EPA-650/2-75-019-0
FEBRUARY 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
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EPA-650/2-75-019-a
SOURCE ASSESSMENT:
PRIORITIZATION OF AIR POLLUTION
FROM INDUSTRIAL SURFACE
COATING OPERATIONS
by
T.W. Hughes, D.A. Horn, C.W. Sandy, andR.W. Serth
Monsanto Research Corporation
Dayton Laboratory
Dayton, Ohio 45407
Contract No. 68-02-1320 (Task 14)
ROAP No. 21AXM-011
Program Element No. 1AB015
EPA Task Officer: Dale A. Denny
Control Systems Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
February 1975
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EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the National Environmental Research
Center - Research Triangle Park, Office of Research and Development,
EPA, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, have been grouped into scries. These broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and applica-
tion of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was
consciously planned to foster technology transfer and maximum interface
in related fields. These series are:
I. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH
2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY
3. ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
4. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORIN'G
5 i>OCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL STL DIES
6. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS
9. MISCELLANEOUS
Thib report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY scries. This scries describes research performed to
develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology
to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-
point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources
to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public for sale through the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
ii
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PREFACE
The report summarizes the results of a program to gather
and analyze background information and technical data to
establish a data base for the purpose of prioritizing
atmospheric emissions from industrial surface coating
operations, excluding automobile and architectural painting.
The report contains a prioritized listing of industrial
sources of air pollution for each of ten product-type
categories. Additionally, surface coating processes are
discussed, together with applicable emission control
technology.
iii
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CONTENTS
Page
Sections
I Introduction ^
II Summary
III Source Description 9
A. General Surface Coating Industry 9
B. Surface Coatings 10
1. Compositions 10
a. Film Formers 10
b. Pigments 18
c. Solvents I8
d. Additives 18
2. Uses 18
a. Trade Sales 18
b. Industrial Sales 19
C. Industrial Surface Coating Processes 20
1. General 20
2. Industrial Painting Operations 20
a. Degreasing 20
b. Surface Coating 25
(1) Spraying 28
(2) Dip Coating 31
(3) Flow Coating 31
(4) Coil Coating 31
(5) Powder Coating 32
c. Drying and Curing 32
3. Paper and Paperboard Coating 38
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4. Fabric Scouring and Treatment 40
a. Knit Fabric Scouring 40
b. Fabric Treatment 41
c. Drying and Curing 43
D. Industrial Surface Coating - Excluding 43
Automotive Painting
E. Geographical Distribution 43
F. Materials Flow Diagrams 64
IV Emissions 75
A. Pollutants 75
B. Selected Pollutants 75
1. Composition of Emissions 75
2. Mass of Emissions 79
3. Threshold Limit Values of Species 79
Emitted
85
C. Locations and Description
1. Product Flow 87
2. Degreasing 88
3. Surface Coating 88
4. Drying and Curing 89
5. Steam Generation 89
6. Emission Points 89
D. Current Emissions Legislation 90
V Prioritization of Solvent Emission Sources 91
A. Impact Factor Calculation 91
1. Method of Calculation 91
2. Priority Lists 94
B. Graphical Representation of Emission Rates 116
C. Data Reliability Tests 118
D. Sensitivity Analysis 137
VI
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
VI Control Technology 139
A. State of the Art 139
1. Adsorption 139
2. Absorption 143
3. Incineration 146
a. Thermal Incineration 146
b. Catalytic Incineration 148
B. Solvent Reformulation 150
C. Vapor Condensation 151
VII Growth and Nature of the Industry 155
A. Present Technology 155
B. Emerging Technology 158
C. Industry Production Trends 160
D. Effect Upon Impact Factor 170
VIII Appendices 173
A. Surface Coating Emission Factors 175
B. Prioritization Imput Data for 25 225
Largest Sources of Hydrocarbon
Emissions from Surface Coating
C. Prioritization Output Data 253
D. Prioritization Computer Programs 279
E. Sample Prioritization Calculation 287
IX References 295
VII
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FIGURES
No. Page
1 Summary of Emission Rates from Industrial 4
Surface Coating Operations
2 Paints and Allied Products 11
3 Batch-Type Vapor-Spray Degreaser 22
4 Continuous Vapor-Spray Degreaser 23
5 Continuous Diphase Degreaser 26
6 Du Pont "Triclene"® Finishing System #3 27
7 Dry Baffle Spray Booth 30
8 Paint Arrestor Spray Booth 30
9 Water-Wash Spray Booth 30
10 Batch-Type Bake Oven - Indirect Fired 34
11 Continuous Bake Oven - Direct Fired 35
12 Schematic Cross Section of a Typical 39
Extrusion Coating Line
13 Continuous Knit Fabric Scouring 42
14 Geographical Distribution of Product Type 67
Surface Coating Plants
15 Raw Materials Flow Diagram for the Paints 68
and Allied Products Industry
16 Solvents Used by the Paints and Allied Products 69
Industry
17 Raw Materials Used in the Paper and Paperboard 70
Coating Industry
18 Raw Materials Flow Diagram for the Fabric 71
Treatment Industry
19 Flow Diagram of a Surface Coating Operation 86
20 Distribution of Mass Emissions from Industrial 117
Surface Coating Operations Excluding Automotive
Painting (Total Emissions: 1.261 x 109 kg/yr)
21 Schematic Flow Diagram of the Emissions From 113
Industrial Surface Coating Industry
22 Flowchart: Major Appliance Finishing 119
23 Flowchart: Small Appliance Finishing 120
24 Flowchart: Farm Machinery Finishing 121
25 Flowchart: Industrial Machinery Finishing
IX
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FIGURES (Continued)
No^ Pag®
26 Flowchart: Commercial Machinery Finishing 129
27 Flowchart: Wood Furniture Finishing 130
28 Flowchart: Sheet, Strip, and Coil Coating 131
29 Flowchart: Metal Furniture Finishing 132
30 Flowchart: Paper and Paperboard Coating 133
31 Flowchart: Flowchart: Fabric Treatment 134
32 Coil Coated Metal Production (Includes Canada 156
and Mexico)
33 Paints and Allied Products Production 161
34 Paints and Allied Products Sales 162
35 Sales Trends of Major Appliances 163
36 Sales Trends of Small Appliances 164
37 Sales Trends of Farm Machinery 165
38 Sales Trends of Industrial Machinery 166
39 Sales Trends of Commercial Machinery 167
40 Production Trends in the Paper and Paperboard 168
Industry
41 Production Trends of Textiles 169
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TABLES
No. £aae
1 Typical Raw Materials Used in the Paint and 12
Allied Products Industry
2 Typical Raw Materials Used in the Paper and 13
Paperboard Coating Industry
3 Typical Raw Materials Used in the Fabric 14
Treatment Industry
4 Industrial Surface Coating Categories by 44
Product Type
5 Major Appliance Production 45
6 Small Appliance Production 46
7 Farm Machinery Production 47
8 Industrial Machinery Production 50
9 Commercial Machinery Production 56
10 Wood Furniture Production 57
11 Sheet, Strip, and Coil Coating 58
12 Metal Furniture Production 59
13 Paper and Paperboard Coating 60
14 Fabric Treatment 61
15 Industrial Uses of Various Paints and Coatings 62
16 Surface Coating Types Used for Industrial Surface 63
Coating Operations
17 Summary of Product Type Surface Coating Plants 65
18 Examples of Surface Coating and Added Thinner 77
Formulas on an As-Purchased Basis Having
Conforming Solvent Systems
19 Surface Coating Formulations for Major Appliance 78
Finishing
20 Solvent and Resin Emissions from Paint and 80
Allied Products
21 Evaporation from Surface Coatings: Option 1 96
22 Evaporation from Surface Coatings: Option 2 101
23 Evaporation from Surface Coatings: Option 3 106
24 Evaporation from Surface Coatings: Option 4 11^
25 Summary of Emission Factors for Sheet, Strip, 136
and Coil Coating Operations
xi
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No.
26
27
28
29
A-l
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-11
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-16
A-17
A-18
A-19
A-20
TABLES (Continued)
Physical Properties of Water and Organic
Solvents
1972 Priority Ranking for Surface Coating
of Ten Selected Major Appliances
1976 Priority Ranking for Surface Coating
of Ten Selected Major Appliances with
Present Technology
1976 Priority Ranking for Surface Coating
of Ten Selected Major Appliances with
Changed Technology
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Zinc Chromate
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Chromate
Type of Surface Coating:
Zinc Chromate
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Coat
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Enamel, Air Dry
Enamel, Baking
Enamel, Dipping
Acrylic Enamel
Alkyd Enamel
Primer, Vinyl
Primer Surfacer
Primer, Zinc
Primer, Vinyl
Epoxy-Polyamide
Varnish, Baking
Lacquer, Spraying
Page
152
170
171
171
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
Lacquer, Hot Spray 193
Lacquer, Acrylic 194
Vinyl, Roller
Vinyl
Vinyl Acrylic
Polyurethane
Stain
Glaze
195
196
197
198
199
200
XII
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TABLES (Continued)
No.
A-21
A-22
A-23
A-24
A-25
A-26
A-27
A-28
A-29
A-30
A-31
A-32
A-33
A-34
A-35
A-36
A-37
A-38
A-39
A-40
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
ment Thinner
Type of Surface Coating:
ment Thinner
Type of Surface Coating:
Coating for Upholstery
Type of Surface Coating:
for Truck Seats
Type of Surface Coating:
Shirt Collars
Type of Surface Coating:
Form-Fill Packaging
Wash Coat
Sealer
Toluene Replace-
Xylene Replace-
Porous Textile
Textile Coating
Fabric Coating
Heat Scalable
Glassine Paper
Water Resistant
Glassine Heat-
Type of Surface Coating:
Coating
Type of Surface Coating:
Paper Coating
Type of Surface Coating:
Scalable Barrier Paper Coating (Hot Melt)
Type of Surface Coating: Paper Coating
with Improved Printability
Type of Surface Coating: Paper Coating
with Improved Printability
Type of Surface Coating: Paper Coating
Type of Surface Coating: Paper Coating
Type of Surface Coating: High Gloss
Flexible Cast Coated Paper
Type of Surface Coating: Scuff-Resistant
Rainwear
Type of Surface Coating:
for Improving Texture
Type of Surface Coating:
Type of Surface Coating:
Finishes
Fabric Coating
Fabric Dyeing
Wrinkle Resistant
Page
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
Xlll
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No.
A-41
A-42
A-43
B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-ll
B-12
B-13
B-14
B-15
B-16
B-17
B-18
B-19
B-20
B-21
B-22
B-23
B-24
B-25
Type of
Type of
proof in'
Type of
Coating
State Pi
Product
Product
Cans
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product
Product;
Product;
Product;
Product;
Product;
Doors
TABLES (Continued)
Page
urface Coating: Fabric Sizing 221
urface Coating: Fabric Water- 222
urface Coating: Paper Bag 223
ulation Data 226
Paper Bags 227
Metal Cans - Excluding Beverage 228
Dyeing 229
Beverage Cans 230
Kraft Paper 231
Coated Paper - Excluding Waxed 232
Printing Paper 233
Ductwork 234
Oiled and Waxed Paper 235
Milk Carton Board 236
Paper Boxes 237
Wood Paneling 238
Canopies and Awnings 239
Sizing 240
Refrigerators 241
Folding Cartons 242
Screening 243
Fencing 244
Bedroom Furniture 245
Enameled Plumbing Fixtures 246
Dryers 247
Washers 248
Filing Cabinets 249
Metal Doors - Excluding Garage 250
xiv
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TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
B-26 Product: Gutters 251
C-l Major Appliance Finishing: Option 1 254
C-2 Small Appliance Finishing: Option 1 254
C-3 Farm Machinery Finishing: Option 1 255
C-4 Industrial Machinery Finishing: Option 1 256
C-5 Commercial Machinery Finishing: Option 1 257
C-6 Wood Furniture Finishing: Option 1 258
C-7 Sheet, Strip, and Coil Coating: Option 1 258
C-8 Metal Furniture Finishing: Option 1 258
C-9 Paper and Paperboard Coating: Option 1 259
C-10 Fabric Treatment: Option 1 259
C-ll Major Appliance Finishing: Option 2 260
C-12 Small Appliance Finishing: Option 2 260
C-13 Farm Machinery Finishing: Option 2 261
C-14 Industrial Machinery Finishing: Option 2 262
C-15 Commercial Machinery Finishing: Option 2 263
C-16 Wood Furniture Finishing: Option 2 264
C-17 Sheet, Strip, and Coil Coating: Option 2 264
C-18 Metal Furniture Finishing: Option 2 264
C-19 Paper and Paperboard Coating: Option 2 265
C-20 Fabric Treatment: Option 2 265
C-21 Major Appliance Finishing: Option 3 266
C-22 Small Appliance Finishing: Option 3 266
C-23 Farm Machinery Finishing: Option 3 267
C-24 Industrial Machinery Finishing: Option 3 268
C-25 Commercial Machinery Finishing: Option 3 270
C-26 Wood Furniture Finishing: Option 3 270
C-27 Sheet, Strip, and Coil Coating: Option 3 271
C-28 Metal Furniture Finishing: Option 3 271
C-29 Paper and Paperboard Coating: Option 3 272
C-30 Fabric Treatment: Option 3 272
xv
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TABLES (Continued)
No^ Page
C-31 Major Appliance Finishing: Option 4 273
C-32 Small Appliance Finishing: Option 4 273
C-33 Farm Machinery Finishing: Option 4 274
C-34 Industrial Machinery Finishing: Option 4 275
C-35 Commercial Machinery Finishing: Option 4 276
C-36 Wood Furniture Finishing: Option 4 277
C-37 Sheet, Strip, and Coil Coating: Option 4 277
C-38 Metal Furniture Finishing: Option 4 277
C-39 Paper and Paperboard Coating: Option 4 278
C-40 Fabric Treatment: Option 4 278
xvi
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Industrial surface coating operations, excluding those
associated with automobile and architectural painting, are
utilized in the coating of sheet, strip, coil, paper and
paperboard, in treating fabrics, and in finishing appliances,
machinery and furniture. These coating operations produce
hydrocarbon emissions, primarily solvents and resins, and
particulate emissions.
Background information and technical data were collected and
analyzed in this study in order to establish a data base for
prioritizing atmospheric emissions from industrial surface
coating operations, excluding automobile and architectural
painting. This special project was undertaken to provide
information on solvent evaporation processes required by the
EPA for use in establishing New Source Performance Standards
for industrial surface coating operations.
Information and data were scrutinized and reduced to a form
suitable for the development of a prioritization listing.
The reader should be mindful, however, that qualitative
judgements and engineering estimates were made where data
were lacking. Priority lists were generated to: (1) assess
the related health hazards created by the emitted species,
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by photochemical oxidants formed from emitted species, and
by both of the preceding materials on a worst case basis,
and (2) assess the relative mass of emissions associated
with the surface coatings considered. These priority
lists identify the major industrial surface coating emission
points by product type.
This Final Report thus contains a prioritized listing of
industrial sources of air pollutants for each of 10 product-
type categories: major appliance finishing, small
appliance finishing, farm machinery finishing, industrial
machinery finishing, commercial machinery finishing, wood
furniture finishing, sheet, strip, and coil coating, metal
furniture finishing, paper and paperboard coating, and
fabric treatment.
This special prioritization listing and report are part of
a Source Assessment program involving the assessment of a
large number of sources of air emissions in order to determine
their impact on the environment and to provide comprehensive
information to the EPA for use in deciding on the need
for the development of additional pollution control
technology.
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SECTION II
SUMMARY
Industrial surface coating operations are a source of hydro-
carbon emissions. These emissions total 1.3 x 109 kg/year
for the following: major appliance finishing, small appli-
ance finishing, farm machinery finishing, industrial
machinery finishing, commercial machinery finishing, wood
furniture finishing, sheet, strip, and coil coating, metal
furniture finishing, paper and paperboard coating, and
fabric treatment. Emission rates from each of these industries
are summarized below.
Hydrocarbon
emission rate,
Source 106 kg/year
Automobile and truck finishing 100
Major appliance finishing 30
Small appliance finishing 3
Farm machinery finishing 2
Industrial machinery finishing 8
Commercial machinery finishing 1
Wood furniture finishing 9
Sheet, strip, and coil coating 500
Metal furniture finishing 8
Paper and paperboard coating 500
Fabric treatment 200
^Numbers rounded to one significant number.
Not considered in this program.
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The emission sources considered in this program are depicted
graphically below.
SHEET, STRIPJAND COIL COATING
39.65%
FABRIC TREATMENT
15.86%
PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
COATING 39.65%
MAJOR
APPLIANCES
2.38%
REMAINDER
2.46%
Figure 1. Summary of emission rates from industrial
surface coating operations
Together, sheet, strip, and coil coating, paper and paper-
board coating, and fabric treatment account for 95% of all
emissions considered in this program. Detailed lists of
emissions from each of these three categories are presented
below.
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Emissions from sheet, strip, and coil coating
Source
Metal cans - excluding beverage cans
Beverage cans
Ductwork
Wood paneling
Canopies and awnings
Screening
Fencing
Metal doors - excluding garage doors
Gutters
Aluminum siding and roofing
Beer and soft drink bottle caps
Garage doors
Door and window frames
Railings, fire escapes, staircases
Shelving
Steel shipping barrels
Wire products
Hydrocarbon
emission rate,
kg/year
200,000,000
200,000,000
40,000,000
10,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
600,000
300,000
40,000
20,000
20,000
Emissions from paper and paperboard coating
Source
Paper bags
Kraft paper
Coated paper - excluding waxed
Printing paper
Oil and waxed paper
Milk carton board
Paper boxes
Folding cartons
Paper cans, tubes, drums
Hydrocarbon
emission rate,
kg/year
200,000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
5,000,000
2,000,000
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Emissions from fabric treatment
Hydrocarbon
emission rate,
Source kg/year
Dyeing 200,000,000
Sizing 10,000,000
Wrinkle resistant finishes 800,000
Permanent crispness 200,000
Waterproof and water repellant finishes 9,000
Emissions originate from more than 8,700 plants which have
total sales of more than $500,000 per plant per year. A
total of 85% of these plants are located in the following 19
states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, California, Oregon, Washington,
Tennessee, North Carolina, Texas, and New Jersey.
Methods of controlling these emissions include adsorption,
absorption, incineration, solvent reformulation, conversion
to solventless coatings, and vapor condensation.
The hydrocarbon species emitted from industrial surface
coating operations include solvents and resins. The solvent
species include alcohols, esters, glycol ethers, ketones,
hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and nitroparaffins.
These are listed below.
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SOLVENT SPECIES IN EMITTED HYDROCARBONS
Alcohols
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
n-Propyl alcohol
n-Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
Isobutyl alcohol
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Ketones
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Methyl isoamyl
ketone
Diisobutyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Diacetone alcohol
Isophorone
Esters
Ethyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
sec-Butyl acetate
Amyl acetate
Methyl amyl
acetate
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
acetate
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
acetate
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic:
Hexane
Heptane
VM&P naphtha
(typical)
Mineral spirits
(typical)
Aromatic:
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene (mixed)
High flash
aromatic
naphtha
(typical)
Glycol ethers
Ethylene glycol
monomethyl ether
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
Diethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
Diethylene glycol
monomethyl ether
Diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
Halogenated
hydrocarbons
Carbon tetra-
chloride
Trichloroethylene
Perchloroethylene
Nitroparaffins
Nitroethane
Nitropropane
sec-Nitropropane
The resin species include the monomers of the following:
acrylic resins, alkyd resins, cellulose acetate resins,
epoxy resins, polystyrene resins, vinyl chloride-acetate
resins, vinyl acetate resins, etc.
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The particulates emitted from industrial surface coating
operations include kaolin, magnesium chloride, surfactants,
diethanolamine salts, resin powders, dyes, etc.
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SECTION III
SOURCE DESCRIPTION
A. GENERAL SURFACE COATING INDUSTRY
The ASTM definition of a surface coating is "a liquid,
liquefiable, or mastic composition which is converted to a
solid protective, decorative, or functional adherent film
after application as a thin layer."1 These coatings are
applied to wood, metal, paper, fabric, glass, stone, con-
crete, plastic, and other types of surfaces. The types of
surface coatings which are used include paints, varnishes,
lacquers, stains, shellacs, polymer films, waxes, oils, and
others.1
Surface coatings which are produced by the surface coating
industry are sold through both trade and industrial sales.2
Trade sales include interior and exterior, solvent and
water-base paints, automotive refinishing lacquers, traffic
paints, and others. Industrial sales consist of industrial
product and maintenance finishes, paper and paperboard
coating, and fabric treatment.
Standard Definition of Terms Relating to Paint, Varnish,
Lacquer, and Related Products, A.S.T.M. Designation D 16-68.
Reprinted by permission of the A.S.T.M. from copyrighted
material.
Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Paints
and Allied Products, Standard Industrial Classification
2851, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-28E, March, 1974,
-------
The surface coating industry for paints and allied products
is presented in Figure 2. This figure shows the shipments
and values of these shipments for 1972 based upon data
supplied in the 1972 Census of Manufactures.2 The data in
Figure 2 represent 93 percent of the total manufactured
product shipments and 98 percent of the total product value
of all shipments.2
B. SURFACE COATINGS
1. Compositions
Surface coatings consume a greater number and variety of
chemicals and chemical intermediates than any other segment
of the chemical industry.3 Tables 1, 2, and 3 present
typical lists of the various chemical raw materials used in
surface coatings. In 1972, surface coatings consumed 7.77
billion kilograms of raw materials at an estimated value of
1.94 billion dollars.
Surface coatings consist of four basic components: film
formers, pigments, solvents, and additives. These com-
ponents are discussed below.
a. Film Formers - film formers consist of synthetic resins
(alkyd, vinyl, acrylic, epoxy, urethane, cellulosic, etc.),
drying oils (linseed oil, tall oil, tung oil, castor oil,
etc.), and natural resins (rosin, shellac, etc.). These
materials form the protective film of the surface coating
and, hence, they are the backbone of the protective coating.3
3Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research Institute,
December, 1971.
10
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C-024-019-BSO-1
Figure 2. Paints and allied products
11
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Table 1. TYPICAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE PAINT
AND ALLIED PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Film formers
Alkyd resins
Vinyl resins
Acrylic resins
Epoxy resins
Urethane resins
Cellulosic resins
Amino resins
Rosin esters
Styrene resins
Phenolic resins
Hydrocarbon resins
Pigments
Titanium dioxide
Zinc oxide
White lead
Calcium carbonate
Talc
Calcium sulfate
Silica
Barite
Clay
Mica
Chrome pigments
Red lead and litharge
Carbon black
Metallic pigments
Zinc dust
Phthalocyanine
Azo pigments
Non-azo pigments
Solvents
Mineral spirits
Kerosene
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphtha
Pine oil
Turpentine
Methanol
Ethanol
Iso-propanol
n-Propanol
n-Butyl alcohol
Glycols
Glycol ethers
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl iso-butyl ketone
Ethyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
n-Butyl acetate
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene
Additives
Surfactants
Paint driers
Thickeners
Flow modifiers
Anti-skinning agents
Fungicides
12
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Table 2. TYPICAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE
PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COATING INDUSTRY
Glues and adhesives
Vinyl resins
Urethane resins
Polyethylene resins
Polypropylene resins
Styrenes
Cellulosic resins
Printing ink
Petroleum wax
13
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Table 3. TYPICAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE FABRIC TREATMENT INDUSTRY
A. Mechanical processing (lubricants)
Natural
Mineral oils
Castor oil
Neatsfoot oil
Olive oil
Peanut oil
Sperm oil
Sunflower oil
Synthetic
Polyethylene/propylene oxide copolymer
B. Scouring and drycleaning
Scouring and drycleaning
Carbon tetrachloride
Hydrocarbon solvents
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Petroleum solvents
"Shell Clean"
White spirit
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Alkylarylsulfonate
Desizing
Bacterial amylase
"Ensize"
Malt extract
Pancreatic amylase
C. Finishing
Stiffening/sizing agents
Cellulose derivatives:
Alkali-soluble cellulose solutions
Carboxy-methyl cellulose
Dispersible cellulosic ethers
Kydroxyethyl cellulose
Gum and gelatins
Starches (corn, potato, wheat, etc.)
Thermoplastic resins:
Polyacrylate
Polynethacrylate
Polystyrenes
Polyvinyl acetate
Polyvinyl alcohol
Styrene-maleic acid copolymer
Thermosetting resins:
Dimethylol urea
Melamine-formaldehyde resin
Monomethyldimethylol urea
Urea-formaldehyde resin
Talla-base wax
Textile coating materials
Formaldehyde resins
Polyvinyl chloride
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl and acrylic copolymers
Vinyl butyral
Vinylidene chloride
-------
Table 3. (Cont.) TYPICAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE FABRIC TREATMENT INDUSTRY
C. Finishing (continued)
Hygroscopic agents
Ethylene glycol
Glucose
Glycerol
Urea
Shnnk-resistant agents
Cyclic alkyl urea-formaldehyde condensates
Glyoxal
Hydroxyethyl cellulose-formaldehyde complexes
Methylated methylol melamines
Tetramethylol acetylene diurea
Urea- or melamine-formaldehyde resins
Anti-slip finishes
Colloidal silica dispersions
Rosin derivatives + zinc acetate
Urea-formaldehyde or melamine-formaldehyde
resins
Various vinyl and acryl resins
Antistatic finishes
Cationic quarternary ammonium salts
Fatty amines and their esters
Glycerine
Magnesium chloride
Modified copolymer
Polyalkylene oxide
Polyethylene glycol
Crush/wrinkle-resistant finishes
Ammonium and amine salt
Borates
Cyclic alkyl urea-formaldehyde monomers
Dicyanodiamide
Dicyanodiamide
Dimethylol urea
Formaldehyde
Melamine-formaldehyde monomers
Silicates
Stannates
Urea
Zinc chloride
Flame-retardant finishes
Borax + boric acid
Modified synthetic polymer (halogen and/or
phosphorus)
Tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride
Tnethanolamine
Trimethylol melamine
Trisaziridinyl phosphine oxide
Moth-proofing agents
Bis-2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl methane
Cadmium soaps
Copper naphthenates
Cuprammonium compounds
Dieldrin
Halogenated and phenylated phenol
Naphthalene, camphor, and paradichlorobenzene
Phenyl mercurials
Salicylanilide
Shelltox fumigant strip
Sodium, magnesium, or ammonium fluorosilicates
Triphenyl methane
Triphenyl phosphines
Zinc chloride
-------
Table 3. ICont.) TYPICAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE FABRIC TREATMENT INDUSTRY
C. Finishing (continued)
Soil-resistant finishes
Acrylate or methacrylate copolymer
Fluoro chemicals
Perfluoro octanol + acrylic acid
Silicones
Water-repellent finishes
Fluorine containing water and oil repellents
Modified melamine-formaldehyde urea
Silicones with reactive group
Stearamidomethyl pyridinium chloride
Stearoxymethyl pyridinium chloride
Wax albumin + wax casein
D. Dyeing
Dye accelerants or carriers
Aromatic esters and ethers
Biphenyl
Butyl benzoate
Butyl benzyl benzoate
Chlorobenzenes
Cyclo-carbolic acid esters
Methyl salicylate
Methyl or dimethyl phthalates
o- and p-phenyl phenol
Phenyl methyl carbinol
Phosphated esters
Salicylic and benzoic acids
Orthophenylphenol
Dye correctives
Aromatic and alkylated aryl amines
Diaryl- and alkaryl-substituted alkylenediamines
Diphenyl ethylene diamine
FormaIdehyde
Glyoxals
Urea- and melamine-formaldehyde resins
Zinc, magnesium, and aluminum salts of acetates
and formates
Dulling agents
Soap cresylic acid
Soap-pine oil emulsions
Viscosity stabilizers
Sodium hexametaphosphate
Tetra-sodium pyrophosphate
Acid-producing agents (carpet printing paste)
Acetic acid
Citric acid
Formic acid
Tartaric acid
Antifrosting agents (carpet printing paste)
Diethanolamide
Thickening agents for printing pastes
Alginates
Cellulose ethers
Copolymer of acrylamide and N-t-butyl acrylamide
Dextrin
Esters of phosphoric acid with oxyethylated wax
alcohols
Esters of polyethylene glycol with long chain
fatty acid and/or phosphoric acid
Ethylene oxide (modifier of starch)
Guar gums
-------
Table 3. (Cont.) TYPICAL RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE FABRIC TREATMENT INDUSTRY
Thickening agents for printing pastes (cont.)
Gum arable
Gum traga earth
Gum tragasol
Polyacrylamide
Polyacrylic acids
Starches
Antifoaming agents
Alkylene oxide derivatives
Fatty acid amides
Fatty acids and esters
Higher alcohols
Hydrocarbon oils
Methyl isobutyl carbinol
Organic phosphates
Terpins
Softening agents and detergents
Emulsions of oils, fats, and waxes
Fatty acid condensation products
Soaps
Substituted ammonia complexes
Sulfated alcohols
Sulfonated oil
Nonylphenoxypolyethyleneoxyethanol
Solubilizing agents (carpet printing paste)
Diethylene
Glycol esters
Triodiglycol
Urea
E. Carpet Backing
Adhesives/carpet backing latices
Acetate polymer and copolymers
Copolymers of styrene/butadiene and
styrene/isoprene
Natural and synthetic rubbers
Polyacrylates
Vinyl chloride
Butadiene-acrylonitrile latexes
Polyethylene
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers
-------
The surface coating industry classifies the surface coatings
by the chemical type of the film former (alkyd paint,
acrylic lacquer, etc.).3
b. Pigments - Pigments are used for color and opacity.3
However, they are also used for fillers, reinforcers,
corrosion inhibitors, and mildew control. Pigments consist
of both inorganic (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, carbon
black, etc.) and organic compounds (phthalocyanine, azo and
non-azo pigments, etc.).
c. Solvents - Solvents are used to reduce the viscosity of
the surface coating for easier handling and application.
They influence setting rate, drying time, flow properties,
and flammability. The solvents used are either petroleum
derivatives (hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons, chlori-
nated hydrocarbons, etc.) or water.3
d. Additives - Additives are used to facilitate production
and to improve the application and performance properties of
the coating system. Additives consist of surface agents,
driers, thickeners, flow modifiers, anti-skinning agents,
fungicides, flame retardants, etc.
2. Uses
Surface coatings are marketed through both trade
sales and industrial sales. A brief discussion of the
products in each of these categories follows.
a. Trade Sales - Trade sales include all stock-type commodities
(shelf goods) which are distributed through wholesale/retail
channels. Trade sales comprise three different categories:
interior and exterior finishes, and miscellaneous paint
products.
18
-------
Interior water base paints include flat wall paint, semi-
gloss enamel, paste and semipaste systems, casein and
calcimine paints, concrete finishes, and stains. Interior
oil base paints include gloss and semigloss enamel, flat
wall paint, varnish, primer and sealer, aerosols, antique
kit coatings, stains, tile-like coatings, flooring systems,
multicolored paints, colorants, and specialty enamels.
Exterior water base paints include house paint, paste and
semipaste systems, stains, and patio finishes. Exterior oil
base paints include house paints, enamel, primer and sealer,
barn and fence paints, roof and driveway coatings, metallic
pigmented paints, stains, gutter and downspout paints,
swimming pool paints, and varnishes.
Miscellaneous paints include automotive refinishing paints,
traffic paint, government specification paints, and marine
paints for the refinishing of pleasure craft.
b. Industrial Sales - Industrial sales include all products
specifically formulated to meet the conditions of applica-
tion and use of the article or substrate to which it is
applied. Industrial sales are classified according to
product finishes and industrial finishes.
Industrial product finishes include automotive paints
(excluding finishes for trucks and buses), wood furniture
and fixture coatings (includes stains, sealers, and topcoats),
metal container paints (includes metal cans, drums, barrels,
and collapsible tubing), metal furniture and fixture paints,
appliances (includes heating and air conditioning equipment,
as well as major and minor appliances), machinery and
equipment paints, paper, film and foil coatings, sheet,
strip, and coil coatings, factory finished wood,
19
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non-automotive transportation, electrical insulation, and
coatings for toys, sporting goods, gym and baby equipment,
screens, structural steel, metal parts, glass, leather,
plastics, and fabrics.
Maintenance finishes include oil interior and exterior
coatings specially formulated for specific exposure needs.
Maintenance marine finishes include original finishes for
commercial and pleasure craft as well as refinishing systems
for commercial craft. Those maintenance finishes which are
sold through wholesale/ retail outlets are excluded.
C. INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING PROCESSES
1. General
Industrial product finishing plants utilize one or- more
of the following processing steps: degreasing, surface
coating, and drying and curing.
2. Industrial Painting Operations
a. Degreasing - During the fabrication of metal products,
such as refrigerators, metal furniture, small appliances,
etc., the metal surface is lubricated with oils, greases, or
stearates to facilitate the various drawing, forming, and
machining operations. These lubricants, together with dust
particles and dirt, must be removed from the metal surface
prior to surface coating. This degreasing operation is used
to ensure that the surface coating adheres to the metal
surface. **» 5
uAir Pollution Engineering Manual, AP-40, Second Edition,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1973.
5Payne, H. F. Organic Coating Technology, Volume 2, John
Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1961.
20
-------
Degreasing operations are carried out in units using hal -
ogenated hydrocarbons. Halogenated hydrocarbon solvents are
used and these are listed below.1*
Solvent Formula Boiling Point
Trichloroethylene C1HC=CC12 87°C
1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3CC13 74°C
Perchloroethylene C12C=CC12 120°C
Methylene chloride CH2C12 40°C
Trichlorotrifluoroethane C13C-CF3 45.8°C
or C12FC-CF2C1 47.7
In performing the degreasing operation, the solvent may be
applied to the surface as either a liquid, a vapor, or a
combination of both. Descriptions of the commercial
degreasers which use these three different solvent appli-
cation techniques are presented below.
Modern degreasing operations are performed in vapor spray
degreasers which are designed for either batch or continuous
operation.1* Typical batch and continuous units are illus-
trated in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
During degreasing, the metal parts are exposed to the solvent
vapor which condenses on the cold metal surfaces. The
condensed liquid dissolves the grease and drains off the
metal surface. In addition, provision is made to spray the
parts (either automatically or manually) with hot liquid
solvent, which aids in the removal of soil. The latter
operation is used when the soil components are insoluble in
the solvent.1*
21
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HATER JACKET—-[
VAPOR AREA-
WORK REST
BOILING I I QUID
IMMERSION
HtATER
DRAIN
FINNED COIL
CONDENSER
) CONDENSATE
V -'COLLECTOR
WATER SEPARATOR
— DRAIN
WATER SEPARATOR
STORAGE TANK
OVERFOLW LINE
PUMP SUMP
'•'•)-SPRAY PUMP
Figure 3. Batch-type vapor-spray degreaser1
22
-------
OJ
Figure 4. Continuous vapor-spray degreaser
Reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons from copyright material.
-------
Modifications of this basic operation are in use. For
example, the metal may be immersed in warm liquid solvent
followed by vapor phase degreasing. It may be immersed in
boiling solvent followed by treatment in warm liquid and
vapor zones. The metal parts may be agitated during immersion
in the liquid solvent in order to facilitate removal of the
solid contaminants.5
The batch-type degreaser depicted in Figure 3 consists of a
tank with a heater located at the bottom to vaporize the
solvent. Space above the liquid is provided for the vapor
zone. Also, a "freeboard" or additional height above the
vapor zone is used to minimize vapor losses.
The heat source for solvent vaporization may be an elec-
trical immersion heater, steam, or a gas heater. The
solvent vapors diffuse and fill the vapor zone. A condenser
and a water jacket are located at the top of the vapor space
and are used to control the height of the vapor space.
The parts to be degreased are placed in baskets and lowered
into the vapor zone of the tank. The contaminated condensate
from the metal parts drains back into the heated reservoir,
from which it is revaporized. When necessary, the dirty
parts are hand sprayed with hot solvent by means of a
flexible hose which is connected to a spray pump.1*
In the continuous vapor-spray degreaser depicted in Figure
4, the metal parts are suspended in baskets from hooks which
move through the unit on a monorail. The parts pass through
a vapor zone, followed by a liquid immersion section, and
then another vapor zone.
24
-------
Small metal parts do not require vapor degreasing. They are
cleaned on a spray degreasing table. In this type of opera-
tion, it is necessary to vent the spray chamber to protect
the operator from solvent vapor.4
Degreasing operations are also carried out in diphase
systems. These consist of an aqueous phase and an organic
phase. The aqueous phase removes the water-soluble contami-
nants which are not affected by the organic solvent.
Chlorinated solvents which are used in such a system form
the lower layer of the fluid since they are more dense than
and immiscible with water. The degreasing operation con-
sists of lowering the metal parts through the water layer
into the solvent layer, and then reversing the operation.
