- FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT
WHY & HOW
1
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FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT
PREPARED BY THE MISSOURI RIVER BASIN ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT PILOT (STEERING) TASK GROUP
MEMBERSHIP
Mr. Bill House American National Cattleman's Association
Mr. Keith Myers Nebraska State Conservationist
Mr. Vern Nelson Consulting Engineer
Mr. Cordell Tindall Editor, Missouri Ruralist
Dr. Ross McKinney University of Kansas
Mr. Melville Gray Kansas State Department of Health
Dr. Coy McNabb University of Missouri
Dr. Lawrence Schmid Kansas State University
Mr. John Rademacher Environmental Protection Agency
Mr. Ronald Ritter Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Protection Agency
Kansas City, Missouri
June, 1971
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THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
CLASSIFICATION NUMBER IS:
EP 1.2: F32
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ABSTRACT
BASIC INFORMATION ON THE PROBLEM OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE POLLUTION ARISING FROM THESE
OPERATIONS IS PRESENTED IN A NON-TECHNICAL MANNER. THE
FACTORS THAT CAUSE FEEDLOTS TO POLLUTE AND THE MAG-
NITUDES POLLUTANTS MAY REACH ARE DISCUSSED ALONG WITH
SOME MANAGEMENT FACTORS AND STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL
MEANS TO HELP CONTROL WATER POLLUTION. SOURCES OF TECH-
NICAL AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF
CONTROL FACILITIES AND THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AGENCIES FOR THE TEN MISSOURI RIVER BASIN STATES ARE LISTED.
EXISTING ANIMAL WASTE CONTROL REGULATIONS ARE ALSO FURNISH
ED FOR THESE TEN STATES.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
INTRODUCTION iii
PART I - THE PROBLEM 1
Factors that Create the Problem 2
Magnitude of the Problem 5
PART II - POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 7
Location 7
Management 9
Mounding 9
Terraces 10
Settling Channels 10
Holding Ponds 11
The "Living" Filter 11
Treatment Lagoons 15
Basis of Design 16
PART III-SOURCES of TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 17
University Extension Service 17
SCS, USDA 18
Engineers Consulting 18
PART IV - SOURCES of FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 19
ASCS, USDA 19
SCS, USDA 19
FHA 20
APPENDIX A 21
State Water Pollution Control Agencies 21
APPENDIX B 24
State Laws or Regulations for Feedlots 24
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG. 1 - A DESIRED LOCATION 7
FIG. 2 - AN UNDESIRED LOCATION 8
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
PATHS OF POLLUTIONS 1
REEVE'S FEEDLOT NEAR CENTRAL CITY, NEB 10
COCKERILL FEEDLOT NEAR SPRINGFIELD, NEB 12
KRAMBECK FEEDLOT NEAR GRETNA, NEB 13
UNDERWOOD FARMS FEEDLOT NEAR OMAHA, NEB 14
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The information presented in this publication has been drawn from
many sources. Much has been taken from published findings of researchers
who have been active in this field for some time through educational
institutions and public agencies. The Agricultural Research Service, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, has a comprehensive program of research and
demonstrations concerning feedlot management and much of this writing
utilizes information and concepts developed by this Service.
Guidance in preparation of this publication was provided by the
Missouri River Basin Animal Waste Management Pilot (Steering) Task Group.
This Group was formed in 1969 to present an interdisciplinary front to
consider the animal waste problem in the area. The membership consists of a
rancher, a Soil Conservation Service representative, a consulting engineer
involved in design of pollution control facilities for feedlots, representatives
of university engineering departments and extension service along with State
and Federal water pollution control officials.
All photographs contained herein were furnished through the courtesy
of the Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, Lincoln, Nebraska.
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INTRODUCTION
causes
of
feedlot
po/fution
intent
of
this
publication
The recent expansion of the cattle feeding industry in the United States
has been generally to the more arid regions with the construction of new
feedlots with targe capacities. While this has taken place, however, numbers
of cattle on feed in the Missouri River Basin have also increased and there
remain thousands of feedfots in the area. In 1970, there were about 114,000
feedlots reported in seven of the basin states with 113,000 of these having a
capacity of less than 1,000 cattle. This indicates a great number of lots
operated by "farmer-feeders." That is, farm operators that produce the feed
and possibly the feeder calves on their own land and do not feed the year
around. This type of operation is more common in the "Corn-Belt" area of
Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, and the eastern sections of Kansas, Nebraska and
South Dakota. In the western portion of the basin, however, the trend has
been toward the larger installation.
Whether it is a small farmer-feeder or a commercial feedlot of 80,000
head, environmental pollution can result from the operation. Poor
management practices, improper cleaning, improper storage and disposal of
manure, and improper drainage control can allow pollutants to enter the
ground water, enter the surface water, or enter the atmosphere. While the
magnitude of the problem may vary according to lot size and climatological
conditions, good management techniques should be equally effective and
pollution control measures can be adapted to most situations.
We have attempted to present the current state of knowledge in the
field of feedlot waste management. Much effort has been, is, and will
continue to be expended in developing new and better ways of pollution
control. Emphasis has been placed on the abatement of water pollution
because of the immediate need in this area, ft is the intent of this publication
to provide some basic information on the problem, some possible solutions
to the problem and sources of information and assistance.
Ml
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PART I - THE PROBLEM
A feedlot may contribute to pollution of surface waters, ground waters
and the air as well as create a solid waste disposal problem. Feedlot pollution
PATHS OF
POLLUTION
SURFACE
WATER
paths
of feedlot pollution
may manifest itself through (1) Runoff, (2) Direct drainage or manure
deposition, (3) Ground waters, (4) Atmospheric odor and (5) Blowing dust.
Runoff resulting from precipitation or wastes deposited directly in a
stream can lower the oxygen level, add ammonia and nutrients and possibly
cause bacterial contamination. Nitrates may move down through the soil
under the lot, reaching the groundwater and creating a potential health
hazard.
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FACTORS THAT
CREATE THE PROBLEM
BOD
and
COD
Odors, blowing dust and insects may exist at some time or other around
a feedlot complex. These usually are localized pollution problems that may
or may not be considered health hazards.
The amount and nature of wastes produced by beef cattle in a feedlot
are dependent on the feed ration and water consumption and, therefore, are
rather variable.
The following breakdown of wastes was developed for a 900-pound
steer and is presented as an example.
60 Ibs. wet manure per day (43 Ibs. feces, 17 Ibs. urine)
9 Ibs. dry manure
85 percent moisture
Biochemical Oxygen Demand — 1-2 Ibs. per steer per day
Chemical Oxygen Demand — 9 Ibs. per steer per day
Volatile Solids — 7 Ibs. per steer per day
Coliform Bacteria — 6 billion per steer per day
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the classic sanitary
engineering parameter that indicates the amount of oxygen required for
aerobic (in the presence of oxygen) decomposition of wastes and is an
indication of the amount of biologically degradable organic material present.
INDICATORS OF OXYGEN
DEMANDING WASTES
WHEN THESE OXYGEN -DEMANDING
WASTES ENTER A STREAM, THE
OXYGEN LEVEL OF THE WATER
IS LOWERED AND FISH KILL MAY
RESULT.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the total oxygen
consuming capacity of a waste but does not distinguish between biologically
active and biologically inert matter. The ratio of COD/BOD is higher for
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possible
results
of
BOO
and
COD
high
coliform
counts
salmonella
and
liptospire
cattle manure than for domestic wastes and this indicates a less
biodegradable material. In other words, cattle manure cannot be treated in a
conventional municipal waste treatment type plant in the same manner as
domestic wastes with the same degree of efficiency.
When these oxygen demanding wastes enter a stream, the oxygen level
of the water is lowered and fish kills may result. The nutrient constituents
found in animal wastes, along with the oxygen demanding materials, are
primarily nitrogen and phosphorus. These elements, in the presence of
certain trace compounds, can stimulate algal growths in bodies of water to a
point where any recreational or esthetic enjoyment is limited or impossible.
