EPA-R2-72-055
November 1972 Environmental Protection Technology Series
Biological Effects of
Oil Pollution
SKLKCTKI) HIHLKM.KM'HY II
National Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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EPA-R2-72-055
November 1972
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
OIL POLLUTION
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY II
Royal J. Nadeau and Thomas H. Roush
Edison Water duality Research Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Number 15080 NDE
Project Element 1B 2041
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTF.R
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the
Environmental Protection Agency and
approved for publication.
11
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FOREWORD
Man and his environment must be protected from the adverse effects
of pesticides, radiation, noise and other forms of pollution, and
the unwise management of solid waste. Efforts to protect the
environment require a focus that recognizes the interplay between
the components of our physical environment - air, water, and land.
This focus is provided by the multidisciplinary programs of the
National Environmental Research Centers, which are engaged in
studies on the effects of environmental contaminants on man and
the biosphere and in a search for ways to prevent contamination
and recycle valuable resources.
Andrew W. Breidenbach, Ph.D.
Director, National Environmental
Research Center, Cincinnati
iii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to convey thanks and appreciation for the work and
contributions of those persons involved in organizing and collating
this Bibliography. Gratitude is extended to Victoria Pinkasavage
for the initial literature search and to Ann Krypel for typing,
organization, and patience. Thanks are extended to J. Stephen Dorrler,
Oil Spill Branch Chief, and Richard T. Dewling, then Director of the
Edison Office of Research and Monitoring, for their continued support
and encouragement throughout this endeavor.
IV
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ABSTRACT
This bibliography is an updating of FWPCA's 1969 report number DAST-19.
References on the biological effects of oil include general aspects,
specific spill incidents, general effects, carcinogenic effects,
microbial utilization, and the effects on birds, fish, shellfish,
marine and freshwater invertebrates, plants, and dissolved oxygen.
KEY WORDS: Algae, aquatic animals, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic
plants, bibliography, biodegradation, birds, effects of
oil, environmental effects, marine animals, marine in-
vertebrates, marine plants, oil, oil pollution, oil spills,
petroleum, pollution, water pollution.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Publications on the General Aspects of Oil Pollution 3
Reports of Oil Spill Incidents 13
General Biological Effects and Specific Oil Spill Incidents 15
Effects of Oil on Birds 25
Effects of Oil on Shellfish 29
Effects of Oil on Fish 31
Effects of Oil on Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates 35
Effects of Oil in Plants 39
Effects of Oil on Dissolved Oxygen 45
Carcinogenic Effect of Oil 47
Miscellaneous Biological Reports on Oil 49
Microbial Utilization of Oil 51
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INTRODUCTION
With the advent of the environmental era, oil pollution has risen
to new priorities of international concern. Part of this new
involvement concerns the effects of oil, both crude and refined,
upon the biosphere. Scientists and layman are seeking informa-
tion that can be used to augment newer and stronger approaches to
solving environmental problems, including those involving oil.
This bibliography is an addendum to BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL
POLLUTION - BIBLIOGRAPHY, Water Pollution Control Series, DAST-19,
prepared by Donna Radcliffe and Dr. Thomas Murphy, FWPCA, Edison
Water Quality Laboratory, Northeast Region Research and Development
Program, in October 1969. Careful attention has been given to avoid
duplication of citations listed in the previous bibliography. Most
of the entries in this addendum represent publications issued within
the past two years. With the vast number of articles in the many
journals and publications confronting us today, it is unrealistic to
believe that we have compiled an absolutely complete bibliography.
The writers express apologies to authors for omissions of their work.
The previous format has been reproduced to maintain continuity.
Any comments concerning entries, especially additions, would be
greatly appreciated. A bibliography should be a dynamic tool of
researchers; always remaining in a state of revision and updating.
Address inquires and additions to:
Chief, Oil Spills Branch
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Edison, New Jersey 08817
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PUBLICATIONS ON THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
Abelson, P. H. 1967. Oil Pollution. Science, 156.
Adam, R. 1970. Pollution of American Coasts by Oil. (in German).
Wasser, Luft and Betrieb, International, 1_4_ (7):289.
