EPA-670/2-73-054
August1973
Environmental Protection Technology Series
as Requirements to Pressurize
Abandoned Deep Mines
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington. D.C 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
U. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and ^treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards. *
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2
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EPA-670/2 - 73-05^
August 1973
GAS REQUIREMENTS TO PRESSURIZE
ABANDONED DEEP MINES
By
John D. Robins
Project llfOlO EFL
Program Element 1B2040
Project Officer
Ronald D. Hill
Mine Drainage Pollution Control Activities
Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 1*5268
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20U60
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EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency and approved for publication. Approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor
does mention of tradenames or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
il
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine the gas injec-
tion rates needed to develop and maintain slight pressures
within a mine over ambient conditions during changes in the
barometric pressure. The ultimate aim of the project was
to determine the feasibility of blanketing an abandoned deep
mine with an inert gas in order to eliminate the acid mine
drainage. Pressurization tests were conducted at two typical
abandoned deep mine sites in southwestern Pennsylvania. The
study also included a state-of-the-art evaluation of existing
technology which could be used to locate points of gas leakage
from deep mines. The findings of this literature survey were
implemented in several full-scale leak detection experiments.
While pressurization tests conducted at the larger (50 acres)
test mine site were generally inconclusive, the final test
results obtained at the smaller (15 acres) mine site were en-
couraging. Slight positive differential mine pressures could
be maintained over extended periods of time at air injection
rates as low as 150 cfm. It was also found that barometric
pressure fronts had little or no effect on differential
mine pressures and that mine pressure differentials immed-
iately dissipated at the cessation of air injection.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number
14010 EFL, Contract CR-81A, under the joint sponsorship of
the United States Environmental Protection Agency and
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania/ by Cyrus Wm. Rice Division,
NUS Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15220.
111
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CONTENTS
Section Paqe
I CONCLUSIONS 1
II RECOMMENDATIONS 3
III INTRODUCTION
General Background 5
Scope of Study 7
IV DEMONSTRATION MINES
Whipkey Deep Mine 9
King No. 2 Mine 18
V SYSTEM PARAMETERS AND ENGINEERING
CALCULATIONS
Free-Breathing Rate 27
Mine Pressurization Requirements 28
VI EQUIPMENT DESIGN 31
VII PROJECT OPERATION AND RESULTS
Whipkey Mine 41
King No. 2 Mine 46
VIII LITERATURE SURVEY OF LEAK DETECTION
TECHNOLOGY 175
IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 189
X REFERENCES 191
iv
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Cucumber Run Watershed Location Map 10
2 Whipkey Deep Mine Plot Plan 11
3 Whipkey Test Mine Site 13
4 Main Portal of Whipkey Mine before Sealing, 14
May, 1968
5 Main Portal of Whipkey Mine after Reopening 14
and Sealing August, 1968
6 Main and Lower Portals of Whipkey Mine, 15
January, 1973
7 Whipkey Mine Air Shaft before Sealing 15
Showing Refuse but Little Roof Fracturing,
January 1968
8 Whipkey Mine Lower Portal Prior to Sealing, 16
January, 1968
9 Cucumber Falls, Ohiopyle State Park, 19
January, 19 6 8
10 King No. 2 Deep Mine Plot Plan 20
11 King No. 2 Mine Site Location of Trailer 21
and Mine Portal Used for Air Injection,
December, 1968
12 Main Portal of King No. 2 Mine Showing 21
Engine and Blower Assembly, December, 1968
13 Typical Fractured Overburden at King No. 22
2 Mine Site
14 Trailer Equipment Layout 32
15 Trailer Shown at King No. 2 Mine Site, 33
December, 1968
16 Inside of Trailer Showing Instrument Panel 33
in Foreground, August, 1968
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure Page
17 Engine and Blower Assembly Inside Main 34
Portal Concrete Seal is 10 Feet in
Background, August/ 1968
18 Equipment Arrangement (Whipkey Deep Mine) 35
19 Equipment Arrangement (King No. 2 Mine) 36
20 Installation of Monitor Cells (Whipkey Mine) 38
21 Instrument Flow Diagram 39
22 Instrument Panel Containing Differential 40
Pressure Indicating Recording Equipment
Inclined Manometer in Background
23 Air Leakage Area at King No. 2 Mine Site 107
24 King No. 2 Mine Air Course Showing Location 108
of Fracture Zone
25 Mine Pressure vs Barometric Pressure at 109
Air Flow Rate of 1920 cfm King No. 2 Mine
Site, May 20 and 21, 1969
26 Mine Pressure vs Barometric Pressure at 118
Air Flow Rate of 540 cfm King No. 2 Mine
Site, December 13 and 14, 1969
27 Mine Pressure vs Barometric Pressure at 119
Air Flow Rate of 280 cfm King No. 2 Mine
Site, January 11 and 12, 1970
28 Mine Pressure vs Barometric Pressure at 120
Air Flow Rate of 240 cfm King No. 2 Mine
Site, January 20, 21, and 22, 1970
29 Mine Pressure vs Barometric Pressure at 121
Air Flow Rate of 160 cfm King No. 2 Mine
Site, January 22 and 23, 1970
30 Mine Pressure vs Barometric Pressure at 122
Air Flow Rate of 160 cfm King No. 2 Mine
Site, January 27, 28, and 29, 1970
vi
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure Page
31 Mine Pressure vs Barometric Pressure at 123
Air Flow Rate of 160 cfm King No. 2 Mine
Site, January 29, 30 and 31, 1970
32 Mine Differential Pressure Before and 170
After Sealing Fracture Area
33 Deep Mine Opening into Stripped Portion of 172
Whipkey Mine
34 Deep Mine Openings into Stripped Portion 172
of Whipkey Mine
35 Deep Mine Openings into the Whipkey Mine 173
36 Subsidence Area in Strip Mined Portion of 174
Whipkey Mine
vii
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Water Quality Anaylses - Whipkey Mine 17
Discharge
2 Water Quality Analyses - King Mine Discharge 24
3 Water Quality Analyses - Cucumber Run Below 25
Whipkey and King No. 2 Mine Discharges
4 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 43
420 cfm - Whipkey Mine
5 Differential Pressure at Varying Air Flow 47
Rates - Whipkey Mine
6 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 48
500 cfm - Whipkey Mine
7 Differential Pressure at Varying Air Flow 51
Rates - King No. 2 Mine
8 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 57
490 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
9 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 60
575 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
10 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 69
1900 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
11 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 72
1780 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
12 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 74
1580 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
13 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 75
1580 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
14 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 76
2000 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
15 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 78
960 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
16 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 80
1200 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
viii
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table Page
17 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 81
1400 cfm - King Mine No. 2
18 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 83
1580 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
19 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 84
1580 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
20 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 86
1750 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
21 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 87
1895 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
22 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 88
1920 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
23 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 91
1930 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
24 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 92
1980 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
25 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 93
1940 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
26 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 94
1760 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
27 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 97
900 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
28 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 98
1660 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
29 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 100
1780 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
30 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 102
1720 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
31 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 111
1940 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
32 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 112
900 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
ix
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table Page
33 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 113
500 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
34 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 114
540 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
35 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 124
710 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
36 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 125
500 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
37 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 126
1500 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
38 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 127
500 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
39 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 128
280 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
40 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 133
170 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
41 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 136
300 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
42 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 142
240 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
43 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 146
1830 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
44 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 147
160 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
45 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 158
200 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
46 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 159
440 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
47 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 162
350 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
48 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 163
51 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table Page
49 Differential Pressure at Air Flow Rate of 164
318 cfm - King No. 2 Mine
50 Differential Pressure at Various Air Flow 165
Rates and Barometric Pressures
XI
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
The data obtained during the investigative portion of this
study was insufficient to accurately project the gas in-
jection requirements to pressurize an adequately sealed
abandoned deep mine. However, data collected at the
experimental test mine sites can substantiate the following:
1. Positive pressure differentials could be maintained with-
in the King No. 2 mine at relatively low air injection
rates (150-175 cfm).
2. Both test mines are free-breathing, i.e., under normal
conditions pressure differentials were not developed
within either of the mines during barometric pressure
fronts.
3. Pressure differentials within the King No. 2 mine, as
developed and maintained through air injection, were
not affected by normal barometric pressure changes
regardless of the air injection rate.
4. Air injection must be continuous in order to maintain
a positive differential pressure within the mines
investigated.
General observations throughout the course of this study
lend support to the theory that this method of acid mine
drainage abatement is not economically feasible where any
of the following conditions exist.
Shallow overburden
Mines which have been intercepted by extensive
contiguous operations
Areas of extensive fractureing and subsidence
Inadequate coal barriers between the outcrop coal or
adjacent surface or deep mines
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
The results of this study indicate that slight pressures
can be developed and maintained within a relatively free-
breathing deep mine at low air injection rates. It is
recommended that this study be continued to optimize the
gas injection requirements in relatively "tight" deep
mines.
It is also recommended that a study be conducted to deter-
mine the geographical locations and percentage of mine sites
to which this method of acid mine drainage abatement may be
economically feasible.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
General Background
The formation of acid mine drainage is a naturally occurring
phenomenon that results when pyrites are exposed to air and
water. Pyrites, which are minerals containing iron sulfide,
generally occur in association with various minerals and
ores; such as coal, copper, gold, sulfur, etc. The mining
of these minerals and ores, either by surface or subsurface
methods, exposes the pyritic materials which subsequently
oxidize in the presence of moisture and air to form sulfur-
ic acid and ferrous sulfate. These salts then dissolve in
ground or surface waters to form dilute solutions of sulf ur-
ic acid and iron sulfate commonly known as "acid mine
drainage . "
The complete mechanisms of this chemical reaction are not
entirely understood, but the overall reaction can be shown
as:
2FeS2 + 2H2O + 7O2 -
(pyrite) - > (ferrous sulfate) + (sulfuric acid)
The ferrous sulfate will oxidize to the ferric form, which
then hydrolyzes to form either ferric hydroxide or ferric
sulfate, producing a condition in surface streams called
"Yellowboy."
The overall result of the oxidation of pyrites is the for-
mation of acid mine drainage, a major source of pollution
in the Eastern and Mid-Atlantic states created by coal and
other mineral mining. Although the acid water can be neu-
tralized, measures for preventing the formation of acid in
subsurface mining operations have not been developed.
The primary technique for abating or preventing the oxida-
tion of pyrites in deep mines is the elimination of oxygen
by either flooding the mine with water or to seal its open
ings, thus preventing the entrance of fresh air. This
preventive technique was widely employed by the Works
Progress Administration under the direction of the United
States Public Health Service during the 1930's. It is
estimated that more than 20,000 seals were constructed by
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this Administration, in order to prevent the discharge of
acid mine drainage as well as for other reasons. Although
the results of this program are poorly documented in the
literature, the information available indicates a substan-
tial reduction in acid pollution. Later work was conducted
by S. A. Braley^ at the Mellon Institute of Industrial
Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on the prevention of
acid formation in deep mines by elimination of oxygen.
Braley's3 laboratory work further documented this theory
when he showed a substantial reduction in the amount of
acid formed by controlling the oxygen content in the at-
mosphere contacting "sulfur ball" pyrite of -8 + 40 mesh
in laboratory flasks. He proportioned various mixtures of
oxygen and nitrogen and passed these atmospheres through
the flasks for two weeks. The amount of acid and sulfate
was determined by washing the pyrites with distilled
water. His results were as follows:
100N2 99.6N2 92N2 90.8N2 82.9N2 Air
ON-
Atmosphere
Comp. 0 02 .4 02 8 O2 9.2 O2 17.1 O2 0
Acid
(CaC03 eq.) 31
S04
34
30
37
440 476 948
447 494 931
100 O2
1104 2903
1082 2900
From this work he postulated that there should be no acid
formed in an atmosphere consisting of 100% N2 and any de-
crease in the oxygen concentration in a mine should decrease
the extent of acid formed. Subsequent studies by Bell4 and
Troy and Robins5 have further demonstrated that the acid
production of coal mine pyrites is proportional to the
oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase in contact with
the pyrite.
The mine sealing program had limited success in eliminating
the acid discharges. The seals generally failed to stop
the flow of water; however, many wet seals were successful
in preventing air from entering the mine while allowing the
drainage to leave. The air retained within the mine, at
the time of sealing, was slowly depleted of oxygen by the
oxidation reactions and when such was complete, the pro-
duction of ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid slowly dimin-
ished. The faulure of the sealing program in many instances
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was as much the result of the inability to prevent all air
from entering the mines as it was of the difficulty of
maintaining the effectiveness of the seals. Subsidence
fractures in the rock strata above the seam, in addition to
the natural fissures present, meant that sealing the main
entrances and even filling the subsidence areas could only
reduce but never eliminate air from entering the mine.
Scope^ of Study
Based on this previous work, it has been recognized that
if the atmosphere in abandoned deep mines could be maintained
in an inert condition; that is, free from oxygen, the
formation of acid by the oxidation process would be stopped
and the production of acid mine drainage effectively elim-
inated. It is surmised that such a condition could be
maintained if one could inject a non-oxidizing gas into
abandoned mines and maintain this inert condition by
creating a slight positive pressure within the mine over
the outside ambient conditions. It is known that deep mines
"breathe" during barometric changes in the atmosphere. If
such a slight pressure could be developed and maintained
within the mine, it would then be in a constant state of
exhaling, thus preventing the influx of air and oxygen into
the mine.
This study was intended to be the first phase of a complete
inert gas blanketing demonstration project. Phase I in-
volved the pressurization of abandoned deep mines with air
to determine the gas injection rates required to maintain
positive pressures within the mine during normal barometric
changes.
The theoretical calculations for sizing the air blowing
equipment are discussed in Section V - System Parameters
and Engineering Calculations, of this report. The free-
breathing rate of the mine selected for this study was
estimated and the equipment used was sized slightly above
this rate. The purpose was to select a mine that was
reasonably "tight," in order that the air flow would only
be through the existing entries and not through unlocated
potholes or fissures. For these reasons, the Whipkey deep
mine in Ohiopyle State Park, Fayette County, Pennsylvania,
was selected as the initial site for the study. Additional
work under this study was also conducted at the nearby King
No. 2 deep mine. The physical characteristics and history
of both of these mines are discussed in Section IV -
Demonstration Mines.
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SECTION IV
DEMONSTRATION MINES
Whipkey Deep Mine
The mine first chosen for this study is known as the
Whipkey Mine and is located in Stewart Township, Fayette
County. The mine was originally opened in 1938 and pre-
sently encompasses 60 Hectares (150 acres) of which
20 Hectares (50 acres) is estimated to have been mined.
The coal seam mined was the Lower Kittanning which has
an average thickness of 91 centimeters (36 inches) in
this area. The interval between the Middle Kittanning
and Lower Kittanning coal seams is generally characterized
as being a massive sandstone and, in this particular
case, the sandstone is fine grained with a relatively
low porosity. The coal outcrops near the base of a steep-
ly sloping hillside and the overburden above the coal
seam rapidly increases to approximately 84 meters (275
feet). The coal seam dips to the southeast at a slope
of approximately 6% and the strike'of the coal is to the
northeast. A section of a 7.5 minute U.S.G.S. topographic
map showing the location of the Whipkey and King No. 2
mine sites appears in Figure No. 1. A blow-up of this
area showing the extent of the Whipkey deep mine appears
in Figure No. 2.
The mine was first opened in the southeast section of the
property boundary which is now the lowest point of the
mine. As mining progressed, new entries were driven to the
west of the original entries along the southern boundary
of the property line. Wherever possible, the coal was
mined to the rise to permit gravity drainage from the mine
as well as to develop the most advantageous haulage courses
A total of eleven entries were driven into the mine during
the period of its inception in 1938 to its closing in 1964.
The southern boundary of the Whipkey mine was strip mined
in 1960. The strip mine operator cut into the Whipkey mine
in at least five places and, in at least two of these
instances, extensively fractured the roof of the deep mine.
Figure 3 shows a aerial photograph of the hillside con-
taining the Whipkey deep mine, and also the strip mined
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11
1
I
REFERENCE MAPS
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
SOUTH CONNELLSVILLE QUADRANGLE
FORT NECESSITY QUADRANGLE
MILL RUN QUADRANGLE
OHIOPYLE QUADRANGLE
CUCUMBER RUN WATERSHED
LOCATION MAP
FIGURE NO.
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XXsX "-V////////K 111111 I
PROPERTY BOUNDARY
x \
APPROX. MINED
OUT AREA
ORIGINAL WHIPKEY
PORTALS
EXISTING WHIPKEY PORTALS
AND POINT OF AIR
INJECTION
STRIP MI
AREA
POINT OF DISCHARGE
WHIPKEY DEEP MINE PLOT PLAN
FIGURE 2
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area and the approximate location of the entries. Figures
4 through 8 are photographs of the existing three openings
into the upper portion of the Whipkey mine both before and
after construction of dry seals.
In 1961, another small mine, known as the Miller mine,
was opened directly adjacent to the southeast section of
the Whipkey mine. The mine was never developed to any
great extent; however, at one time the operator cut
deeply into a barrier pillar between a flooded portion of
the Whipkey mine, and, as a result, temporarily flooded
the Miller mine.
In 1964, the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy purchased
the coal and surface rights of the Whipkey mine. Although
the Conservancy was able to purchase the coal rights of
the Miller mine, they have been unable to obtain the sur-
face property to date. The Conservancy then funded money
for the backfilling and revegetation of the strip mined
area; however, this could be accomplished only as far as
the Miller mine since the surface area was still privately
owned. The strip mined area was backfilled to a maximum
depth of approximately 1.2 meters (four feet) above the
Whipkey deep mine. At the time the strip mine was being
backfilled, a wooden flume was installed at the original
Whipkey mine entry to prevent water from accumulating
in the deep mine. The previous release of a large slug
of acid water, through the Miller mine created serious
problems in downstream public water plants. This wooden
flume was still in use and had an average flow of 2.5
liters per second (40 gpm) in the summer months and
approximately 1 liter per second (15 gpm) throughout
the winter during the course of this study. Analyses
of the Whipkey mine discharge are tabulated in Table 1.
In the fall of 1969, the State of Pennsylvania entered into
a contract with E. D'Appolonia Consulting Engineers, Inc.,
to perform surface and sub-surface explorations in the
Cucumber Run watershed. The purpose of these explorations
was to expose all known mine entries and to locate openings
into the deep mines caused by strip mining operations, and,
ultimately, to design seals for each of these openings.
The results of these sub-surface explorations are discussed
in Section VII - Project Operation and Results.
12
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EXISTING WHIPKEY PORTALS AND
POINT OF AIR INJECTION
ORIGINAL WHIPKEY
PORTALS
PRESENT DRAINAGE
COURSE
MILLER PORTALS
WHIPKEY TEST MINE SITE
FIGURE 3
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MAIN PORTAL OF WHIPKEY MINE BEFORE SEALING
MAY, 1968
FIGURE 4
MAIN PORTAL OF WHIPKEY MINE AFTER REOPENING AND SEALING
AUGUST, 1968
FIGURE 5
14
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MAIN AND LOWER PORTALS OF WHIPKEY MINE
JANUARY, 1973
FIGURE 6
* e
WHIPKEY MINE AIR SHAFT BAFORE SEALING
SHOWING REFUSE BUT LITTLE ROOF FRACTURING - JANUARY, 1968
FIGURE 7
15
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(TV
WHIPKEY MINE LOWER PORTAL PRIOR TO SEALING
JANUARY, 1968
FIGURE 8
16
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TABLE 1
WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
WHIPKEY MINE DISCHARGE
Date
Flow (gpm)
M. O. Alkalinity (CaCC>3)
Total Acidity (CaCOa)
Conductivity (25°C) mmhos
pH (Electrometrically)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Total Hardness (CaC03)
Sulfate (S04)
Ferrous Iron (Fe)
Total Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
Mananese (Mn)
6/10/68
0
1278
2.6
1/6/70 2/25/70
200
250
25
0
660
2.7
540
991
28
50
20
0
1000
2.6
650
1059
26
77
38
3.5
1/28/71
25
0
844
2.6
20.8
11.5
100
1100
202
202
39
5.7
5/26/71
20
0
750
2450
2.6
59
45
336
999
178
210
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The discharge from the Whipkey mine enters a tributary of
Cucumber Run. Below the confluence of these two streams
is Cucumber Falls, a scenic point of interest in the
Ohiopyle State Park (see Figure 9). In the early 1960's,
Cucumber Run became grossly polluted with acid mine drain-
age. Approximately 80% of the present pollutional load of
Cucumber Run is estimated to originate from the Whipkey
deep mine.
King No. 2 Mine
The King No. 2 mine was opened in 1959 and encompassed ap-
proximately 22 Hectares (56 acres) of which 6 Hectares (15
acres) is presently thought to have been mined. The coal
seam was the Lower Kittanning, which, as previously described,
has an average thickness of 91 centimeters (36 inches) in
this area. The coal outcrops near the base of a steeply
sloping hillside and the overburden above this mine varies
up to approximately 52 meters (170 feet). A blow-up of
the 7.5 minute U.S.G.S. topographic map of this area appears
in Figure 10 and shows the location, extent of mining and
entries of the King No. 2 mine.
