EPA-600/4-77-039
August 1977
Environmental Monitoring
             SAMPLING OF  WATER  AND WASTEWATER
                                   Environmental Research Information Center
                                           Office of Research and Development
                                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                   Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

-------
                RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology.  Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:

      1.   Environmental Health Effects Research
      2.   Environmental Protection Technology
      3.   Ecological Research
      4.   Environmental Monitoring
      5.   Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
      6.   Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
      7.   Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
      8.   "Special" Reports
      9.   Miscellaneous Reports

This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.
This series describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods
and instrumentation for the  identification  and quantification of environmental
pollutants  at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes
studies to  determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment
and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

-------
                                              EPA-600/4-77-039
                                              August  1977
        SAMPLING OF WATER AND WASTEWATER
                       by

                Philip E.  Shelley
EG§G Washington Analytical Services Center,  Inc.
            Rockville, Maryland 20850
             Grant No.  CA-6-99-3131A
                Project Officers

                 Robert L. Booth
 Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
            Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

                  Adib F. Tabri
    Environmental Research Information Center
            Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
    ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER
       OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
      U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
             CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268

-------
                          DISCLAIMER
     This report has been reviewed by the Environmental  Research
Information Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  and
approved for publication.  Approval does not signify that  the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
                               11

-------
                             FOREWORD
     Environmental sampling of water and wastewater is a prerequisite
to monitoring and measurement in determining the quality of ambient
waters and the character of waste discharges.  The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, through its various component laboratories,  conducts
research involving:

     •  Sampling and water quality monitoring

        Characterization of source flows

        Investigating the effect of polydisperse systems on
        sampling

     •  Recommendations addressing frequency of sampling, site
        selection and sample preservation prior to laboratory
        analysis

        Developing and implementing an Agency-wide quality
        assurance program to achieve uniformity and quality
        control in monitoring water and wastewater programs.

     This report describes the state-of-the-art of commercially avail-
able and custom built automatic liquid samplers with recommended sampl-
ing procedures for the field.

     The purpose and scope of this report is to provide personnel
engaged in water quality surveys with practical and up-to-date informa-
tion on the technology of water and wastewater sampling.
                                R. E. Crowe, Director
                                Environmental Research
                                  Information Center
                                Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
                                  111

-------
                             PREFACE
     This report represents a revision and update of an earlier
USEPA Office of Technology Transfer Seminar Publication that was
disseminated at the Industrial Wastewater Monitoring Seminar series
in late 1974 and early 1975.  It has been completely reorganized
with mostly new material and additional subject matter covered.
As a result, over 95 percent of the present report represents new
or revised content as compared to its predecessor, which is hereby
superseded.

     An Agency-wide sampling and monitoring manual is currently
being prepared by the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,
ORSD, Cincinnati, Ohio.  This new manual will contain portions of
this report; the "Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of
Water and Wastewater" EPA-600/4-76-049, September 1976; and the
"NPDES Compliance Sampling Manual" that was prepared by the USEPA
Enforcement Division.  This agency sampling and monitoring manual
will be ready for distribution in 1978.
                                 IV

-------
                           ABSTRACT
     Water and wastewater sampling is discussed within the context
of a water quality monitoring program.  The general characteristics
of the source flows are described, and the mechanics of polydisperse
systems as they affect sample gathering are discussed.  It is pointed
out that the collection of a sample that is representative of the
source in all respects is a frequently underrated task, especially
insofar as suspended solids are concerned.  The various types of
samples are defined, compared, and their use indicated.  Other
practical considerations addressed include frequency of sampling,
site selection, and sample quantity, preservation, and handling.
Recommendations on when to use manual versus automatic sampling are
given.  Each of the elements of an automatic sampler is discussed
from the viewpoint of design considerations in order to help the
reader assess the ability of a particular unit to meet his needs.
Commercially available samplers and some custom designed equipment
are reviewed.  Recommended field procedures for sampling are given,
and a review of automatic sampler performance is provided.  An
appendix provides, in a common format, 102 descriptions covering
over 250 models of commercially available automatic samplers and
16 descriptions of custom built devices.

     This report was submitted in fulfillment of CA-6-99-3131A
by Environmental Research Information Center (ERIC) under the spon-
sorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  This is a final
report, and work was completed as of February 1977.

-------
                            CONTENTS
Foreword	    iii
Preface	     iv
Abstract  	      v
Figures	viii
Tables	     ix

   1.  Introduction 	      1
          General 	      1
          Scope	      2
          General flow characteristics  	      3
          Mechanics of polydisperse systems 	      7
   2.  Practical Sampling Considerations  	     12
          Sample types	     12
          Frequency of sampling 	     15
          Sampling site selection 	     17
          Sample quantity 	     19
          Sample preservation 	     19
          Sample handling 	     21
          Quality assurance	     23
          Manual versus automatic sampling  	     23
   3.  Sampler Design Considerations  	     25
          General	     25
          Sampler intake subsystem  	     25
          Sample gathering subsystem  	     34
          Sample transport subsystem  	     37
          Sample storage subsystem  	     38
          Controls and power subsystem  	     39
   4.  Review of Automatic Sampling Equipment 	     41
          Requirements and desirable features 	     41
          Commercially available equipment  	     43
          Custom designed equipment 	     47
   5.  Field Procedures for Sampling  	     50
          Manual sampling procedures  	     50
          Automatic sampling procedures 	     56
          Sample equipment cleaning 	     60
   6.  Review of Automatic Sampler Experience 	     64
          Review of in-use field experience 	     64
          Review of testing experience  	     65

References	     72
Appendix	     74
                                  Vll

-------
                             FIGURES


Number                                                              Page

  1      Region of validity of Stokes1 Law	     9

  2      Ratio of composite sample concentration to actual
           concentration  	    16

  3      Sediment distribution at sampling station  	    26

  4      Sampler intake orientation angles  	    29

  5      Effect of sampling velocity on representativeness
           of suspended solids	    30

  6      Effect of lateral orientation of sampler intake  ....    32

  7      Variation of Gilsonite concentration with time	    69
                                  Vlll

-------
TABLES
Number
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Effect of Shape Factor on Hydraulic Size 	
Particle Orders of Magnitude and Characteristics ....
Summary of Sample Types 	
Recommendations for Preservation of Samples
According to Measurement 	
Automatic Wastewater Sampler Manufacturers 	
Automatic Sampler Characteristic Summary Matrix ....
Custom Sampler Characteristic Summary Matrix 	
Manual Composite Sample Example I 	
Manual Composite Sample Example II 	
Manual Composite Sample Example III 	
Average Sampling Representativeness 	
Page
8
11
14

20
44
45
49
53
54
55
70
      IX

-------
                            SECTION I

                          INTRODUCTION


GENERAL

Water and wastewater sampling is not an end in itself but, rather, one
of the basic elements common to any water quality monitoring program.
These elements include:

     1.  Program Design

     2.  Flow Measurement

     3.  In Situ and Side Stream Determinations

     4.  Sampling

     5,  Laboratory Analysis

     6.  Quality Control

     7.  Data Management, Interpretation, and Reporting

From an overall perspective, water quality monitoring is the collective
activity, embracing all of these elements, that allows determination of
the suitability of a particular water source for a specific use.  Keep-
ing this in mind, it is more convenient to view a water monitoring pro-
gram in terms of more specific purposes to be served, such as:

     1.  Planning (areawide, basin, subcatchment, etc.)

     2.  Permitting (issuance, validation, revision, etc.)

     3.  Compliance (including verification)

     4.  Enforcement (including case preparation)

     5.  Design (system, unit operation, etc.)

     6.  Operation (process control, material accountability, etc.)

     7.  Research

-------
Within any one of these purposes there may be a number of monitoring
objectives.  As an example, monitoring objectives of interest to an
areawide planner would include:

     1.  Establishing baseline conditions

     2.  Determination of assimilative capacities of streams

     3.  Following the effects of a particular project or activity

     4.  Pollutant source identification

     5.  Long-term trend assessment

     6.  Waste load allocation

     7.  Projecting future water characteristics

Although we could continue listing such objectives for this and other
monitoring purposes, the foregoing is sufficient to illustrate the basic
point to be made here; namely, that water and wastewater sampling, along
with other activities, is an integral part of a larger effort whose pur-
poses and objectives form the context within which the sampling must be
conducted.  Furthermore, these elements of monitoring are interrelated,
and a systems approach is required in the design and execution of an ef-
ficacious monitoring program.

SCOPE

With the foregoing explanation, the remainder of this volume is limited
to considerations of water and wastewater sampling.  Thus, when sampling
frequency is discussed it is in the context of a particular source at a
particular site; not within the context of a particular monitoring pro-
gram with certain specific objectives.  Similarly, when sampling site
selection is discussed, the concern is where to specifically locate
within a general area chosen as a part of the overall monitoring pro-
gram design, and so on.  Thus, sampling aspects that are a part of an
overall monitoring program design (e.g., number of sites, parameter se-
lection, analytical methodology selection, data handling, etc.) are
presumed to be already determined and, consequently, will not be dwelt
on here to any appreciable extent.

In order to keep this volume within reasonable bounds, emphasis is
placed on techniques and equipment for proper sampling of wastewater,
especially complex, highly variable flows.  This is where the greatest
problems are encountered, and where the use of a proper methodology is
most critical if meaningful results are to be obtained.  Proper sampling
for these flows will certainly be adequate for more pristine waters.
Similarly, primary emphasis is on flows in natural and man-made chan-
nels, as opposed to quiescent surface impoundments, tidal bodies, pres-
surized industrial process flows, or groundwater.

-------
The objective of any sampling effort is to remove, from a defined uni-
verse, a small portion that is in some way representative of the whole.
Ideally, a representative water or wastewater sample will accurately
reflect the physical and chemical characteristics of the bulk source
in every respect as they were during the sampling period.  In water
quality, such representativeness is seldom if ever wholly achieved and,
fortunately, seldom required.  As used herein, a representative sample
is one that, when examined for a particular parameter, will yield a
value from which that bulk source characteristic can be determined.
The proper sampling methodology, i.e., that which will produce a
representative sample, is dependent upon the type of bulk source to
be sampled, e.g., surface water in natural channels (rivers, streams,
lakes), municipal wastewater, ground water, urban runoff, industrial
wastewater, treatment lagoon, and so on.  Nonetheless, there are some
more or less universal sampling considerations, and it is they that
will be addressed in this volume.

GENERAL FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

Flow in Natural Channels

Concentrations of natural constituents, such as alkalinity, hardness,
and minerals, generally vary inversely with stream flows in uncon-
trolled streams.  Most of the water in a stream at low flows has spent
much time underground in intimate contact with the minerals of the
soil and has dissolved maximum concentrations of these minerals.  At
least some of the water at high flows has run off directly over the
surface of the ground, and some of it has been underground a relatively
short time, with less opportunity to dissolve minerals.  There may,
however, be a first flush effect associated with storm generated
discharges, especially in areas heavily impacted by man's activities,
e.g., urban runoff.  Total loads, or quantities, of natural constitu-
ents carried by a stream, on the other hand, increase as flow increases.
The increasing water carried by the stream more than balances the
decreasing concentration to yield a greater load in terms of a unit
of total quantity, such as pounds per day.  Concentrations of wastes
also vary inversely with stream flow when completely mixed with the
stream immediately below the point of discharge.  Negligible adverse
effects of wastes may occur at high flows, whereas the stream may be
polluted seriously at low flows.

The inverse relationship of stable waste constituents to stream flow
continues downstream until additional dilution by tributary inflow
occurs.  Other factors come into play with unstable constituents.
Time-of-water travel increases as flow decreases to accomplish natural
purification in shorter distances.  Higher densities of bacteria, for
example, occur just below the point of discharge at lower flows, but
they die off in shorter distances because of the longer time of travel.

-------
Likewise, BOD's are higher near the point of discharge but stabilize in
less distances at low discharges.  DO concentrations drop to lower min-
imums but recover in shorter distances.  Other factors, in addition to
time-of-travel, contribute to the DO recovery.  The stream surface,
through which oxygen enters the water from the atmosphere, usually de-
creases only slightly as stream stage and flow decrease.  Approximately
the same quantity of oxygen enters decreasing quantities of water in a
given stream reach as flow decreases, other things being equal.  There-
fore, the concentrations of DO in the smaller quantities of water in-
crease as the flow decreases.  The decrease in depth with decreasing
flow generally increases the reaeration coefficient.  The reverse of
this variation may occur, however, in deep pools with relative low ve-
locities at minimum flows.  These factors, together with stabilization
of BOD in shorter distances, combine to accomplish recovery of DO in
shorter distances at lower stream flows, although more severe depletions
generally occur in the affected reach at low flows.

The natural flow of uncontrolled streams usually varies over a wide
range.  Stream flows follow precipitation patterns except in the colder
areas of the country, where precipitation falls as snow in winter and
much of the surface water is frozen.  There can be wide differences in
stream flow throughout the year and in the annual flow cycle from year
to year.  Flow in most areas tends to be high in winter, especially in
January and February, and to taper off subsequently to minimum quanti-
ties in September and October and, on occasion, into November.  October
is the minimum flow month as a general rule.  High flows usually occur
in colder areas when relatively warm spring rains melt the winter ac-
cumulation of ice and snow.  The natural cycle may be altered to a con-
siderable extent in streams controlled by impoundments, however.  In
any case, stream flows must be considered in selecting periods for
stream study because of the considerable variations in water quality
that accompany changes in flow.

Flow in Manmade Conduits
In manmade conduits, the effects of flow variation are probably greatest
in storm sewers.  Although storm sewers are basically designed to carry
storm runoff, during periods of no rainfall they often carry a small but
significant flow (dry weather flow).   This may be flow from ground wa-
ter, or "base flow," which gains access to the sewer from unpaved stream
courses.  Such base flow may appear as runoff from parks or from subur-
ban areas where there are open drains leading to the storm sewer.  Un-
fortunately, much of the dry weather flow in storm sewers is composed of
domestic sewage or industrial wastes  or both, arising from unauthorized
discharges to them.  In some cases, the runoff from septic tanks is
carried to them.  Connections for the discharge of swimming pools, foun-
dation drains, sump pumps, cooling water, and pretreated industrial

-------
process water to storm sewers are permitted in many municipalities and
contribute to flow during periods of no rainfall.  In some areas,  sewers
classed as storm sewers are, in fact, sanitary or industrial waste sew-
ers due to the unauthorized or inappropriate connections made to them.
This may become so aggravated that a. continuous flow of sanitary or in-
dustrial wastes, or both, flows into the receiving stream.

The "dry-weather" portion of storm sewer flow may vary significantly
with time.  Probably the most steady flow, and constant character of
pollutants therein, occurs in storm sewers when all flow is base flow
derived from ground water.  Because of the slow movement of water through
the ground, changes in flow and concentration of pollutants occur only
during relatively long time periods.  Where unauthorized connections of
domestic sewage and industrial waste lines to storm sewers are found,
rapid fluctuations with time may occur.  The domestic sewage constituent
varies with time of day, with season of year, and probably over long-term
periods.   Industrial wastes vary with specific processes and industries.
Very rapid changes may occur with plant shift changes and with process
dynamics.  Conditions on weekends and holidays may be very different from
those on regular work days.

Variation With Time

Storm runoff is the excess rainfall which runs off the ground surface
after losses resulting from infiltration to ground water, evaporation,
transpiration by vegetation, and ponding occur.  A small portion of the
rainfall is held in depression storage, resulting from small irregulari-
ties in the land surface.  The quantity, or rate of flow, of storm run-
off varies with intensity, duration, and areal distribution of rainfall;
character of the soil and plant life; season of the year; size, shape
and slope of the drainage basin; and other factors.  Ground seepage
loss varies during the storm, becoming less as the ground absorbs the
water.  The period of time since the previous, or antecedent, rainfall
significantly affects the storm runoff.  In general, storm runoff is
intermittent in accordance with the rainfall pattern for the area.  It
is also highly variable from storm to storm and during a particular
storm.

The pollutant concentration in most man-made conduits and especially in
storm and combined sewers is highly variable, both with respect to the
time and with the position in the sewer cross-section.  This is true
during periods of no rainfall as well as during storm runoff periods,
but usually to a lesser extent.  Observation and experience have demon-
strated that the heaviest concentration of suspended solids during peri-
ods of storm runoff usually occurs during the early part of the storm.
At this time, the stage is rising and accumulated dry-weather solid
residue is being flushed from the sewers and washed and eroded from the
tributary  land areas.  As runoff recedes, the sewer and land area sur-
faces exposed to flow are reduced, the flow velocities which serve to

-------
flush and erode are decreased, and the more easily dislodged solids have
been acted upon.  Thus, suspended material is reduced in concentration.
This pattern of variation may not be followed during a period of storm
runoff which immediately follows a previous storm runoff period because
the land surface and sewer lines are relatively clean.

Pollutants derived from nonpoint sources, such as those from stockpile
drainage, vary at the sampling location with time of travel from the
source to the point of observation.  Maximum concentration may occur
after the peak of storm runoff.  It is conceivable that there would be
no contribution from some sources during a specific storm because of
areal variation of rainfall in the basin.

Variation With Position in Cross-Section

The variations in flow composition with position in the flow cross-
section are attributable to a number of factors including degree of
turbulence, variations in velocity profiles, the tendency for flows
transporting materials of different density (or having different temper-
atures) to remain separate from each other for quite some distance fol-
lowing their convergence, the fact that substances in solution may well
behave independently of suspended particles, and so on.

Suspended solids heavier than water have their lowest concentrations
near the surface, and the concentration increases with depth.  Near the
bottom of the sewer may occur a "bed load" composed almost entirely of
heavier solids.  This may "slide" along the bottom or, with insufficient
flow velocity, may rest on the bottom.  As the velocity and turbulence
increase, the "bed load" may be picked up and suspended in the liquid
flow.  At the beginning of storm runoff, as water picks up solids which
have accumulated in the sewer upstream during periods of no rainfall,
the flow may be composed largely of sewage solids, or "bed load," which
appears to be pushed ahead by the water.

Suspended materials lighter than water, such as oils and greases, float
on the surface, as do leaves, limbs, boards, bottles, and cloth and
paper materials.  Other small, light particles are moved randomly within
the flow by turbulence.  These may be well distributed in the cross-
section without significant effect of variable velocity within the
section.

Larger, heavier suspended and floating solids tend to move to the out-
side of a horizontal curve as a result of centrifugal inertia force.
Particles with a specific gravity much less than 1.00 may tend to move
toward the inside of the curve.  Because the effect of curvature on flow
often continues downstream a considerable distance, it is probable that
a normal distribution of suspended matter is not found on a curve, or
downstream for a distance of 20 or more diameters.

-------
Incoming sewage from an upstream lateral with different density and
temperature may not mix well, and often flows for long distances without
combining with the main body of the sewer.  The appearance may be of
two streams flowing side-by-side, each with different quality character-
istics.  A sample taken from either stream is not representative of
the entire stream character.

MECHANICS OF POLYDISPERSE SYSTEMS

The mechanics of polydisperse systems such as wastewater flows are among
the most complex and least thoroughly understood of all aspects of sci-
ence.  This is not surprising, when one considers that it covers dynamic
processes ranging from such sedimentology subjects as the movement of
soil to the thixotropic world of colloid chemistry.  With complete de-
scriptions having to account for such topics as electrokinetics, descrip-
tive and structural rheology, sorption, flocculation, diffusion, and
Brownian motion as well as hydraulic system influences, it is little won-
der that empirical progress has outpaced analytical descriptive efforts.
Even under well-controlled laboratory conditions, the study of suspended
solid  laden  flows remains very difficult.  The point of all of this is
not to suggest that any attempt to seriously study the subject is doomed
to failure but, rather, to point out that one should not approach it as
though it were a ±l-percent cosmos.

Since  suspended solids are one of the most troublesome wastewater consti-
tuents to sample representatively, they form a good place to begin this
discussion.   It is desirable  to have standard terms that carry definite
notions of particle size.  Although size terms based upon a major physi-
cal dimension (e.g., sand, silt, clay) are very useful for certain
fields such  as soil mechanics and geology, they do not present as much
information  about the behavior of the particle in water as others might.
First,  suspended solids particles are not spheres but are actually of
innumerable  shapes and degrees of angularity; second, not all particles
are of the same specific gravity, especially those more directly asso-
ciated with  the activities of man.  In regard to the first point, sieves
with square openings of uniform dimensions express a size value that
becomes more  and more misleading as to true particle volume as the shape
of the particle deviates from a sphere.  This volume, together with
specific gravity as mentioned in the second point, determines the mass
of the particle and, hence, is one predictor of its behavior in a
hydrodynamic  force field.  As has been noted by numerous workers, the
use of hydraulic size (W), which is the average rate of fall that a
particle would finally attain if falling alone in quiescent distilled
water  of infinite extent at 24°C, as a descriptor for a particle in-
volves its volume, shape, and density.  It is presently considered to
be the most  significant measurement of particle size.  However, there
are no analytical relationships to allow its computation; recourse
must be made  to experiment.

-------
 An excellent discussion of the fundamentals of particle size  analysis
 is given by the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project  (FIASP;  1957),
 Table 1, which is  taken from data presented therein,  illustrates the
 effect of shape factor (a measure of particle angularity) on  hydraulic
 size for sand particles with specific gravity of 2.65 in water at 20°C.
 It can be noted that  while a sphere (SF=1)  with a diameter  of 0.2 mm
 will fall only about  one-third faster than  a similar  sized  particle
 with a shape factor of 0.3, a sphere with a diameter  of 4.0 mm falls
 over 2-1/2 times faster than a particle with SF=0.3.   Thus, shape fac-
 tor considerations become less important as particle  size decreases.
 For curves showing temperature effects, correction tables,  etc., the
 reader is referred to FIASP (1957).
          TABLE  1.  EFFECT OF  SHAPE FACTOR ON HYDRAULIC
                        SIZE  (in  cm/sec)*
Nominal diameter
(mm)
0.20
0.50
1.00
2.00
4.00
Shape factor
0.3
1.78
4.90
8.49
12.50
17.80
0.5
1.94
5.63
10.10
15.50
22.40
0.7
2.11
6.31
12.10
19.30
28.00
0.9
2.26
7.02
14.00
23.90
35.60
Spheres
2.43
7.68
15.60
28.60
46.90
    *  Data from FIASP  (1957)
For Reynolds numbers less than unity and nearly spherical particles,
Stokes1 Law can be used to relate hydraulic size to particle density
and diameter.  The region of validity of Stokes' Law is depicted graph-
ically in Figure 1 (taken from Shelley and Kirkpatrick; 1975b), with
water at 15.6°C (60°F) as the fluid.  Note that for the denser par-
ticles, only those of rather small size will obey Stokes1 Law.

The use of hydraulic size as a descriptor for sediment particles is
useful down into the clay range.  For smaller particles, shape factor
is no longer as important, and fall velocities become so slow that they
no longer serve as such a useful descriptor, being better stated in
centimeters per century.  For sediment particles larger than very small
pebbles, fall velocities become very large (and difficult to measure)
and, consequently, are not as useful a descriptor as for the smaller
particles.

-------
<£>
LU
s:
•f.
I-H
Q

UJ
_l
O
                i.o
                0.9
                0.6
                07

                0.6

                O.S

                O.4


                0.3
                O.Z
O.I
.09
.08
.07

.06

.05

.04


.03



.02
                 .01
                   1.01
                  I      I   I   I   I  I  I II
                                           I     I    I   I  I  I  I I
I     I    I   I  I I I  L
                                             .RE «  1
                              STOKES1  LAW VALID
                                                                 STOKES1   LAW  INVALID
                  i     j   t   i  i
                                                i i
                                          i      i    i  i   i  i  i i  i
                           1.02   1.03 I.O4 1.05 1.061071.08IO9 U
                                                          1.2   1.3  1.4 1.5  1.6 1.7 1.81.92.0
                                                                                        3.0    4.0  5.0 6.0 7.0 a09.0B.O 11.0
                                                PARTICLE  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY
                                         Figure 1.  Region of validity of Stokes'  Law.*

           *   Taken from  Shelley and  Kirkpatrick  (1975b)

-------
Table 2 (taken from Shelley; 1976b) has been prepared to give a better
appreciation of the orders of magnitude and characteristics of suspended
solids.  Eight decades of particle sizes are covered, and nominal dimen-
sions are given in millimeters, microns, and angstroms, as some readers
may have a better appreciation for size in one set of units rather than
another.  The changes in particle weight (or mass or volume) with size
are indicated relative to a 1-mm particle.  Changes in hydraulic size
with mean particle diameter are indicated relative to a quartz sphere
(s.g. = 2.65) 1 mm in diameter.  Within the range of validity of
Stokes1 Law, they vary with the square of the diameter.  The displace-
ment due to Brownian motion relative to a 1-mm-diameter particle is
also indicated.  Major divisions of particle size classification are
indicated, as is the physical nature or phase of the mixture.  Several
other characteristics of particle-water mixtures are also given, in-
cluding the visual appearance, methods of particle observation, separa-
tion techniques, and the form of the solids after evaporation.

The distribution of suspended solids or sediment in a transport stream
is expressed in terms of concentration in one of two ways.  Spatial con-
centration is defined (FIASP; 1963) as "the quantity of sediment rela-
tive to the quantity of fluid in a fluid-sediment mixture."  Thus, it
could be expressed as the dry weight of solids per unit volume of water-
solids mixture (e.g., mg per liter).  Turbidity, density, and other
fluid properties of the water-solids mixture are related to the spatial
concentration.  On the other hand, the discharge-weighted concentration
is defined as the quantity of suspended solids relative to the discharge
of the fluid-solids mixture.  Thus, it could be expressed as the dry
weight of solids in a unit volume of discharge, or the ratio of the dry
weight of solids discharge to the weight of the water-solids discharge.
The discharge-weighted concentration may be multiplied by the overall
stream discharge to obtain suspended solids discharge (e.g., kg per
hour).
                                   10

-------
      TABLE  2.   PARTICLE  ORDERS  OF  MAGNITUDE  AND CHARACTERISTICS*
Millimeters
Microns

Angstroms
Relative
Height of
• r article
Relative Fall
Velocity
Rslative Brownian
Displacement
10
10.000
g
108
103


4.8

_

1
1,000
7
10
1


1

1

10"
100
6
10
io-J


5.6x:

101

                                         10
                                         10
                                           -2
                                          10
                                           ,-6
10°
1
,n*
ID'4
0.1
3
io-s
0.01
,n2
ID'"
0.001
i n
10"
0.0001
1
                                                   10'
,-9
        10'
,-12
                                                                      10
,-is
                                                                                10
,-18
                                     O"2  S.6xlO"4  S.&clO*6  S.6xlO"8  S.6xlO"10  S.6xlO~12
                                          10
                                                   10
                                                             10"
                                                                      10
                                                                                10
                                                                                          10
,-21
Classification
                           sand
                                         silt
                                                     clay
             ultra clay
                                                                                 solution
Phase
Appearance
Observed w/
Separated w/
Form after
evaporation
bed load
on bottom
naked eye
screen
granular
coarse suspension
very cloudy
naked eye
filter paper
loose powder
coll. susp.
turbid
microscope
clay filter
powder or
gel
colloidal solution
virtually clear
electron or ultra-
microscope
ultrafilter
gel
molecular soln.
clear
-
-
crystal
   Taken  from Shelley (1976b).
Notes:
     -   The fall velocity of a 1-mm diameter  quartz sphere is 16.0 cm/s.  Similar particles much below
        10"  mm in diameter essentially do not settle, their fall velocities being better stated in
        centimeters per century.
     -   The time for average Brownian displacement of a 2-mm diameter sphere by 1 cm is around 7300 yr.
        Brownian motion starts as a practical consideration for diameters smaller than 10*  mm.
     -   The resolution limit of an ordinary microscope is around 2000A, compared to 10A for electron or
        ultramicroscopes.
     -   The size of particles passing the finest practical sieves  (300 mesh) is around 0.05 mm.  The
        limit of an ultrafilter is approximately 10~6 mm.
                                                11

-------
                              SECTION 2

                  PRACTICAL SAMPLING  CONSIDERATIONS

SAMPLE TYPES

The selection of  the type of  sample  to be collected depends on a number
of factors, such  as the rates of change of flow and the character of the
water or wastewater, the accuracy required, and the availability of
funds for conducting the sampling program.  There is presently a tend-
ency on the part  of some workers to make only two distinctions in sample
types — grab and composite.  This is unfortunate, since a composite
sample may be made up in a number of ways, and results may or may not
be comparable, depending upon variations in flow and constituents.  It
is a better practice to distinguish among the various methods of com-
positing by referring to them as sample types.  All samples collected,
either manually or with automatic equipment, are included in the follow-
ing types, which  terminology has been recommended for standard usage by
Shelley and Kirkpatrick (1975a).

Discrete Samples  (Individual and Sequential)

An individual discrete sample (sometimes called a grab sample) is one
that is collected at a selected point in time and retained separately for
analysis.  A sequential discrete sample is a series of such samples,
usually taken at  constant time intervals (e.g., one each hour over a
24-hour period), but sometimes at constant discharge increments (e.g.,
one for each 100,000 gallons of flow) when paced by a flow totalizer.

Simple Composite  Sample

A simple composite sample (sometimes called a time composite sample) is
one that is made up of a series of aliquots (smaller samples) of constant
volume (Vc) collected at regular time intervals (Tc)  and combined in a
single container.  Such a sample could be denoted by TcVc,  meaning time
interval between  successive aliquots constant and volume of each aliquot
constant.

Flow Proportional Composite Sample

A flow proportional composite sample is one collected in relation to the
flow volume during the period of compositing,  thus, indicating the
"average" condition during the period.  One of the two ways of accom-
plishing this is to collect aliquots of equal volume (Vc),  but at vari-
able time intervals (TV),  that are inversely proportional  to the volume
of the flow.  That is, the time interval between aliquots  is reduced as
the volume of flow increases.  Alternatively,  flow proportioning can be
                                   12

-------
achieved by increasing the volume of each aliquot in proportion to the
flow (Vv), but keeping the time interval between aliquots constant (Tc).

Sequential Composite Sample

A sequential composite sample is composed of a series of short-period
composites, each of which is held in an individual container.  For ex-
ample, each of several samples collected during a 1-hour period may be
composited for the hour.  The 24-hour sequential composite is made up
from the individual 1-hour composites.

Continuous Composite Sample

A continuous composite sample is one collected by extracting a small,
continuously flowing stream from the bulk source and directing it into
the sample container.  The sample flow rate may be constant (Qc), in
which case the sample is analogous to the simple composite, or it may be
varied in proportion to the bulk source flow rate (Qv), in which case
the sample is analogous to the flow proportional composite.

Discussion

A summary of sample types is given in Table 3.  For initial character-
ization of wastewater flows, sequential discrete sampling is generally
desired.  It is mandatory for accurate stormwater characterization,
since it allows characterization of the wastewater over a time history
and provides information about its variations with time.  If the samples
are sufficiently large, manual compositing can also be performed, based
on flow records or some other suitable weighting scheme, and a preferred
composite type determined.  However, some form of automatic compositing
will usually be desired for continued wastewater discharge character-
ization, since manual compositing is fraught with practical difficulties
and opportunities for errors as sample handling increases.

A brief look at the different types of composite samples is in order.
Any scheme for collecting a composite sample is, in effect, a method for
mechanically integrating to obtain average flow characteristics.  The
simple composite is the crudest attempt at such averaging and theoret-
ically will be representative of the waste flow during the period only
if the flow properties are relatively constant.

For variable flows, some type of proportioning must be used.   This is
equivalent to saying that the simple composite is a very poor scheme
for numerical integration, and a higher order method is desirable.
There are two fundamental approaches to obtaining better numerical in-
tegration, given a fixed number of steps.   One is to increase the order
of the integration scheme to be used, as in going from the trapezoidal
rule to Simpson's rule.  The other is to vary the step size in such a
way as to lengthen the steps when slopes are changing very slowly and
shorten them when slopes change rapidly.  Typical of the first approach
are the constant time interval, variable volume (TcVv) proportional
                                   13

-------
TABLE 3.  SUMMARY OF SAMPLE TYPE
Sample Type
Discrete
(Individual)


Discrete
(Sequential)




Simple
Composite

Flow Proportional
Composite

Flow Proportional
Composite


Flow Proportional
Composite


Sequential
Composite




Continuous
Composite


Continuous
Composite

Designation
D



Ds





TcVc


TvVc


TcVv



TcVv



S





Qc



Qv


Principle
Sample quantity is taken
over a short period of
time, generally less than
5 minutes.
Series of individual
discrete samples taken
at constant increments
of either time or
discharge.

Constant aliquot volume;
constant time interval
between aliquots.
Constant aliquot volume;
time interval inversely
proportional to flow.
Constant time interval;
aliquot volume propor-
tional to instantaneous
flow rate.
Constant time interval ;
aliquot volume propor-
tional to flow since
last aliquot was taken.
Series of short-term
composites (often simple)
but held separately for
analysis.


Constant sample extraction
rate.


Sample extraction rate is
proportional to flow rate.

Comments
Most commonly used.
Provides a "snapshot."


Used by some automatic
samplers; impracticable
to collect manually.
Provides a history of
variation with time.

Most widely used type
of composite at the
present time.
Most common type of flow
proportional composite.

Used in some automatic
samplers and widely used
manually.

Used by few automatic
samplers; easily done
manually.

Used by some automatic
samplers; not practi-
cable for manual
compositing. Requires
fewer samples than
sequential discrete.
Only useful for pristine
flows, e.g., drinking
water; not widely used.

Seldom used.


Disadvantages
Tells nothing about time
variations or average
conditions.

Most useful if rapid
fluctuations are encountered
or detailed characterization
is required. Many analyses
must be run with attendant
higher cost.
Only useful if variations
are relatively small, say
±15% or so.
Requires a flowmeter; also
a record if composited
manually.
Requires a flownieter; also
a rate record if composited
manually.
f
Requires a flowmeter; also
a record if composited
manually.

Most useful if rapid
fluctuations are encountered
and some time history is
desired. Higher analytical
cost.

May require inordinately
large sample volume; may
not be representative if
variations are large.
Requires a flowmeter and
complicated sampling
equipment.

-------
composites.  There are two straightforward ways of accomplishing this.
One is to let the aliquot volume be proportional to the instantaneous
flow rate, and the other is to make the aliquot volume proportional to
the quantity of flow that has passed since extraction of the last ali-
quot.  Typical of the second approach is the variable time interval,
constant volume (TvVc) proportional composite.  Here a fixed volume ali-
quot is taken each time an arbitrary quantity of flow has passed.

It is instructive to compare these four composite sample schemes.  For
the purposes of this example, four flow functions and five concentration
functions are examined.  The selections are completely arbitrary (except
for simplicity in exact integration) and, in practice, site specific
data should be used.  For each flow/concentration combination, the exact
average concentration of the flow was computed (as though the entire
flow stream were diverted into a large tank for the duration of the
event and then its concentration measured).  The ratio of the composite
sample concentration to the actual concentration so computed is pre-
sented in matrix form in Figure 2 (adapted from Shelley and Kirkpatrick;
1975b).  The four rows in each cell represent the four types of compos-
ite samples discussed as indicated in the legend.  The best overall
composite for the cases examined is the TcVv, with the volume propor-
tional to the instantaneous flow rate q.  The TcVv where the volume is
proportional to the flow since the last sample, and the TvVc gave very
similar results with a slight edge to the former.  However, the differ-
ences are not large for any case.  This brief look at compositing merely
scratches the surface.  Flow records and a knowledge of the temporal
fluctuation of pollutants, as can be obtained from discrete samples, are
required in order to choose a "best" compositing scheme for a given
installation.

Continuous samples are also composite in nature but do not fit in the
foregoing discussion since the discrete step integration analogy is not
applicable.  Had we included the Qv continuous sample in the foregoing
example, its ratio would have been unity for all combinations in Fig-
ure 2.  Other considerations severely limit the instances where a con-
tinuous sample is the composite of choice.  For wastewater sampling, it
is generally agreed that the minimum line inside diameter is 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) and that the sample flow velocity should be at least 0.61 m/s
(2 fps).  A simple calculation shows that the minimum volume of a
24-hour continuous sample would be 1668 liters (441 gal.), hardly a
practicable size.  For this reason, continuous samples are useful only
for very pristine flows (e.g., drinking water), where the very low flow
rates necessary to keep sample volumes reasonable may still allow a
representative sample to be obtained.

FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING

As was indicated earlier, the frequency of sampling is dependent .upon
the type of sample being collected and the time-varying characteristics
of the wastewater flow.  Little a ptLiotu. information can be provided.
                                  15

-------
>w cane
q N.
PUM >v
b '
v. •
t^,-.
Y \ sinirt
k
' X
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.35
0.90
0.86
0.87
0.68
0.95
0.92
0.92
0.90
1.01
0.90
0.90
f^.
,<
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
1.09
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.87
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
1.00
0.97
0.97
r\
i — \
irt
COS— y
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
1.26
0.90
0.87
0.89
0.72
0.98
0.95
0.93
0.33
1.00
0.92
0.92
h 	
e-t
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
1.14
0.97
0.95
0.95
0.82
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.97
1.00
0.95
0.95
i
sirnrt
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.90
0.89
0.97
0.99
1.12
1.09
0.97
0.80
1.01
0.98
0.97
The rows within each flow/concentration cell refer to the following sample
types:

    Row 1.  TcVc - Simple composite
    Row 2.  TcVv - Volume proportional to instantaneous flow rate (q)
    Row 3.  TcVv - Volume proportional to flow (Q) since last sample
    Row 4.  TvVc - Time varied to give constant AQ
           Figure 2.  Ratio of composite sample concentration to
                          actual concentration.*

       Adapted from Shelley and Kirkpatrick (1975b).
                                    16

-------
The best approach is to characterize the flow in question by sequential
discrete sampling and then select a suitable compositing scheme that
yields representative results.  The optimum sampling frequency is  one
that is short enough to allow adequate representation but long enough
so as not to overburden the laboratory with excess analysis work.   In
no case should any evaluations be attempted or decisions reached with
fewer than three independent values, even by experienced and qualified
professionals.  The likelihood of a process upset that will drastically
alter the wastewater characteristics is also a factor in selecting sam-
pling frequency.  Shorter sampling frequencies are indicated when  less
stable unit process operations are involved.  Batch versus continuing
process operations will also impact upon the desirable sampling
frequencies.

Because of the variability in the character of many wastewater flows
noted earlier and because of the many physical difficulties in collect-
ing samples to characterize them, precise characterization is not prac-
ticable, nor is it possible.  In recognition of this fact, one must
guard against embarking on an excessively detailed sampling effort and
thus increasing costs, both for sampling and for analyzing the samples,
beyond costs that can be considered sufficient for conducting a program
that is adequate for the intended purpose.

A careful study of costs should be made prior to commencing a program
of sampling, balancing cost against the number of samples and analyses
required for adequate characterization of the wastewater.  As the pro-
gram progresses, current study of the results being obtained may make
it reasonable to reduce or increase the number of samples collected.

SAMPLING SITE SELECTION

Given, from the design of the monitoring program, an identified catch-
ment, stream reach, or other general location where measurements are
desired, there are some general criteria that can aid in selecting the
best specific sampling site.  They  include:

    1.  Maximum accessibility and safety.  Manholes on busy streets
        should be avoided if possible; shallow depths with manhole
        steps in good condition are desirable.  Sites with a history
        of surcharging or submergence by surface water, or both,
        should be avoided if possible.

    2.  Be sure that the site provides the information desired.
        Familiarity with the sewer  system is necessary.  Knowl-
        edge of the existence of inflow or outflow between the
        measurement point and point of data use is essential.

    3.  Make certain the site is far enough downstream from tributary
        inflow to ensure mixing of  the tributary with the main stream.

    4.  Locate in a straight  length of channel, at least 20 widths
        below bends.

                                   17

-------
    5.  Locate at a point of maximum turbulence, as found in sections
        of greater roughness and of probable higher velocities.  Lo-
        cate just downstream from a drop or hydraulic jump,  if
        possible.

    6.  In all cases, consider the cost of installation, balancing
        cost against effectiveness in providing the data needed.

The success or failure of selected equipment or methods, with respect to
accuracy and completeness of data collected as well as reasonableness of
cost, depends very much on the care and effort exercised in selecting
the site.  A requirement with regard to water quality measurement that
appears to be obvious, but which is frequently not sufficiently consid-
ered, is that the site selected be located to give the desired measure-
ments.  Does flow at the site provide information actually needed to
fulfill given needs?  Sometimes influent flows, diversions,  or storage
upstream or downstream from the selected site would bias the data in a
manner not understood without a thorough study of the proposed site.
Such study would include reference to surface maps and to sewer maps and
plans.  Sometimes groundwater infiltration or unrecorded connections may
exist.  For these reasons, a thorough field investigation should be made
before establishing a specific measurement site.

A basic consideration in site selection is the possible availability of
measurements or records collected by others.  At times, data being col-
lected by the USGS, by the State, or by other public agencies can be
used.  There are locations where useful data, although not currently
being collected, may have been collected in prior years.  Additional
data to supplement those earlier records may be more useful than new
data collected at a different site.

When compliance sampling is being performed, samples should be collected
at the site specified in the NPDES permit.  If inspection reveals that
the specified site is not adequate for the collection of a representa-
tive sample, the specified site and the most representative one avail-
able should both be sampled, and the change should be highlighted in
the inspection report and reasons therefore noted.

There can be no substitute for experienced judgment and common sense in
the selection of a specific sampling site.  For example, when attempt-
ing to obtain a sample of the influent to a wastewater treatment plant,
the ideal location may be totally inaccessible.  Given such a situation,
alternative raw waste sampling points might be:  the upflow siphon fol-
lowing a comminuter  Cin the absence of a grit chamber); the upflow dis-
tribution box following pumping from main plant wet well; an aerated
grit chamber; the throat of a measurement flume; or the pump wet well.
Obviously, samples should be collected upstream of recirculated plant
supernatant and sludge in all cases.
                                    18

-------
Requirements that apply to all measurement sites are accessibility,  per-
sonnel and equipment safety, and freedom from vandalism.  If a car or
other vehicle can be driven directly to the site at all times, the cost
in time required for installation, operation, and maintenance of the
equipment will be less, and it is possible that less expensive equipment
can be selected.  Consideration should be given to access during periods
of adverse weather conditions and during periods of flood stage.  Sites
on bridges or at manholes where heavy traffic occurs should be avoided
unless suitable protection for men and equipment is provided.  If entry
to sewers is required, the more shallow locations should be selected
where possible.  Manhole steps and other facilities for sewer access
must be carefully inspected, and any needed repairs made.  Possible dan-
ger from harmful gases, chemicals, or explosion should be investigated.
With respect to sites at or near streams, historical flood marks should
be determined and used for placement of access facilities and measure-
ment equipment above flood level where this is possible.  Areas of known
frequent vandalism should be avoided.

In this last regard, the problem of vandalism can be serious and costly,
both in terms of equipment damage and data loss.  The selection of sites
in open, rather than secluded, areas may help reduce vandalism as may
illumination at night.  Attempts to hide or camouflage equipment have
been generally unsuccessful.  Instrumentation should be sheltered to the
extent possible, trading off the cost of protective facilities, the
latitude afforded by the site, and the need for easy access.  Occasion-
ally, solid masonry or steel shelters surrounded by heavy fencing may be
required for measurement sites, and these additional costs must be in-
cluded in such instances.  Finally, warning signs are generally unsuc-
cessful; they may only encourage vandalism regardless of the type of
threat — high voltage, radiation hazard, fine, or imprisonment.

SAMPLE QUANTITY

Since the required sample volume is dependent upon the type and number
of parameters to be analyzed for and the instrumentation and methods to
be employed in the analysis at the laboratory, the laboratory analyst
is the best person to specify the quantity needed.  A preliminary esti-
mate of sample volume can be obtained as follows.  Determine the param-
eters to be analyzed for and, from Table 4, obtain the sample volume
required for each analysis.  Sum these to obtain the minimum volume,
and increase this amount as necessary to allow for spillage, mistakes,
sample splitting, and for analytical laboratory quality control purposes.
In the absence of better information, doubling the minimum volume should
be adequate.  In general, a minimum volume of 500 m£ is desired for
discrete samples and 7.6& (2 gal.) for composites.

SAMPLE PRESERVATION

Having collected a representative sample of the fluid mixture in ques-
tion, there remains the problem of sample preservation and analysis.
It is a practical impossibility either to perform instant analyses of
                                   19

-------
                     TABLE 4.    RECOMMENDATIONS   FOR PRESERVATION  OF  SAMPLES

                                           ACCORDING  TO   MEASUREMENT^
Measurenent
Acidity
Alkalinity
Arsenic

BOD
Bromide

COO

Chloride
Chlorine Req
Color
Cyanides

Dissolved Oxygen
Probe
Kinkier
Fluoride
Hardness
Iodide
MB AS
Metals


suspended
Total
Mercury
Dissolved

Total

Nitrogen
Ammonia

Kjeldahl

Total

Nitrate

Nitrite
Vol
Req
(•«)
100
100
100

1000
100

50

SO
50
50
500


300
300
300
100
100
250




100

100

100


400

500

500

100

50
Container
P.C<2>
P.G
P.G

P.G
P.G

P,C

P.G
P,G
P.C
P.G


G only
G only
P.G
P.G
P,G
P,G






P.G

P.G


P.G

P.G

P.G

P.G

P.G
Preservative
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
UNO, to pH <2
3
Cool, 4 C
Cool. 4 C

H,SO. to pH <2

None Req
Det on site
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
NaOH to pH 12

Det on site
Fix on site
Cool, 4'C
Cool. 4'C
avQj to pH <:
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C


UNOj to pH <2

HNOj to pH <2

Filter
HNOj to pH <2
Filter
HNOj to pH <2


Cool, 4'C
HjS04 to pH <2

Cool, 4°c
HjS04 to pH <2
Cool, 4°C
H2S04 to pH <2
Cool, 4'C
HjS04 to pH <2
Cool, 4'C
Holding Time(6)
24 Krs
24 Mrs
6 Hos

6 Hrs<3)
24 Mrs

7 Days

7 Days
No holding
24 Hrs
24 Hrs


No Holding
4-8 Hrs
7 Days
7 Days
24 Hrs
24 Hrs



5
6 Mos

38 Days (Glass)
13 Days (Hard
Plastic)
38 Days (Glass)
13 Days (Hard
Plastic)

24 Hrs(4>

7 Days

7 Days

24 Hrst4)

24 Hrs(4>
Measurenent
NTA
Oil and Grease

Organic Carbon

pH


Phenolics


Phosphorous
Orthophosphate ,
Dissolved

Hydrolyzable
Total
Total ,
Dissolved
Residue
Filterable
Nonfilterable
Total
Volatile
Settleable Matter
Selenium
Silica
Specific
Conductance
Sulfate
Sulfide
Sulfite
Temperature
Threshold Odor
Turbidity







Vol
Req
(•«)
50
1000

25

25


500



SO

50
50
50


100
100
100
100
1000
50
50
100

50
500
50
1000
200
100







Container
P.G
G only

P.G

P.G


G only



P.G

P.G
P,G
P.G


P.G
P.G
P.G
P.G
P,G
P.G
P only
P.G

P.G
P.G
P.G
P.G
G only
P.G







Preservative
Cool, 4'C
Cool. 4'C H,SO,
or HCL to pH <2

Cool, 4'C
H2S04 to pH <2
Cool. 4'C
Det on site

Cool, 4'C
HjP04 to pH <4
l.Og CuS04/l.