Anon. 1952. Pollution of Sea Water by Oil. Engineering, 174:
151-152.
Anon. 1955. Oil Pollution Studied by Service's Seattle Biological
Laboratory. Commerical Fisheries Review, 17(3):35.
Anon. 1956. Pollution of the Sea by Oil. United Nations, ST/ECA/41.
Anon. 1958. Pollution of Sea Water by Hydrocarbons, (in French).
Centre Beige d'Etude et de Documentation des Eaux Bulletin.
88:133-136.
Anon. 1958. Pollution of the Rhine by Oil. (in German). Vereinigung
Deutscher Gewasserschutz Mitteilungeh, 9/10:6.
Anon. 1961. Oil Fouling U.S. Coast. Sci. Newsletter, 79:163.
Anon. 1962. Oil Pollution at Sea. Scottish Fisheries Bull.. 1J7:22.
Anon. 1962. Oil Spills and Pollution. Petroleum Times. 66;292-294.
Anon. 1962. Oil Troubled Waters. Scientific Amer.. 207:71-72.
Anon. 1964. Cleaner Seas. Economist. 211:1396.
Anon. 1967. Oil, Oil Everywhere. Sci. News. 91:238.
Anon. 1968. Exploiting and Polluting Oceans. Nature, 219(5156):840-
842.
Anon. 1969. Oil and Ocean Ecology. American Society for Oceanography,
American Oceanography, Houston, Texas. News1etter:1_.
Anon. 1969. Oil Leak in California. Nature, 221:902.
Anon. 1969. Oil Pollution of the Sea; The Effects of Pollution.
Harv. Int. L.J.. 19(2):321-323.
Anon. 1969. Oil Pollution. Nature. 222:1226.
Anon. 1969. Oil Pollution. Undersea Tech. Mag.. (October 1969).
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Anon. 1970. Another Torrey Canyon?. Mar. Poll. Bull.. 1(3):34.
Anon. 1970. Danger from Refineries. Mar. Poll. Bull., 1(10):158.
Anon. 1970. For the Record - 1. Mar. Poll. Bull.. 1(8):116.
Anon. 1970. For the Record - 2. Mar. Poll. Bull.. 1_(8):117.
Anon. 1970. Industry and the Productivity of the Caspian Sea.
Mar. Poll. Bull.. 1(7):100.
Anon. 1970. Malta Conference - Pacemin Man"bus. Lawyer of the
Americas. 2_(3):481-497.
Anon. 1970. New Chemical Threat Seen in Oil Spill. Houston
Chronicle: 1-1, 1-2, March 20, 1970.
Anon. 1970. Oil Pollution on the Cape. Mar. Poll. Bull.. 1(12):189.
Anon. 1970. Public Health and Pollution. Mar. Poll. Bull., 1(7):97.
Anon. 1970. The Dirty Dilemma of Oil Spills. Life, 68(8):28.
Anon. 1970. The Long and Short of the Oil Spills. Science News,
97J11):263-264.
Anon. 1970. The Vulnerable Arctic. Mar. Poll. Bull., 1(5):65.
Anon. 1970. Water Pollution by Oil. Effluent and Hater Treatment J.,
lp_(8):451.
Anon. 1971. A Foretaste of TAPS?. Mar. Poll. Bull.. 2J5):66.
Anon. 1971. Ocean Pollution and Marine Waste Disposal. Chem. Eng.,
78(3):60-67.
Baker, R. 1963. Odor Effects of Aqueous Mixtures of Organic Chemicals,
JWPCF, 35_(5):728.
Baker, R. A. 1963. Threshold Odors of Organic Chemicals. J. Am.
Wat. Wks. Assoc., 55(7):913-916.
Barclay-Smith, P. (ed.). 1969. International Conference of Oil
Pollution of the Sea. Available from British Museum of Natural
History, London.
Berridge, S. A., R. Dean, R. Fallows, and A. Fish. 1968. The Prop-
erties of Persistent Oil at Sea. J. Inst. Petrol., 54:300-307.
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Bltimer, M. 1969. Oil Pollution of the Ocean. Oceanus, 15>:3-7.
Blumer, M. 1969. Oil Pollution of the Ocean. In Oil on the Sea.