The mine was first opened in the northeast section of the
property which is now the point of drainage from the mine.
As the mine developed, three additional entries were driven
to the southwest of the original entries in order to
shorten the haulage route. Mining was developed to the
rise to permit gravity drainage from the mine and for ease
of coal removal. Figures 11 and 12 are photographs of the
middle entry which was used as the point for air injection
during this study.
In 1961, a strip mine operator began to remove overburden
from the coal seam along the northwest border of the mine.
Although this operator did not strip any coal, he did cut
into a haulage tunnel at the northwest edge of the deep
mine. This section of the haulage tunnel was then filled
and the strip mine was not further developed. A typical
view of the overburden above the mine appears in Figure 13
which is a photograph of the strip mine highwall approxi-
mately 91 meters (300 feet) southwest of the portal used
for air injection.
In 1964, the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy purchased
the coal and surface rights of the King No. 2 mine. The
Conservancy then funded money for the sealing of the deep
18
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CUCUMBER FALLS, OHIOPYLE STATE PARK
JANUARY, 1973
FIGURE 9
19
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KING NO. 2 DEEP MINE PLOT PLAN
FIGURE 10
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KING NO. 2 MINE SITE SHOWING LOCATION OF TRAILER AND
MINE PORTAL USED FOR AIR INJECTION - DECEMBER, 1968
FIGURE 11
,
MAIN PORTAL OF KING NO. 2 MINE SHOWING ENGINE AND
BLOWER ASSEMBLY - DECEMBER, 1968
FIGURE 12
21
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^ - jğ rr *. - .i- *"ğ/ ^-*'ğ ..,-
TYPICAL FRACTURED OVERBURDEN
AT KING NO. 2 MINE SITE
FIGURE 13
22
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mine with concrete block seals. Two air seals were in-
stalled in the lower entries and solid concrete block
seals were installed in the three upper entries. All
seals are still intact and the two air seals have a
combined average flow of 1.6 liters per second (25 gpm)
in the summer months and approximately 0.3 to 0.6 liters
per second (5 to 10 gpm) throughout the winter. This
discharge enters Cucumber Run approximately 1.6 kilometers
(1 mile) above Cucumber Falls. Tables 2 and 3 are analyses
of the King No. 2 mine discharge and Cucumber Run at a point
below the King and Whipkey mine discharges.
23
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TABLE 2
WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
KING MINE DISCHARGE
to
Date
Flow (gpm)
M. O. Alkalinity (CaCO3)
Total Acidity (CaC03)
Conductivity (25°C) mmhos
pH (Electrometrically)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Total Hardness (CaCO3)
Sulfate (SO.)
Ferrous Iron (Fe)
Total Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
12/31/68
0
2464
2.4
53.6
20.8
221
3505
524
713
63
1/6/70
10
0
988
2.6
500
1323
26
52
2/25/70
10
0
850
2.6
850
984
25
52
33
1.8
1/28/71
10
0
1220
2.5
112
30
530
1200
188
240
48
1.9
5/26/71
10
788
2400
2.6
86
92
600
1140
140
36
-------
TABLE 3
WATER QUALITY ANALYSES
CUCUMBER RUN BELOW WHIPKEY AND KING NO. 2 MINE DISCHARGES
to
Date
Flow (gpm)
M. O. Alkalinity (CaCO3)
Total Acidity (CaC03)
Conductivity (25°C) mmhos
pH (Electrometrically)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Total Hardness (CaCO3)
Sulfate (SO4)
Ferrous Iron (Fe)
Total Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
8/4/69
1125
8
5.2
6.4
3.8
32
18
1.4
0.2
1/6/70
2250
2
4
4.4
26
19
0.16
1.1
2/25/70
2000
4
4
4.5
52
22
0.17
0.62
0.49
0.13
1/28/71
1350
0
10
4.2
6.4
3.8
32
36
0.99
1.0
0.60
0.16
5/26/71
1350
8
108
4.1
5.6
0.24
24
28
0.58
1.4
0.91
-------
SECTION V
SYSTEM PARAMETERS AND ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS
The Whipkey deep mine was originally selected as the site
for the first phase of the overall project. The purpose
of this phase was to determine the volume of gas that
must be pumped into a mine to maintain a slight positive
pressure over barometric conditions at all times. Such a
pressure would insure against a mine "inhaling" which oc-
curs when the barometric pressure is rising, or is at a
"high."
Based upon preliminary calculations, it was decided to con-
struct dry seals in the upper openings to the mine and
inject air with a positive-displacement blower driven by
an air-cooled, gasoline engine. Air flow into the mine
from the blower was measured by a laminar flow metering
system; ambient pressure with a very sensitive and accurate
barometer; mine pressure by an electronic differential
pressure system. Ambient and mine temperature were also
measured. The entire system was operated on 110 volt A.C.
current generated by a 12 volt alternator attached to the
gasoline engine. All measurements were recorded on strip
chart recorders. The entire system was designed to be as
mobile as possible and therefore, as much of the instru-
mentation as possible was mounted in a trailer.
In order to determine the range of air blowing rates to be
used during this study, both the free-breathing rate of the
mine and the air flow required to create a slight differ-
ential pressure were calculated.
Free-Breathing Rate
Coal was known to have been removed from the Whipkey mine
to the extent of approximately 50 acres. The mine had a
working height of 42 inches and the estimated coal removal
was 60%. The abandoned mine, if completely open, with
little roof collapse, would have a void volume of:
20 hectares x 10,000 m2/hectare x 1.07 m x 60% =
129,000 cubic meters or 4.57 x 10 cubic feet
27
-------
To determine the free -breathing rate, it is known that
there are typical barometric high's and low's of 77.47
centimeter (30.50") Hg and 75.82 centimeters (29.85")
Hg, respectively in western Pennsylvania. During adverse
conditions, a complete change from a high to a low might
occur within a 48 hour period. A maximum rate of change
could be as much as 0.5 centimeters (0.2") Hg in a 3 hour
period. Using this information, the maximum free-breathing
rate was calculated for the unsealed Whipkey mine by Boyle's
Law.
P2V2
P1V1
v2 =
= 1,30 x 105 (75.82/76.33)
= 1.29 x 10^ cubic meters or 4.55 cubic feet
A volume change of 32,000 cubic feet of air could be ex-
pected to enter or leave the mine (depending upon rising
or falling barometric pressure) under the adverse condi-
tions of a 0.5 centimeter (0.2") Hg change over a three (3)
hour period. To overcome this free-breathing, a minimum
air injection rate of 5.1 centimeters/minute (180 cfm)
would be required.
Mine Pressurization Requirements
In order to develop a slight pressure within the mine, all
sizeable openings and fissures would have to be sealed and
air injected at a rate that would overcome any air flow
into the mine from the atmosphere, especially during
periods of rising barometric pressure. The air flow rate
(Q) required to develop a slight, but positive pressure of
0.64 centimeters (0.25") ^O was estimated by the equation:
Pa-Pb = (G2/gcc/5) (2fLe/De)
where
G2
= final pressure = 75.82 cm Hg = 1030.8 cm H2O
10,308.3 kg - force/m2
= inlet pressure required = 1030.8 cm + 0.64 cm
1031.44 cm H20 = 10314 kg - force/m2
= (w/s)2
28
-------
w = mass flow rate, kg/sec
p
s = cross-sectional area = 3.05 m x 1.07 m = 3.25 m
gc = gravitational constant = 4.45 kg - m/kg - force
-force-sec2
Le = equivalent length = 129,422 cu. m/3.22 m2 =
40,193 m
De = equivalent diameter = 1.58 m from hydraulic
radius
P = average density of air = 1.29 kg/m3 at 70°
f = friction factor, assumed = 0.1 minimum
In using this equation to determine the mass flow rate w,
the following assumptions were made:
a. The volume of the mine was converted to one continuous
passageway: 40,193 mx 3.05 mx 1.07 m
b. The air flow through the passageway is adiabatic.
c. A residual pressure of 0.64 cm H2O must be added to the
barometric pressure to determine the required inlet
pressure.
w = (Pa-Pb) g^ DeS2 1/2
2 f Le
= 0.394 kg/sec
Q = 0.394 kg/sec = 18.41 cu. m/minute
These calculations indicated that a gas injected at the
rate of 18.41 cu. m/minute (650 cfm) should be sufficient
to create a slight positive pressure of approximately
0.64 cm H2O.
29
-------
SECTION VI
EQUIPMENT DESIGN
After selection of the field site for the demonstration
project was completed, the acquisition of the field equip-
ment began. It was decided to mount all recording and
monitoring equipment in a trailer and a 16 foot model was
selected. The trailer was outfitted with living equipment
(cot, and gas operated heater, stove and refrigerator) in
order that the field personnel could remain at the site
for 24 hour periods or longer. A schematic showing the
trailer equipment arrangement appears in Figure 14 and
photographs of the trailer and its inside in Figures 15
and 16, respectively.
The power supply to operate the electrical transmitting
monitors originated from a 12 volt alternator on the gaso-
line engine used to drive the blower. This D.C. current
was converted to 110 volt A.C. by an inverter. In addi-
tion, a 16 hour emergency power supply was maintained by
use of eight 12-volt storage batteries.
This portion of the demonstration project functioned around
the use of a 3 lobe, rotary, positive displacement blower
manufactured by the M-D Division of MGD Pneumatics, Inc.
The blower was a light duty unit, Model 11-5509 capable of
producing a maximum pressure of 10 psi at 3600 rpm.
The blower was driven by an Onan Model CCK industrial
engine. This gasoline engine is a two cylinder, two cycle
unit capable of producing 12.9 horsepower at 2700 rpm.
The engine was coupled to the blower by a 5-1/2" diameter
direct mounted Rockford clutch. A photograph of the
engine-blower assembly is shown in Figure 17 and arrange-
ment of the equipment at both the Whipkey and King No. 2
mines in Figures 18 and 19, respectively.
The air flow rate from the blower into the mine was measured
by a laminar flow metering system manufactured by the Meriam
Instrument Company, Model 50MC2-4P. This system was capable
of measuring 400 cfm at 8" H2
-------
REAR DOOR-
INCLINED
MANOMETER
to
to
MONITOR
PANEL
DESK
z
SINK
HEATER
REFRIGERATOR -
SIDE DOOR
FLOOR PLAN
L.P.
STOVE
WORK
TABLE
BATTERIES AND
POWER CONVERTER
REAR
DOOR
REAR VIEW
TRAILER EQUIPMENT LAYOUT
FIGURE 14
-------
TRAILER SHOWN AT KING NO. 2 MINE SITE
DECEMBER, 1968
FIGURE 15
INSIDE OF TRAILER SHOWING INSTRUMENT PANEL IN FOREGROUND
AUGUST, 1968
FIGURE 16
33
-------
ENGINE AND BLOWER ASSEMBLY INSIDE MAIN PORTAL
CONCRETE SEAL IS 10 FEET IN BACKGROUND
AUGUST, 1968
FIGURE 17
34
-------
00
Ln
2" DIA. ALUMINUM
PIPE
CONCRETE
BLOCK SEAL
AMBIENT AIR
TEMPERATURE
CONCRETE
BLOCK SEAL
4 INJECTION PIPE
1/4" MONITOR TUBE
CRETE
BLOCK SEAL
1/4" ALUMINUM TUBE-SEALED
(FOR AUX. PRESS. SENSOR)
MOTOR AND
BLOWER
MAIN MINE
ENTRY
AIR COURSE
MINE PRESSURE
GASOLINE
STORAGE
TANK
GAS VOLUME
LOWER
ENTRY
MINE TEMPERATURE
EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT (WHIPKEY DEEP MINE)
FIGURE 18
-------
U)
CONCRETE
BLOCK SEAL
CONCRETE
BLOCK SEAL'
ATE 2" MONITOR
MATERIAL TUBE
CONCRETE
BLOCK SEAL
IMPERVIOUS
MATERIAL
MINE TEMPERATURE
GAS VOLUME
EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT (KING NO. 2 MINE)
FIGURE 19
-------
Also provided was a Meriam Model 30EB25 WM well type mano-
meter. This unit measured the upstream air flow pressure
including mine pressure, line pressure drop, and flow cell
differential pressure to indicate the density of the gas.
This, in turn, was used to determine the volume of gas
being injected into the mine. This manometer has a 20"
scale length with graduations of 0.1".
The differential pressures were recorded on a Model 6400H
automatic recorder manufactured by the Foxboro Company.
Two such recorders were used for this study, one having
two pens and the other three, in order to provide a con-
tinuous record of ambient and mine temperatures, differen-
tial mine and gas flow pressures, and ambient humidity.
Pressure differentials were transmitted to the automatic
recorders by two Fischer and Porter Company Model 10B2494AA
Electronic Differential Pressure Transmitters which operated
in a range of 0" - 2" or 0" - 20" water pressure. The prin-
ciple of operation of this instrument is the difference
between two pressures is sensed by a measuring diaphragm
which converts the differential pressure into an output
current. A typical installation of the temperature and
differential pressure cells through the mine seals is shown
in Figure 20.
The differential pressure cell was coupled in parallel
with a Model 66 K Integrator and Model N 129YK Kessler-
Ellis Six Digit Manual Reset Totalizing Impulse Counter.
The integrator converts the output current from the dif-
ferential pressure cell to a pulse rate output which is
used to actuate the electromechanical count of the total
gas volume pumped into the mine over an extended period.
A schematic of the instrumentation system is shown in
Figure 21 and a photograph of this instrument panel in
Figure 22.
An Electric Controller, Model 854, was purchased from the
Hays Corporation to precisely regulate the volume of air
pumped into the mine; however, it was later discovered that
the engine throttle afforded sufficient regulation and the
controller was not used.
Barometric changes were recorded on a Taylor Cyclo-Stormo-
graph. This barometer has a range of 3.0" Hg with gradua-
tions of 0.1" which are readable to 0.01".
37
-------
2 DtA.XI5'LG.
ALUMINUM PIPE
TEMPERATURE SENSING
ELEMENT
I/4"ALUMINUM TUBE-SEALED
(FOR AUX. PRESS. SENSOR)
HOODED FOR ROCK FALL
PROTECTION
-AIR COURSE SEAL 8"
SOLID CONCRETE BLOCK
AIR COURSE SEAL
4"DIA.X3'LG.
ALUMINUM AIR DUCT
1/4"ALUMINUM TUBE-(FOR
PRESS. MEASUREMENTS)
CONCRETE
GROUT
-MAIN HEADING SEAL 8"
SOLID CONCRETE BLOCK
MAIN HEADING SEAL
INSTALLATION OF MONITOR CELLS (WHIPKEY MINE)
FIGURE 20
38
-------
CO
vo
DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE
NO.) CELL
DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE
N0.2CELL
TEMPERATURE
CELL
NO.I
TEMPERATURE
CELL
NO. 2
HUMIDITY
CELL
POWER
SUPPLY
POWER
SUPPLY
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
POWER
SUPPLY
INTEGRATOR
COUNTER
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
2 PEN RECORDER
3 PEN RECORDER
INSTRUMENTATION FLOW DIAGRAM
FIGURE 21
-------
INSTRUMENT PANEL CONTAINING DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
INDICATING RECORDING EQUIPMENT
INCLINED MANOMETER IN BACKGROUND
AUGUST, 1968
FIGURE 22
40
-------
SECTION VII
PROJECT OPERATION AND RESULTS
Whipkey Mine
On August 22, 1968, the final calibration of all instru-
ments essential to the initial start-up of the project was
completed. During the field calibration, it was found
that the Dewcel and also the integrator-counter which
records the volume of air blown into the mine, were faulty
and these were returned for replacement or repair. The
motor and air pumping equipment were started and initial
air flow was set at 10.5 cu. m/minute (375 cfm) .
After one week of continuous pumping, it was apparent that
a differential pressure was not building-up within the
mine. It was then found that the mine pressure recording
instrument which had been set to measure pressure in
inches of water, was calibrated for too wide a range. This
unit was recalibrated to record pressure in hundredths of
an inch of water. In addition to this, an inclined mano-
meter was fabricated to very accurately measure mine pres-
sure as both a standby unit and a method of determining
proper instrument calibration.
The operation of the air pumping equipment was interrupted
for approximately one week due to difficulties in engaging
the clutch.
In the interim, mine pressure versus atmospheric pressure
was closely observed on the fabricated inclined manometer.
After several barometric pressure cycles, it was evident
that a very slight differential pressure was exerted during
atmospheric pressure drops. Although the mine seals were
apparently affording some restraint during periods of mine
exhaling, the mine was still basically open and free-
breathing .
With the aid of a former operator of the mine, a large
opening into the mine was located on September 6, 1968.
This was at one time an air course for the mine and when
the strip mine was backfilled the air course was covered
over by several feet of rocky soil. It had since eroded
and caved in to the point that tunnel supports were
visible. Flow measurements were taken at this old air
course while pumping air into the mine. It was determined
that the amount of air being expelled from this opening
41
-------
corresponded very closely to the amount of air being pumped
into the mine. The tunnel was reopened, all debris removed,
and then resealed on September 10th, with approximately 10
feet of impervious material.
Approximately one hour after construction of the seal had
been completed, it was noted that a slight positive dif-
ferential pressure was being recorded for the first time.
Air flow into the mine at that time was approximately 420
cfm. This pumping rate was maintained for approximately
one week. The results obtained appear in Table 4 in the
Appendix. Although a trend did not establish at that time,
differential mine pressure seemed to increase as atmos-
pheric pressure decreased and vice versa. Mine pressure
dropped to zero at the slightest barometric pressure in-
crease. This problem pointed to the presence of either
unlocated openings in the mine of significant size or many
small openings of smaller dimension. It was obvious that
these openings must be located and sealed, in order to
build-up the differential pressures needed to calculate
the air blowing requirements for injection of inert gases
into mines of various sizes.
The first attempt to locate the leaks was merely to operate
the blower at a flow rate of 500 cfm while the entire strip
area was walked. There were no obvious areas where drafts
or gas outflow was observed. At this point, it was sug-
gested to make chemical smoke by injecting titanium tetra-
chloride into the mine through the air blower facilities.
Approximately eight 1-pint bottles of titanium chloride
were added to the mine over a period of about one hour on
September 20, 1968. It was hoped that the titanium chloride
would hydrolyze to titanium dioxide smoke. During and im-
mediately after this chemical was added, the only obvious
areas where smoke could be seen exiting from the mine were
seepages near the mine seals. It was judged that these
seepages were insufficient to account for the inability of
the mine to hold air.
It was thought that better results would be achieved if
a large quantity of titanium tetrachloride were added over
a longer period of time to thoroughly blanket the mine with
smoke. Accordingly, on October 4, five gallons of titanium
tetrachloride liquid were added to the mine with the blower
running. This had approximately the same results as with
the previous 8-pint batch. Subsequently, it was decided
42
-------
TABLE 4
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC) RECORDED IN
. INCHES H?0 AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 420 CFM INTO THE
WHIPKEY MI1JH FOR 144-HOUR PERIOD, SEPTEMBER 10-16, 1968
Date
Time
9/10/68 12:00 N
9/11/68
9/12/68
9/13/60
2:
4:
6:
00
00
P.M.
P.M.
00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:
4:
P.M.
P.
00
00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
.4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
Differential Mine
Pressure,
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.10
Barometric
Pressure, "Ilg.
30.15
M
II
II
II
It
It
If
II
II
II
n
30.14
30.14
30.13
30.13
30.12
30.12
30.11
30.11
30.10
30.10
30.09
30.09
30.06
30.05
30.04
30.04
30.03
30.03
30.03
30.03
30.04
30.06
30.09
30.12
30.13
30.13
30.16
30.18
30.20
30.22
43
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Time
9/15/68
9/16/68
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H20
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.16
0.10
0.16
0.12
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.14
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.04
Barometric
Pressuref "Ilg
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.21
30.19
30.17
30.17
30.17
30.16
30.15
30.13
30.10
30.08
30.08
30.08
30.08
30.08
30.08
30.08
30.09
30.09
30.10
30.13
30.15
30.15
30.15
30.15
30.15
44
-------
to vaporize, or distill titanium tetrachloride into the
mine with the blower running, hoping to disperse this
chemical throughout the mine and have it convert in the
mine to titanium dioxide smoke. This was to be done during
a period when the climatic conditions were relatively dry
with clear weather, and when the barometer was either
ascending to a high or just after descending from a high.
Prior to distilling the titanium tetrachloride into the
mine, two pints of oil of Wintergreen were pumped into the
mine via the blower, with hopes that odors would aid in
the location of any mine leaks. Other odor producing
chemicals were considered such as chloropicrin, a strong
lachrymator, or mercaptans which have been used to detect
leaks in gas pipeline systems. It was concluded that the
use of such indicators could have noxious or objectionable
consequences to the surrounding area, especially if such
indicators were to dissolve in the water exiting from the
mine. It was, therefore, decided to use a more pleasant
smelling scent such as oil of Wintergreen. The oil of
Wintergreen was pumped into the mine over a 24-hour period
and the overlying area was then extensively searched.
