Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Division of Water Quality Research
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio
PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS
OF THE UNITED STATES
A FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY
1964-1968
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
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PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES
A FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY
James J. Lichtenberg, James W. Eichelberger,
Ronald C. Dressman and James E. Longbottom
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY RESEARCH
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
CINCINNATI, OHIO
SEPTEMBER 1969
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ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the results of fwe
annual synoptic surveys (1964 through 1968) for
chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in surface waters
of the United States. The results showed widespread
occurrence of these compounds. The number of occur-
rences reached a peak in 1966 and then declined
sharply in 1967 and 1968. Dieldrin and DDT and its
congeners DDE and ODD were the compounds most fre-
quently detected throughout the five-year period.
The maximum concentrations found have not exceeded
permissible limits as they relate to human intake
directly from a domestic water supply. However,
they have often exceeded the environmental limit
of 0.050 p.g/1 recommended by the Federal Committee
or. Water Quality Criteria.
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PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES
A FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY
James J. Lichtenberg, James W. Eichelberger,
Ronald C. Dressman and James E. Longbottom
Since September 1964, the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration has conducted annual synoptic surveys for chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides in surface waters (1,2,3). In September, 1967
the fourth such survey was conducted and in June, 1968 the first spring
survey was made. This surveillance activity has been a part of a con-
tinuing program for determining refractory organic substances in surface
waters. The purpose is to provide information on present levels and
trends of pesticides in waters to permit pollution control authorities
to assess the degree of hazard and, if necessary, to provide the
required control.
Through 1967 the surveys were conducted in September when
streatnflows are minimal. The 1968 survey was conducted in June, in an
effort to get comparative data during run-off period after pesticide
application.
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, U,S. Department of the Interior, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45202.
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-2-
Previous reports (2,3) have compared synoptic grab sample data
with data obtained by the carbon adsorption method (CAM). Generally good
agreement was noted between the two types of samples and no further com-
parisons are reported here.
Samples were collected through the cooperative efforts of
Federal, State, local and private agencies at approximately 100 sampling
stations. These stations are located mainly on interstate and inter-
national boundary waters at sites ranging from water treatment plant
intakes to near mouths of rivers as they discharge to tidal waters.
This report summarizes the data obtained throughout the five
surveys with emphasis on the 1967 and 1968 surveys. The number of sam-
ples analyzed for these surveys were 110 and 114, respectively. A total
of 529 samples were analyzed for the five surveys.
METHODS
The basic procedures for determination of eleven chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides are detailed in U.S. Department of the Interior
Publication WP-22 (4) and in the "FWPCA Method for Chlorinated Hydro-
carbon Pesticides in Water and Wastewater"(5). Briefly, the samples
were collected in 1-quart glass bottles equipped with screw caps fitted
with teflon liners. The samples were subjected to liquid-liquid extrac-
tion with 15% ethyl ether in hexane and then to preliminary clean-up and
separation by thin=layer chromatography. Recoveries ranged from 65 to
97% for the chlorinated pesticides determined. Although the method was
not specifically designed for the analysis of organophosphorus compounds,
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-3-
recoveries for the compounds listed below ranged from 40 to 75%. Quali-
tative and quantitative determination was accomplished by subjecting the
extracts to electron capture and flame photometric gas chromatography
using two different columns.
The methods are specific for dieldrin, endrin, DDT, DDE, ODD,
aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, BHC, Y~chlordane and
technical chlordane. In addition, the use of the flame photometric
detector provided specificity for many organophosphorus pesticides.
For the 1967 and 1968 surveys, samples were also analyzed for methyl
parathion, parathion, fenthion, ethion, malathion and trithion.
The practical lower limit of detectability for the chlorinated
pesticides is 0.001 to 0.002 p-g/1, except for technical chlordane which
has a limit of 0.005 |o,g/l. Toxaphene can be detected if it is present
at levels of the order of 1 |J,g/l. The detection limits for the phos-
phorus compounds are 0.010 to 0.025 (J.g/1. All results are reported with-
out correction for recovery efficiencies. Thus, the reported concentra-
tions represent minimum values, the actual value being equal to or greater
than the reported value.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the 1967 and 1968 surveys are listed in Tables
1 and 2. Table 3 lists the total number of samples and positive pesti-
cide occurrences for each of the five surveys. The data show that the
total occurrences peaked in 1966 and fell off significantly in 1967 and
1968. Figure 1 summarizes the percent occurrences of eleven pesticides
for the five surveys. It shows that the occurrences decreased sharply
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-4-
after 1966 for all pesticides, except BHC which showed only a slight
decline. It also shows that the 1966 peak in total occurrences is
largely due to the increase in DDD occurrences. The spring survey
showed a slight increase in dieldrin and DDT.