The cleaned part is sprayed with water to remove any
remaining solvent droplets and soil particles. The
operation of the system may be either manual or automatic.
An automatic unit is illustrated in Figure 5.
The degreasing operation may also form an integral part of the
painting process. The Du Pont "Triclene"® system is such a
process and is illustrated in Figure 6. This unit includes
a degreasing section, followed by a phosphatizing section,
and a dip coating section. Parts to be degreased and painted
move sequentially through the three sections on a conveyor.
In this process, the degreasing solvent (trichloroethylene)
is also used as the paint thinner. The entire process is
carried out in an enclosed system and the trichloroethylene
in the paint is recovered for use in the degreasing section.
b. Surface Coating - Many manufactured articles receive
coatings for surface decoration and/or protection before
being marketed. A number of basic coating operations are
utilized for this purpose.
25
-------
SOLVENT TO
' SPRAY
- SEALED SPRAY CHAMBER
VENT _,
TO WATER
SPRAY
SOLVENT FROM SOLVENTTO DRAIN
STORAGE OR STILL
OR STILL
Figure 5. Continuous diphase degreaser5
Reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons
from copyright material.
26
-------
fO
1. VAPOR DECREASING
2. LIQUID DECREASING
3. SURFACE COATING
Figure 6. Du Pont "Triclene"® finishing system #53
Reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons from copyright material.
-------
(1) Spraying - Spraying operations are performed in a booth
or enclosure which is vented using a draft fan to prevent
explosive or toxic concentrations of solvent vapors from
forming. Such enclosures are referred to as paint spray
booths, although the surface coating which is being applied
may not be paint.4
In spraying operations, a coating material from a supply
tank is forced through a nozzle which directs the coating as
a spray upon the desired surface. Among the different
spraying methods employed are air atomization, airless
atomization, and electrostatic methods including disc,
airless, and air-atomized methods.
Paint spray booths utilizing air atomization use either
independent air sources or run on plant compressed air
supplies. The air supplied is either heated, filtered,
and/or humidified or is used without pretreatment.
Paint spray booths have one side which is open to the rest
of the plant. Ventilation of the booth is required to
ensure both operator and plant safety. Spray booth ven-
tilation velocities vary from 2.8 to 4.3 meters per minute
per square meter of booth opening. ** Insurance standards
require that the average velocity over the face of the booth
during spraying operations be not less than 0.5 meter/sec.1*
In addition, flow into the booth must be adequate to main-
tain capture velocity and overcome opposing air currents.
In effect, spray booths are designed and operated so that
all fumes are vented through the fume hood system instead of
to the remainder of the plant.
28
-------
The discharge from a paint spray booth consists of par-
ticulate matter and organic solvent vapors. The particulate
matter consists of entrained coating material which does not
adhere to the target or the inside surfaces of the booth and
its accessories. The organic vapors are generated from the
evaporation of solvent, resin, diluent, and thinner.
Paint spray booths are designed for partial (50 to 98%)
removal of particulates. Particulate losses are reduced by
means of baffle plates, filters, or water spray curtains.
Spray booths are classified according to the method employed.
Dry Baffle Spray Booth. - Baffle plates control particulates
from enamel spraying by adhesion, with removal efficiencies
of 50 to 90 percent. However, they have very low efficiencies
in collecting lacquer spray particulates due to the rapid
drying of the lacquer and consequent lack of adhesion to the
baffles. A dry baffle spray booth is illustrated in Figure 7.
Paint Arrestor Spray Booth. - Filter pads remove paint
particulates with efficiencies of up to 98 percent. The
filtering velocity should be less than 1.3 m/sec. A paint
arrestor spray booth is illustrated in Figure 8.
Water-Wash Spray Booth. - Water curtains and sprays are used
for removing paint particulates, with efficiencies up to 95
percent being attainable. A water circulation rate of 1 to
5 liters per cubic meter of exhaust air is recommended.
Surface active agents are added to the water to aid in the
removal of paint from the circulating tank. A water-wash
spray booth is illustrated in Figure 9.
29
-------
CAS EXHVJSI
C-024-040-MMO
C-024-037-MMO
Figure 7. Dry baffle
spray booth
Figure 8. Paint arrester
spray booth
C-024-024-MMO
HN IXHAUST
(TV ™
WATER I
RiCIRCUUTING
PUMP
MAKE-UP
WATER
Figure 9. Water-wash spray booth
30
-------
(2) Dip coating - In dip coating operations, the object to
be coated is immersed in a tank containing the surface
coating. The object to be coated is immersed in the tank
just long enough to be coated completely, and it is then
removed from the tank. Excess paint drains back into the
tank directly or down drain boards that return the coating
material to the tank. Dip tanks are usually equipped with a
close-off lid and a drainage reservoir for use in case of
fire."
A variation of dip coating is electrodeposition of a resinous
material on surfaces. The coating material is used as an
aqueous solution, suspension, or dispersion. The object
being coated is the anode and the dip tank is the cathode.
The dilute coating system is converted from a water soluble
or dispersible form to a dense, water insoluble film on the
surface being coated. Electrocoating has an advantage over
other coating methods by producing a coating of uniform
thickness on all wetted surfaces, including sharp edges and
remote areas.1*
(3) Flow coating - Flow coating is used on articles which
cannot be dipped due to their buoyancy, such as fuel oil
tanks, gas cylinders, pressure bottles, etc. In this
operation, the coating material is fed through overhead
nozzles which cause the paint to flow in a steady stream
over the article to be coated. Excess paint drains from the
coated object and is recirculated. The removal of excess
coating material and solvent is aided by impinging jets of
heated air.
(4) Coil coating - Coil coating is a technique for coating
long, flat strips or coils of metal (generally aluminum or
steel) either on one side or both by means of rollers,
31
-------
similar to those of a printing press.1* A coil coating
machine contains a set of three or more power driven rollers.
One of the rollers is partially immersed in the coating
material. The paint is transferred to a second, parallel
roller by direct contact. The sheet to be coated is run
between the second and third rollers, and is coated by
transfer of paint from the second roller.
(5) Powder coating - This technique is a variation of both
spray painting and dip coating. In this operation, the
coatings, consisting of pigment, polymer, and additives, but
not solvent, are applied (1) to a grounded object by elec-
trostatic spray gun and then heat curing the surface coating,
or (2) by immersing a heated object in a fluidized bed of
coating material.5
c. Drying and Curing - The drying and curing of applied
surface coatings is achieved by both evaporation and by
forced evaporation by heating. Paint baking ovens are
employed for the drying, baking, curing, polymerizing, etc.,
of surface coatings. In all of these instances, heat is
used to remove residual solvents. Also, in baking, curing,
and polymerizing operations, the heat produces chemical
changes (resin polymerization) which result in a hardened,
toughened, less penetrable coating. A brief description of
the bake ovens follows.
^Background Information for Establishment of National
Standards of Performance for New Sources - Paint and Varnish
Manufacturing, Walden Research Corporation, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, EPA Contract No. CPA 70-165, Task Order 4,
October, 1971.
32
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Before entering the bake oven, the wet, coated object is
allowed to dry by natural evaporation to remove the highly
volatile solvent components. This evaporation is used to
prevent the formation of bubbles in the coating during
drying. **
The forced evaporation of solvent performed in the bake
ovens begins with a low temperature to provide for continued
slow evaporation of residual solvent without bubbling.
Sufficient time and temperature are provided for complete
curing of the coating. The process is terminated before
damage to the coating occurs. Volatilized curing products
are removed from the vicinity of the coated surface to
prevent interferences with the curing process and to prevent
the concentration of organic vapors from reaching explosive
levels.4
Bake ovens are designed for either batch or continuous
operation. Batch processing is well-suited to low pro-
duction rates or to prolonged, complex, or critical heating
cycles. A continuous bake oven is used for high production
rates. "*
A typical batch-type oven consists of an insulated enclosure
with access doors at one end, equipped with temperature-
regulating, air-circulating, and exhaust systems. Coated
parts are placed on portable shelves or racks which are
rolled in and out of the oven. Figures 10 and 11 are
schematic diagrams of batch and continuous ovens, respec-
tively.1*
33
-------
C-024-023-MMO
NATURAL
CAS
Figure 10. Batch-type bake oven - indirect fired**
34
-------
C-204-022-MMO
...VO RATED
VUIVENT
CONTAMINATED
CAS
EXHAUST
/Tl CURIAII
Ly *lk
J
/L J
7 7
SOLVEN1 EVAPORATION ZONE
/— f /.
Figure 11. Continuous bake oven - direct fired4
35
-------
The simplest oven is a batch-type oven which occupies as
little as 30 cubic meters of space. On the other hand, a
large continuous oven may enclose hundreds of cubic meters
of space and have provisions for maintaining several dif-
ferent temperature levels, air-circulation rates, and
exhaust rates.11
Air curtains at the access openings are used to control the
escape of heated, contaminated gases into work areas. In
addition, an oven may have equipment to filter and precon-
dition the make-up air supply, and may be equipped with
fire- and explosion-prevention devices.1*
The heat required by a bake oven may be supplied by gas,
electric, steam, or waste heat from other processes. Ovens
heated by gaseous fuels may be either direct- or indirect-
fired. In a direct-fired oven, the products of combustion
combine with the process air, which may be either fresh
make-up air or a mixture of fresh make-up air and recirculated
oven gases. In the latter case, organic materials in the
recirculated oven gases come into contact with flame, and
the resulting pyrolysis may cause the emissions from the
oven to be more photochemically reactive than their solvent
precursors. In an indirect-fired oven, the circulated air
is passed through one side of a heat exchanger, while the
combustion products are passed through the other side and
subsequently discharged to the atmosphere. Indirect firing
is used either when the explosion hazard is considered high
or when combustion products in the circulated oven gases
might interfere with the chemistry of the baking process.1*
Electrically heated ovens are of two types : resistance and
infrared. In the resistence type oven, fresh make-up air or
oven gases are passed over resistance heaters, and the
36
-------
heating system is similar to a direct gas-fired type except
that there are no combustion products. Infrared heating may
be accomplished by means of bulb, tube, or reflected
resistance heating elements. Such a system is practical
only when all coated surfaces can be directly exposed to the
heat sources. The infrared method of heating can reduce the
energy input requirement because heat absorbed by the
substrate may be minimal, the oven atmosphere absorbs little
heat, and the exterior oven surface temperature may remain
low, thereby minimizing heat losses to the surroundings.4
Steam heating of ovens is an indirect heating method in
which oven gases or make-up air are heated by passage over
steam coils. The method is used where the fire or explosion
hazard is high. Heat discharged from other processes also
may be used to meet all or part of the heating requirements
of a bake oven. If the incoming hot gases contain no com-
ponents which might interfere with the baking process,
direct heating is practical; otherwise, indirect heating
with heat exchangers must be used.1*
The circulating system of a bake oven serves a dual purpose.
It distributes the heat uniformly throughout the oven
enclosure, and it increases the rate of heat transfer to the
coating material by means of forced convection. The exhaust
system of a bake oven is designed to remove the organic
materials volatilizing from the coating to prevent this
build-up to hazardous levels. The highest concentration of
organics occurs at the onset of the heating process. Thus,
in batch ovens, the period immediately following loading is
critical, while in continuous ovens, the area near the
entrance presents the greatest problem. For this reason,
the exhaust duct openings are located near the entrance of a
continuous oven.
37
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3. Paper and Paperboard Coating
Paper and paperboard coating involves two processes: surface
coating and drying. Degreasing of paper products prior to
surface coating is not performed because lubrication of the
paper is not used during any of the fabrication steps.
A process used for the surface coating of paper is similar
to flow coating of metal sheet as discussed previously in
this report. The process is called extrusion coating and
differs from flow coating in that it utilizes solventless
coatings. A description of the process follows.
Extrusion coating is a technique in which a hot polymer or
wax is applied to a flexible surface.7 The coatings which
are applied include low, medium, and high density poly-
ethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polypropylene,
monomers, cellophane, polyesters, and petroleum waxes.7'8
Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of a typical extrusion
coating process.
Paper to be coated is fed to the coating unit from a roll.
The paper passes over several idler rolls and a preheating
drum before being coated on a pressure roll. The coating is
applied to paper approximately 10 centimeters before the
paper is pressed between the pressure roll and the chill
roll. After cooling, the paper passes over a treater roll
and several idler rolls before being taken up by the windup
roll.7
7Modern Plastics Encyclopedia - 1971-.1972; Vol. 48, No. 10A,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York.
8Modern Plastics Encyclopedia - 1973-1974; Vol. 50, No. 10A,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York.
33
-------
u>
vo
WINDUP
ROLL
HOPPER
BARREL
FOR MORE
HEATING nr«-|M
SURFACE Ktb'N
PRESSURE
ROLL
COOLING ROLL COUED IDLERS
FOR PRESSURE ROLL SUBSTRATE
NOHEATING
^^^•^^^y I wi\ i I%L of «^ WI«L. i«wkh
PREHEATING (INTERNALLY COOLED)
DRUM
UNWIND
EXTRUDER AND COATER
REWIND
Figure 12. Schematic cross section of a typical extrusion coating line7
Reprinted by permission of Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
-------
The coating is fed to the unit in solid form to the hopper.
The resin or wax is melted by subjecting the material to
heat and pressure inside an extruder barrel. It is forced
by the extruder screw through the 0.3 to 0.8 millimeter slit
in the extruder die.7
The molten film is then drawn into the nip between the
pressure roll and the water-cooled chill roll. The thick-
ness of the applied coating typically varies from 0.01 to
0.04 millimeters.
Temperatures in the coating extruders range from 150°C near
the hopper to about 340°C in the die.7 The extruder
barrels have diameters of 6 to 20 centimeters and lengths
of up to 4 meters with length-to-diameter ratios of
28 to I.8
The paper speeds in the coater are about 450 meters per
minute with coating feed rates of 200 to 900 kilograms per
hour.7 Drying of the coating is achieved by cooling the
coating film on the chiller roll and results in the free
evaporation of resin monomer and resin decomposition products
formed during exposure to extruder barrel temperatures.
4. Fabric Scouring and Treatment
a. Knit Fabric Scouring - Finish oils and other contaminants
are removed from all fabrics and yarns before the dyeing
operation by scouring the fabric with water plus a deter-
gent. Such a step reduces the oil content to 0.5 percent by
weight or less.9
9Matthews, J.C., Weant, G.E. Ill, and Kearney, J.J.,
Screening Study on the Justification of Developing New
Source Performance Standards for Various Textile Processing
Operations, Research Triangle Park, N.C., EPA Contract
No. 68-02-0607-11, August, 1974.
40
-------
Texturized polyester yarns are oiled prior to knitting. Oil
levels of 2 to 5 percent by weight are common. Polyester is
oleophilic and removal of the oil from the fiber is difficult
using aqueous cleaners. An alternative scouring approach
has been developed and is in current use. The method uses
chlorinated solvents, usually perchloroethylene, instead of
water, in what is essentially a drycleaning operation. The
operation is performed in either a batch or continuous
manner. Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of a continuous
solvent knit scouring operation.
b. Fabric Treatment - Fabric treatment consists of two
major processes: finishing, and coating.
Finishes are applied to fabrics to change, improve, or
develop the appearance or desired behavior characteristics
of the fabric. Development in the types and applications of
chemical finishes has taken place during the past decade,
and most fabrics today receive one or more special finishes.
The types of finishes which are used include: shrink-
proofing, crease resistance, water repellancy and water-
proofing, flameproofing, stainproofing, antistatic finishes,
and others.
The application of the various finishes (additives, resins,
modifiers, and solvents) entails a curing step which exposes
the fabric to temperatures above 200°C. At these temperatures,
the solvents used as finishing component vehicles, the
softeners and conditioners, and the by-products from the
resin curing are volatilized from the fabric.
Coating of fabrics is a specialized finishing operation and
includes operations such as plisse (puckering), glazing,
sizing, and others. Many of these coatings are applied as
41
-------
COLLECTION HOOD
COLLECTION HOOD
Figure 13. Continuous knit fabric scouring9
-------
aqueous emulsions such as resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex
formulations. The rubber-based coatings are applied from
solvent based formulations such as toluene solvents.
c. Drying and Curing - Drying of fabrics occurs after
scouring, dyeing, and finishing. This is achieved using
both direct contact driers and by forced air drying.
Direct contact drying involves drying of the fabric on
rollers which are heated using steam as a heat source.
Forced air drying is similar to indirect-fired bake oven
operation.
D. INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING - EXCLUDING AUTOMOTIVE
PAINTING
Industrial surface coating processes, excluding automotive
painting, have been divided into ten product-type categories
(see Table 4). Each category was further divided into
individual products. Tables 5 through 14 list these prod-
ucts or processes along with annual production figures
(1972 data). Tables 15 and 16 are lists of paint and
coating types and their industrial applications.
E. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
In 1972, there were approximately 8,700 product-type surface
coating plants in the United States each having a total
sales volume of $500,000 per year or more.59 More than 85%
of the plants are located in 19 states. These states are:
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts,
59Thomas Register of American Manufacturers - 1973, Volumes
1-6, 10,020 pages, Thomas Publishing Company, 1973.
43
-------
Table 4. INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING CATEGORIES BY
PRODUCT TYPE
Major appliance finishing
Small appliance finishing
Farm machinery finishing
Industrial machinery finishing
Commercial machinery finishing
Wood furniture finishing
Sheet, strip, and coil coating
Metal furniture finishing
Paper and paperboard coating
Fabric treatment
44
-------
Table 5. MAJOR APPLIANCE PRODUCTION
Appliance type
Air conditioners
Dehumidiifers
Dishwashers
Dryers
Enameled plumbing fixtures
Freezers
Furnaces
Humidifiers
Lawnmowers
Refrigerators
Stoves
Televisions and radios
Trash compactors
Washers
Water heaters
Water softeners
1972 Production,
units
6,063,89410
439, 96511
3,199,000^
3,925,OOOH
13,994,08212
1,576,OOOH
2, 697, 926l°» 13
1,150,OOOH
5,075,8001"
6,315,OOOU
5,892,000!!
23,357,OOOH
150,000a
5,107,00012
5,436,OOOH
478,000l5
Coated
surface area,3
m2/unit
1.75
1.75
3.00
6.38
1.97
9.91
3.68
1.75
0.84
9.91
3.58
0.74
2.00
4.76
2.41
0.86
a
Estimate.
10Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Refrig-
eration and Heating Equipment, Standard Industrial
Classification 3585, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)
35G-3, March, 1974.
11 Statistical Abstract of the United States - 1973, U.S.
Department of Commerce.
^Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Metal
Sanitary Ware, Standard Industrial Classification 3431,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-34B-1, March, 1974.
1SPreliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Heating
Equipment, Except Electric, Standard Industrial Class-
ification 3433, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72 (P)-
34B-3, March, 1974.
^Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Lawn
and Garden Equipment, Standard Industrial Classification
3524, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35A-4,
March, 1974.
15Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Service
Industry Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3589, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35G-5, March,
1974.
45
-------
Table 6. SMALL APPLIANCE PRODUCTION
Appliance type
Bathroom scales
Blenders
Can openers - knife
sharpeners
Cameras
Carpet care appliances
Coffee pots
Electric cooking utensils
Electric fans
Electric razors
Eleectric tools
Garbage disposals
Hair dryers
Irons
Lamps
Mixers
Movie and slide projectors
Phonographs
Sewing machines
Snowb lowers
Space heaters
Tape recorders
Toasters
1972 Production,
units
5,744,00016
4,300,000"
10,897,400"
a
492,500
9,331, WO11
9,000,000"
6,050,000"
9,850, OOO11
4,800,000"
15,493,90017
2,772,000"
240, 000°"
9,150,000"
15,429,000°
5,150,000"
2,318,600"
5,184,000"
1,825,000
269, OOO14
1,316,70010»13
513,400"
652,500a"
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
0.24
0.11
0.09
0.03
0.29
0.10
0.12
1.09
0.02
0.07
0.27
0.38
0.06
0.23
0.24
0.28
0.30
0.50
1.7
0.50
0.15
0.27
Data based on assumption that 10% of all production is
coated.
Data based on assumption that 5% of all production is
coated.
Estimate.
1 Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Scales
and Balances, Except Laboratory, Standard Industrial
Classification 3576, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35F-4, March, 1974.
1 Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Power
Driven Hand Tools, Standard Industrial Classification 3546,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35C-5, March, 1974.
46
-------
Table 7. FARM MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Air-carried type power
sprayers
Bale throwing attachments
Beet, bean, and vegetable
cultivators
Beet harvesters
Blade terracers
Boxes and racks
Broadcast seeders
Brooders
Chisel plows
Combines
Corn and cotton cultivators
Corn pickers
Corn planters, listers,
potato planters, etc.
Corn shellers
Cotton strippers
Dairy machines
Disc plows
Dryers
Egg graders
Egg washers
Farm elevators, portable
Farm elevators, stationary
1972
Production,
units
8,08818
6,82018
12718
72818
102, 09818
60,29418
21,31018
147, 39318
16,91318
21,10418
19, ISO18
7,57718
33,95918
7,500a
2,22018
48,27118
74718
16,45618
11718
26218
140, 45618
3,96018
Coated
surface area,3
m2 /unit
2.25
23.2
4.4
4.0
0.76
23.0
7.1
4.73
0.2
28.4
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
0.76
4.0
1.0
1.0
7.92
15.0
Estimate.
18Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Farm
Machinery and Equipment, Standard Industrial Classifi-
cation 3523, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC-72(P)-35A-3,
March, 1974.
47
-------
Table 7. (Cont.) FARM MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Farm wagons
Feed grinders
Feed mixers
Fertilizer distributors
Field cultivators
Field forage harvesters
Foggers and mist sprayers
Forage blowers
Front and rear-mounted
loaders
Grain drills
Hand dusters
Hand sprayers
Harrows
Hay bale loaders
Hay balers
Hay conditioners
Hay stacking attachments
Hog feeding equipment
Hog watering equipment
Incubators
Land levelers
Manure pumps
Manure spreaders
Middlebusters and disc
bedders
1972
Production,
units
75,67618
5,90118
1,01718
24,30718
16,38618
15,17318
58,54618
10,39318
21,09318
io,oooa
263, 46518
6,170,69318
174, 92418
3,19818
27,98918
21,20418
16,072is
45,539b
30,44318
19,78118
6,33918
3,000a
28,03218
3,78213
Coated
surface area,
m2 /unit
23.2
6.6
2.0
5.6
1.9
6.0
1.0
23.2
0.5
0.5
0.28
0.28
9.9
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.3
13.5
6.1
3.0
1.5
1.0
5.6
0.6
Estimate.
bBased on 10% being coated.
48
-------
Table 7. (Cont.) FARM MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Moldboard plows
Mower-conditioners
Mowers
Nests and cages
Other sprayers
Peanut combines
Peanut diggers
Potato harvesters
Poultry feeders
Power dusters
Power sprayers
Rakes
Rod weeders
Rotary cultivators
Stalk shredders
Subsoilers (deep tillage)
Terracing and ditching
Tobacco curers
Tractors
Turkey feeders
Turkey waterers
Windrowers or swathers
1972
Production,
units
44,62418
21,20418
18,34618
260,752b
37/500a
2,34118
2,58818
65418
549,517b
1,24018
27,80718
14,12618
1.61618
41,24818
113, 11418
2,51418
2,11218
7,33718
393, 97618
88,600a
3,440b
8,46418
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
0.58
3.1
2.7
1.4
2.0
28.4
5.0
4.0
4.1
2.0
2.0
0.32
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
0.7
9.48
4.1
0.74
3.0
Estimate.
Based on 10% being coated.
-------
Table 8. INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Appliance type
Automotive maintenance
equipment
Bakery machinery
Bending and forming machines
Bindery equipment
Bleaching, drying, finishing
machinery
Boring machines
Broaching machines
Butter and cheese processing
machinery
Carding and combing machines
1972
Production,
units
240,000ai9
27420
22,01421
46222
15,000a23
4952It
962"
168320
1,00023
Coated
surface area,3
m2/unit
6.0
20
10
20
15
8
9
20
13
Estimate.
1 Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Metal
Working Machinery, N.E.C., Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3549, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72 (P)-
35C-7, March, 1974.
20Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Food
Products Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3551, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-1,
February, 1974.
2Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Machine
Tools, Metal-Forming Types, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3542, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-5,
February, 1974.
22preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Printing
Trades Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification 3555,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-2, February, 1974
2Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Textile
Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification 3552, U.S.
Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-2, February, 1974.
24Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Machine
Tools, Metal-Cutting Types, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3541, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35C-1,
March, 1974.
50
-------
Table 8. (Cont.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Cement making machinery
Centrifugal dryers
Chain saws
Chemical manufacturing
industrial machinery
Choppers, grinders,
cutters, etc.
Classifiers
Clayworking machinery
Cleaning and opening
machines
Cold rolling mill
machines
Compressors
Concentrating tables
1972
Production,
units
l,900a25
10026
1,281,00027
4,200325
39,600azo
41326
1,950325
2,60023
250a28
805, 10029
13226
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
50
50
0.33
25
10
40
20
20
60
7
25
Estimate.
2Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Special
Industry Machinery, N.E.C., Standard Industrial Classifi-
cation 3559, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-
35D-6, January, 1974.
2Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Mining
Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification 3532,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35B-2, March, 1974.
27Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Wood-
working Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3553, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-3,
January, 1974.
28Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Rolling
Mill Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification 3547,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35C-6, February, 1974,
2Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Pumps and
Pumping Equipment, Standard Industrial Classification
3561, Air and Gas Compressors, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3563, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35E-1,
March, 1974.
-------
Table 8. (Cont.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Concrete mixers
Construction cranes
Concrete products
machinery
Continuous mining machines
Cotton ginning machinery
Crushers
Drilling machines
Drills
Electronic tube
manufacturing
Excavators
Feeders
Flexographic printing
presses
Flotation machines
Flour and grain mill
machines
Flowing well equipment
Foundry machinery
Fruit and vegetable
canning machinery
1972
Production,
units
10,37430
78330
6,65525
29226
2,600a
1,29426
36,1882"
11,06126
ISO325
3,70630
1,30126
56322
57826
320320
69,000asi
l,300a25
6,000a2°
Coated
surface area,3
m2/unit
1
30
25
25
50
40
6.0
1
20
12
30
20
60
50
10
30
20
Estimate.
3°Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Construction Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3531, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35B-1,
March, 1974.
31Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Oilfield
Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification 3533, U.S.
Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35B-3, March, 1974.
52
-------
Table 8. (Cont.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Gear cutting machines
Glassmaking machines
Gravure printing presses
Grinding and polishing
machines
Grinding mills
Hoists
Homogenizers and
pasteurizers
Hot rolling mill
machines
Ice cream freezers
Industrial trucks
Jointers, etc.
Knitting machines
Lathes
Lathes, planers, etc.
Letterset printing presses
Loading, cutting and long-
wall mining machines
Magnetic separators
Meat and poultry
processing machinery
1972
Production,
units
7652"
1,025325
6622
95,5202"
14126
28,41032
196a20
58Q28
800a20
74,80033
18,600a27
5,10023
12,29521*
53,900a27
42822
65225
27726
30,000a20
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
15
15
20
6
50
5
30
35
20
6
10
25
8
12
20
30
30
20
Estimate.
3Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Hoists,
Cranes, and Monorails, Standard Industrial Classifi-
cation 3536, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-
35B-6, March, 1974.
3Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Indus-
trial Trucks and Tractors, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3537, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72 (P)-
35B-7, March, 1974.
53
-------
Table 8. (Cont.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Metal cleaning machinery
Milling machines
Mine cars and track
Motorized hand trucks
Offset lithographic pressei
Overhead cranes
Packing, packaging, and
bottling machinery
Papermill machinery
Paper and paperboard
converting machinery
Planers
Plastic working machinery
Presses
Pulpmill machinery
Pumps
Punching and shearing
machines
Rebuilt pulp and paper-
mill machinery '
Rod lifting machinery
Rotary drilling equip-
ment, subsurface
Rotary drilling equip-
ment, surface
j
1972
Production,
units
4,600a25
19,03121+
2,44526
28,90033
5 1,70222
20,40030
19,900a2°
4,540a3"
200a31*
8,30525
23,21121
122a31f
L4,379,00029
29,00721
3,800a3"
26,300a31
344, OOO31
14231
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
40
9
40
2
20
5
20
50
10
88
10
20
50
0.8
10
50
10
15
15
Estimate.
3^Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Paper
Industries Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3554, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-4,
March, 1974.
54
-------
Table 8. (Cont.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Sawing and cutoff
machines
Sawing machines
Sawmill equipment
Screens
Scrubbers
Shapers
Shoemaking machinery
Shuttle cars
Spinning frames
Sugar plant processing
machinery
Tapping machines
Thermal dryers
Tobacco manufacturing
Twisting frames
Typesetting machinery
Veneer and plywood
equipment
Washing and sterilizing
equipment
Welding and cutting
apparatus
Wet cyclones
Wood preparation
equipment
Yarn preparing machines
1972
Production,
units
7,32021*
294, 10027
3,000327
3,61726
8426
382"
2,900325
63035
323, 60023
1,500320
6102"
3826
2,000325
221, 20023
11,02022
1,200327
20320
47,000319
1,02926
15,200a3"
3,780323
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
6
6
50
15
40
6
10
40
50
50
8
50
20
50
10
20
30
5
5
30
15
Estimate.
35Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Typewriters,
Office Machines, N.E.C., Standard Industrial Classification
3579, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35F-1, March,
1974.
55
-------
Table 9. COMMERCIAL MACHINERY PRODUCTION
Equipment type
Accounting machines
Adding machines
Cash registers
Check handling machines
Commercial carpet
sweepers
Commercial dishwashers
Commercial floor waxers
Dictating machines
Duplicating machines
Electronic calculators
Forms handling equipment
Gasoline pumps
Industrial water
softeners
Mailing machines
Mailing and parcel post
scales
Motor truck scales
Retail and commercial
scales
Time recorders
Typewriters
Vending machines
1972 Production,
units
50,000a35
505,00235
200,000 35
178, 50036
20,60015
25,20015
66,40015
193, 20036
65,90036
221, 47035
85,70036
78,10037
21,90015
432, 80036
950, 80016
1,90016
16,60016
133, 50036
1,680,000 36
503,58438
Coated
surface area,a
m2/unit
0.63
0.20
0.75
0.80
0.40
6
0.4
0.34
7.4
0.035
1
4.4
13.9
0.5
0.5
50
1
0.5
0.75
11.3
Estimate.
36Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Calcula-
ting and Accounting Machines, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3574, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35F-3,
March, 1974.
37Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Measuring
and Dispensing Pumps, Standard Industrial Classification
3586, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35G-4,
March, 1974.
3Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Automatic
Merchandising Machines, Standard Industrial Classification
3581, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35G-1,
February, 1974.
56
-------
Table 10. WOOD FURNITURE PRODUCTION
Furniture type
Bedroom furniture
Bookcases
Cabinets
Chairs
Desks
Tables
1972 Production,
units
16,933,00039
246,000a39
10,141,00039
9,938,00039
690, OOO39
11,070,00039
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
2.15
4.35
2.01
0.65
4.41
1.91
a
Estimate.
39U.S. Department of Commerce, 1967 Census of Manufactures.
57
-------
Table 11. SHEET, STRIP, AND COIL COATING
Product
Aluminum siding and roofing
Beer and soft drink bottle caps
Beverage cans
Canopies and awnings
Door and window frames
Ductwork
Fencing
Garage doors
Gutters
Metal cans excluding beverage cans
Metal doors
Railings, fire escapes, staircases
Screening
Shelving
Steel shipping barrels
Wire products
Wood paneling
1972 Production
215,000 tonnes""
3.32 x 10" caps'1'
3.74 x 10" cans"?
1,500,000 units3""
38,102,500 units*3
2,360,000 tonnesa"
-------
Table 12. METAL FURNITURE PRODUCTION
Furniture type
Bookcases
Cabinets
Chairs
Coat racks
Desks
File cabinets
Safes and vaults
Tables
Waste cans
1972 Production,
units
246,000a39
380,000a39
13,656,80039
5,300,000a39
1,380,00039
3,775, 10039
1,103,80039
3,769,60039
21,100,00039
Coated
surface area,
m2/unit
5.72
6.50
0.88
1.0
13.73
6.58
3.44
3.23
0.06
Estimate.
59
-------
Table 13. PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COATING
Product
Coated paper
Folding cartons
Kraft paper
Milk carton board
Paper bags
Paper boxes
Paper cans, tubes, and
drums
Printing paper
Waxed paper
1972 Production,
tonnes
739, 0781*7
2,358,000L|8
3,562,400lf9
912,643tf8
3,017,70050
16,701,40051
856, SSO1*8
3,216, BOO1*9
118, OOO1*7
Coated
surface area,
m2 /tonne
23,800
6,000
1,900
595
24,300
3,000
6,000
24,300
99,200
47Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Paper
Coating and Glazing, Standard Industrial Classification
2641, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-26B-1, March,
1974.
48Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Paper-
board Mills, Standard Industrial Classification 2631,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-26A-3, March, 1974.
49Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Paper-
mills, Except Building Paper, Standard Industrial
Classification 2621, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-26A-2, March, 1974.
50Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Bags,
Except Textile Bags, Standard Industrial Classification
2643, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-26B-3, March,
1974.
5Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Folding
Paperboard Boxes, Standard Industrial Classification 2651,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-26C-1, January, 1974,
60
-------
Table 14. FABRIC TREATMENT
Product
Dyeing
Permanent crispness
Sizing
Waterproof and water
finishes
Wrinkle resistant finishes
1972 Production,
linear meters
4.377 X 109 52,53,
6.236 x 107 52,53,
9.97 x 109 52,53,
6.218 x 10?a 52, 53,
1.061 x 10ga 52' 53,
54,55,56,57
5"», 55, 56, 57
5"» , 55, 56, 57
51*, 55, 56,57
51*, 55, 56, 57
Coated
surface area,
m2/m
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
aEstimate.
"Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Weaving Mills, Cotton, Standard
Industrial Classification 2211, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-22A-1, March,
1974.
"Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Weaving Mills, Manmade Fiber and
Silk, Standard Industrial Classification 2221, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-22A-2, March, 1974.
51*Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Weaving and Finishing Mills, Wool,
Standard Industrial Classification 2231, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-22A-3,
March, 1974.
55Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Finishing Plants, Cotton, Standard
Industrial Classification 2261, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-22C-1,
March, 1974.
56Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Finishing Plants, Manmade Fiber and
Silk Fabric, Standard Industrial Classification 2262, U.S. Department of Commerce.
MC 72(P)-22C-2, March, 1974.
5'Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Coated Fabrics, Not Rubberized,
Standard Industrial Classification 2295, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-22F-5
March, 1974.
-------
Table 15. INDUSTRIAL USES OF VARIOUS PAINTS
AND COATINGS3'58
Paint or coating type
Industrial uses
Acrylic enamel coating
Acrylic lacquer coatings
Alkyd enamel coatings
Cellulosic coatings
Epoxy coatings
Urethane coatings
Vinyl coatings
Melamine-formaldehyde
Urea-formaldehyde
Acetone-formaldehyde
Phenol-formaldehyde
Polyamides
Ethyl imine
Silicon resins
Major appliances
Small appliances
Metal furniture
Sheet, strip, and coil coatings
Metal furniture
Wood furniture
Farm machinery
Industrial machinery
Major appliances
Small appliances
Sheet, strip, and coil coatings
Paper and paperboard
Wood furniture
Paper and paperboard
Sheet, strip, and coil coatings
Sheet, strip, and coil coatings
Major appliances
Small appliances
Industrial machinery
Sheet, strip, and coil coatings
Fabric treatment
Paper and paperboard
Sheet, strip, and coil coatings
Major appliances
Small appliances
Industrial machinery
Metal furniture
Fabric
Fabric
Fabric
Fabric
Fabric
Fabric
Fabric
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
58Speel, Henry C., and Schwarz, E. W. K., Textile Chemicals
and Auxiliaries, Second Edition, Reinhold Publishing
Company, New York, N. Y., 1957.
62
-------
Table 16. SURFACE COATING TYPES USED FOR INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS3
Product category
Major appliances
Small appliances
Farm machinery
Industrial machinery
Commercial machinery
Wood furniture
Sheet, strip s coil
Metal furniture
Surface Coating Type
Alkyd
enamel
35.0%
40.0%
100.0%
90.0%
90.0%
72.0%
21.1%
67.6%
Vinyl
-
5.0%
-
5.0%
5.0%
-
50.0%
30.6%
Acrylic
enamel
40.0%
40.0%
-
-
-
-
7.3%
1.8%
Acrylic
lacquer
-
10.0%
-
-
-
-
0.5%
-
Baking
enamel
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.7%
-
Epoxy
25.0%
-
-
5.0%
5.0%
-
13.0%
-
Urethane
-
5.0%
-
-
-
-
1.8%
-
Nitrocellulosic
lacquer
-
-
-
-
-
28.0%
1.6%
-
-------
Connecticut, California, Oregon, Washington, Tennessee,
North Carolina, Texas, and New Jersey. The other 15% of the
plants are located in the remaining 31 states. Only two of
the states did not have product-type surface coating plants;
these were Alaska and Wyoming.10
Table 17 summarizes the number of product-type surface
coating plants by product-type category for each of the
fifty states. Figure 14 is a graphical presentation of the
geographical distribution of product-type surface coating
plants.