Although a slight odor was believed to have been detected
along the strip area, it could not be pinpointed nor was
it detectable at the same point later in the day. In the
mine air course, where small leaks had been discovered
by titanium dioxide smoke, there was a definite odor of
oil of Wintergreen; however, this odor was so weak that it
is doubtful that it could be recognized in an open, windy
environment.
Two subsequent attempts to locate the mine leaks by the
vaporization of titanium tetrachloride were unsuccessful.
It is believed that, in the extensive and convoluted pas-
sageways of the mine, the titanium dioxide smoke could
have condensed on the moist tunnel walls before it could
be adequately dispersed throughout the mine. It is also
possible that the volume of smoke produced from this
vaporization was insufficient to totally blanket the mine
to the concentration required in order to see this smoke
being emitted. Another possibility is that the porosity
of the strip area backfill material was too great to permit
any substantial buildup of pressure in the mine and the
volume of indicating smoke was insignificant over this very
large area. It is also conceivable that room collapse
45
-------
could have occurred in the mine, thus preventing the chemi-
cal smoke from escaping to the atmosphere. The data col-
lected during this period is presented in Table 5.
A final attempt was made to develop a differential pressure
within the Whipkey mine during the period November 1 to 5,
1968. Air was blown into the mine at a constant rate of
14 cu. m/minute (500 cfm) and small differential pressures
were developed only during a "fall" in the barometric pressure
This differential was not maintained, but would dissipate
within a few hours during steady ambient pressure indicating
that the mine was free-breathing. The data obtained is tabu-
lated in Table 6.
Because of the negative results obtained during the week of
November 1, 1968, a joint meeting was held with representa-
tives of the former Pennsylvania Coal Research Board, Fed-
eral Water Pollution Control Administration and Cyrus Wm.
Rice and Company. It was jointly agreed that additional
efforts at the Whipkey mine would be futile, but further
work should continue. Attempts would be made to locate
the sources of air leakage from the Whipkey mine by exca-
vating areas in the strip mine where earlier entries into
the mine existed. At the same time, the project equipment
would be moved to the nearby King No. 2 mint on Cucumber
Run which had previously been sealed as described in
Section IV - Demonstration Mines, King No. 2 Mine.
Air injection into the King No. 2 mine was to continue,
as long as weather permitted or until the project funds
expired.
King No. 2 Mine
The site and road preparation work was completed by November
21, 1968, and the trailer, engine-blower assembly and other
necessary equipment were moved to the King No. 2 mine on
that date. Instrument connections, however, were not
completed for several days, and the engine and blower were
finally put into operation on November 27, at a pumping
rate of approximately 11.2 cu. m/minute (400 cfm) . A slight
mine pressure was apparent after several hours of pumping.
This was encouraging since this was the first time that a
positive pressure had been recorded during a barometric
pressure rise.
46
-------
TABLE 5
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC). RECORDED IN
INCHES II2O AT VARYING AIR FLOW RATES DURING
76-HOUR PERIOD, SEPTEMBER 23-26, 1960
WHIPKEY MINE
Date
9/23/68
9/24/68
9/25/68
9/26/68
Time
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M,
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M,
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M,
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M,
8:00 A.M,
10:00 A.M
12:00 N
2:00 P.M,
4:00 P.M
6:00 P.M,
8:00 P.M,
10:00 P.M
12:00 M
2:00 A.M
.4:00 A.M
6:00 A.M
8:00 A.M
10:00 A.M
12:00 N
2:00 P.M
4:00 P.M
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H20
0.00
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.10
0.15
0.14
0.09
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
30.37
30.33
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.30
30.25
30.23
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.22
30,22
30.22
30.22
30.27
30.27
30.26
30.23
30.21
30.21
30.21
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.22
30.24
30.25
30.25
30.25
30.24
Air Flow
375 CFM
II
II
II
n
n
ğ
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
M
n
000 CFM
n
410 CFM
47
-------
TABLE 6
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROI-1ETRIC) RECORDED IN
INCHES 1120 AT CONSTANT AIR FLOW RATE OF soo CFM
DURING 104-HOUR PERIOD, NOVEMBER 1-5, 1968, AT
SLOWLY FALLING BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
WHIPKEY MINE
Time
11/0.2/68
11/03/68
11/04/68
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
6:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:
4:
6:
:00
:00
;00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:
6:
;00
;00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:
4:
6:
:00
:00
:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
Differential Mine
Pressure, "1120
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Barometric
Press vire,"Hg.
30.35
30.35
30.32
30.31
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.28
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.27
30.25
48
-------
TABLE 6 (continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^Q Pressure, "Hg.
11/05/63 12:00 M 0.00 30.25
2:00 A.M. 0.00 30.20
4:00 A.M. 0.00 30.20
6:00 A.M. 0.00 30.20
8:00 A.M. 0.00 30.16
10:00 A.M. 0.00 30.18
12:00 N 0.00 30.17
2:00 P.M. 0.02 30.16
4:00 P.M. 0.03 30.15
6:00 P.M. 0.03 30.15
49
-------
The blower was operated at this pumping rate for one week.
Results at the end of the one week period were generally
inconclusive. Although a positive mine pressure was
recorded throughout most of this time, mine pressure fre-
quently dropped to zero for brief periods and failed to
follow any definite pattern in relationship to barometric
pressure changes. The differential pressures recorded
during this period are tabulated in Table 7.
In an attempt to establish some type of pattern, the flow
instruments were disconnected so the pumping rate could be
increased. The Meriam inclined manometer, formerly used
for air flow determinations, was connected to mine pressure
in order to obtain a more precise reading. The blower was
put into operation at an estimated pumping rate of 16.1 cu.
m/minute (575 cfm) on December 4, 1968. Mine pressure
fluctuated for two hours and finally reached a relatively
stable state at 0.13 cm (0.05") H2O on the manometer. The
blower was run overnight at a pumping rate of approximately
16.1 cu. m/minute (575 cfm) to determine what pressures
could be maintained at this increased air flow. A slight
differential pressure was recorded throughout the night
[0.05 cm (0.02" H2O)], during which time barometric pres-
sure was rising.
At noon on December 5, the blower was shut-off to determine
the time required for the mine pressure to return to atmos-
pheric pressure. Differential pressure fell to zero within
30 seconds and then began to fluctuate on the manometer,
sometime as high as 0.89 cm (0.35") I^O. The weather condi-
tions were snowy and extremely windy and the barometric
pressure was just beginning to rise. The fluctuations
appeared to be directly related to wind direction and
velocity, and as the wind diminished, differential mine
pressure also returned to zero. Although all indications
are that the mine was relatively open and free-breathing,
several extensive searches failed to locate any fractures
or openings into the mine.
The air flow instruments were again connected and pumping
was resumed at a rate of 12.6 cu. m/minute (450 cfm) . A
pumping rate of 11.9-13.7 cu. m/minute (425-490 cfm) was
maintained during most of the period, December 5 through
12, 1968. At the end of this time, a definite pattern had
still not been established. (See Table 7)
50
-------
TABLE 7
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (HIKE OVER BAROMETRIC) RECORDED IN
INCHES 1120 AT VARYING AIR FLOW RATES OVER A 16-DAY
'PERIOD, NOVEMBER 27 TO DECEMBER 14, 1968, DURING A
COMPLETE BAROMETRIC CYCLE
KING NO. 2 MINE
Differential Mine
Barometric
Date
11/27/68
11/28/68
Time
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
*
*
*
*
*
*
2:
4
6
*
ğ
Ğ
8:
11/29/68
11/30/68
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
*
*
*
*
J
*
*
*
*
*
*
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
p.
p.
p.
p.
p.
M
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
N
p.
p.
p.
p.
p.
M
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
N
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
M
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
N
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
Pressure, "II^O
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
.05
.06
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.04
.05
.06
.05
.05
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.00
.00
.01
.00
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
Pressure, "Hg. Air
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
,4JL
.42
.42
.42
.42
.42
.40
.38
.35
.33
.31
.22
.12
.08
.02
.00
.00
.02
.04
.08
.12
.18
.25
.28
,36
.38
.41
.43
.44
.46
.48
.50
.51
.54
.57
.59
.59
.59
.59
.60
.60
400
400
425
11
"
n
N
II
II
n
n
n
n
n
u
n
ti
i
n
n
n
n
u
ii
ii
n
n
11
n
ii
ii
ii
ii
n
n
ii
ii
11
n
n
n
Flow
CFM
CFM
CFM
51
-------
TABLE 7 (continued)
Date
12/01/68
Differential Mine
Time Pressure, "H20
Barometric
Pressure, "Ilg.
Air Flow
12/02/68
12/03/68
12/04/68
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00. A.M..
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
.01
.02
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
.02
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.02
.02
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.00
.00
.02
.02
.01
.01
30.62
30.61
30.59
30.56
30.54
30.52
30.50
30.42
30.35
30.28
30.28
30.29
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.30
30.31
30.31
30.31
30.32
30.32
30.32
30.33
30.33
30.33
30.34
30.34
30.34
30.34
30.33
30.33
30.30
30.25
30.20
30.17
30.13
30.04
30.00
29.95
29.87
29.83
29.82
29.77
29.78
29.80
29.84
29.87
29.88
415 CFM
it
n
u
n
M
H
W
n
n
n
n
n
n
H
M
n
n
H
n
u
n
n
it
n
N
n
H
n
n
n*
H
n
u
u
H
n
n
n
H
II
575 CFM
n
H
II
II
II
52
-------
TABLE 7 (continued)
Differential Mine
Barometric
pate
12/05/68
12/06/68
12/07/68
Time
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
6
*
*
ğ
;
ğ
*
*
ğ
ğ
*
>
8:
12/08/68
10
12
2
4
6
8
10
12
2
4
*
*
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
do
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
bo
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
M
A
A
A
A
A
N
p
p
p
p
p
M
A
A
A
A
A
H
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
9
*
*
*
*
*
m
Pressure, "H20
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M,
M.
*
Ğ
*
*
A.M.
A
A
N
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
N
P
P
*
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
*
02
02
01
02
01
02
03
01
02
03
03
02
03
02
03
03
07
06
05
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
Pressure, "Hg. Air Flow
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
.89
.89
.88
.85
.82
.80
.85
.87
.90
.94
.01
.08
.12
.14
.17
.18
.20
.25
.30
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.31
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.32
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.35
.43
.43
.47
575 CFM
n
ii
n
n
n
000 CFM
000 CFM
450 CFM
*
n
11
n
"
n
n
H
II
325 CFM
"
n
"
n
"
n
"
"
ii
11
425 CFM
"
"
it
n
"
"
"
"
11
"
11
11
11
11
"
53
-------
TABLE 7 (continued)
Date
Differential Mine
Time Pressure, "IHO
12/08/68
12/09/68
12/10/68
12/11/68
12/12/68
6:00. P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10*00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.00
.01
.01
.04
.06
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.03
.03
.02
.01
.01
.00
.00
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
Chart Stuck
.08
Barometric
Pressure, "Ilg. Air Flow
30.49
30.51
30.52
30.52
30.54
30.57
30.59
30.60
30.62
30.63
30.62
30.62
30.63
30.65
30.66
30.67
30.68
30.69
30.70
30.73
30.78
30.76
30.70
30.70
30.70
30.70
30.70
30.70
30.70
30.70
30.69
30.69
30.68
30.64
30.59
30.58
30.57
30.55
30.55
30.54
30.53
30.53
30.53
30.54
30.53
425 CFH
II
It
000 CFM
425 CFM
n
000 CFM
n
n
n
n
n
u
n
n
490 CFM
u
n
u
n
n
ii
ii
n
n
ii
n
ii
n
N
II
II
54
-------
TABLE 7 (continued)
Date
12/12/68
12/13/68
Time
Differential Kino
Pressure, "H2O
Barometric
Pressure, "Ilg.
12/14/68
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
2:00 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
12:00 N
2:00 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
12:00 M
.05
.10
.10
.09
.05
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.00
30.48
30.43
30.42
30.43
30.45
30.42
30.38
30.33
30.32
30.30
30.30
30.28
30.27
30.22
30.20
30.21
30.21
30.21
30.21
Air Flow
490 CFI1
575 CFM
n
425 CFM
M
H
n
tt
55
-------
On the assumption that the mine pressure recorder lacked
the adequate sensitivity required to measure the very
slight mine pressures being exerted, mine pressures were
recorded from the Meriam inclined manometer at five minute
intervals over an eleven hour period on December 12, 1968.
A positive differential pressure was recorded for five
continuous hours at a pumping rate of approximately 13.7
cu. m/minute (490 cfm). The blower was then shut-off to
determine the effect on mine pressure. The differential
pressure immediately dropped to zero and remained there
until pumping resumed one hour later. A positive differen-
tial pressure was then recorded for the remainder of this
run. This data is shown on Table 8.
In comparing recorded differential pressure with the differ-
ential pressure observed on the inclined manometer, it was
apparent that, at the marginal pressures being exerted,
recorded results were not reliable. It was decided, there-
fore, that a 24-hour surveillance should be kept on the
inclined manometer with results recorded at frequent inter-
vals. This was to be done during a barometric pressure
cycle or front, however, difficulties with the motor inter-
fered with the original plan of operation.
The motor was repaired on December 23 and the blower was
started at an air flow of approximately 16.1 cu. m/minute
(575 cfm). This air flow rate was maintained over a 20-hour
period. Differential mine pressures were recorded from
the inclined manometer at five minute intervals. A constant
positive pressure was maintained over this period, which at
times rose as high as 0.71 cm (0.28") I^O. The average
pressure during this time was approximately 0.30 cm (0.12")
H2O. The data collected during this test run is tabulated
in Table 9 (see Appendix). The air flow rate was then
decreased to 10.4 cu. m/minute (370 cfm) and operated at
this rate for approximately two hours. Differential pressure
during this time averaged 0.25 cm (0.10") H2O and did not
drop below 0.23 cm (0.09") I^O. The pumping rate was again
decreased. Air flow this time was set at approximately
9.1 cu. m/minute (325 cfm) and pumping continued at this
rate for two hours. Although differential pressure became
marginal at this air flow rate, a positive pressure was
also maintained throughout the run (see Table 9).
56
-------
TABLE 8
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC) RECORDED IN
INCHES 112O FROM THE INCLINED MANOMETER AT 5 MINUTE
INTERVALS DURING AN 11-HOUR PERIOD ON
DECEMBER 12, 1968, WITH A CONSTANT AIR FLOW OF
490 CFM INTO THE KING NO. 2 MINE
Differential Mine Barometric
Time Pressure, "1120 Pressure, "Hg. Air Flow
30.53 490 CFM
30.53 "
30.53
30.53
30.53 "
30.53
30.53
30.53 "
30.53 "
30.53
30.53
30.53
30.53
30.53
30.53
30.53
30.52
30.52
30.52 "
30.52
30.52
30.51
30.51 "
30.51
30.51
30.50 "
30.50
30.50
30.49
30.49
30.49 "
30.49 "
30.48
30.48
30.48
30.48 "
30.48
30.47
30.47 "
30.47
30.46 "
30.46
30.46
57
9:00 A.M.
9:05 A.M.
9:10 A.M.
9:15 A.M.
9:20 A.M.
9:25 A.M.
9:30 A.M.
9:35 A.M.
9:40 A.M.
9:45 A.M.
9:50 A.M.
9:55 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
10:05 A.M.
10:10 A.M.
10:15 A.M.
10:20 A.M.
10:25 A.M.
10:30 A.M.
10:35 A.M.
10:40 A.M.
10:45 A.M.
10:50 A.M.
10:55 A.M.
11:00 A.M.
11:05 A.M.
11:10 A.M.
11:15 A.M.
11:20 A.M.
11:25 A.M.
11:30 A.M.
11:35 A.M.
11:40 A.M.
11:45 A.M.
11:50 A.M.
11:55 A.M.
12:00 N-
12:05 P.M.
12:10 P.M.
12:15 P.M.
12:20 P.M.
12:25 P.M.
12:30 P.M.
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
-------
TABLE 8 (continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Time Pressure, "1I2O Pressure, "Hg. Air Flow
30.46 490 CFM
30.46
30.46
30.46 "
30.46
30.45
30.45 "
30.45
30.45 "
30.45
30.45
30.44 "
30.44
30.44
30.43
30.43 "
30.43 "
30.43
30.42 000 CFM
30.42
30.42
30.42
30.42 "
30.41
30.41 "
30.41
30.41
30.41
30.41 "
30.41
30.42 490 CFM
30.42
30.42
30.42
30.42 "
30.42 "
30.42
30.42
30.42
30.42
30.42
30.42
30.43 "
30.43
30.43 "
30.43
30.43
30.43
58
12:35 P.M.
12;40 P.M.
12:45 P.M.
12:50 P.M.
12:55 P.M.
1:00 P.M.
1:05 P.M.
1:10 P.M.
1:15 P.M.
1:20 P.M.
1:25 P.M.
1:30 P.M.
1:35 P.M.
1:40 P.M.
1:45 P.M.
1:50 P.M.
1:55 P.M.
2:00 P.M.
2:05 P.M.
2:10 P.M.
2:15 P.M.
2:20 P.M.
2:25 P.M.
2:30 P.M.
2:35 P.M.
2:40 P.M.
2:45 P.M.
2:50 P.M.
2:55 P.M.
3:00 P.M.
3:05 P.M.
3:10 P.M.
3:15 P.M.
3:20 P.M.
3:25 P.M.
3:30 P.M.
3:35 P.M.
3:40 P.M.
3:45 P.M.
3:50 'P.M.
3:55 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
4:05 P.M.
4:10 P.M.
4:15 P.M.
4:20 P.M.
4:25 P.M.
4:30 Pill.
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
-------
TA13LE 8 (continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Time Pressure, "II2O Pressure, "Hg.. Air Flow
4:35 P.M. 0.03 30.43 490 CFM
4:40 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
4:45 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
4:50 P.M. 0.03 30.43
4:55 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
5:00 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
5:05 P.M. 0.03 30.43
5:10 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
5:15 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
5:20 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
5:25 P.M. 0.03 30.43 "
5:30 P.M. 0.03 30.43
5:35 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
5:40 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
5:45 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
5:50 P.M. 0.03 30.44
5:55 P.M. 0.03 30.44
6:00 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
6:05 P.M. 0.03 30.44
6:10 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
6:15 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
6:20 P.M. 0.03 30.44
6:25 P.M. 0.03 30.44
6:30 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
6:35 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
6:40 P.M. 0.03 30.44 "
6:45 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
6:50 P.M. 0.03 30.45
6:55 P.M. 0.03 30.45
7:00 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
7:05 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
7:10 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
7:15 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
7:20 P.M. 0.03 30.45
7:25 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
7:30 P.M. 0.03 30.45
7:35 P.M. 0.03 30.45
7:40 -P.M. 0.03 30.45
7:45 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
7:50 P.M. 0.03 30.45
7:55 P.M. 0.03 30.45
8:00 P.M. 0.03 30.45 "
59
-------
TABLE 9
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC) RECORDED IN
INCHES 1120 FROM THE INCLINED HAT-IOMETER AT 5 MINUTE
INTERVALS DURING A 20-HOUR PERIOD, DECEMBER 23-24, 1968,
WITH A CONSTANT AIR FLOW OF 575 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H20
3:15 P.M.
3:20 P.M.
3:25 P.M.
3:30 P.M.
3:35 P.M.
3:40 P.M.
3:45 P.M.
3:50 P.M.
3:55 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
4:05 P.M.
4:10 P.M.
4:15 P.M.
4:20 P.M.
4:25 P.M.
4:30 P.M.
4:35 P.M.
1:40 P.M.
J:45 P.M.
4:50 P.M.
4:55 P.M.
5:00 P.M.
5:05 P.M.
5:10 P.M.
5:15 P.M.
5:20 P.M.
5:25 P.M.
5:30 P.M.
5:35 P.M.
5:40 P.M.
5:45 P.M.
5:50 P.M.
5:55 P.M.
6:00 .P.M.
6:05 P.M.
6:10 P.M.
6:15 P.M.
6:20 P.M.
6:25 P.M.
6:30 P.M.
6:35 P.M.
6:40 P.M.
6:45 P.M.
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.04
0.06
0.07
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
29.96
29.96
29.96
29.96
29.96
29.96
29.97
29.97
29.97
29.97
29.97
29.97
29.98
29.98
29.98
29.98
29.98
29.98
29.98
29.98
29.98
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
29.99
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
Air Flow
575 CFM
It
II
II
II
II
II
II
M
n
n
n
n
it
n
n
ii
n
n
ii
ii
n
n
u
n
it
it
n
n
it
n
n
n
it
n
it
it
n
ğ
n
n
u
it
60
-------
TABLE 9 (continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
-Time Pressure, "II?.O Pressure, "Hg. Air Flow
30.00 575 CFM
30.00
30.00 "
30.00 "
30.00 "
30.04
30.04
30.04 "
30.04 "
30.04
30.04
30.05
30.05 "
30.05 "
30.05
30.05 "
30.05
30.05 "
30.05
30.05 "
30.05
30.05
30.05
30.05 "
30.05
30.05
30.05
30.04 "
30.04 "
30.04
30.04 "
30.04
30.04 "
30.04 "
30.04
30.03 "
30.03 "
30.03 "
30.02 "
30.02 "
30.02 "
30.02 "
30.02 "
30.02
30.02 "
30.02
30.02 "
30.02 "
61
6:50 P.M.