ANIMAL WASTES
CONTAINS NUTRIENTS
CONSISTING PRIMARILY
OF NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS
THESE ELEMENTS STIMULATE
ALGAL GROWTH IN WATER BODIES.
THUS DESTROYING ESTHETIC
& RECREATIONAL VALUES
Solids carried by runoff can accelerate the filling of a lake or pond and high
coliform (bacterial indicators) counts found in the runoff may limit
recreational development of receiving waters due to the possible presence of
pathogenic organisms. Salmonella and liptospire are two of the more
common pathogens found in cattle wastes. Heavy deposits of wastes in a
stream will destroy aquatic life and sometimes result in black, bubbling
pools.
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
MAY CONTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
(SALMONELLA & LIPTOSPIRE) WHICH
ARE A POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARD
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ammonia Ammonia can be detected in the air around a feedlot but this small
problems contribution to odors is not the important factor. Because of the high
solubility of ammonia in water, the initial runoff from a feedlot could
WET FEEDLOT WASTE
CONTAIN AMMONIA, WHICH CAN BE
TOXIC TO AQUATIC LIFE
contain sufficiently high concentrations to cause fish kills in the receiving
stream as the tolerance limit of fish for ammonia is low. Another factor is
that the ammonia that can be detected in the air is being absorbed by land
and water surfaces around the lot and this in turn increases the nitrogen
concentration which could cause excessive algal blooms in lakes or ponds.
The movement of nitrates through the soil beneath a feedlot can create a
health hazard if sufficient concentrations reach the groundwater table. This
would appear to be a potential problem primarily during the initial months
of operation or after abandoning the lot.
ODOR
IS PENETRATING AND MAY BE
OBJECTIONABLE TO THE GENERAL
PUBLIC.
Odors coming from feedlot operations can be caused by several
compounds that are formed by bacterial action on organic matter. The
ootors resultant acids, alcohols, amines and other organic compounds are
characterized by their smells, some of which can be very strong or
penetrating and objectionable to the general public.
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blowing
dust
insects
During periods of dry weather, blowing dust can be a nuisance to
surrounding areas and may be considered a health hazard. Insects,
particularly flies, may be attracted by feedlot operations, especially around
feed supplies. These should not be a problem outside the general feedlot area
if the facility is properly managed.
BLOWING DUST
NUISANCE TO SURROUNDING AREAS,
MAY BE CONSIDERED A HEALTH
HAZARD
MAGNITUDE OF
THE PROBLEM
stabilization
by bacterial
action
accumulation
greater
through
winter
months
If we assume the 900-pound steer that produces 60 pounds of wet
manure a day is fed for 150 days, a total of 4.5 tons of material from that
one animal would be deposited on the feedlot surface. It is not realistic to
use this type of data to forecast the amount of waste that collects on the
surface or the amount of pollutants that may be carried from a feedlot as a
result of any given rain storm or snowfall, however. Much of the organic
matter in the manure is stabilized by bacterial action after it is deposited on
the lot. A high percentage of nitrogen contained in the manure and urine is
lost to the atmosphere and perhaps one-half of the organic matter will be
decomposed into carbon dioxide and water. The amount of decomposition
that takes place is dependent on temperature and moisture conditions
because the bacteria are more active under warm temperatures and more
nitrogen is released to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas when the soil is wet.
Consequently, there is a greater accumulation of wastes through the winter
months than during the rest of the year.
The loss of carbon and nitrogen from the waste causes a reduction in
the organic content, an increase in minerals and an accumulation of
undigested fibrous material. Consequently, this residual material does not
respond to accepted biological waste treatment methods as do municipal
wastes. It should be remembered, however, that while manure is
decomposing in the lot, it is constantly being mixed with fresh droppings
and, on an unsurfaced lot, with soil.
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significant
point
concerning
runoff
Several studies have been made on the amount of pollutants contained
in feedlot runnoff. Using the results that have been presented on annual
losses or contributions from lots, it can be shown that from five to ten
percent of the pollutants originally contained in the raw waste may be
carried by the runoff. Through these figures the use of population
equivalents (10 people — 1 steer) is obviously not realistic. In fact, some
studies have shown that this can be reversed to where ten cattle or more are
required to equal the waste contribution of one person. Whether the waste
ratio is ten men to one animal or one man to ten animals is really not
significant to feedlot pollution control and these figures should not be used
when speaking of the problem.
What is significant is that feedlot runoff produced by a particular rain
storm or snowmelt may have a BOD of from one to several thousand
milligrams per liter (mg/1), a COD of from several hundred to tens of
thousands of mg/1 and a suspended solids content of around ten thousand
mg/1. These figures show why the potential exists. They are volumetric
measurements that indicate the strength of the runoff as compared to
normal domestic sewage with a BOD and suspended solids concentration of
200 to 250 mg/1. This is the reason that a slug of runoff from a feedlot can
depress oxygen levels and increase ammonia content in streams to a point
where fish cannot survive, cover the streambed with solids thus eliminating
aquatic life, create a nuisance condition and possibly a health hazard through
bacterial contamination.
The same general pollutional characteristics are present and the same
effect can result when manure is applied to frozen ground, on snow or under
other conditions where snowmelt or rainfall can wash the material into
streams or ponds or when a retention pond or treatment lagoon overflows.
The effluents from the majority of animal waste treatment lagoons still exert
an oxygen demand and contain solids and nitrogen in concentrations that
make them unsuitable for discharge to a watercourse.
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PART II - POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
LOCATION
The importance of locating a feedlot away from a watercourse or body
of water cannot be over-emphasized. If a lot can be located so that it is
separated from a watercourse by at least one-fourth mile of grassland or
A DESIRED LOCATION
FIG. 1
SUFFICIENT DRAINAGE AND AMPLE GRASSLAND
SPACING BETWEEN THE STREAM & FEEDLOT CAN
AVOID MANY MAJOR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
ideal
location
of feedlot
should be
away from
watercourse
feedlot
terrain
slope
AT LEAST 1/4 MILE OF GRASSLAND
BETWEEN FEEDLOT & WATERCOURSE
V
similar plant growth, many pollution problems may be avoided. However,
few locations are absolutely without pollution potential. When planning a
new lot, adequate space should be available for construction of any
necessary pollution control facilities.
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sufficient
slope
is ideal
A feedlot should have sufficient slope to permit drainage of surface
water and it should be oriented to provide maximum exposure to sunlight.
The maximum desirable slope for a particular installation is dependent on
factors such as soil type, climate and stocking rate and will vary appreciably.
The length of the slope over which runoff will move usually has a greater
effect on the pollution potential than the degree of slope. Whenever possible,
it is advisable to break up long slopes with terraces, pipe systems or other
means that will divert the water from the lot at various points along the
normal drainage pattern.
FIG. 2
AN UNDESIRED LOCATION
DIRECT, UNFILTERED DRAINAGE INTO STREAM
CAN CAUSE & PERPETUATE A MULTITUDE OF
MAJOR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
feedlot
terrain
slope
soil
characteristics
Some restrictions may be placed on operations that propose to locate
on sandy or gravelly soils or in areas where the groundwater table is close to
the ground surface. Normal feedlot operations will generally result in the
sealing of the lot surface but it is advisable for an operator to know the soil
characteristics and groundwater level in his area and try to avoid problem
situations.
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direction
of
prevailing
winds
Another factor to consider in location is the direction of the prevailing
winds. Flies and other insects will usually move with the wind along with the
dust and odors, and therefore, an installation should be downwind from a
town or any other concentration of people. Similarly it should be located in
an area that is or could be zoned for agricultural uses to protect against
encroachment by residential areas.
MANAGEMENT
leave
thin
layer
of
manure
management
of water
drainage
feed
spillage
dust
control
Good management through proper cleaning of a lot can influence the
amount of pollutants that enter the environment. A thin layer of manure left
on the lot surface will generally absorb about 0.5 inch of precipitation, and
runoff may not occur as quickly as with a lot that has been stripped clean.
This layer will also permit any impervious material to remain undisturbed
and, therefore, more effective in preventing downward movement of
pollutants.
Watering facilities should be located so that spillage or overflow will
drain off and not be permitted to flow across the lot. Roof drainage from
shelters should also be diverted away from the lot.
