Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Division of Water Quality Research Analytical Quality Control Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES A FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY 1964-1968 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ------- PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES A FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY James J. Lichtenberg, James W. Eichelberger, Ronald C. Dressman and James E. Longbottom U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY RESEARCH ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY CINCINNATI, OHIO SEPTEMBER 1969 ------- ABSTRACT This report summarizes the results of fwe annual synoptic surveys (1964 through 1968) for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in surface waters of the United States. The results showed widespread occurrence of these compounds. The number of occur- rences reached a peak in 1966 and then declined sharply in 1967 and 1968. Dieldrin and DDT and its congeners DDE and ODD were the compounds most fre- quently detected throughout the five-year period. The maximum concentrations found have not exceeded permissible limits as they relate to human intake directly from a domestic water supply. However, they have often exceeded the environmental limit of 0.050 p.g/1 recommended by the Federal Committee or. Water Quality Criteria. ------- PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES A FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY James J. Lichtenberg, James W. Eichelberger, Ronald C. Dressman and James E. Longbottom Since September 1964, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration has conducted annual synoptic surveys for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in surface waters (1,2,3). In September, 1967 the fourth such survey was conducted and in June, 1968 the first spring survey was made. This surveillance activity has been a part of a con- tinuing program for determining refractory organic substances in surface waters. The purpose is to provide information on present levels and trends of pesticides in waters to permit pollution control authorities to assess the degree of hazard and, if necessary, to provide the required control. Through 1967 the surveys were conducted in September when streatnflows are minimal. The 1968 survey was conducted in June, in an effort to get comparative data during run-off period after pesticide application. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U,S. Department of the Interior, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202. ------- -2- Previous reports (2,3) have compared synoptic grab sample data with data obtained by the carbon adsorption method (CAM). Generally good agreement was noted between the two types of samples and no further com- parisons are reported here. Samples were collected through the cooperative efforts of Federal, State, local and private agencies at approximately 100 sampling stations. These stations are located mainly on interstate and inter- national boundary waters at sites ranging from water treatment plant intakes to near mouths of rivers as they discharge to tidal waters. This report summarizes the data obtained throughout the five surveys with emphasis on the 1967 and 1968 surveys. The number of sam- ples analyzed for these surveys were 110 and 114, respectively. A total of 529 samples were analyzed for the five surveys. METHODS The basic procedures for determination of eleven chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are detailed in U.S. Department of the Interior Publication WP-22 (4) and in the "FWPCA Method for Chlorinated Hydro- carbon Pesticides in Water and Wastewater"(5). Briefly, the samples were collected in 1-quart glass bottles equipped with screw caps fitted with teflon liners. The samples were subjected to liquid-liquid extrac- tion with 15% ethyl ether in hexane and then to preliminary clean-up and separation by thin=layer chromatography. Recoveries ranged from 65 to 97% for the chlorinated pesticides determined. Although the method was not specifically designed for the analysis of organophosphorus compounds, ------- -3- recoveries for the compounds listed below ranged from 40 to 75%. Quali- tative and quantitative determination was accomplished by subjecting the extracts to electron capture and flame photometric gas chromatography using two different columns. The methods are specific for dieldrin, endrin, DDT, DDE, ODD, aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, BHC, Y~chlordane and technical chlordane. In addition, the use of the flame photometric detector provided specificity for many organophosphorus pesticides. For the 1967 and 1968 surveys, samples were also analyzed for methyl parathion, parathion, fenthion, ethion, malathion and trithion. The practical lower limit of detectability for the chlorinated pesticides is 0.001 to 0.002 p-g/1, except for technical chlordane which has a limit of 0.005 |o,g/l. Toxaphene can be detected if it is present at levels of the order of 1 |J,g/l. The detection limits for the phos- phorus compounds are 0.010 to 0.025 (J.g/1. All results are reported with- out correction for recovery efficiencies. Thus, the reported concentra- tions represent minimum values, the actual value being equal to or greater than the reported value. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The results of the 1967 and 1968 surveys are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Table 3 lists the total number of samples and positive pesti- cide occurrences for each of the five surveys. The data show that the total occurrences peaked in 1966 and fell off significantly in 1967 and 1968. Figure 1 summarizes the percent occurrences of eleven pesticides for the five surveys. It shows that the occurrences decreased sharply ------- -4- after 1966 for all pesticides, except BHC which showed only a slight decline. It also shows that the 1966 peak in total occurrences is largely due to the increase in DDD occurrences. The spring survey showed a slight increase in dieldrin and DDT. Table 4 summarizes the occurrences by FWPCA region and Figure 2 shows the geographical occurrence of dieldrin, the DDT group, and BHC. In 1966, the number of occurrences peaked in the South Central Region and in all regions East of the Mississippi. The Missouri Basin Region showed a gradual decline from 1964 to 1966, then a very sharp drop in 1967 and 1968. In the Southwest and Northwest Regions the occurrences fluctuated from 1964 to 1966 and then fell off to virtually nothing in 1967 and 1968. Throughout the five surveys dieldrin dominated the pesticide occurrences in all regions and in total occurrences with 199 positive results. DDT was second in overall occurrences with 86. DDT and its congeners DDE and DDD as a group accounted for 183 occurrences. Aldrin and chlordane were low with just two and five occurrences, respectively. Consistent geographical relationships among the various pesticides are difficult to identify, however, the overall occurrences show that dieldrin slightly predominated in all regions East of the Mississippi and the DDT group, considered as one, predominated in regions West of the Mississippi. Since 1966, BHC has been detected in 10 of 12 samples from the main stem of the Ohio River. This consistent occurrence was veri- fied by the results of the analyses of monthly CAM samples performed in this laboratory. The synoptic surveys and additional investigations ------- =5= by this laboratory produced only one positive result for BHC in eight major tributaries to the Ohio. That one was at Pittsburgh on the Allegheny River in September 1966. Twenty-three other BHC occurrences were widely scattered throughout the country. The reduction of endrin occurrences from nearly 50% in 1964 to zero in 1968 is particularly significant in light of its association with major fish kills in the Lower Mississippi prior to 1964. Heptachlor was found in 14% of the samples in 1965 and in less than one percent thereafter. Heptachlor epoxide was found in approxi- mately 14% of the samples in 1965 and 1966 and dropped to zero thereafter. The ten locations at which the highest levels of each pesticide were observed for each survey are listed in Table 5. Individual locations varied considerably. However, two stations on the Savannah River, North Augusta, S.C. and Port Wentworth, Ga., were in the top ten dieldrin occur- rences for all five surveys. Other rivers and locations that were con- sistently in the top ten are the Merrimack, Schuylkill, Connecticut, Delaware, Potomac, Lower Ohio, Lower Mississippi, Missouri (at Kansas City), Rio Grande, and Red River (North). The highest level of each pesticide found is listed in Table 6 along with water quality criteria for public water supplies and farmstead uses (6) and suggested maximum reasonable stream allowance (7). While the maximum concentrations have not exceeded permissible limits as they relate to human intake directly from a domestic water supply, they have in some cases exceeded or come quite close to the maximum reasonable allowance sug- gested by Ettinger and Mount (7). Because of the biological concentration factor, these levels are considered hazardous in waters from which fish ------- -6- are harvested for human consumption. In addition, because of their toxicity to fish, the Federal Committee on Water Quality Criteria recom- mends that environmental levels of these substances not be permitted to rise above 0.050 ng/1 (6). Of the 84 stations where samples were collected in all five surveys, twelve had at least one positive occurrence in each survey. These are listed in Table 7. All but one of these are East of the Mississippi River. In addition, sixteen widely spread locations had at least