6:55 P.M.
7:00 P.M.
7:05 P.M.
7:10 P.M.
7:15 P.M.
7:20 P.M.
7:25 P.M.
7:30 P.M.
7:35 P.M.
7:40 P.M.
7:45 P.M.
7:50 P.M.
7:55 P.M.
8': 00 P.M.
8:05 P.M.
8:10 P.M.
8:15 P.M.
8:20 P.M.
8:25 P.M.
8:30 P.M.
8:35 P.M.
8:40 P.M.
8:45 P.M.
8:50 P.M.
8:55 P.M.
9:00 P.M.
9:05 P.M.
9:10 P.M.
9:15 P.M.
9:20 P.M.
9:25 P.M.
9:30 P.M.
9:35 P.M.
9:40 P.M.
9:45 P.M.
9:50 P.M.
9:55 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
10:05 -P.M.
10:10 P.M.
10:15 P.M.
10:20 P.M.
10:25 P.M.
10:30 P.M.
10:35 P.M.
10:40 P.M.
10:45 P.M.
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.03
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
-------
TABLE 9 (continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Time Pressure, "II2O Pressure, "Hg. Air Flow
30.02 575 CFM
30.02
30.03
30.03
30.03 "
30.03 "
30.03 "
30.03
30.03 "
30.03
30.03
30.03
30.03 "
30.03
30.03
30.04
30.04 "
30.04
30.04 "
30.04 "
30.05
30.05
30.05
30.06
30.06
30.06
30.06
30.07
30.07 "
30.07 "
30.07
30.07 "
30.08
30.08 "
30.08 "
30.08 "
30.08
30.08 "
30.08
30.08 "
30.08 "
30.08
30.08
30.08 "
30.08 "
30.09 "
30.09 "
30.09
62
10:50 P.M. .
10:55 P.M.
11:00 P.M.
11:05 P.M.
11:10 P.M.
11:15 P.M.
11:20 P.M.
11:25 P.M.
11:30 P.M.
11:35 P.M.
11:40 P.M.
11:45 P.M.
11:50 P.M.
11:55 P.M.
12:00 H
12:05 A.M.
12:10 A.M.
12:15 A.M.
12:20 A.M.
12:25 A.M.
12:30 A.M.
12:35 A.M.
12:40 A.M.
12:45 A.M.
12:50 A.M.
12:55 A.M.
1:00 A.M.
1:05 A.M.
1:10 A.M.
1:15 A.M.
1:20 A.M.
1:25 A.M.
1:30 A.M.
1:35 A.M.
1:40 A.M.
1:45 A.M.
1:50 A.M.
1:55 A.M.
2:00 A.M.
2:05 .A.M.
2:10 A.M.
2:15 A.M.
2:20 A.M.
2:25 A.M.
2:30 A.M.
2:35 A.M.
2:40 A.M.
2:45 A.M.
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.20
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.16
-0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0,15
0.15
0.18
0.15
0.15
0.20
0.28
0.20
0.15
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.16
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
-------
TABLE 9 (continued)
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "IIp.O
Barometric
Pressure, "Ilg
Air Flow
2:50 A.M.
2:55 A.M.
3:00 A.M.
3:05 A.M.
3:10 A.M.
3:15 A.M.
3:20 A.M.
3:25 A.M.
3:30 A.M.
3:35 A.M.
3:40 A.M.
3:45 A.M.
3:50 A.M.
3:55 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
4:05 A.M.
4:10 A.M.
4:15 A.M.
4:20 A.M.
4:25 A.M.
4:30 A.M.
4:35 A.M.
4:40 A.M.
4:45 A.M.
4:50 A.M.
4:55 A.M.
5:00 A.M.
5:05 A.M.
5:10 A.M.
5:15 A.M.
5:20 A.M.
5:25 A.M.
5:30 A.M.
5:35 A.M.
5:40 A.M.
5:45 A.M.
5:50 A.M.
5:55 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
6:05 A.M.
6:10 A.M.
6:15 A.M.
6:20 A.M.
6:25 A.M.
6:30 A.M.
6:35 A.M.
6:40 A.M.
6:45 A.M.
0.18
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.26
0.18
0.20
0.16
0.20
0.12
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.22
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.20
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.09
30.10
30 . 10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.10
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.11
30.12
30.12
30.12
30.12
30.13
30.13
30.13
30.13
30.13
>n l 1
575 CFM
H
N
H
II
H
M
H
H
If
H
H
H
n
II
M
n
H
H
M
Ğ
M
n
*
M
M
M
H
n
H
H
H
H
II
H
H
n
H
H
H
H
M
."
H
63
-------
TABLE 9 (continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Time Pressure, "H^O Prossuref "Hg. Air_ Flow
30.13 575 CFM
30.13
30.13 "
30.14
30.14 "
30.14 "
30.14 "
30.14
30.14
30.14 "
30.14 "
30.14
30.15 "
30.15
30.15
30.15
30.15
30.15 "
30.15 "
30.16
30.16
30.16
30.16 "
30.16 "
30.16
30.16
30.16
30.16
30.17
30.17
30.17
30.17
30.17
30.17
30.18
30.18
30.18 "
30.18
30.18
30.18
30.19
30.19 "
30.19
30.20
30.20 "
30.20 "
30.21 "
30.21
30.21
6:50 A.M.
6:55 A.M.
7:00 A.M.
7:05 A.M.
7:10 A.M.
7:15 A.M.
7:20 A.M.
7:25 A.M.
7:30 A.M.
7:35 A.M.
7:40 A.M.
7:45 A.M.
7:50 A.M.
7:55 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
8:05 A.M.
8:10 A.M.
8:15 A.M.
8:20 A.M.
8:25 A.K.
8:30 A.M.
8:35 A.M.
8:40 A.M.
8:45 A.M.
8:50 A.M.
8:55 A.M.
9:00 A.M,
9:05 A.M.
9:10 A.M.
9:15 A.M.
9:20 A.M.
9:25 A.M.
9:30 A.M.
9:35 A.M.
9:40 A.M.
9:45 A.M.
9:50 A.M.
9:55 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
10:05 A.M.
10:10 A.M.
10:15 A.M.
10:20 A.M.
10:25 A.M.
10:30 A.M.
10:35 A.M.
10:40 A.M.
10:45 A.M.
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
64
-------
TABLE -9 (continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Time Pressure, "H2O Pressure, "Ilg. Air Flow
10:50 A.M. 0.13 30.20 575 CFM
10:55 A.M. 0.13 30.20
11:00 A.M. 0.13 30.20 "
11:05 A.M. 0.12 30.20 M
11:10 A.M. 0.13 30.20
11:15 A.M. 0.13 30.20 "
11:20 A.M. 0.13 30.20 "
11:25 A.M. 0.13 30.20 "
11:30 A.M. 0.13 30.20 370 CFM
11:35 A.M. 0.09 30.20
11:40 A.M. 0.10 30.20 "
11:45 A.M. 0.10 30.20
11:50 A.M. 0.10 30.20 "
11:55 A.M. 0.10 30.20 "
12:00 N 0.10 30.20 "
12:05 P.M. 0.10 30.20 "
12:10 P.M. 0.09 30.20 "
12:2C P.M. 0.10 30.20 "
12:25 P.M. 0.10 30.20 "
12:30 P.M. 0.10 30.20
12:35 P.M. 0.10 30.20
12:40 P.M. 0.09 30.20 "
12:45 P.M. 0.09 30.20 "
12:50 P.M. 0.09 30.20 "
12:55 P.M. 0.09 30.20 "
1:00 P.M. 0.09 30.20 "
1:05 P.M. 0.05 30.20 325 CFM
1:10 P.M. 0.06 30.20
1:15 P.M. 0.07 30.20 "
1:20 P.M. 0.07 30.20 "
1:25 P.M. 0.07 30.20
1:30 P.M. 0.06 30.20 "
1:35 P.M. 0.03 30.20
1:40 P.M. 0.05 30.20 "
1:45 P.M. 0.05 30.20
1:50 P.M. 0.05 30.20 "
1:55 P.M. 0.05 30.20 "
2:00 P.M. 0.05 30.20 "
2:05 P.M. 0.05 30.20 "
2:10 .P.M. 0.04 30.20
2:15 P.M. 0.03 30.20
2:20 P.M. 0.03 30.20 "
2:25 P.M. 0.06 30.20 "
2:30 P.M. 0.07 30.20 "
2:35 P.M. 0.07 30.20
2:40 P.M. 0.07 30.20 "
2:45 P.M. 0.06 30.20 "
65
-------
TABLE 9 (continued)
Time
2:50 P.M.
2:55 P.M.
3:00 P.M.
3:05 P.M.
3:10 P.M.
3:15 P.M.
Differential Mine.
Pressure, "II2O
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.06
Barometric
Pressure ,
30.20
30.20
30.20
30.20
30.20
30.20
Air_Flow
325 CFM
it
it
it
66
-------
Based upon the data collected from the Whipkey and King No.
2 mine sites, it was decided that the study should be con-
tinued at both sites using higher gas injection rates in
order to determine the rate of leakage from these mines.
To accomplish this task, the original rotary, displacement
type blower was replaced with a high volume centrifugal
blower (Dayton, Model No. 4C131). The blower was equipped
with a butterfly valve in order to regulate the volume
of air being pumped into the mine and flow rates were
measured by an orifice plate. The only other modification
required was the replacement of the 4" diameter injection
pipe with a larger capacity pipe (10" diameter).
The required modifications, equipment servicing and recali-
bration were completed on April 13, 1969, and the motor-
blower assembly was started at an initial air flow rate of
56 cu. m/minute (2,000 cfm). The recording instruments
were not used during the first week of testing due to the
mechanical failure of the alternator; however, mine differ-
ential pressures were recorded manually during this period.
The air flow rate was maintained at 56 cu. m/minute (2,000
cfm) throughout this period and min pressure differentials
fluctuated between 0.89 and 1.96 cm (0.35 and 0.77") H2O.
An analysis of the data collected at the end of this one
week period failed to reveal any definite correlations
between mine pressure differentials and barometric pressure
changes and a definite pattern could not be established
between mine pressures and air injection rates.
When the alternator was replaced and operation of the elec-
trical recording instruments was resumed, it was apparent
that the sporadic fluctuations of the recorded mine pressure
did not correspond to the mine pressures indicated on the
inclined manometer. An investigation revealed that conden-
sation was occurring in the 1/4" aluminum tubing which was
used for pressure measurements. This condensation restricted
flow through the tubing, which consequently, resulted in
erroneous pressure readings. In order to eliminate this
situation, the 1/4" aluminum tubing was replaced with 3/8"
copper tubing and the tubing was taken through the mine
seal into a stoppered five gallon glass bottle in order to
stabilize temperature variations. Pressure measurements
were then taken from the glass bottle rather than directly
from the mine. This modification resulted in a closer
agreement between recorded and observed mine pressure and
67
-------
relative stabilization of mine pressures at various pumping
rates. However, some of the mine pressure fluctuations
persisted and seemed to confirm the previous theory that
there was a relationship between wind direction and velocity
and mine pressure fluctuations. This relationship was even
more apparent during those periods when the blower was down
for repairs or maintenance.
Based on the assumption that these fluctuations were caused
by the passage of wind over or through a relatively large
opening into the mine, the overlying area was again searched
in the hopes of locating the mine opening. This investi-
gation was focused on areas of shallow overburden, particu-
larly those areas above mine entries or suspected haulage-
ways. The investigation resulted in the location of a
sizeable air leak near the original mine air course opening.
This opening was approximately 8" square and the area sur-
rounding the opening was highly fractured and porous (see
Figure 23). There was less than 8* of overburden above
the coal seam at this particular location. Figure 24 is a
photograph of the original mine air course opening showing
the approximate location of the air leakage area.
In order to fully characterize the affects of this fracture
zone on mine pressurization under varying pumping rates and
atmospheric conditions, the opening was not sealed at this
time. It was also felt that this opening would afford an
excellent test site for the evaluation of future leak detec-
tion studies.
Air injection was continued at various pumping rates and
barometric pressure cycles through mid-September, 1969.
The results were encouraging; even though considerable air
leakage was occurring through the fracture area previously
described, slight differential mine pressures could be
maintained at air injection rates as low as 25.2 cu. m/
minute (900 cfm). The test results also seemed to indicate
that the barometric pressure has little or no effect on mine
pressure differentials and that mine pressure will immed-
iately dissipate with the cessation of air injection. The
data collected during this period is tabulated in Tables
10 through 30. Figure 25 illustrates the affects of rapid
barometric pressure changes on mine differential pressures
during this period.
In early December, 1969, the fracture area was sealed by
compacting the area with an impervious clay material. Prior
68
-------
TABLE 10
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1900 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 44-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, APRIL 20-22, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H^O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
4/20/69
4/21/69
00
30
00
30
00
30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
0.40
it
30.12
P.
P.
P,
P,
00
30
00
30
00
30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
M.
M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
.M.
,M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
n
n
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.40
n
n
ii
ii
ii
ii
it
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ğ
ii
ti
n
n
ti
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
ii
n
ii
ii
n
n
ii
n
ii
69
-------
TABLE 10(Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H?O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
4/21/69
4/22/69
8:
9:
9;
10:
10:
11:
11:
12:
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
3:
4:
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
4:30
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.
P.
P,
P.
P,
P,
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
P,
P,
P.
P,
P,
P,
P,
0.40
it
0.39
0.40
n
it
n
n
ii
n
ii
it
it
ti
n
n
n
0.41
0.40
n
n
n
n
n
n
ii
n
30.11
30.09
30.08
30.06
30.05
30.03
30.02
30.00
29.99
29.97
29.96
29.95
29.94
29.92
29.91
29.89
n
n
n
n
n
n
0.41
n
n
n
ii
n
n
n
n
H
n
ii
ii
70
-------
TABLE 10 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H2O Pressure/ "Hg.
4/22/69 5:30 A.M. 0.40 29.89
6:00 A.M. " 29.88
6:30 A.M. " 29.87
7:00 A.M. " 29.86
7:30 A.M. " 29.85
8:00 A.M. " 29.84
8:30 A.M. " 29.82
9:00 A.M. 0.41 29.80
9:30 A.M. 0.40 29.78
10:00 A.M. " 29.76
10:30 A.M. " 29.75
71
-------
TABLE 11
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1780 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 29 HOUR PERIOD, APRIL 22-23, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H9Q
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
4/22/69
4/23/69
11:
11:
12:
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
:00
:30
:00
:30
iOO
:3t)
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
;00
:30
:00
;30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
:00
30
11
11
12
12
00
30
1:00
1;
2:
2
3
3
4
4
30
00
30
00
30
00
;30
5:00
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.35
0.33
0.35
0.34
0.37
0.36
it
0.37
0.38
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.34
0.35
ii
n
0.33
0.35
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.35
ii
0.34
0.35
29.74
29.73
29.72
29.71
n
ii
n
n
it
ii
72
-------
TABLE 11(Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H90 Pressure, "Hg.
4/23/69 5:30 A.M. 0.35 29.71
6:00 A.M.
6:30 A.M. " "
7:00 A.M.
7:30 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
8:30 A.M.
9:00 A.M.
9:30 A.M. " 29.72
10:00 A.M. 0.34 "
10:30 A.M. 0.35 "
11:00 A.M. " "
11:30 A.M. " "
12:00 N " "
12:30 P.M.
1:00 P.M. 0.36
1:30 P.M. 0.35 "
2:00 P.M.
2:30 P.M. 0.37 29.73
3:00 P.M. 0.35 29.75
3:30 P.M. " 29.76
4:00 P.M. 0.36 29.77
73
-------
TABLE 12
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1580 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 3 HOUR PERIOD, APRIL 30, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H?O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
4/30/69
12:00 N
12:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
1:
1:
2:
30 P,
00 P,
M.
M.
2:30 P.M.
3:00 P.M.
0.30
0.39
0.40
30.15
it
30.14
74
-------
TABLE 13
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1580 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 7 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 1, 1969
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^O Pressure, "Hg.
5/1/69 10:30 A.M. 0.30 30.22
11:00 A.M.
11:30 A.M. " 30.23
12:00 N 0.29 30.24
12:30 P.M. 0.30
1:00 P.M. " 30.23
1:30 P.M. 0.29
2:00 P.M. 0.30 30.22
2:30 P.M. " "
3:00 P.M. " 30.21
3:30 P.M. 0.29
4:00 P.M. 0.30 30.20
4:30 P.M. " 30.19
5:00 P.M. " 30.18
5:30 P.M.
75
-------
TABLE 14
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 2000 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 5 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 2, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure , "H?O _
Barometric
Pressurey "Hg.
5/2/69
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
5:00
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
0.40
0.42
0.41
0.39
0.40
0.38
0.40
"
0.41
0.40
30.21
30.20
30.19
"
30.18
30.17
30.16
30.15
30.14
76
-------
TABLE 14 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H0O Pressure, "Hg.
5/7/69 4:00 A.M. 0.14 30.00
4:30 A.M.
5:00 A.M.
5:30 A.M. " "
6:00 A.M. " 30.01
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M. " 30.02
7:30 A.M.
8:00 A.M. " 30.03
8:30 A.M. " "
9:00 A.M. 0.13 "
9:30 A.M. 0.14 30.04
10:00 A.M. " 30.05
10:30 A.M.
77
-------
TABLE 15
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 960 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 24 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 6-7, 1969
Date
Time
5/6/69
5/7/69
10
11
11
12
12
30
00
30
00
30
1:00
P,
P,
1:
2,
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
9:
9:
10:
10:
11:
11:
12:
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
3:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M
N.
,M.
.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
,M.
.M.
,M.
,M.
,M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
P
P
P
P
P
Differential Mine
Pressure,
0.18
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.15
H
0.14
it
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.15
n
n
0.14
H
II
II
n
n
n
n
n
ii
0.13
0.14
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
30.04
n
30.03
n
H
30.02
30.01
30.00
29.99
30.00
78
-------
TABLE 15 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H2O Pressure, "Hg.
5/8/69 5:30 A.M. 0.17 30.00
6:00 A.M. " 29.99
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M.
7:30 A.M.
8:00 A.M. " 30.01
8:30 A.M.
9:00 A.M. "
9:30 A.M. " 29.99
10:00 A.M. "
10:30 A.M. "
79
-------
TABLE 16
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1200 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 23-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 7-8, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H?0
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
5/7/69
5/8/69
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
1:
1:
2:
2;
3:
3:
4:
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
P,
P,
P.
4:30
5
5
6
00
30
00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
30
00
30
00
4:30
5:00
,M.
,M.
M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
P.
P,
P,
P,
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.18
ii
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.18
30.06
0.17
H
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.17
n
it
30.05
30.04
30.03
30.02
30.01
30.02
n
it
ii
it
n
n
30.01
30.00
80
-------
TABLE 17
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1400 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 23-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 8-9, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H2Q
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
5/8/69
5/9/69
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1
1
2
00
30
00
2:30
3
3
:00
;30
4:00
4:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
5
5
6
6
7
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
A.M.
A.M.
N
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
P.M.
P.M.
M.
M.
M.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P,
P.
P.
P.
M.
2
2
3
3
4
4
00
30
00
30
00
;30
P
P
P
P
P
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.22
0.21
0.22
ii
ii
0.20
0.22
n
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.22
ii
ii
0.20
0.19
0.21
0.22
ii
n
0.21
0.22
5:00 A.M.
29.98
29.97
29.96
29.95
29.93
29.92
29.90
ii
29.89
29.88
29.86
29.85
29.84
n
29.83
it
ii
it
it
29.82
29.81
29.80
29.79
29.78
29.77
29.76
29.75
29'. 74
81
-------
TABLE 17 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H90 Pressure, "Hg,
5/9/69 5:30 A.M. 0.22 29.73
6:00 A.M. " "
6:30 A.M. 0.23 29.72
7:00 A.M. 0.22
7:30 A.M. " "
8:00 A.M. " 29.71
8:30 A.M. " "
9:00 A.M. 0.23 29.72
9:30 A.M. 0.25 29.69
10:00 A.M. 0.24 29.64
10:30 A.M. " "
82
-------
TABLE 18
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1580 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 5-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 9, 1969
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^Q Pressure, "Hg.
5/9/69 11:00 A.M. 0.29 29.64
11:30 A.M. 0.28
12:00 N
12:30 P.M. 0.30
1:00 P.M.
1:30 P.M. 0.32 "
2:00 P.M. 0.30 29.65
2:30 P.M. " "
3:00 P.M. "
3:30 P.M. 0.27
4:00 P.M. 0.32 "
4:30 P.M. 0.31
83
-------
TABLE 19
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1580 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 25-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 14-15, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure/ "H90
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
5/14/69
5/15/69
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1;
1:
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5t
65
6:
7:
7:
00
30
00
2:30
:00
:30
;00
;30
:00
:30
:00
;30
:00
:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:
1;
2;
00
30
00
2:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.25
0.28
0.29
0.28
11
it
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.28
n
11
n
n
it
n
n
ii
ii
n
30.14
ii
n
ii
it
30.15
H
n
30.14
ii
30.13
n
n
n
30.14
11
30.15
H
ii
30.16
84
-------
TABLE 19 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^O Pressure/ "Hg.