Table 4 summarizes the occurrences by FWPCA region and
Figure 2 shows the geographical occurrence of dieldrin, the DDT
group, and BHC. In 1966, the number of occurrences peaked in the
South Central Region and in all regions East of the Mississippi.
The Missouri Basin Region showed a gradual decline from 1964 to
1966, then a very sharp drop in 1967 and 1968. In the Southwest
and Northwest Regions the occurrences fluctuated from 1964 to 1966
and then fell off to virtually nothing in 1967 and 1968. Throughout
the five surveys dieldrin dominated the pesticide occurrences in all
regions and in total occurrences with 199 positive results. DDT was
second in overall occurrences with 86. DDT and its congeners DDE and
DDD as a group accounted for 183 occurrences. Aldrin and chlordane
were low with just two and five occurrences, respectively. Consistent
geographical relationships among the various pesticides are difficult
to identify, however, the overall occurrences show that dieldrin
slightly predominated in all regions East of the Mississippi and
the DDT group, considered as one, predominated in regions West of
the Mississippi.
Since 1966, BHC has been detected in 10 of 12 samples from
the main stem of the Ohio River. This consistent occurrence was veri-
fied by the results of the analyses of monthly CAM samples performed
in this laboratory. The synoptic surveys and additional investigations
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=5=
by this laboratory produced only one positive result for BHC in eight
major tributaries to the Ohio. That one was at Pittsburgh on the
Allegheny River in September 1966. Twenty-three other BHC occurrences
were widely scattered throughout the country.
The reduction of endrin occurrences from nearly 50% in 1964
to zero in 1968 is particularly significant in light of its association
with major fish kills in the Lower Mississippi prior to 1964.
Heptachlor was found in 14% of the samples in 1965 and in less
than one percent thereafter. Heptachlor epoxide was found in approxi-
mately 14% of the samples in 1965 and 1966 and dropped to zero thereafter.
The ten locations at which the highest levels of each pesticide
were observed for each survey are listed in Table 5. Individual locations
varied considerably. However, two stations on the Savannah River, North
Augusta, S.C. and Port Wentworth, Ga., were in the top ten dieldrin occur-
rences for all five surveys. Other rivers and locations that were con-
sistently in the top ten are the Merrimack, Schuylkill, Connecticut,
Delaware, Potomac, Lower Ohio, Lower Mississippi, Missouri (at Kansas City),
Rio Grande, and Red River (North).
The highest level of each pesticide found is listed in Table 6
along with water quality criteria for public water supplies and farmstead
uses (6) and suggested maximum reasonable stream allowance (7). While the
maximum concentrations have not exceeded permissible limits as they relate
to human intake directly from a domestic water supply, they have in some
cases exceeded or come quite close to the maximum reasonable allowance sug-
gested by Ettinger and Mount (7). Because of the biological concentration
factor, these levels are considered hazardous in waters from which fish
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-6-
are harvested for human consumption. In addition, because of their
toxicity to fish, the Federal Committee on Water Quality Criteria recom-
mends that environmental levels of these substances not be permitted to
rise above 0.050 ng/1 (6).
Of the 84 stations where samples were collected in all five
surveys, twelve had at least one positive occurrence in each survey.
These are listed in Table 7. All but one of these are East of the
Mississippi River. In addition, sixteen widely spread locations had
at least one positive occurrence in four of the five surveys.
Since pesticides are so common in surface waters, it is of
interest to note those locations at which they are absent or occur in-
frequently. Table 8 lists the Stations that fall in this category.
Locations in the West and Northwest dominate this group.
Spring run-off after pesticide application was expected to
cause an increase in the number of occurrences and in concentration
levels in agricultural areas. Such an increase was not evident from
the data obtained. This may be, in part, due to the wet spring expe-
rienced in much of the country in 1968 which delayed planting and
subsequent pesticide application in many areas. As a result, our
collection period may have been too early to catch an increased
pesticide load.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The occurrences of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
continue to be widespread. However, after reaching a peak in 1966,
the total number of occurrences throughout the country dropped sharply
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=7-
in 1967 and 1968. This trend is consistent with production and usage
reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (8) and the U.S. Depart-
ment of the Interior (9) which show a trend toward decreased use of
the persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds and an increase in the
use of organophosphorus and carbamate compounds. The absence of a cor-
responding increase in the occurrences of organophosphates may be due
to their relatively rapid hydrolysis rate in water and the method of
analysis which was not designed specifically for this class of compounds.
The data reported here and the grab sample and CAM sample data
reported earlier (1,2,3) represent pesticide levels and trends in the
major interstate waterways sampled. They do not, necessarily, reflect
the conditions existing in all sub-basins or areas of heavy pesticide
use, such as irrigation districts. For example, in extensive surveillance
operations conducted by FWPCA in the Lower Colorado River area, during the
summers of 1967 and 1968, the occurrences were frequent and the levels
generally higher for both chlorinated and organophosphorus pesticides (10).
