EPA 670/2-73-088
December 1973
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Demonstration of A Non-Aqueous
Sewage Disposal System
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
-------
EPA 670/2-73-088
December 1973
DEMONSTRATION
OF A
NON-AQUEOUS SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
by
Floyd L. Matthew
Ervin E. Nesheim
Project 15010 PBK
Program Element 1BB038
Project Officer:
William Librizzi
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Prepared for:
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.60
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EPA Review .-lotice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents neces-
sarily reflect the views and policies of the Environ
mental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
nanes or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
11
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ABSTRACT
A prototype non-aqueous wastewatcr treatment systen uti-
lizing recirculated mineral oil as a collection ancl
transport media was installed and operated at the Mount
Rushmore Na'tional Memorial, Rapid City, South Dakota.
The project was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility
and effectiveness of the non-aqueous system for applica-
tion at recreational ancl similarly remote areas.
The non-aqueous system was evaluated for six months
during the 1972 visitation season. During this period,
data was collected to determine system usage rate and
user waste loading and to evaluate the physical, biological
and chemical content of the flush oil as a function of sys-
tem usage. System operation and reliability were also
demonstrated during the test period.
The demonstration showed that the non-aqueous treatment
system is effective in the collection, transport, and
disposal of human waste. Odors in the oil flush media
and from the treatment system presented an aesthetic
problem which makes the use of this system undesirable
for recreational areas such as Rushmore. System redesign
to prevent organic accumulations and the routine use of
an oxidizer-bactericide to eliminate odor-producing bac-
terial activity is required before this concept can be
suitable for high-use visible recreational areas.
Water conservation is achieved when recirculated mineral
oil is used to collect and transport human wastes. The
waste volume is reduced by 98 percent in comparison with
conventional water carriage systems.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project
Number 15010 FBI: under the partial sponsorship of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
111
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CONTENTS
Section Page
I Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 3
III Introduction 5
Objectives 5
Scope 6
IV Aqua-Sans System 9
Flush Fluid Loop 9
Waste Disposal System 14
V Incinerator 17
VI Facilities . 19
Plumbing Modifications 19
Electrical Modifications 21
Exhaust System Modifications 21
VII Evaluation Procedures 23
Mineral Oil Tests 23
Mineral Oil Usage 24
Per Capita Waste Loading 24
Public Acceptance of the Mineral Oil As
a Flush Fluid 25
Maintenance and Reliability 26
Waste Composition 26
VIII Evaluation Results 27
Mechanical System Performance, Maintenance,
and Reliability 27
Pump s 27
Reservoir and Waste Sump 28
Waste Sensors 38
Oil Reservoir Cleaning 38
System Vent 38
Miscellaneous 38
Oil Maintenance and Quality 40
Suspended Solids and Water Removal 40
Bypass Filter System 41
Bacteria Control 48
Odor Control 48
Oil Loss 51
Useful Life of Mineral Oil Flush Fluid 53
Miscellaneous 54
v
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CONTENTS (CONT.)
Section Page
VIII Restroom Facilities 54
Flushing 54
Oil Spillage 54
Oil Splashing 55
Cleaning 55
Design Criteria 56
Waste Loading 56
System Sizing 59
Water Conservation 60
Summary of Evaluation Results 60
IX Acknowledgments 63
X References 65
XI Glossary 67
APPENDICES
A Chrysler Corporation Space Division Technical
Evaluation of Aqua-Sans Treatment System A-l
B Flush Fluid Specifications B-l
C Test Procedures C-l
Coliform Bacteria Counts of Mineral Oil C-l
Interfacial Tension of Mineral Oil C-l
D Effect of Flush Fluid on Humans D-l
E Restroom Cleaning Procedure E-l
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Page
1 Aqua-Sans System 9
2 Aqua-Sans System--Block Diagram 10
3 Aqua-Sans Reservoir--Sectional View Showing
Modifications 13
4 Metering Tank and Waste Transfer Valve 16
5 Visitor Center Restroom Plumbing--Line Diagram 20
6 Public Acceptance Questionnaire 25
7 Cumulative Flush Oil Flow, Water Closet and
Urinal Flushes, and Waste Collected.
February 6 Through July 31, 1972 29
V Ll
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Number Page
1 Aqua-Sans Component List 11
2 Oil Flow, Flush Count, and Waste Collection
Data. February 6 Through May 15, 1972,
Operating Period 30
3 Oil Flow and Flush Count Data. June 5
Through June 9, 1972, Operating Period 32
4 Oil Flow, Flush Count, and Waste Collection
Data. June 28 Through July 5, 1972,
Operating Period 33
5 Oil Flush, Flush Count, and Waste Collection
Data. July 6 Through July 31, 1972,
Operating Period 34
6 Hourly Oil Flush Flow Rates. July 6 Through
July 31, 1972, Operating Period 36
7 Determination of Peak to Average Flush Flow
Ratio 39
8 Primary Filter/Coalescer Element Replacement
Record 41
9 Oil Interfacial Tension and Color and Clay
Filter Changes. February 6 Through May
14, 1972, Operating Period 43
10 Oil Interfacial Tension and Color. June 5
Through June 9, 1972, Operating Period 44
11 Oil Interfacial Tension and Color and Bypass
Filter Changes. June 28 Through July 5,
1972, Operating Period 45
12 Oil Interfacial Tension and Color and Bypass
Filter Changes. July 6 Through July 31,
1972, Operating Period 46
13 Biocide Addition Record and Coliform
Bacteria Test Results 49
Vlll
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LIST OF TABLES (CONT.)
Table
Number Page
14 Results of Public Acceptance Questionnaire 52
15 Oil Lost with Waste 53
16 Restroom Facility Flushes Per User
Determination 57
17 Waste Collection and Water Closet and Urinal
Flushes 58
18 Suspended Solids Concentrations of
Concentrated Human Wastes 59
19 Determination of Peak Hourly Flow to Average
Flow Ratio 59
20 Sump Size, Waste Collection, and Maintenance
as a Function of Users 61
IX
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
1. The prototype wastewater treatment system (Aqua-Sans
system) utilizing recirculated mineral oil can effectively
collect, transport, and concentrate urine and fecal wastes
associated with recreational and remote areas.
2. Bacterial populations in the mineral oil flush media can
be controlled with commercial biocides. Bacterial analysis
of oil samples showed that total coliform counts were effec-
tively reduced to zero in most of the samples examined.
3. Odor problems resulted from inadequate oxidation of the
organic particulate matter which collected in the system
storage reservoir and the primary filter/coalescer. This
organic matter harbored bacteria which were not controlled by
commercial biocides. Odors resulted from the accumulation of
organic solids and the associated bacterial growth. These
odor problems must be eliminated before a mineral oil trans-
port system will be feasible.
4. The waste sump for separating oil from wastes was improp-
erly designed, and excessive turbulence caused finely divided
organic particulates to carry over into oil storage units.
5. The mineral oil reservoir contained braces and cross mem-
bers where the solids accumulate. Braces and cross members
must be eliminated and bottom slopes designed to improve
gravity separation of solids to a central collection point.
6. A user survey showed that 18 percent of the users ob-
jected to odors around the water closets, and 33 percent ob-
jected to the color of the oil in the water closet bowls.
7. Attapulgus clay filters and carbon filters used in series
can maintain an interfacial tension above 30 dynes/cm in the
mineral oil, which is required for adequate waste separation.
8. Water conservation is achieved by using recirculated min-
eral oil to collect and transport human wastes. The conser-
vation of 240,000 gal. of water at Mount Rushmore during the
demonstration resulted in a reduction in water pumping costs.
9. The waste volume was reduced by 98 percent in comparison
with conventional water carriage systems, which resulted in
significant reductions in hydraulic loads on the Mount
Rushmore wastewater treatment system.
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10. Approximately 15 instances of oil overflows from water
closets and urinals resulted in a hazardous condition to users
of the restroom facilities.
11. The incinerator furnished for the demonstration did not
dispose of the concentrated wastes separated by the Aqua-Sans
system,
12. The useful life of the mineral oil as a flush fluid
could not be accurately predicted by the results of this
demonstration. The data does, however, indicate that the
mineral oil can be used as flush media longer than the five-
month operating period conducted at Mount Rushmore. A proper
filtering system is essential to maintain the oil in a ser-
viceable condition.
13. Average user waste loading ranged from 0.059 to 0.085
gallons per user. The ratio of flushes per facility user
was 0.95.
14. The oil loss with the waste is a function of facility
usage rate and operating level of waste in the waste sump.
During low use periods the oil loss was 3.8 gallons per 1000
gallons waste. The loss during high use periods was 47 gal-
lons per 1000 gallons waste.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Solution of the odor problem will make the Aqua-Sans
system feasible for use in recreational areas where conven-
tional waste disposal methods are impractical or not feasible
or where water conservation must be practiced; however, the
following system design changes are recommended for all
future Aqua-Sans systems.
a. Enlarge the waste sump to provide a theoretical
detention time of 3.5 times the maximum hourly flow.
b. Design the inlet to the waste sump to eliminate
turbulence.
c. Time inflows to the waste sump from sensor flushing
or reservoir pumping to occur during a no-use period.
d. Design the flush media reservoir to eliminate sur-
faces and obstacles that retain solid and liquid wastes.
e. Install a dual waste sensing system which requires
a double failure before oil can be pumped from the
waste sump.
f. Eliminate the vacuum lift system.
g. Use an accumulator with a bladder type air chamber.
h. Use a metering pump to pump the oil out of the reser-
voir, through the bypass filter system, and back into
the reservoir.
i. Use a secondary waste holding tank of sufficient
size to provide waste storage for several hours and
install equipment to skim the oil from the top of the
waste to reduce losses.
j. Provide a blower in the reservoir vent to provide a
forced draft on the reservoir.
k. Use 4 in. diameter or larger piping for all waste
piping. Long radius fittings should be used in all
piping.
2. The four bypass filter elements should be changed after
16,000 connected restroom facility uses.
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3. Biocide addition is dependent on the system usage rate.
Biobor JF must be added in doses equivalent to 185 ppm every
three days for usage rates in excess of 1,000 users per day.
4. The following studies are also recommended:
a. Develop water closet and urinal designs which will
eliminate splashing and spillage problems.
b. Investigate methods for ultimate disposal of concen-
trated human wastes, which can include the following:
1. Incineration;
2. Aerobic digestion;
3. Anaerobic digestion;
4. Soil filters for effluent from 2 and 3 above;
5. Irrigation for effluent from.2 and 3 above; and
6. Air drying--natural and mechanical.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
Waste treatment systems which can collect, transport, and dis-
pose of human wastes are needed at remote and recreational
areas where conventional waste disposal methods are impracti-
cal, not feasible, or undesirable, or where water conserva-
tion must be practiced.
The Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District demonstrated the use
of a non-aqueous, recirculating waste treatment system at the
Mount Rushmore National Memorial Visitor Center under the
Environmental Protection Agency grant program. The Mount
Rushmore National Memorial Visitor Center was selected for
the demonstration because (1) the National Park Service was
agreeable to providing space for the system installation;
(2) the summer visitation to the monument is sufficient to
demonstrate the effectiveness of the system over a wide range
of restroom usage rates; and (3) the system could be installed
at an existing facility without making extensive permanent
modifications.
OBJECTIVES
The project was conducted with the following objectives:
1. Demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using a
non-aqueous system for collecting, transporting, and disposing
of human wastes.
2. Demonstrate that water conservation is achieved by using
a non-aqueous transport fluid.
3. Determine if the recycled mineral oil can, under variable
load conditions, maintain acceptable physical, biological,
pathological, chemical, and aesthetic characteristics.
4. Determine the useful life of the mineral oil flush media.
5. Determine the system operating characteristics as a func-
tion of the per capita waste loading to aid in developing
future design criteria.
6. Develop operational and maintenance techniques and relia-
bility for the non-aqueous system.
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7. Determine the effectiveness of incineration as a means of
ultimate disposal of concentrated urine and fecal material.
SCOPE
In 1971 the Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District received an
Environmental Protection Agency grant of $75,213 to demonstrate
an Aqua-Sans system at Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South
Dakota. The grant, awarded under the provisions of 33 U.S.C.
466 et seq., covered approximately 84 percent of the cost of
the demonstration. The balance ($14,543) was provided by the
Sub-District. Eligible costs for the grant included the pur-
chase of the Aqua-Sans system and the incinerator, modification
design and construction at the Visitor Center, system instal-
lation and operation, testing, system removal, and reporting.
The project was conducted in three phases: (1) Aqua-Sans
system and incinerator design and fabrication; (2) modifica-
tion, construction, and installation at Mount Rushmore; and
(3) test and evaluation.
Chrysler Corporation Space Division designed and fabricated
the Aqua-Sans system, designed the incinerator and contracted
with a vendor for its fabrication, and provided technical sup-
port throughout the project.
The Visitor Center plumbing, electrical, and mechanical sys-
tems were modified during the fall of 1971. The Aqua-Sans
system and the incinerator were installed in January and
February of 1972. All system components were placed in the
mechanical equipment room at the Visitor Center. The system
was connected either to three women's water closets and three
men's water closets and three urinals or to only the six men's
facilities. The piping necessary for connecting the system
to the toilet facilities was routed through an existing access
tunnel.
The Aqua-Sans system was operated during the period between
February 6, 1972, and July 31, 1972. Data was collected
during this period to determine the number of facility users,
the amount of mineral oil circulated, the amount of waste
collected, the mineral oil characteristics, restroom user
acceptance, operating and maintenance techniques, and system
reliability. All work performed under phases two and three
was either under the direction of or by Dakota Engineering
Company, Rapid City, South Dakota.
An incinerator was installed to thermally reduce the concen-
trated human wastes collected in the Aqua-Sans system. A
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mdcerator pump to divert waste to the existing Mount Rushmore
septic tank and sand filter treatment system was installed as
a backup to the incinerator.
-------
SECTION IV
AQUA-SANS SYSTEM
The Aqua-Sans system, pictured in Figure 1, is a non-aqueous
sewage disposal system developed by the Space Division of the
Chrysler Corporation (CCSD) . This system, which utilizes
recirculated mineral oil as the transport fluid, is shown
schematically in Figure 2, while Table 1 presents a descrip-
tive listing of the system's major components. A detailed
description of the system and its operation is contained in
Appendix A, Chrysler Corporation Space Division Technical
Evaluation of Aqua-Sans System. Appendix B lists the tech-
nical specifications for the mineral oil, Sontex 60T.
Figure 1. Aqua-Sans System
The Aqua Sans system consists of two sub-systems
fluid loop and waste disposal system.
flush
FLUSH FLUID LOOP
Mineral oil flow is dependent on the toilet facility usage
and the flow rate through the bypass filter system.
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VAC.
PUMP
10
METER-
ING
TANK
to -5,
sewer
MAC.
PUMP
incinerator
CONTROL VALVE
O FLOW SELECTSR
BLOCK VALVE
AIR
WASTE
OIL
FLOW DIRECTION
RESERVOIR f"
r-"-—,
WASTE
SUMP
from toilets
•—••to toilets
BYPASS
FILTER
SYSTEM
ACCUMU-
LATOR
RECIR.
PUMP
FLOWMETEFfl
PRIMARY
PUMP
PRIMARY
FILTER
NUMBERS KEYED TO TABLE I .
Figure 2. Aqua-Sans System--Block Diagram
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Table 1. Aqua-Sans Component List
Fig. 2
Number
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
Component
Primary Pump
Primary Flowmeter
Primary Filter/
Coalescer
Primary Filter
Elements
Accumulator
Clay Filter Housing
Clay Filter Elements
Carbon Filter Housing
Carbon Filter Elements
Sediment Pump
Waste Sensor
Waste Overfill Sensor
Vacuum Pump
Waste Transfer Seal
Valve
Macerator Pump
Description
2V x 2" Mod # C2116130
IV Mod # 1725C
4" x 4" Mod # V1633-B2
# 1-6330
# SO-436-V
82 gal. with separator
IV x Ik" Mod # VC-818
# CO-718CC
# 6436227
1200 gph Mod # 390 2690
Electr-0-Probe
Mod # B-07-SS
Same as 8
3/8" Mod # 1022-V-2-G272X
3" flexible valve
1--1V x 1" Mod # 406-M-l
2--4" x IV Mod # SPG-150
Manufacturer
Flint e. Walling, Inc.
Badger Meter, Inc.
Velcon Filters, Inc.
Velcon Filters, Inc.
Velcon Filters, Inc.
Flint 5 Walling, Inc.
Velcon Filters, Inc.
Velcon Filters, Inc.
Puritan Industries, Inc.
Puritan Industries, Inc.
Sears
CE In-Val-Co Combustion
Engineering, Inc.
Same as 8
Cast Manufacturing Corp.
Flexible Valve Company
Oberdorfer Pump Division
Hydr-0-Matic Pump Co.
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Primary Flow
Upon demand, resulting from the flushing of a connected
toilet, mineral oil from the accumulator was delivered to
flush the wastes from the toilet and transport these wastes
to the Aqua-Sans system through a 4 in. diameter sewer pipe.
The oil-waste mixture entered the top of the waste sump
through a vertical inlet and passed through an 8 in. air gap
before meeting the oil surface in the waste sump. Here the
waste, with a specific gravity close to 1.0, settled, while
the oil (specific gravity 0.83) overflowed into the storage
reservoir for treatment and reuse in subsequent flushes.
Settled wastes collected in the bottom of the sump for
transport to the incinerator for ultimate disposal.
The oil storage reservoir had a maximum oil storage of 250
gal., and the waste sump 100 gal. above the oil-waste inter-
face. The total oil volume in the system, including storage
in the accumulator, pipes, and filters, was 360 gal. The
reservoir and waste sump were sized to provide a 10-minute
theoretical detention time at a flow rate of 30 gpm.
Initially the oil, prior to overflowing into the storage
reservoir, was passed through a cone screen for preventing
large solids carryover. The oil was then passed through a
horsehair-fiberglass gross coalescer (which was placed hori-
zontally in the reservoir) for removing water from the oil.
During the demonstration period (see Section VIII, Reservoir
and Waste Sump), the cone screen was replaced with a cone-
shaped horsehair-fiberglass coalescer. A bag filter was
also installed at the top of the sump, and the horsehair-
fiberglass gross coalescer removed. Figure 3 shows a sec-
tional view of the reservoir and the modifications which
were performed.
The primary pump delivered oil from the storage reservoir
through the accumulative flow meter and primary filter to the
accumulator and maintained the pressure in the accumulator
between 30 and 50 psig.
The primary filter contained three cloth-covered filter ele-
ments for coalescing water and removing waste particles
larger than 20 microns from the oil.
A small recirculating pump was provided to pump oil and
water from the low end of the reservoir to the waste sump.
12
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AS RECEIVED
AFTER MODIFYING
I-CONE SCREEN REMOVED
GROSS COALESCER INSTALLED
2-GROSS COALESCER REMOVED
3-BAG FILTER INSTALLED
Figure 3. Aqua-Sans Reservoir
Sectional View Showing Modifications (Not to Scale)
Bypass Flow
A bypass filter system containing one attapulgus clay filter
was supplied with the system for removing color, dissolved
contaminants, and finely divided suspended solids from the
oil. After several modifications, the bypass filter system
consisted of two attapulgus clay filters, one dual element
carbon filter, and a rotometer-type flow rate indicator.
