CWT 10-4
Report on
POLLUTION OF THE
INTERSTATE WATERS
of
LAKE CHAMPLAIN
AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHEAST REGION
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT CENTER
Edison, New Jersey 08817
November 1968
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REPORT ON
POLLUTION OF THE INTERSTATE WATERS
OF
LAKE CHAMPLAIN
AND ITS
TRIBUTARIES
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHEAST REGION
NORTH ATLANTIC WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT CENTER
Edison, New Jersey
November 1968
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"Lake Champlain is, as you are aware, an interstate body of
water and its resources are of great importance to the States
of Vermont and New York. In order that these resources may
be conserved it is necessary that the purity of its waters be
maintained. Therefore a determination of the present condi-
tion of the lake, the effect of the wastes which are being
poured into it, and the conditions which are likely to arise
in the future if present practices with reference to waste
disposal are continued is highly desirable."
Excerpt from a letter dated March 31, 1904, to the Director of the United States
Geological Survey from the Honorable John G. McCollough, Governor of the State
of Vermont, requesting an examination of the water of Lake Champlain.
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INTRODUCTION
On the basis of a written request from the Commissioner of the Vermont
Department of Water Resources, and on the basis of reports, surveys, or studies,
in accordance with Section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.), the Secretary of the Interior called a conference in
the matter of pollution of the interstate waters of Lake Champlain and its
tributary basin (New York-Vermont).
This report is based on recent studies conducted by the Department of the
Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in addition to data
obtained from other Federal, State and local agencies.
We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Vermont Department of
Water Resources, the New York State Health Department and the Lake Champlain
Study Center of the University of Vermont.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION iii
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS viii
I. BASIN CHARACTERISTICS 1
Description of Area 1
Climate 1
Topography 1
Geology 1
Hydrology 2
Hydrography 2
Economy 3
II. WATER USES 5
Water Supply ,5
Recreation 5
Bathing 5
Boating 5
Sport Fishing 6
Waterfowl 6
Navigation 6
III. SOURCES OF POLLUTION 7
Municipal Waste 7
Industrial Waste 7
Federal Installations 8
Septic Tanks and Cesspools 9
Stormwater Overflow 9
Recreational Boating 9
Other Pollutional Problems 9
IV. WATER QUALITY 10
Temperature 10
Dissolved Oxygen 11
Bacteria 11
Suspended Solids 13
Nutrients 13
Color and Transparency 14
IV
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Page
V. POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS 15
State Programs 15
Interstate Program 16
Construction Grant Program 17
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 18
APPENDICES
A. NEW YORK STREAM CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification - Lake Champlain and Interstate Tributaries
B. VERMONT STREAM CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification - Lake Champlain and Interstate Tributaries
C. DATA, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION SURVEY OF
LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AUGUST 1968
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TABLES
Following
Number Page
1-1 Population Growth and Projections 1960-1990,
Lake Champ la in Drainage Basin ........ 4
1-2 Distribution of Employment by Major Economic
Sector, 1967, Lake Champ la in Drainage Basin . U
1-3 Distribution of Selected Industries, Plants
and Employment, 1967, Lake Champ la in Drainage
Basin .................... 4
II-l Lake Champ la in, Municipal Water Facilities . . 6
III-l Municipal Waste Sources, Lake Champ la in Drain-
age Basin .................. 8
III-2 Industrial Waste Sources, Lake Champ la in Drain-
age Basin .................. 8
V-l Federal Grants for the Construction of Sewage
Treatment Works, Lake Champlain Basin .... 17
A-l Water Pollution Abatement Schedule, Municipal
and Industrial Waste Sources, New York,
Lake Champlain Basin ............. Appendices
B-l Water Pollution Abatement Schedule, Municipal
and Industrial Waste Sources, Vermont, Lake
Champlain Basin ............... Appendices
C-l Data, Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration Survey of Lake Champlain, August 1968 Appendices
VI
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FIGURES
Following
Number Page
1-1 Major Streams and Drainage Basin Boundaries,
Lake Champlain Basin ............. 2
1-2 Political Boundaries and Location of Selected
Cities, Lake Champlain Basin ......... 4
1II-1 Lake Champlain, Municipal and Industrial Waste
Sources ................... 8
III-2 Lake Champlain, Municipal and Industrial Waste
Sources ................... 8
IV-1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1), Lake Champlain Profile,
Whitehall -Rouses Point, 5 Ft. Deep Stations . . 11
IV-2 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1), Ticonderoga Creek Area,
Chipman Point to Five Mile Point, 5 Ft. Deep
Stations .................... 11
IV-3 Total Coliform (#/100 ml), Lake Champlain Profile,
Whitehall -Rouses Point, 5 Ft. Deep Stations . . 13
1V-4 Total Coliform (#/100 ml), Ticonderoga Creek Area,
Chipman Point to Five Mile Point, 5 Ft. Deep
Stations .................... 13
IV-5 Fecal Coliform (#/100 ml), Lake Champlain Profile,
Whitehall -Rouses Point, 5 Ft. Deep Stations . . 13
IV-6 Bottom Conditions, Ticonderoga Creek Area. ... 13
IV-7 Color (Pt-Co Units), Lake Champlain Profile,
Whitehall -Rouses Point, 5 Ft. Deep Stations . . 14
IV-8 Transparency (Inches by Secchi Disc), Lake
Champlain Profile, White ha 11 -Rouses Point,
5 Ft. Deep Stations .............. Ik
C-l Lake Champlain -Champlain Canal Water Quality
Survey, August 19-26, 1968, Sampling Stations . Appendices
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The waters of Lake Champla in, from the Champla in Canal in the south to
the Canadian Border to the north, and that portion of its tributary basin which
affects the Lake, receive the discharge of treated and untreated wastes from
industries, municipalities, a Federal installation, individual septic tanks and
cesspools, recreational and commercial boating, and agricultural and land drain-
age.
2. As a result of these discharges the interstate waters of Lake Champlain
and its tributaries are polluted by the presence of bacteria, solids, oxygen
demanding material and nutrients. In addition, some of these waters are affected
by the accumulation of bottom sludge deposits and floating sludge masses. This
pollution limits the use of these waters for such activities as recreational bath-
ing, boating and general aesthetic enjoyment. Bacterial contamination, in par-
ticular, presents a health hazard to persons using these waters.
3. Pollution of interstate waters subject to abatement under Section 10 of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, occurs in Lake Champlain:
(1) in the vicinity of Ticonderoga Creek, as the result of the discharge of
untreated waste from the Village of Ticonderoga and from the International paper
Company plant; and (2) near Whitehall, as the result of the discharge of raw
sewage from the Village of Whitehall.
4. As the result of discharge of untreated industrial waste, several areas
of Lake Champlain contain extensive sludge deposits. The major deposits center
near the mouth of Ticonderoga Creek, and are due mainly to the discharge of
untreated paper mill wastes from the International Paper Company.
5. Both New York and Vermont have adopted water quality standards for Lake
Champlain which have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior. Under these
standards, orders have been issued or voluntary construction schedules estab-
lished by the respective States for the abatement of all major waste sources,
including those sources listed in Item 3 above. These schedules call for construc-
tion of remedial facilities by 1970, with the following exceptions:
Port Henry, N. Y. April 1972
Willsboro, N. Y. April 1972
Rouses Point, N. Y. April 1972
Swanton, Vt. January 1972
Alburg, Vt. June 1971
Missisquoi Specialty Board,
Sheldon Springs, Vt. December 1972
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Water quality standards and criteria for both New York and Vermont shall
be compatible. Existing standards shall be adjusted to permit use of these
waters for water supply with adequate treatment, water contact recreation, and
propagation of fish and wildlife. Water quality at the State line shall meet
the following requirements:
Vlll
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a. Dissolved Oxygen - not less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
b. Temperature - The temperature of the epilimnion shall not be
raised more than 3°F. above that which existed before the addition of heat of
artificial origin. The increase shall be based on the monthly average of the
maximum daily temperature. No discharges are to be permitted in the hypolim-
nion.
c. Bacteria - Fecal coliform shall be used as the indicator organism
for evaluating the microbiological suitability of recreational waters. As deter-
mined by multiple-tube fermentation or membrane filter procedures and based on
a minimum of not less than five samples taken over not more than a 30-day period,
the fecal coliform content of primary contact recreation waters shall not exceed
a log mean of 200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10 percent of total samples during
any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml.
2. All waste treatment facilities shall remove not less than 85 percent
BOD at all times. Adequate disinfection shall be provided as necessary to comply
with the water uses established by the State, interstate and Federal water
quality standards.
3. Studies shall be carried out and completed by September 1, 1969 to
determine the extent of sludge deposits, the need for removal, and if the sludge
deposits are to be removed, the ultimate disposition of the sludge and the
estimated cost of removal.
4. Schedules for construction of remedial facilities, established by the
States under the water quality standards and approved by the Secretary of the
Interior, shall be maintained (See Par 5, Summary and Conclusions).
IX
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I - BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
Description of Area
This report is concerned primarily with the waters of Lake Champlain. The
Lake Champlain drainage basin is bounded on the north by the Canadian Border, on
the east by Lake Memphremagog and the Connecticut River basin, on the south by
the Hudson River basin, and on the west by the St. Lawrence River basin. The
maximum length of the Basin is 115 miles from the summit of the Champlain Canal
at lock ff9 near Fort Edward, New York, north to the Canadian Border. At its
greatest width, the Basin reaches 105 miles from the Saranac Lakes in the west
to the Winooski River headwaters in the east. From South Bay to the Canadian
Border, the boundary line between the States of New York and Vermont lies within
Lake Champlain. (See Figure 1-1).
Climate
The area around Lake Champlain has long, cold, and snowy winters, relatively
short, moderate to hot summers, and transitional seasons of highly variable
weather. The average annual air temperature is about 45 degrees Fahrenheit.
Temperatures range from below zero in the winter to above 90 in the summer. The
annual average precipitation is approximately 37 inches with a maximum of 46
inches and a minimum of 27 inches for the 25 years of record. Generally the
precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year.
Topography
Lake Champlain and its surrounding lowlands are in the Champlain section of
the St. Lawrence Valley Physiographic Province, which is a part of the Appala-
chian Highlands. Lake Champlain is in the northern part of the great trough
which extends from New York Harbor to the St. Lawrence River. With the Adiron-
dack Mountains to the west and the Green Mountains to the east, it lies in a low
valley which is narrow in the south and gradually widens to approximately 25
miles near the Canadian Border. The surrounding lowlands are characterized by
sparse hills and low mountains. Adjacent to the eastern and northwestern shores
the land is relatively flat. In the southern part, the western shore is flanked
by the rugged Adirondack Mountains, some of which rise out of Lake Champlain.
Geology
The predominant geological features in the immediate vicinity of Lake
Champlain are the eastern Adirondack Mountains of New York, and the Champlain
Valley of New York and Vermont. Most of the eastern Adirondacks is underlain by
metamorphic and igneous rocks of pre-Cambrian age. The northern end of the pre-
Cambrian metamorphic core of the Green Mountains crops out near Middlebury,
Vermont. The rest of the Basin is underlain by sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age.
The bedrock of the eastern Adirondacks consists mainly of gneisses, feld-
spars, quartzites, hornblend and crystalline limestone. Commercial deposits of
non-titaniferous magnetite, feldspar, wallastonite-garnet, quartz and graphite
are present.
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The bedrock of the Champlain Valley consists principally of limestone, dolo-
mite, shale and sandstone. In Clinton County, New York, the bedrock is mostly
Potsdam Sandstone which has been quarried for building and curb stones. The
Chazy and Blackmantown limestones are quarried and used for crushed stone and in
the manufacture of lime.
In the Vermont section of the Valley, the limestone, dolomites, shale and
sandstones are metamorphosed. Marble quarries are located at Proctor and West
Rutland. South of Burlington, limestone is quarried and crushed.
Most of the bedrock is covered by unconsolidated surficial materials consist-
ing of glacial till, aqueo-glacial deposits and alluvium. Glacial till covers
much of the upland areas and valley walls. Most major stream valleys have aqueo-
glacial deposits, which are a source of commercial sand and gravel. Along Lake
Champlain and in a few stream valleys are found deposits of glacial lake clay.
Hydrology
The drainage area of the Lake Champlain basin in the United States is approxi-
mately 7,700 square miles. Selected hydrologic characteristics for those tribu-
tary streams having a drainage area in excess of 250 square miles are shown below.
Stream
Poultney River
Otter Creek
Winooski River
Lamoille River
Missisquoi River
Great Chazy River
Saranac River
Ausable River
Bouquet River
Lake George
Dra inage
Area in U.S.
(sq. mi.)
261
941
1,065
716
867
300
614
518
278
262
Minimum
Average Daily
Annual Flow
Flow 1964 WY
(cfsm)* (cfsm)*
Years
of
Record
Waterway
Length
(mi.)
2.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.0
1.3
.02
.18
.04
.11
.13
.06
.15
.25
.12
.05
36
48
36
35
48
36
48
54
41
22
39
105
90
84
88
47
60
55
49
45
cfsm - cubic feet per second per square mile
On the basis of the average annual flows in streams tributary to Lake
Champlain, the average runoff in the Basin is about 22 inches per year or a
little more than 60 percent of the precipitation. Lake Champlain discharges
into the Richelieu River which flows northward into the St. Lawrence River.
Hydrography
Lake Champlain is long and narrow, having a length of 107 miles and a maxi-
mum width of about 12 miles. The surface area of the Lake and its contained
islands is 473 square miles. The longitudinal axis of the Lake is generally in
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CANADA
NEW YORK
VERMONT
MAJOR STREAMS AND
DRAINAGE BASIN BOUNDARIES
LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NORTHEAST REGION
Figure 1-1
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a north to south direction. The Lake can be classified into three major water
bodies: (a) the South Lake; (b) the Main Lake; and (c) the Northeast Arm.
The South Lake is that portion of Lake Champlain from the southern end of
South Bay to Crown Point. It comprises approximately five percent of the surface
area and 0.5 percent of the volume. This extremely narrow portion of the Lake
is shallow, with depths generally less than 25 feet.
The Main Lake extends from Crown Point to the Richelieu River in Canada.
It is bounded on the west by the mainland of New York State and on the east by
the mainland of Vermont and the west shore of a string of islands extending
north from Malletts Bay. This section comprises approximately 60 percent of the
surface area and 82 percent of the volume of Lake Champlain. It ranges in depth
from 20 feet in the extreme northern and southern ends, to greater than 350 feet
in the south central portion near Split Rock Point.
The Northeast Arm lies east of the string of islands that divide the Lake
north of Malletts Bay. It consists of three bodies of water; Malletts Bay,
Missisquoi Bay and the large open waters between, all of which are virtually
separated from the Main Lake. These bodies comprise approximately 35 percent of
the surface area and 17 percent of the volume of Lake Champlain. Depths range
from less than 20 feet in the north to more than 100 feet in the central portion
and in Malletts Bay.
The levels of Lake Champlain are prescribed by order of the International
Joint Commission which was originally established by the Boundary Waters Treaty
of 1909 between the United States and Great Britain. These levels are main-
tained at a maximum of 95.5 feet and a minimum of 93.0 feet during the naviga-
tional season, April through December, and 92.5 feet for the rest of the year.
Lake levels are measured at Rouses Point, New York, and refer to mean sea level
and a 1929 datum.
Economy
Although Lake Champlain has approximately 500 miles of shoreline, only five
widely separated communities with populations greater than 1,000 have developed
on the Lake. Burlington, Vermont, with a population of 33,155 and Plattsburgh,
New York, with a population of 20,172 are considered the only major urban centers.
These cities serve as focal points for much of the commercial, industrial, and
cultural activity throughout the drainage basin. An additional 30 communities in
the population range 1,000 to 20,000 are dispersed throughout the Basin with the
majority located in Vermont. However, since more than one-half of the Basin's
inhabitants reside in rural and non-farm areas of less than 1,000 population, the
Basin is characterized as primarily rural. Figure 1-2 shows the political bound-
aries and location of selected cities in the Lake Champlain basin.
