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RARITAN BAY
Pollution off Raritan Bay
and adjacent Interstate Waters
THIRD SESSION
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
JUNE 13-14, 1967
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION • U. S DFPARTMFNT OF THF
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CONTENTS
PAGE:
Opening Statement - By Mr. Stein 5
STATEMENT OP:
Lester Klashman 13
Paul DeFalco, Jr. 1^
Kenneth H. Walker , 97
t
Paul DePalco, Jr. - 209
Mark Abelson 866
Richard E. Griffith 8?0
Ralph Van Derwerker 878
Prank Pagano °9o
E. M. Wallace 906
Dr. Roscoe P. Kandle 910
R. J. Sullivan 920
H. Mat Adams 9^
Dr. Natale Colosi 957
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Third Session of Conference in the Matter of
Pollution of Raritan Bay and Adjacent Interstate Waters,
convened at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, New York,
on Tuesday, June 13, 1967, at 9:30 a.m.
PRESIDING:
Mr. Murray Stein, Assistant Commissioner
for Enforcement, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of the
Interior
CONFEREES:
Lester M. Klashman, Regional Director,
Northeast Region, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of the
Interior, Boston, Massachusetts
Robert D. Hennigan, Assistant Commissioner,
Division of Pure Water, New York State
Department of Health
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CONFEREES (Continued):
Dr. Roscoe P. Kandle, Commissioner,
Department of Health, State of New Jersey
Thomas R. Gflenn, Director and Chief
Engineer, Interstate Sanitation Commission,
10 Columbus Circle, New York, New York
PARTICIPANTS;
Lester M. Klashman, Conferee and Regional Director,
Northeast Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Department of the Interior, Boston, Massachusetts
Paul DeFalco, Jr., Director, Raritan Bay Project,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department
of the Interior, Metuchen, New Jersey
Kenneth H. Walker, Deputy Director, Raritan Bay
Project, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Department of the Interior, Metuchen, New Jersey
Mark Abelson, Regional Coordinator, United
States Department of the Interior, Boston, Massachusetts
Richard E. Griffith, Northeastern Regional
Director of Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, Depart-
ment of the Interior, Boston, Massachusetts
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PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Albert S. Kachic, Assistant Regional Hydrologist,
United States Weather Bureau, Eastern Region, Environmental
Science Services Administration, Garden City, New York
Hon. Robert F. Kennedy, United States Senator
from the State of, New York, represented by Carter Burden
Robert D. Hennigan, Conferee and Assistant
Commissioner, Division of Pure Water, New York State Depart-
ment of Health, Albany, New York
Maurice M. Peldman, First Deputy Commissioner,
Engineering and Research Development, and Deputy General
Manager, Bureau of Water Pollution Control, New York City
Department of Public Works, New York, New York
Martin Lang, Director, Bureau of Water Pollution
Control, New York City Department of Public Works, New York,
New York
David H. Wallace, Chief, Bureau of Marine
Fisheries, Division of Fish and Game, New York State Conserva-
tion Department, Oakdale, New York
Frederick F. Richardson, Former Mayor, New
Brunswick, New Jersey
Charles C. Johnson, Jr., Assistant Commissioner,
Environmental Health Services, New York City Health Depart-
ment, New York, New York
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PARTICIPANTS (Continued):
Mrs. Virginia Yuhasz, Recording Secretary,
Morgan and Bayview Manor Improvement Association, Morgan,
New Jersey
James R. Pfafflin, Representing the Raritan
Anti-Pollution Association
Brian A. McAllister, McAllister Brothers, Inc.,
17 Battery Place, New York, New York (written statement)
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE;
Mark Abelson, Regional Coordinator, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Boston, Massachusetts
R. K. Altreuter, Technical Service Head, Humble
Oil & Refining, Linden, New Jersey
H. Mat Adams, Chairman, Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority, Sayreville, New Jersev
John Bardzik, Jr., Supervisor, Pitt-Consol
Chemical Co., Newark, New Jersey
Quentin R. Bennett, Marine Fisheries Sanitarian,
New York State Conservation Department, Oakdale, New York
Donald S. Benson, Public Relations Director,
New Jersey State Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey
Hayse H. Black, Industrial Wastes Consultant,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati,
Ohio
George H. Bookbinder, Executive Vice President,
Rand Dev. Corp., New York, New York
Louis P. Booz, City Engineer, Perth Amboy,
New Jersey
Ralph H. Bowers, New York, New York
Jack L. Bowling, Process Supt., F.M.C. Corp.,
Carteret, New Jerse"
Powel Brown, Market Dev. Executive, No. American
Aviation Inc., Washington, D. C.
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued);
Thomas J. Buchana, Assistant District Chief,
U. S. Geological Survey, Trenton, New Jersey
Bernard Buchner, Chief Process Chemist, American
Cyanamid Co., Linden, New Jersey
Carter Burden, Administrative Assistant to
Senator Kennedy
John B. Burt, Chemical Engineer, General
Aniline & Film, Linden, New Jersey
Lloyd Chittenden, Manager, Public Relations,
American Cyanamid, Bound Brook, New Jersey
Charles A. Cole, Research Assistant, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Natale Colosi, Chairman, Interstate Sanitation
Commission, New York, New York
William F. Cosulich, Consulting Engineer,
Syosset, New York
George Cowherd, Assistant Chief Engineer,
Interstate Sanitation Commission, New York, New York
Joseph Cunetta, Department Director, Bureau
of Water Pollution Control, New York City, Department of
Public Works, New York, New York
Robert V. Day, Senior Engineer, Western Electric,
New York, New York
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k-V
THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Paul DeFalco, Jr., Director, Raritan Bay Project
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Metuchen,
New Jersey
John A. Delistovic, Assistant Advance Projects
Engineer, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, New
Jersey
Paul R. De Rienzo, Chief Engineer, Burns & Roe,
Inc., Oradell, New Jersey
C. M. Dunnaville, Attorney, Western Electric,
New York, New York
Richard Fanning, Sanitary Engineer, W. F.
Cosulich Associates, Syosset, New York
Maurice Feldman, Dep. Comm., New York City
Department of Public Works, New York, New York
Robert H. Fox, State Design Engineer, Soil
Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture
New Brunswick, New Jersey
A. E. Franzoso, Johns-Manville Corporation,
Manville, New Jersey
E. H. Fulton, Assistant Manager-Operations,
Paragon Oil Company, Long Island City, New York
D. L. Gallagher, Marketing Manager, Worthington
Corporation, Harrison, New Jersey
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Capt. William Geiger, President, Modern Trans-
portation Company, South Amboy, New Jersey
T. R. Glenn, Jr., Director and Chief Engineer,
Interstate Sanitation Commission, New York, New York
Nathan B. Golub, Chief, Division of Maintenance,
Northeast Region, National Park Service, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Phillip M. Griebel, U. S. Coast Guard, Commander
3rd District, Governors Island, New York
R. G. Griffith, Regional Director, U. S. Pish
and Wildlife Service, Boston, Massachusetts
A. Handley, Associate Director, Pure Waters,
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
John E. Harrison, Regional Engineer, New York
State Department of Health, White Plains, New York
Robert D. Hennigan, Assistant Commissioner, New
York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
H. Heukelekian, Klllam Associates, Millburn,
New Jersey
William J. Hughes, Sanitary Engineer, Frederic
R. Harris, Inc., New York, New York
Thomas N. Hushower, Sanitary Engineer, U. S.
Public Health Service, New York, New York
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Walter L. Jebens, Technical Division, Humble Oil
& Refining Company, Bayonne Plant, Bayonne, New Jersey
Joseph T. Jockel, Technical Service Supervisor,
Mobil Oil Company, New York, New York
Charles C. Johnson, Jr., Assistant Commissioner
of Health, New York City Health Department, New York, New York
Edward J. Johnson, Attorney, Middlesex County
Sewerage Authority, Sayreville, New Jersey
Albert Kachic, Assistant Regional Hydrologist,
U. S. Weather Bureau, Garden City, New York
B. K. Kallay, Liaison Engineer, Pennsalt
Chemical Corporation, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
Dr. R. P. Kandle, Commissioner, New Jersey
State Health Department, Trenton, New Jersey
Benjamin Karmatz, Delegate, New Jersey Central
Council of Sportsmen's Clubs, Highland Park, New Jersey
Lester M. Klashman, Regional Director, Northeast
Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Boston, Massachusetts
Gerald M. Laccere, Assistant Director, New York
City Health Department, New York, New York
Martin Lang, Director, Bureau of Water Pollution
Control, Department of Public Works, New York, New York
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
W. R. Lang, Meteorologist in Charge, U..S.
Weather Bureau, Trenton, New Jersey
John P. Lawler, Quirk, Lawler and Matusky En-
gineers, New York, New York
H. C. Levin, Secretary, New Jersey Chemical
Industry Council, Wayne, New Jersey
Harvey Lieber, 778 East 10th Street, Brooklyn,
New York
Joseph W. Ludlum, New Jersey State Chamber of
Commerce, Newark, New Jersey
H. J. Lunschel, Special Assistant Supervisor,
New York Harbor, U. S. Army Engineers, New York
Albert J. Macchi, General Superintendent of
Utilities, American Cyanamid Company, Bound Brook, New Jersey
Ronald Macomber, Aooc Division Field R&D, U. S.
Public Health Service, Narragansett, Rhode Island
Brian A. McAllister, Port Captain, McAllister-
Brothers, Inc., New York, New York
Harry W. McDowell, Area Engineer, E. I. DuPont
De Nemours, Grasselli Plant, Linden, New Jersey
W. Stanley Meseroll, Jr., Chairman, Raritan
Valley Clean Water Association, Highland Park, New Jersey
Charles F. Miles, Jr., Chief, Division of Water
Pollution Control, New York City Health Department, New York,
New York
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PARTICIPANTS (Continued);
Ralph Van Derwerker, Regional Representative of
the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health and
Regional Program Chief of the Water Supply and Sea Resources
Program of the Public Health Service, Department of Health,
Education, and Wei fare
Frank R. Pagano, New York District Office, Corps
of Engineers, New York, New York
Mrs. Elizabeth M. Wallace, Director, Oyster
Institute, Sayville, New York
Dr. Roscoe P. Kandle, Conferee and Commissioner,
New Jersey State Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey
Richard J. Sullivan, Director, Division of
Clean Air and Water, New Jersey State Department of Health,
Trenton, New Jersey
H. Mat Adams, Chairman, Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority, Sayreville, New Jersey
Dr. Natale Colosi, Chairman, Interstate Sanita-
tion Commission, New York, New York
Benjamin Karmatz, Delegate, New Jersey Central
Council of Sportsmen's Clubs, Highland Park, New Jersey
W. Stanley Meseroll, Jr., Chairman, Raritan
Valley Clean Water Association, Highland Park, New Jersey
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k-I
THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued);
John H. Morris, Engineer Specialist, New Jersey
Chem. Ind. Council, Frenchtown, New Jersey
James V. Neely, Jersey Central Power and Light
Company, Morristown, New Jersey
James M. Ne111and, Monmouth County New Jersey
Legislators, Matawn, New Jersey
Jens Nielsen, Staten Island Community Planning
Board #3, Staten Island, New York
R. B. Norf, Manager, Mfg. Coord., Enjay Chemical
Company, New York, New York
Irwln Novlck, Civil Engineer, New York City
Department of Public Works, New York, New York
F. R. Pagano, Chief, Basin and Project Planning
Branch, New York District, Corps of Engineers, New York, New
York
Lincoln Peschlera, Engineer Group Leader,
National Lead Company, Titanium Division, South Amboy, new
Jersey
James R. PfaffHn, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn,
New York
Charles M. Pike, Director, Monmouth County
Planning Board, Freehold, New Jersey
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Mrs. Rheta B. Piere, Administrative Officer,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Department
of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
John J. Ploskonka, Engineer, H. T. Carr Assoc.,
Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Anthony J, Popowski, Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority, Sayreville, New Jersey
Ralph Porges, Head, Water Quality Branch,
Delaware River Basin Commission, Trenton, New Jersey
Paul Resnick, Project Information Officer,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Metuchen,
New Jersey
F. F. Richardson, Counsellor at Law, Water
Groups of New Brunswick, New Jersey
Anthony R. Ricigliano, Supv. Public Health
Engineer, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New
Jersey
James C. Riley, Civil Engineer, U. S. Army
Engineers, District of New York, New York, New York
E. I. Rumrill, Senior Engineer, E. I. Du Pont
De Nemours, Photo Products Department, Parlin, New Jersey
C. A. Rydecker, Commissioner, Middlesex County
Sewerage Authority, Sayreville, New Jersey
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued);
Norma L. Schlissel, Civil Engineer, New York
City Department of Public Works, New York, New York
Louis Schwartz, Chief, Plant Des., Bureau of
Water Pollution Control, New York City Department of Public
Works, New York, New York
Theodore A. Schwartz, Deputy Attorney General of
New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey
Sol Seid, Chief Engineer, Middlesex County
Sewerage Authority, SayrevHIe, New Jersey
David Shedroff, Enforcement Specialist, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Southeast Region,
Atlanta, Georgia
A* D. Sidio, Sanitary Engineer, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, R. A. Taft Engineering
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
A. Sitarski, State Gov. Rep., Humble Oil &
Refining Company, Linden, New Jersey
A. M. Sobkowicz, Engineer, Enjay Chemical Company,
Linden, New Jersey
B. Stengren, 15 Margaret Drive, Plainview, New
York
James F. Stomber, President J.F.S. Industires.
Inc., Red Bank, New Jersey
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued);
J. M. Stull, Attorney, E. I. Du Pont De Nemours,
Wilmington, Pennsylvania
Richard J. Sullivan, Director or Clean Air and
Water, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey
Henry Stetina, Director, Division of Interstate
Compacts and Uniform State Laws, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of the Interior, Washing-
ton, D. C.
W. A. Taylor, Pwr, Eng., Texaco Inc., Bayonne,
New Jersey
Alfred Tayne, Assistant Chief, Financial
Assistant Division, Small Business Administration, New York,
New York
R. E. Thurn, Products and Conservation
Coordinator, Chevron Oil Company, Perth Amboy, New Jersey
M. V. Trexler, Technical Assistant, F. M. C.
Corporation, New York, New York
F. R. Ulrich, Major, Asst. Supv., New York
Harbor, U. S. Army Engineers, New York, New York
Ralph Van Derwerker, Regional Representative,
U. S. Public Health Service, New York, New York
Kenneth H. Walker, Deputy Director, Raritan
Bay Project, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Metuchen, New Jersey
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THOSE IN ATTENDANCE (Continued):
Elizabeth M. Wallace, Director, Oyster Institute,
Sayvllie, New York
David H. Wallace, New York State Conservation
Department, Oakdale, New York
Robert Waller, Techn, Serv. Engineer, E. I. Du Pont
De Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware
William H. Wechter, Engineer, Burns & Roe,
Or adell, New Jersey
Mitchell Wendell, Counsel, Interstate Sanita-
tion Commission, New York, New York
Charles H. Wentworth, U. S. Public Health Service,
U. S. Coast Guard, 3rd CGP, Governors Island, New York
F. 0. Williamson, Jr., Project Engineer, E. T.
Kill am Assoc., Ml 11 burn, New Jersey
H. Wolfe, Research Analyst, General Precision
Laboratory, Pleasantvilie, New York
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
OPENING STATEMENT
BY
MR. MURRAY STEIN
MR. STEIN: The conference is open.
I understand the air-conditioning has been
turned on, and, hopefully, it will get progressively
cooler, at least out in the audience.
This third session of the conference in the
matter of pollution of the interstate waters of Raritan
Bay and adjacent waters is being held under the provisions
of Section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
as amended.
Under the provisions of the Act, the Secretary
of the Interior is authorized to call a conference of this
type when, on the basis of reports, surveys, or studies he
has reason to believe that pollution of interstate waters
subject to abatement under the Act is occurring.
The first session of the conference was held
on August 22, 1961. At this session, the conferees agreed
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
that scientific data, taking into account a wide range
of factors and technological problems, including health,
conservation, water policy and uses, and industrial
processes, are urgently needed, and are the critical issue
in further control of pollution of Raritan Bay and adjacent
waters. As a result of the conferees' recommendation, the
Federal water pollution control program, in collaboration
with the States of New York and New Jersey and the Inter-
state Commission, established the Raritan Bay Project to
carry out an investigation and to study this data. The
second session of the conference was held on May 9, 1963,
and the activities of the Project were reviewed. The
conferees recommended that the Raritan Bay Project continue
and complete the study of Raritan Bay and adjacent waters.
The Project recently completed its study. The
findings of the Project and its recommendations for remedial
action will be presented today for the consideration of
the conferees.
The purpose of the conference is to bring
together the State and interstate water pollution control
agencies, representatives of the United States Department
of the Interior, and other interested parties to review
the existing situation, the progress which has been made,
to lay a basis for future action by all parties concerned,
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
and to give the States, localities and industries an
opportunity to take any indicated remedial action under
State and local law.
This conference technique, as has been indicated
by the Supreme Court, is one for the best solving of these
problems.
We found when we started that the waters of
Raritan Bay were very complex Indeed. While a considerable
amount of pollution control work has been done in rivers,
and we have the rivers catalogued fairly well and tech-
niques worked out fairly well, I think we were striking
out on relatively new ground when we began working on the
waters of Raritan Bay and the estuaries involved.
Considering when we started this in 1961 and
the fact that we have completed it now, I don't think
the Project was too long. It is Just that the work was
tremendously complex and we had to grapple with the work
step by step.
As long ago as 1921, the Supreme Court said
in the case of New York vs. New Jersey — and I think
there is no more prophetic statement than this that they
made forty years before we started ~ as follows:
"We cannot withhold the suggestion,
inspired by the consideration of this case, that
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8
Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
"the grave problem of sewage disposal by the
large and growing population living on the
shores of New York Bay is one more readily
to be most wisely solved by cooperative study
and by conference and mutual concession on the
part of representatives of the States so vitally
interested in it than by proceedings in any
court however constituted."
I think that our experience with this problem
and with the study has indicated that the Supreme Court
knew what it was talking about in 1921, even though it
took us quite a while to follow its precepts.
As specified in Section 10 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, the Secretary of the Interior
has notified the official State and interstate water
pollution control agencies of this conference. This con-
ference is between the official State and interstate
agencies and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion of the United States Department of the Interior.
The State of New York has designated as its
conferee for this conference Mr. Robert Hennigan. The
State of New Jersey will be represented by Dr. Roscoe
Kandle, and the representative of the Interstate Sanitation
Commission is Mr. Thomas Glenn. Mr. Lester Klashman,
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
who is Director for this region of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration of the Department of the
Interior, with headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts, has
been designated as conferee for the Federal Government.
My name is Murray Stein. I am from headquarters
in Washington of the Department of the Interior and the
representative of Secretary Udall.
The parties to this conference are the repre-
sentatives of the New York State Department of Health, the
New Jersey State Department of Health, the Interstate
Sanitation Commission and the United States Department of
the Interior. Participation in this conference will be
open to representatives and invitees of these agencies
and such persons as inform me that they wish to present
statements. However, only the representatives of the
States of New York and New Jersey, the Interstate Sanitation
Commission, and the United States Department of the Interior
constitute the conferees.
Both the State and Federal governments have
responsibilities in dealing with water pollution control
problems. The Federal Water Pollution Contract Act declares
that the States have primary rights and responsibilities
for taking action to abate pollution. Consistent with
this, we are charged by law to encourage the States in
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein 10
these activities.
At the same time, the Secretary of the Interior
is also charged by law with specific responsibilities in
the field of water pollution control in connection with
the navigable and interstate waters. The Federal Water
Pollution Control Act provides that pollution of interstate
or navigable waters, whether the matter causing or con-
tributing to the pollution is discharged directly into
such waters, or reaches such waters after discharge into
a tributary, which endangers the health or welfare of any
persons, shall be subject to abatement.
We expect that this conference will be
useful in providing a clear picture of the problem, deline-
ating the progress which has already been accomplished, and
in indicating what needs to be done to correct the pollu-
tion problems in these interstate waters.
Now a word about the procedure governing the
conduct of the conference. The conferees will be called upon
to make statements. The conferees, in addition, may call
upon participants whom they have invited to the conference
to make statements.
I would suggest that anyone wishing to make a
statement get in touch with either Dr. Kandle or Mr.
Hennigan from New Jersey or New York, and arrange with them
to make the statement, because we would prefer to have the
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
States manage their own time.
At the conclusion of the statements, the
conferees, the people at the table here, or myself, may
ask some questions or comment. There will be no questions
or comments from the floor. We would suggest you hold
that until you are given an opportunity to make a statement
Everyone will be permitted to make a full statement in his
own manner, as long as the material is relevant.
At the end of all the statements we will have
a discussion among the conferees and try to arrive at a
basis of agreement on the facts of the situation. Then we
will make an announcement of the conclusions of the
conferees,
Under the Federal law, the Secretary of the
Interior is required at the conclusion of the conference
to prepare a summary of it which will be sent to the
conferees. The summary, according to law, must include
the following points:
1. Occurrence of pollution of interstate
waters subject to abatement under the Federal Act;
2. Adequacy of measures taken toward
abatement of pollution; and
3. Nature of delays, if any, being
encountered in abating the pollution.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
The Secretary is also required to make
recommendations for remedial action if such recommendations
are indicated.
A record and verbatim transcript of the
conference is being made by Mr. Al Zimmer. This is made
for the purpose of aiding us in preparing a summary, and
also providing a complete record of what is said here.
We will make copies of the summary and transcript
available to the official water pollution control agencies
of New York and New Jersey and the Interstate Sanitation
Commission.
We have found that, generally, for the purpose
of maintaining relationships within the States that the
people who wish summaries and transcripts should request
them through their State or interstate agency, rather than
come directly to the Federal Government. The reason for
this is that when the conference has been concluded we
would prefer people who are interested in the problem to
follow their normal relations in dealing with the State or
interstate agencies, rather than the Federal Government,
on these matters. This has worked successfully in the
past and we will be most happy to make this material avail-
able for distribution.
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Opening Statement - Mr. Stein
There is one other point: Any exhibits
reproduced and any charts reproduced in the record will be
in black and white, and will not be in color. It is
therefore suggested that if you come up and talk about an
exhibit, if your remarks are to be meaningful in the
transcript, that you not refer to "the green area over
there" and "the red area over there," but that you use
other descriptive words that will have meaning when the
transcript is ready.
I would suggest that all speakers and partici-
pants other than the conferees making statements come to
the lectern and identify themselves for the purposes of
the record.
With that, we will call on the Federal
Conferee, Mr. Lester Klashman.
Mr, Klashman.
STATEMENT OP LESTER M. KLASHMAN, CONFEREE
AND REGIONAL DIRECTOR, NORTHEAST REGION,
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRA-
TION, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BOSTON,
MASSACHUSETTS
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L. M. Klashman
MR. KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr. Stein.
It is very nice to be back here in New York
after five years out of your Northeast Region.
The Federal presentation for the Raritan Bay
Project will be made by Mr. Paul DeFalco, and this will
be followed by presentations by several of the other
Federal agencies.
For those Federal agencies who have not told
Mrs. Daly or Mrs. Eleanor Patten, who are the two young
ladles out in the hallway on your way in, that you plan
to make a statement, I would appreciate it if you would
confirm this with them, if you do plan to make one.
With that, we will start with Mr. Paul DeFalco,
who is the Director of the Raritan Bay Project.
STATEMENT OF PAUL DeFALCO, JR., DIRECTOR,
RARITAN BAY PROJECT, FEDERAL WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR, METUCHEN, NEW JERSEY
MR. DE FALCO: Conferees and Ladies and
Gentlemen:
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15
Paul DePalco
My name is Paul DeFalco, Jr., and I am
Director of the Rarltan Bay Project, Deputy Regional
Director of the Northeast Region, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration.