The filters were arranged with the clay filters in parallel
with the dual-element carbon filter in series and downstream
of the clay filters. Each clay filter was rated at 1 gpm
13
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and the carbon filter was rated for 2 gpm. Manual control
valves were used to control the oil flow through the bypass
filters (see Figure 2).
WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
The waste separates from the mineral oil and settles to the
bottom of and is stored in the sump for later disposal. Two
capacitance-type sensors detect the oil-waste interface as
it rises in the waste sump; one is located at the 12 gal.
level and the other at the 35 gal. level.
When approximately 12 gal. of waste is collected in the sump,
the lower waste sensor is actuated, causing the waste trans-
fer valve to close and the vacuum pump to operate. The
vacuum pump produces a vacuum in the metering tank, which
causes the waste in the waste sump to flow to the metering
tank. A float switch in the metering tank shuts the vacuum
pump off when approximately 10 gal. of waste has entered the
metering tank.
The waste flow from the metering tank depends on the method
of disposal being used in conjunction with the Aqua-Sans
system.
Incinerator
The Aqua-Sans system was designed for automatic operation
with the primary method of waste disposal being incineration.
In the "incinerator mode," the waste was delivered by gravity
to the incinerator through a 3 in. diameter sewer line.
Approximately one hour was required to burn the waste. Fol-
lowing the dump to the incinerator:
(1) the recirculating (sediment) pump came on for approxi-
mately 5 seconds to pump any liquid waste in the low end
of the reservoir to the waste sump;
(2) the sensor flush selenoid valve opened and allowed
oil from the high pressure system to spray past the two
waste sensor probes to remove any waste which may have
collected on the probes; and
(3) the water flush valve opened, allowing water to spray
into the metering tank and over the cone screen in the
sump. The water flush was removed at the same time the
cone screen was removed.
14
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The waste overfill sensor (upper sensor) actuates when
approximately 35 gal. of waste has accumulated in the sump.
This actuation causes the operating mode to automatically
switch to the "sewer mode." The waste in this mode was
transferred from the metering tank through a macerator pump
to the Mount Rushmore sewer system.
Backup Disposal
Because of incinerator failure (see Section V), the primary
mode of operation used during the demonstration period was
"sewer mode."
The system was supplied with an Oberdorfer macerator pump
with a 1% in. inlet and a 1 in. outlet. This pump was
designed to pump wastes from the waste sump to the Mount
Rushmore system when the incinerator was not operating or
waste was collecting at a faster rate than the incinerator
burn rate. Tests performed with water in the sump indicated
that the 1% in. pump could pass sanitary napkins. Similar
tests with plastic covered disposable diapers plugged the
2 in. waste pipe connected to the 1% in. pump inlet. Inlet
modifications did not eliminate the problem. The Oberdorfer
macerator pump was replaced with a larger pump in June, 1972,
A new macerator pump, manufactured by Hydr-0-Matic Pump
Company, was installed downstream from the waste transfer
valve. The metering tank with a blind flange installed on
the downstream side of the. waste transfer valve is shown in
Figure 4. The new macerator was connected where the blind
flange is shown in Figure 4. The waste transfer valve was
left in place to isolate the macerator pump if maintenance
was required or plugging occurred.
Several alarms were installed in the control system. The
waste overfill sensor actuated a waste overfill alarm. If
the automatic cycle operated properly, the alarm cleared
approximately 2 minutes after the waste level dropped below
the sensor. A tank overfill and a long dump alarm were also
provided on the metering tank.
15
-------
- »
Figure 4.
Metering Tank and Waste Transfer Valve
16
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SECTION V
INCINERATOR
A two-stage incinerator, designed to burn 10 gal. of concen-
trated human waste per hour, was furnished with the Aqua-Sans
system as the primary method of disposing of the waste col-
lected in the Aqua-Sans system.
Incinerator draft problems were encountered during the check-
out of the incinerator in February, 1972, so no burns were
made in the automatic mode. During the months of February,
March, and April, approximately 25 trial burns were conducted,
with water added to the burn pot, while trying to obtain a
draft on the incinerator. A draft inducer was installed in
March, which resulted in a marginal draft condition during
portions of an operating period.
In April it was observed that the insulation in the primary
chamber was starting to flake off. .At about this same time,
the insulation in a similar incinerator being tested for the
Navy failed because of flaking. Apparently the unoxidized
gases caused a thin layer of the exposed insulation to "flux"
(become hard), flake off, and expose a new layer of insula-
tion. During disassembly of the incinerator, it was found
that the insulation in the secondary chamber was exhibiting
the same deterioration as that in the primary chamber.
Approximately six complete waste burns were conducted in
addition to the trial burns. No data was collected on the
residue (ash) remaining after a burn.
The incinerator operation was discontinued because of the
design problems and the time factor involved for modifying
the incinerator; and all collected wastes were pumped to the
Mount Rushmore sewer system.
17
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SECTION VI
FACILITIES
The Visitor Center plumbing, electrical, and mechanical sys-
tems were modified to accept the Aqua-Sans system and the
incinerator. Details regarding the modifications are pre-
sented below.
PLUMBING MODIFICATIONS
Connected Facilities
As shown in Figure 5, the six water closets, numbers W1-W3
and M1-M3, and the three urinals, numbers U1-U3, were con-
nected to the Aqua-Sans unit. A valve header was installed
to enable valve control of either the backup water supply or
the Aqua-Sans system to either the three connected women's
water closets, the three connected men's water closets and
urinals, or all nine connected facilities.
Three-port, ballcentric valves were placed between W3 and W4
and also between M3 and M4. Ball valves were placed in the
urinal drain pipes. These valves could be positioned in the
drain to the Aqua-Sans system when oil was to be used as a
flush fluid and to the Mount Rushmore system when water was
to be used.
The waste and supply pipes for the water closets were located
in a 2-foot wide divider room between the men's and women's
restrooms. The piping to the urinals was located in a 5-foot
high crawl space under the men's restroom. Access to the
divider room was through an access tunnel from the furnace
room.
Material Compatibility
The use of mineral oil as a flush fluid requires that special
attention be given to materials used for pipes and valves.
The "Royal" flushometer valves built by Sloan Valve Company
were replaced by Sloan's "Naval" valves, which were modified
to eliminate materials not compatible with mineral oil.
Flush Counts
Flow switches were installed in the individual supply pipe to
each of the six connected water closets. Each flow switch was
19
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/ \
1
J
J
i «H J i
— i • .
r{
1
1
H
j
1
T
1
< r- _ W6Q
k K [J 3-PORT VALVES
< n ID 90° BALL VALVES w?
B- — s. X Rl fiPk \/AI VFfi
'<
3
< ^ ONFLOW SWITCHES W4Q
\ /-^FLUSHOMETER
< \ ° VALVES W3Q
^— QFLOW METER
< -^FLOW DIRECTION W2f\
>— —TUNNEL W
-C V-l —PIPE w,
to fountain
and lavs
r | 1
-J l" FROM
,^-~
•MB,
MMtitKMlUK
^4 TO WATER 2i~
AQUA-SANS (POTABLE) Z
c
:>
H ta
-6,
4
^
#
•
/
I1
dh
dh
^
..
»•
QM6
OM5
QM4 \v
QM3 \
U3O
OM2 u2(>
Ow uiCH
1 to fountain
— and lavs
j — •
^~»
i
-OIL 2^"
—WATER 2"
(NON POTABLE)
WASTE PIPING WATER ANO OIL SUPPLY PIPING
Figure 5. Visitor Center Restroon Plumbing--Line Diagram.
-------
connected to an electromechanical counter. Flush fluid through
the supply pipe to a water closet caused electrical contacts
in the flow switch to close, which in turn caused the connected
counter to register one count.
The total oil flow to the urinals was recorded by a cumulative
flow meter placed in the urinal supply pipe.
ELECTRICAL MODIFICATIONS
Electrical power requirements for the Aqua-Sans were two 50-
ampere, 115 VAC circuits. The incinerator required a 30-
ampere, 115 VAC circuit. Three separate power receptacles
were installed to provide power to the Aqua-Sans system and
the incinerator.
EXHAUST SYSTEM MODIFICATIONS
The incinerator exhaust pipe was an 8 in. pipe capable of
withstanding temperatures up to 700°F.
The chimney at the Visitor Center is constructed of stone
with a 16 x 21 in. clay tile liner rated for 2000°F. An
adapter was constructed and installed to connect both the
incinerator exhaust pipe and the furnace exhaust pipe into
the chimney.
21
-------
SECTION VII
EVALUATION PROCEDURES
The following procedures were employed during the demonstra-
tion period.
MINERAL OIL TESTS
Bacteria Counts
The laboratory procedure for determining coliform bacteria
counts is listed in Appendix C. The listed procedure is a
modification to the Eos in Methylene Blue (EMB) presumptive
test for coliform bacteria outlined in "Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater.Md) The results of
the tests were used to determine dose requirements and to
evaluate the effectiveness of biocides.
Exact colony counts were not obtained since the goal was to
maintain a zero bacteria count in the oil.
Interfacial Tension
The interfacial tension (IFT) of the Sontex 60T mineral oil
was used as an indication of the effectiveness of the filter
systems in removing oil contaminants.
Initially, IFT was determined using the oil rise on filter
paper strips, as outlined in Appendix C-2-1. The oil rise
method was found to be both inaccurate and impractical, how-
ever; so an Interfacial Tensiometer was obtained for IFT
determination. The standard method listed in ASTM:D971-50,
"Interfacial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring
Method,"(2) was used for all IFT measurements made after June
1, 1972. Appendix C-2-2 discusses ASTM:D971-50.
Color
The color of the mineral oil was determined using an Alpha-
Platinum-Cobalt scale color comparitor. The color scale used
on the "Hach" color comparitor ranged from 0 to 100 color
units. Tap water was used as the comparison fluid, with
unused Sontex 60T having a color of 0 units.
23
-------
MINERAL OIL USAGE
Usage Rates
The totalizing flow meter located downstream from the primary
pump in the oil supply pipe was read at various intervals to
establish average and peak oil usage rates.
Oil Loss
Oil loss was attributed to (1) leaks in the piping; (2) oil
retained in filters after filter replacement; (3) oil spillage
including spillage while handling and resulting -from occasion-
al overflow of urinals or water closets; (4) oil lost from
testing; and (5) oil carryover with the waste. The oil lost
with the waste was of greatest concern since the waste was
being pumped to the Mount Rushmore septic tank-sand filter
treatment plant. It was not possible to measure the total
oil lost with the waste. The average oil lost per waste dump
was determined for several different time intervals by calcu-
lating oil balances for the periods when it was possible to
account for all oil added to or lost from the system.
PER CAPITA WASTE LOADING
The determination of the per capita waste loading required
data on the number of connected facility users and the
amount of waste collected from these users.
Restroom Users
A method of counting the number of connected facility users
which was not subject to vandalism by the users was needed.
The number of flushes for the six connected water closets
was counted separately and the total oil flow to the three
urinals was recorded. User counts were made during several
time intervals and the ratio of the number of flushes per
user was determined to provide a conversion factor for deter
mining the number of users from the flush counts.
Waste Collected
Electromechanical counters were used to record the number of
waste dumps to the incinerator and to the sewer.
24
-------
The amount of waste per dump was determined to be 10.5 gal.
- .2 gal. prior to the start of the demonstration period.
The per capita waste loading (gallons per day per person) was
determined by dividing the waste collected (gal.) over a time
interval by the number of connected facility users during that
time period to give gal. waste per person. It should be noted
that there are several restrooms at Mount Rushmore, so no cor-
relation is made for waste per monument visitor.
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF THE MINERAL OIL AS A FLUSH FLUID
A survey was conducted in which the restroom users were asked
to fill out the questionnaire shown in Figure 6. The ques-
tionnaires were distributed in the men's restroom after the
women's facilities were disconnected from the Aqua-Sans sys-
tem. Boxes with the questionnaires were hung near the three
urinals and the three water closets for specified periods of
time, which were usually two hours. The number of flushes
were recorded for that time period and the questionnaire
return rate per user was determined.
NGN-AQUEOUS SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
The toilet facility you just used is connected to a closed-loop sewage
disposal system which uses oil instead of water for a flush fluid.
You can assist in the evaluation of the system by completing this card
and dropping it in the box at the restroom exit.
Satisfactory Not Satisfactory
Flush fluid color D
Odor D
General appearance and operation I I LJ
Comments:
this project is sponsored in part by the Environmental Protection
Agency, the National Park Service, and the Black Hills Conservancy
Sub-District.
Figure 6. Public Acceptance Questionnaire
25
-------
The questionnaire shown in Figure 6 was used to determine the
public acceptance of the use of a non-aqueous flush fluid
which differed in appearance from water and occasionally pro-
duced odors not usually present in restrooms. Specific items
included in the questionnaire were (1) flush fluid color,
(2) odor, and (3) general appearance and operation. A section
was also provided for comments.
MAINTENANCE AND RELIABILITY
Complete records in the form of a log book were kept during
the demonstration on system reliability, maintenance require
ments, down time, and repairs.
WASTE COMPOSITION
Concentrated waste samples were collected from the 1 in.
waste pipe to the sewer. Each sample was analyzed for total
suspended solid? and volatile solids in accordance with Stan
dard Methods.t1-
26
-------
SECTION VIII
EVALUATION RESULTS
The Aqua-Sans system was operated between February 8, 1972,
and July 31, 1972, with two shutdown periods, May 15 through
June 8 (to obtain restroom attendants) and June 10 through
June 27 (to replace macerator pump). During this period,
the system was evaluated using the evaluation procedures
explained in Section VII. The system evaluation results are
presented under the following subheadings: (1) Mechanical
System Performance, Maintenance, and Reliability; (2) Oil
Maintenance and Quality; (3) Restroom Facilities; (4) Design
Criteria; and (5) Water Conservation. Appendix A provides
the CCSD review and analysis of test data from the system
evaluation.
MECHANICAL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE, MAINTENANCE, AND RELIABILITY
Pumps
(a) Primary Pump. A total of 548,850 gal. of oil were cir-
culated during the operating period. Soon after start of
the operating period, the shaft seal began to leak a few
drops of oil a day. The leak remained constant during the
demonstration period, and no maintenance was required. No
other problems were encountered with the primary pump.
(b) Vacuum Pump. The Cast vacuum pump was required to vacuum
lift the waste from the sump into the metering tank. The
average operating time was 10.5 seconds. The pump was sup-
plied with a wick type oiler which was designed for longer
operating periods. As a result of improper lubrication,
vane sticking problems caused vacuum pump failure on three
different occasions during the last two weeks of operation.
Field repairs, which consisted of pump dismantling, clean-
ing, and reassembling, were performed after each failure.
(c) Macerator Pump. The system was supplied with an Oberdorfer
macerator pump with a 1% in. inlet and a 1 in. outlet. The
small inlet resulted in plugging problems; and during the
June shutdown, the Oberdorfer macerator pump was replaced
with a 1% hp. Hydr-0-Matic macerator pump which had a 4 in.
inlet and a lh in. outlet. During the June 28-July 31, 1972,
operating period, the Hydr-0-Matic macerator pump trans-
ported approximately 3,300 gal. of waste with no pump mal-
functions.
27
-------
Reservoir and Waste Sump
A brown, flocculent residue of finely divided particulate
matter began to accumulate in the oil reservoir after two
weeks of operation. The residue also collected on the cone
screen in the waste sump and on the horizontal gross coalescer,
Turbulence at the entrance to the waste sump was the primary
cause of this waste carryover. In addition, operation of the
recirculation pump and the sensor flush contributed to this
problem. The cone screen and the gross coalescer were removed
May 14, 1972, and a smaller coalescer was installed in place
of the cone screen.. Removal of the gross coalescer eliminated
a large collection area for the waste; however, the internal
cross braces and the inadequately sloped reservoir bottom con-
tinued to provide collection surfaces and traps for the par-
ticulate matter.
Cumulative flush oil flow, facility flushes, and waste collec-
tion are shown in Figure 7. Interval oil flow, flush count,
and waste collection data are presented in Tables 2 through
5. Data were collected at one- to four-day intervals for
February 6 through May 15, 1972, and at daily intervals for
the remainder of the operation. Hourly data were collected
for oil flow and flush counts between July 6 and July 31,
1972, when the Aqua-Sans unit was connected to only the men's
restroom. Hourly flush oil flow data are presented in Table
6.
The maximum facility usage occurred between 2130 hours on
July 2 and 2130 hours on July 3, 1972, with 9300 gal. of flush
oil being recirculated. During this period, a total oil flow
of 11,120 gal. was recorded. During the 19-hour period when
the restrooms were open for use, the six water closets and
three urinals were flushed a total of 1766 and 1178 times,
respectively, with an average flush flow of 485 gph. This
flow demand and similar high demands for the June 28 through
July 5, 1972, period (Table 4) resulted in insufficient oil
detention time; and as a result, the water content of the oil
was above saturation during portions of this period (see page
43).
The three women's water closets were switched to water flush
the morning of July 6, 1972, leaving only the six men's
facilities connected to the Aqua-Sans system. The peak
daily usage occurred July 26, ,1972, with 3260 gal, of oil
being used for 546 water closet and 1227 urinal flushes,
with an average flush flow of 172 gph. The peak hourly flush
flow on July 26 was 378 gal. As shown in Table 6, peak
hourly flows exceeded 300 gal. 18 times between July 6 and
July 31, 1972, with the peak hourly demand of 385 gph occur-
ring July 30, 1972.
28
-------
O
o
§"
o
8
Q,
o-J
o
8
in
o
iro
UJ
CM
o-1
O
O
CM
8
§1
§
•d
—flush oil
—waste
•—flushes
6 12 18 24
FEBRUARY
6 12 18 24
MARCH
6 12 18 24
APRIL
6 12 18 24
MAY
6 12 18 24
JUNE
6 12 18 24
JULY
Figure 7. Cumulative Flush Oil Flow, Water Closet and Urinal Flushes, and Waste
Collection. February 6 Through July 31, 1972
-------
Table 2. Oil Flow, Flush Count,
May 15, 1972, Operating Period.
and Waste Collection Data. February 6, 1972, Through
O-)
o
Date
2/6
2/10
2/13
2/15
2/19
2/21
2/25
2/28
3/1
3/3
3/6
3/10
3/13
3/15
3/17
3/20
3/24
3/27
3/28
3/31
4/3
4/7
4/10
4/14
4/17
4/21
Time
1430
0630
1500
0600
1445
0830
1000
1000
0745
0700
0715
0645
0700
0700
06-30
0630
0630
0700
1730
1400
0715
0730
0645
0930
0700
0700
Interval Oil
Flow (Gal.)
Total Flushing
0
7 ,.300
7,540
4,255
5,460
6,390
8,210
4,500
3,130
2,685
4,000
6,075
5,940
3,355
3,930
6,700
6,470
6,235
3,920
6,730
7,960
9,350
6,790
8,820
6,585
5,415
0
200
495
155
610
950
495
645
200
115
570
520
890
220
275
1405
775
1190
640
990
1885
1360
1460
980
1575
805
Interval
Water Closet
Flushes
0
29
77
25
102
160
91
108
31
17
94
96
144
35
44
231
131
201
105
165
318
231
244
158
263
130
Interval
Urinal
Flushes
0
59
143
32
116
175
43
117
26
33
108
42
185
48
37
234
178
206
129
183
325
226
268
210
302
171
Interval
Waste
(Gal.)