one positive occurrence in four of the five surveys. Since pesticides are so common in surface waters, it is of interest to note those locations at which they are absent or occur in- frequently. Table 8 lists the Stations that fall in this category. Locations in the West and Northwest dominate this group. Spring run-off after pesticide application was expected to cause an increase in the number of occurrences and in concentration levels in agricultural areas. Such an increase was not evident from the data obtained. This may be, in part, due to the wet spring expe- rienced in much of the country in 1968 which delayed planting and subsequent pesticide application in many areas. As a result, our collection period may have been too early to catch an increased pesticide load. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The occurrences of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides continue to be widespread. However, after reaching a peak in 1966, the total number of occurrences throughout the country dropped sharply ------- =7- in 1967 and 1968. This trend is consistent with production and usage reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (8) and the U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior (9) which show a trend toward decreased use of the persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds and an increase in the use of organophosphorus and carbamate compounds. The absence of a cor- responding increase in the occurrences of organophosphates may be due to their relatively rapid hydrolysis rate in water and the method of analysis which was not designed specifically for this class of compounds. The data reported here and the grab sample and CAM sample data reported earlier (1,2,3) represent pesticide levels and trends in the major interstate waterways sampled. They do not, necessarily, reflect the conditions existing in all sub-basins or areas of heavy pesticide use, such as irrigation districts. For example, in extensive surveillance operations conducted by FWPCA in the Lower Colorado River area, during the summers of 1967 and 1968, the occurrences were frequent and the levels generally higher for both chlorinated and organophosphorus pesticides (10). Dieldrin continued to dominate the pesticide occurrences, al- though the total number of occurrences had dropped significantly. BHC has been found consistently in the main stem of the Ohio River since 1966. The source or sources of this material have not yet been determined. The pesticide concentrations found were 1/10 to 1/500 of the permissible levels for water supplies given in Water Quality Criteria (6). However, in some instances the concentrations found have exceeded the suggested maximum reasonable stream allowance (7), as well as the environ- mental limit recommended by the Committee on Water Quality Criteria (6). ------- -8- Future surveys should be conducted to determine if the decreasing trend of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides occurrences is continuing. The methods of analysis should include procedures specifically designed to determine organophosphorus compounds. A greatly expanded sampling program would be necessary to determine seasonal variations in pesticide occurrences. This could best be done on a regional basis. ------- -9- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of William Middleton and James W. O'Dell in extracting and preparing the samples for analysis. REFERENCES: 1. Weaver, L., Gunnerson, C.G., Breidenbach, A. W. , and Lichtenberg, J.J., "Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Major U.S. River Basins, A Synoptic View", Public Health Reports. 80, 481-493 (1965). 2. Breidenbach, A.W., Gunnerson, C.G., Kawahara, F.K., Lichtenberg, J.J., Green, R.S., "Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Major River Basins 1957-65", Public Health Reports. 82, 139-156 (1967). 3. Green, R.S., Gunnerson, C.G. and Lichtenberg, J.J., "Pesticides in Our National Waters", American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication 85, "Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment", pp. 137-156, 1967. 4. Breidenbach, A.W., Lichtenberg, J.J., Henke, C.F., Smith, D.J., Eichelberger, J.W., and Stierli, H. , "The Identification and Measure- ment of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Surface Waters", U.S. Department of the Interior, Publication WP-22, 1966. 5. "FWPCA Method for Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Water and Wastewater", U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, April 1969. 6. "Water Quality Criteria - Report of the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior", Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, pp. 20, 37 and 116, 1968. 7. Ettinger, M.B. and Mount, D.I., "A Wild Fish Should be Safe to Eat", Environmental Science and Technology. .1., 203-205 (1967). 