Spilled feed around bunks can add to the pollutional problems through
odors from decompositions, by being carried by runoff, or as a fly or rodent
attraction. Extra care in placing feed in the bunks can pay off in savings in
feed costs and in reducing the pollution potential.
Another management factor is the control of dust. Sprinkling appears
to be the primary control method in use at this time and will probably
continue to be. In some areas, different types of bedding are used, such as
sawdust or wood chips and this will have an effect on runoff characteristics
and associated problems. Generally speaking, the disposal of combined
bedding — manure has not presented a great problem because of the limited
use of bedding.
Mounding of manure within the feedlot has been practiced for some
tjme by many operators. This mound provides a place where cattle can get
out of the mud during wet seasons and a warm surface during cold weather.
This warmth is due to bacterial action on the wastes in the mound which is
basically a compost pile. (Refer to page 10)
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REEVE'S
FEEDLOTIMEAR
CENTRAL CITY,
NEBRASKA
(ARSRESEARCH
SITE)
TERRACES
runoff
slowed
and
solids
removed
The use of terraces to reduce the strength and volume of runoff is being
studied at this time. With this concept, the velocity of the runoff is slowed
so that solids may settle out in the terrace system before it flows on to a
holding facility. Terraces used in this manner would be of the broad basin
type.
Ideally, the discharge from the terraces should be controlled so that
runoff could be held behind each one as required to permit solids settling.
These controlled outlets may drain into a collection channel or a common
pipe that will lead to the holding facility. The solids that accumulate behind
the terraces can be removed with tractor front-end loaders during dry
periods as necessary. (See page 12)
SETTLING
CHANNELS
purpose
same
as
terrace
The purpose of settling channels is essentially the same as the terrace
concept except the channel is located outside of the feedlot. Through the
use of porous structures that impede the flow of runoff, but do not stop it,
the velocity is lowered so that solids will be deposited in the channel before
reaching a holding pond. If the topography of the area permits, the channel
may be constructed on a very flat grade and this will permit settling of solids
without the flow impeding structures. The channel should be constructed so
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HOLDING
PONDS
THE
"LIVING"
FILTER
that solids can be removed with equipment used in the general operation of
the feedlot.
In order to be effective all runoff should pass through the entire length
of the channel. For a large feedlot, more than one system of channels and
ponds may be necessary and space for the location of these may place some
restriction on their use in existing installations. For a new lot this type of
system could be an integral part of the overall design and layout. (See page13)
While holding ponds have been mentioned in connection with broad
basin terraces and settling channels, they are an effective means of
controlling water pollution in themselves. In designing a system that does
not provide for solids settling ahead of the ponds, a small cell of about 10
percent the capacity of the main cell should be provided to trap solids before
the flow reaches the main retention structure. This cell should be
constructed in a manner that will permit the removal of solids by pumping,
or if necessary, by dragline.
Odors may arise from the solids settling cell if material is left to
accumulate for any length of time and bacterial action begins. Also, if a
dragline is required to clean the structure, the operation could be time
consuming and relatively costly, but the overall cost of maintaining these
facilities is reasonable.
Liquid must be removed from the system and applied to the land as
soon as possible after runoff has occurred in order to have storage space for
the next event. Proper measures should be taken to prevent contamination
of surface waters by runoff from the irrigation system. Also, some land that
has been used for solids disposal should not be irrigated unless the .solids
have been turned under and will not be picked up by the applied water or
unless the land has a well developed reuse system such as tail water ponds.
Location and topography of the land will determine when this applies. (See
page 14)
The basic concept of this system is one of providing a specified area for
runoff disposal based on the estimated amount of solids contained in the
runoff after it passes through a settling channel of some type. The system
consists of the settling channel, a holding pond and the liquid disposal or
"filter" area. Solids that settle out in the channel would be removed to a
separate disposal area and the liquid would be applied through irrigation
pumps and piping or by a gravity distribution system depending on the
individual situation.
11
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COCKERILL
FEEDLOTNEAR
SPRINGFIELD, NEBRASKA
(ARS DEMONSTRATION SITE)
SAME ARS DEMONSTRATION
SITE SHOWN ABOVE
,
12
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KRAMBECK
FEEDLOTNEAR
GRETNA, NEBRASKA
(ARS DEMONSTRATION SITE)
POROUS DAM BELOW
FEEDLOT SHOWN ABOVE
13
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UNDERWOOD
FARMS FEEDLOT
NEAR OMAHA, NEBR.
(ARS DEMONSTRATION SITE)
SAME FEEDLOT
AS SHOWN ABOVE
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TREATMENT
LAGOONS
types
of
lagoons
bacteria
working
in absence
of oxygen
natural
re-aeration
to supply
oxygen
mechanical
injection of
air and oxygen
The design of this type of pollution control facility would be based on
the holding pond having enough capacity to hold runoff until it can be
applied to the disposal area and there will be no discharge from the area into
watercourses. The application rate is in terms of tons of solids per acre of
pasture or cropland for this method while other land disposal methods may
consider inches of water per acre or some other approach.
The use of lagoons or ponds as a waste water treatment method has
been accepted for some time especially in the municipal and industrial area
where waste loadings are of a continuous nature. The ponds or lagoons that
catch feedlot runoff are loaded on an intermittent basis and this can cause
operational difficulties and affect treatment efficiency. There are three types
of lagoons that may be used to stabilize cattle manure:
ANAEROBIC
Stabilization of organic matter in the runoff is
accomplished by bacteria working in the absence of
oxygen. A considerable amount of gas may be produced
during decomposition and objectionable odors can
result. This type of lagoon can be used to hold wastes
that will be spread on land or as a biological treatmen
unit. It will not produce an effluent that would be
acceptable for discharge to a stream.
AEROBIC
Aerobic lagoons depend on natural re-aeration and algae
for oxygen to support bacteria that will stabilize wastes.
Because cattle manure has an extremely high oxygen
demand, this is not a feasible type of facility due to the
large water surface area required to supply sufficient
oxygen.
AERATED
Aerobic conditions can be maintained through injection
of air into the waste water by using mechanical or
diffused aeration equipment. The oxidation ditch is a
form of mechanical aeration that has recently been used
in some confined housing operations where cattle are on
slotted floors and the wastes drop directly into the
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ditch. The concept ususally employs two or more
paddle wheel type aerators that keep the liquid
circulating around a "race track" type ditch and add
oxygen at the same time. This results in an operation
that should be odor free and effective in waste
stabilization but the overflow or effluent cannot be
discharged to a stream without additional treatment.
While this system can develop problems such as
foaming, freezing and mechanical failure, the general
concept is the most satisfactory application of waste
stabilization for total confined feeding. It does require
proper operation and maintenance and completely
enclosed buildings are recommended to avoid freezing in
cold climates.
Floating, turbine type mechanical aerators or systems of
submerged air lines with diffusers that are used in
municipal waste treatment plants can be applied to
feed lot wastes but as with the ditch system, a
satisfactory effluent will not be produced. The initial
cost and operation and maintenance costs and problems
have made these two systems of aeration less than
feasible for many installations insofar as a treatment
method is concerned. Their use as odor control devices
should not be overlooked, however, Intermittent
operation can provide sufficient oxygen to prevent
odors and not be prohibitive in cost.
OF DESIGN ^e bas's °^ Design for the preceding waste management methods will
vary from locale to locale. The rainfall characteristics of the area will be the
design greatest variable and each installation must be evaluated separately as to
varies runoff potential, quality and quantity. For that reason, no attempt has been
from made to present design or layout information. Feedlot operators or managers
ato should consult qualified individuals for assistance in evaluating their
locate situations and where applicable, in design and layout of waste handling
facilities.
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PART III
SOURCES OF TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE
The agency or agencies responsible for pollution control vary from state
to state. A list of water pollution control agencies within the Missouri River
Basin along with the appropriate responsible official's name and title are
included in the appendices of this publication.
Inquiries concerning specific requirements for complying with state
water pollution control laws in developing and maintaining a feedlot should
be directed to these individuals. Those laws and regulations relating to water
pollution that are in existence at this time may be found following the list of
pollution control agencies.