Filter on site
Cool, 4'C

Cool, 4'C
H2S04 to pH <2
Cool, 4'C
Filter on site
Cool. 4'C

Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C
None Req
HNOj to pH <2
Cool. 4'C
Cool, 4'C

Cool, 4'C
2 mE zinc
acetate
Det on site
Det on site
Cool, 4'C
Cool, 4'C







Holding Time'6'
24 Hrs
24 Hrs

24 Hrs

6 Hrs(3>


24 Hrs



24 Hrs(4)

24 HrS(4)
7 Days
24 Hrst4)


7 Days
7 Days
7 Days
7 Days
24 Hrs
6 Mos
7 Days
24 Hrst5)

7 Days
24 Hrs
No holding
No Holding
24 Hrs
7 Days







1.  Taken fro» EMSL (1974).  This information is currently be-
   ing updated; any questions should be referred to EMSL/Cin.

2.  Plastic or glass.

3.  If samples cannot be returned to the laboratory in less than
   6 hours and holding tiae exceeds this limit, the final reported
   data should indicate the actual holding time.

4.  Mercuric chloride »ay be used as an alternate preservative at a
   concentration of 40 mg/t, especially if a longer holding time
   is required.  However, the use of Mercuric chloride is dis-
   couraged whenever possible.
5.  If the saaple is stabilized by cooling, it should be warned
   to 25'C for reading, or temperature correction nade and
   results reported at 25'C,

6.  It has been shown that sanples properly preserved may be
   held for extended periods beyond the reconaended holding
                                                         20

-------
the sample on the spot or to completely and unequivocally preserve  it
for subsequent examination.   Preservative techniques can only retard the
chemical and biological changes that inevitably continue following ex-
traction of the sample from its parent source.  In the former case,
changes occur that are a function of the physical conditions:  metal
cations may precipitate as hydroxides or form complexes with other con-
stituents; cations or anions may change valence states under certain
reducing or oxidizing conditions; constituents may dissolve or volatize
with time, and so on.  In the latter case, biological changes taking
place may change the valence state of an element or radical; soluble
constituents may be converted to organically bound materials in cell
structures; cell lysis may result in release of cellular material into
solution, etc.

Preservation methods are relatively limited and are generally intended
to retard biological action, retard hydrolysis of chemical compounds
and complexes, and reduce volatility of constituents.  They are gener-
ally limited to pH control, chemical addition, refrigeration, and
freezing.  EMSL  (1974) has compiled a list of recommendations for
preservation of samples according to the measurement analysis to be
performed.  In order to provide an overview for some common parameters,
this list has been reproduced here as Table 4.

Prompt analysis is the most positive assurance against errors from sam-
ple deterioration.  It is frequently impossible, however, especially in
the case of composite and sequential discrete samples in which portions
may be stored for as long as 24 hours before removal from the sampling
equipment.  It is important that stabilization of the sampled wastewater
be provided during the sampling period wherever possible.  Refrigeration
to hold the sample temperature near 4°C is the minimum sample protection
that should be provided.  Since sample treatment to fix one constituent
may affect another, preservation is sometimes complicated, thus neces-
sitating the collection of multiple samples or the splitting of a single
sample into multiple parts.

SAMPLE HANDLING

Proper sample handling is also essential to obtaining successful results
from any monitoring program.  A few general guidelines are given below.

    1.   Each sample container must have a designation, normally a
        number, that uniquely distinguishes it from all other
        samples in the survey.

    2.   When frequent sampling over a long time period is involved,
        consideration should be given to incorporating a temporal
        indication as a part of the sample identification number;
        e.g., the number of the week in a year, the last two digits
        of the year, etc.  The temptation to code too much informa-
        tion about the sample into its identification number must
        be resisted, however, or else the risk of mixups due to
        unauthorized abbreviations becomes too great.

                                    21

-------
3.  Consideration should be given to the use of waterproof,-pre-
    printed, pressure-sensitive labels in many instances.   Rubber-
    band and tie-on tags have also been used successfully.

4.  The use of color-coded labels has been successful where
    sample splitting or different preservation techniques  are
    employed.  In the latter case, for example, a green label
    could indicate that nitric acid had been added and that,
    therefore, an analyst could obtain aliquots from this  sam-
    ple for metal analyses, etc.

5.  Where possible, the type of sample, date, and any preserv-
    atives added should be written on the sample label prior
    to collecting the sample in the field.  The time of day
    should be added when the sample is collected.  Additional
    information should be noted in the field notebook and  on
    supplemental forms where used.  As a minimum, this should
    include:

     •  Designation and location description of sample site.

     •  Name of collector.

        Date and time of collection.

     •  Indication of sample type with appropriate time and
        volume information.

     •  Indication of parameters to be analyzed.

     •  Notation of conditions such as pH, temperature, and
        appearance that may change before the laboratory
        analysis, including the identification number of
        instruments used to measure parameter in the field.

        Indication of any unusual condition at the sampling
        location and/or in the appearance of the wastewater.

     •  Preservative used.

        Any noteworthy additional information.

6.  The foregoing should be observed in addition to any chain-of-
    custody procedures that are involved.  See USEPA (1975) for
    recommendations for a chain-of-custody program.
                                22

-------
QUALITY ASSURANCE

The proper cleaning of all equipment used in the sampling of wastewater
is essential to ensuring valid results from laboratory analyses and is
discussed in Section 5.  However, the possibility of the container
affecting the sample analyses should be checked periodically.  Distilled
or demineralized water should be placed in a typical container for a
period of time similar to that of a normal sample.  Then the particular
constituent of interest should be measured in the water from this blank.
Also, checks for sample adsorption on the container should be made by
placing a known amount of a particular constituent in a typical con-
tainer.  After a specified holding time, analyses should be made to
determine if any of the material was adsorbed into the container or
changed in any other manner.  These checks should be done after sample
bottles have been used for a series of samples.  In this way the clean-
ing techniques used can be tested for thoroughness.

Although outside the scope of this volume, each sampling activity must
have a viable quality assurance program.  The USEPA (1976) has published
minimal requirements for a water quality assurance program and EMSL
(1972) has written a handbook for analytical quality control in the
laboratory.  The recommendations in these two references should be
followed by all activities engaged in water or wastewater sampling.

MANUAL VERSUS AUTOMATIC SAMPLING

The decision whether to sample manually or use automatic samplers is far
from straightforward, and involves many considerations in addition to
equipment costs.  Experience has indicated that operator training is
necessary if manual sampling is to produce reproducible results.  In-
stances have been noted wherein two different operators were asked to
obtain a sample at a particular site with no other guidance given.
Analyses of samples taken at the same time have shown differences ex-
ceeding 50 percent.  Other work conducted solely to compare manual
sampling methods has indicated such discrepancies in results that
suspicion must be cast upon manual methods that involve dipping of
samples out of raw waste sources and has raised questions regarding
the suitability of such manual grab sampling as a yardstick against
which to measure other techniques.

The decision to use automatic sampling equipment does not represent the
universal answer to water and wastewater characterization, however.  For
initial characterization studies, proper manual sampling may represent
the most economical method of gathering the desired data.  It is also
prudent from time to time to verify the results of an automatic sampler
with manual samples.  Also, manual grab samples are often taken during
visits to sites where automatic samplers are installed in order to obtain
data on certain parameters, e.g., pH, temperature, residual chlorine,
DO, oil and grease, coliform bacteria, etc., that cannot be meaningfully
measured from samples taken by automatic equipment.
                                   23

-------
In general, manual sampling is indicated when infrequent samples are re-
quired from a site, when biological or sediment samples or both are also
required from a site, when investigating special incidents (e.g.,  fish
kills, hazardous material spills), where sites simply will not allow the
use of automatic devices, for most bacteriological sampling,  where
concentrations remain relatively constant, etc.  Manual sampling will
often be the method of choice in conducting stream surveys, especially
those of relatively short duration where only a single daily grab
sample is required from each site.  For large rivers, lakes,  and
estuaries, manual sampling will almost always be required.

The use of automatic samplers is indicated where frequent sampling is
required at a given site, where long-term compositing is desired,  where
simultaneous sampling at many sites is necessary, etc.  Automatic sam-
pling will often be the method of choice for storm-generated discharge
studies, for longer period outfall monitoring, for treatment plant
efficiency studies, where 24-hour composite samples are required,  and
so on.

Typically, the wide spectrum of monitoring activities involved will re-
quire a capability for both manual and automatic sampling, and so the
question is not which capability to obtain but when to use each.  The
answer should be determined in the design of each survey, using the
above information as guidance.
                                   24

-------
                             SECTION 3

                   SAMPLER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL

In a system breakdown of an automatic sewer sampler by functional attri-
butes, it may be divided into five basic elements or subsystems.  These
will be identified and discussed in turn.  The intent is to acquaint the
reader with design considerations, so that he may be better prepared to
judge the various commercially available automatic samplers on the market
today and select from among them the one whose design attributes best
suit his needs.

SAMPLER INTAKE SUBSYSTEM

The sample intake of many commercially available automatic liquid sam-
plers is often only the end of a plastic suction tube, and the user is
left to his own ingenuity and devices if he desires to do anything other
than simply dangle the tube in the stream to be sampled.  In the follow-
ing paragraphs we wish to examine the functions of a sampler intake that
is intended to be used in a wastewater application and the design con-
siderations that arise therefrom.

Pollutant Variability

A general discussion of the character of wastewater flows was given in
Section 1, where the variability of pollutant concentration is also
treated.  We wish to consider the latter factor here in somewhat more
detail.  Let us consider first some empirical data from FIASP (1941).
In that study, a special pressurized circulating loop was assembled
containing a 25 cm (10 in.) square test section some 4.6m (15 ft.) long.
Careful measurements of the velocity contours were made and near uni-
formity was observed.  Since the variability of a pollutant will be
a function of velocity variations (among other factors), it is of
interest to note the horizontal and vertical variations of sediment
distribution observed experimentally in this test section with its
very small velocity variation.

Four readily available commercial sands, differing principally in size,
were used in the study.  They are referred to by mean particle size
(50 percent finer by weight) as 0.45 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.06 mm and 0.01 mm.
Observed sediment distribution for the three coarsest sands are indi-
cated in Figure 3.  For all practical purposes the 0.01 mm sand was
                                  25

-------
             IL
             Ul LJJ
1 .2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
n 7


i
1



^



-^^

A. HORIZO


3 	

NTAL C




ISTRIE




UTION




AT HI


S^.»



^r^
s
3-DEPTH
1


i
]

                                  21012
                                   INCHES FROM CENTER
.:
1
3
i
:
-
i
9











X








K_ 1
X,
\






B.

\
\s
\
\1
\





VERTI

\
\


-.
s
3




CAL 0
K
V
p
1
STRIB
-
o- C
A- C
I- (
Q- C


\
sN
V*
JTION
T"T
EDIHENT STREAM
SIZE VELOCITY
1.06 mm - 5 ft/sec
1.15 mm - 5 ft/sec
1.15 mm - 3 ft/sec
1.45 mm - 5 ft/sec



.
^





ftT CENTER
1






                         0.2  0.4  0.6 0.8  1.0  1.2  1.4  1.6  1.8  2.0

                                        CONCENTRATION  AT POINT
                                RATIO --
                                         CONCENTRATION  AT CENTER
            Figure 3.  Sediment distribution at sampling station.'
*  Taken from FIASP  (1941).
                                    26

-------
uniformly distributed.  It should be noted here that the vertical vari-
ation is probably enhanced due to the design of the test loop, which
would tend to enhance concentrations of heavier particles to the outside
(the bottom of the test section in this case) due to the action of
centrifugal forces.  Results reported by FIASP (1966) markedly indicate
this effect.

The observation was made in FIASP (1966) that, in addition to variations
in sediment concentration within the cross-section at a given time, the
sediment concentration at any point in the cross-section was highly
variable with respect to time, especially for the coarser sediments
(0.45 mm).  This observation was also made in FIASP  (1941), where data
are presented on concentration variation with respect to time as a
function of sampling interval.  The concentration of successive 20-
second duration samples was found to vary over a range of 37 percent
of the mean, and the concentration of successive 60-second duration
samples varied over a range of 10.5 percent.  Such variations arise
from the natural turbulence of the flow as would be encountered in an
actual sewer and from the non-uniform nature of recirculated flows in
test loops which is peculiar to laboratory simulations.

So far we have focused our attention on relatively heavy (specific
gravity approximately 2.65) solids and their distribution in a flow.
For the lighter organic solids with specific gravities near unity, the
particle distribution will be more nearly uniform in a turbulent flow.
It would appear that one can expect a reasonable degree of uniformity
in the distribution of particles which fall in the Stokes1 Law range
of settling velocities, i.e., for values of the external Reynolds'
number less than unity.  If one describes a particle in terms of its
hydraulic size W, defined as the velocity of uniform fall in a fluid
at rest, Stokes1 Law can be written as

                      W = gd2 (s.g.-l)/18v                            [1]

where d is mean particle diameter, s.g. is the specific gravity of the
particle material, v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, and g is
the acceleration of gravity.  The external Reynolds' number  (so called
because the linear dimension upon which it is based  is a particle dimen-
sion rather than a pipe dimension) can be expressed  as

                            Re = Wd/v                                 [2]

Combining equations  [1] and  [2] we can express the range of validity
of Stokes'  Law as

                   Re = gd3  (s.g.-l)/18v2  <1                         [3]

If one considers water at  16°C  (60°F) as the fluid  (v=1.217 x 10~

ft2/sec), a plot of  equation  [3] over the range of interest was given
                                   27

-------
in Figure 1.  There it can be noted that, within the range of Stokes1
Law, the maximum particle diameter for sand with a specific gravity
of 2.65 is less than 0.1 mm while for organic particles with a specific
gravity of 1.05 it is about 0.3 mm.

Since the kinematic viscosity of water is temperature dependent, the
Stokes1 Law particle diameter limit will also be a function of tempera-
ture.  For sand, a decrease in water temperature from the upper eighties
to the mid-forties results in a 50 percent increase in the maximum
particle diameter.

Sampler Intake Functions

The operational function of a sampler intake is to reliably allow gath-
ering a representative sample from the flow stream in question.  Its
reliability is measured in terms of freedom from plugging or clogging
to the degree that sampler operation is affected, and invulnerability
to physical damage due to large objects in the flow.  It is also desir-
able, from the viewpoint of sewer operation, that the sampler intake
offer a minimum obstruction to the flow in order to help prevent block-
age of the entire sewer pipe by lodged debris, etc.

Let us first consider the ability of the intake to gather a representa-
tive sample of dense suspended solids in the sediment range, say up to
0.5 mm, with specific gravity of 2.65.  The results of a rather thorough
examination of relatively small diameter intake probes, 0.64 and 0.32 cm
(1/4 and 1/8 in.), are given in FIASP (1941).  The argument is developed
that, for a nozzle pointing directly into the flow (Figure 4a), the
most representative sample of a fluid/suspended-solids mixture will
be obtained when the sampling velocity is equal to the flow velocity
at the sampling point.  Using this as the reference criteria, investi-
gations were conducted to determine the effects of a) deviations from
the normal sampling rate, b) deviations from the straight-into-flow
position of the probe, c) deviations in size and shape of the probe,
and d) disturbance of sample by nozzle appurtenances.  The effect of
the sampling velocity on the representativeness of the sample is indi-
cated in Figure 5, which presents the results for 0.45 mm and 0.06 mm
sand.  For the latter size, which falls within the Stokes1  Law range,
less than ±4 percent error in concentration was observed over sampling
velocities ranging from 0.4 to 4 times the stream velocity.  For the
0.45 mm particles, the error at a relative sampling rate of 0.4 was
+45 percent, and at a relative sampling rate of 4 the error was
-25 percent.

For probe orientations up to 20° to either side of head-on, (Figure 4b),
no appreciable errors in concentration were observed.  Similarly, intro-
duction of 0.381 and 0.952 cm (0.150 and 0.375 in.) probes  showed
comparatively little effect on the representativeness of the sample.
The probe inlet geometry, i.e., beveled inside, beveled outside, or
                                   28

-------
4a.  Normal orientation
  directly into flow.
4b.  Orientation at an
   angle to head-on.
4c.  Vertical orientation  (0°) -
     orifice in flat plate.
4d.  Horizontal orienta-
 tion (90°) - orifice in
      flat plate.
         Figure 4.  Sampler intake orientation angles.*

*  Taken from Shelley  (1976a)
                                29

-------
                                         04  09 0« 07 OIOtl.0          t.O

                                                   INTAKE VELOCITY
                                                   FLOW  VELOCITY
                                                                        30   4.0  90 <0  70 IO»OIOO
                   Figure 5.  Effect  of sampling velocity on representativeness
                                        of suspended solids.*
*  Data taken from  FIASP (1941).

-------
rounded edge, also showed little effect on the representativeness of
the sample, when compared to the standard probe.  Finally, in instances
where a sampler body or other appurtenance exists, the probe should be
extended a short distance upstream if a representative sample is to be
collected.  In summary, it was found that for any sampler intake facing
into the stream, the sampling rate is the primary factor to be con-
trolled.

Tests were also run with the sampling intake probes in the vertical
position (Figure 4c) to determine the effect such an orientation had
upon the representativeness of the sample.  With such intakes, the
sample entering them must undergo a 90° change of direction, and con-
sequently there is a tendency for segregation and loss of sediment to
take place.  Tests were run with the standard probe, a 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
diameter orifice in the center of a 2.5 x 5.1 cm  (1x2 in.) flat plate
oriented so that its longest dimension was in the direction of flow,
and with an orifice in a crowned (mushroom shaped) flat plate  3.2 x
5.1 cm  (1.25 x 2 in.).  The results all showed negative errors in
concentration, increasing with particle size and  increasing with intake
velocities less than the stream rate but nearly constant  for intake
velocities higher than the stream rate.

Since the smallest errors were found for the orifices in  the flat and
mushroom shaped plates  (whose performances were nearly identical for
intake velocities greater than one-half the stream velocity), it was
decided to investigate the effect of lateral orientation, i.e., to
rotate the plate 90° so that it might represent an orifice in the side
of a conduit rather than in the bottom  (Figure  4d).  The  results for
0.15 mm sand are presented in Figure 6.   It can be noted  that while
side orientation caused greater errors  (as was  to be expected), these
errors approached the nearly constant error of  the 0° orientation as
the relative sampling rate was increased  above unity.

The work reported in FIASP  (1966) was a laboratory investigation of
pumping sampler intakes.  Nine basic intake configurations, all repre-
senting an orifice of  some type in the  side wall  of the flume, were
examined.  Sand sizes  of 0.10 mm and 0.45 mm were used in the study.
Reference  samples were taken with a probe located near the wall and
pointing  into  the direction of the flow.  The reference sample  intake
velocity was equal  to  the  stream velocity.  The primary measurement
was sampling efficiency, the ratio of the sediment concentration  in
the test  sample to  that of the reference  sample computed  for a point
1.3 cm  (1/2  in.)  from  the wall.  The reference  sample was taken  just
before  and  just after  the  test  sample was gathered.  Although the
data  exhibited considerable  scatter, several  conclusions  were drawn.
With  regard  to the  intake velocity, greater  than  0.9 m/s  (3 fps)  is
generally desirable and,  for  sands coarser than 0.2 mm, an  intake
velocity  equal to or greater  than the  stream velocity  is  desirable.
                                   31

-------
           10.0
w
IJ
       o
       <-->
       CO
            ? 0
            1.0


            o ?



            0 !!



            0 7
            OS
            0.4
            0.3
            0 I
              0 1
                      SIDE (90°)  5  FPS
                                                                                                          T
                            0?
                                    0.3    0.4   O.S   06  07 08 0.9 1.0
                                                                          : o
                                                                                  3.0     4.0   5.0  60 7.0  80 9O 10.0
                                                      INTAKE VELOCITY

                                                      FLOW  VELOCITY




                            Figure 6.  Effect of lateral orientation of sample intake.*



       *  Data taken from FIASP (1941).

-------
With regard to intake configuration, for intake velocities greater than
about 0.9 m/s (3 fps) the sampling efficiencies showed little effect
of size of intake (range was 1.3 to 3.8 cm inside diameter), of rounding
the intake edges, or of shape and orientation of the axis of an oval
intake.  Sampling efficiency was found to decrease with increasing par-
ticle size above 0.10 mm for all intakes tested.  Similar observations
were made in field tests with river water samples at St. Paul and
Dunning, Nebraska, reported in FIASP (1962).

To summarize the foregoing as it relates to the sampler intake function
of gathering a representative sample we note the following:

     1)  It becomes difficult to obtain a one-to-one representa-
         tion, especially for inlets at 90° to the flow, for
         large, heavy suspended solids.

     2)  For particles that fall within the Stokes1 Law range,
         consistent, representative samples can be obtained.

     3)  The geometry of the sampler intake has little effect
         on the representativeness of the sample.

     4)  The sample intake velocity should equal or exceed
         the velocity of the stream being sampled.

Sampler Intake Design

The foregoing suggest certain directions that the design of a sampler
intake for many wastewater flows should take.  At the outset, it appears
unwise to attempt to sample suspended solids that fall much outside
the Stokes' Law range.  A realistic maximum size for sand with specific
gravity of 2.65 would appear to be around 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.  High
sample intake velocities will be required, perhaps in excess of 3 m/s
(10 fps), if the sample is to be representative.

Although the flow may be nearly homogeneous, except for very coarse
solids and large floatables, more than one sample intake is desirable
for reliability of operation as well as insurance against some unfore-
seen gradient in the pollutant.  In view of the changing water levels
in the channel with changing flows, the changing velocity gradients
within the flows, and the possibility of changing pollutant gradients
not only with respect to these but also with type of pollutant, not
even a dynamically adaptive sampler intake can be designed to gather
a sample that is completely representative in every respect at the
same time.  In the absence of some consideration arising from the
particular installation site, a regular distribution of sampling in-
takes across the flow, each operating at the same velocity, would
appear to suffice.
                                   33

-------
In order to prevent unwanted material (rocks, sticks, rags,  and similar
debris) from entering the sampling train and possibly clogging or dam-
aging the equipment, the sampler intake must provide some sort of a
screening function.  Due to the nature of most wastewater flows, a
fine mesh screen does not seem desirable.  Instead, a screen made up
of a number of rather large holes, say 0.3 to 0.6 cm (1/8 to 1/4 in.)
in diameter, appears more desirable.

SAMPLE GATHERING SUBSYSTEM

Three basic sample gathering methods or categories can be identified;
mechanical, forced flow, and suction lift.  Several different commercial
samplers using each method are available today.  The sample lift re-
quirements of the particular site often play a determining role in the
gathering method to be employed.

Mechanical Methods

There are many examples of mechanical gathering methods used in both
commercially available and one-of-a-kind samplers.  One of the more
common designs is the cup on a chain driven by a sprocket drive arrange-
ment.  In another design, a cup is lowered within a guide pipe, via a
samll automatic winch and cable.  Other examples include a self closing
pipe-like device that extracts a vertical "core" from the flow stream,
a specially contoured box assembly with end closures that extracts a
short length  (plug) of the entire flow cross-section, a revolving or
oscillating scoop that traverses the entire flow depth, etc.

Some of the latter units employ scoops that are characterized for use
with a particular primary flow measurement device such as a weir or
Parshall flume and extract an aliquot volume that is proportional to
the flow rate.  Another design for mechanically gathering flow propor-
tional samples involves the use of a sort of Dethridge wheel with a
sample cup mounted on its periphery.  Since the wheel rotation is
proportional to flow, the effect is that a fixed volume aliquot is
taken each time a certain discharge quantity has passed, and total
discharge can be estimated from the size of the resultant composite
sample.

The foregoing designs have primarily arisen from one of two basic
considerations.  First, site conditions that require very high lifts
have dictated the use of mechanical gathering units due to the limita-
tions of suction lift pumps and space considerations.  Some mechanical
units are capable of lifts of 61m (200 ft.) or more.  Second, the
desire to gather samples that are integrated across the flow depth
has led to some of the different mechanical approaches mentioned above.
Unless vertical velocity and pollutant gradients are quantified and
accounted for, their presence makes the results of such depth inte-
grated samples questionable, at least in a mass discharge sense.
                                   34

-------
One of the penalties that one must trade-off in selecting a mechanical
gathering unit is the necessity for some obstruction to the flow,  at
least, while the sample is being taken.  The tendency for exposed
mechanisms to foul, together with the added vulnerability of many  moving
parts, means that successful operation will require periodic inspection,
cleaning, and maintenance.

Forced Flow Methods

All forced flow gathering methods require some obstruction to the  flow,
but usually it is less than with mechanical gathering methods.  It may
only be a small inlet chamber with a check valve assembly of some  sort
or it may be an entire submersible pump.  The main advantage of submers-
ible pumps is that their high discharge pressures allow sampling at
greater depths, thereby increasing the flexibility of the unit somewhat
insofar as site depth is concerned.  Pump malfunction and clogging,
especially in the sizes often used for samplers, is always a distinct
possibility and, because of their location in the flow stream itself,
maintenance is much more difficult and costly to perform than on above
ground or more easily accessible units.  They also necessarily present
an obstruction to the flow and are thus in a vulnerable position as
regards damage by debris in the flow.

Pneumatic ejection is a forced flow gathering method used by a number
of commercial samplers.  The gas source required by these units varies
from bottled refrigerant to motor driven air compressors.  The units
that use bottled refrigerant must be of a fairly small scale to avoid
an enormous appetite for the gas and, hence, a relatively short opera-
ting life before the gas supply is exhausted.  Furthermore, concern
has recently been expressed about the quantities of freon that are
being discharged into the atmosphere.  The ability of  such units to
backflush or purge themselves is also necessarily limited.  The advan-
tages of few moving parts, inherent explosion proof construction,  and
high lift capabilities must be weighed against low or variable line
velocities, low or variable sample intake velocities,  and relatively
small sample capacities in some designs.  Another disadvantage of most
pneumatic ejection units  is that the  sample chamber fills immediately
upon discharge of the previous sample.  Thus, it may not be representa-
tive of flow conditions at the time of the next triggering and, if paced
by a flowmeter, correlation of results may be quite difficult.

Suction Lift Methods

Suction lift units must be designed to operate in the  environment near
the flow to be  sampled or else their  use  is limited to a  little over 9m
 (30 ft.) due to atmospheric pressure.  Several samplers  that  take their
suction  lift directly from an evacuated sample bottle  are available to-
day.  Vacuum  leaks,  the variability of sample size with  lift, the
                                    35

-------
requirement for heavy glass sample bottles to withstand the vacuum,  dif-
ficulty of cleaning due to the requirement for a separate line for each
sample bottle, the necessity of placing the sample bottles near the flow
stream (and hence in a vulnerable position), the varying velocities as
the sample is being withdrawn, etc., are among the many disadvantages of
this technique.

Other units are available that use a vacuum pump and some sort of meter-
ing chamber to measure the quantity of sample being extracted.  These
units in some designs offer the advantages of fairly high sample intake
and transport velocities, the fluid itself never comes in contact with
the pump, and the pump output can easily be reversed to purge the sam-
pling line and intake to help prevent cross-contamination and clogging.
Their chief disadvantage, shared with certain other suction lift designs
arises from the following consideration.

With all suction lift devices a physical phenomenon must be borne in
mind and accounted for if sample representativeness is to be maintained.
When the pressure on a liquid (such as sewage) which contains dissolved
gases is reduced, the gases will tend to pass out of solution.  In so
doing they will rise to the surface and entrain suspended solids in
route.  (In fact, this mechanism is used to treat water; even small
units for aquariums are commercially available.)  The result of this is
that the surface layer of the liquid may be enhanced in suspended solids,
and if this layer is a part of a small sample aliquot, the sample may
not be at all representative.  In the absence of other mitigating fac-
tors, the first flow of any suction lift sampler should therefore be
returned to waste.

A variety of positive displacement pumps have been used in the design of
suction lift samplers, including flexible impeller, progressive cavity
rotary screw, roller or vane, and peristaltic types.  Generally these
pumps are self-priming (as opposed to many centrifugal pumps), but some
designs should not be operated dry because of internal wearing of rub-
bing parts.  The desirability of a low-cost pump that is relatively free
from clogging has led many designers to use peristaltic pumps.  A number
of types have been employed including finger, nutating, and two- and
three-roller designs using either molded inserts or regular tubing.
Many of these operate at such low flow rates, however, that the repre-
sentativeness of suspended solids is questionable.  Newer high-capacity
peristaltic pumps are now available and should find application in
larger automatic samplers.  The ability of some of these pumps to oper-
ate equally well in either direction affords the capability to blow down
lines and help remove blockages.  Also, they offer no obstruction to the
flow since the transport tubing need not be interrupted by the pump; and
strings, rags, cigarette filters and the like are passed with ease.

Overall, the suction lift gathering method appears to offer more ad-
vantages and flexibility than either of the others for many wastewater
applications.  The limitation on sample lift can be overcome by design-
ing the pumping portion of the unit so that it can be separated from
                                   36

-------
the rest of the sampler and thus positioned within 6m (20 ft) or so of
the flow to be sampled.  For many sites, however, even this will not be
necessary.

SAMPLE TRANSPORT SUBSYSTEM

The majority of the commercially available automatic samplers have
fairly small line sizes in the sampling train.  Such tubes, especially
at 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) inside diameter and smaller, are very vulnerable to
plugging, clogging due to the build-up of fats, etc.  It is also imper-
ative that adequate sample flow rate be maintained throughout the sam-
pling train in order to effectively transport the suspended solids.  In
horizontal runs the velocity must exceed the scour velocity, while in
vertical runs the settling or fall velocity must be exceeded several
times to assure adequate transport of solids in the flow.

The complexities inherent in the study of a two-phase mixture such as
soil particles and water are such that rigorous analytical solutions
have not yet been obtained for settling velocities except in certain
limiting cases such as the work of Stokes mentioned earlier.  Therefore,
at the present time it is recommended that empirical fall velocity data
be gathered for the wastewater in question.  A less desirable alterna-
tive is to use results obtained by others and hope that they are
applicable.

The transport of solid particles by a fluid stream is also an exceed-
ingly complex phenomena, and no complete theory which takes into account
all of the parameters has yet been formulated.  Empirical formulae exist,
however, some of which have a fairly wide range of applicability.  An
expression for the lowest velocity at which solid particles heavier than
water still do not settle out onto the bottom of the pipe of channel has
been developed by Knoroz (1951) on the basis of numerous experiments
carried out under his direction at the All-Union Scientific Research
Institute for Hydraulic Engineering.

A somewhat simpler expression for the adequate self-cleaning velocity of
sewers derived by Camp from experimental findings of Shields as given in
WPCF (1970) is:
                                 1.486 nl/6
        V = /6.4 gd (s.g.-l)/f = 1>H   Rx/  /0.8d (s.g.-l)          [4]


where f is the friction factor, n is Manning's roughness coefficient,
and all other terms are as previously identified.  Using equation [4],
for example, it is seen that a velocity of 0.6 m/s (2 fps) is required
to adequately transport a 0.09 mm particle with a specific gravity of
2.65 and a friction factor of 0.025.  By comparison,  the fall velocity
of such a particle is around 0.06 m/s (0.2 fps).
                                   37

-------
In summary, the sampling train must be sized so that the smallest open-
ing is large enough to give assurance that plugging or clogging is un-
likely in view of the material being sampled.  However, it is not
sufficient to simply make all lines large, which also reduces friction
losses, without paying careful attention to the velocity of flow.  For
most wastewater applications, minimum line sizes of 0.95 to 1.3 cm
(3/8 to 1/2 in.) inside diameter and minimum velocities of 0.6 to 0.9 m/s
(2 to 3 fps) would appear warranted.  Finally, sharp bends and twists or
kinks in the sampling line should be avoided if there is any possibility
of trash or debris in the sample that could become lodged and restrict
or choke the flow.  The same is true of valve designs.  It also appears
desirable to deliver the sample under pressure all the way from the pump
to the sample container to further help reduce clogging.

SAMPLE STORAGE SUBSYSTEM

For highly variable wastewaters and storm and combined sewer applica-
tions, discrete sampling is generally desired.  This allows character-
ization of the sewage throughout the time history of the storm event.
If the samples are sufficiently large, manual compositing can be per-
formed based on flow records or some other suitable weighting scheme.
Although the quantity of samples required will be a function of the sub-
sequent analyses that are to be performed, in general at least 1 liter
and preferably 2 liters will be desired.  An additional benefit arises
because such relatively large samples are less vulnerable to errors
arising from cross-contamination.  Where composite samples can provide
the necessary information, quantities of at least 7.6 liters are usually
required.  The sampling equipment must have the capability of taking and
properly storing samples of these sizes.

The sample container itself should either be easy to clean or disposable.
The cost of cleaning and sterilizing makes disposable containers attrac-
tive, especially if bacteriological analyses are to be performed.  Al-
though some of today's better plastics are much lighter than glass and
can be autoclaved, they are not so easy to clean or inspect for clean-
liness.  Also, the plastics will tend to scratch more easily than glass
and, consequently, cleaning a well-used container can become quite a
chore.

The requirements for sample preservation were discussed earlier and will
not be repeated here except to note that refrigeration is stated as the
best single preservation and will, in all likelihood, be required unless
the sampling cycle is brief and samples are retrieved shortly after be-
ing taken.  It should be mentioned, however, that if the samples are
allowed to become too cold, they may no longer be representative.  For
example, destruction of the organisms necessary for the development of
BOD may occur, or freezing may cause serious changes in the concentra-
tion of suspended solids.  Light can also affect samples and either a
dark storage area or opaque containers would seem desirable.  Unless
                                   38

-------
disposable containers are used, however, it will be difficult to inspect
an opaque container for cleanliness.

CONTROLS AND POWER SUBSYSTEM

The control aspects of some commercial automatic samplers have come
under particular criticism as typified by comments reported by Shelley
and Kirkpatrick (1975a).   It is no simple matter, however, to provide
great flexibility in operation of a unit while at the same time avoiding
all complexities in its control system.  The problem is not only one of
component selection but packaging as well.  For instance, even though
the possibility of immersion may be extremely remote in a particular
installation, the corrosive highly-humid atmosphere which will, in all
likelihood, be present makes sealing of control elements and electronics
desirable in most instances.

The automatic sampler for some applications (e.g., storm and combined
sewer) will be used in an intermittent mode; i.e., it will be idle for
some period of time and activated to capture a particular event.  If
field experience to date is any indication, the greatest need for an
improved control element is for an automatic starter.  While the sensor
is not a part of the sampler proper, its proper function is essential to
successful sampler utilization.  Although remote rain gages, etc., can
be used for sensing elements, one. of the most attractive techniques
would be to use the liquid height (or its rate of increase) to start a
sampling cycle.  This will avoid the difficulties associated with dif-
ferent run-off times due to local conditions such as dryness of ground,
etc.  In other instances it may be desirable to activate the sampler
when some parameter being continuously monitored (say by an ion-
selective electrode) exceeds some predetermined threshold value.

The controls determine the flexibility of operation of the sampler, its
ability to be paced by various types of flow measuring devices, etc.
Built-in timers should be repeatable and time periods should not be af-
fected by voltage variations.  The ability to repeatedly gather the
required aliquot volume independent of flow depth or lift is very im-
portant if composite samples are to be collected.  Provisions for manual
operation and testing are desirable as is a clearly laid out control
panel.  Some means of determining the time when discrete samples were
taken is necessary if synchronization with flow records is contemplated.
An event marker could be desirable for a sampler that is to be paced by
an external flow recorder.  Reliability of the control system can domi-
nate the total system reliability.  At the same time, this element will,
in all likelihood, be the most difficult to repair and calibrate.  Fur-
thermore, environmental effects will be the most pronounced in the con-
trol system.

The above tasks can probably be best executed, in the light of the cur-
rent electronics state-of-the-art, by a solid state controller element.
The unit should be of modular construction for ease of modification,
                                   39

-------
performance monitoring, fault location, and replacement/repair.  Such
an approach also lends itself to encapsulation which will minimize en-
vironmental effects.  Furthermore, solid state controllers can be easily
designed with sufficient flexibility to accept start commands from a
variety of types of remote sensors, telephone circuits, etc.  Finally,
one of the attributes essential to the coritrol system of an automatic
sampler to be used in a storm or combined sewer application is that it
be able to withstand power outages and continue its program.  Such power
interruptions appear to be increasingly common as demand for electricity
continues to grow.

The foregoing discussion as it relates to problems associated with in-
terruptions in electrical service is, of course, directed to samplers
that rely upon outside power for some aspect of their operation.  The
need for high sample intake and transport velocities, larger sample
lines and capacities, together with the possible requirement for mechan-
ical refrigeration make it unlikely that such a sampler can be totally
battery operated today.  Other approaches to self-contained power such
as custom designed wet-cell packs, diesel generators, etc., while within
the current state-of-the-art, introduce other problems and complexities
that must be carefully weighed before serious consideration can be given
to their incorporation in an automatic sampler design.
                                  40

-------
                             SECTION 4

              REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC SAMPLING EQUIPMENT


REQUIREMENTS AND DESIRABLE FEATURES

Presently available automatic liquid samplers have a great variety of
characteristics with respect to size of sample collected,  lift capabil-
ity* tvPe °f sample collected (discrete or composite),  materials of
construction, and numerous other both good and poor features.   A number
of considerations in selection of a sampler are:

        Rate of change of wastewater conditions

     •   Frequency of change of wastewater conditions

     •   Range of wastewater conditions

     •   Periodicity or randomness of change

     •   Availability of recorded flow data

     •   Need for determining instantaneous conditions,  average
        conditions, or both

        Volume of sample required

     •   Need for preservation of sample

        Estimated size of suspended matter

     •   Need for automatic controls for starting and stopping

     •   Need for mobility or for a permanent installation

     •   Operating head requirements

In addition to the foregoing attributes of automatic sampling equipment,
there are also certain desirable features that will enhance the utility
and value of the equipment.  For example, the design should be such that
maintenance and troubleshooting are relatively simple tasks.  Spare
parts should be readily available and reasonably priced.   The equipment
design should be such that the unit has maximum inherent reliability.
As a general rule, complexity in design should be avoided even at the
sacrifice of a certain degree of flexibility of operation.  A reliable
unit that gathers a reasonably representative sample most of the time is
much more desirable than an extremely sophisticated, complex unit that
gathers a very representative sample 10 percent of the time, the other

                                   41

-------
90 percent of the time being spent undergoing some form of repair due to
a malfunction associated with its complexity.

It is also desirable that the cost of the equipment be as low as practi-
cal both in terms of acquisition as well as operational and maintenance
costs.  For example, a piece of equipment that requires 5 man-hours to
clean after every 24 hours of operation is very undesirable.  It is also
desirable that the unit be capable of unattended operation and remaining
in a standby condition for extended periods of time.  The ability to
purge the intake system before and after taking each sample is very use-
ful in most wastewater applications.

The sampler should be of sturdy construction with a minimum of parts
exposed to the sewage or to the highly humid, corrosive atmosphere as-
sociated directly with the sewer.  It should not be subject to corro-
sion or the possibility of sample contamination due to its materials of
construction.  The sample containers should be capable of being easily
removed and cleaned; for some applications they should be disposable.

For portable automatic wastewater samplers, the list of desirable fea-
tures is even longer.  Harris and Keffer (1974) give a number of fea-
tures of an "ideal" portable sampler, which are based upon sampler
comparison studies and over 90,000 hours of field experience.  Included
were:

        Capability for AC/DC operation with adequate battery energy
        storage for 120-hour operation at 1-hour sampling intervals.

        Suitable for suspension in a standard manhole and still
        provide access for inspection and sample removal.

        Total weight including batteries under 18 kilograms
        (40 pounds).

        Sample collection interval adjustable from 10 minutes to
        4 hours.

        Capability for collecting both simple and flow-proportional
        composite samples.

     •  Capability for multiplexing repeated aliquots into discrete
        bottles (i.e., sequential composite).

     •  Intake hose liquid velocity adjustable from 0.61 to 3 m/s
        (2.0 to 10 fps) with dial setting.

     •  Minimum lift of 6.1 meters  (20 feet).

        Explosion proof.

        Watertight exterior case to protect components in the
        event of rain or submersion.

                                  42

-------
     •   Exterior case capable of being locked and with lugs for
        attaching steel cable to prevent tampering and provide
        some security.

     •   No metal parts  in contact with waste source or samples.

        An integral sample container compartment capable of main-
        taining samples at 4° to 6°C for a period of 24 hours at
        ambient temperatures up to 38°C.

     •   With the exception of the intake hose, capable of operating .
        in a temperature range between -10° to 40°C.

     •   Purge cycle before and after each collection interval and
        sensing mechanism to purge in event of plugging during
        sample collection and then collect complete sample.

        Capable of being repaired in the field.

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE  EQUIPMENT

Some types of automatic liquid sampling equipment have been available
commercially for quite  a while.  In the last few years, however, there
has been a proliferation of commercial sampling equipment designed for
various applications.  New companies are being formed and existing com-
panies  are adding automatic sampling equipment to their product lines.
In addition to their standard product lines, most manufacturers of auto-
matic sampling equipment provide special adaptations of their equipment
or custom designs to meet unique requirements of certain customers.
Some designs that began in this way have become standard products, and
this can be expected to continue.

The products themselves are also rapidly changing.  Not only are im-
provements being made as field experience is gathered with new designs,
but attention is also being paid to certain areas that have heretofore
been largely ignored.  For example, one company is introducing sampling
probes  that allow the gathering of oil or various other liquids from the
flow surface; solid-state electronics are being used more and more in
sampler control subsystems; new types of batteries are offering extended
life between charges and less weight; and so on.  Table 5 lists the
names and addresses of some 47 manufacturers who are known to offer
standard lines of automatic wastewater sampling equipment.  In view of
the burgeoning nature of this product area, it is inevitable that some
omissions have been made.

An overall matrix, which summarizes the equipment characteristics to
facilitate comparisons, is presented in Table 6.  There are several col-
umn headings for each sampler model  (or class of models).  "Gathering
Method" identifies the actual method used  (mechanical, forced flow, suc-
tion lift) and type  (peristaltic, vacuum, centrifugal pump, etc.).
                                   43

-------
TABLE 5.  AUTOMATIC WASTEWATER SAMPLER MANUFACTURERS
A I II Enterprises
1711 Soutk 133 Avenue
Omaha, Nebraska 68144

Advanced Instrumentation, Inc.
P.O. Box 2216
Santa Cruz. California 9S063

Alai Engineering Corporation
7313 South Meado
Chicago, Illinois 60638

T. A. Baldwin Company, Inc.
16760 Schoenborn Street
Sepulveda, California 9)343

Hostel -Dun Limited
92 Worvley Road North,
•tors Icy
Manchester, England M28 5QH
BIF Sanitrol
1800 12th Street S.E.
Largo, Florida 33546
Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Koad
Rye, New York 10580
Brandywine V.illey Sales Co.
20 East Mam Street
Honey Brook, Pennsylvania 19344
Chandler Development Company
1031 East Duane Avenue
Sunnyville, California 94086
Collins Products Co.
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas 77351
Enviren Company
P.O. Drawer F
Alta l.ona, Texas 77510

Environmental Marketing
Associates
3331 Northwest Elmwood Dr.
Corvallis, Oregon 97330

Environmental Research I
Technology, Inc.
696 Virginia Road
Concord, Massachusetts 01742

ETS Products
12161 Lackland Road
St. Louis, Missouri 63141

Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
48S9 Production Drive
Falrfield, Ohio 45014

FMC Corporiit ion
Environmental Equipment Division
1800 FMC Drive West
Itasca, Illinois 60143
Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North Oak Park Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60648

llydraguard Automatic Samplers
850 Kees Street
Lebanon, Oregon 973SS
Hydro-Numatic Sales Co.
65 Hudson Street
Hackensack, New Jersey 07602
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska 6BS05
Hahl Scientific Instrument Corp.
P.O. Box 1166
El Cajon, California 92022
Kent Cambridge Instrument Co.
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York 10562
Krofta Engineering Corporation
58 Yokun Avunue
Lenox, Massachusetts 01240

Lakeside Equipment Corp.
1022 East Devon Avenue
Bartlett, Illinois 60103
Manning Environmental Corp.
120 DuBols Strut
P.O. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California 95061

Markland Specialty Eng. Ltd.
Bot I4S
Etonicoke, Ontario (Canada)

Nalco Chemical Company
181) N. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60601

Nappe Corporation
Crotnn Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York 10519
N Con Systems Company
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York 10801

Paul Noascono Company
805 Illinois Avenue
Collinsville, Illinois 62234
NP Industries, Inc.
P.O. Box 746
Niagara Falls, New York 14302
951 (illarney Drive
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15234
Philips Electronic
Instruments, Inc.
750 South Fulton Avenue
Mount Vernon, New York 11)550
Phlpps and Bird, Inc.
P.O. Box 27324
Richmond, Virginia 23261
Protect), Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355

Quality Control Equipment Co.
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa 5031S
•ice Barton Corporation
P.O. Box 10*6
Worcester, Massachusetts 01601

S.li.I.N. Ecologie
171 rue Vernon 94140
Alfortville, france

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105

Slrco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.