8. "The Pesticide Review - 1968", U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., ASCS-155, pp. 38-43, 1968. 9. "Effect of San Joaquin Master Drain on San Francisco Bay and Delta", Central Pacific Basins Project, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior, pp. 40-41, 1967. 10. Unpublished data. ------- DIELDRIN 0- 25- 0- 25 0- 25- 25- NO DATA NO DATA ALDRIN HEPTACHLOR HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE LINDANE & BHC CHLORDANE NO DATA 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 FIGURE 1. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF TEN CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES, 1964-1968. ------- OIELDRIN SEPT. 1967 \ 6J<<^7 ."-• »<4) / r OIELDRIN JUNE 1968 \. * #&r v ,A^ ,.j ^ ~^wl -V .V? •,., . i~*srf '^a FIGURE 2. OCCURRENCE OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SYNOPTIC SURVEYS OF 1967 AND 1968. (• -PRESENT; o- ABSENT). ------- TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967 Location Concentration in micrograms per liter (1) Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC Northeast Region Connecticut River: Enfield Dam, Conn. Northfield, Mass. Wilder, Vt. Schuylkill River: Philadelphia, Pa. Hudson River: Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Narrows, N. Y. Merrimack River: Lowell, Mass. Delaware River: Trenton, N. J. Martins Creek, Pa. Raritan River: Perth Amboy, N. J. Delaware Bay: a b Middle Atlantic Region Potomac River: Great Falls, Md. Washington, D. C. Shenandoah River: Berryville, Va. Susquehanna River: Conowingo, Md. Sayre, Pa. Roanoke River: John H. Kerr Dam, Va. .005 .017 ,044 ,002 ,066 .010 ,013 ,017 .036 ,002 .025 .002 ------- TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter (1) Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC Middle Atlantic Region (cont'd) Neuse River: Raleigh, N. C. Southeast Region Apalachicola River Chattahoochee, Fla. Beauclair River: Lake Apopka, Fla. Escambia River: Century, Fla. Oklahawa River: Orlando, Fla. W. Palm Beach Canal: W. Palm Beach, Fla. Chattahoochee River: Lanett, Ala. Savannah River: Port Wentworth, Ga. North Augusta, S. C. Clinch River: Kingston, Tenn. Tennessee River: Bridgeport, Ala. Lenoir City, Tenn. Tombigbee River: Columbus, Miss. Ohio Basin Region Allegheny River: Pittsburgh, Pa. .015 .053 ,316 .050 .231 .003 .003 P .039 ,087 .004 .032 ------- TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967 (continued) Location Concentration in micrograms per liter (1) Dieldrin Endrin DOT DDE DDD Lindane BHC Ohio Basin Region (cont'd) Kanawha River: Winfield Dam, W. Va. Monongahela River: Pittsburgh, Pa. Ohio River: • Cairo, 111. Evansville, Ind. Cincinnati, 0. above Addison, 0. Wabash River: Lafayette, Inc. New Harmony, Ind. Great Lakes Region St. Lawrence River: Massena, N. Y. Lake Erie: Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit River: Detroit, Mich. St. Clair River: Port Huron, Mich. St. Mary's River: Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Saginaw River: Bay City, Mich. Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn. Lake Michigan: Milwaukee, Wis. .020 .009 .008 .013 .006 P .014 .004 P .002 .003 .007 ------- TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter (1) Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC Great Lakes Region (cont'd) Maumee River: Toledo, 0. Illinois River: Peoria, 111. Mississippi River: Cape Girardeau, Mo. E. St. Louis, 111. Burlington, Iowa Dubuque, Iowa St. Paul, Minn. Fox River: Green Bay, Wis. Missouri Basin Region Missouri River: St. Louis, Mo. Kansas City, Kan. Omaha, Neb. Yankton, S. D. Bismarck, N. D. North Platte River: Henry, Neb. Platte River: Plattsmouth, Neb. South Platte River: Julesburg, Colo. Yellowstone River: Sidney, Mont. Rainy River: Baudette, Minn. .086 ,270 .012 .066 .010 .024 ------- TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter (1) Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC Missouri Basin Region (cont'd) Red River (North) Grand Forks, N. D. Emerson, Manitoba Kansas River: Lawrence, Kan. Big Horn River: Hardin, Mont. South Central Region Atchafalaya River: Morgan City, La. Arkansas River; Pendleton Ferry, Ark. Fort Smith, Ark. Ponca City, Okla. Coolidge, Kan. Brazos River: Arcola, Tex. Mississippi River: New Orleans, La. Vicksburg, Miss. Delta, La. West Memphis, Ark. New Roads, La. Red River (South): Alexandria, La. Denison, Tex. Rio Grande River: Brownsville, Tex. El Paso, Tex. Alamosa, Colo. .087 P .054 133 .840 .024 .019 .024 .008 .015 .002 .018 .022 ------- TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC South Central Region (cont'd) Verdigris River: Nowata, Okla. -- -- — — __ Trinity River: Houston, Tex. Southwest Region Bear River: Preston, Id. Colorado River: Yuma, Ariz. Parker Dam, Calif. Boulder City, Nev. Page, Ariz. Green River: Dutch John, Utah Klamath River: Keno, Ore. Sacramento River: Greens Landing, Calif. San Joaquin River: Vernalis, Calif. San Juan River: Shiprock, N. Hex. Truckee River: Farad, Calif. Northwest Region Clearwater River: Lewiston, Id. ------- TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter^ Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE DDD Lindane BHC Northwest Region (cont'd) Columbia River: Clatskanie, Ore. .018 Bonneville Dam, Ore. McNary Dam, Ore. Pasco, Wash. Pend Oreille River: Albeni Falls, Id. Snake River: Wawawai, Wash. American Falls, Id. Spokane River: Post Falls, Id. Willamette River: Portland, Ore. Yakima River: Richland, Wash. (l)-The Lanett, Ala. sample contained .036 |j,g/l of Chlordane (tech). The Nowata, Okla. sample contained .002 p.g/1 of aldrin and .003 M-g/1 of heptachlor. The Wawawai, Wash, sample contained .050 p.g/1 of parathion and .380 M-g/1 of ethion. All other samples gave negative results for aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, parathion, methyl parathion, fenthion, ethion, malathion and trithion. (—)-Indicates none detected. (P)-Indicates presumptive. Data are reported as presumptive in instances where the results of chromatography were highly indicative but did not meet all requirements for positive identification and quantification. ------- TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968 Location Concentration in micrograms per liter (1) Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE DDD Lindane BHC Northeast Region Connecticut River: Enfie Id Dam, Conn. Northfield, Mass. Wilder, Vt. Schuylkill River: Philadelphia, Pa. Hudson River: Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Narrows, N. Y. Merrimack River: Lowell, Mass. Delaware River: Trenton, N. J. Martins Creek, Pa. Raritan River: Perth Amboy, N. J. Delaware Bay: Middle Atlantic Region Potomac River; Great Falls, Md. Washington, D. C. Shenandoah River; Berryville, Va. Susquehanna River: Conowingo, Md. Sayre, Pa. Roanoke River: John H. Kerr Dam, Va. Neuse River: Raleigh, N. C. .022 .027 .013 .004 .012 ,007 ,007 .030 .015 .007 .033 .007 .010 .009 ------- TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter (1) Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE DDD Lindane BHC Southeast Region Apalachicola River: Chattahoochee, Fla. Beauclair River: Lake Apopka, Fla. Escambia River: Century, Fla. Oklahawa River: Orlando, Fla. W. Palm Beach Canal: West Palm Beach, Fla. Chattahoochee River: Lanett, Ala. Savannah River: Port Wentworth, Ga. North Augusta, S. C. Tennessee River: Bridgeport, Ala. Lenoir City, Tenn. Oak Ridge, Tenn. Tombigbee River: Columbus, Miss. Ohio Basin Region Allegheny River: Pittsburgh, Pa. Kanawha River: Winfield, W. Va. Monongahela River; Pittsburgh, Pa. .027 .006 .004 .220 .005 .041 .156 .015 ,025 ,039 ,059 ,407 154 .051 ------- TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE DDD Lindane BHC Ohio Basin Region (cont'd) Ohio River: Cairo, 111. .005 -- -- -- -- -- .020 Evansville, Ind. — -- -- __ __ __ _Q55 Cincinnati, 0. .014 -- -- -- -- -- .028 above Addison, 0. — -- -- -- -- -- . H2 Wabash River: Lafayette, Ind. .005 Great Lakes Region St. Lawrence River: Massena, N. Y. Lake Erie: Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit River: Detroit, Mich. Grand River: at Grand Haven, Mich. St. Clair River: Port Huron, Mich. St. Mary's River: Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Saginaw River: Bay City, Mich. Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn. Lake Michigan: Milwaukee, Wis. Maumee River: Toledo, 0. ------- TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC Great Lakes Region (cont'd) Illinois River: Peoria, 111. Mississippi River: Cape Girardeau, Mo. .014 E. St. Louis, 111. .011 Burlington, Iowa .010 Dubuque, Iowa St. Paul, Minn. .011 Fox River: Green Bay, Wis. Missouri Basin Region Missouri River: St. Louis, Mo. .010 Kansas City, Kan. .009 Omaha, Neb. Yankton, S. D. — — .053 Bismarck, N. D. St. Joseph, Mo. North Platte River: Henry, Neb. Platte River: Plattsmouth, Neb. .005 South Platte River: Julesburg, Colo. Yellowstone River: Sidney, Mont. Rainy River: Beaudette, Minn. -- — .037 ------- TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter * ' Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC Missouri Basin Region (cont'd) Red River (North): Grand Forks, N. D. -- -- -- -- -- -- .027 Emerson, Manitoba Kansas River: Lawrence, Kan. -- -- .008 -- -- .003 Big Horn River: Hardin, Mont. South Central Region Atchafalaya River: Morgan City, La. .005 Arkansas River: Pendleton Ferry, Ark. .005 -- .037 Fort Smith, Ark. Ponca City, Okla. -- -- -- -- -- -- .013 Coolidge, Kan. .009 -- -- -- -- -- .025 Brazos River: Arcola, Tex. Mississippi River: New Orleans, La. Vicksburg, Miss. -- -- .109 -- -- .004 West Memphis, Ark. — -- — -- -- -- .005 St. Francisville, La. Red River (South): Alexandria, La. Denison, Tex. Rio Grande River: Brownsville, Tex. El Paso, Tex. Alamosa, Colo. -- -- .029 ------- TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968 (continued) Concentration in roicrograms per liter Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC South Central Region (cont'd) Verdigris River: Nowata, Okla. Trinity River: Houston, Tex. Southwest Region Bear River: Preston, Id. Colorado River: Yuma, Ariz. Parker Dam, Calif. Boulder City, Nev. Page, Ariz. Loma, Colo. Green River: Dutch John, Utah Klamath River: Keno, Ore. Sacramento River: Green's Landing, Calif. San Joaquin River: Vernalis, Calif. -- — .030 San Juan River: Shiprock, N. Hex. Truckee River: Farad, Calif. Kiikii Stream: Oahu, Hawaii Waikele Stream: Oahu, Hawaii ------- TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968 (continued) Concentration in micrograms per liter Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC Northwest Region Clearwater River: Lewiston, Id. Columbia River: Clatskanie, Ore. Bonneville Dam, Ore. McNary Dam, Ore. Pasco, Wash. Pend Oreille River: Albeni Falls, Id. Snake River: Wawawai, Wash. Payette, Id. .004 -- .015 American Falls, Id. Spokane River: Post Falls, Id. Willamette River: Portland, Ore. Yakima River: Richland, Wash. .006 -- .017 (l)-The Lanett, Ala. sample contained .169 [o.g/1 of Chlordane (tech). All samples gave negative results for aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, parathion, methyl parathion, fenthion, ethion, malathion and trithion. (--)-Indicates none detected. ------- Table 3 TOTAL NUMBER OF CHLORINATED PESTICIDE OCCURRENCES Number of Number of Samples Total Number of Year Samples Collected 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Totals 97 99 109 110 114 529 With Positive Occurrences 73 56 80 34 48 291 Positive Occurrences 130 120 177 56 63 546 ------- Table 4 PESTICIDE OCCURRENCES BY FWPCA REGION Middle Great Lakes Missouri South Pesticide Northeast Atlantic Southeast Ohio Basin Basin Basin Central Southwest Northwest Totals Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE DDD Aldrin Heptachlor Heptachlor Epoxide Lindane BHC Chlordane Total 31 4 6 2 10 0 1 2 2 2 0 60 14 4 4 1 6 0 0 2 0 2 1 34 28 9 10 3 10 0 1 3 2 3 3 72 20 2 9 1 4 0 2 3 0 12 0 53 22 7 2 4 10 0 3 7 1 4 0 60 25 13 18 6 10 0 4 6 2 3 0 87 34 19 18 4 10 1 3 3 3 7 0 102 13 5 10 5 4 1 2 2 0 2 1 45 12 4 9 3 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 33 199 67 86 29 68 2 16 29 10 35 5 546 Samples 53 32 50 41 76 70 86 65 56 529 ------- TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED 1964 1965 1966 DIELDRIN Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. Merrimack: Lowell, Mass. Potomac: Great Falls, Md. Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa. Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex. Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb. Connecticut: Northfield, Mass. Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. Mississippi: New Roads, La. ENDRIN Potomac: Great Falls, Md. Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex. Big Horn: Hardin, Mont. Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. Northfield, Mass. Grjnd Folks, N. D. New Roads, La. Sidney, Mont. Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore. Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La. Connecticut; Red (North): Mississippi: Yellowstone DDT Maumee: Toledo, Ohio Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. San Joaquin: Vernalis, Gal. Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La. Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. Bear: Preston, Idaho Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore. Red (South): Alexandria, La. Willamette: Portland, Ore. Apalachicola: Chattahoochee, Fla. 0.118 0.071 0.040 0.032 0.032 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.017 0.016 0.094 0.067 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.023 0.023 0.021 0.019 0.018 0.087 0.072 0.066 0.047 0.041 0.034 0.034 0.031 0.029 0.027 Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss. Merrimack: Lowell, Mass. Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. Kanawha: Winfield Dam, W. Va. Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo. Tennessee: Lenoir City, Tenn. Ohio: Cairo, 111. Mississippi: Dubuque, Iowa Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. Mississippi: West. Memphis, Ark. Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La. Delaware: Trenton, N. J. Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss. Clinch: Kingston, Tenn. Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo. Monongahela: Pittsburgh, Pa. Tennessee: Lenoir CiLy, Tenn. Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. Mississippi: Delta, La. Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo. San Juan: Shiprock, N. M. Colorado: Page, Ariz. Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb. Spokane: Post Falls Dam, Idaho Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. Ohio: Cairo, 111. South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. Mississippi: Delta, La. Mississippi, Vicksburg, Miss. 0.100 0.068 0.051 0.045 0.029 0.028 0.028 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.116 0.019 0.018 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.149 0.125 0.058 0.039 0.037 0.034 0.023 0.023 0.019 0.017 Merrimack: Lowell, Mass. Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. Susquehanna: Conowingo, Md. Delaware Bay Connecticut: Northfield, Mass. Connecticut: Endfield Dam, Conn. Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa. Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala. Kanawha: Winfield Dam, W. Va. Hudson; Narrows, N. Y. South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. St. Joseph: Benton Harbor, Mich. Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn. Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. Bear: Preston, Idaho Clearwater: Lewiston, Idaho Connecticut: Northfield, Mass. Mississippi: Delta, La. Brazos: Arcola, Tex. Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex. Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. Arkansas: Fort Smith, Ark. Potomac: Great Falls, Md. Mississippi: Delta, La. Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. Delaware: Trenton, N. J. Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn. Snake: American Falls, Idaho 0.167 0.110 0.048 0.031 0.025 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.069 0.063 0.031 0.029 0.022 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.123 0.046 0.044 0.042 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.028 0.026 0.025 ------- TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED (continued) 1967 1968 DIELDRIN ug/1 Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. 0.087 Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. 0.087 Merrimack: Lowell, Mass. 0.066 Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa. 0.044 Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. 0.039 Potomac: Washington, D. C. 0.025 South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. 0.024 Brazos: Arcola, Tex. 0.024 Ohio: Evansville, Ind. 0.020 Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore. 0.018 ENDRIN Kansas: Lawrence, Kan. 0.133 Maumee: Toledo, Ohio 0.086 ug/1 Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss. 0.407 Kanawha: Winfield Dam, W. Va. 0.154 Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. 0.059 Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. 0.039 Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa. 0.027 Apalachicola: Chattahoochee, Fla. 0.027 Connecticut: Northfield, Mass. 0.022 Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio 0.014 Mississippi: Cape Girardeau, Md. 0.014 Hudson: Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 0.013 NONE DDT Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.316 Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. 0.066 Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. 0.054 Mississippi: New Orleans, La. 0.019 Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.018 Delaware: Trenton, N. J. 0.017 Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.220 Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. 0.109 Missouri: Yankton, S. D. 0.053 Monongahela: Pittsburgh, Pa. 0.051 Rainy: Baudette, Minn. 0.037 Arkansas: Pendleton Ferry, Ark. 0.037 Potomac: Washington, D. C. 0.033 Hudson: Narrows, N. Y. 0.030 San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal. 0.030 Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo. 0.029 ------- TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED (continued) 1964 1965 1966 DDE ng/1 Maumee: Toledo, Ohio 0.015 Bear: Preston, Idaho 0.011 Mississippi: St. Paul, Minn. 0.011 South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. 0.009 Delaware: Martins Creek, Pa. 0.008 Mississippi: West Memphis, Ark. 0.007 Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore. 0.005 San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal. 0.005 Snake: Payette, Idaho 0.005 Seven Stations 0.004 San Juan: Shiprock, N. M. Detroit: Detroit, Mich. Yellowstone: Sidney, Mont. Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb. Rainy: Baudette, Minn. V.K/1 0.009 0.008 0.002 P P Brazos: Arcola, Tex. San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal. St. Lawrence: Messena, N. Y. Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore. Arkansas: Pendleton Ferry, Ark. Red (South): Alexandria, La. Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex. Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn. Hudson: Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Hudson: Narrows, N. Y. tig/1 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 P P P P P P ODD Shenandoah: Berryville, Va. All others 0.083 Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.026 <0.075 Delaware: Trenton, N. J. 0.018 Willamette: Portland, Ore. 0.013 Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. 