Dieldrin continued to dominate the pesticide occurrences, al-
though the total number of occurrences had dropped significantly.
BHC has been found consistently in the main stem of the Ohio
River since 1966. The source or sources of this material have not yet
been determined.
The pesticide concentrations found were 1/10 to 1/500 of the
permissible levels for water supplies given in Water Quality Criteria (6).
However, in some instances the concentrations found have exceeded the
suggested maximum reasonable stream allowance (7), as well as the environ-
mental limit recommended by the Committee on Water Quality Criteria (6).
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-8-
Future surveys should be conducted to determine if the
decreasing trend of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides occurrences
is continuing. The methods of analysis should include procedures
specifically designed to determine organophosphorus compounds. A
greatly expanded sampling program would be necessary to determine
seasonal variations in pesticide occurrences. This could best be
done on a regional basis.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of
William Middleton and James W. O'Dell in extracting and preparing
the samples for analysis.
REFERENCES:
1. Weaver, L., Gunnerson, C.G., Breidenbach, A. W. , and Lichtenberg, J.J.,
"Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Major U.S. River Basins, A
Synoptic View", Public Health Reports. 80, 481-493 (1965).
2. Breidenbach, A.W., Gunnerson, C.G., Kawahara, F.K., Lichtenberg, J.J.,
Green, R.S., "Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Major River Basins
1957-65", Public Health Reports. 82, 139-156 (1967).
3. Green, R.S., Gunnerson, C.G. and Lichtenberg, J.J., "Pesticides in Our
National Waters", American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Publication 85, "Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment",
pp. 137-156, 1967.
4. Breidenbach, A.W., Lichtenberg, J.J., Henke, C.F., Smith, D.J.,
Eichelberger, J.W., and Stierli, H. , "The Identification and Measure-
ment of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Surface Waters", U.S.
Department of the Interior, Publication WP-22, 1966.
5. "FWPCA Method for Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides in Water and
Wastewater", U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, April 1969.
6. "Water Quality Criteria - Report of the National Technical Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of the Interior", Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, pp. 20, 37 and 116, 1968.
7. Ettinger, M.B. and Mount, D.I., "A Wild Fish Should be Safe to Eat",
Environmental Science and Technology. .1., 203-205 (1967).
8. "The Pesticide Review - 1968", U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.,
ASCS-155, pp. 38-43, 1968.
9. "Effect of San Joaquin Master Drain on San Francisco Bay and Delta",
Central Pacific Basins Project, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior, pp. 40-41, 1967.
10. Unpublished data.
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DIELDRIN
0-
25-
0-
25
0-
25-
25-
NO
DATA
NO
DATA
ALDRIN
HEPTACHLOR
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE
LINDANE & BHC
CHLORDANE
NO
DATA
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
FIGURE 1. PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF TEN CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES, 1964-1968.
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OIELDRIN
SEPT. 1967
\ 6J<<^7
."-• »<4) / r
OIELDRIN
JUNE 1968
\. *
#&r
v ,A^ ,.j ^
~^wl
-V
.V? •,., .
i~*srf '^a
FIGURE 2. OCCURRENCE OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SYNOPTIC
SURVEYS OF 1967 AND 1968. (• -PRESENT; o- ABSENT).
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TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967
Location
Concentration in micrograms per liter
(1)
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
ODD
Lindane
BHC
Northeast Region
Connecticut River:
Enfield Dam, Conn.
Northfield, Mass.
Wilder, Vt.
Schuylkill River:
Philadelphia, Pa.
Hudson River:
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Narrows, N. Y.
Merrimack River:
Lowell, Mass.
Delaware River:
Trenton, N. J.
Martins Creek, Pa.
Raritan River:
Perth Amboy, N. J.
Delaware Bay: a
b
Middle Atlantic Region
Potomac River:
Great Falls, Md.
Washington, D. C.
Shenandoah River:
Berryville, Va.
Susquehanna River:
Conowingo, Md.
Sayre, Pa.
Roanoke River:
John H. Kerr Dam, Va.
.005
.017
,044
,002
,066
.010
,013
,017
.036
,002
.025
.002
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TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
(1)
Location
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
ODD
Lindane
BHC
Middle Atlantic Region (cont'd)
Neuse River:
Raleigh, N. C.
Southeast Region
Apalachicola River
Chattahoochee, Fla.
Beauclair River:
Lake Apopka, Fla.
Escambia River:
Century, Fla.
Oklahawa River:
Orlando, Fla.
W. Palm Beach Canal:
W. Palm Beach, Fla.
Chattahoochee River:
Lanett, Ala.
Savannah River:
Port Wentworth, Ga.
North Augusta, S. C.
Clinch River:
Kingston, Tenn.
Tennessee River:
Bridgeport, Ala.
Lenoir City, Tenn.
Tombigbee River:
Columbus, Miss.
