present in moderate levels of
CW concentration.
REFERENCE: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Vol. 9, No. 4,
1982, pp. 545-565.
370
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660. SINGLE STAGE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE-PLANT WASTEWATERS
WITH A HYBRID SUSPENDED-CROUTH-FIXED-FILM REACTOR
by
Bernard W. Medvlth and John F. Lefelhocz
Two biophysical treatment systems, one a rotating biological surface;
the other a suspended growth system; both of which use powdered activated
carbon, were used to reach a goal of 10 milligrams per liter ammonia-nitro-
gen concentration in coal, coke and power plant wast^watei-s. However, the
high cost associated with constant use and reuse of activated ca.rbon led
to the development of a hybrid single-stage ftuspended-growth-fixed-filra
bioreactor that uses povdered ".oke breezo or coal dust at. ti:e fixed-film
support. This paper outlines this development.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 16th Industri&l Waste Conference, Purdue
University, 1982, pp. 68-76.
661. SOME ASPECTS ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE
SLUDGE AND RELATED PRODUCTS USED AS FERTILIZERS
by
Arne Andersson
Tni* study determined the average concentrations of a number of heavy
metals in manure, which is used as fertilizer. The general effects of the
metals on plants were also discussed. Sewage sludge which Is to be used in
place of manure could be assessed as to its relative heavy metal concentra-
tions. Knowledge of crop characteristics, initial metal concentration? in
the soil, and metal concentrations in sewage sludge to be applied may b^
used to predict effects on crop production.
REFERENCE: Swedish Journal of Agric. Res., Vol. 7, 1977, pp. 1-5.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 193, 206, and 406.
371
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662. SOURCE ASSESSMENT SOLVENT EVAPORATION DECREASING OPERATIONS
by
T. J. Hoogheem et al.
Described are emission from solvent decreasing and fabric scouring
operations; cold cleaning, open cop vapor degreasing, conveyor vapor de-
greasing, and fabric scouring. The potential effects of the hydrocarbonated
emissions from these operations were calculated and included in this report.
Solvent cotiiunmtion wi.U increase through 1980 at a rate of 42 per year
resultiog in a 26Z increase in emissions in 1980. However, the same emis-
sion standards will be in use in 1980 as were in use in 1974.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-79/019f, PB-80-128812, 1979, pp. 1-133.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 407, 408» and 409.
663. STATE OF THE ART OF TEXTILE WASTE TREATMENT
by
Department of Textiles, Clemson University
Methods used on waste treatment in textile industries were studied.
The data was gathered from three main sources; the textile industry design
of waste treatment plant and regulations from state and federal levels con-
cerning the discharge of wastes into the streams and natural reservoirs.
Several subjects discussed in this article were characteristics of textile
waste, treatment methods used, the co"t of waste treatment operations and
effects of textile wastes on receiving water. Suggestions are made in-rela-
tion to using more up-graded methods of Improving waste treatments currently
in use at the textile industries. This report relates Information about
textile industries and their problems, available solutions, and notices of
further reading resources. References include reports on synthetic fiber,
detergent, instrumentation, plant and water waste manufacturing and treat-
ments .
REFERENCE: EPA Water Pollution Control Research Series, 12090 ECS, February
1971, pp. 1-347.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 454 and 514.
372
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664. STATUS ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS: ARSENIC
by
S. R. Archer et a].
Arsenic, which is found naturally in metal ore deposits, is produced
commercially as a by-product during the processing of nonferrous metal ores.
Estimated 1974 consumption of arsenic in the United States was 22,300 metric
tons with the sole U.S. producer, the ASARCO copper smelter in Tacotna, Wash-
ington, supplying approximately 8,700 metric tons (as arsenic trioxide).
In addition to arsenic trioxide and arsenic metal, there are at least
45 other arsenic compounds of commercial significance produced in the U.S.
The largest use of arsenic is in the production of agricultural pesticides,
vhich includes herbicides, insecticides, desiccants, wood preservatives, and
feed additives.
It is recognized that atmospheric emissions of arsenic from smelting
operations constitute a major pollutant source. Substantial amounts of
arsenic escape to the atmosphere from pyrometallurgical copper operations.
An estimated A,500 metric tons of arsenic were released to the atmosphere
in 1976 by prio-ary nonferrous smelters; nearly 90% of thin total was a
result of copper production. Other emissions sources include lead and zinc
smelters, glass production plants, coal burning facilities, arsenical coo-
pound production plants, and pesticide application. Evidence indicates that
disposal of high arsenic-containing wastewater and solid wastes has a poten-
tial impact greater than that of air emissions. One veterinary pharmaceu-
ticals plant has been measured with a raw vaste loading of 10,009 g/m^
arsenic and 50 g/m3 to 60 g/n3 after treatment.
Since arsenic is a suspected carcinogen, regulations have been or arts
being establirhed for human exposure in air and water. Two arsenical pesti-
cides have recently had their registrations cancelled. Based upon the
information presented In this report, several items should be considered in
future studies. Control methods are needed for arsenic fume and fugitive
emissions from pyrometallurgical smelter operations, and treatment methods
are needed for discharge of high arsenic-containing wastewaters. Production
statist-ica and process information is needed to better understand the pro-
duction of arnenicals, and fixation anU disposal of nigh arsenic-containing
solid wastes should be studied including leaching from existing sites.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-79-201b, December 1979.
373
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665. SURVEY OF TAR. HYDROCARBON AND METAL POLLUTION
IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF OMAN
by
K. A. Burns et al.
Oman! coast?! waters was the location of studies conducted over oil
pollution. The tankers in operation caused accidental leakage of oil during
loading processes. Shellfish analysis was consistent with the chemical
analyses of beach tar observations. A definite increase of oil pollution
appeared from southern Oman to the Strait of Hormuz. Hydrocarbons of high
levels were lacking in the tissue of the Shellfish, ami this was visible
when the tows were under way and not as much oil was in the water as had
been expected. Crude oil seems to be the main pollutant in the Oman seas.
The cause of tar Co sink con.es from the sunlight fractions and photo-chemical
condensation. This causes weight in the residues, and therefore, they sink.
Through analyses it was important to have differentiating hydrocarbons for
essential data Interpretations. Other important factors would be a selec-
tion of species of Shellfish. Further investigation was suggested to be
conducted.
REFERENCE: Marine Pollution - Bulletin, Vcl. 13, No. 7, 1982, pp. 240-247.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 8, 411, 418, and 516.
666. SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
HEAVY DISTILLATES AND RESIDUES BY ELUTION ADSORPTION CHROMATOCRAPHY
by
D. M. Jewell et al.
Modifications of techniques used in the isolation of heavy hydrocarbons
from heavy distillates and residues were tested. Elution adsorption chroma-
tography accompanied by multiple on-line detectors wis the specific technique
discussed for hydrocarbon classification. This method has proven satisfac-
tory In testing kerosene, cracked or virgin gas oils, FCC feedstock and
residuals. The system was found to be valuable in analyzing acids, bases,
neutral nitrogen compounds, total saturates, total aromatics, raonoaromatics,
di + triaromatics and polyaronatics.
REFERENCE: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 44, No. 14, December 1972, pp. 2318-
2331.
374
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667. TEXTILE DYEING WASTE WATERS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT
by
Roderick H. Iteming
Twenty textile systems were selected as a good crossectlon of differ-
ences in textile waste water treatments. The waters from these systems were
analyzed raw and treated with all results included. .The types of treatments
were biological, cheiaical, and physical. Also statistical work-ups on heavy
metal content in dye baths are presented along with lists of dye bath addi-
tives and dyeing methods.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-78-098, PB 285-115, 1778, pp. 3.-312.
668. THERMAL STABILITY 07 ASPHALTENES
by
Jose 0. Hernandez and Eduardo Chroen
This paper presents lesults of the application of thermal analysis tech-
niques to asphaltenes from Venezuelan oils, with the purpose of creating
the.ir contribution to the volatile and residual parts of the organometallic
compounds. To extract asphaltenes from crude oils, the procedure used was a
determinant factor on their properties. There were two main methods used to
separate asphaltenes from resin and oils. One method was by precipitation
with perchloric acid from a toluene-acetic acid dispersion. The other method
used aliphatic hydrocarbons as selective rolvents. The asphaltenes were
taken from six different heavy crude oils. They are Lagunillas, Bachaquero,
Tia Juana, BoscSn, McLones and El Pao. The results showed that the content
of asphaltenec in crude oils has no relation to API gravity. Also, between
35 to 60* of vanadium content in crude is asphaltenic vanadium. All the
oils showed similar thermal behavior, but the vanadium completes in the
Boscan asphaltenes have a greater thermal stability.
REFERENCE: American Chemistry Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry,
Vol. 24, No. 4, 1979. pp. 1009-1013.
375
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669. TOXIC POLLUTANTS CONTROL: PROGRESS AT LAST
by
P. S. Wood
This report discussed the implementation of a toxic pollutant act pro-
posed by the EPA. One section which dealt with toxic pollutant standards
was found to contain a number of flaws. The problems with this particular
section were eventually solved by placing the majority of toxic waste regu-
lations under other sections of the act.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 49, No. 1, 1977, pp. 6-9.
670. TOXIC3TY REMOVAL IN TEXTILE PLANT WASTE WATERS
by
Gary D. Rawlings and Daryl G. DeAngelis
This is the first oi » two-part report which is designed to determine
the toxicity of textile plant waste waters and efficient treatment processes
for the waste. This paper acts as an introduction to the project and gives
primary objectives of the study. Samples of various waste were analysed and
categorized by the presence of certain priority pollutants and by relative
toxicity. Various plant sites which produce effluents containing high
pollutant concentrations were selected to study the reduction in toxicity by
selected tertiary treatment waste water controls.
REFERENCE: JALCA, Vol. 74, 1979, pp. 404-417.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 195, 196, and 422.
376
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671. TREATMENT OF A WOOD PRESERVING EFFLUENT CONTAINING PENTACHLOROPHENOL
BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND CARBON ADSORPTION
by
B. E. Jank and ?. J. A. Fowlie
This study was designed to provide information to help determine the
best practicable technology (BPT) for treating wood preserving effluent.
Thifr 't.c s used to help develop regulations concerning waste discharge.
Data was gathered from three different procedures: 1. modifying the pre-
viously used activated sludge system, 2. using the activated sludge system
in association with a granular activated carbon column system, and 3. the
sole use of the activated carbon system without the activated sludge treat-
ment. The second phase utilizing both systems along with oil removal and
flow equilization technology was the preferred method for pentachlorophenol
(PCP) removal.
REFERENT: Proceedings of the 35th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, pp. 63-79.
672. THE TREATMENT OF CADMIUM PLATING WASTEWATERS
BY ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION
by
Chir.-Pao Huang et al.
Because of the potential hazards of excess cadmium in the environment,
this study was conducted in an attempt to develop a new treatment method for
cadmium containing wastes. Activated carbon adsorption was studied with
model systems of cyanide and fluoborate baths. Enhanced cadmium removal by
activated carbon pretreated with carbon dJsulfide was also assessed. The
factors found which most critically affected cadmium adsorption included
carbon type, pH, carbon dose/cadmium (II) concentration and ionic strength.
The process overall showed an appreciable level of cadmium removal near the
neutral pH level in a short period of time.
REFERENCE: National Conference on Environmental Engineering, 1979, pp.
375-382.
377
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673. TREATMENT OF COAL COKING AND
COAL GASIFICATION WASTEWATERS
by
Richard G. Luthy
This study discussed the biological oxidation of coal refinery efflu-
ents. Results are given of water pretreatment by solvent extraction,
ammonia stripping and biological treatment techniques. Experimental results
were used for the engineering and design of a basic biological treatment
system. Also determined were biological growth constants and removal
efficiencies for various contaminants. Contaminants which were adequately
controlled include BOD, COD, phenolics, ammonia-nitrogen and cyanogen-
nitrogen. Most of the treatments resulted in relatively low microbial
yields. Results also showed that single stage nitrification was also a
feasible method under certain circumstances.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 53, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 325-339.
674. TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT WASTEWATER USING PHYSICAL-
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
by
Richard Osantowski and Anthony Geinopolos
Pilot studies were performed concurrently at two coke plants to Inves-
tigate the effectiveness of physical-chemical and biological treatment in
meeting steel industry BAT (Best Available Technology) Guidelines for the
by-product coke making subcategory.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution
Abatement November 1980, EPA 600/9-81-017, 1981, pp. 379-394.
378
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675. TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTEWATERS IN A BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL SYSTEM
by
Thomas N. Sargent and Thomas L. Rinker
A report concerning activated sludge in the biological aspect and alum
coagulation in a chemical sense were tested in a synthetic fabric dyeing and
wastewater treatment. In order for treatment to be conducted on these
fabrics, an industry was selected. Blue Ridge-Winkler (BRU) was one such
place for producing basically natural fabrics where particular types of
wastewater could also be examined. Wastewater characteristics were selected
and equillzed for physical and chemical values. General description,
equalization, and the activated sludge treatment were all correlated in
response to wastewater treatment. During the performance of data operations,
there were break-downs in the mechanics, but a separate table of summaries
was submitted in order to compare data. In order to summarize a cost for
the operation, water volume and total pounds were used to conclude
360,000,000 gallons of water volume and 30,000,000 pounds were utilized.
REFERENCE: EPA Environmental Research Lab, Athens, Georgia, pp. 1-20.
676. TREATMENT OF WATER AFTER HYDRAULIC UNLOADING OF COKE
by
N, T. Pokhodenko et al.
A two stage method of coke unloading by hydraulic means is explained.
This procedure results in the production of large quantities of wastewater
containing suspended coke particles. The size and concentration of suspended
coke particles was measured at different stages of treatment. The wastewater
is normally treated and recirculated for further use. The use of a settling
tanV with a filter bed appeared to be the most desirable treatment method.
This system would reduce suspended matter to the degree that essentially no
corrosion of equipment would result.
REFERENCE: Bashkir Scientific-Research Institute for Petroleum Processing
Translated from Khlmiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Hasel, 1979,
pp. 291-295.
379
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677. TREATMENT OF WATER CONTAINING CYANIDE
by
Wendell N. Christensen and Larry W. Poulter
Sodium chloride is added to water which is '.hen passed through at least
one electrolytic cell. There, electrolysis of the sodium chloride produces
chlorine molecules and sodium hydroxide. The water then flows into the
presence of metal-cyanide comtaminants. The chlorine and caustic immediately
react with the metal-cyanide compounds to produce metal hydroxide precipi-
tates, while the cyanide is decomposed and liberated from the water in carbon
dioxide and gaseous nitrogen. As part of thf.s reaction, the sodium chloride
is reformed, so that the same brine can be recycled and the process repeated
without further additives. The optimum pH of between 7 and 8 may be main-
tained as needed by addition of small amounts of hydrochloric acid to the
system.
REFERENCE: United States Patent, No. 4,029,557, June 1A, 1977.
678. TWO-STAGE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF COKE PLANT HASTE WATER
BY
Richard Osantowski et al.
The report documents a pilot-plant study of the use of advanced waste
treatment methods in upgrading metallurgical coks making waste waters to
Best Available Technology (BAT) levels. Mobile treatment units, operable
at a flow rate of 19 1/min, were used. Mathods used included two-stage
activated sludge treatment for removal of organic carbon compounds and
ammonia; filtration and activated carbon were also studied as polishing
steps. For each treatment studied, samples (including toxic pollutants) and
operational data were obtained for Isner use in assessing and comparing
treatment adequacy. The study showed that high levels of organic pollutant
removal were achieved in the 1st stp-,e of biological oxidation. Abnormal
operating conditions in the coke plant waste water pretreatment system dur-
ing the testing resulted in ammonia levels as high as 2000 mg/1, making it
nececsary f> dilute the 2nd stage feed before nitrification could be
achieved. Ammonia reductions of > 977. were achieved in the 2nd stage.
Activated carbon and filtration effectively removed suspended solids, total
organic carbon, color, and thiocyanate.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/2-81-052, April, 1981, pp. 1-244.
380
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679. ULTRAFILTRATION/REVERSE OSMOSIS RECYCLE
SYSTEM FOR WOOD PRESERVING INDUSTRY
by
Allen Shum and Richard Brown
This program deals with information compiled during the start-up and
adjustment phase of a wood preserving plant operation to incorporate a
wastewater recycle system.
The design of the completed treatment system is principally based on
the technology of three systems of separation; that is, equipment is pro-
vided for the removal of contaminants from the wastewater stream successively
by primary filtration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Moreover,
facilities are also incorporated for the recycling of the treated water.