0.011 St. Lawrence: Messena, N. Y. 0.010 Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb. 0.010 Waikele Stream: Oahu, Hawaii 0.008 Red (South): Alexandria, La. 0.008 Merrimack: Lowell, Mass. 0.007 Potomac: Washington, D. C. 0.007 Connecticut: Endfield Dam, Conn. 0.013 Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.013 St. Joseph: Benton Harbor, Mich. 0.013 Raritan: Perth Amboy, N. J. 0.012 Detroit: Grosse Isle, Mich. 0.012 Potomac: Great Falls, Md. 0.012 Arkansas: Pendleton Ferry, Ark. 0.012 Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala. 0.011 Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La. 0.010 Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. 0.010 BHC Delaware: Martins Creek, Pa. P Mississippi: West Memphis, Ark. P All others <0.025 Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. 0.004 Ohio: Cairo, 111. 0.002 Verdigris: Nowata, Okla. P Connecticut: Endfield Dam, Conn. P Monongahela: Pittsburgh, Pa. P Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio 0.056 Hudson: Narrows, N. Y. 0.034 Ohio: Addison, Ohio 0.026 Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex. 0.023 South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. 0.022 Trinity: Livingston, Tex. 0.013 Allegheny: Pittsburgh, Pa. 0.013 Mississippi: St. Paul, Minn. 0.012 Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. 0.010 San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal. 0.008 Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala. 0.008 Arkansas: Ponca City, Okla. 0.008 ------- TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED (continued) 1967 1968 DDE ug/1 Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.050 Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.022 Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. ODD Kansas: Lawrence, Kan. 0.840 Maumee: Toledo, Ohio 0.270 Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.231 Apalachicola: Chattahoochee, Fla. 0.053 Delaware: Trenton, N. J. 0.036 Clinch: Kingston, Tenn. 0.032 Mississippi: New Roads, La. 0.015 Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss. P Brazos: Arcola, Tex. P Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.156 BHC Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio Ohio: Evansville, Ind. Saginaw: Bay City, Mich. Ohio: Addison, Ohio Shenandoah: Berryville, Va. Detroit: Detroit, Mich. St. Lawrence: Messena, N. Y. 0.013 Ohio: Addison, Ohio 0.008 Ohio: Evansville, Ind. 0.007 Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio 0.006 Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. 0.002 Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala. 0.002 Arkansas: Coolidge, Kan. P Ohio: Cairo, 111. Oklawaha: Orlando, Fla. Arkansas: Ponca City, Okla. Susquehanna: Sayre, Pa. 0. 0. 0.112 0.055 0.028 .027 .025 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.013 0.009 ------- Table 6 MAXIMUM PESTICIDE CONCENTRATION FOUND VS. PERMISSIBLE WATER SUPPLY CRITERIA AND REASONABLE STREAM ALLOWANCE Gig/D Pesticide Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Heptachlor Heptachlor Epoxide Aldrin Lindane (BHC) Chlordane Methoxychlor Toxaphene Organophosphates plus Carbamates Herbicides: 2,4-D plus 2,4,5-T plus 2,4,5-TP Phenols Permissible^ Criteria 17 1 42 -- -- 18 18 17 56 3 35 5 100 Desirable^ Criteria absent do do -- -- absent do do do do do do do Maximum Reasonable Stream Allowance 0.25 0.1 0.5 -- -- 1.0 1.0 0.25 5.0 0.25 20.0 2.5 __ Maximum Concentration Found 0.407 0.133 0.316 0.050 0.840 0.048 0.067 0.085 0.112 0.169 (c) (d) 0.380 100 do do (a) From the "Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteria" (6) (b) Suggested by Ettinger and Mount (7) (c) Not determined (d) Not detected (--) Not given for these compounds (c) (c) ------- Table 7 LOCATIONS WITH HIGH FREQUENCY OF PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE (at least one pesticide found in each survey) River Location Merrimack Lowell, Mass. Delaware Trenton, N. J. Delaware Martins Creek, Pa. Schuylkill Philadelphia, Pa. Potomac Great Falls, Md. Apalachicola Chattahoochee, Fla. Chattahoochee Lanett, Ala. Savannah Port Wentworth, Ga. Savannah North Augusta, S. C. Ohio Evansville, Ind. Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Kansas Lawrence, Kan. ------- Table 8 LOCATIONS WITH LOW FREQUENCY OF PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE River Connecticut Raritan Lake Erie St. Glair Rainy Colorado Colorado Truckee Green Snake Pend Oreille Klamath Columbia Columbia Columbia Location Wilder, Vt. Perth Amboy, N. J. Buffalo, N. Y. Port Huron, Mich. International Falls, Minn. Parker Dam, Ariz.-Cal. Boulder City, Nev. Farad, Gal. -Nev. Dutch John, Utah American Falls, Utah Albeni Falls, Idaho Keno, Ore. McNary Dam, Ore. Pasco, Wash. Bonneville, Ore. Surveys 5 3 5 4 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 Occurrences 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 ------- |