I would like at this point to ask the conferees
to have the entire report entered into the record of the
conference. I am going to present an abstracted version
of this with the assistance of Mr. Kenneth Walker.
MR. STEIN: Let me see that, please.
Do you want the whole thing in?
MR. DE FALCO: Yes, sir.
MR. STEIN: Without objection, this will be
done.
MR. DE FALCO: Thank you.
REPORT
for
THE CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION OF
RARITAN BAY AND ADJACENT
INTERSTATE WATERS
THIRD SESSION
VOLUME I-PROJECT STUDIES AND RESULTS
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16
Paul DePalco
U. S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR .
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHEAST REGION - RARITAN BAY PROJECT
METUCHEN, N.J.
May 1967
INTRODUCTION
Purpose and Scope
In 1961 the Surgeon General of the Public Health
Service, under the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.), called a
conference on the pollution of the interstate waters of
Raritan Bay and adjacent waters. As a result of this con-
ference the Public Health Service established the Raritan
Bay Project to undertake a study of these waters to provide
scientific data on which further pollution control programs
could be established.
This report presents results of Project studies
which included the following activities:
1. Intensive bacteriological sampling of
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17
Paul DePalco
Raritan Bay and shoreline, Arthur Kill, Kill Van Kull,
Upper Bay, Raritan River and wastewater treatment plants
discharging to study area waters.
2. Intensive chemical sampling of these same
waters and wastewater treatment plants to determine
dissolved oxygen concentrations, biochemical oxygen
demands, chemical oxygen demands and nutrient levels —
nitrites, nitrates and phosphates.
3. Intensive biological sampling in these
waters to determine biological communities of phytoplankton,
zooplankton and benthic organisms as they are related to
pollution.
M. Current and dispersion studies to trace
water movements in Raritan Bay and movements from the
Arthur Kill, Raritan River and the Narrows into the Bay.
5. Detailed wastewater treatment plant sur-
veys and sampling programs to determine operating efficiency.
Surveys included an evaluation of the condition of equipment,
effectiveness of operation and maintenance, and the quali-
fications of plant operators.
6. Detailed surveys of industrial operations
including a review of data collected by other agencies,
plant visitations, and sampling programs to evaluate treat-
ment efficiencies and measure contaminants discharged.
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18
Paul DePalco
7. Survey of commercial fishing and the
quality and quantity of shellfish in Rarltan Bay to deter-
mine the present condition of these industries and their
future potential.
8. Investigation of the present and potential
use of the study waters for recreational bathing, boating,
and fishing.
9. Study of the pollution effects of commercial
shipping and recreational boating in the area.
10. Establishment of a series of automatic
water quality monitoring stations to provide a measure of
the quality of the waters entering Raritan Bay.
11. Review of field and laboratory data to
determine the effects of stormwater overflows on present
water quality.
12. Study to determine the effectiveness of
chlorination of wastewater treatment plant effluents in
reducing bacteria populations in Rarltan Bay.
13. Determination of the municipal and industri-
al wastes load discharged to Arthur Kill.
14. Investigation of the geology of Rarltan
Bay to provide further data on water movement in the study
area.
15- Study to determine the absence or
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19
Paul DePalco
presence of known pathogenic, or disease-causing bacteria,
in Raritan Bay waters and in shellfish taken from various
locations throughout the estuary*
Project History
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act as
amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.), provides that pollution
of interstate waters which endangers the health or welfare
of any person is subject to abatement under procedures
described in Section 10 (33 U.S.C. 466 g) of the Act.
The first step of this procedure is the
calling of a conference which brings together State and
interstate water pollution control agencies, the Public
Health Service and other interested parties having juris-
diction in the area. The purposesof such a conference
are to review the existing situation, to lay a basis for
future action by all parties concerned, and to give States,
Interstate agencies, localities and Industries an oppor-
tunity to take any indicated remedial action under State
and local law.
On the basis of reports, surveys and studies
the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, having
t
reason to believe that pollution of the interstate waters
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20
Paul DePalco
of Raritan Bay and adjacent waters — caused by discharges
of untreated and Inadequately treated sewage and Industrial
wastes by municipalities and industries in New Jersey and
New York — was endangering the health and welfare of
persons in these two States, called a conference on August
22, 1961. Conferees present represented the New Jersey
State Health Department, New York State Department of
Health, Interstate Sanitation Commission and the Public
Health Service.
At the first session, conferees unanimously
agreed to the following conclusions and recommendations:
111. The Raritan Bay and adjacent waters
which are the subject of the conference are inter-
state waters within the meaning of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act.
"2. There is pollution of these waters.
"3. Scientific data, taking into account a
wide range of factors and technological problems,
including health, conservation, water policy and uses,
and industrial processes are urgently needed, and are
the critical issue in further control of these
waters.
"4. The Public Health Service in collaboration
with the New Jersey State Health Department, the
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21
Paul DePalco
"New York State Department of Health, and the
Interstate Sanitation Commission, will undertake
an investigation and study of these waters to
accumulate these data.
"5- Cognizance is taken of the programs
and the administrative machinery of the agencies
of the State of New York and the State of New
Jersey, and the Interstate Sanitation Commission
to control pollution of these waters.
"6. There has been, and continues to be,
progress under plan in abatement of pollution of
these waters.
"7. The conferees welcome and appreciate
the interest, support and collaboration of the
Public Health Service in the collective efforts to
preserve the Raritan Bay and particularly in
solving the scientific problems.
"8. The conferees are willing to report to
the Public Health Service at appropriate intervals;
the Public Health Service will report to the other
conferees periodically.
"9. The conference will be reconvened on the
call of the Chairman one year from the present date
in order to evaluate the progress made by the study
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22
Paul DeFalco
"and investigation and to receive the recommenda-
tions of the conferees as to further action."
In accordance with the recommendations of the
first conference, the Public Health Service, Division of
Water Supply and Pollution Control, secured, equipped
and staffed a laboratory at Raritan Depot, Edison, New
Jersey, to conduct water quality investigations. The
objective of the Project was to develop the scientific
data necessary for the conferees to establish an effective
program for the abatement and control of pollution in the
study area, which was defined to include Lower, Sandy Hook
and Raritan Bays, a portion of the Narrows, Arthur Kill,
the tidal reach of the Raritan River and other smaller
tributaries to the above named waterways.
First phase of Project activities was the
assembling of a staff and a review of existing data. Based
upon this review a sampling program was designed which
would permit an evaluation of the variations in water
quality and long-term trends. The program was initiated
in August of 1962 and consisted of a 13-month sampling
program of Raritan Bay, Arthur Kill and the municipal waste-
water treatment plants discharging to these waters. Weekly
samples were taken at each of the sampling stations within
Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill. Simultaneously, samples were
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23
Paul DePalco
collected of the effluents from each of the major municipal
treatment plants discharging to the Bay to permit an
assessment of the relationship between waste load and
water quality. In May 1963 the Project reported to the
second session of the Conference in the Matter of Pollu-
tion of Interstate Waters of Raritan Bay and Adjacent
Waters (New York-New Jersey). Presented at that session
were all data generated by the Project from its inception
to December 31, 1962. Among the activities initiated
by the Project through that reporting date were:
1. Intensive bacteriological sampling program
of Raritan Bay and shoreline, entrant waters, and waste-
water treatment plants discharging to the Bay to determine
bacterial densities.
2, Series of dissolved oxygen tests in
Raritan Bay, and biochemical oxygen demand tests of waste-
water treatment plant effluents.
3. Current and dispersion studies to trace
water movements in Raritan Bay and movements from the
Arthur Kill into the estuary.
4. Biological investigation to define the
area of biological concern for purposes of further studies.
Conferees at the second session agreed to the
following conclusions and recommendations:
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Paul DeFalco
"1. The States of New Jersey and New York
and the Interstate Sanitation Commission have active
and effective programs for the control and abate-
ment of pollution of the waters of Raritan Bay and
adjacent waters as evidenced by:
"a. With respect to waters other
than those originating in the Arthur Kill and
coming through the Narrows, the New Jersey
communities have been steadily improving
treatment since the 19*10's. At the present
time, all domestic waste from New Jersey dis-
charging into the Hudson River and upper New
York Bay area have been intercepted for treat-
ment except for a portion of Weehawken and
Union City, where the construction of needed
facilities is nearing completion. On the New
York side, New York City, pursuant to a con-
sent order of the Interstate Sanitation Commis-
sion dating from 1957 has been engaged in a
large program of construction. The Hunts
Point and Coney Island projects have been
completed. Under construction are the pollution
control projects of Newton Creek and Jamaica
Bay. Scheduled for early construction,
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25
Paul DePalco
"pursuant to the consent order, are projects
at Red Hook, Port Richmond, North River and
Ward's Island. On these projects as well as
those mentioned subsequently the work is done
pursuant to the approval of plans and speci-
fications by the New Jersey and New York State
Health Departments.
"b. Entrant waters from the Raritan
River were improved by completion in 1958 of the
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority Treatment
Plant. The New Jersey Health Department and
the Authority have a continuing program on
further abatement of pollution of the Raritan
River.
"c. In the Arthur Kill intensive
research and investigations by New York, New
Jersey and the Interstate Sanitation Commission
have been underway since 1957- As a result
information has recently become available which
has formed the basis for the issuance of eight
orders by the State of New Jersey as follows:
Elizabeth Joint Meeting, Rahway Valley Sewerage
Authority, Linden-Roselle Sewerage Authority,
Borough of Carteret, Woodbridge Township,
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26
Paul DePalco
"Humble Oil and Refining Company, American
Cyanamid, General Aniline and Film Company;
and three by New York authorities as follows:
Procter and Gamble, Nassau Smelting and Refining
Company and the Willowbrook State School.
"d. In Raritan Bay, pursuant to an
administrative order and a timetable agreement
with the Attorney General of the State of New
Jersey, construction of needed works at
Keyport was already underway prior to the first
session of this conference, and was completed
in 1962. At Atlantic Highlands, Highlands,
Keansburg, Union Beach, Borough of Matawan and
two industrial Installations, steps of either
engineering or a legal nature are in progress.
The Borough of Highlands is Installing an
automatic chlorine residual analyzer and re-
corder with an alarm system and is also planning
to repair the outfall line which would take the
effluent from Raritan Bay and discharge it to
the Atlantic Ocean. The borough of Atlantic
Highlands has hired an engineer to prepare
preliminary studies to enarlge the present
facilities by 50 percent and has applied for
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27
Paul DeFalco
"Housing and Home Finance Agency planning
funds. In addition the Borough is planning
to Install a chlorine residual analyzer and
recorder with an alarm system. The Borough of
Keansburg has planned for additions and altera-
tions to this plant and they have been approved
by the State Department of Health. The
Borough plans to advertise for bids soon. In
Union Beach a certificate of necessity has been
issued to allow this community to exceed bonded
indebtedness limitations. Preliminary plans
have been approved by the State Health Depart-
ment for a sewage system and treatment plant.
The Borough of Matawan has completed construc-
tion of a new plant which was placed in opera-
tion during the last week of April 1963. Con-
struction of a new treatment plant by the
Madison Township Sewerage Authority is nearing
completion with a scheduled completion date of
May 1963. Plans for proposed expansion to in-
crease the capacity of the Middlesex County
Sewerage Authority plant are scheduled to be
completed by the latter part of 1963. The
International Flavor and Fragrances Company
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28
Paul DePalco
"hired an industrial waste engineer to develop
treatment facilities. A feasibility report
has been furnished. Pollution sources of the
B. Zura Chemical Company have been eliminated
by the closing of the plant.
"For the New York waters concerned, the
State Department of Health has completed classi-
fication studies and report covering the subject
waters. Arrangements are now being made for
public classification hearings to be held in
New York City during the months of June or July.
Actual classification will be made by the Water
Resources Commission for New York State. The
classifications of the Interstate Sanitation
Commission for these waters have been in force
for over twenty years.
"2. The Public Health Service, in collaboration
with the New Jersey State Department of Health, the
New York State Department of Health, and the Inter-
state Sanitation Commission will continue and complete
the investigation and study of the Raritan Bay and
adjacent waters in accordance with the recommendations
of the conferees at the first session of the
conference held on August 22, 1961."
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29
Paul DePalco
In accordance with recommendations of the
second session, the Public Health Service continued its
studies to define the type of pollution problems existing
in the interstate waters of Raritan Bay- and adjacent waters.
The already established intensive study program, which
involved determination of specific pollutants and their
concentration, and methods of securing the best possible
water quality, continued through September 1963. At the
conclusion of this sampling period the Project adopted
a surveillance program consisting of monthly samplings at
selected stations throughout the study area as well as at
wastewater treatment plant discharges. The change to a
surveillance operation was accompanied by the initiation
of Project studies in special subject areas found necessary
as a result of the previous investigations. Such studies,
initiated in September 1963 and continued through January
1966, were to evaluate and ascertain information on such
items as water movement through the Bay; the presence or
absence of specific pathogenic organisms in Bay waters and
in shellfish; an evaluation of the shellfish quality and
probable harvest value; surveys of industrial wastes
discharges; and surveys of various water uses and their
effects upon water quality, including studies of commercial
and recreational fishing, commercial navigation,
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30
Paul DeFalco
recreational boating and bathing.
STUDY AREA
General Description
The Project study area encompasses three major
bodies of water, all located within the New York metro-
politan area. The estuary, collectively referred to in
this report as Rarltan Bay, is further divided into three
general areas — Raritan Bay in the western and southern area,
Lower Bay .in the north and Sandy Hook Bay in the southeast.
The estuary is triangular in shape and. opens eastward to
the Atlantic Ocean. It is divided roughly into two equal
portions by the New York-New Jersey State line as shown
in Figure 1.
The second major body of water included in the
Project study area is the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait
which connects the western end of Raritan Bay estuary with
Newark and Upper Bays via the Kill Van Kull in the north
See Figure 1). The Project also investigated a reach of
the Raritan River, the major fresh water tributary to the
bay, from its mouth to the Junction of the Millstone River
in Manville, New Jersey (See Figure 2).
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31
Paul DeFalco
This report, for purposes of presentation and
evaluation of data, assumes the mouth of the Raritan River
as being located at the New Jersey Central Railroad
bridge between Perth Amboy and South Amboy^ New Jersey;
and the southern limit of the Arthur Kill as being the
Outerbridge Crossing between Perth Amboy, New Jersey, and
Staten Island, New York.
Physical Features
Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill collectively have
a water surface area of 93 square miles and a water volume
of 38 billion cubic feet, both at low water. Table I
presents additional physical measurements of the Bay and
Kill. The shorelines of Raritan Bay, amounting to 43
miles exclusive of the Arthur Kill, are relatively
straight. Sea cliffs and wide beaches, as well as tidal
marshes, indicate the bay has reached early maturity in the
cycle of shoreline development along submergent coasts.
The estuary is relatively shallow, with a mean
depth of less than 15 feet, excluding the Arthur Kill. The
floor of Raritan Bay slopes fairly uniformly and gently
toward the center where the maximum depth is about 30 feet,
excluding the commercial shipping channels which have
-------
TABLE I
PHYSICAL DATA FOB RAHITAN AND LOWER BAYS
AND ARTHUR KILL
Volume Surface Area
(Billion cubic feet} ( Square Miles)
Area (Low Water) (High Water*) (Low Water)
Raritan Bay 10.4 14.8 31.82
Lower Bay
(Inc. Sandy
Hook Bay) 25.4 33.2 56.39
Raritan,
Lower and
Sandy Hook
Bays combined 35.8 48.1 88.24
Arthur Kill 2.23 2.83 4.36
Total Study
Area ** 38.03 50.93 92.60
Mean Depth Shore Line (Miles)
(Feet)
(Vol. - Surf. Area) Staten Is.
•
11.75 11.18
16.18 5.98
14.55 17.16
18.38 17.78
34.94
New Jersey Total
13.00 24.18
13.00 18.98
26.00 43.16
18.59 36.37
44.59 79.53
*Taking mean tidal range as 5 feet
*'Excluding Raritan River
U)
ro
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PAR TAN BAY 3ROJECT
RARITAN BAY STUDY AREA
GPO 955-949
FIGURE
-------
RARITAN RIVER
DRAINAGE BASIN
MILES
0
20
FIGURE 2
GPO 955-»«
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35
Paul DePalco
depths to 40 feet. The floor of the estuary consists of
sands and silts, comprising four separate sediment bodies.
The Arthur Kill has a shoreline of 36 miles in
New York and New Jersey and a calculated mean depth of 18
feet. The Kill is characterized by a narrow commercial
shipping channel of 35 feet depth throughout is entire
length.
The reach of the Raritan River included in the
study area extends a distance of 21 miles from its mouth
at Raritan Bay to the junction of the Millstone River.
Above this confluence the Raritan River is a potable water
supply. Pieldville Dam, 17 miles above the mouth, creates
a small pool extending upstream of this point, and is the
upstream limit of tidal influence. The 12 miles of water-
way from Raritan Bay to New Brunswick, New Jersey, is
navigable, with channel depths ranging from 25 feet below
low sea level at Perth Amboy to nine feet below low sea
level at New Brunswick.
Climatology
The climate of the study area, as characterized
by New York City, is temperate with an average annual of
52°P. January and February, the coldest months, have a
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36
Paul DePalco
mean temperature of 31°P and July, the warmest month, has
a mean of 73°P. Water temperatures generally follow a
similar pattern, ranging from 0°C to 26°C. During summer
months both air and water temperatures are suitable for a
variety of water-based recreation, Including bathing.
The average annual precipitation in the study
area is approximately 42 inches, with heavier rainfall
generally associated with the summer months. Precipita-
tion during the Project study was generally below average
as the entire northeastern area of the United States ex-
perienced severe drought conditions. Table II presents
total precipitation and departures from normal for a number
of weather stations in close proximity to Raritan Bay and
Arthur Kill.
Prevailing winds in the study area are generally
from the north and west. At Sandy Hook, New Jersey, almost
20 percent of the .total wind duration is from the northwest;
winds from the north and northeast each occur slightly
more than 15 percent of the time.
Tides throughout the estuary are semi-diurnal
and have a mean range varying from 4.3 feet at Fort
Wadsworth at the Narrows to 5.3 feet at Tottenville, Staten
Island, New York. The spring range at these locations is
5.2 and 6.4 feet respectively.
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37
TABLE II-
TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION ANP PEPARTURES FROM NORMAL I/
1962 1963 1964 1965-'
Station Free, Pep. Free. Pep. Free. Pep. Free. Pep.
Flemington, N.J. 43.91 -1.40 36.23 -9.08 34.50 -10.81 27.11
Freehold, N.J. 40.94 -5.09 33.89 -12.14 33.83 -12.20 28.80
Long Valley, N.J. 44.95 -3.95 32.88 -16.02 26.43 -22.47
New Brunswick, N.J.40.27 -3.71 33.16 -10.82 34.62 - 9.36 23.75
Plainfield, N.J. 45.27 -3.02 35.38 -12.91 39.93 - 8.36 28.69
New Monmouth, N.J. 49.50 NA4/ 38.60 NA - NA
Rahway, N.J. 37.01 NA 28.48 NA 36.62 NA 22.42
Westerleigh, N.Y. 44.77 NA 34.23 NA 37.66 NA 22.64
(Staten Island)
I/ Source: U.S. Weather Bureau
2/ Normal rainfall based on period 1951-1960
V Incomplete - records for 10 months only
4/ NA: Data not available
12
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38
Paul DePalco
Hydrology
Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill receive water from
adjacent saline bodies Including the Atlantic Ocean, Upper
and Newark Bays, and Kill Van Kull. As shown in Table I,
the bay and kill have a combined volume at low water of
38 billion cubic feet, of which the kill comprises less than
6 percent. Volume at high water is estimated as 51 billion
cubic feet, or 3^ percent more than low water. Chloride
concentration in the estuary ranges from 13,000 to 15,000
mg/1, compared to a normal value for ocean water of 20,000
mg/1. Hence, the estuary is roughly two-thirds ocean
water, with the balance representing fresh water inflow to
the estuary.
The major fresh water input originates in the
Hudson River Basin, which discharges through Upper Bay
in the Narrows into the easterly area of Raritan Bay.
Ayersd) in 1951 calculated that a net discharge of 6.0
billion cubic feet per tide leaves the Upper Bay system
and enters Lower Bay through the Narrows. On the basis
of salinity measurements Ayers further calculated that 0.7
billion cubic feet of fresh water moved through the Narrows
into Lower Bay on each tide. Hence, the discharge through
the Narrows must be recognized as a major source of water
(1) Cornell University Contract N6 onr 264, Task 15,
Status Report #1
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39
Paul DePalco
into Rarltan Bay.
The natural fresh water drainage area of the
bay and Arthur Kill is approximately 1,300 square miles,
including the basins of a number of tributary streams. The
major tributaries are the Raritan and Shrewsbury Rivers,
which drain directly to the bay, and the Elizabeth and
Rahway Rivers, which flow to the Arthur Kill. Table III
presents data on USGS gauging stations on these streams,
the calculated average runoff rate for each, and the total
average fresh water discharge.
Total average fresh water runoff from these
sources to Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill amounts to 2,000
cfs., more than 80 percent of which is provided by the
Raritan River. Figure 2A presents a frequency curve for
discharge at the Raritan River mouth extrapolated from the
USGS 23-year record at Bound Brook, New Jersey.
During Project studies precipitation and stream
runoff were below average. Examination of Geological
Survey records for the water years October I960 through
September 1963 for the Raritan River indicates that the
frequency distribution of runoff during this period was
approximately 10 percent below normal. Hence, the severe
drought which developed throughout the Northeast during
the latter phases of the study resulted in a reduction of
fresh water inflow to the estuary and kill below the average
-------
TABLE III
SUMMARY OF USGS STREAM GAGING STATION RECORDS,
RARITAN BAY STUDY AREA STREAMS
Gaging Station
Location
Raritan River Basin
Raritan River, Bound
Brook, N.J.
Green Brook,
Plainfield,N.J.
Lawrence Brook,
Far ring ton Dam, N«J.
South River, Old
Bridge, N.J.
TOTALS
Drainage
Area,
mi2
779
9.8
34.4
94.6
917.8
Average
Discharge,
cfs
1,220
12.1
38.5
137
1407.6
Average
Runoff Rate,
cfsm
1.57
1.24
1.12
1.45
Extrapolated total
average discharges 1,072 1,650
Arthur Kill Drainage Area
Elizabeth River,
Elizabeth, N.J. 20.2 23.8 1.18
Railway River,
Rahway, N.J. 40.9 44.8 1.10
Robinson's Branch,
Rahway River,
Rahway, N.J. 21.6 23.5 1.09
TOTALS 82.7 92.1
Extrapolated total
average discharge: 136
Extrapolated total average
discharge for total Arthur
Kill drainage area: 160
15
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TABLE III (Cont'd)
SUMMARY OF USGS STREAM GAGING STATION RECORDS,
RARITAN BAY STUDY AREA STREAMS
Drainage Average Average
Gaging Station Area, Discharge, Runoff Rate,
Location mi2 cfs cfsm
Navesink-Shrewsbury River Basin
Swimming River (head
of Navesink River)
near Red Bank, N.J. 48.5 77*2 1.59
New Jersey Shore Drainage
Area 69 - 1.50*
Extrapolated total
average discharge: 110
Staten Island Shore Drainage
Area 24 - 1.10*
Extrapolated total
average discharge: 25
* Estimated
16
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PROBABILITY PLOT OF EXTRAPOLATED
DAILY DISCHARGE DATA FOR RARITAN
RIVER AT ENTRANCE TO RARITAN BAY
1904-08,45-58,60-63
DRAINAGE AREA 1072 SQ. MILES
0,000-r
5 -
10,000-
5-
1,000-
5-
IOO-
5
\
s
10 •
c
s
5
\
i
\
2
\
v~
-^
V
s
\
:>
\
2.