Sonford Products Corporation
400 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minnesota 55071
Testing Machines, Inc.
400 Bayview Avenue
AmtiyvUte, Mew York 11701
Tetradyni Corporation
1681 South Broadway
Carrollton, Texas 75006

Thordarson , Inc .
11300 25th Avenue N.E.
Seattle, Washington 98125
Tri-Aid Sciences, Inc.
161 Norris Drive
Rochester. New York HolO
universal Engineerod Systems, Inc.
7071 Commerce Circle
Pleasant on. California 94566
Williams Instrument Co., Inc.
P.O. Box 4165, North Annex
San Fernando, California $1342








-------
                             TABLE 6.  AUTOMATIC SAMPLER CHARACTERISTIC SUMMARY MATRIX
Sampler
A 6 H WS-IOOO
A 5 II WS-2000
A f( hi WS- 300(1
Advanced 521
Advanced 524
Advanced 551
Advanced 554
Bestel-Dean Mk 1 1
Bestcl-Dean Crude
BIF 41
B1F 43
BIF 46 Vacuum
BIF 46 Pumping
Brailsford DC-F 6 CP
Brail sford EVS
Brailsford DV-2
Bristol M-4
BVS PP-100
BVS PE-400
BVS SE-800
BVS PPE-4QO
Collins 41)
Collins 42
EMA 200
ETS FS-4
FMC Tru Test
Horizon S7570
Horizon S7576
Horizon S7578
Horizon S7579
Hydraguard IIP
Hydraguard A
Hydra- Numa tic
I SCO 1480
I SCO 1580
I SCO lf>80
Kent SSA
Kent SSB
Kent SSC
Krofta PN f, PF
Krofta CO
Krofta Portable
Lakeside T-2
Manning S-3000
Manning S-4040
Manning S-5000
Manning S-6000
Markland 1301
Mark land 101 5 102
Markland 1 04T
Nuleo S-100
Nappe Porta-Positor
Nappe Series 4d
Noascono Shi ft
N-Con Surveyor II
N-Con Scout 11
N-Con Sentry 500
Gathering Method
S-pcristalt ic
S- peristaltic
S-peristalt ic
S-vacuum pump
S- vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
S-Watson-Marlow
S- screw type
M-cup on chain
user supplied
S-vacuum pump
S-peristaltic
S-piston type
S-vacuum pump
S-piston type
S-piston
F-pneumatic
F-submersible pump
F-submersible pump
F-pneumat ic
user supplied
user supp] led
F-piston type
S-peristaltic
user supplied
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
S-pcristaltic
F-pneumatic
F-pneumatic
S-centri fugn 1
S-per i stalt ic
S-peristaltic
S-per i stalt ic
S-peristaltic
STper i stalt i c
S- screw type
F-pneumat ic
F- pneumatic
S-positive displacement
M- scoop
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
F-pneumat ic
F-pneumat ic
F-pneumat ic
F- suhmc-rs i Me pump
S-flexihle mpeller
S- f lexihl c mpc 1 ler
S-peristalt c
S-flexihle mpeller
S-peristnlt c
S-peristalt c
Flow
Kate
lm«./min)
1 ,680
1 ,680
1 ,680
0,400
9,400
9,400
9,400
(.90
Unk
NA
1 89 , 000
10,000

10
5
10
NA
*
7,600
7,600
*
•5,000
>3,785
Unk
-20
1 89 , 000
600
100
100
•20
»•
*
5,700
NA
2,300
2,500
150
200
33,000
*
*
Unk
NA
7.000
7, 
10,800
10,800
*
*
*
28,400
11, .10!)
13,200
S
20,000
150
150
Line
V'cloci t.y
(m/s>
1.5 or 0.9
1.5 or 0.9
1.5 or 0.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
0.4
Unk
NA
1.6
2.4
-
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
NA
*
1.0
1.0
*
0.7
>0.3
Unk
<0.1
1 .6
-0.2
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
*
*
0.3
NA
1.2
1.2 or 0.5
<0.1
9
>9
4.6
7.9
7.9
7.9
4.9
4.0
5.0
9
9
7.6
0
7
7
6
(i
18.3
18.3
18.3
7.6
i .3
4.h
9. 1
1 .K
5.5
5. 5
Line
Size
(mm)
4.9 or 6.4
4.9 or 6.4
4.9 or 6.4
!) . 5
9.5
9.5
9.5
6.4
19.1
25.4
25.4
9.5
6.4 - 1.3
4.8
4.8
4.8
9.5
3.2
12.7
12.7
3.2
2.4
15.9
9.5
6.4
25.4
8.0
8.0
4.9
6.4
6.4
6.4 '
6.4
6.4
6.4
(..4 or 9.5
6.4
6.4
25.4
9.5
9.5
6.4
12.7
9.5
9.5
15.9
15.9
6.4
6.4
, S
TcVc. TvVc
11, TcVc
I), TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc
TcVc , TvVc
("out i IHIOMS
TcVc. TvVc
TcVc. TvVc
n. s
Instal l;it ion
Portable
Portable
Portable
Fi xcd
F i xed
Fixed
F i xed
Portable
Portable
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
F i xcd
Portable
Portable
F i xcd
P or F
P or F
P or F
Portable
Portable
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Fi xcd
F ixed
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Fixed
Portable
Portable
F ixed
Fixed
Portable
F ixed
Fixed
Portable
Portable
F i xed
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Cost Range
(S)
1 ,500-2,200
2,000-2,700
3,000-3,700
2,250-2,800
3,480-4,000
4,500
7,600
Unk
Unk
670-2,200
2,490-2,890
1 ,990-4,400
1,490-3,000
296-373
520-672
373
-1 ,000
853-1 ,525
1,500-2,510
5,650
1,450-3,350
335-2,328
1 ,500-2,800
199-456
1,095-up
2,200-2,600
-505
-250
620
1,095-2,400
246-541
286-668
1,800
645-1 ,020
S25-1 ,200
1 ,295-1,750
1,240
2,.i54
2 , 354
945-1 ,060
655
"20-1 ,100
700-up
895-1,000
1,290-1,550
I . Bid- 2 ,270
2,9.1(1-3, 250
1 ,095-1 ,550
594-2,189
I,094-2,h44
link
225-2S5
1 , 10(1-1 .800
300
290-590
5"5-9.i5
1 , 125-1 ,205
Power
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
Air
Air
AC/DC
AC
AC
AC
AC/PC
AC /DC
tic
AC/DC
DC
Air 6 AC
AC /DC
AC /DC
AC
AC /DC
AC
AC
AC/ DC
AC
AC
AC /DC
AC
DC
AC:
Air
\ir (, AC
AC
AC/Hf
AC/DC
AC /in:
AC /DC
AC
AC
Air f, AC
Air f, AC
AC /DC
AC
AC /DC
AC /DC
AC
AC
Air F, DC
Air £ DC
Air t, AC
AC
AC/PC
AC
AC

vc/nc
AC /nc
tn

-------
               TABLE  6.   AUTOMATIC  SAMPLER CHARACTERISTIC  SUMMARY MATRIX  (CONT'D)
Sampler
N-Con Trebler
N-Con Sentinel
Perl 704
Philips
Phipps and Bird
ProTech CG-110
Protech CG-125
ProTech CG-125FP
ProTech CEG-200
ProTech C EL- 300
ProTech DEL-4005
QCEC CVE
QCEC CVE- 76
QCEC E
Rice Barton
S.E.I.N. APAE 241
SERCO NW-J
SERCO TC-2
Signamotor 7034
Sigmamotor 7042
Signamotor 7080
Signamotor HV-1A
Sigmamotor HVP-1A
Sigm&motor HV-24A
Sigmamotor WA-2
Signamotor NAP -2
Signamotor WM-3-24
Signamotor WA-5
Signamotor WAP- 5
Signamotor NM-5-24
Sirco B/ST-VS
Sirco B/IE-VS
Sirco B/OP-VS
Sirco MK-VS
Sirco Pioneer
Sonford HG-4
StrearaGuard DA-24S1
StreamGuard CSO-242
StreamGuard DA-VTE 1
StreamGuard FTV-503
StreamGuard PP-60 5 80
TMI Fluid Stream
TMI Mk 3B (Hants)
Tri-Aid
UES 8000
Williams Oscillamatic
Gathering Method
M- scoop
user supplied
S-peristaltic
F-subnersible pump
M-cup on chain
F- pneumatic
F-pneumatic
F-pneumatic
F-pneumatic
F-submersible pump
F-submersible pump
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
M-cup on chain
S-vacuum pump
user supplied
S-evacuated jars
user supplied
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
user supplied
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
S-peristaltic
S-vacuum pump
M-cup on cable
user supplied
S-vacuum pump
S-vacuum pump
M- dipper
user supplied
S-peristaltic
user supplied
S-vacuum pump
S-peristaltic
F-pneumatic
S-evacuated jars
S-peristaltic
S-vacuum pump
S-diaphragm type
Flow
Rate
(nJt/min)
NA
63,000
160
60,000
NA
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
-6,000
-6,000
3,000
3,000
NA
Unk
6,700
Varies
76,000
1,750
1,750
>38,000
7,600
7,600
7,600
60
60
60
60
60
80
12,000
NA
-
6,000
12,000
NA
NA
380
NA
12,000
840
*
Varies
500
1,000
60
Line
Velocity
(m/s)
NA
O.S
<0.1
2.0
NA
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
NA
link
2.3
-
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.
0.
0.
<0.
<0.
<0.
2.8
NA
-
1.4
2.8
NA
NA
0.2
NA
2.8
0.2
*
-
0.1
0.3
•=0.1
Lift
(m)
0
NA
7.6
15
18.3
9.
9.
9.
16.
9.
9.
6.
6.1
18.3
3.7
NA
3
NA
5.5
5.5
NA
5.5
5.5
5.5
6.7
6.7
6.7
5.5
5.5
5.5
6.7
61
NA
6.7
6.7
0.5
NA
9
NA
6
9
7.6
3
7.5
6.7
3.6
Line
Size
(mm)
12.7
25.4
6.4
12.7
NA
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
12.7
12.7
6.4
6.4
NA
25.4
7.9
6.4
-19.0
6.4
6.4
9.S
9.5
9.5
9.5
3.2
3.2
3.2
6.4
6.4
6.4
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
19.0
6.4
6.4
9.5
9.S
9.S
12.7
3.2
9.5
7.9
6.4
Sample
Type
TcVv
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc
0, Continuous, S
TcVc. TvVc
TcVc
TcVc
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc
Sequential
Discrete
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc
TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
TcVc
TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
TcVc
TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
D, TcVc, TvVc, S
TcVc. TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
D, TcVc, TvVc, S
Discrete
TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc
Discrete
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc, TvVc
TcVc
Installation
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Portable
P or F
P or F
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
P or F
Fixed
P or F
Portable
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Portable
Fixed
Portable
P or F
P or F
P or F
Cost Range
(*)
1.050-1,350
-2,600
link
Unk
-1 , 000-up
48S
695-1,205
925-1,610
1,354-2,445
1,495-2,750
3,995-4,765
570-1,030
-1, 000-up
-1, 000-up
Unk
Unk
1,195-1,695
-2,600
2,980
3,280
800-up
1,295-1,695
1,385-1,785
1,575-1,975
530-1030
750-1,190
1,050-1,600
970-1,370
1,150-1,590
1,400-1,975
1,900-3,000
1,500-3,000
1,600-3,000
-1,300-up
Unk
325-495
775
1,450



-800
-700-up
650-985

438
Power
AC
AC
DC
AC
AC

-/AC
AC/DC
Air/AC
AC
AC
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC
AC
AC/DC
- or AC
Air S AC
AC
AC
AC
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC
'AC/DC
AC/BC
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC
AC/DC
-
AC
AC/DC
AC /DC
AC/DC
Air S AC
-
AC
AC/DC
-
 M - Mechanical
 F - Forced Flow
 S - Suction Lift
 * - Depends on pressure and lift
 NA - Not Applicable
link - Unknown at tine oC writing
To convert m/s to fps, multiply by 3.3.
* Taken from Shelley (1977).

-------
Depending upon the gathering method employed, the sample flow rate may
vary while a sample is being taken, vary with parameters such as lift,
etc.  Therefore, the "Flow Rate" column typically lists the upper end
of the range for a particular piece of equipment, and values signifi-
cantly lower may be encountered in a field application.  "Lift" indi-
cates the maximum vertical distance that is allowed between the sampler
intake and the remainder of the unit (or at least its pump, in the case
of suction lift devices).

"Line Size" indicates the minimum line diameter of the sampling train.
"Sample Type" indicates which type or types of sample the unit (or
series) is capable of gathering.  Not all types can necessarily be
taken by all units in a given model class; e.g., an optional controller
may be required to enable taking a TvVc type sample, etc.  The "Instal-
lation" column is used to indicate if the manufacturer considers the
unit to be portable or if it is primarily intended for a fixed installa-
tion.  "Cost Range" indicates either the approximate cost for a typical
unit or the lowest price for a basic model and a higher price reflecting
the addition of options (solid state controller, battery, refrigerator,
etc.) that might enhance the utility of the device.  Finally, the
"Power" column is used to indicate whether line current  (AC), battery
(DC), or other forms of power  (e.g., air pressure) are required for the
unit to operate.  Detailed descriptions of all the devices listed in
Table 6 are given in the Appendix.

CUSTOM DESIGNED EQUIPMENT

Despite the seeming plethora of automatic samplers on the market today,
there are still no suitable units for some wastewater sampling applica-
tions, most notably storm and combined sewers.  As a result, project en-
gineers have and continue to develop custom-built and one-of-a-kind
automatic samplers to meet particular program needs.  The number of
special features embodied by one or more of these units  is surprising
and includes:

     •  Programmable operation via paper or magnetic tape

     •  Controllable via telephone lines

     •  No requirements for power or moving parts

        Sample delivered under pressure all the way to the stor-
        age container

     •  Very high flow  rates

     •  Multiple intakes

      •  Sample  quantity determined by weight
                                   47

-------
        Backflush capability

        Ability to sequentially take continuous samples of various
        sizes

        Ability to simultaneously take flow proportional composite
        and sequential discrete samples

     •  Ability to take large numbers (e.g., 72) of large
        (e.g., 2 liter) discrete samples

     •  Ability to take large (e.g., 100 liter) composite samples

Some features of such custom units have become available on commercial
equipment today.  Others are either so costly to implement or limited in
appeal that manufacturers do not offer them in any standard way.

Table 7 is a custom sampler characteristic matrix along the same lines
as Table 6.  The only difference is that there is no meaningful way to
associate price with these custom units, so that column is omitted.  The
samplers covered have largely been developed for the USEPA storm and
combined sewer program and have been given a designation that corres-
ponds either with the developer or the project location.

The units are listed in approximate chronological order starting with
the oldest.  The most recent design is of 1973 vintage.  Full descrip-
tions of these devices are given in the Appendix.

It should be mentioned here that most manufacturers of automatic sam-
pling equipment today are very happy to work with project engineers in
solving particularly difficult sampling problems and will produce cus-
tom designs and one-of-a-kind items, often at quite reasonable prices.
                                   48

-------
                TABLE  7.   CUSTOM SAMPLER CHARACTERISTIC SUMMARY  MATRIX
Sample
Avco
Springfield
Milk River Influent
Hi Ik River Affluent
bnvi rogenics
RoJirer
Weston
Pavia-Byrnc
Rex Chainhelt
Colston
Kohrer MoJul II
Near
Freeman
PS- 69
Recomat
EGSG
LI'A Region VII
Gathering Method
S-peristaltic
S-screw type
F- submersible pump
S-centrifugal pump
M-bulk on winch
S- diaphragm pump
F and S
S-screw type
S-positive displacement
F-submcrsible
S-diaphragm pump
M-liislon lube
User supplied
S-screw type
F-pneumatic
S-perii>tal t \c
S-peristultic
Flow
Rate
(m«/i»in)
<100
15,000
High
High
NA
High
Varies
11,400
11,400
Varies
76,000
NA
5.700
26,000
*
9,500
Varies
Line
Velocity
(»/s)
<0.2
0.3
-
-
NA
-
-
0.7
l.S
-
0.4
NA
0.7
l.S
*
2.2
-
Lift
(m)
<6
4.3
NA
Unk
NA
>6
NA
6
4.6
NA
>6
2.4
NA
6.1
10
5
7.5
Line
Size
(am)
3.2
38.1
50.8
25.4
NA
Unk
6.4
19.0
12.7
6.4
19.0
12.7
6.4
6.4
6.4
9.5
12.7
Sample Type
Sequential Continuous
TcVv
D, TcVc, TcVv, TvVc
0, TcVc, TcVv, TvVc
Discrete
0 and TvVc
Discrete
Discrete
Discrete
Discrete
D and TcVc
D, TcVc, TvVc
Discrete
Discrete
Sequential
Discrete
TcVc
Installation
Portable
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Portable
Portable
Fixed
Portable
Fixed
Fixed
Portable
Power
DC
AC
AC
AC
Air
AC
AC
AC
Unk
AC
AC
AC/DC
AC
DC
AC
AC
AC
LegcnJ:    M - Mechanical        *  - Depends on pressure and lift
         f - Furced Flow      NA  - Not Applicable
         S - Suctiuii Lift    link  - Unknown .it I inu  nl' writ i nj;
To convert n/s to fps, multiply by 3.3.

-------
                             SECTION 5

                   FIELD PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING

MANUAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES

The preferred method of gathering manual samples from a raw waste stream
is to use a pump to actually extract the fluid and tubing of appropriate
size to transport it to the sample container.  Pump and tubing sizes
should be such that effective collection and transport of all suspended
solids of interest is ensured.  Both small, flexible impeller centrifu-
gal pumps and progressive cavity screw pumps have been successfully used
with good repeatability of results.  It should be noted, however, that
the collection of flow proportional or sequential composite samples can
become quite tedious if performed manually at the sampling site.  In the
absence of better information, locate the intake at approximately the
three-quarters depth point (i.e., one-fourth of the way up from the bot-
tom) and point it upstream into the flow.  Adjust the pump speed until
intake velocity approximately equals the mean flow velocity (obtained
from a flow-measuring device or current meter) and, after about 60 sec-
onds, direct the stream into the sample container.  Avoid using an in-
take screen unless absolutely necessary.

When manually sampling natural streams, use a depth-integrating sampler
at the center of the stream if the flow is laterally homogeneous.  Check
the site for this by occasionally taking samples from the quarter points
and comparing results.  If significant differences are found, either
choose another site or take a number (5 to 20 depending upon stream
width) of depth integrated samples along a transect perpendicular to the
flow.  Based on the results, choose the minimum number of transverse
stations that will yield acceptable results.

Depth integrating samplers for use in more swiftly running streams are
relatively heavy, and so some type of hoist or winch is normally used to
facilitate handling.  These can be mounted on boats for river and estu-
ary cruises, on trucks or trollies for bridge sampling, etc.  Contact
the nearest USGS field office for more information on availability and
use of different depth integrating samplers.

Samples may be manually gathered at a given depth in the water column by
using a Juday bottle or one of its modifications  (e.g., Kemmerer, Van
Dorn).  This type is essentially a cylinder with stoppers that leave the
ends open while the sampler is being lowered to allow free passage of
water through the cylinder.  When the desired depth is reached (as de-
termined by markings on the line, for instance) a messenger is sent down
the line and causes the stoppers to close the cylinder, which is then


                                   50

-------
raised and the sample transferred to its container.  These devices can
be used to approximate depth integration through the water column, to
investigate stratification in lakes, or wherever a sample from a partic-
ular depth is desired.  When using such devices from bridges, take pre-
cautions so that the messenger, when dropped from the height of the
bridge, does not batter and ruin the triggers that release the stoppers.
One simple way to avoid this is to support the messenger a few feet
above the sampler with a string and release it when the desired depth
is reached.

If vertical concentration gradients are not severe, a single grab sample
will suffice.  It is recommended that a container smaller in volume than
the desired total sample volume be used, and that the required sample
volume be obtained by repeated dippings at one-minute intervals.  Rinse
the container two or three times in the water to be sampled prior to
taking the first aliquot.  Comparison of the results between depth in-
tegrated and simple grab samples will indicate when the latter technique
will suffice.

For reproducibility of manual sampling results, operator training is ab-
solutely essential; one can ill afford to entrust this task to well-
intentioned but untrained staff or volunteers.  Also, it is time that
we forget about using a beer can nailed to a stick as a sample gathering
device.  All in all, the manual pumping sampler described earlier in
this section will produce the most reproducible results, and its use is
recommended whenever feasible.

One subject that should also be touched on briefly is manual compositing
according to flow records.  Given a series of discrete samples of equal
volume taken at regular time intervals and a flow record, the question
is what size aliquot should be taken from each discrete sample container
to form the flow proportional composite sample?  Recall from Section 2
that this can be done in one of two ways:  either extract an aliquot
volume that is proportional to the instantaneous flow rate at the time
the discrete sample was taken, or extract an aliquot volume that is
proportional to the total discharge that has occurred since the last
discrete sample was taken.  The formula used for this can be written as:

                         Hi = g± Vc/Z£.                              [5]


where:

     a. = aliquot volume to be extracted from the i-th discrete
      1   sample, i.e., the one taken at time t.

      i = index indicating the order in which the discrete samples
          were taken, l
-------
     fi = flow variable; either the flow rate when the i-th discrete
          sample was taken  (q.) or the total discharge that has oc-
          curred since the  (i-l)-th sample was taken  (AQ.=Q.-Q. ,")
                                       r              *• xl xl xl-l'
     V  = composite sample  volume desired

      n = number of discrete samples taken

The desired composite sample volume is determined based on the require-
ments for the analyses to be conducted.  The subtle problem is that one
does not have complete freedom in selecting V  because of the fixed dis-

crete sample volume (V,)t and the entire sequential discrete series may

be wasted if this is not recognized, because there might not be enough
sample in one bottle to  fulfill its aliquot requirements.  This is best
illustrated by an example (see Table 8).  Note that if steps 3 and 4 had
not been carried out, when  the operator came to bottle number 5 he would
not have been able to continue, since he would be 250 mil short.  This
has happened.  Also, it  is  incorrect to use leftover liquid from the ad-
jacent discrete samples  to  make up the deficit (which has also occurred).

In actuality, one can compute the maximum composite sample volume that
can be formed from a series of discrete samples.  The formula is

                    'Vmax ' Vd EV
-------
TABLE 8.  MANUAL COMPOSITE SAMPLE EXAMPLE I
Example: Manually preparing a tine-constant, volume-proportional- to-
instantaneous- flow-rate composite sample.
Given: A 500 m£ discrete sample was taken at the end of each hour over
an 8-hour shift. A 2-liter composite is desired. A recording
of flow rate is available.
Steps :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sample No. (i) qt a.^
1 300 47
2 600 94
3 1,200 188
4 2,400 375
5 4,800 750
6 2,000 312
7 1,000 156
8 500 78
Zq± - 12,800 2,000
a.x500/7SO
31
63
125
250
500
208
104
52
1,333
Enter q. from record and sum.
Calculate ai«q.Vc/Zqi=2000qi/12,800.
Check to see if mayi™™ a. exceeds discrete sample volume.
Compute new aliquot volume » a.xSOO/750.
                      53

-------
TABLE 9.  MANUAL COMPOSITE SAMPLE EXAMPLE II
Example: Manually preparing a
time- constant ,
volume-proportional- to-
discharge-since-last-sample-was-taken conposite.
Given: A 500-ml discrete sample was
an 8- hour shift. A









Steps:
of totalized flow is
Sample No. (i)
0
1
4+
3
4
5
6
7
8
taken
at the end
of each hour over
3- liter composite is desired. A recording
available.
Qi
0
969
3,729
7,860
12,732
17,605
21,736
24,496
25,465
&

2.
4.
4,
4,
4,
2,

*i
_
969
760
130
873
873
130
760
969
^_^^~ «™
EAQ. » 25,464 2




ai
-
99
284
424
SOO
SOO
424
284
99
,614











1. Enter Q. from record and calculate AC^ • 0^ - Qj.j^-
2. Calculate (V )MX » C500) (25 , 464) /4, 873 « 2,614 mi.
3. Since CV<;)max is less than desired,
&i * SOO 4(^/4, 873.
calculate
aliquot size from
                       54

-------
TABLE 10.  MANUAL COMPOSITE SAMPLE EXAMPLE III
Example: Manually preparing a time-constant, volume-proportional-to-
discharge-since-last-sample-was-taken
Given: A 500-mi discrete
an 8-hour shift.
sample was taken at
A 3- liter composite
composite.
the end of each hour over
is desired. A recording
of flow rate is available.








Steps :
Sample No. (i)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

«i **i
0
1,913 957
3,536 2,725
4.619 4,078
5,000 4,810
4,619 4,810
3,556 4,078
1",913 2,725
0 957
EAQ.. = 25,140

ai
-
99
283
424
500
500
424
283
99
2,612










1. Enter q. from record and use trapezoidal rule to calculate
AQs = (l-+°4- i)/- (another integration scheme could be used
if warranted) .
2. Calculate (V(.)max
3. Calculate a. = 500
» (500J (25,140)/4,810 = 2,613
40^74,810

                       55

-------
measured concentration of a constituent of interest obtained by this
method as opposed to the method of Example II.  For this purpose,  assume
that the constituent behavior is a simple linear decay (i.e., conc=9=t).
The true concentration in the flow rate proportional sample would be
5.0 (assuming the discrete samples from which the composite was formed
were 100 percent representative).   The corresponding true concentration
of the discharge proportional composite (Example II) would be 4.5, a
difference of around 10 percent due solely to the method of composit-
ing.  Unless great care is exercised, however, errors of this size would
be eclipsed by handling errors attributable to manual compositing (e.g.,
failure to withdraw a representative aliquot from each sample
container).

The general subject of sediment sampling is outside the scope of the
present volume, as discussed in Section 1.  There is, however, an in-
creasing interest in measuring sediment oxygen demand (SOD), and a few
comments are in order.  The possible importance of SOD measurements is
well illustrated by Butts  (1974) who noted, as a result of an extensive
SOD study, that "... it is doubtful that the aquatic ecology of the
(Illinois) waterway can be measurably enhanced solely by achieving cur-
rent water quality standards."  The subject of SOD measurement remains
somewhat controversial, but it is recommended that determinations be
made in situ rather than in the laboratory.  Ascertaining the relation-
ship between SOD rates and DO content of the overlying waters is better
accomplished by performing in situ measurements.  This can be done, for
example, by setting a bell-shaped shallow cover over the spot on the
bottom where the measurement is to be made, circulating the water within
this "sampler" with a small pump, and measuring the change in DO with
time.

The design of an in situ SOD measuring device developed by the Illinois
State Water Survey is described by Butts  (1974), who also reports favor-
ably on its use.  The cover was made from a 14-inch-diameter by 24-inch-
long steel pipe split longitudinally in half.  End plates were welded
on, and angle iron was welded around the lower edge to act as cutting
edges and seating flanges.  Fittings for raising and lowering the de-
vice, two hose attachments to allow connection of a pump for water cir-
culation, and a split collar to hold the DO/temperature probe were also
welded in place.  The "sampler" covered a flat bottom area of about
0.2 square meter (336 sq in.), and the total volume of water within the
system was around 31 liters.  The device is handled with a USGS bridge
winch adapted for use on a boat.

AUTOMATIC SAMPLING PROCEDURES

When using automatic samplers, the greatest problem comes in.mounting
the intake.  Screened intakes should be used in waters containing large
solids, trash, or debris to prevent clogging.  Screen openings should
be slightly smaller than the smallest opening in the sampling train.
                                   56

-------
More and more commercial devices are now provided with intake screens
by their manufacturers.  When using these, the end of the intake hose
should be approximately at the center of the screen.  If intake screens
are not provided with the sampler, they can be fabricated quite simply
by drilling a large number of appropriately sized holes in a piece of
plastic pipe, cementing on end covers, and drilling out one end to ac-
cept the sample tube and fastening it with a hose clamp and fitting.
Clear plastic is recommended to facilitate inspection.  A typical size
for an intake screen to accommodate a 0.95 cm (3/8 in.) ID tube is ap-
proximately 3.8 to 5 cm (1.5 to 2 in.) in diameter by 15 to 25 cm (6 to
10 in.) long.  Hole diameters could be 0.64 cm (1/4 in.) if the rest of
the sampling train is larger.

The flexible plastic intake tubing commonly used in most commercial
automatic samplers will require some protection in many installations,
or wear from particles in the flow and damage from debris will necessi-
tate frequent replacement.  Flexible electrical conduit and reinforced
garden hose have been successfully used to armor intake tubing.  Rigid
tubing has also been used with good results in some installations.  Even
with such protection, it is recommended that sample intake lines be
trenched in where they run over earthen surfaces.

One of the most challenging sample intake mounting problems is in a nat-
ural, wet weather stream.  If the intake is allowed to rest on the bot-
tom where it could obtain samples at very low flows and, hence, more
readily determine first flush effects, there is a possibility that flow
fields around the intake may induce scour and cause artificially high
solids readings.  Mounting the intake well above the  bottom obviates
this problem but prevents acquiring samples of very low flow.  The best
compromise seems to be to mount the intake horizontally, at right angles
to the flow, in the middle of the stream and with its lowest surface
around 5 cm  (2 in.) above the bottom  (higher if significant bedload
depths are anticipated).  The stream bottom at this point should be
reasonably flat and free of stones or other flow-altering obstructions
upstream of the intake.  For cobble-strewn bottoms, follow the above
procedure but measure  from a sheet of plywood resting on the stones.

To anchor the sample intake to the bottom, use screw  augers or metal T-
posts or rods driven well into the soil.  Simple clamps can be used to
affix the intake screen to these  supports.  Sash weights have been
successfully used as anchors also.

For continuously flowing natural  streams, similar considerations per-
tain.  The main difference will be in the vertical  location of the in-
take.  In the absence  of other factors, mount the intake near the low
flow mid-depth.  If stream depth  allows,  the  intake should be mounted
with its center line vertical, and suction taken from the bottom.  In
this configuration, a  single mounting rod can be used.  It should be
located to one side of the intake (never  in front of  it).
                                   57

-------
The foregoing has been written with smaller streams, typical of those
that would be encountered in an urban runoff study, in mind.  As indi-
cated in Section 2, it is not expected that automatic samplers will find
wide use in occasional river surveys.

In man-made channels and conduits, there is no longer a concern for bot-
tom scour.  For those carrying intermittent flows, the intake screen can
be allowed to rest on the bottom unless significant bedload depths are
anticipated.  Where large debris is likely to be encountered, a spring-
loaded intake screen mounting should be considered to help prevent de-
struction.  It is a fairly common practice to simply let the intake
screen trail downstream by its tubing.  In very low or no-flow periods
it will rest on the invert and, during higher flows, hydrodynamic forces
will tend to lift it up.  The chief objection to this practice is that
intakes facing downstream do not gather representative solids due to
momentum effects.  Data on the degree of under-representation caused by
this practice are virtually nonexistent, however.  Use this practice as
a last resort.

Where the flow is continuous (but variable), position the intake screen
near the low flow mid-depth.  As opposed to natural streams, however, in
many man-made conduits it will be more convenient to dangle the intake
from above with the suction tube pointing down.  Although the vertically
up orientation is preferable, this latter practice is also acceptable.
The chief disadvantage of "dangling" approaches to intake mounting is
that you never really know where the intake is.  Be certain that there
is no possibility of full flow positioning the intake where it could be
left "high and dry" as the flow recedes.  Manhole benches, steps, weirs,
and the like have taken their toll in careless intake installations.  It
is mandatory that a weight be used on the intake if it is merely dangled
in the flow.

For the (rare) case where relatively steady flow is anticipated in
either natural or man-made channels, position the intake at about the
three-quarter depth point unless site-specific information indicates
otherwise.  If two automatic sampling devices are used for redundancy
at a critical site, position one intake at the eight-tenths depth point
and one at the four-tenths depth point.  Shelley  (1976a) discusses the
rationale for sample intake location in some detail and presents designs
for maintaining intakes at a constant percentage of depth in variable
flows, noninvasive intakes, etc.

All of the foregoing has been written primarily with suction lift in-
takes in mind, but similar considerations apply if forced-flow devices
are used.  For samplers employing mechanical gathering methods, follow
the manufacturer's directions.

Mounting the main body of the automatic sampler is rather straightfor-
ward; be sure to follow the manufacturer's directions.  Keep the lift as
short as possible commensurate with the likelihood of submergence.  If
                                   58

-------
excess sample tubing exists, cut it off.   Do not simply coil it out of
the way, thinking that the extra length might be useful at the next in-
stallation.   Avoid twists or kinks in the line and guard against sags  or
loops where liquid might remain following sample extraction and contami-
nate the next sample to be taken (cross-contamination).

After setting up the controls and power subsystem according to the oper-
ator's manual for the particular sampler being used, manually cycle it a
few times and measure the quantity of sample actually being taken.  This
is especially important where fixed aliquot volume composite samples are
to be collected.  Verify sample volume gathered on each site visit.
Partial plugging, intake blockage, or other occurrences that might not
be immediately obvious can affect the sample quantity in most designs.
Also, use a stopwatch to record the time that it takes to gather the
sample and verify this on subsequent visits.  For battery-operated units,
frequent voltage checks are in order until service life can be estab-
lished for the installation.  Manufacturers are not noted to be conserv-
ative in estimating battery life, and it will be affected by a number of
factors such as sample lift, temperature, etc.  Always inspect the sam-
ple intake at each visit.

For operation in warm weather, some sort of cooling must be provided to
help maintain sample integrity.  Where electric power lines are avail-
able this usually presents little problem; simply use a device with an
automatic refrigeration option.  Typically, these are merely transport-
able (as opposed to portable) at best and, due to their bulk, will not,
be suited for all locations.  Some designs have provisions for ice cool-
ing of the collected sample.  Temperature checks are wise, since cooling
ability varies widely among designs and will also be affected by the
wastewater temperature, ambient air temperature, and degree of exposure
to direct sunshine.  In this last regard, some manufacturers  (for rea-
sons best known to themselves) use very dark colored enclosures for
their devices.  Cooling requirements can be considerably reduced by
painting such units white or silver if they are to be placed in the sun.
If the manufacturer has not provided for ice cooling, an ordinary picnic
cooler of suitable size may be used.  The drain hole can be used to
thread the discharge line from the sampler to the sample container.  Or-
dinary ice or freezer packs may be used for cooling.

For operation in very cold weather, a heated enclosure for the sampler
body will be required.  This can be as simple as an insulated housing
containing a thermostatically controlled light bulb.  The heat given off
by the bulb will normally be sufficient to prevent problems caused by
freezing.  Most manufacturers offer winterizing options also.  Do not
use catalytic-type heaters.  They give off vapors that can affect sample
composition.  Sample lines  should be wrapped with heater tape and insu-
lated -- large plastic trash bags work well for this.  Alternately,
heated Teflon lines which have recently become available can be used to
eliminate the problem.  They tend to be expensive, however.  In designs
where the intake  line is blown down after each sample  is taken, this may
                                   59

-------
not be necessary.  Check for possible ice buildup at each visit.   Should
frozen (or partially frozen) samples be encountered, do not discard
them, but immediately enter the facts in the field log and also report
the condition to the analytical laboratory when the samples are
delivered.

Maintenance and troubleshooting of automatic samplers are so design-
dependent that little general guidance can be given other than to fol-
low manufacturer's instructions and recognize the importance of these
activities in contributing to project success.  No sampler should be
taken into the field unless it has been thoroughly checked out first.
One word of caution pertaining to suction lift samplers using peristal-
tic pumps must be made.  Some of these pump designs require that the
tubing be lubricated.  This must be done or tube life will be consider-
ably shortened; failures after less than 2 hours of operation have been
reported for some designs when inadequate lubrication was applied.  Fi-
nally, with care and consideration, most automatic samplers can be made
to work reasonably well; with carelessness and disregard, almost none
will.

SAMPLE EQUIPMENT CLEANING

The proper cleaning of all equipment used in the sampling of water and
wastewater is essential to ensuring valid results from laboratory analy-
ses.  Cleaning protocols should be developed for all sampling equipment
early in the design of the wastewater characterization program.  Here
also, the laboratory analyst should be consulted, both to ensure that
the procedures and techniques are adequate, as well as to avoid includ-
ing practices that are not warranted in view of the analyses to be
performed.

As an example, Lair  (1974) has set down the standard operating proce-
dures for the cleaning of sample bottles and field equipment used by
USEPA Region IV Surveillance and Analysis field personnel engaged in
NPDES compliance monitoring.  They are reproduced below for a typical
automatic sampler and related sampling equipment.

2-1/2-Gallon Pyrex Glass Composite Bottles

     1.  Rinse twice with spectro grade acetone.

     2.  Rinse thoroughly with hot tap water using a bottle brush
         to remove particulate matter and surface film.

     3.  Rinse thoroughly three times with tap water.

     4.  Acid wash with at  least 20-percent hydrochloric acid.

     5.  Rinse thoroughly three times with tap water.
                                   60

-------
     6.   Rinse thoroughly three times with distilled water.

     7.   Rinse thoroughly with petroleum ether and dry by pulling
         room air through bottle.

     8.   Dry in drying oven overnight.

     9.   Cap with aluminum foil.

ISCO* Glass Sample Bottles

     1.   One spectro grade acetone rinse.

     2.   Dishwasher cycle (wash and tap water rinse, no detergent).

     3.   Acid rinse with at least 20-percent hydrochloric acid.

     4.   Dishwasher cycle, tap and distilled water rinse cycles,
         no detergent.

     5.   Replace in covered ISCO bases.

Sample Tubing (1/4, 5/8, or 1/8 Pexcon or Tygon)

     1.   Do not reuse sample tubing.  No cleaning required.   New
         sample tubing is to be used for each new sampling setup.

     2.   Use Teflon tubing where samples for organics are to be
         collected.

ISCO Pump Tubing

     1.   Rinse by pumping hot tap water through tubing for at
         least 2 minutes.

     2.   Acid wash tubing by pumping at least a 20-percent solu-
         tion of hydrochloric acid through tubing for at least
         2 minutes.

     3.   Rinse by pumping hot tap water through tubing for at
         least 2 minutes.

     4.   Rinse by pumping distilled water through tubing for at
         least 2 minutes.
*  Instrumentation Specialties Company sampler is used for illustrative
   purposes.
                                  61

-------
Teflon Sample Tubing

     1.  Teflon sample tubing should be cleaned in the same manner
         as the 2-1/2 gallon Pyrex sample containers.

ISCO Rotary Funnel and Distributor

     1.  Clean with hexane to remove any grease deposits.

     2.  Rinse thoroughly with hot water and a bottle brush to
         remove particulate matter and surface films.

     3.  Use a squeeze bottle of 20-percent hydrochloric acid and
         rinse thoroughly, rinse funnel as well as funnel and dis-
         tributor depressions.

     4.  Rinse thoroughly with tap water.

     5.  Rinse thoroughly with distilled water.

     6.  Replace in sampler.

ISCO Sample Headers

     1.  Rinse entire header with hexane or petroleum ether.

     2.  Disassemble header and rinse thoroughly with hot tap
         water, using a bottle brush to remove particulate matter
         and surface films.

     3.  Rinse the plastic portion of the header with at least a
         20-percent solution of hydrochloric acid.  Do not use
         acid on the metal parts.

     4.  Rinse thoroughly with tap water.

     5.  Reassemble header.

     6.  Rinse all header parts thoroughly with distilled water.

One-Gallon Plastic Sample Containers

     1.  Use only new bottles when sampling wastewater sources.

One-Quart Wide-Mouth Bottles for Organics, Pesticides, and Oil and
Grease Samples

     1.  Use only new bottles with Teflon liners.

     2.  Rinse twice with petroleum ether and allow to dry.
                                 62

-------
One-Pint Narrow-Mouth Bottles for Phenol Samples




     1.  Use new bottles only.




One-Pint Narrow-Mouth Mercury Sample Bottles




     1.  Use only new bottles.




     2.  Rinse with at least 20-percent nitric acid.



     3.  Rinse at least three times with distilled water.




One-Liter Plastic Storemore Cyanide Sample Bottles




     1.  Use only new bottles.
                                  63

-------
                            SECTION 6

             REVIEW OF AUTOMATIC SAMPLER EXPERIENCE
REVIEW OF IN-USE FIELD EXPERIENCE

In order to assess the efficacy of both commercially available samplers
and custom engineered units in actual field usage, a survey of USEPA
projects, many of which were in the storm and combined sewer pollution
control area, was conducted.  None of these projects was undertaken
solely to compare or evaluate samplers, but all required determination
of water quality.  In the following paragraphs, difficulties encountered
with various elements of the liquid samplers are described.

The small diameter, low intake velocity probes found in several commer-
cial units were felt to be unable to gather as representative a sample
of the flow as could be obtained manually.  There were many instances of
inlet tube openings being blocked by rags, paper, disposable diapers,
and other such debris.  Although less a fault of the equipment than an
installation practice, there were several instances of intake tubes be-
ing flushed over emergency overflow weirs, up onto manhole steps, etc.,
during periods of high flow and left high and dry and unable to gather
any samples when the flow subsided.

There were numerous instances of pre-evacuated bottle samplers losing
their vacuum in 24 to 48 hours, resulting in little or no data.  Further-
more, personnel find these units with their 24 individual intake tubes
virtually impossible to clean in the field.  The low suction lifts on
many commercial units render some sites inacessible.  In one project,
three sites required manual sampling because none of the samplers on
hand could meet the 5- to 6-meter lifts required at these locations.
There were several instances of sample quantity varying with sewage
level as well as with the lift required at the particular site.  On at
least two occasions, submersible pumps were damaged or completely swept
away by heavy debris in the flow.

Within the sampling train itself, line freezing during winter operation
was a problem in several projects with instances of up to 60-percent
data loss reported.  In one project, the intake line was too large, which
which allowed solids to settle out in it until it ultimately became
clogged.  There were numerous instances of smaller suction tubes becom-
ing plugged with stringy and large-sized material.  A very frequent com-
plaint, applied especially to discrete samplers, was that they gathered
inadequate sample volumes for the laboratory analyses required.
                                    64

-------
On one project, although not directly the fault of the sampling equip-
ment itself, data were lost for 14 storms due to improper sterilization
of nondisposable sample bottles.

The control subsystems of commercial units probably came in for more
criticism than any other.  Comments on automatic starters ranged from
poor to unreliable to absolutely inadequate.  There were instances where
dampness deteriorated electrical contacts and solenoids causing failure
of apparently well-insulated parts.  The complexity of some electrical
systems made them difficult to maintain and repair by field personnel.
Inadequate fuses and failures of microswitches, relays, and reed switches
were commonly encountered.  The minimum time between collection of sam-
ples for some commercial units was too long to adequately characterize
some rapidly changing flows.

Collected USEPA experience in one region reported by Harris and Keffer
(1974) involved over 90,000 hours use of some 50 commercial automatic
liquid samplers of 15 makes and models.  They found that the mean sam-
pler failure rate was approximately 16 percent with a range of 4 to
40 percent among types.  They also found that the ability of an experi-
enced team to gather a complete 24-hour composite sample is approximately
80 percent.  When one factors in the possibility of mistakes in instal-
lation, variations in personnel expertise, excessive changes in lift,
surcharging, and winter operation, it is small wonder that projects on
which more than 50 to 60 percent of the desired data were successfully
gathered using automatic samplers were, until recently, in the minority.

In fairness to present day equipment, it must be pointed out that some
of the foregoing complaints stem from equipment designs of up to 10 years
ago, and many commercial manufacturers, properly benefitting from field
experience, have modified or otherwise improved their products' perform-
ance.  The would-be purchaser of commercial automatic samplers today,
however, should keep in mind the design deficiencies that led to the
foregoing complaints when selecting a particular unit for his application.

Improved field procedures and lessons learned from past experience have
also contributed to improved performance.  At the present time, Keffer
(1976) reports an over 95 percent  success rate in gathering a complete
24-hour composite sample.  Conversations with other USEPA regional Sur-
veillance and Analysis personnel,  laboratory personnel, project engi-
neers, and other sampling equipment users indicate similar capabilities,
the improvement being attributed to better  equipment and more experience
with its use.  The storm and combined sewer application remains an ex-
ception, due to the extreme demands it places on both equipment and
personnel.

REVIEW OF TESTING EXPERIENCE

The review  of  field experience  just presented was primarily concerned
with  the ability of automatic equipment  to  reliably gather a sample.
We  are concerned here with  the  representativeness of such samples.


                                    65

-------
When proper quality assurance provisions are made, there appears to be
little reason to suspect that samples taken by automatic equipment from
water supply or adequately treated wastewater effluent sources are not
reasonably representative (within ±30-50% or better).  For raw and par-
tially treated wastewater, however, the situation is quite different.
This is especially true as concerns suspended solids.  With all of the
analytical difficulties discussed or alluded to in Section 1, it is ob-
vious that there must be great reliance upon empirical data in the study
of the sampling of suspended solids.  Despite the wide variety of sam-
pling equipment designs available, none of them is universally acceptable
for representatively sampling all flows of interest (Shelley; 1975a);
differences in designs can produce marked differences in results.  For
example, Harris and Keffer (1974) report differences of over 200 percent
in the results of samples gathered by samplers of different designs when
used simultaneously on the same wastewater stream.

Shelley  (1975b) designed a modular, multilevel intake prototype sampler
that can be used to gather either instantaneous or integrated samples
at each point.  In laboratory tests of this prototype device involving
a variety of suspended solids, Shelley (1976a) used a facility that had
the following capabilities:  a test flume with a semicircular invert,
the ability to create stable flows over the velocity range of 0.3 to
2.4 m/s while maintaining a constant depth in the test section, an ac-
curate means of determining flume discharge (i.e., flow velocity), a
method for constantly adding suspended solids to the flow to create and
maintain a known solids concentration in the flume, the ability to pro-
vide suitable synthetic solids representative of these encountered in
many wastewater flows, and the ability to provide laboratory analysis of
samples taken during the testing program.

The facility used for the testing consisted of a water supply taken from
a fixed pumping station in the laboratory, the flow channel or flume
itself, a settling basin with a calibrated overflow weir, and an exit to
a return channel to the pump.  The flow channel was 12.2m long with a
cross section 0.3m wide by 0.6m deep, including a semicircular invert.
A test section was provided 3.7m from the downstream end where a 2.54-cm
recess in the wall was provided to allow routing the 1.6-cm O.D. tubes
from the intakes of the prototype sampler to its pump box.  This was
done, in view of the channel width, to minimize any effects of these
lines on the flow stream itself.  Point gages upstream from the test
section could measure the water level to ensure that depth control was
maintained.

The normal water supply was taken directly from the pump.  The flume and
overflow weir were calibrated by a temporary supply that took its flow
directly from one of the calibrated V-notch weir towers in the labora-
tory.  The solids injection system consisted of a dry solids vibratory
feeder with a plexiglass hopper fixed over it.  The rate of vibration
(and hence solids injection) could be controlled by a rheostat.
                                   66

-------
A wide range of suspended solids were used for creating the synthetic
flows.   They include:

     a.  Silica sand, specific gravity 2.65

          fine   - 120 mesh >d ^140 mesh (0.105-0.125 mm)

          medium -  30 mesh >d  j>35 mesh (0.500-0.595 mm)

          course -  10 mesh >d  >12 mesh (1.68-2.00 mm)

     b.  Pumice, specific gravity 1.35

          A single broad grain size distribution used in earlier storm
          and combined sewer flow synthesization was tested

                     6 mesh ^d >_ about 100 mesh (0.149-3.36 mm)

     c.  Gilsonite, specific gravity 1.06

          fine   - 12 mesh >d >^30 mesh (0.595-168 mm)

          medium - 10 mesh >d >12 mesh (1.68-2.00 mm)

          coarse -  6 mesh >d ^8 mesh (2.38-3.36 mm)

     d.  Alathon, specific gravity 0.99

          Uniform size of 3.0 mm

     e.  Polythene, specific gravity 0.92

          Uniform size of 4.0 mm

The initial phase of the controlled laboratory testing program involved
using the prototype sampler over a wide range of test parameters (flow
velocity, solids type and size, and concentration).  Of the four sam-
pling intakes used for the large majority of the testing, two were lo-
cated near mid-depth, while the other two were positioned near the water
surface and near the invert, respectively.  This arrangement is essen-
tially similar to the preferred three-point method of sampling discussed
in FIASP (1963).