D. P. Hoult, (ed.). p. 5-13. FWQA Project 15080 EBN.
Blumer, M. 1970. Oil Pollution Can be Invisible and Odorless,
But It's Deadly. Los Angeles Times, 63_, August 23, 1970.
Blumer, M. 1971. Oil Pollution of the Ocean. In Man's Impact on
the Environment. T. R. Detroyles, (ed.). (New York: McGraw-
Hill) pp. 295-301.
Blumer, M. 1971. Scientific Aspects of the Oil Spill Problem.
Environ. Affairs, l_(l):54-73.
Bourne, W. R. P. 1970. Special Review: After the Torrey Canyon
Disaster. Ibis., 112:120-5.
Boyd, H. 1970. Oil Poses Urgent Problems in Canada. Mar. Poll.
Bull.. 1(5):69.
Boyle, C. L. 1969. Oil Pollution of the Sea. Oryx, 10:43-45.
Boyle, C. L. 1969. Oil Pollution of the Sea: Is the End in Sight?.
Biol. Conserv., 1(4):319-327.
Boynton, B. F. 1970. Oil Pollution. Undercurrents. 2_(12):12-13.
Carpenter, L., and E. Klinger. 1933. Effects of Road Oil and Tars
On Public Water Supplies. Journ. Pennsylvania Water Works
Assoc., 5j43.
Chambers, 6., and A. Sparks. 1959. An Ecological Survey of the
Houston Ship Channel and Adjoining Bays. Pub!. Inst. Marine
Sci., 6_:213.
Clingan, T. A., Jr. 1969. Oil Pollution: No Solution?. Proc. U.S.
Nav. Inst.. 95_: 64-75.
Cowell, E. B. 1970. Chronic Oil Pollution Caused by Refinery Efflu-
ent Water. In Water Pollution by Oil, Inst. of Pet., London,
App. p. 380-381.
Cowell, E. B. 1970. Refinery Effluents and Chronic Pollution. In
Water Pollution by Oil, Inst. of Petroleum, London.
Davis, J. B., and D. M. Updegraff. 1954. Microbiology in the Petro-
leum Industry. Bact. Reviews. 18(4):215.
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Degler, S. E. (ed.). 1969. Oil Pollution: Problems and Policies
Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C. iii. 1969.
(Environmental Management Series). 142 pp.
Dennis, J. V. 1959. Oil Pollution Survey of the United States
Atlantic Coast, with Special Reference to Southeast Florida
Uoast Conditions. Amer. Petrol. Inst., Div. Transporation,
Washington, D.C.
Dennis J. V. 1960. Oil Pollution Conditions of the Florida East
Coast. American Petroleum Institute, Div. Transportation,
9 pp. (March 15, 1960) Washington, D.C.
Detwyler, T. R. (ed.). 1971. Man's Impact on the Environment.
(New York: McGraw-Hal1).
Dotson, G., R. Dean, B. Kenner, and W. Cooke. 1970. Land Spreading:
A Conserving and Non-Polluting Method of Disposing of Oily
Wastes. Presented at Fifth Int. Water Poll. Res. Conf. and Exhib.,
San Francisco. July 26 - August 1, 1970.
Ferguson, G. E., et. al. 1966. Oil Pollution of Water Supplies.
Jour. AWWA, 58:8TT.
Freegarde, M., et. aj_. 1971. Oil Spill at Sea: Its Identification,
Determination, and Ultimate Fate. Lab. Pract., 20(1}:35-40.
Friendly, A. 1970. Special Danger Seen in Arctic Pollution.
Washington Post, 64_, June 6, 1970.
Galtsoff, P. S. 1936. Oil Pollution in Coastal Waters. North Ameri-
can Wildlife Conference Prod., 1:550.
Gardiner, E. J. A. 1954. Oil Pollution. Fortnightly. 181(4):241-246.
Gibbons, M. M. 1940. Water Pollution by Petroleum Oils. Jour.
AWWA, 32_:465.
Glaeser, J. L., and G. P. Vance. 1971. A Study of the Behavior of
Oil Spills in the Arctic. Coast Guard, Washington, D.C., Applied
Technology Division, Final Report Feb. 1971. 60 pp. Project
No. 714108/A/001.002.