Although the treated water may be used as boiler feed water, this demon-
stration project indicated that filtration is not an economical secondary
treatment system for wood preserving wastewaters. Other developments for
pretreatment are needed to diminish various fouling characteristics of
wastewater to extend life of the reverse osmosis unit. Discussions on
attempts at pretreatments and alternatives are included in the report.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. S805179 by'Pacific
Wood Treating Corporation under the sponsorship of tha U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. It covers a period from July 15, 1977, to December 14,
1981, and work was completed as of October 14, 1980.
REFERENCE: EPA, Grant No. S-805179, pp. 1-5.
381
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680. ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM FOR LATEX PAINT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
by
Audrey Chou Wykpisz
This was a pilot study conducted to determine, the feasiblity of using
an ultraflltration system for the treatment of latex paint vastewater. The
system appeared to be an adequate means of waste polishing; however, because
of the high cost of the system, it was not competitive with previously used
methods.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, Vol. 35, 1981,
pp. 416-424.
681. WASTE OIL RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL
by
N. J. Wienstein
The sources and amounts of waste oils, present and future, recycling
and disposal methods and their environmental impact was developed by liter-
ature search and surveys of oil related industries. The elaborations of
this data are in this report.
REFERENCE: PB-236-U8. EPA-670/2-74-052, 1974, pp. 1-327.
For Articles on related subject see Nos. 208, 426, 428, 429, 432, and
433.
382
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682. WASTE WATER TREATMENT METHOD
by
Jack F. Tate
A method of disposing of certain process effluent waste streams by
injecting them into subterranean formations which entails inhibiting the
formation of solid precipitates which plug the subterranean formation. The
method of inhibiting th<» formation of precipitates involves lowering the pH
of the mixed streams by optionally removing any organic phase created there-
by before injection.
REFERENCE: United States Patent Office, No. 3,817,859, June 18, 1974.
683. WESTERN ELECTRIC BUILDS MODERN PLANT
FOR TREATING METAL FINISHING WASTES
by
S. F. O'Connor et al.
Several aspects of a Western Electric waste treatment are discussed.
This plant concentrates on metal finishing wastes, while somewhat smaller
amounts of several other wastes are also treated. The facility treats such
wastes as acid-alkali wastes, chromium waste, cyanide and combined wastes
using neutralization, oxidation, reduction and solids removal and dewater-
ing procedures. One aspect of the system is the potential use of reclaimed
w.iter. Other than waste segregation problems, the system has existed as an
effective means of producing a sufficiently purified effluent.
REFERENCE: Water and Wastes Engineering/Industrial, Vol. 6, No. 7, July
1969, pp. D-16 - D-19.
383
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684. WOOD PRESERVATION PROCESS
by
John Schroder
A wood treatment process is presented utilizing either water-borne or
air-borne preservatives. Procedures are givsn including sterilization,
forcing water out of the wood by stream pressure, and the application of
the preservative to the wood. The preservative is a copper/chrome/arsenic
solution to prevent the precipitation of salts. One major aspect of this
procedure is the presence of sulphuric acid in the solution to keep pH
levels sufficiently low.
REFERENCE: Australian Patent WO 82/01848, June 10, 1982, pp. 1-16.
For artlries on related subject see Nos. 201 and 435,
384
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685. APPROXIMATIONS FOR VERTICAL INFILTRATION RATE PATTERNS
by
Robert E. Smith
A history of time-varying surface-soil infiltration rate approximation
formulas and models ranging from simple two and three variable formulas on
up to complex computer models involving several variables pertinent to
greater accuracy in approximation of infiltration rates are discussed in
this report. Utilization of these approximations is linked to the assump-
tions used in any formula or model and the error produced or reduced by
judicious screening of these assumptions as related to their accuracy.
REFERENCE: ASAE, 075-2010, 1975, pp. 1-17.
686. ASSESSMENT OF WATER LOSS PATTERNS WITH MICROLYSIMETFRS
by
A. S. Rogowskl and E. L. Jacoby, Jr.
This paper studies ways to develop a practical method of experimentally
evaluating evapotranspiration (ET) in the field and to examine the water
loss patterns on a watershed where predominant rooting depth was about 30 cm.
Distribution of evapotranspiration In the field is often difficult to mea-
sure because of many soil types, moisture regimes, and vegetation types.
The experiments were carried out with the use of lysimeters, portable cylin-
drical; and grass lysimeters were used to find the distribution patterns of
ET. The microlysimeters were used i« laboratory and field studies, and the
final stage was obtained from a 58-ha watershed. In the laboratory, the
results showed at high soil water despite periodic removal for weighing; the
continuity of flow was preserved and seemed to reestablish itself after each
interruption. The field experiment showed no important differences in ET
between segments of a small study area and demonstrated feasibility in field
use. The watershed study contained gamma-probe measurements and ET predic-
tion with an ET model. The three studies proved to be fair except for a
very stoney and a wooded area.
REFERENCE: Agrt .owy Journal, Vol. 69, May-June 1977, pp. 419-424.
385
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687. CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF LARGE AUTOMATIC
(NONWEIGHING) LYSIMETERS
by
G. A. Reichman et al.
This report discusses the construction of twelve lysimeters. The use
of automatic water tables controls the lysimeters function. Hecla loamy
fine sand replaced natural soil, and time clocks were installed. The system
bettered losses up 2 cm during 24 hour period. Excess water vas also
removed up to 4 cm in the same amount of time. Presently, data shows satis-
factory function, of the nonweighing lysimeters and the controlled water
tables.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1979, pp. 1343-1346.
688. DEVELOPMENT AND INSTALLATION OF A SIMPLE MECHANICAL
WEIGHING TYPE LYSIMETER
by
S. P. Bhardwaj and G. Sastry
Lysimeters were made from natural materials which were light weight.
There are four components that make up the assembly: the concrete struc-
ture, platform weigher, tank for the lysiraeter and a retaining tank. Within
the lysimeter tank (120 cm cube) is a system for measuring runoffs and seep-
age losses. Soil monolith and support bridges are two other components of
the lysimeter. Even in the remotest of areas, the system is easily suitable
for budgeting and cvapotranspiration studies.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1979, pp. 797-802.
386
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689. ET ESTIMATES WITH THE MODIFIED PENMAN EQUATION
by
E. Gordon Kruse et al.
This report discussed the accuracy of using the modified Penman equa-
tion for the estimation of plant evapotranspiration (Et). Another modifi-
cation which would consist of revising corn crop coefficients was also
suggested for more accurate results in future tests. Estimates, which were
derived from solar radiation amounts, along with several other variables
were then compared with measured Et values. Some deviation between esti-
mated and actual values were noticed when corn plants were studied, while
values for alfalfa Et coincided closely with each other. The study con-
cluded that this method gave adequate estimates for irrigation and schedul-
ing purposes.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Division,
Specialty Conference on Water Management for Irrigation and
Drainage, July 20-22, 1977, pp. 245-255.
690. AN ECONOMICAL HYDRAULIC LYSIMETER—CONSTRUCTION A.1D CALIBRATION
by
Ram K. Gupta
This paper shows results on the construction and calibration of a low
cost lysimeter with a sensitive weighing device. The lysimeter has proved
to be a very useful tool for evapotranspiration studies; it provides con-
tinuous measurements of vater loss from the soil and the growing plants it
contains under field condiflc..;s. The lysimeter, which is composed of a
locally fabricated hydraulic load cell for the weighing device, a coconut
oil drum as the inner tank which is filled with soil, and a read out system
with a provision to read weight changes in six lysiraeters, cost clmost four
hundred rupees (equivalent to .13 of the U.S. dollar). The lysimeter is
susceptible to 100 g (equivalent to 0.04 mm of water). The lysimeter
appears to be a promising experimental technique for studying different
aspects of evapotranspiration and water balance for different crops grown,
387
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under different microcllmatic conditions. The main features of assembly are
low cost, easy fabrication, simple and convenient operation and fairly good
precision.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Vol. 21, 1973,
pp. 377-381.
691. AN ECONOMICAL HYDRAULIC WEIGHING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION TANK
by
A. S. Dylla and L. M. Cox
In collecting evapotranspiration data, several types and sizes of lysi-
meters have been used. Even though the nonweighing tank is merely economical
and is less limiting as to size that may be constructed, the weighing-type
tank allows more accurate determination of soil moisture changes, or evapo-
transpiration, over shorter periods of time. Weighing tanks range from
pick-up-and-weigh to the sophisticated electronically recording weighing
scales. One study on a hydraulic pillow supported evapotranspiration tank
revealed temperature drift. The temperature problem was attempted to be
corrected by using a standpipe manometer. Readings from the tanks showed
the standpipe indicated to be somewhat erratic. Some hydraulic weighing
tanks used the butyl tubing-supported tank and weighing system. The results
showed that water-filled butyl irrigation tubing provided a flexible sup-
porting pad that tends to resist imbalanced loads. The cylindrical tank
also conforms easily to taking undisturbed and vegetated soil monoliths.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1973, pp. 294, 295, and 301.
692. FIELD TEST OF SOIL WATER FLUX METERS
by
Chrlstiaan Dirksen
The drainage flux of soil waste was measured by using hydraulic resis-
tant flvx meters. The resistance changes with the adjustment in the soil.
Therefore, the soil water flux and the meter are equal, and results can be
retained from the calibration of the resistance. At times the match is not
perfect, so the leftover samples of divergence or convergence flow are cal-
culated a part from the flux set up in the soil. By installing the meters
horizontally, the soil fluxes were undisturbed while measurement was taken.
With the aid of a spring, the plates were put in place allowing movement of
the meters at any time. In this test, two different sized fluxes were used
and both gave satisfacotry results.
REFERENCE: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 74-2039,
June 23-26, 1974, pp. 1-12.
388
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693. FREQUENCY OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
RATES IN CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS
by
Norman J. Rosenberg
In Mead, Nebraska at the University of Nebraska's Evapotranspiration
Research Facility, studies are being directed toward the development of test
methods for increasing the water use efficiency of crops grown under irriga-
tion. With very accurate lysimeters, daily evapotranspiration are measured,
but very little evidence on daily rates is available from these studies yet.
Nevertheless, a brief look of the data into probability form may help supply
information needed for engineers on the nature of irrigation water demand in
one large region of the country from vhich no other lysimetric data are
available.
REFERENCE: Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage, July 1972, pp. 203-206.
694. HYDRAULIC LOAD-CELL LYSIMETER, CONSTRUCTION, CALIBRATION, AND TESTS
by
T. A. Black et al.
This paper describes the construction and calibration of two 35-rmetric
ton, hydraulic load-cell lysimeters that contain suction drainage systems.
Capacity pressure transducers measure the pressures, and it was found that
butyl-nylon load cells contain an ethylene cool-water mixture. The sensi-
tivity of the lysimeter is 0.02 of evaporation. The evaporation measured
daily from the lysimeter and two independent micrometerological methods
agreed within a short range. Lysimeter measurements of evaporation, taken
on a normal June day, showed bs^e soil lagged measurements using the two
other methods by not quite 1.5 hours. The reason for the soil lag measure-
ment wis because of differences between lysimeter thermal regime and the
surrounding soil. It was found that thermal regime differences could be
minimized by the use of foam plastic insulation of the tank walls. The pro-
duction of the lysimeter appears to be adequate under the difficult condi-
tions of this test, and it is anticipated that less thermal error will occur
when used under vegetation.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 32, 1968,
pp. 623-629.
389
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695. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VAN BAVEL-MYERS
AUTOMATIC WEIGHING LYSIMETER
by
Norman J. Rosenberg and K. W. Brown
Three modifications vere made on each of two weighing lysimeters
installed at Mead, Nebraska to correct problems that affected the accuracy
and performance of the instruments. The modifications were: making the
underground parts drainage to keep them water free; moving the electrical
junction of the strain gage load cell to maintain the high resistance
between the cell and the ground; relocating the mechanical damping unit for
easier accessibility.
REFERENCE: Water Resources Research, 1970, pp. 1227-1229.
696. INFILTRATION AND WATER DEPLETION IN LYSIMETERS
by
Hasan K. Qashu
Thie study examines an attempt to present and describe water use by five
plant species grown in lysimeters and to discuss influence of vegetation on
some elements of the hydrologic cycle. Prediction equations were imposed and
used to estimate soil water regimens, infiltration, and runoff in lysimeters
with vegetative cover. The study indicated that the procedure of measuring
the elements of water balance is useful in areas with limited data. As physi-
cal meaning of the cause and the effects in surface water/soil water con-
tinue, hydrologic relations must be obtained through a mathematical analysis
of a time-varying system. For evaluation of two elements, runoff and water
storage in the hydrologic cycle derived equations for estimating soil water
depletion and infiltration predictors are very useful first approximations.
They disclose the importance of vegetation, particularly plant species, as
a principal factor in the rainfall-runoff process.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 33, 1969, pp.
775-778.
390
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697. IRRIGATION CONTROL USING TENSIOMETERS AND SALINITY SENSORS
by
J. D. Oster et al.
This study discussed the use of salt sensors and tensiotneters in main-
taining the leaching fraction of high frequency irrigation systems. This
control system was based on comparisons with experimental measurements.
Also established were appropriate sensor-placement depths and control levels.
These figures were found to vary considerably with low rather than high fre-
quency irrigation. The feasibility of this type of project will depend on
several factors which are still under consideration. These include the
following: 1. effects of water application on control sensor location, 2.
the predetermination of number, location and depth of control sensors, and
3. the effectiveness and cost of a totally automated control system.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1976, pp. 294-298.
698. LABORATORY STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR
OF A SANITARY LANDFILL
by
A. A. Fungaroli and R. L. Steiner
This paper provides a description of a portion of an experiment of
sanitary landfills in a temperate, humid environment. The main objective
of the study deals with the interrelationships between sanitary landfills,
the physical environment and surface and groundwater. A simulated sanitary
landfill and a field landfill are the study areas. The focus of this article
is the simulated landfill in the form of a lysimeter. Lyaimeter design spe-
cifications include minimal heat exchange across the vertical vails, con-
trolled climate, amount of refuse, tank size, composition of refuse, refuse
component size, controlled moisture, and soil cover and refuse density con-
trol. The environment control system includes a top air temperature control,
water application system, bottom air space temperature control, insulation
of vertical tank walls, and heat flow out of the lysimeter. Instruments in
the lysimeter monitor temperatures and gas samples. Refuse composition and
placement is representative of typical domestic refuse. Results of the lysi-
meter experiment and the temperatures of the lysimeter are discussed. Various
qualities and composition of the leachate are discussed in great detail.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 43, No. 2, February 1971, pp. 252-267.
391
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699. A LARGE, UNDISTURBED, WEIGHING LYSIMETER FOR GRASSLAND STUDIES
by
Joe D. Anr.ijo et al.
This article outlines the design, installation, operation, and costs of
a lysimeter used in a delicate prairie grassland. Due to the nature of the
prairie grassland, a lysimeter that could be installed and operated with as
little disturbance as possible to the soil was designed. The "undisturbed"
feature allows for greater accuracy in measuring evapotranspiration in
natural circumstances, and the apparatus worked beyond the design expecta-
tions.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1972, pp. 827-830.
700. LYSIMETER AND WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
by
Seppo E. Mustonen and J. L. McGuinness
Estimations of evapotranspiration from watersheds were developed from
data from weighing lysimeters. It was shown that evapotranspiration from
lysimeters was greater than that of corresponding watershed evapotranspir-
ation measurements, but these differences may be reduced in time with
advances in lysimeter technology. The prediction equations developed were
useable throughout the year in the case of lysimeters, but ground cover type
coefficients had to be used when watershed areas were considered. The
equations were based on lake evaporation, soil moisture, and precipitation.
REFERENCE: Water Resources Research, V>»1. 3, No. 4, 1967, pp. 989-996.
392
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701. LYSIMETER SYSTEM CHECK
by
J. E. Middleton
This lysimeter provides a quick dynamic sensitivity check as opposed to
the static weight procedure. Certain malfunctions can be indicated by this
new method. This method can be used on various types of readout systems.
Calibration can be achieved during the check procedure.
REFERENCE: Agricultural Engineering, July 1972, pp. 14-15.
702. A LYSIMETER SYSTEM FOR WATER TABLE CONTROL
by
S. P. Shih et al.
This study examined the construction and evaluation of lysiaeters for
controlling the water table. Evaluations were made on techniques of average
values, standard deviation, and outflow responses to excess rainfall.