In addition to the prototype sampler, a so-called reference sampler was
used in part of this testing phase.  The reference sampler consisted of
a "standard" sedimentation probe (provided through the courtesy of the
Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project Office at St. Anthony Falls)
connected to a peristaltic pump with a variable speed drive arrangement.
This reference sampler had been calibrated so that any desired sample
intake velocity could be set in order to allow isokinetic sampling to be
achieved.  The intake probe could be positioned at any desired point in
                                   67

-------
the cross section of the flow with its inlet pointed directly upstream
into the flow.  The reference sampler was used primarily to investigate
vertical and horizontal concentration profiles.  Two results from the
testing effort will be mentioned here.  First, it is of interest to note
the results of using this prototype device to gather samples of the rel-
atively light (s.g. = 1.06) gilsonite when operating in an instantaneous
mode.  Four-second samples were gathered every 30 seconds for flume
velocities of 0.6 and 1.2 m/s, and typical results are presented in
Figure 7 (taken from Shelley; 1976a).  The range of total flume concen-
tration (suspended solids plus bedload) is indicated by the shaded band.
In an extended period of testing with gilsonite at various concentrations
and flume velocities, it was found that the average of only five instan-
taneous samples would generally fall within the range of flume concen-
trations, and typical deviations from flume averages were less than
+10 percent.

The second result arises from another phase of the testing effort in
which several of the more popular commercially available sampler designs
were tested in a side-by-side fashion with the prototype.  Although the
testing was far from exhaustive, enough data were gathered to demonstrate
that there can be marked differences in results obtained with different
sampler designs, even under identical, controlled flow conditions as in-
dicated by Table 11 (taken from Shelley; 1976a).  As can be noted, the
performance of these commercial units ranged from overstatements of con-
centration by a factor of 4 to understatements by 70 percent or more.

The last testing experience to be reviewed here is a study done by
Reed (1976) to examine the ability of a sampler to gather a sample that
is representative in nonfilterable solids (NFS) in a raw waste stream.
The tests were conducted using a 832,000 liters per day  (270,000 gpd)
raw domestic wastewater flow.  The purpose of the study was to determine
if standard sampling procedures would accurately recover an artificial
wastewater solid that was present in the flow at a known concentration.
A chelating resin tagged with copper was used as the artificial waste-
water solid.  The concentration of applied solids in the wastewater
could be determined by the amount of copper found to be present in
excess of the background concentrations.  The resin used was a styrene
lattice with an iminodiacetic acid exchange group.  It had an equi-
valence of 0.104 mg of copper per mg of resin.  The particles were
spherical and had a wetted specific gravity of 1.15.  Several different
size particles were used to provide different suspension and settling
characteristics.

Four sampling points were examined, three were one-foot upstream from a
Parshall flume, located in the center of the approach channel at the
0.2 and 0.6 depth points and on the bottom of the channel, and one down-
stream of the flume in the center 6f an existing hydraulic jump.  The
tube opening in the jump was located 15 to 30 cm  (6 to 12 in.) down-
stream from the leading edge of the stationary wave.  In addition, back-
ground copper samples were collected in the sewer upstream from the
                                    68

-------
      MEDIUM GILSONITE

            —  4 FPS

      	2 FPS
  800
  600
~ 400
 -;
 - ^
 i
 LU
 8 20°
 I >
                                                                                       FLUME RANGE'
                       PROTOTYPE AVG
                           PROTOTYPE AVG
                                                             FLUME  RANGE-
                                             TIME (MINUTES)

                       Figure 7.   Variation of Gilsonite  concentration with time.*

*  Taken  from Shelley (1976a).

-------
                                  TABLE 11.  AVERAGE SAMPLING REPRESENTATIVENESS (%)
Solids Type
Flow Velocity (fps)
Nominal Concentrations (ppm)
Prototype
Model A
Model B
Model C
Model D
MG
2
300
100
76
74*
159
440
MG
2
600
116
74
93
199
411
MG
4
300
104
100
14
90
298
MG
4
600
99
61
1
68
156
FS
4
300
40
2
5
74
36
FS
4
600
37
0
3
343*
30*
FS
8
300
138
9
26
60
12
FS
8
600
157
12
33
16
3
-J
o
              Notes:
                   - Sampling representativeness is analyzed sample concentration divided by average
                     actual flume concentration times 100.

                   - Prototype data based upon 10-point average; all others are 5-point averages
                     except (*) where one data point was disregarded leaving a 4-point average.

                   - MG is medium gilsonite (s.g. = 1.06, 1.68 <_d <_2.00 mm); FS is fine sand
                     (s.g. = 2.65, 0.105 <_d<_0.125 mm).

                   - Multiply feet per second by 0.3 to obtain meters per second.

                   - Table taken from Shelley  (1976a).

-------
resin feeder by an automatic sampler.  All of the intake tubes were
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D. Tygon tubing positioned to open directly into
the flow stream.  The samples were withdrawn directly from the flow
stream into one-liter containers by a variable-speed sampler built in
the USEPA Region VII laboratory.  The required lift was less than
0.5m (18 in.).  Both isokinetic velocities and a higher fixed velocity
of 0.76 m/s (2.5 fps) were investigated.

Appreciable data scatter typical of all such tests conducted to date
was observed, but a strong overriding conclusion could be drawn.  The
best that can be expected from such a sampling procedure at the
0.6 depth point or in the hydraulic jump is approximately 75 percent
recovery.   Samples taken at the 0.2 depth point are grossly under-
representative, and bottom samples are so erratic as to be of dubious
value.   The impact on results, and treatment plant efficiency studies
in particular, is obvious.
                                  71

-------
                           REFERENCES
Butts, T. A. (1974).  "Measurements of Sediment Oxygen Demand Character-
     istics of the Upper Illinois Waterway."  Report of Investigation
     76, ISWS-74-R176, Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, IL.

Environmental Monitoring Support Laboratory (EMSL, formerly MDQARL)
     (1972).  Analytical Quality Control in Water and Wastewater
     Laboratories, a Technology Transfer Publication, U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.

  	 (1974), Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste,
     a Technology Transfer Publication, U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency, Cincinnati, OH.

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project  (FIASP)  (1941).  "Laboratory
     Investigation of Suspended Sediment Samplers," Report No. 5,
     St. Paul U.S. Engineer District Sub-Office Hydraulic Laboratory,
     University of Iowa, Iowa City, 10.

	 (1957).  "Some Fundamentals of Particle Size Analysis," Report
     No. 12, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, MM.

	 (1962).  "Investigation of a Pumping Sampler with Alternate
     Suspended Sediment Handling Systems," Report No. Q, St. Anthony
     Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, MN.

	 C1963).  "Determination of Fluvial Sediment Discharge," Report
     No. 14, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, MN.

	 (1966).  "Laboratory Investigations of Pumping Sampler
     Intakes," Report No. T, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,
     Minneapolis, MN.

Harris, D. J. and W. J. Keffer (1974).  "Wastewater Sampling Methodol-
     ogies and Flow Measurement Techniques," USEPA Region VII Surveil-
     lance and Analysis Division Report No. EPA 907/9-74-005,
     Kansas City, KS.

Keffer, W. J. (1976).  Private communication.

Knoroz, V. S. (1951).  "Beznapornyi gidrotransport i ego raschet,"
     Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Naucho-Issledovatel1skogo Instituta
     Gidravliki, Vol. 44.
                                  72

-------
Lair, M.  D. (1974).   Private communication.

Reed, G.  D. (1976).   "Evaluation of the Standard Sampling Technique
     for Suspended Solids," Draft report to be published by the USEPA
     Region VII Surveillance and Analysis Division, Kansas City, KS.

Shelley,  P.E.  (1975a).   "Review of Automatic Liquid Samplers," in
     Urban Runoff -  Quantity and Quality, W. Whipple, Jr., ed.,
     American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY.  pp 183-191.

         (1975b).  "Implementation of New Technologies in the Design of
     an Automatic Liquid Sampling System," in Water Resources Instru-
     mentation Volume I - Measuring and Sensing Methods, R. J. Krizek
     and E. F. Mosonyi, eds., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann
     Arbor, MI.  pp 352-367.

	 (1976a).  Design and Testing of a Prototype Automatic Sewer
     Sampling System, USEPA Environmental Protection Technology Series
     No. EPA-600/2-76-006, Cincinnati, OH.  ix and 96 p.

	 (1976b).  "Sediment Measurement in Estuarine and Coastal
     Areas," NASA CR-2769, Washington, D.C.  vi and 97 p.

Shelley, P. E. and G. A. Kirkpatrick  (1975a).  "An Assessment of Auto-
     matic Sewer Flow Samplers," in Water Pollution Assessment, ASTM
     Special Technical Publication No. STM-582.  pp 19-36.

         (1975b).  An Assessment of Automatic Sewer Flow Samplers -
     1975, USEPA Environmental Protection Technology Series No. EPA-600/
     2-75-065, Cincinnati, OH.  xiv and 336 p.

USEPA National Water Monitoring Panel  (1975).  Model State Water Monitor-
     ing Program, EPA-440/9-74-002, Washington, D.C.

Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF) (1970).  Design and Construc-
     tion of Sanitary and Storm Sewers, Manual of Practice No. 9.
                                    73

-------
                           APPENDIX

          DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
          AND CUSTOM BUILT AUTOMATIC LIQUID SAMPLERS
                         INTRODUCTION
In this Appendix, the author has gathered together descrip-
tions of some commercially available and custom built auto-
matic liquid samplers of which he has personal knowledge.
This material was prepared in early 1977, but should not
necessarily be considered as complete.  Many new companies
are introducing commercially available equipment, and exist-
ing companies are adding liquid samplers to their product
lines.  The products themselves are rapidly changing also.
Not only are innovations being made as field experience is
gathered with new designs, but attention is also being paid
to certain areas that had earlier been largely ignored.  For
example, several companies have introduced high velocity
pumps that allow the gathering of a more representative sam-
ple when suspended solids are present, complete solid-state
control electronics have been introduced by most manufactur-
ers, multilevel sampling intakes are now available from at
least one manufacturer, and the like.  It is hoped that this
material, even though somewhat incomplete, will be of inter-
est and helpful to anyone with an automatic liquid sampling
requirement, and that it can serve as a preliminary shop-
per's guide.

In order to facilitate the reader's comparison of the 102 de-
scriptions that are presented, covering over 250 models of
commercially available automatic samplers, a common format
has been designed.  A few words about the headings of this
format are in order.

Designation;             Identifies the particular sampler
                         model that is being considered.  In
                         some instances, several models are
                         described under the same general
                         heading.  This occurs when there
                         does not appear to be a fundamental
                         difference in the geometry or basic
                             74

-------
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
 Sample  Flow  Rate
principles of operation, but rather
the manufacturer has chosen to give
separate designations based upon
the addition of certain  features
such as refrigeration or a weather-
proof case.

"Lists the company that supplies the
particular model in question, its
address, and its telephone number.

Describes the part of the sampler
that actually extracts fluid from
the stream being sampled.  It may
be, for example, a supplied custom-
designed intake probe, or a dipping
bucket or scoop.  However, many of
the samplers do not provide any
form of intake other than the end
of a tube through which  a sample is
to be transported to the equipment.

Addresses the method for gathering
the sample and transporting it to
its container.  Three basic cate-
gories are identified:   Mechanical,
where dippers, scoops, etc. are
utilized; Suction Lift,  employing
either evacuated vessels, vacuum
pump, or mechanical pump; and
Forced Flow, utilizing pneumatic
ejection, a  submerged pump, etc.

Addresses the maximum vertical lift
that the particular piece of equip-
ment is capable of  in operation.

Describes the minimum line  diameter
of  the sampling train wherever it
may occur in the  particular piece
of  equipment.  Due  to the presence
of  tube fittings,  screens,  valves,
etc., in some designs,  it does not
necessarily  represent maximum  par-
ticle size.

Gives  the  flow  rate  of  the  sample
as  it is being  transported  within
the  sampling train  of  the piece  of
equipment  in question.
                              75

-------
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Addresses the size of the sample
that is being collected.  In the
case of composite samplers, the
aliquot size is also given.

Addresses those controls within the
sampler that can be utilized to
vary its method of operation.  For
example, built-in timers and utili-
zation of inputs from external
flowmeters.

Gives the power source or sources
that may be utilized to operate the
equipment.

Addresses the type of cooling that
may be available to provide protec-
tion to collected samples.

Primary attention here has been de-
voted to the sampling train proper,
although certain other materials
such as case construction are also
noted.

The overall package is described
here in order to give the reader a
general feel for the size of the
unit.  For those units that might
be considered portable, a weight is
also given.  For units that are de-
signed for fixed installations only,
this fact is also noted.

The base price as quoted and effec-
tive in early 1977 is given here.
Certain options or accessories that
may be of general interest are also
included with their prices.  Prices
are often far from static, and it
is recommended that specific quotes
be obtained, even for planning
purposes.

Here any additional comments that
are felt to be pertinent to the
particular piece of equipment in
question are given.  This includes
any additional descriptions that
                             76

-------
                         are felt necessary in order to un-
                         derstand better the operating prin-
                         ciples that are involved.  Also
                         included are certain performance
                         claims that may be made by the
                         manufacturer.

An index of the 102 descriptions of commercially available
automatic liquid samplers is given, starting on page 78.

For a number of reasons, it has been the practice of some
project engineers to custom design one-of-a-kind samplers
for use in their projects.  In this Appendix several exam-
ples of such equipment are reviewed.  Inasmuch as there is
no dearth of examples, it was necessary to be rather selec-
tive in order to keep the overall size of this Appendix
within manageable bounds.  Several practical considerations
also favor less than 100 percent coverage.  For example, no
attempt has been made to dig back into history in order to
examine older concepts and notions.  It is felt that any
good features in older designs, having proved themselves to
be effective, would be incorporated in present day equipment,
Furthermore, the major emphasis has been placed on recent
USEPA project experience.

The same description and evaluation formats used for review-
ing the commercially available samplers are used here with
one exception.  For these custom designed one-of-a-kind sam-
plers, prices in terms of today's dollars are generally not
available and, furthermore, the inevitable engineering
changes that one would introduce in building equipment fol-
lowing a prototype would have cost impacts that are not
easily assessed.

The samplers have been given names to correspond with either
the developer or the project location.  The descriptive
forms and evaluations presented on the following pages are
arranged roughly in chronological order of development, and
an index is provided, starting on page 81.
                              77

-------
      INDEX OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS
A & H Model WS-1000	   82
A & H Model WS-2000	   84
A & H Model WS-3000	   86
Advanced Model 521	   88
Advanced Model 524	   90
Advanced Model 551	   92
Advanced Model 554	   94

Bestel-Dean Mark II	   96
Bestel-Dean Crude Sewage Sampler  	   98
BIF Sanitrol Flow-Ration Model 41 	  100
BIF Model 43	102
BIF Series 46 Vacuum Sampler	103
BIF Series 46 Pumping Sampler 	  105
Brailsford Model DC-F	107
Brailsford Model EVS	109
Bristol Isolok Series M-4 	  Ill
BVS Model PP-100	113
BVS Model PE-400	115
BVS Model PPE-400	118

Collins Model 40 Composite Sampler  	  120
Collins Model 42 Composite Sampler  	  122

EMA Model 200	125
ETS Fieldtec Model FS-4	127

FMC "Tru Test"	129

Horizon Model S7570 	  131
Horizon Model S7576 	  132
Horizon Model S7578 	  134
Horizon Model S7579 	  135
HydraGuard Automatic Liquid Sampler 	  137
Hydra-Numatic Composite  Sampler  	  139

ISCO Model 1480	141
ISCO Model 1580	143
ISCO Model 1580RW	145
ISCO Model 1680	146
ISCO Model 1680RW	149


                            78

-------
  INDEX OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE  SAMPLERS (Cont'd)
Kent Model SSA	150
Kent Model SSB	152
Kent Model SSC	154
Krofta Models PN and PF	156
Krofta Model CO	158
Krofta Portable Sampler  	  160

Lakeside Trebler Model T-2   	  161

Manning Model S-3000  	  163
Manning Model S-4040  	  165
Manning Model S-5000  	  167
Manning Model S-6000  	  169
Markland Model 1301	171
Markland Model 101	173
Markland Model 102	175
Markland Model 104T	178

Nalco Model S-100	181
Nappe Porta-Positer Sampler  	  183
Nappe Series 46 Liquid Sampler	185
N-Con Surveyor II Model	187
N-Con Scout II Model	189
N-Con Sentry 500 Model	191
N-Con Sentinel Model	193
N-Con Trebler Model	195
Noascono Automatic Shift  Sampler   	  197

Peri Pump Model 704	199
Philips Automatic Sampler  	  201
Phipps and Bird Dipper-Type	203
ProTech Model CG-110  	  205
ProTech Model CG-125  	  207
ProTech Model CG-125FP   	  209
ProTech Model CEG-200 	  211
ProTech Model CEL-300 	  213

QCEC Model CVE	215
QCEC Model CVE-76	217
QCEC Model E	219

Rice Barton Effluent Sampler  	  221

SEIN Model APAE 241	223
Serco Model NW-3	225
                             79

-------
  INDEX OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SAMPLERS (Cont'd)
Serco Model TC-2
Sigmamotor Model
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sigmamotor
Sirco
Sirco
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
           Model
      Series B/ST-VS
      Pioneer .  .  .
WA-2 .
WAP-2
WM-3-24
WA-5 .
WAP-5
WM-5-24
7034 .
7042 .
7080 .
HV-1A
HVP-1A
HV-24A
Sirco
Sirco
Sirco
      Series B/IE-VS  .  .  .
      Series B/DP-VS  .  .  .
      Model MK-VS 	
Sonford Model HG-4  ....
StreamGuard Model FTV-503 .
StreamGuard Model CSO-242 .
StreamGuard Model PP-60 .  .
StreamGuard Discrete Sample
  DA-24S1 	
StreamGuard Discrete Sample
  DA-VTE1 	
                            Attachment Model
                            Attachment Model
TMI Fluid Stream Sampler
TMI Mark 3B Model Sampler
Tri-Aid Sampler Series
UES Series 8000
Williams Oscillamatic Sampler
227
229
231
233
235
237
239
241
242
244
245
247
249
251
253
255
257
259
261
262
264
266

267

269

271
273
275

277

279
                             80

-------
         INDEX OF CUSTOM DESIGNED SAMPLERS

                                                        Page
AVCO Inclined Sequential Sampler  	   281
Springfield Retention Basin Sampler  	   283
Milk River Sampler	285
Envirogenics Bulk Sampler  	   287
Rohrer Automatic Sampler   	   288
Weston Automatic Sampler   	   290
Pavia-Byrne Automatic Sampler  	  	   292
Rex Chainbelt, Inc. Automatic  Sampler  	   294
Colston Automatic Sampler  	   296
Rohrer Automatic Sampler Model  II 	   298
NEAR Sewer Sampler	300
Freeman Automatic Sampler  	   302
PS-69 Pumping Sampler	304
RECOMAT Sampler 	   306
EG&G Prototype Sewer Sampler   	   308
                             81

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
A&H MODEL WS-1000

A&H Enterprises
1711 South 133 Avenue
Omaha, Nebraska  68144
Phone  (402) 334-1976

Weighted plastic strainer approxi-
mately 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter x
15 cm (6 in.) long and perforated
with 0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) holes.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

Up to 7m (24 ft).

Either 0.49  cm (3/16 in.) I.D. x
1 cm (3/8 in.) O.D. or 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D. x 1 cm (3/8 in.)
O.D.

Up to 143 cm/sec (4.7 fps) or
85 cm/sec (2.8 fps); 1,000 or
1,680 m£/min factory selectable.

Aliquot size selectable via a nine-
position thumbwheel switch (timer);
composited in a 3.8- to 18.8-£ (1-
to 5-gal) container.

All solid-state controller in sepa-
rate enclosure from pump has
switches for power, manual, reset/
run, sample  volume setting, time
between samples, and timer or flow-
meter pacing.  Nonvolatile indica-
tors for elapsed time and sample
totalizer.   Automatically provides
7-sec purge  before and 20-sec purge
after taking sample.  Maximum sam-
pler cycle is 2 min.  Unit may be
paced by any flowmeter providing a
60-ms minimum pulse duration  (con-
tact closure).  TTL logic is com-
puter compatible.

115 VAC.

115 VAC refrigerator is available.
                              82

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base  Price:
General  Comments:
All plastic sampling train; case is
14-gage steel continuous hinge NEMA
Type 12, JIG Standard EGP-1-1967.

36 x 30 x 15 cm (14x12x6 in.);
weighs 11 kg (25 Ib).

$1,500; automatic refrigerator is
$375, additional pump head is $120,
heater is $100, aluminum case is
$125, stainless steel case is $225.

Has three-pump-head  capability to
allow sampling from  three positions
in flow to obtain better cross-
sectional average or, alternately,
to simultaneously gather three sep-
arate samples with one sampler.
Simple or flow proportional compos-
iting capability is  switch selecta-
ble.  Power fail and end-of-cycle
alarm.  Third- and fourth-generation
integrated circuits; modular  con-
struction.  Aliquot  size for  a
given setting, although repeatable,
will vary with lift  and line  length
from site to site.   Adjustable pre-
and post-purge time  periods availa-
ble as an option.
                             83

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
A&H MODEL WS-2QOO

A&H Enterprises
1711 South 133 Avenue
Omaha, Nebraska  68144
Phone  (402) 334-1976

Weighted plastic strainer approxi-
mately 2.5 cm  (1 in.) in diameter x
15 cm (6 in.)  long and perforated
with 0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) holes.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

Up to 7m (24 ft).

Either 0.49  cm (3/16 in.) I.D. x
1 cm (3/8 in.) O.D. or 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D. x 1 cm (3/8 in.)
O.D.

Up to 143 cm/sec (4.7 fps) or
85 cm/sec (2.8 fps); 1,000 or
1,680 m£./min factory selectable.

Sensing cell allows digital meter-
ing of aliquot size, making it in-
dependent of lift or line length;
aliquot size is  selectable via a
nine-position  thumbwheel switch;
composited in  a  3.8- to 18.8--C (1-
to 5-gal) container.

All solid-state  controller in sepa-
rate enclosure from pump has
switches for power, manual, reset/
run, sample  volume setting, time
between samples, and timer or flow-
meter pacing.  Nonvolatile indica-
tors for elapsed time and sample
totalizer.   Automatically provides
7-sec purge  before and 20-sec purge
after taking sample.  Optional an-
ticlog cycle.  Maximum sample cycle
is 2 min.  Unit  may be paced by any
flowmeter providing a 60-ms minimum
pulse duration (contact closure).
TTL logic is computer compatible.

115 VAC.
                              84

-------
Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:


Base Price;



General Comments:
115 VAC refrigerator is available.

All plastic sampling train; case is
14 gage steel continuous hinge NEMA
Type 12, JIC Standard EGP-1-1967.

36 x 30 x 15 cm (14x12x6 in.);
weighs 11 kg (25 Ib).

$2,000; anticlog cycle is $200,
other options priced as for
Model WS-1000.

This unit is essentially similar to
Model WS-1000 except that aliquot
size is independent of lift or line
length and anticlog cycle option is
available.  With this option, the
sampler will revert to anticlog cy-
cle after 40 sec of attempting to
gather a sample.  This consists of
a purge period followed by a  second
attempt to gather a sample.   If no
sample is acquired after four times,
the sampler will automatically re-
set and sound an alarm.
                              85

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
A&H MODEL WS-3000

A&H Enterprises
1711 South 133 Avenue
Omaha, Nebraska  68144
Phone  (402) 334-1976

Weighted plastic strainer approxi-
mately 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter x
15 cm (6 in.) long and perforated
with 0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) holes.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

Up to 7m (24 ft) .

Either 0.49  cm (3/16 in.) I.D. x
1 cm (3/8 in.) O.D. or 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D. x 1 cm (3/8 in.)
O.D.

Up to 143 cm/sec (4.7 fps) or
85 cm/sec (2.8 fps); 1,000 or
1,680 m£/min factory selectable.

Sensing cell allows digital meter-
ing of aliquot size making it inde-
pendent of lift or line length;
aliquot size is manually selectable
via a nine-position thumbwheel
switch or by input from external
flowmeter, depending on mode; com-
posited in a 3.8- to 18.8-£ (1- to
5-gal) container.

All solid-state controller in sepa-
rate enclosure from pump has
switches for power, manual, reset/
run, sample  volume setting, time
between samples, and timer or flow-
meter pacing.  Nonvolatile indica-
tors for elapsed time and sample
totalizer.   Automatically provides
7-sec purge  before and 20-sec purge
after taking sample.  Optional an-
ticlog cycle.  Maximum sample cycle
is 2 min.  Unit may be paced by any
flowmeter providing a 60-ms minimum
pulse duration (contact closure) .
TTL logic is computer compatible.
                             86

-------
Power Source;            115 VAC.

Sample Refrigerator;     115 VAC refrigerator is availabTe.

Construction Materials;  All plastic sampling train; case is
                         14 gage steel continuous hinge NEMA
                         Type 12, JIG Standard EGP-1-1967.

Basic Dimensions;        36 x 30 x 15 cm  (14x12x6 in.);
                         weighs 11 kg (25 Ib).

Base Price;              $3,000; options  priced as  for
                         Model WS-2000.

General Comments;        This unit is essentially similar to
                         Model WS-2000 except that, in the
                         flow proportional compositing mode,
                         the aliquot size is varied in pro-
                         portion to the instantaneous flow
                         rate (TcVv).  An appropriate exter-
                         nal flowmeter is also required to
                         accomplish this.
                              87

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
ADVANCED MODEL 521

Advanced Instrumentation, Inc.
P.O. Box 2216
Santa Cruz, California  95063
Phone  (408) 423-8317

Weighted intake at end of 6.4m
(21 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.4m  (21 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

0.6-2 m/s  (2-6 fps) ; adjustable.

Composites  adjustable size ali-
quots, from 50 to 1000 m£, in a 19£
(5 gal) container.  Adaptable to
57t (15 gal) containers.

Unit may be paced by the  contact
closure output of an external flow-
meter or by an internal crystal
controlled  timer with fixed inter-
vals from  2.5 minutes to  24 hours.
Sample size is adjustable by posi-
tioning end of syphon in  metering
chamber.   Sample-taking sequence
times are  readily field adjustable.

115 VAC.

Automatic  refrigerator to maintain
sample at  40°C is available.

Sampling train is all plastic, pol-
yethylene  or glass sample contain-
ers are available; standard housing
is ventilated NEMA 3R with urethane
coating suitable for outdoor use.

Basic controller and metering cham-
ber are 64  x 57 x 20 cm  (25x22.5x
8 in.); weighs 12 kg  (26  Ibs) .
Case is 157 x 84 x 65 cm  (62x33x
26 in.); total weight 105 kg
(230 Ibs).  Fixed installation.
                             88

-------
Base Price;              $2,250; add $525 for refrigerator.

General Comments;         Typical cycle begins with compres-
                         sor purging metering chamber and
                         intake line with air for 6 seconds.
                         A solenoid valve inverts compressor
                         lines to create a vacuum in the me-
                         tering chamber, and liquid is drawn
                         up until it is full as detected by
                         an electronic sensor (up to 30 sec-
                         onds) .  The solenoid valve then re-
                         verses and the metering chamber is
                         again pressurized, forcing the ex-
                         cess sample back out the intake
                         hose (6 seconds).  A pinch valve
                         then opens, permitting the premeas-
                         ured sample remaining to be forced
                         into the sample bottle (6 seconds),
                         and then closes, permitting purge
                         to continue for ,6 seconds.  Unit
                         automatically recycles once if me-
                         tering chamber is not filled within
                         30 seconds.  Sampler ceases opera-
                         tion when a present sample quantity
                         (as determined by weight) is in the
                         container.  Housing also available
                         fully insulated with thermostati-
                         cally controlled heater for winter
                         operation.
                              89

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
ADVANCED MODEL 524

Advanced Instrumentation, Inc.
P.O. Box 2216
Santa Cruz, California  95063
Phone  (408) 423-8317

Weighted intake at end of 6.4m
(21 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.4m (21 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

0.6-2 m/s (2-6 fps); adjustable.

Collects 24 sequential composite
one liter samples made up one to
ten aliquots per bottle.

Unit may be paced by the contact
closure output of an external flow-
meter or by an internal crystal
controlled timer with fixed inter-
vals from 2.5 minutes to 24 hours.
Sample size is adjustable by posi-
tioning end of syphon in metering
chamber.  Sample-taking sequence
times are readily field adjustable.
Controller can put up to ten ali-
quots into each bottle or put one
sample in each of up to ten bottles.

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 40°C is available.

Sampling train is all plastic, pol-
yethylene or glass sample contain-
ers are available; standard housing
is ventilated NEMA 3R with urethane
coating suitable for outdoor use.

Basic controller and metering cham-
ber are 64 x 57 x 20 cm (25x22.5x
8 in.); weighs 12 kg (26 Ibs).
                             90

-------
                         Case is 157 x 84 x 65 cm (62x33x
                         26 in.); total weight 105 kg
                         (230 Ibs).  Fixed installation.

Base Price;              $3,480; add $490 for refrigerator.

General Comments;        Basic operation is similar to
                         Model 521.  The discrete sample
                         storage module consists of 24 one-
                         liter, square sample bottles, ar-
                         ranged 12 bottles in each of two
                         identical carry boxes.  Polyethe-
                         lene or glass "French square" bot-
                         tles are supplied.  The unit ceases
                         operation after the 24th bottle is
                         filled.  A combination composite/
                         discrete sampler, that has features
                         of both Model 521 and 524 is avail-
                         able, designated as Model 527.
                         Conversion from one mode to the
                         other takes less than 15 minutes.
                              91

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
ADVANCED MODEL 551

Advanced Instrumentation, Inc.
P.O. Box 2216
Santa Cruz, California  95063
Phone  (408) 423-8317

Weighted intake at end of 6.4m
(21 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 5.5m  (18 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

0.6-2 m/s (2-6 fps) ; adjustable.

Composites  adjustable size all-
quots, from 50 to 1000 mt, in a 19t
(5 gal) container.  Adaptable to
57£ (15 gal) containers.

Unit may be paced by a pressure
pulse output from an external flow-
meter or by an internal, all pneu-
matic timer adjustable from 5 to
100 minutes.  Sample size is ad-
justable by positioning end of
syphon in metering chamber.  Sample-
taking sequence times are readily
field adjustable.

80 psig compressed air; maximum de-
livery rate of 2 SCFM for 30 sec-
onds.

Insulated housing suitable for ice
cooling is  available.

Sampling train is all plastic, pol-
yethylene or glass sample contain-
ers are available; standard housing
is ventilated NEMA 3R with urethane
coating suitable for outdoor use.

Basic controller and metering cham-*.
ber are 64  x 57 x 20 cm (25x22.5x
8 in.); weighs 12 kg  (26 Ibs).
                              92

-------
                         Case is 157 x 84 x 65 cm  (62x33x
                         26 in.); total weight 105 kg
                         (230 Ibs).  Fixed installation.

Base Price;              $4,500.

General Comments:        This is an explosion proof, all
                         pneumatic device.  Operation is
                         otherwise similar to Model 521.
                         Unit requires approximately 1  SCF
                         of air per cycle.  Explosion proof,
                         all pneumatic heating/cooling
                         available.  Repeated purge option
                         is available, but must be ordered
                         with the unit.
                             93

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method

Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
ADVANCED MODEL 554

Advanced Instrumentation, Inc.
P.O. Box 2216
Santa Cruz, California  95063
Phone  (408) 423-8317

Weighted intake at end of 6.4m
(21 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 5.5m (18 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

0.6-2 m/s (2-6 fps);  adjustable.

Collects 24 sequential composite
one-liter samples made up of one to
ten aliquots per bottle.

Unit may be paced by a pressure
pulse output from an external flow-
meter or by an internal, all pneu-
matic timer adjustable from 5 to
100 minutes.  Sample size is ad-
justable by positioning end of
syphon in metering chamber.  Sample-
taking sequence times are readily
field adjustable.  Controller can
put up to ten aliquots into each
bottle or put one sample in each of
up to ten bottles.

80 psig compressed air; maximum de-
livery rate of 2 SCFM for 30 sec-
onds .

Insulated housing suitable for ice
cooling is available.

Sampling train is all plastic, pol-
yethylene or glass sample contain-
ers are available; standard housing
is ventilated NEMA 3R with urethane
coating suitable for outdoor.use.

Basic controller and metering cham-
ber are 64 x 57 x 20 cm (25x22.5x
8 in.); weighs 12 kg (26 Ibs).
                              94

-------
                         Case is 157 x 84 x 65 cm  (62x33x
                         26 in.); total weight 105 kg
                         (230 Ibs).  Fixed installation.

Base Price;              $7,600.

General Comments;        Basic operation is similar to
                         Model 551.  The discrete  sample
                         storage module consists of 24  one-
                         liter, square sample bottles,  ar-
                         ranged 12 bottles in each of two
                         identical carry boxes.  Polyethe-
                         lene or glass "French square"  bot-
                         tles are supplied.  The unit ceases
                         operation after the 24th  bottle is
                         filled.  A combination composite/
                         discrete sampler, that has features
                         of both Model 551 and 554 is avail-
                         able, designated as Model 557.
                         Conversion from one mode  to the
                         other takes less than 15  minutes.
                              95

-------
Designation:
BESTEL-DEAN MARK II
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:

Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions:
Bestel-Dean Limited
92 Worsley Road North, Worsley
Manchester, England M28 5QW
Phone  FARNWORTH 75727

End of 6.10m (20 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift (from a Watson-Marlow
type MHRK fixed speed flow inducer)

6.10m (20 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 cm U-/4 in.) I,D.

Approximately 690 m£ per minute.

Composites adjustable size aliquots
from 5 m£ to 2 liters in an exter-
nal user-supplied sample container.
With optional portable bottler, the
unit takes 24-250 m£ discrete
samples.

Sample timer which controls sample
volume is adjustable from 1 to
4 minutes, interval timer from 5 to
60 minutes, and purge timer from 1
to 4 minutes, all being controlled
by a solid state unit having three
adjustable timers.  The sampling
cycle can be initiated by a test
button,  by the internal pre-set
timer, or by remote pulse from an
external flowmeter.

115/230 VAC or 12 VDC.

None .

Casing and base are reinforced fi-
berglass, tubing is neoprene.

61 x 37 x 28 cm (24x14.5x11 in.) in
operational state; weight is
10.65 kgs (23.5 Ibs) less battery;
portable unit.  Bottler is 30.5 cm
(12 in.) H x 38 cm (15 in.) dia.
                             96

-------
Base Price;              Not available at time of writing.

General Comments:        Unit is also designed to work as a
                         discrete sampler when used in con-
                         junction with the Bestel-Dean port-
                         able bottler unit.  All controls
                         are front panel, solid state.  Unit
                         is fully portable.  Battery unit
                         and sample container must be sup-
                         plied by user.
                             97

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
BESTEL-DEAN CRUDE SEWAGE SAMPLER

Bestel-Pean Limited
92 Worsley Road North, Worsley
Manchester, England M28 5QW
Phone  FARNWORTH 75727

End of 6.10m  (20 ft) long suction
tube fitted with a special deflec-
tor and strainer and installed to
suit by user.

Suction lift  from progressive cav-
ity screw-type pump.

6.10m (20 ft) maximum lift.

1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.

Unknown.

Collects either 24 discrete 250 m£
samples or a  25 liter composite
made up of 250 m£ aliquots.

Cycle timer is adjustable for set-
tings from 0-4-1/2 hours with mini-
mum time setting of 12 minutes.
Purge timer can be set for up to
13-1/2 minutes with a minimum of
30 seconds.  May also be paced by
an external flowmeter.

240 VAC.

None.

The pipework system with valves and
sample container are plastic.  Cas-
ing is weatherproof sheet steel
with an epoxy resin coating.  Pump
rotor is stainless steel and stator
is nitrile rubber.

76 x 76 x 107 cm (30x30x42 in.).
Designed for fixed installation.

Not available at time of writing.
                             98

-------
General Comments;         Discharge line should be located
                         downstream from suction line to
                         prevent possible contamination of
                         new 'sample.  On installations where
                         flow integrating equipment does not
                         have available a suitable pulsing
                         contact, a load-free impulse device
                         which can be adapted to any flowme-
                         ter is optionally available.  A
                         solid state electronic power unit
                         is available as an option for use
                         with the impulse unit.  Standard
                         equipment is set to take a 250 m£
                         volume aliquot.  Other volumes, be-
                         tween 250 m£ and 100 mt, can be
                         supplied by special order.  Thermo-
                         stat for heater is optionally
                         available.
                              99

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method


Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
BIF SANITROL FLOW-RATIO MODEL 41

BIF Sanitrol
1800 12th Street S.E.
Largo, Florida  33540
Phone  (813) 584-2157

Dipping bucket.

Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.

41 cm (16 in.) to 7.6m (25 ft).

2.5 cm (1 in.) O.D. tube connects
collection funnel to sample
container.

Not applicable.

Dipping buckets hold either 30 or
177 m£. (1 or 6 oz); aliquots com-
posited in either a 3.8, 7.6 or
18.9£ (1, 2 or 5 gal) container.

Cam-type programmer allows samples
to be taken at fixed, selected in-
tervals from a built-in timer (15,
7.5, 3.75, or 1.88 minutes) or in
response to signals from an exter-
nal flowmeter.

115 VAC.

Separate automatic refrigerated
sample compartment available.

Dipper and funnel are stainless
steel; sprockets and chain are
stainless steel; housing is fiber-
glass or stainless steel.  New, all
plastic model features fiberglass
case and cover, Hytrel belt, and
nylon pulleys and hardware.

Upper portion is approximately 24 x
24 x 20 cm (9x9x8 in.); lower por-
tion is 24 x 10 cm (9x4 in.); fixed
installation.
                             100

-------
Base Price;              Prices start at $670 for standard
                         plastic unit 16 in, long; add $50
                         per foot (0.3m) for additional
                         length.  For stainless steel price
                         is $825 plus $60 per foot (0.3m).

General Comments;        Manufacturer states unit was de-
                         signed to sample raw or effluent
                         wastes.  Two basic models are
                         available, standard and industrial,
                         the latter intended for applica-
                         tions where mixed wastes are pres-
                         ent such as a  paper mill where wood
                         chips and fiber are present  in
                         waste liquid.  Sampling cup  can
                         come within 5  cm  (2 in.) of  the  in-
                         vert.  Adapters for manhole  opera-
                         tion are available as  are heaters
                         and thermostats for winter opera-
                         tion.  One refrigerated model,  fed
                         at 15-20 gpm by user supplied head,
                         contains a tank housing with an  ad-
                         justable overflow weir that  compen-
                         sates for changes  in the flow to
                         maintain a constant liquid depth
                         from which samples are taken.
                             101

-------
Designation:
BIF MODEL 43
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base  Price:
General  Comments:
BIF Sanitrol
1800 i2th Street S.E.
Largo, Florida  33540
Phone  (813) 584-2157

Provided by user; sampler has
standard 5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.

External head to provide flow
through a sampling chamber from
which a rotating dipper extracts a
sample aliquot and transfers it to
a funnel where it is gravity fed to
a composite bottle.

Not applicable.

2.5 cm (1 in.) I.D.

38 to 189 i/m (10 to 50 gpm).

Standard scoop is 25 m£, larger
sizes available; 3.8, 7.6 or 18.9t
(1, 2, or 5 gal) sample containers.

Unit  is paced by external flowmeter
or built-in crystal  timer with sam-
pling intervals adjustable to
99.99 minutes in 0.01 minute steps.

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 4°C is available.

Sampling train is all plastic, fi-
berglass case.

70 x  70 x 152 cm (27.5x27.5x60 in.);
fixed installation.

$2,490; add $400 for refrigerator.

All solid state electronics.  Sam-
pling chamber has adjustable weir
plate to regulate liquid level.
                              102

-------
Designation:

Manuf acturer:
Sampler Intake:

Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
BIF SERIES 46 VACUUM SAMPLER

BIF Sanitrol
1800 12th Street S.E.
Largo, Florida  33540
Phone  (813) 584-2157

End of suction tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Probably up to around 6m (20 ft).

1 cm  (3/8 in.) I.D.

Probably around 12 £ps (3 gpm) or
less depending upon  lift.

Composites adjustable size ali-
quots, from 50 to 1000 m£, in a
9.5£  (2-1/2 gal) container.

Unit may be paced by an internal
crystal controlled timer adjustable
from 1 to 99 minutes or by an ex-
ternal flowmeter providing a pulse
for each 100 or 1000 gallons of
flow, in which case  the sampling
interval is adjustable from 100 to
9,900 or 1000 to 99,000 gallons in
100 or 1000 gallon steps.  The
purge duration can be set from 1 to
30 seconds in 1 second steps.  Sam-
ple size is adjustable by position-
ing end of sensor in metering
chamber.

115 VAC or 12 VDC or both.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 4°C is available.

Sampling train is all plastic,
glass, and stainless steel; NEMA 12
cabinet with epoxy paint finish.

53 x  66 x 165 cm  (21x26x65  in.);
portable.
                              103

-------
Base Price;              $1,990; add $400 for refrigerator,
                         $1,500 for weatherproof outdoor
                         version, $2,000 for walk-in outdoor
                         version.

General Comments;        Unit is manufactured for BIF by
                         Fluid Kinetics, Inc. and is essen-
                         tially similar to their Stream-
                         Guard Model FTV.
                            104

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;


Sample Lift:

Line Size:


Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity:



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
BIF SERIES 46 PUMPING SAMPLER

BIF Sanitrol
1800 12th Street S.E.
Largo, Florida  33540
Phone  (813) 584-2157

End of suction tube.

Suction lift by peristaltic or pos-
itive displacement pump.

9m (30 ft) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. or larger
depending upon requirements.

Depends upon lift and pump  chosen.

Composites adjustable size  ali-
quots, based on pump running time,
in a 9.5-6 (2-1/2 gal) container.

Unit may be paced by an internal
crystal controlled  timer adjustable
from 1 to 99 minutes or by  an ex-
ternal flowmeter providing  a pulse
for each 100 or 1000 gallons of
flow, in which case  the sampling
interval is adjustable from 100 to
9,900 or 1000 to 99,000 gallons in
100 to 1000 gallon  steps.   The
backflush duration  is continuously
adjustable up to 120 seconds.

115 VAC or 12 VDC or both.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 4°C is available.

Sampling train is all plastic, sil-
icon, rubber, and stainless steel;
steel cabinets with  epoxy paint
finish.

Controllers and pump are housed in
three separate cases that are in-
stalled in a cabinet sized  to suit
user requirements.
                             105

-------
Base Price:              $1,490; add $400 for refrigerator,
                         $1,500 for weatherproof outdoor
                         version, $2,000 for walk-in outdoor
                         version.

General Comments:        This sampler is manufactured for
                         BIF by Fluid Kinetics, Inc. and is
                         similar to their StreamGuard
                         Model CSO-142.
                             106

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;


Controls;



Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments
BRAILSFORD MODEL DC-F

Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Road
Rye, New York  10580
Phone (914) 967-1820

End of 1.8m (6 ft) long sampling
tube; weighted and fitted with
50 mesh strainer.

Suction lift by positive displace-
ment pump.

Pump is capable of 3m  (10 ft) lift
but manufacturer recommends that
lift be restricted to  0.9 to 2.1m
(3 to 7 ft).

0.48 cm (3/16 in.) I.D.

Adjustable from about  1.6 to 9.8 m£
(0.1 to 0.6 cu in.) per minute.

Pump output is collected in a 7.6&
(2 gal) jug.

Pump stroke is adjustable by means
of a slotted yoke on the piston
rod.  On/Off Switch.

6 VDC dry cell battery.

None.

Stainless steel, teflon, vinyl,
polyethylene; case is  laminated
Formica-wood construction, plastic
rain boot.

48 x 30.5 x 24 cm (19x12x9.5 in.);
weighs 8.5 kg (19 Ibs) empty;
portable.

$296.

Pump is valveless oscillating cyl-
inder type.  No lubrication is re-
quired for the life of the unit.
Driven by a brushless  B.C. motor of
                             107

-------
patented design with a service life
in excess of 3,000 hours.  Continu-
ous running pump is automatically
shut off when sample jug is full.

Model EP is an explosion proof unit
that is basically similar to the
DC-F except for the housing.  It
also provides the pressure of a
10 cm (4 in.) water column on the
sample to prevent the loss of vola-
tile fractions or dissolved gases.
A choice of 3.8£ (1 gal) sample
containers (rectangular can or pol-
yethylene bottle) is available.
Price is $373.

A Model DU-2 is also available at
$373.  It is essentially a
Model DC-F with the addition of an
electronic timing circuit which can
set the pumping rate for a sample
frequency of between 1.75 and
13 minutes.  An optional head de-
tector is available for use with a
weir to achieve a form of flow pro-
portional sampling.  Plugging in
the head detector disconnects the
timing circuit.  The head detector
is basically an array of magnetic
switches connected to a series
string of resistors and sealed
within an insulating strip.  A
float containing a magnet slides up
and down the strip as the water
level changes, thereby altering the
resistance in the circuit and,
hence, the pumping rate.  Price of
the head detector is $98.  The DU-2
can also be paced by an external
flowmeter which provides momentary
contact closures at a rate propor-
tional to flow.
   106

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:

Sample Lift:

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials;



Basic Dimensions:



Basic Price:
BRAILSFORD MODEL EVS

Brailsford and Company, Inc.
Milton Road
Rye, New York  10580
Phone (914) 967-1820

End of 3.7m (12 ft) long sampling
tube fitted with a molded plastic
inlet scoop-strainer to help pre-
vent blockage by rags, paper, etc.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

3.7m (12 ft) maximum.

0.48 (3/16 in.) I.D.

Depends upon lift, but under 5 m&
per minute.

A 3.8JI (1  gal) composite sample is
accumulated from small adjustable
size aliquots.

A control  switch permits the choice
of four timing intervals which will
cause a 3.8.?- (1 gal) sample to be
collected  in either 8, 16,  24 or
48 hours.  The unit may also be
paced by the head detector  de-
scribed under Model DC-F or an ex-
ternal flowmeter.

115 VAC or 12 VDC electricity.

None.

Sampling train is all  plastic; case
is laminated Formica-wood
construction.

30.5 x 23  x 48 cm  (12  x 9 x 19 in.);
weighs 8.5 kg  (19 Ibs) empty;
portable.