F. MATERIALS FLOW DIAGRAMS
Materials flow diagrams were generated from data obtained
from the 1972 Census of Manufactures, the Chemical Economics
Handbook, and the National Paint and Coatings Association.
These diagrams were formulated for the Paints and Allied
Products, Paper and Paperboard Coating, and Fabric Treatment
industries. These diagrams show the raw materials flow for
1972.
Figure 15 is the raw materials diagram for the Paints and
Allied Products industry. Figure 16 is the solvent flow
diagram for the Paints and Allied Products industry. Figure
17 is the raw materials flow diagram for the Paper and
Paperboard Coating Industry. Figure 18 is the raw materials
flow diagram for the Fabric Treatment industry.
64
-------
Table 17. SUMMARY OF PRODUCT-TYPE SURFACE COATING PLANTS59
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Major
appliance
finishing
3
-
1
2
44
2
11
-
2
5
-
-
46
25
26
4
16
-
-
8
12
34
1C
4
9
Small
appliance
finishing
1
-
-
-
37
2
16
-
-
2
-
-
87
15
5
-
6
-
-
2
13
18
19
-
24
Farm
machinery
finishing
-
-
-
2
31
9
9
-
12
24
-
5
195
26
86
29
2
1
1
2
3
35
81
1
19
Industrial
machinery
finishing
16
-
3
5
149
39
125
12
25
17
2
2
325
70
32
15
17
13
13
26
165
246
79
7
65
Commercial
furniture
finishing
-
-
1
2
27
2
16
-
4
3
-
-
55
5
4
2
2
-
-
5
21
16
16
1
11
Wood
furniture
finishing
1
-
-
8
8
-
-
-
2
3
-
-
11
25
5
-
3
-
3
3
11
20
2
4
4
1
Sheet
strip, and
coil coating
9
_
-
3
42
4
48
3
7
2
-
-
97
24
5
8
9
7
3
13
38
40
11
2
22
Metal
furniture
finishing
2
_
-
-
19
-
3
1
-
4
-
-
60
26
15
3
8
-
1
1
14
45
10
-
10
Paper and
paperboard
3
_
_
5
32
1
24
2
6
4
-
2
70
19
6
-
5
a
6
9
37
23
19
8
13
Fabric
treatmen
10
_
_
3
16
3
20
4
-
29
-
_
15
7
1
-
1
1
3
6
45
6
8
-
5
Total
45
_
5
30
405
62
272
22
58
93
2
9
961
242
185
61
69
30
30
75
359
483
255
27
182
-------
Table 17. (Cont.) SUMMARY OF PRODUCT-TYPE SURFACE COATING PLANTS59
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTALS
Manor
appliance
finishing
-
-
-
-
26
-
71
1
-
55
4
9
37
2
-
-
15
12
-
-
5
1
-
35
-
537
Small
appliance
finishing
-
1
-
-
34
-
91
1
-
39
4
1
37
-
1
-
4
5
-
3
3
3
-
34
-
508
Farm
machinery
finishing
-
29
-
-
20
-
57
31
14
79
12
16
57
-
1
-
12
28
-
-
4
15
-
74
-
1022
Industrial
machinery
finishing
1
14
5
16
259
2
339
39
-
469
17
56
357
14
17
-
29
86
5
12
20
72
11
185
-
3493
Commercial
furniture
finishing
-
-
-
1
30
-
55
1
-
43
1
-
19
-
-
-
4
3
-
1
-
3
-
8
-
362
Wood
furniture
finishing
1
1
-
2
1
-
41
22
-
14
1
3
21
1
6
-
5
4
-
1
17
6
-
4
-
264
Sheet
strip , and
coil coatin<
-
4
1
5
84
-
136
9
-
91
4
10
112
12
2
-1
11
14
-
2
14
9
6
22
-
946
Metal
furniture
finishing
1
-
-
-
19
-
105
7
-
56
1
1
62
-
1
-
4
6
-
-
3
2
7
20
-
517
Paper and
paperboard
2
2
-
3
55
-
100
7
-
53
3
11
42
7
7
-
6
6
-
2
11
6
1
37
-
663
Fabric
treatment
.
-
-
6
22
-
83
40
-
44
-
-
11
13
30
-
12
1
-
-
3
-
-
3
-
451
Total
5
51
6
33
550
2
1078
158
14
943
47
107
755
49
65
1
102
165
5
21
80
117
25
422
-
8763
-------
1
DUMBER OF PLANTS PER
0-9 STATE
10-99
100 AND OVER
Figure 14. Geographical distribution of product surface
coating plants by state
-------
C-024.-021-BSO-1
FILM FORMERS
61761126
PIGMENTS
SOLVENTS
247 mm
ADDIIIVCS
n Tin
-
SYSs'c
55»!/ HO
SEMIORYING
OILS
492/141
NATURAL
RESIMS
HYDROCARBONS
soswi
OXYGENATED
i8i OM24
3THER SOLVENTS
10 U1B
AiKYo 182 ana
VINYl 11 Will
ACRYLIC W V1CO
[POXV 40 7/32
UREIHANE 35 4/22
CELLULOSIC 30 3B6
ROSIN ESTER 12 4120
STYRENl 10 1116
PHENOLIC 10 1/14
HYDROCARBON S 1112
OTHER S 3/18
OTHER DRYING AND
SEMIDRYINGOILS 8 ""
ROSIN 3 W
SHELLAC 3 8/5
OTHER > "5
AROMATIC » 3/532
ALIPHATIC M 2U»
KETOKES '0 8/162
ESTERS 50 5/55
ALCOHOLS « un
G'tYC^^RS » »"
:HLORINAIED SOLVENTS 4 w
JIIROPARAFFINS 3 5/6
IIRPEOTINEAKO
PINE OIL ' ' "'
—
INORGANIC
4684/1366
ORGANIC
52516
-
-
2«8f)30
AKi
778/m
C010RED
\rnam
MISCELLANEOUS
*&
5! 5/6
II1ANIUM DIOXIDE 22121292
iISC OXIDE 1LEAOFREE! IS 17!
WHITE LEAD 3 08
LEADEDZINC OXIDE 2 S/4
OTHER WHITE PIGMENTS 2 VI
CAlCIWCARBO-nlE 3E9T31S
TALC 11 BTO
CALCIUM SUIT ATE 2471
SILICA 3 Sf»
BARIIE 0 fill
MICA 4 9174
OTHER DCICNDER PIGMENTS 11 9T49
IRONOXtDC 307/112
CARBON BLACK 9616
COLORED AND BLK PIGMENTS ' ""
MTALLIC PIGMENTS 7.6/14
Z'lC °"S' '^™
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS 1 U32
PHIHALOCYANINE 20.V2
AZO PIGMENTS U V2
SURFACE ACTIVI AGENTS
PAINT DRIERS
THICKENERS
FLOW MODIFIERS
ANII-SKINNINC AGENTS
OTHER ADDITIVES
THINKERS
II! t»'10S5
'ETR01EUM NAPHTHA 41 Sl!7!
OIHER ™ "21°
I ID6 dollars/106 kilogriml
Figure 15.
Raw materials flow diagram for the
paints and allied products industry
68
-------
C-024-020-BSO-1
SOLVENTS
1333
801
.fW'WJffi.
OTHER SOLVENTS
18
AROMATIC
532
ALIPHATIC
*sasBic
lid
162
ESTERS
B
CHLORINATED
IIROPIRAFFIN
6
'fflBSl'S.
3
BENZENE J
IOLUINE |I2
XVIENES 219
NAPHTHA HIGH FLASH U
OTHER AROMATIC; M
MINERAL SPIRITS LOW ODOR 19?
MINEIAL SPIRITS ODORLESS 37
MINERAL SPIRITS COALOIL Id
OTHER ALIPHUICS KB
METHANOL 9
ETHANOl 7
PROPANOLS ZS
I'l-iUTANOl It
OTHER ALCOHOLS 13
GiyCOL ETHERS 60
ACETONE 62
METHYL [THYL KHONE 16
METHYL ISO-BUTYL KETONE ?6
OTHER hETONES 8
ETHYL ACETATE 2
ISOPIiOPVL ACETATE 3
NOSWAL BUTYL ACETATE 30
OTHER ESTERS 20
MCTHYLENE CHLORIDE 9
OIHERCHLORINAIEO SOLVENTS 1
llf kilogrannl
Figure 16.
Solvents used by the paints and
allied products industry
69
-------
C-024-038-BSO
PAPER
COATING
— | MSINS |
1 PEIEOLEUM WAX |
IflKiL
CEUH05IC "
POLYflHYL£N[S
POWSOPYUf
STvWNfi
flroife
RUSTICS
CEIIOWANI
HUH
SHEETS 1 SHIE
s
1
14
Figure 17.
Raw materials used in the paper and
paperboard coating industry5"
50Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufacturers, Paper
Coating and Glazing, Standard Industrial Classification
2641, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-268-l,
March, 1974.
70
-------
C-02A-039-BSO
[FABRIC T»EATMENI|-
SEE I
Figure 18. Raw materials flow diagram for the fabric treatment industry
-------
C-024-039-BSO
©
[FABRIC IREArHENT|
t\>
PARAFFIN WAX
SCDE
i 1 RFWWASir 1 DIMETHYL CELLULOSE
( oriTPB 1 1 ' ALUMINJM ACETATE
j | 1 STEAROXYMETHYL PYRIDINIUUCHLQRIDE
|_UUKA81L |— — SlEARAMIDOMETHYL PYRiOINII
M CHLORIDE
5TIARAMIOE
METHYLATED WHHYLOL MELAMI NE
MILAMirff FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
1 AQUEOUS RESINSJ AUtYL"ED MELAMINE FORMALDEHYBE
— j pROofl^ | "j ACETONE FORMALDEHYDE
' — | OTHtas J — |CLVOXIAL|
I — 1 WA1iS?Lliflt£ |~
i — i
AMMONIUM Slilf ATE
BORAX
BORIC ACID
AMMONIUM 5ULFAMA
AMMONIUM BBOMIDE
I WAira/flTT I
1 FMI II <[ riTfj c n
L SUSPEMSIOMS jT
PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
1 . . POLVURETHANES
1 ^SOLVtNTb .PICHLOROHYLJKrPr PHtrMOLS
1 ' JHEA FORMALDEHYDE )
-| SOLVENTS |
^ RESINS |-
-I RETAROANTS \-
-| PLASTICIZEDS
\ SOLVENTS
\ RESINS |-
1 'ETARDANTS -
| PLASMCIZERS 1
VI
L
VINYL CHLORIDE
ANTIMONY OXII E
ZINC BORATE
— JV'HVL CHLORIDE 1
ANTIMONY OXIDI
ZINC 90RATE
SEE 2
Figure 18.
(Cont.) Raw materials flow diagram for the fabric treatment industry
-------
C-024-037-BSO
©
[FABRIC TREATMENTf
SOLVENTS
HYDROCARBONS
OXYGENATED
HYDROCARBONS
MISCELLANEOUS
KETONES
ACETONE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
01 ACETONE ALCOHOL
CYCLOHEXANONE
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
DIOXANE
ETHYL ETHER
ISOPROPYL ETHER
METHYL "CELLOSOLVE"
"CELLO SOLVE"
BUTYL 'ttLLOSOLVE"
METHANOL
ETHANOL (IWProol)
PROPANOL
BUTANOL
ISOBUTANOL
METHYL AMYl ALCOHOL
2-ETHYLBUTANOL
1-OCTANOL
2-ETHYLBUTANOl
1-DODECANOL dauryll
ISOOCTANOL
ISODECANOLS
ISOTRIDECANOLS
Figure 18. (Cont.) Raw materials flow diagram for the fabric treatment industry
-------
SECTION IV
EMISSIONS
A. POLLUTANTS
The pollutants which were considered in this program were
those from solvents and resins. The solvents considered
were aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, glycols,
glycol ethers, ketones, esters, chlorinated solvents, etc.
The resins considered were acrylic resins, alkyds, epoxy
resins, hydrocarbon resins, maleic resins, etc.
Other pollutants associated with industrial surface coating
operations but which were not considered included pigments,
additives, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide,
etc. These materials were not included because the program
objective was to develop a prioritization list based on
emission of organic species only.
B. SELECTED POLLUTANTS
1. Composition of Emissions
Because of the number of different surface coating formula-
tions, the emissions were broken down into 43 general formu-
lations. The Paints and Allied Products industry contained
24 general formulations; these were obtained from the "Air
Pollution Engineering Manual, AP-40."1* The compositions of
75
-------
these surface coatings are presented in Table 18. The
surface coatings used in the Paper and Paperboard Coating
category were broken into 10 general formulations based on
data from the patent literature. The surface coatings used
in Fabric Treatment category were obtained from the patent
literature and broken into 9 general formulations.
These formulations are presented in detail in Appendix A.
For each surface coating formulation, the following are
presented:
Composition (solvent, resin, pigment)
Assumed Coverage
Emitted Species
Emission Factors (solvents and resins)
TLV of Forms Emitted
For the Paper and Paperboard coating and Fabric Treatment
categories, the type of coating employed is given by type of
application. However, for Paints and Allied Products, as
many as eight different general surface coating formulations
are used in a product-type category while as many as three
different formulations are used for a product; e.g., dish-
washers. Table 19 shows the breakdown of coatings used by
product-type category and by product-type for Major Appli-
ance Finishing.
In determining the emission factors for each product type,
the surface coating formulations used for that product were
weighted according to the amount of paint consumed by that
product.
76
-------
Table 18. EXAMPLES OF SURFACE COATING AND ADDED THINNER FORMULAS ON AN
AS-PURCHASED BASIS HAVING CONFORMING SOLVENT SYSTEMS u
Composition of surface coatings, % vol
Type of surface
coating
Enamel, air dry
Enamel, baking
Enamel, dipping
Acrylic enamel
Alkyd enamel
Primer surface
Primer, epoxy
Primer, zinc
chroma te
Primer, vinyl zinc
chroma te
Epoxy-po lyamide
Varnish, baking
Lacquer, spraying
Lacquer , hot spray
Lacquer, acrylic
Vinyl, roller coat
Vinyl
Vinyl acrylic
Polyurethane
Stain
Glaze
Wash Coat
Sealer
Toluene replacement
thinner
Xylene replacement
thinner
Weight,
kg/1
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.3
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
Nonvolatile
portion
39.6
42.8
59.0
30.3
47.2
49.0
57.2
37.8
34.0
34.7
35.3
26.1
16.5
38.2
12.
22.00
15.2
31.7
2.6
40.9
12.4
11.7
Volatile portion
Aliphatic
saturated
93.5
82.1
58.2
92.5
18.0
44.8
80.0
17.5
7.0
16.4
10.0
80.6
91.6
40.6
41.2
55.5
56.5
Aromatic
6.5
11.7
7.2
6.9
7.5
8.9
15.9
7.2
7.9
19.9
1.7
6.8
18.5
18.9
19.7
14.0
8.4
14.7
7.0
17.5
Toluene)
7.5
Alcohols
saturated
6.2
30.9
21.8
3.0
12.8
26.4
21.3
24.3
3.5
10.8
14.7
24.0
Ketones
80.6
16.5
60.0
34.5
97.0
23.2
17.2
42.0
43.5
81.1
84.9
13.9
0.1
13.7
19.1
Esters
saturated
3.7
12.5
16.8
28.8
19.2
45.1
14.8
26.0
15.1
66.4
15.7
18.0
9.0
12.0
Ethers
saturated
18.0
7.5
14.6
3.0
1.7
20.5
56.5
5.3
4.5
18.0
-------
Table 19. SURFACE COATING FORMULATIONS FOR MAJOR APPLIANCE FINISHING3
Major appliances
Air conditioners
Dehumidif iers
Dishwashers
Dryers
Enameled plumbing fixtures
Freezers
Furnaces
Humidifiers
Lawn mowers
Refrigerators
Stoves
T.V.s and radios
Trash compactors
Washers
Water heaters
Water softeners
Coating type
Acrylic
enamel
61.0%
61.0%
35.6%
35.6%
-
61.0%
61.0%
35.6%
-
61.0%
-
-
-
35.6%
35.6%
35.6%
Alkyd
enamel
39.0%
39.0%
22.8%
22.8%
100.0%
39.0%
39.0%
22.8%
100.0%
39.0%
100.0%
-
100.0%
22.8%
22.8%
22.8%
Cellulosic
lacquer
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
100.0%
-
-
-
-
Epoxy
_
-
41.6%
41.6%
-
-
-
41.6%
-
-
-
-
-
41.6%
41.6%
41.6%
-J
00
-------
2. Mass of Emissions
The mass of emissions from product-type surface coatings
were obtained by multiplying the emission factors presented
in Appendix A (g/m2) by the unit surface area and by the
number of units produced each year (1972).
Q = (F) x (E) x (K) x (S) (1)
where:
Q = Mass of emissions (kg/year)
S = Unit surface area (m2/unit)
K = Number of units produced (units/year)
E = Emission factor (g/m2)
F = Conversion factor (0.001 kg/g)
The National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA)51 has
estimated the total mass of emissions from all Paint and
Allied Products. These data are presented in Table 20.
3. Threshold Limit Values of Species Emitted
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV®) for various organic and
inorganic chemicals are presented in "Threshold Limit Values
for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom
Environment with Intended Changes for 1973."62 This copy-
righted document was published by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
61Data supplied by the National Paint and Coatings
Association.
62Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and
Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended
Changes for 1973, American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1972.
79
-------
Table 20. SOLVENT AND RESIN EMISSIONS
FROM PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 61
1972
Emissions,
Species emitted 105 kg
Solvent phase resins
Acrylic solution-resins-lacquer 2.3
Acrylic solution-resins-thermosetting 9.9
Alkyds 40.5
Epoxy resins 12.5
Epoxy ester resins 1.6
Hydrocarbon resins 0.9
Maleic resins 0.3
Phenolic resins, pure 1.8
Polyurethane resins 3.3
Silicone resins 0.6
Urea & melamine formaldehyde resins 6.3
Vinyl (formal & butyral) acetal resins 1.0
Vinyl acetate solution-type copolymer resins 2.2
Vinyl chloride copolymer resins 6.0
Other solvent-phase resins 3.3
Aluminum pastes 1.7
Sub-total 94.2
Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents
Mineral spirits, low odor 192.0
Mineral spirits, odorless 36.9
Kerosene 5.i
Mineral spirits, coal oil 15.8
Others 109.0
Sub-total 358.8
SO
-------
Table 20. (Cont.) SOLVENT AND RESIN EMISSIONS
FROM PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS61
Species emitted
1972
Emissions,
106 kg
Aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphtha, high flash
Others
Terpenic hydrocarbons
Monohydric alcohols
Methanol
Ethanol (all denatured grades)
Propanol (normal and iso)
n-Butanol
Other butanols
Others
Glycols and derivatives
Glycols
Glycol ethers
Ketones
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Others
Sub-total 532.8
3.2
Sub-total
54.4
60.0
Sub-total 114.4
Sub-total 161.5
31
-------
Table 20. (Cent.) SOLVENT AND RESIN EMISSIONS
FROM PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS61
Species emitted
Esters
Ethyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
Normal butyl acetate
Others
Chlorinated solvents
Methylene chloride
Trichloroethylene
Others
Other solvents and dilutents
1972
Emissions,
106 kg
2.8
2.7
29.8
19.6
Sub-total 54 . 9
4.6
3.3
0.8
Sub-total 8 . 7
26.6
Total 1448.2
-------
This document does not list TLV's for solvent mixtures. It
does, however, present a method of calculating a composite
TLV for total evaporative solvent mixtures. This formula
is:
composite _£- Jb_ . , fm (2)
TLV TLV, TLV
a o m
where TLV values, in mg/m3, and f values, in weight fraction,
are inserted for each individual component a, b, . . . m of
the mixture.
This formula was used to calculate the composite TLV's for
the following constituents of solvent mixtures:
Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
Monohydric alcohols
Ketones
Esters
Ethers and glycols
The total mass of emissions data from NPCA was used to
calculate the composite TLV's for the above solvent mix-
tures. An example calculation is presented below and all
composite TLV's for the solvent mixtures are summarized
below.
83
-------
The following data on aromatic hydrocarbons are known:61
Species emitted
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphtha, high flash
a
NPCA
emission rate,
106 kg/yr
Other naphthenic
Totals
compounds
Weight
fraction
0.006
0.325
0.409
0.083
0.177
TLV,
mg/m3
80
375
435
400
1050
1.000
TLV for cyclohexane
The above data were substituted in Eq. 2:
TLV
aromatics
0.325
375
0.409 0.083 0.177
~435~ + ~400~ + T050~
= 442.9 mg/m3
For this program, it was assumed that this mixture is as
hazardous as toluene because the above composite TLV assumes
that all aromatic hydrocarbons have exactly the same com-
position. The TLV for toluene was chosen to represent a
worst case analysis:
TLV
aromatics
375 mg/m3
-------
Summary of Solvent Mixture TLV's
Composite TLV»
Solvent Mixture mg/m3
Aliphatic hydrocarbons 2800
Aromatic hydrocarbons 375
Monohydric alcohols 500
Ketones 590
Esters 710
Ethers and glycols 120
The TLV's used for the resin species were those of the resin
itself. For example, the TLV used for vinyl chloride is
2.6 mg/m3 and this is the TLV which was used for vinyl resin
emissions.
C. LOCATIONS AND DESCRIPTION
Figure 19 is a schematic flow diagram of a surface coating
operation. This diagram shows the operations, auxiliary
facilities, and emission points. The operations shown
include degreasing, surface coating, and drying and curing.
Auxiliary facilities include degreasing solvent storage,
surface coating raw materials storage and blending, air
compression, and steam generation.
A brief process description is presented below to show where
emission points occur in the process. In this description,
three specific examples are given: (1) sheet, strip, and
85
-------
CO
©^/DECREASING SOLVENTS
^*l STORAGE TANK J
SURFACE COATING
SOLVENT STORAGE
TANK
COMPRESSOR
(5)
• DRYING AND CURING
TO PLANT
STEAM SYSTEM
($)
BOILER
STACK
Figure 19. Flow diagram of a surface coating operation
-------
coil coating; (2) paper and paperboard coating; and (3)
fabric treatment. These examples were chosen because
together they account for 95% of the total mass of emissions
from surface coating operations.
1. Product Flow
In Figure 19, streams 1, 2, 3, and 4 depict the flow of
products through the plant. Stream 1 represents the input
of uncoated products to the surface coating system. For
sheet, strip, and coil coating and for fabric treatment, the
product is degreased or scoured using halogenated hydro-
carbons. Paper and paperboard are not degreased prior to
surface coating since these are not lubricated for machining
and handling purposes as are the other product types.
Stream 2 represents the flow of degreased or scoured products
to the surface coating operation. The type of surface
coating operation used depends upon the product-type coated,
coating requirements, and the method of application.
Details of the types of surface coating operations are
presented in Section 3 of this report.
Stream 3 represents the product flow to the drying and
curing operation. The types of equipment used in this
operation are detailed in Section 3. The drying and curing
methods used for the three examples given are summarized
below.
-------
Product-type category Drying and curing methods
Sheet, strip, and coil coating Bake ovens
Paper and paperboard coating Direct contact drying;
evaporative drying
Fabric treatment Direct contact drying
Stream 4 represents the flow of coated finished products
from the surface coating section of a manufacturing plant.
2. Degreasing
In Figure 19, streams 5 through 10 represent the flow of
degreasing solvent through the surface coating section of a
manufacturing plant. Streams 5 and 6 depict the flow of
solvent into the plant and to the degreasing unit, respec-
tively. Streams 7 and 8 represent the flow of solvent
vapors from the degreasing unit through the fume handling
system. Uncontrolled and controlled emissions are represented
by streams 9 and 10, respectively.
3. Surface Coating
In Figure 19, streams 11 through 21 represent the flow of
surface coating raw materials through the plant. Streams
11, 12, 13, and 14 represent the flow of solvent, pigment,
resin, and additives to the surface coating blending tank.
Stream 15 is the flow of coating to the surface coating
unit. For those operations that use spray painting, stream
16 is the flow of compressed air. Streams 18 and 19 repre-
sent the flow of solvent and resins from the surface coating
88
-------
unit through the fume handling equipment. Uncontrolled and
controlled emissions are depicted by streams 20 and 21,
respectively.
4. Drying and Curing
In Figure 19, streams 22 through 25 represent the flow of
gases through the drying and curing system. Stream 22
represents the flow of either fuel, steam, or electrically
heated air to the drying and curing operation for forced
evaporative drying and air for free evaporative drying.
Stream 23 is the flow of gases from the drying area.
Streams 24 and 25 represent uncontrolled and controlled
emissions.
5. Steam Generation
Streams 26 through 30 represent the flow of materials through
the steam generation system. Streams 26 and 27 represent
the flow of fuel and combustion air to the boiler. Stream
28 is boiler feed water and stream 29 is the steam produced.
Stream 30 represents the flow of combustion gases from the
steam generation system.
6. Emission Points
There are two types of emissions from surface coatings plant
operations: point source emissions, and fugitive emissions.
The point source emissions include the controlled and uncon-
trolled emissions from the degreasing, surface coating, and
drying and curing operations. Other point sources include
the degreasing solvent storage tank vent, surface coating
solvent vent, surface coating blending tank vent, and the
steam generation stack.
89
-------
The fugitive emission sources include solvent evaporation
losses from degreased, coated, and dried products (Streams
2, 3, and 4). They also include losses from each piece of
processing equipment and from the transfer of organic
liquids within the plant.
D. CURRENT EMISSIONS LEGISLATION
Currently, emissions control is dictated by Los Angeles Rule
66-type1* legislation which has been instituted by a total of
20 states and local legislatures. These are: Alabama,
Arizona, California (county regulations), Colorado,
Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois,
Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin
and Puerto Rico.53
63Pollution Control Guide, Commerce Clearing House, Inc.,
Paragraph 4951, page 4999-5, August 26, 1974.
90
-------
SECTION V
PRIORITIZATION OF SOLVENT EMISSION SOURCES
A. IMPACT FACTOR CALCULATION
1. Method of Calculation
The prioritization model used in this program is the priori-
tization model developed under the Source Assessment
Program. 6I* The relative priority for a given source type
has been defined as follows:
K
N r -• v
5 [ (?0
1/2
(1)
where
I = impact factor (persons/km2)
P.
Si
N =
population density in the defined region or
affected area (persons/km2)
annual mean concentration of the ith criteria
pollutant in the jth region (g/m3)
corresponding standard for the ith criteria
pollutant (g/m3)
number of hazardous materials emitted by
each source
6l|Anon., Prioritization of Sources of Air Pollution,
Monsanto Research Corp., EPA Contract 68-02-1320, 31 July
1974.
91
-------
F. = hazard potential factor (g/m3)
Xi. = calculated maximum ground level concentration
-1 of the ith material emitted by a source in
the jth region (g/m3)
K = number of sources of a given type
The relative hazard factor was defined as follows:
F = TLV x 40/168 x 1/100 (2)
where TLV is the threshold limit value (g/m3). Threshold
Limit Values correspond to time-weighted concentrations for
a 40-hour workweek. Since the local population is exposed
to the emissions all week long and not just during working
hours, the TLV has been decreased by a factor of 40/168.
Also, since the effects of species accumulation within the
body and possible synergism with other emitted species are
unknown, a safety factor of 100 was also used.
The emission rate of a specific material was computed from
the capacity times the appropriate emission factor divided
by the frequency of that emission. Since we sought to
establish a worst-case condition, the maximum ground level
concentration was computed. For an elevated point source,
in neutral conditions, atmospheric stability class C, the
following equation is applicable:
irH2eu
where Q = emission rate (g/sec)
u = average wind speed (m/sec) = 4.47 m/sec
H = effective emission height (m)
e = 2.72
92
-------
The factor X'/S was used only for the criteria pollutants.
It was set equal to 1 for all other emitted materials. For
a given source type, we sought to (a) identify the hazardous
materials being emitted, (b) estimate their emission rates,
(c) determine their hazard potential factor, (d) determine
the ambient air levels of criteria pollutants if they are
being emitted by a specific type of source, (e) estimate the
heights of emissions, and (f) estimate the number of people
affected by each source in a given area.
The impact factor obtained from the model is an integral
quantity with no absolute value. It is, however, a relative
measure of the health hazard to the local population when
they are exposed to the maximum concentration of all species
emitted.
This model, and one modification of it, was used to generate
four priority lists. The four priority lists have been
identified as Options 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Option 1
Option 1 used the model precisely as it has been presented
above. (Toxicity Priority List)
Option 2
Option 2 used the model as it has been presented above
except that the TLV used for all emitted organic species was
the TLV for photochemical oxidants. This value has been
defined as TLV = 0.0672 g/m3 under the Source Assessment
Program. (Oxidants Priority List)
93
-------
Option 3
Option 3 used the model as it has been presented above
except that the TLV used was whichever was lower: the
emitted species TLV or TLVQx- (Worst Case)
Option 4
Option 4 used a modified version of the impact factor.
Instead of developing a list of priorities based on the
Impact Factor, the priority list was based on yearly total
mass of emissions of organic materials. (Mass of Hydro-
carbon Emissions)
2. Priority Lists
Information for the prioritization model has been gathered
from various sources. These sources include:
U.S. Department of Commerce; 1972 Census of
Manufactures
Thomas Register of American Manufacturers
National Paint and Coatings Association
Chemical Economics Handbook
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists
Others (see References)
The information sought includes source description, source
identification (location and capacity), state population
densities, statistics on quantities and types of emissions,
and Threshold Limit Values of potentially hazardous
emissions.
94
-------
Appendix B contains the data used to determine the priority
lists for those products which comprise the 25 largest
product-type emitters as determined on a total mass of
emissions basis (Option 4).
The degree of uncertainty for the collected data varies from
product type to product type depending on the nature and
amount of information available. Recognizing this difficulty,
confidence levels of A through D have been developed. The
priority index confidence levels are summarized below.
Confidence
level Description
A Priority index given is within
10% of the true value; this number
is obtained only through extensive
sampling.
B Priority index given is within
50% of the true value.
C Priority index given is within
100% of the true value.
D Priority index given is of
indeterminate quality.
The confidence levels are presented as a means of sum-
marizing our overall appraisal of the reliability of the
data gathered for each product type. All of the product
types have been assigned a confidence level of either B or
C.
The overall priority lists for each of the four options
considered are presented in Tables 21, 22, 23, and 24.
Individual priority lists for product-type by product-type
category for each of the four options are given in Appendix C.
95
-------
Table 21. EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 1
(Toxicity Priority List)
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
IMPACT FACTOR
CL CAT
1 DYEING
2 HETAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVCRA6E CANS
S PAPER BAGS
« BEVERAGE CANS
s COATED PAPER • EXCLUDING WAXED
I KRAFT PAPER
T PRINTING PAPER
6 DUCTWORK
9 MILK CARTON BOARD
10 OILED AND WAXED PAPER
it PAPER BOXES
12 WOOD PANELING
13 CANOPIES AND ANN1NGS
11 SIZING
19 FOLDING CARTONS
1« FENCING
IT SCREENING
18 REFRIGERATORS
19 FILING CABINETS
20 ENAMELED PLUMBING FIXTURES
21 PUMPS
22 BEDROOM FURNITURE
23 PAPER CANSi TUBESt ORUHS
24 TABLES
29 METAL DOORS - EXCLUDING GARAGE DOORS
26 SPINNING FRAMES
27 GUTTERS
26 CABINETS
29 DESKS
30 BEER AND SOFT DRINK BOTTLE CAPS
31 RADIOS AND TELEVISIONS
32 COMPRESSORS
33 DRYERS
3* TABLES
95 HASHERS
36 STOVES
37 CHAIRS
36 VENDING MACHINES
39 TUISTINS FRAMES
10 FREEZERS
41 ALUMINUM SIDING AND ROOF INS
42 WRINKLE RESISTANT FINISHES
03 ELECTRIC FANS
44 WATER HEATERS
05 CHAIRS
»t GARAGE DOORS
47 AIR CONDITIONERS
«8 COAT RACKS
49 DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES
SO AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
51 FURNACES
52 ROTAKT DRILLING EQUIPMENT • SUBSURFACE
93 TYPEWRITERS
94 DISHWASHERS
99 BOXES AND RACKS
96 LAMPS
900(000
900,000
900.000
900(000
1(00.000
300(000
200(000
200.000
lootooo
90.000
90(000
60.000
no. ooo
30(000
30(000
20(000
20.000
iO(Ooo
10(000
9(000
9.000
9(000
8(000
6(000
6.000
6(000
7(000
7(000
7(000
6(000
6.000
6.000
9.000
9.000
9.000
9.000
9,000
9,000
4,000
1,000
t.OOO
4,000
4,000
4(000
SIOM
2,000
2,000
2.000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
C
C
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
6
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
a
B
B
C
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
10
7
9
7
9
9
9
7
9
9
9
7
7
10
9
7
7
1
B
1
4
6
9
6
7
4
7
6
a
7
1
4
1
a
1
i
a
9
4
1
7
10
2
1
6
7
1
a
T
4
1
«
9
1
3
2
96
-------
Table 21 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 1
(Toxicity Priority List)
57 SAFES AND VAULTS liOOO B
96 SAWIMS MACHINES - WOOD 1,000 B
59 DESKS 1.000 B 6
60 CABINETS liOOO C 6
61 CARPET CARE APPLIANCES 1.000 B 2
62 PERMANENT CKISPNESS 1,000 C ID
63 FARM UAGONS 1,000 B 3
64 HAILIN6S, FIRE ESCAPESi STAIRCASES 1.000 B ?
65 LAWN HOVERS BOD B 1
66 HAILING AND PARCEL POST SCALES MO B
67 BLEACHING. DRYING. FINISHING MACHINERY TOO C
68 PACKING. PACKAGIN6. BOTTLIN6 MACHINERY TOO 6
69 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERKILL MACHINERY 600 C
TO FARn ELEVATORS - PORTABLE 600 B
71 HAND SPRAYERS 600 B
72 HASTE CANS 600 C
75 GRINDING AND POLISHING MACHINES 600 B
7» CHOPPERS, GRINDERS. CUTTERS, ETC. • FOOD 500 B
79 TRACTORS 500 B
76 PHONOGRAPHS 300 B
77 DUPLICATING MACHINES 500 B
76 HUMIDIFIERS 900 B
79 SEWING MACHINES 500 B
00 BATHROOM SCALES 900 B
81 COFFEE POTS *00 B
62 LATHES, PLANERS. ETC. - WOOB 100 C
63 PRESSES - METAL »00 B
8"t ELECTRIC TOOLS 100 B
65 POULTRY FCEDCRS »00 C
fib BOOKCASES *°0 B
87 COMBINES »00 B 3
68 INDUSTRIAL HATER SOFTENERS '00 B 5
69 WELDING AND CUTTING APPARATUS 300 C «
90 INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS 400 B »
91 DEHUHIDIFIERS 100 B 1
92 PROJECTORS - MOVIE ANO SLIDE 300 B *
93 PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES 900 B »
94 ELECTRIC CODKUARC *00 B 2
99 MIXCKS 300 B 2
96 BLENDERS 200 B 2
97 DRILLING MACHINES 200 8 1
96 BENDING AND FORMING MACHINES 200 B «
99 GASOLINE PUMPS 200 B 9
100 NAILING MACHINES 200 B t
101 FLOWING WELL EQUIPMENT 200 C *
102 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL NACH 200 C »
103 STACK SHREDDERS 2°» B 3
10« WOOD PREPARATION EQUIPMENT - PULPMILLS 209 C «
105 FORAGL BLOWERS 200 B 3
106 SPACE HEATERS 200 B 2
107 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY 200 C 4
106 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY 200 C t
109 NEAT ANO POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY 200 C 1
110 KNITTING MACHINES 200 B 1
111 CEWENT fAKING H8CHINER* Z0° C *
112 SHELVING 200 C 7
113 HOG FEEDING EQUIPMENT 200 B 3
111 GARBAGE DISPOSALS 200 B 2
118 IRONS '00 B 2
116 TRASH COMPACTORS 100 B 1
97
-------
Table 21 (Cont.)
EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATING:
(Toxicity Priority List)
OPTION 1
117 LATHES • METAL
118 NESTS AND CAGES
119 CHAIN SAWS
120 TURKEr FEEDERS
121 JOINTERS
122 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD CONVERTING HACHINER
123 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY
124 HOISTS
125 CAMERAS
126 WATER SOFTENERS
127 ADDING MACHINES
128 SNOW BLOWERS
129 TIME RECORDERS
130 MOTOR TRUCK SCALES
131 HIRE PRODUCTS
132 FORMS HANDLING EQUIPMENT
133 COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS
13« ROD LIFTING MACHINERY - OIL
135 BROODERS
136 CHECK HANDLING MACHINES
137 COTTON GINNING MACHINERY
138 NINE CARSi TRACK
139 SUGAR PLANT PROCESSING MACHINERY
mo BOOK CASES
111 MANURE SPREADERS
142 BALE THROWING ATTACHMENTS
119 BROADCAST SEEDERS
lit DAIRY MACHINES
145 MILLING MACHINES
146 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS
147 TOASTERS
146 HAND OUSTERS
149 TYPESETTING MACHINERY
150 YARN PREPARING MACHINES
151 SAWMILL EQUIPMENT
152 CASH REGISTERS
153 TOBACCO MANUFACTURING MACHINES
154 OTHER SPRAYERS - NON-TRACTOR
15S SCREENS ' MINING
156 FIELD FORAGE HARVESTORS
1ST ELECTRIC RAZORS
158 STEEL SHIPPING BARRELS
159 CLAYWORKING MACHINER
160 DICTATING MACHINES
161 OFF-SET LITHOGRAPHIC PRESSES
162 DRYERS
163 WATER PROOF AND WATER REPELLENT FINISHES
164 PAPERMILL MACHINERY
165 ACCOUNTINC MACHINES
166 CONSTRUCTION CRANES
167 FOGGERS AND MIST SPRAYERS
168 SAWING AND CUTOFF MACHINES - METAL
169 FEEDERS
170 CLEANING AND OPENING MACHINES
171 POWER SPRAYERS
172 OVERHEAD CRANES
173 SHOEPAKING MACHINERY
174 nOTOHUCD HAND TRUCKS
173 ROTARY CULTIVATORS
176 CRUSHERS
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
90
90
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
70
70
70
70
60
60
60
60
60
60
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
SO
50
50
50
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
30
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
a
B
C
B
B
C
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
B
a
B
C
B
B
B
C
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
2
I
5
2
5
5
7
5
5
4
3
5
4
4
4
8
3
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
»
4
4
s
4
3
4
3
2
7
4
5
4
3
10
4
5
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
-------
Table 21 (Cont.)
EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 1
(Toxicity Priority List)
177 ICE CREAM FREEZERS
178 HOG WATERING EQUIPnCNT
179 BLADE TERRACERS
180 TAPE RLCOKOERS
181 MOWER-CONDITIONERS
182 INCUBATORS
183 EXCAVATORS
IB* PEANUT COMBINES
IBS PLANERS - METAL
186 COMMERCIAL FLOOR UAXERS
187 HOT ROLLING HILL MACHINES
188 FARM ELEVATORS • STATIONARY
189 CONCRETE PRODUCT MACHINERY
190 MOWERS
191 HAIR DRYERS
192 CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS
193 SHUTTLE CARS - MINING
191 RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL SCALES
195 FEED GRINDERS
196 HAY BALERS
197 FLOUR AND GRAIN MILL MACHINERY
198 HARROWS
199 COLD ROLLING MILL MACHINES
200 HAY CONDITIONERS
201 FLOTATION MACHINES
202 6LASS MAKING MACHINERY
203 CORN AND COTTON CULTIVATORS
20« MOLDBOARD PLOWS
209 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES
206 CLASSIFIERS
207 LETTERSET PRINTING PRESSES
208 BINDERY EQUIPMENT
209 LOADING, CUTTINGi LONSWALL MINING MACH
210 FIELD CULTIVATORS
211 AIR-CARRIED TYPE POWER SPRAYER
212 DRILLS . MINING
213 UINDROHERS - HAY
21* FOUNDRY MACHINERY
219 VENEER AND PLYWOOD EBUIPNENT
216 PULPMILL MACHINERY
217 CARDING AND COMBING MACHINES
218 HAY STACKING ATTACHMENTS
219 CORN SMELLERS
220 ELECTRONIC TUBE MANUFACTURING MACHINERY
221 COMMERCIAL CARPET SWEEPERS
222 CORN PICKERS
223 GRINDING MILLS
22« MAGNETIC SCPARAYORS
225 HOHOGLNIZERS AND PASTEURIZERS
226 CENTRIFUGAL DRIERS
227 CONCRETE MIXERS
228 CORN PLNTRS, LISTERS. POTATO PLNTRS. YRN
229 BAKERY MACHINERY
230 FRONT AND REAR MOUNTED LOADERS
231 PEANUT DIGGERS
232 TAPPING MACHINES
233 BORING MACHINES
23t CONTINUOUS MINING MACHINES
235 BUTTER AND CHEESE PROCESSING MACHINERY
236 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
B
B
c
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
B
B
B
C
8
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
C
c
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
l|
3
3
2
3
3
(
3
H
s
II
3
II
3
2
2
II
3
3
3
ii
3
q
3
99
-------
Table 21 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Toxicity Priority List)
OPTION 1
237 WET CYCLONES - MINING
238 HAY BALE LOADERS
239 MANURE PUMPS
240 RAKES
241 COYYON SYRIPPERS
242 SCRUBBERS * MINING
243 GRAIN DRILLS
2
-------
Table 22. EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Oxidants Priority List)
OPTION 2
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
IMPACT FACTOR
CL CAT
1 COATEO PAPER - EXCLUDING WAXED
2 PRINTING PAPER
3 PAPER BOXES
-------
Table 22 (Cont.)
EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Oxidants Priority List)
OPTION 2
57 BATHROOM SCALES
96 DISHWASHERS
59 PHONOGRAPHS
60 SEWING MACHINES
61 ROTARY DRILLING EQUIPMENT - SUBSURFACE
it TYPEWRITERS
63 BOXES AND RACKS
6« SAFES AND VAULTS
65 AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
66 ELECTRIC COOKUARE
67 BLENDERS
68 PROJECTORS . MOVIE AND SLIDE
69 MIXERS
70 PERMANENT CRISPNCSS
71 SAWING MACHINES - WOOD
72 DESKS
7} SHELVING
7» CABINETS
75 FARM WAGONS
76 SPACE HEATERS
77 MAILING AND PARCEL POST SCALES
T6 LAWN MOWERS
79 IRONS
80 GARBAGE DISPOSALS
61 WIRE PRODUCTS
82 HUMIDIFIERS
83 HAND SPRAYERS
«« FARM ELEVATORS - PORTABLE
85 WASTE CANS
86 GRINDING AND POLISHING MACHINES
87 TRACTORS
88 BLEACHING, CRYING, FINISHING MACHINERY
69 STEEL SHIPPING BARRELS
»o PACKING, PACKAGING, BOTTLING MACHINERY
91 DUPLICATING MACHINES
92 CAMERAS
93 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERNIL.L MACHINERY
9H LATHES, PLANERS, ETC, - WOOD
95 BOOKCASES
96 PRESSES - METAL
97 CHOPPERS, GRINDERS, CUTTERS, ETC. - FOOD
98 POULTRY FEEDERS
99 SNOW BLOWERS
100 COMBINES
101 OEHUMIDIFIERS
102 ADDING MACHINES
103 WELDING AND CUTTING APPARATUS
101 INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
105 BROODERS
106 TOASTERS
107 INDUSTRIAL WATER SOFTENERS
108 ELECTRIC RAZORS
109 PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES
110 DRILLING MACHINES
111 BENDING AND FORMING MACHINES
112 GASOLINE PUMPS
113 MAILING MACHINES
lit FLOWING WELL EQUIPMENT
113 STACK SHREDDERS
116 WOOD PREPARATION EBUIPMENT - PULPHILLS
300
300
300
300
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
90
60
80
80
80
70
70
TO
TO
TO
60
60
60
60
50
50
50
50
90
50
50
50
DO
«0
HO
MO
no
10
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
8
C
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
2
1
2
2
H
5
3
6
«
2
2
2
2
10
4
6
7
6
3
2
5
1
2
2
7
1
3
3
B
«
3
«
T
«
5
2
«
»
6
»
«
3
2
3
1
9
«
«
3
2
5
2
«
«
l»
5
5
»
3
»
102
-------
Table 22 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 2
(Oxidants Priority List)
117 FORAGE BLOWERS 30 B 3
116 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY 20 C 4
119 KNITTING MACHINES 20 B 4
120 HOG FEEDING EGUIPNENT 20 B 3
121 CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS 20 B 2
122 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL HACK 20 C 4
123 TRASH COMPACTORS 20 B 1
124 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY 20 C 4
125 TAPE RECORDERS 20 C 2
126 LATHES - METAL 20 B 4
127 NESTS AND CAGES 20 B 3
128 TINE RECORDERS 20 B 5
129 TURKEY FEEDERS 20 B 3
130 JOINTERS 20 C 4
131 MEAT AND POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY 20 C 4
132 WATER SOFTENERS 20 B 1
133 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY 20 B 4
134 CEMENT MAKING MACHINERY 20 C «
135 HOISTS 20 B 4
136 HAIR DRYERS 20 C 2
137 COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS 10 B 5
138 MOTOR TRUCK SCALES 10 B 5
139 CHAIN SAWS 10 B 4
140 FORMS HANDLING EOUIPMENT 10 B 5
141 ROD LIFTING MACHINERY - OIL 10 C 4
142 PAPER AND PAPERBOARO CONVERTING MACHINER 10 B 4
143 CHECK HANDLING MACHINES 10 B 5
144 COTTON GINNING MACHINERY 10 C 4
145 BOOK CASES 10 B 8
146 MINE CARSt TRACK 10 B 4
147 SUOAR PLANT PROCESSING MACHINERY 10 c 4
146 MANURE SPREADERS 10 B 3
149 BALE THROWING ATTACHMENTS 10 B 3
150 BROADCAST SEEDERS 10 B 3
131 DAIRY MACHINES 10 B 3
152 HILLING MACHINES
153 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS
I5
-------
Table 22 (Cont.)
EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Oxidants Priority List)
OPTION 2
177 ROTARY CULTIVATORS
178 CRUSHERS
179 H06 WATERING EQUIPMENT
180 BLADE TERRACERS
161 PAPERHILL MACHINERY
182 HOHER-CONDITIONERS
163 INCJBATORS
161 EXCAVATORS
189 PEANUT COMBINES
166 PLANERS - METAL
167 COMMERCIAL FLOOR UAXERS
188 HOT ROLLING HILL MACHINES
169 FARM ELEVATORS - STATIONARY
190 ICE CREAM FREEZERS
191 CONCRETE PRODUCT MACHINERY
192 MOWERS
193 SHUTTLE CARS - MINING
194 HARROWS
195 RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL SCALES
196 HAY BALERS
197 FEED 6RINDERS
196 FLOUR AND GRAIN MILL MACHINERY
199 COLO ROLLING MILL MACHINES
200 HAY CONDITIONERS
201 FLOTATION MACHINES
202 GLASS MAKING MACHINERY
203 CORN AND COTTON CULTIVATORS
201 MOLOBOARD PLOWS
205 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES
206 CLASSIFIERS
207 LETTERSET PRINTING PRESSES
206 BINDERY EQUIPMENT
209 LOADING. CUTTING, LON6WALL MINING MACH
210 FIELD CULTIVATORS
211 AIR-CARRIED TYPE POWER SPRAYER
212 WINOROWERS - HAY
213 DRILLS . MINING
211 FOUNDRY MACHINERY
219 VENEER AND PLYWOOD EQUIPMENT
216 CARDING AND COMBING MACHINES
217 HAY STACKING ATTACHMENTS
218 CORN SHELLERS
219 ELECTRONIC TUBE MANUFACTURING MACHINERY
220 COMMERCIAL CARPET SWEEPERS
221 CORN PICKERS
222 PULPMILL MACHINERY
223 GRINDING MILLS
221 MAGNETIC SEPARATORS
225 HOMOGENIZERS AND PASTEURIZERS
226 CENTRIFUGAL DRIERS
227 CONCRETE MIXERS
228 CORN PLNTRSi LISTERSi POTATO PLNTRSi TRN
229 BAKERY MACHINERY
230 FRONT AND REAR MOUNTED LOADERS
231 PEANUT DIGGERS
232 TAPPING MACHINES
233 BORING MACHINES
231 CONTINUOUS MINING MACHINES
235 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
236 LAND LCVELERS
5
5
5
9
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
9
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
4
5
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
5
3
3
4
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
4
4
«
4
3
3
4
9
3
4
it
4
4
4
4
3
4
3
3
V
4
4
5
3
104
-------
Table 22 (Cent.)
EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 2
(Oxidants Priority List)
237 MET CYCLONES - MINING
238 HAT BALE LOADERS
239 BUTTER AND CHEESE PROCESSING MACHINERY
2*0 MANURE PUMPS
2*1 RAKES
2*2 COTTON STRIPPERS
243 SCRUBBERS - MINIMS
24* GRAIN DRILLS
249 FEED MIXERS
246 POWER OUSTERS
2*7 SUaSOILERS - DEEP TILLAGE
2*6 GRAVURE PRINTING PRESSES
249 HIDDLEBUSTERS AND DISC BEDOERS
290 THERMAL DRIERS - MINING
291 CHISEL PLOWS
292 BCET HARVESTORS
293 CONCENTRATING TABLES
294 TERRACING AND DITCHING PLOWS
299 TOBACCO CURERS
296 POTATO HARVESTORS
297 WINOROWERS OR SWATHCRS
298 FLEK06RAPHIC PRINTING PRESSES
299 TURKEY WATERERS
260 BROACHING MACHINES
261 ROTARY DRILLING EOUIPMENT . SURFACE
262 WASHING AND STERILIZING EQUIPMENT
263 ROD WEEDERS
261 SHAPERS . METAL
269 BCETf BEANi AND VEGETABLE CULTIVATORS
266 DISC PLOWS
267 EGG GRADERS
266 EGG WASHERS
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
e
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
1 B
1 B
4
3
"t
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
»
3
4
3
3
U
3
3
3
3
4
3
II
4
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
105
-------
Table 23. EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 3
(Worst Case Priority List)
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
1 COATEO PAPER - EXCLUDING WAXED
2 PRINTING PAPER
3 PAPER BOXES
MILK CARTON BOARD
OILED AND WAXED PAPER
SIZING
METAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVERAGE CANS
DYEING
BEVERAGE CANS
10 FOLDING CARTONS
11 PAPER BAGS
12 KRAFT PAPER
13 DUCTWORK
l
-------
Table 23 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 3
(Worst Case Priority List)
57 BOXES AND RACKS
56 SAFES AND VAULTS
59 RAILINGS, FIRE ESCAPES. STAIRCASES
tO SAWING MACHINES - VOOO
61 CARPET CARE APPLIANCES
62 DESKS
63 CABINETS
64 PERMANENT CRISPNESS
65 FARM MASONS
66 LAWN MOWERS
67 MAILING AND PARCEL POST SCALES
66 BLCACHINGi ORVINGi FINISHING MACHINERY
69 PACKING. PACKAGING! BOTTLING MACHINERY
TO PHONOGRAPHS
71 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERMJLL MACHINERY
72 ELECTRIC TOOLS
73 FARM ELEVATORS - PORTABLE
74 HAND SPRAYERS
75 COFFEE POTS
76 WASTE CANS
77 GRINDING AND POLISHING MACHINES
78 BATHROOM SCALES
79 CHOPPERS, GRINDERSt CUTTERS. ETC. - FOOD
«0 TRACTORS
61 SEWING MACHINES
62 DUPLICATING MACHINES
63 HUMIDIFIERS
64 LATHES. PLANERSi ETC. - WOOD
65 PRESSES - METAL
66 POULTHY FEEDERS
67 BOOKCASES
68 COMBINES
69 INDUSTRIAL WATER SOFTENERS
90 WELDING AND CUTTING APPARATUS
91 PROJECTORS - MOVIE AND SLIDE
92 ELECTRIC COOKWARE
93 INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
90 MIXERS
95 BLENDERS
96 DEHUMIDIFIERS
97 PUNCHING ANO SHEARING MACHINES
96 DRILLING MACHINES
99 BENDING ANO FORMING MACHINES
100 GASOLINE PUMPS
101 SPACE HEATERS
102 SHELVING
103 MAILING MACHINES
104 FLOWING WELL EBUIPMENT
105 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL MACH
106 STACK SHREDDERS
107 WOOD PREPARATION EQUIPMENT - PULPHILLS
108 FORAGE BLOWERS
109 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY
110 GARBAGE DISPOSALS
111 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY
112 IRONS
113 MEAT ANO POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY
lit KNITTING MACHINES
115 CEMENT MAKING MACHINERY
116 HOG FEEDING EBUIPMENT
tOOO
.000
• 000
• 000
• 000
• 000
• 000
• 000
lOOO
800
600
TOO
700
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
500
500
900
500
900
400
too
too
400
400
400
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
ZOO
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
B
B
a
c
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
C
B
C
B
C
B
C
B
C
B
C
B
3
6
7
4
2
6
6
10
3
1
5
4
4
2
4
2
3
3
2
6
4
2
4
3
2
5
1
4
4
3
^
3
5
4
2
2
4
2
2
1
«
4
4
5
2
7
5
4
4
3
4
3
4
2
4
2
4
4
4
3
107
-------
Table 23 (Cont.)
EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Worst Case Priority List)
OPTION 3
117 TRASH COMPACTORS
lit HIRE PRODUCTS
119 LATHES - METAL
120 NESTS AND CAGES
121 CHAIN SAWS
122 TURKEY FEEDERS
123 CAMERAS
124 JOINTERS
129 PAPER AND PAPERBOARO CONVERTING MACHINER
126 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY
127 HOISTS
128 HATER SOFTENERS
129 SNOW BLOWERS
130 »00INS MACHINES
131 TIME RECORDERS
132 MOTOR TRUCK SCALES
133 FORMS HANDLING EQUIPMENT
134 BROODERS
139 COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS
136 ROD LUTING MACHINERY - OIL
137 STEEL SHIPPING BARHELS
138 CHECK HANDLING MACHINES
139 COTTON GINNING MACHINERY
1
-------
Table 23 (Cont.)
EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Worst Case Priority List)
OPTION 3
177 CRUSHERS
178 HOG WATERING E8UIPMENT
179 BLADE TERRACERS
180 ICE CREAM FREE2ERS
161 MOWER-CONDITIONERS
162 INCUBATORS
1B3 EXCAVATORS
m CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS
183 PEANUT COMBINES
186 PLANERS - METAL
1ST COMMERCIAL FLOOR MAKERS
188 HAIR OUTERS
189 HOT ROLLING HILL MACHINES
190 FARM ELEVATORS . STATIONARY
191 CONCRETE PRODUCT MACHINERY
192 HOMERS
19] SHUTTLE CARS - MINING
194 RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL SCALES
195 FEED GRINDERS
196 HAY BALERS
19T FLOUR AND GRAIN MILL MACHINERY
198 HARROWS
199 COLO ROLLING MILL MACHINES
200 HAY CONDITIONERS
201 FLOTATION MACHINES
202 GLASS MAKING MACHINERY
203 CORN ANO COTTON CULTIVATORS
204 MOLOBOARO PLOWS
205 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES
206 CLASSIFIERS
207 LETTERSET PRINTING PRESSES
206 BINDERY EQUIPMENT
209 LOADING, CUTTING, LONEMALL MINING NACH
210 FIELD CULTIVATORS
211 AIR-CARRIED TTPC POWER SPRAYER
212 DRILLS - MINING
211 WIMOROWERS - HAY
210 FOUNDRY MACHINERY
215 VENEER AND PLYWOOD EQUIPMENT
216 PULPHILL MACHINERY
217 CARDING AND COMBING MACHINES
218 HAY STACKING ATTACHMENTS
219 CORN SHELLERS
220 ELECTRONIC TUBE MANUFACTURING MACHINERY
221 COMMERCIAL CARPET SWEEPERS
222 CORN PICKERS
223 GRINDING MILLS
22« MAGNETIC SEPARATORS
225 HOMOGENIZERS AND PASTEURIZERS
226 CENTRIFUGAL DRIERS
227 CONCRETE MIXERS
228 CORN PLNTRS, LISTERS, POTATO PLNTRS, TRN
229 BAKERY MACHINERY
230 FRONT AND REAR MOUNTED LOADERS
231 PEANUT DIGGERS
232 TAPPING MACHINES
233 BORING MACHINES
234 CONTINUOUS MINING MACHINES
239 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
236 BUTTER AND CHEESE PROCESSING MACHINERY
30
30
30
30
30
3D
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
6
6
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
S
5
5
5
1
H
a
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
8
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
8
B
B
B
B
B
B
»
3
3
4
3
3
4
2
3
4
5
2
4
3
4
3
M
5
3
3
4
3
4
3
«
«
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
5
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
109
-------
Table 23 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 3
(Worst Case Priority List)
237 WET CYCLONES - MINING
238 HAT BALE LOADERS
239 MANURE PUMPS
240 RAKES
2*1 COTTON STRIPPERS
212 SCRUBBERS - DINING
2*3 GRAIN DRILLS
2»» FEED MIXERS
2«5 POWER DUSTERS
2*6 GRAVURE PRINTING PRESSES
2«T SUBSOILERS • DEEP TILLAGE
2t8 MIOOLEBUSTERS AND DISC BEODERS
2«9 THER1AL DRIERS - MINING
230 BEET HARVESTORS
251 CHISEL PLOWS
252 CONCENTRATIN6 TABLES
253 TERRACING AND DITCHING PLOUS
2S» TOBACCO CUKERS
255 POTATO HARVESTORS
256 LAND LEVELERS
257 WINOROUERS OR SWATHERS
258 FLEXOGRAPMIC PRINTING PRESSES
259 TURKEY MATERCRS
260 BROACHING MACHINES
261 ROTAHY DRILLING EQUIPMENT - SURFACE
262 WASHING AND STERILIZING EQUIPMENT
263 ROD WCEOERS
26* SHAPERS - METAL
265 BEET. BEAN. AND VEGETABLE CULTIVATORS
266 DISC PLOWS
267 EGG WASHERS
268 EGG GRADERS
It
1
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
B
B
6
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
3
3
3
3
110
-------
Table 24. EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 4
(Mass of Hydrocarbon Emissions)
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
EMISSION RATE
CL CAT
1 PAPER BAGS
2 METAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVERAGE CANS
3 OTCING
i* BEVERAGE CANS
5 KRAFT PAPER
6 COATED PAPER - EXCLUDING WAXED
7 PRINTING PAPER
8 DUCTWORK
9 OILED AND UAXEO PAPER
10 MILK CARTON BOARD
11 PAPER BOXES
12 MOOD PANELING
13 CANOPIES AND AWNINGS
14 SIZING
19 REFRIGERATORS
16 FOLDING CARTONS
17 SCREENING
18 FENCING
19 BEDROOM FURNITURE
20 ENAMELED PLUMBING FIXTURES
21 DRYERS
22 MASHERS
23 FILING CABINETS
24 METAL DOORS - EXCLUDING GARAGE DOORS
23 GUTTERS
26 TABLES
27 STOVES
28 CABINETS
2» PUMPS
30 DESKS
31 ALUMINUM SIDING AND ROUFING
12 RADIOS AND TELEVISIONS
33 PAPER CANS. TJBESt DRUMS
34 SPINNING FRAMES
3S FREEZERS
36 MATER HEATERS
37 BEER AND SOFT DRINK BOTTLE CAPS
38 TABLES
39 CHAIRS
40 TWISTING FRAMES
41 ELECTRIC FANS
42 AIR CONDITIONERS
4J FURNACES
1
-------
Table 24 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Mass of Hydrocarbon Emissions)
OPTION 4
57 DESKS
SB CARPET CARE APPLIANCES
59 RAILINGS, FIRE ESCAPES) STAIRCASES
60 CABINETS
61 AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EOUIPMENT
62 POULTRY FEEDERS
63 HUMIDIFIERS
61 SAWING MACHINES - HOOD
69 FARM MASONS
66 HAND SPRAYERS
67 PHONOGRAPHS
66 PERMANENT CR1SPNCSS
69 BATHROOM SCALES
70 BOXES AND RACKS
71 HASTE CANS
72 MIXERS
73 TYPEWRITERS
70 ELECTRIC TOOLS
7S FARM ELEVATORS - PORTABLE
76 BOOKCASES
77 HEAT AND POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY
76 SEWING MACHINES
79 COFFCE POTS
60 DtHUMIOIFIERS
81 GARBAGE DISPOSALS
62 ELECTRIC COOKNARC
85 CHAIN SAWS
8« FLOWING WELL E8UIPHMT
69 PACKING, PACKAGING. BOTTLING MACHINERY
66 CHOPPERS, GRINDERS, CUTTERS, ETC. - FOOD
67 SPACE HEATERS
66 PROJECTORS - MOVIE AND SLIDE
89 LATHESi PLANERS, ETC, - HOOD
90 HOG FEEDING EQUIPMENT
91 COMBINES
92 IRONS
95 GMNDIN6 AND POLISHING MACHINES
9t DUPLICATING MACHINES
95 BLENDERS
96 NAILING AND PARCEL POST SCALES
97 SNOW BLOWERS
96 PRESSES - METAL
99 MOD PREPARATION EflUIPHENT - PULPMILLS
100 INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
101 HATER SOFTENERS
102 BLEACHING* CRYING* FINISHING MACHINERY
103 NESTS AND CAGES
10* TURKEY FEEDERS
105 SHELVING
106 GASOLINE PUMPS
107 STACK SHREDDERS
106 CAMERAS
109 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERHILL MACHINERY
110 INDUSTRIAL WATER SOFTENERS
111 TRASH COMPACTORS
112 PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES
113 BROODERS
11* ROD LIFTING MACHINERY - OIL
US BOOK CASES
116 FORAGE BLOWERS
300,000<000
100,000,000
300,000.000
300.000.000
lOO.OOUiUOO
200,000.000
209,000,000
200.000,000
200,000,000
200.000,000
200,000,000
200,000,000
100,000,000
lOD.OOOiOOO
100,00V, 000
100,000,000
100,000,0011
100,000,000
100,000,000
100,000,000
100,000,000
100,000,000
90,000,000
60.000,000
60,000,000
40.000.000
70,000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000
70.000,000
70,000,000
70.000,009
70,000,000
60.000,000
60,000.000
60(000,000
60.000,000
30,000,000
50.000,000
30.000,000
50,000,000
50,000,000
50,000,000
50,000.000
to, 000,000
1.0.000,000
»0, 000. 000
ItO.OOOtOOO
»0, 000, 000
S0,000<000
30.000.000
SO. 001)<000
SO, 000. 000
30,000,000
30,000.000
30,000,000
SO. 000, 000
30.000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
B
B
B
c
c
c
B
B
B
B
B
c
B
B
c
B
B
B
B
B
c
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
6
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
6
. 2
T
6
*
3
I
*
s
s
2
10
2
3
6
2
9
2
5
6
«
2
2
1
2
2
»
*
•
*
2
2
»
5
»
2
0
5
2
5
2
-------
Table 24 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Mass of Hydrocarbon Emissions)
OPTION 4
117 DAIRY MACHINES
US MELDING AND CUTTING APPARATUS
119 BENDING AND FORMING MACHINES
120 DRILLING MACHINES
121 NAILING MACHINES
122 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY
123 JOINTERS
121 HOG WATERING EQUIPMENT
129 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY
126 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL MACH
127 TOASTERS
120 ADDING MACHINES
129 HILLING MACHINES
130 STEEL SHIPPING BARRELS
131 CONSTRUCTION CRANES
132 CEMENT MAKING MACHINERY
133 BALE THROWING ATTACHMENTS
lit WIRE PRODUCTS
135 MANURE SPREADERS
136 BROADCAST SEEDERS
137 CASH REGISTERS
138 COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS
139 SAWMILL EQUIPMENT
mo CHECK HANDLING MACHINES
141 HOISTS
142 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS
11i COTTON GINNING MACHINERY
14» KNITTING MACHINES
145 TYPESETTING MACHINERY
146 OVERHEAD CRANES
147 ELECTRIC HAZORS
148 LATHES - METAL
149 MINE CARS. TRACK
190 MOTOR TRUCK SCALES
191 HAIR DRYERS
192 WATER PROOF AND WATER REPELLENT FINISHES
193 FIELD FORAGE HARVESTORS
194 FORMS HANDLING EBUIPMENT
195 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY
196 ROTARY CULTIVATORS
197 TAPE RECORDERS
196 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD CONVERTING MACHINER
199 BLADE TERRACCRS
160 SUGAH PLANT PROCESSING MACHINERY
161 OTHER SPRAYERS - NON-TRACTOR
162 HAND OUSTERS
163 TIME RECORDERS
16* PEANUT COMBINES
169 DRYERS
166 MOWER-CONDITIONERS
167 DICTATING MACHINES
166 INCUBATORS
169 FOGGERS AND MIST SPRAYERS
170 MOTORIZED HAND TRUCKS
171 YARN PREPARING MACHINES
172 POWER SPRAYERS
173 FARM ELEVATORS - STATIONARY
174 SCREENS - MINING
179 CLEANING AND OPENING MACHINES
176 CRUSHERS
20.000(000
20,000.000
20,000.000
20.oou.ooo
20.00U.OOO
20.000.000
20,000.000
20.000.000
20.000.000
20.000,000
20.000.000
20.000.UOO
20,000.000
20.000.000
20.000,000
20.00U.OOO
20.000.000
20.000.000
20.000.000
20.000,000
20.000.000
20.000.000
20.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10,000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
10.000.000
.000.000
,000.000
.000.000
,000,000
,000,000
.000.000
,000,000
,000,000
,000.000
.000.000
.000.000
7,000,000
7.000.000
7.000.000
7.000.000
T. 000. 000
,000.000
.000.000
.000,000
,000.000
,000,000
,000,000
.000.000
.000.000
.000.000
B
c
a
B
B
c
c
B
c
c
c
B
B
B
B
e
B
c
B
B
c
B
c
B
B
B
c
B
B
B
a
8
B
B
c
c
a
B
B
B
c
B
B
c
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
a
B
B
3
«
4
4
5
4
It
3
4
4
2
5
It
7
«
"t
3
T
3
3
S
5
"»
5
«
3
u
«
II
«
2
4
4
9
2
10
3
5
«
3
2
3
5
3
3
4
4
3
3
«
«
4
113
-------
Table 24 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS: OPTION 4
(Mass of Hydrocarbon Emissions)
177 MOWERS
178 HARROUS
179 CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS
180 PAPERMILL MACHINERY
181 EXCAVATORS
182 SAUING AND CUTOFF MACHINES • METAL
185 HAY BALERS
18* TOBACCO MANUFACTURING MACHINES
165 FEEDERS
186 CL AT WORK ING MACHINER
187 CORN A,'JO COTTON CULTIVATORS
188 HAY CONDITIONERS
189 FLOTATION MACHINES
190 OFF-SET LITHOGRAPHIC PRESSES
191 CORN PLNTRSt LISTERS. POTATO PLNTRS. TRN
192 FEED GRINDERS
193 ACCOUNTING MACHINES
191 FIELD CULTIVATORS
195 SHOEMAKING MACHINERY
196 ICC CRE.AM FREEZERS
197 COMMERCIAL FLOOR MAKERS
198 NOLDBDARO PLOWS
199 UINDROUERS - HAY
ZOO SHUTTLE CARS - MINING
201 VENEER AND PLYUOOD EQUIPMENT
202 CONCRETE PRODUCT MACHINERY
203 HAY STACKING ATTACHMENTS
204 HOT ROLLING MILL MACHINES
205 LOADING, CUTTING. LONGHALL MINING MACH
206 AIR-CANRIEO TYPE POWER SPRAYER
207 PLANERS - METAL
208 RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL SCALES
209 CLASSIFIERS
210 FLOUR AND 6RAIN HILL MACHINERY
211 GLASS MAKING MACHINERY
212 CORN PICKERS
213 COLD ROLLING HILL MACHINES
214 CORN SMELLERS
215 CARDING AMD COMBING MACHINES
216 PEANUT DIGGERS
217 FOUNDRY MACHINERY
218 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES
219 DRILLS - MINING
220 FRONT AND REAR MOUNTED LOADERS
221 PULPMILL MACHINERY
222 CONCRETE MIXERS
223 BINDERY ESUIPHENT
224 LETTCRSET PRINTING PRESSES
225 MAGNETIC SEPARATORS
226 COMMERCIAL CARPET SWEEPERS
227 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
228 CONTINUOUS MINING MACHINES
229 GRINDING MILLS
fit HAY HALE LOADERS
231 HOHOGCNIZERS AND PASTEURIZERS
232 BUTTER AND CHEESE PROCESSING MACHINERY
233 BAKERY MACHINERY
230 MET CYCLONES - MINING
235 TOBACCO CURERS
236 CHAIN DRILLS
$•000.000
5.000.000
5.000.000
5.000.000
5.000,000
4,000,000
4,000.000
4,000,000
It, 000, 000
«, 000. 000
4.000.000
4,000,000
4,000.000
3,000,000
3,000,000
S.OOOiOOO
S, 000. 000
3,000.000
3,000,000
3,000,000
3,000.000
3,000,000
3.000.000
3,000.000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2,000,000
2.000.000
2,000,000
2,000,000
1,000.000
1.000,000
1,000.000
1(000,000
1,000,000
1,000(000
1(000.000
1(000(000
900.000
900.000
800.000
800.000
800.000
700.000
700,000
700.000
600.000
600.000
600.000
500.000
500.000
500.000
B
a
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
a
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
C
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
C
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B 3
C 3
-------
Table 24 (Cont.) EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS:
(Mass of Hydrocarbon Emissions)
OPTION 4
237 CENTRIFUGAL DRIERS
238 TAPPING MACHINES
239 RAKES
240 COTTON STRIPPERS
211 LAND LEVELERS
212 BORING MACHINES
2*3 SUBSOILERS - DEEP TILLAGE
2o,ooo
noo.ooo
400.000
300,000
300.000
300.000
300,000
300,000
300,000
300,000
300,000
300,000
300,000
200.000
200.000
200.000
200.000
200.000
100.000
100.000
90,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
30,000
20,000
10.000
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
8
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B 3
115
-------
The computer programs used to generate these priority lists
are presented in Appendix D. A sample calculation showing
the utility of the prioritization model is given in Appendix E.
B. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF EMISSION RATES
Figure 20 shows the contribution of the ten categories to
the total mass of emissions from surface coating operations
(excluding automotive and architectural painting). Three
categories (i.e., Sheet, Strip, and Coil Coating; Paper and
Paperboard Coating; and Fabric Treatment) account for 95% of
the total emissions or 1.20 x 109 kg/yr of emissions. Major
appliances account for another 2.38% (3.00 x 108 kg/yr),
while the remaining six categories together account for
2.46% (3.10 x 10 8 kg/yr).
Figure 21 is a schematic flow diagram of industrial surface
coating excluding automobile painting showing mass emissions
for each of the ten product type categories. Figures 22
through 31 are flowcharts exhibiting product types and their
mass emissions for each of the ten categories.
C. DATA RELIABILITY TESTS
Data generated in this program were compared with data
reported elsewhere in the literature to demonstrate the
reliability of the results obtained in this study. These
116
-------
SHEET, STRIPJAND COIL COATING
39.65%
FABRIC TREATMENT
15.86%
PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
COATING 39.65%
MAJOR
APPLIANCES
2.38%
REMAINDER
2.46%
Figure 20.
Distribution of mass emissions from industrial
surface coating operations excluding automotive
painting (total emissions: 1.261 x 109 kg/yr)
117
-------
C-024-025-BSO
Figure 21. Schematic flow diagram of the emissions
from industrial surface coating industry
118
-------
C-024-026-BSO
t 063 8« Unilil;r J Jfj II IMChgfrr ^
^"*| CONDITIOHS | •
iOB.iCOUnili/yi
Figure 22. Flowchart: major appliance finishing
119
-------
C-024-039-BSO
IQOT UOUnilllyr
W,SOOUnili>yr
i an aouniinir
MBaomUniBly
<8anmunilslyr
~[] <&iaVyr^
•—^Mn nmiirtiicrw
CAMERAS
M"ro""'""' ^HAiRDR™^1^^
I i. m OOP urnhfr I ,Mupf«« jl feUfttfyr,
kBHUfMr _J~^
""•ro""i"'—Hw^l
li.a.miiwM'y .1 TZT
••"- — — i lAWIri
-'iijorounmy . H|XE>;
HSlj . k
-"iJliiOIUnililyr ^«i I""1
Figure 23. Flowchart: small appliance finishing
120
-------
C-024-028-BSO
I CBUmlslyl
I B»IOW
1>rc»u'nlyr_
Figure 24. Flowchart: farm machinery finishing
121
-------
C-024-028-BSO
I FARM 1
-{ MACHINERY I--
riNISHIHC J
PRDDUCIIOH
DATE
I SOLUI
[MUSIC
l,017Unils/yr
Figure 24. (Cont.) Flowchart: farm machinery finishing
122
-------
C-024-028-BSO
Figure 24. (Cont.) Flowchart: farm machinery finishing
123
-------
C-024-028-BSO
MM Umls/yr
J"«ACHINE»v"!-
{ FIMISHIW |
KttUnill/yr
»3 WUnilVyi
11 Z46 Umlsfyr
\m Imlilyr
SJMOUmli/yr
113 IHUnilslyr
WOUmtsly,
Z1K Uiuliln
iiU UnilVyr
ROD
VHEKRS
ROUIIV
M1HHOR5
SIAU
SHREDDERS
IERBACING
1 DIICHINC
PLOWS
"LI
1 6S.lo2|,gl»t
****"» .
I°L
. I
LF
tr~
I «
3 2)tlO\9lyr
1 Cll
[IDEE
niHInits/jr I TIWAr.r.n |S ?SV?*$y
m.n«»«.t|3'>llfti»
0« SWAIHERS^
~\1 SMlfta/yr
Cii.mi,,« |3M.llft»V
IDCEP MLIAGE!