Based on the most recent government population estimates, the total number
of inhabitants in the Lake Champlain drainage basin was 406,300 in 1966 (see
Table 1-1). This represents an increase of 23,000 or six percent since the last
decennial census in 1960. The Basin's most heavily industrialized counties,
Chittenden, Vermont (urban center, Burlington) and Clinton, New York (urban
-------
center, Plattsburgh) accounted for somewhat more than 70 percent of the popula-
tion rise recorded for the entire drainage basin. These demographic changes
within the Basin point up the increased demand for factory, service, and other
technical and professional employment categories which are largely oriented
around urban centers.
Population projections, prepared by the New York State Office of Planning
Coordination and the Vermont State Planning Office, anticipate that the New York
and Vermont sections of the Basin will realize moderately accelerating growth
through the eighties and nineties. Based on present population trends, the New
York portion of the Basin is expected to reach 191,000 by 1990, an increase of
30 percent over the 1960 level. The Vermont portion of the Basin, which is devel-
oping at a markedly faster pace, is expected to reach 346,000 by 1990, an increase
of 46 percent over the 1960 level. It is anticipated that population growth in
the Basin will take place primarily in and around the urban centers of Burlington,
Vermont, and Plattsburgh, New York.
The economy of the Basin has developed substantially because of its natural
resources. These resources have been a major factor in supporting the paper,
woodworking and mining industries located in the Basin. State and Federal tour-
ist data indicate that there is an accelerating demand for participation in the
Basin's aesthetic environment through travel and recreational activities.
An analysis of the employment patterns in the Basin, as shown in Table 1-2,
shows a relatively well diversified economic mix of manufacturing, trade and
service activities. Together, these employment sources account for more than
four-fifths of the Basin's covered labor force. In the three year period 1964
to 1967, employment in manufacturing advanced one-third to a record level of
36,000. Nearly all of this growth took place in Vermont. The New York section
of the Basin accounts for only 30 percent of all factory workers. Table 1-3 con-
tains further data relative to the number of plants and employment for selected
industries.
Service industries are third among the fastest growing of the Basin's major
economic sectors. About half of the 22,000 people in this expanding sector are
involved in activities catering to tourism and recreation through employment
in hotels and lodging facilities, amusement and recreation centers. Employment
gains at amusement and recreation facilities in Vermont and the results of a
special study of recreation in the State illustrate that an accelerating demand
for participation in outdoor activities is underway in that section of the Basin.
The private and State expansion of recreation and tourist facilities which has
been taking place in the New York section of the Basin indicates that a similar
trend may be underway there as well.
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TABLE 1-1
FOFDUTICN GROWTH AND PROJECTIONS, 1960-1990
LUCE CHAHPLUN DRAINAGE BASIN
STATE AND «
(Percent Within 1
NEW YORK STATE
Clinton
Essex
Franklin -
Warren
Waahlngton -
NEW YORK STATE
VERMONT STATE
Addlson
Caledonia -
Chittenden -
Franklin
Grand Isle -
La Mollle -
Orange
Orleans
Rutland
Waahlngton -
VERMONT STATE
BASIN TOTAL
nun
jake Bi
0.9
96.7
90.li
1U.8
13.b
66.0
SDB-TI
60.7
98.8
3.5
12.3
100.0
100.0
100.O
100.0
12.2
22.2
100.0
99.9
SUB-TO1
: : : : : : Percent
: : I960 : : 1966 • : Change
lain) : : Population : : Population : : 1960-1966
m
70,336 75,b26 ! 7.2
31.911 31,730 . - 0.6
6,601 6,512 . - 0.9
5,913 6,325 I 7.0
32.000 32.670 . 2.1
HAL Ili6,76l 152,693 I b.O
!
19,828 20,8b7 ! 5.1
870 970 I 11. h
2,807 2,6b5 I - 5.8
7b,b25 85,700 | 15.1
29,b7b 28,200 . - b.3
2,927 3,200 . 9.3
11,027 12,100 . 9.7
1,955 2,086 I 6.7
b,b7b b,285 . - b.2
US, 890 U8.800 : 6.3
b2.82U UU.7SS . b.S
PAL 236,501 253,588 \ 7.2
383.262 U06.281 ' 6.0
: 1980 :
: Population :
91,500
33,500
6,800
7,300
32.700
171,800
23,700
1,100
3,300
lOU.OOO
36,000
3,500
13,000
2,200
5,300
58,000
50.900
301,000
un.soo
Percent
Change
1960-1980
30.1
5.0
3.0
23.5
2.2
17.1
19.5
26.U
17.6
39.7
22.1
19.6
17.9
12.5
18.5
26.b
18.9
27.3
23.1
: : : Percent
: 1990 : : Change
: Population : : 196O-1990
;
103,800 ! b7.5
35,000 . 9.7
7,500 I 13.6
8,200 I 38.7
36.000 j 12.5
190,500 ! 29.8
|
26,700 ! 3b.6
1,300 I b9.h
3,700 I 31.8
123,000 . 65.2
Ul.OOO I 39.1
b.OOO . 36.7
lb,000 . 27.0
2,bOO i 22.8
6,000 : 3b.l
67,000 '. U6.0
56.900 J 32.9
3b6,000 ! U6.3
536.500 ! bO.O
Population figures tar I960 and 1966: D. S. Bureau of Census, I960; Current Population Reports, Eatlnatea of the Population of Counties
1966, Series P-25, No. U01; New lork State Statistical yearbook, 1967, New Tork State Office of Statistical Coordination, 1968; Population
Projections for 1980 and 1990: Demographic Projections for Hew York State Counties, New Tork State Office of Planning Coordination, 1968;
Vernunt Population Projections, Vermont Central Planning Office, 1968.
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TABU 1-2
DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT BT MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTOR, 1967
LAKE CHAMFUIN DRAINAGE BASIN
Counties in
the Lake Chanplaln .
Dralnara Basin ^J
MEtf YORK
Percent Employed by
Sectors
Clinton
Essex
Franklin
Washington
SUB-TOTAL, 1967
SOB-TOTAL for 196U
VERMONT
Percent Employed by
SBC tore
Addison
Chlttenden
Franklin
Qrand Isle
La Mollle
Orleans
Rutland
Washington
SOB-TOTAL, 1967
SOB-TOTAL for 196k
BASH TOTAL - 1967
BASIN PERCENT 0? TOTAL
EMPLOYMENT
: Employment
: All Sectors
;
1
• 100.0
: 10,252
: 6,1,96
: 5,923
8.678
31,31,9
: 28,167
.
=
!
: 1OO.O
1 b,356
: 27,llkl
: b,b36
: 1,80
2,101,
: 3,631,
13,661,
i 68,366
: 51,318
'• 99,715
• 100.0
: Agriculture, :
: Forests, :
i Fisheries :
;
i
1 0.3
• 30
: 13
22
• _3S
100
98
i
!
: 0.2
19
s 75
6
•
: 111
: 7
31
• 18
: 170
: 159
'. 270
0.2
MlnlnR •
3.5
252
826
_k
1,107
1,119
l.b
li
97
_
Ui
175
315
J03
938
71,2
2,01,5
2.1
Contract
Construction
5.2
799
216
232
_37b
1,621
1,027
k.8
129
1,1.50
116
35
100
155
721,
601
3,310
1,913
li,931
1.. 9
• Manufacturing
35.li
2,31,5
1,71.3
1,816
5.195
11,099
10,1,38
35.9
2,217
9,013
1,881,
351
1,66
1,1,70
5,330
3.791.
21,, 525
16,1,51
35,62k
35.7
: Transportation
: Activities
5.2
810
220
29b
_291
1,615
1,590
5.6
21,9
1,598
252
3
117
131,
889
_583
3,825
3,1,61
S.kkO
5.5
Retail-Wholesale
Trade :
27.5
3,31.7
1,56k
1,926
1.778
8,615
7,81,8
S3.1
6kl
6,1.75
1,20k
62
61,5
798
2il3i
15,766
13,0k8
|yai
21,. 5
Finance,
Insurance,
Real Estate
3.2
385
230
230
168
1,013
982
5.1
126
1,319
128
6
78
78
560
1.178
3,k73
3,1OO
k.k66
U.5
: Service :
; Activities :
19.5
2,23k
1,676
1,390
Bob
6,10k
5,0b5
23.5
966
7,31.0
832
23
933
7b2
2,570
2.663
16,069
12,269
22.173
22.2
Unclassified
0.2
50
8
.3
75
20
O.b
5
7b
Ib
-
17
75
b2
J2
290
175
365
O.k
]/ Data for four counties, snail parts of Which fall vlthin the Lake Chanplalji Drainage Basin, have been onltted because it vas
estimated that fever than 15 percent of the Inhabitants in each of the counties Here In the Lake Chanplain Drainage Basin.
Sourco: D. S. Bureau of the Census, County Business Patterns, 1967. The above data Include all wage and salary workers covered
by Social Security.
-------
TABLE 1-3
DISTRIBUTION OP SELECTED INDUSTRIES,
PLANTS AND EXPLOZMENT, 1967,
LAKE CHAHPLUN DRAINAGE BASIN
NEW YORK
Clinton
Essex
Franklin
Washington
SOB- TOTAL
VERMONT
Addlson
Chlttenden
Franklin
Grand Isle
La Mollle
Orleans
Rutland
Washington
SOB-TOTAL
BASIN TOTAL
Znorjatry as a percent
of total manufacturing
Total Manufacturing
No. of No. of
51
53
63
236
38
2
36
31
113
U91i
Z30
100.0
2, JUS
1,816
J.19S
11,099
2,217
9,013
1,68k
351
U66
1.U70
5,330
3.791.
2b,525
35.62U
100.0
: Food :
: No. of
9
IS
2b
23
10
.
_
6
12
J2
6U
88
12.1
No. of :
191
221
U12
U91
388
_
181
138
201
1,399
1.811
S.I
Textiles :
No. of No. of •
-
-
-
-
_
_
-L 122
b 193
i 122
o.S o.S
Lumber :
No. of
28
21
_6
55
19
11
10
22
12
28
18
120
m
21.0
No. of
Era..
271
b38
101
810
270
86
58
3UU
ZliO
bS9
_2bO
1,697
2.S07
7.1
Paper . Ghent
No of
7
2
IS
19
2
-
-
1
3
22
3.0
No. of :
Eno. :
1,11.1
715
1.207
3,063
692
-
-
3b6
1,038
b.101
ll.S
No. of
Plants
1.
_L
k
I
-
-
i
5
...
1.2
Lcals :
No. of :
719
J_
719
155
-
-
170
325
l.Ollb
2.9
: : stone1
Rubber : Leather • and
No. of No. of : No. of No. of : No.~of
Plants Enp. : Plants Enp. -Plants^
8 699
_1 2" _ _ IS
1 3b6 8 699 IS
21
70
91
_1 3t6 B 699 106
0.2 1.0 1.1 2.0 11..5
, Clay T
Olaas
No. or :
EtaD. !
209
209
676
l.SSO
2,226
2.b3S
16.8
Primary Metals :
No. of No. of :
Plants Emr. :
-
-
-
1
1
-
2
b
=L
o.S
_
- _
-
3U6
3U6
•
165
857
m
2.1,
Manufacturing
No. of No. of
Plants BID
31
23
19
110
19
63
16
1
Ib
1J
US
203
m
b2.9
29b
757
3.332
b,8bl
1,792
8,090
7U6
5
I,0b9
3,376
1.610
16,790
21.631
60.7
\/ Data for four oounUaa, small parts of which fall id.thin the Lake Chanplaln Drainage Baaln, hare been omitted because It vaa
estimated that fever than 15 percent of the Inhabitants In each of the counties were In the Lake Chanplaln Drainage Basin.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, County Business Patterns, 1967. The above
data Include all wage and salary workers covered by Social Security.
-------
MISKSOUOI BAT
CANADA
NEW YORK VERMONT
POLITICAL BOUNDARIES AND
LOCATION OF SELECTED CITIES
LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NORTHEAST BEGiON
HUDSON CHAMPIAIN AND METROPOLITAN COASTAL PROJECT
Figure 1-2
-------
II _ WATER USES
Water Supply
Lake Champlain is used as a source of water supply by 14 municipal systems
serving approximately 67,000 people. The information on these facilities is
summarized in Table II-l. The average total demand of these systems is 6.9 MGD
of which Burlington, serving an estimated 50,000 people, requires 4.3 MGD or
nearly two-thirds of the entire municipal withdrawal.
An unknown number of private intakes serve the many summer camps and indi-
vidual homes or groups of homes located along the Lake shore in both States.
Approximately 20 percent or 1.4 MGD of the output of municipal supply
systems goes to industries. Available information indicates the self-supplied
industrial demand from the Lake is at least as great as the municipal supply.
Recreation
The open waters and shorelines of Lake Champlain are used extensively for
recreational activities, primarily during the summer months. These activities
contribute significantly to the tourist trade which is one of the important
economic activities in the Basin.
Bathing
Bathing beaches and facilities located along the shores of Lake Champlain
reflect the demand for this activity in the Lake. There are either State or
municipal beaches at Plattsburgh (Cumberland Bay), St. Albans, Chimney Point,
Burlington, Westport, Port Henry and at other places as well as numerous
privately owned beaches. The State of Vermont estimated that the demand for
bathing in its portion of Lake Champlain was 1,470,000 user-days in 1960, and
will grow to 2,450,000 user-days by 1976.
Boating
Lake Champlain is extensively used for pleasure boating. Nearly all of the
Lake is navigable and access is facilitated by inland navigable waterways. Many
cabin cruisers from Albany, New York City, New Jersey, Long Island, Connecticut,
the Great Lakes and Canada visit the area during the boating season. There are
18 marinas with a total of over 900 berths distributed evenly between New York
and Vermont. In 1966, approximately 7,800 boats were owned in New York counties
adjacent to Lake Champlain. Vermont registered approximately 22,000 boats in
1966, half of which were operated on Lake Champlain. The demand for boating
activity, including waterskiing, in the Vermont section of the Lake is expected
to increase from about 900,000 user-days in 1960 to nearly 1,400,000 user-days
by 1976. Approximately 1,500 recreation-type boats used the Champlain Canal to
reach the Lake in 1964 and this traffic is expected to reach 5,100 boats by 1980.
-------
Sport Fishing
Sport fishermen are attracted to Lake Champlain by the presence of a wide
variety of sport fish. This is true not only for the summer but also in the
winter when ice-fishing is popular. Among the more important food and game
species are: northern pike, chain pickerel, walleye, largemouth bass, small-
mouth bass, yellow perch and smelt. The State of Vermont estimates the demand
for this activity will grow to 1,300,000 user-days by 1976.
Waterfowl
Lake Champlain lies on one of three vital waterfowl migration routes in the
mid-section of the Atlantic Flyway. The Lake and its immediate adjoining area
provide suitable waterfowl habitat. The important state waterfowl management
areas in Vermont are the Dead Creek Refuge, Sandbar Refuge, Mud Creek Refuge,
Little Otter Creek Refuge and East Creek Refuge. The Missisquoi National Wild-
life Refuge is located in Vermont on the Missisquoi River delta. Important
waterfowl areas in New York include Ausable Marsh, Wickham Marsh, Kings Bay,
Monty's Bay, Scomotion Creek and Bulwagga Bay.
Navigation
The Champlain Canal is an important segment of the New York State Barge
Canal System carrying commercial shipping into Lake Champlain.
In 1965 the freight tonnage was 1.27 million tons as recorded at the summit
locks (Champlain Canal) with 1,100 vessel trips. Burlington Harbor with 0.55
million tons is the largest harbor on the Lake, receiving some 270 vessel trips
in 1965. Nearly all of the freight traffic is shallow-draft tankers and barges
transporting petroleum products.
Interest has been expressed in the development of the Champlain waterway
to accommodate larger vessels to enhance commercial navigation between the St.
Lawrence Seaway and New York Harbor Complex. A study was made in June 1965 by
the International Champlain Waterway Board which included a series of public
hearings. It was concluded that further development of the waterway is not
feasible and no further action is contemplated.
-------
Table II-l
Lake Champlain
Municipal Water Facilities
Facility or
Community
Beekmantown
Hobbs Subdivision
Essex
Essex Water Co.
Essex
J.R. Morse Water Supply
Flattsburgh
Rocky Point Cotnm. W.S.
Rouses Point
Willsboro
Willsboro Bay
Willsboro
Willsboro WD 2
Alburg
Burl ington
Grand Isle
Grand Isle Water Co.