$520 115 VAC
$627 with  N. Cad battery
$672 with  N. Cad battery and
AC power unit.
                             109

-------
General Comments;        Unit was designed for flows with a
                         high percentage of suspended solids
                         or where volatiles are present.
                         Sample never passes through pump or
                         valves or orifices which could be-
                         come clogged.  In operation, a
                         small vacuum pump evacuates air
                         from a small metering chamber to
                         which the sample bottle and inlet
                         tube are connected.  When chamber
                         is filled to a predetermined level,
                         a magnetic sensing switch stops the
                         pump and opens a vacuum relief
                         valve so a portion of the sample
                         flows into the jug and the remain-
                         der backflushes the inlet tube.
                             110

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method;



Sample Lift:



Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source;



Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials

Basic Dimensions:
 Base  Price:
BRISTOL ISOLOK SERIES M-4

Bristol Engineering Company
204 South Bridge Street
Yorkville, Illinois  60560
Phone  (312) 553-7161

A dual piston plunger acting
through a hole in the pipe wall.

Positive displacement action; can-
not provide lift or pump any appre-
ciable lateral distance.

Unit must be mounted on a pressur-
ized pipe or below free liquid
surface.

Smallest passage appears to be  ap-
proximately 1 cm (318 in.).

Not applicable.

Fixed size aliquots, 3 mi or 9  mt,
are composited in a suitable con-
tainer from 0.1 to 3.81  (4 to
128 oz) or larger.

Unit may be paced by internal timer
from 20 samples per minute to one
sample every 6 minutes or by an ex-
ternal flowmeter.

80 psig air for all pneumatic mod-
els; 115 VAC required for elec-
tronic controller model.

None.

All stainless steel and  plastic.

Approximately 5 cm  (2 in.) diameter
by 20 cm  (8 in.) long plus size of
sample container; weighs  2.3 kg
(5 Ibs) base; fixed installation.

Typically under $1,000  for a com-
plete system.
                              Ill

-------
General Comments;        Unit was designed to sample hostile
                         process flows and slurries.  Pneu-
                         matic ejection of sample is op-
                         tional.  Manufacturer claims unit
                         will handle solids up to 0.8 cm
                         (5/16 in.) diameter.
                             112

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator
BVS MODEL PP-100

Brandywine Valley Sales Company
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, Pennsylvania  19344
Phone  (215) 273-2841

Plastic cylindrical sampling probe
which is gravity filled.  A row of
small holes around the circumfer-
ence near the bottom forms an inlet
screen; weighted base.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Up to 85m (280 ft) ; requires one
pound of pressure for every 0.6m
(2 ft) of vertical lift.

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) l.D.

Depends upon pressure setting and
lift.

Sample chamber volume is 50 mt;
sample composited in 9.5<£  (2.5 gal)
jug in standard model or 5.7£
(1.5 gal) jug in refrigerated model,

Pressure regulator connecting gas
supply is set between 0.35 and
9.8 kg/sq cm (5 and 140 psi) de-
pending upon lift required; sam-
pling interval timer is adjustable
to allow from 2 seconds to 60 min-
utes to elapse between aliquots;
manual on/off switch standard.  Op-
tional control package accepts sig-
nals from external flowmeter or
totalizer.

One 6.8 kg  (15 Ib) can of  refriger-
ant is standard gas source; 12 VDC
or 117 VAC  required for refriger-
ated models or flow proportional
control option.

Model PPR-100 offers an absorption
refrigerator cooled sample case.
                             113

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sampling probe is PVC standard,
Teflon or stainless steel availa-
ble; plastic sampling line stand-
ard, Teflon available; polyethylene
sample container; Armorhide fin-
ished aluminum case.

Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6 x
53.3 cm (14x14x21 in.); refriger-
ated - 43.2 x 55.9 x 43.2 cm (17x
22x17 in.); both models portable.

$853 for basic unit including 50 m£
sampling probe, one 6.8 kg (15 Ib)
cylinder of R-12, and three 6.1m
(20 ft) lengths of tubing.  Refrig-
erated model PPR-100 is $1150.  Add
$100 for winterizing system; $275
for solid state control package for
flow proportional operation.

Timing circuits are controlled by
fluidic and pneumatic components.
Absorption refrigerator has no mov-
ing parts.  After each aliquot is
gathered, the inlet strainer of the
sampling probe is purged by vent
pressure from timing valve.  Two
year parts and labor warranty.  Al-
ternate sampling probes available
include a surface sampling probe
for surface oil, vertical stratum
sampling probe for sampling at
15 cm  (6 in.) depth intervals, and
float mounted probes for sample
quantity accuracy that is indepen-
dent of head.
                             114

-------
Designat ion;

Manufacturer :
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
BVS MODEL FE-400

Brandywine Valley Sales Company
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, Pennsylvania  19344
Phone   (215) 273-2841

PVC screen over pump inlet.

Forced  flow from submersible pump.

9.8m (32 ft) maximum.

1.3 cm  (1/2 in.) I.D. inlet hose.

3.8-7.6 £pm (1-2 gpm) typical.

Aliquot volume is a function of the
preset  diversion time; sample com-
posited in 9.5£ (2.5 gal) container

Unit operates on a continuous flow
principle, returning uncollected
flow to waste.  Sample is pumped
through a stainless steel, nonclog-
ging diverter valve.  Upon receiv-
ing a signal from either the
built-in timer or an external flow-
meter,   the unit diverts the flow
for a preset period of time (ad-
justable from 0.02 to 1.0 seconds)
to the  sample container.

When operating in the timed sam-
pling mode, the sampling frequency
rate is continuously adjustable
from 0.2 seconds to 60 hours.   When
operating in the flow-proportional
mode the sampler is triggered di-
rectly by the external flowmeter.

115 VAC electricity.

Model PER-400 is refrigerated, but
case is not weather-proof.

Sampling train, PVC, stainless
steel,  plastic, polyethylene,  cabi-
net is  aluminum with Armorhide
finish.
                              115

-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6 x
53.3 cm (14x14x21 in.); refriger-
ated - 53.3 x 58.4 x 96.5 cm (21x
23x38 in.); both models portable.

$1,500 including 6.1m  (20 ft) of
2.1 cm (13/16 in.) O.D. x 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) I.D. nylon reinforced
plastic inlet tubing,  6.1m (20 ft)
of 3.5 cm (1-3/8 in.)  O.D. x 2.5 cm
(1 in.) I.D. nylon reinforced plas-
tic tubing for waste return, clamps,
pump support bracket,  pump strainer,
pump with llm (36 ft)  cord, and
flow proportional connection cable.
For refrigerator add $300; for
30 day strip chart recorder add
$260.  Model PE-500 at $1,700 is
similar but designed for high flow
rates and solids sizes to 1.9 cm
(3/4 in.) and does not include pump,
tubing, clamps or sample container.
Model PE-600 at $1,950 is similar
to Model PE-500 but has dual-
solenoid diversion valve and passes
solids to 4.4 cm (1.75 in.).

Submersible pump has magnetic drive,
is self-priming.  Manufacturer
claims design will handle solids to
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) diameter.
Model SE-400 is a refrigerated ver-
sion designed for fixed installa-
tions and priced at $3,000.  It is
housed in a 66 x 76 x  122 cm (26x
30x48 in.) weather-proof case on
20 cm (8 in.) legs with a thermo-
statically controlled  heater, vent
system to control moisture, and
manual sample take-off line.
Model SE-800 is similar to SE-400
but can take 24-500 mt discrete
samples or a 19£ (5 gal) composite
sample.  It has an inkless strip-
chart event recorder and is priced
at $5,650.  Model SE-500 is similar
to PE-500 with additional features
of SE-400 and is priced at $3,200;
Model SE-600 is similar to PE-600
with additional features of SE-400
except 19-d (5 gal) sample container
                             116

-------
and is priced at $3,600.   SE  prices
include installation, start-up,  and
operator training by BVS.   Two-year
warranty on parts and labor for  all
models.  Life-time warranty on sam-
ple diversion valve.
     117

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
BVS MODEL PPE-400

Brandywine Valley Sales Company
20 East Main Street
Honey Brook, Pennsylvania  19344
Phone (215) 273-2841

Plastic cylindrical sampling
probe which is gravity filled.
A row of small holes around the
circumference near the bottom
forms an inlet screen; weighted
base.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

Up to 85m (280 ft); requires one
pound of pressure for every
0.6m (2 ft) of vertical lift.

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

Depends upon pressure setting and
lift.

Sample chamber volume is 50 m&;
sample composited in 9.5&
(2.5 gal) container.

Pressure regulator connecting gas
supply is set between 0.35 and
9.8 kg/sq cm (5 and 140 psi)
depending upon lift required;
0.5 to 100 second sample dura-
tion; otherwise similar to
Model PE-400.

115 VAC plus pressurized gas
supply.

Model PPER-400 is refrigerated,
but case is not weatherproof.

Sampling probe is PVC standard;
teflon and stainless steel are
available.  Plastic sampling line
standard; teflon is available;
                             118

-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Polyethylene sample container;
Armorhide finished aluminum
case.

Non-refrigerated - 35.6 x 35.6 x
53.3 cm (14x14x21 in.); refrig-
erated - 53.3 x 58.4 x 96.5 cm
(21x23x28 in.); both models
portable.

Basic unit handling up to 0.3 cm
(1/8 in.) solids is $1,450;
Model PPE-500 for solids up to
0.6 cm (1/4 in.) is $1,600;
Model PPE-600 for solids up to
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) is $1,750;
Model PPE-700 for solids up to
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) is $2,000;
add $300 for refrigerated version.
Stationary (SPE) models with fea-
tures of the SE-400 (except for
flow-regulating valves and manual
sample take-off line) are about
$1,600 more than comparable PPE
models.

Basic unit is similar to PE-400
but utilizes pressure to lift the
sample as does model PP-100.
                            119

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
COLLINS MODEL 40 COMPOSITE SAMPLER

Collins Products Company
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas  77351
Phone  (713) 327-4200

Provided by user.

External head to provide continuous
flow through the sampler.  A por-
tion of this flow is diverted to a
metering standpipe from which it is
periodically dumped into the sample
container.

Not applicable.

The smallest passage is 0.2 cm
(3/32 in.) in the solenoid valve;
0.5 cm (3/16 in.) with optional
ball valve.

User must provide a minimum pres-
sure of 0.14 kg/sq cm (2 psi) for a
flow of 3.8-7.6 £pm (1-2 gpm).

Fixed size (normally 3 m£) aliquots
are composited in a 9.5t (2.5 gal)
collapsible plastic container.

Same as Model 42 except built-in
timer normally triggers every
30 seconds.

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 4-10°C is available as an
option.

Sampling train would appear to be
plastic,  stainless steel, and brass.
Casing is corrosive-resistant fi-
berglass.  The refrigerated model
has a baked enamel-covered steel
enclosure with plastic interior.
                             120

-------
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Weatherproof enclosures for refrig-
erator models are 76 x 61 x 183 cm
(30x24x72 in.); designed for fixed
installation.

$835; add $610 for refrigerator in
weather-proof enclosure; $210 for
ball valve model; and $27 for delay
relay, $300 for predetermined coun-
ter, or $630 for integrating flow
proportional operation.

This unit uses a single three-way
valve and a vertical standpipe
through which a portion of the con-
tinuous flow from an external pump
or other pressure source is circu-
lated before going to drain.

The standpipe assembly measures the
amount of sample taken.  Flow is
maintained in a turbulent state to
keep solids suspended.  Sample
through sampler continuously purges
out system when sample pulse switch
is in off position.  Sampler was
originally designed to take samples
from pressurized systems such as
pipelines.  A wood or angle iron
frame is optionally available for
mounting the sampler, pump, and mo-
tor.  In the refrigerated Model 40,
the electronics and standpipe as-
sembly is mounted on top of the re-
frigerator with the collection tube
running inside.  The refrigerated
model is non-explosionproof and
housing should be provided for it.
A thermostat-controlled heater is
optionally available for cold
weather operation.
                             121

-------
Designation:
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method
Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
COLLINS MODEL 42 COMPOSITE SAMPLER

Collins Products Company
P.O. Box 382
Livingston, Texas  77351
Phone  (713) 327-4200

Provided by user.

External head to cause sample to
flow continuously through a stand-
pipe assembly until two, three-way
valves are energized, whereupon in-
coming and return flows are blocked
and the sample trapped in the
standpipe drains into the collec-
tion container.  Suction lift from
vacuum pump available.

Not applicable.

The smallest passage is 1.6 cm
(5/8 in.) in the sampling valve.

As provided by user; minimum of
3.8 £pm (1 gpm) at a minimum pres-
sure of 0.14 kg/sq cm (2 psi).

Fixed size (10, 15, 20, or 25 m£)
aliquots are composited in a 9. 5£.
(2.5 gal) collapsible plastic con-
tainer.  19£ (5 gal) container
available.

Constant rate sampling adjustable
range of 0.1 to 99 minutes is con-
trolled by built-in timer; flow
proportional operation achieved by
connecting to external flow total-
izer providing either a contact
closure or a pulse  (24 VDC, 115 VDC,
or 115 VAC), or to a 0.2 to 1.1 kg/
sq cm (3 to 15 psi) pressure source
proportional to flow depth (linear,
1/2, 3/2, and 5/2 exponent laws
available) .

115 VAC.
                             122

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Automatic refrigerator to maintain
samples at 4-10°C is available as
an option.

Sampling train is all plastic and
stainless steel.  Casing is
corrosive-resistant fiberglass.
The refrigerated model has a baked
enamel-covered steel enclosure with
plastic interior.

76 x 61 x 140 cm (30x24x55 in.);
weatherproof enclosures for refrig-
erator models are 76 x 61 x 183 cm
(30x24x72 in.); designed for fixed
ins tallation.

Start around $1,500; add $300 for
refrigerator in weatherproof enclo-
sure; and $27 for delay relay, $300
for predetermined counter, or $630
for integrating flow proportional
operation.

In normal operation a continuous
sample stream flows through the
D-Y sampling valve, which is essen-
tially a rotating cylinder contain-
ing a drilled port sized for the
desired aliquot volume.  On signal,
the cylinder rotates 180° to allow
the trapped sample to flow into the
sample container.  After a 10 sec-
ond dwell, it returns to the purge
position.  Inserts for cutting
strings, etc., are available for
trashy flows.  With the optional
vacuum system a switchable compres-
sor is used to purge lines and draw
the sample.

A recycle timer is used to program
the sampling sequence of air purge,
sample fill-sample collection, and
air purge cycles.  On signal the
sample line is immediately purged
with air pressure for a preset pe-
riod.  The cycle is changed to the
vacuum position.  Sample flows
through the sample valve into
vacuum chamber until the weight of
                             123

-------
the sample in the chamber overcomes
the spring resistance counterbal-
ancing the chamber.  The switch un-
der the vacuum chamber is closed by
the chamber and the sample valve
operates.  The vacuum cycle contin-
ues for a short time and then the
recycle timer switches back to the
air purge position.  The sample
valve rotates back to the purge po-
sition when the recycle timer
switches to air purge.  After the
sample line is purged, the Air
Purge/Vacuum Unit is off until an-
other pulse is received.  Manufac-
turer notes that using this method
of sampling, there is not an erron-
eous increase in solids concentra-
tion that may occur in other air
purge/vacuum systems that overfill
the vacuum chamber and then pump
out to a measured lower level.  All
pneumatic explosion-proof model
available.
    124

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:



Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity ;


Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
 Construction  Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
EMA MODEL 200

'Environmental Marketing Associates
3331 Northwest Elmwood Drive
Corvallis, Oregon  97330
Phone   (503) 752-1541

Perforated end of  suction  pipe
attached to  an adjustable
mounting bracket.

Forced  flow  from solenoid  activa-
ted piston.

Less than 0.9m  (1  ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.)  I.D.

Unknown.

21 mi aliquots  are composited
in a suitable container.

Aliquots can be  taken  at  in-
tervals  from 2  to  30 minutes
paced by an  adjustable timer,  or
as paced by  an  external  flowmeter.

110 VAC or 12 VDC.

Sample  container is  housed in  an
insulated chest  that  allows for
ice cooling.

Housing is PVC,  piston is  lucite,
and piston shaft is  aluminum.

Basic model  appears  to be  about
107 cm  (3.5  ft)  high.

Model 200 ac -  $199
Model 200 dc -  $249  (without
battery)
Model 200 dc floating  -  $456
 (without battery)
                              125

-------
General Comments;         A battery operated floating model
                         is available mounted on a pontoon
                         float.  Unit must be mounted at
                         point of sampling since it is not
                         designed to discharge to higher
                         elevations.  The sampler is fur-
                         nished with an adjustable mount-
                         ing bracket that supports both
                         the sampler and sample container.
                             126

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
 ETS  FIELDTEC  MODEL  FS-4

.ETS  Products
 12161  Lackland  Road
 St.  Louis,  Missouri  63141
 Phone   (314)  878-1703

 Plastic  inlet strainer  installed  to
 suit by  user.

 Suction  lift  from peristaltic  pump.

 8.8m (29 ft)  maximum.

 0.6  cm (1/4 in.)  I.D. typical.

 Approximately 1.2t  (1/3 gal)  per
 hour depending  on tube  size used.

 Continuous  flow from pump  sequen-
 tially fills  12 individual  3. 8£
 (1 gal)  sample  containers  over a
 24-hour  period.

 On/off switch.   A kit is available
 for  changing  the  timing sequence
 (time  period  represented in one
 bottle) .

 115  VAC.

 Automatic  refrigerator  is  available
 as an  option.

 Sampling train  is all plastic;
 frame  and  case  are  aluminum with
 enamel finish.

 46 x 112 x  53 cm  (18x44x21  in.);
 weighs approximately 32 kg
 (70  Ibs);  portable.

 $1,095;  time  conversion kit is $16,
 refrigerator/heater accessory  is
 $400.
                             127

-------
General Comments;        Refrigeration or heating accessory
                         available.  Motor and pump can be
                         easily removed to a remote loca-
                         tion.  Pump will discharge up to
                         14m  (46 ft) head.  A synchronous
                         timing motor pulls a nylon rider
                         holding the discharge tube along a
                         track over a distribution tray to
                         fill bottles.  Alternate versions
                         that allow filling a 3.8£ (1 gal)
                         sample container in shorter time
                         periods (to one every five minutes),
                         offer different sizes and numbers
                         of sample containers, etc., are
                         available.
                              128

-------
Designat ion;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
FMC "TRU TEST"

Environmental Equipment Division
FMC Corporation
1800 FMC Drive West
Itasca, Illinois  60143
Phone  (312) 893-1800

Provided by user, a screen with
maximum openings of 1.3 cm
(0.5 in.) recommended; sampler has
standard 5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.

External head to provide flow
through a sampling chamber from
which a rotating dipper extracts a
sample aliquot and transfers it to
a funnel where it is gravity fed to
a composite bottle.

Not applicable.

Smallest line in sampling train is
the one connecting the funnel to
the sample bottle; it appears to be
about 2.5 cm (1 in.).

Recommended flow rate through sam-
pler is 95 to 190 £pm (25 to
50 gpm) with 133 £pm (35 gpm) as
optimum.  Minimum velocity in inlet
line, 5 cm (2 in.) diameter recom-
mended, should be 0.6m (2 ft) per
second.  Below 95 £pm (25 gpm) fun-
gus growth and settling in sampling
chamber will affect the sample
quality.

Sampling dipper collects a 25 m£
sample; a 7.6£ (2 gal) composite
container is provided.

Constant rate sampling (between 3
and 20 samples per hour) is con-
trolled by built-in timer; flow
proportional sampling provided by
either transmitter control or to-
talizer control from external flow
measuring device.

115 VAC.
                             129

-------
Sample Refrigerator;     Automatic refrigerator to maintain
                         samples at 4° to 10°C is available.

Construction Materials;  Bisphenol polyester resin, polypro-
                         pylene, stainless steel, and poly-
                         ethylene; case is laminated
                         fiberglass.

Basic Dimensions;        49 x 53 x 132 cm (19x21x52 in.);
                         designed for fixed installation.

Base Price;              $2,200 non-refrigerated.
                         $2,600 refrigerated.

General Comments;        Sampling chamber has adjustable
                         weir plates to regulate liquid
                         level.  Manufacturer recommends
                         that intake line be limited to
                         15.2m  (50 ft) or less in length.
                         All solid state electronics.  Coun-
                         ter top models also available.
                             130

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions;



Base Price:
General Comments:
HORIZON MODEL S7570

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60648
Phone   (312) 647-7644

Weighted end of suction tube in-
stalled to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump,

9m (30  ft) maximum.

Varies  from 0.08 to 0.8 cm  (0.0315
to 0.313 in.) I.D., depending upon
pump head chosen.

Depends upon lift and pump  head
chosen, but typically under 600 m£
per minute.

Collects a grab sample whose size
depends upon pump running time.

On/off  switch plus power selection
switch  for internal battery opera-
tion, AC operation, 12 VDC  opera-
tion, recharge on 12 VDC, or
recharge on AC.

Internal battery, 12 VDC, or
115 VAC.

None .

Sampling train is uninterrupted
Tygon tube; silicone or other tube
materials available.

Approximately 30 x 20 x 18  cm (12x
8x7 in.); weighs 9.5 kg (21 Ibs);
portable.

$505 for a complete unit; S7570 is
$425, pump head is $40, tubing is
typically $22 for a 15.2m (50 ft)
coil, and intake weight is  $17.50.

Actually a field sampling pump
rather  than a complete system.
                            131

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Plow Rate:



Sample Capacity;
Controls;



Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions;



Base Price:
HORIZON MODEL S7576

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North. Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60648
Phone   (312) 647-7644

Weighted end of suction tube
installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

9m (30 ft) maximum.

Varies from 0.08 to 0.8 cm
(0.0315 to 0.313 in.) I.D. de-
pending upon pump head chosen.

Depends Upon lift and pump head
chosen, but typically under
100 m& per minute.

Collects aliquots (whose size
depends upon pump running time)
every 15 minutes and composites
them in a user supplied container.

On/off switch plus timer that
controls duration of pump run as
a percentage of 15 minutes.

115 VAC

None.

Sampling train is uninterrupted
Tygon tube; silicone or other
tube materials available.

Approximately 30 x 20 x 18 cm
(12x8x7 in.); weighs 4 kg (9 Ibs);
portable.

Approximately $250 for a complete
unit; S7576 is $170, pump head is
$40, tubing is typically $22 for
a 15.2m (50 ft) coil, and intake
weight is $17.50.
                             132

-------
General Comments;        User must supply sample container
                         and protection to complete this
                         unit.
                            133

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
HORIZON MODEL S7578

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60648
Phone   (312) 647-7644

Weighted end of suction tube in-
stalled to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

9m (30  ft) maximum.

0.49 cm (0.192 in.) I.D.

Depends upon lift, but typically
under 100 m£ per minute.

Collects adjustable size aliquots
(30, 89, or 118 m£.) and composites
them in a 9. 7£ (2.5 gal) container.

Time intervals at which unit sam-
ples are switch selectable for once
every 15 minutes, once every
30 minutes, or continuously; ali-
quot size is switch selectable.

Internal battery, 115 VAC charger.

None.

Sampling train is uninterrupted
Tygon tube (silicone or other tube
materials available); sample con-
tainer  is polyethylene; case is ABS
plastic.

Approximately 41 x 23 x 56 cm (16x
9x22 in.); weighs 12.6 kg (28 Ibs) ;
portable.

$620.   Battery charger is $82.

Tube directs any accidental over-
flow outside the case to prevent
damage.
                             134

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:

S amp1e Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
HORIZON MODEL S7579

Horizon Ecology Company
7435 North Oak Park Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60648
Phone   (312) 647-7644

Plastic inlet strainer installed to
suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

8.8m (29 ft) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. typical.

Approximately 1.2t (1/3 gal) per
hour depending on tube size used.

Continuous flow from pump sequen-
tially  fills 12 individual 3. 8£
(1 gal) sample containers over a
24-hour period.

On/off  switch.  A kit is available
for changing the timing sequence
(time period represented in one
bottle) .

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator is available
as an option.

Sampling train is all plastic;
frame and case are aluminum with
enamel  finish.

46 x 112 x 53 cm (18x44x21 in.);
weighs  approximately 32 kg
(70 Ibs); portable.

$1,095; time conversion kit is $16,
refrigerator/heater  accessory  is
$400.
                             135

-------
General Comments;        Refrigeration or heating accessory
                         available.  Motor and pump can be
                         easily removed to a remote loca-
                         tion.  Pump will discharge up to
                         14m  (46 ft) head.  A synchronous
                         timing motor pulls a nylon rider
                         holding the discharge tube along a
                         track over a distribution tray to
                         fill bottles.  Time conversion kit
                         allows filling the 12 sample con-
                         tainers in 12 hours.  This unit is
                         manufactured for Horizon by ETS
                         Products.
                            136

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift:


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sarnja 1 e Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
HYDRAGUARD AUTOMATIC LIQUID SAMPLER

Automatic Samplers
850 Kees Street
Lebanon, Oregon  97355
Phone  (503) 258-2628

End of rigid metal metering
chamber.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

Depends upon pressure, but in
excess of 9m (30 ft).

0.6 cm (0.25 in.) I.D. (standard).

Depends upon pressure and lift.

Aliquots of volume proportional
to flow depth or rate are compos-
ited in a user-supplied container.

Sampling interval is adjustable
via a needle valve.  An optional
electronic control unit is avail-
able to operate sampler from
flowmeter contacts.

Regulated 1.4 kg/sq  cm (20 psi)
air supply.  115 VAC required
with optional electronic control
unit.

None.

Sampling train is all stainless
steel, inlet valve is rubber;
control unit is cast aluminum.

Depends upon model,  but all are
under 91 cm (36 in.) long and
will pass through a  15 cm (6 in.)
diameter opening.
                             137

-------
Base Price:
General Comments;
Model HP-1 (aliquot size linear
with flox* depth) is $246;
Model HP-2 (HP-1 with enlarged
sample chamber, lines, and inlet
hole) is $286; FP Series (ali-
quot size characterized for depth
in Parshall flume or weirs) is
$379; FPE Series (FP series with
enlarged sample chamber, lines,
and inlet hole) is $401; Model A-l
(adjustable aliquot size is inde-
pendent of flow depth) is $286;
air compressor is $140; portable
air tank with pressure regulator
is $76.

At the start of sampling cycle,
liquid flows through the inlet
port, displacing the inlet valve,
and rises in the sample chamber
and outlet tube, to the height of
liquid flowing through the flume
or weir.  Air pressure, in the
control chamber of the control
relay, holds a diaphragm over the
air supply port.  This pressure
bleeds to atmosphere through a
needle valve.  When the pressure
in the control chamber bleeds low
enough, the diaphragm moves away
from the air inlet port, allowing
air to enter the sample chamber.
Air pressure exerted on the liquid
in the sample chamber will seal
the inlet valve, and force the
sample out the outlet tube, to the
sample container.  As air enters
the sample chamber, some air flows
through the check valve (in the
control relay) into the control
chamber.  When air pressure in the
control chamber is equal to the
pressure in the operating chamber,
a spring forces the diaphragm back
over the air inlet.  The air is
now shut off, and the sample again
rises in the sample chamber, ready
for the next cycle.
                             138

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

S amp 1e Lift:

Line Size;

Scampi e Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
HYDRA-NUMATIC  COMPOSITE  SAMPLER

Hydra-Numatic  Sales  Company
65 Hudson Street
Hackensack, New Jersey   07602
Phone (201) 489-4191

End of suction tube  installed  to
suit by user.

Suction lift  from  centrifugal  pump.

Up to 4.6m  (15 ft).

1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.

5.7 Apm (1.5  gpm).

Aliquot size  is adjusted (based
upon anticipated flow  rates  where
external flowmeter  is  to be  em-
ployed) to  fill the  192.  (5 gal)
composite  container  in 24 hours.

Sampler receives signals from  ex-
ternal flow meter  through a primary
relay and  clock system,  the clock
serving as  a  memory-collecting
impulses representing  a  given  flow •
at which time a known,  pre-set vol-
ume of sample is drawn.   The volume
of sample  is  controlled  by a finely
calibrated  clock which opens a
free-port  solenoid valve for a pre-
set time period thereby  diverting
the flow to  the sample container.
A built-in  timer can be  used to
pace the sampler when  no flow  meter
is available.   It  can  either be
programmed  if rough  estimates  of
daily flow  variations  are known or
function as  a fixed  time interval
pacer.

115 VAC electricity.

None
                              139

-------
Construction Materials;  Polyethylene sample container,
                         Tygon sampling lines with bronze
                         fittings and connections, bronze
                         valves and pump, stainless steel
                         available as alternate; cabinet is
                         stainless steel.

Basic Dimensions;        91 x 33 x 91 cm (36x13x36 in.);
                         portable.

Base Price;              $1,800.
                            140

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer;
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
ISCO MODEL 1480

Instrumentation Specialties Co.
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505
Phone  (402) 464-0231

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump.

7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Not applicable.

Uniform aliquots of about 7 m&
are composited in a 11.4& (3 gal)
container  (standard) or 18.9)1
(5 gal) container (optional).  The
base itself can be used to collect
38£ (10 gal) samples and  can be
replaced by a 57£ (15 gal) poly-
olefin barrel for larger  sample
requirements.

Solid state electronics allow
sample collection rate to be
varied continuously from  0.2 li-
ters per day to 10.4 liters per
hour in timed mode; may also be
paced by ISCO Model 1470  flow-
meter.  Optional automatic starter
also available.

115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery, or
internal NiCad or sealed  lead-
acid battery.

Base has 2.5 cm (1 in.) foamed-
in-place insulation and ice cavity
                              141

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
that will keep a 11.4£ (3 gal)
sample below 13°C (55°F) for over
24 hours in a 56°C (100°F)
environment.

All plastic construction including
insulated case, tubing, and sam-
ple container; stainless steel
hardware.

48 cm (19 in.) diameter x 65 cm
(25.5 in.) H; weighs 14 kg
(31 Ibs); portable.

$645; $145 for NiCad or $60 for
lead-acid battery; Model 1640
automatic starter is $138.

Sampler will withstand accidental
submersion for short periods of
time.  All electrical and mechan-
ical components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in
a water-tight housing that con-
tains a regenerable dessicant.
Model 1480 is not designed to pro-
vide true proportions of heavy
suspended solids due to its inter-
mittent pumping action.  The
peristaltic pump turns in one-
half revolution increments with
two rollers pinching the tubing
at the end of each movement so
that the sample will not drain
back through the intake.

The optional Model 1470 flowmeter
enables the sampler to collect a
composite based on the volume of
passing fluid rather than on time.
Flowmeters other than ISCO are not
suited for use with the Model 1480
sampler.  Up to 151A (40 gal) of
sample may be taken on an 18 hour
battery charge.
                             142

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power  Source:
ISCO MODEL 1580

Instrumentation Specialties Company
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505
Phone   (402) 464-0231

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 or 0.95 cm (1/4 or 3/8 in.)
I.D.

Up to 0.8 m/s (2.7 fps) standard or
1.2 m/s (4 fps) superspeed, depend-
ing upon lift.

Adjustable size aliquots  (between
40 and  600 m£) are composited in a
11.4£ (3 gal) container (standard)
or 18.9-6 (5 gal) container  (op-
tional) .  The base itself can be
used to collect 38£  (10 gal) sam-
ples and can be replaced  by a 57£
(15 gal) polyolefin barrel  for
larger  sample requirements.

Sample  aliquot size is  switch se-
lectable in eight increments from
40 to 600 m£; sampling  frequency
can be  adjusted from 2.5  to
320 minutes when operating  in the
timed mode.  A switch multiplies
the volume  that is transmitted by
an external flowmeter by  a  factor
of from 1 to 9 when used  in the
flow mode.  Any flowmeter that pro-
vides a contact closure at  fixed
volumetric  intervals can  be used.

115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery, or
internal NiCad or sealed  lead-acid
battery.
                             143

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Base has 2.5 cm (1 in.) foamed-in-
place insulation and ice cavity
that will keep a 11.4£ (3 gal) sam-
ple below 13°C (55°F) for over
24 hours in a 56°C (100°F)
environment.

All plastic construction including
insulated case, tubing, and sample
container; stainless steel hardware.

48 cm (19 in.) diameter x 65 cm
(25.5 in.) H; weighs 14 kg (31 Ibs);
portable.

$825; options priced as for
Model 1680.  An explosion-proof
Model 1631W is available at $1,450.

Sampler will withstand accidental
submersion for short periods of
time.  All electrical and mechani-
cal components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in a
water-tight housing that contains a
regenerable dessicant.  The intake
line is purged before and after
each aliquot is taken to help mini-
mize cross-contamination and ensure
that the sample is representative
of the time at which it was taken.
The optional automatic starter al-
lows the unit to be activated when
the flow depth reaches some prede-
termined level.
                             144

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity:

Controls;

Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;


Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
ISCO MODEL 1580RW

Instrumentation Specialties Company
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505
Phone  (402) 464-0231

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 or 0.95 cm (1/4 or 3/8 in.)
I.D.

Up to 0.8 m/s (2.7 fps) standard or
1.2 m/s (4 fps) superspeed, depend-
ing upon lift.

Same as Model 1580.

Same as Model 1580.

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator provides se-
lectable temperature from 0° to 88C.

Same as Model 1580.  Refrigerated
compartment is lined with rigid
foamed-in-place insulation that will
not support bacterial growth or re-
tain odors.

62 x 65 x 108 cm (24x26x42 in.);
weighs 52.6 kg (116 Ibs); fixed
installation.

$1,375; options priced as for
Model 1680.

This is basically a fixed installa-
tion, refrigerated version of the
portable Model 1580.
                              145

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method!

Sample Lift;



Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;
ISCO MODEL 1680

Instrumentation Specialties Co.
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505
Phone  (402) 464-0231

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift; 96% de-
livery at 2.4m (8 ft), 80% at 5.5m
(18 ft).

0.64 or 0.95 cm (1/4 or 3/8 in.)
I.D.

Up to 0.8 m/s (2.7 fps) standard or
1.2 m/s (4 fps) superspeed, depend-
ing upon lift.

Adjustable discrete sample volume
to maximum of 500 m£ with 28 plas-
tic bottles and 350 m£ with
28 glass bottles, selected to
within ±10 m£ by a 9 position
switch.  The switch scale indicates
volumes for head heights to 6.4m
(21 ft).  Another switch provides
for the selection of 6 different
suction line lengths.  An optional
multiplexer permits compositing 1,
2, 3, or 4 samples into each bot-
tle, allowing a maximum of 112 sam-
ples to be placed into the
28 bottles.  The multiplexer also
can be used to distribute the sam-
ple over 1, 2, 3, or 4 bottles,
permitting a larger sample volume
or the use of several different
preservatives.  An automatic shut-
off stops the sampling program af-
ter the last bottle is filled.  An
accessory base for taking 11.41
(3 gal) composite samples is
available.
                             146

-------
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Samples may be collected at inter-
vals determined by a 1 to 999 min-
ute quartz crystal timer or by any
ISCO flowmeter.  The controller can
combine up to 999 signals from the
flowmeter for each sample.  This
greatly expands the range of flow-
stream volumes originally available
in the flowmeter, and simplifies
interfacing with flowmeters of
other manufacture.  Sampling nor-
mally commences immediately upon
setup, but the initial sample can
be delayed up to 999 minutes if de-
sired.  All values are entered with
a pushbutton digital switch.  An
LED display shows the interval re-
maining before the next sample is
taken.

A simplified controller is availa-
ble as a lower cost option.  Timed
intervals from 3.75 minutes to
24 hours are selected with a 10 po-
sition rotary switch.  The flow
proportioned cycle operates in the
conventional manner, i.e., a sample
is taken for each signal from the
flowmeter.  There is no provision
for delaying the program initiation
or counting repeated flowmeter
pulses per sample.

115 VAC, 12 VDC auto battery, or
internal NiCad or sealed lead-acid
battery.

Has ice cavity for cooling; will
maintain samples up to 22°C  (40°F)
below ambient  for at least 12 hours
and 17°C (30°F) below ambient for
24 hours.

All plastic construction including
insulated case,  tubing, and  sample
bottles; stainless steel hardware.

49.5  cm  (19.5  in.) diameter  x 53  cm
(21 in.) H; weighs 18.1 kg  (40 Ibs);
portable.
                              147

-------
Base Price:
General Comments
$1,295; add $145 for NiCad or $60
for lead-acid batteries, $110 for
multiplexer, $75 for superspeed
pump, $20 for glass bottles, $138
for automatic starter.  Deduct $50
for simplified controller.  Compos-
ite base is $125.

Sampler will withstand accidental
submersion for short periods of
time.  All electrical and mechani-
cal components are waterproofed;
the programming unit is sealed in a
water-tight housing that contains a
regeneratable dessicant.  A rotat-
ing "clog-proof" funnel delivers
samples to the distributer plate
which channels them to their indi-
vidual bottles.  After each sample
the pump automatically reverses it-
self to purge intake tube and mini-
mize cross-contamination.  Operator
may manually trigger unit for indi-
vidual test sample or purge at any
stage of operation.  The optional
automatic starter allows the unit
to be activated when the flow depth
reaches some predetermined level.
                            148

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;



Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;

Controls;

Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;


Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
1SCO MODEL 1680RW

Instrumentation Specialties Co.
Environmental Division
P.O. Box 5347
Lincoln, Nebraska  68505
Phone   (402) 464-0231

Weighted plastic cylindrical
strainer with four rows of five
0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) holes evenly
spaced  around its periphery.

Suction lift from peristaltic pump.

7.9m (26 ft) maximum lift; 96% de-
livery  at 2.4m  (8 ft), 80% at 5.5m
(18 ft).

0.64 or 0.95 cm (1/4 or 3/8 in.)
I.D.

Up to 0.8 m/s (2.7 fps) standard or
1.2 m/s (4 fps) superspeed, depend-
ing upon lift.

Same as Model 1680.

Same as Model 1680.

115 VAC

Automatic refrigerator provides se-
lectable temperature from 0° to 8°C,

Same as Model 1680.  Refrigerated
compartment is  lined with rigid
foamed-in-place insulation that
will not support bacterial growth
or retain odors.

62 x 65 x 108 cm (24x26x42 in.);
weighs  52.6 kg  (116 Ibs); fixed
installation.

$1,820.  Options priced as for
Model 1680.

This is basically a fixed installa-
tion; refrigerated version of the
portable Model  1680.
                              149

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity:



Controls:
Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
KENT MODEL SSA

Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York  10562
Phone  (914) 941-8100

Plastic strainer at end of 7.6m
(25 ft) suction tube.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump.

Up to 4.9m (16 ft).

0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Up to 150 mJl per minute depending
upon lift.

Collects 24 discrete samples of up
to 177 (or 473) m£ over a period
of 6, 12, or 24 hours.

Spring-driven'clock triggers unit
at one hour intervals; other
timing mechanisms are available to
allow a sample to be taken at 15
or 30 minute intervals.  Sample
volume is determined by forward
pump run time which is adjustable
to compensate for lift and flow
depth.

12 VDC lead-acid battery, 115 VAC
or 220 VAC.

None.

Sampling train is all plastic;
totally enclosing glass reinforced
plastic case available.

45.7 cm (18 in.) diameter by
40.6 cm (16 in.) H; weighs 24.4 kg
(54 Ibs); portable.
                             150

-------
Base Price:              $1,240.

General Comments:        On signal, pump starts and runs in
                         reverse to clear tubing of fluid,
                         then runs forward for a pre-set
                         time to deliver sample to con-
                         tainer, after which it again re-
                         verses to purge pump and tubing
                         of fluid.  A complete cycle takes
                         from 2 to 5 minutes depending
                         upon lift and the quantity of
                         sample desired.
                            151

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials
KENT MODEL SSB

Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York  10562
Phone  (914) 941-8100

Fine gauze filter at end of
suction tube.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump.

Up to 4m (13 ft).

0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Less than 200 m£ per minute
depending upon lift.

Collects aliquots of pre-set size
and either composites them hourly
(standard, 30 and 15 minute in-
tervals optional) in one of 24
discrete 500 m£ containers or in
a single 20A bottle.

Rheostat on continuously running
pump motor controls speed which,
together with lift and a 0-60 sec-
ond diverter timer, determines
aliquot size.  In the 24 bottle
version, the bottles are mounted
on a rotating turntable that
indexes hourly (standard, 30, or
15 minute intervals optional).
Aliquot interval is either con-
trolled by an external flowmeter
(rate or totalized signal) or by
an adjustable interval timer.

115 VAC; 240 VAC.

None.

Sampling train is plastic except
for diverter which may be stain-
less steel; cabinet is sheet
metal.
                             152

-------
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
38 x 38 x 87 cm (15x15x34 in.);
weighs 30 kg (66 Ibs); designed
for fixed installation.

$2,354.

Unit is not recommended for flows
that are high in suspended solids.
In operation, the discharge from
the continuously running pump is
directed to a tippler mechanism
that normally returns the flow to
waste downstream from the intake.
On signal the tippler mechanism
diverts the flow to  the sample
discharge line for a predetermined
time period.  Manufacturer recom-
mends changing pump  tubing every
two weeks and "regular" cleaning
of the tippler mechanism.
                             153

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sample Intake;
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions;



Base Price:
KENT MODEL SSC

Kent Cambridge Instrument Company
73 Spring Street
Ossining, New York  10562
Phone  (914) 941-8100

Fine strainer at end of suction
tube which must be immersed at
least 5 cm (2 in.) below the
surface of the liquid to prevent
pump from drawing air.

Suction lift from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.

Up to 5m (16.4 ft).

2.5 cm (1 in.) I.D.

Up to 33 Apm depending upon lift.

Collects either 24 discrete 280 m£
samples or a 201 composite sample.

Sample interval is either con-
trolled by external flowmeter or
fixed at 15, 30, or 60 minutes by
interval timer.  A 0-300 second
delay timer is used to control
pump running time to assure that
a full 280 m£ aliquot is taken.

115 VAC; 240 VAC.

None.

Sampling train is rubber, plastic,
and stainless steel.

76 x 125 x 81 cm (30x49x32 in.);
weighs 80 kg (176 Ibs); designed
for fixed installation.

$2,354.
                             154

-------
General Comments:        On. signal, the pump starts and
                         its discharge is directed to a
                         tipping bucket, the force of the
                         jet being sufficient to hold the
                         tippler in an upright position
                         so that its overflow discharges
                         back into the flow stream.  After
                         a preset time the pump stops and
                         the weight of the sample in the
                         tippler causes it to overbalance
                         and discharge its contents into
                         the sample container.  In the
                         24 bottle version, the turntable
                         carrying the bottles then rotates
                         to present a fresh container for
                         the next sample.  The unit must
                         be mounted adjacent to the chan-
                         nel from which the samples are
                         to be taken with the tippler over-
                         flow directed back into the
                         channel.  The pump must be primed
                         with water upon installation or
                         at any time when it does not con-
                         tain residual effluence.  Manu-
                         facturer states that tippler
                         mechanism must be cleaned regu-
                         larly.
                             155

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:

Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;


Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions;
Base Price:
KROFTA MODELS PN AND PF

Krofta Engineering Corporation
58 "Yokun Avenue
Lenox, Massachusetts  01240
Phone  (413) 637-0740

End of rigid metal metering chamber.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

Depends upon pressure, but in ex-
cess of 9m (30 ft)

Appears to be at least 1 cm
(3/8 in.).

Depends upon pressure and lift.

Aliquots of volume proportional to
flow rate are composited in a user-
supplied container.

Sampler is equipped with a 24 min-
ute repeat cycle timer and five re-
movable cams that can be used to
provide either 4, 6, 8, 12, or
24 minutes between aliquots.

115 VAC plus compressed air (15 psi
min, 80 psi max).

None.

Sampling train is stainless steel
and rubber.

Depends upon model but all chamber
assemblies are under 96 cm (38 in.)
long and 15 cm (6 in.) in diameter;
control box is 15 x 15 x 10 cm (6x
6x4 in.).

Model PN-2 for use with rectangular
weirs is $945; Model PF-2 for use
with Parshall flumes is $1,060.
                             156

-------
General Comments;        Sampler must be used with appropri-
                         ate primary flow measuring device.
                         The repeat cycle timer and cam op-
                         erate a microswitch, which controls
                         the compressed air supply solenoid
                         valve.  During each sampling inter-
                         val, the cam allows the microswitch
                         to open, deenergizing the solenoid
                         valve, which relieves the air pres-
                         sure, allowing the cylinder spring
                         return to raise the sampling inlet
                         valve.  The sample will enter and
                         rise in the sample chamber to the
                         height of water on the weir or
                         flume.  At the end of three minutes,
                         the cam will close the microswitch
                         and air will enter the operating
                         cylinder, closing the inlet valve.
                         As the cylinder piston moves down,
                         a hole in the cylinder wall is ex-
                         posed, allowing air to pass through
                         a tubing, connecting the pressure
                         side of the cylinder with the sam-
                         pling chamber.  A removable orifice
                         is placed at the lower end of the
                         tube, restricting the air flow, to
                         maintain sufficient line pressure
                         to hold the valve closed, yet allow
                         pressure to build up in the sample
                         chamber, to evacuate the sample
                         through the hollow valve seat and
                         valve stem to a user-supplied col-
                         lection barrel.
                             157

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;


Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls;


Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials:


Basic Dimensions;

Base Price;

General Comments:
KROFTA MODEL CO

Krofta Engineering Corporation
58 Yokun Avenue
Lenox, Massachusetts  01240
Phone  (413) 637-0740

End of rigid metal metering chamber.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

Depends upon pressure, hut in ex-
cess of 9m (30 ft).

Appears to he at least 1 cm
(3/8 in.).

Depends upon pressure and lift.

Aliquots of volume proportional to
flow rate are composited in a user-
supplied container.

Sampler has a 3 minute repeat cycle
timer.

115 VAC plus compressed air (15 psi
min, 80 psi max).

None.

Sampling train is hronze, stainless
steel, and rubber.

13 x 20 x 33 cm (5x8x13 in.).

$635.

Sampling period is one minute dur-
ing which time the bottom valve is
open, the compressed air valve is
closed and the three-way valve is
open to atmosphere for bleed off.
Discharge period is two minutes
during which time, the bottom valve
is closed^ the compressed air valve
is open and the bleed off is closed.
                             158

-------
The sample collected is forced by
compressed air through a hose to
the collection drum.  The Sampler's
inlet is cleaned by escaping air,
when the bottom valve opens.
    159

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:

Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions;



Base Price;



General Comments:
KROFTA PORTABLE SAMPLER

Krofta Engineering Corporation
58 Yokun Avenue
Lenox, Massachusetts  01240
Phone  (413) 637-0740

Weighted metal mesh strainer.

Suction lift from self-priming pos-
itive displacement pump.

7.6m  (25 ft) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Unknown.

Adjustable size aliquots up to
300 mt are composited in a 13.2t
(3-1/2 gal) container.

Aliquot volume is controlled by
pump  running time.  Sampling inter-
val is either 15 or 30 minutes de-
pending upon cam selection.

12 VDC, 115 VAC or both.

None.

Sampling train is plastic, stain-
less  steel, and rubber.

Case  is 36 x 20 x 36 cm (14x8x
14 in.); battery pack is separate;
portable.

$1,110 complete with battery pack,
charger, and collection tank; $720
for AC version.