.0
8.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
16.5
12.5
18.0
4.0
2.0
20.0
3.5
27.5
7.0
7.5
44.0
15.0
31.5
17.0
25.0
47.0 (est)
33.0 (est)
37.0
37.5
38.0
24.0 (est)
-------
Table 2. (Cont.)
Date
4/24
4/28
5/1
5/5
5/8
5/12
5/14
Time
Interval Oil
Flow (Gal.)
Total Flushing
0630
0700
0730
0700
0630
0745
2230
5,635
5,955
8,125
9,270
6,010
8,310
10,980
1745
1095
2165
1105
19-00
1855
3175
Interval
Water Closet
Flushes
299
177
379
180
326
315
549
Interval
Urinal
Flushes
276
218
297
116
298
286
460
Interval
Waste
(Gal.)
49.5
29.0
59.0
39.0
42.0
49.0
73.0
Note: Three women's and six men's restroom facilities connected to Aqua-Sans.
Example of Interval data: Interval oil flow--7300 gal. total oil flow
between 1430 hrs on 2/6 and 0630 hrs on 2/10.
-------
Table 3. Oil Flow and Flush Count Data.
Operating Period.
June 5, 1972, Through June 9, 1972,
Date
6/5
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/9
Time
0915
1400
0600
1530
1420
0500
1400
0530
1400
2000
Interval Oil
Flow (Gal.)
Total Flushing
0
2,153
4,865
4,514
6,501
3,954
4,356
4,753
4,691
1,994
0
1430
2880
3445
3495
1910
1665
1780
2325
1155
Interval
Water Closet
Flushes
0
248
502
593
600
322
273
302
402
197
Interval
Urinal
Flushes
0
191
369
480
495
300
299
267
315
169
Note: Three women's and six men's restroom facilities connected to the Aqua-Sans
Example of Interval data: Interval oil flow--2153 gal. total oil flow
between 0915 and 1400 hrs on 6/5.
-------
Table 4. Oil Flow, Flush Count,
July 5, 1972, Operating Period.
and Waste Collection Data. June 28, 1972, Through
Interval Oil
Flow (Gal.)
Date
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Time
0530
1650
0800
2030
0530
1745
1400
0615
2130
1645
2130
0600
2130
1400
2130
0530
Total
0
6645
3436
7778
1830
5539
5978
5626
9225
9131
1989
1346
10859
5926
4586
1063
Flushi
0
5855
1710
6090
195
4575
3905
3410
8335
7740
1560
120
7930
4885
3815
205
Interval
Water Closet
Flushes
0
1113
315
1153
53
862
730
639
1586
1475
291
22
1485
932
717
35
Interval
Urinal
Flushes
0
727
333
810
78
657
639
540
1008
916
262
23
1260
561
575
76
Interval
Waste
(Gal.)
0
84
174
99
77
192
209
189
178
0
Note
Three women's and six men's restroom facilities connected to Aqua-Sans.
Example of Interval data: Interval oil flow--6645 gal. total oil flow
between 0530 and 1650 hrs on 6/28.
-------
Table 5. Oil Flow, Flush Count, and Waste Collection Data
July 31, 1972, Operating Period.
July 6, 1972, Through
Interval Oil
Flow (Gal.)
Date
7/6
111
7/8
7/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
7/18
Time
0530
2130
0645
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
Total :
0
4430
1006
4150
2307
1757
2874
1643
2572
1939
1021
2543
2372
1376
2046
1475
1691
1029
474
2346
1021
2714
1553
2232
1734
2424
1922
1059
2073
1382
Flushir
0
2575
60
2545
1065
975
1075
1015
1220
1055
50
1415
1150
205
1355
970
955
725
90
960
1135
1220
1010
1245
1350
1700
1240
165
1725
1070
Interval
Water Closet
Flushes
0
431
10
419
175
157
180
163
199
166
8
234
187
37
221
151
147
106
14
151
210
203
159
205
218
289
198
29
294
160
Interval
Urinal
Flushes
0
1032
17
1130
477
470
439
497
562
557
18
614
532
46
631
536
553
486
48
486
212
514
533
548
654
635
627
52
634
672
Interval
Waste
(Gal.)
0
84
116
77
77
95
105
84
95
66
73
84
95
84
-------
Table 5. (Cont.)
Interval Oil
Flow (Gal.)
Cn
Date
7/19
7/20
7/21
7/22
7/23
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/28
7/29
7/30
7/31
Time
1400
2130
1330
Out of
0600
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
0600
1700
Total :
2211
1166
1664
service
1842
1285
2061
2194
2782
2522
3096
1425
2628
1505
3205
1643
3578
1728
2288
1100
1693
1417
2291
1539
787
2944
Flushii
1655
1105
1290
1065
945
1535
1190
1070
1695
1605
975
1440
1165
1095
1165
1550
1165
1150
850
1075
675
1040
750
95
1675
Interval
Water Closet
Flushes
282
177
212
165
149
253
194
171
288
270
155
235
182
371
175
261
190
184
133
170
98
167
113
15
295
Interval
Urinal
Flushes
612
548
578
593
502
663
554
541
639
642
496
668
639
599
728
610
531
569
458
562
464
506
467
55
502
Interval
Waste
(Gal.)
105
31
84
95
84
84
84
95
84
73
84
73
Note: Six men's restroom facilities connected
Example of Interval data: Interval oil
between 0530 and 2130 hrs on 7/6.
to Aqua-Sans.
flow--5530 gal.
total oil flow
-------
Table 6. Hourly Oil Flush Flow Rates
Operating Period.
July 6, 1972, Through July 31, 1972,
Time
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
6
_
0
100
270
240
253
279
184
236
261
154
166
39
110
104
56
7
_
.
.
_
_
_
_
_
_
111
174
123
36
109
63
154
8
.
-
_
-
_
_
-
-
-
160
169
148
134
84
99
68
118
9
_
-
49
45
172
106
236
161
228
193
171
164
153
106
150
74
76
10
_
-
57
46
160
165
285
181
258
248
320
129
81
97
61
78
80
11
„
-
41
103
233
278
183
258
255
169
178
208
117
192
145
181
98
Date
12
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
191
260
78
147
100
101
65
94
13
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
163
142
109
85
86
75
82
87
14
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
251
91
24
90
79
15
_
21
45
38
165
208
264
263
173
220
145
195
102
151
78
88
104
16
_
33
40
81
150
121
285
189
239
284
192
183
326
164
94
103
69
17
_
13
34
107
358
231
323
232
288
298
208
193
212
69
103
116
131
18
-
2
142
116
172
363
332
360
226
244
269
170
120
105
99
47
93
-------
Table 6. (Cont.)
Time
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
19
15
46
97
180
365
-
-
-
269
270
219
236
58
76
-
-
20
.
3
19
56
150
385
151
360
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
_
12
14
96
213
138
279
173
49
216
271
139
121
79
83
61
114
22
.
15
28
77
242
265
241
257
291
202
257
210
137
168
111
85
84
23
.
-
-
35
95
116
224
200
319
314
317
291
211
254
208
81
132
24
_
42
58
137
176
198
338
221
294
237
166
166
131
56
70
122
141
Date
25
_
9
49
60
245
251
204
284
123
204
133
208
257
128
88
147
84
26
_
22
90
40
191
322
378
353
-
• -
224
176
102
135
211
184
150
27
_
26
46
91
223
325
276
140
293
216
273
217
136
82
76
144
139
28
_
20
28
18
180
130
238
230
268
-
-
59
56
59
19
78
70
29
_
67
60
67
86
80
260
173
179
88
156
138
52
105
26
83
252
30
_
38
-
-
Ill
93
253
202
197
149
190
148
97
66
92
92
194
31
_
17
17
129
205
248
137
29
110
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Results in gallons
- indicates flow not recorded
Note: Six men's restroom facilities connected to Aqua-Sans.
Example of Interval data: Hourly oil flow--100 gal. between 0800 and 0900
on 7/6.
-------
The peak hourly flush flow of 385 gph represents a 6.4 gpm
average flush flow. Based on a Peak to Average ratio of 3.44
as determined from the 5-minute data listed in Table 7, the
peak flow for the July 6 through July 31, 1972 period was 22
gpm. Based on this peak flush flow, a 220 gal. waste sump
would provide a 10-minute theoretical detention time. Fur-
ther discussion is presented on page 57.
Waste Sensors
The waste overfill sensor failed several times before the
capacitance was adjusted properly. The waste sensor (lower
sensor) operated properly during the operating period. How-
ever, failure of this waste sensor could have resulted in
the waste sump being emptied into the sewer while operating
automatically in the sewer mode.
Oil Reservoir Cleaning
Residue in the oil reservoir was originally removed by wash-
ing the surfaces with water and then pumping the accumulated
water into the waste sump via the recirculating pump. This
produced high concentrations of suspended solids in the oil
because of turbulence near the waste/oil interface. The pres-
sure differential across the primary filter increased rapidly
when the reservoir was cleaned in this manner. A hose was
then connected to the suction side of the recirculating pump
and the residue was "vacuumed" from the reservoir into the
sump. This method was time-consuming and could only be done
during no-use periods. Only a small portion of the reservoir
could be cleaned before the oil overflowing the waste sump
became cloudy. This cleaning method was continued to the end
of the demonstration period. Proper design of the sump and
reservoir for solids carryover and eliminating areas for
solids and urine accumulation will eliminate the need for
reservoir cleaning.
System Vent
Positive venting was required to control odors in the reser-
voir. The vacuum pump was originally vented with the reser-
voir, but separate, powered vents had to be installed to
eliminate odor problems around the Aqua-Sans unit.
Miscellaneous
The metering tank flow switch failed to shut the vacuum pump
off once. The cause of failure was not determined. The
38
-------
Table 7. Determination of Peak to Average Flush Flow Ratio
Date
Facilities
Flush
Flow
for
Five
Minute
Intervals
(gal./ 5 min. )
Average
Flow (gpra)
Peak Flow (gpm)
7/1/72
3 Women ' s
45
30
115
65
65
85
55
55
180
15.4
40.0
7/2/72
3 Women ' s
40
15
15
50
20
10
5
50
5.1
10.0
7/11/72
6 Men's
21
13
7
29
28
3
4
19
25
6
19
3
3.0
5.9
7/12/72
6 Men ' s
17
23
23
17
6
9
13
18
21
2
2
30
2.8
6.1
7/13/72
6 Men's
18
11
1
1
6
17
3
2
6
15
12
5
1.6
5.5
Ratio
(Peak/Average)
2.60
1.96
1.96
2.18
3.44
The peak flow is determined by the average number of flushes in a 5-minute period
with a fractional average of 1% meaning that at least 2 flushes occurred in one of
the one-minute intervals or the peak flow was 10 gpm.
-------
switch operated approximately 500 times with 80 percent of the
operation occurring after the one malfunction.
During the shutdown period after June 9, 1972, the accumula-
tor pressure switch failed to "pick up" and turn the primary
pump on when the pressure dropped to 30 psig. The switch
started working after it was jarred several times. An iden-
tical malfunction occurred one week later, with the switch
resuming proper operation after it was "jarred." A new pres-
sure switch was installed prior to the June 28, 1972, restart.
OIL MAINTENANCE AND QUALITY
Oil maintenance consists of: (1) removing the suspended
solids and water from the oil; (2) removing dissolved and very
fine suspended contaminants from the oil; (3) disinfecting the
oil; (4) eliminating odors from the oil; and (5) replacing oil
lost from the system. The coalescer and the primary filter/
coalescer were installed to remove the suspended solids and
water from the oil. The bypass filter system was installed
to remove the dissolved contaminants which caused color, odor,
and reduced the oil interfacial tension. Biocides were added
to the oil as disinfectants. Each of the individual oil
maintenance categories are discussed in the following subsec-
tions.
Suspended Solids and Water Removal
While most of the solid and liquid wastes were effectively
separated from the oil in the waste sump, colloidal and
finely divided suspended particles and water were carried
from the sump to the reservoir. A large portion of these
solids and liquid eventually settled out in the oil reservoir
The solids collected on the flat or slightly sloped surfaces
in the reservoir, and the liquid eventually drained to the
low end of the reservoir to be pumped back to the sump.
The initial operating plan was to replace the three filter/
coalescer elements when the differential pressure reached
10 psid. As shown in Table 8, the maximum primary filter/
coalescer element differential pressure was 4 psid. The
filter was changed in July after more than four times as
much waste had been collected as in April. The differential
pressure was 4 psid prior to both changeouts. During filter
replacements it was observed that both the inlet and the out-
let sides of the elements contained waste particles. Strong
odors were apparent during each replacement. These observa-
tions indicate that the primary filter elements are more
40
-------
effective as an absorbing surface than as a filter and sug-
gest that the primary filter/coalescer entraps waste which
becomes the cause of odor.
Table 8. Primary Filter/Coalescer Element Replacement Record
Date
Filter
Change
4/18/72
5/13/72
Filter
Differential
Pressure
Cpsid)
7/12/72
Total
Waste
Collected
(Gal.)
400 + (1)
340
1850 + (2)
Comments
Strong waste odor and
waste coating inlet and
outlet sides of elements
Chlorox periodically
added to system between
5/1/72 and 5/10/72.
Elements cleaner and
less odor.
Strong waste odor and
waste coating
(1) No waste collection data for the 4/1-4/6 period. Esti'
mate 80 gal. collected.
(2) No waste collection data for the 6/5-6/9 period. Esti-
mate 500 gal. collected.
The primary filter/coalescer was effective in removing water
from the oil except during very high usage periods. As will
be discussed in the following subsection, only three oil
samples collected during the demonstration had a water con-
tent above saturation.
Bypass Filter System
The initial bypass filter system consisted of an attapulgus
clay filter which was installed to remove color, dissolved
41
-------
contaminants, and finely divided suspended solids. The
average bypass flow rate was maintained close to 1 gpm.
Operation with the one clay filter continued until the May
15, 1972, shutdown. Table 9 shows the oil test results and
clay filter changes for February 6 through May 15, 1972.
The first two clay filter elements were changed before they
had been depleted.
The Givaudan G-4 was dissolved in acetone and the acetone
saturated the clay filter. The large drop in IFT and color
rise between March 27 and April 3, 1972, is a result of the
March 29 addition of G-4. Because of the inaccuracies
involved in the oil rise on filter paper method for deter-
mining IFT (explained in Section VII), the low IFT was not
detected and the clay filter was not changed until April 18,
1972.
The clay filter element was replaced April 18 and the IFT
rose to 28 dynes/cm and the color dropped from 50 to 10 units.
The IFT slowly dropped and the color increased in the follow-
ing operating period. The single clay filter was capable of
removing oil contaminants from approximately 5500 gal. of
recirculated flush oil required for 1450 flushes.
During the shutdown period following May 15, 1972, additional
bypass filters, as explained in Section IV, were installed.
The method of IFT determination was also changed at that
time. An additional sample valve was installed making it
possible to obtain oil samples from the primary filter (bulk
oil) and the outlets of the clay and carbon filters.
Operation was resumed June 5 and was halted on June 9. Table
10 shows the IFT and color results for the samples taken
during the five-day period. The IFT of the bulk oil was
always lower than that from the bypass filter outlets, indi-
cating that the bypass filters were effective. The oil color
increased from 10 to 20 units during the operating period.
During this period, approximately 20,000 gal. of oil were
required to transport the waste of 9,200 flushes. The bulk
oil IFT was slightly lower than 30 dynes/cm when the system
was shut down June 9.
Operation was resumed June 28 after the macerator pump was
replaced and continued through July 31 (see Tables 11 and
12). Table 11 shows that on June 29 the system received 2600
flushes. This overload resulted in the IFT of the oil from
the clay filters dropping below the bulk oil IFT. The car-
bon filters, however, remained effective.
The clay filters were replaced July 2 and the bulk oil IFT
dropped to 30 dynes/cm on July 5. Three oil samples had
42
-------
Table 9. Oil Interfacial Tension and Color and Clay Filter
Changes. February 6, 1972, Through May 14, 1972, Operating
Period.
Interval Interfacial
Interval Waste Tension Color
Date Flushes (Gal.) (dynes/cm) (units)
2/6 Start of demonstration period 0
2/15 345 29.5 - 0
2/21 573 27.0 33.0 0
Changed clay filter element
2/28 353 30.5 34.0 0
3/24 1710 130.5 31.3 0
Changed clay filter element
3/27 407 31.5 28.0 10
3/29 Added G-4 Biocide
3/31 582 42.0 (est) - 40
4/3 643 47.0 (est) 17.8 40
4/7 457 33.0 (est 20.5 40
4/12 - - 20.0 40
4/14 880 74.5 - 40
4/17 565 38.0 - 50
4/18 Changed clay filter element and primary filter
elements and cleaned reservoir
4/19 - - 28.0 10
4/21 301 24.0 (est) 26.6 15
4/24 575 49.5 - 25
4/28 495 29.0 - 40
5/1 676 59.0 - 45
5/5 296 39.0 - 50
5/7 624 42.0 15.8 50
5/12 601 49.0 - 55
Changed clay filter element
5/13 - - 25.5 50
5/14 1009 73.0 - 50
5/15 System operation temporarily halted
Note: Three women's and six men's restroom facilities con-
nected to the Aqua-Sans.
- Indicates no data available.
Oil samples taken from outlet of clay filter (SV-2).
Interfacial tension results supplied by CCSD - oil sample
and urea in equilibrium.
Example of Interval data: Interval flushes--345 flushes
between 2/6 and 2/15.
43
-------
water contents above saturation during this period. The
three women's water closets were switched to water prior to
the July 6 morning usage.
Table 12 lists the oil test results for the remainder of the
operating period with the six men's facilities in use July
1 through 31, 1972. The bypass filters maintained the bulk
oil IFT above 30 dynes/cm during this operating period. The
15,190 flushes (16,000 users) between the July 7 and July 17
bypass filter changes represented the maximum total usage for
the modified bypass filter system. During this period the
oil had a yellowish color (30-45 units) and occasionally pro-
duced disagreeable odors in the restroom.
Table 10. Oil Interfacial Tension and Color.
Through June 9, 1972, Operating Period.
June 5, 1972,
Date Time
6/1
6/5
6/6
6/7
6/8
6/9
Interfacial Tension
Interval (dynes/cm)
Flushes SV-1 SV-2 SV-3
All filters replaced prior to start-up
0915
1400
0600
1530
1420
0500
1400
2000
0
493
871
1073
1095
622
572
1591
System
38.9
37.5
34.3
29.8
36.5
34.0
29.5
restart
46.2
41.1
37.0
39.2
37.6
39.6
34.6
46.7
41.9
38.4
-
-
-
-
Color
(units)
SV-1 SV-2 SV-3
10
10
15
10
10
20
10
10
15
Note: Three women's and six men's restroom facilities con-
nected to the Aqua-Sans.
- No data available.
Interfacial tension determined for oil - water not at
equilibrium.
SV-1, SV-2, and SV-3 are sample values for bulk oil, clay
filter outlet, and carbon filter outlet, respectively.
Example of Interval data: Interval flushes--493 flushes
between 0915 and 1400 on 6/5.