Saint Albans
Shelburne
Population
Served
New York
100
100
85
175
2,400
170
1,715
Vermont
600
50,000
90
9,000
700
Plant
Capacity (mgd)
X
X
X
X
X
X
.66
.60
8.00
X
3.00
.10
Plant
Output (mgd)
X
.01
.01
X
.50
.02
.17
.05
4.26
.01
1.50
.07
South Hero
Source 1 & 2
280
.10
Addison, Stareham, Bridgeport
Tri-Town 1,400
.03
.25
Source of Data - 1963 Public Health Service Inventory.
-------
Ill - SOURCES OF POLLUTION
The waters of the Lake Champlain Basin receive the discharge of wastes from
municipalities, industries, Federal installations, septic tanks and cesspools,
commercial and recreational boating, surface runoff and agricultural land drain-
age.
Municipal Waste
A total of 29 municipal systems serving approximately 118,000 persons dis-
charge wastes which may have a significant effect on the waters of Lake
Champlain. Information on these waste sources, which include 17 discharges in
New York and 12 in Vermont, is summarized in Table III-l. Figures III-l and
III-2 show the general location of each waste source reported and are keyed to
the Table. Of these sources, nine serving 21,000 persons discharge untreated
wastes, 19 serving 88,000 persons provide primary treatment, and one serving
9,000 persons provides secondary treatment. Chlorination of the effluent is
known to be provided in 17 plants.
Of these 29 systems, eight, serving about 27,000 persons, discharge treated
and untreated wastes directly to Lake Champlain. The Burlington, Vermont, (Main
Plant) primary treatment facility is the largest of these systems. Westport,
New York, serving 700 persons is the only system discharging untreated waste into
the Lake.
The remaining 21 systems, which serve approximately 91,000 persons, discharge
into tributary waters. Eleven of these systems are located in New York and ten
are in Vermont. Of these 21 systems, there is only one secondary treatment
plant. This facility, located at St. Albans, Vermont, serves 9,000 persons.
Primary treatment is provided at 12 plants serving 62,000 persons. The facility
at Plattsburgh, New York, is the largest of these primary systems. The remaining
systems, five of which are in New York and three in Vermont, discharge untreated
waste from 20,000 persons. The largest of these systems are Whitehall and
Ticonderoga in New York, and Winooski and Colchester Fire District No. 1 in
Vermont.
Industrial Waste
Industrial wastes are a major pollution problem in Lake Champlain. The
wastes from 18 industrial operations, eight in New York and ten in Vermont,
affect the waters of the Lake. Three discharge directly to Lake Champlain and
the remainder to tributaries. Table III-2 lists and provides information on
these waste sources. Figures III-l and III-2 show the general location of these
waste sources.
The total Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) expressed in population equiva-
lents (PE) which is discharged directly to the Lake from industrial operations
in New York is estimated to be 180,000. The Lake is also affected by the addi-
tional discharge to tributaries of 385,000 PE. Essentially all of this BOD
waste load is from pulp and paper plants, which also contain substantial amounts
of fibrous suspended solids, as well as refractory organics where chemical pulping
-------
is practiced. In addition, an iron ore processing operation discharges inert
suspended solids to a tributary.
There are no significant industrial waste discharges directly into the Lake
from Vermont. However, an estimated 45,000 PE, of which approximately 30,000 is
from one pulp and paper plant, are discharged into tributaries. In addition,
substantial amounts of suspended solids enter the Lake from the Poultney River
as the result of waste discharges from & number of slate operations.
Industrial waste discharges significantly affect Lake Champlain at two loca-
tions the Ticonderoga Creek area and Cumberland Bay near Plattsburgh.
International Paper Company, Ticonderoga, New York, carries out Kraft pulping,
paper making and bleaching, and discharges waste into Ticonderoga Creek about two
miles above its confluence with the Lake. At Plattsburgh, New York, two pulp and
paper plants, Georgia Pacific Corporation and Diamond National Corporation, dis-
charge wastes directly to Lake Champlain. The Georgia Pacific operation consists
of neutral sulfite semi-chemical pulping and papermaking, and Diamond National
has mechanical pulping and papermaking. Imperial Paper Company, with mechanical
pulping and papermaking, discharges its waste into the Saranac River about two
miles above its confluence with the Lake at Plattsburgh. All of these plants
discharge substantial amounts of solids and organic material as shown below:
Waste Source
Organic Loading
Suspended Solids as Population Receiving
Flow (M6D) (Ib/day) Equivalents (PE) Water
International Paper Co.
Ticonderoga, N. Y. 15.6
Georgia Pacific Corp.
Plattsburgh, N. Y. 5.5
Diamond National Corp.
Plattsburgh, N. Y. 1.3
Imperial Paper Co.
Plattsburgh, N. Y.
3.0
28,400
8,300
6,600
18,000
315,000
160,000
20,000
15,000
Ticonderoga
Cr.
Lake
Champlain
Lake
Champlain
Saranac
River
Federal Installations
There are 30 Federal installations located near Lake Champlain. These
installations generate a total volume of approximately 0.8 MGD consisting prim-
arily of domestic waste. Of these 30 installations, 15 discharge to municipal
systems, 14 provide treatment with final disposal of the effluent to the ground
and one (Plattsburgh Air Force Base) discharges to surface waters.
Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Plattsburgh, New York, discharges 0.02 MGD of
treated effluent to the Saranac River. This waste, resulting from aircraft
washing operations, is discharged after treatment consisting of floatation,
floculation, settling, pH adjustment and skimming (see Table III-2).
-------
TABLE m-1
HDNIEIPAL WASTE SOUHCES . ,
LAKE CHAKPIAIN ORAHUOE BASIN =>
-Hip—
Ident.
No.
Waste Source
tainted
Population
Served
Type
Collection
System
Degree of
Treatment
FLOW-HOD
Design Actual
it. BOb loading
DischVRod _/
tra)
Receiving Water
HEM YORK
QranvUle
Whitehall
Tlconderoga Village
Moriah Sewage District #1
Iferiah Sewage District 12
Port Henry (Village)
mnevllle
Glover
Housing
9
10
11
12
Z
15
16
17
Weatport
Willsboro
Keeavllle
Peru Sewage District #1
Plattsburgh
Champlain Park S.D.
Chasy
Champlain Village.
Rouses Point Village
2,700
1..900
3,000
270
2,900
1,600
1,800
900
700
900
300
2,800
27,000
1,000
600
1,550
2,160
Primary
None
Hone
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Hone
None
Hone
Prirary
Primary
Primary
Hone
Primary
Primary
35
.1
.1
.U
.1
h.o
.08
na
.25
.65
.03
.2U
.16
.18
3.5
.1
1,760
I:,900
3,000
180
2,320
1,170
1,170
580
700
900
300
1,820
17,550
700
600
i,ao
i.uoo
Mettwee River
Mettavee River
Ticonderoga Creek
Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain
Hill Brook
Lake Chanplaln
Hill Brook
Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain
Bouquet River
Ausable River
Little Ausable River
Saranac River
Lake Champlain
Little Chaty River
Qreat Chacy River
Lake Champlain
18 Shelburne Fire District #2
19 South Burlington (Bartlett Rd.)
F.D. gh
20- Queen City Park
21 Burlington (Halo Plant)
22 South Burlington (Haln Plant)
23 Burlington (Riverside)
2lt Burlington (North Bod)
25 Colchester Fire District #1
26 Wlnooski
27 St. Albans
28 Alburg
29 Swanton
500
2,500
200
18,UOO
5,600
9,000
7,000
2,000
7,000
9,000
300
1,500
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
None
None
Secondary
Primary
.1
.3
3.7
1.2
1.0
2.0
h.O
.015
na
.09
.25
.2
3.0
.311.
.598
1.078
.03
La Platte River
Potash Brook
Shelbume Bay
Potash Brook
Shelbume Bay
Lake Champlain
Winooskl River
Wlnooski River
Winooskl River
Winooskl River
Wlnooski River
Stevens Brook
St. Albans Bay
Lake Champlain
HLsslsQuoi River
V Includes only those waste discharges affecting the Lake.
2/ Where plant data wars not available BOD loading discharged in FE were estimated using a percentage
removal for each sewage treatment plant. Waste facilities were credited with 35 percent removal
for primary treatment, and 85 percent for secondary treatment. The percentage of PE removal was
adjusted for those cases vhore plants were found to be overloaded.
3/ Treatment plant data. Population equivalent discharged Include industrial waste loadings.
S - Separate Collection System
C - Combined Collection System
B - Both Separate and Confined
Collection Systems
na - Data not available
-------
BIBLE in-2
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SODKBS ,
LAKE CHAHPLAIN DRAINAGE BASIN if
Hap i
Ident. :
No.
30
31
32
33
3k
36
37
38
39
bO
bl
b2
ft
U7
Industrial Waste Source
International Paper Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
Rogers, J & J Co.
Imperial Paper Co.
Diascnd National Corp*
Georgia Pacific
Plattsburgh Air Force Baae
Chnmplaln Creansrl.es
Fair Haven Mills
Vernant Cut Slate
Vermont Structural Slate
Vermont Structural Slate
Econom Cheesa Co.
Louis E. Farrall
John Kc Kansie Fkg.
Hilton Co-op Dairy
Hiaolsquol Specialty Board
Vermont Dressed Beef
t
i location
Ticoaderoga
Port Henry
Ausable Forks
Plattsburgh
Plattsburgh
Plattsburgh
Plattsburgh
Chanplaln
Fair Haven
Fair Haven
Fair Haven
Hyde villa
Hlnesburg
Burlington
Burlington
Hilton
Sheldon Springs
Swnton
MuBftor
of
Bmloyeea
1150
67
256
21,0
3?7
638
-
75
20-19
b
50
5-9
50-99
10-25
10
50-99
270
10-19
Type of Operation
HBf YORK
Pulp and Paper
Iron Ore Processing
Paper
Pulp and Paper
Pulp and Paper
Pulp and Paper
Aircraft Washing
Dairy
Spec. Rayon Fibers
Chemicals
Slate
Slate
Slate
Dairy
Soft Drink
Meat
Dairy
Pulp and Paper
Heat
: Eat. BOD loading
: Discharged /
315,030
55,000
15,000
20,OOO
160,030
1,000
3-Jl,000
_
_
_
3-5,000
200
2,000
1,000
30,000
300-1,000
I
TreatABnt :
Save-all
Prim. Clorif.
Settling
Save-all
None
Save-all
Save-all
Flotation
Floculatlon &
Settling
Skimming
Hone
None
Hone
HODB
None
Nona
None
Ineffective
Septic Tank
None
Save-all
Nona
Receiving Water
Ticonderoga Creek
Bartlett Brook
Trib. to ffi.ll Brook
Ausable River
Saranae River
lake Chanplaln
Lake Chanplaln
Saranae Blver
Great Chary River
Caetleton River
Trib. to Poultney R.
CasUflton River
Trib. to Poultney R.
Gastleton River
Trib. to Poultney R.
Castleton River
Trib. to Poultney S.
La Platte River
Lake Chanplaln
Vinoaaki River
La Moille River
HLsslsquol River
HlsBlsquoi River
•y Includes only those uaste discharges affecting the Lake.
2/ Population equivalents determined on a BOD basis using an estluated dally per capita loading
of 0.17 pounds of BOD per day.
-------
K
LEGEND
Municipal
Industrial
NOTE:
Numbering of wait* sources
nd! to tables Ill-l and 111-2
WHITEHALI fcl^ LAKE CHAMPLA|N
"^MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTE SOURCES
Figure Ill-l
-------
ROUSES POINT
Municipal
Industrial
Numbering of wast* sources
corresponds to tables 111 -1 and 111-2.
LA_ PIATTE RIVER *-=!
LAKE CHAMPLAIN
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTE SOURCES
Figure 111-2
-------
Septic Tanks and Cesspools
Many summer camps and private homes located along the shores of Lake
Champlain dispose of domestic sanitary waste by individual septic tanks and
cesspools. The direct discharge or leaching of pollutants from these systems,
particularly bacteria and nutrients, constitutes a source of pollution of the
Lake waters.
Stormwater Overflow
Combined stormwater-sanitary sewage collection exists at ten municipal
systems. These systems, three in New York and seven in Vermont, serve approxi-
mately 92,000 persons. Of these systems, one in New York (Rouses Point) and one
in Vermont (Burlington, Main Plant), discharge directly to Lake Champlain waters.
The remainder discharge to tributaries. During storm periods, the overflows
from these systems can represent a source of untreated sanitary waste. They may
contain large amounts of suspended solids, putrescible organic matter and
bacteria.
Recreational Boating
The waters of the Lake Champlain Basin, particularly the Lake itself, are
widely used for recreational boating. This activity can represent a source of
pollution as the result of the discharge of human fecal matter, litter, motor
exhaust and oil. The discharge of untreated fecal matter into the Lake and its
tributaries may add pathogenic bacteria which would result in a serious health
hazard where the water is used for drinking or recreation. Litter causes a
deterioration of the aesthetic quality of the environment, particularly where it
gathers along the shore line.
Other Pollutional Problems
Water quality is adversely affected by several other sources of pollution.
Lake Champlain is periodically polluted by spills of petroleum products from
commercial vessels and shore installations. Fifteen such incidents have occurred
since 1965, the largest of which involved about 15,000 gallons of jet fuel.
Erosion by surface runoff transports large amounts of soil and natural org-
anic material into water bodies. This material settles to the bottom, creating
deposits such as those found in Lake Champlain. The disturbance of the bottom
deposits by commercial navigational watercraft results in the re-suspension of
muds and debris. This condition has been observed to be of significance in
affecting water quality of the southern portion of Lake Champlain where depths
are shallow.
-------
IV - WATER QUALITY
A survey was conducted by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
during the period of August 19-26, 1968, to determine quality in the waters of
Lake Champlain. The details describing the survey and the results are summarized
in Appendix C. Data compiled by the States of New York and Vermont and the Lake
Champlain Study Center of the University of Vermont were used to supplement FWPCA
data.
The data were evaluated in terms of parameters established by the water
quality standards for these waters. Specific parameters such as temperature,
dissolved oxygen, bacteria, suspended solids, nutrients, color and turbidity,
which generally characterize water quality and highlight the effects of pollution,
are discussed below.
Although specific data were not collected for the interstate tributary waters
of the Missisquoi, Poultney and Mettawee Rivers, available information on munici-
pal and industrial waste sources, as well as State water quality data, indicates
pollutional problems exist in these waters.
Temperature
Temperature is an important physical parameter since it affects the solu-
bility of dissolved oxygen, rates of chemical and bio-chemical reactions, bacter-
ial growth rates and the growth of biological flora and fauna. The temperature
of a water body will depend upon the climate of the area and the water depth.
Deep waters usually show a smaller response to climatic change than shallow waters.
Waters of deep lakes become thermally stratified. The colder, denser water
remains in the bottom while the warm waters cover the surface. These water
layers, called the hypolimnion and the epilimnion respectively, are separated by
a thermal transitional zone called the thermoc1ine. Circulation between these
zones remains limited until climatic conditions are such that a uniform water
temperature profile is again established.
The survey by FWPCA in August 1968 indicates that the southern end of Lake
Champlain from South Bay to Crown Point was not stratified and had a uniform
temperature. In the main body of the Lake, from Crown Point to Rouses Point,
stratification was encountered. The epilimnion ranged in depth from 20 to 60
feet and in temperature from 18 to 20 degrees Centigrade. The thermocline
ranged in thickness from 10 to 50 feet and the hypolimnion was found to start
from 50 to 100 feet below the surface with temperatures of from seven to 11
degrees Centigrade.
The Northeast Arm of the Lake is also stratified but to a lesser extent than
the main body of the Lake. The epilimnion was found to be 50 to 60 feet deep
with a temperature between 20 to 22 degrees Centigrade. The hypolimnion begins
at 80 to 90 feet from the surface and has a temperature of about 15 degrees
Centigrade.
Shallow areas of the main Lake and the Northeast Arm were not found to be
stratified.
10
-------
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most significant parameters of water
quality. Adequate levels of DO are necessary to support fish and other forms of
aquatic life. Organic pollution results in the utilization of DO in the receiv-
ing water during stabilization of the waste material by bacteria. Oxygen is
transferred from the atmosphere or from the photosynthetic production by aquatic
plants to replace the oxygen used up during the decomposition of the organic
matter. Where the oxygen demands of organic pollution remove all of the dissolved
oxygen, aneorbic conditions exist and the waters become septic and foul smelling,
thus creating obnoxious environmental conditions.