During the time between sampling,
the pump is off and a solenoid vent
valve is open, allowing intake line
to drain.  When pump starts, the
vent  valve closes and sample is
taken.
                             160

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method
Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
LAKESIDE TREBLER MODEL T-2

Lakeside Equipment Corporation
1022 East Devon Avenue
Bartlett, Illinois  60103
Phone (312) 837-5640

Specially designed scoop.

Mechanical; rotating scoop tra-
verses entire depth of flow; as
scoop is rotated out of  flow the
sample drains by gravity through
the hub and into a composite sample
jar.

Unit must be in flow stream.

1.3 cm (1/2 in.) diameter pipe con-
nects hub to sample container.

Not applicable.

Scoop is shaped to gather a volume
of sample that is proportional to
the channel flow; can vary typically
from 300 to 600 m£ when  installed in
a Parshall flume.

Timer can be used to trigger sam-
pling cycle at any desired interval
of a 1 hour period.

115 VAC electricity.

Automatic refrigerator available
which maintains sample temperature
at approximately 4°C.
Cast aluminum
sprockets and
glass or cast
plastic pipe,
bottle.
frame, steel
chain drive, plexi-
aluminuin scoop,
polyethylene sample
Approximately 0.6-0.9m  (2-3  ft)  of
head room above  flume is required.
Other dimensions depend upon  size
of flume.  Refrigerator case  is
76 x 61 x 91 cm  (30  x 24 x 36  in.).
Fixed installation.
                              161

-------
Base Price;              $688 with plexiglass scoop.
                         $962 with timer.
                         Add $615 for refrigerator.

General Comments;        Without timer the unit takes
                         30 samples per hour.  For accurate
                         sampling the unit must operate in
                         conjunction with a Parshall flume
                         or weir.  For raw sewage or in-
                         dustrial wastes with high settle-
                         able solids count a Parshall flume
                         is recommended.  Daily inspection
                         and weekly cleaning is recommended,
                             162

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method

Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
MANNING MODEL S-3000

Manning Environmental Corporation
120 DuBois Street
P.O. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California  95061
Phone  (408) 427-0230

Weighted intake strainer at end of
6.7m (22 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 7m (23 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 1.8 m/s (6 fps) depending
upon lift.

Adjustable size aliquots (between
25 and 500 m£) are composited in
either a 11.4 or 18.9l (3 or 5 gal)
container.

Unit may be paced by the contact
closure output of an external flow-
meter or by an optional internal
quartz crystal timer whose interval
can be continuously adjusted be-
tween 3 minutes to 4 hours.  Sample
size is adjustable by positioning
end of inlet tube in metering
chamber.

12 VDC non-spillable wet-cell bat-
tery; 115 VAC optional.

An ice compartment is provided in
the base to facilitate sample
cooling.

Sampling train is all plastic; case
is molded plastic with stainless
steel hardware.

50 cm (20 in.) diameter x  74 cm
(28.9 in.) H; weighs 13.2  kg
(29 Ibs); portable.
                             163

-------
Base Price;              $895; add $105 for quartz cycle
                         timer.

General Comments:        Sampler may be manually started or
                         actuated by an external device such
                         as a liquid level or rain gage.
                         Cycle begins with compressor purg-
                         ing metering chamber and intake
                         line with air for 15 seconds.  A
                         solenoid valve then inverts the
                         compressor lines to create a vacuum
                         in the metering chamber, and liquid
                         is drawn up until it is full as de-
                         tected by an electronic sensor.
                         The solenoid valve then reverses
                         and the metering chamber is again
                         pressurised, forcing the excess
                         sample back out the intake hose.  A
                         pinch valve opens, permitting the
                         premeasured sample remaining to be
                         forced into the sample bottle, and
                         then closes, permitting purge to
                         continue for 10 seconds.  Unit au-
                         tomatically recycles through purge
                         twice, if required.
                             164

-------
Designation:
MANNING MODEL S-4040
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Manning Environmental Corporation
120 DuBois Street
P.O. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California  95061
Phone  (408) 427-0230

Weighted intake at end of 6.7m
(22 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 7m (23 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 1.8 m/s (6 fps) depending
upon lift.

Standard unit takes 24 discrete
samples adjustable in size between
25 and 500 m£.  Options allow for
collecting sequential composite
samples made up of up to 10 ali-
quots each or for filling up to
10 bottles in immediate succession.

Unit may be paced by the contact
closure output of an external flow-
meter or by an optional internal
quartz crystal timer whose interval
can be set at 3.75, 7.5, 15, or
30 minutes or 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 or
24 hours.  Sample size is adjusta-
ble by positioning end of inlet
tube in metering chamber.  Optional
features allow sampler to be switch
selectable to take multiple samples
in one bottle or the same sample in
multiple bottles.  There are manual
controls for bottle advance and for
one complete test cycle.

12 VDC non-spillable wet-cell bat-
tery; 115 VAC optional.

An ice compartment is provided in
the base to facilitate sample
cooling.
                             165

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sampling train is all plastic; case
is molded plastic with stainless
steel hardware.

48 cm (19 in.) diameter x 57 cm
(22.5 in.) H; weighs 16 kg
(35 Ibs); portable.

$1,290; add $105 for quartz cycle
timer, $150 for multiplexer.

Sampler may be manually started
or actuated by an external device
such as a liquid level or rain
gage.  Cycle begins with com-
pressor purging metering chamber
and intake line with air for
15 seconds.  A solenoid valve then
inverts the compressor lines to
create a vacuum in the metering
chamber, and liquid is drawn up
until it is full as detected by
an electronic sensor.  The sole-
noid valve then reverses and the
metering chamber is again pres-
surized, forcing the excess sample
back out the intake hose.  A
pinch valve opens, permitting the
premeasured sample remaining to
be forced into the sample bottle,
and then closes, permitting purge
to continue for 10 seconds.  Unit
automatically recycles through
purge twice, if required.
                             166

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
MANNING MODEL S-5000

Manning Environmental Corporation
120 DuBois Street
P. 0. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California  95061
Phone  (408) 427-0230

Weighted intake at end of 6.7m
(22 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6m (20 ft).

1.6 cm (5/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 0.9 m/s (3 fps) depending upon
lift.

Adjustable size aliquots (between
50 and 1000 m£) are composited in
either a 7.8, 11.4, or 18.9£  (2, 3,
or 5 gal) container.

Unit may be paced by  the contact
closure output of an  external flow-
meter or by an optional internal
quartz crystal timer  whose interval
can be set at 3.75, 7.5, 15,  or
30 minutes or 1, 2, 4, 6, 12  or
24 hours.  Sample size is adjustable
by positioning end of inlet tube in
metering chamber.

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample compartment between 4°-10°C
is available.

Sampling train is all plastic; case
is painted steel.

61 x 44 x 68 cm  (24x18x26 in.) wall
mounted; 61 x 64 x 148 cm (24x25x
58 in.) floor mounted; weights are
42 kg  (95 Ibs) wall mounted,  51 kg
(113 Ibs) floor mounted, 80 kg
(175 Ibs) refrigerated; fixed
installation.
                              167

-------
Base Price:              $2,150 for floor mounted refrigera-
                         ted model; add $120 for quartz crys-
                         tal timer; deduct $600 for wall
                         mounted or $400 for floor mounted,
                         nonrefrigerated models.

General Comments;        Sampler may be manually started
                         or actuated by an external device
                         such as a liquid level or rain
                         gage.   Cycle begins with com-
                         pressor purging metering chamber
                         and intake line with air for
                         15 seconds.  A solenoid valve then
                         inverts the compressor lines to
                         create a vacuum in the metering
                         chamber, and liquid is drawn up
                         until  it is full as detected by an
                         electronic sensor.  The solenoid
                         valve  then reverses and the metering
                         chamber is again pressurized, forc-
                         ing the excess sample back out the
                         intake hose.  A pinch valve opens,
                         permitting the premeasured sample
                         remaining to be forced into the
                         sample bottle, and then closes, per-
                         mitting purge to continue for
                         10 seconds.  Unit automatically re-
                         cycles through purge twice, if
                         required.

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method

Sample Lift:

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
MANNING MODEL S-6QOO

Manning Environmental Corporation
120 DuBois Street
P.O. Box 1356
Santa Cruz, California  95061
Phone  (408) 427-0230

Weighted intake at end of 6.7m
(22 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6m (20 ft).

1.6 cm (5/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 0.9 m/s (3 fps) depending
upon lift.

Standard unit takes  24 discrete
samples adjustable in size between
50 and 1000 m£.  Options allow for
collecting sequential composite
samples made up of up to 20 ali-
quots each or alternately taking 1
to 8 immediately consecutive samples
in consecutive bottles.

Unit may be paced by  the contact
closure output of an  external
flowmeter or by an optional in-
ternal quartz crystal timer whose
interval can be set  at 3.75, 7.5,
15, or 30 minutes or  1, 2, 4, 6,
12 or 24 hours.  Sample size is
adjustable by positioning end of
inlet tube in metering chamber.
Optional features allow sampler to
be switch selectable  to take multi-
ple samples in one bottle or the
same sample in multiple bottles.
There are manual controls for bottle
advance and for one  complete test
cycle.

115 VAC.
                             169

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments
Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample compartment between 4°-10°C
is standard.

Sampling train is all plastic; case
is painted steel.

61 x 64 x 148 cm (24x25x58 in.);
weighs 86 kg (190 Ibs);  fixed
installation.

$2,930; add $120 for quartz cycle
timer, $200 for multiplexer.

Sampler may be manually started
or actuated by an external device
such as a liquid level or rain
gage.  Cycle begins with compres-
sor purging metering chamber and
intake line with air for 15 seconds.
A solenoid valve then inverts the
compressor lines to create a vacuum
in the metering chamber, and liquid
is drawn up until it is full as de-
tected by an electronic sensor.  The
solenoid valve then reverses and the
metering chamber is again pressur-
ized, forcing the excess sample back
out the intake hose.  A pinch valve
opens, permitting the premeasured
sample remaining to be forced into
the sample bottle, and then closes,
permitting purge to continue for
15 seconds.  Unit automatically re-
cycles through purge twice, if
required.  Option allows first
12 bottles to be taken at one time
interval while the second twelve are
taken at a different time interval.
                             170

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source;



Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
MARK.LAND MODEL 1301

Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone  (416) 625-0930

Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm  (1/4 in.) I.D.

Varies with pressure and lift.

Composites 75-mJl aliquots into a
7.6JI (2 gal) bottle.

Solid state clock allows selecting
intervals between aliquots of
15 to 60 minutes.  Optional con-
troller allows pacing  from ex-
ternal flowmeter.

Compressed air bottle  plus two
6-volt, dry-cell lantern
batteries.

None

Standard intake housing is aluminum
alloy; stainless steel and PVC are
available as alternates.  Standard
"duckbill" is EPT; Buna-N and Viton
are available.  Tygon  tubing, stain-
less steel or plastic  fittings,
polyethylene sample bottle, fiber-
glass case.

Sample intake is 7.3 cm (2.875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm (5  in.) H;
case is 43 x 30 x 71 cm (17xl2x
28 in.); weighs 27.2 kg (60 Ibs);
portable.
                              171

-------
Base Price:
General Comments:
$1095; add $135 for stainless
steel or PVC intake, $20 for Viton
"duckbill", $100 for flow propor-
tional adapter; all prices include
air freight and duty.

The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing.  It is round
on the bottom and flattens out to
a flaired top where the opening is
simply a slit.  When the intake
is vented to atmosphere, the hydro-
static liquid head forces a sample
up through the vertical inlet and
through the "duckbill" slit, which
acts like a screen (the lips can
only open a limited amount), until
the pressure is equalized.  When
air pressure is applied to raise
the sample the "duckbill" lips
close (acting as a check valve),
and the squeezing-shut progresses
downwards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity.
                             172

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
MARKLAND HODEL 101

Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone   (416) 625-0930

Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.

Forced  flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Varies with pressure and lift.

Composites 75-m£ aliquots into a
7.6A (2 gal) bottle.

A cycle timer with field adjust-
able cams allows taking an aliquot
every 10, 15, 20, 30, or 60 min-
utes .

Plant air for Model 101; Model 2101
includes air compressor and motor;
110 VAC.

0.17 cu m (6 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either a 7.6
or 18.95- (2 or 5 gal) bottle avail-
able .

Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EFT;
Buna-N  and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings, polyethylene
sample bottle.
                              173

-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Sample intake is 7.3 cm  (2.875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm  (5 in.) H;
wall-mounted control box is
15 x 10 x 15 cm (6x4x6 in.); fixed
installation.

$594 for Model 101 including con-
trol box, remote sampling intake,
air filter, regulator and pressure
gauge, 100 feet of tubing, and
2 gallon sample collection bot-
tle; $634 for Model 2101 including
control box, remote sampling in-
take, air compressor and motor,
100 feet of tubing, and 2 gallon
sample collection bottle; add
$135 for stainless steel or PVC
intake, $20 for Viton "duckbill",
$335 for refrigerator, $11 for
5 gallon sample container; all
prices include air freight and
duty.  Model 300 discrete 24 bot-
tle attachment is $795.

The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing^  It is
round on the bottom and flattens
out to a flaired top where the
opening is simply a slit.  When
the intake is vented to atmos-
phere, the hydrostatic liquid head
forces a sample up through the
"duckbill" slit, which acts like
a screen (the lips can only open
a limited amount), until the pres-
sure is equalized.  When air
pressure is applied to raise the
sample, the "duckbill" lips close
(acting as a check valve), and the
squeezing-shut progresses down-
wards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity.
                             174

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials;
Basic Dimensions:
MARKLAND MODEL 102

Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone  (416) 625-0930

Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Varies with pressure and lift.

Composites 75-mJl aliquots into a
7.6A (2 gal) bottle.

A cycle timer with field adjust-
able cams allows taking an aliquot
every 10, 15, 20, 30, or 60 min-
utes .

Plant air plus 110 VAC.

0.17 cu m (6 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either a
7.6 or 18.9£ (2 or 5 gal) bottle
available.

Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna-N and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings, polyethylene
sample bottle, fiberglass case.

Sample intake is 7.3 cm (2.875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm  (5 in.) H;
wall-mounted control box is
25 x 13 x 30 cm (10x5x12 in.);
fixed installation.
                             175

-------
Base Price:
General Comments
$894,  Includes control box, re-
mote sampling intake, air filter,
regulator and pressure gauge,
100 feet of tubing, and 2 gallon
sample collection bottle.  Add
$135 for stainless steel or PVC
intake, $20 for Viton "duckbill",
$325 for refrigerator, $10 for
5 gallon sample container.  All
prices include air freight and
duty.  Model 300 discrete 24 bot-
tle attachment is $795.

The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing.  It is
round on the bottom and flattens
out to a flaired top where the
opening is simply a slit.  When
the intake is vented to atmos-
phere, the hydrostatic liquid
head forces a sample up through
the vertical inlet and through  the
"duckbill" slit, which acts like a
screen (the lips can only open  a
limited amount), until the pres-
sure is equalized.  When air
pressure is applied to raise  the
sample the "duckbill" lips close
(acting as a check valve), and
the squeezing-shut progresses
downwards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity.  The con-
trol box has a pinch valve on  the
sample line which squeezes it
closed and keeps the sample in-
take housing filled with pressur-
ized air between aliquot ejections
This feature is useful when sam-
pling liquids with high solids
content which would tend  to settle
out  in the intake while waiting  to
be ejected.  Also,  the air pressur-
ization provides a  reverse air
                               176

-------
purge back through the "duckbill"
thereby providing a sort of self
cleaning action should any solids
build up in the "duckbill" inlet.
The manufacturer recommends this
model in particular for raw
sewage or liquids with solids
content over 200 PPM.
  177

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity:


Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
MARKLAKD MODEL 10AT

Markland Specialty Engineering Ltd.
Box 145
Etobicoke, Ontario (Canada)
Phone  (416) 625-0930

Small gravity filled sample cham-
ber equipped with patented non-
clogging "duckbill" inlet control.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

18.3m (60 ft) standard.

0.64 cm  (1/4 in.) I.D.

Varies with pressure and lift.

Composites 75-m& aliquots into a
7.61 (2 gal) bottle.

Solid state predetermining digital
counter accepts signals from an
external flowmeter to gather sam-
ples proportional to flow.  Op-
tional solid state clock allows
sampling at predetermined time
intervals.

Plant air for Model 104T;
Model 2104T includes air compressor
and motor; 110 VAC.

0.17 cu m (16 cu ft) automatic
refrigerator to hold either a 7.6
or 18.9£ (2 or 5 gal) bottle
available.

Standard intake housing is alumi-
num alloy; stainless steel and
PVC are available as alternates.
Standard "duckbill" is EPT;
Buna-N and Viton are available.
Tygon tubing, stainless steel or
plastic fittings, polyethylene
sample bottle, fiberglass case.
                              178

-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Sample intake is 7,3 cm (2,875 in.)
diameter x 12.7 cm (5 in.) H;
fixed installation,

$1094 for Model 104T including con-
trol box, remote sampling intake,
air filter, regulator and pres-
sure gauge, 100 feet of tubing,
and 2 gallon sample collection
bottle; $1134 for Model 2104T in-
cluding control box, remote sam-
pling intake, air compressor and
motor, 100 feet of tubing, and
2 gallon sample collection bottle.
Add $135 for stainless steel or
PVC intake, $20 for Viton "duck-
bill", $335 for refrigerator,
$10 for 5-gallon sample container,
and $215 for plug-in solid state
clock module.  All prices include
air freight and duty.  Model 300
discrete 24 bottle attachment is
$795.

The heart of the sampler is the
patented rubber "duckbill" in the
sample intake housing.  It is round
on the bottom and flattens out to
a flaired top where the opening is
simply a slit.  When the intake is
vented to atmosphere, the hydro-
static liquid head forces a sample
up through the vertical inlet and
through the "duckbill" slit, which
acts like a screen (the lips can
only open a limited amount) until
the pressure is equalized.  When
air pressure is applied to raise
the sample, the "duckbill" lips
close (acting as a check valve),
and the squeezing-shut progresses
downwards toward the bottom inlet
expelling ahead (in a sort of
milking action) any contained
solids which fall back into the
stream due to gravity.  The two
digit counter, when connected to
                              179

-------
an external flowmeter providing
dry contact pulsing closed momen-
tarily with frequency proportional
to flow, counts down from the pre-
set point to zero.  When zero is
reached, the sampling circuit
latches in and extracts an aliquot
while simultaneously resetting the
counter back to the reset point.
Pulses received while the aliquot
is being ejected are counted
without loss.
  180

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
jSampJLer Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions:
NALCO MODEL S-100

Nalco Chemical Company
180 N, Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois  60601
Phone  (312) 887-7500

End of 1.3 cm  (1/2 in.) standard
garden hose.

Forced flow from submersible pump.

Up to 7.6m (25 ft).

1.3 cm (1/2 in.) garden hose.

28.4 Apm (7.5  gpm) at  6m  (20 ft).

Aliquot volume between 50  to
900 m& is a function of the preset
diversion time (from 0.6  to 6.0
seconds); composited in user-
supplied container.

Can be used for either automatic
or manual collection of samples.
May be operated from a relay
tripped by an  external flowmeter
or level switch contact or by  a
built-in interval  timer that can
be set from 3  minutes  to  150 min-
utes .

115 VAC

None.

Plastic or rubber  hose lines;
cases are plastic.

Control box is 29  x 22 x  25 cm
(11.5x8.5x10 in.)  and  weighs
4.5 kg (10 Ibs); carrying  case is
52 x 20 x 41 cm (20.5x8x16 in.)
and weighs 12.2 kg (27 Ibs);
portable.
                             181

-------
Base Price;              Not available at time of writing.

General Comments;        Can be used portably or installed
                         permanently in one location.
                         Inlet connection to the pump is a
                         standard female garden hose fit-
                         ting; outlet connection is a
                         standard male garden hose fitting,
                         Sample container must be provided
                         by user.  Unit has a pre-flush
                         before each sample diversion to
                         help assure representative flow,
                         and drainage after each sample
                         interval helps keep system clean
                         and free of cross-contamination.
                             182

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:



Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls ;
Power Source:
Sample Refrigator:
NAPPE PORTA-POSITER SAMPLER

Nappe Corporation
Croton Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York  10519
Phone  (914) 277-3085

Provided by user; sampler has
0.64cm (.1/4 in.) NPT male hose
fitting.

Suction lift from self-priming
positive displacement pump with
flexible impeller.

1.8m (6 ft) maximum.

Line from petcock to sample con-
tainer appears to be about 0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D.

Pump delivers up to 11.4 Upm
(3 gpm).  Flow through by-pass to
sample container depends upon pet-
cock setting.

Adjustable size aliquots (20 to
240 m£) are composited in a 3.81
(1 gal) container.

The pump is operated once every
15 minutes for a period of 20 sec-
onds.  A cycle progress indicator
informs the operator of the time
to next sample.  There is also a
manual advance to the next sample.

Model PPAC is 115 VAC; Model PPD
is 12 VDC and Model PPU is 115 VAC
or 12 VDC.  The 12 VDC power must
be supplied by the user and is
usually a wet-cell battery.

None.
                             183

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Sample train is bronze, brass,
Buna-N, and polyethylene.  Casing
is 16 gauge steel with baked
enamel finish.

Basic unit is 24 x 22 x 34 cm
(9.5x8.5x13.5 in.); Models PPAC
and PPD weigh 10.4 kg (23 Ibs);
Model PPU weighs 11.8 kg (26 Ibs);
portable.

PPAC-4  $225.
PPD-4   $245.
PPU-4   $285.

At the end of each sampling cycle,
both inlet and exhaust are grav-
ity drained.  This drainage pro-
vides a sort of backwashing to
help prevent clogging.  Model PPU
is provided with two interchange-
able power cords; models PPAC and
PPD have permanent power cords.
A sample intake strainer is avail-
able as an option at $12.50, and
a mounting base is available at
$10.00.  1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.
polyethylene hose is available at
$1.50 per foot.
                            184

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sampler Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
NAPPE SERIES 46' LIQUID SAMPLER

Nappe Corporation
Croton Falls Industrial Complex
Route 22
Croton Falls, New York  10519
Phone  (914) 277-3085

Provided by user; sampler has
0.95 cm (3/8 in.) NPT female
pipe inlet.

Suction lift from self-priming
pump with flexible impeller.

To 4.6m (15 ft) suction; to 6m
(20 ft) discharge.

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Pump delivers up to 13.2 Zpm
(3.5 gpm).

Adjustable size aliquots are
composited in a 11.4£ (3 gal)
sample container.

Sampler can be triggered by an
adjustable timer which sets the
frequency between samples or by
an external flowmeter for flow-
proportional sampling.  Pump is
programmed for one of three
cycles depending upon sample re-
quirements .

115 VAC.

Refrigeration is available and
consists of a chilling coil
immersed in the sample container.
The compressor is housed in a
compartment on top of the main
sample cabinet.  Temperature con-
trol is by an expansion valve that
is factory set at 7°C (45°F).
                             185

-------
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Pump is stainless steel with
neoprene impeller.  Solenoid is
stainless steel and neoprene.
Samp'le container is polyethylene.
Hoses are reinforced neoprene.
Sampler cabinet is primed alumi-
num finished in baked enamel.
Hinges are stainless steel; lock
is brass.

Non-refrigerated - 39 x 34
x 102 cm (15.4x13.5x40.1 in.);
Refrigerated - 39 x 34 x 130 cm
(15.4x13.5x51.1 in.); Shipping
weight is 91 kg (200 Ibs);
designed for fixed installation.

$1100 to $1800 depending upon
options.

The pump is programmed for one of
three cycles.  For lifts up to
3m (10 ft), the pump operates for
30 seconds prior to and during the
sample diversion; for lifts from
3 to 4.6m (10 to 15 ft), the pump
runs continuously and is protected
by a pressure sensor; and for
lifts over 4.6m (15 ft), the pump
is located outside the cabinet,
alongside the sampling point and
runs continuously.  The electrical
programmer is housed on the
cabinet door and is hinged to
permit access.  Sealed disconnect
couplings are used on the refrig-
eration lines to permit cleaning
of coils.  For situations where
the sampling point is not access-
ible to the sampler, an optional
submersible pump is available.
                            186

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method


Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
N-CON SURVEYOR II MODEL

N'-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York  10801
Phone (914) 235-1020

End of 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) sampling
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift by self-priming flexi-
ble impeller pump.

1.8m (6 ft) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. line con-
nects diverter to sample container.

20 £pm (5 gpm).

Aliquot size adjustable from ap-
proximately 150 mfc to 5000 mi; com-
posited in user supplied container,
7.6£ (2 gal) jug to 2082. (55 gal)
drum.

Timer may be set to collect from
3 to 20 samples per hour; may also
be paced by either pulse duration
or totalizer signals from external
flowmeter.

115 VAC.

115 VAC/12 VDC refrigerator which
can hold either one 7.6£ (2 gal) or
two 3.8fc (1 gal) bottles available.

Sampling train is PVC, nylon, epoxy
resin, and Buna-N.

28 x 20 x 25 cm (11 x 8 x 10 in);
weighs 6.8 kg (15 Ibs); portable.

$290; add $280 for refrigerator,
$20 for flow proportional hook-up.

When sample is to be collected, the
self-priming pump operates for a
preset period of time which deter-
mines the volume of the sample.
                             187

-------
Approximately 15% of the pump's
throughput is diverted to the sam-
ple receiver by a fluidic diverter.
When the pump stops the fall of
liquid level in the exhaust line
backwashes to help prevent clogging.
User must supply reinforced garden
hose lines for sample intake and
return and sample container.
    188

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
N-CON SCOUT II MODEL

N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York  10801
Phone (914) 235-1020

Plastic strainer approximately
5 cm (2 in.) diameter x 20 cm
(8 in.) long and perforated
with 0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes.

Suction lift by peristaltic pump.

Up to 5.5 m (18 ft).

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

150 mH per minute.

Aliquot size is adjustable via a
solid state timer to  suit hydrau-
lics of installation  and sampling
programs; composited  in a 3.8£
(1 gal) container.

All solid state controller in
moisture-proof enclosure has func-
tion switch for test, reset and
set, and purge selection (before,
after, or both before and after
sample collection), sample volume
setting knob, on/off  switch, and
samples per hour switch (1, 2, 4,
or 8 per hour or one  sample every
1, 2, or 3 hours).  Float switch
automatically shuts unit off when
sample container is full.  Unit
may also be paced by  any flow to-
talizer providing a momentary con-
tact closure every preset number
of gallons.

115 VAC or internal 12 VDC solid-
gel battery.

115 VAC/12 VDC refrigerator which
can hold either one 7.6A (2 gal)
or two 3.8A  (1 gal) bottles
available.
                             189

-------
Construction Materials;  Sampling train PVC, silicone
                         rubber, polyethylene; case is
                         compression molded fiberglass,
                         stainless steel hardware.

Basic Dimensions;        36 x 15 x 43 cm (14x6x17 in.);
                         weighs 10 kg (22 Ibs); portable.

Base Price:              $575; solid-gel battery is $42,
                         charger is $38, automatic refrig-
                         erator is $280.

General Comments;        Optional refrigerator is
                         absorption-type, measures 43
                         x 43 x 38 cm (17x17x15 in.),
                         and weighs 9.5 kg  (21 Ibs).  Case
                         is weatherproof.
                           190

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
N-CON SENTRY 500 MODEL

N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York  10801
Phone (914) 235-1020

Plastic strainer approximately
5 cm (2 in.) diameter x 20 cm
(8 in.) long and perforated with
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) holes.

Suction lift by peristaltic pump.

Up to 5.5m  (18 ft).

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

150 mi per minute.

Collects 24 sequential composite
500 m£ samples made up of from 2,
4, or 8 individual aliquots over a
period of 3 to 72 hours.

Same as Scout II Model plus bottles
per hour switch adjustable from
8 bottles per hour to 1 bottle in
3 hours.

115 VAC or internal 12 VDC solid-
gel battery.

Available as option.

Same as Scout II, but glass sample
jars (clear styrene optional) and
aluminum case with baked-on syn-
thetic enamel finish.

37 x 37 x 56 cm (14.5 x 14.5
x 22 in.); weighs 17.7 kg  (39 Ibs)
portable.

$1,125; solid-gel battery is $42,
charger is $38.
                             191

-------
General Comments;         Similar in operation to the Scout
                         Model except for capability to
                         collect discrete samples.   Sampler
                         automatically shuts off after
                         24th bottle is filled.   Twin doors
                         provide easy access at  both front
                         and rear of case.  Sample distri-
                         bution tray slides out  for easy
                         cleaning without disturbing other
                         components.  A second pump head
                         may be easily field installed,
                         providing the ability to collect
                         a single as well as sequential
                         composite sample simultaneously or
                         to sample at different  levels in
                         the flow or from two different
                         sources simultaneously.
                            192

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
S amp1e r In take:
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate

S_amp__le___C_ap a c i t y ;



Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
N-CON SENTINEL MODEL

N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York  10801
Phone (914) 235-1020

Provided by user; sampler has
standard 5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.

External head to provide flow
through a sampling  chamber from
which an oscillating  dipper  (after
McGuire and Stormgaard) extracts
a sample aliquot and  transfers it
to a funnel where it  is gravity
fed to a composite  bottle.

Not applicable.

Smallest line in sampling train is
the one connecting  the funnel  to
the sample bottle;  it appears  to
be about 2.5 cm  (1  in.).

38 to 189 £pm (10 to  50 gpm).

Sampling dipper  collects a 25  m£.
aliquot; a 7.65,  (2  gal) composite
container is provided.

Constant rate sampling (between 3
and 20 samples per  hour) is  con-
trolled by built-in timer; flow
proportional composites are  col-
lected by connecting  to the  elec-
trical output of a  pulse duration
or integrating external flowmeter.

115 VAC electricity

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 4° to  10°C  is available.
Construction Materials;  PVC  and  polyethylene,
Basic Dimensions:
56 x 71 x 147 cm  (22  x  28
x  58 in.).  Designed for  fixed  in-
stallation.  Weighs 83.9 kg
(185 Ibs).
                             193

-------
Base Price;              Around $2,600 with refrigerator.

General Comments;         Manufacturer claims representative
                         samples assured due to design of
                         sample chamber which causes
                         thorough mixing of liquid before
                         it flows over adjustable weir.
                            194

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
N-CON TREBLER MODEL

N-Con Systems Company, Inc.
308 Main Street
New Rochelle, New York  10801
Phone (914) 235-1020

Specially designed scoop.

Mechanical; oscillating scoop is
lowered into the channel traversing
entire depth of flow, then returned
to its raised position, draining
the collected sample by gravity
through a swivel fitting coaxial
with the hub into a sample
container.

Unit must be in flow stream.

1.3 cm (1/2 in.) diameter  pipe
connects hub to sample container.

Not applicable.

Scoop is shaped to gather  a volume
of liquid that is proportional  to
the channel flow; can vary typi-
cally from 200 to 600 mi when
installed in a Parshall  flume.

Electric timer may be set  to take
from 3 to 20 samples per hour.

115 VAC electricity

Automatic refrigerator available
which provides 4° to 10°C  sample
storage.

Cast aluminum  frame and  cover;
PVC scoop, plastic pipe.

Approximately  0.6 to 0.9m  (2 to
3  ft) of headroom is required.
Other dimensions depend  upon size
of flume or weir.  Refrigerator
case is 61 x 66 x 76 cm  (24 x  26
x  30 in.).  Designed  for  fixed
installation.
                             195

-------
Base Price;              $1,050; add $300 for refrigerator.

General Comments;        Drive mechanism and control pro-
                         grammer are totally enclosed and
                         weatherproof, with no exposed
                         chains or sprockets.  Oscillating
                         action of scoop permits installa-
                         tion in smaller weir boxes and man-
                         holes and lessens the chances of
                         fouling with rags, etc., or being
                         damaged by floating debris.  Must
                         operate in conjunction with a weir
                         or Parshall flume.
                             196

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer!
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price;
NOASCONO AUTOMATIC SHIFT SAMPLER

Paul Noascono Company
805 Illinois Avenue
Collinsville, Illinois  62234
Phone  (618) 344-3706

End of 0.48 cm (3/16 in.) I.D.
suction tube installed to suit
by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump .

Up to 9m (30 ft) .

0.48 cm (3/16 in.) I.D.

Up to 8 m£ per minute.

Ten user-supplied wide mouth,
3.8£ (1 gal) jars are sequentially
filled from continuously running
pump; one jar requires 8 hours
to fill.

On/off switch.   Speed regulation
is accomplished  by a variable pump
pulley and with  a two-step motor
pulley.

110 VAC.

None.

Sampler box is "Benelex", plywood,
and stainless steel.  Sampling
train is Mayon,  teflon, and
Tygon.  Other parts are bronze
and plastic.

41 x 122 x 56 cm (16x48x22 in.):
weighs 39 kg  (87 Ibs) ; portable.

$360.
                             197

-------
General Comments;         Manufacturer claims that
                         construction of box will ensure
                         corrosion-free operation and will
                         enable sampler to operate at sub-
                         zero temperatures with the addi-
                         tion of user-supplied heater.
                         Box cover is insulated with
                         styrofoam blanket.  Box is
                         designed to hold 10 wide-mouth
                         3.7A (1 gal) sample jars which
                         must be supplied by the user.  A
                         threaded stainless steel driving
                         shaft and plastic trough are used
                         to deliver sample to jars sequen-
                         tially.  Manufacturer notes that
                         samples will not be representative
                         as regards solids content.
                             198

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method


Sample Lift;
Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate

jSample Capacity;
Controls;

Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
PERI PUMP MODEL 704

The Peri Pump Company Ltd.
951 Killarney Drive
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania  15234
Phone  (613) 392-6048

Weighted screen at end of 1.8m
(6 ft) long suction  tube in-
stalled to suit by user.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump.

Designed to operate  between 1.2
and 1.8m (4 and 6 ft); Manufac-
turer claims, however, that pump
is capable of lifting over 7.6m
(25 ft) although at  reduced out-
put .

Appears to be about  0.64 cm
(1/4 in.) I.D.

Approximately 160 mi per minute.

Fixed size (approx.  40 m&) ali-
quots are taken every 15 minutes
and composited in a  3.81 (1 gal)
container.

On/off switch.

Two 12 VDC dry-cell  batteries.

None

Sample train is PVC  and silicon.
Case is aluminum with rubber
sealed door and epoxy-sealed
controls and is painted with an
acrylic lacquer.

49 x 37 x 30 cm (16x12x10 in.);
weighs 11.3 kg (25 Ibs); portable

Not available at time of writing.
                             199

-------
General Comments;        An overflow tube is connected to
                         the container in case the unit is
                         left longer than 24 hours.  Ali-
                         quot size is a function of lift.
                            200

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size:


Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;

Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
PHILIPS AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Philips Electronic Instruments, Inc.
750 South Fulton Avenue
Mount Vernon, New York  10550
Phone  (914) 664-4500

Wire mesh guarded plastic cylinder
50 cm (20 in.) in diameter in which
floating pump maintains intake at a
constant but adjustable depth; 50 cm
(20 in.) recommended.

Forced flow from submersible pump.

15m (49 ft) minimum.

Appears to be at least 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.).

Between 1 and 2 m/s  (3.3 and
6.6 fps) ; pump capacity is approx-
imately 1 £/s (16 gpm).

Twelve 2-liter containers.

Sample container filling rate can be
controlled in proportion to liquid
level or flow, a constant filling
rate can be used, or bottles can be
filled almost instantly with a fixed
time interval between  samples.

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample compartment at  3°-4°C; typ-
ically a 2£ sample will cool from
30° to 5°C in one hour.

Appears to be all plastic.

Large unit suitable  for fixed
installation.

Not available at time  of writing.

Flow from the pump is  directed to
a surge tank external  to the main
cabinet.  For regular  sampling a
                             201

-------
motor driven, rotating dosing ring,
normally with 3-10 m£ chambers, is
mounted over the distributor ring.
The motor speed is controlled in
proportion to either flow or level
of the waterway.  Alternatively a
fixed time or filling rate can be
used.  A separately driven distribu-
tor ring directs the samples to any
one of the twelve 2 litre containers,
via individual hose connections.
This is programmed to move to the
next container as required.  An in-
termediate position closes all con-
nections to containers after sample
deliveries, so minimizing exposure
to air.  Contamination is minimized
by the fast intake of 3-4 £/min and
the use of 10 m£ dosing chambers.
Cleaning ports are provided in both
dosing and distribution rings for
routine cleaning if required.
   202

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intaket

Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity:



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
PHIPPS AND BIRD DIPPER-TYPE

Phipps and Bird,  Inc.
P.O. Box 27324
Richmond, Virginia  23261
Phone  (804) 264-2858

Dipping bucket.

Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.

Up to 3m  (10 ft)  standard, longer
on special order.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Dipping bucket holds *200 mJl; user
supplies  sample  composite container
to suit.

Sampling  cycle can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals  from a built-in  timer
(15 minutes) or  in response to
signals from an  external inte-
grating flowmeter.  Test switch.

115 VAC or 12 VDC electricity.

Optional  refrigerator, with wide
mouth sample intake (to  match
sampler discharge trough) leading
to custom sampler container, will
maintain  sample  between  4-10°C.

Dipper and funnel are stainless
steel; sprockets  and  chain are
steel (stainless  available),
supports  are angle iron.

Lower portion of  unit will pass
through a 30.5 cm (12 in.) diameter
opening;  base is  41 x 61 cm (16 x
24 in.) and entire unit  will pass
through a 76 cm  (30 in.) diameter
opening;  unit extends 0.9m  (3 ft)
above base.  Fixed installation.
                             203

-------
Base Price;              $725; $1,145 in stainless steel;
                         $1,980 for explosion proof version;
                         $2,450 for explosion proof version
                         in stainless steel; refrigerator
                         is $325.

General Comments:         Manufacturer states unit was de-
                         signed to sample trash laden
                         streams where it is not possible
                         to operate a pump.  A circuit
                         breaker prevents damage if unit
                         becomes jammed.
                             204

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
PROTECH MODEL CG-110

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania
Phone   (215) 644-4420
                                                  19355
Sample Refrigerator:
Plastic sampling chamber (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows of
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around the circumference.
Weighted bottom caps are avail-
able to keep the intake screen
off the bottom.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Standard maximum is 9.1m (30 ft).

0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

Less than 1 £pm; depends upon
pressure setting and lift.

Sample chamber volumes of 25, 50,
75, or 100 m&; composited in user
supplied container.

Sampling frequency is determined
by a built-in ratemeter and
fluidic accumulator timing cir-
cuit.  Sampling interval adjust-
able from 2 to 60 minutes.  On-off
valve for control of external
pressure source.  Standard 50 mJl
sample chamber has removable
25 mi plug.

Requires external pressure source
such as refrigerant type of
propellant, nitrogen or compressed
air .

Available as an option.
                             205

-------
Construction Materials:  All components in sampling train
                         are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
                         Case is heavy duty aluminum with
                         baked vinyl finish.

Basic Dimensions;         33 x 23 x 30 cm (13x9x12 in.);
                         weighs 7.3 kg (16 Ibs);  portable.

Base Price;              $485.

General Comments;         Model is explosion proof.  No
                         battery or electrical lines
                         needed.  Propellant consumption
                         is approximately equivalent to
                         150-170 samples per 0.45 kg (1 Ib)
                         of R-12 refrigerant.  Optionally
                         available are TFE sample chamber
                         and tubing for sampling oily or
                         sticky liquids, puncturing valve
                         for propellant in sealed refrig-
                         erant cans, short unweighted
                         bottom cap for sample chamber,
                         and a portable refrigerator.
                            206

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift:

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
FROTECH MODEL CG-125

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania
Phone (215) 644-4420
                                                19355
Plastic sampling chamber (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows of
0.3 cm (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around the circumference.  Weighted
bottom caps are available to keep
the intake screen off the bottom.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Standard maximum is 9.1m (30 ft).

0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

Less than 1 £pm (1/4 gpm); depends
upon pressure setting and lift.

Sample chamber volumes from 25 to
250 m£ available; sample composited
in suitable container, 5.82,
(1.5 gal) jug available.

Sampling frequency is determined
by metering gas pressure (via a
rot.ometer with a vernier needle
valve and two float balls) into a
surge tank until a preset pressure,
normally 1 kg/sq cm (15 psi), is
reached, whereupon a pressure con-
troller releases the gas, a
0.14 kg/sq cm (2 psi) differential,
to the sample chamber forcing the
sample up to the sample bottle and
blowing the lines clear.  The
higher the gas.flow rate the
higher the sampling frequency.
Sampling frequency is adjustable
from two minutes to one hour.

Three 0.45 kg (1 Ib) cans of re-
frigerant on a common manifold
inside the case is standard; com-
pressed air or nitrogen can also
be used.
                             207

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Portable refrigerator (110 VAC or
12 VDC) with capacity for one 5.82.
(1.5 gal) or two 3.8£ (1 gal) sam-
ple containers available.

All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is aluminum, gas valves and
fittings are of brass and copper.
33 x 25 x
standard;
to hold a
container
available,
14 kg (31
43 cm (13 x 10 x 17 in.)
deep case large enough
5.8£ (1.5 gal) sample
and winterizing kit is
  Standard unit weighs
Ibs) total; portable.
$695 for basic unit including 50 mi
sample chamber, 6 cans of refriger-
ant, and two 9m (30 ft) lengths of
tubing.  Add $75 for deep case;
$140 for winterizing kit; $20 for
100 mi or $80 for 250 mi sample
chamber; $275 for refrigerator.
Two high-lift, to 91m (300 ft),
models are available; CG-170 at
$870 offers continuously adjustable
lift, while CG-190 at $890 has con-
vertible high/low lift.

Standard model is explosion proof,
no battery or electrical power is
required.  Manufacturer claims unit
will sample up to 1/8" diameter
solids.  Check valve in sample
chamber is self-cleaning.  Self-
cleaning feature is accomplished by
the two-way flushing action which
occurs during each filling and
pressurizing cycle.  A flow split-
ter provides 1 to 2, 1 to 1, or
2 to 1 ratio of sample flow to
waste return flow.  Three cans of
refrigerant allow taking up to
250 aliquots.  Winterizing is ac-
complished using strip heaters op-
erated by an automatic temperature
control.
                             208

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
PROTECH MODEL CG-125FP

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania  19355
Phone (215) 644-4420

Plastic sampling chamber (about
5 cm diameter) with two rows of
0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) diameter ports
around  the circumference.  Weighted
bottom  caps are available to keep
the intake screen off the bottom.

Forced  flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Standard maximum is 9.1m (30 ft).

0.32 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

Less than 1 £pm (1/4 gpm); depends
upon pressure setting and lift.

Sample  chamber volumes from 25 to
250 mi  available; sample composited
in suitable container, 5.8£
(1.5 gal) jug available.

Can take samples at preset time
intervals in same way as
Model CG-125.  For flow propor-
tional  sampling a normally closed,
solenoid operated valve in the gas
inlet opens momentarily on receiv-
ing an  impulse from an external
flow registering device.  The sam-
pling frequency is determined by
the frequency and duration of
these impulses and the rotometer
setting.  Thus the intermittent
flow signal impulses are translated
into fluidic impulses that are ac-
cumulated in the surge tank which
serves  as a totalizer.  If the flow
proportional signal is supplied by
a totalizer and it is desired to
take one sample per impulse, a
solid state timer is available
                             209

-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Basic Price:
General Comments:
which will hold the solenoid open
long enough to accumulate the
necessary pressure.

115 VAC or 6 VDC; three 0.45 kg
(1 Ib) cans of refrigerant on a
common manifold inside the case is
standard; compressed air or nitro-
gen can also be used.

Optional as with CG-125.

All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is aluminum, gas valves and
fittings are of brass and copper.

Same as Model CG-125.

$925 for basic unit; add $250 for
solid state timer, other acces-
sories priced as for Model CG-125.

Basically a flow proportional
version of Model CG-125.  Com-
pletely portable in battery ver-
sion.  Control solenoid is
certified by UL for use in hazard-
ous areas.
                            210

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method


Sample Lift:

Line Size:


Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
PROTECH MODEL CEG 200

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania  19355
Phone   (215) 644-4420

Plastic 250 mi sampling chamber
with 4 removable 50 m£ plugs .

Forced-flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

Standard maximum is 16.8m (55 ft).

Smallest line is 0.32 cm (1/8 in.)
I.D.

Less than 1 Jlpm (1/4 gpm) ; depends
upon pressure setting and lift.

Aliquots taken by 250 m& sample
chamber with 4 removable 50 mA
plugs are composited in a 5.8A
(1.5 gal) sample container.

Sampling interval and duration
are controlled individually
(6 seconds to 60 hours) from panel
with visible countdown.  Samples
can be taken by propellant from
an external pressure source, or
by internal air compressor for
continuous use or standby.
Accepts signals by preset timer
or from external flowmeter signal.
Purging time is controllable via
sample duration timer.  Higher
lift than standard is available
by resetting internal pressure
regulator.

115 VAC and propellant from an
external pressure source such as
nitrogen, compressed air, or
refrigerant.
                             211

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
Noiseless absorption type avail-
able as an option with capacity
for one 5.Si (1.5 gal) or two
3.8A (1 gal) sample containers.
An aluminum stand is also avail-
able to support the refrigerator
on a shelf below the sampler.
Stationary models accommodate the
refrigerator within cabinet.

All components in sampling train
are TFE resins, PVC, and nylon.
Case is aluminum.

Portable - 33 x 48 x 43 cm
(13x19x17 in.), weighs 18 kg
(40 Ibs) total; Stationary indoor-
69 x 66 x 127 cm (27x26x50 in.),
weighs 107 kg (235 Ibs) total;
Stationary outdoor - 76 x 66 x
152 cm (30x26x60 in.), weighs
118 kg (260 Ibs) total.

$1,345 (portable), $1,990 (sta-
tionary indoor), and $2445
(stationary outdoor); all include
250 m& sample chamber, 15.2m
(50 ft) each of 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
O.D. and 1.3 cm  (1/2 in.) O.D.
tubing, and 5. 8JI (1.5 gal) sample
container.  For portable model
add $275 for refrigerator, $140
for winterizing kit, and $75 for
aluminum stand to hold sampler
above container or refrigerator.

Manufacturer claims unit has high-
solids capability for sampling
industrial and sewage wastes.
Sample lines are purged of liquid
after each sample is  taken.  A
seven-day programming clock for
stationary models programs opera-
tion in selected 15-minute incre-
ments; available at $195.
                             212

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake
Gathering Method:

Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
PROTECH MODEL CEL-300

Protech, Inc.
Roberts Lane
Malvern, Pennsylvania  19355
Phone  (215) 644-3854

Plastic cylindrical (about
10 cm  diameter x 20 cm long)
screen perforated with over
500-0.5 cm (3/16 in.) diameter
ports  over pump inlet.

Forced flow from submersible pump.

Standard maximum is 9.1m  (30 ft.)

1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D. inlet hose.