5/15/69 3:00 A.M. 0.28 30.16
3:30 A.M.
4:00 A.M. " 30.17
4:30 A.M.
5:00 A.M.
5:30 A.M. " "
6:00 A.M. " 30.18
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M. " 30.19
7:30 A.M. " 30.20
8:00 A.M. " 30.21
8:30 A.M.
9:00 A.M. " 30.22
9:30 A.M. 0.27
10:00 A.M. 0.28 "
10:30 A.M.
85
-------
TABLE 20
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1750 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 5 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 15, 1969
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^O Pressure, "Hg,
5/15/69 11:00 A.M. 0.31 30.22
11:30 A.M. " 30.21
12:00 N
12:30 P.M. 0.32
1:00 P.M. " 30.20
1:30 P.M. 0.31
2:00 P.M. " 30.19
2:30 P.M. " "
3:00 P.M. " 30.18
3:30 P.M. "
4:00 P.M. " 30.17
86
-------
TABLE 21
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1895 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 7 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 16, 1969
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H?O Pressure, "Hg
5/16/69 10:30 A.M. 0.36 30.21
11:00 A.M. " 30.20
11:30 A.M. 0.37 30.19
12:00 N " 30.18
12:30 P.M. 0.36 30.17
1:00 P.M. " 30.16
1:30 P.M. " 30.15
2:00 P.M. " 30.14
2:30 P.M. 0.37 30.13
3:00 P.M. 0.36 30.12
3:30 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
4:30 P.M. -0.01* "
* Blower stopped
87
-------
TABLE 22
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1920 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 52-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 19-21, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H2O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
5/19/69
5/20/69
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.35
0.37
ii
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.37
ii
0.36
0.37
30.04
n
ii
H
30.03
tt
30.02
ii
30.01
n
30.00
4:30 A.M.
n
n
it
n
n
it
n
it
ii
n
it
n
n
it
it
n
it
n
ğ
n
it
it
it
88
-------
TABLE 22 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, " HO
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
5/20/69
5/21/69
5
5
6
00
30
00
6:30
7
7
;00
:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
:00
;30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4:30
5
5
6
00
30
00
6:30
7
7
:00
:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.37
11
n
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.37
it
it
0.36
0.37
30.00
n
30.01
30.02
30.01
30.02
30.03
30.04
30.05
30.06
30.07
30.08
89
-------
TABLE 22 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H9O Pressure, "Hg,
5/21/69 2:00 A.M. 0.37 30.09
2:30 A.M. " 30.10
3:00 A.M.
3:30 A.M. " 30.11
4:00 A.M. " 30.12
4:30 A.M. " 30.13
5:00 A.M. " 30.14
5:30 A.M. " 30.15
6:00 A.M. 0.36 30.16
6:30 A.M. 0.37 30.17
7:00 A.M.
7:30 A.M. " 30.18
8:00 A.M. " 30.19
8:30 A.M. " 30.20
9:00 A.M. 0.36 30.21
9:30 A.M. " 30.22
10:00 A.M. 0.37
10:30 A.M. " "
11:00 A.M.
11:30 A.M.
12:00 N 0.36 "
12:30 P.M. 0.37
1:00 P.M.
1:30 P.M. 0.38 "
2:00 P.M. "
2:30 P.M. 0.37 "
90
-------
TABLE 23
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1930 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 4 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 22, 1969
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H?O Pressure, "Hg,
5/22/69 1:30 P.M. 0.36 30.16
2:00 P.M. 0.37
2:30 P.M.
3:00 P.M.
3:30 P.M. "
4:00 P.M.
4:30 P.M. 0.38
5:00 P.M. 0.37
5:30 P.M.
91
-------
TABLE 24
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1980 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 15 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 22-23, 1969
Date
5/22/69
Time
5/23/69
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
;
;
*
*
ğ
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
m
^
*
*
ğ
9
m
.
9
m
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
ğ
m
w
ğ
*
.
m
m
m
ğ
ğ
Differential Mine
Pressure, "O
0.38
0.37
"
"
"
"
"
"
0.36
0.37
"
0.36
0.37
"
0.38
0.37
"
"
"
0.36
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
30.16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
30.17
"
"
92
-------
TABLE 2 5
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1940 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 6-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 23, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure/ "H^Q
Barometric
Pressure/ "Hg.
5/23/69
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11 30
12:00
12:30
1:
1:
2:
2:
3
3:
00
30
00
30
00
30
4:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
0.37
30.17
0.38
0.37
30.16
30.15
30.13
30.12
93
-------
TABLE 26
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1760 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 52-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, MAY 27-29, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H0O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
5/27/69
5/28/69
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
M
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
0.30
H
0.31
0.30
0.31
n
0.30
n
n
n
n
n
n
0.29
0.30
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
il
n
n
ll
n
30.27
30.26
30.25
30.24
30.23
n
n
30.22
it
n
30.23
30.24
n
94
-------
TABLE 26 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H?O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
5/28/69
5/29/69
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
ğ
;
:
;
;
j
*
2
*
ğ
*
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
N
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
*
.
*
*
Ğ
ğ
*
*
.
.
9
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
9
9
*
*
*
V
*
9
*
ğ
*
*
9
9
ğ
*
*
9
0
m
*
*
0.30
H
0.31
30.24
0.30
0.31
0.30
it
it
II
II
II
II
II
It
30.23
30.22
30.21
30.20
30.19
30.18
30.17
30.16
30.15
30.14
it
30.13
II
II
II
II
H
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
30.12
95
-------
TABLE 26 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H9Q Pressure, "Hg.
5/29/69 5:00 A.M. 0.30 30.12
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M. "
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M.
7:30 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
8:30 A.M.
9:00 A.M.
9:30 A.M. " 30.11
10:00 A.M. " 30.10
10:30 A.M.
11:00 A.M. 0.31 30.09
11:30 A.M. 0.30
12:00 N " 30.08
12:30 P.M.
1:00 P.M. " 30.07
1:30 P.M.
2:00 P.M. 0.31 30.06
2:30 P.M. " 30.05
3:00 P.M. " 30.04
3:30 P.M. 0.30 30.03
4:00 P.M. " 30.02
4:30 P.M. 0.29 30.01
5:00 P.M. 0.30 30.00
5:30 P.M. " 29.99
6:00 P.M. " 29.98
96
-------
TABLE 27
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 900 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 8 HOUR PERIOD, JULY 18, 1969
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "HpO _ Pressure, "Hg.
7/18/69 9:00 A.M. 0.30 30.17
9:30 A.M. " "
10:00 A.M. 0.12
10:30 A.M. "
11:00 A.M. "
11:30 A.M.
12:00 N
12:30 P.M.
1:00 P.M.
1:30 P.M.
2:00 P.M. " 30.16
2:30 P.M. " 30.15
3:00 P.M. " 30.14
3:30 P.M. 0.11 30.13
4:00 P.M. 0.12 30.12
4:30 P.M.
5:00 P.M.
97
-------
TABLE 28
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1660 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 22 HOUR PERIOD, AUGUST 4-5, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, J*H->Q
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
8/4/69
8/5/69
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:
1:
2:
2;
3:
3:
4:
5:
5:
6
7:
7:
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
4:30
00
30
00
6:30
;00
:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1;
1;
00
30
2:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.30
ii
0.31
n
n
0.30
0.31
30.05
H
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
0.30
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
it
it
it
ii
n
n
n
it
it
ii
n
ii
n
ii
n
n
ii
n
n
98
-------
TABLE 28 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure/ "I^O Pressure, "Hq.
8/5/69 2:30 A.M. 0.30 30.05
3:00 A.M.
3:30 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
4:30 A.M.
5:00 A.M.
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M. "
6:30 A.M. 0.29 "
7:00 A.M. 0.30
7:30 A.M. 0.31 "
8:00 A.M.
99
-------
TABLE 29
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1780 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 25 HOUR PERIOD, SEPTEMBER 10-11, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine Barometric
Pressure, "H0O Pressure, "Hg,
9/10/69
9/11/69
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.29
0.30
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.31
n
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.30
30.19
n
30.18
ii
ii
it
30.17
ii
it
30.16
ii
it
30.17
30.18
0.29
0.30
100
-------
TABLE 29 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^O Pressure/ "Hg,
9/11/69 4:00 A.M. 0.30 30.19
4:30 A.M. "
5:00 A.M.
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M.
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M. " "
7:30 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
8:30 A.M. 0.31
9:00 A.M.
9:30 A.M. 0.30 30.20
10:00 A.M. 0.31
10:30 A.M. 0.30
101
-------
TABLE 30
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1720 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 77 HOUR PERIOD, SEPTEMBER 11-16, 1969
Date
9/11/69
Time
9/12/69
Differential Mine Barometric
Pressure, "H^O Pressure, "Hg.
11:00 A.M.
11:30 A.M.
12:00 N
12:30 P.M.
1:00 P.M.
1:30 P.M.
2:00 P.M.
2:30 P.M.
3:00 P.M.
3:30 P.M.
4:00 P.M.
4:30 P.M.
5:00 P.M.
5:30 P.M.
6:00 P.M.
6:30 P.M.
7:00 P.M.
7:30 P.M.
8:00 P.M.
8:30 P.M.
9:00 P.M.
9:30 P.M.
10:00 P.M.
10:30 P.M.
11:00 P.M.
11:30 P.M.
12:00 M
12:30 A.M.
1:00 A.M.
1:30 A.M.
2:00 A.M.
2:30 A.M.
3:00 A.M.
3:30 A.M.
4:00 A.M.
4:30 A.M.
5:00 A.M.
5:30 A.M.
0.30
0.31
0.30
11
n
11
0.29
0.30
"
0.29
0.30
"
"
"
H
II
II
II
0.29
0.30
0.29
H
0.30
11
11
"
"
11
"
0.29
0.30
"
"
"
11
"
it
"
30.20
30.19
102
-------
TABLE 30 (Continued)
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "EO
Barometric
P re s s ure,_ " Hg_,
9/12/69
9/13/69
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:
4;
5
5
6
00
30
00
30
;00
6:30
7
7
:00
:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
,M.
M.
,M.
,M.
,M.
,M.
P.M.
P.M.
M.
M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P,
P,
P
P
P
P
0.30
ii
ii
it
ii
it
n
n
n
0.31
0.30
n
n
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.0
0.30
0.31
0.30
0.29
11
it
0.30
0.29
0.30
30.19
30.20
ii
ii
n
30.21
30.22
30.21
30.20
30.19
30.18
30.19
n
ti
ii
it
n
n
ii
n
n
n
103
-------
TABLE 30 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H20
Barometric
Pressure, "Eg.
9/13/69
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5
5
6
00
30
00
6:30
7:
7
00
;30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1;
1:
2;
2;
00
30
00
30
3:00
30
00
30
00
30
6:00
6:30
00
30
9/14/69
7
7
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
M.
M.
M.
,M.
M.
,M.
,M.
,M.
,M.
,M.
.M.
M.
,M.
.M.
,M.
,M.
,M.
.M.
.M.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P,
P.
P,
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P,
P,
P.
P.
P.
P,
P,
M
M.
0.30
H
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.29
ii
0.30
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.30
30.19
0.29
it
0.30
0.29
0.30
II
0.31
ii
0.30
0.31
0.30
n
n
ii
n
it
n
n
ii
30.20
n
30.21
n
30.20
30.19
it
it
n
n
ii
it
it
ii
30.20
104
-------
TABLE 30 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H?O Pressure, "Hg.
9/14/69 12:30 A.M. 0.30 30.20
1:00 A.M. 0.29 "
1:30 A.M. 0.30
2:00 A.M. " "
2:30 A.M. 0.29
3:00 A.M. 0.30
3:30 A.M.
4:00 A.M. 0.29
4:30 A.M. 0.30
5:00 A.M. " 30.21
5:30 A.M. 0.29
6:00 A.M.
6:30 A.M. 0.28
7:00 A.M. 0.29
7:30 A.M. 0.30 "
8:00 A.M. " 30.22
8:30 A.M.
9:00 A.M. 0.29
9:30 A.M. 0.30
10:00 A.M. 0.29 30.23
10:30 A.M. 0.30 "
11:00 A.M.
11:30 A.M. 0.29 "
12:00 N
12:30 P.M. 0.30
1:00 P.M.
1:30 P.M.
2:00 P.M. " 30.22
2:30 P.M. 0.31 "
3:00 P.M. 0.30 "
3:30 P.M.
4:00 P.M. " 30.21
4:30 P.M. " "
5:00 P.M.
5:30 P.M. 0.29
6:00 P.M. 0.30 30.20
6:30 P.M.
7:00 P.M. "
7:30 P.M. 0.31
8:00 P.M. 0.30
105
-------
TABLE 30 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H2Q
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
9/14/69
9/15/69
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
:
:
:
:
:
*
*
*
;
j
*
*
*
*
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
,
*
Ğ
.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
9
ğ
A.M.
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
N
P
P
P
P
P
P
.
*
ğ
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
*
v
*
*
.M.
.M.
0.30
n
ii
0.29
0.30
30.20
it
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.30
II
II
0.29
ii
0.30
0.29
ii
0.30
n
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.30
30.21
ii
30.22
n
30.23
30.22
n
30.21
n
30.20
it
30.19
it
30.18
106
-------
POINTS OF
AIR
LEAKAGE
AIR LEAKAGE AREA AT KING NO. 2 MINE SITE
FIGURE 23
107
-------
FRACTURE
ZONE
KING NO. 2 MINE AIR COURSE
SHOWING LOCATION OF FRACTURE ZONE
FIGURE 24
108
-------
o
V£>
30.30 r-
30.20
CO
UJ
30.10
30.00
o
CM
X
w~
UJ
X
o
z
.40
.30
8
' '
I2M
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE
''ill \ I I 1 L
' I I
I2N
TIME
MINE PRESSURE VS. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1920 CFM
KING NO. 2 MINE SITE, MAY 20 a 21, 1969
FIGURE 25
-------
to sealing, a 4" diameter pipe was placed through the open-
ing and the sealing was then completed around the pipe.
This was done in order to provide an outlet for future leak
detection studies.
Once the opening was sealed, the pressurization studies were
continued with encouraging results; the air blowing rate was
reduced by approximately 40-50% to produce pressures equal
to those obtained in earlier runs. The results of these
test runs are tabulated in Tables 31 through 34. Mechanical
difficulties with the motor interferred with further testing
at this time and air injection was not resumed until early
January, 1970.
Prior to this forced shutdown, experiments were conducted
with leak detection by the use of smoke bombs. These were
commercially available smoke bombs which were specifically
for locating points of leakage or infiltration into sanitary
sewers. Each bomb burns for five minutes and produces
2800 cu. m (100,000 cubic feet) of white (phosphorous)
smoke. Fifteen bombs were burned one after another into
the air intake of the blower. Within a 90-minute period,
42,000 cu. m (1.5 million cubic feet) of smoke had been
injected into the mine. The estimated volume of the King
No. 2 mine is 64,400 cu. m (2.3 million cubic feet). The
control hole, previously discussed, was observed for 24
hours, but neither smoke nor the odor of phosphorous was
detected. A portable gas leak detector was also employed
to verify the presence or absence of foreign gases in the
atmosphere above the mine site as well as at the test hole.
The particular gas leak detector used in this study was a
Matheson Model 8013. This unit has a reported sensitivity
of 9 x 10"^ standard cc/sec., however, repeated tests
failed to confirm the presence of a foreign gas in the air
exiting from the control port.
The blower motor was repaired in early January, 1970, and
the leak detection studies were resumed. On January 6, 63
smoke bombs were burned one after another in the blower
air intake. Although the distinct odor of phosphorous gas
was detected at the test hole several hours after the initia-
tion of testing and was noticeably present throughout this
experiment, the smoke itself was never observed and it is
theorized that it was adsorbed on the moist mine surfaces.
The gas leak detector unit confirmed the presence of a
foreign gas in the air blowing through the test hole but
failed to locate any additional points of leakage.
110
-------
TABLE 31
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1940 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 3-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, DECEMBER 10, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine Barometric
Pressure, "HO Pressure, "Hg
12/10/69 11:30 P.M.
12:00 N
12:30 P.
1:00 P,
1:30 P,
2:00 P.
M.
M.
M.
M,
2:30:P.M.
3:00 P.M.
0.80
0.81
0.82
it
0.84
0.85
29.93
29.92
H
29.91
H
29.90
29.89
29.87
111
-------
TABLE 32
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 900 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 5 HOUR PERIOD, DECEMBER 10, 1969
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "HpQ
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
12/10/69 3:30
4:00
4:30
5:
5:
6:
00
30
00
6-30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
0.32
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.37
ii
0.0
29.85
29.83
29.82
29.80
29.79
29.78
29.76
29.74
29.72
29.70
29.67
112
-------
TABLE 33
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 500 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 17-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, DECEMBER 11-12, 1969
Date
12/11/69
Time
12/12/69
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M,
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M,
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H^O
0.20
ii
M
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.20
ii
0.19
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
29.81
29.82
29.83
29.84
29.85
29.86
29.87
29.88
29.89
29.90
20.91
29.92
29.93
n
n
n
29.94
29.95
29.96
29.97
29.98
29.99
30.00
30.02
30.04
113
-------
TABLE 34
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 540 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 53 HOUR PERIOD, DECEMBER 12-14, 1969
Date
12/12/69
Time
12/13/69
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
A.M,
A.M
N
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M,
P.M
P.M,
P.M
P.M,
P.M,
P.M
P.M
P.M,
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
Differential Mine
Pressure, "IQ _
0.19
0.20
H
0.19
0.20
ii
0.19
0.18
H
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.19
0.18
n
0.19
0.17
0.18
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
30.09
30.10
30.11
ii
30.12
30.13
30.14
30.15
ii
30.16
n
it
it
114
-------
TABLE 34 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H2O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
12/13/69
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
12/14/69
;30
;00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
;00
;30
:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
M.
M.
M.
M.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P,
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P,
P.
P.
P.
P.
P,
P.
P.
P,
P.
P,
P,
M
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
0.18
n
n
n
n
n
ii
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.19
0.18
n
n
0.17
0.18
30.16
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.18
n
n
30.17
30.16
30.15
30.14
30.12
30.10
30.09
30.08
30.07
30.05
30.04
30.03
30.02
30.00
29.99
29.98
29.97
29.96
29.95
29.94
29.93
29.91
29.90
29.89
29.88
29.87
115
-------
TABLE 34 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "HnO Pressure, "Hg,
12/14/69 12:30 A.M. 0.18 29.86
1:00 A.M. " 29.85
1:30 A.M. " 29.84
2:00 A.M. " 29.83
2:30 A.M. " 29.82
3:00 A.M. " 29.81
3:30 A.M. 0.19 29.80
4:00 A.M. 0.18 29.78
4:30 A.M. " 29.76
5:00 A.M. 0.19 29.75
5:30 A.M. 0.18 29.73
6:00 A.M. " 29.71
6:30 A.M. " "
7:00 A.M. " 29.70
7:30 A.M. " ğ
8:00 A.M. " "
8:30 A.M. " "
9:00 A.M. " 29.69
9:30 A.M.
10:00 A.M. " "
10:30 A.M. " "
11:00 A.M. 0.19 "
11:30 A.M. 0.18 "
12:00 N "
12:30 P.M. " "
1:00 P.M. " "
1:30 P.M. 0.19 "
2:00 P.M. 0.18 "
2:30 P.M. " "
3:00 P.M. " 29.70
3:30 P.M. " "
4:00 P.M. " "
if
116
-------
Additional leak detection studies were conducted using
helium as the tracer gas. Helium was pumped into the mine
at an approximate concentration of 10 ppm over a 20-hour
period. This required five cylinders of helium, each con-
taining 6.34 cu. m (224 cubic feet) of gas. Helium was
detected by the portable gas detector within the first
hour at the test hole; however, extensive searches could
not locate any other points of leakage.
Several attempts to locate air leaks by infra-red photography
proved unsuccessful. These tests were conducted on the
premise that the infra-red film could detect relatively
small variations in temperature. Photographs were taken
with the blower operating at maximum capacity during periods
when the atmospheric temperature was in the low and middle
teens. Since the temperature of the mine was a constant
54°F, temperature differentials of up to 40°F were observed
at the test hole; however, no anomalies could be detected
in the infra-red photographs.
On the assumption that there were no other significant areas
of leakage from the King No. 2 mine site, the pressurization
studies were continued in order to investigate the results
of reduced air flow rates. It was decided to reduce the air
injection rates in steps until a differential pressure was
obtained that was either affected by changes in barometric
pressure or was the lowest positive differential pressure
that could be maintained reliably. It appears that the
latter is the case since it was possible to maintain pres-
sures in the range of 0.10-0.15 cm (0.04"-0.06") water
with little difficulty with air flow rates of 4.2-4.9 cu. m/
minute (150-175 cfm). The data collected during the final
pressurization studies is tabulated in Tables 35 through 49.