Materials and dimensions of the lysimeters were discussed along with their
cost. Water table control was acceptable with a low standard deviation.
This system was concluded as being a cost efficient and effective lysimeter
design for controlling water table levels.
REFERENCE: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1977, pp. 1-15.
393
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703. PAIRED HYDRAULIC WEIGHING LYSIMETERS FOR
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT
by
D. C. Kincaid et al.
Errors In measurement of evapotransplration by lysimeter can be reduced.
This lysimeter system reduces errors by incorporating two inner tanks, each
having its own independent hydraulic weighing apparatus in one outer tank.
REFERENCE: American Society of Agricultural Engineering, Paper No. 79-2513,
1979, pp. 1-7.
704. RATIO BETWEEN EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM LYSIMETERS AND
EVAPORATION FROM SMALL EVAPORIMETERS USING
2- AND 3-HOUR PERIODS OF MEASUREMENT
by
J. C. Wilcox and W. K. Sly
Measurements of evaporation were taken from two kinds of evaporimeters
and evapotranspiration from lysimetera including bromegrass. Soil moisture
and content vas under surveillance every 2 or 3 hours from dawn to dusk.
The contents were kept at a 100 to 60Z water capacity during the testing.
Polynomial regression was shown by an increase in potential evapotranspira-
tion and evaporation. The main effect toward regression is apparently from
light on the stomatal opening. Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration
had no diurnal effects as far as temperature, wind or dew were concerned.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal Plant Science, Vol. 54, March 18, 1974, pp.
559-564.
For article on related subject see No. 36.
394
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705. REMOTE SOIL-WATER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
by
R. W. Wengel and G. F. Griffi-
A modification of commercial soil-water samplers ate used (small di-
meter tubing and a taggle value) for remote sampling. There are three
advantages to remote sampling. These advantages include the elimination of
soil compaction due to traffic at the site, the ability to sample frequently
and/or repetitively, and the lessening of intersample contamination due to
residual solution in long lines. A discussion and description of techniques
and en ilpment are included In the article.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 35, 1971, pp.
661-664.
706. SOIL MOISTURE TENSION TRANSIENTS ASSOCIATED WITH
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A WATER TABLE
by
W. C. Blanch! and Rhys Tovey
Lysimeters completed recordings of soil moisture tensions containing
loam soil and having a controlled water table. Several strain gauge-pressure
transducer-tenaiometers were placed at different levels from 20 to 110 cm
above a 158 cm water table. Moisture was inconsistent in velocity of morn-
ing and evening moisture tension progression. This interpretation came from
results of low tension decreasing in moisture film continuity between soil
and tenslometer bulbs. These were relative to the few roots in contact with
the bulbs. This caused measurements to be biased toward tensions linked
with the root system. It was then discovered when daily tension went over
400 cm of rater, soil-bulb continuity was lost. This caused the normal
wave form of daily evaporation demand to be lost. By putting the tenslo-
meters in the root absent from capillary frinse to record chnnges of evapor-
ation, results could be tested. The testing method for analyzing water
table uptake was based on velocity of the tension waves caused by soil pro-
file evaporation.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1970, pp. 496-
501.
395
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707. SOIL-WATER SAMPLING USINS PAN AND
DEEP PRESSURE-VACUUM LYSIMETERS
by
Richard R. Parizek and Burke E. Lane
Two types of lysiroeter systems are reviewed and compared. The upgraded
pressure vacuum could sample down to 50 feet and the sampling duration can
be extended 2 months beyond the usefulness of a pan lysimeter system, but
cannot sample bacteria or suspended particles. On the other hand, pan lysi-
meters (trench systercs) can only sample gravitational and perched ground
water.
REFERENCE: Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, 1970, pp. 1-21.
708. A TECHNIQUE USING POROUS CUPS FOR WATER SAMPLING
AT ANY DEPTH IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE
by
Warren W. Wood
This paper describes an improved design of the Parizek-Lane system that
allows the collection of water samples at any certain depth, saturated or
unsaturated. A check value in the cup assembly prevents pressurization of
the porous cup. This tvpe of structure allows an entire collection at any
depth without the loss of samples. An improvement over past designs is
illustrated by a detailed description of construction and operation.
REFERENCE: Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1973, pp. 486-
488.
396
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709. UNSATURATED FLOW PROPERTIES USED TO PREDICT OUTFLOW AND
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A SLOPING LYSIMETER
by
David G. Scholl and Alden R. Hibbcrt
To ditermine the moisture flux, hydraulic gradients, and dynamic con-
ductivity of a soil lysimeter, field measurements were used to find the soil
moisture content and pressure potential. To find the soil content and pres-
sure level, the moisture flux, hydraulic gradients, and dynamic conductivity
were used for the determination of results. Outflow and evapotranspiration
were then determined from the measurements. During the first phase of
analysis, evapotranspiration was eliminated by shutting off the surface with
a sheet of plastic. Moisture flux was determined by the change in depth and
time. These results correlated with the outflow measurements. Evapotrans-
piration was solved by the second study phase when the plastic sheet was
removed and grass was put in place. The results from the lowest level in
the profile did agree with the actual outflow.
REFERENCE: Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 6, December 1973, pp.
1645-1655.
710. USE OF A LABORATORY LYSIMETER TO DETERMINE SOIL
MOISTURE TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
by
H. D. Scott
This paper lookn at the report on the classroom-laboratory use of a
lysimeter instrumented with tensiometers and access tubes to determine the
capillary conductivity, soil waste diffusivity, and soil bulk density. The
technique used a .slight modification ot the in situ capillary conductivity
method given by Rose, Stern, and Drununond. The technique has several advan-
tages over previously used classroom-laboratory techniques. These include
the use of relatively inexpensive materials, some additional related experi-
ments, having students use radiation instruments for experience in calculat-
ing soil water fluxes, and readily accessible reading could be obtained.
The major disadvantage seems to be the number of calculations required.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agronomic Education, Vol. 4, August 1975, pp. 28-32.
397
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711. THE USE OF LYSIMETERS IN THE HYDROLOG1CAL INVESTIGATION
OF THE UNSATURATED ZONE
by
G. Kovacs
F.xperimental basins are frequently used for data over surface runoff
origination from precipitation. To avoid difficulty in finding data, lysi-
meters were installed in soil moisture zones for experimental analysis.
Lysiraeters arc experimental areas in themselves and are used to study water
balance and the effect on soil moisture zones. The investigation during
surface runoff has to be directly measured data for acceptable evaluation.
Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the different types of lysitneters.
Some parameters can be measured directly, while others must be calculated
through different methods.
REFERENCE: Hydrological Sciences, Vol. 21, December 1976, pp. 499-516.
For articles on related suoject see Nos. 433, 435, and 519.
398
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712. CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION OF LIQUID DAIRY MANURE
by
J. L. Smith et al.
This research involved developing and evaluating a subsurface Injection
machine. It was found to be economically feasible compared to other methods.
Injection of liquid dairy manure caused environmental effects, soil salinity
to increase, and fecal colifonn moved to ground water. Both of these pro-
blems can be eliminated by proper management and site selection.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-77-117, PB 272-350, 1977, pp. 1-56.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 20, 21, 22, 45, 48, 49, 137,
152, 2j4, and 255.
713. DISPOSAL OF PULP AND PAPERMILL WASTE
BY LAND APPLICATION AND IRRIGATIONS USE
by
I, Gelltnan and R. 0. Blosser
Physical soil characteristics, microbial activity, organic decomposition
in soil, current and growth of supplemental irrigation practices, and vater
salinity and quality for irrigation are aspects to be considered and impor-
tant in studying land disposal of mill effluents. Eighteen mills were also
studied and all report summaries are included.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 14th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, Vol. 104, 1959, pp. 479-494.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 24, 61, and 155.
399
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714. EFFECT OF LONG TERM LAND DISPOSAL EY SPRAY IRRIGATION
OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES ON SOME CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL AND SUBSURFACE WATER
by
D. C. Adriano et al.
Subsurface waters of two varieties, perched and groundwater, were
monitored at daily and monthly intervals. Thesis vat&rs were taken from two
irrigated land disposal sites of food processing waste waters. Samples of
soil profiles were taken up from depths of up co 6.6 meters. Calculated
inputs of 487 kg/ha of total nitrogen and 101 kg/ha of soluble orthophos-
phate were taken from cannery wastes yearly from site one. From site two,
562 kg/ha total nitrogen and 52? kh/ha orthophosphate were selected and
analyzed. Nitrate ranged in subsurface waters at 7 to 16 ppm from the first
site. Croundwaters from site 2 ranged from 2 to 41 ppm. Nitrate was
analyzed as stable in percolation streams below root zone level. While
major irrigation input was carried out, nitrate was found in levels above
public health standards in the surface waters. Passing environment standards
was PO^ on a regular basis except when discontinued during the winter.
Residual accumulation rate in soil could have been lowered by harvest removal
to help materially extend the life of these systems.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1975, pp. 242-
248.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 61, 158, and 161.
400
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715. LAND DISPOSAL OF POTATO STARCH PROCESSING
WASTE WATER IN THE NETHERLANDS
by
F. A. M. de Haan and P. J. Zweraan
The feasibility of disposing of potato starch processing waste water
by land disposal methods was studied. The report emphasized the amount of
water which can be purified by the soil. The utilization of nutrients by
plants and the effects of waste applications on farm economics were also
discussed. This research was instituted in an attempt to prevent surround-
ing waters from being further contaminated. Applications to sandy soil
resulted in complete oxygen demand removal, while peaty soils were somewhat
less effective. Land disposal of this type of waste water was shewn as being
an economical form of waste treatment.
REFERENCE: Agronomy Paper, No. 1008, 1972-1973, pp. 222-228.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 62, 70, 71, 76, 81, 64, 303,
333, 483, and 607.
716. LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER IN HAWAII
by
Gordon L. Dugan et al.
This project was undertaken to determine if secondary treated effluent
waste water could be used to irrigate or to supplement irrigation of sugar
cane. During a two year study, both of these ideas were tested and supple-
mental irrigation of the cane was found to be the most desirable.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 47, No. 8, 1975, pp. 2067-2087.
For article on related subject see No. 338.
401
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717. LAND TREATMENT OF WASTERWATER—TECHNOLOGY WITH EXCITING POTENTIAL
by
Nora Goldstein
This report describes three wastewater treatment systems, two of which
are in operation and one in the final stages of construction. The opera-
tions are utilizing land treatment as their man source of waste disposal.
The descriptions include facilities, design and costs as compared to
advanced wastewater treatment (AWT). In each case, land treatment irriga-
tion with wastewater was perferable over (AWT) because of overall cost and
disposal efficiency.
REFERENCE: BioCycle, January/February 1981, pp. 34-37.
Tor article on related subject se» No. 87.
718. ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH
CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION
by
J. L. Smith et al.
This study was conducted over land spreading used in dispersing organic
wastes. This has a positive affect on the soil. Concerns governing this
procedure are in five different areas snd whether its potential for odor and
insects to aesthetics and runoff pollution. Subsurface injection covers
these three concerns usually, but the real concern lies in soil pollution and
the economical situation. Therefore, knowing changes needed to come about a
subsurface injection machine was purchased within economical boundaries. A
daily check was administered over the quanity and quality of the water
installed in the ground. Soil samples rnd the ground water was monitored on
a continual basis to find different information beneficial to the research.
REFERENCE: Proceedings 3rd Int. Symposium on Livestock Wastes, 1975, pp.
606-610.
For articles on related subject see No*. 88, 178, 179, and 369.
402
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719. FOB AND PCT CONTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
NEAR SITES OF MANUFACTURE AND USE
by
Charles L. Stratton and Jackson B. Sosebee, Jr.
This report discussed the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
and polychlorinated terphenyla in the environment from industrial waste
emission. PCS and PCT contamination was found in different areas and dif-
ferent concentrations, but was still traced back to the industrial sites.
Waste found was believed to have travelled through the air because of its
distribution. Treatment facilities showed pollutant reduction to some
degree, while contamination has still been found in water, soil, and sewer
samples.
REFERENCE: Environmental Scieii:« and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 13, December
1976, pp. 1229-1233.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 106 and 498.
720. PCBs AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION
by
W. Klein and I. Ueisgerber
This Is a survey of polychloriAated biphenyl residues and accumulation
in the environment and metabolic pathways of PCBs involving animals and
plants. Model studies with technical PCB as well as with pure individual
components are presented. Metabolic studies and photochemical experiments
are discussed.
REFERENCE: Environment Quality Safety, Vol. 4, 1976, pp. 237-250.
403
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721. PETROLEUM WASTES IN THE SOIL
by
John O. Harris
It is difficult to predict amounts of petroleum wastes applied to the
soil since most of it occurs through accidents. These wastes vary from
gases to fluids of various densities to tar-like solids.
Some sources of petroleum wastes are oil field production, gaseous and
liquid hydrocarbons and asphalt. Means of natural deterioration of these
wastes are physical, chemical and biological. Moisture, oxygen, temperature
and minerals influence the growth of microbes in biological deterioration.
The handling of oilspills often determines the extent to which petroleum
wastes affect the soil. The acceleration of microbial decomposition is dis-
cussed as a procedure for the clean-up of oilspills. Three tables of data
are included in this article.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials, Soil Conservation Society
of America, 1976, pp. 249-253.
722. POTENTIAL TOXICITY TO PLANTS AND FOOD-CHAIN RESULTING
FROM LAND TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
by
Rufus L. Chaney, Ph.D.
This report discusses the possible toxic effects of disposing
hazardous wastes by land treatment methods. This phytotoxicity can be
caused by waste constituents like soluble salts, toxic organic matter and
various heavy metals which become concentrated in the soil. Only a few
elements which may reach toxic levels have been found to be absorbed into
the edible parts of plants. With this in mind, using proper management pro-
cedures can result in an equal, if no improved crop yield from a land treat-
ment site.
REFERENCE: Hazardous Waste Control Research Institute, Silver Spring, MO,
Proceedings from Conference on Risk and Decision Analysis for
Hazardous Wast Disposal.
404
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723. THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF FOUR PESTICIDES IN TAP
WATER AND WATER FROM FLOODED RICE PADDIES
by
K. W. Brown et al.
Each year in the United States flooded rice fields are sprayed with
pesticides. Four of the pesticides tested for static bioassay were pro-
panil, molinate, carbonfuran and carbaryl. The toxicity was present in tap
water and floodwater and caused death of fish when the water found draining
channels and reached the fish. The toxic limitation median of 96 hours was
tested in tap water with perspective of the four pesticides. The results of
field applied pesticides were lower in the water from fields in which the
residual levels of pesticides had been applied. In addition, pesticides
located in the field watei. ••'*>« more toxic than that found in the tap water.
There were differences present in carbcnfuran determined by static flow and
an intermittent flow. The difference existed in tap water, bu not in field
water. In conclusion, all but molinate were similar or greater than the 96
hour value concentration.
REFERENCE: Western Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 14, 1979, pp. 49-
54.
For articles on related subject see Nos. Ill, 392, and 630.
724. SOLVING INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER PROBLEMS
WITH LAND APPLICATION
by
Jimmy W. Otta and C. David Costa
Obtaining desired levels of wastewater treatment is directly related to
the care and planning involved in the design and management of the site.
Both must be correctly handled to maintain good treatment and prevent Irre-
versible environmental damage. This report contains four case studies from
a paper company, brewery, raisin packing firm, and a tomato processing com-
pany. They are included to show the effectiveness of proper design and
management of wastewater treatment sites.
REFERENCE: 1980 Summer Meeting of the A.S.A.E., Vol. 80-6010, June 1980,
pp. 1-19.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 120 and 190.
405
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725. SPENT MOTOR OIL EFFECTS ON SOIL AND CROPS
by
Joel Giddens
The main purpose of this paper is to determine some of the effects of
spent motor oil upon soil properties, plant growth, and the nitrogen require-
ment for plant growth in soil treated with oil. Peanuts, cotton, soybeans,
and corn were successfully grown when amply fertilized, mainly with nitrogen,
and the oil rates were up to 31,111 liters/ha per pot. The higher oil rates
helped reduce the growth of sorghum and weeds. Of the corn grown on newly
oil-treated soil, it held less nitrogen and manganese, but the same phos-
phorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and lead as plant grown on untreated
soil. The zinc and manganese content of corn tissue was increased because
of previous oil applications. Also the growth of corn was increased by
Increasing the nitrogen application rates.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 5, No, 2, 1<»76, pp. 179-
181.