While current emphasis is being placed on water pollution, localized
problems resulting from air pollution, primarily odors, are becoming more
numerous. Generally involved are "nuisance" issues and not violation of air
quality standards. There does exist in each state an air pollution control
authority that could become concerned if necessary.
UNIVERSITY
EXTENSION
SERVICE
The primary mission of the Extension Service is to diffuse information
based on USDA, Agricultural Experiment Station, and other valid and
reliable research to solve relevant and current problems. The Service is
placing a high priority on providing the latest technological, management
and policy information on animal waste management. This includes giving
leadership and working in close cooperation with research staff in developing
design criteria for feedlot waste management systems. This information is
available to all interested individuals and agencies.
Close working relationships are maintained with pollution regulatory
agencies in developing and implementing economical, feasible and efficient
feedlot waste management systems. The University Extension Off ices at the
local level should be contacted for assistance and information.
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SCS,
USDA
CONSULTING
ENGINEERS
The Soil Conservation Service may provide assistance in the design and
layout of pollution control facilities for feedlots up to a specified maximum
size. This specified size may vary somewhat between states and an individual
area office may alter this if circumstances warrant. Anyone desiring
information on this program should contact their nearest SCS District
Conservationist.
As previously stated, in some states the Soil Conservation Service can
design, and lay out pollution control facilities for relatively small feedlots.
For those instances where the SCS is unable to provide this service, the
installation is too large or state law so reauires, a consulting engineering firm
should be retained.
This is a relatively new field for the consultant but there are firms that
have been involved in feedlot pollution control work for some time. The
state water pollution control agency can provide a list of professional
sngineers qualified to practice within that state and would know those firms
that are working with the feeding industry.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers national
programs for water and air quality enhancement, solid waste disposal, water
hygiene and pesticides and radiation regulation. The Regional Offices of EPA
are available to furnish information on Federal environmental programs and
also as a source of technical information and assistance.
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PART IV
SOURCES OF FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE
ASCS The A9ricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service has provided
f financial assistance in some states under the former Agricultural
USD A Conservation Program (ACP). Under this cost-sharing program, funds could
be provided for construction of pollution control structures with maximum
participation limited to amounts that varied from state to state.
The ACP has been restructured and is now called the Rural
Environmental Assistance Program (REAP). This will continue the ACP
practices but greater Federal participation may be possible in some cases
where the public benefits through environmental enhancement practices.
It has been the practice that the State ASCS Committee determines
whether or not that particular state participates in cost-sharing for
construction of pollution control structures. Similarly, a county committee
may elect to not participate even though the state does. Since this program
varies from state to state, and even county by county, the local county
ASCS committee should be consulted as to its current programs and policies.
The Great Plams Conservation Program administered by the Soil
Conservation Service provides for assistance to farmers and ranchers through
USD A contracts for conservation and pollution control work. These contracts are
entered into with USDA for a period of several years.
This is not a REAP program but one that is under the direction of the
Soil Conservation Service. Only certain areas of the Great Plains have been
designated as eligible for assistance and, therefore, the District
Conservationist should be consulted to see if a particular locale is covered
and if funds are available.
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The Farmers Home Administration (FHA) has a program that may
provide funds for the disposal of wastes (including solid wastes) but only
USD A public bodies or not for profit organizations that have authority to tax, issue
bonds, etc., can qualify for these grants and loans. This is the same program
that provides assistance to small municipalities for construction of sewerage
systems.
Funds for construction of waste management facilities could be
included in a real estate loan for land purchase or farm improvement from
the FHA. The local County Supervisor for the Administration should be
consulted about these and other programs, their requirements and
provisions.
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APPENDIX A
STATE WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL AGENCIES
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COLORADO
IOWA
KANSAS
MINNESOTA
NEBRASKA
STATE AGENCIES
Water Pollution Control Division
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East 11th Avenue
Denver, Colorado 80220
Mr. Frank J. Rozich, Director
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission
Iowa State Department of Health
Lucas State Office Buildmg
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
Mr. R. J. Schliekelman, Technical Secretary
Environmental Health Services
Kansas State Department of Health
Topeka, Kansas 66612
Mr. Melville W. Gray, Director and Chief Engineer
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
(water, air, solid wastes)
717 Delaware Street, S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
Mr. Grant J. Merritt, Director
Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council
State Department of Health
State House Station, Box 94757
Lincoln, Nebraska 68509
Mr. T. A. Filipi, Executive Secretary
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MONTANA
MISSOURI
NORTH
DAKOTA
SOUTH
DAKOTA
WYOMING
Montana Water Pollution Council
Division of Environmental Sanitation
Montana State Department of Health
Laboratory Building
Helena, Montana 59601
Mr. C. W. Brinck, Secretary
Missouri Water Pollution Board
P.O. Box 154
Jefferson City, Missouri 65101
Mr. Jack K. Smith, Executive Secretary
Environmental Health and Engineering Services
North Dakota State Department of Health
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501
Mr. Willis Van Heuvelen, Chief
Division of Sanitary Engineering
South Dakota State Department of Health
Pierre, South Dakota 57501
Mr. Charles E. Carl, Director
Division of Sanitary Engineering
Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services
State Office Building
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
Mr. Arthur E. Williamson, Director
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APPENDIX B
STATE LAWS OR REGULATIONS
FOR FEEDLOTS
As of May 1,1971
COLORADO 25
IOWA 26
KANSAS 30
MINNESOTA 34
NEBRASKA 43
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COLORADO
RULES FOR THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
FROM LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT FACILITIES
AUTHORITY:
Chapter 44, Session Laws 1966, as amended by Chapter 217, Session Laws
1967, Sections 5(e), and 8.
DEFINITIONS
A. "Commission" means the Colorado Water Pollution Control
Commission.
B. "Person" means any individual, partnership, corporation or association
doing business in this state, in whole or in part.
C. "Livestock Confinement" means cattle, calves, sheep, swine, horses,
mules, goats and fowl corralled, penned, tethered, or otherwise caused
to remain in pens or corrals where feeding is other than grazing.
D. "Feedlot Operator" means any person engaged in the business, as
owner, operator or manager of a place, establishment or facility
commonly known as a feedlot, and including any facility commonly
known as a stockyard, veterinary clinic or other livestock confinement
facility, consisting of pens or corrals used for the purpose of holding
livestock for feeding and for holding such livestock for sale, shipment
of slaughter or treatment.
E. "Abatement Schedule" means the prescribed time schedule for
investigation, completion, completion of plans, the construction of
facilities and final date of abatement of pollution.
PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION:
A. Every Feedlot Operator shall take all reasonable preventative measures
to avoid the oollution of the waters of this state due to surface runoff
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waters or discharges from within feedlots or stockyard enclosure, or
from manure or sludge storage areas appurtenant thereto.
B. To the extent necessary, minimum preventative measures shall include
the construction of sealed collection and retention ponds; provision for
adequate drainage to prevent the collection of surface waters within
such enclosures or upon appurtenant areas; the use of mechanical
means for scraping, cleaning and grading all areas which could
contribute to water pollution; the disposal of animal excrements and
other wastes, and the diversion of surface runoff or drainage waters
prior to contact with contaminating areas or substances.
COMMISSION REQUIREMENTS:
A. The Commission, upon finding the preventative measures utilized by a
Feedlot Operator to be either inadequate to prevent water pollution or
non-existent, may require a Feedlot Operator to adopt one or more of
the foregoing stated preventative measures, and such other measures as
the Commission may deem reasonably necessary to prevent water
pollution, including the installation of a waste treatment facility for
surface runoff waters or discharge water from within feedlot and
stockyard enclosures and manure and sludge storage areas appurtenant
thereto.
B. The Commission will establish a water pollution abatement schedule for
each feedlot found to have inadequate preventative measures.
IOWA
PURSUANT TO AUTHORITY OF SECTIONS 455B.9 and 455B.13,
CODE OF IOWA 1966, THE FOLLOWING RULES ARE ADOPTED
AND ADDED TO CHAPTER 1.