44
-------
Table 11. Oil Interfacial Tension and Color
Replacement. June 28, 1972, Through July 5
Period.
and Bypass Filter
1972, Operating
Date Time
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
Interfacial Tension
Interval (dynes/cm)
Flushes SV-1 SV-2 SV-3
0530
1650
0800
2030
0530
1745
1400
0615
0800
2130
1645
2130
0600
2130
1400
2130
Changed
0
1840
648
1963
131
1519
1369
1179
Changed
2594
2391
553
45
2745
1493
1292
clay filter elements
Operation restarted
38.0
36.9
37.5
35.6
44.0
37.9
40.0
39.2
41.9
33.3
33.7
' -
36.4
-
44.7
41.9
-
38.9
-
40.3
-
clay filter elements
41.5
34.0
42.0
42.7
33.6
30.6
30.0
-
35.7
'
43.1
-
32.2
-
-
-
•
-
-
.
-
Color
(units)
SV-1 SV-2 SV-3
35
45
35
30
40
50
35
30
30
30
25
45
35 -
40* 40*
45
40 40
45 -
35 40*
45
30
25
25
45
Note: Three women's and six men's restroom facilities con-
nected to the Aqua-Sans.
- No data available.
* Samples were cloudy.
Interfacial tension determined for oil-water not at equilib-
rium.
SV-1, SV-2, and SV-3 are sample values, for bulk oil, clay
filter outlet, and carbon filter outlet, respectively.
Example of Interval data: Interval flushes--1840 flushes
between 0530 and 1650 on 6/28.
45
-------
Table 12
Changes.
Period.
Oil Interfacial Tension and Color and Bypass Filter
July 6, 1972, Through July 31, 1972, Operating
Interfacial Tension
Color
Date
7/6
7/7
7/8
7/9
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/15
7/16
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/20
7/21
Time
0530
2130
0645
0830
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1200
1300
1400
2130
0600
1400
2130
1400
2130
1000
1330
2200
1400
2130
Interval
Flushes
1574
27
Changed
1549
1279
1279
1484
1593
1622
1292
1131
1409
1625
924
Removed
825
1841
1619
Replaced
790
(dynes/cm)
SV-1
31
34
32
both
35
36
37
36
36
38
38
36
37
37
38
37
36
34
39
32
35
31
36
35
36
32
34
39
clay
33
41
43
31
33
33
33
one
33
.9
.2
.9
clay
.5
.9
.5
.2
.5
.4
.2
.5
.5
.8
.0
.8
.9
.9
.2
.6
.4
.0
.8
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
SV-2
32
35
fi
40
41
40
39
39
41
36
39
35
29
39
filters
.2
.2
.1
.9
.6
.5
.0
clay
.1
.1
.3
-
Iters
.6
-
-
-
-
-
.6
-
.1
.6
-
.4
.5
-
.5
-
.4
.9
-
.5
-
-
-
.8
SV
32
40
40
37
33
36
42
34
-3
.8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.8
-
.0
.5
-
-
.3
-
.4
-
.3
.8
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Replaced
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
filter
-
35
44
42
31
35
33
and
33
.7
.0
.5
.3
-
.0
.5
(units)
SV-1 SV-2
40
45
40
35
40
40
35
35
35
35
40
35
40
40
40
35
40
30
30
30
40
35
35
35
40
40
45
carbon
40
35
30
35
40
35
40
40
40
-
35
-
-
-
_
-
30
-
30
35
-
35
35
-
30
-
30
35
-
40
-
-
-
40
fil
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
sv-
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
30
-
35
35
-
-
35
-
30
-
30
35
-
-
-
-
-
-
ters
40
30
25
35
-
35
40
both carbon filte
.8
40
-
35
1409
35.6 - 33.2 40 - 40
35.3 39.5 41.0 35 30 30
35.9 39.4 41.4 35 30 35
46
-------
Table 12. (Cont.)
Date
7/22
7/23
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/28
7/29
7/30
7/31
Time
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1500
1500
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1400
2130
1500
2130
0600
1700
Interval
Flushes
1664
1639
1563
1724
Replaced
970
903
1592
1344
1294
1253
867
Interfacial Tension Color
(dynes/cm) (units)
SV-1 SV-2 SV-3 SV-1 SV-2 SV-3
36.2 39.8 - 35 30 -
35.3 - 40
33.6 - 40
34.
35.
35.
37.
39.
both
33.
36.
37.
36.
37.
40.
36.
38.
40.
41.
40.
38.
8
5
4
2
8
clay
0
8
9
1
4
6
5
6
0
0
6
1
34
35
_
.2
_
.8
-
and
35
39
40
36
43
41
.8
-
.8
_
.2
-
.4
_
-
-
.2
.0
35
37
both
35
40
38
41
40
—
.8
_
.2
_
carbon
.4
_•
.9
_
-
_
.8
_
-
_
.5
.6
40
40
35
40
35
_
40
35
_
35
35
filters
40
35
40
30
35
30
40
35
40
35
35
35
35
40
35
.
35
_
_
35
30
40
35
_
_
35
_
_
30
30
-No data available.
Interfacial tension determined for oil - water not at
equilibrium.
SV-1, SV-2, and SV-3 are sample values for bulk oil, clay
filter outlet, and carbon filter outlet, respectively.
Note: Six men's restroom facilities connected to Aqua-Sans.
Example of Interval data: Interval flushes--1574 flushes
between 0530 and 2130 on 7/6.
47
-------
Bacteria Control
Maintaining a zero bacteria population in the oil is desirable
for hygienic reasons and odor control. Biobor JF was the pri-
mary method of bacterial control used during the demonstration
period. Two attempts were made to get Givaudan G-4, a longer
lasting biocide, in solution with the oil. The technical data
for both biocides are presented in Appendix D.
Initially, 135 ppm (chemical) of Biobor JF was added to the
oil weekly. The amount was increased to 185 ppm on March 22,
1972, after two samples had low coliform bacteria counts.
Table 13 lists the results of all coliform bacteria tests and
the date biocide was added to the oil.
The first attempt on March 29 to get G-4 in solution with the
oil was apparently not successful, since a large amount of
the chemical was found in the reservoir. In the month fol-
lowing the March 29 G-4 addition, there were three samples
which showed coliform bacteria; two of these had massive
populations. There was no Biobor JF added during the period
from March 29 to April 27.
During the June 5 to June 9 operating period, massive coli-
form bacteria counts occurred on two successive days, with
250 ml of Biobor JF being added on the day prior to each
test.
One hundred ppm of G-4 (chemical dosage) was added to the oil
on June 22. During the June 28 to July 5 operating period,
Biobor JF was added either daily or every other day. Only
one sample showed coliform bacteria during this period. The
system usage was higher than the usage between June 5 and
June 9, when bacteria were present in the oil, so apparently
the G-4 assisted the Biobor JF in killing bacteria in the
mineral oil.
Biobor JF was added to the oil in two- and three-day incre-
ments during the July 6 to July 31 operating period. During
this period, three samples showed coliform bacteria.
Odor Control
The main problem, and the one not resolved, was odor. The
odor problem affected both the operating area and the rest-
rooms.
As discussed in the previous section, there was usually no
bacteria population in the oil; however, the organic waste
material which collected in the oil reservoir and absorbed
48
-------
Table 13. Biocide Addition Record and Coliform Bacteria Test Results
Date
Interval
Flush
Oil
(Gal.)
Coliform
Bacteria
(Colonies)*
1/31
2/8
2/15
2/17
2/21
2/22
2/28
3/3
3/10
3/17
3/22
3/24
3/27
3/29
3/31
4/3
4/7
4/14
4/17
4/19
4/21
4/28
5/5
5/12
5/15
6/1
6/5
6/6
-
-
660
150
1410
-
1140
315
1090
1385
-
2180
1190
Added G
1630
1885
1360
2440
1575
-
805
2840
3270
3755
System
-
System
4310
-
0
-
0
-
-
0
4
1
0
-
0
0
-4 Biocide
0
0
8
0
-
300
0
100
2
0
off line
. -
restart 0
0
Biobor
JF
Addition
(ml) (2)
180
180
180
180
180
180
250
250
(1)
CD
(1)
(1)
CD
(1)
(1)
250
250
250
250
Date
6/7
6/8
6/9
System
6/19
6/22
6/27
6/28
6/28
6/29
6/29 .
7/1
7/3
7/4
7/4
7/5
7/6
7/6
7/7
7/7
7/8
7/10
7/10
7/11
7/11
7/12
Interval
Flush
Oil
(Gal.)
6935
1910
3445
off line
-
Added G-4
(100 ppm)
-
Coliform
Bacteria
(Colonies)
100
100
6
Biobor
JF
Addition
* . (ml)
250
U)
(1)
(June 9 Flood)
-
Biocide to
0
250
system
250
System restart
5855
1710
6090
8675
19495
120
7930
4885
4020
Switched
2635
2545
1065
4285
1055
50
2565
205
0
6
0
-
-
-
0
0
0
women's side
0
0
3
-
-
100
0
0
0
-
250
-
250
250
250
-
250
250
to water
250
-
-
250
250
-
-
-
250
-------
Table 13. (Cont.)
Date
7/13
7/14
7/16
7/17
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/20
Interval
Flush
Oil
(Gal.)
3280
815
6920
1700
1240
165
5555
1290
Coliform
Bacteria
(Colonies)*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
Biobor
JF
Addition
(ml)
250
250
250
Date
7/21
7/22
7/23
7/25
7/26
7/29
7/30
7/31
Interval
Flush
Oil
(Gal.)
2010
1535
-
9040
2095
6955
2465
95
Coliform
Bacteria
(Colonies)*
0
0
0
0
0
0
Biobor
JF
Addition
(ml)
250
250
250
en
O
- Indicates no data available.
* 1 ml trypticase-soy-broth added to 10 ml oil and centrifuges for 10 min. 0.1 ml of
extract streaked on agarplate,
(1) Ran out of Biobor JF.
(2) 180 ml (135 ppm)
250 ml (185 ppm)
Example of Interval data: Interval flush oil--660 gal. between 2/8 and 2/15.
-------
on the primary fliter/coalescer elements was not oxidized by
the biocide added to the oil. The G-4 was soluble only in
oil and the Biobor JF soluble in oil and water. The Sontex
60T mineral oil contained an oxidation inhibitor, Parabar
441, to prevent color changes due to oxidation of the oil.
The oxidation inhibitor tended to prevent oxidation of the
organic waste material and neither of the two biocides had
sufficient contact with the organic material to permit oxi-
dation.
Chrysler Corporation Space Division has worked extensively
on odor control since June, 1972. A summary of the Chrysler
Corporation Space Division findings concerning odor control
is presented in Appendix A.
Table 14 shows the results of the public acceptance question-
naires explained in Section VII. There were 72 question-
naires returned representing 643 urinal users and 30 ques-
tionnaires returned representing 230 water closet users.
Thirty percent of the urinal users and 18 percent of the
water closet users stated that the odor was objectionable.
The public acceptance of the oil color is also given in
Table 14. Nine percent of the urinal users and 33 percent
of the water closet users indicated that the oil color was
objectionable.
Oil Loss
There were many forms of oil loss, but loss of oil with the
waste caused the greatest concern. Oil losses were caused
primarily by turbulence in the waste sump during high use
periods combined with the short detention time (average of
less than one hour) between dumps. Table 15 lists the oil
lost with the waste during the periods of time when it was
possible to determine all volumes of oil in the system and
waste in the sump.
During low-use periods, the rate of oil loss with the waste
was 3.8 gal./lOOO gal. of waste. During the high-use period
starting June 28, the loss was 47 gal./lOOO gal. of waste.
51
-------
Table 14. Results of Public Acceptance Questionnaires
in
t-o
Date §
Time
Interval
7/27
1500-1800
7/28
1700-2100
7/30
1700-2100
Total
7/27
0700-1000
7/29
1400-2100
7/30
0700-1200
7/31
Total
(excluding
7/31)
Number Satisfactory wot &arisra<
Number Quest. Percent
Users Returned Return
252
190
201
643
66
99
65
Not
Recorded
230
31
25
16
72
11
13
6
31
30
12.3
13.1
8.0
11.2
16.7
13.1
9.2
_ - — _
13.0
Facility Color Odor
Urinals
Urinals
Urinals
Urinals
Water
Closets
Water
Closets
Water
Closets
Water
Closets
Water
Closets
28 18
23 20
10 11
61 49
9 10
5 9
5 5
22 26
41 50
Gen.
App.
26
23
11
60
10
8
6
24
48
Percent
Satisfactory
Urinals
Water Closets
Color
Odor
Color
Odor
91
70
67
82
Not
Color Odor
3
2
1
6
2
8
1
9
20
Percent
11
5
5
21
1
4
1
5
11
; LUI )
Gen,
App,
4
2
1
7
1
0
7
13
Satisfactory
9
30
33
18
Note: Men's restroom only.
-------
Table 15. Oil Lost with Waste
Oil Loss
with No. of (Gal./
Waste Dumps Waste Oil Loss 1000 Gal
Date (Gal.) Dumps (Gal./Dump) Waste)
4/21/72 0.8 18 0.04 3.8
to
5/5/72
6/28/72 13.0 23 0.56 47.0
to
6/30/72
7/12/72 9.0 46 0.20 19.0
Several checks were made to determine the amount of oil being
lost with the waste by allowing the waste to sit in the
metering tank before macerating and pumping it to the sewer.
After a few minutes in the metering tank, oil would rise to
the surface of the waste.
The mode of operation was switched to "incinerator" so that
the overfill waste sensor would initiate a waste dump. This
resulted in the waste level in the waste sump fluctuating
between 25 and 35 gal. at all times. The amount of oil loss
per waste dump was reduced.
The rate of oil loss during the operating period with only
the men's restroom facilities connected to the Aqua-Sans
system was 19 gal./lOOO gal. of waste. The reduction in oil
loss was a result of the increased detention time and the
increased volume of waste retained in the waste sump.
Useful Life of Mineral Oil Flush Fluid
No accurate prediction of oil life can be made based on data
collected during the demonstration period. The useful life
of the mineral oil as a flush fluid appears, however, longer
than the five-month operation period conducted at Mount
Rushmore. No reduction in serviceability was detected during
this period. Proper filtering is essential, however, to
maintain the oil in a serviceable condition.
53
-------
Miscellaneous
Appendices B and D contain Chrysler Corporation Space Divi-
sion information on "Flush Fluid Specifications" and "Effects
of Flush Fluid on Humans," respectively.
RESTROOM FACILITIES
Several problems were encountered in the restroom facilities
which must be considered whenever an Aqua-Sans system is to
be used.
Flushing
The six water closets were rim flush-siphon jet water closets.
Fecal matter tended to settle rapidly out of the oil in the
water closet bowls. Fecal matter would stick to portions of
the porcelain bowl. Toilet paper would then stick to the
fecal material. Paper continued to build up in the bowl until
a plug-up and runover occurred. Increasing the flush volume
from four to five gal. per flush partially relieved the prob-
lem. The inside surfaces of the water closets were also
sprayed with "FluoroGlide," a fluorocarbon (Teflon) based
solution. The Teflon coating did help prevent the fecal mat-
ter from sticking. Experience indicated that a Teflon coat-
ing would have to be applied monthly to the closet bowls to
prevent fecal matter and toilet paper accumulations.
Oil Spillage
A few instances of oil spillage occurred because of water
closet overflows. Oil spillage occurred as a result of uri-
nal overflows on three successive evenings in May. Operation
of the Aqua-Sans system was temporarily discontinued. The
system was restarted June 5, 1972, with full-time restroom
attendants available in both the women's and men's restrooms
in case of an oil runover.
During the remainder of the operating period, a few instances
of water closet overflows occurred and many cases of urinal
overflows occurred. The urinal flush volume was adjusted to
0.4 gal. per flush prior to the June 5 restart. The drainage
from two of the urinals got progressively slower, and urinal
overflowing problems occurred. The urine being transported
with the oil was undiluted when it came in contact with the
pipes, and buildups in the urinal drain pipes occurred at a
much faster rate with the mineral oil flush media than with
water.
54
-------
Several attempts were made to clean the drain pipes with a
3N solution of acetic acid. While drainage improvements
were noted, they were short-term.
Oil Splashing
Small oil droplets usually splashed onto the seat during a
water closet flush cycle. The oil did not evaporate, and
the droplets accumulated and became unsightly.
Several attempts were made to adjust the flush cycle to
eliminate the splashing, but each flush cycle adequate to
remove waste from the water closet resulted in oil splash-
ing. A different water closet was installed in place of
one of those in use. The new water closet reduced the
splashing but did not eliminate it.
Spring-loaded seats were ordered, but these did not arrive
prior to the end of the project. These would definitely
help with the oil splash problem and may eliminate any oil
splashing onto the seat.
Cleaning
Conventional cleaning agents normally used for water closet
and urinal cleaning are not to be used with the mineral oil
flush media. Two different cleaning agents were provided by
Chrysler Corporation Space Division during the demonstration
period.
The first cleaning agent was difficult to completely remove
from the surfaces inside the water closet bowl and tended to
compound the waste sticking problem discussed under "Flush-
ing." The second supply of cleaning agent differed only
slightly from the first but did not have the removal problem.
The difficulty in removal may have been due mainly to insuf-
ficient dilution with water prior to use.
The urinals were very difficult to keep clean, and some of
the not satisfactory urinal odors were undoubtedly a result
of this.
The supply of cleaning agent was used up in July and the
water closets and urinals were cleaned with brushes and water.
This method appeared to be adequate for the water closets
(which had a teflon coating) but not for the urinals.
Chrysler Corporation Space Division's recommended restroom
cleaning procedures are listed in Appendix E.
55
-------
DESIGN CRITERIA
Waste Loading
One objective of the demonstration project was to gather use-
ful data for establishing design criteria. In addition to
the Visitor Center restrooms, there are three other restrooms
at Mount Rushmore. The waste loadings were determined for
restroom users and not for visitors to the Monument.
The number of individual water closet flushes was automati-
cally counted and the number of urinal flushes determined by
the total oil flow to the urinals. The relationship between
facility users and flushes was determined from the number of
users continuously recorded by an observer while another per-
son recorded the number of flushes at five-minute intervals.
Five observations were conducted for either 40 or 60 minute
periods.
Table 16 lists the results of the five observation periods.
Based on 365 restroom facility users, the average ratio of
flushes per user is 0.95. The maximum deviations recorded
were 1 user per 3 flushes and 3 users per 0 flushes. The
general trend is for the flush per user ratio to decrease
as the number of users increases.
The waste collection data are presented in Table 17. Except
for three short periods, the amount of waste collected was
determined. Excluding these periods, 4,056 gal. of waste
were collected. Based on 67,438 flushes, the average ratio
of gal. waste per flush is 0.060. Using the 0.95 flush per
visitor ratio, the average waste collection per user is
0.063 gal. This number is biased by the minimum ratio of
0.059 gal. per user determined for the July 6 through July
31 operating period with only the men's restroom facilities
connected to the Aqua-Sans system. Excluding this period,
the average ratio is 0.070 gal. waste per user and is the
recommended value for design purposes. The maximum ratio
determined was 0.085 during a nine-day collection period.
Waste samples were collected and analyzed for suspended
(volatile and fixed) solids. Table 18 shows that the sus-
pended solids in the separated (concentrated) human waste
are 92 percent volatile. The total suspended solids concen-
tration for the three collected samples ranged from approxi-
mately 0.9 to 3.6 percent.
Based on the maximum suspended solids measured, the 4660 gal.
of human waste collected during ,the operation period con-
tained 1400 and 131 Ib of total and fixed suspended solids,
respectively.