\
•
O
\
4
^1
0
S
6
S*
v,
0
A
\
8
•
\
0
•
\
9
5
bs
9
9
9
S.9
UJ
V)
t
d
Q.
o
J
cr
5
O
.5 2 10 30 50 70 90
% TIME EQUALLED OR EXCEEDED
FIGURE 2A
98
998
GPO 956-592
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Paul DePaloo
values.
In addition to the natural hydrographic
sources a significant quantity of non-saline water is
added to the estuary and the Arthur Kill by the discharge of
raw and treated municipal and Industrial wastes. Such
sources average 650 cfs to the Arthur Kill and 105 cfs to
Raritan Bay, which is equal to or greater than natural run-
off from the Raritan River 30 to 55 percent of the time.
The Project study area is located directly
adjacent to the New York metropolitan region, the most
heavily populated area of the country. The census figures
for 1955 and I960, as well as projected populations made by
the Metropolitan Regional Council for 1965, 1975 and 1985
for the United States as a whole, the New York metropolitan
region and the five counties bordering Raritan Bay, are
as follows:
Population in Millions
1955 I960 1965 1975 1985
United States 165 179 196 235 286
N.Y. Metropolitan Region 15 16 18 21 24
Five Counties* 1.4 1.6 2.2 3.2 4.3
•Richmond County (Staten Island), N. Y.; Middlesex,
Monmouth, Somerset and Union Counties, N.J.
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44
Paul DeFalco
Use of study area waters is not limited to the
five directly adjacent counties. Transportation facilities
make it possible for a large portion of the New York
metropolitan region to take advantage of the facilities of
Raritan Bay. In particular, the construction of the
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, connecting Brooklyn and Staten
Island, New York, made it possible for large numbers of
people residing in Brooklyn and Long Island to have ready
access to the waters of the study area. Since the I960
Census, which indicated more than 2.6 million Inhabitants in
Brooklyn, New York, at least an additional 1.0 million
persons are now within close proximity of the study area.
Should this growth pattern continue through 1985, more than
5.0 million persons, located in the five counties adjacent
to the bay plus the western portion of Brooklyn, New York,
will be conveniently located in and adjacent to the study
area.
PRESENT AND FUTURE WATER USE
Nature and Value of Water Use
Demands of a large population directly adjacent
to the study area result in a large variety of uses of
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15
Paul DePalco
Rarltan Bay and Arthur Kill. These waters are presently,
or have been in the past, used for such purposes as:
Industrial water supply and navigation to meet the demands
of the large commercial and industrial development in the
area; commercial and shellfishing as a source of food for
an expanding market; recreational boating, bathing and
fishing to provide adequate leisure for the large and
increasing population; and a receiving body for raw and
treated municipal sewage and industrial wastes.
Certain of these uses, in particular use as a
receiving body for raw and inadequately treated wastes,
prevent full development of other water uses as well as
being in violation of existing legal standards established
for these waters.
Studies were made to determine the magnitude of
certain of these water uses. Where possible, present values
of particular water uses were estimated. Possible future
values associated with certain water uses, which are
presently limited or restricted by inadequate water
quality, were also forecast. Table IV summarizes the
results of these studies. Use of this water resource at
the present time amounts to an estimated value of $2.0
million, 90 percent of which is associated with recreation.
Development of suitable water quality within Raritan Bay
-------
TABLE IV
ANNUAL VALUES OF THE WATER RESOURCE OF RARITAN BAY
Water Use
Water Supply
Municipal
Industrial
Commercial Navigation
Commercial Fishery
Hard Clam
Soft Clam
Blue Crab
Fin Fish
Sub-Total
Recreation
Bathing
Boating
Fish fe Waterfowl
Sub-Total
TOTAL ANNUAL VALUE
Present
Value
None
N/E
N/E
$ 4 0,000
Ins
N/E
200,000
240,000
500,000
760,000
468,000
1,728,000
$1,968,000
Potential
w/Present
Water Quality
—
N/E
N/E
S 250, ooo1
Ins
N/E
300,000
550,000
500,000
760,000
468,000
1,728,000
$2,278,000
Potential
w/Suitable
Water Quality
„
N/E
N/E
$ 3,850,000
N/E
400,000
4,250,000
12,000,000
1,500,000
1,468,000
14,968,000
$19,218,000
Increased
Benefits From
Improved
Water Quality
-
N/E
Ins
$ 3,600,000
Ins
100,000
3,700,000
11,500,000
740,000
1,000,000
13,240,000
$16,940,000
Remarks
(Salinity-No Present Use)
(1,300 MGD Cooling Water)
(Water Quality has insig-
nificant effect)
(Water Quality has insig-
nificant effect)
Notes: N/E = Not Estimated Ins = Insignificant value
1. If suitable transplanting program is developed.
2. The Fish &'Wildlife Service estimates that if a suitable market were available this
industry could reach a value of $18,000,000 yearly.
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Paul DeFalco
could result In an ultimate value associated with the use
of these waters of $19.0 million annually.
Certain water uses listed in Table IV were
not assigned dollar values, however, since these uses would
not be affected significantly by changes in water quality.
Such uses include Industrial water supply, commercial
navigation, and the commercial blue crab industry.
Water Use Studies
Water Supply
There is no use made of the saline surface
waters of the Raritan Bay study area for municipal water
supply. Considerable use is made for Industrial purposes,
generally for cooling and condensing. Available information
on industrial use by type of industry is shown in Table
V and amounts to 1,300 MGD, 75 percent of which is utilized
by the power generating industry.
Because of poor quality many industries provide
pretreatment. In particular, the loss of cooling efficiency
due to slime accumulations requires chlorination of the
raw water. Hence, a reduction in the chlorine demand of
the water would be of definite economic benefit, although
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Paul DeFalco
no attempt was made to determine the magnitude of such
benefits.
Commercial Navigation
The New York-New Jersey channel which traverses
Raritan Bay is a vital part of the Port of New York, being
used by about one-fourth of the ocean-going traffic entering
or leaving the port. In 1961, traffic in this channel
amounted to nearly 120,000 vessel trips, 4,000 of which were
made by vessels with drafts of 20 feet or more. Projections
of future growth indicate that by the year 2015, annual
traffic in this channel will increase to 200,000 vessel
trips, 6,000 by vessels with draft of 20 feet or more.
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Paul DePalco
TABLE V
1
INDUSTRIAL USES OP STUDY AREA WATERS
Water Use
Type of Industry MOD Major Use
Petroleum 250 Cooling; Condensing
Chemical 22 Cooling; Condensing
Smelting & Refining 37 Cooling; Condensing
Miscellaneous 2 Cooling
Power Generation 1,000 Cooling
Total 1,311 MOD
1
Based upon available data from 1962 Industrial Waste
Survey by Interstate Sanitation Commission and New Jersey
State Department of Health. Does not include Raritan
River.
No dollar value was assigned this use, since
it is not significantly affected by water quality.
Commercial Fishery
The commercial fin and shellfish industry was
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Paul DePalco
an important use of the water resource of Raritan Bay
for many years. However, a combination of overfishing
and man-caused environmental changes, such as water pollu-
tion, has reduced the value of this use. A study by the
Pish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of
the Interior, showed that the present shellfish resource
in the Project area is limited to hard clams and blue
crabs. The hard clam presently provides an annual harvest
of only $40,000. The present standing crop, as estimated
in a report by the Shellfish Sanitation Branch of the
Northeast Research Center, Division of Environmental
Engineering and Food Protection, Public Health Service
(See Volume III - Appendices) amounts to over $35 million
and could provide an annual harvest worth $3.85 million if
water quality conditions were suitable. As an alternate,
the Pish and Wildlife Service estimates that development
of a successful transplanting and purification program could
increase the harvest to $250,000 annually with present
water quality. The soft clam resource, at one time sig-
nificant but presently rated as of no significant commerical
harvest, is estimated to have a potential commercial value
of $18 million annually, assuming suitable water quality
and market development. The blue crab commercial fishery
appears to be affected only slightly, if at all, by water
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Paul DePalco
quality conditions. The I960 New Jersey blue crab harvest,
for example, was the second largest on record.
The Pish and Wildlife Service study estimated
the present commercial fin fish harvest in Raritan Bay
to have an annual value of $200,000. The industry trend
to larger boats and more modern equipment could increase
this harvest over a long term to $300,000 annually with
present water quality. Improved water quality could raise
the fin fish harvest to a potential value of $400-000
annually.
Recreation
The recreational uses of Raritan Bay by the
large'adjacent population take many forms including
bathing, pleasure boating, sport fishing, recreational
shellfishing and waterfowl hunting.
A Project study in 1963 of recreational
bathing (See Volume III - Appendices) found 59 active
bathing beaches on Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill. At several
locations bacteriological analyses showed water quality
below the recommended safe limits set by the regulatory
agencies. The total number of bathers during 1963 was
estimated at 1.07 million people. On the basis of the
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Paul DePalco
value of $.50 per bather-day recommended by the Federal
Joint Task Force on Recreation, the annual value of this
resource use in 1963 was $500,000. Beach operators
reported an income of $750,000.in 1963, with a total
capital Investment of $27.8 million at the time of the
survey. Estimates of future population growth in the area
Indicate that with suitable water quality conditions the
number of bathers could be increased to at least 16 million
per year, with a value of $8 million annually.
In 1963 the Project also conducted a survey of
recreational boating in Raritan Bay (See Volume III -
Appendices). The survey found a total of 5,480 boats and
yachts worth nearly $22 million berthed in or adjacent to
the bay. The industry realized a gross income of $2.5
million on a capital Investment of $10.5 million. Employ-
ment in the industry amounted to 169 man-years in 1963. Using
a value of $1.50 per recreation day for boating as suggested
by the Ad Hoc Committee on Water Resources, this water use
had a value of $760,000 in 1963. The combined effects of
increased population, higher income and more leisure and
travel time In the surrounding area are expected to produce
a rapid growth in recreational boating in Raritan Bay. By
1985, recreational boating will involve more than 1.0
million recreation days, worth an estimated $1.5 million
annually.
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Paul DePalco
The Pish and Wildlife Service Investigated the
value of recreational fin and shellfishing, crabbing and
waterfowl hunting in Raritan Bay (See Volume III - Appendices)
Based upon values of $1.50 per fisherman-day and $1.00 per
man-day for recreational shellfishing, crabbing and waterfowl
hunting, these uses of the water resource presently amount
to $468,000 annually. The expected future population
growth, coupled with improvements in water quality, could
Increase this benefit to an annual value of almost $1.5
million.
WATER QUALITY CAUSES AND EFFECTS
Water Temperature
Temperature has a direct effect upon the capacity
of a receiving water to assimilate oxygen demanding wastes
without nuisance. Increases in water temperature reduce the
maximum amount of dissolved oxygen which the water can hold.
In addition, the exertion of BOD is highly temperature-
dependent, with a more rapid demand upon oxygen taking place
at higher stream temperatures.
Water temperature also can act as a limiting
factor in the survival and propagation of various forms of
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Paul DePalco
aquatic life. The occurrence of certain biological phenomena
such as algal blooms can be directly dependent upon suitable
water temperatures.
Water temperatures within the study area are
directly affected by the discharge of more than 2 billion
gallons of hot cooling water from power generating stations.
This thermal pollution is particularly critical in the Arthur
Kill, where limited circulation prevents adequate dissipation
of the heat. A comparison of influent and effluent water
characteristics from power generating stations has indicated
the effluent to be as much as 15°F warmer than the incoming
water. Analytical results reported for water temperature in
the Arthur Kill indicate a warming of this waterway. It
should be noted, however, that the sampling stations utilized
were in the center of the channel; and, therefore, higher
water temperatures would be expected In the Immediate vicinity
of the discharge of heated wastes.
Dissolved Oxygen Relationships
Adequate levels of dissolved oxygen in water are
necessary to provide an environment suitable for survival
and propagation of fish and other forms of aquatic life.
A lack of dissolved oxygen In industrial water supplies
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Paul DePalco
prevents the formation of the metallic oxides which reduce or
prevent corrosion of process piping. Further, dissolved
oxygen is necessary to stabilize organic and chemical wastes.
When adequate levels of dissolved oxygen are not available in
a receiving water to satisfy the imposed BOD and COD loadings,
septic conditions result.
The amount of dissolved oxygen in a water depends
on the rate of natural aeration or transfer from the atmosphere,
photosynthesis, imposed oxygen demanding load, water salinity
and temperature. In the areas covered by the Project water
salinity and temperature are extremely important. With a
chloride concentration of 15,000 mg/1 and. a water temperature
of 26°C, only 7.0 mg/1 of dissolved oxygen could be held by a
water at 100 percent saturation. Such conditions of salinity
and temperature have been observed in the. study area, especial-
ly In the Arthur Kill. In order to provide at least 4.0 mg/1
for a healthy fish habitat under such conditions a dissolved
oxygen level of at least 57 percent saturation is required.
The large oxygen demanding loads resulting from the discharge
of raw and treated industrial and municipal wastes into the
study area waters prevents dissolved oxygen levels from reach-
ing this point. An additional oxygen demanding load is brought
into the study area by pollution sources as far distant as
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Paul DePalco
Newark Bay and Upper Bay.
Arthur Kill analytical results indicate that
this waterway contained 270,000 pounds BOD and 1.0 million
pounds COD resulting from pollutional discharges. Project
studies revealed that 250,000 Ibs/day of BOD were discharged
to the kill by municipalities and industries. Industrial
waste discharges contributed 190,000 Ibs/day 'of COD. Thirty
percent of the BOD and 85 percent of the COD loadings came
from two industries — Humble Oil and Refining Co. and
General Aniline and Film Corp.
Raritan Bay receives 185,000 Ibs/day of BOD, only
1.0 percent of which was attributable to industry. Nearly 90
percent of the total BOD load was found to be from one source
— Middlesex County Sewerage Authority.
Waste loadings to the Raritan River were estimated
at 75,000 Ibs/day of BOD, 98 percent of which is from industri-
al sources.
Dredging operations, while a necessary factor in
the maintenance of navigational channels throughout the study
area, and an important source of construction material for
the metropolitan New York complex, impose an undetermined
oxygen demanding load on these waters as a result of resuspen-
sion of organic matter from the bottom materials.
High pollution loadings result in critical
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Paul DePalco
dissolved oxygen levels in certain portions of the study area.
In some portions of the Arthur Kill the oxygen demand exceeds
the total available capacity of the water, resulting in
conditions of zero dissolved oxygen over large stretches of
the kill. This low dissolved oxygen in the kill is an important
factor in the inability of the Arthur Kill to sustain a
normal aquatic population,
Pollutional loads entering from the Raritan
River and Arthur Kill lower the dissolved oxygen levels in the
western portion of Raritan Bay, particularly during the
summer and autumn period. Low dissolved oxygen levels are
found in the northeastern area of Raritan Bay as a result of
organic loads entering the bay through the Narrows. An Impor-
tant factor in the maintenance of dissolved oxygen levels in
the bay is the photosynthetlc production by a number of
types of algae. The net yield to the waters serves to maintain
satisfactory oxygen levels in much of the bay.
In certain reaches of the Raritan River the
imposed loadings result In a severe depletion of dissolved
oxygen. During the summer of 1964 septic conditions were
noted immediately upstream of the Pieldville Dam. The forma-
tion of floating mats and production of hydrogen sulfide gas
rendered the stream unsuitable for recreation or other uses.
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Paul DePalco
Nutrients
When other environmental factors such as
temperature, sunlight and salinity are satisfactory, both
nitrogen and phosphorus become critical nutrients for the
growth of algae. These algae are desirable In limited
quantities as a necessary link In the f.ood chain which
supports aquatic life. However, should eutrophication, or
fertilization of the water with excess nutrients, occur, algal
growths may exceed desirable limits, and In some cases create
nuisance blooms. Such blooms are unsightly, can result in
obnoxious odors, and may result In a lowering of dissolved
oxygen levels to below those needed for other forms of aquatic
life.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are found in the discharge
of municipal and industrial wastes regardless of the stage of
normal treatment provided. The low nitrogen to phosphorus
ratio reflects the influence of sewage discharged to these
waters. In the Arthur Kill, and on occasion in Raritan Bay,
the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio was less than 1. Such
ratios indicate advanced eutrophication of the receiving
water, which results in an abundance of plankton in both the
Arthur Kill and Raritan Bay at certain seasons of the year.
The profusion of the major algal types found in the bay are
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Paul DePalco
related to specific nutrients supplied by municipal and
industrial waste discharges.
The low dissolved oxygen values found during late
spring and early summer in Raritan Bay are the result of a
combination of two plankton populations which develop because
of the advanced eutrophication of these waters. The decline
of the winter-spring algal bloom reduces photosynthetic
production of oxygen. Simultaneously, the planktonic
population of active respirator animals reaches its peak.
Hence, the low dissolved oxygen concentrations found during
this period can be attributed, at least in part, to eutrophica-
tion of these waters which makes possible such changes in the
plankton population.
Phenolic-Type Compounds
Phenolic-type compounds in water can result in
tainting of fish flesh and shellfish meats, thus restricting
legitimate use of the water for recreational fin and shell-
fishing. In addition, phenol can serve to Inhibit the growth
of aquatic organisms, as it is a widely used disinfectant.
Phenol pollution of a water may result from the
discharge of municipal and industrial wastes; however, it is
commonly associated with petroleum wastes. High concentrations
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Paul DePalco
of phenol were found in those portions of the study area
adjacent to petroleum manufacturers, in particular, toward
the northern end of the Arthur Kill. Phenol content in the
kill was estimated as 6,000 pburids. A survey of industry
indicated that nearly 11,000 Ibs/day of phenol is discharged
to the kill, 98 percent of which emanates from three
industries — Humble Oil & Refining Co., E. I. duPont de
Netnours-Grasselli, and General Aniline and Film Corp. The
transport of phenols through the Arthur Kill and also through
Upper Bay via the Narrows results in high penol concentrations
at the eastern and western extremities of Raritan Bay.
Analyses of shellfish meats taken from Raritan
Bay indicated higher phenol concentrations in these meats
than are found in shellfish taken from unpolluted waters.
Uptake of phenols in growing waters taints the meat so as to
render this food unsuitable for market. During Project
studies it was found that the majority of both recreational
and commercial fishing is done outside the limits of the study
area because the uptake of phenolic-type compounds and similar
materials produced undesirable tastes in fish taken from
Raritan Bay.
Oil and Grease
Oil and grease in a water can result in the
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Paul DePalco
formation of objectionable surface slicks preventing the full
esthetic enjoyment of the water. Such slicks may also Inter-
fere with the normal transfer of oxygen from the atmosphere
into the water. Deposition of oil in the bottom sediments
can serve to inhibit normal benthlc growths, thus interrupting
the aquatic food chain. Certain oils can produce a tainting
of shellfish meats, thus rendering them unsuitable for use as
food.
Oil and grease observed in Raritan Bay and the
Arthur Kill are the result of the discharge of treated and
untreated industrial and municipal wastes, spillage from dock-
side fueling and petroleum transfer activities, bilge pumping
and spillage and engine exhaust from recreational boating.
In certain areas of the Arthur Kill the bottom
sediment was heavily contaminated with oil and devoid of
normal aquatic life. Shellfish meats taken from Raritan Bay
showed contamination by mineral oils to levels greater than
that encountered in shellfish from unpolluted waters.
Industrial wastes surveys revealed that more than
19,000 Ibs/day of oil is discharged to the Arthur Kill. More
than 90 percent of this is attributable to discharges from
two plants — Humble Oil & Refining Co. and General Aniline
and Film Corp.
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Paul DeFalco
Bacteria Densities
Total coliform densities, as determined by the
MPN test procedure, have traditionally served as an indicator
of pollution. Most established standards relating to water
use, both for internal consumption and for recreational
exposure and contact, are based upon this indicator organism.
The New York City Department of Health, for example, has
established a maximum allowable total coliform MPN limit of
2,400 per 100 ml for recreational bathing.
While total coliforms are used as indicators of
pollution, it is recognized that these organisms may originate
from non-human sources. Hence, other indicator organisms
such as the. fecal coliform group are used to further identify
possible human contamination. The presence of such organisms
above certain acceptable levels is indicative of the presence
of human wastes which may contain pathogenic organisms
capable of causing disease in humans.
High bacterial densities were found in areas of
the bay influenced by discharges from the Arthur Kill, Raritan
River and Upper Bay. High bacterial loadings at the junction
of the Arthur Kill and Raritan River resulted in the closing
of a public bathing beach in the City of Perth Amboy, New
Jersey. Bacteria counts in excess of the maximum limits for
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Paul DeFalco
bathing established by the New York City Department of Health
were found at all but two sampling stations on the Staten
Island shoreline from the Narrows to Tottenville. These high
counts, combined with the results of dye studies which indi-
cate that unchlorinated human wastes from Upper Bay reach
Staten Island bathing beaches within six hours, indicate a
definite health hazard to persons utilizing the waters of the
Staten Island shoreline for recreational purposes.
In 1961 an epidemic of infectious hepatitis was
traced to raw shellfish taken from Raritan Bay. Project
analyses of these shellfish showed high densities of pollution
indicator bacteria in the meats, thereby indicating contamina-
tion from human sewage and confirming the hazard associated
with the ingestion of raw shellfish meats. The majority of
shellfish showing high bacteria counts were taken from those
growing areas within the Influence of the discharge of
unchlorinated wastes entering the study area through the
Narrows.
Although high coliform counts indicate a potential
health hazard to users of a water, such bacteria are not
normally pathogenic. Isolation of pathogenic bacteria, such
as Salmonella, is positive proof that a health hazard exists.
Salmonella were isolated from raw sewage discharged
into Upper Bay immediately above the Narrows and also
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Paul DeFalco
in the waters of the Narrows. Salmonella of the same
serotype were found in the waters of the easterly area of
Rarltan Bay and on the bathing beaches of Staten Island. The
area of isolation coincides with the area shown by dye
studies to be directly affected by Upper Bay.
Salmonella of the same serotype found in the
Narrows and in the bay water south of the Narrows were also
found in shellfish meats taken from the eastern area of
Rarltan Bay. The presence of such organisms, which are
capable of causing serious Illness when present in a source of
human food, further confirms the health hazard associated with
the discharge of unchlorinated human excrement into Raritan
Bay waters.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Enforcement Activities
Since the first session of the Conference on
Pollution of Raritan Bay and Adjacent Waters, the State of
New Jersey, City of New York and the Interstate Sanitation
Commission have issued enforcement orders in an attempt to
control pollution of the study waters. The following is a
brief description of these orders and the latest known status
of enforcement.
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Paul DePalco
New Jersey State Department of Health
The New Jersey State Department of Health has
issued abatement orders against a number of municipalities
and industries as a result of previously existing regulations
and of classification proceedings of the study area waters.
The latest information available on the status of these orders
is as follows:
1. Hatco Chemical Company, Division of W. R.
Grace Co. - On December 21, 1962, orders were issued requiring
pollution abatement by April 15, 1963. Early in 1966 the
company became a participant in the Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority. In April of that year the company began to make
payments to the Authority for treatment services, although the
actual interceptor connection was delayed until November 1966
due to right-of-way negotiations. This facility is still
discharging contaminated cooling waters to the Raritan River.