406
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726. INTERACTIVE EFPECTS OF PESTICIDE PROPERTIES AM) SELECTED
CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON RUNOFF LOSSES: A SIMULATION STUDY
by
J. D. Dean and L. A. Mulkey
This report demonstrates the usefulness of models for studying pesti-
cidal interaction in the environment, specifically on runoff losses.
Management practices including conservation, application amounts end appli-
cation time which affect losses were discussed. A simulation study on
pesticides was then completed. The study showed how half-life and conser-
vation practices affected runoff losses. Results are conclusive that all
factors including climate, pesticide, properties, and soils should be con-
sidered if selecting some type of management practice. This is in light
of the fact that most variables studied had some impact on runoff looses.
REFERENCE: Modeling Studies, EPA Athens, Georgia, pp. 715-733.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 8, 124, 134, 201, and 421.
727. NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF DRAIN SPACING
by
William T. Moody
This report discussed the derivation of an equation used for calculat-
ing agricultural drain spacing, time, configuration, and soil properties.
An approximate formula is presented by which Hooghoudt's equivalent depth
may be determined to correct for losses due to convergence of flow to the
drains.
REFERENCE: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of
American Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 92, June 1966, po. 1-9.
407
-------
728. SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF PREDICTING FALL OF
WATER TABLE IN DRAINED LAND
by
Herman Bouwer and Jan van Schilfgaarde
Using the steady-state theory and abrupt drainage of pore space, this
method is a good, simple, accurate formula for simple drainage design.
Powever, it is nut as accurate as some other formulas. This procedure is
for predicting rate fall of the water table in ditch-drained and/or tile-
drained land.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1963, pp. 288-291 and 296.
729. TRANSPORT OF POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS IN RUNOFF
WATER FROM LAND AREAS RECEIVING ANIMAL
WASTES: A REVIEW
by
R. Khaleel et al.
Animal wastes deposited on land react as being the most degrading to
the water during a water runoff. The extent of this study was performed on
three samples of land. One being in a feedlot, another being on pasture or
range land, and the third being from cropland and such. The climate, how
the wastes were deposited, and management of the land were taken into con-
sideration during the tine of testing. The passage of nitrogen and phos-
phorus, oxygen compounds, were tasted for the affect the wastes had on them
during a water runoff. The affect on nitrogen and phosphorus did differ in
time of application depending on whether it was winter and spring or in the
summer and Lill. Various things of importance like the method used in
application of the wastes made a difference in the transporting of these
nutrients. Little data has been received over this matter, but further
research will be done.
REFERENCE: Water Research, Vol. 14, 1980, pp. 421-436.
408
-------
730. ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE PRACTICE-
SPECIAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
by
James Levin et al.
Describes the hazardous waste generated and its management in special
industry classes SIC 355, special machinery, and SIC 357, computing and
accounting machinery. Plant distribution, size, age, processes, and pro-
ducts are described. Analyzed types and totals of potentially hazardous
generated wastes are given and estimated for 1977, 1983. Methods are now
used and better alternative methods are discussed.
REFERENCE: EVA- 530/SW-141C, PB 265-981, 1977, pp. 1-230.
731. TOE CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT FACTORS, VIBRATION,
CLINOSTAT AND RADIATION ON ROOT TIP
CELLS OF TRADESCANTIA
by
K. M. Marlmuthu et al.
Four packages of Tradescantlawere constructed. Two of these packages
were earth bound controls subject to: 1. nothing and 2. gamma irradiation
by strontium 85. The other two packages were flown in space and one was
subject to gamma irridiatton in the same manner as the control. The flown
packages were recovered after 2 days and calculations made—flight and non-
flight controls showed no difference in chromosome structure; irradiated
flight package showed higher abnormality than the irradiated nonflight
control. This nuclei adnormality was attributed to a synergistic relation-
ship between the weightlessness and radiation.
REFERENCE: Radiation Research, Vol. 42, 1970, pp. 105-119.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 13, 47, 50, 151, 226, 241,
and 712.
409
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732. DAMAGE INCIDENTS FROM IMPROPER LAND DISPOSAL
by
Emery C. Lazar
The problem of the disposal of hazardous wastes has become a significant
matter of concern due to the growing implementation air and water contamina-
tion control project, ocean dumping bans, and cancellation of pesticide
registration. The end result of these activities has been an increase in
tonnage of land-disposal vastes, with adverse results on public health and
the land. The problem shows its greatest activity in ground water contamina-
tion via leachate, surface water contamination due to runoff, air pollution
from open burning, sublimation,, evaporation and wind erosion, poisoning
through the food chain and by direct contact, and fires and explosions at
land disposal sites. Various case studies demonstrate these problems.
REFERENCE: Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 1, 1975/1976, pp. 157-164.
733. DETECTION OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED
SOMATIC MUTATION IN CHINESE HAMSTERS
by
B. J. Dean and K. R. Senner
A process was tested which detects somatic mutations in organs of
laboratory animals which have been expos**! to carcinogenic and mutagenic
chemicals. Lung cultures of hampsters were studied after an intrapericoneal
dose of a direct acting mutagen and a weak carcinogen were administered. In
each of these cases, cell density was found to be higher in control cultures
than in those with the higher doses. This experiment demonstrated that it
is possible to use conventional cell mutation methods for the induction of
somatic mutation in tissues of intact animals. This method should detect
chemicals which are metabolized in the lungs or in other organs such as the
liver or stomach. This study also hoped to explain some of the problems
with detecting chemical carcinogens by means of in vitro mutation tests.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 46, 1977, pp. 403-407.
For article on related subject see No. 203.
410
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734. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE BASIC
FERTILIZER CHEMICALS SEGMENT OF THE FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
by
Effluent Guidelines Division
This document presents the findings of an extensive study of the ferti-
lizer industry for the purpose of developing effluent limitations guidelines
for existing point sources and standards of performance and pretreatment
standards for new sources to implement sections 304, 306, and 307 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1551, 1314, and
1316, 86 Stat. 816 et. seg.) (the "Act").
The study included a detailed and extensive exemplary plant survey,
contacts with consultants and government officials, and literature search.
The industry survey involved data gathering, sample collection and
analysis, and personal visitation with responsible plant operating personnel
to obtain first-hand information on treatment technology in commercial use
and technology in development and pilot plant stages.
The three main outputs from the study were: industry categorization,
recommendations on effluent guidelines, and definition of treatment tech-
nology. The fertilizer industry was divided into five categories for more
meaningful separation and division of waste water treatment and development
of effluent guidelines. These subcategories are phosphate, ammonia, urea,
ammonium nitrate and nitric acid products. The phosphate subcategory
includes all ancillary operations necessary for phosphate production (e.g.
sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid). Effluent guidelines for best practic-
able control technology currently available, best available technology
economically achievable, and new source performance standards are recommended
for each category.
Treatment technologies such as either in-process or end-of-process add
on units are available or are in advanced development stages to enable
existent and future fertilizer plants to meet the recommended effluent
guidelines.
REFERENCE: EPA, 440/1-74-011-a, March 1974.
411
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735. DISPOSAL OF INSULATION BOARD MILL EFFLUENT BY LAND IRRIGATION
by
A. H. Philipp
This report discusses the use of spray irrigation of insulation board
mill effluent as a method of disposal. To date, the plant has been
thoroughly satisfied with the economics, efficiency and fertilization advan-
tages of this system. One concern was the use of spray irrigation at a high
latitude location. Lou temperatures, especially during the winter months,
do inhibit the use of a spray-type system. This problem was alleviated in
this case by the construction of a series of storage lagoons. The only pro-
blems arising here are initial cost of the lagoons and an odor which is pro-
duced by anaerobic bacterial action which may be controlled by sodium nitrate
addition.
REFERENCE: Journal of Water Pollution Control Fed., Vol. A3, 1971, pp. 1749-
1754.
736. DISPOSAL OF WASTE OIL BY LAND SPREADING
by
B. R. Maunder and J. S. Waid
This report discusses using land spreading techniques for the disposal
of waste cil and fats. Procedures for this process are mentioned along with
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737. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF MULTIJURISDICTIONAL
PROBLEMS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
by
E. Sanderson et al.
Unsatisfactory waste management practices exist, but can not be con-
veniently blamed on the absence of suitable disposal technology. Yet, even
though there are cases with complete lack of regulations, the problems stem
from overlapping jurisdictions, including incompatible or conflicting
requirements. With these levels of government and other agencies in Canada,
this tends to pose a problem. Even in one level of government many of the
departments and agencies have overlapping interests when concerned about the
disposal of wastes. New international agreements like Ocean Pur.ping Conven-
tion increase the demands on land for waste management. Although waste
management has not been a major factor in past land planning, there will be
no hesitation to form management now. Various countries have recognized the
need for waste management planning. A more comprehensive approach can be
adopted by balancing the conflict or healthy economy with acceptable environ-
ment.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
Management, October 1973, pp. 317-326.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 299, 577, and 578.
738. FACTORS IMPORTANT IN THE CALCUATION OF HYDfAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
by
R. J. Kunze et al.
This report discussed the modification of a formula used to calculate
hydraulic conductivity in soils. The primary modification consisted of
extending moisture characteristics and a reduction of the number of pressure
classes. Derived saturated conductivity figures were compared to experimen-
tally gathered data by the use of a matching factor. A number of factors
such as air entrapment and electrokinetics are not included in the formula.
The use of the matching factor, however, can still produce rapid estimates of
hydraulic conductivity.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society American Proceedings, Vol. 32, 1968, pp.
760-765.
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739. THE FLUCTUATION TEST AS A MORE SENSITIVE SYSTEM FOR
DETERMINING INDUCED MUTATION IN L5178Y MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS
by
J. Cole et al.
To analyse spontaneous mutation and the rates involved, a series of
Luria-Delbruck Fluctuation tests were run. These tests were done in order
to compare Ouabain negativity and mouse lymphoma cells of a mouse. In doing
the fluctuation testing, it was found more sensitive and easier to compare
rautagens than most other tests.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 41, 1976, pp. 377-386.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 481 and 483.
740. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE MAKES AN EXCELLENT SLUDGE DEODORANT
by
Peter J. Pountney and James Turner
This report discussed the use of hydrogen peroxide as a chemical treat-
metn method for hydrogen sulfide odor. Previously used methods including
ventilation and chlorination were found to be inadequate methods of treating
this odor. Hydrogen peroxide was found to react chemically with hydrogen
sulfide to break it down into sulphur and water. This method was concluded
to effectively eliminate the unwanted odor. In one project discussed,
hydrogen peroxide was to be used in conjunction with a type of aeration
system to reduce both the odor and the sulfides produced in the plant.
REFERENCE: Water and Wastes Engineering, September 1979, pp. 56-59.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 307, 312, and 321.
414
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741. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATS DIVERSE WASTEWATERS
by
William C. Strunk
This study examines how diverse wastewaters are treated with hydrogen
peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide has been used to treat sludge bulking, to des-
troy phenol as a source of supolemental oxygen, and to oxide a number of
reduced sulfur compounds. When sulfide odors or other suicide compounds
like mercaptons, thiosulfate, and sulfur dioxide are used it deserves evalu-
ation. Hydrogen peroxide can also destroy phenol and free available chlo-
rine. Hydrogen peroxide can be a source of supplemental oxvgen, a control
agent for filamentous sludge bulking or a prevantative for rising sludge
resulting from denitrification. With the proper application of hydrogen
peroxide, it can often effect on improvement or complete elimination of the
problem.
REFERENCE: Industrial Wastes, January/February 1979, pp. 32-35.
742. "INSTANT" WASTES TREATMENT
by
D. J. Molloy
A lagooning and spray irrigation system was developed to solve the
Nestle's instant coffee-tea wastes problems ct their processing plant in
Sunbury, Ohio. After much study on the problem, an unusual approach was
adopted. It provided for satisfactory handling of wash water, blowdown
water, and waste liquid product resulting from the brewing of coffee and
tea. The new method pumped the effluent fron. a sump to r. 750,000 gallon
lagoon where it settles for a certain time period. After this period the
wastes are pumped to a 10-acre tract owned by Nestle. T is distributed to
the land by a spraying device system. Si jdies were done on the affect the
system had on plant life subjected to the effluent spray. Coffee and tea
wastes discolor and, in some instances, kill bushes and shrubbery, but
grasses and other ground cover seem to thrive on It. Trees are also
unaffected. The Nestea plant indicates that the following factors must be
evaluated in a lagoon-spray disposal system: 1. Percolation tests on ground
must be made. 2. The use of aluminum pipe decreased maintenance problems
415
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especially at Joints. 3. Motorized values and timing devices do not serve
the specific purpose. 4. The spray should be confined to the owner's pro-
perty. Detention reservoir must be enough to handle the effluent over the
winter months.
REFERENCE: Water Works and Wastes, Vol. 1, pp. 68-70.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 281 and 283.
743. INTEGRATING ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS INTO WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING
by
B. P. Warkentin and R. N. Yong
This report deals with problems involved when using interconnected,
cyclic ecological parameters in linear engineering action. The ridgeness
of ecological use argues that the natural system should not be changed.
Reasons given are unpredicted side effects that frequently occur, and change
is not wanted. The engineering method is based on factors such as cost/
benefit analysis for the client. This leads to the presumption of disadvan-
tages of factors being external to the analysis. During planning stages,
ecological concerns can be brought into the waste management technology.
Things to consider are the "carry capacity" of the environment and of people,
the policy of land use in relations r.o the cost of land and water luanagement,
other possibilities, and values in relation to external factors contributing
to the economic level. External factors can be changed by altering the
basis of cost per benefit calculation. This would put some demand on chang-
ing attitudes in respect to waste management.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the International Conference on Land for Waste
Management, October 1973, pp. 327-331.
744. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CAUSES AND REMEDIES OF THE UNPRODUCTIVENESS
OF CERTAIN SOILS FOLLOWING THE REMOVAL OF MATURE TREES
by
L. T. Kardos et al.
This study was concerned with controlling the arsenic toxicity of soils
after the removal of mature trees. In nost instances, the application of
ferrous sulfate decreased the soluble arsenic level to relatively low amounts.
Where this treatment failed to significantly increase plant yields, phosphorus
fertilization provided the adequate growth stimulation. Arsenic was found to
be considerably more toxic when existing in the arsenite rather than the
arsenate form.
REFERENCE: Wash. Agric. Exp. Sta. F.ull., Vol. 410, 1941, p. 25
416
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745. IRRIGATION AND LAND DISPOSAL OF PULP MILL EFFLUENTS
by
Russell 0. Blosser and Eben L. Owens
Laboratory soil column testa were used to study the reduction of bio-
logical oxygen demand, removal of color, effects of sodium adsorption ratio
as related to soil dispersion, and effluent pH in pulp mill waste effluent.
A sand loam, silt load, and two clay loans were the soils used. Overall
results concluded that for optimum treatment and soil/vegetation quality,
these guides should be considered: application of less than 200 Ib per acre
per day on these soil types for BOD reduction of 952+, site investigation
for color removal, effluen: pH of 6.5-9.0, and an effluent sodium adsorption
ratio of 8 or less; however, clay soils require a very low SAR to keep soil
deflocculation from occurring.
REFERENCE: Water & Sewage Works, September 1964, pp. 424-432.
746. A LAGOON-GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TO TREAT SWINE WASTE
by
D. M. Sievers et al.
This study was conducted at a finishing house for 200 head of svine.
The study began in March 1972, and continual data was gathered. Different
procedures for diluting sludge and dispersing the wastes were done. Water
war. added to the sludge after finding some two feet of build up of the lagoon
botton. Flume stations were set up in which the flow of sludge passed.
Tests were taken from the flumes to a laboratory in Kansas City, Missouri.
The water samples were refrigerated and then analyzed. Two years later in
August 1974, stainless steel samplers were taken to the site to select soil
for testing. A check was being made to locate any chemical build-up. Some
of the samples identified sodium phosphorus, copper, zinc and arsenic in the
extracts. Nitrate was what determined them in the extracts using INI^SO^.
Further testing was done on the quality of the water in the reservoir and
analyses were taken from the terrace soil
REFERENCE: Managing Livestock Wastes, 1975, pp. 541-548.
For article on related subject see No. 698.