Gloyne, F., and T. Malin. 1963. Petrochemical Waste Effects on Water.
Water and Sewage Works, 11Q:R262.
Gusev, A., M. Mosevich, Z. Podoba, and L. Lesnikov. 1968. Sanitary
Conditions of Neva River and Neva Gulf in 1956-1968. Tr. Zoo!.
Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR. 45:27-79.
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Hampson, G. R., and H. L. Sanders. 1969. Local Oil Spills. Oceanus .
Hartung, R. and G. Klinger. 1967. Sedimentation of Floating Oils.
Paper of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters,
5 pp. given at the 1967 meeting.
Hautchiet, M. R. 1955. Vijf jaar stoohsalieslactoffers. Die
Vlielwaal.. 11_: 289-294.
Hawkes, A. 1961. A Review of the Nature and Extent of Damage Caused
by Oil Pollution at Sea. Trans. N. Amer. Wild!. and Water Res.
Conf., 26_:643.
Hermann, E. R. 1959. A Toxicity Index for Industrial Wastes. Ind.
Eng. Chem., 51_(4):84A.
Hepple, P. (ed.). 1970. Water Pollution by Oil. Inst. Pet., London.
Heyerdahl , T. 1971. Atlantic Ocean Pollution and Biota Observed by
the "Ra" Expeditions. Bio! . Conserv., 3^(3) :184.
Hoi comb, R. W. 1969. Oil in the Ecosystem. Science, 166:204-206.
Holluta, J., W. Koelle, and H. Sontheimer. 1970. Examination of
Pollutants of Mineral Oil. W. Husmann (ed.)., In An Annual
for Hydrochenristry and Water Purification Techniques, Vol. 36.
Horn, M. H., J. Teal, and R. Brackus. 1970. Petroleum Lumps on the
Surface of the Sea. Science, 168:245-246.
Hoult, D. P. (ed.). 1969. Oil pollution of the Sea. Symposium.
Proceedings. (Held in Cambridge, Mass., May 16, 1969). Spon-
sored by Mass. Inst. Tech., Cambridge and Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Inst., Plenum Press, New York.
Hubsehman, J. H. 1971. Lake Erie: Pollution Abatement, Then What?.
Science, 171 (3971) :536-540.
Jackson, R. I. 1968. International Fisheries and Marine Pollution.
In Intern. Conference on Oil Pollution of the Sea. Rome, 1968.
pp. 23-49.
Jeffrey, L. M. Lipids in Sea Water. Jour. Amer. Oil Chem Soc., 43^
Jeffrey, L . M . , e_t . al_. 1963. Lipids in Ocean Water. In Advances
i n Organi c Geochemi stry , Proc. of the International Meeting in
Milan, 1962. 24 pp. Pergamm Press, Oxford, London, N.Y., Paris
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Jones, 0. G. 1968. Methods of Studying the Effects and Metabolism
of Hydrocarbons in Natural Environments. In The Biological
Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral Communities, Field Studies,
2_ (Suppl.):145-150.
Ketchum, B. H. 1970. Biological Effects of Pollution of Estuaries
and Coastal Waters. Boston University Press.
Kinne, 0., and H. Aurich. (eds.). Biological and Hydrographical
Problems of Water Pollution in the North Sea and Adjacent Waters.
Helgolander Wiss. Meeresuntes.
Koelle, W., and H. Sontheimer. 1969. Ground Water Contamination by
Mineral Oil Substances, (in German). Brennst-Chem., 50(4):
123-9.
Lane, F. W., ejt. a\_. 1924. Effect of Oil Pollution of Coast and
Other Waters on the Public Health. Publ. Hlth. Rep., 39_:
1657-1663 (July 11, 1924).
Levy, E. M. 1971. Presence of Petroleum Residues Off the East Coast
of Nova Scotia, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence
River. Water Research, 5;723-733.
L1Hardy, J. 1967. Sea Pollution by Hydrocarbons and Its Biological
Consequences. Penn. Bed., 6_(50):128.
Livesey, R. 1969. Oil on the Sea. Engineering. 208(5380):130-131.