Figure 24. (Cont.) Flowchart: farm machinery finishing
124
-------
— J asm »
1 FINISHING
RATE ' rnoouci tmlsiloViS *
zaooDUniiVirr - SMC
w "EoiiiKiftiTi''
ITOUmt* __^ mcufcj | UL^
ZMUniiiryi * BAKERY
fa Unili/yi *
COLD ROLLING
"ToWtTAls''
' . CDIffilS!S»l 509,104^,-
luumtiryi w ^.^ w
!2.0UUmti/vi » METAL BENDI NCt
-t W IORMING MACHINIS
2 ?frlD^kg>yr^
1 281,000 Unils/yi f CHAIN SAWS r '»''' ^
«!Un«/yr J BINDERV
"ffljipi
CONCRETE
PRODUCT
MCHINERV
A! ...Jr.^"1^..^ ll S5r»
49! UnilUyr » MHAL BORING
' • MACHINES
2600 Umli/yr ^
nanvti
» ti»."l!S.2S"|W|» ».ioHai,r -
COMPRCSSORSL
JWJU...MI . .E|..fit | r ,.
lonunilslvr »FAI"il!ruiSrc"B""C
FOR FIBERS
J
•SBBH1 •
^
U-llAgl
? O.IO^g/yr .
|i arcrVtr ^
"Is ;;.io\8i)r >
Chl*lHi ^
Figure 25. Flowchart: industrial machinery finishing
125
-------
C-024-029-BSO
f INDUSTRIAL 1
M MACHINERY
^FINISHING J
Figure 25. (Cont.) Flowchart: industrial machinery finishing
126
-------
C-024-029-BSO
I INDUSIRIAL !
|l MACHINEIV <--
\ FINISHING '
f
ZS.4ll)Unilsl!i »
'
27! UniKfyr Hi
30.000Units/yi A
P
««OUnit!/yr 4
19 Oil UniBfyr *
;W Unuilyr »
1702 uniu/|T »
*
NttDUnils/yr j
IMININCI 1 *
SZOUnWy
HOISTS
IGOTIC SEPARATOR
IMININCI
1 mCHI
1 «.l^,r t
PAPER S PA
. 1| CONVE
™ MACHI
SI Ollft^
iir M |NDU5'
' 1 IRUC
MEAT & POULTRY |l OtolPfrgfyr 4.
WCESSIHCMACHlfffS ^^
ti PLAdE
*) CMDA
METAL CLEANING |l Sa.lO^g/yr ^
MACHINERY | ™
MILLING
MACHINES
MINE CARS
& TRACK
IOFF5U
""BBSS110
ACKINC PMXAGIN
ilPLASIIC IV
' •] MACH
1 ThloVyr .
J MOIOR
*»' 1 HANDTK
H&illPnlyr i
.,„ | P«ES
sy • MEII
i ^.IDiljlM i
^
J PUIPH
<1 MACHI
C7 Cfrllftlllyr.
•n OK Umti/yr
tWtttotv i
TjOmiNC BACHISiB.Y
-JOCOUDili/yi
Figure 25. (Cont.) Flowchart: industrial machinery finishing
127
-------
C-024-024-BSO
PRODUCTION t
RATE *
(INDUSTRIAL"]
..Jj MADM""" ' d
*[_Fi5is
PRODUCT
Hl*_j '
SOLVENT .
EMISSIONS "
2040DUnitsfyr .
3617Unils/»r J SCREENS
84 UnitsJyr g SCRUBBERS
' (MINING)
jaumtw J SHAPERS
1 IMEIALI
2«Dllnits/yr J SHOEMAKINC
*| MACHINERY
— 2003 Unit
630 Unilslyr j SHUTTLE CARS
* IMININCI
323. 60D Unilslyr f SPINNING
OVERHEAD
CRANES
553,10V,- j
i/yr 1
1 OWdVyr t
W
0 Unilslyr {
9
1 3«llAg/yr »
9
6IMO'lg/yr ,
2 4toirA«] yr ,
5 SiloVyr 4
?
^
5 (fciotyyr 4
z 9
Figure 25. (Cont.) Flowchart: industrial machinery finishing
128
-------
RATE
COMMERCIAL
MACHINERY
FINISHING
SO.OCOUmlsJyr ^
SOLVENT -
:
ACCOUNTING
MACHINES
M5 CDOUmls'yt A ADDING
1
iOOOBUniliFyr »
l7J,SOOUnil!/yr A
1
ZILtODIlnili/yr A
Z5.20)Unilllyi »
M«»UniK/yr 4
MACHINES
CASH
REGISTERS
SHEER
HANDLING
MACHINES
COMMERCIAL
CARPET
SWEEPERS
COMMERCIAL
DISHWASHERS
COMMERCIAL
FLOOD MAKERS
Wi ZUOUmWyr J „,„„,„„
" MACHINES
65TOUnili/yr (
„, OTUn,11)yr ^
MACHINES
ELECT ROHIC
CALCULATORS
3 ZMlflqlyr ^
B.nOUmlsfyr 4
1 77>l(XVyr »
t
71 lOOIJnitslyr i
21 WOlJniWyr »
4KtOOUn.lsfy> J
1 38.KA5/F g
«0!OOUnit!/yr ^
153>IOV>' i
IWOUniWyr g
2 TQtllrkyfyr .
16.6HOUniWyi ^
6 ililO\glyr A
l]3HOUnils/yr »
1 WlTO'tglyr A
f
1 oSiio^kofy A.
Husnuniiifyr ^
TORMS
HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
8 7Z»ll)Vyr i
PUMPS B SOiliymyr A
GASOLINE | *
INDUSTRIAL
WATER
SOFTENERS
HAILING
MACHINES
MAILING 1
PARCEL
POST SCALES
MOTOR
TRUCK
SCALES
RETAIL
I COMMERCIAL
SCALES
TIME
RECORDERS
TYPEWRITERS
VENDING
MACHINES
3 OMlAilfrr A
Z20»lllVfr ^
Itf.llAlllyf |
MiUpkgftr »
733.nAg;y- »
1 ZfollAlllyr i
S TMIftglyi A
*' EMISSIONS "
Figure 26. Flowchart: commercial machinery finishing
129
-------
C-024-035-BSO
l6niOMUnll!)yr
"O'°m"""!"f
•4 cairn
J 1 2 IWlAqlyr
-« IMIES S1
Figure 27. Flowchart: wood furniture finishing
130
-------
U-Udt-UOO-D
SHEET STRIP
T COIL COATING
PRODUCTION *| pffflnnri
RATE 1 """""•'
ou
237 OCQUmli/yr
SOlVtHT t
EMISSIONS T
) 3?ilO">Unil!lyr
3 Mxlo"umlslyr
1.500. 000 Unllilyr
3 91ilo"umivyr
SEIWUnitsfyr
Hl.OCOUnils/yr
3> IIC 500Unil!/yi
Z«OO.OOOUnil!/yr
ALUMINUM A
k IO&9ly
" BOTTLE CAPS
^ BEVERAGE SbUftglyi
• CANS
t 97T OTQ llnittfyr .
^ CANOPIES 1 23>lo'tgl»
i77«mi|ni,Vy, .,
WS 1 m.lnL.1
4 nrn iiniur. ' animy
w BEVERAGE
576 BOP 000 Unitsfyr
J SHIPPING 1 rjiWVjIy
k FFNTINB ' n»'°6ks|y
50000 OOOUnit^yr
DOOR t A .
fc wiunmu 6 OOllPkgly
* FRAMES
. 1 nillCllnlVyr
» nicTwoiK »»>lo'k9iy
1l tO>loVyi|
Figure 28. Flowchart: sheet, strip, and coil coating
131
-------
C-024-034-BSO
punnnciiDN j ...,„,,., ,.?.°Ly.
RATE ^ PBODUCI |EMI«I
Figure 29. Flowchart: metal furniture finishing
132
-------
C-024-031-BSO
Figure 30. Flowchart: paper and paperboard coating
133
-------
C-024-032-BSO
TERPRDDFIN
LING
Figure 31. Flowchart: fabric treatment
134
-------
comparisons are summarized below:
The total mass of emissions for solvent evaporation
from painting operations (product type categories 1-8)
obtained in this study is 5.61 x 108 kg/year. Literature
values for corresponding industrial surface coating excluding
automotive painting vary from 3.6 x 108 to 9.1 x 10B
kg/year.10-65'66/67
The emission rate obtained for solvent evaporation
from major appliance refinishing (product type category 1)
is 3.0 x 107 kg/year. The value published in the literature
is 2.8 x 107 kg/year.68
The emission factor for coil coating operations has
been reported in the German literature as 70 to 85 grams per
square meter of surface covered.69 The values obtained in
this study are presented in Table 25. The average of these
values is 77±13 g/m2.
The literature reports that the emission factor for
painting operations is 582±137 kg/1000 kg of paint applied.70
The average value obtained in this study is 534 kg/1000 kg.
65Cavender, J. H., Kircher, D. S., and Hoffman, A. J.,
Nationwide Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1940-1970,
January, 1973.
66Anon., The Paint Industry, Chemical and Engineering News,
December 20, 1969, pp. 32-43.
67Yazujian, "Chemicals in Coatings," Chemical Week, October
20, 1971, pp. 35-44.
68Hydrocarbon Pollutant Systems Study, Vol. I, Stationary
Sources, Effects and Control, MSA Research Corporation,
October, 1972, PB-219 073.
59Menthen, B., Waste Air Problems in the Coil Coating
Industry, Staub-reinholt Luft, Vol. 31, No. 10, October
1971, pp. 16-21.
7°Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42,
Second Edition, April, 1973.
135
-------
Table 25. SUMMARY OF EMISSION FACTORS FOR SHEET, STRIP, AND
COIL COATING OPERATIONS
to
Product
Aluminum siding and roofing
Beer and soft drink bottle caps
Beverage cans
Canopies and awnings
Door and window frames
Ductwork
Fencing
Garage doors
Gutters
Surface covered,
107 mVyr
2.5
1.7
241
15.8
0.7
54.6
5.5
0.8
2.9
Metal cans (excluding beverage cans) 257
Metal doors (excluding garage doors) 2.9
Railings, fire escapes, staircases 0.3
Screening
Shelving
Steel shipping barrels
Wire products
Wood paneling
5.4
0.05
0.03
0.02
16.7
Emission rate,
10 9 g/yr
2
1
200
10
0.6
40
4
0.6
2
200
2
0.3
5
0.04
0.02
0.02
10
Emission factor,
g/m2
80
59
83
63
86
73
73
75
69
78
69
100
93
80
67
100
60
-------
D. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
The impact factor is directly proportional to the production
rate, emission factor, and location (i.e., population
density); the error in the impact factor is directly pro-
portional to the error in each of these data. For instance,
a 10% error in the population densities of each of the
states used to calculate an impact factor results in a 10%
error in that impact factor. Since the impact factor is
inversely proportional to the square of the emission height,
a decrease of 10% in the height will result in an increase
of 23% in the final impact factor.
The emission rate for each product is directly proportional
to both the production rate and emission factor. Thus, a
10% error in either production rate or emission factor
results in a 10% error in the impact factor.
137
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SECTION VI
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
A. STATE OF THE ART
1. Adsorption
Adsorption is the process for removing molecules from a
fluid by contacting them with a solid. Gases, liquids, or
solids can be selectively removed from airstreams with
materials known as adsorbents. The material which adheres
to the adsorbent is called the adsorbate.
The mechanism by which components are adsorbed is complex,
and although adsorption occurs at all solid interfaces, it
is small unless the adsorbent has a large surface area, is
porous, and possesses capillaries. The important charac-
teristics of solid adsorbents are their large surface-to-
volume ratios and preferential affinity for individual
components.
The adsorption process includes three steps. The adsorbent
is first contacted with the fluid, and a separation by
adsorption results. Second, the unadsorbed portion of the
fluid is separated from the adsorbent. For gases, this
operation is completed when the gases leave the adsorbent
bed. Third, the adsorbent is regenerated by removing the
-------
adsorbate from the adsorbent. For solvent recovery, low
pressure steam is used to regenerate the adsorbent, and the
condensed vapors are separated from the water by decantation,
distillation, or both.
Activated carbon is capable of adsorbing 95% to 98% of the
organic vapor from air at ambient temperature in the presence
of water in the gas stream.6 8 Because the adsorbed compounds
have low vapor pressure at ambient temperatures, the recov-
ery of solvents present in air in small concentrations is
low. The adsorption system can be operated without hazard
because the vapor concentration is below the flammable
range.
When a solvent vapor in air mixture is passed over activated
carbon, adsorption of the solvent vapor takes place.
Adsorption is complete at the beginning, but as the adsorp-
tive capacity of the activated carbon is approached, traces
of vapor appear in the exit air. When this situation occurs,
it is said that the breakpoint of the activated carbon has
been reached. As the air flow is continued, and although
additional amounts of solvent are adsorbed, the concen-
tration of solvent vapor increases until the concentration
of vapor in the exit air equals the vapor concentration in
the inlet air. The adsorbent is saturated under these
operating conditions.
The adsorption of a mixture of adsorbable organic vapors in
air is not uniform, and the more easily adsorbed components
are those which have higher boiling points. When air con-
taining a mixture of organic vapors is passed over activated
carbon, the vapors are equally adsorbed at the start.
However, as the amount of the higher boiling component in
140
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the adsorbent increases, the more volatile component revapor-
izes. The exit vapor consists primarily of the more vola-
tile component after the breakpoint has been reached. This
process continues for each organic mixture component, until
the highest boiling component is present in the exit gas.
In the control of organic vapor mixtures, the adsorption
cycle should be stopped when the first breakpoint occurs as
determined by detection of vapors in the exit gas. Many
theories have been advanced to explain the selective adsorp-
tion of certain vapors or gases. These theories are
discussed by Perry and Chilton7l and will not be discussed
here.
The quantity of organic vapors adsorbed by activated carbon
is a function of the particular vapor in question, the
adsorbent, the adsorbent temperature, and the vapor con-
centration. Removal of gaseous vapors by physical adsorption
is practical for gases with molecular weight over 45.71 Each
type of activated carbon has its own adsorbent properties
for a given vapor and the quantity of vapor adsorbed for a
particular vapor concentration in the gas and at a particular
temperature is best determined experimentally. The quantity
of vapor adsorbed increases when the vapor concentration
increases and the adsorbent temperature decreases.
After breakthrough has occurred, the adsorbent is regenerated
by heating the solids until the adsorbate has been removed.
A carrier gas must also be used to remove the vapors released.
Low pressure saturated steam is used as the heat source for
activated carbon and acts as the heat source and carrier
gas. Superheated steam (350°C) may be necessary to remove
71Perry, J. H., and Chilton, C. H., Chemical Engineers'
Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1973.
141
-------
high boiling compounds and return the carbon to its original
condition. It is not necessary to use superheated steam
until high boiling compounds have reduced the carbon capacity
to the point where complete regeneration is necessary.
Steam requirements for regeneration are a function of
external heat losses and the nature of the solvent. The
amount of steam adsorbed per pound of solvent as a function
of elapsed time passes through a minimum. The carbon should
be regenerated for this length of time to permit the minimum
use of steam.71 After regeneration the carbon is hot and
saturated with water. Cooling and drying are done by
blowing solvent-free air through the carbon bed. Evapora-
tion of the water aids cooling of the carbon. If high
temperature steam has been used, other means of cooling the
carbon are required. Adsorbers for removal of solvent
vapors from air are fixed bed adsorbers arranged in two or
more parallel bed arrangements. These are batch-type
arrangements, where a bed is used until breakthrough occurs
and is then regenerated. The simplest adsorber system of
this type is a two-bed system where a carbon bed is being
regenerated as the other bed is used to adsorb organic
vapors. A three-bed arrangement permits a greater quantity
of solvent to be adsorbed per unit of carbon by passing the
effluent through two beds in series while the third bed is
regenerated. This permits the activated carbon to be used
after breakthrough since the second bed in the series
removes solvent vapors in the first bed exit gas. When the
first bed is saturated, it is removed from the stream for
regeneration, the bed which was used to remove the final
traces of solvent vapors from the effluent becomes the new
first bed, and the bed which has been regenerated becomes
the new second bed.
142
-------
Heat is released in the adsorption process, which causes the
temperature of the adsorbent to increase. If the concen-
tration of solvent vapors is not high, as in the case of
paint spraying or coating operations, the temperature rise
is typically 10°C.1*
The pressure drop through a carbon bed is a function of the
gas velocity, bed depth, and the carbon particle size.
Activated carbon manufacturers supply empirical correlations
for pressure drop in terms of these quantities. These
correlations usually include pressure drop resulting from
directional change of the gas stream at inlet and outlet.
Control of solvent vapor emissions by adsorption on acti-
vated carbon is applied when recovery of the adsorbate is
economically desirable. Other applications include control
of halogenated organics which cannot be controlled by
incineration because of acid formation and for concentrating
low-concentration emissions for subsequent disposal by
incineration. "*
2. Absorption
Absorption is the removal of one or more soluble components
in a gas mixture by dissolving these components in a liquid.
The absorption process may consist of dissolving the com-
ponent in a liquid followed by reaction with a reagent, or,
as in the case of the removal of solvent vapors from air by
absorption in a lean oil, by solution without reaction.
The equipment used for continuous absorption can be a tower
filled with a solid packing material, an enclosure through
which the gas flows and into which the liquid is sprayed, or
a tower which contains a number of bubble-cap, sieve, or
143
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valve-type plates. Absorption operations are carried out in
wetted wall columns (a tubular column in which the gas flows
vertically through the tube and the liquid flows down over
the column wall), stirred vessels, or other types of
equipment.
Packed towers or plate towers are used for absorption. Each
has advantages which are listed below.
Packed towers
Can be designed for a lower pressure drop
than a plate tower and still maintain vapor-liquid
contact.
Handle foaming liquids more satisfactorily.
Liquid holdup is less.
Construction is cheaper and simpler when corrosive
materials must be handled.
Small packed towers (less than two feet in diameter)
do not cost as much as plate towers.
Plate towers
Cooling coils are more readily installed on plates
when heat of solution requires internal cooling.
With proper design, plate towers can handle a
wider range of liquid rates.
144
-------
Certain types of plate towers may be preferred
when there are deposits of solid material that
must periodically be removed. The cleaning of
plate towers can be accomplished through manholes,
but packed towers require dumping of the packing
for cleaning.
The weight of a plate tower is less than the
weight of a packed tower designed for the same
duty. Also, packing support plates may be required
to prevent crushing of the packing and to bear the
weight of the packing in a tall tower.
Plate columns are preferred for operations that
require a large number of transfer units because
proper vapor and liquid stream distribution is
difficult to maintain in packed towers.
The design of absorbers has been discussed by Treybal7 2
and Perry and Chilton.71 The problems which arise in
designing absorbers can be attributed to variation of
solubilities because of non-isothermal operating conditions,
non-ideal liquid solutions, and the change in the gas and
liquid flow rates caused by transfer of the solute from the
gas phase to the liquid phase.
72Treybal, R. E., Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw-Hill,
New York, New York, 1968.
145
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3. Incineration
a. Thermal Incineration - Direct flame afterburners depend
upon flame contact and high temperatures to burn combustible
materials in gaseous effluents to carbon dioxide and
water.73 The combustible materials may be gases, vapors, or
entrained particulate matter which contribute opacity, odor,
irritants, photochemical reactivity, and toxicity to the
effluent. Direct-flame afterburners consist of a refractory-
lined chamber, one or more burners, temperature indicator-
controllers, safety equipment, and sometimes heat recovery
equipment.7 3
The afterburner chamber consists of a mixing section and a
combustion section. The mixing section provides contact
between the contaminated gases and the burner flame. Good
mixing is provided by high velocity flow which creates
turbulence. The combustion section is designed to provide a
retention time of 0.3 to 0.5 second for completion of the
combustion process. Afterburner discharge temperatures
range from 540°C to 800°C (1000°F to 1500°F), depending on
the air pollution problem. Higher temperatures result in
higher afterburner efficiencies.73
The gas burners used in afterburners are nozzle-mixing,
premixing, multiport, and mixing plate burners. The method
of burner placement depends on the burner type and on the
design objective of providing intimate contact of the con-
taminated air with the burner flames. When all the contami-
nated air passes through the burner, maximum afterburner
efficiency is obtained.7 3
73Rolke, R. W., et al., Afterburner Systems Study, PB-212 560,
1972.
146
-------
Nozzle mixing and premixing burners are arranged to fire
tangentially into a cylindrical afterburner. Several
burners or nozzles are required to ensure complete flame
coverage, and additional burners or nozzles may be arranged
to fire along the length of the burner. Air for combustion
of fuel is taken from outside air or from the contaminated
air stream. The contaminated air stream is introduced
tangentially or along the major axis of the cylinder.73
Multiport burners are installed across a section of the
afterburner separate from the main afterburner chamber.
Although all air for combustion is taken from the contam-
inated air stream, multiport burners are not capable of
handling all of the contaminated air stream through the
burner. Provision must be made for passing contaminated
air, in excess of that used for fuel combustion, around the
burner and mixing this air with the burner flames in a
restricted and baffled area.73
Mixing plate burners were developed for afterburner applica-
tions. Mixing plate burners are placed across the inlet
section of the afterburner. Mixing of the contaminated air
and the burner flames is provided by profile plates installed
around the burner between the burner and afterburner walls.
The burner and profile plate design provides high velocities
(100 cm/sec) which ensures mixing of the burner flames and
the contaminated air not flowing through the burner. The
contaminated air stream provides air for fuel combustion.73
The efficiency of an afterburner is a function of retention
time, operating temperature, flame contact, and gas velocity.
No quantitative mathematical relationship relating efficiency
to these variables exists because the kinetics of the
147
-------
combustion process are complex and flow inside afterburners
is not defined. However, for good afterburner design, the
following observations with respect to afterburner efficiency
can be made.73
Efficiency increases with increasing afterburner
operating temperature.
Efficiency decreases if excessive preheat is given
to the contaminated gases entering the afterburner.
Efficiency increases with increasing contact
between the contaminated gases and the burner
flame.
Efficiency increases with increasing retention
time for retention times less than one second.
Efficiency is a function of the afterburner design
and the inlet concentration of organic materials.
Ninety percent afterburner efficiency is difficult
to reach below 700°C (1300°F) operating tempera-
ture if the generation of carbon monoxide in the
afterburner is included.
b. Catalytic Incineration - A catalytic afterburner contains
a preheat burner section, a chamber containing a catalyst,
temperature indicator and controllers, safety equipment, and
heat recovery equipment. The catalyst in a catalytic
afterburner promotes combustion by increasing the rate of
the oxidation reactions without itself appearing to change
chemically.
148
-------
The contaminated air entering a catalytic afterburner is
heated to the temperature necessary for carrying out the
catalytic combustion. The preheat zone temperature, which
falls in the range 340°C to 600°C (650°F to 1100°F), varies
with the combustion and type of contaminants. Because of
thermal incineration in the preheat zone, the preheat burner
can contribute to the efficiency of a catalytic afterburner.
Catalysts used for catalytic afterburners may be platinum
family metals supported on metal or matrix elements made of
ceramic honeycombs. Catalyst supports should have: (1)
high geometric surface area; (2) low pressure drop; (3)
structural integrity and durability; and (4) a system in
which uniform distribution of the flow of waste stream
through the catalyst can be obtained. Catalysts can be
poisoned by phosphorus, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, mercury,
lead, zinc, and tin, which are thought to form alloys with
the metal catalyst. Catalysts are deactivated by materials
which form coatings on the catalyst such as particulate
material, resins, and carbon formed during organic material
breakdown. High catalyst temperatures will also deactivate
catalysts. Because the combustion reaction is exothermic,
the catalyst bed temperature is above the inlet temperature,
the temperature increase depending on the concentration of
organic material burned and the heat of combustion of that
material. Compensation for decreased catalyst activity can
be made by: (1) initial overdesign in specifying the quan-
tity of catalyst required to attain required performance;
(2) increasing preheat temperature as chemical activity
decreases; (3) regenerating the catalyst; and (4) replacing
the catalyst.
149
-------
The quantity of catalyst required for 85 to 95% conversion
of hydrocarbons ranges from 0.5 to 2 m3 catalyst/1000 m3/min
waste stream. Although the catalyst temperature required
depends on the hydrocarbon burned and the condition of the
catalyst, the operating temperature of catalytic after-
burners ranges from 260°C to 540°C (500°F to 1000°F).73
B. SOLVENT REFORMULATION
There has been an emphasis on reformulation of solvent-based
coatings to exempt solvents to meet the requirements of Rule
66-type legislation. The reformulated solvent systems are
more complex than the former systems and also are more
expensive.71* In reformulating products, manufacturers must
attempt to retain desired properties.75 The replacement of
methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), selling for 17 to 18-l/2
-------
matics in naphthas used in the formulating). This type of
reformulation increases the product cost by 3-5«/gal above
that of the original formulation based on toluene.75
Another type of reformulation which reduces emissions of
organic solvents instead of just "reactive" (as defined by
Rule-66) solvents is the reformulation to water-based
coatings. Water differs from organic solvents in physical
properties (see Table 26).77 Examples are its large heat of
vaporization, difference between freezing and boiling points,
and boiling point elevation constant.77 Thus, water is a
costly solvent to evaporate and its ratp of evaporation is
difficult to control with additives.66'77 The films resulting
from water-based paints are often less glossy than those
from solvent-based paints.66 Other disadvantages are the ten-
dency of water-based coatings to rust metal and their
inability to adhere to surfaces contaminated with even a
small amount of oil or other hydrophobic dirt.66 Finally,
such coatings are typically more costly than equivalent
solvent-based coatings.66
C. VAPOR CONDENSATION
Because of the explosion and fire hazards, insurance reg-
ulations require that surface coating operations be well
ventilated. Solvent concentrations in the effluent from
surface coating operations ranger from 100 to 200 ppm.67
Calculations show that for condensation of organic vapors by
cooling, refrigeration requirements would be very costly.
For example, to obtain 90% recovery of toluene vapors being
77McEwan, I.H., Role of Water in Water-Reducible Paint
Formulations, Journal of Paint Technology, Vol. 45,
No. 583, August, 1973.
151
-------
Table 26. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS74
Property
B.P., °C
F.P., °C
(B.P.-F.P.), °C
Solubility parameter
Latent heat of vaporization,
cal/g at B.P.
B.P. elevation constant
Surface tension, dynes/cm
Water
100
0
100
23.5
540
0.51
73
Mineral spirits
214.5
-12
226.5
6.6
115
2.79
18
Acetone
56.5
-95
151.5
10
135
1.33
24
Xylene
144
-25
169
8.8
94
2.67
30
en
-------
emitted at a rate of 113 kg/day with a concentration of 0.45
kg per 1000 m3 of air would require over 450 tonnes
of refrigeration.6
153
-------
SECTION VII
GROWTH AND NATURE OF THE INDUSTRY
A. PRESENT TECHNOLOGY
One surface coating process which has demonstrated rapid
growth in recent years is coil coating. The number of
square feet of metal run through coil coating lines has been
increasing at 15 to 20% per year, compared to 4 to 5% per
year for industrial coatings in general.66 The use of coil
coating in metal for cans and closures has grown even more
rapidly, at a 40% per year rate.67 The National Coil
Coaters Association, for instance, estimates that 95% of the
aluminum used in cans and closures has been coil coated.66
Figure 32 shows the growth of coil coating since 1962.
Coil coating offers several advantages. First, although
installation costs are high (running up to §1 million),
there is probably no cheaper way to apply paint.66 Labor
costs are low and little paint is wasted.66 The method also
produces very uniform films; however, the thickness of the
films is limited.66 Older coil coating lines operate at 46
to 61 meters per minute, but lines running at 92 meters or
more per minute are common.66 Some of the newest lines, in
fact, are capable of speeds of at least 185 meters per
minute, but limitations in the rate of applying and curing
coatings cut the practical speed to half of that figure.66
155
-------
1500
o
-------
Also growing fast among application techniques is electro-
deposition or electrocoating.66 This technique was pioneered
in this country by the Ford Motor Company in association
with the coatings companies during the 1950's.66'67 The
first large scale use was the electrocoating of automobile
bodies at Ford's Wixon, Michigan plant in 1963.66 The
electrocoating process has all the advantages of a simple
dip coating operation, but overcomes many of the problems
associated with that method.66 Its major advantage is
the ability to form a firm, even coat on surfaces that are
difficult to reach by other methods.66 The coating builds
up on sharp edges just as evenly as it does on flat sur-
faces.71* It is also deposited on recessed areas and will
even penetrate between riveted or bolted sections or into
small imperfections. Film thicknesses are easily controlled
and labor costs are low because the entire operation can be
automated.66 Since water is used as the solvent,66'67
the fire hazard is minimized. The operation is also fast;
an auto body can be coated within two or three minutes.7lf
Electrocoating does have drawbacks, however. Although
operating costs are low, the installation of an electro-
deposition tank is expensive.66*67 A small tank of 5000
gallons capacity might cost $25,000 to $250,000 with auxil-
iary equipment.66 A large tank holding 50,000 to 65,000
gallons of paint can cost $1.5 to $2 million.66 Another
drawback is that only a single coat can be applied, since
the initial coat acts as an electrical insulator and pre-
vents additional deposition.66 Furthermore, as with any
dipping operation, changing color during a production run is
time consuming and difficult.66 The present market for
paints used in electrocoating tanks is $7 to $10 million,
with about $3.5 to $4 million going to the auto industry.66
157
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B. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
An application technique which has been around some time is
powder coating.66 Application of plastic powders to pre-
heated metal components was carried out as long as thirty
years ago.78 The procedure, however, only became economical
and reliable following the introduction in 1953 of fluidized
beds by Edwin Gemmer.7 8
Powder coating offers many advantages over solvent-type
painting:78
No solvent is employed
- No costly waste of solvents
- No inflammable solvents
- No pollution from solvents
- Reduced health hazard to operators
- No flash-off period required
- No energy wasted in driving off solvents
Nearly 100% effective use of powder coating
can be attained.
Fairly uniform and higher film thickness than
solvent-bearing enamel is obtained in one appli-
cation.
No sagging, bridging, or poor coverage occurs
at edges.
78Kut, S., Product Finishing with Electrostatically Sprayed
Powder Coatings, Science and Technology of Surface
Coating, Academic Press, London, England, and New York,
New York, 1974.
15R
-------
Powder coating does have disadvantages. The application of
the technique is limited to substrates that can withstand
high temperatures.57 Also, although the fire hazard associ-
ated with solvents is eliminated, organic powders are
flammable; moreover, at critical powder-air concentrations
(^53 g/m3) a dust explosion can occur with an ignition .
temperature of 4608C.78
Other limitations have also presented difficulties to the
wide use of powder coating. The transfer efficiency of
powder coating is poor, since much must be applied as a
spray (e.g., auto body painting). Efficiencies on auto-
motive lines have been as low as 60%.79 Efficiencies in
powder usage must approach 90 to 95% to be economical.79
Another limitation of powder coating is the difficulty in
changing colors and contamination encountered in changing
colors. Unlike solvent-based paints which allow contam-
ination to blend to form a slightly different shade at
worst, color contamination of powder shows as spots on the
final product.76 Powder coating presently represents a
market for $7 to $9 million worth of coating materials a
year.66 It is projected that this will double by 1980 to
include 7% of the market share.79
A new curing technique, high energy curing, has stirred
interest for about ten years,67 but has yet to make its mark
commercially.66 Ford Motor Company's patented Electrocure
process, an electron beam curing process, has been used on a
pilot scale by Boise Cascade at its Boise, Idaho plant for
lumber products.56 The same process has been installed for
electron beam curing of coated coil by Wolverine Petronix in
Lincoln Park, Michigan.67
79Edwards, P., Coatings '74/Solvents, Chemical Marketing
Reporter, November 4, 1974.
159
-------
The biggest advantages of high energy curing are its speed
and the elimination of heat from the curing process.66'67
A coating can be cured within a few seconds and curing is
carried out without damage to heat-sensitive substrates
(e.g., wood or plastic).66 Because of its speed, the first
widely used application of high energy curing may be in coil
coating.56 The speed of the fastest lines might be doubled
or tripled if the space-consuming ovens were replaced.66
The technique does have some serious limitations. First, it
cannot be applied to most present-day resin formulations.
These resins depend upon heat applied in the curing cycle to
polymerize or cross-link the resins.66 Furthermore, since
the electron beam has only limited penetration, the maximum
thickness of the coating is limited to about 0.25 mm.66
Finally, high energy curing equipment is expensive. Total
cost of a facility with one accelerator, auxiliary equip-
ment, and shielding runs to $200,000 or more.66 Therefore,
to be used economically, the process requires a large
production volume.67 In spite of these disadvantages,
proponents of the technique are convinced that electron beam
curing will win a firm niche commercially.66
C. INDUSTRY PRODUCTION TRENDS
For a long time, trade sales were the major outlet for the
surface coating industry. After 1970, however, the situ-
ation reversed and industrial sales assumed the major role.
Figure 33 shows the industry trend in terms of cubic meters of
paint production. Figure 34 shows the same trend in terms
of dollars of sales.
Figures 35 through 41 show sales or production trends for
selected products from the major categories.
16n
-------
CD
CO
•G
OJ
.c
o
ID
Q
O
OH
a.
oo
o
O
O
0
1960
INDUSTRIAL FINISHES
•7X/ \
_l L.
1970
YEAR
TRADE SALES
_1 U
1980
Figure 33. Paints and allied products production
161
-------
2000
1800 •
1600
eg
"o
•o
err
CO
1400
1200
1000
800
1960
INDUSTRIAL FINISHES
' '
1970
YEAR
TRADE SALES
' - L
1980
Figure 34. Paints and allied products sales
162
-------
10,000
9000 -
8000-
7000 •
6000 -
*rf
'c
o
s
co"
LU
CO
REFRIGERATORS
LAWN MOWERS
WATER HEATERS
WASHERS
\A1R
CONDITIONERS
DRYERS
DISHWASHERS
0
1960 1962 1964 1966
FREEZERS
HUMIDIFIERS
DEHUMIDIFIERS
I
1968
YEAR
1970 1972 1974
Figure 35. Sales trends of major appliances
163
-------
10,000
9000
8000
7000
/»
•«
5 6000
|
3 5000
r\
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
IRONS
TOASTERS
MIXERS
£. CAN OPENERS
. BLENDERS
1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972
YEAR
Figure 36. Sales trends of small appliances
-------
ro
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
OTHER FARM MACHINERY
TRACTORS
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975
YEAR
Figure 37. Sales trends for farm machinery
165
-------
1500
JH
"o
•
C/1
CO
1000
500
OILFIELD
MACHINERY
MINING
MACHINERY
FOOD PRODUCTS
MACHINERY
METAL FORMING
MACHINERY
WOODWORKING
MACHINERY
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975
YEAR
Figure 38. Sales trends of industrial machinery
166
-------
ADDRESSING,
DICTATING, AND
DUPLICATING
MACHINES
^TYPEWRITERS
VENDING
MACHINES
0
1950
Figure 39. Sales trends for commercial machinery
Ifi7
-------
en
O
O
^
O
O
o:
CONSTRUCTION
PAPER AND
BOARD
COATED
PRINTING
PAPER
0
1960
1965
1970
YEAR
1975
Figure 40. Production trends in the paper
and paperboard industry
163
-------
E
O
o
O
eg
Q_
PRINTED MAN-
MADE FIBER
FABRICS
1950
Figure 41. Production trend of textiles
169
-------
D. EFFECT UPON IMPACT FACTOR
As industry production rates change and as technology
changes, the impact factor for each product also changes,
and consequently, the priority ranking may also change. To
demonstrate these changes, the ten major appliances given in
Table 27 are used as an example. Table 27 lists the ten in
order of decreasing impact factor (based on actual TLV
values). However, if it is assumed that the growth rate of
each product from 1971 to 1972 extended linearly to 1976
with no changes in technology, the 1976 priority ranking
would be as shown in Table 28. Furthermore, if it is
assumed that 50% of refrigerator and freezer production is
powder coated in 1976 in addition to the changed production,
the priority ranking would be as shown in Table 29.