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747. THE LAND AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
by
Joseph S. PIzzuto and Charles VI. Townley
This report discussed several aspects of the land disposal of hazardous
waste. The report first defined hazardous waste and mentioned several dan-
gers of its improper disposal. The use of landfills and their requirements
for proper construction was then discussed. Finally, a number of possible
alternatives to landfill disposal were defined. These alternatives included
rapid-response techniques, incineration and chemical decontaminants. Other
proposals included "waste-to-enurgy plants", temporary holding facilities
and deep-well injection.
REFERENCE: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, March-April 1931,
pp. 79-81.
For article on related subject see No. 607.
748. LAND APPLICATION OF WASTE MATERIALS:
UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
bv
W. P. Martin et al.
Land is currently considered the disposal site for treated and untreated
wastes. Land application of wastes can only be considered in cases where it
lends Itself to good crop, silvicultural and land management practices.
Though a great deal is known about land application of waste materials, many
questions go unanswered. Utilization of waste materials as opposed to dis-
posal has been gaining approval. There are, however, drawbacks to utiliza-
tion through land application. Specific sources of concern are heavy metals,
pathogens, nutrient elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, persistent
organics in herbicides, pesticides and polychlorinated blphenyls, organic
loadings, waste water and heat, radioactive wastes, salinity, and the
possible sacrifice of aesthetic values. A recent suggestion regarding the
above hazards is a soil quality index and an establishment of guidelines to
follow the index.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials Soil Conservation Society
of America, 1976, pp. 300-307.
For articl" on related subject see No. 80.
418
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749. LAND DISPOSAL OF OILY WASTEWATER
BY MEANS OF SPRAY IRRIGATION
by
D. M. Neal et al.
This report examined the effectiveness of land treatment as a form of
oily wastewater disposal. Various application rates affected the soil some-
what, but no harmful effects were found due to the changes. Some of these
minor disturbances were altered organic carbon content, bacterial population
and soil pH. Decreasing bacterial population in columns receiving high
applications may indicate a toxic condition developing. Decreasing pH was
accounted for due to biological activity and the production of organic acids
and alcohols. Financially, the project was a success in that enough by-
products have been salvaged to cover the total project cost.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, 1976, p. 757.
For article on related subject see No. 84.
750. LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTES
by
Raymond C. Loehr
Industrial waste waters can be treated by land treatment means; however,
care is essential to integrate the proposed waste water, potential site
selection, and vegetation in a way that will not produce adverse environ-
mental conditions. The most frequent problems of this nature are leaky dis-
tribution systems, blocked outlets, swamping effect, unharvested vegetation,
direct runoff to water ways, and anaerobic conditions in the soil.
REFERENCE: Wateruse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
pp. 683-6C7.
For article on related subject see No. 60S.
419
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751. MANAGEMENT OF LAND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR ADEQUATE RENOVATION
by
Earl A. Myers
This paper reviewed a Penn State study into the proper nr-iagement of
land treatment disposal systems. The system used is describad in detail,
and results are given from treatment of food processing, cooling water,
sanitary landfill leachate, paper mill, cigar factory, septic tank sludge,
and animal waste. Proper management of such treatment should include ade-
quate size and flexibility of the system as well as having the system managed
by experienced personnel. The report also mentions the management of over-
land flow disposal systems.
REFERENCE: Wateruse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
pp. 664-670.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 34, 88, and 717.
752. OPTIMIZATION OF LAND CULTIVATION PARAMETERS
by
K. W. Brown et al.
Studies on the effect of amending soils with API oil-water separator
sludge were conducted. The purpose was to find what effect the sludge had
on germination and yield of rye grass. This provided information for the
acceptable sludge loading rates and to eliminate mechanisms which affected
plant response. Four soils were mixed by proportion with petrochemicals and
refinery wastes. Following was the application of the mix onto rye grass
and yields and emergence were analyzed. Periodically the soil wettability
was determined. Over a 17 month testing period, eight plant harvest cycles
were completed. Petroleum iiydrocarbons with a concentration as low as 22
v/v decreased the rye grass yield and seemingly through two methods. But
long term impairment stemmed from water, air, and nutrient impairments
related to recalcitrant hydrophobia hydrocarbons. Sludge did suppress emer-
gence and dry matter yield over long periods of time and was according to
the proporation of waste applied.
REFERENCE: EPA Disposal of Hazardous Wastes 6th Research Symposium, March
17-20, 1980, pp. 254-259.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 88, 178, 179, 182, 348, 350,
369, 718, and 727.
420
-------
753. TH!-: OXIDATION PRODUCTS FORMED FROM SOIL ORGANIC
MATTER BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATMENT
by
Yasuo Harada and Akio Inoko
The experiment was concerned with the effect of hydrogen peroxide on
the productit • of oxidation products from organic matter. Testing utilized
several different analytical procedures. After a simulated hydrogen per-
oxide digestion procedure, most carbon present in the original soil had been
removed, while a large percentage of nitrogen still remained. The majority
of the nitrogen still present was in the form of ammonia. Ultraviolet light-
absorbing substances were also found in the oxidation products as oxalic
acid. It was concluded, by one of the methods used, that the vast majority
of oxidation products formed because the hydrogen peroxide treatment was in
the form of oxalates.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Plant Nutr., Vol. 23, 1977, pp. 513-521.
754. PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF SOIL BY VOLATILE
AND NON-VOLATILE ANTISEPTICS
by
Walter Buddin
True partial sterilization has been compared with common antiseptic due
to the initial decrease in bacteria numbers and killing of protozoa and
nitrifying organisms. Larger protozoa were killed abundantly in the cul-
tures submitted by the soil sterilization. The rate of ammonia, production
of ammonia, and productiveness was increased. Sterilization was obtained
only through volatile antiseptics. For a beneficial detection of steriliz-
ation, the tests should be combined. Flora can be influenced by substances
in the soil and simple flora can have high levels of numbers as a general
rule. The intensity of effect from the shades could be detected between the
action of substances used. Increasing the productive capacity of soil can
be done by volatile antiseptics. Those results were from laboratories and
pot culture houses. More information is hopefully going to be obtained
through analysis and more research. The objection of the testing is to find
a species of bacteria which can be subjected to potential poisons and remain
productive and produce pure cultures.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 417-451.
421
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755. PETROLEUM REFINERY SOLID AND SEMISOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES
by
Ronald J. Lofy and Curtis J. Schmidt
This report discussed the various disposal methods presently in use for
the disposal of solid and seaisolid petroleum refinery wastes. Methods such
as landfilling, land farming, lagoons, pits, incineration, and chemical fix-
ation are discussed. Methods and efficiency of each process are included.
The report also gives the percentage of each method in use as well as pre-
dicted waste treatment trends.
REFERENCE: Wateruse—Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference, 1975,
pp. 1172-1175.
756. POINT MUTATIONS INDUCED BY PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS
by
A. Carere
A test was undertaken to determine the mutagenic effects of pharmaceu-
tical drugs. The technique used was a "plate test" in which the suspected
substance is added to a sample of the chosen bacteria. Rest j.ts shoved six
of about one hundred of the drugs tested to be mutagenic. In subsequent
tests, however, results varied.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 29, 1975, p. 235.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 106 and 721.
422
-------
757. PONDING AND SOIL FILTRATION FOR DISPOSAL OF
SPENT SULPHITE LIQUOR PT WISCONSIN
T. F. Wisniewski et al.
The disposal of spent sulphite liquor, which entails carbohydrate anJ
lignin compound control, was discussed. Lagoons, seepage ponds, and irri-
gation procedures were the forms of soil filtration under concern. Easily
fermented carbohydrates were readily decomposed according to general results.
Lignin compounds were not shown to be biologically attacked, but are thought
to be strongly absorbed, especially by colloidal type soils. Undetected
lignin breakdown, although not proven, may occur. The primary concerns of
this type of disposal are not to overload the soil, control flooding, and
protect ground water supplies.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 10th Industrial Waste Conference, 1955,
pp. 480-A96.
For article on related subject see No. 187.
758. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITH L51178Y
TK HETEROZYGOTE MUTAGEN ASSAY SYSTEM
by
Donald Clive
The mammalian cell culture system helps bring together the gulf between
raicrobial systems and whole mammal systems that have been used in mutagenical
studies. Lymphotna cells have been known to retain both raainmalian architec-
ture and certain parts of mammalian metabolism. An interesting quality of
mutagenesis is they emphasize classification as being strong, weak, or of
intermediate potency mutagens. Various hycanthone analogs are being studied,
one of which has put forth possible negligible mutagenicity at levels inhi-
biting growth. Tests are in the process of finding new and safe hycanthone
substitutes for use in the control of schistosmiasis. Mutagens do not attack
in single file but en masse; target cells not being intraperitoneal, but
gonaaal. Here the issue is not only dead fetuses, but an imperceptibly
debilitating numbers, and where Salmonella sapiens do not exist.
REFERENCE: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 6, 1973, pp. 119-125.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 391, 392, 630, and 722.
423
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759. REUSE OF WASTES IN THE PRODUCTION OF GRANULAR FERTILIZERS
by
J. C. Barber et al.
This paper discussed controlling air and water pollution from fertilizer
production plants by reusing waste water. The primary factor in accomplish-
ing this was found to be the production of firm, closely sized fertilizer
granules, using adequate granulation processes. Caking of the fertilizer may
be prevented by formaldehyde applications before granulation.. The control of
unnecessary spills by careful procedures is also mentioned.
REFERENCE: Wateruse—Proceedings o^ the 2nd National Conference, 1975, pp.
1181-1189.
760. RIDGE-AND-FURFOW IRRIGATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL
by
F. H. Schraufnagel
This report discusses 'he use of riclge-and-furrow irrigation for dis-
posing of industrial waste. The ridpe-a.\d-furrow method is one of many types
of land treatmev.t of waste materials. It consists of flooding furrows
between crop rows with liquid waste, wh\ch moves laterally through its ridges
between furrows where the crop is grown. This, as with most land treatment
methcJs, can provide adequate reduction of substances including phenols,
cyanides, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, potassium, and even radioactive
wastes in some cases. Although ridge-and-furrow irrigation displays some
advantages such as operating costs and the ability to operate during winter
months, it has lost much of its use of spray irrigation methods.
REFERENCE: Journal of Water Pollution Control Fed., Vol. 34, 1962, pp. 1117-
1132.
424
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76]. THE SELECTION AND INDUCTION OF 5-IODO-2-DEOXYURIDINR AND
THYMIDINE VARIANTS OF P388 MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS WITH
AGEKTS WHICH ARF USED FOR SELECTION
by
Diana Anderson
5-IODO-2-Deoxyuridine (lUdl), 5-BROMO-2-Deoxyuridine (BUdR), azaguanine,
and pyrinidine thymidine (TdR) have been used to select the variant cells of
mammals that were previously treated with suspected mutagens. Recent obser-
vation and study has revealed that to some extent these selective agents may
act as routagens, thus increasing the frequency of variants or decreasing the
frequency of variants due to non-survival of doubly injured cells. This
phenomenon could involve the metabolic pathways used by a variety of agents
and correspondence between paths used for mutagens or selectors.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 33, 1975, pp. 399-406.
For article on related subject see No. 453.
762. SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL: LANDFARMINO
by
R. L. Huddleston
The spreading of industrial wastes into the upper soil zone goes by many
names; however, landfarming is the officially accepted term by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency and it is the most appropriate term for the
process. Adx-antagcs presented by landfarming are: 1. cost efficiency, 2.
relative environmental safety, 3. recycling waste via natural processes, 4.
simplistic processes '.hat are low-maintenance and less likely to go wrong,
5. possible improvement of fertility and soil structure. This article
describes how land fanning works and which wastes are suitable for land faming.
Also, detailed in this article are the factors that control biodegradation.
Operational steps in landfarming include site selection, site preparation,
waste application, soil-waste blending and post waste addition care.
REFERENCE: Chemical Engineering, February 26, 1979, pp. 119-124.
For articles on related subject see No. 40 and 120.
425
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763. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTES DISPOSAL
by
R. R. Parker
This article is a review of the present spray irrigation techniques for
industrial vaste effluents used in Canada. Most of the techniques deal with
overcoming the climatic problems by Canada's geographical location.
REFERENCE: Canadian Municipal Utilities, 1965, op. 28-32.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 192 and 725.
764. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR WASTEWATEP DISPOSAL
IN SHALL RESinENTAL SUBDIVISIONS
by
T. C. Williams
Portions of a symposium on the land disposal of waste effluent are pre-
sented in this report. It was decided that the discussion should be divided
by the catagorization of wastes into industrial wastes and sewage wastes, and
separate discussion of application procedures, namely spray irrigation. One
topic of concern was the need for secondary treatment of waste before land
application.
A table is given showing the various treatment systems considered along
with the energy requirements of each. The systems included a trickling
filter system, aerated lagoons, anaerobic natural r>ond system and activated
sludge. The energy required per BOD removal was also given.
REFERENCE: National Symposium on Ultimate Disposal of Wastewaters, 1977,
pp. 301-311.
For article on related subject see No. 123.
426
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765. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY WASTES
by
Gerald V, Lawton et al.
The effectiveness of spray irrigation for disposing of dairy wastes was
studied by selecting and building an actual spray irrigation system for a
five plant area. The waste produced contained primarily nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium concentrations. These three elements contributed to the ferti-
lization properties of the effluent. A slight problem was encountered with
excess sodium arising from salt used in the milk processing plant. Although
other values varied widely between plants such as BOD, COD, pH and so on,
spray irrigation still appeared to be a promising alternative for disposing
of waste of this type.
REFERENCE: Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 31, No. 8, August 1959,
pp. 923-933.
766. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL WASTES
by
Richard A. Woodley
This report studies irrigation system as a disposal method of organic
chemical waste. The program included spray spot selection, application time
control, elimination of surface runoff and control of surface ponding. This
system was managed so that total treatment of all applied waste occurred.
Modifications have also been made for operation in sub-freezing weather.
Spray irrigation was concluded as being an effective disposal method for low
volume, high BOD waste waters as long as the application rates varied with
changing conditions such as waste characteristics and moisture and soil con-
ditions.
REFERENCE: Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings, 1968, pp. 251-261.
427
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767. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF VEGETABLE
AND FRUIT PROCESSING WASTES
by
H. G. Luley
This paper discussed the use of spray irrigation for the disposal of
wastes coming from the H. J. Heinz Company. The report concentrated on the
idea that areas previously thought to be poor sites for spray irrigation
usage may be modified to meet requirements. Factors affecting a site suit-
able for spray irrigation include: 1. land slope, 2. soil surface cover,
3. layers of soil, 4. groundwater table depth, and 5. type and amount of
effluent. Data from the two studies done here show tha sucessful adaptation
of spray irrigation to land at both extremes of the accepted design criteria.
One of the problems in this instance was the runoff of liquid into a running
stream.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 35, No. 10, October 1963, pp. 1252-1261.
768. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF WOOD DISTILLATION WASTES
by
R. C. Hickerson and E. K. McMahon
This report discussed the use of spray irrigation as a means of dispos-
ing of wood distillation wastes. The process waste was composed of Lime Lee
and water column waste with a significantly smaller amount of decanter over-
flow waste containing high phenolic concentrations giving the waste most of
its color. Of a number of different types tested, all but alcohol pot resi-
dues and decanter overflow waste were acceptable for spray irrigation pur-
poses. The report includrs design of the spray system and cost. Soil
analysis of irrigated land showed a need for additional fertilization, pri-
marily phosphate, potassium and nitrogen compounds.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 32, No. 1, January 1960, pp. 55-64.
For article on related subject see No. 125.
428
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769. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF CANNERY WASTES
by
L. C. Glide et al.
An extensive research program was conducted to assess the use of spray
irrigation as a means of cannery waste disposal. Measurements were made of
effluent quantity, composition, and hydraulics. The program also consisted
of testing soil storage capacity, nutrient movement, and biological strata.
The procedure showed several advantages including over tertiary treatment
concepts, increased crop production, and increased treatment efficiency. The
report discusses a wide variety of factors concerning spray irrigation as a
treatment and disposal process.
REFERENCE: Journal of Water Pollution Control Fed., Vol. 43, 1971, pp. 2011-
2025.
770. STABILIZATION OF SOIL? BY PHENOLIC ALCOHOLS
by
Yu. V. Pokonova et al.
This report was concerned with the use of phenolic alcohols for stabi-
lizing soils chemically. ct-Chloroethyl ether was the hardener used for this
experiment. The hardening of the phonol was examined using electron micro-
scope procedures. Results showed strong, stable structures being formed.
The use of a-chloro ethers as an experimental hardener produced higher
strength characteristics than previously used hardeners.