56
-------
Table 16. Restroom Facility Flushes per User Determination,
Study
Period
Date (Min)
7/1/72 40
7/2/72 40
7/11/72 60
7/12/72 60
Restroom Facility
Facilities Users
women's 38
3 water closets
women's 84
3 water closets
men's 21
3 water closets
men's 130
Facility
Flushes
41
85
28
109
Ratio
(Flushes/1
1.08
1.01
1.33
0.84
7/13/72
Total
60
3 urinals
3 water closets
men' s
3 urinals §
3 water closets
90
363
83
346
0.92
0.95
Maximum Deviations
1 user, 0 flushes
3 users, 0 flushes
1 user, 3 flushes
-------
Table 17. Waste Collection and Water Closet and Urinal Flushes
Operating
Period
2/6/72 -
2/29/72
3/1/72 -
3/31/72
4/1/72 -
4/6/72
4/7/72 -
4/16/72
4/17/72
4/20/72
4/21/72 -
5/14/72
6/5/72 -
6/9/72
6/28/72 -
7/5/72
7/6/72 -
7/31/72
Totals
(excluding
estimated
(2))
(excluding
Water
Closet
1,
2,
3,
11,
10,
peri
waste
(2)
7/6/72-7/31/72
period)
(all
values
i -r^ ^» 1 * * *1 *> *1 i
tn
623
263
549
665
130
225
439
408
026
ods
col
and
Flushes
Urinal
711
1,383
551
780
171
1,951
2,885
8,465
27,938
of
lection
the
Total
1
2
1
1
4
6
19
37
67
,334
,646
,100
,445
301
,176
,324
,873
,964
,438
Waste
Collected
(Gal.)
91
200
o ~\
80C2)
112
fy\
24(2)
340
r 71
503UJ
1,202
2,111
4,056
Ratio n N
Gal. Gal.Llj
Flush
0.068
0.075
(2)
0.077
(2)
0.081
(2)
0.061
0.056
0.060
User
0.072
0.079
(2)
0.081
(2)
0.085
(2)
0.064
0.059
0.063
operating
TOO
A A QIC
29
7C
,474
1 A 1
1,945
A A£ 1
0.066
0.070
(1) Based on 0.95 flush per user.
(2) Waste volume estimated.
58
-------
Table 18
Waste.
Suspended Solids Concentration of Concentrated Human
Suspended Solids (mg/1)
Total Fixed Volatile
8,790
26,280 ...
36,100
720
1,600
2,800
8,070
24,680
33,300
Percent
Volatile
91.8
93.9
92.4
System Sizing
The primary factor involved in system sizing is having the
waste sump large enough to provide sufficient detention time
for the waste to separate from the mineral oil transport
media. The size determined below is for a sump properly
designed to have a minimum turbulence caused by the waste -
oil inflow and to have no other inflow during use periods.
The 3.44 ratio of peak flow to average flow, determined
from peak hourly flush oil flows, is applied to the average
ratio of peak hourly flush oil flow (Table 6) to average
hourly flush oil flow. Table 19 lists these ratios for nine
days which had peak hourly flush oil flows exceeding 300
gph. The average ratio is 2.40.
Multiplying the two ratios gives a ratio of peak flow (deter
mined for 5-minute intervals) to average flow (determined
for daily operating periods) equal to 8.3.
Table 19. Determination of Peak Hourly Flow to Average Flow
Ratio.
Date
7/10
7/16
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/23
7/24
7/26
7/27
Flush Oil Flow (gph)
Peak Average
Hourly Hourly
320
326
358
363
665
319
338
378
325
Average
120
136
154
156
145
145
136
173
143
ratio
Ratio
(Peak/Average)
2.67
2.40
2.37
2.39
2.52
2.20
2.48
2.18
2.27
2.40
59
-------
The sizing of the waste sump for a certain number of daily
users is dependent upon the number of hours a facility is
open, the ratio of women to men users, the volume of oil
.required per flush, and the ratio of water closets to uri-
nals in the men's restroom. The data were collected when
the visitor center restrooms were open 19 hours a day. The
average ratio of urinal flushes to men's water closet flushes
is difficult to determine, since there were six water closets
in the men's restroom and only three of these were connected
to the Aqua-Sans system. Using an equal ratio of water
.closets to urinals, a 2.86 ratio of urinal users to water
closet users was determined for Mount Rushmore. This ratio
would probably be higher if there had been more urinals
available for use.
Table 20 indicates that the waste sump size is highly depen-
dent on the ratio of water closet flushes to urinal flushes
and the volume of oil required per flush.
The waste collection, bypass filter element replacement, and
biocide addition requirements per 1,000 users are 70 gal.
waste, 16-day intervals, and 185 ppm of Biobor JF every three
days, respectively.
WATER CONSERVATION
The use of the Aqua-Sans system for transporting human wastes
at Mount Rushmore resulted in a total local water saving of
240,000 gal., with 175,000 gal. being conserved between June
28 and July 30. These figures were determined by multiplying
the number of water closet flushes by 5 gal. per flush and
the number of urinal flushes by 2 gal. per flush. Both flush
volumes are conservative figures for restroom facilities uti-
lizing flushometer valves.
In addition to the water conservation achieved, the hydraulic
load to the Mount Rushmore septic tank-sand filter sewage
treatment facility resulting from the 79,000 Aqua-Sans users
was reduced 98 percent.
SUMMARY OF EVALUATION RESULTS
There was 4660 gal. of concentrated waste collected from
79,000 Aqua-Sans users during the five-month demonstration
period. The cumulative processed and recirculated flush oil
was 173,000 gal. This oil was required for 30,328 water
closet and 44,825 urinal flushes.
60
-------
Table 20. Sump Size, Waste Collection, and Maintenance as a
Function of Users
Daily Usage
Daily Oil
Flow (Gal.)
Waste Sump 7
Size (Gal.)
Daily Waste
(Gal.)
Bypass
Flush
19 hr.
day
0
2,880
0
-
500 Men
500 Women
2,880
2,140
230
1*000
Men^
2,880
1,530
113
1,000
Women
2,880
4,750
350
12 hr.
364
70
178
70
554
70
Biobor JF added every 3 days--250 ml (185 ppm)
Bypass filter elements (2 clay, 2 carbon) replaced every 16
days.
0.95 flush per user, 5 gal. water closet flush, and 0.4 gal.
urinal flush.
Providing 10 minutes theoretical detention time.
Assuming 8.3 ratio still applies.
2.86 urinal flush per water closet flush.
61
-------
Turbulence in the waste sump resulted in excessive waste
carryover from the waste sump into the oil reservoir. Inlet
conditions were the primary cause of the turbulence during
"low use" periods. During "high use" periods, the turbulence
was increased because of the high flush oil flow rate and
corresponding short detention time in the waste sump.
Bacteria control in the oil is possible through the proper
addition of biocides. However, neither of the two biocides
used controlled bacterial growth in the organic material
which accumulated in the oil reservoir and on the filter ele-
ments.
Odor in the oil and around the Aqua-Sans system resulted from
the bacterial growth in the organic accumulations. A forced
draft on the reservoir vent will reduce the odors around the
system. An oxidizer capable of oxidizing any organic mate-
rial that collects outside the waste sump is necessary.
The bypass filter system with 2 clay filters and 2 carbon
filters maintained the oil IFT above 30 dynes/cm for 16,000
users. The bypass filters also maintained the oil color
below an acceptable 55 units throughout the demonstration.
Most public objections to the oil flush were due to color and
odor. Thirty percent of the urinal users objected to the
odor and 33 percent of the water closet users objected to the
oil color.
Most of the separated waste was pumped to the Mount Rushmore
sewage treatment facility. A commercial macerator with a 4
in. inlet adequately ground and pumped the waste.
The amount of oil loss with the waste was a function of the
facility usage rate and the operating level of waste in the
waste sump.
There were 0.95 flushes per facility user. The average user
waste loading ranged from 0.059 to 0.085 gal. per user with
0.07 gal. per user recommended for design purposes.
The ratio of peak flow (gpm averaged over 5 minutes) to
average flow (gpm averaged over 19 hrs) is 8.3.
Water conservation is achieved by using a recoverable, non-
aqueous flush media. A total of 240,000 gal. of water was
conserved during the demonstration.
Problems were encountered in the restrooms as a result of
using the mineral flush media. These problems were 1) waste
sticking, 2) oil overflows, and 3) oil splashing onto toilet
seats.
62
-------
SECTION IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The support and cooperation of the National Park Service,
Mount Rushmore National Memorial, under Park Superintendent
Wallace 0. McCaw, are gratefully acknowledged.
The support of the project by the Water Quality Office,
Environmental Protection Agency, and the assistance provided
by Mr. William Librizzi and Mr. Leo T. McCarthy, Jr., the
project officers, have been very much appreciated.
-------
SECTION X
REFERENCES
1. "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater," 13th Edition, American Public Health
Association, New York (1971).
2. "1972 Annual Book of ASTM Standards," Part 29, American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
(1972).
65
-------
SECTION XI
GLOSSARY
The following abbreviations and terms are used in this report.
cm = centimeter(s)
F = degrees Fahrenheit
gph = gallons per hour
gpm = gallons per minute
gal. = gallon(s)
hp = horsepower
IFT = interfacial tension
in. = inch(es)
ppm = parts per million
psig = pounds per square inches gage-pressure reading refer-
enced to atmospheric pressure
psid = pounds per square inches differential-pressure differ-
ence between two locations
Accumulator - The system pressure tank.
Biocide - An agent which kills bacteria.
Coalescer - A device used for removing water from the mineral
oil.
Interfacial Tension - A measurement of the force per unit
length existing at the interface of two dissimilar
fluids.
Macerator - A grinder-pump unit used for grinding and pumping
the concentrated waste.
Waste Sump - The waste separation and waste storage tank
located inside the oil storage reservoir.
67
-------
APPENDIX A
CHRYSLER CORPORATION SPACE DIVISION
TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF AQUA-SANS TREATMENT SYSTEM
69
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT TR-RE-73-262
SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT FINAL REPORT
FOR
BLACK HILLS CONSERVANCY SUB-DISTRICT
CONTRACT BH 61771
JANUARY 1973
Prepared by:_
R. W. Loomis, Project Manager
Approved by:_
V, J.nVehko, Director of Engineering
Chrysler Corporation Space Division, P. 0. Box 29200, New Orleans, Louisiana 70189
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This final report documents the design, fabrication, installation and
operational test of a Chrysler Aqua-Sans sewage treatment system, which was
installed at the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Visitors' Center (figures 1
and 2). The report includes test objectives and results, and conclusions
and recommendations based on Chrysler's review and analysis of test data.
The Chrysler Aqua-Sans system uses a non-aqueous, recirculated flush
medium to transport human waste from the toilet facility to a separation
tank. After separation, the waste can be incinerated, or disposed of with
a septic tank or aerobic system.
Chrysler's contract with the Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District was
x
partially funded by a Class II demonstration grant from the EPA. The pro-
ject objectives of that grant proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of
using a non-aqueous system for the collection, transport and disposal of
human waste, to demonstrate that water conservation could be achieved by
use of such a system and that the recycled flush fluid was acceptable for
the intended purpose. In addition, operational maintenance techniques
were to be developed and demonstrated so that the concept could be sub-
sequently applied in remote areas where more conventional sewage treatment
methods were not: applicable.
The major project objectives were achieved within the 18-month pro-
gram schedule. The Mount Rushmore unit was the first field installation of
Chrysler's sewage treatment concept, and there were system deficiencies
noted during the test program. These problems were either resolved during
the program by system modification or have been resolved during concurrent
and subsequent development under other Aqua-Sans contracts and Chrysler
research and development.
A-l
-------
Figure 1. Mount Rushmore Visitors' Center
Figure 2. Restroom Building, Mount Rushmore
Visitors' Center
A-2
-------
Significant data were collected during the test program relating to
high-use public restroom facilities
2.0
2.1
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
CRITERIA
System design criteria were based on rough estimates of facility usage
at Mount Rushmore as expressed in Chrysler's proposal MI-212A, dated May 20,
1971. These criteria, and the actual design parameters of the delivered
system are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - Design vs Delivered System Criteria
Commode Uses/day
Urinal Uses/day
Flush Fluid Flow/day
(capacity)
Primary Pump (capacity)
Accumulator (capacity)
Waste (capacity)
Main Tank (capacity)
MI-212A
Criteria
400
600
4000 gal
20 gpm at 50 psi
100 gal
120 gal
300 gal
Delivered
System
400
600
4000 gal
50 gpm at 50 psi
60 gal
120 gal
360 gal
A major constraint in the design of the unit was the requirement that
the system be installed in the Mount Rushmore Visitor's Center basement
through a 33-inch-wide door. In order to meet this constraint, the tank,
tank stand, major functional components, and the incinerator were all
designed so that the system could be assembled on site*
A-3
-------
2.2 SEPARATION SYSTEM
A schematic drawing of the separation system is shown in figure 3.
Photographs of major elements are shown in figures 8, 9 and 10. The
design of the major subsystems is discussed in the following paragraphs.
2.2.1 Flush Fluid Supply
A 360-gallon separation tank (figure 4) was designed to store flush
fluid and provide a sump for temporary storage of separated waste. This
stainless steel tank contains a barrel with a 100-galIon capacity which
serves as a first-stage separation container. Flush fluid and waste from
the soil drain are introduced at the top of this barrel and separated flush
oil passes through a screen, over the circular weir and through a gross
coalescer. Water which settles out from the coalescer is periodically
pumped back into the first stage barrel by a recirculating pump (figure 5).
The tank is fitted with a 3-section lid; the center section contains a
transparent window and a light for observation. The tank is vented and
contains a flush fluid sight glass and overfill float switch, (figure 1).
A centrifugal pump is used to pressurize an accumulator and supply
the facilities with flush fluid. The pump is rated at 50 gpm at 50 psig
outlet pressure. The accumulator contains a usable volume of 16 to 23
gallons, depending on line pressure and accumulator precharge. The air
side of the accumulator is charged by the vacuum pump used to transfer
waste. The flush fluid pump is controlled by a pressure switch on the
air side of the accumulator. A 4-element filter/coalescer is installed
downstream of the pump; a bypass valve and relief valve are also in-
cluded.
A-4
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Figure 3. Separation System Mechanical Schematic - legend
Number Component Name
1. Vacuum Pump Inlet Valve
2. Metering Tank Vacuum Valve
3. Vacuum Pump Vent Valve
4. Macerator Pump Drain Valve
5. Sediment Drain Valve and
Flush Fluid Fill Valve
6. Sediment Pump Inlet Valve
7. Sump Drain Valve
8. Waste Sensor Valve
9. Waste Overfill Sensor Valve
10. System Drain Valve
11. Inlet Screen Water Isolation
Valve
12. Metering Tank Water Isolation
Valve
13. Filter Drain Valve
14. Clay Filter Isolation Valve
15. Accumulator Charge Valve
16. Filter Drain Charge Valve
17 . Primary Filter Isolation
Valve
18. System Bypass Valve
19. System Shutoff Valve
20. Primary System Suction Valve
21. System Relief Valve
22. Sensor Flush Valve
23. Incinerator Transfer Valve
24. Vacuum Breaker Check Valve
25. Incinerator Transfer Control
Valve
26. Water Flush Solenoid Valve
27. Vacuum Breaker Solenoid
Valve
28. Water Flush Check Valve
29. Sediment Pump Check Valve
30. Primary System Check Valve
31. Metering Tank Check Valve
32. System Pressure Gage
33. Primary System Pressure Switch
34. Accumulator
35. Clay Filter Differential
Pressure Gage
36 Clay Filter
37. Primary Filter Differential
Pressure Gage
38. Primary Filter/Coalescer
39. Primary System Flowmeter
40. Primary Pump
41. Sensor Flush Check Valve
42. Recirculating and Sediment
Pump
Number Component Name
43. Macerator Pump
44. Vacuum Pump
45. Metering Tank Vent Float
Valve
46 Metering Tank Fill Float
47. Reservoir Overfill Float
Switch
48. Waste Overfill Sensor
(Approximately 32 gallons)
49. Waste Sensor
(Approximately 12 gallons)
50. Filter Bleed Valve
51. Sample Valve
52. Pump Inlet Screen
53. Gross Coalescer
54. Strainer
55. Clay Filter Calibration
and Sample Valve
56. Bypass Flowmeter
A-5
-------
WATER
SUPPLY
SYSTEM
SEWER
Figure 3. Separation System Mechanical Schematic
-------
TO METERING
TANK
SEPARATION
TANK
1. VACUUM PUMP INLET VALVE
2. METERING TANK VACUUM VALVE
3. VACUUM PUMP VENT VALVE
10. SYSTEM DRAIN VALVE
13. FILTER DRAIN VALVE
15. ACCUMULATOR CHARGE VALVE
16. FILTER DRAIN CHARGE VALVE
17. PRIMARY FILTER ISOLATION VALVE
18. SYSTEM BYPASS VALVE
19. SYSTEM SHUTOFF VALVE
20. PRIMARY SYSTEM SUCTION VALVE
21. SYSTEM RELIEF VALVE
30. PRIMARY SYSTEM CHECK VALVE
32.
33.
34.
37.
38.
39.
40.
44.
50.
51.
52.
53.
SYSTEM PRESSURE GAGE
PRIMARY SYSTEM PRESSURE SWITCH
ACCUMULATOR
PRIMARY FILTER DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE GAGE
PRIMARY FILTER/COALESCER
PRIMARY SYSTEM FLOWMETER
PRIMARY PUMP
'VACUUM PUMP
FILTER BLEED VALVE
SAMPLE VALVE
PUMP INLET SCREEN
GROSS COALESCER
SEWER
TO SENSOR FLUSH
DRAIN
Figure 4. Flush Fluid Supply Schematic
-------
WASTE INLET
I
SEPARATION
TANK
FILL AND DRAIN
FROM FILTER DRAIN
FROM
ACCUMULATOR
5. SEDIMENT DRAIN VALVE AND
FLUSH FLUID FILL VALVE
6. SEDIMENT PUMP IN LET VALVE
14. CLAY FILTER ISOLATION VALVE
22. SENSOR FLUSH VALVE
29. SEDIMENT PUMP CHECK VALVE
35. CLAY FILTER DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE GAGE
36. CLAY FILTER
FROM ACCUMULATOR
22
41. SENSOR FLUSH CHECK VALVE
42. RECIRCULATING AND SEDIMENT
DRAIN PUMP
48. WASTE OVERFILL SENSOR
49. WASTE SENSOR
53. GROSS COALESCER
55. CLAY FILTER CALIBRATION AND
SAMPLE VALVE
56. BYPASS FLOWMETER
Figure 5. Fluid Maintenance Schematic
-------
2.2.2 Fluid Maintenance
In addition to the in-line filter mentioned in the previous para-
graph, an Atapulgus clay filter is used in a 1 to 2-gpm bypass system
to remove color and dissolved contaminants, (figure 5) During the
test period, an additional clay filter and a 2-element activated carbon
column were added to this bypass loop for more effective odor control.