Loftas, T. 1971. The Unseen Dangers of Oil. New Scientist and
Science J.. 49(737):228.
Ludwig, H., e_t. al. 1964. Characteristics of Oil and Grease Found
in the Marine Environment. In Pollutions Marines par les Micro-
organisms de les Prodirits Petroliers, 71-78, Symposium de Monaco
(April 1964).
Ludwig, H., R. Carter and J. Scherfig. 1964. Characterization of Oils
in the Sea. Symp. Cornm. Int. Explor. Scient. Mer Medit., Monaco.
1964-1965.
Ludzack, F. J., W. Ingram, and M. Ettinger. 1957. Characteristics
of a Stream Composed of Oil Refinery and Activated Sludge Efflu-
ents. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 29_(10):1177.
Malina, J. 1964. Toxicity of Petrochemicals in the Aquatic Environ-
ment. Water and Sewage Works. m(10):456.
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Mallet, L. 1964. Pollution par les hydrocarbures en parti culler du
type benzo 3,4-pyrene des riuages meditterameens francais et
plus special ement de la baie de Villefranche. In Pollutions
marines par les microorganisms et les produits petrol ier.
Monaco Sympos. April 1964, p. 325-331.
Mallet, L. and J. Sarclou. 1965. Recherche de las presence de
1 'hydrocarbure polybenzenique benzo 3,4-pyrene dans le milieu
planctonique de la region de la baie. de Villefranche. In
Pollutions marines par les microorganisms et les produits
petrol ier. Monaco Symp., April 196^T pp. 331-334.
Mann, J. W. 1953. Problem of Sea Water Pollution. U.S. Dept. Of
State Bui 1 eti n , 29_: 775-740. December 7, 1953.
Marstrand, K. 1971. Evaluating Biological Quality in Pollution
Control. Mar. Poll. Bull., 2(11) :168-171 .
McCaull, J. 1969. The Black Tide. Environment. Jl_(9):10.
McKee, J. 1956. Oily Substances and Their Effects on the Beneficial
Uses of Water. Calif. Water Poll. Cont. Bd., Publ . 6.
McKinney, R. E., et. a 1 . 1956. Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by
Activated Sludge. Sew. Ind. Wastes, 28; 547-557.
Meyer, L. 1970. Oil Spills Heavily Damage Cycle of Sea Life, 2
Scientists Testify. Washington Post, Al , July 23, 1970.
Mironov, 0. G. 1968. Hydrocarbon Pollution of the Sea and Its Influ-
ence on Marine Organisms. Helgolander wiss. Meeresanters . 17:
335-339. ~~
Mitchell, C., E. Anderson, L. Jones, and W. North. 1969. Ecological
Effects of Oil Spillages in the Sea. Abs. Tech. Paper 42,
Water Control Fed . .
Morris, B. F. 1971. Petroleum: Tar Quantities Floating in the North-
western Atlantic Taken with a New Quantitative Neuston Net.
Science. 173 (3495}:430.
Murphy, T. A. 1970. Environmental Effects of Oil Pollution. Paper
presented to the Session on Oil Pollution Control, Amer. Soc. Of
Civ. Eng. , Boston, Mass. (July 13, 1970) 27 pp.
Nelson-Smith, A. The Problem of Oil Pollution of the Sea. Advances
in Marine Biology. £:215 (Academic Press, New York).
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Noll, D., and T. Roberto. 1963. Fuel Oil Contamination. Jour.
AWWA, 55; 257-250.
Ogren, L., and J. Pearce. 1968. Oil Pollution - A Threat to Marine
Resources and Recreation. Underwater Naturalist, 5_(2):6.
Olson, T. A., and F. J. Burgess. 1966. Pollution and Marine Ecology.
(Wiley, Interscience: New York) Proceedings of Conference,
March 1966. Galveston, Texas. 364 pp.
Pearce, A. W., et_. aJL 1968. Scientific Aspects of Pollution of the
Sea by Oil. J. Inst. Petrol., 54_:299-366.
Perkins, E. J. 1970. Oil Pollution at Ravenglass. Mar. Poll. Bull..
1(2) :18.