REFERENCE: Journal App. Chemistry U.S.S.R., Vol. 46, No. 9, Part 1,
September 1973, pp. 2380-2384.
429
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771. STUBBLE MULCH FARMING
by
T. M. McCalla and T. J. Army
"Stubble mulching" is a system of ctop residue management sweep til-
lage instead of soil inversion. The goals of subsurface tillage is to
leave desirable quantities of plant residue on the surface for soil erosion
control at all tiroes. Managing on this basis requires harvesting, tilling,
planting, and cultivation operations that keep vegetative residue material on
the soil from seeding to seeding. Generally, small grain residue, wheat
monoculture, or limited sorghum residue in a wheat sorghum rotation are used,
although any residue may be used. "Stubble mulching" is applicable to any
cropping system.
REFERENCE: Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 13, 1961, Dp. 125-197.
772. SULFURIC ACID FOR THE TREATMENT OF AMMONIATED IRRIGATION WATER:
IT. REDUCING CALCIUM PRECIPITATION AND SODIUM HAZARD
by
S. Miyamoto and J. Ryan
Ammoniated water was treated with ammonia and sulfuric acid separately.
Theoretical calculations were made to determine calcium precipitation and
potential problems from excess sodium. The ammonia treatment did increase
exchangeable sodium and in some cases reduced water infiltration rates as well
as causing severe calcium precipitation. Sulfuric acid, on the other hand,
reduced exchangeable sodium and calcium precipitation as well as preventing
a decrease of infiltration rates. In light of the data presented, the use of
sulfuric acid in treating ammoniated irrigation water can be beneficial.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society American Journal, Vol. 40, 1976, pp. 305-309.
For article on related subject see No, 413.
-------
773. TREATMENT OF RFFINERY OILY WASTES BY LAW FARMING
by
Robert L. Kuddieston and Jeffrey D. Meyers
Those responsible for the disposal of oily refinerv wastes have become
more and more favorable to landfarmini? as the best neans of disposal of
these wastes.
Depending upon the characteristics of the test areas, a 54 to 67X loss
in oil weight was found over a period of twenty months. It was indicated
by a 19 to 492 total weight of organic compound loss that a significant
amount of the oil had been changed into soil microbial mass or oartlv
degraded organic matter. No leaching of oil total organic compound or
heavy netals was found. The conditions of growth by the plants was not
apparently beneficial by the oil lors rate. The analyses and results are
presented in table form at the end of the article.
RF.FERENCE: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 75, No. 190, 1979,
yp. 327-339.
For article on related subject see Nos. 4, 419, and 423.
774. ULTIMATE LIQUID VASTF. DISPOSAL METHODS
bv
J. R. Conner
This paper presents a general discussion of waste disposal methods.
Ultimate disposal methods can be either storage, transfer, or treatment
processes. Storage methods such as lagooning only retain the waste for
a given period of time until another alternative can be found. Transfer
procedures such as waste burial and hauling wastes to a central lagoon can
be categorized into either retrievable or nonretrievahle methods. Treat-
ment methods are usually the most effective and involve mechanical or physi-
cal dewatering, thermal treatment, or chemical/biological treatment. The
respective uses, effectiveness, and costs of some of these methods are also
mentioned.
REFERFNCE: Plant Engineering, October 19, 1972, pp. 88-92.
For article on related subject see No. 441.
431
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775. AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM
APPLIED VASTEWATER SLUDGE
by
J. A. Ryan and D. R. Keeney
Emphasis is upon che amount of nitrogen present in wastewater slurry.
This nitrogen content when applied to soil is greater than the amount use-
able by the crops. It is known that volatilization can decrease the total
nitrogen of this slurry when air dryed, therefore, decreasing the chance of
excess nitrogen contaminating groundwater. Rates of nitrogen volatilization,
soil factors on volatilization, and application rates are discussed, experi-
mentally tested, and reported on.
REFERENCE: Journal WPCF, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1975, pp. 386-393.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 114 and 138.
776. DETERMINATION OF TRACE HAZARDOUS ORGANIC VAPOR POLLUTANTS IN
AMBIENT ATMOSPHERES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS
SPECTROMETRY/COMPtTTER
by
E. D. Pellizzari et al.
Organic vapors were collected from surrounding air samples from three
different locations. These locations were Houston, Texas; Raleigh, North
Carolina; and Los Angeles, California Basin. Gas chromatography cartridges
were used in gathering these air samples. The vapors were thermally desorbed
and examined with a capillary gas-liquid chromatograph joined with a large
spectrometer. Data was recorded on magnetic tape and brought into affect
the normal quanity spectra and main part fragmentograros. Tne overall back-
ing of hydrocarbons from various automobiles were eventually brought about
from one another, and twenty-one non-metallic chemicals were found. Some
of these halogens were carcinogen vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene.
Others were various oxygens, nitrogens, sulfur and silicon compounds.
REFERENCE: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 6, May 1976, pp. 803-807.
432
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777. A NEW METHOD FOR DECOMPOSITION AND COMPREHENSIVE
ANALYSIS OF SILICATES BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMKTRY
by
Bedrich Bernas
This new method of decomposing igneous rocks is far superior to conven-
tional methods. It utilizes a volatilization loss free teflon decomposition
vessel in which material is decomposed by use of a floric-boric acid matrix.
Being a single step method, there is no need for interfering added chemical
factors. Diagrams, procedures, and results of use are fully explained
therein.
REFERENCE: Analytical Chemistry, 1968, pp. 1682-1686.
778. RAPID ANT« INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR DETECTION OF
POLYCHLORINATED BTPHF.NYLS AND PHTHALATES IN AIR
by
C. S. Giara et at.
Gas chroraatogrsphic packing, a simole, sensitive, and Inexpensive solid
sampling process which Is used to detect phthalate esters, polychloronated
byphenyls (PCBs) and DDT vas described. Since florisil was found to absorb
organic chemicals when exposed to contaminated air, It was used as an air
sampling absorbent. Floricil was very efficient in trapping such substances
as DEGP, DDT, and PCRs. Other organic compounds could also be absorbed and
separated by this method by using various other absorbents or eluant com-
binations. This procedure was found to be successful and could possibly
be used to monitor air in industrial plants and other working areas.
REFERENCE: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 47, November 1975, pp. 2319-2320.
433
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779. WHAT HAPPENS TO HERBICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT?
by
J. B. Weber et al.
Herbictdes are no longer a subject of agricutural interest, but are now
a concern for today's ecologically oriented society. A sordid picture of
herbicides has been painted by the press. This article is intended to pro-
vide ini'h.ration concerning herbicides and the environment. It discusses
the forces that act on herbicides such as biological decomposition, chemical
decomposition, and photodecomposition. Six transfer processes are also
discussed. These are absorption and exudation by plants and animals;
retention in vegetation and then transference in harvested products; adsorp-
tion by soil particles; movement through the air and into the atmosphere;
surface runoff of herbicides into bodies of water; and movement through the
soil. None of the processes above can be isolated since all are closely
interrelated. The transfer processes are usually reversible and in dynamic
equilibrium with the system.
REFERENCE: Weeds Today, Winter 1973, po. 16-17 and 22.
For article on related subject see No. 203.
434
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780. DAMAGE INCIDENTS FROM IMPROPER LAND DISPOSAL
by
Emery C. Lazar
, The problem of the disposal of hazardous wastes has become a significant
matter of concern due to the growing implementation air and water contamin-
ation control projects, ocean dumping bans, and cancellation of pesticide
registration. The end result of these activities has been an increase in
tonnage of land disposal wastes with adverse results on public health and
the land. The problem shows its greatest activity in ground waste conta-
mination via leachate, surface water contamination due to runoff, air pollu-
tion from open burning, sublimation, evaporation and wind erosion, poison-
ing through the food chain and by direct contact, and fires and explosions
at land disposal sites. Various case studies demonstrate these problems.
REFERENCE: Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 1, 1975/1976, pp. 157-164.
435
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781. CHWUCAL MONITORING OF SOILS
by
Dale E. Baker and Leon Chesnin
The objectives of this article are to consider aspects of environ-
mental quality in which soils may serve as sources of sinks for toxic sub-
stances in air, water, and the food chain: and to look over and interpret
methods and concepts essential in soil chemical monitoring. The article
deals with these oblectives through discussions covering soil pollution
sources, soil and water composition monitoring, methods of chemical analy-
sis, monitoring of macroelements, monitoring of microelements, toxic trace
elements and organometallic complexes and recommendations for further
research. Each discussion covers specific subtopics: 1. soil pollution
source-agricultural pollutants and soil erosion, animals wastes, industrial
and municipal wastes, 2. soil and waste composition monitoring-total compo-
sition results, labile concentrations and ionic activities, and bioassay
techniques for chemical monitoring of soils, 3. methods of chemical analysis-
precision and accuracy and instructional methods, 4. monitoring of macro-
elements—soluble salts, nitrogen-nitrite, nitrite, ammonia—and nitro-
domines, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Monitoring
of microelements—boron, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, iodine,
selenium, cobalt, fluorine, vanadium, nickel, and lithium; and toxic ele-
ments, organometrallic complexes—cadmium, lead, nickel carbonyl, antinony
beryllium, mercury, and arsenic.
Numerous tables are included for a better understanding of each dis-
cussion.
REFERENCE: Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 27, 1975, pp. 306-374.
436
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782. PARTIAL STERILIZATION OF SOIL BY VOLATILE
AND NON-VOLATILE ASTISF.PTICS
by
Walter Buddln
True partial sterilization has been compared with common antiseptic due
to the initial decrease in bacteria numbers and killing of protozoa and
nitrifying organisms. Larger protozoa were killed abundantly in the cul-
tures submitted by the soil sterilization. The rate of ammonia, production
of ammonia, and productiveness was increased. Sterilization was obtained
only through volatile antiseptics. For a beneficial detection of steriliza-
tion, the tes^s should be combined. Flora can be influenced by substances
in the soil and simple flora can have high levels of numbers as a general
rule. The intensity of effect from the shades could be detected between the
action of substances used. Increasing the productive capacity of soil can
be done by volatile antiseptics. Those results were from laboratories and
pot culture houses. More information is hopefully going to be obtained
through analysis and more research. The objection of the testing is to find
a species of bacteria which can be subjected to potential poisons and remain
productive and produce pure cultures.
REFERENCE: Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 16, 1914, pp. 417-451.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 1, 176, 225, 281, 322, 369,
717, and 753.
437
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783. STUDIES ON ENVIORNM&NTAL CONTAMINATION RY URANIUM
3. EFFECTS OF CARBONATE ION ON URANIUM ADSORPTION'
TO AND DESORPTION FROM SOILD
by
T. Yamamota et al.
Previous testing was done on various soils for the affect uranium had
on them excluding the carbonate ion factor. Three soils including alluvial,
sandy, and volcanic ash soils were air dryed and exposed to carbonate ions.
The uranium adsorbed into the soil was at about 1007. Vranyl mixtures of
1-50 yg Uranium/ml combined with carbonate solution of 4.3-109 ug Carbon-
ate3~/ml were the ratio used for adsorption in the soil. Soils absorbed
with uranium were washed five times as part of the experiment. The water
was distilled and passed through Buchnew Funnel with a paper filter known
as Toyo. Desorptlon experiments were done on three water samples taken from
the Yoshii River and two streams known as the Ikego and the Nakatsugo. With
uranium soil adsorbing from 7.1-500 vg Uranium/g and carbonate ions ranging
from 4.3-43.3 ug/ml, it caused the desorption level to be lowered in the
soils adsorbing uranium at the precent of 1.2%.
REFERENCE: Journal of Radiat. Res., Vol. 14, 1973, pp. 219-224.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 419, 514, and 723.
438
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784. A DOUBLE TUBE METHOD FOR MEASURING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
OF SOIL IN SITU ABOVE A WATER TABLK
by
Herman Bouwer
Methods used to find in situ in saturated soil is not easily perfected
in the above-the-water-table. In this instance, a method of measuring
hydraulically the conductivity in in situ in soil is presented. Essentially,
the process takes place in a saturated section of soil. An auger hole is
drilled in which two concentric tubes are placed. Measurements are based on
the rate of change and the water level of the inner tube. The flow between
the tubes are separated due to continued intake of water in the soil.
Because of different water levels, dimensionless parameters were used to
measure the water levels. These parameters were designed for three types
of soils, a uniform soil and soils underlain with components of lower and
higher conductivity. As a variable the depth of material with different
conductivity was selected.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 25, 1961, pp. 334-339.
785. EFFECT OF LONG TERM LAND DISPOSAL BY SPRAY IRRIGATION
OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES ON SOM? CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL AND SUBSURFACE WATER
by
D. C. Adrian et al.
Subsurface waters of two varieties, perched and groundwater, were
monitored at daily and monthly intervals. These waters were taken from two
Irrigated land disposal sites of food processing waste waters. Samples of
soil profiles were taken up from depth of up to 6.6 meters. Calculated
inputs of 487 kg/ha of total nitrogen and 101 kg/ha of soluble orthophosohate
were taken from cannery wastes yearly from site one. From site two, 562,
kg/ha total nitrogen and 522 kg/ha orthophosphate were selected and
analyzed, Nitrate ranged in subsurface waters at 7 to 16 ppm from the first
site. Groundwaters from site two ranged from 2 to 41 pom. Nitrate was
analyzed as stable in percolation streams below root zone level. While
major irrigation input was carried out, nitrate was found in levels above
439
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public health standards in the surface waters. Passing environmental stand-
ards was PDA on a regular basis except when discontinued during the winter.
Residual accumulation rate in soil could have been lowered by harvest removal
to help materially extend the life of these systems.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1975, pp. 242-
248.
786. ft TECHNIQUE USING POROUS CUPS FOP. WATER SAMPLING
AT ANY DEPTH IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE
by
Warren W. Wood
This paper describes an improved design of the Parizck-Lane system that
allows the collection of water samples at any certain depth, saturated or
unsaturated. A check value in the cup assembly prevents pressurization of
the porous cup. This type of structure allows an entire collection at any
depth without the loss of samples. An improvement over past designs is
illustrated by a detailed description of construction and operation.
REFERENCE: Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1973, pp. 486-488.
For article on related subject see No. 6.
787. TRANSIENT-FLOW CONCEPT IN SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE:
ITS VALIDITY AND USE
by
Lee D. Dumn
Bv addin p. the more accurate details of a curved water table surface to
the basic transient-flow theory, a substantial increase in the agreement of
computed values to measured values of water table height and drain spacing
was attained. This report cites comparisons done in Australia, Canada, and
Arizona in which the measured values were in close agreement with the pre-
viously computed values for those places.
REFERENCE: Transactions of the ASAE, 1964, pp. 142-146 and 151.
For article on related subject see No. 519.
440
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788. MOVEMFJJT OF PROMKTRYNE THROUGH CONGAKEE
SOIL INTO GROUND WATER
by
K. S. LaFleur et al.
The movement of prometryne, a type of herbicide, through the soil and
into a shallow groundwater table was determined. The chemical was monitored
In both the soil and the ground water for 16 months. Upper layers of the
soil consistantly retained higher concentrations of the substance than the
layers below them. Infiltration into the water table was discovered two
months after the initial prometryne application. Data concerned with the
experiment included rainfall, pore volumes, runoff and drainage. A post-
experiment check found no prometryne concentrations in the ground water
after a period of 20 months.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1975, op. 132-
133.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 41, 479, and 482.
789. NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
by
A. Andreoli et al.
Croundwater contamination was the result of nitrates in individual
septic tank leaching systems located in Suffolk county. The groundwater is
the main water supply for inhabitants up to 1,300,000 people. Thij study
was used to eliminate nitrate-nitrogen from the wastewaters. A design was
constructed and placed in the soil below leaching in the field. The con-
struction was in the shape of a pan In the form of an impermeable membrane.
After injecting methanol as a denitrification in the pan, a year of evalu-
ating was begun. Following the year of tests, the system had functioned
well. The nitrate-nitrogen was below public health level. These results
show the system can be developed for use of removing nitrates from subsur-
face wastewater disposal systems.
REFERENCE: Prog. Water Technology, Vol. 12, 1980, pp. 967-976.
For article on related subject see No. 440.
441
-------
790. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS.I.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOMF METABOLIC PRODUCTS FROM AROCLOR 1242
by
Klaus L. E. Kaiser and Paul T. S. Wong
Aroclor 1242 was introduced to a lake water bacterial cultural to assess
the bacterial degradation of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) oresent.