1.3(4556) CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS WASTE WATER DISPOSAL
1.3(1) DEFINITION.
Confined feeding operations for livestock and poultry in which potential
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pollution may exist and subject to regulations are defined as follows:
A. Cattle feed lot is one or more adjacent or nearby cattle enclosures on a
single property where there are at least 100 cattle and where animal
population is greater than 1 animal for each 600 square feet.
1.3(2) CONDITIONS REQUIRING REGISTRATION.
Registration of the following confined feeding operations is required when
one or more of the following conditions exist:
A. Cattle
(1) The number of cattle confined in a feedlot exceeds 1,000 head;
(2) The feedlot contributes to a watercourse draining more than 3200
acres of land above the lot and the distance to the nearest point on
the affected watercourse is less than 2 feet per head of cattle in
the feedlot;
(3) The runoff water from a feedlot or overflow from a lagoon or
liquid manure storage tank flows into a tile line or other buried
conduit, drainage well, pumped well, abandoned well or sinkhole.
1.3(3) REQUIRED INFORMATION UNDER CONDITIONS REQUIRING
REGISTRATION.
A. Persons engaged in livestock and poultry operations described in Rules
1.3(1) and 1.3(2) prior to July 1, 1969, shall upon notification register
such operation with the commission. Persons intending to initiate
livestock and poultry operations as described in ftules 1.3(1) and 1.3(2)
shall register such operation with the commission before commencing
such operations and provide such information as the commission may
reasonably require. Such information shall be made on a form supplied
by the state department of health;
B. Operators shall submit the completed registration form to the
department together with supplemental information regarding general
features of topography, drainage course and identification of ultimate
primary receiving streams. Additional information which may be
deemed necessary for satisfactory evaluation of potential pollution may
be required by and shall be submitted to the department;
C. If the department determines that a proposed or existing confined
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feeding operation does not constitute a water pollution problem
because of location, topography, or other reasons, provisions for water
pollution control facilities will not be required;
D. If the department determines that a confined feeding operation is, in
fact, polluting or may reasonably pollute waters of the state, the
operator shall obtain a permit for disposal of waste water therefrom
and shall provide necessary water pollution control facilities which shall
be constructed in accordance with plans and specifications approved by
the department. The following factors will be considered when
applicable, in forming a judgement as to whether a confined feeding
operation will or will not constitute a potential water pollution
problem:
(1) Soil type.
(2) Distance to stream.
(3) Use of land between feedlot and stream.
(4) Slope of land or time for waste to seep into soil before entering
stream.
(5) Control of waste discharge in proportion to stream flow.
(6) Distance to structures occupied by humans.
1.3(4) REQUIREMENTS FOR FACILITIES.
Required water pollution control facilities shall be constructed and
maintained to meet the minimum requirements stated in the following
paragraphs, provided that when site topography, operating procedures, and
other available information indicate that adequate water pollution control
can be effected with less than the minimum requirements, the minimum
requirements may be waived; provided further that if site topography,
operating procedures, experience, and other available information indicate
that more than minimum requirements will be necessary to effect adequate
water pollution control, additional control provisions may be required.
A. The minimum water pollution control facilities for the uncovered
confined feeding operations shall be terraces or retention ponds capable
of containing 3 inches of surface runoff from the feedlot area, waste
storage areas, and all other waste contributing areas. Diversion of
surface drainage prior to contact with the confined feeding area or
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manure or sludge storage areas shall be required. A settling basin
preceding the retention ponds shall be provided where necessary to
facilitate solids removal. Waste retained in detention ponds shall be
disposed of as soon as practicable to insure adequate retention capacity
for future needs;
B. Waste treatment or other methods of water pollution control shall be
permitted where the department determines that effective results will
be obtained;
C. Waste handling facilities shall be designed and reviewed in conformance
with chapter 114, Code of Iowa, 1966. Services of personnel of the
local soil conservation districts may be used in the design and layout of
water pollution control facilities. If waste treatment facilities consist
only of pond or lagoon type structures, there shall be a minimum of
two such structures for series operation.
1.3(5} OPERATION OF FACILITIES.
A. The water pollution control facilities shall be operated and maintained
so as to prevent water pollution and to protect the public health and
beneficial uses of the waters of the state;
B. Waste discharges from retention ponds, lagoons, or waste treatment
facilities into any watercourse shall be in conformance with the
appropriate water quality criteria adopted by the Iowa water pollution
control commission;
C. Waste materials removed from retention ponds, waste treatment
facilities, or confined feeding operations shall be disposed of or
stockpiled in a manner which will not contribute to water pollution.
Wastes may be used for irrigation or spread on land surface and mixed
with the soil in a manner which will prevent runoff of wastes. Other
methods of disposal of wastes from retention ponds, retention lagoons,
waste treatment facilities or feeding operations shall be evaluated and
permitted if the department determines that effective water pollution
control will be accomplished.
These rules are intended to implement section 455B.9, Code of Iowa 1966 as
amended by House File 598, Acts of the Sixty-third General Assembly.
These rules shall become effective as provided in Chapter 17A of the Code
upon filing in the office of the Secretary of State.
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KANSAS
CHAPTER 28. STATE BOARD OF HEALTH REGULATIONS
ARTICLE 18. AGRICULTURAL AND RELATED WASTES CONTROL
28-18-1 DEFINITIONS
For purposes of the regulations in this article, the following words, terms
and phrases are hereby defined as follows:
A. The words "confined feeding" shall mean the confined feeding of
animals for food, fur, or pleasure purposes in lots, pens, pools or ponds
which are not normally used for raising crops and in which no
vegetation, intended for animal food, is growing. This will not include a
wintering operation for cows in lots or on farming ground unless the
operation causes a pollution problem.
B. The words "confined feeding operation" shall mean (1) any confined
feeding of 300 or more cattle, swine, sheep or horses at any one time,
or (2) any animal feeding operation of less than 300 head using a
lagoon, or (3) any other animal feeding operation having a water
pollution potential, or (4) any other animal feeding operation whose
operator elects to come under these regulations.
C. The term "operator" shall mean an individual, a corporation, a group of
individuals, joint venturers, a partnership, or any other business entity
having charge or control of one or more confined feeding installations.
D. "Food animals" shall mean fish, fowl, cattle, swine, and sheep.
E. "Fur animals" shall mean any animal raised for its pelt.
F. "Pleasure animals" shall mean dogs and horses.
G. The words "waste retention lagoon" or "retention ponds" shall mean
excavated or diked structures, or natural depressions provided for or
used for the purpose of containing or detaining animal wastes consisting
of body excrements, feed losses, litter, cooling waters, wash waters,
whether separately or collectively, or any other associated materials
detrimental to water quality or to public health, or to beneficial uses of
the waters of the state. A waste retention structure shall not be
construed to be a treatment facility and discharges of waste water
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therefrom shall not be allowed except as authorized by regulations
28-18-3 and 28-18-4.
H. The words "waste treatment facilities" shall mean structures and/or
devices which stabilize, or otherwise control pollutants so that after
discharge of treated wastes, water pollution does not occur and the
public health and the beneficial uses of the waters of the state are
adequately protected.
I. The words "water pollution control facilities" shall mean waste
retention lagoons, retention ponds, or waste treatment facilities.
J. The term "department" shall mean the Kansas State Department of
Health. (Authorized by K.S.A. 65-164, K.S.A. 65-171f, K.S.A. 65-165
as amend., K.S.A. 65-167 as amend., K.S.A. 65-171d as amend., K.S.A.
65-171h as amend.; effective 31 May 1967.)
28-18-2 REGISTRATION AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FACILITIES PERMITS
A. Effective July 1, 1967, the operator of any newly proposed confined
feeding operation as defined in regulation 28-18-1 (b) must register with
the Kansas State Department of Health prior to construction and
operation of the lot, pen, pool or pond. The operator of any existing
confined feeding operation as defined in regulation 28-18-1(b) must
register by January 1, 1968. Application for registration shall be made
on a form supplied by the department.