Pilpel, N. 1954. Oil Pollution of the Sea. In Research-Science and
Its Application in Industry, V. 7 (Butterworth's Scientific
Publi cati ons, London).
Pilpel, N. 1967. Oil Pollution of the Sea. Science Journal, June
1967, pp. 73-80.
Pilpel, N. 1968. The Natural Fate of Oil on the Sea. Endeavour,
27J10) :11-13.
Porter, C. F. 1968. After the Torrey Canyon - Oil Pollution is Still
a Problem. Duck and Harbour Authority, 4 pp. (January 1968).
Potter, J. L. 1969. Use Pollution to Benefit Mankind. Ocean Ind..
4_(5):94-97.
President's Panel on Oil Spills. 1969. (First Report) The Oil
Spill Problem. Executive Office of the President, Office of
Science and Technology.
Preston, R. D. 1970. Occurrence and Quality of Groundwater in
Throckmorton County, Texas. Tex. Water Develop. Bd., Rept. 1970,
No. 113, 51 pp.
Price, D. K. 1967. The Scientific Estate. Bel knap Press, Cambridge,
Mass.
Reed, J. C. 1970. Effects of Oil Development in Arctic America.
Biol. Conserv., 2(4):273-77.
Rosen, A., et. al. 1962. Odor Thresholds of Mixed Organic Chemicals.
Jour. WTCF734(1):7.
10
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Rosen, A., et. al . 1963. Relationship of River Water Odor to
Specific" Organic Contaminants. Jour. WPCF, 35(6):777.
Rouet, J., and F. Danon. 1968. Pollution of Seas by the Hydro-
carbons. La Tribuen du Celedeau, 21j 279-283.
Ruchhoft, C. C., and M. B. Ettinger. 1947. Tastes and Odors in
Water Resulting from Industrial Wastes. Proc. 3rd Indust.
Waste Conf., Purdue Univ.
Savage, P. D. V. 1970. Esso Foots the Bill. Mar . Poll . Bui 1 . ,
Schoenagel , E. 1966. Die Olpest. (The Oil Pollution). Ornith.
Mitt., 13^:120.
Smith, H. M., H. N. Dunning, H. T. Rail, and J. S. Ball. 1959.
Keys to the Mystery of Crude Oil. 24th Midyear Meeting of
the Amer. Petrol. Inst., Div. of Refining, New York (1959).
Spooner, M. 1969. Some Ecological Effects of Marine Oil Pollution.
In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Prevention and Control
of Oil Spills. (API/EPA/USCG), New York, N.Y.
Stander, G. H., and J. A. V. Venter. 1968. Oil Pollution in South
Africa. Intern. Conf. on Oil Poll, of Sea, October 1968,
pp. 251-259 (Paper No. 16B).
Straughan, D. 1970. Oil Pollution. Aust. Natur. Hist . 16J12):414.
Sullivan, W. 1970. Oil Called Peril to Food Supply in Sea. New
York Times, January 16, 1970.
Taylor, G. R. 1970. The Threat to Life in the Sea. Saturday Rev.,
53_(31):40-42.
Warner, R. 1969. Symposium on Coastal Oil Pollution - Its Effects
and Implications. Presented to Amer. Soc. Zoo! . and Amer.
Inst. Biol. Sci., Burlington, Vt., Aug. 20, 1969.
White, P. T. 1971. Barehanded Battle to Cleanse the Bay. National
Geographic Mag., 139(6) :866-881 .
White, G. H. (ed.). 1969. Water, Health and Society. Selected Papers
by Abel Wolman. Bloomington, Ind., Indiana Univ. Press. 400 pp.
Wilbur, Ch. G. 1969. The Biological Aspects of Water Pollution.
Ch. C. Thomas, Pub., Springfield, 111.
Zeldin, M. 1971. Audubon Black Paper #1: Oil Pollution. Audubon.
pp. 99-119 (May 1971).
11
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Zimmermann, W., et. al_. 1956. Beeinflussung von Trinkwasser durch
Erdol producFti. (Pollution of Drinking Water by Petroleum
Products). Zeit. Schr. Hyg., 142:322-338.
ZoBell, C. E. 1962. Oil Pollution in the Sea. Jour. WPCF, 34(3):
259.