Figures 26 through 31 illustrate the relationship between
barometric pressure fronts and differential mine pressure
at various pumping rates; apparently, there is no relation-
ship between the two at this particular mine site. A
summation of the significant pressurization test runs con-
ducted throughout the course of this study appears in
Table 50, and a comparison of the mine differential pressures
before and after sealing the fracture zone previously dis-
cussed is graphically presented in Figure 32.
The mine pressurization studies were "shelved" in February,
1970, so that the sub-surface explorations discussed in
117
-------
00
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE
0.10
MINE PRESSURE VS. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 540 CFM
KING NO.2 MINE SITE , DECEMBER 13 a 14,1969
FIGURE 26
-------
30.20
30.10
tO
I
5 30.00
29.90
O
N
X
ğ
-------
H
to
o
30.30
30.20
30.10
UJ 30.00
29.90
29180
J3 0.10
.05
8 9
I2N
r>ğ
-------
tVJ
30.20
30.10
30.00
O
X
gf 29.90
O
~ 29.80
29.70
.20
O
CM
- .05
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE
2 3
1 ' I ' ' I '"' I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! . I . . I , , | . . | , , | , . |
I2M
9 I2N 3
TIME
6 9
I2M
9
MINE PRESSURE VS. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 160 CFM
KING NO. 2 MINE SITE, JANUARY 22 a 23,1970
FIGURE 29
-------
O
a
u
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
0.10
0.05
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE
I . . I . . I . .
I . . I . i I . . I i i I . . I
6 9 I2M 3 6
12N
6 9 I2M 3 6 9 I2N 3
TIME
MINE PRESSURE VS. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 160 CFM
KING NO. 2 MINE SITE, JANUARY 27, 28 a 29,1970
FIGURE 30
-------
30.20 r-
30.10
<9
X
to
i 30.00
29.90
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
U)
29.80
o
0.05
-
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE
i i i i
I
i i i i i
I2N
I2M 3 6
TIME
I2N
6 9 I2M
MINE PRESSURE VS. BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 160 CFM
KING NO.2 MINE SITE, JANUARY 29,30 a 31,1970
FIGURE 31
-------
TABLE 35
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 710 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 4 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 5, 1970
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "^O _ Pressure, "Kg
1/5/70 10:30 A.M. 0.23 30.33
11:00 A.M. 0.24
11:30 A.M. 0.23 30.31
12:00 N " 30.30
12:30 P.M. " 30.29
1:00 P.M. " 30.27
1:30 P.M. " 30.26
2:00 P.M. 0.24 "
2:30 P.M. " "
124
-------
TABLE 36
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 500 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 16 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 5-6, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine Barometric
Pressure, "H^O Pressure, "Hg.
1/5/70
1/6/70
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
0.15
0.13
30.25
II
II
II
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.13
it
it
II
0.14
0.13
it
0.14
0.13
30.24
30.23
ii
it
30.22
n
n
it
30.21
ii
30.20
30.19
125
-------
TABLE 37
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1500 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 8-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 6, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure^ "H0Q
~ '
Barometric
Pressure, _"
1/6/70
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
A.M.
A.M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
A.M.
N
.M.
.M.
P
P
P.M.
P.M.
P,
P,
P,
P,
M,
M.
M.
M.
0.70
0.72
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.71
ii
0.70
ii
H
0.71
0.70
30.19
30.18
ii
30.17
30.16
30.15
30.13
ii
30.12
30.10
30.08
30.05
30.03
30.02
30.01
30.00
126
-------
TABLE 38
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 500 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 7 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 8, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine Barometric
Pressure, "H^Q Pressure, "Hg.
1/8/70
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
0.14
0.15
ii
it
0.16
ii
0.15
ii
0.16
it
30.06
ii
ii
30.05
ii
30.04
30.03
ii
30.02
ii
30.01
127
-------
TABLE 39
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 280 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 95 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 8-12, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "HO
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
1/8/70
1/9/70
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
9:
9:
10:
10:
11:
11:
12:
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
9:
9:
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M,
.M
.M,
.M,
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
0.11
0.10
II
0.09
Ği
0.10
II
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.08
n
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
ii
n
ii
0.08
0.07
if
0.08
0.07
30.01
n
30.02
30.03
ii
30.04
30.05
30.06
30.07
30.08
30.09
30.10
n
128
-------
TABLE 39 (Continued)
Date
1/9/70
Time
1/10/70
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A..M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
Differential Mine
Pressure, "IO
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.07
ii
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.08
H
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
H
0.09
0.08
0.07
H
H
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
30.12
30.13
30.12
30.11
30.10
30.11
it
30.12
H
30.13
30.14
30.15
30.16
30.17
ii
30.18
n
30.19
It
30.20
30.21
n
n
n
30.22
30.23
129
-------
TABLE 39 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H0O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
1/10/70
1/11/70
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A.M
A
A
0.08
0.07
n
0.08
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.07
0.08
n
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
n
n
0.07
0.08
30.23
H
30.24
ii
30.25
it
ii
it
30.24
ii
ii
n
30.23
n
n
ii
n
ii
ii
n
ii
n
ii
ii
n
30,22
30.21
30.20
it
30.19
30.18
130
-------
TABLE 39 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "IO
Barometric
Pressure/ "Hg
1/11/70 4:30
5
5
6
00
30
:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:
3:
3:
4:
4;
5:
1/12/70
;30
00
:30
:00
:30
:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
P.M.
M
M
M.
M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
0.08
11
0.07
0.08
30.18
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
n
0.08
0.07
ğ
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.07
n
0.08
n
0.07
0.06
30.17
30.16
30.15
30.14
30.13
30.12
30.10
30.09
30.08
30.07
n
30.06
30.05
n
30.04
n
30.03
30.02
30.01
30.00
n
29.99
n
29.98
29.97
ii
29.96
29.95
29.94
131
-------
TABLE 39 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure/ "H^O Pressure, "Hg.
1/12/70 1:00 A.M. 0.07 29.93
1:30 A.M.
2:00 A.M. "
2:30 A.M.
3:00 A.M.
3:30 A.M. "
4:00 A.M. " 29.94
4:30 A.M.
5:00 A.M. " 29.95
5:30 A.M. 0.06
6:00 A.M. 0.07 29.96
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M. " 29.97
7:30 A.M.
8:00 A.M.
8:30 A.M. 0.06
9:00 A.M. 0.07
9:30 A.M.
10:00 A.M.
10:30 A.M.
11:00 A.M. 0.08 "
11:30 A.M. " "
12:00 N
12:00 P.M. " "
1:00 P.M. "
1:30 P.M. 0.07
132
-------
TABLE 40
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 170 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 42 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 12-14, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H^O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
1/12/70 2:00
1/13/70
2:
3:
3
4:
4:
5:
5:
6
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
6:30
7;
7
00
;30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
7:00
7:30
8:00
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M,
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.06
n
0.05
0.06
ii
n
0.05
0.06
n
0.05
0.06
n
ii
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.05
29.98
n
29.99
-------
TABLE 40 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine Barometric
Pressure , "H0O Pressure, "Hg,
1/13/70
1/14/70
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 N
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
P,
00
30
00
30
00
30
.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
.M.
00 M
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
0.04
n
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.07
n
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.06
30.18
30.19
n
30.20
n
n
n
30.19
30.18
it
30.17
30.18
n
30.19
134
-------
TABLE 40 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^O Pressure, "Hg.
1/14/70 5:30 A.M. 0.05 30.19
6:00 A.M. " "
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M. " 30.20
7:30 A.M. 0.06
8:00 A.M. 0.07
8:30 A.M. " 30.21
135
-------
TABLE 41
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 300 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 121-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 14-19, 1970
Date
1/14/70
Time
1/15/70
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
Differential Mine
Pressure, "^O
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.10
it
it
0.11
0.10
II
0.11
0.10
II
II
II
II
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.10
it
it
0.09
0.10
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
30.19
30.18
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
30.19
it
30.20
it
30.21
it
30.22
it
30.23
it
136
-------
TABLE 41 (Continued)
Date
1/15/70
Time
1/16/70
10:
10:
11:
11:
12:
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
9:
9:
10:
10:
11:
11:
12:
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
A.
A.
A.
A.
N
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
M
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Differential Mine
Pressure, "IO
0.10
II
It
II
II
0.09
0.10
ii
ii
0.11
0.10
0.11
II
0.10
II
II
It
II
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.10
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
30.24
30.23
30.22
30.21
30.20
ii
30.19
30.20
0.11
0.10
137
-------
TABLE 41 (Continued)
Date
1/16/70
1/17/70
Time
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
N
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
A.M
Differential Mine
Pressure , "H^O
0.10
II
It
II
II
II
It
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.10
it
it
it
it
0.11
0.10
II
II
0.11
0.10
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
30.20
II
II
II
II
30.21
30.20
H
30.19
30.18
30.17
30.15
30.13
30.12
30.11
II
30.12
II
II
30.11
30.10
30.09
138
-------
TABLE 41 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H^O Pressure, "Hg,
1/17/70 3:30 A.M. 0.10 30.09
4:00 A.M.
4:30 A.M.
5:00 A.M. " "
5:30 A.M. " 30.08
6:00 A.M.
6:30 A.M.
7:00 A.M. 0.11 30.07
7:30 A.M. 0.10
8:00 A.M.
8:30 A.M.
9:00 A.M. " 30.06
9:30 A.M.
10:00 A.M. " 30.05
10:30 A.M. " "
11:00 A.M. 0.11 30.04
11:30 A.M.
12:00 N " 30.03
12:30 P.M. 0.10 30.02
1:00 P.M. " 30.00
1:30 P.M. " 29.98
2:00 P.M. " 29.96
2:30 P.M. " 29.95
3:00 P.M. " 29.94
3:30 P.M. " 29.93
4:00 P.M. 0.09 "
4:30 P.M. 0.10
5:00 P.M. " 29.92
5:30 P.M.
6:00 P.M. " 29.91
6:30 P.M. 0.09
7:00 P.M. 0.10
7:30 P.M.
8:00 P.M. " 29.90
8:30 P.M.
9:00 P.M. " "
9:30 P.M. 0.09 "
10:00 P.M. 0.10 29.89
10:30 P.M. " "
11:00 P.M.
11:30 P.M.
139
-------
TABLE 41 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H2O Pressure, "Hg,
1/18/70 12:00 M 0.10 29.88
12:30 A.M. " 29 87
1:00 A.M. " 29.86
1:30 A.M. 0.09 "
2:00 A.M. 0.10 29.85
2:30 A.M. " "
3:00 A.M. 0.11 "
3:30 A.M. 0.10 "
4:00 A.M. " 29.84
4:30 A.M. " "
5:00 A.M. " "
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M. " 29.83
6:30 A.M. " "
7:00 A.M. " "
7:30 A.M. 0.09 "
8:00 A.M. 0.10 "
8:30 A.M. " "
9:00 A.M. " "
9:30 A.M. 0.09
10:00 A.M. 0.10 "
10:30 A.M. 0.11 "
11:00 A.M. 0.10 29.84
11:30 A.M.
12:00 N 0.09 29.85
12:30 P.M. " 29.86
1:00 P.M. 0.10 29.87
1:30 P.M. " 29.88
2:00 P.M. "
2:30 P.M.
3:00 P.M. " "
3:30 P.M. 0.11
4:00 P.M. 0.10
4:30 P.M. " 29.89
5:00 P.M. " 29.90
5:30 P.M.
6:00 P.M. 0.09 29.91
6:30 P.M. 0.10 29.92
7:00 P.M. " 29.93
7:30 P.M. " 29.94
8:00 P.M. " "
8:30 P.M. " 29.95
9:00 P.M. " "
140
-------
TABLE 41 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H0O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
1/18/70
1/19/70
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
00
30
00
:30 P.M.
00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
;00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 M
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
;00 A.M.
;30 A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 N
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
-.30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
0.11
0.10
0.09
it
0.10
II
0.11
0.10
II
II
II
II
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.10
II
II
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.10
II
II
II
0.09
0.10
29.96
29.97
ii
29.98
it
29.99
ii
30.00
30.01
ii
30.02
M
30.03
ii
30.04
it
30.05
30.04
it
30.03
30.02
30.01
30.02
30.03
141
-------
TABLE 42
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 240 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 63 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 19-22, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine Barometric
Pressure, "H0O Pressure, "Hg.
£.
1/19/70
1/20/70
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.09
it
A.
A,
M.
M.
M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
0.07
0.09
ii
n
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.10
II
0.09
30.04
30.05
n
30.06
n
ii
30.05
30.04
n
30.03
30.02
30.01
30.00
29.99
29.98
29.97
29.95
29.93
29.92
29.90
29.89
142
-------
TABLE 42 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "IO
Barometric
Pressure/ "Hg
1/20/70 12:30
1/21/70
1
1
2
00
30
00
2:30
3
3
4
00
30
00
4:30
5
5
6
00
30
00
6:30
7
7
:00
:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:
1:
2
2:
3
3
4
:00
;30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.09
ii
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.09
n
ii
0.08
n
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.09
29.87
29.85
29.84
29.83
ii
29.82
29.81
29.82
29.83
29.85
29.86
29.88
29.90
29.91
29.92
29.94
29.96
29.97
29.98
30.00
n
30.01
30.02
30.03
30.04
30.05
30.06
30.07
30.08
30.09
30.10
30.11
30.12
30.13
30.14
143
-------
TABLE 42 (Continued)
Date
1/21/70
Time
1/22/70
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
N
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
Differential Mine
Pressure, "IO
0.10
0.09
0.10
n
0.09
0.08
0.09
n
n
n
n
n
0.10
0.09
I!
II
0.08
0.09
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
30.15
30.16
30.17
30.18
30.19
30.20
30.21
30.22
n
n
ii
30.23
n
30.24
30.25
30.26
30.27
H
n
30.28
H
II
II
II
II
II
144
-------
TABLE 42 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H2Q Pressure, "Hg.
1/22/70 5:00 A.M. 0.09 30.28
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M. " "
6:30 A.M. " "
7:00 A.M. " 30.29
7:30 A.M. " "
8:00 A.M. " "
8:30 A.M. "
9:00 A.M. 0.10 "
145
-------
TABLE 43
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 1830 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 4 HOUR PERIOD, JANUARY 22, 1970
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "HgO Pressure, "Hg,
1/22/70 9:30 A.M. 1.02 30.29
10:00 A.M. " 30.30
10:30 A.M. "
11:00 A.M. " 30.29
11:30 A.M. "
12:00 N " 30.28
12:30 P.M. 1.00 30.27
1:00 P.M. 1.02 30.25
1:30 P.M. " 30.23
146
-------
TABLE 44
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 160 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 234 HOUR PERIOD,
JANUARY 22 - FEBRUARY I, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure/ "HO
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
1/22/70
1/23/70
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
*
:
ğ
ğ
*
*
*
;
:
;
*
:
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
ğ
ğ
ğ
ğ
*
*
.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
*
ğ
ğ
ğ
*
ğ
*
*
,
ğ
^
0.20
0.09
0.07
ii
n
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.05
M
II
II
II
II
II
II
tl
II
30.21
30.20
ii
30.19
n
30.18
ii
ii
30.17
30.16
30.15
30.14
30.13
30.12
30.11
30.10
30.09
30.08
30.07
ğ
30.06
30.05
30.04
30.03
30.02
30.01
30.00
147
-------
TABLE 4 4. {Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H^O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
1/23/70
1/24/70
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
9:
9:
10:
10:
11:
11:
12:
12;
1:
1:
2
2
3
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
3:30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.05
0.06
it
0.05
ii
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.05
n
n
H
0.06
0.05
n
0.06
0.05
n
it
M
0.04
29.99
29.98
29.97
29.96
29.95
n
9.94
29.93
29.92
29.91
M
II
II
II
II
29.92
29.92
29.94
29.95
29.96
29.97
29.98
29.99
30.00
30.01
30.02
30.03
30.04
30.05
30.07
30.09
148
-------
Date
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Time Pressure, "l^O Pressure/ "Hg.
1/24/70 4:00 A.M. 0.04 30.10
4:30 A.M. 0.05 "
5:00 A.M. " 30.11
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M. 0.04 30.12
6:30 A.M. 0.05 30.14
7:00 A.M. " 30.15
7:30 A.M. " 30.16
8:00 A.M. " 30.17
8:30 A.M.
9:00 A.M. 0.04
9:30 A.M. 0.05 "
10:00 A.M.
10:30 A.M. 0.04
11:00 A.M. 0.05 "
11:30 A.M. 0.06
12:00 N 0.05
12:30 P.M.
1:00 P.M. 0.06 30.15
1:30 P.M. " 30.13
2:00 P.M. " 30.11
2:30 P.M. 0.05 30.10
3:00 P.M.
3:30 P.M. 0.06 30.09
4:00 P.M.
4:30 P.M.
5:00 P.M. 0.07 "
5:30 P.M. 0.05
6:00 P.M. 0.06 "
6:30 P.M. 0.05 30.08
7:00 P.M. " 30.07
7:30 P.M. " 30.06
8:00 P.M. " 30.05
8:30 P.M.
9:00 P.M. " 30.04
9:30 P.M. 0.06
10:00 P.M. 0.05 30.03
10:30 P.M.
11:00 P.M. " 30.02
11:30 P.M.
149
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H20 Pressure, "Hg
1/25/70 12:00 M 0.04 30.01
12:30 A.M. 0.05 30.00
1:00 A.M. " 29.99
1:30 A.M. " 29.98
2:00 A.M. 29.97
2:30 A.M. 0.05
3:00 A.M.
3:30 A.M. " "
4:00 A.M. 0.04 29.96
4:30 A.M. 0.05
5:00 A.M. " 29.95
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M. " 29.94
6:30 A.M. "
7:00 A.M. " 29.93
7:30 A.M.
8:00 A.M. " 29.92
8:30 A.M. 0.06 29.91
9:00 A.M. 0.05 29.90
9:30 A.M. " 29.89
10:00 A.M. 0.06 29.88
10:30 A.M. " 29.87
11:00 A.M. " 29.86
11:30 A.M. " 29.85
12:00 N " 29.84
12:30 P.M. " 29.83
1:00 P.M. " 29.81
1:30 P.M. " 29.79
2:00 P.M. " 29.78
2:30 P.M.
3:00 P.M. 0.05 29.77
3:30 P.M.
4:00 P.M. " 29.76
4:30 P.M.
5:00 P.M. " "
5:30 P.M. 0.06 "
6:00 P.M. " 29.75
6:30 P.M. 0.05 29.74
7:00 P.M. " 29.73
150
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H2O
Barometric
Pressure, "Kg.
1/25/70
1/26/70
1/27/70
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
30 P.M.
00
.M
P,
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 M
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:30 A.M.
:00 A.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
0.05
11
0.06
n
0.05
0.06
H
II
II
0.05
0.04
0.05
M
II
II
II
It
II
29.73
29.72
n
29.71
N
n
ii
H
H
H
II
H
n
n
H
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
29.72
29.73
29.74
29.75
30.00
M
H
30.01
30.02
30.04
30.05
30.06
30.07
H
30.08
30.09
30.10
30.11
30.12
30.13
151
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "HO
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
1/27/70
1/28/70
9
9;
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
00
30
00
30
00
30
P,
P.
P,
P,
P,
P,
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
0.05
00 M
30 A.M.
00
30
00
30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
M.
00
30
00
30
A
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P
P
P
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
M.
M.
M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
n
ii
n
0.04
0.05
II
II
0.04
0.05
n
0.04
30.14
30.15
30.16
30.17
n
it
30.16
n
30.15
30.13
30.11
30.08
30.05
30.02
30.00
29.98
29.96
29.95
29.94
152
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "HO
Barometric
Pressure,. "Hg.
1/28/70
1/29/70
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
00 A.M.
30 A.M.
:00
;30
;00
30
:00
;30
:00
;30
:00
;30
:00
:30
;00
:30 A
;00 N
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
0.05
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
M.
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.08
n
ii
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.07
29.93
n
n
n
29.92
11
ii
29.91
Ğ
29.90
29.89
29.88
29.87
29.86
29.85
29.84
29.83
29.82
29.81
ir
ir
153
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H^O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
1/29/70
1/30/70
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
9:
9:
10:
10:
11:
11:
12:
12:
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
3:
4:
4:
5:
5:
6:
6:
7:
7:
8:
8:
9:
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
0.07
29.81
If
0.06
0.07
it
ir
it
ii
ii
n
n
ii
ii
it
ii
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.07
H
0.08
0.09
ii
0.10
29.82
29.83
29.85
29.86
29.88
29.90
29.91
ii
29.92
29.93
n
29.94
n
29.95
n
29.96
n
29.97
n
29.98
n
29.99
n
30.00
n
30.01
30.02
30.03
30.04
30.05
30.06
30.07
30.08
30.09
30.10
30.12
154
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure/ "HO
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
1/30/70
1/31/70
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1;
1:
2:
00
30
00
2:30
3;
3
4
00
;30
;00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
:00
;30
;00
:30
;00
:30
:00
4:30
5
5
00
30
6:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.09
ii
0.06
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.11
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.09
H
0.08
H
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.06
30.13
0.05
n
ii
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
30.12
n
30.13
30.14
30.15
30.16
30.17
ii
it
30.18
n
it
n
30.19
30.20
155
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure , "HpO
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
1/31/70
2/1/70
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
1
1
2
2
3
3
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
N
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
M
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
0.06
it
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
30.20
0.08
ii
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.06
ii
ii
0.07
0.06
30.19
n
30.18
n
30.17
30.16
n
30.15
n
30.14
n
n
30.15
n
n
n
n
ğ
ii
n
ii
it
156
-------
TABLE 44 (Continued)
Differential Mine Barometric
Date Time Pressure, "H9O Pressure, "Hg
2/1/70 4:00 A.M. 0.06 30.15
4:30 A.M.