B. Applicants shall submit the completed application form to the
department together with supplemental information regarding general
features of topography, drainage course and identification of ultimate
primary receiving streams. Additional information which may be
deemed necessary for satisfactory evaluation of the application may be
required by and shall be submitted to the department.
C. If in the judgement of the department, a proposed or existing confined
feeding operation does not constitute a potential water pollution
problem because of location, topography, or other reasons, provision of
water pollution control facilities will not be required.
D. If in the opinion of the department a confined feeding operation does
constitute a water pollution potential, or if water pollution occurs as a
result of any confined feeding operation, the operator shall provide
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water pollution control facilities which shall be constructed in
accordance with plans and specifications approved by the department.
E. Water pollution control facilities shall not be placed in use until a
permit has been issued. Permits for water pollution control facilities
will be issued by the executive secretary of the Kansas State Board of
Health upon satisfactory completion of construction in accordance
with plans and specifications approved by the department. Water
pollution control facilities permits shall be revocable for cause on thirty
days' written notice. If a water pollution control facilities permit is
revoked, the owner or operator of the confined feeding operation
involved shall be allowed to finish feeding existing animals in the lot,
pen, pool or pond at the time of revocation but shall not place or allow
to be placed in the lot, pen, pool or pond any other animals until the
minimum requirements for water pollution control as set forth in
regulations 28-18-3 and 28-18-4 have been met and a new water
pollution control facilities permit has been issued. (Authorized by
K.S.A. 65-164, K.S.A. 65-171f, K.S.A. 65-165 as amend., K.S.A.
65-166 as amend., K.S.A. 65-167 as amend., K.S.A. 65-171d as amend.,
K.S.A. 65-171 h as amend.; effective 31 May 1967.)
28-18-3 REQUIREMENTS FOR FACILITIES
Water pollution control facilities required shall be kept at the minimum
requirements stated in the following paragraphs; provided that when site
topography, operating procedures, and other available information indicate
that adequate water pollution control can be effected with less than the
minimum requirements, the minimum requirements may be waived;
provided further that if site topography, operating procedures, experience,
and other available information indicate that more than the minimum
requirements will be necessary to effect adequate water pollution control,
additional control provisions may be required.
A. CATTLE: The minimum water pollution control facilities for the
confined feeding of cattle shall be retention ponds capable of
containing three inches of surface runoff from the feedlot area, waste
storage areas, and all other waste contributing areas. Diversion of
surface drainage prior to contact with the confined feeding area or
manure or sludge storage areas shall be permitted. Waste retained in
detention ponds shall be disposed of as soon as practicable to insure
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adequate retention capacity for future needs.
B. SWINE: Waste retention lagoons for swine feeding operations may be
allowed in lieu of waste treatment facilities. -Waste retention lagoons
must be capable of retaining all animal excreta, litter, feed losses,
cooling waters, wash waters, and any other associated materials and
shall additionally be capable of retaining three inches of rainfall runoff
from all contributing drainage areas. Diversion of surface drainage prior
to contact with the confined feeding area or manure or sludge storage
areas shall be permitted. Provision must be made for periodic removal
of waste material from retention lagoons.
C. SHEEP: The minimum water pollution control facilities for the
confined feeding of sheep shall be retention ponds capable of
containing three inches of surface runoff from the confined feeding
area, waste storage areas, and all other waste contributing areas.
Diversion of surface drainage prior to contact with the confined feeding
area or manure or sludge storage areas shall be permitted. Waste
retained in detention ponds shall be disposed of as soon as practicable
to insure adequate retention capacity for future needs.
D. OTHER ANIMALS: Each confined feeding operation registered
involving other animals shall be evaluated on its own merits with regard
to the water pollution control facilities required, if any. The confined
feeding of other animals shall not cause or lead to the pollution of the
waters of the state by runoff water from confined feeding areas, release
or escape of water from pools or ponds, improper storage or disposal of
waste materials removed from the confined feeding area, or by any
other means.
E. Waste treatment facilities shall be designed, constructed, and operated
in conformance with the provisions of regulations 28-18-4. If waste
treatment facilities consist only of pond or lagoon type structures,
there shall be a minimum or two such structures for series operation.
F. Other methods of water pollution control shall be permitted where in
the judgment of the department effective results will be obtained
(Authorized by K.S.A. 65-164, K.S.A. 65-171f, K.S.A. 65-165 as
amend., K.S.A. 65-166 as amend., K.S.A. 65-167 as amend., K.S.A.
65-171d as amend., K.S.A. 65-171h as amend.; effective 31 May 1967.)
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28-18-4 OPE RAT I ON OF FACILITIES
A. The water pollution control facilities shall be operated and maintained
so as to prevent water pollution and to protect the public health and
the beneficial uses of the waters of the state.
B. Waste discharges from retention ponds, lagoons, or waste treatment
facilities into any watercourse shall be in conformance with the water
quality requirements of the appropriate river basin criteria as set forth
in chapter 28, article 16 of regulations adopted by the Kansas State
Board of Health and regulation 28-18-3.
C. Waste materials removed from retention ponds, waste treatment
facilities, and/or confined feeding areas shall be disposed of or
stockpiled in a manner which will not contribute to water pollution.
Wastes may be used for irrigation or spread on land surface and mixed
with the soil in a manner which will prevent runoff of wastes. Other
methods of disposal of wastes from retention ponds, retention lagoons,
waste treatment facilities, and/or confined feeding areas shall be
evaluated and permitted if in the judgment of the department effective
water pollution control will be accomplished. (Authorized by K.S.A.
65-164, K.S.A. 65-171f, K.S.A. 65-165 as amend., K.S.A. 65-166 as
amend,, K.S.A. 65-167 as amend., K.S.A. 65-171d as amend., K.S.A.
65-171h as amend.; effective 31 May 1967.)
MINNESOTA
REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF WASTES FROM
LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS, POULTRY LOTS AND
OTHER ANIMAL LOTS
PREAMBLE
An adequate supply of healthy livestock, poultry and other animals is
essential to the well being of Minnesota citizens and the nation. They
provide our daily source of meat, milk, eggs and fiber. Their efficient,
economic production must be the concern of all consumers if we are to have
a continued abundance of high-quality, wholesome food and fiber at
reasonable prices.
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However, livestock, poultry and other animals produce wastes which may,
when improperly stored, transported or disposed of, affect Minnesota's
environment. Where such wastes could add to air, water or land pollution
they must be controlled.
The following regulations for the control of livestock, poultry and other
animal wastes are drafted to provide protection against pollution by
domesticated animals. They are written with full understanding that animal
wastes are often by-products beneficial to the economic production of
agricultural crops.
These regulations are written to provide the greatest safe latitude in
compliance, taking into consideration that agriculture has 20 to 30 years of
experience in successful soil and water conservation. Control measures,
where deemed necessary, are to be individually designed and developed to
provide the specific controls needed for the operation in question.
The regulations comply with the specific policy and purpose of the State of
Minnesota in regard to solid waste control as set forth in Laws 1969, Chapter
1046 (Codified as Minnesota Statutes, Section 116.07).
Subd. 2. The Pollution Control Agency shall also adopt standards for the
control of the collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste for the
prevention and abatement of water, air and land pollution, recognizing that
due to variable factors, no single standard of solid waste control is applicable
to all areas of the State. In adopting standards, the Pollution Control Agency
shall give due recognition to the fact that elements of control, which may be
reasonable and proper in densely populated areas of the State, may be
unreasonable and improper in sparcely populated or remote areas of the
State, and it shall take into consideration in this connection such factors,
including others which it may deem proper, as existing physical conditions,
topography, soils and geology, climate, transportation and land use. Such
standards of solid waste control shall be premised on technical criteria and
commonly accepted practices.