A screen in the barrel and the gross coalescer are designed to remove
large particles and coalese water carryover from the barrel. This water
is periodically pumped back into the sump with a small pump. Midway in the
demonstration program the coalescer was removed from the tank to reduce
solids carryover into the main tank, and the screen in the barrel replaced
with a coalescer. Bacteria control is achieved by periodic applications
of biocide, which is partially soluable in both oil and water.
s
2.2.3 Waste Transfer
Waste is transferred (figure 6) from the sump to a metering tank by
evacuating the metering tank with a vacuum pump. This transfer cycle is
initiated by a capacitance probe which signals a transfer cycle when
approximately 12 gallons of waste have accumulated in the sump. Waste
is transferred until actuation of a float switch in the metering tank
stops the pump and vents the tank. From the metering tank, waste flows
by gravity to the incinerator to be burned or to the macerator for trans-
fer to the sewer system.
2.2.4 Water System
The water system (figure 7) provides water pressure to actuate the
incinerator transfer valve and is routed to two sprays which rinse the
A-9
-------
WATER SUPPLY
VENT
SANITARY DRAIN
SEPARATION
TAN K
,/V^>
TO INCINERATOR
DRAIN
6-
FILL
ANJD
DRAIN
7
23.
-
31.
43.
44.
45.
46.
48.
49.
VACUUM PUMP INLET VALVE
METERING TANK VACUUM VALVE
MACERATOR PUMP DRAIN VALVE
SUMP DRAIN VALVE
INCINERATOR TRANSFER VALVE
INCINERATOR TRANSFER CONTROL VALVE
VACUUM BREAKER SOLENOID VALVE
CHECK VALVE
MACERATOR PUMP
VACUUM PUMP
METERING TANK STOP VALVE
METERING TANK FLOAT SWITCH
WASTE OVERFILL SENSOR (APPROX. 32 GAL.)
WASTE SENSOR (APPROX. 12 GAL.)
TO SEWER
Figure 6. Waste Transfer Schematic
-------
WATER
SUPPLY
25
12
46
11. INLET SCREEN WATER ISOLATION VALVE
12. METERING TANK WATER ISOLATION VALVE
25. INCINERATOR TRANSFER CONTROL VALVE
26. WATER FLUSH SOLENOID VALVE
28. WATER FLUSH CHECK VALVE
47. RESERVOIR OVERFILL FLOAT SWITCH
54. STRAINER
INCINERATOR VALVE
SEPARATION
TANK
TANK
Figure 7. Water System Schematic
-------
VACUUM-LI FT PUMP
Figure 8. Separation System
-------
WASTE
TRANSFER
VALVE
VACUUM-LIFT
PUMP
Figure 9. Separation System
-------
INSTALLATION OF MAIN PUMP AND WASTE SUMP
INCINERATOR CONTROL PANEL
I—1
4>
METERING TANK, WASTE VALVE,
AND ASSOCIATED PLUMBING
CLAY FILTER, FILTER SYSTEM, ACCUMU-
LATOR, AND ASSOCIATED PLUMBING
SEPARATION AND FLUSH FLUID
CONTROL PANEL
Figure 10. Mount Rushmore Unit
-------
metering tank following a waste transfer cycle and periodically rinse
down the waste inlet screen.
2.3 INCINERATOR
A 2-stage, oil burning incinerator (figure 11) fabricated of type
309 stainless steel, was designed for the system The first stage con-
tains a crucible into which approximately 10 gallons of waste can be
transferred. Exhaust gases are passed into a second stage where they
are maintained at 1100 to 1300°F for sufficient time to ensure complete
oxidation of exhaust products. Both stages are insulated with ceramic
fibre insulation and are air cooled.
2.4 CONTROLS
Control panels (figures 10, 12 and 13) are installed on both the
separation system and incinerator. Test and automatic operation modes
are provided for all functional components with switches. Status lights
indicate system condition, and audible and visual alarms are provided
for critical operations.
2.5 INSTRUMENTATION
Flowmeters are provided to indicate total primary pump output
(figure 4), and to measure bypass flow rate (figure 5). Counters are
included to monitor incinerator and macerator cycles, and three tempera-
ture indications are displayed on the incinerator control panel (figures
12, 13) . The Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District provided flush counters
for each commode (figure 14) and a flowmeter to monitor urinal flush
volumes (figure 15).
A-15
-------
10
t
\t.
t
ru_
\J>
Fl
TO CHIMNEY
JL*_
I
1. MOTORIZED DAMPER
2. POT BURNER-BLOWER ASSEMBLY
3. STACK BURNER-BLOWER ASSEMBLY
4. FUEL SOLENOID VALVES (4)
5. FUEL PRESSURE GAGE
6. WASTE BOILER
7. POT TEMPERATURE SENSOR
8. STACK QUENCH AIR BLOWER
9. SECOND STAGE TEMPERATURE SENSOR
(DAMPER CONTROL)
10. STACK TEMPERATURE SENSOR
11. WASTE INLET
M - MOTOR P - FUEL PUMP
?
M
3
-i
_
1
LV
cl
I
1
«
4i-
~L
I
x?
~*"\
_JS
-II
Jn
f
sl-
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s?
/:
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3
1
J
i
^ -^~
fci
MM^MMi
X
1
T
n
|
J
9*
•^^ta
X
-^-
••••
J
^
•^iH
|fe
6
-
r
i
k
-*-
k
*• ~.
[
2
ML
r
7
/
^•^^^^
n
J
•M
I
1
T
^^
*•
14 |Q
1^-
^.
^
— - — '
c
14
5
— — ^
1 ICI
•M^I^H
ci mm
•i
\/
7
i_^.^b_
INCINERATOR
FUEL RETURN
Figure 11. Incinerator System Mechanical Schematic
A-16
-------
INCINERATOR CYCLE COUNTER MACERATOR CYCLE COUNTER
J
24 VAC
INCINERATOR READY
READY FOR DUMP
TIMER NO. 1
TRANSFER AND
SENSOR FLUSH COMMAND
WATER FLUSH AND
RECIRCULATE PUMP COMMAND
INCINERATOR START
TIMER NO. 2
SELECTOR SWITCH-
CB NO. 1
CB NO. 2
CB NO. 3
TEST SWITCHES
o o
WASTE OVERFILL
TANK OVERFILL
LONG DUMP
ALARM RESET SWITCH
•ALARM OFF LIGHT
SENSOR FLUSH VALVE
\ WATER FLUSH VALVE
TIMER NO. 1 TIMER NO. 2 \ \ \ MACERATOR PUMP
RECIRCULATING PUMP \ VACUUM PUMP
TRANSFER VALVE
Figure 12. Separation System Control Panel
-------
POT BURNER CONTROLLER
00
SHORT BURN
LONG BURN
POT BURNER
STACK BURNER'
STACK OVERTEMP
POWER FAILURE
ALARM RESET SWITCH
ALARM OFF LIGHT
CIRCUIT BREAKER NO. 2
CIRCUIT BREAKER NO. 1
I
STACK OVERTEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
DAMPER CONTROLLER
TEST SWITCHES
OOO O GO
EMERGENCY-OFF SWITC
INHIBIT-ARM SWITCH
MANUAL START SWITCH
FUEL VALVE NO. 2
FUEL VALVE NO. 1
POT BURNER SWITCH
STATUS
o—
o-
o-
o
-24 VAC
•INCINERATOR READY
-INCINERATOR START
• POT BURNER ON
STACK BURNER ON
'UPPER BLOWER SWITCH
'BURNER BLOWER SWITCH
V
FUEL VALVE NO. 2
FUEL VALVE NO. 1
STACK BURNER SWITCH
Figure 13. Incineration System Control Panel
-------
.. .4-.
Figure 14. Commode Flush Counters
Figure 15. Urinal Flowmeter
A-19
-------
3.0 FABRICATION AND CHECKOUT
3.1 SEPARATION SYSTEM
The separation system tank was fabricated by Chrysler and the system
assembled at New Orleans. Due to unanticipated delays in procurement of
some key components, the separation system was completed approximately 4
weeks behind the original schedule. Checkout was accomplished early in
December 1971, with the performance of leakage, functional and integrated
subsystem tests. During these tests, six pipe fitting leaks were re-
paired, transfer volumes and level sensors were calibrated and control
system function was verified. After ten successful transfer cycles,
checkout was considered complete. Following checkout, the system was
dissassembled, packaged, and shipped. The unit arrived at Mt. Rushmore
January 7, 1972.
3.2 INCINERATOR
Early in the program, a decision was made to subcontract the incinerator
fabrication to an outside vendor. The unit was not delivered to Chrysler
until December, and some rework and a considerable amount of tuning/adjust-
ment of air flow control and burner nozzles was required before successful
waste burns were accomplished. The incinerator was shipped assembled, and
arrived at Mount Rushmore February 2, 1972
4.0 INSTALLATION AND SYSTEM START-UP
4.1 SEPARATION SYSTEM
Installation and checkout of the separation system (figure 16) was
successfully accomplished in 1 week. Start-up procedures in the Operation
and Maintenance manual were verified and some changes recommended. Facility
switchover from water flush to oil flush and return was verified, and
sanitary napkins were successfully processed through the macerator The
A-20
-------
Figure 16. Separation System after Installation
A-21
-------
system was connected to the restroom facilities for a shakedown during
the week of January 15, prior to receipt of the incinerator While
awaiting arrival and installation of the incinerator, collected waste
was macerated and pumped into the Mount Rushmore septic tank.
4.2 INCINERATOR
The incinerator (figure 17) arrived at Mount Rushmore February 2,
was then uncrated, dissassembled, moved to the basement of the Visitors'
Center and reassembled. Initial tests were begun February 4. Problems
with incinerator draft were immediately evident, due to altitude (1 mile)
and problems of sharing the Visitors' Center chimney. These problems
are discussed in more detail in section 5.2. During February, March
and April, the draft problem was investigated and a number of incinerator
modifications performed to induce an adequate draft condition. A proper
draft condition is a requirement for this incinerator design since it is
a double-wall, air cooled unit. Without proper draft conditions, the re-
quired air/fuel ratio could not be maintained, and cooling of the double-
wall chamber was marginal. The draft problem was never completely re-
solved, and when results with another similarly designed unit indicated
that the insulation and the 309 CRES material used in the design had a
limited life, the decision was made to macerate and pump all waste to
the Mount Rushmore septic system.
5.0 DEMONSTRATION TEST PROGRAM
5.1 TEST OBJECTIVES
The following test objectives were delineated in the Operational
Evaluation Test Plan, TP-RE-71-233 (reference 3) covering the actual
operational evaluation of the Aqua-Sans system at Mount Rushmore:
A- 22
-------
Figure 17. Incineration System after Installation
A-23
-------
a. The system can be started up at the site with all
components operating satisfactorily.
b. The system can be used in conjunction with a conventional
sewer system, with the capability of changing back and
forth from one system to another.
c. The system can perform its functional task of disposing
of human waste at the site.
1. The system can receive sewage at whatever rate
delivered to it at peak as well as average and
below average periods, and under the extremes
of temperature anticipated.
2. The separation tank separates waste from the
flush fluid, with the waste going into the sump.
3. The separation system further purifies the fluid
so that it maintains a low moisture content (below
saturation) and does not support bacteria.
4. When 10 gallons of waste have been accumulated.
in the separation tank sump, the system auto-
matically transfers that waste to the incinerator
via a metering tank.
5. The system will automatically turn on the incinerator
and, within the prescribed time limits, reduce the
waste to sanitary ashes and non-polluting stack
gases which are odor free and below 800°F as they
enter the chimney.
6. When overloaded beyond its incinerating capacity,
the system will automatically dump the excess waste
to the sanitary sewer system.
A-24
-------
d. The system can sustain certain operator errors without being
permanently disabled.
e. The system indicates via lights on the control panel if any
component is malfunctioning and allows rapid checkout to
locate possible problem areas.
f. The actual functional capacity of the system will be established
so that plans can be made for installation of units at other sites
5.2 RESULTS
5.2.1 Summary
The majority of general and specific objectives of the project were met
The areas where deficiencies became apparent will be discussed later in
this section.
During a 6-month test period, over 4,500 gallons of undiluted human
waste was collected and processed through the Aqua-Sans system. Original
plans were to incinerate the majority of this waste, but due primarly to
the chimney draft problems, the secondary disposal mode was used and the
waste was pumped to the Mount Rushmore septic tank. The waste was collected
during 45,000 urinal flushes and 31,000 commode flushes. If water had been
the transport medium during this period, approximately 275,GOO gallons of
water-borne sewage would have gone through the Mount Rushmore septic system.
Comparing 4,500 gallons with 275,000 gallons represents a fresh water saving
of 270,000 gallons over a 6-month period, and a reduction in the hydraulic
loading of the septic tank of over 98 percent, based on the facilities
connected to the Aqua-Sans system during this period.
During the test period, over 500,000 gallons of oil was circulated
by the primary pump system; only about half of this amount was used to
A-25
-------
flush the facilities, the remainder was bypassed through the filtering
system to maintain the flush fluid in an acceptable condition.
The primary flush fluid performance parameters - bacteria, color,
water content, and interfacial tension were all effectively controlled
during the test period to within acceptable limits. Unacceptable odors
were intermittently evident, both from the separation tank and in the
restrooms. Odor causes and control are discussed in more detail in section
5.2.3.2.
The system operated in an automatic mode.for a major portion of the
test period, and was unattended for much of the first 3 months. The only
component failure that caused an extended shutdown was failure of the
original macerator pump. A high capacity pump installed in June operated
successfully throughout the remainder of the test period.
The Mount Rushmore incinerator was never operational in an automatic
mode because of the inability to achieve acceptable draft condtions using
the Visitors' Center chimney, which also handled the exhaust from a large,
oil-fired furnace. Six to ten incinerators cycles, consuming approximately
100 gallons of waste, were performed during efforts to install a draft
inducer in the stack, but it was concluded that only a separate stack for
the incinerator would resolve the problem. Additional funds for this
installation and replacement of insulation were not available, and because
a similar Chrysler-built incinerator was under evaluation by the U.S. Navy
at Annapolis, Md., the decision was made to pump all waste collected to the
Mount Rushmore septic system.
A-26
-------
A summary of results relative to specific test objectives listed in
section 5.1 follows:
a. The system was installed and started on site successfully.
b. Changeover from oil flush to water was demonstrated.
c.l. The unit accepted sewage at all flow rates imposed
during the test period.
c.2. Separation of waste from flush oil was achieved,
although some waste material was carried over into
the reservoir (See paragraph 5.2.3.1).
c.3. Moisture content and bacteria were controlled, with proper periodic
addition of biocides.
c.4. Automatic waste transfer was reliably achieved.
c.5. The incinerator was never operational in an
automatic mode; therefore, this objective was
not achieved.
c.6. All waste collected was transferred to the sewer
system
d. The control system was functional at all times.
e. The control panel indicators were adequate to
display system condition and to allow rapid
isolation of problem areas.
5.2.2 Test Data
Figures 18 through 22 are plots of the data recorded during the test
period. Data on these plots are based on information received from the
Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District. Figure 18 depicts the cumulative
oil circulated by the primary pump. Maximum oil circulation peaked above
10,000 gpd on 7 days in May, late June and over the July 4th holiday.
A-27
-------
00
50
30
o
X
_J
<
o
20
J-
5 10 15 20 25
FEB
SYSTEM
OFFLINE
5 10 15 20 25
MAR
5 10 15 20 25
APR
I 1 1 T
5 10 15 20 25
MAY
5 10 15 20 25
JUN
5 10 15 20 25
JUL
Figure 18. Total Flush Fluid Circulation
-------
N>
vO
CO
<
O
160
140
120
100
80
60
40.
20
T—r~i—i—r
5 10 15 20 25
FEB
T—I 1—I—T
5 10 15 20 25
MAR
1 1 1 T
5 10 15 20 25
APR
COMMODES
i—i—i—r
V
COMMODES
URINALS
I I T t
5 10 15 20 25
MAY
5 10 15 20 25
JUN
5 10 15 20 25
JUL
Figure 19. Commode and Urinal Flush Flow
-------
50
40
to
LU
I 30
to
20
JO
I I I
5 10 15 20 25
FEB
i i
I i r
•URINAL FLUSHES
COMMODE FLUSHES
5 10 15 20 25
MAR
5 10 15 20 25
APR
i i i
5 10 15 20 25
MAY
T I
5 10 15 20 25
JUN
(ill
5 10 15 20 25
JUL
Figure 20. Cumulative Commode and Urinal Flushes
-------
4000
3000
<
o
< 2000
5
u
1000
T 1 1 1 T
5 10 15 20 25
FEB
T T
1 T
5 10 15 20 25
MAR
I—I T
5 10 15 20 25
APR
T 1 1 T
5 10 15 20 25
MAY
T T
5 10 15 20 25
JUN
Figure 21. Cumulative Waste Transferred
-------
>
w
1 I 1 1 1
o
0
> 0 O O 0
I 1 1 1 1
5 10 15 20 25
FEB
i i i i i
<
O
BYPAS!
O 0 0-*-180 A
G-4— »-C
250 ML— »-0 0
1 1 1 1 1
5 10 15 20 25
MAR
i i i i i
0 0
RESERVOIF
O
PRIMARY FIL
O
> FILTER ELEMENTS
*L BIOCI
O
i I i j i
5 10 15 20 25
APR
1 i p i i
O
CLEANED
O
TR ELEMENTS
ADDEC
CLAY
o*
ADDED
CARBON
DE ADDITION
0 0
1 ' ' J L
5 10 15 20 25
MAY
i i i 1 i
) 2ND
PACK
O
O CD 0 OO
J | 1 1 1
5 10 15 20 25
JUN
1 1 1 1 F
OO 0
o
O O OO O i
XHDOOOO O O O O &
1 I 1 t 1
5 10 15 20 25
JULY
Figure 22. Maintenance
-------
Figure 19 reflects cumulative flow to commodes and urinals. Urinal flow
was measured directly; commode flow was estimated from commode flushes,
using an average flow per flush. Figure 20 plots the commode and urinal
flushes, and figure 21 plots the estimated volume of waste collected and
transferred through the system. Figure 22 indicates maintenance functions
performed with respect to time, during the 6-month test period.
5.2.3 Separation System
5.2.3.1 Flush Fluid Supply
The primary pump operated without malfunction throughout the test
program. The accumulator proved adequate, though it had to be precharged
on approximately a weekly basis. The accumulator used contained a loose
fitting piston which served to separate the air from the oil. A bladder
type accumulator has been used in subsequent systems, and these units have
not required re-charging in over 6 months of operation. The pressure switch
operated erratically during April and was replaced. Analysis of the original
switch revealed no deficiencies.
A number of design deficiencies in the separation tank became evident
shortly after the system was put into operation. The 110-gallon barrel was,
in effect, a first stage separator but had insufficient volume. The screen
in this barrel stopped large particles, but a large amount of solid material,
of a colloidal nature was carried into the reservoir. This material collected
on the gross coalescer and on the bottom of the tank. The tank structural
members used to support the coalescer prevented this contamination from
migrating to the low point in the tank and being recirculated to the sump.
In April, the coalescer in the reservoir was removed and a coalescer in-
stalled in the barrel. This improved the situation, but contamination
continued to accumulate in the reservoir. Accumulated material was one
A-33
-------
of the main odor sources in the tank. Present systems contain a much
larger first-stage volume and a system of easily disposable bag filters
between the first stage and the reservoir to reduce carryover. The primary
pump inlet is located at the lowest point in the reservoir to prevent ac-
cumulation of small amount of waste that may migrate through the bag filters.