5:00 A.M.
5:30 A.M.
6:00 A.M. " "
6:30 A.M. 0.05
7:00 A.M. 0.06
7:30 A.M.
157
-------
TABLE 45
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 200 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 7-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, FEBRUARY 2, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "0
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg<
2/2/70
10:
10;
11:
11:
12:
12;
1:
1
2;
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
30
00
2:30
3
3
4:
4:
5:
5
00
30
00
30
00
30
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
P,
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
0.10
0.09
ii
ii
P.M.
0.08
ii
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.08
ii
0.09
0.08
29.67
29.65
29.63
29.62
29.61
n
29.62
158
-------
TABLE 46
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 440 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 59 HOUR PERIOD, FEBRUARY 9-12, 1970
Date
2/9/70
Time
2/10/70
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M
A.M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H2Q
0.16
II
II
II
II
II
II
0.15
0.16
H
H
ii
ii
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.11
0.14
ii
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.14
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
30.03
H
H
H
H
H
it
ii
ii
ii
H
it
H
30.02
30.01
30.00
29.99
29.97
29.96
29.95
it
H
M
29.94
29.93
29.92
29.91
29.90
29.89
ii
ii
29.88
159
-------
TABLE 46 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "HO
2,
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
2/10/70
2/11/70
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1
1
2
00
30
00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.12
0.14
0.11
0.14
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.13
n
it
ii
ii
it
ii
n
it
n
29.88
it
ii
29.87
n
29.86
n
29.85
M
29.84
H
29.83
n
29.82
H
29.81
n
29.80
n
29.79
ir
n
n
ii
n
ğ
ii
ii
n
160
-------
TABLE 46 (Continued)
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "HO
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg
2/11/70
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:
1;
2!
2:
00
30
00
30
3:00
3
4:
4
5
5
2/12/70
30
00
30
00
30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
N
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
P.M.
M
A.M.
A.M.
0.13
ti
ii
n
n
n
0.12
n
n
0.10
0.12
n
ii
ii
it
0.11
0.10
0.12
ii
0.10
0.12
0.11
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
It
II
II
29.79
H
II
II
II
29.80
ii
n
29.81
29.82
29.73
n
n
n
ii
29.84
29.85
29.86
29.87
161
-------
TABLE 47
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 350 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 9 HOUR PERIOD, FEBRUARY 17-18, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "HO
Barometric
Pressure, "Kg,
2/17/70
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
:00
:30
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
.M
,M
0.10
2/18/70 12:00 M
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
n
ii
ii
30.02
30.05
30.07
it
H
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
30.08
30.07
162
-------
TABLE 4 8
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 51 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 7-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, FEBRUARY 18, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H0O
2.
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg.
2/18/70
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
0.0
it
it
it
n
n
it
n
30.07
ti
N
n
n
n
n
n
n
30.06
it
30.05
30.04
163
-------
TABLE 49
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT AIR FLOW RATE OF 318 CFM INTO THE
KING NO. 2 MINE FOR 5-1/2 HOUR PERIOD, FEBRUARY 18, 1970
Date
Time
Differential Mine
Pressure, "H0O
Barometric
Pressure, "Hg,
2/18/70
10:00 A.M.
10:30 A.M.
11:00 A.M.
11:30 A.M.
12:00 N
12:30 P.M.
:00 P.M.
:30 P.M.
;00
1:
1:
2:
2:
3:
30 P
M.
M.
00 P.M.
3:30 P.M.
0.09
0.08
ii
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.09
29.98
29.97
29.95
29.94
29.93
29.91
29.89
29.87
29.85
29.83
29.81
29.80
164
-------
TABLE 50
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT VARIOUS AIR FLOW RATES AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURES
TIME PERIOD
FROM
TO
AIR INJECTION
RATE (CFM)
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE (" H20)
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (" Hq)
HIGH LOW TREND
Oi
Ul
9:OOAM 8:OOPM
12/12/68 12/12/68
3:15PM 11:30AM
12/23/68 12/24/68
2:OOPM 10:30AM
4/20/69 4/22/69
11:00AM 4:00PM
4/22/69 4/23/69
10:30AM 5:30PM
5/1/69 5/1/69
12,-OON 5:00PM
5/2/69 5/2/69
10:30AM 10:30AM
5/6/69 5/7/69
11:00AM 10:30AM
5/7/69 5/8/69
11:OOAM 10:30AM
5/8/69 5/9/69
490
575
1900
1780
1580
2000
960
1200
1400
.04
.12
.40
.35
.27
.40
.14
.18
.22
.05
.28
.41
.38
.30
.42
.15
.20
.25
.03
.01
.39
.30
.29
.38
.13
.17
.19
30.53
30.20
30.12
29.77
30.22
30.21
30.05
30.06
29.98
30.41
29.96
29.74
29.71
30.18
30.14
30.00
29.99
29.64
Cyclic
Rising
Falling
Cyclic
Falling
Falling
Steady
Falling
Falling
-------
TABLE 50 (continued)
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT VARIOUS AIR FLOW RATES AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURES
TIME ' PERIOD
FROM
TO
AIR INJECTION
RATE (CFM)
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE (" H20)
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (" Hq)
HIGH LOW TREND
11:00AM 4:30PM
5/9/69 5/9/69
9:00AM 10:30AM
5/14/69 5/15/69
S 11:00AM 4:00PM
5/15/69 5/15/69
10:30AM 4:00PM
5/16/69 5/16/69
10:00AM 2:30PM
5/19/69 5/21/69
1:30PI1 9:00AM
5/22/69 5/23/69
9:30AM 4:00PM
5/23/69 5/23/69
1:30PM 6:00PM
5/27/69 5/29/69
9:OOAM 8:OOAM
8/4/69 8/5/69
1530
1580
1750
1895
1920
1980
1940
1760
1660
.30
.28
.31
.36
.37
.37
.37
.30
.31
.32
.30
.32
.37
.38
.38
.38
.31
.31
.27
.27
.31
.36
.35
.36
.37
.29
.29
29.64
30.22
30.22
30.21
30.22
30.16
30.17
30.27
30.05
29.64
30.14
30.17
30.12
30.00
30.16
30.12
29.98
30.05
Steady
Rising
Falling
Falling
Rising
Steady
Falling
Falling
Steady
-------
TABLE 50 (continued)
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT VARIOUS AIR FLOW RATES AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURES
TIME PERIOD
FROM
TO
AIR INJECTION
RATE (CFM)
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE (" H2O)
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (" Hq)
HIGH LOW TREND
CTi
9:30AM
9/10/69
11: 00AM
9/11/69
10:OOAM
9/18/69
11:30AM
12/10/69
3:30PM
12/10/69
9: 30AM
12/11/69
12:30PM
12/11/69
3: 30PM
12/11/69
llrOOAM
12/12/69
10:30AM
9/11/69
3: 00PM
9/15/69
5: 00PM
9/18/69
3: 00PM
12/10/69
8: 00PM
12/10/69
12:OON
12/11/69
3 : 0 0PM
12/11/69
9:OOAM
12/12/69
4: 00PM
12/14/69
1780
1720
900
1940
900
900
1680
500
540 CFM
.30
.30
.12
.82
.37
.36
.80
.19
.18
.32
.31
.12
.85
.38
.36
.81
.20
.20
.29
.28
.11
.80
.32
.35
.79
.19
.12
30.19
30.20
30.17
29.93
29.85
29.78
29.81
30.04
30.17
30.19
30.20
30.12
29.87
29.67
29.70
29.79
29.81
29.70
Steady
Steady
Falling
Falling
Falling
Rising
Rising
Rising
Falling
-------
TABLE 50 (continued)
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT VARIOUS AIR FLOW RATES AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURES
TIME ' PERIOD
FROM
TO
AIR INJECTION
RATE (CFM)
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE (" H2O)
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (" Hq)
HIGH LOW TREND
10.-39A.M
1/5/70
3: 00PM
1/5/70
cri 7: 30AM
oo 1/6/70
9: 00AM
1/8/70
2: 30PM
1/8/70
2: 00PM
1/12/70
4. -00PM
1/14/70
6: 00PM
1/19/70
2: 00PM
1/22/70
2:30PM
1/5/70
7:OOAM
1/6/70
4: 00PM
1/6/70
2: 00PM
1/8/70
1:30PM
1/12/70
8:30AM
1/14/70
5:30AJ1
1/19/70
9:OOAM
1/22/70
8:OOAM
1/26/70
710
500
1500
500
280CFM
170CFM
300CFM
240CFM
160CFM
.23
.13
.71
.15
.08
.06
.10
.09
.05
.24
.15
.72
.16
.11
.08
.12
.10
.09
.23
.15
.70
.14
.06
.04
.09
.07
.04
30.33
30.25
30.19
30.06
30.25
30.20
30.23
30.29
30.21
30.25
30.19
30.00
30.01
29.93
29.98
29.83
29.81
29.75
Falling
Falling
Falling
Rising
Falling
Rising
Cyclic
Cyclic
Cyclic
-------
TABLE 50 (continued)
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (MINE OVER BAROMETRIC)
AT VARIOUS AIR FLOW RATES AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURES
TIME ' PERIOD
FROM
TO
AIR INJECTION
RATE (CFM)
DIFFERENTIAL MINE PRESSURE (" H2O)
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (" Hq)
HIGH LOW TREND
VD
1:OOPM
1/27/70
10:OOAM
2/2/70
2: 00PM
2/9/70
3: 00PM
2/17/70
7: 30AM
2/1/70
5:30PM
2/2/70
1:30AM
2/12/70
12:OOM
2/17/70
160 CFM
200
440 CFM
350
.06
.08
.13
.10
.11
.10
.16
.10
.04
.07
.10
.10
30.17
29.67
30.03
30.08
29.' 81
29;61
29.79
30.03
Cyclic
Cyclic
Cyclic
Rising
-------
I Oi-
.9
8
O
CVI
uj .7
z
O
*x
UJ'
CO
CO
UJ
UJ
z
.5
4
UJ
.3
.2
.1
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
AFTER SEALING
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
BEFORE SEALING
500 1000 1500
AIR FLOW RATE, CFM
2000
MINE DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE BEFORE AND
AFTER SEALING FRACTURE AREA
FIGURE 32
170
-------
Section IV could be completed. The mine pressurization
studies were to be continued at both the Whipkey and King
No. 2 mine sites after adequate seals had been designed
and installed in each deep mine opening. However/ at the
conclusion of the surface and sub-surface explorations, it
was decided that it was not economically feasible to in-
stall seals in either of these two mines and, consequently,
the mine pressurization study was terminated.
The findings of the sub-surface explorations at the Whipkey
Mine site are quite significant in relation to the gas
pressurization studies conducted at this site. At the ini-
tiation of this project, it was believed that the backfill
at the Whipkey mine site had been completed to an average
depth of approximately 15 feet above the coal seam. It was
also believed that only two additional deep mine openings
existed in the area of the backfilled strip mine. Removal
of the backfill material at the base of the highwall revealed
that the stripping operation had cut into the deep mine at
numerous locations and that the average depth of backfill
material over the coal seam was generally less than 3 feet
(see Figures 33, 34, 35 and 36). Each of these numerous
deep mine interceptions and fracture or subsidence areas is
a probable point of air leakage at the Whipkey mine site,
and cumulatively, probably accounts for the inability, to
maintain a positive differential pressure within the mine.
171
-------
DEPTH OF
ORIGINAL
BACKFILL
DEEP MINE OPENING INTO STRIPPED PORTION OF WHIPKEY MINE
FIGURE 33
,
DEPTH OF
ORIGINAL
BACKFILL
DEEP MINE OPENINGS INTO STRIPPED PORTION OF WHIPKEY MINE
FIGURE 34
172
-------
DEPTH
OF
ORIGINAL
BACKFILL
DEEP MINE OPENINGS
INTO THE WHIPKEY MINE
FIGURE 35
173
-------
APPROX-
IMATE
LOCATION
OF
ORIGINAL
BACKFILL
SUBSIDENCE AREA IN STRIP MINED PORTION OF WHIPKEY MINE
FIGURE 36
174
-------
SECTION VIII
LITERATURE SURVEY OF LEAK DETECTION TECHNOLOGY
A state of the art investigation and evaluation was conducted
of existing technology which could be utilized in the location
of leaks of mine atmospheres from abandoned deep coal mining
operations. The information gained through such a review
was important to the development of an effective leak detec-
tion program which was a requirements when establishing
and maintaining pressurized, sealed, abandoned mines as an
effective means of eliminating acid mine water discharges.
The technology reviewed included chemical indicators such
as smoke, dyes, gas and radiotracers, and odor; physical
means such as ultrasonics; close visual observation; in-
frared photography; and aerial surveillance. Additional
information was located after the conclusion of pressuriza-
tion testing and incorporated into this report.
Some of the technology available has previously been suc-
cessfully utilized in detection studies of various waste-
water pollution problems. However, because of the unique
dispersion effects of a gas or treated air atmosphere
escaping from a mine, such technology has distinct limita-
tions upon its use for such applications.
Most modern methods of leak testing use a search gas and a
detector sensitive to it. However, such methods are usually
applicable to testing the integrity of containment vessels,
searching for underground pipe leaks, testing welds, and
checking for leaks in bench scale test facilities. Because
of the small amounts of gas utilized in such tests, compara-
tive cost savings between various methods become significant
unless the degree of accuracy or safety considerations
warrant utilization of more expensive methods.
The most desirable qualities of a search gas selected for
leak detection studies are that it is non-toxic, non-flammable
and safe to handle. The foregoing should always receive
consideration in order to protect the well-being of those
required to perform the studies as well as giving consider-
ation to the effects of a dissipating gas on the environment
to which it is subjected. Various gases considered are now
discussed in some detail.
A naturally occurring soil gas is methane. "Methane is
given off by the pores of the coal in practically all
175
-------
mines, although often in amounts that can only be detected
by careful analysis." Methane is odorless/ colorless,
tasteless, non-poisoness and will not support life or
combustion, but is explosive when mixed in proper propor-
tions with air. Methane of itself could serve as a search
gas under controlled conditions, however, its uncertain
rate of production in a mine would need to be supplemented
by injection of enough methane to blanket the mine and con-
tinually maintain the blanket. Methane detectors are in
abundant supply since they are commonly used to continuously
monitor safe working conditions in active coal mines. The
overriding safety problems of potential explosive conditions
and inability to support life make it unattractive as a
search gas since operating costs would be considerable to
overcome the safety hazards involved for those required to
work with the gas.
Carbon dioxide was considered to have the desirable char-
acteristics of being non-explosive and non-toxic as well as
relatively inexpensive, even less expensive than helium
which will be discussed later. However, the most detrimental
characteristic to further serious consideration of the gas
was the fact that it is heavier than air. Commonly, a
blanket of carbon dioxide normally lays on the mine floor
and produces resultant displacement of the lighter air.
This characteristic would make it very difficult to diffuse
enough carbon dioxide to be detected throughout the entire
void of a mine.
Carbon monoxide was considered from the standpoint that it
can be detected in low concentrations (circa 10 ppm).
Carbon monoxide has the obvious disadvantage of tieing up
hemoglobin in the blood stream of anyone exposed to it.
It is anticipated that exhaust gases from the blower equip-
ment could be piped into the mine as a means of introducing
carbon monoxide as the search gas. However, most internal
combustion engines produce a low percentage of carbon mon-
oxide which would require blowers to be run for extended
periods of time to produce a sufficiently detectable con-
centration of the gas. "A number of carbon monoxide de-
tectors are commercially available, and ampoules can be
used with conclusive results if the carbon monoxide concen-
tration is strong enough." 7 Because of the high levels
of carbon monoxide required to accomplish this means of
leak detection, safety consideration would be of prime
176
-------
importance for all workers in operating and maintaining
blower equipment used to blanket and pressurize a mine with
this search gas. Safety would require the provision of a
portable resuscitation unit near the blower to protect the
workers, since the deleterious effects of carbon monoxide
can be reversed if oxygen is given to an individual.
Hydrogen has excellent properties for a gas leak detection
survey. It is light, relatively inexpensive, non-toxic
and easily detectable with numerous commercially available,
inexpensive detection devices. Hydrogen was ruled out as
the best selection of a search gas because of the extreme
hazardous explosive property of the gas. Should the proper
hydrogen-oxygen mixture be formed by the injection of
hydrogen into a sealed mine, disastrous consequences could
be experienced by the introduction of the slightest spark
or flame into the area.
With the portable gas detectors now available, many other
gases can also be monitored. "In the medium range of
sensitivity, the most attractive search gas/detector com-
bination is now the halogen-containing gas which is
detected by its stimulation of electron emission from a
tungsten filament (the 'halide tector'). The detector is
robust and cheap and the gas may be of the harmless freon
type." 8 Freon-12 can be detected in as low a concentration
as 14.2 grams (1/2 ounce) per year, but is is expensive and
has a threshold limit of toxicity (maximum allowable concen-
tration) of 1,000 ppm. Introduction of such a gas to a
mine might easily produce such a threshold limit around
the blower and mine entrance.
Vinyl chloride could also be used for such detection studies,
but it is also flammable and toxic (maximum allowable con-
centration - 500 ppm). The same is true of methyl chloride.
Other gases which may easily be detected include butadiene,
sulfur hexafluoride, propane, argon, nitrous oxide and
anhydrous ammonia. All of these gases have been discarded
from serious consideration for a mine gas leak detection
study primarily because of their hazardous characteristics
of flammability and/or toxicity and their excessive cost
considerations.
"Many commercially produced instruments are now available
with a high degree of reliability. Helium has all the
177
-------
desirable qualities of a search-gas (except extreme cheap-
ness) . It is inert, harmless and does not occur in sig-
nificant quantities in the air or in any normal material.
Because of its low atomic weight, it is second only to
hydrogen in diffusing through small fissures." 8 Helium
was selected as the best search gas for mine leak detection
studies primarily because it is relatively inexpensive,
lighter than air, and safe to use (non-explosive and
non-toxic), and small, portable, inexpensive detection
equipment is readily available.
A cost estimate is presented of the requirements to flood
a mine with a detectable concentration of helium. The
figures are presented with the implied understanding that
the helium would be introduced slowly to the mine at a
rate less than its diffusion coefficient. Costs are
presented with respect to the Whipkey and King mines
covered by the study.
Whipkey Mine
Area - 50 acres
Volume - 4.57 x 106 ft3 = 1.29 x 108 liters
King Mine
Volume - 2.3 x 106 ft3 = 6.514 x 107 liters
Three volumes of gas are required to flush each mine
Whipkey Mine - 3.882 x 108 liters
King Mine - 1.9542 x 108 liters
The helium requirements and associated cost for the Whipkey
Mine are presented as an example:
average molecular weight of air = 29 grams
1 mole of air at S.T.P. = 22.4 liters
density of air = average molecular weight of air _
mole of air ~
29 grams = -, 29 arams/liter
22.4 liters L"*y grams/liter
178
-------
weight of air = volume of air x density of air
(entire mine)
weight of air = (1.294 x 108 1)(1.29 g/1) = 1.669 x 108 g
helium required in mine for an air mixture of 10 ppm
helium
Helium weight = weight of air x 10 = 1.669 x 108 (10) =
1 x 1061 x 100
1.669 x 103 grams
Helium volume = helium weight = 1.669 x 10 g = 9435 1
helium density .1769 g/1
9435 1 = 333 cu.ft.
28.32 1/cu.ft.
flushing the mine with three volumes of the foregoing
air-helium mixture would require 999 cu. ft.
helium is commercially available at 220 cu. ft./$35.00
or $.159/cu. ft.
the cost of helium to flush the mine would be $158.84
Detectors are readily available to determine the presence
of helium concentrations in air. An example of such a
device is a hand-held sniffer (approximately $250.00/unit)
made by Matheson which passes 50 cc/min. mass air flow
through the detector and is able to detect the following:
Freon in concentrations of 9 x 10~5 cc/sec
Hydrogen in concentrations of 3.6 x 10 cc/sec
Helium in concentrations of 5.4 x 10""-* cc/sec
It is anticipated that slight pressurization of a mine by
use of a blower to inject an air-helium mixture as pre-
viously mentioned would result in the air mixture flowing
through all fissures. It is also expected that gas dis-
persion effects should cause the helium to seek out fissures
without diffusing throughout the entire mine atmosphere.
179
-------
In general, a fissure through rock strata could be leak
proof with respect to water or liquid contact, but not
necessarily to a gas. Water could seal small holes due to
its surface tension capabilities and/or because of the
deposition effect of water carrying various types of soil
fines. Gas, however, would have a tendency to break
through any seals caused by surface tension and tend to
keep fissures clear of fines.