Ohio Basin Region
Allegheny River:
Pittsburgh, Pa.
.015
.053
,316 .050 .231
.003
.003
P
.039
,087
.004
.032
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TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967
(continued)
Location
Concentration in micrograms per liter
(1)
Dieldrin
Endrin
DOT
DDE
DDD
Lindane
BHC
Ohio Basin Region (cont'd)
Kanawha River:
Winfield Dam, W. Va.
Monongahela River:
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ohio River: •
Cairo, 111.
Evansville, Ind.
Cincinnati, 0.
above Addison, 0.
Wabash River:
Lafayette, Inc.
New Harmony, Ind.
Great Lakes Region
St. Lawrence River:
Massena, N. Y.
Lake Erie:
Buffalo, N. Y.
Detroit River:
Detroit, Mich.
St. Clair River:
Port Huron, Mich.
St. Mary's River:
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.
Saginaw River:
Bay City, Mich.
Lake Superior:
Duluth, Minn.
Lake Michigan:
Milwaukee, Wis.
.020
.009
.008
.013
.006
P
.014
.004
P
.002
.003
.007
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TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
(1)
Location
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
ODD
Lindane
BHC
Great Lakes Region (cont'd)
Maumee River:
Toledo, 0.
Illinois River:
Peoria, 111.
Mississippi River:
Cape Girardeau, Mo.
E. St. Louis, 111.
Burlington, Iowa
Dubuque, Iowa
St. Paul, Minn.
Fox River:
Green Bay, Wis.
Missouri Basin Region
Missouri River:
St. Louis, Mo.
Kansas City, Kan.
Omaha, Neb.
Yankton, S. D.
Bismarck, N. D.
North Platte River:
Henry, Neb.
Platte River:
Plattsmouth, Neb.
South Platte River:
Julesburg, Colo.
Yellowstone River:
Sidney, Mont.
Rainy River:
Baudette, Minn.
.086
,270
.012
.066
.010
.024
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TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
(1)
Location
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
ODD
Lindane
BHC
Missouri Basin Region (cont'd)
Red River (North)
Grand Forks, N. D.
Emerson, Manitoba
Kansas River:
Lawrence, Kan.
Big Horn River:
Hardin, Mont.
South Central Region
Atchafalaya River:
Morgan City, La.
Arkansas River;
Pendleton Ferry, Ark.
Fort Smith, Ark.
Ponca City, Okla.
Coolidge, Kan.
Brazos River:
Arcola, Tex.
Mississippi River:
New Orleans, La.
Vicksburg, Miss.
Delta, La.
West Memphis, Ark.
New Roads, La.
Red River (South):
Alexandria, La.
Denison, Tex.
Rio Grande River:
Brownsville, Tex.
El Paso, Tex.
Alamosa, Colo.
.087
P
.054
133
.840
.024
.019
.024
.008
.015
.002
.018
.022
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TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC
South Central Region (cont'd)
Verdigris River:
Nowata, Okla. -- -- — — __
Trinity River:
Houston, Tex.
Southwest Region
Bear River:
Preston, Id.
Colorado River:
Yuma, Ariz.
Parker Dam, Calif.
Boulder City, Nev.
Page, Ariz.
Green River:
Dutch John, Utah
Klamath River:
Keno, Ore.
Sacramento River:
Greens Landing, Calif.
San Joaquin River:
Vernalis, Calif.
San Juan River:
Shiprock, N. Hex.
Truckee River:
Farad, Calif.
Northwest Region
Clearwater River:
Lewiston, Id.
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TABLE 1 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, SEPTEMBER 1967
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter^
Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE DDD Lindane BHC
Northwest Region (cont'd)
Columbia River:
Clatskanie, Ore. .018
Bonneville Dam, Ore.
McNary Dam, Ore.
Pasco, Wash.
Pend Oreille River:
Albeni Falls, Id.
Snake River:
Wawawai, Wash.
American Falls, Id.
Spokane River:
Post Falls, Id.
Willamette River:
Portland, Ore.
Yakima River:
Richland, Wash.
(l)-The Lanett, Ala. sample contained .036 |j,g/l of Chlordane (tech). The Nowata, Okla. sample contained .002 p.g/1
of aldrin and .003 M-g/1 of heptachlor. The Wawawai, Wash, sample contained .050 p.g/1 of parathion and .380 M-g/1
of ethion. All other samples gave negative results for aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, parathion, methyl
parathion, fenthion, ethion, malathion and trithion.
(—)-Indicates none detected.
(P)-Indicates presumptive. Data are reported as presumptive in instances where the results of chromatography were
highly indicative but did not meet all requirements for positive identification and quantification.
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TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968
Location
Concentration in micrograms per liter
(1)
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
DDD
Lindane
BHC
Northeast Region
Connecticut River:
Enfie Id Dam, Conn.