Lake Champlain receives the discharge of organic material from a variety of
pollutional sources. The discharge of these waste materials into waters with
limited dilution or restricted circulation can result in depressed DO concentra-
tions that are less than required for the beneficial use of the waters. The
FWPCA sampling program showed that DO levels ranged from a minimum of 1.4 to a
maximum of 10.4 milligrams per liter (mg/1). Saturation values ranged from 16
to 107 percent. Dissolved oxygen levels for both surface and deep waters were
generally the same, with most stations showing a variation of less than 10 per-
cent. However, several stations in the Northeast Arm and most of those in the
Ticonderoga area showed significantly larger DO variations.
Figure IV-1 presents the DO profile of surface stations (five feet deep)
from Whitehall to Rouses Point along the State line. Dissolved oxygen levels in
the main Lake (Port Henry to Rouses Point) were found in all cases to be greater
than 8.0 mg/1. Levels in the southern portion (Whitehall to Port Henry) were
somewhat less, with values in the Ticonderoga area depressed to less than 5.0
mg/1, indicating the effect on the Lake of wastes entering from Ticonderoga
Creek.
Figure IV-2 illustrates the DO profiles found in the Ticonderoga area from
Chipman Point to Five Mile Point. Dissolved oxygen in this area was critically
depressed to values less than four mg/1, with a minimum of l.k mg/1 at Mount
Independence Point. A joint survey conducted by the FWPCA and the States of New
York and Vermont in August 1966 showed a similar depressed oxygen condition in
the Ticonderoga Creek area. Other studies by the Lake Champlain Study Center at
the University of Vermont further confirm the depressed oxygen condition in the
Ticonderoga area.
A low DO value of 5.8 mg/1 in the main Lake occurred at one station in
Cumberland Bay, indicating a localized pollutional condition caused by the muni-
cipal and industrial waste discharges in the Plattsburgh area. Two deep sta-
tions in the Northeast Arm showed DO values of 5.1 and 5.2 mg/1, with percent
saturations of 51 and 52, respectively. Both of these samples were collected
from the hypolimnion and suggest the effect of decomposition of accumulated
organic matter and restricted circulation due to stratification.
Bacteria
Bacteria from human wastes can constitute a major water pollution problem.
These organisms enter the waters of Lake Champlain through the discharge of
11
-------
10
z
LJJ
(9
x
O
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg/l)
LAKE CHAMPLAIN PROFILE
WHITEHALL-ROUSES POINT
5 FT. DEEP STATIONS
Figure IV-1
-------
Mount
Independence^!)
Point
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg/l)
TICONDEROGA CREEK AREA
CHIPMAN POINT TO FIVE MILE POINT
5 FT. DEEP STATIONS
Figure IV-2
-------
inadequately treated wastes.
Coliform organisms are used as an indicator to assess bacterial contamina-
tion. They can originate from the wastes of warm-blooded animals and are found
naturally in soils. The results of the FWPCA sampling program show that total
coliform counts ranged from a maximum of 320,000 per 100 ml near Ticonderoga
Creek to as low as 8 per 100 ml in the main Lake. Figure IV-3 presents a profile
of total coliform densities from surface stations along the State line. Total
coliform values south of Port Henry were generally higher than in the main Lake,
supporting the water quality pattern developed by the DO profile discussed prev-
iously. Exceptionally high levels were found in the Ticonderoga Creek area where
values approached 15,000 per 100 ml. A significantly high count of 28,000 per
100 ml was also found near Whitehall. In contrast, coliform levels in the main
Lake were in most cases less than 1,000 per 100 ml. Three counts greater than
1,000 per 100 ml were found in the Lake stretch from near the Otter Creek outlet
to the Ausable River outlet.
Total coliform counts throughout the Ticonderoga Creek area are shown in
Figure IV-4. All samples in the immediate area of Ticonderoga Creek showed a
total coliform level in excess of 5,000 per 100 ml. The maximum count of
320,000 per 100 ml was found near the Creek outlet. Data collected during the
1966 survey also show high coliform counts, further confirming the serious
bacterial condition in this area.
At certain other areas, such as Cumberland Bay, Port Henry and Westport in
New York, and Shelburne and Burlington Bays in Vermont, elevated total coliform
levels were found to occur.
Analyses for fecal coliform concentrations, which represent an indication
of recent contamination of the environment with feces of warm-blooded animals,
were made at all stations during the August 1968 survey. Figure IV-5 shows a
fecal coliform profile for the surface stations taken in Lake Champlain along
the State line. Fecal counts in the main Lake were generally less than four per
100 ml, suggesting that the high total coliform levels discussed earlier may be
the result of natural surface runoff. Significantly higher counts occurred in
the Whitehall and Ticonderoga Creek area where fecal coliform levels reached
values of 1,800 and 800 per 100 ml, respectively. As shown in Appendix Table
C-l, a maximum value of fecal coliform in the Ticonderoga Creek area reached
11,000 per 100 ml.
There are no criteria established by the applicable water quality standards
which provide levels for fecal coliform concentrations. Studies on the Ohio
River as reported by the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary
of the Interior on Water Quality Criteria, indicate that detectable health effects
may occur where the fecal coliform level is about 400 per 100 ml. Based upon
this study, pollutional problems resulting from contamination by human or animal
excreta appear to exist in the areas of Ticonderoga, Whitehall, and in Cumberland
Bay.
12
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Suspended Solids
Suspended solids from industries, municipalities and other sources decrease
the aesthetic value of the Lake while in suspension and form objectionable bottom
deposits on settling. The sludge blanket formed covers and destroys the natural
aquatic life on the bottom. The organic matter in the sludge undergoes decomposi-
tion which reduces dissolved oxygen in the overlying waters, at times below that
needed for survival by fish and other aquatic life. When depletion of oxygen
occurs, the further decompos ition of organic matter produces obnoxious gases
which appear as bubbles on the surface. These gases frequently break loose
masses of the deposited sludge and lift them to the surface where they appear as
uns ightlyelumps.
In Lake Champlain, this problem is most significant in the southern section.
Slate and quarrying operations on the Poultney River and its tributaries dis-
charge inorganic suspended solids that are essentially inert. These solids
affect the stream and ultimately reach Lake Champlain waters. A large pulp and
paper plant on Ticonderoga Creek discharges large amounts of suspended solids
which enter the Lake. These suspended solids include a large proportion of
decomposable organic matter.
Surveys by the FWPCA in August and September 1968 disclosed extensive sludge
deposits in Lake Champlain at the mouth of Ticonderoga Creek and in the northwest
corner of Cumberland Bay. The sludge delta at Ticonderoga Creek was extensively
sampled and the results are summarized in Figure IV-6. In the immediate vicinity
of the mouth of the Creek and near the New York shore southwest of the mouth,
grey sludge with a fibrous texture and a hydrogen sulfide odor was found. In
places, this sludge measured over 12 feet deep. Gas bubbles and floating solids
were prevalent on the surface and several masses of sludge were observed coming
to the surface. In the deeper waters between the mouth and the New York-Vermont
State line, the bottom was a dark ooze with fewer fibers. In water 10 to 20
feet deep, few fibers were found in the ooze and the hydrogen sulfide odor was
slight. This bottom was also characteristic of the area between the mouth and
the shore north of the Creek. This type of bottom gradually gave way to a soft
clay with a slight hydrogen sulfide odor. At points 400 yards south, 800 yards
northeast and 600 yards due east of the mouth of the Creek, the tainted bottom
gave way to a sand-clay bottom that had no odor. Despite the clean bottom,
floating solids were found along the Vermont shore north of Catfish Bay.
Nutrients
Nutrients stimulate the growth of algae and other aquatic plants resulting
in the deterioration of water quality. Although over 20 elements are necessary
as nutrients for aquatic plant growth, deficiencies in phosphorus and nitrogen
are believed to be the most common restraining factors. Municipal waste is a
significant source of phosphorus and nitrogen in these waters. Other sources
include agricultural runoff and drainage, discharge from boats, percolation from
cesspools and septic tanks, industrial wastes, and waterfowl.
There is considerable evidence that low concentrations of phosphate and
nitrogen will support algal growth. Levels of phosphate in the range of 0.01
13
-------
100,000
TOTAL COLIFORM(#/100 ml)
LAKE CHAMPLAIN PROFILE
WHITEHALL-ROUSES POINT
5 FT. DEEP STATIONS
Figure IV-3
-------
TOTAL COLIFORM (#/100 ml
TICONDEROGA CREEK AREA
CHIPMAN POINT TO FIVE MILE POINT
5 FT. DEEP STATIONS
Figure IV-4
-------
10,000
STATION NUMBERS
FECAL COLIFORM(#/100 ml)
LAKE CHAMPLAIN PROFILE
WHITEHALL-ROUSES POINT
5 FT. DEEP STATIONS
Figure IV-5
-------
BOTTOM CONDITIONS
TICONDEROGA CREEK AREA
LEGEND
A Fibre mat
I Ooze
O Soft clay with odor
Q Clean clay
Figure IV-6
-------
to 0.04 mg/1 as phosphorus (0.03 to 0.12 mg/1 as phosphate) have been reported
as being able to support prolific growths of both suspended and attached algae.
The generally accepted value for the minimum concentration of nitrogen required
for algal growths in fresh water is 0.3 mg/1 as nitrogen.
Results of the FWPCA study show that although most stations had values of
phosphate and nitrogen above the critical levels, algal blooms were not encoun-
tered. Attached filamentous algae and rooted aquatic plants were limited to a
narrow band near the shore. St. Albans Bay, Vermont, is one area where a signi-
ficant algal problem exists.
Color and Transparency
Color in surface waters may be the result of natural phenomena such as land
runoff, or may originate from industrial or other waste discharges. Transparency,
as recorded by Secchi disc readings, is a measure of the clarity of water.
Transparency is affected by the presence of suspended solids and color.
Figures IV-7 and IV-8 show the color and transparency, respectively, of
Lake Champlain from Whitehall to Rouses Point. Both profiles emphasize the dras-
tic difference between the southern part and the main body of the Lake. Princi-
pal factors which contribute to the increased color and reduced transparency in
the southern part are: (a) resuspension of settled material by the passage of
commercial vessels because of the shallow depth; (b) suspended solids and color
discharged from a large pulp and paper mill to Ticonderoga Creek; and (c) the
discharge of inert suspended solids from slate and quarrying operations along
the Poultney River and its tributaries.
-------
100
z
=>
o
V 50
o
o
COLOR (Pt-Co UNITS)
LAKE CHAMPLAIN PROFILE
WHITEHALL-ROUSES POINT
5 FT. DEEP STATIONS
Figure IV-7
-------
26 30 36 41
STATION NUMBERS
£ TRANSPARENCY (INCHES BY SECCHI DISC) 2
LAKE CHAMPLAIN PROFILE
WHITEHALL-ROUSES POINT
5 FT. DEEP STATIONS
Figure IV-8
-------
V - POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
State Programs
The Water Quality Act of 1965 amended the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act and provided for the establishment of water quality standards for interstate
waters. Under the provisions of the Act, the States were given the option of
setting water quality standards by June 30, 1967, for interstate waters or
portions thereof within their borders. The standards established had to be con-
sistent with the purposes of the Act which are "...to enhance the quality and
value of our water resources and to establish a national policy for the preven-
tion, control, and abatement of water pollution."
The Act provides that the standards adopted by the States must include
water quality criteria applicable to the interstate waters or portions thereof
within the State, and a plan for the implementation and enforcement of the water
quality criteria adopted. The Act further provides that the standards of quality
adopted shall be such as to protect the public health or welfare, enhance the
quality of the water and serve the purposes of the Act. In establishing such
standards on interstate waters, consideration was to be given to their use and
value for public water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, recreational
purposes, and agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses.
The criteria and implementation plans adopted by the States are subject to
approval by the Secretary of the Interior. If the Secretary determines that
these are consistent with the provisions of the Act, they become the water qual-
ity standards applicable to those interstate waters.
New York
The New York Water Pollution Control Act of 1949 established a program of
stream classifications for designated waters of the State. After a series of
public hearings in August 1955, the State adopted water quality standards for the
Lake Champla in drainage basin. In response to the Federal Water Quality Act of
1965, New York was one of the first States in the nation to secure approval from
the Federal government of quality standards for interstate waters. Appendix A
presents the classifications and water quality criteria for Lake Champlain and
its interstate tributaries submitted to the Secretary of the Interior by New York
State. Table A-l summarizes the water pollution abatement schedule for waste
sources as established by New York State in order to achieve compliance with the
standards. According to this schedule, the industrial polluters under orders
will complete remedial facilities by July 1970. Those municipal sources which
are under orders will have facilities completed during 1970. Three municipalities
have voluntary compliance schedules to provide remedial facilities by April 1972.
Vermont
The State of Vermont passed basic legislation on water pollution control in
1949. Since the enactment of this legislation, the State has completed classi-
fication of waters in approximately HO percent of its land area. In response to
the Federal Water Quality Act of 1965, Vermont recently received Federal approval
15
-------
of water quality standards (with exceptions) for interstate waters. The excep-
tions did not refer to the classification of waters in the Lake Champlain drain-
age basin but did refer to the criteria established for certain classifications.
Appendix B presents the classifications and water quality criteria for Lake
Champlain and its interstate tributaries submitted to the Secretary of the
Interior by the State of Vermont. Table B-l summarizes the water pollution abate-
ment schedule for waste sources as established by Vermont in order to achieve com-
pliance with the standards. According to this schedule, industrial polluters are
under orders to complete remedial facilities by December 1968, with the exception
of one source, which is scheduled for completion by December 1972. Municipalities
which are under orders will have facilities completed by September 1970, with the
exception of two sources, one of which is scheduled for completion by June 1971
and the other for January 1972.
Genera 1
Comparison of the best usage and the specific criteria for adjacent classi-
fied waters of the respective States reveals some differences. The water quality
standards accepted for the waters of Lake Champlain range from a "B" in Vermont
to "AA" through "C" in New York. New York State held a hearing on October 9,
1968, to consider the reclassification of its waters of lower Lake Champlain from
"C" to "B". Should this proposed reclassification become effective, only a small
portion of Lake Champlain (Deep Bay) would remain as a "C".
In the main body of the Lake, the Vermont "B" includes such water uses as
bathing and public water supply with appropriate treatment while the New York
"AA" uses include water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing pur-
poses. In the lower portion of the Lake, the Vermont "B" is as previously
defined, the present New York "C" is for fishing and the proposed reclassifica-
tion to "B" would provide for bathing and any other usage except as a source of
water supply. Differences also exist in specific criteria for these classifica-
tions, particularly dissolved oxygen, coliform density and temperature.
Interstate Program
Both New York and Vermont are signatory members of the New England Interstate
Water Pollution Control Commission, which coordinates the water pollution control
activities of the member states. The Technical Advisory Board of the Commission
furthers the technical aspects of the program by the exchange of information as
well as through the mechanism of research contracts. Of particular note with
respect to this latter operation are research studies on the problems of paper,
textile, and other wastes conducted under contract with the Commission. New York
State's role in the Commission is limited to waters shared jointly by New York
and the New England States, e.g., Lake Champlain.
A quasi-official interstate body, INCOCHAMP (Interstate Commission on the
Champlain Basin) has operated in the past to bring together resource management
personnel from New York and Vermont to plan orderly development of the land and
water resources of the Champlain basin. Although no official compact was
created to authorize this agency, both States have had tentative statutory
approval to create the Lake Champlain Basin Compact. Once established, this
16
-------
compact will serve as a formal planning authority charged with the responsibility
of planning land and water resources within the Basin including such activities
as water pollution control.
Construction Grant Program
In the Lake Champlain drainage basin to date, the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration has spent or allocated about $7.9 million of the area's
total waste facilities construction cost of $26.1 million. This includes 12
projects in New York with a $0.95 million FWPCA allocation and $5.7 million
total construction costs, and 36 projects in Vermont with a $6.98 million FWPCA
allocation and $20.4 million total construction costs. Table V-l lists these
projects.