3.8 to 7.6 &pm  (1 to  2 gpm)
recommended.

Aliquot volume  (2 to  65 m£) is a
function of the preset diversion
time;  5.89, (1.5 gal)  composite
container is standard.

Unit operates on continuous-flow
principle, returning  the  un-
collected sample to waste.  Sample
is pumped through a non-clogging
flow-diverter type chamber.  Upon
receiving a signal from either an
external flow registering device
or the built-in timer, the  unit
diverts the flow for  a preset pe-
riod of time (adjustable  from
0.06 to 1.0 second) to the  sample
container.  When operating  in the
timed  sampling mode,  the  sampling
frequency can be set  for  1, 2, or
5 minutes.  When operating  in the
flow-proportional mode the  sampler
may accept either a timed pulse
signal which can be accumulated
(totalized) by  the built-in timer,
or a single totalized signal
whereupon the sampler will  be
fired  directly.
                             213

-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
115 VAC.

Available as an option in portable
model.  Stationary models have
automatic refrigerated sample
compartment.

Sampling train; PVC, nylon, stain-
less steel, and TFE resins; case
is aluminum with baked vinyl
finish.

Portable - 33 x 48 x 43 cm (13
x 19 x 17 in.), weighs 31.8 kg
(70 Ibs) total; Stationary in-
door - 69 x 66 x 127 cm (27 x 26
x 50 in.), weighs 113 kg (250 Ibs)
total; Stationary outdoor - 76
x 66 x 152 cm (30 x 26 x 60 in.),
weighs 125 kg (275 Ibs) total.

$1,495 portable, $2,205 stationary
indoor, $2,750 stationary outdoor;
all include lln (36 ft) of 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) I.D. inlet hose, 6.1m
(20 ft) of 2.5 cm (1 in.) waste
return hose, clamps, submersible
magnetic-drive pump, motor, and
sample container.  Alternative
pumps are direct-drive submersible
(add $10), flexible-impeller
positive-displacement (add $25),
progressive-cavity positive-
displacement (add $185), open-
impeller centrifugal (add.$145),
and closed-impeller centrifugal
(add $175).

Model DEL-400S is essentially sim-
ilar except that it takes up to
24 discrete samples in separate
500 mi containers.  It is housed
in a stationary outdoor cabinet
measuring 76 x 81 x 183 cm (30
x.32 x 72 in.) and total weight is
154 kg (340 Ibs).  Aluminum cabinet
version weighs 93 kg (205 Ibs).
Standard model costs $3,995 and
aluminum version is $4,765.
                             214

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
QCEC MODEL CVE

Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa  50315
Phone (515) 285-3091

End of suction line installed to
suit by user.

Suction lift from vacuum pump.

6m  (20 ft.) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Adjustable; up to 3 t/m (0.8 gpm)
depending upon lift.

Adjustable aliquots of from 20 to
50 mi are composited in a 1.94
(1/2 gal) jug  (standard) or 3.8£
(1 gal) jug (optional).

Sampling cycles can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals by a built-in  timer or in
response to signals from an ex-
ternal flowmeter.

115 VAC standard; 12 VDC optional.

Standard model has  insulated  case
with built-in  ice chamber; auto-
matic refrigeration is available
as an option.

Sampling train is tygon, polypro-
pylene, polyethylene, and glass;
case is fiberglass.

38 x 38 x 61 cm (15 x 15 x 24 in.)
portable.

$570 for base  unit  with timer only,
Add $175 for control to allow
pacing by external  flowmeter, $250
for mechanical refrigeration, $35
for electric heater.
                            215

-------
General Comments:         Unit was developed by Dow Chemical
                         and is manufactured under license.
                         It uses a patented vacuum system
                         which, delivers a volumetrically
                         controlled sample on signal.  Liq-
                         uid is lifted through suction tube
                         into a sample chamber (which is
                         connected to the sample container)
                         with a float check valve.  When the
                         chamber is filled to the desired
                         level it is automatically closed to
                         vacuum, the pump shuts off, and the
                         sample is forcibly drawn into the
                         sample container.  The suction line
                         drains by gravity to the source.
                         An option provides a 5.6 kg/sq cm
                         (80 psi) blow-down of the sampling
                         train just prior to sampling assur-
                         ing that no old material remains
                         in the submerged lower end of the
                         suction tube, helps clean the lines
                         of any accumulations which might
                         clog or plug, and provides a fresh
                         air purge of the entire system.
                             216

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer :
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size:


Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
QCEC MODEL CVE-76

Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa  50315
Phone  (515) 285-3091

End of suction line  installed  to
suit by user.

Suction lift from vacuum pump.

6m  (20 ft) maximum.

0.64 or 0.95 cm  (1/4 or 3/8  in.)
I.D.

Adjustable; up to 3  £/m (0.8  gpm)
depending upon lift.

Adjustable aliquots  of  from  20 to
50 m£. are composited in a 3.82.
(1 gal) jug, sizes to 11.45,  (3 gal)
optional.  In sequential mode  col-
lects 24-500 mJl  samples.

New all solid state  control  system
with interval timing module  will
accept signals from  external  flow-
meters and perform its  own integra-
tion to provide  flow proportional
sampling.  It will also accept ex-
ternal time pulse signals, or  signals
from sampling switches, or operate
on a straight timed  (1  to 99  min)
interval basis.  Sample flow rate  is
also adjustable.

115 VAC or 12 VDC, including  internal
gel-cell battery.

Standard model has insulated  case
with built-in ice chamber; auto-
matic refrigeration  is  available  as
an option.

Sampling train is tygon, polypro-
pylene, polyethylene, and glass;
case is fiberglass.
                              217

-------
Basic Dimensions;         46 cm (18 in.)  diameter x 81 cm
                         (32 in.)  high;  weighs 22.7 kg
                         (50 Ibs)  with battery;  portable.

Base Price;               Approximately $1,000 for basic unit.

General Comments;         This unit is essentially an improved
                         version of the older CVE.  Its in-
                         ternal battery will last up to
                         4 days on a single charge.  Up to
                         two weeks operation is  possible with
                         automotive type batteries.  Unit has
                         built-in charger.  The  new solid
                         state control system allows the
                         double blow-down feature to operate
                         in all control modes.  The sample
                         container is easily removable from
                         the top.
                              218

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Samp1er Intake;

Gathering Method


Sample Lift;


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls :
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
QCEC MODEL E

Quality Control Equipment Company
P.O. Box 2706
Des Moines, Iowa  50315
Phone (515) 285-3091

Dipping bucket.

Mechanical; dipper on sprocket-
chain drive.

To suit; manufacturer claims no
reasonable limit to working depth.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Dipping bucket holds 60 m£; user
supplies sample composite con-
tainer to suit.

Sampling cycles can either be
started at fixed, selected inter-
vals by a built-in timer or in
response to signals from an ex-
ternal flowmeter.

115 VAC Electricity

None

Dipper is stainless steel;
sprockets and chain are corrosion-
resistant cast iron (stainless
available), supports are provided
by user.

Upper unit is 20 x 39 x 36 cm
(8 x 15.5 x 14 in.); lower unit is
7.6 x 11.4 cm (3 x 4.5 in.).

$965 plus $25 per foot beyond 6';
add $400 for stainless steel
sprockets and chain plus $45 per
foot beyond 61, $175 for control to
allow pacing by external flowmeter.
                             219

-------
General Comments;         Manufacturer states that unit was
                         designed as a permanently installed
                         sampler for the most difficult ap-
                         plications such as packing houses,
                         steel mills, pulp mills, and
                         municipal applications.  Unit must
                         be custom installed by user.  Min-
                         imum water depth required is
                         10 cm (4 in.) .
                             220

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
RICE BARTON EFFLUENT SAMPLER
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Sjjz e ;


Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
Rice Barton Corporation
P.O. Box 1086
Worcester, Massachusetts
Phone  (617) 752-2821
                                                    01601
Base Price:
Open end of rigid pipe extending
from below expected low water
level to above sample container.

Suction lift from vacuum pump.

Around 3.7m (12 ft) maximum.

Smallest line appears to be about
2.5 cm (1 in.)

Will vary with lift.

Adjustable size aliquots of from
200 to 500 m£ are composited  in
a user-supplied container.

Panel offers selection of manual,
timed sequence, or automatic
remote modes.  Timing cycles  can
be varied from one to ten minutes,
or longer if necessary.

110 VAC.

None.

Sampling train has all non-
corrosive effluent contact
surfaces.

Draw pipe, sample discharge tube
and valve unit are sample lift
plus about 0.9m (3 ft) long;
motor, pump, and control unit
appear to be about 0.6 x 0.1  x
0.9m (2x1x3 ft); appears best
suited for fixed installations.

Not available at time of writing.
                             221

-------
General Comments;         Large diameter sample draw pipe
                         is normally pressurized with zero
                         effluent level.  On signal, an
                         air control valve is shifted to
                         vacuum and the effluent rises in
                         the draw pipe until the sample
                         discharge pipe is full.  A liquid
                         probe contact signal shifts the
                         air control valve to pressure,
                         leaving sample discharge pipe
                         full.  Timer signal opens sample
                         discharge valve and sample is dis-
                         charged to container.  Valve
                         closes and unit is ready for next
                         cycle.  Unit was designed for sam-
                         pling of effluents with high
                         solids content.
                            222

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Floy Rate


Sample Capacity:



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
 Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
SEIN MODEL APAE 241

S.E.I.N. Ecologie
171 rue Veron 94140
Alfortville, France
Phone 893.08.31

Provided by user.

External head to provide flow to a
constant head sampling chamber where
a rotating dipper extracts aliquots
and transfers them to a rotating
funnel from which they flow by grav-
ity to one of 24 containers.

Not applicable.

0.8 cm  (5/16 in.) I.D.

Sampler requires approximately
6.7 i/m (1.8 gpm).

Unit collects 24-2-£ sequential
composite samples made up of 5, 10,
20, or 40 ml aliquots.

Aliquot size determined by scoop
selected.  Unit may be paced by
external flowmeter or by internal
crystal timer that allows taking a
sample every 4.5, 9, 18, 36, 72,
144, or 288 seconds.  Thus, depend-
ing upon aliquot size selected, the
complete cycle may range from
1.5 hours to 32  days.

220 VAC or 12 VDC.

Automatic refrigerator preset  to
4°C available.

Sampling train is all plastic;
fiberglass case.

65 x 95 x 77 cm  (26x37x30 in.) weighs
46 kg  (101 Ibs), portable.  Refrig-
erated  model weighs 61 kg (134 Ibs).
                              223

-------
Base Price;               Not available at time of writing.

General Comments;         Options include a heater for winter
                         operation and 24-one liter glass
                         sample containers.
                            224

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
 Power  Source:
 Sample  Refrigerator
SERCO MODEL NW-3

Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn.  55071
Phone (612) 459-6065

24-0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. vinyl
sampling lines are connected to in-
dividual ports in a stainless steel
sampling head (approx 10 cm dia)
and protected by a stainless steel
shroud.

Suction lift  from vacuum in
evacuated sample bottles.

0.9m  (3 ft) standard; sample size
reduced as lift increases; about
3m (10 ft) appears practical upper
limit.

0.64  cm (1/4  in.) inside diameter.

Varies with filling time,  atmos-
pheric pressure, bottle vacuum,
sample lift,  etc.

24-473 m£ French  square  glass
bottles are provided.  Sample
sizes up to 350 mH  can be  obtained
depending upon  lift, bottle vacuum
and atmospheric pressure;  200 m£
is typical.

A  spring driven clock via  a change-
able  gearhead rotates an arm which
trips line switches at a predeter-
mined time interval triggering
sample  collection.  Sampling in-
tervals of 2, 3,  or 8 hours and
5, 10 or 30 minutes are  available
in addition to  the  standard one
hour  interval.

Spring  driven clock.

Has  ice cavity  for  cooling:
                              225

-------
Construction Materials:   Aluminum case with rigid polystyrene
                         insulation; aluminum bottle rack;
                         glass bottles with rubber stoppers
                         and rubber lines through switch
                         plate, plastic connectors and vinyl
                         lines to stainless steel sampling
                         head.

Basic Dimensions;        39 x 39 x 68 cm (15.5x15.5x26.8 in.)
                         empty weight is 25 kg (55 Ibs);
                         portable.

Base Price;              $1,195 with lines for up to 8 foot
                         lift; add $17 per foot for additional
                         lift, $75 for additional spring
                         driven clocks to obtain other than
                         one-hour sampling intervals.
                         $1,695 for battery-powered electric
                         unit.

General Comments;        Optionally available with a battery
                         or 115 VAC electrically timed
                         actuator that will also accept con-
                         tact closure input from an external
                         flowmeter.
                             226

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate;
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
SERCO MODEL TC-2

Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn.  55071
Phone  (612) 459-6065

Provided by user; sampler has
standard 5 cm (2 in.) pipe inlet.

External head to provide flow
through a sample reservoir from
which a mechanical arm actuated by
an air cylinder with a dipper cup
extracts a sample aliquot and
transfers it to a funnel where it
is gravity fed to a composite
bottle.

Not applicable.

2 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.

Recommended flow rate through
sampler is 45 to 76 £/m (12 to
20 gpm).  Reservoir is designed
so that sufficient velocity and
turbulence will prevent settling
or separation.

Sampling dippers are available in
either 10 or 20 mfc capacity; a two
gallon sample composite container
is provided.

Takes samples either on signal from
a preset timer (to 999.9 sec in
0.1 sec steps) or from signals
originating from an external
flowmeter.
115 VAC electrical
plant air.
plus low pressure
Automatic refrigeration unit
thermostatically controlled to
maintain sample temperature at
4° to 10°C.
                              227

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments
Sampling arm is all brass and
stainless steel; dipper cup is
plastic; cabinet is stainless
steel with zinc plated framing and
procelain interior.

96 x 60 x 86 cm (38x22x34 in.) plus
sampling arm which extends up
64 cm (25 in.) and back 51 cm
(20 in.).  Designed for fixed
installation.

Around $2,600.

A permanent installation for con-
tinuous composite sampling.  The
actual sampling device is simply
an open cup which is large enough
to permit sampling all sizes of
suspended solids normally encoun-
tered in wastewater flows.  Because
the cup is emptied by turning it
over completely, the entire sample
is removed and there is little
likelihood of solids being retained
in the cup.
                             228

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method


Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;



Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions :
Base Price:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WA-2

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York 14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.

6.7m (22 ft) maximum lift,

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

60 m£ per minute.

Adjustable, fixed size aliquots
are composited in a 9.5t  (2.5  gal)
sample container.

Built-in adjustable timer allows
sampling interval to be set from
5 minutes to 15 hours.  Aliquot
size is determined by adjustable
sampling time; 1 to 30 minutes
for Model WA-2 and 2 to 30 minutes
for Model WD-2.

115 VAC.  Model WD-2 comes with a
NiCad battery  pack and charger.

None.  Model WA-2R has an auto-
matic refrigeration unit  for  cool-
ing sample  compartment.

Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene; case is ABS plastic.

WA-2 and WD-2  - 34 x 25 x 37  cm
(13.5 x 10  x 14.5 in.) WA-2R  -
53 x 61 x 86 cm  (21 x 24  x 34  in.);
weights are WA-2 8.6 kg  (19 Ibs),
WD-2 11.3 kg (25 Ibs), WA-2R
34.9 kg (77 Ibs); all portable.

$530 WA-2;  $750 WD-2; $1,030  WA-2R
                              229

-------
General Comments;         Charge time for battery operated
                          models is 16 hours.  Battery can
                          fill sample container once per
                          charge.  On model WA-2R the pump
                          automatically purges the tubing
                          at the end of each sampling cycle
                          to help prevent bacterial growth
                          in the line.  Purge time is adjust-
                          able from 1 to 15 minutes.
                             230

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity:



Controls;
Power Source;
Sample Refrigerator;
 Construction  Materials
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WAP-2

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.

6.7m (22 ft) maximum lift

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

60 m£ per minute

Unit takes adjustable, fixed size
aliquots and composites  them in
a 5.81 (2.5 gal) container.

Aliquo.t size is determined by
adjusting sampling  time  (2 to  30
minutes).  Models WAP-2, WAP-2R
and WDP-2 vary the  sampling inter-
val in response to  a varying signal
from a user-supplied flow  transmit-
ter.  Models WAP-2, WAPP-2R and
WAPP-2 respond to a switch closure
from an external flowmeter.  All
models can also operate  from an
adjustable built-in timer with
sampling intervals  from  5 minutes
to 15 hours.

Models WAP-2, WAP-2R, WAPP-2 and
WAPP-2R operate on  115 VAC.  Models
WDPP-2 and WDP-2 operate on 115 VAC
or 12 VDC and are supplied with a
NiCad battery pack  and charger.

None.  Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R
have an automatic refrigeration
unit for cooling sample  compart-
ment .

Sample train is tygon  and  poly-
ethylene.   Case is  ABS plastic.
                              231

-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
Models WAP-2, WAPP-2, WDP-2 and
WDPP-2 are 34 x 30 x 37 cm
(13.5x10x14.5 in.);
Models WAP-2R and WAPP-2R are
51 x 61 x 86 cm (20x24x34 in.);
weights are
WAP-2 and WAPP-2
WAP-2R and WAPP-2R
WDP-2 and WDPP-2
portable.
                                               8.6 kg (19 Ibs),
                                              34.9 kg (77 Ibs),
                                              11.3 kg (25 Ibs);
WAP-2
WAPP-2
WDP-2
$750
$600
$970
WAP-2R
WAPP-2R
WDPP-2
$1,190
$1,040
$ 800
Charge time for battery operated
models is 16 hours.  Battery can
fill sample container once per
charge.  A winterizing kit is
available at $95 to allow effect-
ive operation at temperatures to
-23°C (-10°F).  A stainless steel
strainer anchor intake is avail-
able, at $15, to prevent plugging
of sampling tubes.  In refrigerated
models the pump automatically re-
verses for a preset (1 to 15 min-
ute) time period to purge the
tubing after each aliquot is taken.
                              232

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Me thod


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WM-3-24

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) ling suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from nutating-type
peristaltic pump.

6.7m (22 ft) maximum lift.

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.

60 m£ per minute

Unit takes 24 discrete samples of
up to 500 m£ each.

Sampling frequency adjustable  from
one every 5 minutes to one every
15 hours.  Sample size adjustable
by varying sampling time (2 to
30 minutes).

115 VAC for models WM-2-24, WM-3-
24 and WM-1-24R; 12 VDC or 115 VAC
for Model WM-4-24, which comes with
a wet-type lead-acid battery  (35 amp
hours capacity) and charger.

None.  Model WM-1-24R has an  auto-
matic refrigerated case for
entire sampler and collection  unit.

Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene; tygon and glass for
Model WM-2-24.

WM-3-24 and WM-4-24 are
38 x 37 x 78 cm (15x14.5x30.5  in.);
WM-1-24R is 51 x 61 x 127 cm
(20x24x50 in.).
Weights are WM-3-24, 16.3 kg
(36 Ibs); WM-4-24, 26.3 kg (58 Ibs);
and WM-1-24R, 49.9 kg (110 Ibs).
Portable.
                              233

-------
Base Price:
General Comments
WM-3-24   $1,050   WM-4-74   $1,190
                   WM-1-24R  $1,600

At the end of each sampling cycle,
the pump automatically reverses for
1 to 15 minutes purging the sample
line and tending to make each
sample completely discrete.  The
sample line feeds into a funnel
attached to a rotating nozzle which
is automatically positioned to fill
the next sample container.  A one-
piece deep-drawn plastic distribu-
tion plate is used to route the
sample from the nozzle to the con-
tainers, which are in a rectangular
array.  Model WM-4-24 is supplied
with a 6 amp automatic battery
charger which adjusts charging
rate to battery condition.  This
may be left connected for trickle
charge.  Charge time is 7 hours.
Battery can fill 200 (500 m£)
bottles per charge.  A winterizing
kit for Models WM-3-24 and WM-4-24
is available, at $95, for effective
operation to temperatures of -23°C
(-10°F).  A strainer-anchor is
available for $15 to prevent plug-
ging of sampling tubes.
                             234

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WA-5

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York
Phone  (716) 735-3616
                                                 14105
End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.

5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift with
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
(10 ft) with 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
tubing; 1.5m (5 ft) with 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) tubing.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. standard.
Also available in 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
and 1.3 cm  (1/2 in.) I.D.

80 m£ per minute; other flows
depend on tubing size.

Adjustable, fixed size aliquots are
composited  in a 19£ (5 gal) sample
container.

Adjustable  timer allows sampling
interval to be set from 5 minutes
to 15 hours.

115 VAC for Models WA-5 and WA-5R;
115 VAC or  12 VDC for Model WD-5.
WD-5 comes with a wet type lead-
acid battery (35 amp-hours capacity)
and charger.

None. Model WA-5R has an automatic
refrigeration unit for cooling
sample compartment.

Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene; case is fiberglass.
                               235

-------
Basic Dimensions!
Base Price:
General Comments
Models WA-5 and WD-5 are
38 x 37 x 78 cm (15x14.5x30.5 in.);
Model WA-5R is 51 x 61 x 127 cm
(20x24x50 in.); weights are
WA-5 19.1 kg (42 Ibs), WD-5
28.1 kg (62 Ibs), WA-5R 52.2 kg
(115 Ibs); all portable.

$  970 WA-5
$1,200 WD-5
$1,370 WA-5R

A 6-amp automatic battery charger
is included with Model WD-5.  Unit
adjusts charging rate to battery
condition.  Charge time is  7 hours;
may be connected for trickle charge,
Battery can fill sample container
four times per charge.  A winter-
izing kit is available for  Models
WA-5 and WD-5, at $95, for  effec-
tive operation to temperatures of
-23°C  (-10°F).  A stainless steel
strainer-anchor intake is available
for $15 to prevent plugging of
sampling tubes.
                               236

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WAP-5

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user

Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.

5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift with
0.64cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
(10 ft) with 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
tubing; 1.5m (5 ft) with 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) tubing.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. standard.
Also available in 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
and 1.3 cm  (1/2 in.) I.D.

80 m£ per minute; other  flows de-
pend on tubing size.

Adjustable, fixed size aliquots are
composited in a. 19-C. (5 gal) sample
container.

Aliquot size is determined by ad-
justing sampling time (2 to 30
minutes).  Models WAP-5, WAP-5R,
and WDP-5 vary the sampling inter-
val in response to a varying signal
from a user supplied transmitter.
Models WAPP-5, WAPP-5R,  and WDPP-5
respond to a switch closure from an
external flowmeter.  All models can
also operate from an adjustable
built-in timer with sampling inter-
vals from 5 minutes to 15 hours.

Models WAP-5, WAP-5R, WAPP-5, and
WAPP-5R operate on 115 VAC.  Models
WDP-5 and WDPP-5 operate on 115 VAC
or 12 VDC and are equipped with a
wet type lead-acid battery  (35 amp-
hours capacity) and charger.
                               237

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
None.  Models WAP-5R and WAPP-5R
have an automatic refrigeration
unit for cooling sample compartment.

Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene.  Case is fiberglass.

Models WAP-5, WAPP-5, WDP-5, and
WDPP-5 are
38 x 37 x 78 cm (15x14.5x30.5 in.);
Models WAP-5R and WAPP-5R are
51 x 61 x 127 cm (20x24x50 in.)
Weights are
WAP-5 and WAPP-5  19.1 kg (42 Ibs),
WDP-5 and WDPP-5  28.1 kg (62 Ibs),
WAP-5R, WAPP-5R, and WAC-5R 52.2 kg
(115 Ibs); all portable.
WAP-5
WAPP-5
WDP-5
$1,150
$1,020
$1,200
WAP-5R
WAPP-5R
WDPP-5
$1,590
$1,420
$1,250
Charge time for battery-operated
models is 7 hours.  Battery can
fill sample container four times
per charge.  A winterizing kit is
available for Models WAP-5,
WAPP-5, WDP-5 and WDPP-5 at $95
for effective operation to tempera-
tures of -23°C (-10°F).  A stain-
less steel strainer-anchor intake
is available at $15 to prevent
plugging of sampling tubes.
                              238

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL WM-5-24

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.

5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift with
0.64 cm (1/4 in.) tubing; 3m
(10 ft) lift with 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
tubing; and 1.5m (5 ft) lift with
1.3 cm (1/2 in.) tubing.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D. standard.
Also available in 0.95 cm
(3/8 in.) and 1.3 cm (1/2 in.) I.D.

80 mi. per minute; other flows depend
on tubing size.

Unit takes 24 discrete samples of
up to 500 m£ each.

Sampling frequency adjustable from
one every 5 minutes to one every
15 hours.  Sample size adjustable
by varying sampling time  (2 to
30 minutes.)

115 VAC for Model WM-5-24 and
WM-5-24R; 12 VDC or 115 VAC for
Model WM-6-24, which comes with
a wet-type lead acid battery
(35 amp hours capacity) and charger.

None.  Model WM-5-24R has an
automatic refrigeration unit for
cooling sample compartment.

Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene; case is fiberglass.
                              239

-------
Basic Dimensions:
Basic Price:
General Comments:
Models WM-5-24 and WM-6-24 are
38 x 37 x 78 cm (15x14.5x30.5 in.);
Model WM-5-24R is 51 x 61 x 127 cm
(20x24x50 in.).  Weights are:
WM-5-24 20.0 kg (44 Ibs) , WM-6-24
29.0 kg (64 Ibs), WM-5-24R 56.7 kg
(125 Ibs); portable.

WM-5-24    $1,400
WM-6-24    $1,500
WM-5-24R   $1,975

At the end of each cycle, the pump
automatically reverses, purging the
sample line and tending to make each
sample completely discrete.  Sample
line feeds into a funnel attached to
a rotating nozzle which is automati-
cally positioned to fill the next
sample container.  A one-piece deep-
drawn plastic distribution plate is
used to route the sample from the
nozzle to the containers, which are
in a rectangular array.  Model
WM-6-24 comes with a 6-amp automatic
battery charger which adjusts to
battery condition automatically.
This may be left connected for
trickle charge.  Charge time is
7 hours.  Battery can fill 200
(500 m£) bottles per charge.  A
winterizing kit is available for
Models WM-5-24 and WM-6-24 at $95
for effective operation to temper-
atures of -10°F.  A stainless steel
strainer-anchor intake  is available
at $15 to prevent plugging of sam-
pling tubes.
                              240

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;

Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power  Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction  Materials
Basic  Dimensions:
 Base  Price:
 General  Comments:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL 7034

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.

5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Adjustable from 30 to 1750 m£ per
minute.

Adjustable, fixed size aliquots  are
composited in a 9.5 L (2.5 gal)
sample container.

Sampling time (hence aliquot size)
and frequency are adjustable from
0.01 to 99.99 minutes in 0.01 min-
ute steps.  Pacing by external
flowmeter  is optional.

115 VAC and plant air.

Automatic  refrigeration unit is
standard.

Sample train is tygon and poly-
ethylene;  case  is painted steel.

71  x 130 x 142  cm  (28x51x56  in.);
weighs 113 kg  (250 Ibs);  fixed
installation.

$2,980

Timer activated valve automatically
introduces a compressed air  purge
at  the end of each pumping  cycle.
Winterizing kits,  all-weather  en-
closures,  and explosion-proof  con-
struction  are options.
                              241

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity;


Controls :
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;


Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions;



Base Price;

General Comments:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL 7042

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from finger-type
peristaltic pump.

5.5m (18 ft) maximum lift.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) 1.0.

Adjustable from 30 to 1750 ml
per minute.

Unit takes 24 discrete samples of
up to 500 mt each.

Sampling time (hence aliquot size)
and frequency are adjustable from
0.01 to 99.99 minutes in 0.01
minute steps.  Pacing by external
flowmeter is optional.

115 VAC and plant air.

Automatic refrigeration unit is
standard.

Sample train is tygon and polyethyl-
ene; case is painted steel.

71 x 130 x 142 cm (28 x 51 x 56 in.);
weighs 113 kg (250 Ibs); fixed
installation.

$3,280

Sample line feeds into a funnel
attached to a rotating nozzle which
is automatically positioned to fill
the next sample container.  A one-
piece deep-drawn plastic distribution
                               242

-------
plate is used to route the sample
from the nozzle to the containers,
which are in a rectangular array.
Timer activated valve automatically
introduces a compressed air purge at
the end of each pumping cycle.  Win-
terizing kits, all-weather enclosures,
and explosion-proof construction are
options.
     243

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL 7080

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

Provided by user; sampler has
standard 3.8 cm (1.5 in.) pipe
inlet.

External head provided by user or
optional submersible pump flows
continuously through the unit.  On
signal, the unit diverts sample from
the line into the sample container.

Not applicable.

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

38 to 530 £/m (10 to 140 gpm).

Adjustable, fixed size aliquots are
composited in a 9.5£ (2.5 gal)
sample container.

Diversion time  (hence aliquot size)
and sampling frequency are adjustable
from 0.01 to 99.99 minutes in 0.01
minute steps.  Pacing by external
flowmeter is optional.

115 VAC.

None.  Automatic refrigerator is
optional.

Sample train is tygon and polyethyl-
ene; case is painted steel.

51 x 20 x 41 cm (20x8x16 in.); weighs
18.1 kg (40 Ibs); fixed installation.

$800; submersible pump is $400.

Sample bottles.are not housed
within enclosure.  Winterizing
kits, all-weather enclosures, and
explosion-proof construction  are
options.
                              244

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity:



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL HV-1A

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 5.5m (18 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 1.8 m/s  (6 fps) depending
upon lift.

Adjustable size aliquots (between
10 and"500 m£) are composited  in
a 9.4£ (2.5 gal) container.

Sampling frequency adjustable  from
5 minutes to 15 hours.  Aliquot
size is adjustable by positioning
end of inlet tube in metering
chamber.

115 VAC. Model HV-1 comes with a
12 volt lead acid battery and
charger.

None.  Model HV-1R has an automatic
refrigeration  unit for cooling sam-
ple compartment.

Sampling train is tygon, glass, and
polyethylene;  case is fiberglass.

HV-1 and HV-1A are 38 x 37 x 78 cm
(15x14.5x30.5  in.); HV-1R is
51 x 61 x 127 cm (20x24x50 in.);
weights are HV-1A 18.1 kg (40  Ibs),
HV-1 27.2 kg (60 Ibs), HV-1R
52.2 kg (115 Ibs); all portable.

HV-1A   $1,295
HV-1    $1,380
HV-1R   $1,695
                             245

-------
General Comments;        Cycle begins with, vacuum being
                         drawn on metering chamber.  Liquid
                         is drawn in until sensor detects
                         that chamber is full.  Metering
                         chamber is then vented, causing
                         excess sample to syphon back  out
                         the intake hose.  Remaining aliquot
                         is then discharged into sample con-
                         tainer and compressor is reversed,
                         purging entire system.  Battery
                         charging time is 3-1/2 to  5 hours.
                             246

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL HV.P-1A

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone  (716) 735-3616

End of 7,6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 5.5m (18 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 1.8 m/s (6 fps) depending
upon lift.

Adjustable size aliquots (between
10 and '500 m£) are composited in
a 9.4£ (2.5 gal) container.

Aliquot size is adjustable by
positioning end of inlet tube in
metering chamber.  Models HVP-1A,
HVP-1, and HVP-1AR vary the inter-
val in response to a varying signal
from a user-supplied flow transmit-
ter.  Models HVPP-1A, HVPP-1, and
HVPP-1AR respond to a switch closure
from an external flowmeter.  All
models can also operate from an ad-
justable built-in timer with sam-
pling intervals from 5 minutes to
15 hours.

115 VAC.  Models HVP-1 and HVPP-1
come with a 12 volt lead acid
battery and charger.

None.  Models HVP-1AR and HVPP-1AR
have an automatic refrigeration
unit for cooling sample compartment.

Sampling train is tygon, glass, and
polyethylene; case is fiberglass.
                              247

-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
HVP-1A, HVP-1, HVPP-1A, and HVPP-1
are 38 x 37 x 78 cm (15x14.5x30.5 in);
HVP-1AR and HVPP-1AR are 51 x 61 x
127 cm (20x24x50 in.); weights are
HVP-1A and HVPP-1A 18.1 kg (40 Ibs),
HVP-1 and HVPP-1 27.2 kg (60 Ibs),
HVP-1AR and HVPP-1AR 52.2 kg
(115 Ibs); all portable.
HVP-1A   $1,385
HVP-1    $1,480
HVP-1AR  $1,785
HVPP-1A
HVPP-1
HVPP-1AR
$1,345
$1,420
$1,745
Cycle begins with vacuum being drawn
on metering chamber.  Liquid is
drawn in until sensor detects that
chamber is full.  Metering chamber
is then vented, causing excess sam-
ple to syphon back out the intake
hose.  Remaining aliquot is then
discharged into sample container and
compressor is reversed, purging en-
tire system.  Battery charging time
is 3-1/2 to 5 hours.
                              248

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;


Controls;
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
SIGMAMOTOR MODEL HV-24A

Sigmamotor, Inc.
14 Elizabeth. Street
Middleport, New York  14105
Phone   (716) 735-3616

End of  7.6m (25 ft) long suction
tube installed to suit by user.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 5.5m (18 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 1.8 m/s (6 fps) depending
upon lift.

Unit takes 24 discrete samples of
up to 500 m£ each.

Sampling frequency adjustable from
5 minutes to 15 hours.  Aliquot
size is adjustable by positioning
end of  inlet tube in metering
chamber.

115 VAC.  Model HV-24 comes with a
12 volt lead acid battery and
charger.

None.   Model HV-24AR has an auto-
matic refrigeration unit for cool-
ing sample compartment.

Sampling train is tygon, glass, and
polyethylene; case is fiberglass.

HV-24 and HV-24A are 38 x 37 x 78 cm
(15x14.5x30.5 in.); HV-24AR is
51 x 61 x 127 cm (20x24x50 in.);
weights are HV-24A 20.0 kg (44 Ibs),
HV-24 29.0 kg (64 Ibs), HV-24AR
56.7 kg (125 Ibs); all portable.

HV-24A   $1,575
HV-24    $1,650
HV-24AR  $1,975
                              249

-------
General Comments;         Cycle begins with vacuum being
                         drawn on metering chamber.  Liquid
                         is drawn in until sensor detects
                         that chamber is full.  Metering
                         chamber is then vented, causing
                         excess sample to syphon back  out
                         the intake hose.  Remaining aliquot
                         is then discharged into sample con-
                         tainer and compressor is reversed,
                         purging entire system.  Sample line
                         feeds into a funnel attached  to a
                         rotating nozzle which is automati-
                         cally positioned to fill the  next
                         sample container.  A one-piece
                         deep-drawn plastic distribution
                         plate is used to route the sample
                         from the nozzle to the containers,
                         which are in a rectangular array.
                         Model HV-24 comes with a 6-amp
                         automatic battery charger which
                         adjusts to battery condition  auto-
                         matically.  This may be left  con-
                         nected for trickle charge.  Charge
                         time is 3-1/2 to 5 hours.
                             250

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;


Line Size:


Sample Flow Rate:


Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
SIRCO SERIES B/ST-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone  (604) 261-9321

Weighted end of 7.6m (25 ft) sam-
pling tube.  May also sample from 2
or 3 different points.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.7m (22 ft) vertical and
30.5m (100 ft) horizontal.

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D. standard,
larger sizes available.

Up to 12 £/s (3.2 gpm) depending
upon lift.

Sample volume is adjustable between
10 to 1000 mt (repeatable to within
±0.5 m£); either composited in  7.6,
11.4, or 18.9£ (2, 3, or 5  gal)
jars or sequential or discrete  in
either 12 or 24 jars of either
1/2 or 1 liter capacity.

"Metermatic" chamber  (adjustable)
controls sample volume.  Available
with built-in timer for preset  time
interval  (3 min to 45 hr) sampling
or for connection to external flow-
meter for flow proportional sam-
pling or both.  Purge timer,
automatic jar full shut-off.

Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC lead zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or
combination.

Available with thermostatically
controlled refrigerated sample
compartment.
                             251

-------
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
PVC sampling tube, weatherproof
steel enclosure standard; all
stainless steel construction
available.

Sampler only - 41 x 36 x 81 cm
(16 x 14 x 32 in.), weighs 45 kg
(100 Ibs) ;  Sampler with con-
tainer - 41 x 36 x 163 cm (16
x 14 x 64 in.) weighs 68 kg
(150 Ibs);  Refrigerated model -
58 x 71 x 152 cm (23 x 28 x 60 in.),
weighs 91 kg (200 Ibs); designed for
fixed installation.

Varies, depending upon what com-
bination of features are desired,
from under $1,900 to over $3,000.

Signal from flowmeter or timer
starts vacuum/compressor pump as
well as purge timer.  Compressor
side of pump purges sample pick-up
tube until purge timer times out.
Sequence changes and vacuum side
of pump evacuates metering chamber
and draws sample in to the desired
capacity.  After obtaining the de-
sired amount of sample, the com-
pressor side of pump is used to
forcibly discharge sample from
metering chamber into sample
collector.

Should plugging of the sample
pick-up tube occur, an automatic
timer switch uses the compressor
side to blow out the tube.  This
sequence repeats itself as often
as needed to obtain the exact
amount of sample required.  Purging
also takes place before and after
each sample is taken.
Manufacturer states this unit is
especially designed to sample un-
treated raw sewage or high con-
sistency industrial waste as it  is
capable of taking solids up to 3/8"
in diameter including rags, fibers,
and similar.  The only wetted parts
are the sample tubing and volume
control chamber.
                            252

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method

Sample Lift;


Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
SIRCO PIONEER

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone  (604) 261-9321

Weighted end of 7.6m (25 ft) sam-
pling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.7m (22 ft) vertical and
30.5m (100 ft) horizontal.

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D. standard,
larger sizes available.

Up to 12 l/s (3.2 gpm) depending
upon lift.

Sample volume is adjustable between
10 to 1000 mt (repeatable to within
±0.5 m£); and deposited in either
12 or 24 jars of either 1/2 or 1 li-
ter capacity.

"Metermatic" chamber (adjustable)
controls sample volume.  Available
with built-in timer for preset time
interval  (3 min to 45 hr) sampling
or for connection to external flow-
meter for flow proportional sampling
or both.

115 VAC.

Available with thermostatically
controlled refrigerated sample
compartment.

PVC sampling tube, weatherproof steel
enclosure standard; all stainless
steel construction available.

Sampler only - 41 x 36 x 81 cm
(16 x 14 x 32 in.), weighs 45 kg
(100 Ibs); sampler with container -
41 x 36 x 163 cm (16x14x64 in.)
weighs 68 kg (150 Ibs); refrigerated
                              253

-------
Base Price:
General Comments:
model - 58 x 71 x 152 cm
(23x28x60 in.), weighs 91 kg
(200 Ibs); designed for fixed instal-
lation.

Not available at time of writing.

This sampler was designed to provide
the user with a continuous non-
terminating sampling system.  It is
based on the B/ST-VS unit.  Here,
however, the 24 bottle sampler takes
samples continuously until manually
stopped.  At that time the samples
in the bottles are the last (24)
samples taken, regardless of how long
the unit has been taking samples.
Operating from a built-in timer or
proportional to flow, the sampler
fills all available sample bottles
at (say) one hour intervals.  When
the last (No. 24) sample bottle is
filled the bottle No. 1, previously
filled, is automatically emptied and
flushed to receive the new sample
and so forth around the clock.  This
filling - emptying - flushing - fill-
ing cycle continues until the sampler
is manually stopped, at which time
the samples in the bottles represent
the last (24) collected.  The unit
is available with 12, 24 or 48 sample
collector bottles.  It can be supplied
with a remote or on-site tampering
alarm device.
                              254

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;
Controls :
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
SIRCO SERIES B/IE-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone  (604) 261-9321

5 cm (2 in.) I.D. guide pipe for
sampling cup with perforations in
lower end to maximum flow level.

Mechanical; a weighted sampling
cup is lowered through a guide
pipe into the effluent by a hoist
mechanism powered by a reversing
gear motor.  At the upper travel
stop the cup empties sample into
a sample container by gravity.

Up to 61m (200 ft).

Smallest line in sampling train
appears to be about 0.95 cm
(3/8 in.) tube connecting collec-
tion funnel to sample reservoir.

Not applicable.

Sample cup has 100 m£ capacity;
either composited in 7.6, 11.4 or
18.9A (2, 3, or 5 gal) jars or se-
quential in either 12 or 24 jars of
either 1/2 or 1 liter capacity.

Available with built-in timer for
pre-set time interval sampling or
for connection to external flow-
meter for flow proportional
sampling or both.

Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC lead zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or
combination.

Available with thermostatically
controlled refrigerated sample
compartment.
                             255

-------
Construction Materials;     PVC sampling cup and guide tube,
                            weatherproof steel enclosure
                            standard; all stainless steel con-
                            struction available.

Basic Dimensions;           About 0.6 x 0.6 x 1.5m (2x2x5 ft);
                            designed for fixed installation.

Base Price;                 Varies from under $1,500 to around
                            $3,000 depending upon features
                            desired.

General Comments;           This unit was designed for high
                            lift applications.  According to
                            the manufacturer it is not recom-
                            mended for high consistency in-
                            dustrial effluent or raw sewage
                            where large pieces of fiber, rags,
                            papers, etc. are present.
                             256

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;
SIRCO SERIES B/DP-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone (604) 261-9321

Provided by user.  Sampler has 5 en
(2 in.) inlet pipe.

External head to provide flow
through sampler and back to sewer.
On signal a liquid diverter mecha-
nism is energized and sample is
drawn into a metering chamber.
After the desired amount of sample
is obtained, a solenoid pinch valve
at the bottom of the metering cham-
ber is actuated and the sample is
discharged by gravity into the sam-
ple jar.

Not applicable.

Smallest line size appears to be
about 0.95 cm (3/8 in.) tube lead-
ing to sample jar.

Depends upon user's installation;
no recommended minimum.

Sample metering chamber adjustable
from 50 to 500 m!L (500 to 1000 mfc
optional); either composited in
7.6, 11.4, or 18.9£ (2, 3, or 5 gal.
jars or sequential in either 12 or
24 jars of either 1/2 or 1 liter
capacity.

Available with built-in timer for
pre-set time interval (3 min to
45 hrs) sampling or for connection
to external flowmeter for flow pro-
portional sampling or both.  Auto-
matic jar full shut-off.

Either 110 VAC or 12 VDC lead zinc
or nickel cadmium battery or
combination.
                              257

-------
Sample Refrigerator;        Available with thermostatically
                            controlled refrigerated sample
                            component.

Construction Materials;     Sampling train is stainless steel
                            and plastic; weatherproof steel
                            enclosure standard; all stainless
                            steel construction available.

Basic Dimensions;           Same as B/ST-VS.

Base Price;                 Varies from under $1,600 to around
                            $3,000 depending upon features
                            desired.

General Comments;           This unit was designed for instal-
                            lations where the sampler must be
                            some distance, say more than
                            100 feet, from the sample pick-up
                            point.  It is recommended by the
                            manufacturer for treated sewage or
                            final effluent.
                              258

-------
Designation:

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
SIRCO MODEL MK-VS

Sirco Controls Company
8815 Selkirk Street
Vancouver, B.C.
Phone (604) 261-9321

Weighted end of sampling tube in-
stalled to suit by user.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.7m (22 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Up to 6 fcps (1.6 gpm) depending
upon lift.

Sample volume adjustable between
25 to 500 mi (repeatable to within
±0.5 mi); composited in 15.1£
(4 gal) container or sequential or
discrete in 24 500 mJl containers.

Adjustable chamber slide electrode
controls sample volume.  Built-in
timer allows adjusting sample cycle
from 3 minutes to 45 hours.  Option
allows pacing by external flowmeter.
Automatic shut-off.

110 VAC or 12 VDC lead-acid or nickel
cadmium battery.

Ice compartment allows some sample
cooling.  Automatic refrigerator
available.

Sample train is PVC, plexiglass,
and stainless steel.  Case is weather-
proof aluminum.

41 x 41 x 56 cm (16 x 16 x 22 in.);
weighs 16.8 kg (37 Ibs) without
battery.  Portable.

Around $1,300 and up depending upon
features desired.
                              259

-------
General Comments;           Signal from timer starts vacuum/
                            compressor pump.  Compressor side
                            of pump purges sample intake tube,
                            sequence changes and vacuum side
                            of pump evacuates metering chamber
                            and draws desired amount of sample
                            Compressor side of pump then dis-
                            charges sample into sample con-
                            tainer.  Should plugging of the
                            sampling tube occur, the pump is
                            switched to the compressor side to
                            blow out the tube.  This sequence
                            is repeated until the desired
                            amount of sample is collected.
                            Purging also takes place before
                            and after each sample is taken.

                            Manufacturer states that the unit
                            is especially designed to sample
                            untreated raw sewage or high con-
                            sistency industrial waste contain-
                            ing rags, fibers, etc.

                            A low cost Model MK-5, which col-
                            lects up to 150 adjustable size
                            (25 to 150 mJl) aliquots and com-
                            posites them in a 3.8£ (1 gal)
                            jug, is also available.  It does
                            not have power-purge but uses
                            similar controls as MK-VS units.
                            Measuring 43 x 25 x 56 cm
                            (17x10x22 in.) and weighing 19 kg
                            (42 Ibs), the unit can lift up to
                            6m (20 ft) through its 0.64 cm
                            (1/4 in.) I.D. intake tube.
                               260

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;



Line Size:

Sample Flov Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source;


Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
SONFORD MODEL HG-4

Sonford Products Corporation
100 East Broadway, Box B
St. Paul Park, Minn.  55071
Phone (612) 459-6065

Parabolic port in a 1.9 cm (3/4 in.)
I.D. rigid tube.

Mechanical; sampling tube is
rotated down into the flow where it
fills through the port by gravity;
an electric motor rotates the tube
up and the sample flows by gravity
into the container.

Telescoping sampling tubes may be
adjusted to reach down to 53 cm
(21 in.) from the bottom of sampler.

1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.

Varies with tube angle.

Varied aliquot sizes of 10, 20 or
30 mfc are composited in a single
3.SSL (1 gal) container.

Sampling cycle may be triggered at
preset time intervals from built-in
electrical timer or on signal from
external flowmeter.

110 VAC standard; battery
optional.

Has ice cavity for cooling.

Aluminum outer case with rigid
insulation.

33 x 31 x 33 cm  (13 x 12 x 13 in.)
plus clearance for oscillating sam-
pling tube which varies depending upon
telescoping adjustment.  Portable.

$325 electric; $495 with battery.
                              261

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
STREAMGUARD MODEL FTV-503

Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
4859 Production Drive
Fairfield, Ohio  45014
Phone   (513) 863-6667

End of  suction tube.

Suction Lift by vacuum pump.

Probably up to around 6m (20 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Probably around 12 £/s (3 gpm) or
less depending upon lift.

Composites adjustable size aliquots,
from 50 to 1000 m£, in a 9.5l
(2-1/2  gal.) container.