Northfield, Mass.
Wilder, Vt.
Schuylkill River:
Philadelphia, Pa.
Hudson River:
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Narrows, N. Y.
Merrimack River:
Lowell, Mass.
Delaware River:
Trenton, N. J.
Martins Creek, Pa.
Raritan River:
Perth Amboy, N. J.
Delaware Bay:
Middle Atlantic Region
Potomac River;
Great Falls, Md.
Washington, D. C.
Shenandoah River;
Berryville, Va.
Susquehanna River:
Conowingo, Md.
Sayre, Pa.
Roanoke River:
John H. Kerr Dam, Va.
Neuse River:
Raleigh, N. C.
.022
.027
.013
.004
.012
,007
,007
.030
.015
.007
.033
.007
.010
.009
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TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
(1)
Location
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
DDD
Lindane
BHC
Southeast Region
Apalachicola River:
Chattahoochee, Fla.
Beauclair River:
Lake Apopka, Fla.
Escambia River:
Century, Fla.
Oklahawa River:
Orlando, Fla.
W. Palm Beach Canal:
West Palm Beach, Fla.
Chattahoochee River:
Lanett, Ala.
Savannah River:
Port Wentworth, Ga.
North Augusta, S. C.
Tennessee River:
Bridgeport, Ala.
Lenoir City, Tenn.
Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Tombigbee River:
Columbus, Miss.
Ohio Basin Region
Allegheny River:
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Kanawha River:
Winfield, W. Va.
Monongahela River;
Pittsburgh, Pa.
.027
.006
.004
.220
.005
.041
.156
.015
,025
,039
,059
,407
154
.051
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TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE DDD Lindane BHC
Ohio Basin Region (cont'd)
Ohio River:
Cairo, 111. .005 -- -- -- -- -- .020
Evansville, Ind. — -- -- __ __ __ _Q55
Cincinnati, 0. .014 -- -- -- -- -- .028
above Addison, 0. — -- -- -- -- -- . H2
Wabash River:
Lafayette, Ind. .005
Great Lakes Region
St. Lawrence River:
Massena, N. Y.
Lake Erie:
Buffalo, N. Y.
Detroit River:
Detroit, Mich.
Grand River:
at Grand Haven, Mich.
St. Clair River:
Port Huron, Mich.
St. Mary's River:
Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.
Saginaw River:
Bay City, Mich.
Lake Superior:
Duluth, Minn.
Lake Michigan:
Milwaukee, Wis.
Maumee River:
Toledo, 0.
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TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC
Great Lakes Region (cont'd)
Illinois River:
Peoria, 111.
Mississippi River:
Cape Girardeau, Mo. .014
E. St. Louis, 111. .011
Burlington, Iowa .010
Dubuque, Iowa
St. Paul, Minn. .011
Fox River:
Green Bay, Wis.
Missouri Basin Region
Missouri River:
St. Louis, Mo. .010
Kansas City, Kan. .009
Omaha, Neb.
Yankton, S. D. — — .053
Bismarck, N. D.
St. Joseph, Mo.
North Platte River:
Henry, Neb.
Platte River:
Plattsmouth, Neb. .005
South Platte River:
Julesburg, Colo.
Yellowstone River:
Sidney, Mont.
Rainy River:
Beaudette, Minn. -- — .037
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TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter * '
Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC
Missouri Basin Region (cont'd)
Red River (North):
Grand Forks, N. D. -- -- -- -- -- -- .027
Emerson, Manitoba
Kansas River:
Lawrence, Kan. -- -- .008 -- -- .003
Big Horn River:
Hardin, Mont.
South Central Region
Atchafalaya River:
Morgan City, La. .005
Arkansas River:
Pendleton Ferry, Ark. .005 -- .037
Fort Smith, Ark.
Ponca City, Okla. -- -- -- -- -- -- .013
Coolidge, Kan. .009 -- -- -- -- -- .025
Brazos River:
Arcola, Tex.
Mississippi River:
New Orleans, La.
Vicksburg, Miss. -- -- .109 -- -- .004
West Memphis, Ark. — -- — -- -- -- .005
St. Francisville, La.
Red River (South):
Alexandria, La.
Denison, Tex.
Rio Grande River:
Brownsville, Tex.
El Paso, Tex.
Alamosa, Colo. -- -- .029
-------
TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968
(continued)
Concentration in roicrograms per liter
Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC
South Central Region (cont'd)
Verdigris River:
Nowata, Okla.
Trinity River:
Houston, Tex.
Southwest Region
Bear River:
Preston, Id.
Colorado River:
Yuma, Ariz.
Parker Dam, Calif.
Boulder City, Nev.
Page, Ariz.
Loma, Colo.
Green River:
Dutch John, Utah
Klamath River:
Keno, Ore.
Sacramento River:
Green's Landing, Calif.