17
-------
TABLE V-l
FEDERAL GRANTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
Name of Project
Bolton Landing (T)
Rouses Point (V)
Plattsburgh (C)
Plattsburgh (C)
Champlain (V)
Dannemora (V)
Port Henry (V)
Lake George (V)
Lake George (T)
Kee Seville (V)
Lake Placid (V)
Saranac Lake (V)
Proj. No.
WPC-NY-14
WPC-NY-27
WPC-NY-124
WPC-NY-127
WPC-NY-1 39
WPC-NY-153
APW-NY-180
APW-NY-194
WPC-NY-284
WPC-NY-353
WPC-NY-442
WPC-NY-443
LAKE
Eligible
Costs
$362,800
426,900
1^,300
46,900
312,900
167,900
334,900
291 ,000
590,300
660,300
1,407,000
1,081,300
CHAMPLAIN BASIN
NEW YORK
Amount of
Grant
$ 108,839
128,058
4,278
14,053
93,892
50,384
162,500
145,500
177,090
35,000
15,470
11,890
Date of
Grant
4-59
4-57
8-61
8-61
12-61
12-61
(APU) 6-63
(APW) 1-64
5-66
4-67
4-68
4-68
Description of
Project *
STP, INT, PS, FM
STP, OS, INT, PS, FM
STP (A)
STP (A), Trunk Sewer
STP, INT
STP, INT
STP, PS, FM, INT
STP (A)
INT, PS, FM
STP, INT, FM, PS
INT, PS, STP, (A)
INT, PS, STP (A)
Status**
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
TOTALS - New York
12 Projects $5,696,500
$946,954
-------
TABLE V-l
LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN (Cont'd)
Name of Project
S. Burlington F. D. 04
Burlington (C)
Barre (C)
St. Albana (C)
Shelburne (T)
Brandon (T)
Rutland (C)
Proctor (V)
Essex Junction (V)
Vermont Teachers Coll.
Burlington (C)
Burlington (C)
Montpelier (C)
Barre (T)
Newport (C)
Vergennes (C)
Proj. No.
WPC-Vt-1
WPC-Vt-2
WPC-Vt-4
WPC-Vt-6
WPC-Vt-7
WPC-Vt-10
WPC-Vt-11
WPC-Vt-13
WPC-Vt-15
WPC-Vt-16
WPC-Vt-17
WPC-Vt-18
WPC-Vt-19
WPC-Vt-22
APWJtfPC-Vt-24
WPC-Vt-27
Eligible
Costs
$124,400
613,400
522,000
668,800
54,000
698,500
989,000
506,800
429,900
30,000
51 ,600
616,600
1,839,200
807,300
1,584,900
477,900
VERMONT
Amount of
Grant
$ 37,307
184,033
156,588
200,641
16,200
209,540
250,000
152,027
128,970
8,512
15,487
184,982
551,763
242,201
78,268 (WPC)
714,182 (APW)
143,367
Date of
Grant
2-57
3-57
4-58
9-58
12-58
7-59
1-60
1-60
6-61
7-61
12-61
12-61
9-62
2-63
5-65
6-63
Description of
Project *
STP,
STP,
STP,
STP
STP
STP,
STP,
STP,
STP,
STP
INT
STP,
STP,
STP,
STP,
STP,
OS (A)
INT
OS, INT
(A)
OS, INT
OS, INT
OS, INT
OS, INT
INT
INT
INT (A)
INT (A)
OS, INT
Status**
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
-------
TABLE V-l
LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN (Cont'd)
VERMONT (Cont'd)
Name of Project
Middlebury (V)
Northfield (V)
Vermont fildgs Division
Minooski (C)
Rutland (T)
Berlin (T)
Rutland (C)
Burlington (C)
S. Burlington (T)
Essex Junction (V)
Pittsford (T)
Barre (C)
Hinesburg (T)
Water bury (V)
Vermont State Coll*
PI a infield (V)
Proj. No.
WPC-Vt-29
WPC-Vt-30
WPC-Vt-31
WPC-Vt-32
WPC-Vt-33
WPC-Vt-34
WPC-Vt-36
WPC-Vt-39
WPC-Vt-40
WPC-Vt-41
WPC-Vt-42
WPC-Vt-44
WPC-Vt-45
WPC-Vt-46
WPC-Vt-47
WPC-Vt-48
Eligible
Costs
$1,051,700
1,360,500
20,700
900,000
109,300
525,900
102,800
68,300
l,5bO,000
28,600
238,000
110,100
610,700
634,600
284,900
416,800
Amount of
Grant
$315,510
408,135
6,209
270,000
32,788
157,781
30,830
20,502
508,198
8,565
71 ,400
33,01'8
244,300
253,840
85,470
166,730
Date of
Grant
12-63
3-64
9-64
11-64
12-64
2-65
5-65
6-65
8-65
10-65
2-66
3-66
4-66
5-66
10-66
5-67
Description of
Project *
STP, INT (A)
STP, INT
STP (A)
STP, INT
STP, INT
STP, INT (A)
INT (A)
INT (A)
STP, OS, INT
INT
STP, INT
INT (A)
STP
STP, INT
INT (A)
STP, INT
Status**
2
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
-------
TABLE V-l
LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN (Cont'd)
Name of Project
Johnson (V)
Colchester F. D. #1
Shelburne F. D. ftl
Northfield (V)
TOTALS - Vermont
TOTALS - Lake Champlain
Basin
* Description of Project:
El igible
Proj. No. Costs
WPC-Vt-50 $527,900
WPC-Vt-52 758,100
WPC-Vt-53 1,038,000
WPC-Vt-54 74,000
36 Projects $20,415,200
48 Projects $26,111,700
VERMONT (Cont'd)
Amount of Date of Description of
Grant Grant Project *
$ 211,160 9-67 STP, INT
333,540 12-67 STP, INT
519,000 8.68 STP, OS, INT
29,600 7-68 STP (A)
$6,980,644
$7,927,598
** Status:
Status**
2
2
1
1
(A) - Additions and/or Alterations
FM - Force Main
INT - Intercepting Sewers
OS - Outfall Sewer
PS - Pumping Station
STP - Sewage Treatment Plant
1 - Offer made
2 - Under Construction
3 - Project completed
September 20, 1968
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bevins, Malcolm I., September 17, 1963, The importance of Lake Champlain as
a recreation area: Department of Agricultural Economics, Universi-ty
of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
Champlain Waterway Feasibility Report to the International Joint Commission,
1965, The International Champlain Waterway Board, Appendix B.
The Champlain Waterway, September 1962, Port of New York Authority, Central
Planning Division.
The Comprehensive Plan for Outdoor Recreation in Vermont, 1967, State of
Vermont, Central Planning Office.
Cruise'n Chart, Series for New York State, Cruise #1, The Northwest Passage,
1965, New York State Conservation Department, Division of Motor Boats,
Albany, N. Y.
Demographic Projections for New York State Counties to 2020 A.D., June 1968,
New York State Office of Planning Coordination.
Eleventh Annual Conference, September 1960, New York - Vermont Interstate
Commission on Lake Champlain Basin.
Gresswell, Dr. R. Kay and Huxley, Anthony, eds., 1965, Standard Encyclopedia
of the World's Rivers and Lakes: New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Gresswell, Dr. R. Kay, 1967, Physical Geology, New York, Frederick A. Praeger
Publishers.
Hunt, A. S., and Boardman, C. C., 1968, Champlain Research Reports - Lake
Champlain Basin Bathymetry, Burlington, Vermont, Lake Champlain Studies
Center, The University of Vermont, Issue No. 1.
Labor Force - Vermont, November 1963, Sargent-Webster-Crenshaw and Folley,
Syracuse, N. Y.
New England - New York Inter-Agency Committee, 1954, The resources of the
New England - New York Region, Lake Champlain Drainage Basin, pt. 2,
chapter XXVII.
New England - New York Inter-Agency Committee, 1955, The resources of the
New England - New York Region, v. 3, pt. 3.
New York State Conservation Department, 1929, A biological survey of the
Lake Champlain Watershed.
18
-------
New York State Conservation Department, 1968, Division of Boats, Recreational
boating, statistical tabulation.
New York State Statistical Yearbook, 1967, New York State Division of the
Budget, Office of Statistical Coordination, February 1968.
Planning status report - Lake Champlain Drainage Basin, 1965, Federal Power
Commission, Bureau of Power.
Report of the New York - Vermont Interstate Commission on the Lake Champlain
Basin, 1966.
Report on the immediate water pollution control needs for the St. Lawrence
Region, June 1967, FWPCA, Edison, N. J.
Report on water quality and pollution control of the Poultney - Mettawee
watershed, Vermont, February 1967, Vermont Department of Water Resources.
Thompson, John H., 1966, Geography of New York State, Syracuse University
Press, Syracuse, New York.
U. S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, 1965, Waterborne commerce
of the United States, Atlantic Coast, pt. 1.
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, July 1, 1966, Estimates
of the population of counties, Series P-25, No. 401, August 28, 1968.
U. S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, 1963, Inventory of municipal
water facilities, Region I & Region II, Public Health Service.
U. S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, 1963, inventory of waste
facilities.
U. S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, 1965, water quality control
study - New York State barge canal system and Lake Champlain, New York
and Vermont, June 1965, Public Health Service Region II, New York, N. Y.
./-'.-•
U. S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, 1965, water quality control
study - Champlain Waterway, New York and Vermont, March 1965, Public
Health Service, Region II, New York, June 1965.
U. S. Geological Survey, 1955, Surface water supply of the United States,
pt. 1-B. North Atlantic slope basins, New York to York River, Geological
Survey water supply paper 1382 (1958).
U. S. Geological Survey, 1960, Surface water supply of the United States,
pt. 4, St. Lawrence River Basin, Geological Survey water supply paper
1707 (1961).
19
-------
U. S. Geological Survey, 1964, Surface water records of Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.
U. S. Geological Survey, 1964, Surface water records of New York.
U. S. Geological Survey, 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United
States, pt. 4, St. Lawrence River Basin, Geological Survey water supply
paper 1677.
U. S. Geological Survey, Preliminary Report on the pollution of Lake Champlain,
water supply paper 121.
Unpublished data, Lake Champlain Study Center, University of Vermont.
Unpublished data and reports, North Atlantic Water Quality Management Center,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Unpublished reports, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Harbor Supervision Branch,
New York District, New York.(
Vermont population projections, January 1968, Vermont State Central Planning
Office.
Water Quality Criteria, April 1, 1968, Report of the National Technical
Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior.
Waterway Guide, 1967, Northern Edition, Inland Waterway Guide, Inc., Jackson-
ville, Florida.
20
-------
APPENDIX A
NEW YORK STREAM CLASSIFICATION
1. Classification-Lake Champlain and
Interstate Tributaries
2. Water Quality Criteria
3. Water Pollution Abatement Schedule
-------
INTERSTATE WATERS WITHIN NEW YORK STATE
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN
OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS - LAKE CHAMPLAIN & INTERSTATE TRIBUTARIES
Area of Lake Champlain or Tributaries
Primary Present
& Future Uses
Lake Champlain
Located between the States of New York and Vermont. All Domestic water
shoreside waters extending outward from the mainland at consumption,
least one-quarter mile from the shoreline to a depth of recreation, fish-
thirty feet and beyond where necessary in the section ing, agriculture,
beginning at the New York - Quebec (United States-Canada) navigation, waste
boundary and extending along the westerly shoreline to disposal
the Lake Champlain Toll Bridge at Crown Point, with the
exception of the following waters; Deep Bay, Cumberland
Bay, the shores ide waters, from Cumberland Bay southward
to Ausable Point, Willsboro ,Bay, North West Bay and
Bulwagga Bay.
Fishing, recrea-
tion, agriculture
Recreation, fish-
ing, navigation,
waste disposal
Deep Bay, which is located to the northeast of Treadwell
Bay and 5.3 miles east of the hamlet of Beekmantown
Portion of Cumberland Bay, which is located east of the
City of Plattsburgh and on the westerly side of Lake
Champlain. Included is that portion lying westerly of
the line beginning at a landpoint to be found on the
westerly shore of the peninsula called Cumberland Head
0.75 mile south, southeasterly of the northmost part
of Cumberland Bay proper and extending from this point
in a southwesterly direction to the shore end of the
City of Plattsburgh.
That portion of Cumberland Bay lying easterly and souther- Domestic water con-
ly of the line from the south line of the City of sumption, recrea-
Plattsburgh and extending to Cumberland Head as described tion, fishing,
in the preceding item and westerly of. the line beginning navigation
at Cumberland Head Lighthouse and extending southwesterly
Class Standards
B
-------
INTERSTATE WATERS WITHIN NEW YORK STATE
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN
OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS - LAKE CHAMPLAIN & INTERSTATE TRIBUTARIES
Primary Present
Area of Lake Champlain or Tributaries & Future Uses Class Standards
Lake Champla in - cont'd
•
to the northmost point of Crab Island, thence running
northwesterly to the shore at the south line of the City
of Plattsburgh.
That portion of the lake enclosed by the lines described Domestic water A A
as follows: from the shore at the south line of the City consumption,
of Plattsburgh to the northmost point of Crab Island; recreation, fish-
from the southmost point of Crab Island to the northmost ing, agriculture
point of Valcour Island; from the southmost point of
Valcour Island to Ausable Point. Included are the areas
around Crab Island and Valcour Island extending outward
at least one-quarter mile from the shoreline and beyond
where necessary to a depth of thirty feet.
Willsboro Bay, located north of the hamlet of Willsboro. Domestic water AA AA
Included is all that section inclosed by a line from the consumption,
northmost point of Willsboro Point westerly to the mouth recreation, fish-
of Trib. 40 which enters Lake Champlain from the west 2.7 ing, agriculture
miles southeasterly of Port Douglas.
North West Bay, which is located on the westerly side of Domestic water A A
Lake Champlain and east of the Village of Westport. In- consumption,
eluded are the waters lying westerly and north of the recreation, fish-
line beginning at the point of the headland between ing, agriculture,
Partridge Harbor and Hunter Bay and running southerly waste disposal
to an intersection with the New York-Vermont State line
and a line directly east from the shoreline at Bluff
Point.
-------
INTERSTATE WATERS WITHIN NEW YORK STATE
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN
OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS - LAKE CHAMPLAIN & INTERSTATE TRIBUTARIES
Area of Lake Champlain or Tributaries
Primary Present
& Future Uses
Class Standards
Lake Champlain - cont'd
Bulwagga Bay, which is .located to the south and slightly Recreation, fish-
east of the Village of Port Henry. ing, agriculture
Open reaches, of. the lake :within New York State in the Domestic, water.
section beginning at the New York-Quebec (United States- consumption,
Canada) border and extending southerly to the Lake recreation, fish-
Champlain Toll Bridge at. Crown Point. Excluded are the ing, navigation
sections described previously as "shoreside waters",
Deep-Bay, Cumberland Bay,-.the shoreside waters from
Cumberland Bay to Ausable Point,, Willsboro Bay, North
West Bay, and Bulwagga Bay. -...-.
10 That portion of Lake Champlain within New York State
lying south of the Lake Champlain Toll Bridge at
Crown Point and including South Bay.
Mettawee River and .Barge Canal
11 Enters Lake Champlain from the southeast at the south
shore of East Bay and 0.8 mile north of the Village
of Whitehall. Mouth to a point 2.1 miles upstream
from the mouth and at the confluence of the Barge
Canal with the Mettawee River and 0.8 mile south of
the south line of the Village 'of Whitehall.
Mettawee River
12 From the confluence with the Barge Canal upstream to
Trib. 15. Trib. 15 enters from the southeast 0.2 mile
east of the intersection of the Fort Ann-Grariville-
Fishing, recrea-
tion, agriculture,
navigation, waste
disposal
Fishing, recreation,
agriculture, navi-
gation, waste dis-
posal
Fishing, recreation,
agriculture.
B
AA
B
AA
-------
INTERSTATE WATERS WITHIN NEW YORK STATE
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN
OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS - LAKE CHAMPLAIN & INTERSTATE TRIBUTARIES
Area of Lake Champlain or Tributaries
Primary Present
& Future Uses
Class Standards
Mettawee River - cont'd
12 Whitehall township lines and 2.2 miles north of the
hamlet of West Granville.
13 From Trib. 15 to the New York-Vermont Boundary line
at the east boundary of the Village of Granville.
Poultney River
14 Enters Lake Champlain from the northmost part of East
Bay 2.8 miles north of the peak of Warner Hill and
3.2 miles northwest of the peak of Hampton Hill.