Unit may be paced by an internal
crystal controlled timer adjustable
from 1  to 99 minutes or by an ex-
ternal  flowmeter providing a pulse
for each 100 or 1000 gallons of
flow, in which case the sampling
interval is adjustable from 100  to
9,900 or 1000 to 99,000 gallons  in
100 or  1000 gallon steps.  The purge
duration can be set from 1 to 30
seconds in 1 second steps.   Sample
size is adjustable by positioning
end of  sensor in metering chamber.

115 VAC or 12 VDC or both.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample  at 4°C is available.

Sampling train is all plastic, glass,
and stainless steel; NEMA 12 cabinet
with epoxy paint finish.

53 x 66 x 165 cm (21x26x65  in.).
                              262

-------
Base Price;

General Comments;        The sample cycle, initiated by an
                         internally generated time signal,
                         external flow signal, or manual
                         switch, starts the compressor and
                         closes the pinch valve.  Pressure/
                         vacuum valve is actuated, pressuriz-
                         ing the chamber and inlet tubing for
                         the pre-set purge cycle time.  The
                         valve then shifts to vacuum, and the
                         sample is drawn into the chamber.  As
                         the sample reaches the pre-set volume
                         a pinch valve opens, the pressure/
                         vacuum valve shifts to pressure, and
                         the sample is pressure discharged
                         from the chamber into the sample
                         container.  If the sample chamber
                         fails to fill in a given time inter-
                         val determined by the controller's
                         logic circuits, the system will auto-
                         matically sequence through a series
                         of three sample cycles with progres-
                         sively increasing cycle time in an
                         attempt to clear the sample intake
                         line.  If the line has not cleared
                         after these cycles are complete (to-
                         tal of eight minutes), the control
                         will switch to alarm mode.  With the
                         selector switch set to "MANUAL," the
                         alarm output will remove power from
                         the sampling control and provide a
                         relay contact output for external
                         alarm purposes.  With the selector
                         switch set to "AUTO RESET," the unit
                         will provide a relay contact closure
                         for external alarm purposes, but
                         after a ten second "off" period
                         automatically turns power back "on"
                         and resets the system's logic for
                         continued operation.  Sample con-
                         tainer stopper contains a conductive
                         probe to sense full condition.  Count-
                         er indicates number of samples taken.
                         Systems can be provided with weather-
                         proofed cabinets, with battery oper-
                         ated compressors for portable use,
                         discrete sample storage, etc.
                               263

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:

Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials:
Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
STREAMGUARD MODEL CSO-242

Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
4859 Production Drive
Fairfield, Ohio  45014
Phone  (513) 863-6667

End of suction tube.

Suction lift by peristaltic pump.

9m (30 ft) maximum.

0.64 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Up to 380 m£ per minute, depending
upon lift.

Composites adjustable size aliquots,
based on pump running time, in a
9.5£ (2-1/2 gal.) container.

Unit may be paced by an internal
crystal controlled timer adjustable
from 1 to 99 minutes or by an exter-
nal flowmeter providing a pulse for
each 100 or 1000 gallons of flow, in
which case the sampling interval is
adjustable from 100 to 9,900 or
1000 to 99,000 gallons in 100 or
1000 gallon steps.  The backflush
is continuously adjustable up to
120 seconds.

115 VAC.

Automatic refrigerator to maintain
sample at 4°C is available.

Sampling train is all plastic, sili-
con rubber, and stainless steel;
NEMA 12 and 4 steel enclosures with
epoxy paint finish.

Controllers and pump are housed in
three separate cases that are in-
stalled in a cabinet sized to suit
user requirements.

$1,450
                              264

-------
General Comments;        This sampler incorporates  the
                         StreamGuard Model FTS-200  and PR-200
                         controller.  Different line  sizes  and
                         pump heads are available as  options.
                              265

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:

Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;



Controls;



Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions:
Base Price:
General Comments:
STREAMGUARD MODEL PP-60

Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
4859 Production Drive
Fairfield, Ohio  45014
Phone  (513) 863-6667

End of suction tube.

Suction lift by peristaltic pump.

9m (30 ft) maximum.

0.8 cm (5/16 in.) or 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
I.D.

To 200 or 378 mt per minute, depend-
ing upon lift.

Composites adjustable size aliquots,
based on pump running time, in a
user supplied container.

Unit is paced by a user-supplied sig-
nal.  Flushing time is adjustable up
to 180 seconds.

115 VAC or 12 VDC or both.

None

Sampling train is all plastic and
silicon rubber; 14 gage steel cabi-
nets with epoxy paint finish.

Pump and controller are housed in
separate cases measuring 20 x 43 x
25 cm (8x17x10 in.) and 25 x 20 x
15 cm (10x8x6 in.); weighs approxi-
mately 10 kg (22 Ibs); portable.
These units are actually sample gath-
ering subsystems rather than complete
samples.  Model PP-80 is a high ca-
pacity unit with a 1 cm (3/8 in.)
I.D. line and 840 mt per minute flow
rate.
                              266

-------
Designation:
Manufacturer
Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls;

Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;


Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions;


Base Price;

General Comments:
STREAMGUARD DISCRETE SAMPLE
ATTACHMENT MODEL DA-24S1

Fluid Kinetics,  Inc.
4859 Production  Drive
Fairfield, Ohio   45014
Phone  (513) 863-6667

Not applicable.

Pump or liquid composite sampler
provided by user.

Not applicable.

0.6 cm (1/4 in.) I.D.

Not applicable.

Twenty-seven, 473-mA bottles are
sequentially filled at hourly
intervals.

None.

Spring driven clock.

Refrigerated sample storage
optional.

Sampling  train is all plastic,
mostly PVC; case is aluminum with
epoxy paint finish.

48 x 30 x 50 cm  (18x12x20  in.);
portable.

$775.

This unit is actually a sample
delivery  subsystem  rather  than a
complete  sampler.   The sample con-
tainer tray slides  easily  out of
the cabinet and  the tray cover,
which has a carrying handle, seals
the containers when snapped into
position.   Since the tray  is pro-
vided with  segmented dividers,
                             267

-------
individual bottles may be removed
during the sampling period without
disturbing the sequence of the other
containers.  Manufacturer claims unit
will handle solids up to 0.5 cm
(3/16 in.) without clogging.  Options
include positive indexing, different
time intervals from minutes to
31 days, etc.
     268

-------
Designation;


Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:

Gathering Method;


S^ample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;



Controls;



Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;


Construction Materials;



Basic Dimensions;


Base Price;

General Comments:
STREAMGUARD DISCRETE SAMPLE
ATTACHMENT MODEL DA-VTEl

Fluid Kinetics, Inc.
4859 Production Drive
Fairfield, Ohio  45014
Phone  (513) 863-6667

Not applicable.

Pump or liquid composite sampler
provided by user.

Not applicable.

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D.

Not applicable.

Twenty-seven, 473-m£ bottles are
sequentially filled at preset time
intervals.

Crystal controlled  timer adjustable
from 1 to 99 minutes in 1 minute
steps; manual indexing.

115 VAC; 12 VDC optional.

Refrigerated sample storage
optional.

Sampling train is all plastic, mostly
PVC; case is aluminum with epoxy
paint finish.

51 x 30 x 61 cm  (20x12x24 in.);
portable.
This unit is actually a sample
delivery subsystem rather than a
complete sampler.  The sample con-
tainer tray slides easily out of the
cabinet and the  tray cover, which has
a carrying handle, seals the con-
tainers when snapped into position.
Since the tray is provided with
segmented dividers, individual bot-
tles may be removed during the
                              269

-------
sampling period without disturbing
the sequence of the other con-
tainers.  Position 28 is external
overflow that can be tube connected
to waste or an external sample con-
tainer.  Manufacturer claims unit
will handle solids up to 0.6 cm
(1/4 in.) without clogging.  Elec-
tronics is all solid state CMOS with
transistor drive output.  Options
include special time intervals up to
31 days, distribution tray to handle
larger solids without clogging, etc.
    270

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sample Intake:
Gathering Method
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:



Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials

Basic Dimensions:
TMI FLUID STREAM SAMPLER

Testing Machines, Inc.
AGO Bayview Avenue
Amityville, New York  11701
Phone (516) 842-5400

Stainless steel hollow cylindrical
body with a 2.5 cm (1 in.) inlet
and mounted submerged in the stream
either on four legs mounted to a
bottom plate or suspended from above
if in a weir or flume.

Forced flow due to pneumatic
ej ection.

Over 7.6m  (25 ft); depends upon air
pressure.

1.3 cm (1/2 in.) O.D.

Depends upon air pressure and
lift.

Aliquots of approximately 1/2 liter
are composited in a suitable con-
tainer provided by user.

User must provide air pressure
regulator  if plant air supply is
not regulated; sampling interval
timer is adjustable to allow from
one minute to one month to elapse
between aliquots; manual on-off
switch.

Compressed air supply of at least
1.4 kg/sq  cm (20 psi), 7 kg/sq cm
(100 psi) maximum; 110 VAC.

None

Stainless  steel and plastic.

Largest element will  be user sup-
plied sample container; sampling
intake 10  x 23 x 20 cm
(4x9x8 in.); timing controller
30 x 18 x  38 cm  (12 x 7 x  15 in.).
                              271

-------
Base Price;                 Around $800.

General Comments:           Sampler developed by International
                            Paper Company for use in the paper
                            industry for checking the loss of
                            useable fiber in effluent, taking
                            consistency samples, etc.  Sampler
                            has performed well in flows to
                            6,800 £pm (1800 gpm) and consis-
                            tencies to 3.5%.
                              272

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler  Intake
Gathering Method
Sample Lift;
Line Size:

Sample Flow Rate;



Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials
TMI MARK 3B MODEL  SAMPLER

Testing Machines,  Inc.
400 Bayview Avenue
Amityville, New York  11701
Phone  (516) 842-5400

Twelve 0.64 cm  (1/4 in.) I.D. vinyl
sampling lines are connected to
individual ports in a stainless steel
sampling head  (approx. 10 cm dia)
fitted with a stainless steel filter
having approximately 930 0.3 cm
(1/8 in.) diameter holes.

Suction lift from vacuum in evac-
uated sample bottles.

Sample size reduced as lift in-
creases; 3m (10 ft) appears practi-
cal upper limit with 592 m£ (20 oz)
bottles.

0.3 cm (1/8 in.) I.D.
Varies
pheric
sample lift,
with filling time, atmos-
pressure, bottle vacuum,
      etc.
12 "Medicine Flat" glass bottles
are provided.  Sample sizes up to
400 mX, can be obtained depending
upon lift, bottle vacuum and at-
mospheric pressure; 300 m£ is
typical.

A spring driven clock rotates an
arm which trips line switches at a
predetermined time interval trig-
gering sample collection.  Sampling
intervals of 1/2 to 8 hours are
available.

Spring driven clock.

None.

PVC coated, light alloy case with;
glass bottles with rubber stoppers
and rubber lines through switch
                              273

-------
                            plate, plastic connectors and vinyl
                            lines to stainless steel sampling
                            head.

Basic Dimensions;           37 cm (14.5 in.) diameter x 66 cm
                            (26 in.), empty weight is 14.5 kg
                            (32 Ibs) ; portable.

Base Price;                 $595 including vacuum pump.
                            Mark 4B model has 24 bottles at
                            $685 for 592 mfc (20 oz) size and
                            $695 for 1 liter size.

General Comments;           This unit was originally developed
                            by the Water Pollution Research
                            Laboratory in England and is manu-
                            factured by North Hants Engineering
                            Co. Ltd. under license from the
                            National Research Development
                            Corporation.
                               274

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method


Sample Lift;

Line Size;



Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;


Construction Materials:
TRI-AID SAMPLER SERIES

Trl-Ald Sciences, Inc.
161 Norris Drive
Rochester, New York  14610
Phone  (716) 461-1660

End of suction tube Installed to
suit by user; manufacturer recom-
mends using a large area screen
with openings approximately
0.16 cm (1/16 in.) smaller than
intake tube I.D.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump.

Up to 7.6m (25 ft).

0.95 cm (3/8 in.) I.D. standard;
1.3 cm (1/2 in.)» or 1.9 cm
(3/4 in.) I.D. optional.

500 m£ per minute.

Adjustable size aliquots (based
upon diversion time of continuous
flow from pump) are composited in
a suitable container.

Two built-in adjustable timers
control sample interval (3 to
40 minutes) and diversion time
(3 to 40 seconds); alternately,
unit may be paced by external
flowmeter.

115 VAC.

Available as option for foot-mount
models.

Sample train is tygon, silicone,
PVC; case is fiberglass for
portable models, weatherproof
steel for wall and foot-mount
models.
                             275

-------
Basic Dimensions
Base Price:
General Comments
38 x 25 x 51 cm (15x10x20 in.)
for basic unit without sample
container; typical foot-mount
outdoor model is 91 x 51 x 173 cm
(36x20x68 in.); weights are
15.9 kg (35 Ibs) and up.

$650 either portable or wall mount
for use with external Tri-Aid con-
troller; add $115 for 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) I.D. tubing, $160 for
built-in timer, $60 for foot mount

Units are usually sold in con-
junction with flowmeters (and
possibly on-line monitors) as a
complete system.  Diverter valve
is solenoid-actuated, three-way
squeeze-tube type.
                               276

-------
Designation:
UES SERIES 8000
Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method:

Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
Universal Engineered Systems, Inc.
7071 Commerce Circle
Pleasanton, California  94566
Phone  (415) 462-1543

Weighted intake strainer at end of
7.6m (-25 ft) sampling tube.

Suction lift by vacuum pump.

Up to 6.7m  (22 ft).

0.79 cm (5/16 in.) I.D.

1 liter per minute or less,
depending upon lift.

Fixed size aliquots of 25, 50,
75 or 100 mi are composited in a
3.8S, (1 gal.) flexible container.

Unit may be paced by the contact
closure of an external flowmeter
or by its internal crystal timer
whose interval can be set from
1 to 99 minutes in 1 minute steps.
May also be cycled manually.

115 VAC for Models 8200 and 8202;
12 VDC for Model 8201.

Insulated case has space for ice
packs.  Automatic refrigeration
is provided in Model 8202.

All plastic; fiberglass case.

Model 8200 30 x 30 x 33 cm
  (12x12x13 in.);
Model 8201 36 x 30 x 33 cm
  (14x12x13 in.);
Model 8202 56 x 56 x 152 cm
  (22x22x60 in.) ;
Models 8200 and 8201 weigh ap-
proximately 16 kg (35 Ibs) and are
portable, Model 8202 weighs ap-
proximately 50 kg (110 Ibs) and is
designed for fixed installations.
                             277

-------
Base Price;                Unknown at time of writing.

General Comments;          Upon initiation of sampling cycle,
                           the pressure side of the compressor
                           is used to purge the metering
                           chamber and intake line for
                           10 seconds.  Valving switches the
                           metering chamber to vacuum, and
                           the required sample is drawn into
                           the chamber.  The compressor lines
                           are again reversed, a second
                           10 second blowdown occurs, and
                           the sample is deposited into the
                           storage container.  The battery
                           will collect up to 100 samples
                           per charge.  Solid state CMOS
                           electronics are used.
                              278

-------
Designation;

Manufacturer:
Sampler Intake:


Gathering Method

Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls;



Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials


Basic Dimensions:


Base Price:
WILLIAMS OSCILLAMATIC SAMPLER

Williams Instrument Co., Inc.
P.O. Box 4365, North Annex
San Fernando, California  91342
Phone  (213) 896-9585

Small diameter slitted strainer
installed to suit by user.

Suction lift from diaphragm pump.

Up to 3.6m (12 ft).

Appears to be 0.64 cm (1/4 in.)
I.D. or larger.

60 m£ per minute maximum.

Composite container must be
supplied by user.  Sample volume
is about one m£ per stroke.

Sampling rate may be adjusted
from one sample per second to one
every 10 minutes during operation.

Can be operated from any air or
gas supply of 1.8 kg/sq cm (25 psi)
or more or from a self-contained
CO. bottle.

None.

Sampling train is PVC, viton, and
stainless steel.

Not in a case; largest item is
gas bottle.

$438; includes pump, mounting
bracket, tubing with strainer and
fittings, and 6.8 kg (15 Ibs)
C02 bottle.
                              279

-------
General Comments;            Maximum discharge head is 36.6m
                            (120 ft).  The only moving part
                            is a viton diaphragm which is
                            operated by a pneumatic oscilla-
                            tor to create variable sample
                            frequency.
                            280

-------
Designation;

Project Location;

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials
AVCO INCLINED SEQUENTIAL SAMPLER

Tulsa, Oklahoma

11034 FKL 07/70

Inlet tube passes through an
aluminum tube which is hinged at
the top of the storm drainage
structure and has a polyethylene
float at the other end where the
inlet tube terminates with a sam-
pling probe.

Suction lift from peristaltic
pump.

Not stated, but probably under 6m
(20 ft.).

0.3 cm  (1/8 in.) I.D.

Not stated, but must be fairly low
for inclined sequential filling
scheme  to be meaningful.

Unit  sequentially fills a 60 mil
sample  bottle, then a 2,000 mil
sample  bottle, and repeats this
6 times, i.e., until it has filled
six 60-mil and six 2,000-m£ bottles;
then  it collects a continuous com-
posite  sample in a 18.91  (5 gal)
overflow bottle.

A limit switch on the hinged float
arm starts the pump when  the flow
level exceeds a preset value.
When  the flow level subsides the
pump  is shut off.

12 VDC  marine battery.

None.

Polypropylene pick-up tube, tygon
and polyethylene connecting tubes,
polyethylene bottles; aluminum
frame,  wood case.
                              281

-------
Basic Dimensions:         Bottle rack is 71 x 15 x 41 cm
                          (28x6x16 in.)*  Both semi-
                          stationary and portable configura-
                          t-ions were assembled.

General Comments;         A pressure box in the flow and con-
                          nected to a Foxboro water pressure
                          recorder was used.  Components in-
                          cluded a Cole-Farmer Masterflex
                          tube pump, Model No. 7015 and a
                          Terado power inverter (Allied
                          No. 21f4499).  The sequential fill-
                          ing of the sample bottles is simply
                          performed by arranging their inlet
                          tubes in order along an inclined
                          manifold.
                             282

-------
Designationt


Project Location;

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:


Sample Lift;


Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
SPRINGFIELD RETENTION BASIN
SAMPLER

Springfield, 111.

11023	08/70.

End of 280m (920 ft.) long influent
line suspended 15 cm (6 in.) below
water surface from a float.

Suction lift from a screw rotor
pump.

Less than 4.3m (14 ft.) required
in this application.

3.8 cm (1.5 in.) diameter lagoon
influent sample intake line,
10 cm (4 in.) diameter lagoon ef-
fluent sample intake line.

Approximately 15 ipm (4 gpm).

Intake lines diacharged into
61Z (16 gal) sampling tanks.  A
constant volume aliquot was ob-
tained each 30 minutes and
composited in a 18.92. (5 gal)
container.

A Lakeside Trebler scoop sampler
was used to remove aliquots from
sampling tanks.  See discussion
of that sampler for details.

115 VAC.

Automatic thermostatically con-
trolled refrigerators were used to
house sample containers.

ABS plastic intake lines, PVC sam-
ple bottles, sampling tank appears
to be metal, pump materials not
given.
                             283

-------
Basic Dimensions:         Components are distributed within
                          a general purpose equipment build-
                          ing; fixed installation.

General Comments;         Moyno pumps operating on a con-
                          tinuous basis were used to provide
                          sample flow through a 61£ (16 gal)
                          sampling tank.  Two samplers were
                          constructed, one for the lagoon
                          influent and one for the effluent.
                             284

-------
Designation;

Project Location!

EPA Report No.:

Samp1er In take;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
MILK RIVER SAMPLER

Grosse Point Woods, Mich.

11023 FBD 09/70

Overflow system influent sampler
intake was simply inlet of sub-
mersible pump suspended beyond
the bar screens within the transi-
tion structure between sewer and
wet well.  Effluent sampler intake
was four 2.5 cm (1 in.) vertical
suction lines spaced evenly along
the 64m (210 ft.) long effluent
weir which drew their samples from
points between the skimming baffle
and weir at a depth above the
bottom of the baffle and just below
the outlet weir.

Forced flow from submerged pump
for influent sampler; suction lift
from centrifugal pump for effluent
sampler.

Not stated.

Except for 2.5 cm  (1 in.) diameter
inlet lines leading to effluent
sampler header, all sampling lines
were 5 cm (2 in.) diameter.

Not stated.

Samplers collect adjustable grab
samples from the continuously
flowing 5 cm (2 in.) pipe streams,
composite them for variable
periods and hold them in a re-
frigerated compartment for periods
up to about three hours.

The size of each grab sample is
controlled externally.  Otherwise,
the sampling program is controlled
by a continuous punched paper tape
                              285

-------
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
General Comments:
program which varies the collec-
tion time of each composite, the
number of grab samples in each
composite, and each of the varia-
bles from one sampling time to
another.

115 VAC.

Automatic thermostatically con-
trolled refrigerated sample
compartments.

Metal, plastic, and wood were used
in construction; no details were
given.

Indoor portion of sampler is large,
perhaps 1.8x0.9x1.5m (6x3x5 ft.)
or so; fixed installation.

This unit apparently functioned
fairly well on the project for
which it was designed.
                              286

-------
Designation;

Project Location;

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;

Controls;

Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials

Basic Dimensions:
ENVIROGENICS BULK SAMPLER

San Francisco, California

11024 FKJ 10/70

A metal container resembling an
inverted roadside mail box approx-
imately 37 cm (14.5 in.) long and
36 cm (14 in.) deep with a 15 cm
(6 in.) radius; hinged covers at
each end are mechanically connected
to function integrally upon ac-
tivation of an air cylinder.

Mechanical; the sampler intake
assembly is designed to fit a
special support structure which
must be installed in the manhole
chosen for sampling.  It is
lowered to the bottom of the
invert whereupon the covers are
closed thereby trapping a plug of
the combined sewage inside the
sampler.  The filled sampler was
then raised by winch to the
surface.

Depth of manhole in question.  No
real limit.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Roughly 34Z (9 gal) maximum.

Manually operated.

Compressed air.

None.

Aluminum.

37 x 31 x 36 cm (14.5x12x14 in.)
plus brackets and supporting
structure, etc.
                              287

-------
Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.:

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;


Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials

Basic Dimensions:
ROHRER AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Sandusky, Ohio

11022 ECV 09/71

Not clearly stated but presumably
the end of the suction line
mounted in the overflow conduit
just beyond the leaping weir.

Suction lift from diaphragm pump.

Not stated but probably good for
at least 6m (20 ft.).

Smallest line would appear to be
the one connecting the diverter
head to the sample container, but
size is not given.

Not stated but presumably rather
large.

Unit collects 24 0.47* (1 pt.)
discrete samples plus  a flow pro-
portional composite of up to 18.9i
(5 gal).

Sampling is automatically started
when the leaping weir  diverts flow
into the overflow flume.  Discrete
samples were collected every
5 minutes paced by a built-in
timer adjustable from 5 to 60 min-
utes.  Constant volume composite
aliquots are added for each
37,854* (10,000 gal) of flow
through the overflow flume.

115 VAC.

None

Not stated.

None given but a fixed installation
located in a building  specially
erected for the project.
                             288

-------
General Comments:        The pump produces a continuous  flow
                         of sewage  through the sampling
                         header pipe and back to the sewer.
                         Two taps are provided to allow  con-
                         tinuous flow through diversion
                         nozzles for the individual and  com-
                         posite sample  collection stations
                         and return to  sewer.  When it is
                         desired to collect a sample, a
                         solenoid is actuated operating  a
                         linkage which  mechanically rotates
                         the diversion  nozzle causing the
                         flow  to enter  a chamber connected
                         to the sample  bottle rather than
                         the sewer  return.  A spring assures
                         return of  the  diversion nozzle  to
                         its original position after the
                         sample is  taken.  The time of sole-
                         noid  activation governs the size
                         of the sample. The 24  discrete
                         sample bottles are mounted on a
                         turntable  which indexes upon each
                         sampling cycle to place an empty
                         bottle under  the  filling  spout.
                              289

-------
Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;

Controls :
Pover Source:
Sample Refrigerator;
WESTON AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Washington, D.C.

11024 EXF 08/70

Details of intake to submersible
sewage pump and of sampling head
to vacuum-charged sampler not
stated.

Forced flow to a retention tank
by a sewage pump anchored to the
sewer floor, thence, by vacuum,
from the retention tank to sample
bottles.

Not stated.

Not stated.

Not stated.

Collects 24 discrete samples.

Wastewater is pumped continuously
to the retention tank.  The vacuum
tank is triggered by the increased
back-pressure of a bubbler line
resulting from the increased depth
of sewer flow.  The discrete in-
terval is adjusted by an electric
timer to a minimum period of
5 minutes.

115 VAC.

Sample bottles, sampling lines,
and control switches installed in
a refrigerated enclosure.
Construction Materials:  Not stated.
Basic Dimensions:
                               the
The wastewater retention tank,
refrigerated sampler, and the
piping are all housed in 2.1 x 1.6
x 2.0n (7x5.2x6.5 ft.) metal shed.
                             290

-------
General Comments;        A submersible, heavy-duty manually-
                         controlled sewage pump delivers
                         wastewater continuously to a reten-
                         tion tank having a normal retention
                         time of less  than 1 minute.  The
                         pump is anchored to the sewer bottom
                         in a metal cage.

                         During a storm, an increase of
                         water depth in the sewer applies
                         back pressure to an air-bubbling
                         system, thus  activating a mercury
                         switch and triggering  the system
                         which collects samples from the
                         retention tank.  The 24 sample
                         bottles are vacuum charged prior
                         to the storm  by use of a portable
                         vacuum pump.  The bottles are in a
                         fixed position in the  refrigerated
                         enclosure, and each sample is drawn
                         into its bottle by vacuum when a
                         control switch is released by a
                         tripper arm operated in conjunction
                         with a timer.
                              291

-------
Designation;

Project Location!


EPA Project No.:


Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity;



Controls:
Power Source:
PAVIA-BYRNE AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

New Orleans (Lake Pontchartrain),
Louisiana

11020 FAS. Final report should be
available soon.

Saran wrapped, galvanized sheet
metal air diffuser about 76 cm
(30 in.) long, placed about 20 cm
(8 in.) below the water surface.
Polyethylene tubing from intake
to sampler.

Positive displacement, screw type,
Moyno or Aberdenffer pump operated
with a 0.56 KW (3/4 HP) motor.

Maximum suction lift about 6m
(20 ft.).

Minimum 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) line from
canal to sampler.  Intake pipe to
sampler manifold 1.9 cm (3/4 in.).
Manifold to each row of sampler
bottles, 1.3 cm (1/2 in.).  Line
from solenoid valve to sampler,
0.64 cm (1/4 in.).

Under 11.4 Apm (3 gpm).

Unit collects 36 discrete samples
in bottles of about 1.2A (.40 oz)
capacity each.

Sampler operation initiated with
manually operated swicch.  Filling
of sample bottles controlled by a
motor driven timer, through relays,
to a solenoid valve at each sample
bottle.  Time interval between
sample collections not stated.

Sample pump operates through a
220 volt, 60 Hz, external power
source.  Electrical control equip-
ment is on a 120 volt, 60 Hz,
power source.
                             292

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
Sample bottles, solenoid valves to
each bottle, and sampler manifold,
are installed in a Shaefer Cooler
Model MC-1600, with cooling units
built in its walls.

Sampler piping and fittings are of
PVC.  Grating and supports within
the cooler are aluminum.

Outside dimensions of cooler in
which sampler is installed are
about 79 x 155 x 89 cm
(31x61x35 in.).  All equipment is
installed in a 1.8 x 2.4m (6x8 ft.)
shed.

The pump produces a continuous
flow of sewage to the sampler.
When the sampler has been placed
in operation, individual solenoid
valves from the sampler manifold
are opened one at a time to the
36 sample bottles by an electri-
cally operated timer.  A combina-
tion standpipe and overflow line
is used to maintain pressure on the
solenoid valves.
                              293

-------
Designation;


Project Location;

EPA Project No.:


Sampler Intake;


Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;

Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;


Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials



Basic Dimensions;
REX CHAINSELT. INC. AUTOMATIC
SAMPLER

Kenosha, Wisconsin

11023 EKC.  Final report should be
available soon.

Pipe drilled with 0.63 to 0.95 cm
(1/4 to 3/8 in.) holes.

Uses a "Hushpuppy" positive pres-
sure pump.  Cost of pump about $30.
Operates only during a 2-3 minute
purging period and during actual
filling of sample bottle.

Suction lift about 4.6m (15 ft.).

1.3 cm (1/2 in.) Tygon tubing and
garden hose.

Approximately 11.4 4pm (3 gpm).

Unit collects 18 discrete samples
in bottles of 1-liter capacity.

Sampler operation started by
manually operated control.  There-
after, flow to sample bottles is
regulated by an electric timer
and solenoid valve.  Time interval
between filling of bottles can be
adjusted between 3 minutes and
one hour.

Not stated.

None provided.

Sampling lines are composed of
Tygon tubing and garden hose;
pump is plastic and Buna N.

Not stated.
                             294

-------
General Comments;         After manual starting, the pump
                          runs for 2 to 3 minutes to purge
                          the sampler lines.  The pump then
                          operates only while each sample
                          bottle is filled through a re-
                          volving solenoid valve regulated
                          by an electric timer.  Apparently,
                          the pump operation is stopped
                          automatically after 18 sample
                          bottles have been filled.
                             295

-------
Designation;

Project Location;

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake:
Gathering Method;
Sample Lift;
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:
Sample Capacity;
Controls:
COLSTON AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Durham, North Carolina

EPA-670/2-74-096.

Direct intake to sump pump set on
piling at stream bed.  Intake
from sampling flume is a standard
Serco Model NW-3 sampling head.

Water pumped from stream to
sampling flume with an Enpo-
Cornell sump pump, Model No. 150A.
Pump is placed inside a 61 x 46 cm
(24x18 in.) metal box, all within a
woven wire frame.  A standard Serco
Model NW-3 vacuum sampler gathers
samples from the 91 x 27 cm
(36x10.5 in.) Plexiglas flume.

About 3.3m (11 ft.) from the pump
to the sampling flume.  No lift
from the flume to the Serco sampler,

Line from pump to flume is 3.8 cm
(1.5 in.) fire hose.  Serco sam-
pler lines are 0.63 cm (1/4 in.)
inside diameter.

Flow rate from pump to flume is
about 189 ipm (50 gpm).  Flow rate
from flume to Serco sampler is
variable.

24-500 mi bottles are provided in
the Serco sampler.  Actual sample
sizes are about 400 mi.

Operation of pump starts and stops
when float in an offstream stil-
ling well reaches specified stages.
For Serco Model NW-3 sampler
controls,  see  its writeup.
                              296

-------
Power Source;              Pump operates on 115 VAC.  Serco
                           sampler is powered with a spring
                           driven clock.

Sample Refrigerator;       None provided.

Construction Materials;    Sampling train composed of fire
                           hose, Plexiglas flume, stainless
                           steel sampling head, vinyl lines,
                           and glass bottles with rubber
                           stoppers.

Basic Dimensions;          Not a concentrated unit.  Serco
                           sampler 39 x 39 x 68 cm
                           (15.5x.5.5x26.7 in.).
                             297

-------
Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;

Sample Lift;


Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;


Sample Capacity;



Controls;
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials:



Basic Dimensions:
ROHRER AUTOMATIC SAMPLER MODEL II

To be used in Akron, Ohio

None

Not clearly stated but presumably
the end of the 5 cm  (2 in.) I.D.
suction line mounted directly in
the flow stream to be sampled.

Suction lift from diaphram pump.

Not stated but probably good for
at least 6.1m (20 ft).

1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D.

Depends upon lift; could exceed
76 &pm (20 gpm).

Unit collects twenty-four 1.9&
(1/2 gal) discrete samples plus an
18.94 (5 gal) composite.

Has a provision for automatic
starting.  Discrete samples and
composite aliquots can be collected
every 5 minutes paced by a built-
in timer adjustable from 5 to
60 minutes.  Switches automatically
stop diversion to composite bottle
when it is full and shut sampler
off when last discrete bottle has
been filled.

115 VAC

None

Tygon and FVC tubing; aluminum
diverter, nozzle, etc.; "Nalgene"
sample bottles;  aluminum frame.

137 x 76 x 150 cm (54 x 30
x 59 in.) including mounting dolly.
Can be wheeled about, but appears
too heavy to lift without
assistance.
                             298

-------
General Comments;        The pump produces a continuous
                         flow of sewage through the sam-
                         pler diverter and back to the
                         sewer.  Two solenoids are pro-
                         vided to allow diversion of flow
                         to either the discrete or com-
                         posite sample container for a
                         preset time period.  They tip a
                         nozzle inside a diversion chamber
                         and thus direct the flow as com-
                         manded by the timing cams.  The
                         nozzle is spring loaded to return
                         to its null position which directs
                         flow back to the sewer.  A rotat-
                         ing nozzle is indexed over one of
                         24 funnels, each connected by a
                         piece of 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) I.D. ty-
                         gon tubing to one of the wide
                         mouth discrete sample bottles
                         which are in a rectangular array.
                             299

-------
Designation;

Project Location:


EPA Report No.;


Sampler Intake;



Gathering Method:
Sample Lift:
Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate:

Sample Capacity:
Controls:
NEAR SEWER SAMPLER

Tested at San Jose Water Pollution
Control Plant.

None.  Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.

Small hole approximately 1.3 cm
(1/2 in.) diameter in the side of a
traversing pick-up tube.

Mechanical; pick-up tube with
piston is lowered and fills
through intake near its lower end
as it traverses the stream to be
sampled.  Sample is ejected
through a hole near the top of the
tube by raising the piston inside
the tube.

Will depend upon pick-up tube
length; 2.4m (8 ft) would appear to
be a practical maximum.

Smallest line (possibly 1/2")
would appear to be the one con-
necting the sample bottle to the
pick-up tube outlet.

Not applicable.

Developer simply states that
either a composite sample or a
number of discrete samples can
be provided.

An upper piston was added to allow
varying the quantity of samples
gathered during the stream depth
traverse in a controlled way.  It
is activated by a water surface
sensor located on the bottom of
the pick-up tube.  The water
sensor provides the capability
(in conjunction with a small
memory and logic unit) of gather-
ing flow-proportional samples, at
least to the extent that flow is
                             300

-------
Power Source;



Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials:

Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
proportional to water depth.
Otherwise samples could be paced
by a timer or arranged to accept
signals from an external flowmeter.

Basic unit could be battery
powered.  External controls could
require alternating current.

None

Stainless steel and plastic.

Will depend upon length of pick-up
tube; say approximately 0.3 x 0.3
x 2.4m  (1x1x8 ft) plus a sample
container rack.  Unit must be
mounted in manhole or otherwise
near the flow stream.  Basic unit
would appear to weigh 13-18 kg
(30-40  Ibs).

Sampler is out of the main flow
except when taking a sample.
Developer claims sampler can pick-
up a representative sample of
surface oil film.  Both an initial
model and an improved prototype
have been fabricated and tested  to
demonstrate the basic concepts
involved, but the unit has not
been made commercially available
as yet.  A patent has been granted
for the sampler and its concept.
Any requests for further informa-
tion should be directed to:

  S. B. Spangler, Vice President
  Nielsen Engineering & Research,
    Inc.
  850 Maude Avenue
  Mountain View, California  94040
  Telephone (415) 968-9457
                             301

-------
Designation:

Project Location:

EPA Report No.:

Sampler Intake;

Gathering Method
Sample Lift;

Line Size:
Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source;

Sample Refrigerator;

Construction Materials
FREEMAN AUTOMATIC SAMPLER

Columbia, Maryland

None

Provided by user.

External head to provide flow to
sampling equipment shed.  Fluidic
diverters are controlled by sole-
noid valves by timer signals and
divert flow to discrete sample
containers, the flow otherwise
returning to waste.

Not applicable.

The smallest passage in the sam-
pling train is the 0.63 x 0.63 cm
(0.25 x 0.25 in.) throat of the
diverter.

5.7 £pm  (1.5 gpm).

Modularized construction allows
as many 0.95, (1 qt) discrete sam-
ple containers to be used as de-
sired.  For this installation,
6 modules were arranged vertically
in a single cascade, and two cas-
cades were employed.

Timer-actuated solenoid valves
open and close the diverter con-
trol ports causing a sample to be
taken at preset time intervals.
Volume of sample is adjusted by
positioning the vent tube in the
sample jar.

115 VAC

None

PVC pipe, fluidic diverters molded
from PVC, sample containers are
glass Mason jars, metal and ply-
wood frame.
                             302

-------
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
Each 6 module cascade appears
to be about 0.5 x 0.3 x 1.5m
(1.5 x 1 x 5 ft).  Minimum height
of a module is 15.2 cm (6 in.)
head required for diverter opera-
tion plus sample bottle height.

The complete absence of moving
parts in the flow stream is a
distinct advantage.  With the use
of a bias orifice in one control
port, only one control line need
be blocked to obtain diversion.
The possibility  of using such an
arrangement with the control  lines
sequenced vertically in a timing
jar that is fed  fluid by a cali-
brated wick would allow a sampler
with absolutely  no moving parts
and requiring no power other  than
from the fluid flow itself.
                             303

-------
Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.:


Sampler Intake:

Gathering Method:


Sample Lift:

Line Size:


Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity:
Controls:
Power Source:
Sample Refrigerator:

Construction Materials
PS-69 PUMPING SAMPLER

Columbia, Maryland

None.  Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.

Provided by user.

Suction lift from progressive
cavity screw-type pump.

6.1m (20 ft) recommended maximum.

Pump will pass 0.5 cm (3/16 in.)
solids.

Approximately 26 £pm (7 gpm).

Adjustable size discrete samples
are collected in seventy-two 0.51
(1 pt) glass bottles or 0.9A (1 qt)
plastic containers.

Sample size is adjusted by
potentiometer setting; under timer
operation samples may be taken as
often as every 2 minutes or as
infrequently as one a day; may be
paced by optional stage-discharge
computer or external flowmeter.
Has automatic starter and event
marker.

36 VDC (three 127 automobile
batteries of 55 amp-hr. capacity
or greater) for pump motors; one
standard D dry cell battery for
clock.

None.

Intake tubing is user-supplied;
pump is Buna-N, stainless steel,
carbon and ceramic; also PVC and
vinyl in sampling train.
                             304

-------
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
96 x. 147 x 183 cm (38x58x72 in.);
weighs 77 kg (170 Ibs) without
batteries or tubing; designed for
fixed installation.

This sampler was designed for
sediment transport studies in
rivers.  A typical cycle begins
with a small pump taking water
from a backflush barrel and back-
flushing the intake, priming the
line and removing any grass or
trash from the intake proper.
This operation continues until a
bottom float in the barrel drops.
When the large (sampling) pump
starts, a solenoid on the back-
flush barrel closes the back-
flush pump intake and the
distribution arm advances one
hole.  The sampling pump feeds
into a solenoid operated diverter
that normally feeds the backflush
tank.  About 20 seconds after the
sampling pump starts, the diverter
switches for a preset period and
the sample is routed via the dis-
tributer arm and an individual
plastic hose to the next sample
container.  The sampling pump is
shut off when the top float in.
the backflush barrel lifts.  A
smaller, portable version desig-
nated PS-73 and taking 36 discrete
samples is also available.  Any
requests for further information
should be directed to:

   John V. Skinner
   Hydrologis t-in-Charge
   Federal Inter-Agency
      Sedimentation Project
   St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
      Laboratory
   Hennepin Island and Third Ave.
      S.E.
   Minneapolis, Minnesota  55414
                             305

-------
Designation;

Project Location!


EPA Report No.;


Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method;


Sample Lift;

Line Size;

Sample Flow Rate;

Sample Capacity;
Controls:
Power Source:
RECOMAT SAMPLER

Paris, France (Department De
Seine Saint-Denis)

None.  Not developed under EPA
sponsorship.

Four 120 m£ tanks, each with an
8 cm (5/16 in.) diameter hole
in the bottom and protected by
a plastic bell, which can be
positioned vertically anywhere
within the flow stream.

Forced-flow due to pneumatic
ejection.

10m (33 ft) maximum.

Smallest line is 0.6 mm (1/4 in.).

Depends upon pressure and lift.

Collects 24 sequential composite
samples (.1>6£ maximum) made up
of an undisclosed (but fixed)
number of aliquots of less than
120 m£ per intake.

The design is such that it takes
5 minutes to collect each sequen-
tial composite sample.  The only
control is an operator setting
(n.) that causes the sampler to
fill the first n bottles one after
the other (essentially continuous
operation), after which the re-
maining 24-Ti bottles are filled
at 10 minute time intervals.
Thus, the total sampling period
can range from 2 to 4 hours.

Electricity required for air
compressor motor and refrigerator.
                             306

-------
Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions:
General Comments:
Entire sample distribution
and storage assembly is inside
an automatic refrigerator set
to maintain a 4°C internal
temperature.

Sampling train is plastic and
rubber.

Sample intake is 8 cm (3.1 in.)
diameter x 15 cm (5.9 in.) H;
control box is 60 x 30 x 80 cm
(23.6x11.8x31.5 in.); refrig-
erator is 100 x 100 x 120 cm
(39.4x39.4x47.2 in,); each
compressor is 50 x 50 x 20 cm
(19.7x19.7x7.9 in.); fixed
installation.

This sampler was designed by
RECOMAT to meet specifications
written by Coyne and Bellier
consulting engineers.  Each in-
take is gravity filled, via its
bottom hole, through an elastic
rubber truncated cone inside its
tank.  The release of air pres-
sure pinches the edges of the
rubber hole and forces the sample
up the line, through the distri-
bution arm, and into the sample
container.  Due to air losses
associated with the rubber cones
(and piping), due in part to
failure to shut off because of
obstruction by heavy particles,
only 500 m£ or so of sample is
typically obtained (rather than
the 1.6i design capacity).  A
separate air compressor is used
to move the distribution arm.
                            307

-------
Designation;

Project Location:

EPA Report No.;

Sampler Intake;
Gathering Method:
Sample Lift;
Line Size;


Sample Flow Rate:



Sample Capacity;


Controls;
EG&G PROTOTYPE SEWER SAMPLER

Rockville, Maryland

EPA-600/2-76-006.

Four intakes of present config-
uration can be located anywhere
within the flow stream.  Presently
consists of 4 plastic nozzles,
each with three 0.5 cm (3.16 in.)
diameter ports in line with the
flow, mounted to a streamlined
stainless steel strap around the
inside periphery of the sewer
pipe.

Suction lift from separate high
capacity 3-rotor peristaltic pump
heads for each intake, driven by
a common electric motor through
keyed connecting shafts.

Submersible pump box is designed
to be located within 3m (10 ft) or
so of the flow.  Discharge heads
of over 15m (50 ft) are possible.

Smallest line is 0.95 cm (3/8 in.)
I.D.

9.5 l/m (2.5 gpm) through each
line for 37.9 £/m  (10 gpm) total
flow in present configuration.

Collects 12 discrete 2SL (0.53 gal)
samples per storage module.

May be set to take a sample as
often as every minute or as in-
frequently as once every 9 hours,
in 200 millisecond increments when
paced by internal timer; may  also
be paced by suitable external
flowmeter; has automatic start
connection; all  solid state
design.  Backflush and blowdown
                              308

-------
Power Source:

Sample Refrigerator;
Construction Materials
Basic Dimensions;
General Comments:
time periods are also adjustable.
Can Be programmed or run manually
in any fashion for test purposes.

115 VAC.

Entire sample distribution and
storage assembly can be fitted
with an insulated, refrigerated
cover, but none is provided at
present,

Sampling train is PVC, tygon,
silicone, plexiglass, and poly-
ethylene.

Not an integrated unit.  Largest
components are a standard
55-gallon drum and distributor
and storage assembly which is
approximately 1.2m (4 ft) in
diameter and 0.9m (3 ft) H; elec-
tronics box is 47 x 39 x 30 cm
(18.5x15.5x12 in.); fixed
installation.

This automatic sampler is a
prototype design incorporating
several previously untried
features in five modular sub-
systems,  including all solid-
state electronics, a clock to
allow time-of-day correlation,
high sample intake and transport
velocities, large high-capacity
peristaltic pumps and fluidic
diverters avoiding any moving
parts in the sampling train,
return of the first flow to waste,
fresh water or chemical purge and
backflush and high pressure air
blowdown after each sample is
taken, multilevel sample intakes
with non-intrusive mounting, and
large sample capacity with the
quantity of each sample determined
by weight.  The modular subsystem
                             309

-------
approach allows the basic design
implementation to be tailored to
suit a wide variety of sampling
program and site requirements.
 310

-------
                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read luunictiuia an tlic rtrerst: bcjorc completing)
1. REPORT NO.
 EPA-600/4-77-039
2.
                             3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

 SAMPLING OF WATER AND WASTEWATER
                             5. REPORT DATE
                               August 1977 issuing date
                                                           6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)

 Philip E. Shelley
                              8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
}, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
 EG§G Washington  Analytical Services Center,  Inc.
 2150 Fields Road
 Rockville, Maryland  20850
                              10. PROGRAM ELEMENT^IO.
                                1HD622
                              11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

                                CA-6-99-3131A
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 Environmental  Research Information  Center-  Cin.,  OH
 Office of Research and Development
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 Cincinnati, Ohio  45268   	
                              13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                Final
                              14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

                                 EPA/600/19
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
 Water and wastewater sampling is discussed within the context  of a water quality
 monitoring program.   The general characteristics of the source flows are described,
 and the  mechanics of polydisperse  systems as they affect sample gathering are dis-
 cussed.  It  is  pointed out that the  collection of a sample  that is representative
 of the source in all respects is a frequently underrated task,  especially insofar
 as suspended solids are concerned.   The various types of samples are defined, com-
 pared, and their use indicated.  Other practical considerations addressed include
 frequency of sampling, site selection,  and sample quantity, preservation, and handl-
 ing.  Recommendations on when to use manual versus automatic sampling are given.
 Each of  the  elements of an automatic sampler is discussed from the viewpoint of design
 considerations  in order to help the  reader assess the ability  of a particular unit
 to meet  his  needs.  Commercially available samplers and some custom designed equip-
 ment are reviewed.  Recommended field procedures for sampling  are given, and a review
 of automatic sampler performance is  provided.  An appendix  provides, in a common
 format,  102  descriptions covering  over 250 models of commercially available auto-
 matic samplers  and 16 descriptions of custom built devices.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
 Sampling,  Samplers, Sewage,  Wastewater,
 Water analysis, Water quality,  Water
 pollution, Effluents, Overflows,  Manholes,
 Sanitary engineering, Urban  areas,
 Reviews, Monitoring
                                              b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C.  COSATI FiclJ/Group
                                                13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

  RELEASE TO PUBLIC
                 19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
                   UNCLASSIFIED
321
                 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
                   UNCLASSIFIED
                                           22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                                            311
                       U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977-757-056/6536 Region No. 5-11

-------