Subd. 4. Pursuant and subject to the provision of Chapter 15, and the
provisions hereof, the Pollution Control Agency may adopt, amend and
rescind regulations and standards having the force of law relating to any
purpose within the provisions of this act for the collection, transportation
and disposal of solid waste and the prevention, abatement or control of
water, air and land pollution, which may be related thereto, and the deposit
in or on land of any other material that may tend to cause pollution. Any
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such regulation or standard may be of general application throughout the
State or may be limited as to times, places, circumstances, or conditions in
order to make due allowance for variations therein. Without limitations,
regulations or standards may relate to collection, transportation, disposal
equipment, location, procedures, methods, systems or techniques or to any
other matter relevant to the prevention, abatement or control of water, air
and land pollution which may be advised through the control of collection,
transportation and disposal of solid waste; and the deposit in or on land of
any material that may tend to cause pollution.
Wastes other than solid wastes are subject to control under the authority of
Minnesota Statutes, Section 115.01-115.09, and other applicable standards,
regulations, orders or permits of the Agency relating to water pollution and
disposal of sewage and industrial or other wastes.
ASW 1 APPLICABILITY, DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL CONDITIONS
FOR HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL
OF ANIMAL WASTES. SEVERABILITY AND VARIANCES.
APPLICABILITY
These are regulations and standards the provisions of which govern the
storage, transportation and disposal of animal wastes and the registration and
issuing of permits for the construction and operation of animal waste
disposal systems for the protection of the environment in keeping with
Minnesota Statutes, Chapters 115 and 116 and Laws 1969, Chapters 847,
931 and 1046.
DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of these regulations:
(1) "Agency" Shall mean the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, its
agents or representatives.
(2) "Animal Manure" Shall mean poultry, livestock or other animal excreta
or mixture with feed, bedding or other materials.
(3) "Animal Wastes" Shall mean animal manure which is stored,
transported or disposed of as an unwanted waste material and which
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poses a potential pollution hazard to the land, air or waters of the
State. This shall not include animal manure used as fertilizer.
(4) "Feedlot Operator" Shall mean an individual, a corporation, a group of
individuals, a partnership, joint venture, owner or any other business
entity having charge or control of one or more livestock feedlots,
poultry lots or other animal lots.
(5) "Fertilizer" Shall mean (a) animal manure which is put on or in the soil
to improve the quality or quantity of plant growth, or (b) animal
manure which is used as a compost, soil conditioners, or specialized
plant beds.
(6) "Floodway" Is as defined in Minnesota Statutes, Section 104.05,
Subdivision 4.
(7) "Land Pollution" Shall mean the presence in or on the land of any solid
waste in such quantities of such nature and duration, and under such
conditions as would affect injuriously any waters of the State, create air
contaminates or cause air pollution.
(8) "Livestock" Shall mean beef and dairy cattle, horses, swine and sheep.
(9) "Livestock Feedlot" Shall mean the confined feeding, breeding, raising
or holding of livestock in enclosures specifically designed as
confinement areas in which animal manure may accumulate. This shall
not include areas normally used for pasture or crops.
(10) "Odor" As stated in Minnesota Administrative Rules and Regulations
ARC 9 (c). The odor of growing vegetation, domestic fertilizers,
insecticides and other natural odors shall not be considered
objectionable.
(11) "Other Animal Lot" Shall mean the confined feeding, breeding,
boarding or holding of any animal; except livestock; raised for its pelt,
consumption as food, pleasure or sport; including; but not limited to,
rabbits, mink, dogs, ponies, buffalo and deer.
(12) "Pasture" Shall mean areas where grass or other growing plants are used
as foods for grazing. A pasture shall be deemed a livestock feedlot or
poultry lot when the concentration of livestock or poultry is such that
a vegetation cover is not maintained except in the immediate vicinity of
temporary supplemental feeding or watering devices.
(13) "Poultry" Shall mean all domestically raised fowl, including, but not
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limited to, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and game birds.
(14) "Poultry Lot" Shall mean (a) The place of confined feeding, hatching,
raising, or holding of poultry in enclosures, yards or pens where animal
manure may be accumulated; or (b) Range areas, not normally used for
pasture or crops, in which animal manure may accumulate and be
carried directly or indirectly to waters of the State or constitute a
potential pollution hazard.
(15) "Shoreland" Is as defined in Minnesota Statutes, Section 105.485,
Subdivision 2.
(16) "Sinkhole" Shall mean a hole worn through bedrock into which surface
water drains to an underground channel.
(17) "Solid Waste" Solid waste is garbage, refuse and other discarded solid
materials, except animal waste used as fertilizer, including solid waste
materials resulting from industrial, commercial and agricultural
operations, and from community activities. Solid waste does not
include earthern fill, boulders, rock and other materials normally
handled in construction operations, solid or dissolved materials in
domestic sewage or other significant pollutants in water resources, such
as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial waste water effluents,
dissolved materials in irrigation return flows, or other common water
pollutants.
(18) "Storage Area" Shall mean an area associated with a livestock feedlot,
poultry lot or other animal lot in which animal manure is placed for
storage until it can be utilized as fertilizer or removed to a permanent
disposal site. This shall not include animal manure packs or mounding
within the feedlot area.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
All animal manure shall be stored, transported and disposed of in a manner
consistent with the requirements of these regulations. The Agency is
responsible for enforcement of these regulations in cooperation with local
governing bodies which may adopt these regulations for use in local laws,
ordinances or regulations.
SEVERABILITY
If any provision of any regulation or the application thereof to any person or
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circumstances is held to be invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other
provisions or application of any other part of such regulations or any other
regulations which can be given effect without the invalid provision of
application, and to this'end the provisions of all regulations and the various
applications thereof are declared to be severable.
VARIANCES
Where upon written application of the responsible person or persons the
Agency finds that by reason of exceptional circumstances strict conformity
with any provisions of the regulation contained herein would cause undue
hardship, would be unreasonable, impractical or not feasible under the
circumstances, the Agency may permit a variance from these regulations
upon such conditions and within such time limitations as it may prescribe
for prevention, control or abatement of land, air or water pollution in
harmony with the intent of the State and any applicable Federal laws.
ASW 2 STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF
ANIMAL WASTES
(1) The owner and operator of any livestock feedlot, poultry lot or other
animal lot shall be responsible for the storage, transportation and
disposal of all animal mviure generated on the property in a manner
consistent with the provisions herein.
(2) All animal manure shall be stored ir. such a manner as to prevent the
creation of a potential pollution hazard to the land, air or waters of the
State.
(a) All storage areas shall be designed so as to restrict seepage,
percolation or other movement of animal manure to ground
waters.
(b) All storage areas shall be surrounded by a dike, wall or curb of
such dimensions or construction that the storage volume will
contain all the animal manure generated and divert around and
prevent the entrance and admixture of snow melt and surface
runoff from outside areas.
(c) All storage areas shall be sloped so that draining liquids can be
collected and discharged from the area at one or more controlled
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discharged points.
(d) If animal manure is stored as a slurry, storage tanks shall be
designed to restrict objectionable odors. This shall not apply
where animals or poultry are kept on slotted floors over a pit or
where outdoor holding ponds or lagoons are utilized.
(e) All storage areas shall be located so as not to pose a potential
pollution hazard to local wells or sources of potable water and
shall be located at least 100 feet from such wells or water sources.
(f) All stored fertilizer shall be utilized and all stored animal wastes
disposed of in a manner consistent with the provisions herein as
soon as weather conditions and other factors permit. In no event
shall fertilizer or animal wastes be stored for more than one year
from the time of their generation unless animal manure packs or
mounding is used as an operational technique.
(3) All fertilizer and animal wastes shall be transported in such a manner as
to prevent the creation of a potential pollution hazard to the land, air
or waters of the State.
(a) All vehicles used to transport animal wastes on county, State and
interstate highways or through municipalities shall be covered and
durable. This shall not apply to animal manure hauled to fields for
use as fertilizer. Animal wastes in slurry form shall be transported
in leak-proof vehicles or containers.
(b) All fertilizer and animal wastes shall be transported in compliance
with the regulations of Federal, State and local governments and
their regulatory agencies.
(4) All animal wastes shall be disposed of in such a manner as to prevent
the creation of a potential pollution hazard to the land, air or waters of
the State.
(a) Open burning of animal waste is prohibited except as shall be
allowed by the regulations of the Agency.
(b) All treatment works for the control of animal wastes shall be
constructed, designed and operated in accordance with statutes,
regulations or criteria as administered by the Agency's Division of
Water Quality.