Mouth to Carver Falls which are located 3.8 miles up-
stream from the mouth and 2.2 miles north of the peak
of Hampton Hill. Included are the portions of the
waters within New York State.
15 From Carver Falls upstream to the point where the river
leaves New York State 2.6 miles east of the peak of
Thorn Hill and 0.9 mile south of the hamlet of Hampton.
Included are the portions of the waters within New York
State .
Fishing, recrea-
tion, agriculture,
waste disposal.
Fishing, recrea-
tion, agricul-
ture .
C(T)
Fishing, recreation
C(T)
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS AA
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Source of water supply for drinking, .culinary., or food
processing purposes and any other usages.
FLOW CONDITIONS:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
l4
Floating
Solids
Setteable
Solids
Sludge
Deposits
Solid Refuse, Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes , Oils , Sludge
or Other Refuse
Sewage or.
Other Effluent
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Coliform
Density'.
pH
Dissolved
Oxygen
Color
Turbidity
Taste,
Odor
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or
wastes.
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or
wastes.
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or
wastes.
other
other
other
Not Specified
None which are not effectively disinfected.
Oil: None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or
other wastes.
For series of 4 or more samples collected during any 30-
day period:. Average MPN not more than 50/100ml. ; MPN
of more than 50/100ml. in not more than 20% of samples
collected.
Range between 6.5 and 8.5.
For trout waters, not less than 5.0 ppm. For non-trout
waters, not less than 4.0 ppm.
See Number 13. • •
Not Specified. .
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or other -
wastes.
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
Heated. Effluents and. Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS:'. The waters'V-IT subjected to-approved disinfection treatment j with
additional treatment if necessary to remove naturally present (Cont'd.)
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS AA (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
None alone or in combination with other substances or wastes in .
sufficient amounts or at such temperatures as to be injurious to fish life,
make the waters unsafe or unsuitable as a source of water supply for drink-
ing, culinary or food processing purposes or impair the waters for any other
best usage as determined for the specific waters which are assigned to this
class.' -•••••
l4(a) Heated Effluents: '
See Number 13-
(b.) Temperature Criteria:
Ci) Trout waters:
No thermal discharges that would adversely affect the fishery.
(ii) Non-trout waters:
Within the mixing zone stream temperature shall not exceed--90°F.
Outside the mixing zone stream temperature shall not exceed"
86°F after mixing; no permanent change in excess of 5 F° above
normal will be permitted; rate of temperature change shall be
limited to 2 F° per hour, not to exceed 9 F° in any 24-hour period;.
average change for 7-day period shall be less than 5 F° above ;
normal.
REMARKS (Cont'd.):
impurities, meet or will meet U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards and are or will be considered safe and satisfactory for drinking
water purposes.
In determining the safety or suitability of waters in this class for use as a
source of water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing purposes after
approved treatment, the latest edition of "Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards" published by the United States Public Health Service will be used as , .
the guide.
Based on non-trout waters of approximately median alkalinity (80 p.p.m.) or
above for the state and without considering effects of combinations, the follow-
ing may be considered as safe stream concentrations for this class of water.
Waters of lower alkalinity must be specially considered since the toxic effect
of most pollutants will be greatly increased.
Ammonia or Ammonium compounds: Not greater than 2.0 ppm at pH of 8.0 or above.
Ferro- or Ferricyanide : Not greater than 0.4 ppm (Fe(CN)6).
Cyanide: Not greater than 0.1 ppm (CN). Copper: Not greater than 0.2 ppm (Cu).
Zinc: : Not greater than 0.3 ppm (Zn). Cadium: Not greater than 0.3 ppm (Cd).
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS A
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE': Source of water supply for drinking, culinary or food
processing purposes and any other usages.
FLOW CONDITIONS:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
i^>
i4
Floating
Solids
Settleable
Solids
Sludge
Deposits
Solid Refuse, Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes , Oils , Sludge
or Other Refuse
Sewage or
Other Effluent
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Coliform
Density
pH
Dissolved
Oxygen
Color
Turbidity
Taste,
Odor
None which are readily visible and attributable to sewage,
industrial wastes or other wastes or which deleteriously
increase the amounts of these constituents in receiving
waters after opportunity for reasonable dilution and mix-
ture with the wastes discharged thereto.
See Number 1.
See Number 1.
Not Specified.
None which are not effectively disinfected.
Oil: See Number 13 (a).
For series of 4 or more samples collected during any 30-
day period: Average MPN not to exceed 5000/lOOml.; MPN
exceeding 5000/lOOml. in not more than 20% of samples
collected.
Range between 6.5 and 8.5.
For trout waters, not less than 5.0 ppm. For non-trout
waters, not less than 4.0 ppm.
See Number 13 (a).
Not Specified.
Odor producing substances contained in wastes: The waters,
after opportunity for reasonable dilution and mixture with
wastes discharged thereto, shall not have an increased
threshold odor number greater than 8 due to such added
wastes.
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria : See over.
REMARKS:• The waters, if subjected to approved treatment equal to (Cont'd.)
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS A (Cont'd.)
13(a) Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
None alone or in combination with other substances or wastes in''
sufficient amounts or at such temperatures as to be injurious to fish
life, make the waters unsafe or unsuitable as a source of water supply
for drinking, culinary or food processing purposes or impair the waters
for any other best usage as determined for the specific waters which are
assigned to this class.
(b) Phenolic Compounds:
Not greater than 5 parts per billion (Phenol).
l*f(a) Heated Effluents:
'See Number 13(a).
(b) Temperature Criteria:
(i) Trout waters:
No thermal discharges that would adversely affect the fishery.
(ii) Non-trout waters:
Within the mixing zone, stream temperature shall not exceed
93°F.
Outside the mixing zone, stream temperature shall not exceed
86°F after mixing; no permanent change in excess of 5 F° above
normal will be permitted; rate of temperature change shall be
limited to 2 F° per hour, not to exceed 9 F° in any 2^-hour
period; average change for 7-day period shall be less than 5 F°
above normal.
REMARKS (Cont'd.);
coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, with additional treat-
ment if necessary to reduce naturally present impurities, meet or will meet U. S.
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards and are or will be considered safe
and satisfactory for drinking water purposes.
In determining the safety or suitability of waters in this class for use as a
source of water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing purposes after
approved treatment, the latest edition of "Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards", published by the United States Public Health Service will be used as
the guide.
Based on non-trout waters of approximately median alkalinity (80 p.p.m.) or
above for the state and without considering effects of combinations, the follow-
ing may be considered as safe stream concentrations for this class of water.
Waters of lower alkalinity must be specially considered since the toxic effect
of most pollutants will be greatly increased:
Ammonia or Ammonium compounds: Not greater than 2.0 ppm at pH of 8.0 or above.
Ferro- or Ferricyanide : Not greater than O.k ppm (Fe(CN)6).
Cyanide: Not greater than 0.1 ppm (CN). Copper: Not greater than 0.2 ppm (Cu).
Zinc: : Not greater than 0.3 ppm (Zn). Cadium: Not greater than 0.3 ppm (Cd).
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS B
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Bathing and any other usages except as a source of
water, supply for drinking, culinary or food processing purposes.
FLOW CONDITIONS:
1
2
3
k
5
b
V
0
y
10
11
i^
13
i4
Floating
Solids
Settleable
Solids
Sludge
Deposits
Solid Refuse, Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes , Oils, Sludge
or Other Refuse
Sewage or
Other Effluent
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Coliform
Density
pH
Dissolved
Oxygen
Color
Turbidity
Taste,
Odor
None which are readily visible and attributable to sewage,
industrial wastes or other wastes or which deleteriously
increase the amounts of these constituents in receiving
waters after opportunity for reasonable dilution and mix-
ture -with the wastes discharged thereto.
See Number 1.
See Number 1.
Not Specified.
None which are not effectively disinfected.
Oil: See Number 13.
For series of 4 or more samples collected during any 30-
day period: Average MPN not to exceed S^tOO/lOOml. ; MPN
exceeding S^tOO/lOOml. in not more than 20% of samples
collected.
Range between 6.5 and y.5.
For trout waters, not less than 5-0 ppm.
waters, not less than *f.O ppm.
For non-trout.
See Number 13.
Not Specified.
Not Specified.
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS:
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS B (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
None alone or in combination with other substances or wastes in
sufficient amounts or at such temperatures as to be injurious to fish life,
make the waters unsafe or unsuitable for bathing or impair the waters for
any other best usage as determined for the specific waters which are assigned
to this class.
iMa) Heated Effluents:
• See Number 13.
(b) Temperature Criteria:
(i) Trout waters:
No thermal discharges that would adversely affect the fishery.
(ii) Non-trout waters:
Within the mixing zone, stream temperature shall not exceed
90 °F.
Outside the mixing zone, stream temperature shall not exceed
86°F after mixing; no permanent change in excess of 5 F° above
normal will be permitted; rate of temperature change shall be
limited to 2 F° per hour, not to exceed 9 F° in any 2it-hour
period; average change for 7-day period shall be less than 5 F°
above normal.
REMARKS (Cont'd): . ....
In determining the safety or suitability of waters in this class for use as a tb
source of.water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing purposes after .
approved treatment, the latest edition of "Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards" published by the United States Public Health Service will be used as
the.guide... , ....
Based on non-trout waters of approximately median alkalinity (80 p.p.m.) or
above for the state and without considering effects of combinations, the follow-
ing may be considered as safe stream concentrations for this class of water.
Waters of. lower alkalinity must be specially considered since the toxic effect.
of most pollutants will be greatly increased:
Ammonia or Ammonium compounds: Not greater than 2.0 ppm at pH of 8.0 or above.
Ferro- or Ferricyanide : Not greater than 0.4 ppm (Fe(CN)6).
Cyanide: Not greater than 0.1 ppm (CN). Copper: Not greater than 0.2 ppm (Cu),
Zinc : Not greater than 0-3 ppm (Zn). Cadium: Not greater than 0.3 ppm (Cd),
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS C
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Fishing and any other usages except.'for bathing'or as
source of water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing purposes.
FLOW CONDITIONS:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
i4
Floating
Solids
Settleable
Solids
Sludge
Deposits
Solid Refuse, Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes , Oils , Sludge
or Other Refuse
Sewage or
Other Effluent
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Coliform
Density
PH
Dissolved
Oxygen
Color
Turbidity
Taste,
Odor
None which are readily visible and attributable to sewage,
industrial wastes or other wastes or which deleteriously
increase the amounts of these constituents in receiving
waters after opportunity for reasonable dilution and
mixture with the wastes, discharged thereto.
See Number 1. ' . .. .
See Number 1.
Not Specified.
Not Specified.
Oil: See Number 13.
Not Specified.
Range between 6.5. and 8.5.
For trout waters, not less than 5-0 ppm. For non-trout
waters, not less than 4.0 ppm.
See 'Number 13.
Not Specified.
Not Specified.
Toxic Wastes, ^Deleterious Substances: See over.
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria : See over.
REMARKS:
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS C (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic. Wastes, Deleterious Substances:.: • ••
None alone or in combination with other substances or wastes in
sufficient amounts or at such temperatures as to be injurious to fish life
or impair the waters for any other best usage as determined for the specific
waters which ,are assigned to this class.
)' Heated Effluents:
See Number 13-
(b) Temperature Criteria:
(i") Trout waters:
No thermal discharges that would adversely affect the fishery.
(ii) Non-trout waters:
Within the mixing zone, stream temperature shall not exceed
9o°F. • • • •••''.•;
Outside the mixing zone, stream temperature shall not exceed
86°F after mixing; no permanent change in excess of 5 F° above
normal will be permitted; rate of temperature change shall be
limited to 2' F° per hour, not to excees 9 F° in any 2^-hour
period; average change for 7-day period shall be less than 5 F°
above normal.
REMARKS (Cont'd):
In determining the safety or suitability of waters in this class for use as a
source of -water supply for drinking, culinary or food processing purposes after
approved treatment, the latest edition of "Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards"- published by the United States Public Health Service will be used as
the guide.
Based on non-trout waters of approximately median alkalinity (80 p.p.m.) or
above for the state and without considering effects of combinations, the follow--
ing may be considered as safe stream concentrations for this class of water.
Waters of lower alkalinity must--be specially considered since the- toxic effect
of most pollutants will be greatly increased:
Ammonia or Ammonium compounds: Not greater than 2.0 ppm-at pH of 8.0 or-above.
Ferro- or Ferricyanide : Not greater than O.k ppm (Fe(CN)6).
Cyanide: Not greater than 0.1 ppm (CN). Copper: Not greater than 0.2 ppm (Cu),
Zinc : Not greater than 0.3-ppni (Zn). Cadium: Not greater than 0.3' ppm (Cd),
-------
TABLE A-l
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT SCHEDULE
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES, NEW YORK
LAKE CHAMPLAIN BASIN I/, 2/
Waste Source
Receiving
Water
Report
Due
Submit
Final
Plans
Start
Constr.
Complete
Constr.
Granville
Whitehall
Ticonderoga Village
Moriah SD #1
Moriah SD #2
Port Henry Village
Mineville
Grover Hill Housing
Westport
Willsboro
Keesville
Peru SD #1
Plattsburgh
Champlain Park SD
Chazy
Champlain Village
Rouses Point Village
International Paper Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
J & J Rogers Co.
Imperial Paper Co.
Diamond National Corp.
Georgia Pacific Corp.
Champlain Creameries
MUNICIPAL
5/6?
Mettawee R.
Mettawee R.
Ticonderoga Cr. 4/67
(Atlernate) 4/67
Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain
Mill Brook
Lake Champlain
Mill Brook
Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain
Bouquet R.
Ausable R.
Little Ausable R. •
Saranac R. 10/6?
Lake Champlain
Little Chazy R.
Great Chazy R.
Lake Champlain
INDUSTRIAL
Ticonderoga Cr. 3/68
Bartlett Brook
Mill Brook
Ausable R. 5/68
Saranac R.
Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain
Great Chazy R.
1/68
5/68
2/69
2/69
9/68
V69
6/69
V69
1/70
9/70
9/70
7/70
4/72 -
V68
9/68
V69
V69
10/68
5/69
10/68
10/68
10/68
V69
V69
V69
V69
12/70
4/72
7/70
V72
7/70
7/70
7/70
7/70
I/
2/
Includes only those waste discharges that directly or indirectly affect the Lake.
Schedules taken from-New York Water Quality Standards as submitted to the
Secretary of the Interior in May 1967 and the Existing Polluters, Legal
Action Orders Issued listing included in the State FY-69 Programs Plan
Submission.
V Under Department Directive (voluntary compliance).
-------
APPENDIX B
VERMONT STREAM CLASSIFICATION
1. Class ification-Lake Champlain and
Interstate Tributaries
2. Water Quality Criteria
3. Water Pollution Abatement Schedule
-------
INTERSTATE WATERS WITHIN VERMONT
OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS - LAKE CHAMPLAIN & INTERSTATE TRIBUTARIES
Area of Lake or Tributaries
Primary Present
& Future Uses
Class
Lake Champ lain
Entire Lake.
Mettawee River
Bathing, other recrea- B
tional purposes, agri-
cultural uses, indus-
trial processes and cooling,
fishing and wildlife habitat,
good aesthetic value.
Bathing, other recreational B
purposes, agricultural uses,
industrial processes .and
cooling, fishing and wild-
life habitat, good aesthetic
value.
Poultney River
Source to Middletown Springs
Middletown Springs to Poultney Treatment Plant
Poultney Treatment Plant to Lewis Creek
Lewis Creek to confluence with Castleton River
Confluence with Castleton River to Mud Brook
Same as above. B
tr 11 rt n
Fish and wildlife habitat; C
recreational boating, and
industrial processes and
cooling; under some condi-
tions acceptable for public
water supply with appropriate
treatment; good aesthetic
value.
Same as 1 & 2 above. B
Fish and wildlife habitat; G
recreational boating, and
industrial processes and
cooling; under some condi-
-------
INTERSTATE WATERS WITHIN VERMONT
OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATIONS - LAKE CHAMPLAIN & INTERSTATE TRIBUTARIES
Area of Lake or Tributaries
Primary Present
& ;Future Uses
Class
Lake Ghamplain - cont'd
Poultney River - cont d
Confluence with Castleton River to Mud Brook
Mud Brook to mouth
Missisquoi River
Scheduled for classification in 1969
cont'd
tions acceptable .for public
water..supply with appropriate
treatment; good aesthetic
value.