2. Union Carbide, Plastics Division - A pollution
abatement order was issued July 14, 19*12, against the pre-
decessor corporation, Bakellte. The Union Carbide Corporation
Is reported to have a continuing program of investigation and
Isolation of sources of pollution from the stormwater and
cooling water systems, and to have initiated a feasibility
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Paul DePalco 66
study for diversion of stormwater for treatment by filtration,
chlorination, and chemical treatment. By early 196? the majority
of plant wastes, exclusive of contaminated cooling waters, was
treated by the Middlesex County ^Sewerage Authority.
3. Stabilized Pigments, Inc. - A pollution abate-
ment order of December 21, 1962, required this company to
complete its program by April 15, 1963. In April,1966 the
company was placed under a court order restricting plant
operations due to air pollution problems. Further enforcement
of water pollution abatement orders has been held in abeyance
pending a satisfactory conclusion of the air pollution
problem.
4. General Aniline & Film Corporation - Pollution
abatement orders were issued January 22, 1963, requiring
control of pollution discharges by January 27, 1964. The
company has met with the Health Department on a number of
occasions to discuss its program. As of early 1967, this
program has not been completed.
5. American Cyanamid Company (Linden) - Pollution
abatement orders were issued January 22, 1963, calling for
completion of a control program by January 27, 1964. In June
1964 the company advised the Health Department that the neces-
sary equipment had been installed. The company program is to
include barging of certain wastes to sea for ocean disposal.
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Paul DeFalco
The necessary barge is under construction and scheduled to
be placed in operation by July 1, 1967.
6. Reichhold Chemical Company (Elizabeth) -
Pollution abatement orders were issued January 23, 1963, re-
quiring completion of abatement activities by January 7, 1965-
In June 1964 the firm advised the Health Department of plans
to connect to municipal sewers owned by Elizabeth Joint
Meeting. Connection to these sewers was completed in January
1966.
7. Humble Oil & Refining Company - Pollution
control orders were issued January 22, 1963, requiring abate-
ment by January 27, .1964. In April 1964 the firm indicated
it had scheduled necessary activities for all work to be
completed by the end of 1965. The sour water treatment facility,
completed in late 1966, provides treatment to the largest BOD
source in the plant. The west side chemical products separator
has been completed. Spent caustic is now being loaded on
barges and shipped for sale. As of early 1967, additional work
to reduce pollution from this source was under way.
8. Philip Carey Manufacturing Co. - Pollution
abatement orders were issued September 1, 1961, requiring
the adoption of a program by December 1, 1961. The Health
Department turned this case over to the Office of the State
Attorney General for prosecution. In November 1966, a court
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Paul DePalco
order was issued requiring abatement by April 196?•
9. Hess Oil & Chemical Company - Pollution
abatement orders were served on August 26, 1964, and required
completion of abatement activities by December 15, 1964. In
December 1964 the firm submitted a progress report indicating
partial abatement had been achieved. In early 1966 the
company requested a conference with the Health Department to
discuss its progress in pollution abatement. By early 1967,
the company was reported to be working on plans for accomplish-
ing abatement.
10. Borough of Highlands - Pollution abatement
orders Issued December 11, 1964, required.the construction
of necessary improved treatment facilities by April 1, 1965.
In 1965 the Borough initiated studies to determine the
feasibility of Joinirig with Sea Bright and Rumson in a
regional project, as well as the feasibility of connecting
with the proposed Monmouth County Sewerage Authority. No
decision has been made as to which regional approach will be
selected.
11. Linden-Roselle Sewage District - Orders
against this agency were issued January 22, 1963, requiring
increased treatment by January 27, 1964. In January 1965
the Authority advised the Health Department that it was
operating a pilot plant prior to construction of the
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Paul DeFalco
necessary facilities for secondary treatment. By early 1967,
pilot plant studies had been completed and an abatement time-
table submitted.
12. Woodbridge Township (Sewaren) - Orders were
issued on January 2^, 1963, requiring increased treatment at
this plant by January 27, 1964. An engineering study was
completed on methods for providing increased treatment. The
township has also completed a study to determine the feasi-
bility of connecting to the Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority system as an alternate to upgrading existing treat-
ment facilities.
13. Rahway Valley Sewerage Authority - Orders
were issed January 22, 1963, requiring increased treatment
by January 27, 1964. In September 1964 this agency advised
the Health Department it was conducting pilot plant studies
prior to the design of new treatment facilities. These
studies are now under way, and an abatement timetable has
been submitted.
14. Carteret - A consent Judgment which will
incorporate a time schedule for completion of activities, is
being issued against the Borough of Carteret by the court.
The Borough has undertaken a study to determine possible
improvements in the collection system to reduce waste flow and
the feasibility of Joining the Rahway Valley Sewerage
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Paul DePalco
Authority as an alternate to upgrading existing facilities.
15. Joint Meeting - Engineering studies to
achieve abatement were completed in late 1966.
Classification of the Raritan River and Raritan
Bay in February 1966 has resulted in issuance of orders
requiring submission of plans for secondary treatment for a
number of communities and industries. The following list
presents the polluters, the dates of orders, and the compli-
ance date for submission of plans for upgrading to secondary
treatment.
Date Issued Compliance Date
American Cyanamid Company (Bound Brook) 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Johns Manville Products Corporation 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Borough of Manville 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
City of Perth Amboy 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Borough of Sayreville 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
City of South Amboy 2.-18-1966 6-1-1966
Woodbridge Township 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Madison Township Sewerage Authority 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Keyport 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Keansburg 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Atlantic Highlands 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Matawan 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Matawan Twp. Mun. Ut. Auth. (2 plants) 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
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Paul DePalco
According to the Health Department, as of early
1967 virtually all of the above were making satisfactory
progress, either in developing plans for upgrading existing
facilities or in conducting studies to determine the feasi-
bility of regional facilities.
New York City Department of Health
This agency has Issued a number of orders against
pollution. In many cases actual construction of pollution
control facilities is being held in abeyance pending construc-
tion of municipal facilities by the City of New York. In
early 1967 the status of orders issued by this agency was as
follows:
1. Mount Loretto Home - Abatement orders issued March 27,
1962, -were complied within April 1964.
2. St. Joseph's By-The-Sea - Abatement orders were issued
March 27, 1962, against a system which is no longer
in use. The sewage disposal facility of the new high
school has been approved by the City Department of
Health.
*
3. Richmond Memorial Hospital - Abatement orders were
Issued March 15, 1962. Compliance was obtained in
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Paul. DeFalco
September 1964, but due to poor operation the facility
is presently not satisfactory.
4. Nassau Smelting - Abatement orders were issued on March
27, 1962. An extension has been granted until May
1969, the expected completion date of the Tottenville
treatment plant. The necessary internal piping changes
must be made prior to May 1969 so that immediate
connection to the city sewer will"be possible at that
time.
5. Procter & Gamble - On April 5, 1963, this firm was
ordered to abate pollution by April 1964. An extension
has been granted until the Port Richmond West Branch
Interceptor is completed in June 1968. The necessary
internal piping changes must be made prior to June 1968
to permit immediate connection to the city sewer at that
time. Design work to accomplish this connection has
been substantially complete.
6. S. S. White Company - Abatement orders were issued March
15, 1962. An extension has been granted until comple-
tion of the Oakwood Beach interceptor in April 1969.
The necessary internal piping changes must be made
prior to April 1969 to permit immediate connection to
the city sewer at that time.
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Paul DeFalco
Interstate Sanitation Commission
This agency has one abatement order outstanding
against the City of Elizabeth, requiring construction of
interceptor sewers for two areas now discharging raw sewage
to the Arthur Kill. Plans and specifications have been
completed, and bids for this work are due April 11, 1967.
Plans and Construction of Municipal Plants
Through the combined efforts of State and inter-
state agencies responsible for pollution control in the area,
a number of municipalities have undertaken necessary con-
struction plans and studies to upgrade treatment levels, as
follows:
1. Keyport - In 1962 this municipality completed a moderniza-
tion and expansion program for its primary treatment
plant at a cost of $361,000. It is now studying a
regional approach rather than upgrade this plant to
secondary.
2. Keansburg - In 1963 this municipality initiated a program
of expansion for both its treatment plant and sewer
system. Treatment plant additions were completed in
1964 to increase the plant design, flow to 2.5 MGD at a
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Paul DePalco
cost of $190,000. The estimated cost for the completion
of the sanitary sewer system was $160,000. The community
is now investigating a regional facility in lieu of in-
creased treatment.
3. Madison Township (Laurence Harbor) - In 1963 a new
primary plant with a design flow of 1.0 MGD was placed
in operation. Treated waste is discharged through an
outfall 1,700 feet into Raritan Bay. Design of
secondary treatment facilities is under way.
4. Atlantic Highlands - In 1964 the municipality completed
preliminary plans for a new secondary treatment plant.
It then abandoned these plans and made a study of the
feasibility of connecting to the proposed Monmouth
County Sewerage Authority system. No decision has been
made as to which approach will be taken.
5. Port Richmond - In 1964 New York City expended $973,900
for construction of a slude storage tank and plant
modifications. Plans for the West Branch interceptor
have been completed and construction is scheduled for
completion by June 1968. Eventually this plant will
intercept and treat all wastes being discharged from
Staten Island between the Narrows and Port Ivory. In
addition, a completed study of the Bloomfield area
indicated that this area should also be served by the
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Paul DeFalco
Port Richmond plant. The East Branch interceptor
is scheduled to be completed by December 1969. By
December 1969, the plant will be expanded to provide
secondary treatment to 60 MGD with discharge to the
Kill Van Kull. Estimated cost for this program is
$40,981,000.
6. Tottenville - In 1964 the State of New York approved
$103,000 for a comprehensive study for sewerage facili-
ties for this area. By late 1966 this study had been
completed. Present plans call for construction by May
1969 of a 6 mgd secondary plant with the necessary
Interceptor sewers, at an estimated cost of $4,631,000.
7. Newton Creek - Construction of the Newton Creek plant
was completed in late 1966 at a cost of $48,800,000.
Initial operation is scheduled for early 1967. This
plant, which will provide secondary treatment for 310
MGD, will be a major step in reducing pollution in
Upper Bay. Interceptor sewers to serve the eastern
portion of Manhattan Island are scheduled for completion
by September 1968. The total cost for this plant and
necessary interceptor sewers is estimated at
$165,240,000.
8. Middlesex County Sewerage Authority - In 1965 the
Authority installed two new clari-flocculators which
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Paul DePalco
increased plant capacity from 52 to 78 MGD. The cost
of this and other plant expansion programs was $1,093,100.
The Authority has completed pilot plant studies and
initiated design of secondary treatment facilities.
9. Fresh Kills, Staten Island - In 1965, the State of New
York approved a study for this plant, now approximately
50 percent complete. This project will intercept and
treat all wastes being discharged to the Arthur Kill
from Staten Island from Presh Kills south to the Outer-
bridge Crossing. Construction of a 10 MGD secondary plant
and the necessary interceptor sewers is estimated to
cost $11,677,000. Expected completion date is May 1971.
10. Oakwood Beach - Final design has been completed for the
South Shore interceptor, now scheduled for completion
of construction by April 1969. Following this and
completion of plant expansion to 30 MGD, now scheduled
for December 1970, all wastes from Staten Island
between the Narrows and Princes Bay will receive
secondary treatment prior to discharge. Estimated cost
for this work is $29,578,000.
11. Red Hook - Preliminary plans were completed in 1965 for
the East Branch interceptor. Selection of plant site
and type of treatment are under way. This project will
provide a secondary plant to treat 60 mgd of wastes now
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Paul DePalco
being discharged immediately north of the Narrows along
the Brooklyn shore. Total cost of this project is
estimated at $44,309,000. Expected completion date for
the plant and interceptor sewers is December 1970.
12. Highlands - In 1965, the borough abandoned its plans
for a secondary treatment plant in order to investigate
connection to the proposed Monmouth County Sewerage
Authority. It has now abandoned this approach in favor
of a connection to the Borough of Seabright.
13. Monmouth County - A study of the feasibility of a
Monmouth County Sewerage Authority to serve the entire
area of Monmouth County, New Jersey, has been completed
and submitted to the New Jersey Health Department for
review.
State and Interstate Programs
Prior to convening of the conference on pollution
of Raritan Bay, the waters of the conference area had been
classified by the Interstate Sanitation Commission and by
the New York State Water Resources Commission. Their classi-
fications are presented in the section of this report entitled
"Pollution Abatement Needs."
In 1962 the Interstate Sanitation Commission
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Paul DePalco
Issued a report on treatment requirements in the Arthur Kill.
This report was based upon a study of the assimilative
capacity of the Arthur Kill and established the following
requirement for domestic and industrial waste discharges to
these waters:
"Domestic and Industrial waste plants must
provide at least 75% reduction in .the total pounds
of BOD discharged per day or full secondary treat-
ment with an 80/t reduction in BOD, whichever pro-
duces the lower effluent BOD, as well as comply with
all other standards."
In August 196M the New Jersey State Department of
Health issued regulations establishing a classification
procedure for water within its Jurisdiction. Effective April
15, 1965, classifications and criteria were adopted for the
Raritan River and Raritan Bay below Pieldville Dam. In
January 1966 the Department Issued its proposed classifica-
tions for the Arthur Kill and its tributaries. Both of these
classifications are presented in the section of this report
entitled "Pollution Abatement Needs."
A number of important activities were also
accomplished during 1965. New York State declared that all
discharges to waters within Interstate Sanitation Commission
Jurisdiction emanating from the State of New York must provide
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Paul DePalco
secondary treatment. The State of New Jersey also agreed to
require secondary treatment on all discharges throughout the
Interstate Sanitation Commission district. The Interstate
Sanitation Commission Issued a requirement for chlorination
of all wastes discharged to the Upper Bay by the summer of
1967. According to the Interstate Sanitation Commission
most of the sources discharging to the Arthur Kill have
agreed to meet the Commission's requirement for secondary
treatment, and it is expected that such treatment will be
provided by sources no later than the end of 1968.
In September 1965, new legislation was passed
in the State of New York providing Increased enforcement
capability and authority to the New York State Health Depart-
ment. In November 1965, voters in New York State approved a
one billion dollar bond issue to make possible more rapid
construction of needed waste treatment facilities throughout
the State.
The impact of the discharge of raw or inadequately
treated and disinfected wastes from the Upper Bay upon the
waters of the study area has been discussed previously. In
September of 1965, the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare called a conference on pollution of the Hudson River
and its tributaries. The conferees included the New York and
New Jersey State Health Departments, the Interstate
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Paul DePalco
Sanitation Commission, and the Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare. Among the recommendations adopted by the
Conferees and promulgated by the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare following the conference were the
following:
"All discharge sources to the Hudson River and
its tributaries, whether public, Federal installa-
tions, or industrial, shall receive a minimum of
secondary treatment or its equivalent, and effective
disinfection of the effluents as required to protect
water uses.
"Industrial plants shall, improve practices for
the segregation and treatment of wastes to effect the
maximum reduction of the following:
a. Acids and alkalis;
b. Oil and tarry substances;
c. Phenolic compounds and organic compounds
th'at contribute to taste and odor problems;
d. Nutrient materials including ammonia,
nitrogenous and phosphoric compounds;
e. Suspended material;
f. Toxic and highly colored wastes;
g. Oxygen requiring substances;
h. Heat;
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Paul DePalco
1. Foam producing discharges;
j. Other wastes which detract from recreation
uses, esthetic enjoyment or other beneficial
uses of the waters.
"Surveillance and monitoring of the operation
and maintenance of sewage and waste treatment facilities
in the conference area shall be conducted by the States
of New Jersey, New York, the Interstate Sanitation Com-
mission, and the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare at locations and frequencies to yield reliable
values of waste outputs and resulting receiving water
quality, and to show their variations.
"The Federal conferee recommends the following
time schedule for the foregoing program:
a. Designs for remedial facilities completed
by January 1, 1967;
b. Financing arrangements completed by April 1,
1967;
c. Construction started by July 1, 1967;
d. 'Construction completed and plants placed into
operation by January 1, 1970;
e. Commensurate schedules should be adopted for
the interception and treatment of industrial
wastes and wastes from Federal installations;
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Paul DePalco
f. Existing schedules calling for earlier
completion dates are to be met.
"The magnitude of the pollution problem caused
by discharge from combined sewer overflows is recognized,
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, in
cooperation with the States of New Jersey, New York,
and the Interstate Sanitation Commission, will under-
take a review of the problem and develop a program for
action for consideration by the Federal Government, the
States and the Interstate Sanitation Commission by
December 31, 1968."
Completion of the activities called for in the
above recommendations will be of benefit to the waters of
Raritan Bay by reducing the waste load entering the system
through the Narrows.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
Classification and Water Quality Standards
Waters of the study area have been classified as
to best usage by the agencies having authority to promulgate
such classifications — New York State Water Resources Commis-
sion, New Jersey State Department of Health, and Interstate
Sanitation Commission. Each of these agencies, in adopting
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Paul DePalco
classifications for the various segments of water within the
study area, have also promulgated applicable water quality
standards based upon the assigned water usages. Table VI
presents the existing classifications by these agencies, to-
gether with the highest assigned usage under classification.
The study waters embrace a total of eight different classi-
fications .
There is a need for a better definition of the
assigned usages. The Interstate Sanitation Commission,
operating under the provisions of the Tri-State Compact, has
established two classifications. Class A is assigned to those
waters expected to be used primarily for recreational purposes,
shellfish culture, or the development of fish life. Class B
waters are defined as those not expected to be used primarily
for the same purposes. Such broad classification makes diffi-
cult the assignment of appropriate standards. Case in point:
Bacterial standards for all Class A waters should be set for
the highest permissible use — shellfish propagation. In
certain areas, however, optimum water use may be fish propaga-
tion or recreational use, both of which may require less
stringent bacterial standards.
Water quality criteria promulgated by each
agency for their classification assigned to these waters are
contained in Volume III — Appendices.
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Paul DePalco
Most of the criteria shown in Table VI are in
general terms, with numerical values assigned only to a few
parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH and bacteria levels.
Table VII compares the dissolved oxygen and bacterial
criteria promulgated by each agency for various types of
usage. There is a need for the regulatory agencies to agree
on uniform criteria for identical classes of water quality.
Although New York and New Jersey have identical bacterial
standards for shellfish waters, the Interstate Sanitation
Commission standard is based upon effluent quality rather than
the quality of the shellfish water itself. New York and New
Jersey standards do not Indicate a bacterial criteria for
bathing waters; however, the Interstate Sanitation Commission
has a standard based upon effluent quality control.
Both New Jersey and the Interstate Sanitation
Commission have similar dissolved oxygen requirements for
shellfish and bathing waters — not less than 50 percent of
saturation; New York, however, calls for not less than 5
mg/1. With a chloride value of 12,500 mg/1 and a water
temperature of 25°C, both conditions of normal occurrence in
the water under study, 50 percent dissolved oxygen saturation
corresponds to a concentration of only 3.7 mg/1, a figure
significantly less than the 5 mg/1 required by New York.
In their criteria for non-recreational waters both New York .
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TABLE VI
EXISTING CLASSIFICATIONS OF STUDY WATERS
85
Agency & Classification
Highest Assigned
Usage under
Classification
c
o
T-l
co
co
Water Area
* o
3 w
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TABLE VII
COMPARISON OF WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
36
Criteria for
Agency & Class Dissolved Oxygen
Coliforra Bacteria
Shell Fishing for Market Purposes
NY SA NLT* 5.0 mg/1
NJ
ISC
NY
NJ
ISC
NY
NJ
ISC
NY
NJ
ISC
TW-1 NLT 50% of Saturation
NLT 50% "
SB
TW-1
A
II
TW-3
B
Bathing
NLT 5.0 mg/1
NLT 50% Saturation
NLT 50% Saturation
Fishing
Ave. NLT 50% any week
NLT 3.0 mg/1 anytime
Non-Recreational Use
Ave. of NLT 30% satur-
ation any wk. of year
NLT 30% saturation or
3 mg/1 whichever is less
NLT 30% saturation
Median MPN not over
70/100 ml
Median MPN not over
70/100 ml
**
Effluent NGT I/ml in
more than 50%
No criteria
No criteria
Effluent
Effluent disinfection
if required by ISC
*NLT a Not less than
**NGT » No greater than
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Paul DePalco
and the Interstate Sanitation Commission require not less
than 30 percent dissolved oxygen saturation. New Jersey, on
the other hand, has a dissolved oxygen requirement of not less
than 30 percent saturation or 3 mg/1, whichever is less.
Again, under the same conditions of temperature and chloride
noted previously 30. percent saturation of dissolved oxygen
could present levels as low as 2.2 mg/1 in the water.
In addition to the need for uniform classifica-
tions and water quality criteria, there is a need for more
specific definitions of such terms as medium, average and
sampling frequency.
Proposed Water Quality Requirements
Tables VIII through X present recommended water
quality requirements to be applied to the Arthur Kill,
Raritan Bay, and Raritan River. These requirements are
recommended as indicating water quality suitable for the
highest assigned usage by the three agencies which have
classified these waters.
Requirements for the Arthur Kill are such as to
permit utilization of this water for pleasure boating,
commercial navigation and survival of aquatic life. In addi-
tion, criteria were selected so as to minimize the effect
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Paul DeFalco
of the Arthur Kill upon the adjoining waters of Raritan Bay.
Requirements for Raritan Bay and Raritan River
include two bacteriological limits, applicable to either
shellfish areas or to water contact recreational areas.
Since the majority of water contact recreation is in the
form of bathing along the shoreline, higher limits have been
set to allow for a reasonable amount of soil runoff from the
shore. The commercial shellfishing areas, on the other hand,
are removed from such runoff influences and the more
stringent bacterial requirements can be maintained if pollu-
tion is controlled.
TABLE VIII
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
ARTHUR KILL
Location - Arthur Kill from Outerbridge Crossing north to Port
Ivory.
Water Use - Pleasure boating, commercial navigation, industri-
al cooling water, wastewater assimilation.
Coliform Bacteria - Number/100 ml
Maximum value 5,000 except during periods of
stormwater runoff.
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Paul DePalco
TABLE VIII
(Continued)
Fecal Coliform - Number/100 ml
Maximum value 500 except during periods of storm-
water runoff.
Turbidity
No turbidity of other than natural origin that
will cause substantial visible contrast with the
natural appearance of the water.
Odor
No obnoxious odors of other than that of natural
origin.
Temperature °F
No single daily value more than 90°.
Oil
Substantially free from visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debris
Substantially free of floating solids and debris
from other than natural sources.
Bottom Deposits
Substantially free of sludge banks and oil
deposits.
Dissolved Oxygen - mg/1
Average (May through September) not less than 4.0.
No single daily value less than 2.5.
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Paul DePalco
TABLE VIII
(Continued)
Phenolic-Type Compounds - mg/1
No single daily value more than 0.02,
Toxic Substances
None in such concentrations as to render the
water unsuitable for the assigned uses.
TABLE IX
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
RARITAN BAY AND RARITAN RIVER
Location - All areas of Rarltan, Lower and Sandy Hook Bays
not used for commercial shellfish propagation;
Rarltan River from Raritan Bay to Pieldvllle Dam;
tidal portions of tributaries to these waters
unless classified separately.
Water Use - Recreational bathing and boating, propagation
of commercial and sport finfish.
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Paul DePalco
TABLE IX
(Continued)
Bacteria - Number/100 ml
(a) Number of bacteria shall be the arithmetic
average of the last five consecutive sample
results.
(b) Satisfactory area if coliform are less than
1,000 and Fecal Coliform less than 200.
(c) Single sample results of over 5,000 coliforms
shall require immediate investigation as to cause
Items to be considered in the judgment of cause
and action to be taken include the sanitary sur-
vey, winds, currents and weather conditions.
(d) The above notwithstanding, isolation of any known
pathogenic bacteria shall render the area un-
satisfactory.