Table 27. 1972 PRIORITY RANKING FOR SURFACE COATING
OF TEN SELECTED MAJOR APPLIANCES
Rank
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Product type
Refrigerators
Dryers
Washers
Freezers
Water heaters
Air conditioners
Dishwashers
Lawn mowers
Humidifiers
Dehumidifiers
Impact factor
6,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
800
300
200
100
170
-------
Table 28. 1976 PRIORITY RANKING FOR SURFACE COATING OF TEN
SELECTED MAJOR APPLIANCES WITH PRESENT TECHNOLOGY
Rank
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1972 Rank
number
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
6
Product type
Refrigerators
Dryers
Washers
Freezers
Water heaters
Dishwashers
Lawn mowers
Humidifiers
Dehumidifiers
Air conditioners
Impact factor
8,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
400
300
200
200
Table 29. 1976 PRIORITY RANKING FOR SURFACE COATING OF TEN
SELECTED MAJOR APPLIANCES WITH CHANGED TECHNOLOGY
Rank
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1972 Rank
number
2
1
3
5
7
4
8
9
10
6
Product type
Dryers
Refrigerators
Washers
Water heaters
Dishwashers
Freezers
Lawn mowers
Humidifiers
Dehumidifiers
Air conditioners
Impact factor
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
400
300
200
200
171
-------
SECTION VIII
APPENDICES
Pac
A. Surface Coating Emission Factors 175
B. Prioritization Input Data for 25 Largest Sources 225
of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Surface Coating
C. Prioritization Output Data 253
D. Prioritization Computer Programs 279
E. Sample Prioritization Calculation 295
173
-------
APPENDIX A
SURFACE COATING EMISSION FACTORS
175
-------
SURFACE COATING EMISSION
FACTORS - SAMPLE CALCULATION
The emission factors presented in Tables A-l to A-24 were
calculated from the data presented in Table 18. These data
also appear in the Air Pollution Engineering Manual, AP-40,
Second Edition, page 864, Table 223. The emission factors
presented in Tables A-25 to A-43 are Monsanto Research
Corporation estimates.
A sample calculation demonstrating how the emission factors
for Tables A-l to A-24 were determined is presented below.
The surface coating to be used for the sample calculation is
Lacquer, Hot Spray (Table A-13).
The data presented in AP-40 for Lacquer, Hot Spraying are
shown below.
Density =1.01 kg/1 (8.4 Ib/gal)
Non-volatile portion = 16.5% by volume
i
Volatile portion = 83.5% by volume
The volatile portion consists of the following:
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons = 16.4% by volume of volatiles
Aromatic Hydrocarbons = 6.8% by volume of volatiles
Alcohols = 24.3% by volume of volatiles
Ketones = 17.2% by volume of volatiles
Esters = 14.8% by volume of volatiles
Ethers = 20.5% by volume of volatiles
100.0%
176
-------
These data were all converted to the same basis, namely,
volume percent of total surface coating. The aliphatic
hydrocarbons (16.4% by volume of volatiles) was multiplied
by 0.835 (volatile volume fraction) to yield 13.7% by volume
of surface coating as demonstrated below.
Volatile Volatile Component
percent fraction percentage
Volatile (% by volume (% by volume of (% by volume of
component of volatiles) surface coating) surface coating)
Aliphatic 16.4 x 0.835 = 13.7
hydrocarbons
Aromatic 6.8 x 0.835 = 5.7
hydrocarbons
Alcohols 24.3 x 0.835 = 20.3
Ketones 17.2 x 0.835 = 14.4
Esters 14.8 x 0.835 = 12.4
Ethers 20.5 x 0.835 = 17.1
Subtotals 100.0 x 0.835
Non-volatile =
component
TOTAL = 100.0
The weight percent for each of the volatile components was
determined t>y multiplying the component percent by the
component density and dividing by the surface coating
density. The component densities which were assumed are
presented below.
177
-------
Density
Volatile component Assumed species (g/cc)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons Paraffins 0.87
Aromatic hydrocarbons Xylenes 0.86
Alcohols Isopropanol 0.78
Ketones Acetone 0.76
Esters sec-Butyl acetate 0.86
Ethers * 0.95
*50/50 mixture of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
The weight percents for each of the volatile components are
presented below.
_ . Component density
Component = •L
percent Coating
(% by volume of density, Weight
Volatile component surface coating) q/cc/q/cc percent
Aliphatic 13.7 x (0.87/1.01) = 11.8
hydrocarbons
Aromatic 5.7 x (0.86/1.01) = 4.9
hydrocarbons
Alcohols 20.3 x (0.78/1.01) = 15.9
Ketones 14.4 x (0.76/1.01) = 10.8
Esters 12.4 x (0.86/1.01) = 10.6
Ethers 17.1 x (0.95/1.01) = 16.2
TOTALS 83.5 70.2
For surface coating operations, solvent emissions involves
100% evaporation of the solvent content of the surface
coating. To determine the emission factors (g/m2) of area
173
-------
covered) for surface coating, all that is necessary is to
multiply the total area covered by the corresponding vola-
tile component weight fraction. For this program, it was
assumed that all surface coatings had a coverage of 7.35
m2/liter (300 ft2/gal).
A coverage of 7.36 m2/liter (300 ft2/gal) for Lacquer, Hot
Spraying with a density of 1.01 kg/liter 8.4 Ib/gal)
corresponds to the following:
„ ^ , 8.4 Ib gal 453.6 g ft2
Coated area = x -3 x =- x
gal 300 ft2 Ib 0.0929 m2
= 136.7 g/m2
The volatile component emission factors were calculated as
the product of weight fraction and coated area:
Emission
Weight Coated area, factor,
Volatile component fraction g/m2 g/m2
Aliphatic hydrocarbons 0.118 136.7 16.1
Aromatic hydrocarbons 0.049 136.7 6.6
Alcohols 0.159 136.7 21.2
Ketones 0.108 136.7 15.6
Esters 0.106 136.7 14.4
Ethers 0.162 136.7 22.1
TOTALS 0.702 96.0
The data presented in AP-40 does not consider resin material
as a volatile component. However, the National Paint and
Coatings Association reports resin emissions (see Table 20,
page 82). A comparison of resin surface coating consumption
and emissions are presented below.
179
-------
Consumption,5 Emissions,59
Resin 106 kilograms 106 kilograms Percent
Acrylic 100 12.2 12.2
Alkyd 268 40.5 15.1
Epoxy 32 14.1 44.1
Hydrocarbon 12 0.9 7.5
Phenolic 14 1.8 12.9
Urethane 22 3.3 15.0
Vinyl 118 9.2 7.8
Average = 16.4 ± 12.6
For each of the surface coatings, it was assumed that 10%
or less of the resin contained in the surface coating
evaporated. For each of the surface coatings, the resin
content of each surface coating type was assumed.
180
-------
Table A-l. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: ENAMEL, AIR DRY
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5703
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.1674
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter (300 ft2/gal)
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
q/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
66.2
4.4
3.8
74.4
181
-------
Table A-2. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: ENAMEL, BAKING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.4323
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.3054
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/qal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
q/m2
56.0
7.5
0.4
4.6
TOTAL
68.5
182
-------
Table A-3. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: ENAMEL, DIPPING
Composition; Weight fraction
Solvent: 0.2912
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.4465
Assumed coverage: 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor ,
g/m2
28.4
3.4
13.4
1.7
5.0
TOTAL
51.9
183
-------
Table A-4. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: ACRYLIC ENAMEL
Composition; Weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5242
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.2135
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diisocyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
5.5
60.2
10.2
1.5
1.4
TOTAL
78.8
184
-------
Table A-5. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: ALKYD ENAMEL
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.4683
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.2694
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
56.6
2.1
4.0
TOTAL
62.7
185
-------
Table A-6. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PRIMER, VINYL ZINC CHROMATE
Composition; weight Fraction
Solvent: 0.3872
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.3505
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
11.0
5.3
11.8
9.0
9.9
12.4
1.6
TOTAL
61.0
-------
Table A-7. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PRIMER SURFACER
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.2150
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.5227
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
16.7
5.6
1.0
10.3
3.1
15.5
TOTAL
52.2
187
-------
Table A-8. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PRIMER, ZINC CHROMATE
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.4343
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.3034
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
59.3
5.0
8.4
1.8
TOTAL
74.5
138
-------
Table A-9. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PRIMER, VINYL ZINC CHROMATE
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5473
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.1904
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/n.3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor ,
a/m2
13.8
6.0
42.2
12.9
1.4
TOTAL
76.3
189
-------
Table A-10. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: EPOXY-POLYAMIDE
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.4029
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.3348
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
St;yrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor ,
q/m2
14.4
17.5
22.9
14.0
5.0
TOTAL
73.8
190
-------
Table A-ll. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: VARNISH, BAKING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.6323
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.1044
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter (300 ft2/gal)
Emission factors
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
q/m2
65.5
2.6
3.3
TOTAL 71 . 4
191
-------
Table A-12. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: LACQUER, SPRAYING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.6343
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.1034
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m^/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
q/m2
6.1
1.3
16.4
17.9
38.2
1.6
4.0
TOTAL
85.5
192
-------
Table A-13. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: LACQUER, HOT SPRAY
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.6983
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.0394
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
a/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
16.1
6.6
21.2
15.6
14.4
22.1
3.6
TOTAL
99.6
193
-------
Table A-14. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: LACQUER, ACRYLIC
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5041
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.2336
Assumed coverage: 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
7.4
12.9
2.3
27.3
18.5
1.4
TOTAL
69.8
194
-------
Table A-15. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: VINYL, ROLLER COAT
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.8749
Resin:
Pigment: 0.1251
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Major species
TLV,
Emission
factor,
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
41.4
67.2
1.3
109.9
195
-------
Table A-16. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: VINYL
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5811
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.1566
Assumed coverage; 7.35 m2/liter (300 ft2/gal)
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
16.7
66.7
1.5
84.9
196
-------
Table A-17. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: VINYL ACRYLIC
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.7588
Resin: 0.2412
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Major species
TLV,
q/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
77.9
13.9
1.2
93.0
197
-------
Table A-18. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: POLYURETHANE
Composition,- weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5071
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.2306
Assumed coverage: 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethano lamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
q/m2
14.8
9.7
50.8
4.6
TOTAL
79.9
198
-------
Table A-19. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: STAIN
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.7867
Resin: 0.2133
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor ,
a/m2
77.7
12.8
0.1
TOTAL 90 . 6
199
-------
Table A-20. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: GLAZE
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5322
Resin: 0.2623
Pigment: 0.2055
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m^/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Major species
TLV,
q/m3
Emission
factor,
S/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
64.6
5.6
1.3
71.5
200
-------
Table A-21. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: WASH COAT
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.9047
Resin:
Pigment: 0.0953
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
— 1
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/n.3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
q/m2
43.7
15.0
10.2
13.0
16.3
5.3
TOTAL
103.5
201
-------
Table A-22. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: SEALER
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.9130
Resin:
Pigment: 0.0870
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Manor species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
a/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor ,
g/m2
44.7
7.2
14.0
18.3
18.9
TOTAL
103.1
202
-------
Table A-23. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: TOLUENE REPLACEMENT THINNER
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 1.000
Resin:
Pigment:
Assumed coverage: 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
68.2
20.5
10.7
24.3
TOTAL
123.7
203
-------
Table A-24. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: XYLENE REPLACEMENT THINNER
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 1.000
Resin:
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
69.5
8.8
24.0
16.2
TOTAL
118.5
204
-------
Table A-25. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING:
POROUS TEXTILE COATING FOR UPHOLSTERY
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.6698
Resin: 0.3302
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 344.0 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
275.5
6.85
282.35
205
-------
Table A-26. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: TEXTILE COATING FOR TRUCK SEATS
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.6035
Resin: 0.3965
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 1523 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
Emission
factor,
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Perchloroethylene
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
318.7
0.67
0.19
58.54
TOTAL
378.13
206
-------
Table A-27. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: FABRIC COATING - SHIRT COLLARS
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.802
Resin: 0.198
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 197.9 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
3.92
3.92
207
-------
Table A-28. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: HEAT SEALABLE FORM-FILL PACKAGING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.400
Resin: 0.600
Pigment:
Assumed coverage: 99.3 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
(Jrethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor ,
q/m2
29.8
29.8
TOTAL
59.6
208
-------
Table A-29. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: GLASSINE PAPER COATING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.400
Resin: 0.600
Pigment:
Assumed coverage: 66.3
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
Emission
factor,
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014-
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
3.62
0.36
3.98
209
-------
Table A-30. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: WATER RESISTANT PAPER COATING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.375
Resin: 0.625
Pigment:
Assumed coverage: 49.8 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
3.11
3.11
210
-------
Table A-31. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: GLASSINE
HEAT-SEALABLE BARRIER PAPER COATING (HOT MELT)
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent:
Resin: 1.000
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 76.2 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Paraffin
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
3.66
3.96
7.62
211
-------
Table-32. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PAPER COATING WITH IMPROVED
PRINTABILITY
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.400
Resin: 0.600
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 34.28 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
Ethylene
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
1.25
2.37
0.31
0.75
3.43
212
-------
Table A-33. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PAPER COATING WITH IMPROVED
PRINTABILITY
Composition,- weight fraction
Solvent: 0.550
Resin: 0.069
Pigment: 0.381
Assumed coverage; 43.9 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Filler
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Clay
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.010
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
3.724
0.670
4.394
213
-------
Table A-34. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PAPER COATING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.130
Resin: 0.070
Filler: 0.800
Assumed coverage; 27.13 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
q/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Filler
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Clay
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TOTAL
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.010
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
1.30
0.33
1.63
214
-------
Table A-35. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PAPER COATING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5979
Resin: 0.4021
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 25.91 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene -butadiene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Styrene
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
Styrene
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
0.420
Emission
factor,
g/m2
0.98
9.44
TOTAL 10.42
215
-------
Table A-36. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: HIGH GLOSS FLEXIBLE
CAST COATED PAPER
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.1631
Resin: 0.4199
Pigment: 0.4170
Assumed coverage; 169.3 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Filler
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene-Butadiene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Clay
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
Casein
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.010
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
7.06
0.74
0.23
5.36
TOTAL
13.39
216
-------
Table A-37. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: SCUFF-RESISTANT RAINWEAR
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.5039
Resin: 0.4961
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 100.02 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
q/m'
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
q/m2
2.90
47.50
0.34
3.70
0.54
TOTAL
54.98
217
-------
Table A-38. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: FABRIC COATING
FOR IMPROVING TEXTURE
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 0.542
Resin: 0.458
Pigment:
Assumed coverage! 204.7 g/m2
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
9.38
TOTAL
9.38
-------
Table A-39. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: FABRIC DYEING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent: 1.0000
Resin:
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter (300 ft2/gal)
Emission factors
Component
Major species
TLV,
g/m3
Emission
factor,
g/m2
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Halogenated Hydrocarbon
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Mine.-.al spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Perchloroethylene
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydr in
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.670
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
4.1
4.1
32.5
TOTAL
40.7
219
-------
Table A-40. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: WRINKLE RESISTANT FINISHES
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent:
Resin: 1.0000
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Nelamine
Formaldehyde
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
Melamine
Formaldehyde
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
0.005
0.003
Emission
factor ,
g/m2
0.292
0.409
TOTAL
0.701
220
-------
Table A-41. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: FABRIC SIZING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent:
Resin: 1.0000
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Surfactant
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
0.020
Emission
factor .
g/m2
0.682
0.682
0.027
TOTAL
1.391
221
-------
Table A-42. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: FABRIC WATERPROOFING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent:
Resin: 1.0000
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter
Emission factors
(300 ft2/gal)
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
Emission
factor,
g/m2
0.078
0.112
TOTAL
0.190
222
-------
Table A-43. TYPE OF SURFACE COATING: PAPER BAG COATING
Composition; weight fraction
Solvent:
Resin: 1.0000
Pigment:
Assumed coverage; 7.36 m2/liter = (300 ft2/gal)
Emission factors
Component
Solvent emissions
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Resin emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
Butadiene
Ethenyloxazoline
Major species
Mineral spirits
Toluene
n-Propyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
n-Butyl acetate
Ethylene glycol
Mono-ethyl ether
Acetate
Phthalic anhydride
Vinyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene diioscyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethanolamine
Maleic anhydride
Styrene
Phenol
Turpentine
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
2.200
0.200
Emission
factor ,
g/m2
1.01
1.39
0.46
TOTAL
2.86
223
-------
APPENDIX B
PRIORITIZATION INPUT DATA FOR 25 LARGEST
SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM SURFACE COATING
225
-------
Table B-l. STATE POPULATION DATA
State
code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
State population density,
persons/km2
25.77
0.20
6.01
13.98
48.54
8.17
233.73
102.88
44.76
30.10
46.09
3.29
76.08
55.25
19.66
70.81
30.77
28.76
11.55
143.18
266.03
58.86
17.47
17.94
25.92
State
code
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
State population density,
persons/km2
1.82
7.42
1.71
30.61
353.19
3.22
142.07
37.31
3.37
99.77
14.13
8.32
100.45
302.05
31.20
3.34
35.86
16.17
4.81
17.87
43.97
19.30
27.85
30.38
1.31
to
-------
Table B-2. PRODUCT: PAPER BAGS
Product: Paper Bags
Category: Paper and Paper
Total Production: 7.73 x
Average Plant Size: 1.21
Frequency of Operation : 3
Board
1011 units/yr
x 10 10 units/yr
shifts/day
Emissions Data
Material emitted
Styrene
Hydrocarbon
Ethenyloxazoline
TLV, Emission factor,
g/m3 g/unit
0.420 0.117
0.560 0.132
0.200 0.044
Location
State code No.
1
5
7
13
14
1 C
15
17
18
19
21
23
24
25
30
32
33
35
36
37
38
40
42
46
47
48
49
of plants
2
4
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
10
1
2
1
3
5
1
4
2
2
1
5
-------
Table B-3. PRODUCT: METAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVERAGE CANS
Product: Metal Cans -
Category: Sheet, Strip,
Total Production: 3.98
Average Plant Size: 4.
Frequency of Operation
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
M Aromatic Hydrocarbons
00 Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Urethane
Amino
Excluding Beverage Cans
and Coil
x 10 ll units/yr
91 x 108 units/yr
3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor ,
g/unit
0.956
0.785
0.166
2.657
0.269
0.002
0.073
0.055
0.007
0.005
0.042
Location data
State code
5
7
13
21
25
^ f\
30
32
T c
J3
37
38
39
43
48
49
No. of plants
5
11
9
1
1
1 C.
1 j
12
i n
•LU
i
11
i
i
i
2
-------
Table B-4. PRODUCT: DYEING
10
Product: Dyeing
Category: Fabric Treatment
Total Production: 4.787
Average Plant Size: 1.17
Frequency of Operation
Material emitted
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
x 109 units/yr
x 108 units/yr
3 shifts /day
Emissions data
TLV, Emission factor,
g/m3 g/unit
0.375 4.00
0.500 4.00
0.670 31.76
Location data
State code No. of
1
7
8
10
13
17
21
25
30
-so
JC.
33
38
39
40
42
plants
1
1
1
6
3
1
6
1
3
5
2
1
3
1
-------
Table B-5. PRODUCT: BEVERAGE CANS
to
u>
CO
Product: Beverage Cans
Category: Sheet, Strip
Total Production: 3.74
Average Plant Size 6.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Urethane
Amino
, and Coil
x 10 10 units/yr
23 x 109 units/yr
3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor,
g/unit
0.956
0.785
0.166
2.657
0.269
0.002
0.073
0.055
0.007
0.005
0.042
Location data
State code No. of plants
13 1
32 1
35 1
38 3
-------
Table B-6. PRODUCT: KRAFT PAPER
Product: Kraft Paper
Category: Paper and Paper
Total Production: 1.416 x
Average Plant Size: 3.455 x
Frequency of Operation: 3
Board
10 10 units/yr
108 units/yr
shifts/day
Emissions data
Material emitted
Styrene
TLV,
g/m3
0.420
Location data
State code No. of
4
5
13
15
18
21
22
23
Emission factor, or.
30
g/unit 32
4.99 33
35
37
39
43
45
46
49
plants
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
5
1
7
3
1
1
1
2
4
-------
Table B-7. PRODUCT: COATED PAPER - EXCLUDING WAXED
Product: Coated Paper „
- Excludina Waxed
Category: Paper and Paper Board
Total Production: 1.89
Average Plant Size: 3.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Vinyl
Acrylic
u>
ro
x 1011 units/yr
44 x 109 units/yr
3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV, Emission factor,
g/m3 g/unit
0.0026 0.337
0.410 0.0335
Location data
State code No. of
5
7
13
18
19
91
^ J.
22
o *5
23
30
32
35
38
46
47
49
plants
3
1
5
1
1
7
3
8
5
5
5
2
1
6
-------
to
00
CO
Table B-8. PRODUCT: PRINTING PAPER
Product: Printing Paper
Category: Paper and Paper
Total Production: 8.24 x
Average Plant Size: 1.92
Frequency of Operation: 3
Board
10 ^ units/yr
x 109 units/yr
shifts/day
Emissions data
Material emitted
Vinyl
TLV, Emission factor,
g/m^ g/unit
0.0026 0.062
Location data
State code No. of
6
13
19
21
22
23
29
30
32
33
35
37
38
47
49
plants
1
3
2
2
6
1
2
3
8
1
5
2
3
1
3
-------
Table B-9. PRODUCT: DUCTWORK
to
Product : Ductwork
Category: Sheet, Strip,
and Coil
Total Production: 2.60 x 106 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 5.20
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Urethane
Amino
x 104 units/yr
2 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor,
g/unit
3112.0
2556.0
539.7
8650.0
875.7
6.30
237.3
180.6
23.10
16.80
136.50
Location data
State code No. of
1
5
6
7
8
9
13
14
18
22
25
27
30
32
33
35
36
38
42
43
46
49
plants
1
1
1
3
1
1
5
4
1
2
1
2
7
2
8
1
3
1
1
1
1
-------
Table B-10. PRODUCT: OILED AND WAXED PAPER
Ul
Product: Oiled and waxed Paper
Category: Paper and Paper Board
Total Production: 9.80
Average Plant Size: 2.
Frequency of Operation :
Material emitted
Vinyl
Hydrocarbon
Poly ( 1-butene)
x 10 8 units/yr
79 x 10 units/yr
3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV, Emission factor,
g/m3 g/unit
0.0026 13.7
0.560 11.0
2.680 13.7
Location data
State code No. of
5
7
9
13
14
15
J. mJ
18
21
22
23
25
29
30
32
35
37
38
43
46
47
49
plants
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
4
1
1
1
3
-------
Table B-ll. PRODUCT: MILK CARTON BOARD
Product: Milk Carton Board
Category: Paper and Paper Board
Total Production: 5.54 x 109 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 8.16 x 10 7 units/yr
Frequency of Operation: 3 shifts/day
Material emitted
Vinyl
Acrylic
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
0.0026
0.410
Location data
State code No. of
5
7
13
18
19
21
22
23
Emission factor, 3Q
g/unit -.0
2.19 35
2 19 38
' 46
47
49
plants
3
1
5
1
1
7
3
2
8
5
5
5
2
1
6
-------
Table B-12. PRODUCT: PAPER BOXES
M
•-O
-J
Product: Paper Boxes
Category: Paper and Paper Boxes
Total Production: 1.07 x 1012 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 6.73 x 109 units/yr
Frequency of Operation: 3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV, Emission factor,
Material emitted g/m3 q/unit
Vinyl 0.0026 0.0153
Location
data
State code No. of plants
4
5
7
9
10
12
13
14
15
17
18
20
21
22
23
25
27
30
32
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
43
46
49
2
10
10
2
2
1
18
8
1
2
1
4
8
3
4
6
2
12
30
2
9
1
1
8
2
2
1
2
1
4
-------
Table B-13. PRODUCT: WOOD PANELING
Product: Wood Paneling
Category: Sheet, Strip
Total Production: 1.80
Average Plant Size: 4.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
to
t*> Saturated alcohols
33
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Urethane
Amino
, and Coil
x 109 units/yr
86 x 107 units/yr
1 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor,
g/unit
1.38
1.13
0.24
3.83
0.39
.003
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.007
0.60
Location
State code
5
13
16
17
18
19
22
23
25
30
32
33
35
37
38
41
42
data
No. of plants
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
9
1
2
5
3
1
1
-------
Table B-14. PRODUCT: CANOPIES AND AWNINGS
U)
'.Q
Product: Canopies and Awnings
Category: Sheet, Strip
Total Production: 1.50
Average Plant Size: 6.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated, esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Ur ethane
Ami no
and Coil
x 106 units/yr
00 x 101* units/yr
2 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor,
g/unit
1556.
1278.
269.8
4325.
437.9
3.20
118.6
90.3
11.6
8.4
68.2
Location data
State code No. of
1
4
5
9
13
16
18
20
21
22
23
27
30
33
35
38
43
46
plants
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
-------
Table B-15. PRODUCT: SIZING
Product: Sizing
Category: Fabric Treatment
Total Production: 1.09 x 10 10 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 7.08 x 107 units/yr
Frequency of Operation: 3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV, Emission factor.
Material emitted g/m3 g/unit
Rosin ester 0.001 0.489
Styrene 0.420 0.489
State
1
5
7
10
1 ^
J. J
14
15
18
19
20
21
97
e. 3
25
29
32
33
35
38
39
40
42
43
Location data
code NO. of plants
6
1
4
23
1
1
1
3
3
6
1
3
29
23
5
3
3
27
5
1
-------
Table B-16. PRODUCT: REFRIGERATORS
to
Product: Refrigerators
Category: Major Appliances
Total Production: 6.315 x
Average Plant Size: 3.007
Frequency of Operation: 3
106 units/yr
x 10s units/yr
shifts/day
Emissions data
Material emitted
Aliqhatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
Emission factor,
g/unit
529.2
111.2
79.7
120.0
109.6
80.7
5.10
3.0
2.8
State
13
14
15
17
22
24
30
32
35
->a
JO
43
49
Location data
code No. of plants
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
2
1
4
-------
Table B-17. PRODUCT: FOLDING CARTONS
Product: Folding Cartons
Category: Paper and Paper Board
Total Production: 1.432 x 109 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 9.01 x 107 units/yr
Frequency of Operation: 3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV, Emission factor.
Material emitted g/m3 g/unit
Vinyl 0.0026 3.24
Location
State code
4
5
7
9
10
12
13
14
15
1 "7
J. /
18
20
21
22
23
25
27
30
32
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
43
46
49
data
No. of plants
2
10
10
2
2
1
18
8
1
1
4
8
3
4
6
2
12
30
2
9
1
1
8
2
2
1
2
1
4
-------
Table B-18. PRODUCT: SCREENING
Product: Screening
Category: Sheet, Strip
Total Production: 5.77
Average Plant Size: 1.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Urethane
Ami no
, and Coil
x 108 units/yr
56 x 107 units/yr
2 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emi s s ion factor ,
g/unit
1.38
1.13
0.24
3.83
0.39
0.003
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.007
0.60
State
5
7
9
13
17
20
22
25
30
32
35
37
38
39
40
42
43
47
49
Location data
code No. of plants
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
6
4
3
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
-------
Table B-19. PRODUCT: FENCING
Product: Fencing
Category: Sheet, Strip
Total Production: 5.51
Average Plant Size: 2.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Urethane
Amino
and Coil
x 10 5 units/yr
21 x 10" units/yr
2 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor,
g/unit
1482.
1217.
257.
4119.
417.
3.0
113.
86.
11.
8.0
65.0
State
1
6
7
13
14
17
20
21
22
30
32
36
38
49
Location data
code No. of plants
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
4
1
-------
Table B-20. PRODUCT: BEDROOM FURNITURE
Product: Bedroom Furniture
Category: Wood Furniture
Total Production: 1.69
Average Plant Size: 1.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
NJ
*» Aromatic hydrocarbons
en
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
x 107 units/yr
99 x 10s units/yr
2 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
Emission factor,
g/unit
129.0
22.4
20.7
3.7
27.2
17.8
2.8
State
4
5
9
10
14
17
yn
£t\J
22
23
24
25
29
32
33
35
36
37
38
40
42
43
45
46
47
Location data
code No. of plants
6
3
1
2
5
1
i
J.
6
1
1
2
1
11
16
1
1
1
3
4
4
2
2
9
1
-------
Table B-21. PRODUCT: ENAMELED PLUMBING FIXTURES
to
it*.
Product: Enameled Plumbing Fixtures
Category: Major Appliances
Total Production: 1.40 x 107 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 6.66 x 105 units/yr
Frequency of Operation: 3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
Material emitted g/m3
Aliphatic hydrocarbons 2.80
Aromatic hydrocarbons 0.375
Saturated alcohols 0.500
Saturated esters 0.710
Saturated ethers 0.120
Alkyd 0.012
Emission factor.
g/unit
127.7
20.7
15.8
17.8
16.0
2.6
Location data
State code No. of
5
13
15
23
30
32
35
38
43
49
plants
3
1
3
1
2
7
1
1
1
1
-------
Table B-22. PRODUCT: DRYERS
Product: Dryers
Category: Major Appliances
Total Production: 3.92 x 106 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 2.31 x 105 units/yr
Frequency of Operation :
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
3 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
Emission factor,
g/unit
336.0
107.8
52.2
45.2
74.1
54.7
1.9
1.1
1.1
13.6
State
5
13
15
17
22
30
32
35
38
49
Location data
code No. of plants
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
3
-------
Table B-23. PRODUCT: WASHERS
Product: Washers
Category: Major Appliances
Total Production: 5.11 x 106 units/yr
Average Plant Size: 3.19 x 10s units/yr
Frequency of Operation: 3 shifts/day
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
to
•&> Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Emissions data
TLV,
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
location data
State code No. of plants
15 3
17 1
22 1
32 3
35 5
38 1
49 2
Emission factor,
g/unit
250.8
80.5
38.9
33.7
55.4
40.8
1.4
0.8
0.8
10.2
-------
Table B-24. PRODUCT: FILING CABINETS
Product: Filing Cabinets
Category: Metal Furniture
Total Production: 3.77 x
Average Plant Size: 5.39
Frequency of Operation: 2
106 units/yr
x 101* units/yr
shifts/day
Emissions data
Material emitted
Aliphated hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
Emission factor.
g/unit
386.6
79.0
52.9
46.6
58.7
53.6
5.9
1.0
0.10
State
5
10
13
14
15
16
17
21
22
25
30
32
35
38
47
49
Location data
code No. of plants
2
1
11
2
2
1
2
1
4
2
1
2
18
6
11
1
3
-------
Table B-25. PRODUCT: METAL DOORS - EXCLUDING GARAGE DOORS
Product: Metal Doors -
Category: Sheet, Strip
Total Production: 6.97
Average Plant Size: 1.
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
hJ
JiJ Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ke tones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Urethane
Amino
Excluding Garage Doors
, and Coil
x 106 units/yr
34 x 10 5 units/yr
2 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor,
g/unit
63.0
51.7
10.9
175.1
17.7
0.10
4.8
3.7-
0.5
0.3
2.8
Location
State code
1
13
14
15
17
21
22
23
25
30
32
33
35
38
42
43
46
47
49
data
No . of plants
1
7
2
1
2
2
4
2
2
1
7
1
8
4
2
2
1
2
1
-------
Table B-26. PRODUCT: GUTTERS
10
^ Location data
Category: Sheet, Strip
Total Production: 1.39
Average Plant Size: 4.63
Frequency of Operation:
Material emitted
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Saturated alcohols
Ketones
Saturated esters
Saturated ethers
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Ur ethane
Amino
and Coil
x 10s units/yr
x 10 3 units/yr
2 shifts/day
Emissions data
TLV,
g/m3
2.80
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.00014
0.006
Emission factor.
g/unit
3112.
2556.
539.7
8650.
875.7
6.3
237.3
180.6
23.1
16.8
136.5
State code
1
5
13
14
15
22
30
32
O K.