The primary filter/coalescer functioned satisfactorily as a coalescer
but did not effectively filter solids. Tests have indicated that conven-
tional filter elements only tend to break up waste particles into smaller
particles Waste tends to adsorb onto the filter elements where blocides
in solution have no effect, and the elements become odor traps. Though
the differential pressure across the primary filter never exceeded 4 psid,
the elements were changed three times. Each time, an ammonia odor was
noticeable, indicating biological activity in the elements. Based on
this knowledge, current systems contain ho in-line filters other than
the bag filters previously mentioned. Bag filters, which operate under
a very low differential (18 inch head) are significantly more effective
in retaining waste particles, can be easily disinfected, and are dis-
posed of readily.
5.2.3.2 Fluid Maintenance
Interfacial Tension (IFT)
Early in the test program IFT was measured by Gulf South Research
Institute (GSRI) using an optical technique developed for this program.
With this method, Chrysler determined an IFT rating as follows:
A-34
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IFT. dynes/cm
- Unused, new, flush oil 30 - 33
- Satisfactory range for flushing 20 - 30
- Lower acceptable value for 15
adequate separation
Test results obtained by the Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District
using a ring tension-meter per ASTM Method D971-50 gave results 10 to
\
15 points higher than those recorded by GSRI From June 5 until July
31, 179 samples were analyzed. Samples ranged between 29 and 46 dynes/cm,
with an average value of 35 dynes/cm. Even when making allowance for the
differences in the methods of measurement, the bypass clay pack adequately
maintained IFT throughout the test program.
Color
Originally it was anticipated that the flush oil would turn yellow as
a result of dye in the waste material. A small amount (0.1 percent) of
Tarabar 441 was added to the oil as an oxidation inhibitor. During the
test the oil remained relatively clear, as indicated by color comparison
tests with a Hach CO-1 color comparator, with an o( - Platinum-Cobalt
standard. During the June-July period, the color ranged from 10 to 50
units, with an average of 34. It has been found that a value below 50
units is aesthetically acceptable by practically all users.
Water Content
Early in the program, a few fluid samples were checked for water
content and the results indicated total water content to be below 100
ppm. Excessive water clouds the oil, and this condition was observed
on 2 days only (July 3 and July 5) in a total of three samples. Since
A-35
-------
these 2 days were peak (over 200 percent of design criteria) usage days,
the system design for removing water appears to be adequate.
Bacteria
During the test period, 69 samples were analyzed for bacteria. The
results were as follows:
Numberof Samples Bacteria Colonies
48 None
7 1-6
4 7-10
6 11 - 100
4 > 100
69
These tests demonstrated that the water and oil soluable biocide used
with the system (Biobar JF) adequately controlled bacteria when added to the
system at proper intervals.
Odor
Odor vass tfop main problem encountered during the test progrni* , Odor from
waste material in the reservoir and also from material adsorbed onto the fnltt-r
elements became apparent during the flushing action of the facility flush valves,
Chrysler has been involved in the development of more effective odor
control techniques since this problem was first noted at Mount Rushmore.
Some of the findings of this program are as follows:
As discussed in section 5.2.3.1, the separation tank and
flush fluid reservoir must be designed so that no odor
causing material can be trapped in the system. In-line
filters should not be used.
A-36
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. Activated carbon columns added to the clay filter in the
bypass system assist in the control of objectionable odors.
The carbon columns should be upstream of the clay filter
and the bypass system should be sized to recirculate all
the flush fluid in the system every 2 to 3 hours. A
small carbon filter was added to the Mount Rushmore system
in June, but it contained insufficient carbon to be
effective.
Oxidation is the most effective method for removing odors
Chrysler has experimented with materials such as calcium
hyprochlorite and di-and trichloro-S-triazine trione.
Treating such areas as the filter housings, tank bottoms,
and the coalescer elements with these materials has been
effective, and has been demonstrated at three other Aqua-
Sans Installations.
Conventional restroom deodorizers should be used to mask
any slight residual odors not removed by other methods.
5.2.3.3 Waste Transfer
Level Sensing
Two capacitance probes were installed in the sump of the Mt. Rushmore
Aqua-Sans unit to sense waste level. The lower sensor is set at 12 gallons,
and initiates the waste transfer cycle. The upper (overflow) sensor is set
at 35 gallons and serves as a backup to initiate transfer, and to sound an
alarm. This overfill sensor operated erratically during April, but was
finally adjusted and both units operated satisfactorily for the remainder
of the test program. The current system design contains a transparent
tubular sight glass with level sensors installed. This configuration allows
A-37
-------
immediate visual inspection of the operation and the sight glass can be
isolated for cleaning or maintenance.
Vacuum Lift System
The vacuum lift concept was used because no reliable waste pump was
known to Chrysler at the time the Mt. Rushmore unit was designed. The
system operated satisfactorily until late in July, when the vacuum pump
failed due to insufficient lubrication. A source is now available for
a reliable waste transfer pump; the vacuum lift system will no longer be
used for waste transfer.
Macerator
The mac era tor pump was added to the Mt. Rushmore system design when
it became apparent that more waste would be collected than could be in-
cinerated in a 24-hour period. This pump, originally intended as a backup
operation mode, became the primary means of moving waste. The original
pump installed was not adequate, because it had a 1% inch inlet and toilet
paper would jam the inlet; this problem continued to exist even after the
inlet line was enlarged. The pump was changed out in June for a higher
capacity unit with a 4-inch inlet. This unit operated successfully during
July and subsequently the same pump was installed in the Navy system at
Annapolis, Md., where it functioned successfully for the remainder of the
Navy test program.
5.2.4 Incinerator
Although the incinerator at Mount Rushmore was never operational, a
similar unit at Annapolis was modified and has successfully incinerated
human waste from a 140-man barracks over a 2-month period without mal-
•••••.'.'.'- f
function. The modifications performed on the Annapolis incinerator were
as follows:
A-38
-------
. The crucible was constructed of Haynes No. 25 alloy, a
high temperature nickel cobalt material with good corrosion
resistant properties.
. The Koalin fibre insulation was shielded by Haynes No. 25
alloy to prevent degradation due to the exhaust gases.
The first stage burner was modified to accept ambient
air, and the cooling air from this stage was rerouted
to the stack blower. This significantly reduced external
surface temperatures.
. Primary stage burner temperature was limited to approximately
1150°F by cycling the burner.
. Waste was macerated and introduced into the incinerator in
2-gallon increments, every 20 minutes with burners on.
Operation with these mods incorporated resulted in successful in-
cineration of all waste with a minimum of residual ash. During two
months of tests at Annopolis, the incinerator consumed approximately
25 gallons of waste per day, operating successfully in an automatic
mode.
During this same period, a supplier of commercial incinerators was
located. These units are heavy incinerators using a cast, refractory
lined burn chamber, but appear to be a cost effective method for waste
incineration in installations where weight is not a constraint.
5.2.5 Restroom Facilities
During the test program, complaints were received from restroom
maintenance personnel concerning odors, oil spills, and oil splashing
on commode seats. The odor problem has been discussed previously Oil
A-39
-------
spills, due to plugged commodes and overflowed urinals are a hazard if
the spills flow into walk areas. Restroom floors should be pitched away
from traffic areas to prevent any accumulation of flush fluid, whether
oil or water. Floor drains should be installed at the wall to drain any
potential overflow flush flow back into sanitary drain lines. Small
amounts of flush fluid, oil or water, is splashed on commode seats during
flush action of flush valve type units. Since oil does not evaporate,
these drops tend to accumulate. The answer to this problem is to utilize
spring loaded seats, that will be raised when the commodes are vacated*
This modification would provide a more sanitary installation even in a
water flush system.
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Under a purchase order from the Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District,
Chrysler designed, fabricated and installed a sewage treatment system using
a non-aqueous flush medium During a 6-month test program from February
through July 1, 1972, the feasibility of employing this concept was demon-
strated. A number of technical problems arose and were resolved by system
modification and additional research and development. Future Aqua-Sans
systems will be designed and installed with the following changes:
. Separation System
- Larger first-stage volumes should be used, to allow 10
minute residence time, based on peak flow conditions.
- Traps for solids should be avoided.
- Primary flow filtration should take place upstream
of the flush fluid reservoir.
- Both activated carbon and clay should be used in the bypass fluid
maintenance system.
A-40
-------
- Effective biocides and oxidation agents should be
applied to all filters to eliminate odors in the
flush fluid.
- The separation tank and reservoir should be force
Vented.
Incinerator
- For installations such as Mount Rushmore, where
incineration is the desired mode for disposal,
a commercial waste incinerator and a waste holding
tank should be used.
- The incinerator should be located in a building
separated from office or restroom areas.
Restroom Facilities
• Tank type toilets function better with the Aqua-Sans
system than flush valve units.
- Spring-loaded commode seats should be used to prevent
oil accumulation on seats.
- Restroom floors should be pitched toward the walls
where commodes and urinals are located to prevent
accumulation of flush oil from overflowed facilities.
Floor drains to the sanitary drain line should be
installed at the low point.
- Disintegrating toilet paper should be investigated to
prevent clogged toilets and pumps.
• Wall mounted commodes and urinals simplify rest room cleaning
and should be used wherever practical.
A-41
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REFERENCES
1. MI-212A, Proposal for Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Park Prototype Sewage Disposal System, Chrysler
Corporation Space Division, May 20, 1971
2. Purchase Agreement, BH 61771, between Black Hills
Conservancy Sub-District and Chrysler Corporation
Space Division, June 17, 1971.
3. TP-RE-71-233, Sewage Treatment System Operational
Evaluation Test Plan for Black Hills Conservancy
Sub-District, December 22, 1971.
4. TM-RE-71-1, Sewage Treatment System Operational
and Maintenance Manual for Black Hills Conservancy
Sub-District, February 18, 1972.
A-43
-------
APPENDIX B
FLUSH FLUID SPECIFICATIONS
Excerpts From
SPECIFICATION FOR FLUID FOR WASTE FLUSH SYSTEMS
By
CHRYSLER CORPORATION SPACE DIVISION
March 1, 1972--Revised September 12, 1972
1. SCOPE
This specification presents requirements for two grades of
waste carrying flush fluid.
2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
Federal Test Method Standard No. 791--Lubricants. Liquid
Fuels, and related products; methods of testing.
MIL STD 290--Packaging, Packing and Marking of Petroleum
and Related Products.
ASTM Manual (Parts 17, 18, and 23 on measurement and
sampling of petroleum and petroleum products).
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Qualification - The fluids furnished under this
specification shall be a product which has been tested
and has passed the qualification tests specified herein,
and has been approved by Chrysler Corporation for listing
on the applicable qualified products list.
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Base Fluid - The composition of the fluid base is
not limited so long as the final flush fluid meets the
requirements of this specification.
3.2.2 Additives - No additives shall be added which
increase the polarity of the fluid. Other additives must
be declared (chemical composition and approximate amount)
on the test report, and their toxilogical effects explained
before they can be approved for use. Silicons shall not
be used as additives for any purpose.
B-l
-------
3.3 Laboratory Tests - The flush fluid shall meet the
following physical and chemical properties:
Grade I
Grade II
3.3.1 Viscosity, Csts.
@ (21QOF) 98.90C,
Min.
3.3.2 Viscosity, Csts.
@ (100°F) 37.8°C,
Max.
3.3.3 Viscosity, Csts.
@ (320F) 0°C,
Max.
3.3.4 Flash Point,
(COC), Min.
3.3.5 Pour Point, below
3.3.6 Density § 60°F,
Max.
3.3.7 Interfacial
Tension with H70,
Min. z
3.3.8 Color-Alpha
platinum cobalt
units, Max.
3.3.9 Analine Point,
Min.
3.3.10 Unsulfonatable
residue (Min.)
3.3.11 Total Acid Number,
Max.
2.75
12.0
61.0
7.0
31.0
168.3°C(335°F) 168.3°C(335°F)
-17.8°C(0°F)
0.85
30 Dynes/Cm
15
215°F
991
0.0
-40.0°C(-40°F)
0.85
30 Dynes/Cm
15
190°F
991
0.0
3.3.12 Evaporation - Evaporation loss of Fluid Grades I and
II shall not exceed 5% by weight when tested at 48.9°C
(120°F) for 48 hours.
3.3.13 Foaming - The foaming tendency and foam stability
of Fluid Grades I and II shall not exceed the following
limits:
Temperature
24°C (75°F)
Foam Volume at
End of Five Minute
Aeration
65 ml
Foam Volume After
One Minute Settling
Period
None
3.3.14 Rubber Swell - Swelling of standard rubber L by
the Fluid Grades I and II shall be less than 5%.
3.3.15 Paragraph deleted.
B-2
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APPENDIX C
TEST PROCEDURES
C-l. COLIFORM BACTERIA COUNTS OF MINERAL OIL
1. To a centrifuge tube add 10 ml of oil and 1 ml of
trypticase-soy-broth.
2. Shake thoroughly.
3. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 2000 rpm.
4. Take 1/10 ml from the bottom layer containing the
bacteria.
5. Streak the aliquot on an Eosin-Methyleneblue-
agarplate.
6. Incubate for 24 hours at 37°C.
7. Count bacteria colonies.
C-2. INTERFACIAL TENSION OF MINERAL OIL
1. Filter Paper Method
The height that the oil will climb on a strip of
Whatman #54 filter paper was tested as a method of
IFT determination. A calibration was established
between the height of rise and the IFT (as measured
by Gulf South Research Institute). The time for
testing is two hours with the temperature at 30°C
and the oil sample and filter paper placed in a
dessicator.
2. ASTM: D971-50, Standard Method of Test for Inter-
facial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring
Method
SCOPE
This method of test describes a procedure for mea-
suring, under non-equilibrium conditions, the inter-
facial tension of mineral oils against water, which
has been shown by practice to give a reliable indi-
cation of the presence of hydrophilic compounds.
C-l
-------
OUTLINE OF METHOD
Interfacial tension is determined by measuring the
force necessary to detach a planar ring of platinum
wire from the surface of the liquid of higher sur-
face tension, that is, upward from the water-oil
interface. To calculate the interfacial tension,
the force so measured is corrected by an empirically
determined factor which depends upon the force
applied, the densities of both oil and water, and
the dimensions of the ring. Measurements are made
under rigidly standardized nonequilibrium conditions
in which the measurement is completed within 1 min-
ute after formation of the interface.
C-2
-------
APPENDIX D
EFFECT OF FLUSH FLUID
ON HUMANS
Reproduction of
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT
OF CHRYSLER AQUA-SANS
FLUSH FLUID ON HUMANS
By
CHRYSLER CORPORATION SPACE DIVISION
Technical Note
TN-RE-72-103
March 10, 1972
D-l
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Title Page
1.0 Object D-3
2.0 Conclusions D-3
3.0 Effect of Aqua-Sans Fluid on Humans . . D-3
4.0 Discussion D-4
4.1 Oxidation Inhibition ^ D-4
4.2 Biocide-G4 (Givaudan Corporation) . . D-4
4.3 Biocide-Biobor JF (U.S. Borax) . . D-4
4.4 Fluid Dye D-5
Exhibit 1. Toxicity Report on Tests Conducted by the
Gulf South Research Institute D-6
Exhibit 2. Enjay Environmental Health Bulletin . . D-7
Exhibit 3. Givaudan Technical Bulletin D-l .... D-8
Exhibit 4. U.S. Borax Product Bulletin D-10
D-2
-------
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT
OF CHRYSLER AQUA-SANS FLUSH FLUID
ON HUMANS
1. 0 OBJECT
The object of this investigation was to establish through
laboratory testing and review of published documents
relating to test results of similar products, the suit-
ability of the Chrysler Aqua-Sans flush fluid for use in
a closed-loop sewage treatment system where toxicant and
allergenic producing agents are of concern.
2.0 CONCLUSIONS
Evaluation of the Chrysler and fluid manufacturer's test
data has led to the conclusion that the flush fluid used
in a properly operating Aqua-Sans System has no deleteri-
ous effects on either equipment users or operating main-
tenance personnel. The base fluid and its additives have
all been used for many years in applications where there
has been frequent human contact. As a result, extensive
testing has been done to confirm the absence of toxicant
or allergenic producing agents.
3.0 EFFECT OF AQUA-SANS FLUID ON HUMANS
The Aqua-Sans fluid is an N.F. white oil of the general
type and grade sold to cosmetic firms to make baby oil
and hand creams. As such, it has been tested repeatedly
for toxicity by the cosmetic people and HEW and found to
be non-toxic. In addition, it has, for years, been
advertised as beneficial to the skin.
When splashed into the eyes, the fluid forms a temporary
film that distorts vision but the substance is rapidly
carried away by the eye's normal drainage system. It is
non-irritating to normal conjunctiva. When splashed on
clothes it causes an oily spot which can pick up dirt.
It usually travels out over the fabric, spreading itself
thinner and thinner until it seems to disappear on dense
fabrics like wool. The film does not evaporate, harden
or polymerize with time and can be removed with dry
cleaning solvent or detergent-water.
Small amounts of the fluid can be ingested with no ill
effect. It is non-digestable and in large quantities
(quarter ounce or more) can disrupt normal digestion by
coating the interior of the intestinal walls with an
D-3
-------
inert film. In time, the symptoms, if any, are naturally
eliminated. (See exhibit 1, a toxicity report on tests
conducted by the Gulf South Research Institute.) The
effect of additives that are now or might in the future
be used in the fluid have been investigated and found to
be non-toxic in concentrations used.
4.0 DISCUSSION
4.1 Oxidation Inhibition
The oxidation inhibitor which is added by the manufacturer
is Parabar 441 (Enjay Chemical Co.) or an identical chemi-
cal made by one or two other major chemical manufacturers.
This additive, a butyleted hydroxy toluene, has been used
for many years in hydraulic fluids, lubricants, waxes
(often sold for candles and jelly-glass sealing), etc.
The fluid manufacturer adds approximately 0.05 percent of
this inhibitor. (See exhibit 2, Enjay Environmental
Health Bulletin.) Exhibit 2 indicates that there are no
health hazards from the usual concentrations of the addi-
tive in fluid (0.1 to 0.5 percent).
4.2 Biocide-G4 (Givaudan Corporation)
Biocide-G4 has been proved to be quite effective in ren-
dering the fluid biocidal at concentrations of 200 ppm.
Chemically, it is 2,2-Dihydroxy-5,5-Dichloro-diphenyl-
methane developed originally under Government incentives
as a material for treating army cloth (tents, cordage and
clothes) to prevent decomposition. G-4 is an effective
bactericide and fungicide, and because of its use on
military clothing, has been tested extensively and found
non-toxic in concentrations far higher than that used in
our flush fluid. (See exhibit 3, Givaudan Technical
Bulletin D-l.) This product is a powder which is only
slightly soluble in our fluid and insoluble in water.
It is, therefore, in a very difficult form to combine
with the flush fluid as it is received from the manufac-
turer. These same properties, however, make it extremely
interesting as a base for automatic or permanent addition.
Once added, it does not decompose and is very slowly
removed by the clay filters. Chrysler is presently doing
research on methods of addition and we are quite sure
that within a few months G4 will be the biocide used.
4.3 Biocide-Biobor JF (U. S. Borax)
Chrysler is presently using this product at a concentra-
tion of 135 ppm to keep the fluid biocidal. We use it
D-4
-------
instead of other available products; for example, G4
because its easily miscible liquid form makes it extremely
convenient to add. Chemically, it is a mixture of two
related dioxaborinanes. Because of its hydrolytic
instability and physical polarity, it is dissipated by
decomposition with moisture and absorbtion on the clay
filter. Therefore, we add a new minimum dose each week.