Fish and wildlife habitat;
recreational boating, and
industrial processes and
cooling; under some condi-
tions acceptable for public
water supply with appropriate
treatment; good aesthetic
value. -
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
(NOTE: Except where noted by an asterisk
(*), these criteria have been approved by the
Secretary "o'f the Interior.)..
STATE OF VERMONT
CLASS A
DEFINITION OR BEST. USAGE: Suitable for water, supply and all;.other. water uses;
character uniformly excellent.
FLOW CONDITIONS: . Minimum average daily flow for 7 consecutive days with 10 year
recurrence interval.
1
2
3
k
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
L'd
13
l4
Floating
Solids ' -
Settleable
Solids
Sludge
Deposits
Solid Refuse, Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes, Oils, Sludge
or Other Refuse
Sewage or
Other Effluent
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Coliform
Density
pH :
Dissolved
Oxygen
Color
Turbidity
Taste,
Odor
None allowable.
Not Specified.
None allowable.
Solid Refuse: None allowable.
All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disin-
fection before discharge to the watercourse. The degree
of treatment and disinfection shall be as required by the
statejollution control agency.
Oils, Grease, Scum: None allowable.
Not to exceed a median of 100/lOOml., nor more than 500 per
100ml. in more' than 10$ of samples collected.
As naturally occurs. • '
75% saturation, 16 hours per day; 5 mg/1 at any time.
None other than of natural origin.
None other than of natural origin.
None other than of natural origin.
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS: Class A waters reserved for water supply may be subject to restricted
use by state and local regulation. (Continued)
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA STATE OF VERMONT
CLASS A (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, ^Deleterious Substances:
Waters shall be free from chemical constituents in concentrations or
combinations which would be harmful to human, animal, or aquatic life for
the appropriate, most sensitive and governing water class use. In areas
where fisheries are the governing considerations and approved limits have
not been established, bioassays including assessment of taste and odor in
edible fish shall be performed as required by the appropriate agencies.
For public drinking water supplies the limits prescribed by the United
States Public Health Service may be used where not superseded by more
stringent signatory state requirements.
Heated Effluents:
Not Specified.
(b) Temperature Criteria - Allowable Temperature Increase:
None other" than of natural origin.
REMARKS (Cont'd.):
These Standards do not apply to conditions brought about by natural causes.
Radioactivity limits to be approved by the appropriate state agency with consid-
eration of possible adverse effects in downstream waters from discharge of radio-
active wastes; limits in a particular watershed to be resolved when necessary
after consultation between 'states involved.
-------
WATER-QUALITY•CRITERIA
(NOTE: Except where noted -by an asterisk
(*)-, these criteria have been approved by the
Secretary of the Interior.)
STATE OF VERMONT
CLASS B
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Suitable for bathing, other recreational purposes,
agricultural uses, industrial processes and cooling; excellent fish and wildlife
habitat; good aesthetic value; acceptable for public water supply with appropriate
treatment. • . . . . - .
FLOW CONDITIONS: Minimum average, daily flow for 7 consecutive days with 10 year
recurrence interval.
1
2
3
If
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
IF
— — — i
Floating
Solids '
Settleable
Solids
Sludge
Deposits
Solid Refuse, Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes, Oils, Sludge
or Other Refuse
Sewage or
Other Effluent
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Coliform
Density
PH -, • ' •:
Dissolved
Oxygen
Color
Turbidity
Taste,
Odor
^Jone allowable.
Wot Specified.
None allowable.
Solid Refuse: None allowable.
fl.ll 'sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disin-
fection before discharge to the watercourse. The degree
Df treatment and disinfection shall be as required by the
state pollution 'control agency.
Dils, Grease, Scum: None allowable.
tfot to exceed, a median of 10.00/1 00ml., nor more than 2400
per 100ml. in more than 2C$ of samples collected.
6.5 to 8.0. ' •••-••
75% saturation, 16 hours per day; 5 mg/1 at any time.
None in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
None in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
None in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS: Class B waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that:
a) Unduly affect the composition of bottom fauna, (Continued)
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA STATE OF VERMONT
CLASS B (Conf'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
Waters shall be free from chemical constituents in concentrations or "
combinations which would be harmful to human, animal, or aquatic life for
the appropriate, most sensitive and governing water class use. In areas
where fisheries are the governing considerations and approved limits have.
not been established, bioassays including assessment of taste and odor in
edible fish .shall be performed as required by the appropriate agencies..
For public drinking water supplies the limits prescribed by the United
States Public Health Service may be used where not superseded by more
stringent signatory state requirements.
l*KaT Heated 'Effluents:
Not Specified.
(b) Temperature Criteria - Allowable Temperature Increase:
' Only such increases that will not impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class. In no case shall the temperature of the receiving
water be raised more than *f F°. .
*For waters supporting cold water fisheries the temperature increase
shall not raise the temperature of the receiving waters above 68°F.
For waters supporting a warm water fishery the temperature increase
shall not raise the temperature of the receiving waters above 83°F.
REMARKS (Cont'd.):
blUnduly affect the physical or chemical nature of the bottom,
c) Interfere with the propagation of fish.
These standards do not 'apply to conditions brought about by natural "causes.
Radioactivity limits to be approved by the appropriate state agency with consid-
eration b'f"possible .adverse effects in downstream waters from discharge of radio-
active wastes; limits in a particular watershed to be resolved when necessary
after consultation between states involved.
-------
WATEK QUALITY CRITERIA"
(NOTE: Except where noted by an asterisk
(*), these criteria have been approved by the
Secretary .of the Interior. ) ...
STATE OF VERMONT
CLASS C
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Suitable for fish and wildlife habitat; recreational
boating, and industrial processes and cooling; under some conditions acceptable
for public water supply with appropriate treatment; good aesthetic value.
FLOW CONDITIONS: Minimum average daily flow for 7 consecutive days with 10 year
recurrence interval.
1
2
3
4
5
b
7
8
*y
1U
11
1*>
13
i4
Floating
Solids
Settleable
Solids
Sludge
Deposits
Solid Refuse, Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes , Oils , Sludge
or Other Refuse
Sewage or
Other Effluent
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Coliform
Density
pH
Dissolved
Oxygen
Color
Turbidity
Taste,
Odor
None shall be allowed except for such small amounts that
may result from the discharge of appropriately treated
sewage or industrial waste effluents.
Not Specified.
See Number 1.
Solid Refuse: None.
All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disin-
fection before discharge to the watercourse. The degree
of treatment and disinfection shall be as required by the
state pollution control agency.
Oils, Grease, Scum: See Number 1.
None in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
6.0 to «. 5.
5 mg/1, 16 hours per day; not less than 3 mg/1 at any time
For cold water fishery, not less than 5 mg/1 at any time.
None in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically, assigned to this Class.
None in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
None in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS: Class C waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that:
a) Unduly affect the composition of bottom fauna, (Continued)
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA STATE OF VERMONT
CLASS C (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: ,
Waters shall be free from chemical constituents in concentrations or
combinations which would be harmful to human, animal, or aquatic life for
the appropriate, most sensitive and governing water class use. In areas
where fisheries are the governing considerations and approved limits have
not been established, bioassays including assessment of taste and odor in
edible fish shall be performed as required by the appropriate agencies.
For public drinking water supplies the limits prescribed by the United
States Public Health Service may be used where not superseded by more
stringent signatory state requirements.
Heated Effluents;
Not Specified.
Temperaj^re_Griteria - Allowable Temperature^ Increase:
Only such increases that will not impair any usages specifically
assigned to this Class. In no case shall the temperature of the receiving
water be raised more. than k F°.
*For waters supporting cold water fisheries the temperature increase
shall not raise the temperature of the receiving waters above 68°F.
For waters supporting a warm water fishery the temperature increase
shall not raise the temperature of the receiving waters above 83°F.
REMARKS (Cont'd.):
b~)Unduly affect the physical or chemical nature of the bottom,
.." c) Interfere with the propagation of fish.
These Standards do not apply to conditions brought about by natural causes.
Radioactivity limits to be approved by the appropriate state agency with consid-
eration of possible adverse effects in downstream waters from discharge of radio-
active wastes; limits in a particular watershed to be resolved when necessary
after consultation between states involved.
-------
TABLE B-l
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT SCHEDULE
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES, VERMONT
LAKE CHAMPLAIN. BASIN I/, 2/
V
Waste Source —
Receiving
Water
Report
Due
Submit
Final
Plans
Start
Constr.
Complete
Constr.
Shelburne FD #2
S. Burlington FD #4
Queen City Park
Burlington (Main Plant)
S. Burlington (Main Plant)
Burlington (Riverside)
Burlington (North End)
Colchester FD #1
Winooski
St. Albans
Alburg
Swanton
V
Shelburne FD #1 -'
Fair Haven Mills
Vermont Cut Slate
Vermont Structural Slate,
Fair Haven
Vermont Structural Slate,
Hydville
Economu Cheese Co.
Louis E. Farre11
John McKenzie Pkg.
Milton Co-op Dairy
Missisquoi Specialty
Board
Vermont Dressed Beef
MUNICIPAL -'
La Platte R. x
Potash Brook x
Shelburne Bay
Potash Brook
Shelburne Bay
Lake Champlain x
Winooski R. x
Winooski R. x
Winooski R. x
Winooski R. x
Winooski R. x
Stevens Brook x
St. Albans Bay
Lake Champlain 1/69
Missisquoi R.
Lake Champlain
INDUSTRIAL -'
Castleton R. 3/68
Castleton R. 3/68
Castleton R. 3/68
Castleton R.
La Platte R.
Lake Champlain
Winooski R.
Lamoille R.
Missisquoi R. 6/69
Missisquoi R.
2/69
2/69
2/69
2/69
2/69
2/69
x
X
2/69
10/69
6/69
7/68
7/68
7/68
3/68 7/68
5/69
5/69
5/69
5/69
5/69
5/69
5/69
4/70
1/70
9/68
9/69
9/68
9/68
9/68
9/70
9/70
9/70
9/70
9/70
9/70
9/70
6/71
1/72
1/70
12/68
12/68
12/68
12/68
6/70
1/71
12/72
I/ Includes only those waste discharges that directly or indirectly affact the Lake.
_2/ Schedules taken from Vermont Water Quality Standards as submitted to the Secretary
of the Interior in June 196? and as supplemented in September 196?.
3/ All other communities not listed and planning municipal collection and treatment
shall submit a preliminary report by Januray 1, 1969, shall submit final plans by
October 1, 1969, shall start construction by April 1, 1970 and shall complete con-
struction no later than June 1, 1971. Where no municipal collection and treatment
are contemplated it is assumed that pollution abatement will proceed on an indi-
vidual basis.
k/ New Secondary Treatment Facility - not a system at this time.
_5/ Those industries with waterborne wastes that will not be collected and treated in
a municipal system, shall submit a preliminary report on their abatement program
by January 1, 1969, shall submit final plans by October 1, 1969, shall start con-
struction by April 1, 1970 and shall complete construction by June 1, 1971-
x Activity already accomplished.
-------
APPENDIX C
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration water quality survey of
Lake Champlain was conducted during the period August 19-26, 1968. This survey
consisted of a number of stations along the Vermont - New York State line with
expanded grids in the vicinity of major tributaries and areas of waste dis-
charges. One hundred and forty-five (145) samples were collected at 93 sampling
stations. Eight stations were located in the Champlain Canal and 85 in Lake
Champlain. At several stations, samples were taken from as many as three
different depths. One sample only was collected at each sampling point.
Figures C-l and C-2 present the location of each station while Table C-l
lists the results of the survey.
-------
TABLE C-l
DATA, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
SURVEY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AUGUST 1968
I/
Station
CC-194
CC-200
CC-205
CC-209
CC-214
CC-21?
CC-219
CC-220
LC-0
LC-3
LC-7
LC-10
LC-13.5
LC-18-S
LC-18-D
LC-18A
LC-18B
LC-20-S
LC-20-D
LC-20A
LC-20B
LC-20.5-S
LC-20.5-D
LC-20.5A
LC-20.5B
LC-21-S
LC-21-D
LC-21A
LC-21B
LC-22-S
LC-22-D
LC-22A
LC-22B
LC-24-S
LC-24-D
LC-26-S
LC-26-D
LC-30-S
LC-30-D
LC-35-S
LC-35-D
LC-36-S
LC-36-D
LC-36A
LC-36B
LG-41-S
LC-41-D
Water
Temp
°C
20.5
21.5
21.5
21.8
21.8
21.7
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
21.4
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.5
21.5
21.3
21.5
21.5
21.5
21.6
22.2
22.5
22.0
22.0
21.8
21.5
22.3
22.3
21.3
21.0
21.0
21.0
20.8
21.0
20.4
19.8
19.8
19.8
19-8
19.8
19-4
9.8
DO
rag/1
7.7
7.9
7.8
7-1
7.4
7.3
6.8
7.2 .
6.7
7.4
6.8'
6.7
8.0
'7.7
7.7
7.8
8.2
4.7 .
5.6
2.6
4.6
4.2
3-7
1-5
4.5
4.0
1.4
2.2
3.2
4.5
4.5
3.1
4.3
7.8
7.7
8.0
8.0
8.3
8.2-
9.0
9-1
9.0
8.7
9.0
9.0
9.2
9.4
Percent
Sat.
84
90
89
80
84
83
77
82
76
84
77
75
89
86
86
87
91
54
64
29
52
48
42
17
51
46
16
25
36
51
51
35
49
87
86
89
89
92
91
98
99
98
95
98
98
98
.83
BOD
mg/1
1.1
1.0
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.2
8.9
1.4
1.2
4.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
2.6
1.8
2/ 3/
~ TOC
. mg/1
4
4
6
6
4
7
9
11
4
4
4
5
5
4
5
4
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
12
7
7
8
11
7
8
10
8
6
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
5
3
4
5
3
6
Secchi
Disc
inches
18
18
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
12
18
18
18
12
36
72
72
60
108
Color
Pt-Co Units
60
30
50
60
60
80
60
60
60
40
30
40
30
30
30
40
40
60
60
60
60
60
60
80
50
60
50
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
80
100
80
So
80
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
Total
Solids
mg/1
120
138
115
110
127
150
143
154
153
129
130
143
146
147
170
153
108
149
155
. 90
125
125
133
164
140
157
84
72
62
67
53
98
60
100
Total
Alkalinity
mg/1
5.5
3.0
21.8
21.8
42.0
57.5
59.1
66.0
66.0
77.0
79.0
80.0
84.5
88.5
88.5
87.2
91.0
86.5
.87.2
83.5
85.5
85.5
86.5
89.0
86.5
83.0
88.0
92.0
84.0
91.0
8l.O
81.0
92.0
78.0
77.0
85.0
77.8
67.5
73.2
59-0
50.5
50.2
50.5
50.2
51.0
49.0
44.5
y
T-N
mg/1
.38
.58
.60
.58
.40
.29
.50
.53
.38
.35
.41
.53
.44
.32
.30
.38
.33
.41
.63
.42
.42
.50
.47
.50
.42
.44
.45
.43
.44
.43
.44
.48
.53
.38
.33
.30
.29 .
.29
.24
.23
.28
.45
.25
.25
.60
.30
.35
NO,-N
mg/1
.23
.14
.28
.23
.31
.20
.21
.21
.24
.14
.14
.16
.08
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.08
.0?
.08
.07
.08
.07
.08
.07
.08
.07
.08
.08
.09
.09
.07
.09
.10
.12
..11
.10
-09
.06
.05
.05
.06
.07
.05
.04
.05
rag/l
.44
.47
-45
.30
.50
.33
.85
.53
1.87
.30
.68
.52
.18
.21
.25
.28
.95
.33
.23
1.28
1.28
.23
.35
.30
.43
.21
.21
.25
.21
.18
1.15
.25
.25
.50
.25
.38
.18
.43
.17
.15
.15
.19
.13
.08
.17
.10
.48
' ^ Total -
Coliform
/100 ml
1,900
1,'500
940
17,000
150,000
180,000
490,000
110,000
28,000
680
560
920
960
420
200
2,100
72
12,000
6,300
9,900
6,500
6,800
7,300
320,000
6,900
8,200
80,000
53,000
26,000
6,600
8,200
39,000
4,800
84
36
64
44
4o
8
56'
110
220
240
860
2,000
290
560
Fecal —
Coliform
/100 ml
64
100
64
1,700
20,000
3,300
7,200
7,500
1,800
64
72
24
44
8
4
24
4
620
180
310
120
270
820
11,000
180
770
5,900
3,100
980
280
420
2,000
180
4
12
4
4
4
4
8
4
4
4
8
24
4
4
-------
TABLE C-l (Cont'd.)