35
38
46
48
49
No. of plants
1
4
3
1
1
2
1
1
7
2
1
1
-------
APPENDIX C
PRIORITIZATION OUTPUT DATA
Page
Option 1 254
Option 2 260
Option 3 266
Option 4 273
253
-------
Table C-l. MAJOR APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 1
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR et
1 REFRIGERATORS jjooo ~B
2 ENAMELED PLUMBING FIXTURES 1.000 B
3 RADIOS AND TELEVISIONS l.ooO B
» DRYERS 1,000 B
5 WASHERS 900 B
(. FREEZERS TOO B
7 STOVES 700 B
8 WATER HEATERS 600 B
9 AIR CONDITIONERS «00 B
10 FURNACES 300 B
11 DISHWASHERS 300 B
12 LAWN MOWERS 100 B
13 HUMIDIFIERS 90 B
It OCHUfllOIFICRS SO B
is TRASH COMPACTORS 20 B
16 WATER SOFTENERS 20 B
TOTAL 10.000
Table C-2. SMALL APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 1
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
i ELECTRIC FANS *** 3,000 *B
2 LAMPS 1,000 B
9 CARPET CARE APPLIANCES 600 B
» ELECTRIC TOOLS 500 B
9 COFFCC POTS 1100 B
6 BATHROOM SCALES 300 B
T PHONOGRAPHS 300 B
6 SEWING MACHINES 300 B
9 ELECTRIC COOKWARE 200 B
10 BLENDERS 200 B
11 PROJECTORS - MOVIE AND SLIDE ZOO B
12 MIXERS 200 B
13 SPACE HEATERS 100 B
1* IRONS 100 B
IS GARBAGE DISPOSALS 100 B
16 CAMERAS 60 B
IT SNOW BLOWERS 90 B
18 TOASTERS 1)0 C
if ELECTRIC KAZORS «o a
20 CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS JO B
21 TAPE RECORDERS 20 C
22 HAIR DHTCRS 20 C
TOTAL 8.000
7.54
-------
Table C-3. FARM MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 1
RANK SOURCE TYPE IHPACT FACTOR CL
1 BOXES AND RACKS * 200 *B
2 FARM WAGONS 100 B
3 HAND SPRAYERS gg B
-------
Table C-4. INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 1
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
IHPACT FACTOR
CL
1 SPINNING FRANCS
2 PUMPS
3 COMPRESSORS
TWISTING FRAMES
ROTARY DRILLING EQUIPMENT - SUBSURFACE
AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
SAWING MACHINES - WOOD
GRINDING AND POLISHING MACHINES
BLEACHING, DRYING, FINISHING MACHINERY
ID PACKING, PACKAGING, BOTTLING MACHINERY
11 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERMILL MACHINERY
12 LATHES, PLANERS, ETC. - WOOD
19 PRESSES . METAL
14 CHOPPERS, GRINDERS, CUTTERS, ETC, - FOOD
IS WELDING AND CUTTING APPARATUS
16 INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
IT PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES
18 DRILLING MACHINES
19 BENDING AND FORMING MACHINES
20 FLOWING WELL EQUIPMENT
21 ilOOO PREPARATION EQUIPMENT - PULPMILLS
22 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY
23 KNITTING MACHINES
2« CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL MACH
29 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY
26 LATHES - METAL
2T JOINTERS
28 MEAT AND POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY
29 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY
30 CEMENT MAKING MACHINERY
51 HOISTS
32 CHAIN SAWS
33 ROD LIFTING MACHINERY - OIL
34 PAPER AND PAPERBOARO CONVERTING MACHINER
33 COTTON GINNING MACHINERY
36 MINE CARS, TRACK
IT SUGAR PLANT PROCESSING MACHINERY
38 MILLING MACHINES
39 TYPESETTING MACHINERY
40 TARN PKEPARING MACHINES
11 SAWMILL EQUIPMENT
42 TOBACCO MANUFACTURING MACHINES
43 SCREENS - MINING
44 CLAYWORKING MACHINER
45 OFF-SET LITHOGRAPHIC PRESSES
46 CONSTRUCTION CRANES
47 SAWING AND CUTOFF MACHINES • METAL
48 FEEDERS
49 CLEANING AND OPENING MACHINES
90 OVERHEAD CRANES
51 SHOE1AKING MACHINERY
52 MOTORIZED HAND TRUCKS
S3 CRUSHERS
54 PAPERMILL MACHINERY
55 EXCAVATORS
bi PLANERS - METAL
1,000
900
600
600
200
200
200
ao
70
70
60
60
SO
SO
50
40
40
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
S
5
4
4
4
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
C
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
B
C
C
B
C
C
B
C
B
8
C
B
C
B
C
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
C
256
-------
Table C-4 (Cont.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 1
97 HOT ROLLING HILL MACHINES
96 ICE CREAM FREEZERS
99 CONCRETE PRODUCT MACHINERY
60 SHUTTLE CARS - MINING
61 FLOUR AND GRAIN HILL MACHINERY
62 COLO ROLLING HILL MACHINES
63 FLOTATION MACHINES
64 GLASS MAKING MACHINERY
45 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES
66 CLASSIFIERS
67 LETTERSET PRINTING PRESSES
66 BINDERY EOUIPMENT
69 LOADING, CUTTING, LONGWALL MINING NACH
70 DRILLS - MINING
71 FOUNDRY MACHINERY
72 VENEER AND PLYWOOD EQUIPMENT
73 CARDING AND COMBING MACHINES
7
-------
Table C-6. WOOD FURNITURE FINISHING: OPTION 1
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 BEDROOM FURNITURE 1.000
2 TABLES 1.000
3 CABINETS 1.000
« CHAIRS 100
9 DESKS 200
6 BOOKCASES 60
TOTAL tiOOO
Table C-7. SHEET, STRIP, AND COIL COATING: OPTION 1
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 METAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVERAGE CANS 900.000 B
2 BEVERAGE CANS 500,000 B
3 DUCTWORK 200.000 C
It MOOD PANELING 100.ODO C
5 SCREENING HO.OOO B
t CANOPIES AND AWNINGS itOiOOO C
T FENCING 20.000 B
• BEER AND SOFT DRINK BOTTLE CAPS 10,000 B
9 GUTTERS 7.000 B
10 METAL DOORS - EXCLUDING GARAGE DOORS TiOOO B
11 ALUMINUM SIDING AND HOOFING 1.000 B
12 DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES 3.000 B
1) GARAGE DOORS 3,000 B
1* RAILINGS. FIRE ESCAPESi STAIRCASES 1.000 B
IS SHELVING «»» C
16 HIRE PRODUCTS 99 C
IT STEEL SHIPPING BARRELS TO B
TOTAL 2,000.000
Table C-8. METAL FURNITURE FINISHING: OPTION 1
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1
2
3
II
5
6
7
a
9
FILING CABINETS
DESKS
TABLES
CHAIRS
COAT RACKS
SAFES AND VAULTS
CABINETS
WASTE CANS
BOOK CASES
1.000 B
900 B
TOO B
600 B
300 C
200 B
200 C
80 C
10 B
TOTAL HlOOO
258
-------
Table C-9. PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COATING: OPTION 1
RANK SOURCE TYPE IHPACT FACTOR CL
1 PAPER BAGS 500,000 B
2 COATED PAPER - EXCLUDING WAXED tOO.OOO B
3 KRAFT PAPER 300<000 B
« PRINTING PAPER 200.000 B
S MLK CARTON BOARD 100.000 B
6 OREO AND UAXEO PAPER 90.000 B
7 PAPER BOXES 90,000 B
a FOLDING CARTONS 30.000 B
9 PAPER CANSi TUBES. DRUns 6.000 B
TOTAL 2.000.000
Table C-10. FABRIC TREATMENT: OPTION 1
SOURCE TYPE ,„„.„ „,.,„„
3 WRINKLE RESISTANT FINISHES tOfitl
1 PERMANENT CRISPNESS ,',,°°
5 MATER PROOF AND HATER REPELLENT FINISHES jjj
TOTAI- 900.000
-------
Table Oil. MAJOR APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 2
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 REFRIGERATORS 10,000 *B
2 ENAMELED PLUMBING FIXTURES 9,000 B
3 RADIOS AND TELEVISIONS 6.000 B
•» ORYERS 5,000 B
9 MASHERS 5,000 B
6 STOVES 5,000 B
7 FREEZERS It ,000 B
B WATER HEATERS i»,000 B
9 AIR CONDITIONERS 2iOOO B
10 FURNACES 2,000 B
11 DISHWASHERS 2,000 B
12 LAWN MOWERS «00 B
13 HUMIDIFIERS 500 B
1« OEHUMIOIFIERS 300 B
15 TRASH COMPACTORS 100 B
It WATER SOFTENERS 100 B
TOTAL 60,000
Table C-12. SMALL APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 2
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 ELECTRIC FANS t.OOO B
2 LAMPS 1,000 B
3 CARPET CARE APPLIANCES 1,000 B
« PHONOGRAPHS 500 B
9 SEWING MACHINES 500 B
6 BATHROOM SCALES SOO B
T COFFEE POTS tOO B
8 ELECTRIC TOOLS 100 B
9 PROJECTORS - MOVIE AND SLIDE 300 B
10 ELECTRIC COOKMARE 500 B
11 MIXERS 300 a
12 BLENDERS 200 B
13 SPACE HEATERS 200 B
14 GARBAGE DISPOSALS 200 B
15 IRONS 100 B
16 CAMERAS 100 B
IT SNOW BLOWERS 100 B
ie TOASTERS 60 c
19 ELECTRIC RAZORS 50 B
20 TAPE RECORDERS 30 C
21 HAIR DRYERS 20 C
22 CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS 20 B
TOTAL 10,000
260
-------
Table C-13. FARM MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 2
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 BOXES AND RACKS liODO B
t FARM WAGONS liODO B
3 FARH ELEVATORS - PORTABLE 600 B
It HAND SPRAYERS 600 B
5 TRACTORS 500 B
6 POULTRY FEEDERS »00 C
7 COMBINES «00 B
8 STACK SHREDDERS 200 B
9 FORAGE BLOWERS 200 B
10 HOG FEEDING EQUIPMENT 200 B
11 NESTS AND CAGES 100 B
12 TURKEY FEEDERS 100 B
13 BROODERS 90 B
1« MANURE SPREADERS 80 B
13 BALE THROWING ATTACHMENTS BO B
16 BROADCAST SEEDERS 70 B
17 DAIRY MACHINES 70 B
18 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS 70 B
19 HAND OUSTERS 60 B
20 OTHEK SPRAYERS - NON-TRACTOR 90 B
21 FIELD FORAGE HARVESTORS SO B
22 DRTERS SO B
23 FOGGERS AND HIST SPRAYERS 40 B
24 POWER SPRAYERS »0 B
25 ROTARY CULTIVATORS »0 B
26 HOC WATERING EBUIPMENT SO B
27 BLADE TERRACERS 30 B
28 MOVER-CONDITIONERS 30 B
29 INCUBATORS 30 B
30 PEANUT COMBINES 30 B
31 FARM ELEVATORS - STATIONARY 20 B
32 MOWERS 20 B
33 FEED GRINDERS 20 B
3H HAY BALERS 20 B
35 HARROWS 20 B
36 HAT CONDITIONERS 20 B
37 CORN AND COTTON CULTIVATORS 20 B
38 MOLOBOARD PLOWS 10 B
39 FIELD CULTIVATORS 10 B
«0 AIR>CARRIED TYPE POWER SPRAYER 10 B
HI WINOROWERS - HAT 1> B
1)2 HAY STACKING ATTACHMENTS 10 B
143 CORN SMELLERS 10 C
q« CORN PICKERS
115 CORN PLNTRS. LISTERSi POTATO PLNTRSi TRN
146 FRONT AND REAR MOUNTED LOADERS
•47 PEANUT DIGGERS
«8 HAY BALE LOADERS
149 MANURE PUMPS
SO RAKES
51 COTTON STRIPPERS 2 B
52 GRAIN DRILLS 2 C
53 FECU MIXERS 2 B
51 POWER OUSTERS 2 B
55 SU8SOILERS - DEEP TILLAGE 2 B
56 MIOOLCBUSTERS AND DISC BEOOERS 2 B
57 BEET HARVESTORS 1 B
58 CHISEL PLOWS 1 B
59 TERRACING AND DITCHING PLOWS 1 B
60 TOBACCO CURERS 1 B
61 POTATO HARVESTORS 1 B
62 LAND LEVELERS 1 B
*S WINDROHERS OR SWATHERS 1 B
6* TURKEY WATERERS 1 C
65 ROD WEEDERS 1 B
66 BEET! BEAN( AND VEGETABLE CULTIVATORS 1 B
67 DISC PLOWS 1 B
68 EGG WASHERS 1 B
69 EGG GRADERS 1 B
TOTAL 7.000
261
-------
Table C-14. INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 2
RANK SOURCE TYPE IHP»CT FACTOR CL
2 SPINNING FRAMES 6,000 B
3 COMPRESSORS 6,000 B
1 TWISTING FRAMES «, ODD B
5 AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT 2,000 C
6 ROTARY DRILLING E8UIPMENT - SUBSURFACE 2,000 B
7 SAUING MACHINES • WOOD 1,000 B
6 BLEACHINBi ORYIN6, FINISHING MACHINERY 700 C
9 PACKING, PACKASINGi BOTTLING MACHINERY 700 B
10 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERMILL MACHINERY 600 C
11 GRINDING AND POLISHING MACHINES 600 B
12 CHOPPERS, GRINDERSi CUTTERS, ETC. - FOOD SOO B
13 LATHES, PLANERS, ETC. - WOOD «00 C
1* PRESSES - METAL MOO B
15 WELDING AND CUTTING APPARATUS 300 C
16 INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS 300 B
IT PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES aoo B
IB DRILLING MACHINES 200 B
19 BENDING AND FORMING MACHINES 200 B
20 FLOWING WELL E9UIPMENT 200 C
21 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL BACH 200 C
22 WOOD PREPARATION EQUIPMENT - PULPHILLS ZOO C
23 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY 200 C
2« FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY £00 C
25 NEAT AND POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY 200 C
26 KNITTING MACHINES 200 B
27 CEMENT MAKING MACHINERY 200 C
26 LATHES - METAL 100 B
29 CHAIN SAWS 100 B
30 JOINTERS 100 C
31 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD CONVERTING NACHINER 100 B
32 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY 100 B
93 HOISTS 100 B
3* ROD LIFTING MACHINERY - OIL 90 C
33 COTTON GINNING MACHINERY BO C
36 MINE CARS, TRACK 80 B
37 SUGAR PLANT PROCESSING MACHINERY eo c
38 MILLING MACHINES TO B
39 TYPESETTING MACHINERY 60 B
HO YARN PREPARING MACHINES 60 B
tl SAWMILL EGU1PMENT 60 C
»2 TOBACCO MANUFACTURING MACHINES 30 B
03 SCREENS - MINING 90 B
»
-------
Table C-14 (Cont.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 2
57 PLANERS - METAL
98 HOT ROLLING HILL MACHINES
59 CONCRETE PRODUCT MACHINERY
60 SHUTTLE CARS - MINING
61 FLOUR AND GRAIN HILL MACHINERY
62 COLO ROLLINS MILL MACHINES
£3 FLOTATION MACHINES
6t GLASS MAKING MACHINERY
65 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES
66 CLASSIFIERS
67 LETTERSET PRINTING PRESSES
68 BINDERY COUIPHENT
69 LOADING, CUTTING, LONGHALL MINING HACH
70 DRILLS • MINING
71 FOUNDRY MACHINERY
72 VENEER AND PLYWOOD CBUIPHENT
73 PULPMILL MACHINERY
7
-------
Table C-16. WOOD FURNITURE FINISHING: OPTION 2
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
IMPACT FACTOR
BEOROOM FURNITURE
TABLES
CABINETS
CHAIRS
DESKS
BOOKCASES
CL
9.000
8,000
7iOOO
3.000
1.000
100
TOTAL
30,000
Table C-17. SHEET, STRIP, AND COIL COATING: OPTION 2
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
IMPACT FACTOR
CL
1 METAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVERAGE CANS
2 BEVERAGE CANS
DUCTWORK
WOOD PANELING
CANOPIES AND AWNINGS
FENCING
SCREENING
METAL DOORS - EXCLUDING GAKAGE DOORS
GUTTERS
10 BEER AND SOFT DRINK BOTTLE CAPS
11 ALUMINUM SIDING AND ROOFING
12 GARAGE DOORS
IS DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES
1* RAILINGS. FIRE ESCAPES. STAIRCASES
IS SHELVING
16 WIRE PRODUCTS
IT STEEL SHIPPING BARRELS
900,000
500,000
200.000
80,000
llO.OOO
20,000
20,000
B.OOO
7,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1.000
200
100
90
B
B
C
C
C
B
B
B
8
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
B
TOTAL
2,000,000
Table C-18. METAL FURNITURE FINISHING: OPTION 2
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
IMPACT FACTOR
CL
FILING CABINETS
DESKS
TABLES
CHAIRS
COAT RACKS
SAFES AND VAULTS
CABINETS
WASTE CANS
BOOK CASCS
10,000
7,000
5,000
S.OOO
2,000
1,000
1,000
600
80
TOTAL
30,000
264
-------
Table C-19. PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COATING: OPTION 2
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR Ct
1 COATED PAPER - EXCLUDING UAXCD IDiOOOtOOO ~B
1 PRINTING PAPER 6,000.000 6
3 PAPER BOXES 2<000<000 B
« HICK CARTON BOARD 2,000.000 B
9 OILED AND WAXED PAPER liOOOiOOO B
6 FOLDING CARTONS 700.000 B
7 PAPER CANS. TUBES. DRUMS 200.000 B
6 PAPER BASS 80>000 B
« KRAFT PAPER 50.000 B
TOTAL 20.000.000
Table C-20. FABRIC TREATMENT: OPTION 2
RANK SOURCE TYPE IHPACT FACTOR CL
1 SIZING 1.000.000 C
2 DYEING 90,000 C
3 WRINKLE RESISTANT FINISHES 70.000 C
it WATER PROOF AND WATER REPELLENT FINISHES 20.000 C
9 PERMANENT CRISPNESS 200 C
TOTAL 1.000.000
265
-------
Table C-21. MAJOR APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 3
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 REFRIGERATORS 10.000 B
2 ENAMELED PLUMBING FIXTURES 9.000 B
3 RADIOS AND TELEVISIONS 6.000 B
« DRYERS 3.000 B
5 HASHERS 5.000 B
t STOVES S'OOO B
7 FREEZERS H.OOO B
6 HATER HEATERS 4.000 B
9 AIR CONDITIONERS 2.000 B
10 FURNACES 2.000 B
11 DISHWASHERS 2.000 B
12 LAMM HOMERS BOO B
15 HUMIDIFIERS 900 B
m DEMODIFIERS 300 B
IS TRASH COMPACTORS 100 B
16 HATER SOFTENERS 100 B
TOTAL tO.000
Table C-22. SMALL APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 3
RANK SOURCE TYPE IWSCT FACTOR CL
1 ELECTRIC FANS S'OOO B
2 LAMPS 2.000 B
3 CARPET CARE APPLIANCES I'OOO B
« PHONOGRAPHS 600 B
9 ELECTRIC TOOLS *°0 B
6 COFFEE POTS '00 B
7 BATHROOM SCALES '0° B
6 SEWING MACHINES 300 B
9 PROJECTORS - MOVIE AND SLIDE '00 B
10 ELECTRIC COOKHARE »00 B
11 MIXERS "0 B
12 BLENDERS 300 B
13 SPACE HEATERS 20° B
1« GARBAGE DISPOSALS ZOO B
13 IRONS ZOO B
16 CAMERAS JOO B
17 SNOW BLOWERS lo° B
10 TOASTERS «o c
19 ELECTRIC RAZORS 60 B
20 TAPE RECORDERS *0 C
21 CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS 30 B
22 HAIR DRYERS 30 C
10TAL »°'000
266
-------
Table C-23. FARM MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 3
RANK SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR
I BOIES AND RACKS 1.000 B
2 FARM WAGONS 1.000 B
FARM ELEVATOKS - PORTABLE 600 8
HAND SPRAYERS 600 B
TRACTORS 900 B
POULTRY FEEDERS »00 C
COMBINES 100 6
STACK SHREDDERS 200 B
FORAGE BLOWERS 200 B
10 HOG FEEDING EQUIPMENT 200 B
11 NESTS AND CAGES 100 B
12 TURKEY FEEDERS 100 B
13 BROOOEKS 90 B
1<) MANURE SPREADERS 80 B
15 BALE THROWING ATTACHMENTS BO B
16 BROADCAST SEEDERS TO B
17 DAIRT MACHINES TO B
18 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS TO B
19 HAND DUSTERS 60 B
20 OTHER SPRAYERS - NON-TRACTOR 90 B
21 FIELD FORAGE HARVESTORS 90 B
22' DRTERS 90 B
25 FOGGERS AND MIST SPRAYERS l|0 B
2« POWER SPRAYERS «0 B
29 ROTARY CULTIVATORS 40 B
26 HOG WATERING EOUIPHENT SO B
2T BLADE TERRACERS SO B
28 MOWER-CONDITIONERS 50 B
29 INCUBATORS SO B
30 PEANUT COMBINES 30 B
31 FARM ELEVATORS - STATIONARY 30 B
32 MOWERS 20 B
33 FEED GRINDERS 20 B
3» HAY BALERS 20 B
39 HARROWS 20 B
36 HAY CONDITIONERS 20 B
3T CORN AND COTTON CULTIVATORS 20 B
38 MOLDBOARO PLOWS 20 B
39 FIELD CULTIVATORS 10 B
DO AIR-CARRIED TYPE POWER SPRAYER 10 B
fl WINDROWERS - HAT 10 B
»2 HAY STACKING ATTACHMENTS 10 B
tj CORN SHELLERS 10 C
«« CORN PICKERS
»5 CORN PLNTRSi LISTERS, POTATO PLNTRS, TRN
»6 FRONT AND REAR MOUNTED LOADERS
IT PEANUT DIGGERS
18 HAY BALE LOADERS
»9 MANURE PUMPS
50 RAKES
91 COTTON STRIPPERS
92 GRAIN DRILLS 2 C
93 FEED MIXERS 2 B
St POWER DUSTERS 2 B
99 SUBSOILERS - DEEP TILLAGE 2 B
96 MIDOLEBUSTERS AND DISC BEODERS 2 B
97 BEET HARVESTORS 1 B
98 CHISEL PLOWS 1 B
99 TERRACING AND DITCHING PLOWS 1 B
60 TOBACCO CURERS 1 B
61 POTATO HARVESTORS 1 B
62 LANO LEVELERS 1 B
63 WINOROWERS OR SWATHERS 1 B
6« TURKEY WATERERS 1 C
69 ROD WEEDERS 1 B
66 BEEYi BEAN. AND VEGETABLE CULTIVATORS 1 B
67 DISC PLOWS 1 B
68 EGG HASHERS 1 B
69 EGG GRADERS 1 B
TOTAL 7,000
267
-------
Table C-24. INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 3
SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 PUMPS 9,000 B
2 SPINNING FRAMES BiOOO B
3 COMPRESSORS 6,000 B
4 TWISTING FRAMES 4,000 B
1 AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT 2,000 C
6 ROTARY DRILLING EQUIPMENT - SUBSURFACE 2.000 B
7 SAWING MACHINES - WOOD 1,000 B
6 BLEACHING, DRYING. FINISHING MACHINERY 700 C
9 PACKING. PACKAGING. BOTTLING MACHINERY 700 B
10 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERHILL MACHINERY 600 C
11 GRINDING AND POLISHING MACHINES 600 B
12 CHOPPERS, GRINDERS, CUTTERS. ETC. • FOOD 500 B
13 LATHES, PLANERS, ETC, - WOOD MOO C
14 PRESSES . METAL tOO B
15 WELDING AND CUTTING APPARATUS 300 C
16 INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS 300 B
17 PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES 300 B
IB DRILLING MACHINES 200 B
19 BENDING AND FORMIN5 MACHINES 200 B
20 FLOWING WELL EQUIPMENT 800 C
21 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL MACH 200 C
22 WOOD PREPARATION EQUIPMENT - PULPNILLS 200 C
23 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY 200
24 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY 200
25 MEAT AND POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY 200
Zb KNITTING MACHINES 200
27 CEMENT MAKING MACHINERY 200
26 LATHES - METAL 100
29 CHAIN SAWS 100
30 JOINTERS 100
31 PAPER AND PAPERBOARO CONVERTING NACHINER 100
32 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY 100
33 HOISTS 100
34 ROD LIFTING MACHINERY - OIL 90 C
35 COTTON GINNING MACHINERY 60 C
36 MINE CARS, TRACK BO B
37 SUGAR PLANT PROCESSING MACHINERY so c
38 MILLING MACHINES 70 B
39 TYPESETTING MACHINERY 60 B
10 YARN PREPARING MACHINES 60 B
41 SAWMILL EQUIPMENT 60 C
42 TOBACCO MANUFACTURING MACHINES 50 B
43 SCREENS - MINING SO B
44 CLAYWOKKIN6 MACHINER 50 C
i«5 OFF-SET LITHOGRAPHIC PRESSES 50 B
46 PAPEKHILL MACHINERY 50 B
47 CONSTRUCTION CRANES 00 B
46 SAWING AND CUTOFF MACHINES - METAL tO B
19 FEEDERS 40 B
90 CLEANING AND OPENING MACHINES 40 B
51 OVERHEAD CRANES 40 B
52 SHOEMAKINS MACHINERY to c
53 MOTORIZED HAND TRUCKS 40 B
54 CRUSHERS 30 B
55 ICL CREAM FREEZERS SO C
56 EXCAVATORS 30 B
268
-------
Table C-24 (Cent.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 3
57 PLANERS - METAL 30 c
58 HOT ROLLINS HILL MACHINES 30 C
99 CONCRETE PROOJCT MACHINERY 20 B
&o SHUTTLE CARS • MIMING 20 B
61 FLOUR AND GRAIN HILL MACHINERY 20 c
b2 COLO ROLLING HILL MACHINES 20 C
63 FLOTATION MACHINES 20 B
64 GLASS MAKING MACHINERY 2g B
65 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES 10 B
66 CLASSIFIERS 10 B
67 LETTERSET PRINTING PRESSES 10 B
6B BINOERT EBUIPMENT 10 B
69 LOADING. CUTTING. LONGNALL MINING HACK 10 B
70 DRILLS - MINING 10 B
71 FOUNDRY MACHINERY 10 c
72 VENEER AND PLYHOOO EQUIPMENT 10 C
73 PULPMILL MACHINERY 10 B
It CARDING AND COMBING MACHINES 10 B
79 ELECTRONIC TUBE MANUFACTURING MACHINERY 9 C
76 GRINDING MILLS 8 B
77 MAGNETIC SEPARATORS 7 B
78 HOMOGENIZERS AND PASTEURIZERS 7 B
79 CENTRIFUGAL DRIERS 7 B
80 CONCRETE MIXERS 7 B
81 BAKERY MACHINERY 6 B
82 TAPPING MACHINES S B
83 BORING MACHINES 9 B
84 CONTINUOUS MINING MACHINES 9 B
85 BUTTER AND CHEESE PROCESSING MACHINERY 1 B
86 WET CYCLONES - MINING * B
87 SCRUBBERS > MINING 2 B
88 GRAVURE PRINTING PRESSES 2 B
89 THERMAL DRIERS - MINING 2 B
90 CONCENTRATING TABLES 1 B
91 FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING PRESSES 1 B
92 BROACHING MACHINES 1 B
93 ROTARY DRILLING EQUIPMENT - SURFACE 1 B
94 WASHING AND STERILIZING EQUIPMENT 1 C
99 SHAPERS - METAL 1 B
TOTAL 40.000
269
-------
Table C-25. COMMERCIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 3
RANK
SOURCE TTPE
IMPACT FACTOR
CL
1 VENDING MACHINES
2 TYPEWRITERS
MAILING AND PARCEL POST SCALES
DUPLICATING MACHINES
INDUSTRIAL WATER SOFTENERS
GASOLINE PUMPS
MAILING MACHINES
ADDING MACHINES
TIME RECORDERS
10 MOTOR TRUCK SCALES
11 FORMS HANDLING EQUIPMENT
12 COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS
15 CHECK HANDLING MACHINES
It CASH REGISTERS
15 DICTATING MACHINES
It ACCOUNTING MACHINES
IT COMMERCIAL FLOOR MAKERS
18 RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL SCALES
19 COMMERCIAL CARPET SWEEPERS
20 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
5.000
2.000
600
SCO
too
200
200
100
100
100
100
90
60
60
SO
1*0
30
20
9
TOTAL
9.000
Table C-26. WOOD FURNITURE FINISHING: OPTION 3
RANK
SOURCE TTPE
IMPACT FACTOR CL
BEDROOM FURNITURE
TABLES
CABINETS
CHAIRS
DESKS
BOOKCASES
9.000
6.000
7.000
i.OOO
1.000
100
TOTAL
30.000
270
-------
Table C-27. SHEET, STRIP, AND COIL COATING: OPTION 3
SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 METAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVERAGE CANS liOOOiOOO B
2 BEVERAGE CANS TOO.000 B
3 DUCTWORK 200.000 C
-------
Table C-29. PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COATING: OPTION 3
SOURCE TYPE IMPACT FACTOR CL
1 COATED PAPER - EXCLUDING WAXED 10.000.000 B
t PRINTING PAPER 6.000.000 B
PAPER BOXES 2.000,000 B
MILK CARTON BOARD 2.000,000 B
OILED AND WAXED PAPER 1.000.000 B
FOLDING CARTONS 700i000 B
PAPER BAGS 500,000 B
KRAFT PAPER 300.000 B
PAPER CANS, TUBES, DRUMS 200,000 B
TOTAL 20,000,000
Table C-30. FABRIC TREATMENT: OPTION 3
" " FACTOR CL
\ woo c
3 WRINKLE RESISTANT FINISHES 'TO'DOO r
» WATER PROOF AND WATER REPELLENT FINISHES 20000
5 PERMANENT CRISPNESS llioo
TOTAL 2.000,000
27.?
-------
Table C-31. MAJOR APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 4
?™E.II!E EMISSION RATE CL
REFRIGERATORS "TloOoioOo'ooO ~B
PLUMBING FIXTURES i:"":"!:!
u u.cucgc 3.000.000.000 B
I "»H"S 3.000.000.000 B
a aiovLa 2.000*000i0an R
6 RADIOS AND TELEVISIONS 2!OOo!Ooo!000 B
I "r""*., Z.000,000,000 B
9
11
" HUMIDIFIERS 2ss;;;;;s;s ;
1« DEHUMOIFIERS 8» 000 000 B
15 MATER SOFTENERS »0 000 000 B
16 TRASH COMPACTORS 30 000 000 B
TOTAL
30.000i000.000
Table C-32. SMALL APPLIANCE FINISHING: OPTION 4
RANK SOURCE TYPE MIMIM RATE
3 CARPET CARE APPLIANCES '.'.
» PHONOGRAPHS 800 000 000
"°" SCALES "