Turbidity
No turbidity of other than natural origin that
will cause substantial visible contrast with the
natural appearance of water.
Odor
No obnoxious odor of other than natural origin.
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Paul DePalco
TABLE IX
(Continued)
Temperature - °P
Not more than 85°.
Oil
Substantially free of visible floating oil.
Floating Solids and Debris
Substantially free of floating solids and debris
from other than natural sources.
Bottom Deposits
Substantially free of muck and debris of other
than natural origin.
Dissolved Oxygen - mg/1
Annual Average: Not less than 5.0
Single Value: Not less than 4.0
Phenolio-Type Compounds - mg/1
Not more than 0.005
Miscellaneous Trace Contaminants and Radionuclides
Shall not be present in such concentrations as
to render the water unsuitable for the assigned
uses.
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Paul DePalco
TABLE X
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
RARITAN BAY SHELLFISH AREAS
Location - Those areas of Rarltan, Lower and Sandy Hook Bays
used for commercial shellfishing.
Water Use - Commercial shellfish.
Coliform Bacteria - Number/100 ml
Mean MPN value not greater than 70 and no more
than ten percent in excess of 230. All provisions
for sanitary quality as described in the
"National Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual
of Operations," U. S. Dept. of Health, Education,
and Welfare, shall apply.
Other Parameters
Criteria for all parameters other than bacteria
shall be as indicated in Table IX, Requirements
for Rarltan Bay and Raritan River.
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Paul DePalco
Treatment and Surveillance
In certain cases, the present Waste loads imposed
upon the study area waters exceed the available assimilative
capacity. Improved treatment — secondary being a required
minimum — is needed to reduce the quantity of oxygen demand-
ing wastes' now being discharged by both industries and
municipalities. Control of the present bacteriological
contamination at bathing beaches and shellfish waters requires
a program of year-round effective disinfection of all sewage
now being discharged to the study waters and to adjacent waters
as far north as those around Manhattan Island in Upper Bay.
The present sewered population discharging directly
to the study waters is estimated at 1.25 million persons.
With the contemplated growth rate of the area, the sewered
population is expected to Increase ultimately to 3.6 million.
This Increase in tributary population accentuates the need
for a minimum of secondary treatment of all wastes. When
the sewered population approaches the ultimate secondary
treatment may not be sufficient; therefore, advanced waste
treatment processes may be required to protect these waters.
Such advanced processes, commonly referred to as t ertiary
treatment, have yet to be applied on such a large-scale basis;
however, development of these techniques is proceeding In ;such a
fashion that adequate treatment methods will be available
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Paul DePalco
when needed. It is important to note that the effectiveness
of increased treatment measures will be reduced if municipali-
ties and industries do not prgvide qualified operators and
sufficient funds for maintenance and operation.
Agencies having Jurisdiction should reallocate
their priorities for State and Federal construction grants
and similar assistance to those areas affecting water
quality in Raritan Bay in order to insure prompt construction
of needed new plants and the upgrading of existing facilities
Particular emphasis should be placed on support of the
necessary public expenditures for upgrading treatment. Once
construction has been completed those agencies having Juris-
diction should undertake more rapid enforcement of existing
rules and regulations relating to water pollution control,
including programs aimed at insuring compliance by adequate
surveillance and inspection activities.
Due to contamination in localized areas such as
marinas and docks, regulations should be adopted requiring
adequate treatment facilities on all recreational and
commercial vessels utilizing these waters. In the event
holding tanks are utilized by such vessels adequate shore
facilities must be 'required to handle wastes from these
sources and proper regulations developed to insure use of
such facilities.
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Paul DePalco
Until such time as the above actions have been
taken and decreases noted in the present bacterial contamina-
tion, the responsible authorities should undertake such
measures as are necessary to reduce hazards to the health of
persons utilizing these waters. The existing restrictions
on harvesting of shellfish for commercial purposes should be
continued until such time as improvement in water quality
has been sufficient to warrant their reopening. The use of
the waters by the public for water contact recreation, such
as bathing, should be similarly restricted to those areas
free of contamination.
Proposals such as the barrier at the mouth of the
Narrows should be evaluated by water pollution control
agencies, not as an alternate to, but as an additional measure
for protection for these waters.
Additional removal of industrial waste contaminants
will be required to permit restoration of the waters of the
Arthur Kill to levels suitable for propagation of aquatic life
and for non-contact water-based recreation. The specific
assignment of, permissible waste loadings should be made by
the responsible agencies having jurisdiction, utilizing as
guidelines studies conducted by the Interstate Sanitation
Commission of available assimilative capacity in the Arthur
Kill and the criteria presented previously in Table VIII..
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Paul DePalco
Such assignment of permissible waste loadings should consider
increases in loads anticipated as a result of future growth
of both municipal and industrial developments utilizing the
Kill as a receiving stream.
At this point, I would like Kenneth Walker to
present some of the analytical results, and I will return to
complete the report.
MR. STEIN: Thank you, Mr. DeFalco.
Mr. Walker?
STATEMENT OF KENNETH H. WALKER, DEPUTY
DIRECTOR, RARITAN BAY PROJECT, FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, METUCHEN,
NEW JERSEY
MR. WALKER: My name is Kenneth Walker. I am
Deputy Director of the Project. I am starting on Page 49
of Volume I, the analytical results.
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
General
The following results of chemical, bacteriological
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98
K. H. Walker
and biological studies in the waters of the Project study
area are Based upon a variety of sampling programs. In
Rarltan Bay and Arthur Kill the Project conducted an intensive
sampling operation, with weekly sampling at each station
during the 13-month period from August 1962 through September
1963. From September 1963 to May 1966 the Project conducted
a surveillance program which involved collecting of monthly
samples at selected stations in the Bay and Kill.
The intensive sampling program was designed to
permit mathematical analyses of the variations noted in
parameter values. The results of such analyses are presented
in detail in the section of this report entitled "Special
Studies." The surveillance operation was pursued so as to
maintain updated water quality data and to provide informa-
tion on any changes which might have occurred during the period
of surveillance. The sampling stations used by the Project
in Rarltan Bay and Arthur Kill are presented in Figure 3.
Analytical data presented on the Raritan River
are based upon samples collected by the Project as well as
data supplied by the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority. The
sampling stations utilized on the Raritan River are shown in
Figure M.
Discussion of results has been divided into the
three major bodies of water studied — Raritan Bay, Arthur
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RARITAN BAY PROJECT
SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
RARITAN BAY,ARTHUR KILL
8 UPPER HARBOR
S TAT EN ISLAND
5 BOAT STATION
y SHORE STATION
• SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN
MILES
MD
FIGURE
GPO 956-592
-------
SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
RARITAN RIVER
0 I
23456
SCALE IN MILES
FIGURE 4
GPO 956-592 (->
o
<=>
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101
K. H. Walker
Kill, and Raritan River. Where statistically significant,
the predominant cycles affecting parameter variations, as
determined by the mathematical analyses, have been Included.
Raritan Bay
Water Temperature
Mean water temperatures were found to be uniform
throughout the bay, averaging from 15 to 16°C. For M
stations mathematical analyses indicated an expected range of
water temperature from -1.3 to 26.1°C, and with a mean value
of 12.4°C. The major variation in water temperature was
found to be due to an annual seasonal cycle.
Chloride
Mean chloride concentrations were uniform
throughout, averaging from 13,000 to 14,000 mg/1. The pre-
dominant component affecting chloride concentrations, which
could be explained by mathematical analyses, was an annual
variation.
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102
K. H. Walker
Mean observed BOD values ranged from an average
of 3 to 4 mg/1 In the western end of the bay to values of
less than 2 mg/1 at the ocean extremity. The highest BOD
value observed was 11 mg/1 at Station 56. During the sur-
veillance operation, a maximum of 12.0 mg/1 was found at
Station 27.
Dissolved Oxygen
Average dissolved oxygen concentrations, as shown
in Figure 5, ranged from 6 mg/1 at the mouth of the Arthur
Kill to values of 9 mg/1 in the center of the bay along a
band reaching from Princess Bay, Staten Island, to Sandy
Hook Bay. East and north of this band average dissolved
oxygen levels decreased to 6 mg/1. The highest average
dissolved oxygen level — 10 mg/1 — was found in Sandy Hook
Bay. Minimum dissolved oxygen values recorded were approxi-
mately 2 mg/1 at all stations except 31*, where levels as low
as 1.4 mg/1 were observed.
Variation in dissolved oxygen throughout the bay
was attributed to a predominant annual variation with
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RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
SAMPLE DEPTH 5 FEET
MEAN FOR
AUG 1962 THROUGH SEPT 1964
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
NEW J E R 5 E Y
o
UJ
FIGURE 5
GPO 956 592
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10 3-a
K. H. Walker
secondary effects caused by tidal and diurnal cycles. During
the winter, values through the bay were 9 to 10 mg/1 with
virtually no dissolved oxygen gradient. During the spring
months dissolved oxygen values remained 9 to 10 mg/1 but
concentration gradients began to appear, with lower concentra-
tions near the Narrows and near the confluence of the Raritan
River and Arthur Kill. In the summer gradients were more
pronounced, with dissolved oxygen values ranging from 10
mg/1 in the center of the bay to *» mg/1 in the vicinity of
the Narrows, Raritan River and Arthur Kill. During.autumn the
gradient essentially disappeared and dissolved oxygen con-
centrations throughout the bay were on the order of 5 to 7
mg/1. Prom a dissolved oxygen standpoint, autumn appears to
be the most critical period throughout the bay, although near
the Narrows and the junction of the Raritan River and Arthur
Kill, equally critical dissolved oxygen values were found
during the summer.
Photosynthetic production of oxygen by aquatic
life appeared to be a major factor in maintaining bay dis-
solved oxygen levels. Biological surveys showed that an
increase in netplankton concentration was accompanied by an
increase in dissolved oxygen levels. Increases in the zoo-
plankton population, on the other hand, were accompanied
by decreasing dissolved oxygen levels with a simultaneous
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104
K. H. Walker
occurrence of lowest dissolved oxygen concentrations and peak
zooplankton populations. Respiration of the dominant zoo-
plankters found during peak populations could utilize as much
as 27 mg/1 per day of oxygen, according to previous studies.*
This large loss of oxygen due to respiration was offset, at
least partially, by simultaneous blooms of nanoplankton,
which are active oxygen producers.
Special studies were conducted at two stations
in Raritan Bay to determine the net effect of photosynthetic
production and respiration by marine organisms. The results,
presented in Figure 6, suggest that oxygen production in the
bay is essentially limited to the top 11 feet, with peak
production occurring in the upper six feet. Between 38 and
55 percent of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis was
consumed by respiration, with the remainder being made availa-
ble to the waters of the bay.
Dissolved oxygen mean concentrations found during
surveillance studies were about 1 mg/1 lower in the western
end of the bay than those observed during the intensive
study. Other areas of the estuary remained unchanged.
Phenol
Limited analyses for phenolic-type compounds
* Conover 1959
-------
OXYGEN PRODUCTION, UPTAKE ft YIELD
105
UJ
UJ
u.
i
UJ
o
2
cr.
o
CO
o
_l
UJ
CD
Q.
Ill
O
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ZONE
RARITAN BAY
0246
AUGUST 1964 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
MILLIGRAMS PER LITER PER DAY
02468
STATION 31
STATION 54 B
FIGURE 6
GPO 956-592
-------
106
K. H. Walker
indicated maximum values of phenol of 8 to 12 ppb at both
the easterly and westerly extremities of the bay. At the
easterly end phenol values were highest near the Narrows and
decreased uniformly on a line towards Sandy Hook Bay.
Bacteriological Density
Analyses were performed for total coliform and
fecal coliform by both MPN and MP procedures and for fecal
streptococcus by MP procedures. Figure 7 presents the mean
MPN confirmed coliform counts for the bay. Again, these are
mean values. High densities were found both in the vicinity
of the Narrows and at the junction of the Arthur Kill and
Raritan River. Prom these two sources coliforms appeared
to radiate out into the bay. Those stations with the lowest
mean counts form an apparent edge between the two radiating
sources appearing as a straight band running from lower Staten
Island, to Sandy Hook Bay. Geometric mean counts for MPN
confirmed coliform ranged from 10,000 per 100 ml at the
Narrows, and 7,000 per 100 ml at the mouth of the Raritan
River to less than 50 per 100 ml in Sandy Hook Bay.
Figure 8 presents the bacteriological counts
found along a profile following the New York-New Jersey
State line through the bay. For each of the indicator
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
MPN CONFIRMED COLIFORM
SAMPLE DEPTH 5 FEET
STATEN ISLAND
FIGURE 7
CFO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BACTERIAL PROFILES
N.Y-N.J. STATE LINE
SAMPLE DEPTH 9 FEET
MEAN FOR
AUGi 1962 THROUGH SEPT. 1964
108
IO.DOO
m
nt
t IPOO
IOO
Jfl
N
\
CONFIRMED COUFORM.MPN
FECAL COtrORM.MPN
- FECAL STREPTOCOCCI.MEMBRANE FILTER
I.
y"
Z\,
FIGURE 8
GPO 956 592
-------
109
K. H. Walker
organisms, high counts were observed at both extremities of
the profile with a reduction of counts near the center. A
similar profile extending from the Narrows to Sandy Hook, as
shown in Figure 9, indicates a high bacteriological density
in the vicinity of the Narrows with a decline proceeding
south to Sandy Hook Bay.
Results of bacteriological sampling on the
Staten Island shoreline are presented in Figure 10. Figure
11 presents similar results for the New Jersey shoreline of
Raritan Bay.
The Staten Island shoreline shows gross contamina-
tion by coliform bacteria. MPN confirmed coliform counts
greater than 2,400 per 100 ml were found at all stations
but 607 and 609. The geometric mean MPN coliform densities
on the shoreline ranged from 100 to more than 2,400 per
100 ml on the Staten Island shore. Highest counts were noted
at either end of the profile, indicating a greater contamina-
tion in the vicinity of the Narrows and in the area of the
confluence of the Arthur Kill and Raritan River. Both
fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus exhibited the same
general pattern as total coliform. The high fecal coliform
density and the ratio of fecal streptococcus group organisms,
which are characteristic of human feces, strongly suggests
that this contamination results from human sources.
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BACTERIAL PROFILES
EASTERN EXTREME OF BAY
SAMPLE DEPTH 5 FEET
MEAN FOR
AUG. 1962 THROUGH SEPT. 1964
110
10,000
1,000
100
10
CONFIRMED COLIFORM.MPN
FECAL COLIFORM.MPN
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI,MEMBRANE FILTER
in 10
(4 0> O
O to f-
N fO
10
BROOKLYN
511
MILES
FIGURE 9
GPO 956 592
-------
Ill
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BACTERIAL PROFILES
STATEN ISLAND SHORE
SAMPLE DCPTH S FEET
AUGI962 THWUGM SEPT 1964
CONFIRMED COLIFORM.MPN
FECAL COLIFORM.MPN
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI.MEMBRANE FILTER
ooo 00°
NEW JERSEY
STATEN ISLAND
-------
112
10,000
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BACTERIAL PROFILES
NEW JERSEY SHORE
SAMPLE DEPTH 9 FEET
AUG. 1962 THROUGH SEPT. 1964
1,000
CONFIRMED COLIFORM.MPN
FECAL COLIFORM.MPN
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI.MEMBRANE FILTER
V
\
100
\
10
. ••*"--..
V
101 234
FIGURE
GPO 956-592
-------
113
K. H. Walker
Bacteriological counts along the New Jersey
shoreline were lower than those along Staten Island, although
MPN coliform counts in excess of 2,400 per 100 ml were
obtained at most stations. Maximal counts were found at the
westerly end of the shore near the Junction of the Raritan
River and Arthur Kill, with a decrease noted proceeding
easterly towards Sandy Hook. A secondary peak was noted in
the vicinity of Station 702 at the mouth of the Naveslnk and
Shrewbury Rivers. As on the Staten Island shoreline, the
relative magnitude of the various indicator organisms strongly
suggests that this contamination is attributed to the dis-
charge of human wastes.
Mathematical analyses of the observed variations
in bacteriological densities in the bay waters indicated
that the most predominant component which could be explained
was a seasonal cycle. Similar results were obtained for
both the Staten Island and New Jersey shore stations as well
as for the effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants.
This seasonal effect on bacteriological densities
appeared to be related to variations in water temperature,
probably due to temperature effects upon survival of the
various organisms. During winter, lower counts were
observed throughout the bay, although high counts were still
found near the Narrows and Junction of the Raritan River and
-------
K. H. Walker
Arthur Kill. With the advent of spring and warmer water
temperatures, high bacteriological counts radiated outwards
from these two source areas. During the summer and autumn
the pattern closely resembled that shown in Figure 8 for
the yearly mean, except that slightly lower counts were
observed during the summer at the western end of the bay.
Bacteriological counts in the Narrows were found to be lowest
during the spring and to reach a maximum in the summer. At
the western end of the bay the reverse was true. At the
mouth of the Raritan River maximum counts were found during
the winter with minimal counts during the summer season.
No significant changes in the above bacteriological
pattern or in the observed range of values were noted during
the period of surveillance.
Plankton and Nutrients
Plankton analyses were carried out at the eight
sampling stations shown in Figure 12. Three of these
stations, 463, 54B and 18, were chosen as most representative
of the wide environmental differences within the estuary.
Station 463 represents the influence of the Raritan River
and had the widest range of salinity. Station 5^8 is located
in the path of outgoing water movement, as shown by Project
-------
BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
ON SAMPUNO STATION LOCATIONS
STATEN ISLAND
•
-------
116
K. H. Walker
dye studies, and hence would be readily affected by pollution
sources in the western end of the bay. Station 18 near Sandy
Hook is farthest removed from known pollution sources, and it
is where the more oceanic waters enter Raritan Bay.*
The seasonal variation and abundance of phyto-
plankton at these three stations is shown in Figure 13- With
one exception, total cell numbers exceeded 10,000 per ml;
highest cell densities occurred during July and August. The
greatest phytoplankton density was found at Station 5^B,
represented by the solid line on the graph.
During the period of study nanoplankton comprised
94 percent or more of the total phytoplankton population.
At all stations the nanoplankton population was high during
the summer and low in the winter. (Nanoplankton blooms
developed as water temperatures increased sharply in May and
June and showed peak densities coincident with peak water
temperatures.) During summer blooms nanoplankton comprised
as much as 99.9 percent of the total plankton population.
Netplankton blooms occurred during the colder
months, disappearing as temperatures reached 8 or 9°C; hence,
netplankton densities were lowest during the summer and
greatest in the spring. At their peak, spring blooms of
•Jeffries 1962
-------
117
TOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON VARIATION 8 ABUNDANCE
3 STATIONS-RARITAN BAY
10,000,000 p=
1,000,000
tr
UJ
100,000
a:
UJ
QL
CO
UJ
o
. 10,000
DATE
FIGURE 13
GPO 956 592
-------
118
K. H. Walker
netplankton constituted 27 to 48 percent of the total plankton
population. In both 1962 and 1963 blooms of netplankton
occurred during the first week of October at Station 18.
Such fall blooms are a normal occurrence in coastal waters-.
Phytoplankton densities during 1963 blooms were
twice those found during blooms in 1964, but it was noted
that water temperatures in 1963 were 1 to 2°C higher at the
time of the peak bloom.
Phytoplankton populations were dominated by two
algal species, Nanochloris atomus and Skeletonema costatum.
The former, a green alga, comprised more than 50 to 99.9
percent of the nanoplankton community. Skeletonema costatum,
a diatom, comprised from less than 1.0 to more than 99 per-
cent of the netplankton population. During August and
September 1962, and again in 196M, a dinoflagellate,
Peridlnium trochoidum, numerically dominated the netplankton
population. This alga was not observed in quantitative
samples collected during the summer of 1963.
In quantitative samples, no more than 20
different phytoplankters were observed at any one station at
one time. The maximum number of species occurred in late
spring, while minimal numbers were found in autumn. Generally,
fewer species were found towards the western end of the bay
than in the seaward end. Occasionally, a fresh water species
-------
119
K. H. Walker
was observed at all stations.
Large numbers of zooplankton were found from
November 1963 to August 1964. In general, zooplankton
density decreased from Station 18 to Station 463. Maximum
density variation was observed at Station 54B. Zooplankton
densities exhibited seasonal patterns paralleling both water
temperature and blooms of netplankton. The plentiful supply
of phytoplankton from such blooms enabled the zooplankton
population to achieve high densities.
A small crustacean, the copepod, comprised 72
percent of the total zooplankton, with the predominant genus
being Arcartia, which is a true estuarine organism. Other
major components of the zooplankton population were found to
be rotifers and larval benthos. During December 1963, 38
percent of the total zooplankton population at both Station
463 and 54B was formed by a rotifer commonly found in the
Raritan River. In June 1964, a different rotifer, presumably
from both the Raritan River and Arthur Kill, comprised 74
percent of the zooplankton population at Station 54B, 6
percent of that at Station 18, and was present at Station
463, thus indicating an outward movement of this organism
during the summer months. Both copepods and rotifers were
found in concentrations in excess of 100,000 per cubic meter.
In late May and early June 1964, Juvenile copepods of the
-------
120
K. H. Walker
Arcartla genus appeared in densities of approximately
100,000 per cubic meter, resulting in a red appearance
of the surface water of inner Raritan Bay.
Coincidental with plankton studies, levels of
selected nutrients were determined at each of the plankton
stations. Results of these analyses are presented in
Table XI. These selected nutrients were always present in
amounts sufficient to support the observed plankton popula-
tions. Nutrient levels were generally highest at Station
463 and lowest at Station 18. High concentrations of
phosphate were found at Station 54B, while Station 463
showed nitrite and nitrate concentrations higher than the
other stations.
Benthic Studies
During 1963 and 1964 benthie samples were
collected in Raritan Bay and were subjected to both chemical
and biological analyses. During the summer of 1963, one
benthos sample was collected at each of the stations shown
in Figure 14. The bottom sediment was classified according
to median grain size. Those stations with sediment composed
of the smallest size particles had fewer animals than those
areas with the larger grain size.
The bay area was divided into the five sections
-------
121
K. H. Walker
shown in Figure 14. Section A was designated as the pollu-
tion source area and Sections B, C, D and E were located
respectively 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 miles from Section A.
The only median grain size found common to all sections
was the 30 micron or smaller category. Figure 15 presents
the average density of benthic organisms and the number of
different species found in each section. For all median
grain size categories the number of individuals and the
number of species increased progressively with distance from
Section Act.
During 1964, benthic studies were made utilizing
only those stations with sediment having a median grain size
of 30 microns or less. Figure 16 shows the location of
the stations utilized. Stations 61, 62 and 65 were located
in the most polluted area of the bay. Stations R, B, and
29 in less polluted areas. Stations H and 15, located in
an area open for commercial shellfishing, were in relatively
clean water.
Results in 1964 confirmed those of the previous
year as progressively more species were found with increasing
distance from the western end of Raritan Bay. The number
of species in polluted areas were markedly fewer than
in those areas regarded as non-polluted. Figure 17 shows
the pattern of progressive colonization moving westerly
-------
12?
K. H. Walker
across the bay between February and August. In February
196*1, benthic animals were found only at the three outermost
stations -- 29, H and 15; by August all stations had become
populated. During the same period there was an increase in
both temperature and chlorlnity paralleling this progressive
colonization. The density of organisms displayed a pattern
similar to that for the total number of species found. More
organisms were found farthest away from Stations 62, 65 and
61, with the exception of August 1964, when quantities of the
softshell clam, Mya arenaria -- a highly pollution tolerant
organism -- were found at Stations 62 through B.