San Joaquin River:
Vernalis, Calif. -- — .030
San Juan River:
Shiprock, N. Hex.
Truckee River:
Farad, Calif.
Kiikii Stream:
Oahu, Hawaii
Waikele Stream:
Oahu, Hawaii
-------
TABLE 2 - RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC SURVEY FOR PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS, JUNE 1968
(continued)
Concentration in micrograms per liter
Location Dieldrin Endrin DDT DDE ODD Lindane BHC
Northwest Region
Clearwater River:
Lewiston, Id.
Columbia River:
Clatskanie, Ore.
Bonneville Dam, Ore.
McNary Dam, Ore.
Pasco, Wash.
Pend Oreille River:
Albeni Falls, Id.
Snake River:
Wawawai, Wash.
Payette, Id. .004 -- .015
American Falls, Id.
Spokane River:
Post Falls, Id.
Willamette River:
Portland, Ore.
Yakima River:
Richland, Wash. .006 -- .017
(l)-The Lanett, Ala. sample contained .169 [o.g/1 of Chlordane (tech).
All samples gave negative results for aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, parathion, methyl parathion,
fenthion, ethion, malathion and trithion.
(--)-Indicates none detected.
-------
Table 3
TOTAL NUMBER OF CHLORINATED PESTICIDE OCCURRENCES
Number of
Number of Samples
Total Number of
Year Samples Collected
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
Totals
97
99
109
110
114
529
With Positive Occurrences
73
56
80
34
48
291
Positive Occurrences
130
120
177
56
63
546
-------
Table 4
PESTICIDE OCCURRENCES BY FWPCA REGION
Middle Great Lakes Missouri South
Pesticide Northeast Atlantic Southeast Ohio Basin Basin Basin Central Southwest Northwest Totals
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
DDD
Aldrin
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Epoxide
Lindane
BHC
Chlordane
Total
31
4
6
2
10
0
1
2
2
2
0
60
14
4
4
1
6
0
0
2
0
2
1
34
28
9
10
3
10
0
1
3
2
3
3
72
20
2
9
1
4
0
2
3
0
12
0
53
22
7
2
4
10
0
3
7
1
4
0
60
25
13
18
6
10
0
4
6
2
3
0
87
34
19
18
4
10
1
3
3
3
7
0
102
13
5
10
5
4
1
2
2
0
2
1
45
12
4
9
3
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
33
199
67
86
29
68
2
16
29
10
35
5
546
Samples
53
32
50
41
76
70
86
65
56
529
-------
TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED
1964
1965
1966
DIELDRIN
Savannah: North Augusta, S. C.
Merrimack: Lowell, Mass.
Potomac: Great Falls, Md.
Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa.
Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex.
Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb.
Connecticut: Northfield, Mass.
Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga.
Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss.
Mississippi: New Roads, La.
ENDRIN
Potomac: Great Falls, Md.
Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex.
Big Horn: Hardin, Mont.
Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss.
Northfield, Mass.
Grjnd Folks, N. D.
New Roads, La.
Sidney, Mont.
Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore.
Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La.
Connecticut;
Red (North):
Mississippi:
Yellowstone
DDT
Maumee: Toledo, Ohio
Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D.
San Joaquin: Vernalis, Gal.
Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La.
Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss.
Bear: Preston, Idaho
Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore.
Red (South): Alexandria, La.
Willamette: Portland, Ore.
Apalachicola: Chattahoochee, Fla.
0.118
0.071
0.040
0.032
0.032
0.023
0.022
0.020
0.017
0.016
0.094
0.067
0.026
0.025
0.025
0.023
0.023
0.021
0.019
0.018
0.087
0.072
0.066
0.047
0.041
0.034
0.034
0.031
0.029
0.027
Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss.
Merrimack: Lowell, Mass.
Savannah: North Augusta, S. C.
Kanawha: Winfield Dam, W. Va.
Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo.
Tennessee: Lenoir City, Tenn.
Ohio: Cairo, 111.
Mississippi: Dubuque, Iowa
Missouri: Kansas City, Kan.
Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga.
Mississippi: West. Memphis, Ark.
Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La.
Delaware: Trenton, N. J.
Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss.
Clinch: Kingston, Tenn.
Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo.
Monongahela: Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tennessee: Lenoir CiLy, Tenn.
Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D.
Mississippi: Delta, La.
Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo.
San Juan: Shiprock, N. M.
Colorado: Page, Ariz.
Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb.
Spokane: Post Falls Dam, Idaho
Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D.
Ohio: Cairo, 111.
South Platte: Julesburg, Colo.
Mississippi: Delta, La.
Mississippi, Vicksburg, Miss.
0.100
0.068
0.051
0.045
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.116
0.019
0.018
0.015
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.009
0.009
0.008
0.149
0.125
0.058
0.039
0.037
0.034
0.023
0.023
0.019
0.017
Merrimack: Lowell, Mass.
Savannah: North Augusta, S. C.
Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga.
Susquehanna: Conowingo, Md.
Delaware Bay
Connecticut: Northfield, Mass.
Connecticut: Endfield Dam, Conn.
Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa.
Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala.
Kanawha: Winfield Dam, W. Va.
Hudson; Narrows, N. Y.
South Platte: Julesburg, Colo.
Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga.
St. Joseph: Benton Harbor, Mich.
Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn.
Savannah: North Augusta, S. C.
Bear: Preston, Idaho
Clearwater: Lewiston, Idaho
Connecticut: Northfield, Mass.
Mississippi: Delta, La.
Brazos: Arcola, Tex.
Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex.
Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss.
Arkansas: Fort Smith, Ark.
Potomac: Great Falls, Md.
Mississippi: Delta, La.
Missouri: Kansas City, Kan.
Delaware: Trenton, N. J.
Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn.
Snake: American Falls, Idaho
0.167
0.110
0.048
0.031
0.025
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.069
0.063
0.031
0.029
0.022
0.022
0.019
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.123
0.046
0.044
0.042
0.038
0.031
0.029
0.028
0.026
0.025
-------
TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED
(continued)
1967
1968
DIELDRIN ug/1
Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. 0.087
Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. 0.087
Merrimack: Lowell, Mass. 0.066
Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa. 0.044
Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. 0.039
Potomac: Washington, D. C. 0.025
South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. 0.024
Brazos: Arcola, Tex. 0.024
Ohio: Evansville, Ind. 0.020
Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore. 0.018
ENDRIN
Kansas: Lawrence, Kan. 0.133
Maumee: Toledo, Ohio 0.086
ug/1
Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss. 0.407
Kanawha: Winfield Dam, W. Va. 0.154
Savannah: North Augusta, S. C. 0.059
Savannah: Port Wentworth, Ga. 0.039
Schuylkill: Philadelphia, Pa. 0.027
Apalachicola: Chattahoochee, Fla. 0.027
Connecticut: Northfield, Mass. 0.022
Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio 0.014
Mississippi: Cape Girardeau, Md. 0.014
Hudson: Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 0.013
NONE
DDT
Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.316
Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. 0.066
Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. 0.054
Mississippi: New Orleans, La. 0.019
Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.018
Delaware: Trenton, N. J. 0.017
Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.220
Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. 0.109
Missouri: Yankton, S. D. 0.053
Monongahela: Pittsburgh, Pa. 0.051
Rainy: Baudette, Minn. 0.037
Arkansas: Pendleton Ferry, Ark. 0.037
Potomac: Washington, D. C. 0.033
Hudson: Narrows, N. Y. 0.030
San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal. 0.030
Rio Grande: Alamosa, Colo. 0.029
-------
TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED
(continued)
1964
1965
1966
DDE ng/1
Maumee: Toledo, Ohio 0.015
Bear: Preston, Idaho 0.011
Mississippi: St. Paul, Minn. 0.011
South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. 0.009
Delaware: Martins Creek, Pa. 0.008
Mississippi: West Memphis, Ark. 0.007
Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore. 0.005
San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal. 0.005
Snake: Payette, Idaho 0.005
Seven Stations 0.004
San Juan: Shiprock, N. M.
Detroit: Detroit, Mich.
Yellowstone: Sidney, Mont.
Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb.
Rainy: Baudette, Minn.
V.K/1
0.009
0.008
0.002
P
P
Brazos: Arcola, Tex.
San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal.
St. Lawrence: Messena, N. Y.
Columbia: Clatskanie, Ore.
Arkansas: Pendleton Ferry, Ark.
Red (South): Alexandria, La.
Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex.
Lake Superior: Duluth, Minn.
Hudson: Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Hudson: Narrows, N. Y.
tig/1
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
P
P
P
P
P
P
ODD
Shenandoah: Berryville, Va.
All others
0.083 Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.026
<0.075 Delaware: Trenton, N. J. 0.018
Willamette: Portland, Ore. 0.013
Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. 0.011
St. Lawrence: Messena, N. Y. 0.010
Platte: Plattsmouth, Neb. 0.010
Waikele Stream: Oahu, Hawaii 0.008
Red (South): Alexandria, La. 0.008
Merrimack: Lowell, Mass. 0.007
Potomac: Washington, D. C. 0.007
Connecticut: Endfield Dam, Conn. 0.013
Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.013
St. Joseph: Benton Harbor, Mich. 0.013
Raritan: Perth Amboy, N. J. 0.012
Detroit: Grosse Isle, Mich. 0.012
Potomac: Great Falls, Md. 0.012
Arkansas: Pendleton Ferry, Ark. 0.012
Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala. 0.011
Atchafalaya: Morgan City, La. 0.010
Missouri: Kansas City, Kan. 0.010
BHC
Delaware: Martins Creek, Pa. P
Mississippi: West Memphis, Ark. P
All others <0.025
Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D. 0.004
Ohio: Cairo, 111. 0.002
Verdigris: Nowata, Okla. P
Connecticut: Endfield Dam, Conn. P
Monongahela: Pittsburgh, Pa. P
Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio 0.056
Hudson: Narrows, N. Y. 0.034
Ohio: Addison, Ohio 0.026
Rio Grande: El Paso, Tex. 0.023
South Platte: Julesburg, Colo. 0.022
Trinity: Livingston, Tex. 0.013
Allegheny: Pittsburgh, Pa. 0.013
Mississippi: St. Paul, Minn. 0.012
Mississippi: Vicksburg, Miss. 0.010
San Joaquin: Vernalis, Cal. 0.008
Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala. 0.008
Arkansas: Ponca City, Okla. 0.008
-------
TABLE 5 - TOP TEN LOCATIONS AT WHICH HIGHEST LEVELS WERE OBSERVED
(continued)
1967
1968
DDE ug/1
Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.050
Rio Grande: Brownsville, Tex. 0.022
Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla.