1C TOOLS
5
11 ELECTRIC COOKWARE So BOO JSJ R
12 SPACE HEATERS JSlSSSlSSS B
"TORS - NOV1E AND SLIDE ySlSSSl.SS
» BLENDERS SSSS'S! 2
» •*» BLOWERS 3! I !!!;!!! I
IT TAHPRAQ * I WUWf VUU 0
18 ?SII?EHS 30.000.000 B
JJ ™f!"S „.-„ 20.000.000 C
19 ELECTRIC RAZORS 10.OBB.OaO a
20 HAIR DRYERS in nnn n«. !
Zl TAPE RECORDERS "'SSS'SSJ C
22 CAN OPENERS AND KNIFE SHARPENERS sioOoIflOO B
TOTAL
3.000.000.000
273
-------
Table C-33. FARM MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 4
RANK SOURCE TYPE EMISSION RATE CL
1 TRACTORS 400,000,000
2 POULTRY FEEDERS 200,000,000
3 FARM WAGONS 200,000,000
4 HAND SPRAYERS 200,000.000
9 SOXES AND RACKS 100,000,000
6 FARM ELEVATORS - PORTABLE 100,000,000
7 HOG FEEDING EQUIPMENT 60.000,000
6 COMBINES 60,000,000
9 NESTS AND CAGES 40,000.000
10 TURKEY FEEDERS 40,000(000
11 STACK SHREDDERS 30,000.000
12 BROODERS 30,000(000
13 FORAGE BLOWERS 20,000(000
14 DAIRY MACHINES 20,000.000
IS HOG WATERING EQUIPMENT 20,000.000
16 SALE THROWING ATTACHMENTS 20,000,000
17 MANURE SPREADERS 20,000.000
16 BROADCAST SEEDERS 20,000,000
19 FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTORS 10,000,000
20 FIELD FORAGE HARVESTORS 9,000,000
21 ROTARY CULTIVATORS 6.000,000
22 BLADE TERRACERS 6.000.000
23 OTHER SPRAYERS - NON-TRACTOR S,000,000
24 HAND OUSTERS 6.000.000 B
29 PEANUT COMBINES 7,000.000 B
26 DRYERS 7,000.000 B
27 MOWER-CONDITIONERS 7,000.000 B
28 INCUBATORS 6,000.000 B
29 FOGGERS AND HIST SPRAYERS 6,000.000 B
30 POWER SPRAYERS 6.000.000 8
31 FARM ELEVATORS - STATIONARY 6,000,000 B
32 MOWERS 5,000,000 B
33 HARROWS 3,000,000 B
34 HAY BALERS 4,000,000 B
39 CORN AND COTTON CULTIVATORS 4,000,000 8
36 HAY CONDITIONERS 4,000.000 8
37 CORN PLNTRS, LISTERS, POTATO PLNTRS, TRN 3,000.000 B
38 FEED GRINDERS 5,000,000 B
39 FIELD CULTIVATORS 3,000.000 B
40 MOLDBOARD PLOWS 3,000.000 B
41 WINDROWERS - HAY 3,000(000 B
42 HAY STACKING ATTACHMENTS 2,000.000 B
43 AIR-CARRIED TYPE POWER SPRAYER 2,000.000 B
44 CORN PICKERS 2,000.000 B
49 CORN SMELLERS 2,000,000 C
46 PEANUT DIGGERS 1,000,000 B
47 FRONT AND REAR MOUNTED LOADERS 1,000,000 B
48 HAY BALE LOADERS 700(000 B
49 TOBACCO CURERS 500(000 8
90 GRAIN DRILLS 900,000 C
91 RAKES 900.000 B
92 COTTON STRIPPERS 900.000 B
93 LAND LEVELERS 400.000 B
54 SUBSOILERS - DEEP TILLAGE 400.000 B
95 CHISEL PLOWS 300,000 B
56 TERRACING AND DITCHING PLOWS 300,000 B
97 WINDROWERS OR SNATHERS 300,000 B
56 MANURE PUMPS 300,000 B
99 BEET HARVESTORS 300,000 B
60 POTATO HARVESTORS 300.000 B
61 TURKEY WATCHERS 300.000 C
62 POWER OUSTERS 300.000 B
63 NIODLEBUSTERS AND DISC BCOOERS 200.000 B
64 FEED MIXERS 200.000 B
65 ROD WEEDERS 200.000 B
66 DISC PLOWS 60,000 B
67 BEET, BEAN, AND VEGETABLE CULTIVATORS 60.000 B
68 EGG WASHERS 30.000 B
69 EGG GRADERS 10.000 B
TOTAL 2(000,000(000
274
-------
Table C-34. INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 4
RINK
SOURCE TYPE
EHISSION RATE
CL
1 PUMPS
2 SPINNING FRAMES
3 TWISTING FRAMES
COMPRESSORS
ROTARY DRILLING EQUIPMENT - SUBSURFACE
AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EQUIPMFNT
SAWING MACHINES - WOOD
HEAT AND POULTRY PROCESSING MACHINERY
CHAIN SAWS
10 FLOWING WELL EQUIPMENT
11 PACKING, PACKAGING, BOTTLING MACHINERY
12 CHOPPERS, GRINDERS, CUTTERS. ETC. - FOOD
13 LATHES, PLANERS, ETC. - WOOD
It GRINDING AND POLISHING MACHINES
19 PRESSES . METAL
16 WOOD PREPARATION EQUIPMENT . PULPflXLLS
IT INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
16 BLEACHING. DRYING. FINISHING MACHINERY
19 REBUILT PULP AND PAPERHILL MACHINERY
20 PUNCHING AND SHEARING MACHINES
21 ROD LIFTING MACHINERY - OIL
22 UCLOINS AND CUTTING APPARATUS
23 BENDING AND FORMING MACHINES
24 DRILLING MACHINES
29 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNING MACHINERY
26 JOINTERS
27 METAL CLEANING MACHINERY
28 CHEMICAL MANUFACYURING INDUSTRIAL HACH
29 MILLING MACHINES
30 CONSTRUCTION CRANES
31 CEMENT MAKING MACHINERY
12 SAWMILL EQUIPMENT
19 HOISTS
3» COTTON GINNING MACHINERY
39 KNITTING MACHINES
36 TYPESETTING MACHINERY
17 OVERHEAD CRANES
38 LATHES - METAL
If NINE CARS, TRACK
«0 PLASTICS WORKING MACHINERY
41 PAPER AND PAPERBOARO CONVERTING MACHINER
42 SUGAR PLANT PROCESSING MACHINERY
13 MOTORIZED HAND TRUCKS
4» YARN PREPARING MACHINES
49 SCREENS . MINING
46 CLEANING AND OPENING MACHINES
47 CRUSHERS
VI PAPERHlLL MACHINERY
4» EXCAVATORS
90 SAWING AND CUTOFF MACHINES - METAL
51 TOBACCO MANUFACTURING MACHINES
52 FEEDERS
53 CLATWORKING MACHINLR
5» FLOTATION MACHINES
55 OFF-SET LITHOGRAPHIC PRESSES
56 SHOENAKING MACHINERY
2.000.000.000
2.000.000,000
1. 000,001). 000
600.000.000
900,000.000
300.000,000
200,000.000
100.000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000
70.000.000
70.000.000
60.000.000
50.000.000
90.000,000
50,000.000
40.000,000
30,000,000
30,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
20.000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
20,000,000
20,000.000
20,000.000
20,000.000
20,000.000
10,000.000
10,000.000
10,000,000
10,000,000
10.000,000
10.000.000
6.000.000
8.000.000
a. ooo. ooo
6,000.000
6.000.000
6,000.000
S. 000,000
3,000.000
5.000.000
9.000.000
1.000,000
4,000,000
4.000.000
4.000.000
4.000.000
3.000.000
3.000.000
B
B
B
B
B
c
B
C
B
C
B
a
c
a
B
C
B
C
C
B
C
C
B
B
C
c
c
c
B
B
C
c
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
a
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
275
-------
Table C-34 (Cent.) INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 4
97 ICE CREAM FREEZERS 3,000,000 C
St SHUTTLE CARS . MINING 3,000.000 B
99 VENEER AND PLYWOOD EOUIPHCNT 2,000.000 C
60 CONCRETE PRODUCT MACHINERY 2,000.000 B
61 HOT ROLLINS FULL MACHINES 2,000.000 C
6i LOADING, CUTTING, LONGNILL MINING HACK 2.000.000 8
63 PLANERS - METAL z,000,000 c
6« CLASSIFIERS 2.000.000 B
63 FLOUR AND GRAIN HILL MACHINERY 2.000,000 C
66 GLASS MAKING MACHINERY i.000,000 B
67 COLD ROLLING MILL MACHINES J.000.000 C
66 CARDIN6 AND COMBINE MACHINES 1.000,000 B
69 FOUNDRY MACHINERY 1,000.000 C
70 GEAR CUTTING MACHINES 1.000.000 8
71 DRILLS - MINING 1.000.000 B
72 PULPMILL MACHINERY 1.000,000 B
73 CONCRETE MIXERS 1,000,000 B
71 BINDERY EQUIPMENT 900.000 6
79 LE1TERSET PRINTING PRESSES 900.BOO B
76 MAGNETIC SEPARATORS 800,000 B
77 CONTINUOUS MINING MACHINES 700,000 B
IB GRINDING MILLS 700,000 B
79 HOMOGENIZERS AND PASTEURIZERS 600.000 B
60 BUTTER AND CHEESE PROCESSING MACHINERY 600.000 B
61 BAKERY MACHINERY 600,000 B
62 WET CYCLCNES - HININ6 500,000 B
85 CENTRIFUGAL DRIERS 900.000 B
8« TAPPING MACHINES 900.000 B
69 BORING MACHINES HOO.OOO B
66 ELECTRONIC TUBE MANUFACTURING MACHINERY HOO.ODO C
87 SCRUBBERS - MINING 900,000 3
88 CONCENTRATING TABLES 300.000 B
89 ROTAHY DRILLING EQUIPMENT - SURFACE 200.OHO B
90 THERMAL DRIERS - MINING 200,000 B
91 GRAVURC PRINTING PRESSES 100,000 B
92 FLEXOGHAPHIC PRINTING PRESSES 100,000 a
93 BROACHING MACHINES 90,000 B
9« HASHING AND STERILIZING EQUIPMENT &D.OOO C
99 SHAPERS - METAL 20,000 B
TOTAL 8.000.000,000
Table C-35. COMMERCIAL MACHINERY FINISHING: OPTION 4
RANK SOURCE TYPE EMISSION RATE CL
1 VENDING MACHINES 600,000,000 B
2 TYPEWRITERS 100,000.000 B
3 DUPLICATING MACHINES 90,000.000 6
* MMLINS AND PARCEL POST SCALES 90,000.000 B
9 GASOLINE PUMPS 30,000.000 B
6 INDUSTRIAL WATER SOFTENERS 30.000,000 B
7 MAILING MACHINES 20.000,000 B
8 ADDING MACHINES 20.000,000 B
9 CASH REGISTERS 20.000,000 C
10 COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS 20,000,000 B
11 CHECK HANDLING MACHINES 10,000.000 B
12 MOTOR TRUCK SCALES 10.000.000 B
13 FORMS HANDLING EflUIPHENT 9,000,000 B
It TIME RECORDERS 7,000.000 B
19 DICTATING MACHINES 7,000,000 B
16 ACCOUNTINE MACHINES 3,009,000 C
17 COMMERCIAL FLOOR WAXERS 3.000.000 B
16 RETAIL AND COMMERCIAL SCALES 2,000,000 B
19 COMMERCIAL CARPET SWEEPERS 800,000 B
20 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS 600,000 B
TOTAL 1,000,000.000
-------
Table C-36. WOOD FURNITURE FINISHING: OPTION 4
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
EMISSION RATE
BEDROOM FURNITURE
TABLES
CABINETS
CHAIRS
DESKS
BOOKCASES
CL
4,000,000,000
2.000,000,000
2.000,000.000
700,000,000
300,000,000
100,000,000
TOTAL
9.000,000.000
Table C-37. SHEET, STRIP, AND COIL COATING: OPTION 4
SOURCE TYPE
EMISSION RATE
CL
1 METAL CANS - EXCLUDING BEVERAGE CANS
2 BEVERAGE CANS
3 DUCTWORK
« WOOD PANELING
5 CANOPIES AND AWNINGS
6 SCREENING
7 FENCING
6 METAL DOORS - EXCLUDING GARAGE DOORS
9 GUTTERS
10 ALUMINUM SIDING AND ROOFING
11 BEER AND SOFT DRINK BOTTLE CAPS
12 GARAGE DOORS
13 DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES
11 RAILINGS, FIRE ESCAPES. STAIRCASES
19 SHELVING
16 STEEL SHIPPING BARRELS
17 HIRE PRODUCTS
ZOO.000.000
200.000.01)0
40,000.000
10.000.000
10.000,000
S.000,000
H,000.000
2.000.000
2.000.000
2.000,000
1,000,000
600,000
600,000
300,000
*0.000
20,000
20,000
.000 B
000 B
000 C
000 C
000 C
,000 B
000 B
.000 B
,000 B
,000 B
,000 B
000 B
,000 B
000 B
,000 C
,000 B
.000 C
TOTAL
500.000.000.000
Table C-38. METAL FURNITURE FINISHING: OPTION 4
RANK
SOURCE TYPE
FILING CABINETS
DESKS
TABLES
CHAIRS
COAT RACKS
SAFES AND VAULTS
CABINETS
HASTE CANS
BOOK CASES
EMISSION RATE
CL
3,000,000,000
2,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1.000.000.000
600.oou.goo
400,000,000
100,000,000
100,000,000
30,000,000
TOTAL
6,000,000.000
277
-------
Table C-39. PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COATING: OPTION 4
RANK SOURCE TYPE EMISSION RATE
CL
I PAPER BAGS 200iOOO.000.000 9
2 KRAFT PAPER 70.000,000.000 B
3 COATED PAPER - EXCLUDING UAXED 70,000.000.000 B
» PRINTING PAPER 50.000.000.000 B
3 OILED AND UAXEO PAPER «0,000,000,000 B
6 MILK CARTON BOARD 20.000,000.000 B
7 PAPER BOXES 20.000,000,000 B
6 FOLDING CARTONS 5.000,000.000 B
9 PAPER CANS, TUBES, DRUMS 2.000,000.000 B
TOTAL 500.000,000,000
Table C-40. FABRIC TREATMENT: OPTION 4
RANK SOURCE TYPE EMISSION RATE
CL
J OYEING 200.000.000.000 C
2 SIZING 10.000.000.000 r
3 WRINKLE RESISTANT FINISHES 800,000,000 r
* PERMANENT CRISPNESS 200,000,000 C
5 HATER PROOF AND WATER REPELLENT FINISHES 9,000,000 C
TOTAL 200,000.000,000
278
-------
APPENDIX D
PRIORITIZATION COMPUTER PROGRAMS
279
-------
C PROfaKAH SCE
C THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES IMPACT FACTORS
C » OR SOLVENT EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE COATINGS
C
C THESE CALCULATIONS ARE "LOCATION SENSITIVE"
C
DIMfNSIDN IOESC<20).IDUHl<18),ICODE<51)«NPLTS(51)i
1EF(25).»FFI25I,IARR(30).TLV<25) , IOUM (<» > , ISOLV ( 25 > ,ME< 12 , 25 )
EQUIVALENCE! IDESC(1),IARR(1 II , ( IDUMU ) • IOPTN )
DATA TL V/2. 79. 0. 37b. 0. 5. 0.59, 0.71. 0.12. 0.67, 0., 0..0. .0.012,
10, 0026, 0. HI, 0. 019 1 O.OOOm, 0.59,0. 006 , 0.001, 0. IDESC. TPROO.FKO. APS, IQUAL . ITYPE, ICAT, IOENT
IF(IUESC(l).EO.X'Ai»AH<) GO TO 90
00 10 I=l,«
IFd.EO.ll J=l
280
-------
IFII.E0.2) J=15
IFd.CQ.3l J=29
IPd.EQ.H) J=i»3
K=J+13
READ (LIN. 503) (ICOOEID.NPLTSID.L^J.KI
DO 11 n=JiK
11 IF(ICOOE(MI.EG.99) GO TO 9
10 CONTINUE
9 LAST=H-1
C
C TO CALCULATE UNIT PLANT PRODUCTION
C
00 55 1=1,25
55 EFd>=0.0
ITOT=0
00 3 1=1,LAST
3 ITOT=ITOT+NPLTSdl
UPPROD=TPHOD/FLOAT(ITOTt
RCAD
-------
IFUAST.GT.25) KOUWTsLAST
WRITEILQUT.620)
40 DO 45 Izl.KOUNT
IF tflEFJ 1 1
GO TO <«5
48 VIRITE(LOUTi607l ICODEI 1 1 iNPLTSl I )
GO TO 45
46 IF(AEF(I».Ea.O.O.ANO.LAST.LT.I) GO TO i»5
IFUEFI I) .NE.O.O.flNC.LAST.GE.I) GO TO M4
IF(AEF(I).NE-O.O.AND.LAST.LT.I) GO TO U3
IF(AEFlI). £0.0.0. AND, LAST. GE. It GO TO XI
4H WRlTE(LOUTi606) ICODCt 1 1 tNPUTSll I i iMEtK • I ) iKsl > 12) i ACF ( I )
GO TO 45
43 WRITE(LOUTi608) ( ME ( K, I ) .K-l, 12) , AEF ( I )
GO TO 45
41 WRiTEUOUTi607> ICOOCI 1 1 >NPLTS( D
45 CONTINUE
C
C CALCULATE IMPACT FACTOR
C
25 Flr
GO TO IT
15 IF(PCTLV.LT.TLVIJ)) ATLV=PCTLV
IF(PCTLV.GE.TLV(J)I ATLVsTLV(J)
GO TO IT
16 SU«=SUM+0*SPY«FflQ
GO TO 13
17 F=2.38095E-03*ATLV
IEKH=CHI/F*CHI/F
sun=sun+TCRn
13 CONTINUE
IFdOPTN.EB.4) SO TO 16
F IMP=F I HP* SORT t SUM) *POPO»SKSM
GO TO 12
IB FIUPsFlHP+SUM
IS CONTINUE
21 CALL FILWRT(IMPCT.300.39.IAKR.FIMP.IOUMi ITTPE.1CAT.I8UAL)
GO TO 1
99 URITE(LOJTi610> IOESC
GO TO 1
90 CALL SCERPTllnPcT)
CALt EXIT
501 FORMAT(IlilX.IltlXiIl)
502 FORHAT(20A2iFia.7iF
-------
503 FORMAT (!"»< 12 «13 »
504 FOR*AT(25Ilt9F5.2)
SOS FORP.ATU26t9Fb.2»
601 FORNAT(1H1.T21.20A2,TB5.I'»/)
602 FORI*AT<1HO.T21.-OPTION «. 11 .TUO.'DATA OUALITY >iAli
iT&O.MYPE Of CALC '. Hi TBO. -CATEGORY 'iI2/>
603 FOR!»ATUHO.T21i-TOTAL PROOUCTION'• Ttl .E15. 71
604 FOR*AT12A2
-------
SUBHOUTINE brEKPTUU)
THIS SUBROUTINE GENt_«ATtS IMPACT FOACOR LIST
FOR SUKFACL COATING EVAPORATION PROGRAM
DIMENSION anriPi6),iDESC(SO),isccc*)
DATA SOUK,/1 V
DEFINE FILE LUI600.39.U.NEXT)
LIN=i
LOUT=5
KEAUILU'll IDESCiFIPIP.ISCCtlSlART
LOSTMSTARI-1
REAO(LU'2I IDESCil-IMP.ISCC.ISTAKT
TOPTNslScCd)
DO 49 IS=1.11
IFdS.Lfi.D JRITEILOUT.511) IOPTN
IFdS.EO.2) WKITEILOUT.512) IOPTN
IFIIS.Ee.3l WR1TEILOUT.513) IOPTN
IFlIS.E8.il k'KITE(LOUT,51K> IOPTN
IF(IS.Eb.S) URITEILOUT.515) IOPTN
IFdS.LB.fc) URITE(LOUTt516) 10PTN
IFIIS.L0.7) WRnt(LOUT,517) IOPTN
IFdS.EQ.8) uHITEILOUT.SlR) IOPTN
IFdS.EO.9) UKITEILOUT.51S) I(,PTN
IFdS.EO.lU) UKlTEILOUTiSZb) 1UPTN
IFdS.LO.ll) WKITEILOUT.SZll IDI'TN
IF dOPrtj.EO.u. ftND.IS.NE.il) WFiITElLOUTiSZ*)
IF HOCIN.NE.4. AND.IS.NE.il) UK 1 TE( LOUT, 522 >
IF (I OP1N.E«.<». AhD.IS.Eb.il) WRITE (LOUT, 525)
IFdOPIIl.NE.-4.AUD.IS.EQ.il) URITE523)
IFdS.LD.llI Uk]TE(LOUT.SZ7)
TOTAL=O.O
K=O
DO 9 INO=2iLAST
HCAD(LU'INO) IUESC.FIMP,ISCC.ITTPE,ICAT,IOUAL
IF(IS.EC.ll) GO TO 6
IFdCAT.NE.IS1 GO TO 9
6 IFIFIMP.EO.0.0) GO TO 80
TOTAL=10TAL+FIW
CALL ROUND(l.FIHP.I.IC)
CALL HEFnTld.JC.AFinP.ISTMT)
GO TO 70
BO 00 7 J=l,6
7 AFIMPIJ):ADUM
ISTHT=7
70 K=K+1
IFdS.EQ.lll GO TO (71i72.7j.7Ui75i76i77)i ISTMT
GO TO (91.92.93.9M.95.96.97). ISTHT
91 WRITEILOUT.501) K.(IDCSCIJK).JK = 1,20 I, AFIMP.IOUAL
GO TO 9
92 WRITC(LOUTf5fl<>> K , dDLSC (J« ) . JK= 1. 20 I . AFIMP.IQUAL
GO TO 9
93 WRITEILOUT.5C3) K.(IOESCIJM.JK=1.20 I. AFIHPiIBUAL
GO TO 9
-------
t-0 TO 9
97 kRITE(LOUT,507) K i I IDESC UK I idK=l ,20 1 i AFIHP, I8UAL
C-0 TO 9
71 URITEILOUT.501) KidDESC(JK) ,0i<=i,20)i AFINP, IflUALi ICAT
GO TO 9
72 WHITE (LOUT. 502) K . ( IDESC ( JK I , JK = 1 .20 ) . AF1MP, lOUALi ICAT
GO TO 9
73 rfRITE(LOuT,!i03> K, < IDESC I JK) ,JK=1,20 ) , AFIMP.IOUALiICAT
bO TO 9
74 krilTEILOUT.504) K, (IDESCI JK) ,JK=1,20), AFIMP, IBUALi ICAT
1.0 TO 9
75 i. hi TE I LOUT. 505) K . ( IDEiC ( JK ) , JK=1 ,20 I . AFIHP. I8UAL. ICAT
60 TO 9
76 UK1TEILOUT.506) K . ( IOESC I JK I , JK=1 ,20 ) . AFIHPi lOUALi ICAT
GO TO 9
77 URITEILOUT.b07> K . ( IDESC ( JK I , JK=1 , 20 ) . AFIMP, IQUAL. ICAT
9 CONTINUE
IFIIS.Ee.ll) GO TO 99
IF(TOTAL.EO.O.O) GO TO 99
CALL ROUNOIl.TOTALiI.ICl
CALL RCFMTKI, 1C. AFIMP, ISTMT)
GO TO (81. 82. a3, 8i». 85. 66). ISTHT
81 WKITEILOUT.531) AFIMP
GO TO 99
82 WRITE(LOUT,532> AFIHP
GO TO 99
63 WRITEILOUT.533I AFIHP
CO TO 99
84 WRITE(LOUT.53m AFIMP
GO TO 99
65 WRITEUOUT.bSSI AFIMP
vO TO 99
86 .'RITE I LOUT i 536) AFIMP
99 CONTINUE
RETURN
501 FORMATUH ,T20tI3,5x.20A2.mXtA3," <>A3.> .
1«3.3X,A1,3X,I2I
502 FORMATdH . T20 . 1 3 .5X , 20A£. 11X . A3 . ' '.A3,1 '.A3.1 *.A3.« '.A3.','.
1A3.3X.A1.3X, 12)
503 FORrATIlH . TZO. 13. 5X. 20A2. I ' . A3. • > • . A3 . ' . • .
1A3.3X.A1.3X. 12)
SOU FORMAT (In .T20.I3.5X.20A2.14X.A3,> >.A3.< • . A3. • . > . A3. i . > .A3 .....
1A3.3X.A1.3X.I2)
SOS TOrtMATdH .T20.I3.SX.20A8.mX.A3.> • . A3. • . • . A3. ' . • . A3. • . • .A3. • . • .
lA3.3X,Ali3X.I2)
106 FORMAT (1H ,T20.I3.5X.20A2.m>,ft3,1.'.A3.'.>,A3.'.'.A3,i.«.A3.'.'.
1A3.3X.A1.3X.I2)
507 FORMAT (1H . TZOt 13 .5X i20A2< ItX .43 , ' '.A3.' '.A3.' '.A3.' '.A3.' •,
1A3.3X.A1.3X.I2)
511 FOR^ATIlHl.TaZt 'MAJOR APPLIANCE F 1MSHIMG* . 5X i l\f 1 1
512 FORfAT(lHl.T52. 'SMALL APPLIANCE FINISHING' .5X.I1//)
513 -Oh\AT,lHl.T5i*.'FARM MACHINERY FINISHING* >5Xi II// I
514 rORMATHHl.T49, 'INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY FINISHING1 .5X. I1//I
515 FORMAT (!Hl.Tt9. 'COMMERCIAL MACHINERY FINISHING ', bX , I I// )
516 FORMAT (1H1.T52.- WOOD FURNITURE. FINISHING* . 5Xi II//)
517 FOPhAT(lHl 'RANK ' ,UX. ' SOUKCE TYPE '• T90 •• EMISSION RftlE* . Tl 07. *C
1L- I
S?b CQRHATdH .T2C. 'RANK1 ,<*X, 'SOURCL IYPE' . T90 .' EMISSION RA 1 E ' . Tl 0 7 , • C
IL'.Tlia.'CAT*)
52b FOUMATdH , T20 . 'RANK ' ,4X . • SOURCi TYPE •• T90 .' IMPACT FACTOR' , T107 , *t
U'.Tll^.'CAT'l
527 FURrATdH ,T20, • ---- ' ,4X.' ----------- '.T90. ' ------------- *.T107,*-
1--.T112.1---*)
531 FORHATdnO/T26. "TOTAL1 .T82. A3.* *.A4.* '.AS.* '.A3.* *.A3.* '.A3. 3
IX. All
53? FOR(-ATdHiO/T28. •TOTAL". T82. A3.* '.A3.' '.A3,' '.A3.* *,A3.*.'.A3.
13A.A1)
533 FORhATdnO/T28. 'TOTAL'. T82. A3.* '.A3.' '.A3.' ' , A3 . * . * . A3 . * . ' , A3.
13X.A1)
534 FOKKn (1HO/T28, •TOTAL" .T82.A3.* '.A3.' • >A3. " . * , A3. * , * > A3< * . • ,
1A3.3X.A1)
53!- FOPf,AT(lHO/T28.1TOrAL1 .T8 • , ' . A3.
13X.A1)
53fc rORPlATdnO/T28i'10T«L'*T78.A3.*.".A3.t.".A3.'.1«A3.*.*.A3.*.*.A3.
13A.A1)
III'.
235
-------
SUBROUTINE RUUNL'IMFlG.XNUrillCUl iMUM
C IhlS SUBROUTI&L nETLRMI.'.ES THI NU'.JIR OF L.IGITS ANJ Nf |NDS ThE
C IMPACT fACIOK 10 Ottl SIGN1F ICsi"! CISIT.
ANUH=XNUM
IFiANUK.LT.l.Ol tO TO S
DO 1 IL=1,1R
ANUM=AM(H/lU.C
IF IANUC.LT.1.UO) GO TO 2
1 CONTINUE
2 NDIGIT=1L
=«Nl 1«1Q.O«»NFIG
IF(AFRAC.GE.D.bO) GO TO i
RETURN
S lF(INTA.t-Q.9) Gri TO 1
f, *1
RETURN
^ NUM=1
HCTUKN
NDID=1
HETUKN
FND
SUBROUTINE
DIMENSION All9)iA2l9).A3(4).A(6).IDESC<30)iIt>CL(m
DATA Al/'lOO'.'aOO'i'SOO'.MOO'.'SOO'i'fcOO'i'TOO'.'-OO' ."*OOV
OATA A3/1 IP1.1 20'i' 30'i' Itfl',1 SU'i1 60'i' 70'i' 80't- 90'/
DATA A2/« l'i« 2',1 $•<• S',' 5'i' 6',' 7'.- 8'.' V/
DATA ARUM/' ViAZCRO/'OOOV
IR=hODIIi3)
IFUR.E.0.01 ANUnzAKIC)
IFdH.EO.ll ANUM=A2(IC)
IFIIR.CH.2I ANUM=A3(IC)
DO 6 J=l,(>
6 AU)=ADUn
IFII.LE.3) GO TO 10
IFII.GT.J.aMO.I.LL.t) GO TO 20
IF(I.r-T.6.4luD.I.LE.9l GO TO 30
IF( 1 .(.T.9.AND.I.LE.12) GO TO tO
IF(I.f,T.12.ANO.I.LE.15) 60 TO SO
IF(I .6T.15.ANO.I.LE.18) GO TO 60
10 A(6)=ANUM
ISTMT=1
KETUKN
20 A(5)=ANUn
AI6)=AZERO
RETURN
30
HETtKN
1*0
ISTHTzt
RETURN
SO AI2)=A»UM
ACM=AZERO
A(5)=A/ERO
KETUR,1
60 A(1)=AHUM
A(2l=A/!rRO
ISTMT:6
HETUKK
(NO
296
-------
APPENDIX E
SAMPLE PRIORITIZATION CALCULATION
237
-------
Sample Impact Factor Calculation
1. Product-Type; Beverage Cans
2. Data
A. Stored Constants
IT = 3.14159
u = wind speed =4.47 m/sec (10 mph)
e = base e = 2.72
TLV's
Component
Solvent Emissions
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Saturated Alcohols
Ketones
Saturated Esters
Saturated Ethers
TLV,
q/m3
2.800
0.375
0.500
0.590
0.710
0.120
Resin Emissions
Alkyd
Vinyl
Acrylic
Epoxy
Urethane
Cellulosic
Amino
Rosin Ester
Styrene
Phenolic
Hydrocarbon
0.012
0.0026
0.410
0.019
0.00014
0.590
0.006
0.001
0.420
0.012
0.560
288
-------
B. State Data
State
code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Population
(1970 census)
3,444,165
302,173
1,772,482
1,923,295
19,953,134
2,207,259
3,032,217
548,104
6,789,443
4,589,575
769,913
713,008
11,113,976
5,193,669
2,825,041
2,249,071
3,219,311
3,643,180
993,663
3,922,399
5,689,170
8,875,083
3,805,069
2,216,912
4,677,399
694,409
1,483,791
488,738
737,681
Population
fraction
0.0170100
0.0014924
0.0087539
0.0094987
0.0985443
0.0109012
0.0149755
0.0027070
0.0335316
0.0226669
0.0038024
0.0035214
0.0548896
0.0256504
0.0139523
0.0111077
0.0158995
0.0179929
0.0049075
0.0193719
0.0280976
0.0438322
0.0187924
0.0109489
0.0231007
0.0034295
0.0073281
0.0024138
0.0036433
Area,
km2
133,667
1,518,807
295,024
137,539
411,015
270,000
12,973
5,328
151,670
152,489
16,706
216,413
146,076
93,994
145,791
213,064
104,623
125,675
86,027
27,394
21,386
150,779
217,736
123,584
180,487
381,087
200,018
286,299
24,097
Area
fraction
0.01428
0.16221
0.03151
0.01469
0.04390
0.02884
0.00139
0.00057
0.01620
0.01629
0.00178
0.02311
0.01560
0.01004
0.01557
0.02276
0.01117
0.01342
0.00919
0.00293
0.00228
0.01610
0.02325
0.01320
0.01928
0.04070
0.02136
0.03058
0.00257
No. of
counties
67
29
14
75
58
63
8
3
67
159
5
44
102
92
99
105
120
64
16
23
14
83
87
82
114
56
93
16
10
289
-------
B. State Data (Cont.)
State
code
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
State
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Totals
Population
(1970 census)
7,168,164
1,016,000
18,241,266
5,082,059
617,761
10,652,017
2,559,253
2,091,385
11,793,909
949,723
2,590,516
666,257
3,924,164
11,196,730
1,059,273
444,732
4,648,494
3,409,169
1,744,237
4,417,933
332,416
202,478,816
Population
fraction
0.0354020
0.0050178
0.0900897
0.0250992
0.0030510
0.0526081
0.0126396
0.0103289
0.0582476
0.0046905
0.0127940
0.0032905
0.0193806
0.0552983
0.0052315
0.0021964
0.0229579
0.0168372
0.0086144
0.0218192
0.0016417
1.0000
Area
km2
20,295
315,115
128,402
136,198
183,022
106,765
181,090
251,181
117,412
3,144
80,432
199,552
109,412
692,405
219,932
24,887
105,716
176,617
62,629
145,439
253,597
9,362,992
Area
fraction
0.00217
0.03366
0.01371
0.01455
0.01955
0.01140
0.01934
0.02683
0.01254
0.00034
0.00859
0.02131
0.01169
0.07395
0.02349
0.00266
0.01129
0.01886
0.00669
0.01553
0.02709
1.0000
No. of
counties
21
32
62
100
53
88
77
36
67
5
46
67
95
254
29
14
96
39
55
72
23
290
-------
C. Input Data
Total Capacity (TCAP) = 3.74 x 1010 cans/year
Frequency of Operation (f) = 1.0
Number of Materials Emitted (N) = 11
Height of Emissions (H) = 15.2 m (50 ft)
State Information
State Code
13
32
35
38
Number of Plants
1
1
1
3
Emission Factors
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (EFi) = 0.956 g/can
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (EF2) = 0.785 g/can
Saturated Alcohols (EF3) = 0.166 g/can
Ketones (EFiJ = 2.657 g/can
Saturated Esters (EF5) = 0.269 g/can
Saturated Ethers (EF6) = 0.002 g/can
Alkyd Resin (EF7) , = 0.073 g/can
Vinyl Resin (EF8) = 0.055 g/can
Acrylic Resin (EF9) = 0.007 g/can
Urethane Resin (EF10) = 0.005 g/can
Amino Resin (EFn) = 0.042 g/can
3. Calculation
There are 11 materials emitted in each of 4 states. For compu-
tational purposes, this corresponds to 44 separate, identical
calculations. Therefore, only three materials in one state will
be shown; the remaining steps follow by induction.
291
-------
State 13 (Illinois)
Capacity (CAP13) = ^ TCAP
= 6.23 x 109 cans/year
Population Density = 76 persons/km2
Procedure: Illinois
For aliphatic hydrocarbons,
Q! = j (YPS)(CAP13)(EFj)
Q! = i^°r (3.17 x 10~8 yr/sec)(6.23 x 109 cans/yr)
-L • U
(0.956 g/can)
QT = 188.8 g/sec
- 2Q
Xlmax
irH2eu
(2) (188.8)
Xlmax (3.14159)(231.04) (2.72) (4.47)
Xlmax = 0.0428
= 2-800
16800
40
! = 6.67 x 10~3 g/m3
Define: _ 2
x 1 max
2 2
0.0428 1
0.00667 1
41.2
292
-------
For aromatic hydrocarbons,
= liO (3.17 x 10"8)(6.23 x 1Q9)(0.785)
J. • U
Q2 = 155 g/sec
(2)(155)
X2max " (3.14159)(231.04)(2.72)(4.47)
X2max
-i* 3
F0 = 8.93 x 10 g/m
A2
2 •2
0.0351 \ /I
8.93 x 10
A2 = 1545
For saturated alcohols,
Q = * (3.17 x 10~8)(6.23 x 109) (0.166)
3 J. • U
Q3 =32.8 g/sec
_ _ 2(32.8) _
X3max (3.14159) (231.04) (2.72) (4.47)
_ -33
X3max - 7'43 x 10 g/m
= °-500
F3 = 1.19 x 10~ g/m
_/7.43 x 10"3V / 1
3 "Vl.19 xlO-3/ I1
A3 = 39.0
293
-------
then: 1/2
113 = PIS (AI + A2 + A3 + ... + AU)
Il3 = 76 (41.2 + 545 + 39.0 + ... + ) 1/2
Ii3 = 76 (1.96 x 105)1/2
I13 = 3.46 x 101*
and so on for the remaining states:
Ix = Il3 + 132 + 135 + 138
I = 1 x 10 6 to one significant digit.
X
294
-------
SECTION IX
REFERENCES
1. Standard Definition of Terms Relating to Paint,
Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products, A.S.T.M.
Designation D 16-68.
2. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Paints and Allied Products, Standard Industrial
Classification 2851, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-22F-5, March, 1974.
3. Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research
Institute, December, 1971.
4. Air Pollution Engineering Manual, AP-40, Second
Edition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May,
1973.
5. Payne, H. F., Organic Coating Technology, Volume 2,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1961.
6. Background Information for Establishment of National
Standards of Performance for New Sources - Paint and
Varnish Manufacturing, Walden Research Corporation,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, EPA Contract No. CPA 70-165,
Task Order 4, October, 1971.
7. Modern Plastics Encylopedia - 1971-1972; Vol. 48,
No. IDA, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York.
8. Modern Plastics Encyclopedia - 1973-1974; Vol. 50,
No. 10A, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York.
9. Matthews, J. C., Weant, G. E. Ill, and Kearney, J. J.,
Screening Study on the Justification of Developing
New Source Performance Standards for Various Textile
Processing Operations, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, EPA Contract No. 68-02-0607-11, August, 1974,
295
-------
10. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Refrigeration and Heating Equipment, Standard Indus-
trial Classification 3585, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, MC 72{P)-35G-3, March, 1974.
11. Statistical Abstract of the United States - 1973,
U.S. Department of Commerce.
12. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Metal Sanitary Ware, Standard Industrial Classification
3431, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-34B-1,
March, 1974.
13. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Heating Equipment, Except Electric, Standard Industrial
Classification 3433, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-34B-3, March, 1974.
14. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Lawn and Garden Equipment, Standard Industrial
Classification 3524, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35A-4, March, 1974.
15. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Service Industry Machinery, Standard Industrial
Classification 3589, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35G-5, March, 1974.
16. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Scales
and Balances, Except Laboratory, Standard Industrial
Classification 3576, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC
72{P)-35F-4, March, 1974.
17. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Power Driven Hand Tools, Standard Industrial
Classification 3546, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35C-5, March, 1974.
18. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Farm Machinery and Equipment, Standard Industrial
Classifcation 3523, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC-72(P)-35A-3, March, 1974.
19. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Metal Working Machinery, N.E.C., Standard Industrial
Classification 3549, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72{P)-35D-1, February, 1974.
296
-------
20. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Food
Products Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3551, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-1,
February, 1974.
21. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Machine
Tools, Metal-Forming Types, Standard Industrial
Classification 3542, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC
72(P)-35C-2, March, 1974.
22. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Printing Trades Machinery, Standard Industrial
Classification 3555, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35D-5, February, 1974.
23. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Textile Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3552, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-2,
February, 1974.
24. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Machine
Tools, Metal-Cutting Types, Standard Industrial
Classification 3541, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35C-1, March, 1974.
25. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Special
Industry Machinery, N.E.C., Standard Industrial
Classification 3559, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35D-6, January, 1974.
26. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Mining Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3532, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35B-2,
March, 1974.
27. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Woodworking Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3553, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-3,
January, 1974.
28. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Rolling Mill Machinery, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3547, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35C-6, February, 1974.
29. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Pumps and Pumping Equipment, Standard Industrial
Classification 3561, Air and Gas Compressors,
Standard Industrial Classification 3563, U.S.
Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35E-1, March, 1974.
297
-------
30. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Construction Machinery, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3531, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35B-1, March, 1974.
31. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Oilfield Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3533, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35B-3,
March, 1974.
32. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Hoists, Cranes, and Monorails, Standard Industrial
Classification 3536, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35B-6, March, 1974.
33. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Industrial Trucks and Tractors, Standard Industrial
Classification 3537, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35B-7, March, 1974.
34. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Paper
Industries Machinery, Standard Industrial Classification
3554, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-35D-4,
March, 1974.
35. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Calculating and Accounting Machines, Standard Industrial
Classification 3574, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35F-3, March, 1974.
36. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Typewriters, Office Machines, N.E.C., Standard
Industrial Classification 3579, U.S. Department of
Commerce, MC 72(P)-35F-1, March, 1974.
37. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Measuring and Dispensing Pumps, Standard Industrial
Classification 3586, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35G-4, March, 1974.
38. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Automatic Merchandising Machines, Standard Industrial
Classification 3581, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-35G-1, February, 1974.
39. U.S. Department of Commerce, 1967 Census of Manufactures,
40. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Sheet Metalwork, Standard Industrial Classification
3444, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-34C-4,
March, 1974.
298
-------
41. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Crowns and Closures, Standard Industrial Classification
3446, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-34D-6,
December, 1973.
42. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Metal Cans, Standard Industrial Classification 3441,
U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-34A-1, March, 1974.
43. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Metal
Doors, Sash, and Trim, Standard Industrial Classification
3442, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-34C-2,
March, 1974.
44. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Architectural Metalwork, Standard Industrial Classi-
fication 3446, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-
34C-5, February, 1974.
45. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Miscellaneous Fabricated Wire Products, Standard
Industrial Classification 3496, U.S. Department of
Commerce, MC 72(P)-34F-4, February, 1974.
46. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Metal
Barrels, Drums, and Pails, Standard Industrial
Classification 3412, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-34A-2, March, 1974.
47. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Paper Coating and Glazing, Standard Industrial
Classification 2641, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-26B-1, March, 1974.
48. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Paperboard Mills, Standard Industrial Classification
2631, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-26A-3,
March, 1974.
49. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Papermills, Except Building Paper, Standard Industrial
Classification 2621, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-26A-2, March, 1974.
50. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Bags, Except Textile Bags, Standard Industrial
Classification 2643, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-26B-3, March, 1974.
299
-------
51. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Folding Paperboard Boxes, Standard Industrial
Classification 2651, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-26C-1, January, 1974.
52. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Weaving Mills, Cotton, Standard Industrial Class-
ification 2211, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-22A-1, March, 1974.
53. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Weaving Mills, Manmade Fiber and Silk, Standard
Industrial Classification 2221, U.S. Department of
Commerce, MC 72(P)-22A-2, March, 1974.
54. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Weaving and Finishing Mills, Wool, Standard Industrial
Classification 2231, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-22A-3, March, 1974.
55. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Finishing Plants, Cotton, Standard Industrial
Classification 2261, U.S. Department of Commerce,
MC 72(P)-22C-1, March, 1974.
56. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures,
Finishing Plants, Manmade Fiber and Silk Fabric,
Standard Industrial Classification 2262, U.S.
Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-22C-2, March, 1974.
57. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Coated
Fabrics, Not Rubberized, Standard Industrial Classifi-
cation 2295, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-22F-
5, March, 1974.
58. Speel, Henry C., and Schwarz, E. W. K., Textile
Chemicals and Auxiliaries, Second Edition, Reinhold
Publishing Company, New York, N.Y., 1957.
59. Thomas Register of American Manufacturers - 1973,
Volumes 1-6, 10,020 pages, Thomas Publishing Company,
1973.
60. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufactures, Paper
Coating and Glazing, Standard Industrial Classification
2641, U.S. Department of Commerce, MC 72(P)-268-1,
March, 1974.
300
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61. Data supplied by the National Paint and Coatings
Association.
62. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and
Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with
Intended Changes for 1973, American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists , 1972.
63. Pollution Control Guide, Commerce Clearing House, Inc.,
Paragraph 4951, page 4999-5, August 26, 1974.
64. Anon., Prioritization of Sources of Air Pollution,
Monsanto Research Corporation, EPA Contract 68-02-1320,
31 July 1974.
65. Cavender, J. H., Kircher, D. S., and Hoffman, A. J.,
Nationwide Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1940-1970,
January, 1973.
66. Anon., The Paint Industry, Chemical and Engineering
News, December 20, 1969, pp. 32-43.
67. Yazujian, "Chemicals in Coatings," Chemical Week,
October 20, 1971, pp. 35-44.
68. Hydrocarbon Pollutant Systems Study, Vol. I,
Stationary Sources, Effects and Control, MSA Research
Corporation, October, 1972, PB-219 073.
69. Menthen, B., Waste Air Problems in the Coil Coating
Industry, Stabu-reinholt Luft, Vol. 31, No. 10,
October, 1971, pp. 16-21.
70. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42,
Second Edition, April, 1973.
71. Perry, J. H., and Chilton, C. H., Chemical Engineers'
Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, N. Y., 1973.
72. Treybal, R. E., Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw-Hill,
New York, N. Y., 1968.
73. Rolke, R. W., et al., Afterburner Systems Study,
PB-212 560, 1972.
74. Sweet, J. H., Solvents and Their Place in Air Pollution
Regulations, Journal of Paint Technology, Vol. 45,
No. 581, June, 1973.
301
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75. Anon., New Rules Dull Solvent's Sheen, Chemical Week,
November 15, 1972.
76. Chemical Marketing Reporter, September 30, 1974.
77. McEwan, I. H., Role of Water in Water-Reducible Paint
Formulations, Journal of Paint Technology, Vol. 45,
No. 583, August, 1973.
78. Kut, S., Product Finishing with Electrostatically
Sprayed Powder Coatings, Science and Technology of
Surface Coating, Academic Press, London, England, and
New York, N. Y., 1974.
79. Edwards, P., Coatings '74/Solvents, Chemical Marketing
Reporter, November 4, 1974.
302
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Phase read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-650/2-75-019-a
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Source Ass ess ment: Prior itization of Air Pollution
from Industrial Surface Coating Operations
5. REPORT DATE
February 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
T.W. Hughes, D.A. Horn, C.W. Sandy, and
R.W. Serth
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
MRC-DA-487
9. PERFORMING OR9ANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Monsanto Research Corporation
Dayton Laboratory
Dayton, Ohio 45407
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB015; ROAP 21AXM-011
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1320, Task 14
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
NERC-RTP, Control Systems Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task; 10/74 - 1/75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The report summarizes the results of a program to gather and analyze background
information and technical data to establish a data base for the purpose of priorit-
izing atmospheric emissions from industrial surface coating operations, excluding
automobile and architectural painting. The report contains a prioritized listing of
industrial sources of air pollution for each of ten product-type categories.
Additionally, surface coating processes are discussed, together with applicable
emission control technology.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Croup
Air Pollution
Coating Processes
Hydrocarbons
Papers
Paperboards
Coated Fabrics
Assessments
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Strip Sheet and Coil
Coating
Prioritization
13B, 14B
13H
07C
11L
HE
8 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19 SECURITY CLASS [ThisReport)
Unclassified
Unlimited
21 NO. OF PAGES
319
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22 PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
303
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