The types of benthic organisms and their relative
numbers are presented in Table XII. The polychaete, or seg-
mented worms and anthropod crustaceans were the dominant
benthic organisms. Tube dwelling worms, regarded as pollu-
tion tolerant organisms, were more numerous towards Stations
62 and B, indicating a greater degree of pollution in that
area.
In May and August 196^, certain chemical analyses
were performed on samples of bottom sediment. A comparison
was made between these data and the average number of
benthic species found at each station. With the exception
of Station H the results presented in Figure 18 indicate a
general decline in the level of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen,
-------
123
K. H. Walker
BOD and COD with Increasing distance from the more polluted
stations. The higher concentrations at H were attributed
to a small sewer outfall located in the Immediate vicinity.
In general, fewer benthic species were found at those stations
having the higher concentrations of nitrogen.
Color and Turbidity
The color of water in Raritan Bay was found to
be frequently associated with dominant phytoplankton popula-
tions. During the summer of 1963* for example, the predomi-
nant alga Nanochloris imparted a turf grass green color to
the water. During the late winter and spring the water was
a brownish color due to an abundance of a diatom, Skeletonema
costatum. In July 1964, the water of the inner part of
Raritan Bay had a reddish color due to an abundant flagellate
growth.
Turbidity at three stations in Raritan Bay,
as measured by Secchi disc transparency, is illustrated in
Figure 19. Turbidity appeared to be Independent of plankton
density and was due mainly to large amounts of detritis.
-------
TABLE XI
RARITAN BAY NUTRIENTS
Station
1963
Mar.
Apr.
Kay
June
Jiily
Aug.
ept.
Hoy.
1964
May
June
July
Sov«
AY.
NO .
2
N
~
~
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.20
0.07
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.09
0.09
163
. NO .
3
N
0.65
0.15
0.34
0.44
0.19
0.16
0.44
0.49
0.08
0.13
0.27
0.43
0.31
. PO *
4
0.14
0.07
0.11
0.15
0.14
0.19
0.06
0.14
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.24
0.14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NO .
2
N
—
—
—
.07
.04
.06
.06
.08
.03
.06
.06
.12
.06
54B
NO .
3
N
—
0.07
0.21
0.27
0.07
0.09
0.18
0.50
0.07
0.06
0.15
0.25
0.17
•V
P
—
0.26
0.10
0.14
0.18
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.11
0.15
0.16
0.24
0.17
NO
2"
N
~
~
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.02
—
0.03
0.07
0.04
•
0.
-
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
•V
0.
0.
0.
18
NO .
3
N
39
-
11
16
05
05
14
39
09
*•
05
04
15
PO _*
4
P
0.06
—
0.09
0.08
0.13
0.17
0.16
0.13
0.13
—
0.14
0.22
0.13
* Phosphate • ortho & poly (soluble)
68
-------
125
TABLE XII
PERCENTAGE OP BENTHOS AT REPRESENTATIVE STATIONS
1964
Station 62
PW AC SC 0
Station B
PW AC SC
Station 29
0 PW AC SC
Station H
0 PW AC SC 0
Feb.
May
Aug.
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
76
65
35
6
15
28
0
0
10
18
20
27
67
33
74
17
66
19
0
0
7
16
1
0
8
15
55
92
85
38
0
0
0
0
0
7
PW » Polyohaete Worms
AC » Amphipod Crustaceans
SC • Soft Shell Clams
0 » Others: All types of organisms that comprised separately less than 5% of the
total.
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
1963 BENTHIC STATION LOCATIONS
•»
•»
o
V*
STATEN ISLAND
m
KILL,
O \
o
.jQ"**!
.0*^
GPO 956-592
-------
127
BENTHOS AVERAGE DENSITY 8 NUMBER OF SPECIES
JUNE-AUG. 1963
0,000
8,000
6,000
TOTAL DENSITY IN SEDIMENT
EZ3 DENSITY FOUND IN SEDIMENT
OF LESS THAN 3IU MEDIAN
GRAIN SIZE.
NUMBER-AVERAGE NO. OF SPECIES
5 MILES
FIGURE 15
GPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
9ENTHIC SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
1964
STATEN ISLAND
I 0 I I 3 4 5
FIGURE 16
GPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BENTHIC DENSITY 1964
129
1,600
1.400
1,200
ipoo
u 800
§
CO
£ 6OO
*•
s
S 400
ZOO
XttlXXX X.
JSd
STATION
NUMBER
62 65 61 R
FIGURE 17
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130
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHEMICAL a BIOLOGICAL SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
MAY AND AUGUST 1964
!
!s
II-
I-J
Zt
i*
(»
«j
A
120
175
1.00
.75
.50
75
0
10
S 8
i e
(1043)
I
T77T
STATION
NUMBER
FIGURE 18
GPO 956-592
-------
TURBIDITY,RARITAN BAY
STATION 54B
STATION 463
STATION 18
DATE
FIGURE 19
GPO 956 592
-------
132
K. H. Walker
Arthur Kill
Water Temperature
Average water temperatures ranged from 12 to
l6°C, as shown in Figure 20. Temperatures as high as 28°C
were observed; maximum water temperatures over the entire
length of the kill were greater than 26°C. The average water
temperature declined gradually proceeding north through the
kill into Newark Bay -- warmest temperatures were found in the
southern portion of the kill.
Chloride
Average chloride concentration at the lower end
was 13,500 mg/1. Chlorinity declined proceeding northward
with an average value of 11,500 mg/1 at the Junction with
Newark Bay. Prom this point to Upper Bay there was an in-
crease in chloride concentration through the Kill Van Kull.
During the surveillance period the same spatial
pattern was observed. Slight increases in mean values were
noted near the middle reach of the kill. Minima concentra-
tions also increased, but maxima were unchanged. These
-------
133
K. H. Walker
observed changes may be explained by a decrease In fresh water
runoff due to the.prolonged drought period.
Average BOD concentrations ranged from 3 mg/1
at Outerbridge Crossing to 6 mg/1 north of Station 502,
which is located near the center of the kill. At the junction
of the kill and Newark Bay, BOD values decreased to 3 mg/1.
Maximum BOD values of 12 mg/1 were found near the center of
the kill.
Analyses of BOD at increasing dilutions indicated
an apparent toxic effect upon the exertion of BOD in the kill.
Hence, results are not completely indicative of the oxygen
demanding load. The presence of large quantities of phenols
may account for this apparent inhibition of BOD exertion.
Because of this observed toxicity, COD was
substituted for BOD during the surveillance operations.
COD
Results of analyses for chemical oxygen demand
on the Arthur Kill are presented in Figure 21. Average
COD values throughout the kill ranged from 110 to 135 mg/1,
-------
134
K. H. Walker
During the surveillance period no significant
change was observed in the levels or spatial pattern for COD.
5* sjscalved Oxygen
The average dissolved oxygen concentrations during
the intensive sampling period of August 1962 through September
1963 are presented in Figure 22. Average concentrations of
6 mg/1 were found at Outerbridge with a decline to an average
of 2.5 mg/l from Stations 503 to 520 in the center, and
a recovery to 3.5 mg/1 at the entrance to Newark Bay. Minimum
values were zero from Stations 504 to 507, in the upper kill
from the mouth of the Elizabeth River to Newark Bay.
Studies were undertaken to determine the net
effect of photosynthetic production of oxygen (See Figure 2?,).
Total oxygen uptake at Station 503 significantly reduced the
net oxygen yield from photosynthesis. At Station 505 more
oxygen was utilized than could be produced by photosynthesis.
Oxygen production was insignificant below eight feet. On a
total basis more oxygen was produced by photosynthesis in
Arthur Kill than in Raritan Bay. Oxygen uptake in the kill
was three times greater than in the bay, resulting in a net
apparent yield of oxygen in the kill of only one-tenth of
that found in Raritan Bay. Only 5.0 percent of the total
-------
135
K. H. Walker
oxygen produced by photosynthesis in the Arthur Kill was
available to the water.
Additional studies were conducted to determine
the effect of commercial dredging on dissolved oxygen
concentrations. On two separate occasions measurements were
taken during dredging operations (See Figure 24). Dissolved
oxygen levels were lowest at the dredging site and lower in
the vicinity of the dredging operation than elsewhere in the
kill. The average dissolved oxygen concentrations for non-
dredging periods between December 1963 and March 1964 were
higher than those noted during dredging.
Surveillance of the kill indicates a continued
decline in dissolved oxygen levels. Mean concentrations were
reduced to 1.1 mg/1 near Station 520 about midpoint of the
kill, with recovery to only 2.6 mg/1 at Newark Bay. Minima
of less than 0.5 mg/1 were observed from Outerbridge to Kill
Van Kull.
Phenol
Concentrations of phenolic-type compounds as high
as 800 ppb were found in the vicinity of ?resh Kills and the
Rahway River. Phenol values in the middle reach of the kill
were two to three times greater than the levels found at the
-------
136
K. H. Walker
northern and southern extremities. Average phenol concentra-
tions for the intensive sampling period are presented in
Figure 25.
During the surveillance period mean phenol con-
centrations increased to 105 PP*> at the peak locations near
Stations 505 and 520, while mean concentrations near the
'entrance to Raritan Bay decreased slightly. Minima concentra-
tions increased, while maxima values remained constant.
Oil
Although no quantitative analyses were* made, oil
was frequently observed on the kill surface. Mud samples
were collected and an attempt was made to recover oil from
this bottom material. Results, presented in Table XIII,
indicate a heavy deposit of oil on the bottom of the kill.
_The maximum oil recovery in the kill was near the mouth of
the Rahway River at Station 505, where 1 gram of oil was
recovered from 50 grams of dry bottom mud. In Woodbridge
Creek, a tributary to the kill, 32 grams of oil were re-
covered from 50 grams of the dry mud.
-------
137
RARTTAN BAY PROJECT
SAMPLE TEMPERATURE
ARTHUR KLL
SAMPLE DEPTH 5 FEET
JUNE 1963 THOUGH SEPT. 1964
17.0
FIGURE 20
GPO 956-592
-------
138
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
ARTHUR KILL
SAMPLE DEPTH 8 FEET
MEAN FOR
AUG. 1962 THROUGH SCPT. 1964
140.0
FIGURE 21
GPO 956-592
-------
139
6.0
STATION
NUMBER
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
ARTHUR KILL
SAMPLE DEPTH 5
JUNE l*«3 THROUGH SEf»Tf»64/
» § I § § S S§ S § I
FIGURE 22
956-SM
-------
OXYGEN PRODUCTION, UPTAKE a YIELD
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ZONE
ARTHUR KILL
AUGUST 1964
0 2 4 6 8 10
u
b.
i
u
o
(0
O
J
UJ
CD
I
Q.
UJ
O
8
10
12
/
UPT
V
iKF
PROI
YIEl
/
UCTI
D (C
)N
%)
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
MILLIGRAMS PER LITER PER DAY
024 6 8 10 12 14
8
10
12
YIEL[>
41
PROI UCTI
16
)N
STATION 505
STATION 503
FIGURE 23
GPO 956-592
-------
I
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISSOLVED OXYGEN-ARTHUR KILL
DURING PERIODS OF DREDGING ft NON-DREDGING
DEC. 1963-MAR. 1964
SAMPLE DEPTH 5 FEET
AVE. D.O, WITH 9O% CONFDENCE UMTTS. D.O. DURING DREDGING DEC. 10.1963
DEC. '63 - MAR '64. DURMG NON-DREDGM6 '////////////////// DREDGING AREAS
PERIODS *>* CURRENT DIRECTION
D.O. DURING DRED6MG MARCH 17.1964
FIGURE 24
-------
142
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
PHENOL
ARTHUR KILL
SAMPLE DEPTH 9 FEET
1963-1964
JL
8 8 I 88 8
o 5 S 55 » »
FIGURE 25
GPO 956-592
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143
K. H. Walker
TABLE XIII
OIL RECOVERIES PROM BOTTOM MUDS
ARTHUR KILL
Oil Recovery
Station Grams Per 50 g Dry Mud
34 0.04
500 0.08
Woodbridge Creek 31.93
501 0.02
502 0.39
503 0.18
504 0.54
505 1.13
520 0.02
50? 0.05
Note: 1. Samples collected by Petersen dredge Sept. 10,
1964.
2. Analysis consisted of Soxhlet extraction with
cyclohexane.
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144
K. H. Walker
Bacteriological Density
Results of limited bacteriological sampling on
the Arthur Kill are presented in Figure 26. Total coliform,
fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus values Indicate severe
bacteriological contamination of these waters from human
wastes.
During surveillance studies MP coliform showed
a slight increase in the reach from Station 503 to Rarltan
Bay and a decrease in the Kill Van Kull. Fecal coliform
values remained within the limits observed earlier, with some
reduction in minima values from Station 513 to Station 504.
Plankton and Nutrients
Average phytoplankton density and a comparison
of total and net phytoplankton for each station on the kill
are presented in Figure 27. Throughout the biological
sampling period of October 1963 through September 1964, total
phytoplankton density increased progressively from Station
34 to Station 508 and then decreased at Station 510. Net-
plankton concentrations at Station 510 were ten times lower
than at Station 34. Of the total phytoplankton, nanoplankton
-------
K. H. Walker
comprised 95 percent and characterized .the period of maximum
density. Netplankton densities were highest during the
spring bloom of Skeletonema costatum, the principal net-
plankton species. During late spring, summer and autumn
diatoms of the genus Thailasslosira predominated.
Zooplankton populations are presented in Figure
28. Populations at Stations 503, 505 and 506 were 38
percent less than elsewhere on the Arthur Kill - .Kill Van Ku.ll.
The number of different species of zooplankton was also
reduced at these three stations. Zooplankton populations
appeared to be dependent on water temperature and the
abundance of phytoplankton rather than chloride concentra-
tions. The majority of Zooplankton observed were types able
to adjust to wide ranges of salinity. There was a marked
increase in the number of Zooplankton with the spring and
summer period, when an abundant diatom flora and warmer water
temperatures appeared. The locatlonal distribution of zoo-
plankton appeared dependent on dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions which would inhibit their growth since zoopJankton are
active respirators. Lowest Zooplankton densities occurred at
Station 505 simultaneously with lowest dissolved ox?/gen
concentrations.
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146
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
BACTERIAL PRORLES
ARTHUR KILL
SAMPLE DEPTH 6 FCET
lOOjDOO
IO.OOO
H
t 1.000
d
8
S loo
1
K>
rATKJN
JMBER
JUNE IM3 THROWN SEPT. 19*4
s,x
/
.
/
\
,-*''
/"
-*•
~~1
/
/
r
f
^--
,—
\
f;'
--*"."••
COUFORM.MEMBRANE FILTER
FECAL COLFORM, MEMBRANE FILTER
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI, MEMBRANE FILTER
^
^£«.%
-------
1,000.000
100,000
_4
10,000
a
I
I
1,000
Jflfl
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
AVERAGE DENSITY-TOTAL 8 NET PHYTOPLANKTON
ARTHUR KILL OCT. 1963-SEPT. 1964
TOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON
NET PHYTOPLANKTON
STATION
NUMBER
I 0 I t 9 4
FIGURE 27
GPO 956-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DENSITY a NUMBER OF SPECES FOR ZOOPLANKTON
ARTHUR KILL OCT. 1963-SEPT. 1964
FIGURE 28
CPO 956 592
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149
K. H. Walker
Figure 29 presents the seasonal variation in
selected nutrients for the Arthur Kill. At no time were
nutrient levels below the minimum necessary to support
phytoplankton growths.
A review of data collected during surveillance
shows no significant changes in spatial patterns or levels
of phosphate, nitrate or nitrite.
Benthic Studies
Table XIV presents results of studies of benthic
organisms. Eleven miles of bottom from Station 501 to 509
was devoid of benthic animals. The three sampling runs made
on October 1 and November 14, 1963, and June 15, 1964, showed
little variation in either density of organisms or species
found in the rest of the kill. Benthic organisms were never
found in excess of 800 per square meter, nor were more than
seven different species present at any station.
Dominant organisms were tube dwelling segmented
worms principally Polydora llgnli and the softshell clam,
Mya arenaria, both of which are considered pollution tolerant
organisms. Remains of dead benthic organisms were absent
from Stations 502 to 508, suggesting that animals were unable
to survive.
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150
K. H. Walker
The only plant materials observed in the Arthur
Kill between Stations 502 and 508 were the remains of land
plants. Bottom material from all stations had an oily odor
which was more intense between Stations 501 and 510. -Bottom
materials from Stations 508 through 510 also had the charac-
teristic odor of hydrogen sulfide.
Bioassay
Prom June 24 to July 1, 1964, a field bioassay
study was conducted. Three types of test organisms — kill-
fish, mud crab and shrimp — were immersed in cages at four
stations in the kill and at a station in Princess Bay,
Staten Island, New York, which served as a control for the
test. In addition to live caged animals, traps were placed
at the same locations to permit observation of growth of the
attached organisms. Results of this study are presented in
Table XV.
At the control station in Princess Bay, 85 per-
cent of the test organisms survived after seven days'
exposure. At Stations 504 and 520 in the Arthur Kill-Kill Van
Kull no organisms survived after two days. Survival at
Station 507 was less than at Station 500. After two days no
attached growth had formed on traps at Stations 504, 520 and
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151
TABLE XIV
ARTHUR KILL BENTHOS SURVEY
Sta.
34
500
501
502
503
504
505
520
506
507
508
509
October 1963
Av. j Av. 2
No's/M No. Species/M Dominants
95 1.5 Polychaetes
175 5.3 Polychaete
0
3 0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3 0.3 Polychaetes
582 4.0 Polychaetes
Odor
Slight oil
Slight oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil, H2S
Oil, H2S
Observations
Small shells (V'-V
wood
No shells, plant
material
Few Mya SHELLS (V'l
plant material
No shells, plant
material
No shells, little
plant material
No shells, little
plant material
Little plant
material
Nothing
Little plant
material
Nothing else
Nothing else
2 Mya shells (I"),
*•*_.*_*_ _ ^ A-
material
510
594
8.7
Polychaetes Oil, H S Plant material
-------
TABLE XV
C\l
J£J BIOLOGICAL SURVIVAL STUDY - ARTHUR KILL, JUNE 24-JULY 1, 1964
Organisms In
Time
Station Est. Date
1130 6-24
Control Fish 3
(Prin- Crabs 7
cess Bay)Shrirap 10
12N 6-24
500 Fish 3
Crabs 6
Shrimp 1
1315 6-24
504 Fish 3
Crabs 6
Shrimp 6
1400 6-24
520 Fish 0
Crabs 7
Shrimp 10
507 1340 6-24
Fish 3
Crabs 6
Organisms Out Time
Number % Diff. Temp °C Salinity D.O.
Survived Survival Hrs, In & Out % mg/1
1400 7-1
3
5 84.6 170.5 20.5 24.70 10.15
3
(7 escaped)
1430 7-1
1
5 75.0 170.5 21.6 23.96 5.30
3
(3 escaped)
1135 6-26
0
0 0 46.7 23.4 21.41 0.4
0
1155 6-26
0
0 0 46.0 23.4 20.71 0.3
1235 6-26
0
2 13.3 47.0 22.5 21.04 1.3
Observations
Plant and animal growth
on pilings where trap
attached. After 1 week
heavy plant and animal
growth on trap.
Plant and animal growth
where attached. Heavy
plant and animal growth
on trap after 1 week.
Pilings and trap free
of growth.
Pilings and trap free
of growth
Algal growth on pil-
ings. Trap free of
growth.
-------
600
500
400
x>
0.
0.
2 g
h- I-
cc
UJ
o
o
300
o
o
a:
o
200
100
SEASONAL NUTRIENT CYCLES-ARTHUR KILL
(AVERAGE FOR ALL BIOLOGY STATIONS)
JS
XN.
N
1963
NO.
AS N
AS N
AS P
M
M
1964
DATE
RIGLJRE
u,
-------
K. H. Walker
507, while those at Station 500 and at the control station
in Princess Bay had heavy growths. Those stations with the
shortest survival times also had the lowest dissolved oxygen
concentrations.
To evaluate possible toxicity of Arthur Kill water
itself, rather than in conjunction with dissolved oxygen
levels, test organisms were left for 48 hours in constantly
aerated water taken from the various survival test stations.
All organisms survived this experiment.
In other lab experiments, test organism survival
was limited to several hours in Arthur Kill water when the
oxygen content at the beginning of the experiment was 1.0
rag/1 and no aeration was allowed. Further, survival was
longer at 17°C than at 22°C.
Tests suggest that the observed toxicity to
aquatic life in the kill is due at least in part to the low
levels of dissolved oxygen.
Turbidity
Average Secchi disc readings are presented in
Figure 30. Average transparency was less than four feet at
all stations. Field observations indicated that detritus
was frequently the major cause of the observed limited
water transparency. This high turbidity restricts the depth
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
/VERAGE SECCH DISK READINGS
ARTHUR KILL
OCT. 1963-SEPT. 1964
SAMPLE DEPTH 9 FEET
155
O 1.1
So 3
sg
50
0 I * S «
FIGURE 30
GPO 956-S«
-------
156
K. H. Walker
of light transmittance and results in limiting oxygen produc-
tion by photosynthesis to a relatively shallow depth.
Rarltan River
Presentation of analytical results are based
upon data from three sources. Middlesex County Sewerage
Authority operates a routine sampling program from Manville
to Landing Lane Bridge — river mile 12.8. In 1964,
Hydroscience, Inc., Consulting Engineers, conducted a
sampling program from mile 10.3 to its mouth. During the
period August 5 through September 3, 1964, the'Project in-
stalled and operated an electronic water quality monitor
immediately upstream of the Fieldville Dam at mile 16.4.
Discussion of results is based upon data provided by Middle-
sex County Sewerage Authority and Hydroscience, Inc., for
sampling runs performed in July, August, September and
October 1964. Results of Project monitoring at Fieldville
Dam are presented separately.
Water Temperature
Variation in water temperature is shown in Figure
31. During July, August and September 1964 it ranged from
22 to 30°C. Considerable variation was found upstream of
mile 10.3, New Brunswick; however, from this point to the
-------
157
K. H. Walker
mouth temperature remained relatively constant. Temperatures
observed in October 1964 showed less variation with a range
of 14 to 16°C over the entire reach of the river.
Chloride
Chloride data were available from mile 10.3
to the mouth at Raritan Bay. In July, August and October
1964 chlorides in this reach ranged from 1,000 mg/1 at mile
10.3 to 14,000 mg/1 at the mouth. Analyses performed in
September 1964 showed a much higher chloride concentration at
mile 10.3 with a value of 2,700 mg/1; however, streamflow
during this survey was approximately 50 percent of that ob-
served during the other three months.
Results of BOD determinations for the four runs
in 1964 are presented in Figure 32. Maximum BOD was 40 mg/1
at mile 18.9, which is immediately downstream of American
Cyanamid Dam at mile 19.4. This same location was also the
location of maximum BOD concentrations for all runs. Down-
stream from this point there was a gradual decline in BOD
-------
158
K. H. Walker
to values of 3 to M mg/1 at the river mouth. Results for
July and September were higher than those observed in August
and October.
Dissolved Oxygen
Figure 33 presents dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions observed in the four sampling runs for 1964. A similar
pattern, high dissolved oxygen levels upstream of Cyanamid
Dam, was observed for all samplings. Downstream from this
/
point to the river mouth results indicate a decline in
dissolved oxygen with minimum values in the New Brunswick
area between mile point 8.0 and 12.0. A recovery to values
of 2 to 6 mg/1 occurs near the mouth. The run for September
1964 showed lowest values with the exception of mile 17.^.
On this run, dissolved oxygen was less than 2 mg/1 from mile
18.9 to 6.1, and was zero at mile 10.3.