ODD
Kansas: Lawrence, Kan. 0.840
Maumee: Toledo, Ohio 0.270
Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla. 0.231
Apalachicola: Chattahoochee, Fla. 0.053
Delaware: Trenton, N. J. 0.036
Clinch: Kingston, Tenn. 0.032
Mississippi: New Roads, La. 0.015
Tombigbee: Columbus, Miss. P
Brazos: Arcola, Tex. P
Beauclair: Lake Apopka, Fla.
0.156
BHC
Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio
Ohio: Evansville, Ind.
Saginaw: Bay City, Mich.
Ohio: Addison, Ohio
Shenandoah: Berryville, Va.
Detroit: Detroit, Mich.
St. Lawrence: Messena, N. Y.
0.013 Ohio: Addison, Ohio
0.008 Ohio: Evansville, Ind.
0.007 Ohio: Cincinnati, Ohio
0.006 Red (North): Grand Forks, N. D.
0.002 Chattahoochee: Lanett, Ala.
0.002 Arkansas: Coolidge, Kan.
P Ohio: Cairo, 111.
Oklawaha: Orlando, Fla.
Arkansas: Ponca City, Okla.
Susquehanna: Sayre, Pa.
0.
0.
0.112
0.055
0.028
.027
.025
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.013
0.009
-------
Table 6
MAXIMUM PESTICIDE CONCENTRATION FOUND VS. PERMISSIBLE WATER SUPPLY
CRITERIA AND REASONABLE STREAM ALLOWANCE
Gig/D
Pesticide
Dieldrin
Endrin
DDT
DDE
ODD
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Aldrin
Lindane (BHC)
Chlordane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
Organophosphates plus
Carbamates
Herbicides:
2,4-D plus 2,4,5-T
plus 2,4,5-TP
Phenols
Permissible^
Criteria
17
1
42
--
--
18
18
17
56
3
35
5
100
Desirable^
Criteria
absent
do
do
--
--
absent
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Maximum
Reasonable
Stream
Allowance
0.25
0.1
0.5
--
--
1.0
1.0
0.25
5.0
0.25
20.0
2.5
__
Maximum
Concentration
Found
0.407
0.133
0.316
0.050
0.840
0.048
0.067
0.085
0.112
0.169
(c)
(d)
0.380
100
do
do
(a) From the "Report of the Committee on Water Quality Criteria" (6)
(b) Suggested by Ettinger and Mount (7)
(c) Not determined
(d) Not detected
(--) Not given for these compounds
(c)
(c)
-------
Table 7
LOCATIONS WITH HIGH FREQUENCY OF PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE
(at least one pesticide found in each survey)
River Location
Merrimack Lowell, Mass.
Delaware Trenton, N. J.
Delaware Martins Creek, Pa.
Schuylkill Philadelphia, Pa.
Potomac Great Falls, Md.
Apalachicola Chattahoochee, Fla.
Chattahoochee Lanett, Ala.
Savannah Port Wentworth, Ga.
Savannah North Augusta, S. C.
Ohio Evansville, Ind.
Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio
Kansas Lawrence, Kan.
-------
Table 8
LOCATIONS WITH LOW FREQUENCY OF PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE
River
Connecticut
Raritan
Lake Erie
St. Glair
Rainy
Colorado
Colorado
Truckee
Green
Snake
Pend Oreille
Klamath
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Location
Wilder, Vt.
Perth Amboy, N. J.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Port Huron, Mich.
International Falls, Minn.
Parker Dam, Ariz.-Cal.
Boulder City, Nev.
Farad, Gal. -Nev.
Dutch John, Utah
American Falls, Utah
Albeni Falls, Idaho
Keno, Ore.
McNary Dam, Ore.
Pasco, Wash.
Bonneville, Ore.
Surveys
5
3
5
4
3
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
3
Occurrences
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
------- |