(c) Disposal of effluents from systems for disposal of animal wastes
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shall be conducted in conformance with applicable criteria, rules,
regulations, or standards of the Agency relating to water pollution
or disposal of sewage, industrial or other wastes.
(d) Land disposal of animal wastes shall be conducted in conformance
with Minnesota Administrative Rules and Regulations SW 1-11.
(e) Animal wastes or fertilizer containing dead animals or animal
entrails shall be disposed of in conformance with Minnesota
Administrative Rules and Regulations SW 1-11, or regulations of
the Minnesota Livestock Sanitary Board whichever may be
applicable.
ASW 3 REGISTRATION, PERMIT ISSUANCE, DENIAL
AND REVOCATION
It shall be unlawful for any person to establish, maintain or operate a
livestock feedlot, poultry lot or other animal lot except as provided in these
regulations.
(1) The Agency may, at its discretion, require registration of existing
livestock feedlots, poultry lots and other animal lots. Conditions
requiring registration and registration procedures for the abatement of
pollution of land, air and waters of the State shall be determined by the
Agency after public hearings have been held.
(2) A permit shall be required for all new livestock feedlots, poultry lots
and other animal lots beginning after the effective date of these
regulations.
(3) If the Agency determines that a livestock feedlot, poultry lot or other
animal lot is, in fact, polluting or constitutes a potential pollution
hazard to the land, air or waters of the State the feedlot operator shall
submit an application for permit and upon plan approval obtain a
permit from the Agency for the pollution control devices to be
installed.
(4) Permits shall be issued at no charge to the feedlot operator. Each
permit application shall include the following:
(a) A map or aerial photograph of the area showing all homes,
buildings, lakes, ponds, watercourses, wetland, dry runs, rock
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out-croppings, roads and applicable details and shall indicate the
general topography with contours and drainage patterns. Wells
should be indicated, a north arrow drawn and location insert map
included.
(b) A description of geological conditions, soil types and ground water
elevations; including high water table; to a depth of ten feet below
the lowest elevation of the site.
(c) A plan indicating operational procedures, the location and
specifications of proposed animal waste treatment works, land use
for the disposal of animal wastes, and the quantity and type of
effluent to be discharged from the site.
(6) Plans and specifications shall be approved and a permit issued when the
director of the Agency believes they are in accordance with the
requirements as set forth in these regulations and other applicable
statutes, regulations, rules or criteria of the Agency relating to disposal
of sewage, industrial, or other wastes. Although a permit shall be
granted the same shall become effective only if the location of the site
or facility shall conform to all applicable federal, State and local laws,
ordinances and regulations.
(7) Permits may be denied, conditioned, modified or revoked for violation
of these regulations. When a permit is denied or revoked, the applicant
or holder shall be notified in writing of the reasons therefor. A denial or
revocation shall not become effective for at least 90 days after written
notification to the applicant or holder. A denial or revocation shall be
without prejudice to the applicant's or holders right to an appearance
before the Agency within 90 days, or for filing a further application
after revisions are made to meet objections specified as reasons for
denial or revocation. The applicant or holder shall have the right to an
appeal pursuant to Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 15.
ASW 4 LOCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS
POULTRY LOTS AND OTHER ANIMAL LOTS
(1) All livestock feedlots, poultry lots and other animal lots shall be located
so as not to constitute a potential pollution hazard to the land, air or
waters of the State, except where corrective and protective measures
approved by the Agency are taken.
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(2) New livestock feedlots, poultry lots and other animal lots are
prohibited within the following areas:
(a) Within shoreland
(b) Within a floodway
(c) Within 1,000 feet of the boundary of a public park
(d) In sinkholes or areas draining into sinkholes
(e) Within one-half mile of the nearest point to a concentration of ten
or more private residences at the time of construction.
ASW 5 NONCOIMFORMING FEEDLOTS
Modification of existing livestock feedlots, poultry lots and other animal lots
to conform to the requirements of these regulations shall be accomplished.
When the degree of necessary improvement is of such extent that immediate
compliance cannot be accomplished, special consideration shall be given by
the Agency. In such event, the owner of the nonconforming livestock
feedlot, poultry lot or other animal lot shall, not later than six months after
notification by certified mail that a permit will be required, submit to the
Agency a report setting forth a program, plans and time schedule for
compliance with these regulations. In any event, compliance must be
achieved within such time as deemed reasonable by the Agency.
NEBRASKA
SECTION I. - DECLARATION OF POLICY
Section 71-3004, Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska, 1943, as amended,
provides in part as follows:
"71-3004. The Council shall have and may exercise the following powers and
duties:
"(8) To adopt, modify, repeal, and promulgate, after due notice and hearing,
and to enforce rules and regulations implementing or effectuating the
powers and duties of the Council under the provisions of this act and as
the Council may deem necessary to prevent, control, and abate existing
or potential pollution;"
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In an attempt to fulfill this statutory responsibility, complete information as
to the occurrence and location of all sources of contamination and pollution
is essential to the development of a sound water pollution control program.
Feedlot registration is a necessary portion of an overall waste disposal
inventory.
SECTION II. - DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the purpose of clarity and understanding in this Regulation, the
following words, terms and phrases are hereby defined as follows:
1. "FEEDLOT" shall mean the confined feeding of food, fur or pleasure
animals in buildings, lots, pens, pools, or ponds which normally are not
used for raising crops or for grazing animals. For the purpose of this
Regulation, the term "feedlot" shall include the following:
a. The confined feeding at any one time of:
(1) 300 or more feeder or fat cattle,
(2) 100 or more beef cows,
(3) 100 or more dairy cattle,
(4) 500 or more swine,
(5) 2,000 or more sheep,
(6) 3,000 or more turkeys, or
(7) 10,000 or more chickens, ducks or geese;
b. Any other confined feeding operation that is located within 500
feet of any watercourse.
c. Any other confinement of animals that has a water pollution
potential; or
d. Any feeding operation whose operator elects to register.
2. "WATERCOURSE" shall mean any depression or draw 2 feet below
the surrounding lands and having a continuous outlet to a stream of
water, or river, or brook. To be a watercourse, there must be a stream
in fact as distinguished from mere surface drainage. Furthermore, to be
a watercourse, the depression must have an outlet into a stream. A
draw, although more than 2 feet deep where it enters land, does not
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continue to be a watercourse where it flattens out and the water runs
wherever gravity will take it.
3. "OPERATOR" shall mean an individual, a corporation, a group of
individuals, joint venturers, a partnership, or any other business entity
having charge or control of one or more feedlots.
4. "COUNCIL" shall mean the Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council.
5. "FOOD ANIMALS" shall mean cattle, fowl, sheep and swine.
6. "FUR ANIMALS" shall mean any animal raised for its pelt.
7. "PLEASURE ANIMALS" shall mean dogs and horses.
SECTION III. - REGISTRATION OF FEEDLOTS
The "operator" of any existing feedlot, as defined in this Regulation, shall
register such feedlot with the Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council on
or before July 1, 1968. The "operator" of any proposed feedlot, which will
begin operation after July 1, 1968, shall register with the Council at least
sixty days before beginning construction of any such feedlot operation.
The registration shall be on forms supplied by the Executive Secretary of the
Council. A spearate form shall be used for each feedlot and shall contain a
statement of: (a) the operator of such feedlot; (b) the location of such
feedlot; (c) the size of such feedlot; (d) the number'and kind of animals in
such feedlot; (e) the name and location of any brook, canal, creek or river
receiving drainage from such feedlot; and (f) such additional information
conforming to the statements contained in Section I. of this Regulation.
SECTION IV. - FAILURE TO REGISTER
The failure to register any feedlot, as prescribed within the meaning of this
Regulation, shall be considered in direct violation of the Rules and
Regulations of the Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council and action for
such violation shall processed pursuant to Sections 71-3008 and 71-3009,
Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska, 1943, as amended.
Other Missouri Basin States are in the process of considering specific
regulations, but at the present time rely on existing water pollution control
statutes and regulations for the control of feedlot caused pollution.
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