Bacteriological Densities
Results of bacteriological sampling for MPN
coliform from mile point 22.3 — junction of the Millstone
River, to mile point 12.8 are presented in Figure 3^ • At
the confluence of the Millstone River MPN coliforms ranged
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159
K. H. Walker
from 200 to 1,100 per 100 ml. With the exception of
October 1964, there was a rapid increase in coliforms from
this point to the Cyanamid Dam, where counts in excess of
110,000 per 100 ml were found. Downstream from this point,
coliform counts remained high, in no case falling below
1,100 per 100 ml. In September 1964 coliform counts down-
stream of the Cyanamid Dam were in the range of 10,000 to
100,000 per 100 ml.
In July and September 1964 there was a significant
decrease in pH between the Millstone River and Cyanamid Dam.
In July, pH declined from 8.2 to 7.3 and in September dropped
from 8.5 to 7.4. This sudden change was not observed in
August and October.
Color
During all four runs color at the con-
fluence with the Millstone ranged from 15 to 30 units.
Downstream from this point to the Cyanamid Dam, mile point
18.9, there was a significant increase in color. At Station
18.9 color ranged from 100 to 250 units.
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160
K. H. Walker
Water Quality Monitoring
During the period August 5 to September 3,
an ORSANCO type electronic water quality monitor was in
operation in the pool immediately upstream of the Fieldville
Dam — mile point 16.4. The monitor collected continuous
data for dissolved oxygen, water temperature, turbidity
and oxidation reduction potential. During this same period
eight-hour composite samples were collected on several
occasions. Results of these analyses, together with average
monitor readings for the periods indicated are presented
in Table XVI. During this period of time BOD and phenol
values more than doubled with maximum values of 42 mg/1 and
162 ppb respectively. Dissolved oxygen readings declined
to zero and oxidation reduction potential became negative.
Septicity developed and extensive gas production was observed
by Project staff.
Water quality conditions at the mouth of the
Raritan River have been analyzed by an ORSANCO robot monitor,
located at the Victory Bridge, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, since
1962. Monitoring results during 1964 confirmed upstream
analyses described previously.
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161
K. H. Walker
Maximum recorded dissolved oxygen at Perth
Amboy was 13 mg/1, or 125 percent of saturation in April
1964. During the late summer and early fall of 1964 dissolved
oxygen levels were reduced with a minimum observed value of
0.3 mg/1 on September l6th. During this same period of time
oxidation reduction potential was observed to have negative
values for intermittent periods of two to three consecutive
days, as compared to the normal range observed of up to 400
millivolts.
-------
162
TABUS XVI
RARITAN RIVER WATER QUALITY DATA
FIEIDVILLE DAM
Date
8/5/64
8/6/64
8/12/64
8/18/64
8/19/64
8/28/64
8/29/64
9/2/64
9/3/64
9/8/64
9/9/64
9/10/64
9/11/64
BOD
mg/1
8
8
13
16
11
18
18
-
-
36
42
37
37
COD
mg/1
53
56
69
87
87
111
119
176
284
247
234
196
175
Org N
mg/1
10.7
10.6
12.9
20.6
19.9
19.7
21.6
34.3
34.0
37
36
37
30
Phenol
ppb
34
32
45
69
78
50
62
125
162
120
121
DO*
mg/1
-
2.9
2.4
0.21
2.6
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.12
Min
ORP*
rav
-
435
273
0
Ncg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Ncg.
-
-
-
—
Temp.*
-
74
74
72
74
75
75
74
74
72
73
73
73
*Dattt from ORSANCO robot monitor.
All other data based on average of three 8-hour composite samples.
97
-------
UI
0
ui a:
oc o
t £
o.
2E to
o
WATER TEMP..RARITAN RIVER
JULY-OCT.,1964
DEPTH 2 FEET
ao
18
16
14
12
jr—-
C-nci
OCT.
8
10
12
14
22
MILES FROM MOUTH
FIGURE 31
OPO 956-592
-------
BIOCHEMICAL. OXYGEN DEMAND
RARITAN RIVER
JULY-OCT. ,1964
DEPTH 2 FEET
a:
UJ
o cc
>-
<
<
cc
o
MILES FROM MOUTH
FIGURE 32
GPO 956-592
H
C^
-t
-------
12
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
RARITAN RIVER
JULY-OCT.,1964
DEPTH 2 FEET
10
OCT. ,
8
AUG.
an
UJ
on
O uj
Q 0-
/ CSEPT.
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
MILES FROM MOUTH
FIGURE 33
GPO 956-592 fy^
V_T!
-------
MPN COLIFORM.RARITAN RIVER
JULY-OCT.,1964
DEPTH 2 FEET
166
100,000
10,000
1,000
UJ
h
J
J
J
1
0
0
K
u
1
z
Q.
100
10
12
14 16 18
MILES FROM MOUTH
FIGURE 34
20
22
GPO 956-592
-------
167
K. H. Walker
SPECIAL STUDIES
A number of special Investigations were under-
taken by the Project to provide further data on water pollu-
tion problems in the study area. Included were an examina-
tion of water movement and dispersion patterns within
Raritan Bay; an evaluation of the effects on water quality
of combined sewer overflows; mathematical analyses to explain
the variations found in the chemical and bacteriological
analysis of bay water samples; a study of the relationship
between chlorination of wastewater treatment plant effluents
and bacteriological densities in Raritan Bay; determination
of the bacteriological and chemical quality of shellfish
taken from the bay; and isolation of certain pathogenic
bacteria from study area waters, sewage effluents and shell-
fish. Results of these special investigations are presented
below.
Water Movement and Dispersion
Examination of the geographical structure of
the study'area suggests the hydraulic complexity of the
system, due to interconnections between the bodies of water
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168
K. H. Walker
as well as other waters external to Raritan Bay and Arthur
Kill. Any satisfactory pollution control program developed
for Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill must be based on knowledge
of the movement of waters between these various bodies so as
to recognize probable paths of flow of pollutional materials.
Accordingly, the Project conducted investigations of water
movement by tracer dye studies, geological investigations, and
by reviewing available hydraulic model data. Dye studies
provided information on water movement and dispersion
characteristics under conditions actually observed at the time
of each dye release. The geological survey of Raritan Bay
was conducted to obtain information on long-term water move-
ment and distribution of sediment throughout the bay.
Previously reported studies by the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers on the Vicksburg model of New York Harbor were
reviewed to obtain further information on the interrelationship
between the various bodies of water involved in the Raritan
Bay Project study area.
Dye release studies were made in the Raritan
River, Arthur Kill, westerly portion of Raritan Bay and in
Upper Bay to observe, the interrelationship of these waters.
Rhodamine B dye, used in all studies conducted by the Project,
was added to the water as an instantaneous release. In all
studies, except upper Raritan River, resulting movement of dye
-------
169
K. H. Walker
was monitored visually and by the use of Turner florometers
for as long as deemed advisable. During the monitoring
phase, boats equipped with fluorometers and continuously
recording Rustrak meters cruised the dye mass to determine
its movement, location of the limits, and the peak concentra-
tions. Monitoring boats proceeded on a predetermined course
— established between known navigational aids — at a fixed
rate of speed. In addition to recording dye concentration,
records were also maintained on time and boat course so as
to permit proper correlation between an observed dye concentra-
tion and the exact location and time of such reading.
The Raritan River dye study of April 1964 was
limited to a simple measurement of time between release and
the appearance of dye at a downstream location.
On August 15, 1962, dye was released at high water
slack in the western end of Raritan Bay near the Ward Point
secondary channel. Dispersion of the dye was monitored over
a period of four days. Dye moved as a fairly well defined
mass, with the outer limits readily discernible during the
first day. During the second and third days, dye became
progressively more diffused and was distributed laterally,
longitudinally and vertically throughout the inner bay. At
the end of this three-day period, dye was still detectable at
the following locations:
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170
K. H. Walker
(1) Rarltan River at Victory Bridge;
(2) Arthur Kill at Tufts Point;
(3) Raritan Bay at Seguine Point, Staten
Island, New York;
(4) Raritan Bay off Keyport, New Jersey.
The outline of the dye mass five tidal cycles
after release is shown in Figure 35. After the five tidal
cycles peaking was still discernible just east of the
original dye release area. The net movement of the dye mass
had been approximately 1/2 mile seaward over the five tidal
cycles, suggesting a net seaward movement of the dye at a
rate of approximately one-tenth mile per tidal cycle.
On October 17, 1962, at low water slack, dye was
released in the Arthur Kill Just below Outerbridge Crossing.
Release was timed co enable observation of the seaward move-
ment of the dye under the most adverse conditions of current
movement. Under low water slack conditions dye must first
transit upstream with the incoming current; then reverse at
the turn of tide and run downstream out from the kill.
Monitoring was carried out for four days. Dye dispersed
throughout the entire kill area as far north as Goethals
Bridge. At the end of four days, dye was dispersed uniformly
throughout the entire western end of Raritan Bay, in the same
areas and in approximately the same concentrations that were
-------
171
K. H. Walker
found after the August 1962 dye release in the bay. The peak
of the dye concentration after four days was located in the
deep water anchorage southeast of Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
The net seaward movement of the dye mass was approximately
nine miles in a period of eight tidal cycles, or approximately
one mile per tidal cycle. This study indicated that material
introduced into the Arthur Kill near the Outerbridge Crossing
at low slack tide would:
(1) Affect a stretch of 10,000 yards to the
north in six hours;
(2) affect the western end of Raritan Bay within
12 hours;
(3) affect the entire Arthur Kill within 30
hours, and Newark Bay within 54 hours;
(4) affect Raritan Bay on a line from Seguine
Point, Staten Island, New York, to Keyport,
New Jersey, within 48 hours.
Diffusion coefficients in the Arthur Kill were
found to be 0.1 to 2.7 square miles per tidal cycle. Results
of this dye study are shown in Figure 36.
On April 14, 1964, dye was released at high water
slack at New Brunswick, New Jersey, on the Raritan River.
Dye was monitored for five days throughout the 13-mile
navigable reach of the river, the five-mile navigable reach
-------
BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISPERSION
AND
CURRENT STUDIES
RARITAN BAY RELEASE
AUGUST 15,1962
STATEN ISLAND
LIMIT OF DYE MASS
AUGUST 17,1962
LMIT OF DYE MASS
AUSUST 17,1962
FIVE TIDAL CYCLES AFTER RELEASE
NEW JERSEY
FIGURE 35
GPO S56-592
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
DISPERSION
AND
CURRENT STUDIES
ARTHUR KILL RELEASE
OCT. 17,1962
LOW WATER SLACK
STATEN ISLAND
J E R 5 E Y
-------
K. H. Walker
of South River and Washington Canal, and the western end of
Raritan Bay. Results of this study showed that:
(1) Material introduced at New Brunswick affects
the river downstream to the Washington
Canal entrance within six hours;
(2) such material can affect the western portion
of Raritan Bay within 18 hours;
(3) on entering Raritan Bay the dye followed two
paths, one along the navigation channel to
the north and east, the second along the New
Jersey shore line to the south;
(4) such a release had little effect upon the
Arthur Kill.
On June 30, 1964, a dye release was made at
Pieldville Dam on the Raritan River, five miles upstream
of New Brunswick, New Jersey. This study indicated a time
of passage from the dam to New Brunswick of at least 14 hours.
On September 16, 1964, dye — 1,000 pounds —
was released at high water slack over the Passaic Valley Sewage
Treatment Plant outfall near Robblns Reef in Upper Bay. This
point is located on the western edge of the bay channel about
700 yards north of the Kill Van Kull. This dye release
showed the following results:
(1) Material introduced in the northwest
sector of the Upper Bay affects a broad
-------
175
K. H. Walker
area of Lower Bay, and is found on the Staten
Island shore from Midland Beach to the Narrows
within six hours of release;
(2) within 32 hours of release such material
affects a large area of Raritan Bay, and is
found on the Staten Island shore from the
Narrows to Great Kills, as well as on the
Coney Island shore of Brooklyn;
(3) on an ebb current there was little lateral
mixing across the Narrows, but lateral
mixing does occur on the first flood current
following release;
(4) material moving from the release point on the
first ebb passes along the western edge of
the channel and the Staten Island shore
before passing through the Narrows.
The limits of the dye mass at various stages of
time following release are shown in Figure 37.
A geological investigation of Raritan Bay was
made to obtain information on long-term water movement and
sediment distribution. Details on this study and its results
are contained in the Appendices to this report. In summary,
the investigation found, based upon the sediment distribution
within the bay, that:
-------
X RELEASE POINT
BROOKLYN
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
UPPER HUDSON DYE STUDY
EDGE OF DYE MASS AT
VARIOUS SLACK TIDE
(HOURS AFTER RELEASE)
STATEN ISLAND
NEW JERSEY
FIGURE 37
GPO 956-592
-------
177
K. H. Walker
(1) Fresh water inflow from the Raritan River
moves along the southern section of the bay
towards Sandy Hook; and
(2) particles introduced into the bay at widely
varying locales were eventually transported
throughout the bay with the finer particles
gravitating toward the area bounded by
Seguine Point and Great Kills, Staten
Island, New York, and Keyport and Keansburg,
New Jersey.
Project studies, as well as those performed by
the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers on the Vicksburg model of
New York Harbor, which have been previously reported by other
agencies, indicate the complexity of the Raritan Bay system.
Essentially, the waters of Raritan Bay may be affected by
materials discharged into waters outside the immediate limits
of the study area. Hence, any effective control program for
pollution control in Raritan Bay must consider the bay not
as an independent estuary, but as part of a larger inter-
connected system which includes Upper Bay, Kill Van Kull,
Newark Bay, Arthur Kill and the Raritan River.
Effects of Combined Sewer Overflows
Within the metropolitan New York area there are
-------
178
K. H. Walker
a number of combined sewer systems. During normal dry weather
periods wastes conveyed by these sewers receive treatment if
facilities exist. During periods of heavy rainfall, when these
sewers must carry both wastes and stormwater, bypassing of
treatment facilities via regulating chambers or overflows is
necessary. The Project attempted to evaluate the effects on
bacteriological wat-er quality resulting from the overflow of
such discharges during periods of heavy rainfall. Two
systems, that of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, and Brooklyn, New
York, were selected for analysis. Sampling stations 33, 31*
and 62, at the confluence of the Raritan River and Arthur
Kill, were selected as being indicative of water quality in
the vicinity of the Perth Amboy combined sewer system, and
readily affected by overflows from that system. Station 102
in the Narrows was similarly selected as being indicative
of the effects of discharge by stormwater overflows from the
Brooklyn area. Bacteriological data collected by the Project
for the period July 1962 through September 1963 were utilized
for Perth Amboy Stations 33 and 31*, and data from January
1963 through September 1963 were used for the Narrows
Stations 102 and 62. Rainfall information for the study
period was obtained from published records of the U. S.
Weather Bureau. The station at Rahway, New Jersey, was
selected as the nearest location to Perth Amboy and the
-------
179
K. H. Walker
station at Avenue V, Brooklyn, New York, was used for the
Narrows. Several analyses described below were made of these
data to determine If any correlation could be found between
rainfall and high bacterial densities in the receiving
waters.
Graphs were prepared with total coliform and
fecal streptococcus counts, as well as daily rainfall plotted
on the ordinate and date on the abscissa. The resulting
display of variations in bacteriological density and rainfall
for each station was examined visually; however, there was no
apparent correlation. Coliform and fecal streptococcus data
for each station were next separated into those data collected
at ebb tide and those collected at flood. Two graphs were
then plotted for each station, as above, using only ebb
tide data for one and flood data for the second. Again,
visual examination of these graphs showed no apparent
correlation.
Bacteriological data were then separated into
four groups: Collected within 24 hours of rainfall; within
48 hours of rainfall; within 72 hours of rainfall; and that
collected with no rainfall for 72 hours prior to collection.
Scatter diagrams were made with the classification by above
groups as the independent variable and the bacteriological
data as the dependent variable. No relationship was apparent
-------
180
K. H. Walker
with this approach.
All bacteriological data which had been collected
with rainfall appearing up to three days prior to collection
were then listed. Individual graphs were made with hourly
rainfall and bacteriological counts as the ordinate and
time as the abscissa. Areas under the hourly rainfall graph
were then calculated for periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours.
Secondary graphs were then made with the area from the rainfall
curve as the independent variable and bacterial counts densi-
ties as the dependent variable. Again no relationship was
found.
The techniques used suggest no apparent correla-
tion between rainfall and high bacteria counts; however, it
cannot be concluded that stormwater overflows have no effect
on water quality in Raritan Bay. The data available were not
specifically collected for such analysis; more Important,
the raw sewage discharges into the areas of the bay considered
would undoubtedly mask any effects by stormwater overflows.
Once the discharge of raw sewage is discontinued, and all
treated wastes discharges receive adequate chlorination,
such stormwater overflows may constitute a serious pollution
problem. However, at present the problem of stormwater over-
flows cannot be defined, as any effects are so obscured by
poor water quality attributable to other factors.
-------
181
K. H. Walker
Mathematical Analysis of Sampling Variation
In order to validate the sampling program adopted
by the Project, provide an estimate of the most representative
parameter values, and serve as a guide for future sampling
programs, analytical data were subjected to a time series
analysis. The analysis served to develop predictable time
dependent components of observed variations in parameter
values.
To determine cyclical components of a time series
available data should be distributed in time over the periods
to be determined. Three sampling procedures used by the
Project yielded data distributions suitable for time series
analysis. These were:
(1) Simultaneous sampling of bay, shoreline
and wastewater treatment plant effluent
stations on a weekly interval over a one-
year period;
(2) sampling of selected bay stations on an
hourly interval over a 24-hour period; and
(3) continuous automatic sampling on a 30-
minute interval by an electronic monitor
located at Victory Bridge at the mouth of
the Raritan River.
-------
182
K. H. Walker
Weekly samples were taken at a grid of locations
in the bay, along the shoreline, and at eight sewage treat-
ment plant effluents during the 56-week period from August
1962 through September 1963. Initially, in the bay stations,
only those numbered 1 through 3^ were sampled. Effective
February 13, 1963, additional stations were established and
some of the original stations were discontinued to permit a
better description of the pollution gradients. Only 31 of
the 50 weekly stations were sampled over a full year and
used for this analysis because of this change. Parameters
selected for the time series were airxtemperature, sample
temperature, dissolved oxygen, chloride, MP fecal strepto-
coccus, MPN confirmed coliform, and MPN fecal coliform.
Stations were sampled at nearly the same time each week,
since a preset course and consistent starting time were
followed. On occasion, due to inclement weather, it was
necessary to delay the sampling one day or to completely omit
a week; however, the maximum number of consecutive weeks of
missing data for any parameter was three.
Samples taken on the same day of the week and
hour of the day for one year would be uniformly distributed
over an annual cycle. However, the 12.42-hour tidal period
is such that there would be a 0.526 cycle interval between
individual weeks and a 0.053 cycle interval every two weeks.
-------
183
K. H. Walker
Therefore, after one year of sampling while analytical values
would be distributed over the entire tidal cycle, the 0.526
weekly and 0.053 biweekly cycle intervals would generate
respectively what would appear to be a two-week and 19-week
period. Any 24-hour or seven-day cyclic variation present
would not be measured by this sampling procedure, but would
bias the mean by as much as + the amplitude of the variation-.
A least squares regression analysis was performed
on the weekly interval data so as to fit a base value, linear
trend, and annual and tidal cycles. This analysis has the
advantage over other procedures of using actual sampling
times, which need not be equally spaced, and makes possible
estimates of high frequency components. The final form of the
equation developed for this regression is as follows:
Parameter + M+At+B cos (w t-jO + C cos (w2t-02) where
M * Base value
A = Slope of linear trend
B = Amplitude of annual component
C = Amp. of tidal comp.
1 = Lag of annual comp.
02 = Lag of tidal comp.
t - Time from time zero*
w = Angular frequency with time * 2TT
period
-------
184
K. H. Walker
•Time zero was established as low water slack on
August 6, 1962. The four components of this equation, i.e.,
base value, trend, tidal and annual, cannot describe complete-
ly all of the parameter variation. The remaining variation,
referred to as the unexplained component, was defined as
the standard error of the estimate and calculated as:
/ 2
•U - \/ { (P - P)
where P - observed value
o
P = calculated value
c
U = unexplained term
The base value obtained from the regression is a
good estimate of the true parameter mean value. It is not
biased by the sampling distribution over the periods of
variation such as tidal or seasonal cycles, as the commonly
computed mean could be. The base value may be biased, however,
-------
185
K. H. Walker
by a non-cyclic trend or )3y sampling at same point on a cycle
as was done for the 24-hour and seven-day cycles.
The trend coefficient is for a purely linear term.
In reality it may be part of either a cyclic period longer
than one year or a non-linear, non-cyclic term. Since it is
impossible to determine which of these is the case with the
information available, the trend should be viewed only as a
means of estimating the magnitude of variations measured in
years, and no significance should be given to the sign.
The unexplained variation term contains all varia-
tions caused by:
(1) Non-linearity of the trend;
(2) cyclic terms, other than annual or tidal;
(3) random causes (non-cyclic), such as analytical
error, slug releases and unusual weather.
Figure 38 presents graphically dissolved oxygen
results of the regression for Station 3**S. During any given
day the DO would be expected to vary within the limits shown
by the two solid line curves and average the value on the
dashed line curve. Within this day it is possible to estimate
the DO within +1.56 mg/1.
The coefficients of the annual and tidal components,
the unexplained term, and 182.5 times the trend coefficient
were ranked by magnitude. This is the ranking of expected
-------
AUG. 1962 ~ JULY 1963
STATION 34S
DATE FIGURE 38
GPO 956-592
-------
187
K. H. Walker
value variation or range during a one-year period. Table
XVII gives the most predominant component for the maximum
to minimum variation, the number of stations having the in-
dicated component and rank, and the average value of the
component when all stations are appropriately grouped into
bay, New Jersey shore, Staten Island shore, or wastewater
treatment plant stations. Table XVIII gives the base value
and expected range of the parameters over one year.
After subtracting the regression estimate from
the observed parameter value, the remainder was subjected
to spectral analysis to determine what cycles, other than
annual, tidal, and long-term, influenced the data. Ten
lags were computed, representing periods of » , 140, 70,
46, 35, 28, 23, 20, 17, 16 and 14 days. Results are presented
in Table XIX, which shows those periods found to be significant
in the remaining variation.
The 70-day period, which actually represents all
periods from 46 to 140 days, may be the 133-day cycle
generated by the sampling schedule. The 140-day period may
be caused by the same generated cycle. The 28-day, however,
is probably a true cycle, the lunar tidal component.
-------
TABUS acyxx
SUMMARY OF VARIATION FROM REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Parameter
Air Temp. G
Sample Temp. °C
D.O. mg/1
MF Strep"
MPN Coli-
MPN Fecal C.
Chlorides mg/1
Predominate Component No.
Producing Max to Min ing
Variation &
A
A
A
U
U
U
U
TJ
U
U
A
T
A
A
L
L
T
T
A
A*
T
L
T
T
L
L
L
L
T
44
44
42
31
35
35
32
of Stations Hav-
Predominate Coop.
Variation Rank
Bay
44
44
41
26
24
16
24
Average Value of Component
L A T U
Base
Stations (44) Grouped
32
31
29
28
31
Id
24
32
31
30
36
37
32
22
1.38
0.63
0.444
0.264
0.318
0.333
412
12.71
11.31
2.426
0.933
0.628
0.706
873
0.761
0.39
0.592
0.657
0.932
0.926
441
3.39
1.35
1.381
1.233
1.251
1.386
1057
12.39
12.4
7.70
4.05
6.551
5.430
13,312
I/ Expressed as natural log (loge) of density per 100 ml.
7 = Tied Rank
L « Long tern trend (182.5 x Trend Coef.)