Smoke indicators are probably one of the most feasible
methods of leak detection, since they can easily be
visually observed issuing from an opening. However, at-
tempts to use titanium tetrachloride, which produces
titanium dioxide smoke, met with little success. The
most probable reasons for the failure of this particular
smoke technique was that the mine in which it was in-
jected was free-breathing at the time the smoke was
introduced (at one seal the mine was observed to be
inhaling and exhaling smoke) and insufficient quantities
of the gas were produced to fill the entire void of the
mine.
An advantage for the use of smoke bombs is that they
are very inexpensive, producing one million cubic feet
of smoke from one can for approximately $16.00. Limiting
factors to the success of smoke bomb application are the
fact that smoke will condense on wet surfaces (mine walls
are often damp due to ground water seepage), wind shifts
on the surface may shift smoke clouds emanating from
the fissures to other areas, and the earth may act as a
filter to remove smoke particles before they reach the
surface, if the fissures do not directly connect to the
mine shaft.
In addition to limitations imposed by the rock structure
itself, weather may also be a critical factor in terms of
determining mine gas leaks utilizing any one of various
gases or smoke. Frost in the ground is certainly a factor
to contend with since a shallow layer of frost has a
pavement-like effect over any points of leakage which
tends to cause a leak pattern enlargement. "Deep frost
may create addition effects." *
Another indicator technique considered was the use of a
chemical defoliant injected into a mine by a blower. This,
180
-------
in effect, would place another type of specialized atmos-
phere within a mine which would then be expected to filter
its way through any cracks or fissures to the surface.
At the area around each exit point, any existing foliage
would eventually be deprived of sufficient oxygen to sus-
tain growth and an aerial or walking survey of the area
would reveal such conditions. The primary effects of gas
on plants is due to the carbon monoxide content of the gas
which gradually displaces the normal soil atmosphere which
contains vital oxygen necessary to the normal functioning
of a healthy root system. "The displacement of the normal
oxygen from the soil also unbalances the soil bacterial
population, resulting in chemical and physical changes in
the soil that reduce its ability to support life."
An example of a defoliant and its effect can easily be
seen in natural gas, which may occur under the right natural
conditions to cause the destruction of plant life. "Com-
mercial natural gas is basically methane (CH4), non-toxic,
colorless vapor containing trace amounts of heavier
hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, butane, pentane, and
hexane, plus an odorant material. When this vapor spreads
out in the soil from an underground leak, it displaces the
normal soil atmosphere that contains oxygen. When this
occurs, the soil is no longer able to support plant
life." 1" Natural gas, and in turn other similar gases,
has a drying effect since it has practically no moisture
content. It also has a spreading effect through soil
since it is lighter than air. The rate of spread is a
function of the type of soil; light porous soil will
allow free movement while clays retard or resist upward
movement. Generally the pattern of spread is irregular
but generally upward; however, other factors effecting
the spread include the size of the leak, pressure effects
on flow and the depth of leak.
Although the foregoing technique has very positive effects
in the areas of leaks, it can be seen that considerable
time must be allowed to permit the chemical defoliation pro-
cesses to work. Also care must be exercised to prevent
contamination of water supplies as well as soil pollution.
" 'Soil pollution' may be defined as 'the presence of an
odorous toxic gas in a soil in a concentration sufficient
to change the atmospheric characteristics of the soil in
a given area, the resulting effect of which is hazardous,
destructive or a general nuisance.1 " 7
181
-------
Considering the far reaching effects of the introduction
of induced gases upon soil, the environment in general
and the whole life cycle, this technique of gas leak
detection should not be commonly used. It should be rele-
gated to controlled conditions and with the highest con-
sideration for the environment.
Consideration was also given to another more exotic indica-
tor technique of gas leak detection, that of a distinctive
odor emanating from cracks or fissures. There are many
compounds available which will produce a distinct notice-
able odor from minute concentrations injected into an air
atmosphere. Ethyl and methyl mercaptan are two of the
best known and most widely used of the odiferous compounds
available. A disadvantage of this approach is that mer-
captans are both toxic and flammable in high concentrations
producing a safety hazard to those conducting such an
operation. Also, mercaptans as well as other powerful
odor producers will quickly blind human and animal olfac-
tory nerves to the degree that the observer will be smel-
ling the odor in all areas, even where it is not present.
It was intended that dogs would be trained and used to
trace the scent of a particular compound to its source(s).
To the extreme when considering the foregoing from a
biological perspective, both male silkworms and male
monarch butterflies can detect the scent of a female
from many miles away. Such scent compounds have been
synthesized in the laboratory, but of course a person can
readily imagine the expense and difficulty involved in
putting such a method into practice.
Radioactive tracer gases were considered as vital elements
in a leak detection technique, and many such gases are
available. One gas investigated was Radon; however, it
was determined that it is extremely hazardous to use. , Its
maximum allowable concentration in air is only 7 x 10"
ppm. "This material can cause cancer, particularly of the
lungs. It is a very serious and disabling toxic harard."
Within the application of a radioactive search technique,
there is a distinct disadvantage in measurement due to the
half-life of the gas. "Krypton 85 is a suitable gas chemi
cally inert and with a radioactive half-life of 10.6
years" 8. Small leaks can be detected in the same way
as helium is measured by a mass spectrometer, and with
about the same sensitivity.
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Radioactive isotopes of some inert gases such as Argon can
be used, but most of these gases have very short half-lives.
Such gases must be purchased and irradiated on site to be
fully effective in detection studies. Half-life is defi-
nitely a critical factor in determining what radioactive
gas to use for a leak detection study. A very short half-
life, as in the case of inert gas isotopes, means that the
gas must be used very shortly after irradiation or it will
not be effective. A longer half-life has the inherent
danger of contaminating the surrounding streams and atmos-
phere with radioactivity for an extended period of time.
There is also the danger with any radioactive material
of exposing operating personnel to dangerous concentrations
of radioactivity.
In order to pursue radioactivity as a means of detection,
a geiger counter should be purchased and then contact
should be established with a gas supplier concerning the
gas mixture to be used with the counter. Mathieson is a
common source of supply for a complete line of such mix-
tures which are marketed under the name "Geretron". Such
mixtures are basically fluor-chloro-ethane or methane
mixtures, ranging in cost from $100 to $300 per 220 cu. ft.
cylinder.
Ultrasonics may also be used as a gas leak detection tech-
nique, however, it is basically limited in usefulness to
pressurized systems. The basis for detection is dependent
on a jet of escaping gas producing a louder sound than
other surrounding noises, which serves as a directional
guide. Ultrasonic leak detectors such as Hewlitt-Packard
Company Delcon Division instruments utilize earphones to
pick up the hissing sound "frequency" from the point of
escape which becomes louder as you travel toward the leak
location. "The battery powered device electronically
translates high-frequency acoustic energy released by the
operation of mechanical and fluid power apparatus, defec-
tive pressure and vacuum and electrical systems." 12
Ultrasonic detection is best suited for duct leak appli-
cations and its degree of sensitivity is not high; there-
fore, it is not recommended as an effective leak detection
device for mine applications.
Close visual observation is another method of leak detec-
tion which can be considered. To simplify such observation,
a color additive to the gaseous system will permit much
183
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easier and more positive identification. A product named
Saftigas ^ promises to facilitate leak detection obser-
vations. It is a leak pinpointing agent which adds color
or sight perception ability to invisible gases. It is
easily metered into a system in the same manner as odor-
ants are presently added to gases, and can be recognized
easily by sight because of the white emanating from
points of escape.
Another aspect of visual observation of escaping gases is
the ability to determine their presence by the shadow or
heat wave effect of the gases. When looking across a hole,
with the eye close to the surface of the ground, escaping
fumes will appear similar to heat waves above a radiator.
"On a sunny day, escaping gas will cause shadows on the
pavement or on a piece of white paper held perpendicular
to the surface with the hole between the paper and the
sun." 9 Although the foregoing describe valid visual ob-
servation techniques, there are severe limitations to
to their use in mine gas leak detection since leaks may
not be sufficiently large to determine a heat wave effect
over acres of a potential leak area, weather and terrain
are most likely not conducive to such a study, and areas
of points of leakage almost need to be preliminarily
determined for application of such techniques.
Infrared photography is another detection technique worthy
of consideration; however, it has definite limitations to
its use and is normally considered to be an integral com-
ponent of aerial surveillance techniques subsequently
discussed. When infrared photography is performed from
a plane, a scanning mirror is employed to pick up infrared
energy from a ten foot diameter spot on the ground at any
instant, with the mirror moving right to left perpendicu-
lar to the movement of the plane. Such movement produces
a scan of the strip of land over which the plane passes
which is transferred through a parabolic optical system to
an infrared detector cooled by liquid nitrogen. The
detector, in turn, energizes a light proportioned in inten-
sity to the signal. Infrared film passing under the light
is exposed and produces a negative-like picture. This type
of instrumentation is capable of detecting temperature
differences of a fraction of a degree. "For that reason,
it doesn't work too well during daylight hours because
reflected solar radiation masks out weaker radiation from
warm objects. So IR surveys are run at night." 14
184
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Application of infrared photography to mine gas leak
detection can take on several aspects. If a defoliant is
injected into the mine and causes deleterious effects on
surface foliage around points of leakage, aerial infrared
photography can distinguish diseased plants from healthy
plants even before a trained botanist on the ground could
determine same. Since infrared film is theoretically sensi-
tive to a few tenths of a degree temperature difference
and mine temperature stays at a fairly constant temperature
on a cold or hot day, infrared photography could possibly
detect the flow of mine air out of leak points to the
atmosphere. However, a similar study was performed by the
Bureau of Mines with relatively poor results. The reason
for limited success is that the right atmospheric condi-
tions must prevail for air to continuously flow out of
the mine. If an artifically induced and controlled pres-
sure was produced in the mine by a blower, the problems
associated with natural atmospheric pressure would most
likely be resolved.
A wealth of information is available on the details of
infrared photography; a particularly good reference source
is Kodak's Applied Infrared Photography. Film is readily
available. Some distinct limitations of this technique of
detection include: small temperature differences are not
easily distinguished, resolution of various sized objects
is poor at low sensitivity (temperature) levels, and at
high sensitivity, hot sources are masked out by large
warm sources.
Climate conditions are critical for infrared photography
since the best conditions for photography may be poor fly-
ing conditions for small aircraft. A bright summer day
perfect for flying, will present all types of photographic
problems. The best infrared conditions would be a snowy
day (the snow gives the earth an almost isothermal condi-
tion) , with photography being performed either in cloudy
conditions or at night to minimize sun reflections. A
cold day would produce a maximum temperature difference
between the atmospheric and mine air, as well as minimum
foliage interference conditions. The foregoing along
with the increased cost considerations for the availa-
bility of equipment (camera and airplane) and period of
rental (least expensive approach) are the major consid-
erations in selecting this detection technique.
185
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There are instruments available which work just like labor-
atory spectrometers, but are portable and can be used for
ground and aerial surveillance. They will pick up the
wavelengths emitted by many gases including CO, CO2, CH3,
H, etc., and give photographs of a topographical area show-
ing concentrations of the specific gas being monitored.
These instruments could be used to detect mine leaks, but
the economics are prohibitive. Minimum equipment cost runs
approximately $3,000, and there is still the need for aerial
surveillance and blower equipment to pressruize the mine
with the tracer gas. This method will not pick out specific
leaks, but will generate "density" maps, requiring the
assumption that the leak is in or around the area of maximum
gas concentration. Considering the foregoing, a leak detec-
tion study could be performed with infrared or helium de-
tection devices, with the same results as a spectrometer,
and at a fraction of the cost.
Aerial surveillance as a detection technique is most com-
monly associated with infrared photography. Originally
this technique was developed for use in the war effort
simply to distinguish between camouflaged areas and normal
vegetation, soil and structures. Aerial surveillance has
had wide acceptance in geothermal applications. "Through
aerial photographic interpretation techniques it is possible
to identify landforms and to estimate soil texture and
drainage conditions and depth to bedrock conditions.
The trained air-photo interpreter observes and analyses
the topography, drainage pattern, erosion, photo tone
pattern, and vegetation and land use of the area shown on
the air photos." 15 Aerial photography has received
considerable use for mapping as well, and more recently
has been used extensively for water pollution surveys,
air pollution studies. "Aerial photography has been used
for nearly a century. Recent developments in aerial
photography, such as color film, color infrared film,
and multiband photographic systems, have greatly increased
the amount of useful information obtainable from aerial
photographs. For example, it is possible, through the
use of color infra-red film, to distinguish between healthy
and diseased plants, even in cases where such differences
may not be visibly detectable." 15
Aerial surveillance could be utilized in connection with
the use of a smoke indicator injected into the mine in
order to pinpoint the various leakage points. However,
it is often difficult in such aerial smoke surveys to
186
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distinguish plume particles from normal background clutter
and in some cases visibility may be impaired because the
plume itself, preventing the determination of precise
locations of plume services.
"So highly developed have become the instruments, computers/
plotters, and photographic equipment and optics, and so
specialized the operators and photogrammetrists, that
almost all phases of aerial photography are now performed
under contract by aero-survey companies." 16 However,
there are uses to which aerial photography can be applied
which do not require such precision. In such instances,
aerial surveillance affords considerable cost savings
compared with forms of ground surveys.
Another more exotic detection device which was given cur-
sory consideration was seismographic methods. Soiltest,
Inc. 17 makes a complete line of seismographic equipment
which is designed for underground testing. Such equipment
induces pressure waves into the earth and then records the
reflected signals picked up by a sensitive sensing device.
Based on the time required for a signal to return, it can
be determined what form the earth structure takes and whether
any voids are present and where they are located.
There are definite limitations to such a technique. "First,
all the reflective seismic methods require a subsurface
which is approximately linear over the distances of the
order of the cable length. If this condition is not met,
velocities and depths cannot be predicted with any accuracy,
nor are there any currently existing methods for circum-
venting the problem." 18 with respect to the foregoing,
it is highly probable that this technique would be able
to determine the location of the mine shafts themselves,
but not necessarily be so finely sensitive to determine
the location of cracks and fissures extending to the
surface.
In view of the findings of this literature survey, infra-
red photography, smoke detection, and the injection of
tracer gases such as helium with subsequent detection by
hand-held "sniffers" were deemed the most feasible methods
of locating leakage points from mines.
187
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SECTION IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S
The advice and guidance of Mr. David R. Maneval, formerly
Director of Planning and Coal Research, Mr. John J. Buscavage,
formerly Acting Director of the Bureau of Planning and
Development/ and Dr. John J. Demchalk, Chief of the Division
of Developmental Research, Pennsylvania Department of Envir-
onmental Resources are sincerely appreciated.
A special thanks to Mr. Shelby T. Mitchell who supplied
mining maps and historical data and provided valuable
assistance during the investigative portion of this study.
The support of the project by the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency and the help
provided by Mr. Donald J. O1Bryan, Mr. Eugene Harris, Mr.
Ronald D. Hill, the Project Officer, and Mr. Ernst P. Hall,
formerly Chief, Pollution Control Analysis Branch, are
acknowledged with sincere thanks.
The principal investigators of this study were Mr. John D
Robins, Project Engineer, Mr. William E. Bell, Manager of
Water Management, and Mr. E. Dennis Escher, formerly
Project Manager of the Cyrus Wm. Rice Division, NUS
Corporation.
189
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REFERENCES
1. Anon., "Substantial Progress Reported in Mine Seal
Program," Coal Mining, 15 (2), 8-10, (1938).
2. Braley, S. A., "Summary Report of Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania (Department of Health) Industrial Fellowship Nos. 1
to 7 Incl.," Mellon Industrial Fellowship No. 326B, (1954),
pp. 192-3.
3. Braley, S. A., "Summary Report of Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania (Department of Health) Industrial Fellowship Nos. 1
to 7 Incl.," Mellon Industrial Fellowship No. 326B, (1954),
pp. 192-3.
4. Bell, W. E., "Report of Studies of the Effect of Gas
Atmospheres on Pyrite Oxidation", Cyrus Wm. Rice Division-
NUS Corporation report to FWPCA, Contract No. 14-12-404,
April, 1969.
5. Robins, J. D. and J. C. Troy, "The Effects of Various
Gas Atmospheres on the Oxidation of Coal Mine Pyrites,"
Cyrus Wm. Rice Division - NUS Corporation report to EPA,
Contract No. 14-12-877, August, 1971.
6. "Methane Detection and Control," Coal Age, Vol 75,
No. 3, March, 1970, pp. 93-97 (1970).
7. Whitecavage, James B., "Soil Pollution: Its Causes,
Consequences and Cures," Gas Age, Vol. 134, No. 11,
November, 1967, pp. 36-39 (1967).
8. Mann, C. A., "Leak Testing", Non-Destructive Testing,
Vol. 1, No. 4, May, 1968, pp. 237-241, (1968).
9. Hein, Paul M., and Gregory L. Burbank, "How to Pinpoint
Underground Gas Leaks", Gas Age, Vol. 134, September,
1967, pp. 28-30 (1967) .
10. Eynon, Stuart B., "Current Vegetation Leakage Survey
Techniques," Gas Age, Vol. 134, April, 1967, pp. 38-41,
(1967) .
11. Sax, N. Irving, assisted by M. J. O'Herin and W. W.
Schultz, Handbook of Dangerous Materials, Reinhold
Publishing Corp., New York, New York (1951).
191
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12. "Ultrasonic Leak Detectors Cut Inspection Time for
Natkin", Domestic Engineering, March, 1968, pp. 84-
85 (1968).
13. American Dynamics International, Inc., "Gas Leak Prob-
lems Vanish with a Puff of Smoke," Chemi 1 Engineering,
Vol 75, April 8, 1968.
14. Cross, Bruce, "Aerial Photos: New Weapons Against
Pollution," Chemical Engineering, Vol. 69, April 2,
1962, pp. 42-43 (1962).
15. Kiefer, Ralph W. and James P. Scherz, "Applications of
Airborne Remote Sensing Technology," Proceedings of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of
Surveying and Mapping Division, April, 1970, pp. 57-80
(1970).
16. Fryer, Gordon, "Aerial Photography of Open Pit Mines,"
Mining Congress Journal, Vol. 53, No. 8, August, 1967,
pp. 46-56, 108 (1967).
17. Wylie, Kenneth M., "Seismic Analysis - The Big Break-
through in Ripping Rock", The Testing World, No. 22,
Winter 1968-1969, pp. 4-5 and 7, (1968).
18. Faner, M. Furhan, Ernest E. Cook and Norman S. Niedell,
"Limitations of the Reflection Seismic Method Lessons
from Computer Simulations", Geophysics, Vol. 35, No. 4,
August, 1970, pp. 551-573 (1970).
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973-546-310/80-1-3
192
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Report No.
w
4. Title
Gas Requirements to Pressurize Abandoned Deep Mines
7.
Robins, John D.
State of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Environmental Resources
(Grantee) Cyrus Wm. Rice Division - MIS Corp. (Consultant
Contractor)
5. Report Uaie
"6.' ;.
8. Performing
Report No
EFL
Protection Agency
15. Supplementary Notes
Environmental Protection Agency, Number EPA-670/2-73-05&, August 1973
1^010 EFL
vyi. of" Report an;
.Kxl Covered
16. Atst.-a.-iThe objective of this study was to determine the gas injection rates needed to
develop and maintain slight pressures -within a mine over ambient conditions during
changes in the barometric pressure. The ultimate aim of the project was to determine
the feasibility of blanketing an abandoned deep mine with an inert gas in order to
eliminate the acid mine drainage, Pressurization tests were conducted at tvo typical
abandoned deep mine sites in southwestern Pennsylvania. The study also included a
state-of-the-art evaluation of existing technology which could be used to locate
points of gas leakage from deep mines. The findings of this literature survey were
Implemented in several full-scale leak detection experiments.
While pressurization tests conducted at the larger (50 acres) test mine site
were generally inconclusive, the final test results obtained at the smaller (15 acres)
mine site were encouraging. Slight positive differential mine pressure could be main-
tained over extended periods of time at air injection rates as low as 150 cfm. It was
also found that barometric pressure fronts had little or no effect on differential
mine pressures and that mine pressure differentials immediately dissipated at the
cessation of air injection. The experimental data colledted throughout this study is
presented in the Appendix.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number 11*010 EFL under
the partial sponsorship of the Office of Research & Monitoring, Environmental Protection
Agency. .
17a. Descriptors
*A.cid Mine Drainage, *Water Pollution Control, *Inert Gas Blanketing Pyrite
Oxidation
I7b, Identiiier*,
*Mine Pressurization, *Leak Detection, Oxygen Free Atmospheres, Pennsylvania
Ohiopyle State Park
17c. CGWRR Field & Group QJQ.
IS. Availability
19,
(Report)
';Z,- .Security
21. No. of
ss
22. Price ,
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. OJC. 2024O
Abstiactoi
John P. Robin*
ifiyrna Wm. Binta Hi vie ion, MUS Corporation
WRSIC 102 (REV. JUNE 1971}
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