Positive degradation was shown even at high concentrations. A number of
metabolites were identified through the use of combined pas chromatographic/
mass spectrometric analysis. Of these metabolites, no chlorine content was
found at all.
REFERENCE: Bull, of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 11,
No. 3, 1974, pp. 291-296.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 217, 224, 226, 227, and 522.
791. BIODEGRADATinN OF PETROLEUM IN SEAWATER AT LOW TEMPERATURES
by
R. M. Atlas and R. Bartha
Samples of polluting oils were taken from cold ocean water and tested
for the intensity of biodegradation present. The samples were treated with
petroleum and stored in incubation of temperatures 5 through 20°C. The low
temperatures caused lags and slow degradation with biodegradation. Ouanti-
tative gas was used along with CO2 to monitor biodegradation and allow for
analysis to take place. The lag periods were changed when a different
sample was used rather than fresh petroleum. A form of weathered petroleum
was applied, snd the results from this procedure proved low temperatures
caused a slow down in biodegradation.
REFERENCE: Canadian Journal of Microbial, Vol. 18, August 21, 1972, pp. 1851-
1855.
442
-------
792. DEGRADATION OF 2,4-D AND ATRA7.INE AT THREE SOIL DEPTHS IN THE FIELD
by
T. L. Lavy et al,
(2,4-dtchlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-chloro-4-(ethylaraino)-
6-(isopropylamino)-5-tri-azine (atrazine), which are synthetic organic com-
pounds, were added to soils from 15, 40, and 90 en. The amended soils were
then replaced into the original fields at their original depth. At inter-
vals of 5, 17, 29, and 41 months, rates of degradation for both compounds
were taken. Aerobic degradation of 2,4-D was rapid at all depths in both
soils; however, atrazine degradation decreased over time as depth increased.
REFERENCE: Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1973, pp. 132-
137.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 50, 232, 234, 238, 244, 246,
250, 260, 263, 264, 265, 267, 470, 471, 472, and 541.
793. ENUMERATION OF PETROLEUM-PEGPADING MICROORGANISMS
by
J. D. Walker and R. R. Colwell
This experiment dealt with counting petrole'-n degrading microorganisms
and determining the medium necessary for the optimum growth of the petroleum-
degraders. The ideal medium consisted of certain percentages of oil and
phenol red along with funpizone, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Tempera-
ture also affected the growth of the microorganisms studied. It was found
that a certain yeast medium could be successfully used to isolate petroleum-
degrading yeasts and fungi.
REFERENCE: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 31, No. 2, February
1976, pp. 198-207.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 276, 278, and 475.
443
-------
794. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYI.S
(rCBs) AND SOIL MICROFUNGI. EFFKCTS OF AROCLOR-1254
AND OTHFR PCBs ON ASPRRfilLLUS FLAVTTS CULTURES
by
M. A. Murado et al.
Polychlorinated biphenyls as xar.obiotic compounds have a large environ-
mental spread. The study was conducted in ordtr to find results concerning
PCB and biochemical affects on living things. Results show accumulation,
metabolism, toxicological and distribution data needs to be studied further,
out thesu four characteristics are important to 'PCR. During incubation PCB
did not change rnetabolically, but induced growth in cultures. Aroclor found
in the incubation had a high magnitude of 1232 and a low of 1260. This was
a result only if the microorganisms were grown in a liquid culture of 25 ppm
Aroclor series of 32, 42, 48, 54, and 60 percent chJorine.
REFERENCE. Pollution Environmental Contamination Toxicology, "ol. 15, 1976,
pp. 768-775.
For articles on related subject see Kos. 302, 315, 320, 330, and 332.
795. MERCURY-RESISTANT BACTERIA AND PETROLEUM DEGRADATION
by
J. D. Walker and R. R. Colwell
This paper looks at samples collected in Colgate Creek, which is located
in Baltimore Harbor of Chesapeake Bay, from the samples of concentration of
mercury in water and sediment, and the oil extracted from water and sediment
"as determined. The samples showed the concentration of mercury in the oil
to 4,000 times higher than in sediment, and 300,000 times higher than in
water samples. The oarer suggests that in a heavy metal-enriched environ-
ment, mercury and those heavy metals soluble in oil may concentrate in the
°il, and the mercury-resistant microorganisms present in the mercury-rich,
oil-laden samples are. capable of utilizing oil.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, Vol. 27, No. 1, January 1974, pp. 285-287.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 337 and 717.
444
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796. MICROBIAI. DEGRADATION OF MODEL
PETROLEUM AT LOW TEMPERATURES
by
J. D. VJalker and R. R. Colwell
Model petroleum was used to determine the extent of petroleum degrada-
tion by bacteria, yeasts and fungi. Numbers of degrading organisr-,8 are
associated with the benzene-extractable concentiation. Degradation was
related to temperature of the environment, especially low temperatures and
to the type of number of microorganisms in the original sample.
REFERENCE: Microbial Ecology, Vol. 1, 1974, pp. 63-95.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 340, 350, and 351.
797. ROLE OF EXCRETED CHLORTETRACYCLINE IN MODIFYING THE
DECOMPOSITION PROCESS IN FEEDLOT WASTE
by
C. Keith Elmund et al.
A concern about water and air pollution b -ought about in feedlots
started this study. Changes from outside sffects can alter the state of the
feedlot. Outside weather, temperatures, tho nutrients given to the animals
are examples of a few conditions. Reports have found antibiotic supplements
can increase weight gain, conversion of feed in aninal and produce-a healthy
stable animal. Drugs induced into an animal's system can cause unhealthy
conditions for the animals as well as the public. These conditions break
down the decomposition that naturally take place in a digestive system.
Therefore, the excretions may be less biodegradable. This all results in
environmental pollution expectation.
REFERENCE: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 6,
No. 2, 1971, p. 129.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 35, 94, 352, 353, 355, 356,
357. 377, 389, 390, 391, 498, 654, 719, and 723.
445
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798. A THRENODY CONCERNING THE BIODEGRADATIOM
OF OIL IN NATURAL WATERS
by
G. D. Floodgate
Microbial degradation of oil in the marine ."nvironraent can be defined
by the degradation of a complex and variable mixture of hundreds of sub-
strates by unknown mixed populations of microorganisms in an erratically
changing medium. Biodegradation is not the only means by which oil is
changed chemically.
The author describes several experiment designs and the problems that
come with each.1 These designs are experiments that approach an ecological
problem strictly from a biochemical point of view. A description of various
advantages and disadvantages of several experimental methods are given. The
methods mentioned are the batch culture raethod and continuous culture tech-
niques. A lengthy description tells of interpretation of data. These are
also approached with an advantage-disadvantage perspective.
The main emphasis in concluding this article is on the need for a
broader ecological approach to the problem of oil degradation and for an
increase in the study of the problem.
REFERENCE: The Microbial Degradation cf Oil Pollutants, 1973, pp. 17-24.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 190, 191, 413, 428, 453, and
770.
446
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799. LANDFARMING SHOWS PROMISE FOR REFINERY WASTE DISPOSAL
by
H. E. Knowlton
Landfarming in a safe and effective method of disposal of many organic
petroleum wastes. Oily sludges and biosolids (from less than 200 to more
than 600 bbl/year/acre) are spread several inches thick and cultivated at
regular intervals to provide oxygen.
A landfarra site should be chosen carefully so that it can be controlled
and limited from surrounding environments as much as possible. However,
when a landfarm site is monitored and controlled properly (oil content,
nutrient content, and pH regulated), this can be a very effective disposal
technique.
REFERENCE: Oil and Gas Journal, May 14, 1979, pp. 108-116.
For article on related subject see No. 129.
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800. MEASUREMENT OF PHTHALATE ESTERS IN MARINE A7.R
by
C. S. Giam et al.
A detailing of the sampling, analysis, and evaluation of polyurethane
foam, araberlite XAD-2, and florisil as absorbents to concentrate atmospheric
phthalate ester plasticizers in marine atmospheres. As a result of several
trial', the high-volume polyurethane-foam/glass-fiber-filter absorbent
showed the best characteristics for sampling with a relatively small margin
of error.
REFERENCE: Proceedings of the Ath Joint Conference on Sensing of Environ-
mental Pollutants, 1977, pp. 188-190.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 20, 21. 22, 28, 170, 175, 203,
444, and 698.
801. 1977 SCREENING SURVEY FOR MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC PRIORITY
POLLUTANTS IN PETROLEUM REFINERY WASTEWATERS
by
F. M. Pfeffer
This report describes the involvement of the Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory in screening petroleum refinery effluents for
priority pollutants by the EPA's sampling and analysis procedures of March
1977.
REFERENCE: Symposium Measurement of Organic Pollutation in Water/Wastewater,
ASTM STP 868, 1979, pp. 181-190.
448
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802. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT:
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION BY CHROMATOGRAPHY, VISIBLE
ULTRAVIOLET, AND MASS SPECTROMETRY
by
Walter Giger and Max Blumer
This is a report of a continuous study into the origination and fate
of hydrocarbons in nature. Methods for isolation, fractionation, and
analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental samples such
as soils and rear-shore marine sediments are discussed also.
REFERENCE: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 12, 1974, pp. 1663-1671.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 376 and 718.
803. THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF FOUR PESTICIDES IN TAP
WATER AND WATER FROM FLOODED RICE PADDIES
by
K. W. Brown et al.
Each year in the United States flooded rice fields are sprayed with
pesticides. Four of the pesticides tested for static bioaosy were propanil,
toollnate, carbonfuran and carbaryl. The toxicity was present in tap water
and floodwater and caused death of fish when the water found in draining
channels reached the fish. The toxic limitation median of 96 hours was
tested in tap water with perspective of the four pesticides. The results of
field applied pesticides were lower in the water from fields in whirh the
residual levels of pesticides had been applied. In addition,
pesticides located in the fielrt water were more toxic than that found in the
tap water. There were differences present in carbofuran determined by static
flow and an intermittent flow. The difference existed in tap water, but not
in field water. In conclusion, all but molinate were similar or greater
than the 96 hour value concentration.
REFERENCE: Western Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 14, 1979, pp. 49-
54.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 36, 126, 197, 519, 705, 707,
and 708.
449
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804. ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION OF BENZIDINE AND ANILINE
BY KONTMORILLONITE AND HECTORITE
by
T. Furukawa and G. W. Brindley
A number of calculations were caken from benzidine and aniline adsorp-
tion in aquei us hydrochloride solutions. The solutions took in sodium, cal-
cium, and lithium of displaced cations that were inorganic. Adsorption of
benzidine increased the pH when under controlled conditions. Species
involved were mainly at a pH level of < 3-2. Coloring was used as a bene-
fictal factor in testing when compared to adsorption data. Blue coloring
appeared more effective on hectorite when dissolved oxygen on H202 was used.
Yellow was used more under acid conditions.
REFERENCE: Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 21, 1973, pp. 279-288.
805. A COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS METHODS FOR
HYDROCARBONS IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS
by
J. W. Farrington and B. W. Tripp
This experiment compared three procedures for extracting hydrocarbons
from surface sediment samples. The methods, 1. methanol: benzene Soxhlet
extraction with hydrochloric acid pretraatment, 2. without hydrochloric acid
treatment, and 3. alkaline hydrolysis extraction, all showed similar extrac-
tion characteristics. Analysis of portions of the extracted hydrocarbons
showed a wide ringe of hydrocarbons including biogenic types. All three
techniques studied appeared to be adequate meaas of hydrocarbon extraction.
REFERENCE: Marine Chemistry, 1575, pp. 267-284.
For articles on related subject see No. 143, 444, 531, 536, 538, and
775.
450
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806. A COMPARISON OF FOUR METHODS FOR
MEASURING RESPIRATION IN ORGANIC MATERIAL
by
Keith Van Cleve et al.
Infrared gas analysis (i.r.g.a.), gas ohromatography (g.c.), KOH
absorption of carbon dioxide (b.a.), and the Gilson respirotneter were the
four methods that were compared for the measurement of respiration of birch
forest-floor organic matter prepared in an uniform manner. While the mois-
ture level was kept constant, estimates of respiration were made at a con-
stant temperature and at variable temperatures. The i.r.g.a. and b.a.
methods were high, the Gilson method was intermediate, and the g.c. method
i'as low in the estimates of respiration. Estimates for the g.c. were low
durt to the closed system used.
The minimum sensitivity at 25°C of the g.c. and the Gilson were 3.8 and
3.6 ug of carbon dioxide, respectively. The minimum sensitivity of the b.a.
method, 44 ug of carbon dioxide, might have been improved by using a micro-
liter burette for titrations. The least minimum sensitivity aquired with
the i.r.g.a. was 0.31 ug of carbon dioxide. Certain conditions must be
maintained in order to avoid adverse effects when estimating respiration.
REFERENCE: Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol. 11, 1979, pp. 237-246.
807. DETERMINATION OF ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS
by
J. S. Warner
Chemical ionization mass spectroraetry, a process wi..ch can detect very
low levels of hydrocarbons in marine organisms, was used to test for ali-
phatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in large quantities of marine organisms.
This process was primarily concerned with determining the aromatic type.
Three fractions were found: a saturated fraction, a mono- and dlaromatic
fraction, and a triaromatic fraction. Olefinic hydrocarbons, which are
451
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frequently present in marine samples, were found with the aromatic hydro-
carbons in fractions 2 and 3 according to the amount of saturation. These
hydrocarbons were found to be good petroleum indicators.
REFERENCE: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 48, March 1976, pp. 578-582.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 5, 466, and 561.
808. A DOUBLE TUBE METHOD FOR MEASURING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
OF SOIL IN SITU ABOVE A WATER TABLE
by
Herman Bouwer
Methods used to find in Situ in saturated soil is not easily perfected
in the above-the-water-table. In this instance, a method of measuring
hydraulically the conductivity of in situ in soil is presented. Essen-
tially, the process takes place in a saturated section of soil. An auger
hole is drilled in which two concentric tubes are placed. Measurements are
based on the rate of change and the water level of the inner tube. The flow
between the tubes are separated due to continued intake of water in the soil.
Because of different water levels, dimensionless parameters were used to
measure the water levels. These parameters were designed for three types of
soils, a uniform soil and soils underlain with components of lower and higher
conductivity. As a variable the depth of material with different conductiv-
ity was selected.
REFERENCE: Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 25, 1961, pp. 334-339.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 24 and 474.
809. INCORPORATION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS INTO AGAR MEDIA
by
J. N. Baruah et al.
Eraulsifiers can be used to disperse liquid hydrocarbons in an agar
media. However* they are unstable in autoclaving, and by developing sub-
strates or influencing the microorganism, they cause inaccurate test results.
Now hydrocarbons can be incorporated into agar media by first adsorbing
hydrocarbons into silica gel, and then mixing the silica with the agar media,
which produces a homogeneous, translucent agar in which colony formations
can easily be seen.
REFERENCE: Applied Microbiology, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1967, p. 961.
For articles on related subject see Nos, 6, 31, 77, 165, 168, and 313.
452
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810. INVESTIGATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
BY REVERSED PHASE HPLC
by
L, Szepesy and M. Czencj:
This article investigates the use of high-pressure, high performance
liquid chromatography. This method gives a better separation and can even
be used to prefraction complex samples for further analysis. It also has
new possibilities for specific selectivity of aromatic compounds because of
th«i use of reverse phase packings.
REFERENCE: Periodica Polytechnia, Vol. 24, No. 2-3, 1980, pp. 123-137.
For article on related subject see No. 794.
811. METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WASTES 1978
by
John F. Koop, Gerald McKee
This is the third edition of analyzation procedures used by EPA labor-
atories for examining ground or surface water, domestic and industrial
waste effluents. It provides tests procedures for physical, inorganic, and
selected organic particulates.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/4-79/020, PB-297-686, 1979, pp. 1-A63.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 886, 343, 688, and 800.
453
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812. A MODUL FOR THE TRANSPORT OF PESTICIDES IN SOIL WITH DIFFUSION-
CONTROLLED RATES OF ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION
by
M. Leistra
A simulated model of the downward movement of a pesticide in soil was
utilized to study diffusion-controlled rates of adsorption and desorption.
Lateral transportation occurred by diffusion through a soil region with a
stagnant liquid phase. Pesticide concentration was significantly affected
by rapid lateral diffusion, while shorter diffusion distances had a weaker
influence. Mobility was closely related to the initial soil condition
being highest when beginning in a mobile region.
REFERENCE: Agriculture and Environment, Vol. 3, 1977, pp. 325-335.