Experience has shown that adding more only increases
filter load, while adding less allows growth of bacteria.
Biobor JF is considered mildly toxic in the concentrated
form but relatively harmless in the low concentrations
used in the Aqua-Sans system. (See exhibit 4, U. S. Borax
•Product Bulletin.)
4-4' Fluid Dye ;;
f'_ ' ! .-'• ."'.'>.-"..'•.'•' '
This material is considered non-toxic and is, in addi-
tion, added in such small proportions (2 to 3 ppm) that
harmful effects need not be considered.
D-5
-------
Exhibit 1
TOXICITY REPORT ON TESTS
CONDUCTED BY THE GULF SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Work Carried Out for the Chrysler Corporation, Space Division,
New Orleans, La., frori October 14, 1970, to December 1, 1970
Study of animal skin sensitivity to the recycle oil from the
Chrysler Sanitation Device.
This study comprised two separate tests with live animals (two)
rabbits):
1. A "swab test." The Chrysler oil was swabbed on shaved
rabbit skin for four consecutive days;
2. The oils were injected intracutaneously under the
rabbit skin.
Procedure
The rabbit backs were shaved and no visible skin reaction was
observed the following day.
A rectangle was then marked on the back of each rabbit and
divided into four equal parts. The control oil (Pure Sontex
75) was used on two squares and "used Sontex 75" (sample taken
from the unit on November 17, 1970) was used for the t\vo other
squares.
On the first day each rabbit was treated as follows:
Pure Sontex 75 was swabbed on one square and two 0.1 mis
injections of pure Sontex 75 were administered intracutaneously
in the adjacent square. The same procedure was carried out
on the other two squares with "used Sontex 75." The injections
were made only once. The swab tests were repeated for four
consecutive days.
Results
After 24 hours all of the injected materials had been absorbed
and no detectable skin reactions occurred during the following
six days.
No detectable skin reactions were observed from the swab tests
after six days of observation.
GULF SOUTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE
D-6
-------
COPY
Exhibit 2 - Enjay Environmental Health Bulletin
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH BULLETIN ENJAY
PARABAR 441
USE:
Parabar 441 is an oxidation inhibitor used to fortify indus-
trial lubricants and waxes. The typical use concentration is ..
about 0.5% by weight in oils and less than 0.11 in waxes.
Parabar 441 is chemically butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT).
PHYSIOLOGICAL'CHARACTER:
The vapor pressure of Parabar 441 is low and no hazard from
inhalation exists at room temperature. No adverse effect was
seen in test animals exposed to air saturated with sublimed
vapor (concentration of 6.46 ppn) for 130 seven-hour exposure
periods over a 190-day interval.
Large-scale tests by skin contact on humans using the patch
technique showed that Parabar 441 is relatively innocuous to
the skin. Repeated guinea pig tests indicated that it is not
a sensitizer.
Crystals of Parabar 441 produced superficial, transient ulcer-
ation in the eye of one of several rabbits on test. A solu-
tion of 0.4% concentration in U.S.P. mineral oil was non-
irrating to the eyes of test animals.
Extensive series of toxicity tests with Parabar 441 have
shown it to have a relatively low order of toxicity by the
usual routes of administration in six species of test animals.
The oral LD,-n by skin exposure to rabbit's is greater than 5
g/kg. 50
PRECAUTIONS:
Care should be taken to avoid eye and skin contact with the
neat crystals. In case of contact with Parabar 441, it should
be removed by flushing with water. Oils and other substances
containing Parabar 441 require only the usual precautionary
handling procedure for the other substances.
September 15, 1963
Enjay Chemical Company • 60 West 49th Street • New York 20, N.Y.
D-7
-------
QIV^UDAN
sindar
division
TECHNICAL BULLETIN D-1
Exhibit 3 - Givaudan Technical Bulletin D-1
G-4* Technical
(Brand of Dichlorophene Technical)
As a Fungicide and Bactericide
I* Introduction
G-4* is • potent fungicide and bacteridde which is
used to preserve cotton and woolen textiles and other
material*. Mold, mildew, rot, mustineu and tome
type* of rancidity are common expressions for the
various types of deterioration caused by fungi and
bacteria. G4 is particularly effective against such
deterioration.
Ni
II. Chemical and Physical Properties
: 2,T-dfliydroiy-5,5'-dichloro-
diphenylmetnane or 2,2'-
mediylenebis-(4-chlorophenol)
or bis (S-chloro-2-hydroxy
phenyl) methane.
Structure:
Meldng point:
Appearance:
Odor:
Vapor pressure:
Solubility:
(grams in 100 ml
of solvent at
23'C)
164* C. minimum
Light tan, free-flowing
powder
weak phenolic
10-4 mm. of mercury at 100°
C; about 10-" mm, at 25° 6.
(extrapolated value)
Water
Ethyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
n-Buryl alcohol
0.003
53
94
43
t-Butyl alcohol 60
Propylene glycol 45
Acetone 80
Methyl ethyl ketoue 75
Benzene 1.6
Toluene 1.7
Xyleoe 1.5
Stoddard solvent 0.2
Mineral Spirits 0.1
Soluble, with heat, in fatty adds
and vegetable oils.
To obtain completely dear solu-
tions of die technical grade of
G-4, it may be necessary to filter
the solutions.
III. Toxlclty
G-4 is generally regarded to be non-irritating to
the skin at the usual concentrations of use. In patch
tests on humans with a cotton fabric containing 1.0%
of G-4, no primary irritation or sensitization of the
elfin resulted. Its non-irritating characteristics have
often been a major factor in deciding on the use of
this product.
Using die rabbit skin irritation technique, a petro-
leum jelly containing 5% of G-4 was applied twice
daily for 10 days. This high concentration was selected
to increase die severity of die test and die margin of
safety for die interpretation of die results. It was con-
duded from diis work that G-4 was not a primary
irritant even under die severe conditions used in this
test.
Patch tests were also conducted on 194 humans
using G-4 at a concentration of 4% in a petrolatum
base ointment The patches were applied to die inside
of die forearm ana were removed after 48 hours.
The Information contained in Sifldar Technical Bulletins is bated upon the knowledge and
experience gained by our organizations. Purchasers should, however, determine by their own
tettbut method* die desirability of employing these products for their particular uses. None of the
statements contained in the Smdar Technical Bulletins constitute representations or warranties.
D-8
GIVAUDAN CORPORATION . 100 DELAWANNA AVENUE. CLIFTON. N.J 07014
-------
Out of the 194 persons tested, 191 gave negative reac-
tions and 3 were positive.
The acute oral toxicity in animals has been deter-
mined to be as follows:
LUr,., — Guinea Pigs 1.25 gms/Kg
LD50 — Dogs 2.0 gms/Kg
In chronic toxicity studies on rats, 0.2% of G-4 was
added to the food for a period of ninety days; this
dosage corresponds to a daily intake of approximately
400 mg/Kg of body weight. The animals were autop
sied and histopathological studies were made on vari-
ous tissues. There was no evidence of toxicity after
90 days. At a concentration of 0.5% daily in the dii-i
there was evidence of kidney changes at the end ol
ninety days.
IV. Biological Activity
G-4 exhibits both fungicidal and bactericidal prop-
erties which is an important advantage since both
fungi and bacteria may be contributing factors to
deterioration. The effectiveness of G-4 has been well-
established by the Armed Forces who consume large
quantities for the protection of their equipment.
Fungicidal Properties:
The literature on the fungicidal properties of G-4
is so voluminous that only a few examples can be
cited here to illustrate its activity.
Various laboratories have tested G-4 against fungi
in nutrient agar medium. In these tests, the center
of the agar plate was inoculated with a drop of a
spore suspension of the test organism and periodic
measurements of the size of this colony were made for
several days. The ratio of these measurements to those
of a control plate which did not contain G-4 was re-
corded as percentage inhibition. (See Table 1—page 3).
Using Trichophyton interdigitale in a standard agar
plate method, a zone of 6 mm. was obtained with filter
paper impregnated with a 2% solution of G-4 in
alcohol; at a solution strength of 0.2% only a trace
of a zone was noted.
The results of laboratory tests on cotton duck
treated with G-4 are given in Table II (Page 3).
Since certain of these tests are not standardized pro-
cedures, fabric samples treated with copper naphthe-
nate were used for control purposes. These samples
were tested without the beneficial effects of a water
repellent treatment.
A concentration of 0.25% of G-4 in a fabric has
been found to be the minimum concentration which
will pass the Aspergillus niger and Chaetomium
globosum tests.
Bactericidal Properties:
Table HI (page 3) shows the dilution of G-4 which
will kill the various micro-organisms in 10 minutes,
but not in 5.
The F.D.A. method of test was used with modifica-
tions necessary for growing the different bacteria. Since
G-4 is not soluble in water, the following test solution,
containing 0.1% G-4, was employed: O.lg. of G-4 was
dissolved in I ml. of 95% alcohol and 0.75 ml. of 0.5
N-alcoholic potassium hydroxide and, to this solution,
water was added to make a total volume of 100 ml.
The -data in. Table 111 may also be expressed as.
phenol co-elliticnts as follows:
20" C/10 ruin. 37° C/10 min.
Salmonella typhosa .................... 75 100
Micrococcus pyogenes var.
aurcus ................................ 42 100
V. Methods of Application to Textiles
il Concentrations:
1-or outdoor use, it is recommended that G-4 be
applied with d water-repellent finish to obtain maxi-
mum effectiveness.
The following concentrations of G-4 are suggested:
0.25-0.5% for textiles not used out-of-doors.
0.8-1.0% for textiles subject to weathering.
Most Government specifications on mildewproofing
with G-4 require that the treated fabric contain about
1% G-4 based on the dry weight of the goods.
From Alkaline Solution:
While G-4 is quite insoluble in water, an aqueous
solution of its sodium salt can be readily prepared.
Such a solution, at a concentration of 40% of the
mono-sodium salt is called G-4-40 and can be prepared
as follows:
G-4
Caustic soda flakes Tech.
Water
100 Ibs.
18 Ibs.
18 gals.
The G-4 and caustic soda are mixed together and
put into the water under stirring until solution is com-
plete. The heat of solution of the caustic soda is
usually sufficient to get the G-4 into solution; addi-
tional heating may be desirable to speed the process.
This stock solution is then diluted with water to the
desired strength. To eliminate the cloudy appearance
of this solution, filter with an aid such as Super-Ccl®
( Johns-Man villu Corp.)
Knowing the perccniagc pickup of the pad liquor
by the fabric and the percentage of G-4 that should
be deposited in the fabric, one can determine, from
Table IV (page 3), the dilution of the stock solution
(G-4-40) that is required.
The diluted solution should be padded on at a tem-
perature of l40-180°F. The material must then be
passed through a cold 3-5% acetic acid bath which
converts the soluble sodium salt of G-4 to the in-
soluble free phenol. Intermediate drying is not re-
quired; the acetic acid should be fed at a rate which
will insure that the goods leave the squeeze in an acid
condition; indicator paper can be used to check this
factor. The goods are then dried in the usual manner.
When a water repellent treatment is desired also,
the above procedure is modified in either of two ways
depending upon the type of water repellent.
A. Emulsion-type repellent.
After applying the alkaline G-4 solution in the
first bath, the material is dried; about 2% of
acetic acid is added to the second bath which in
this case would contain the water repellent
emulsion. After padding, the material is dried
in the usual manner.
D-9
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COPY
Exhibit 4 - U. S, Borax Product Bulletin
BIOBOR* JF
Use
BIOBOR JF is a b.iocide for the control of microorganisms in
jet aircraft, diesel and other hydrocarbon fuels. BIOBOR JF
is manufactured and sold for the above uses, except gasoline,
under a license agreement with the Standard Oil Company (OHIO)
This product is licensed for. use only in the specific appli-
cations for which it is sold. USE AS DIRECTED.
Chemical Composition (typical)
Active Ingredients
2,2'-oxybis(4.4,6-trinethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborinane )
2,2'- (l-methyitrimethylenedioxy)bis-
(4-methyl-l,3,2-dioxaborinane ) 95%
Inert Ingredients
Petroleum Naphtha
Boron Content 7.4%
Water (free hydroxyl) 0.4%
Physical Properties (typical)
Flash Point 144 - 2°F.
Viscosity 29.0 cps @ 70°F.
Density 1.05
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aircraft wing tanks, BIOBOR JF should be introduced into the
tank while it is being filled. To insure uniform dispersion
throughout the hydrocarbon phase, BIOEOR JF should be added
when the tank is approximately one-half filled.
Packaging - All Non-returnable
55 gallon drums - net weight 450 Ibs.
5 gallon drums - net weight 40 Ibs.
Case: six X one quart containers - net weight 2.2 Ibs.
each
1 quart container - sample
Toxicity
BIOBOR JF is mildly toxic. Caution should be taken to prevent
contact with the eyes and prolonged exposure to the skin. Do
not take internally.
Antidote: In case of contact with skin - wash with
soap and water. In case of contact with
eyes - wash with water. If irritation
persists, consult your doctor.
*Trade name United States Borax and Chemical Corporation
NOTICE: Use of this product for any purpose not already
established by usage should be determined in each instance by
investigation and experiment with due regard for the properties
thereof. Uses suggested by us, if any, are based upon tech-
nical data or literature which we believe to be entirely trust-
worthy but for which we assume no responsibility. All risk of
injury or damage resulting from the use or handling of this
product is assumed by the user. We assume no responsibility
therefore and make no warranty, express or implied, of the
fitness of this product for any particular purpose.
If possible uses of this product have been mentioned by us, it
is not our intent to suggest that it be used to practice the
invention of any applicable patent, \\rhether mentioned by us or
not, without a license from the owner thereof. The patent
situation should, therefore, be investigated by the user in
each instance and a license procured when required.
D-ll
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Toxicity Studies with BIOBOR
SUMMARY
The acute oral LD50 of BIOBOR for male albino rats is 3.16
ml/kg of body weight.
The acute dermal LD50 of BIOBOR for albino rabbits is 4.64
ml/kg of body weight, with confidence limits from 2.98 to 7.23
ml/kg. A single application of the undiluted material pro-
duced mild to moderate dermal irritation characterized by
erythema and edema and followed by desquamation.
A single application of BIOBOR to the eyes of albino rabbits
produced moderate eye irritation characterized by conjuncti-
vitis and iritis in all rabbits and mild cornea! opacity in :>
two of three rabbits.
D-12
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APPENDIX E
RESTROOM CLEANING PROCEDURE
By
CHRYSLER CORPORATION SPACE DIVISION
January 11, 1972
Absolute cleanliness is a mandatory health and aesthetic
requirement for all lavatory-washroom facilities. Cleanliness
is even more aesthetically important in facilities which devi-
ate in some way from the usual water-flush system.
Because the Aqua-Sans System cannot tolerate surface active
agents (soap, detergents, or detergent containing compounds),
two precautions must be rigidly adhered to in cleaning proce-
dures - -
Never pour mop water or other waste water down a flush
fluid toilet or urinal.
Never use conventional toilet bowl cleaners in a flush
fluid toilet or urinal.
Procedure for Cleaning Toilets and Urinals
Pour an appropriate amount of the special Aqua-Sans toilet
bowl cleaner into a small container (a one-pound coffee can
is adequate) . R.aise both the cover and seat of a toilet
bowl. Dip a toilet bowl brush into the cleaner and scrub the
interior toilet surfaces. Additional amounts of cleaner may
be necessary to remove old rust spots or mineral deposits.
Replace the brush into the can, being careful not to drip
flush fluid onto the exterior surfaces of the toilet bowl or
the floor. Flush the toilet to inspect effectiveness of the
job. Keep the brush in the container to prevent dripping
while going to the next fixture. Any remaining bowl cleaner
contaminated with fluid may be dumped into a toilet. Store
the container with the brush in it. Please note that flush
fluid dripped on toilet seats or the front exterior of the
toilet will not evaporate and can cause oil spots on the
clothes of subsequent users of the toilet. Drips on the
floor form an oily spot which spreads out to pick up dirt
and, if large, can cause a slippery hazard.
E-l
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In a small bucket, make up a strong solution of hot water and
commercial detergent. Powdered laundry detergents are very
appropriate. They can be fortified with a little laundry
bleach to add cleaning and disinfecting action and produce a
cleaner appearing surface. Most pine oil liquids are not very
effective in spite of their strong smell. Spread the mixture
on the oil and dirty areas of the floor with a broom and
scrub the soap out until all of the floor has been scrubbed.
Areas behind fixtures and under appliances must not be missed.
Rinse and dry with a mop, using clear water which must be
changed when it becomes soapy. Clean the external surfaces
of restroom fixtures and walls using a small brush or rag
soaked with detergent and a clean rag with clear water to
rinse.
4U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 546-314/207 1-3
E-2
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
1. Report No.
3. Accession No.
w
4. Title
Demonstration of a Non-Aqueous Sewage
Disposal System
7. Autbor(s)
Floyd L. Matthew, Ervin E. Nesheim
9. Organization
Black Hills Conservancy Sub-District
P. 0. Box 1692
Rapid City, SD 57701
•12. Sponsoring Organization
15. Supplementary Notts
Environmental Protection Agency report number,
EPA-670/2-73-088, December 1973.
S. Report Date
6. '.'".•'- '
8. Performing Organization
Report No.
10. Project No.
15010 PBK
11. Contract/ Grant No.
IS. Type of Report and
Period Covered
16. Abstract
A prototype non-aqueous wastewater treatment system
utilizing recirculated mineral oil as a collection and
•transport media was installed and operated at the
Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Rapid City, South
Dakota. The project was conducted to demonstrate the
feasibility and effectiveness of the non-aqueous system
for application at recreational and similarly remote
The non-aqueous system was evaluated for six months
during the 1972 visitation season. During this period,
data was collected to determine system usage rate and
user waste loading and for the evaluation of the
physical, biological, and chemical content of the flush oil
as a function of system usage. System operation and
reliability were also demonstrated during the test
period.
The demonstration showed that the non-aqueous
treatment system is effective in the collection,
transport, and disposal of human waste. Odors in the oil
flush media and from-the treatment system.presented
an aesthetic problem which makes the use of this
system undesirable for recreational areas such as
Rushmore. System redesign to prevent organic
accumulations and the routine use of an ojtidizer-
bactericide to eliminate odor-producing bacterial
activity is required before this concept can be suitable
for high-use visible recreational areas.
Water conservation is achieved when recirculated
mineral oil is used to collect and transport human
wastes. The waste volume is reduced by 98 percent in
comparison with conventional water carriage systems.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project
Number 15010 PBK under the partial sponsorship of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
17a. Descriptors
*Ship sanitation, *Wastewater treatment, *Water reuse, Water
pollution control, Operating costs, Elsan Yarrow, Chemical
treatment
176. Identifiers
Elsan Yarrow. Chemical treatment. Recirculating system.
Watercraft waste.
17c. COWRR Field & Group
18. Availability
19. Security Class.
(Report)
20. Security Class.
21. Ho. of
Pages
22. Price
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D. C. 20240
Abstractor Ervin E. Nesheim
I institution Dakota Engineering Company
WRSIC 102 (REV. JUNE 1971)
GPO 9 I3.ee |
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