Station -
LC-46-S
LC-46-D
LC-47-S
LC-47-D
LC-47A
LC-47B-S
LC-47B-D
LC-50
LC-53-S
LC-53-D
LC-59-S
LC-59-D
LC-59A
LC-59B-S
LC-59B-D
LC-59C
LC-65-S
LC-65-D
LC-72-S
LC-72-D
LC-77-S
LC-77-D
LC-77A
LC-83-S
LC-83-D
LC.-89-S
LC-89-M
LC-89-D
LC-94-S
LC-94-D
LC-94A-S
LC-94A-D
LC-102-S
LC-102-D
LC-102A
LC-102B
LC-102C
LC-106-S
LC-106-D
LC-106A
LCS-l-S
LCS-l-D
LCS-2-S
LCS-2-D
LCS-3-S
LCS-3-D
LCS-4
Water
Temp
°C
18.8
18.6
19.0
9.4
18.6
19-5
19-1
19.6
18.6
11.4
19.0
17.8
9.4
18.8
18.6
9.4
9.2
18.7
9-6
18.8
19.5
9.4
19.6
9-8
9-0
20.4
10.0
19.5
10.8
19.8
20.8
21.0
21.0
21.8
20.8
20.0
20.5
17.8
10.8
18.6
10.2
18.7
15.8
18.6
DO
mg/1
9-0
9.0
9.1
10.4
9.2
9-3
9.0
9.1
9.3
8.9
9.9
9.5
9.4
10.3
9.1
10.2
9.2
9-9
9-1
9.8
9.3
9.2
9.8
9.0
9.4
9-8
9.3
9.1
9.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.3
9-4
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.5
9.3
9-2
9.0
9.6
9.2
8.6
9.5
Percent
Sat.
96
96
97
90
98
99
96
99
101
100
90
101
99
89
97
88
85
97
87
99
100
85
98
83
85
103
80
100
81
100
101
103
104
103
101
100
104
98
83
96
85
98
86
101
BOD - TOC -
mg/1 mg/1
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
4
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
4
2
2
2
6
3
4
2
3
4
2
6
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
5
5
3
2
2
2
3
2
6
Secchi
Disc
inches
120
180
150
48
144
168
144
168
120
192
144
144
222
232
174
210
192
192
144
132
120
Color
Pt-Co Units
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
20
10
20
30
30
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Total Total
Solids Alkalinity
mg/1 mg/1
48.0
46.0
46.0
43.5
46.0
49.0
48.0
49.0
46.5
58 4,9.0 .
47.0
46.0
12 48.0
13 47.0
55 46.5
5 44.5
47.0
44.0
46.5
42.5
44.0
47.2
44.5
31 44.5
69 43.5
44.0
45.0
42.5
91
41.5
46.5
47.0
45.0
44.0
45.0
43.0
46.0
26 45.5
100 44.0
46.5
44.5
47.2
44.5
46.8
44.5
45.0
43.0
mg/1
-50
.50
.75
.60
.30
.30
1.05
.25
.40
.35
.35
.35
.40
.30
.30
.35
.90
.50
.90
.25
.25
.35
.80
.75
.60
-30
.75
.25
-30
1.65
.15
.40
.40
.45
.35
.30
.50
.35
.30
-25
.30
.45
.40
.40
.20
.25
NO -N
mg/1
.05
.05
.05
.06
.20
.05
.05
.05
.05
.06
.17
.05
.05
.06
.22
.05
.03
.21
.04
.21
.04
.20
.04
.04
.22
.04
.24
.24
.04
.22
.15
.22
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.03
.03
.04
.04
..19
.04
.20
.04
.08
.03
rag/1
.10
.22
.08
1.94
.05
.17
.48
.14
.08
.08
.90
.38
.17
.08
.10
.10
.76
.05
.14
.10
.05
.05
.05
.77
.08
.05
.05
.62
.08
.10
.60
.13
.10
.25
.13
.-13
.10
.10
.08
.14
.05
.48
.13
.03
.03
.05
.10
6/
Total -
Coliform
/100 ml
1,200
1,700
420
260
250
46o
420
630
1,100
620
1,400
500
360
880
520
560
8
40
2,000
540
820
340
380
330
660
540
440
520
240
720
220
540
140
300
88
44o
16
40
340
74o
2,300
1^200
4,000
880
580
980
560
6/
Fecal -
Coliform
/100 ml
76
210
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
210
32
4
190
4
8
4
4
-------
TABLE C-l (Cont'd.)
v
Station -
LCB-l-S
1CB-1-M
LCB-l-D
LCB-2-S
LCB-2-D
LCB-S-S'
LCB-3-D
LCB-4-S
LCB-4-D
LCB-5-S
LGB-5-D
LCW-l-S
LCW-l-D
LCW-2
LCA-l-S
LCA-l-D
LCA-2
LCA-3
LCA-4-S
LCA-4-D
LCC-l-S
LCC-l-D
LCC-2-S
LCC-2-D
LCC-3
LCC-4
LCV-l-S
LCV-l-D
LCV-2-S
LCV-2-D
LCV-3-S
LCV-3-D
LCV-4-S
LCV-4-M
LCV-4-D
LCV-5
LCV-6-S
LCV-6-D
LCV-7-S
LCV-7-D
LCV-8
LCV-9
LCV-10-S
LCV-10-D
Water
Temp
°C
18.5
14.6
8.8
18.4
"9.2
18.5
18.4
18.6
17.8
18.2
18.6
18.5
8.4
18.4
18.7
18.5
18.4
18.5
18.5
14.8
18.8
10.5
19.2
18.7
19.2
18.8
21.2
19.8
21.0
20.8
20.7
19.8
20.7
17.5
14.6
20.5
20.0
20.0
20.8
20.2
21.5
21.8
20.4
20.0
DO
mg/1
9-2
8.7
9.9
9-1
10.2
9.3
9.3
9.2
8.6
9-0
9-2
9.4
10.3
9.5
9.5
9-3
9-5
9.2
9.4
8.3
9.2
9.7
9-1
8.9
5.8
9.1
9-1
9.2
9-0
9.1
9.2
9.1
9.1
6.0
5'. 1
9-0
8.9
9-0
9.2
8.4
9.4
9.3
9-1
8.7
Percent
Sat.
97
85
86
96
88
98
98
98
90
96
97
99
87
100
101
98
100
97
99
8l
98
86
97
95
62
97
102
100
100
101
101
99
100
62
50
99
97
98
102
92
105
105
100
95
2/ 3/
BOD - roc -
mg/1 mg/1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
2
3
4
7
3
2
4
3
4
2
4
13
3
4
7
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
4
2
4
3
Secchi
Disc
inches
156
144
156
144
168
144
132
150
138
144
138
180
36
156
120
156
156
198
180
120
180
180
Color
Pt-Co Units
20
20
20
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Total
Solids
mg/1
55
31
20
37
46
93
52
91
27
35
33
74
95
75
85
58
105
69
78
80
93
91
90
91
93
85
83
87
Total
Alkalinity
rag/1
45-5
45.0
45.0
45.0
46.0
45.0
42.0
46.0
44.2
45.5
46.0
45.5
45.5
44.2
47.5
47.5
46.0
49.0
43.0
45.5
45.5
42.5
4?.o
45.0
44.5
44.5
32.5
36.0
29-5
32.0
34.0
32.0
35.5
36.5
34.5
33.2
37.0
35-5
32.5
35.5
36.0
34.2
37-0
T-N V
mg/1
.15
.30
.30
.55
1.05
.40
.40
.80
2.05
.25
.35
.35
.55
.45
.75
-.85
.25
.25
.25
.20
.90
.40
.65
.40
.35
.65
.40
.30
.25
.20
.55
1.30
.30
.25
.30
.30
.30
.40
.45
.30
.50
.35
.60
.90
NO -N
mg/1'
.05
.12
.21
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.05
.03
.04
.05
.23
.04
.04
.04
.04
.05
.04
.13
.10
.22
.04
.04
.0?
.04
.03
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.03
.06
.12
.03
.04
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
.03
mg/1
.17
.08
.29
.14
.14
.48
.10
.05
.10
.03
.13
.08
.08
.05
.10
.05
.13
.22
.05
.03
.08
.25
.13
.05
.17
.03
.08
.22
.34
.13
.19
.10
.08
.05
1.19
.05
.64
.10
.10
.25
.13
.37
.10
6/
Total ~
Coliform
/100 ml
1,200
1,200
600
880
440
1,300
1,500
780
84o
3,300
720
420
260
620
560
2,700
1,300
1,400
2,000
2,200
1,100
720
,560
1,200
20,000
1,200
60
180
320
620
120
170
400
1,600
1,200
7&0
660
700
160
96
270
150
740
800
6/
Fecal —
Coliform
/100 ml
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
12
48
16
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
3,800
130
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
-------
TABLE C-l (Cont'd.)
Statiori'T-
LCV-ll-S
LCV-ll-D
LCV-12
LCV-13-S
LCV-13-D
LCD-l-S
LCD-l-D
Water
Temp
21.0
19.6
20.5
21.7
15.5
20.0
19.0
DO
rag/1
9.2
8.1
9.2
9.3
5-2
9.3
9.4
2/ 3/ Secchi
Percent BOD ~ TOG ~ Disc
Sat. mg/1 mg/1 inches
102
88
101
105
51
101
100
2
3
3
2
2
4
3
150
14^
180
138
Color
Pt-Co Units
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Total Total ,
Solids Alkalinity T-N — '
mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
.70
.75
93 .60
35.5 .30
36.5 .40
46.2 .35
47.0 .80
NO -N
mg/1
.05
.03
.05
.04
.11
.05
.04
mg/1
.08
.13
.05
.08
.32
.08
1.08
Total -' Fecal -'
Coliform Coliform
/100 ml /100 ml
110
1,200
440
400
1,300
1,000
290
1 4
4
4
4
4
4
4
I
I
See Figures C-l and C-2 for sampling station locations.
BOD: 5 day 20°C Biochemical Oxygen Demand,- 100 percent dilution.
TOC: Total Organic Carbon.
Total Nitrogen as Nitrogen as measured by Auto-Analyzer.
Total Phosphate as PO,
Total and Fecal Coliform measured by membrane filter (MF).
S - Surface Stations - taken five feet from water surface.
M - Mid Stations - taken in the thermocline where stratification occurred.
D - Deep Stations - taken five feet from bottom where no stratification
occurred. Taken within the hypolimnion where stratification was present.
CC - Stations in Champlain Canal.
LC - Stations in Lake Champlain.
LCS - Stations .in Shelburne Bay.
LCB - Stations in Burlington Bay.
LCW - Stations near Winooski River.
LCA - Stations near Ausable River.
LCC - Stations in Cumberland Bay.
LCV - Stations in Northeast"Arm.
LCD - Stations in Deep Bay.
-------
LC-36-S.D
LC-36A
LC-30-S.D
LC-24-S-D
LC-20.5A,B,20,5-S,D
LC-20A,B,20-S,D
PORT HENRY
LC-13.5
LC-7
LC-0
CC-219
CC-214
CC-205
CC-194
WHITEHALL
L
£&
LC-36B
LC-35-S.D
LC-26-S,D
LC-22A,B,22-S,D
LC-21A,B,21-S,D
LC-18A,B,18-S,D
- LC-10
LC-3
CC-220
CC-217
CC-209
CC-200
FORT EDWARD
LAKE CHAMPLAIN-CHAMPLAIN CANAL
WATAR QUALITY SURVEY
AUGUST 19-26,1968
SAMPLING STATIONS
Figure C-l
-------
LC-106-S,D
LC-106A
LC-102C
LC-102B
LC-102-S,D
LC-102A
LC-94A-S.D
LC-94-S,D
LCD-1-S.D
LC-89-S,M,D
LCC-4
LCC-3
LCC-2-S,D
LC-83-S.D
LCC-1-S.D
LCC-77-S.D
LCA-4-S.D
LCA-3
LCA-2
LC-72-S.D
LCA-1-S.D
LC-65-S.D
LC-59-S,D
LC-59A
LC-53-SD
LC-46-S,D
LC-41-S.D
LCV-2-S.D
LCV-3-SD
LCV-1-S.D
LCV-4-S,M,D
LCV-8
LCV-7-S,D
LCV-6-S,D
LCV-5
LCV-13-S,D
LCV-11-S.D
10-S,D
LCV-9
LCV-12
LC-77A
LCW-2
LCW-1-S,D
LCB-1-S,M,D
LCB-2-S.D
LCB-3-S,D
LCB-5-S,D
LCB-4-S.D
LCS-1-S.D
LCS-2-S,D
LCS-4
LCS-3-S.D
LC-59B-S,D
LC-59C
LC-50
LC-47A
LC-47-S,D
LC-47B-S,D
LAKE CHAMPLAIN- CHAMPLAIN CANAL
WATER QUALITY SURVEY
AUGUST 19-26,1968
SAMPLING STATIONS
Figure C-2
-------
GLOSSARY OF WATER POLLUTION TERMS
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) - the amount of oxygen required by living organ-
isms while decomposing organic matter in the presence of oxygen as measured by
the 5-day 20°C BOD test.
Population Equivalent (PE) - the pollutional effect of various waste discharges ex-
pressed in terms of a corresponding effect of discharging raw sewage from an
equivalent number of human population. Based on the ratio of pollutional matter
(expressed in terms of BOD) to the per capita amount of the same pollutional
matter normally found in domestic sewage. For example:
_ # BOD of waste per day
. 17 # BOD of domestic waste per capita per day
Primary Treatment - the physical removal of floatable and settleable solids, and
BOD from municipal and industrial wastes. Treatment consisting of primary
settling and skimming can generally remove 25-30 percent of the BOD, 45-65
percent of the total suspended matter, and substantially all floatable and settle-
able material.
Secondary Treatment - the treatment of organic wastes by primary treatment
followed by a biological process and secondary settling. Secondary treatment can
generally remove 80-95 percent of the BOD and suspended matter, and substan-
tially all floatable and settleable material.
Save-all - an industrial treatment process (sedimentation, flotation or filtra-
tion) used to recover fibers.
Thermocline - A layer of water in a thermally stratified lake separating an upper,
warmer, lighter zone from a lower, colder, heavier zone.
Epilimnion - the layer of water above the Thermocline in a fresh water lake or pool.
Hypolimnion - the layer of water below the Thermocline in a fresh water lake or
pool.
11/68
-------
GLOSSARY OF WATER POLLUTION TERMS
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) - the amount of oxygen required by living organ-
isms while decomposing organic matter in the presence of oxygen as measured by
the 5 day 20°C BOD test.
Population Equivalent (PE) - the pollutional effect of various waste discharges
expressed in terms of a corresponding effect of discharging raw sewage from an
equivalent number of human population. Based on the ratio of pollutional matter
(expressed in terms of BOD) to the per capita amount of the same pollutional
matter normally found in domestic sewage. For example:
# BOD of waste per day
PE =
.17 # BOD of domestic waste per capita per day
Primary Treatment - the physical removal of settleable solids and BOD from muni-
cipal and industrial wastes. Treatment consisting of primary settling can
generally remove 25 to 35 percent,of the BOD and 45-65 percent of the total sus-
pended matter.
Secondary Treatment - the removal of organic wastes beyond that possible by
primary treatment only. Treatment consists of primary settling followed by a
biological process and secondary settling. Secondary treatment can generally
remove 80-95 percent of the BOD and suspended matter.
Save-all - an industrial treatment process (sedimentation, flotation or filtra-
tion) used to recover fibers.
Thermocline - a vertical temperature gradient in some layer of a body of water,
which is appreciably greater than the gradients above and below it.
Epilimnion - the layer of water above the Thermocline in a fresh water lake or
pool .
Hypolironion - the layer of water below the Thermocline in a fresh water lake or
pool .
------- |