For article on related subject see No. 447.
813. POT CULTURE EXPERIENCE
by
J. A. Voelck.
This paper covered several different areas related to the application
of various substances to crops and soils.
The first experiment studied the influence of four salts on wheat
plants. Zinc and copper salts were found to be stimulating at low levels,
but toxic as larger applications were applied. When manganese and cerium
salts were added to wheat, no significant change was found in plant growth
or plant yield.
The second experiment compared lime to magnesium in soils. These
studies showed that a higher ratio of lime to magnesium in the soil was
beneficial to plants whereas a lower lime ratio was detrimental.
The third experiment analyzed sulfur as a fertilizer which resulted in
no significant effects on the growth of a variety of crops.
454
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The final study consisted of determining the effects of lithium phos-
phate and magnesia on the tomaf- plant. Both substances when added to the
soil were found to be toxic to the plants used.
REFERENCE: Journal Royal Agr. Soc. (England), 1913, pp. 411-422.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 109, 777, and 802.
814. PREDICTED BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS AND SOIL SORPTION
COEFFICIENTS OF PESTICIDES AND OTHER CHEMICALS
by
Eugene E. Kenaga
To calculate soil sorption, equations were used on the coefficients and
bioconcentration components including 358 compounds. Pest;cides were mea-
sured mostly from known water values. Experiments were done for the highest
values of bioconcentration factors that could be calculated, and values were
possible to find. The highest value of bioconcentration factors was found
in chemicals retaining water solubility of less than 0.1 ppm. In comparison,
the coefficients are also located in low water solubility. Some 10% of the
bioconcentration factor values exceeded 1000, and in order to find the
environmental importance, it should be experimentally confirmed. Thirty
percent of the coefficients were also over 1000. To calculate the values in
water is a simple situation that is useful for estimation of partitioning in
soil and in animal tissues. This is good in order of possible prevention of
potential hazards. In conclusion, the low solubility in water prevents a
good indication between insecticides and herbicides.
REFERENCE: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 4, 1980, pp. 26-38.
815. A RAPID METHOD OF EVALUATING DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS
AS INHIBITORS OF UREASE ACTIVITY IN SOILS
by
L. A. Douglas and J. M. Bremner
This method involves determining the extent to which a test compound
will inhibit urease activity in a soil sample. The extent is evaluated by
colormetric determination, and the method can be adapted to study the rate
of inactivation of urease inhibitors in soils.
REFERENCE: Soil Biol. Biochem., Vol. 3, No. 4, 1971, pp. 309-316.
455
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816. WASTE WATER RENOVATION THROUGH SOIL PERCOLATION
by
Matt K. John
A study was done on effluent renovation by soil percolation. This
involves the leaching of secondary effluent through three differing soil
types: fluvial depositet soil, glacial lake-shore soil, and marine
deposited soil. Analyses in 22 leachate collections showed that the
influence of varying soil properties, and the effects of continuous use
were the mechanisms o-f the removal of phosphorus. Renovations of effluent
phosphorus occurred most with percolation through acidic Milner soils
(marine deposited) which are high in aluminum and iron. Squilex soil
(fluvial) removed more phosphorus from the first leachings due to its higher
exchangeable calcium content. Over a long terra, Glenmore soil (glacial
lakeshore) proved to be the better of these two alkaline soils. Levels of
leachate N03-N were found tc be lower than original N03-N effluent. Through
all three soils, N03~N enrichment lasted during effluent percolations.
Cations that accumulated caused effluent concentrations to lower in the
Milner soils.
REFERENCE: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 3, 1974, pp. 3-10.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 126, 208, 404, 427, and 515.
456
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817. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY ASSISTS ARMY
SEARCH FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES
The U.S. Army is utilizing aerial photography to supplement their
search for hazardous waste sights which the array has left behind in the past.
Aerial photographs are used in conjunction with historical imagery; other
governmental archives and army records are in search for these sites.
Magnified steroscopic viewing and photo enlargements are sorr.e techniques
used to make identification of various objects of areas easier. This method
provides an alternative for determining specific areas of potential danger
which cannot easily be determined from the ground.
REFERENCE: EPA, October 1982, pp. 1-4.
810. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE
This report discusses the use of aerial photography for emergency
response. The EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory helps the
Agency in providing photography services around the clock to EPA response
teams in the emergency areas of a chen.ical fire and spills of hazardous sub-
stances into the environment. Aerial photography provides a quick overview
of the existing problem; they are tailored to the specific needs of each
incident. A study of aerial photographys shows information on conditions at
the site such as the location and extent of visible spillage, vegetation
damage, and potential transport of chemicals via drainage conduits. Aerial
photographs also provide information of safety planning, including popula-
tion evacuation and reoccupancy and determination of a control area.
REFERENCE: EPA, December 1982, pp. 1-3.
819. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY HELPS ASSESS SEPTIC SYSTEMS
Aerial photography can be used in assessing failures in septic systems.
Aerial photographs are taken with color and infrared caueras, then studied
under powerful stereoscoptic techniques. An analyst using these techniques
can pin-point the indicators of septic system failures. False indicators
that do not correspond to system failure can also be distinguished.
REFERENCE: EPA, 1982, pp. 1-4.
457
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820. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TO SUPPORT CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
This paper discusses the use of aerial photography to support chemical
exposure assessments. Aerial photography has been used in studies on the
environmental impact of industrial facilities, coal extraction, septic tank
failures, hazardous waste sites, and wetlands development. They are also
using aerial photography to improve approaches to monitoring air, water,
soil, food, and other environmental pathways in order to assess the degree
and extent of chemical exposures to man. Aerial photography has been used
before in projects such as pollutant leakage into waterways or aquifers used
for drinking water supplies and the proximity of pollutions to chemical
spills and explosions. But recently, efforts are being made to link aerial
photography capabilities in a systematic manner with the design of exposure
monitoring networks. Several ways in aerial photography have already proven
to be an extremely useful and cost-reducing tool in efforts to monitor our
exposure to toxic chemicals in our environment.
REFERENCE: EPA, October 1981, pp. 1-4.
821. AIRBORNE REMOTE SENSING
by
Glenn E. Schweitzer
Three types of airborne surveyirg are described: multispectral scan-
ning, lasers survey, and aerial photography. Multispectral scanning records
radiant energy reflected by the ground surface that has been split into 11
different wave lengths corresponding to ultraviolet through infrared on the
electromagnetic spectrum. Laser fiuorosensing records the intensity of
laser induced fluorescence, -which is directly proportional to the concentra-
tion of chlorophyll-a or -dissolved organic carbon in the surface layers of
a body of water. Laser "Uders" record time delays between laser firing and
the return of back-scattered light from laser pulse interaction with air-
borne particles and droplets in an aerosol layer. Aerial photography can be
used to identify hazardous waste sites and contamination of areas by hazard-
ous materials.
REFERENCE: Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1982, pp.
338a-346a.
458
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822. SEEING is BELIEVING
This paper discusses the use of an instrument called Enviro-Pad for
aerial photographic imagery. The device consists of two cameras set at
different angles which are designed for mounting on light aircraft. The
device provides an efficient means by which information on waste disposal
areas can be obtained. This instrument produces economical, high-resolu-
tion images of the desired area. Use of these instruments can be arranged
by state or local officials in cooperation with the EPA.
REFERENCE: EPA, 600/4-82-056, July 1982, pp. 1-4.
823. USING ^tftlAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR LOCATING AND
INVESTIGATING HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
This report discusses th? use of aerial photography of hazardous waste
sites. This imagery is used to locate and describe various waste sites.
Aerial photographs are used to supplement other sources of information
including historical photographs and data. Classifications are made from
this information into such categories as liquid waste dirposal sight, active
landfills, and unidentifiable scars. Emphasis is made on potential dangers
to residences and the environment. Aerial photography provides an efficient
means of documenting a wide variety of data on waste disposal sites.
REFERENCE: EPA, September 1981, pp. 1-4.
459
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824. THE FLUCTUATION TEST AS A MORE SENSITIVE SYSTEM FOR
DETERMINING INDUCED MUTATION IN L5178Y MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS
by
J. Cole et al.
To analyse spontaneous mutation and the. rates involved, a series of
Luria-Delbruck Fluctuation tests were run. These tests were done in order
to compare Ouabain negativity and mouse lyraphoma cells of a mouse. In
doing the Fluctuation testing, it was found more sensitive and easier to
compare ntutagens than roost other tests.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 41, 1976, pp. 377-326.
For articles on related subject see No. 254, 731, and 732.
825. POINT MUTATIONS INDUCED BY PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS
by
A. Carere
A test was undertaken to determine the mutagenic effects of pharmaceu-
tical drugs. lf.'he technique used was a "plate test" in which the suspected
substance is added to a sample of the chosen bacteria. Results showed six
out of about one hundred of the drugs tested to be mutagenic. In sub-
sequent tests, however, results varied.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 29, 1975, p. 235.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 60, 478, and 733.
460
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826. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITH L5178Y
TK HETEROZYGOTE MUTAGEN ASSAY SYSTEM
by
Donald Clive
The mammalian cell culture system helps bring together the gulf between
microbial systems and whole mammal systems that have been used in mutagenical
studies. Lymphoma cells have been known to retain both mammalian architec-
ture and certain parts of mammalian metabolism. An interesting quality of
mutagenesis is they emphasize classification as being strong, weak, or of
intermediate potency mutagens. Various hycanthone analogs are being studied,
one of which has put forth possible negligible mutagenicity at levels inhi-
biting growth. Tests are in the process of finding new and safe hycanthone
substitutes for use in the control of schistosmiasis. Mutagens do not attack
in single file but en masse; target cells not being intraperitoneal, but
gonadal. Here the issue is not only dead fetuses, but an imperceptably
debilitating numbers, and where Salmonella sapiens do not exist.
REFERENCE: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 6, 1973, pp. 119-125.
827. THE SELECTION AND INDUCTION OF 5-IODO-2-DEOXYVRIDINE AND
THYMIDINE VARIANTS OF P388 MOUSE LYMPHOMA CELLS vJITH
AGENTS WHICH ARE USED FOR SELECTION
by
Diana Anderson
5-IODO-2-Deoxyuridine (lUdR), 5-BROMO-2-Deoxyuridlne (BUdR), azaguanine,
and pyrimidine thyroidine (TdR) have been used to select the variant cells of
mammals that were previously treated with suspected mutagens. Recent obser-
vation and study has revealed that to extend these selective agents may act
as mutagens, thus increasing the frequency of variants, or decreasing the
frequency of variants due to non-survival of doubly injured cells. This
phenonmenon could involve the metabolic pathways used by a variety of agents
and correspondance between paths used by mutagens or selectors.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 33, 1975, pp. 399-406.
461
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828. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES FROM LONG-TERM
LAND APPLICATION OF MUNICIPAL EFFLUENTS
by
T. D. Hinesly et al.
This report contains the results of various chemical analyses performed
on soil and plant samples collected from sewage effluent disposal sites
during March 1975 at Bakersfield, California and at Lubbock, Texas in June
1976. At both sites approximately 16 ragd of effluent is applied daily
throughout the year on land used for the production of row and forage crops.
Parts of both farms have been annually irrigated with sewage effluent for
more than 35 years. Except for changes in phosphorus concentrations, soil
chemical properties were not markedly affected by sewage effluent irriga-
tions. Long-term irrigations with sewage effluent have caused very little
change in the chemical composition of plants grown on the disposal sites.
From the few data available, it appears that long-terra disposal of
sewage effluent on farm land may have caused unacceptable concentrations of
nitrates in groundwaters. This problem could be easily corrected at both
sites by storing effluent during winter months. With adequate storage
facilities, effluent applications could He regulaued so that nitrogen inputs
were in balance with nitrogen uptake by ^»op plants. If they were managed
to remove nitrogen, soils at both sites have potential capacities for
removing contaminants from wastewaters for many more years.
REFERENCE: EPA, 430/9-78-003, June 1978, PP. 1-31.
For articles on related subject see Vos. 1, 65, 714, 731, and 733.
462
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829. LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER:
HOLLISTER, CALIFORNIA, RAPID INFILTRATION SITE
by
Charles E. Pound et al.
After a one year sampling and analysis program period, the rapid Infil-
tration treatment technique in use at this site was found to be effectively
reducing: chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total oxygen
demand, nitrogen, and fecal coliform. Trace elements were not removed as
well as other effluent constituents, but only lead exceeded drinking water
limits for waste water and for shallow groundwater aquifer. Full project,
operations, and analyses descriptions are included.
REFERENCE: EPA-600/2-79-084. 1978, pp. 1-149.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 67, 75, 79, and 739.
830. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WITH L5178Y
TK HETEROZYGOTE MUTAGEN ASSAY SYSTEM
by
Donald Clive
The mammalian cell culture system helps bring together the gulf between
mlcrobial systems and whole mammal system that have been used in mutagenical
studies. Lymphoma cells have been known to retain both mammalian architec-
ture and certain parts of mammalian metabolism. An interesting quality of
rautagenesis is they emphasize classification as being strong, weak, or of
intermediate potency mutagens. Various hycanthone analogs are beir.g studied,
one of which has put forth possible negligible mutagenicity at levels inhi-
biting growth. Tests are in the process of finding new and safe hycanthone
substitutes for use in the control of schistosmiasis. Mutagens do not attack
in single file but en masse; target cells not being Intraperitoneal, but
gonadal. Here the issue is not only dead fetuses, but an imperceptably
debilitating numbers, and where Salmonella sapiens do not exist.
REFERENCE: Envircnmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 6, 1973, pp. 119-125.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 91, 100, 102, 103, 108, 112,
113, 109, and 825.
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831. THE SELECTION AND INDUCTION OF 5-IODO-2-DEOXYURIDINE AND
THYMIDINE VARIANTS OF P388 MOUSE LYMPHOHA CELLS WITH
AGENTS WHICH ARE USED FOR SELECTION
by
Diana Anderson
5-IODO-2-Deoxyuridine (lUdR), 5-BROMO-2-Dcoxyuridine (BUdR), ar.aguanine,
and pyrinidine thymidlne (TdR) have been used to select the variant cells of
mammals that were previously treated with suspected mutagens. Recent obser-
vation and study has revealed that to extend these selective agents may act
as mutagens, thus increasing the frequency of variants, or decreasing the
frequency of variants due to non-survival of doubly injured cells. This
phenonmenon could involve the metabolic pathways used by a variety of agents
and correspondance between paths used by nutagens or selectors.
REFERENCE: Mutation Research, Vol. 33, 1975, pp. 399-406.
For articles on related subject see Nos. 115 and 117.
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832. COST COMPARISONS OF TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
ALTERNATIVES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES—VOLUME I
by
Warren G. Aansen and Howard L. Rishel
Unit costs are estimated for 16 treatment and 5 disposal techniques
applicable to hazardous wastes from the organic chemicals, inorganic chemi-
cals, and electroplating and metal finishing industries. Each technology
was evaluated by unit process or modules, and computer-linked models
developed for calculating capital and operating costs at the unit process
level. Costs were aggregated at the technology level including applicable
indirect costs and maintenance costs. Data files were designed to indi-
cate economies of scale for 5 levels of through put. Life cycle average
unit costs are presented in both tabular and graphic form.
REFERENCE. EPA-600/2-80-188, December 1980.
For articles on related subject see Noa. 132 and 133.
833. PLANNING FOR LAND-BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
SOME ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
by
Maurice Baker and Lee A. Christensen
The use of air and water for disposal of wastes from production and
consumption is no longer acceptable. One of the alternative means of dis-
posal is land disposal. Decisions concerning utilization and disposition
of residual wastes is influenced by a large number of variables.
This article discusses the economics related to waste management in
terms of cost analyses, externalities, government actions, materials flow,
Joint products, and stock and flow resources. Means for attaining environ-
mental goals are by a legal-regulatory approach and an economic incentive
approach. Opportunity costs will influence whether a residual will be used
i.» a production process. Some objectives of land application are minimizing
waste treatment costs, disposing of wastes in an environmentally acceptable
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manner supplying nutrient or water requirements of crops and recharging
ground aquifers. Some options for institutional structures discussed are
acquisition and management options, fee simple acquisition, less than simple
and contractual agreements. Thare is a long discussion of a decision frame-
work for considering land application and a discussion of cost of land appli-
cation systems.
REFERENCE: Land Application of Waste Materials Soil Cons. Soc. of America,
pp. 278-288.
For articles on related subject see Nor. 71, 83, 87, and 391.
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