ZoBell, C. E. 1963. The Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Oil Polluting
the Sea. J. Air Water Poll., 7:173-197.
12
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REPORTS OF OIL SPILL INCIDENTS
Abbott, B. C., ejt al_. 1969. Santa Barbara Oil Pollution Project:
8-Month Progress Report. Mar. Poll. Bull.. j8^:l-8.
Anon. 1969. "Keo" Disaster, November 1969. Mar. Poll. Bull., l(8):22-23.
Anon. 1969. Review of the Santa Barbara Channel Oil Pollution Incident.
Battelle Memorial Institute.Richland, Washington.U.S. Federal
Wat. Poll. Contr. Admin., Wat. Poll. Contr. Res. Ser. 15080 EAC
07/69, 164 pp.
Blumer, M. 1970. Testimony of Max Blumer Before the Subcommittee on
Air and Water Pollution. Senate Committee on Public Works (Un-
published manuscript) Machias, Maine.(June 30, 1970).
Blumer, M., J. Sass, 6. Souza, H. Sanders, F. Grasde, and G. Hampson.
1970. The West Falmouth Oil Spill - Persistence of the Pollution
Eight Months After the Accident. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
Technical Report Ref. No. 70-44, September 1970. 32p. FWQA Grant
15080 EBN.
Blumer, M., et. al. 1971. A Small Oil Spill. Environment, 13_(2):12.
Caldwell, J. M. 1968. Oil Pollution of the Shore Face Caused by the
'Torrey Canyon' Disaster. Coastal Engineering Research Center.
August 1, 1968.
Cerame-Vivas, M. J. 1968. The Wreck of the Ocean Eagle. Dept. of Marine
Sciences, Univ. of Puerto Rico.
Chia, F. S. 1971. Diesel Oil Spill at Anacortes. Mar. Poll. Bull., 2
(7):105.
Committee of Scientists. 1967. The Torrey Canyon. Report of the Committee
of Scientists on the Scientific and Technological Aspects of the Torrey
Canyon Disaster, (The Zuckerman report). Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, 48 pp.
Cowan, E. 1968. Oil and Water: The Torrey Canyon Disaster. Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott, 241 pp.
Dixon, T., and T. Dixon. 1971. The Panther Affair. Mar. Poll. Bull..
2.(7):107.
Forrester, W. D. 1971. Distribution of Suspended Oil Particles Following
the Gounding of the Tanker Arrow. J. Marine Research, 29_:151-170.
13
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Hemphill, J. E. 1969. Santa Barbara Channel Oil Spill Manuscript for
Presentation to the hearings of the U.S. Senate, Santa Barbara.
California. Feb. 24-25, 1969" Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life, 5 pp.
Home Dept. Report. 1967. The Torrey Canyon. Report presented to Parlia-
ment by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of
Her Majesty; 10 pp. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (April
1967).
Lomasney, E. P. 1968. Partial Preliminary Report on Pollution Created
by Crude Oil from the Wrecked Ocean Eagle Tanker at San Juan.
Puerto Rico. FHPCA. SE Region (March 13-21. 1968).
Marshall, J. M. 1967. The Black Wake of the Torrey Canyon. U.S. Naval
Institute Proceedings, December, 1967.
Mercer, I. D., et. al . 1967. Conservation and the Torrey Canyon.
J._ Devon Trust Nat. Conserv., Suppl . , July, 1967.
Sanders, M. K. 1970. Another Oil Spill at Santa Barbara. Mar. Poll .
Bull., 1(2) :18.
Spooner, M. 1970. Oil Spill in Tarut Bay, Saudi Arabia. Mar. Poll. Bull.,
Stander, G. H. 1971. Stilbau Oil Spill Fumble. Mar. Poll. Bull.. 2
(6):83.
Vaas, K. F. 1971. Oil Ravages the Biesbasch. Mar. Poll. Bull.. 2
Walsh, J. 1968. Pollution: The Wake of the 'Torrey Canyon'. Science.
150:167-169.
14
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GENERAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND SPECIFIC OIL SPILL INCIDENTS
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EFFECTS OF OIL ON DISSOLVED OXYGEN
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