A = Annual period cycle (Annual Coef.)
T = Tidal period cycle (Tide Coef.)
U B Unexplained variation
114
CO
CO
-------
TABLBXVIKCont.)
SUM-iARY OF VARIATION FROM REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Parameter
Predominate Component No.
Producing Max to Min Ing
Variation *
of Stations Hav-
Predomlnate Comp.
Variation Rank
Staten Island Shore
HP Strep
MPN C Coll
MPN Fecal C.
MF Strep
MPN C Coll
MPN Fecal C.
MF Strep
MPN C C
MPN F C
BOD
UAL
U A T
U A T
U A T
A
D T L
U A A
A
U A f
U A A
D L A
DAT
T
L
L
L
L
T
L
T
L
T
T
L
12
15
13
New Jersey
15
16
15
12
10
7
Average Value of Component
L A T U Base
Stations (16) Grouped
10
8
7
Shore Stations
12
8
8
6
Sewage Treatment
7 4
6 4
7
6
4
4
8
8
10
Plants
3
4
5
4
10
10
10
0.510 1.240 0.430 1.703 4.004
0.395 0.736 0.514 1.350 6.392
0.468 0.983 0.650 1.426 5.766
(16) Grouped
9
8
10
(8)
4
4
1
5
0.500 1.053 0.435 1.754 4.012
0.372 0.607 0.565 1.461 5.501
0.627 0.758 0.567 1*726 4.178
Grouped
0.827 0.951 0.499 1.823 4.389
0.900 1.475 0.685 2.466 4.849
0.925 0.768 0.549 2.026 3.019
11.47 21.98 14.78 45.89 145.12
M
CO
VO
-------
190
TABLE XVIII
Parameter
Air Temp., °C
Sample Temp., C
DO, mg/1
*MF Strep
*MPN Coli
*MPN Fee Colt
Cl~, mg/1
*MP Strep
*MPN Coli
*MPN Fee Coli
*MP Strep
*MPN Coli
*MPN Fee Coli
*MP Strep
*MPN Coli
*MPN Fee Coli
BOD, mg/1
'Expressed as denaity per 100 ml.
CUUTKCTBU RANGE VALUES OF SELECTED PARAMETERS
Expected Range
Base Value Min Max
Bay Stations
12.40
12.4
7.70
54
700
230
13,312 10,
Mew Jersey Shore Stations
55
240
65
Staten Island Shore Stations
55
600
320
Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents
81
126
20
145.12
-5.84
-1.28
2.86
3
30
8
529
1
12
2
1
30
9
1
1
1
51.00
30.64
26.08
12.54
1,260
16,000
6,500
16,095
2,300
5,000
2,600
2,600
12,000
11,000
4,800
30,200
1,400
239.24
-------
TABLE XIX
SIGNIFICANT CYCLES BY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Station
73
US
13S
26S
34S
463S
Chloride
Period, % of
Days Variation
140
70
70
70
70
70
-
41
50
52
42
37
Period
Days
140
28
70
None
70
70
D.O.
, % of
Variation
50
42
42
-
40
44
UP
Period,
Days
None
None
None
None
None
None
Strep
% of
Variation
-
-
•»
-
-
—
MPN
Period,
Days
70
None
None
None
None
70
Coli
% of
Variation
32
-
-
-
-
48
117
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192
K. H. Walker
Since the preceding analyses were based upon
weekly samplings, no estimate could be made of the variations
due to a 24-hour cycle. To estimate the magnitude of this
component, data obtained from a 24-hour sampling operation
were used. On June 27 and 28, 1963, samples were collected
over a period of 24 hours at Stations 34 and 26, and at the
dock of the Public Health Service Quarantine Station at the
Harrows, Staten Island, New York. Hourly determinations
were made of sa'linlty, water temperature', dissolved oxygen,
MPN, confirmed coliform and MPN fecal coliform. Pecal coli-
form and fecal streptococcus analysis by membrane filters
were made at 30-minute intervals.
A Fourier Series analysis was performed on the
data for periods of 24 and 12 hours, the daily and tidal
cycles. Since the regression equation included the tidal
cycle, a comparison of the tidal cycle calculated by both
regression and Fourier Series serves to validate the use of
the daily cycle found by the Fourier Series. Results of the
Fourier Series analysis, and a comparison of the tidal com-
ponent with that found by the regression equation are
presented in Table XX.
Chlorination of Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents
In 1963 a cooperative study was undertaken by
-------
193
TABLE XX
DAILY AND TIDAL COMPONENTS OF VARIATION BY FOURIER SERIES
Station & Parameter
26S
D.O., mg/1
MP Strep*
MPN Coli*
MPN Fecal Coli*
o
Sal inity , /oo
34S
D.O., ng/1
MF Strep*
MPN Coli*
MPN Fecal Coli*
Salinity, /oo
Quarantine Dock
D.O., mg/1
MF Strep*
MPN Coli*
MPN Fecal Coli*
o
Salinity, /oo
Daily (24-hr) Cycle
% of
Variance Df
3.4
31.1
6.4
20.5
32.4
54.4
66.6
62.3
51.5
3.3
29.8
57.4
5.2
11.5
1.6
0.58
0.94
0.49
0.85
0.07
1.50
1.74
1.62
1.45
0.01
0.70
1.38
0.28
0.48
0.02
Tidal Cycle
% of
Variance
4.7
3.6
48.2
52.8
20.0
38.1
19.1
4.3
10.7
41.0
61.9
13.4
30.2
58.8
81.1
c£
-------
194
K. H. Walker
the Project and New Jersey State Health Department to
determine the effect of po.st-chlorination of primary treat-
ment plant effluents on water quality of the westerly portion
of Raritan Bay. Following the establishment of base line
conditions by bacteriological analyses of the bay waters,
effluent chlorinatlon at nine plants discharging an average
total of 59 MGD into the western area of Raritan Bay was
halted simultaneously for a period of nine days and then
resumed. Data collected during this study showed a sig-
nificant increase in the bacterial population present in the
bay following cessation of post-chlorination. Within six
to 50 hours after cessation of chlorination, depending on
station location, the bacterial population in the bay reached
new stable levels significantly higher than those found
during the base line study. Following resumption of post-
chlorlnatlon there was a significant reduction in the bacteri-
al population at most of the stations. Salmonella organisms
were Isolated from samples of unchlorinated plant effluent
and from the waters receiving these discharges. The study
concluded that post-chlorination of wastewater treatment
plant effluent was an effective measure for reducing the
total bacterial population and the occurrence of Salmonella
in the waters of western Raritan Bay.
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195
K. H. Walker
Shellfish Quality
Between August 1963 and August 1964 the Project
conducted bacteriological analyses on 391 shellfish samples
taken from 50 stations throughout Raritan Bay. Analyses were
performed for MPN total coliform, MPN fecal coliform, and for
the presence of Salmonella bacteria. The results are
summarized in Table XXI.
Samples from 12 of the 50 stations had geometric
mean total coliform densities greater than 2,400 per 100
grams. The geometric mean fecal coliforra density in shellfish
taken from these same 12 stations ranged from 610 to 16,000
per 100 grams. The presence of high total coliform densities
appeared to show some correlation with water temperature.
None of the shellfish taken from waters with temperatures
less than 8.5°C had total coliform MPNs of 2,400 or more
per 100 grams. The 12 stations having geometric mean coli-
form densities greater than 2,400 per 100 grams were located
in the northerly sector of the bay in an area extending general-
ly south of Staten Island to and across the New York-New
Jersey State line.
Salmonella were isolated from clam meats
collected at 14 of the 50 sampling stations. Of these 14
-------
RESULTS OP BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SHELLFISH MEATS
Total Colifonn, MPN/lOOg.
Station
1
2
3
4
6
7
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
36
No.
8
8
8
9
7
8
7
6
8
8
8
9
7
7
6
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
7
7
8
8
7
8
Min
<20
«20
<20
<20
«20
<20
«20
< 20
<20
< 20
< 20
<20
<20
< 20
<20
<20
<2Q
<20
<20
<20
<20
<20
«20
<20
<20
<20
<20
«20
Max
490
1,700
2,300
24,000
17,000
160,000
35,000
2,900
330
330
330
2,300
4,900
13,000
13,000
3,300
7,000
4,900
35,000
16,000
3,300
1,300
790
460
460
7,900
2,300
92,000
Geom
Mean
180
550
700
3,200
5,700
39,000
8,700
1,400
100
120
tf20
580
1,600
4,000
4,900
1,200
1,400
1,300
5,700
2,800
1,000
600
260
200
210
1,400
930
13,600
Fecal Coliform, MPN/lOOg. Salmonella Isolations
No.
8
8
8
9
7
8
7
6
8
8
8
9
7
7
6
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
7
7
8
8
7
8
Min
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
« 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
<20
< 20
<20
< 20
< 20
< 20
Max
330
460
2,300
7,900
13,000
92,000
11,000
2,100
130
20
230
790
1,300
2,300
3,300
3,300
790
1,300
3,300
3,500
2,200
490
490
170
230
950
790
35,000
Geom
Mean No. Sero types
120
140
370
970
3,100 4 S.st. paul; S.anatum; S.montevideo;
S.litchfield
16,000 2 S.oranienburg; S. derby
2,600 2 S. derby; S. infant is
410
45
20
52
210
350
1,100
1,300 1 S.derby
740 1 S.derby
260
280
1,000 1 S.tennessee
610
620
160 1 S.derby
110
71
95
320
350
4,700 1 S.derby
120
vo
CTN
-------
TABLE XXI (Cont.)
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SHELLFISH MEATS
Total Coliform, MPN/lOOg.
Station
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
57
58
61
73
No.
7
9
8
9
8
7
8
7
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
8
7
7
8
6
6
6
Min
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
110
< 20
Max
24,000
24,000
22,000
3,300
3,500
490
2,300
490
230
1,300
3,300
13,000
3,300
2,300
4,900
2,100
7,900
490
4,900
3,300
7,000
2,300
Geoo
Mean
6,600
5,200
5,600
1,100
540
150
630
190
97
350
780
2,000
600
400
860
380
1,300
180
820
1,200
1,400
400
Fecal Coliform, MPN/lOOg. Salmonella Isolations
No.
7
9
9
9
8
7
8
7
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
8
7
7
8
6
6
6
Min
< 20
< 20
<20
< 20
'< 20
< 20
< 20
< 20
<20
< 20
< 20
<20
<20
< 20
<20
< 20
<20
<20
<20
<20
<20
<20
Max
4,900
24,000
7,900
490
310
140
230
140
80
230
790
1,300
490
2,300
460
130
490
170
490
230
4,600
170
Geom
Mean No. Serotypes
1,700 1 S. ana turn
3,500 1 S.6,7:K mono.
2,100 3 S. derby; S.anatum; S.6,7 non.mot.
150
70
67
77
52 1 S.typhimurium
31
76 2 S.6,7:mon.mot; S.6,7:Kmono.
150
300
92
340
110
37
90
44 2 S. infant is; S.muenchen
160
120
820
45
-------
198
K. H. Walker
stations, nine also showed geometric mean total coliform
densities greater than 2,400 per 100 grams of clam meat.
The' geometric mean coliform density in shellfish from the
other five stations ranged from 180 to 1,200 per 100 grams.
A total of 23 Salmonella isolations were made with 13 sero-
types Identified. Salmonella derby was the predominant
serotype and was isolated in shellfish from seven of the 14
stations. Stations which showed the presence of Salmonella
in the clam meats covered two general areas, one of which
corresponded with the location of high coliform counts in the
clam meats as described above. The second area was located
along the New York-New Jersey State line, in an area bounded
roughly by Seguine Point, Great Kills, Staten Island, New
York, and Keyport and Keansburg, New Jersey.
Chemical analyses of meats from shellfish taken
from these 50 sampling stations were performed by the Public
Health Service's Northeastern Shellfish Sanitation Research
Center. The complete report of this agency is contained
in Volume III - Appendices of this report. High phenol and
mineral oil concentrations were found in shellfish meats taken
from a number of stations in the western sector of the bay,
with highest values associated with those stations nearest
the mouths of the Arthur Kill and Raritan River. Specific
analyses for a number of metals, including copper, chromium,
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199
K. H. Walker
zinc and lead, and for pesticide residues, revealed trace
amounts In clam meats.
Pathogen Isolations from Sewage and Bay Waters
In an attempt to further evaluate the effects of
Upper Bay and the Narrows on the eastern portion of Raritan
Bay, studies were undertaken to Isolate Salmonella and
Shigella from sewers discharging Into the Narrows, and from
the waters of Raritan Bay and the Narrows. Isolations
obtained are presented in Tables XXII through XXV. Figure 39
identifies the location of those sampling points where
Salmonella isolations were successful.
No isolations could be made of Shigella organisms
but a number of positive results were obtained for Salmonella.
Prom October 1963 through April 1964, these organisms were
Isolated in four of seven samples taken from the Nautilus
Street sewer, which discharges raw municipal wastes from
Staten Island into Upper Bay Just above the Narrows. Between
October 1963 and July 1964, a total of 20 samples in the
Narrows were analyzed, 40 percent of which were positive for
Salmonella. A total of 15 different serotypes were identified,
and as many as seven different serotypes were isolated from
one sample.
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200
TABLE XXII
SALMONELLA. ISOLATED FROM THE NAUTILUS STREET PIPE DISCHARGING
RAW SEWAGE INTO THE NARROWS
Salmonella Serotypes Isolated
Date (Gauze-Pad Technic)
16 October 1963
4 November 1963
17 March 1964
23 March 1964
31 March 1964
13 April 1964
21 April 1964
Salmonella cubana
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201
TABLE XXIII
SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM THE NARROWS IN THE AREA OF THE
NAUTILUS STREET OUTFALL
Date
Salmonella Serotypes Isolated
16 October 1963
25 October 1963
28 October 1963
4 November 1963
10 February 1964
2 March 1964
3 March 1964
11 March 1964
17 March 1964
23 March 1964
+ Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
S. typhimurium
S_. livingstone
S_. derby
S. tcnnessee
S. montevideo
S. heidelberg
S_. montevideo
£5. enter id it ia
S. oranienburg
S. derby
S. 6,7s ma-motile (variant)
S. 6,7: K monophosic (variant)
S. derby
J5. Java
S» oranienburg
S. bredeney
S. typhimurium
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202
TABLE XXIII (Cont.)
SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM THE NARROWS IN THE AREA OF
NAUTILUS STREET OUTFALL
Date Salmonella Serotypes Isolated
31 March 1964
13 April 1964
21 April 1964
8 June 1964
10 June 1964
15 June 1964
20 June 1964
26 June 1964
7 July 1964
15 July 1964
»• Samples from 16 October 1963 to 21 April 1964 were collected by the
gauze-pad technique.
x• From 8 June 1964 to 15 July 1964 samples were processed by filtering
2 liters of sample water through diatooaceous earth.
-------
203
TABLE XXIV
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED ON SAMPLES COLLECTED AT
SOUTH BEACH, MIDLAND BEACH, AND MILLER FIELD
Sample Station
(See Fig. 39 for
Location)
South Beach 1
(Ocean Ave.)
15 ft. from shore
South Beach 1
200 ft. from shore
South Beach 2
(Center of Beachland
Lane)
15 ft. from shore
South Beach 2
200 ft. from shore
Midland Beach 1
(Graham Blvd.)
15 ft. from shore
Midland Beach 1
200 ft. from shore
X
Date
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
16 July 1964
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
24 July 1964
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
16 July 1964
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
Salmonella
Isolates
Negative
S_. at. paul
Negative
S. st. paul
Negative
S. montevideo
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
S. st. paul
S_. montevideo
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
S. st. paul
Negative
BEACH, STATEN
MPN/100 ml
Col if onus
7,900
4,900
17,000
49,000
24,000
168,000+
17,000
3,300
11,000
17,000
4,900
7,900
13,000
9,200
330
330
9,200
•
230
16,000
4,900
ISLAM)
MPN/100 ml
Fecal Colt.
4,900
2,300
7,900
3,300
4,900
7,900
11,000
790
630
13,000
1,700
1,400
4,900
4,600
33
330
5,400
-
50
9,200
490
127
-------
204
TABUS XXIV (Cont.)
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED ON SAMPLES COLLECTED AT
SOUTH BEACH, MIDLAND BEACH, AND MILLER FIELD BEACH, STATEN ISLAND
S«ple Station
(See Fig. 39 for
location) Date
x Salmonella
Isolates
MPN/100 ml
Coliforms
MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coll.
Midland Beach 2
(Midland Ave.)
15 ft. from shore
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
Negative 200
Negative 230
S. typhimurium 1,300
46
33
490
KUland Beach 2
200 ft. from shore
28 July 1964
4 Aug 1964
10 Aug 1964
Negative 50
Negative 790
Negative 490
20
330
330
Killer Field
Beach
1 24 July 1964
2 24 July 1964
3 24 July 1964
4 24 July 1964
Negative 330
Negative 230
Negative 330
Negative 490
130
33
49
79
i« For Salmonella isolations - 2 liters of sample water were filtered
through diatomaceous earth*
*• greater than
128
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205
TABLE XXV
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED ON SAMPLES
COLLECTED IN RARITAN BAY
Station
(Navigational
Aid)
Date
Salmonella Isolations MPN/100 ml MPN/100 ml
by by
Gauze Pad Filtration (2L) Coliforma Fecal Col,
23 Bell
3 Gong
19 Can
19A Bell
39 B & V Bell
(black & white)
17 Whistle
17. Bell
15 Buoy
18 May '64
22 May '64
2 June '64
18 May «64
22 May '64
2 June '64
Negative
Negative
Negative
(variant)
S.1,3,19 mon«
motile
Negative
S. derby
£>• montevideo
S~. ana turn
S. litchficld
17 June «64
24 June '64
8 July '64
£• derby
~"
18 May '64
22 May '64
2 June '64
Negative
£, derby
S. anatum
Negative
Negative
Negative
S« anatum
18 May '64
22 May '64
2 June '64
17 June '64
24 June '64
8 July *64
17 June '64
24 June '64
8 July *64
16 July '64
17 June «64
24 June '64
1 Sept '64
11 Sept '64
Negative
Negative
S. montevideo -
• Negative
Negative £• derby
S» derby
Negative
Negative
S. st« paul
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
3,300
460
340
60
-------
TABLE XXV (Cont.)
RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED ON SAMPLES
COLLECTED IN RARITAN BAY
206
Station
(navigational
Aid)
13 Whistle
11 Buoy
10 Bell
5 Bell
I Nun
5 Nun
8 Nun
UBGong
Salmonella
by
Date Gauze Pad
21 Sept 'eH
I Sept '64
11 Sept '64
21 Sept '64
1 Sept '64
11 Sept '64
21 Sept '64
1 Sept '64
11 Sept '64
21 Sept '64
1 Sept '64
11 Sept '64
21 Sept '64
4 Nov '64
4 Nov '64
4 Nov '64
4 Nov '64
Isolations
by
Filtration(2L)
S_. derby
§. Heidelberg
£. blockley
Negative
Negat ive
£. derby
S. at. paul
S, oranienburg
S_, newport
Negative
Negative
S_. typhimurium
Negative
Negative
S_. derby
i[« heidelberg
S. muenchen
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
MPN/100 ml
Col if onus
16,000+
24,000
490
5,400
92,000
490
230
9,200
230
16,000+
790
330
2,800
490
1,300
9,200
230
MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coll*
16,000
13,000
230
3,500
54,000
230
230
3,500
79
9,200
170
170
1,400
330
490
2,100
11
• • Mo determination
** greater than
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
LOCATION OF SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS
STATEN ISLAND
FIGURE 39
GPO 956-591
-------
208
K. H. Walker
Areas of Staten Island shore closest to the
Narrows showed the greatest frequency of Salmonella isolation.
Five of 13 samples taken at South Beach were positive; at
Midland Beach two of 14 samples showed Salmonella. No
Salmonella were recovered from samples further west at the
Miller Field beach areas. Some of the same serotypes found
in the Narrows were Isolated from the bathing area samples.
Although a limited number of samples were analyzed, the
relatively small sample volume (2 liters) which was used for
these determinations suggests a substantial density in these
areas.
Attempts were made to isolate Salmonella from
various locations in eastern Raritan Bay (See Figure 39)
extending on a line from the Narrows southerly towards Sandy
Hook. Of the 16 stations sampled, 10 were positive. Of the
48 samples processed, 27 percent contained Salmonella, and a
total of 25 Salmonella isolations were made. S. derby was
the predominant serotype, being isolated on eight different
occasions, and was also the predominant serotype in the
samples collected at the Narrows. Salmonella were isolated
below the Narrows as far as No. 10 Bell, approximately six
niles south of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge.
This completes my presentation on the analytical
results. I turn the report back to Mr. DeFalco.
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209
Paul DePalco
FURTHER STATEMENT OP PAUL DE FALCO, JR.,
DIRECTOR, RARITAN BAY PROJECT, FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION,
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, METUCHEN,
NEW JERSEY
MR. DE FALCO: Gentlemen, if you can turn to the
summary document for the conclusions and recommendations?
CONCLUSIONS
1. Rarltan Bay and Arthur Kill are interstate
waters within the meaning of 33 USC 466 et seq, Raritan
River, a major tributary, is included in the conference area
because of its effects on the bay. Pollution results from
the direct discharge of municipal and industrial wastes, as
well as by wastes carried into the area from Upper Bay.
Originating in the States of New York and New Jersey, this
pollution endangers the health and welfare of persons living
in both States and is subject to abatement under 33 USC et seq.
2. .The primary cause of pollution of the eastern
section of Raritan Bay is the transfer of untreated and inade-
quately treated wastes from Upper Bay through the Narrows.
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210
Paul DePalco
Recommendations by "Conference In the Matter of Pollution
of the Interstate Waters of the Hudson River and its
Tributaries — New York and New Jersey" pertain to these waste
sources.
3. The major cause of pollution of the western
section of Raritan Bay is the direct discharge of raw and
inadequately treated municipal wastes.
4. Additional pollution in the western section
results from the Interchange of these waters with the polluted
Raritan River and Arthur Kill.
5. Arthur Kill is polluted by the discharge of
raw or inadequately treated industrial and municipal wastes.
Limited circulation in this waterway results in grossly
polluted conditions.
6. Many existing municipal wastes treatment
facilities are outdated, overloaded or inadequately maintained.
Poor operation by unlicensed and untrained personnel adds
to the problem. The State of New Jersey and the City of
New York, in cooperation with the Interstate Sanitation Com-
mission, have placed the major polluters under formal abatement
orders.
7. New York, New Jersey and the Interstate
Sanitation Commission have classified the waters of the study
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211
Paul DePalco
area. While these classifications, which are based on best
use of the waters, may not agree In all cases there seems to
be no reason why the highest water quality proposed by any
one of the three agencies should not be adopted by all.
Selection of the highest criteria would provide for the safe
use of the Arthur Kill for recreational boating.
8. Plans or -construction are under way for
Improved wastes treatment facilities for a number of sources
in both States.
9. Commercial boating is not at present a serious
source of pollution in the open waters, but may present local
problems in berthing areas.
10. Pleasure boating, although a major water use
affected by pollution of the Rarltan Bay, is also a measurable
contributor to pollution.
11. Major benefits will accrue in recreational
bathing from the clean-up of these waters.
12. Additional major benefits would accrue if
the quality of these waters were at the level necessary to
support a safe shellfishery.
RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of Project studies the following
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212
Paul DePalco
recommendations are made in order to reclaim study area waters
for maximum beneficial uses:
1. Treatment facilities provide a minimum of 90
percent removal of BOD and suspended solids, and effective
year-round disinfection (effluent coliform count of no
greater than one per ml in more than 10 percent of samples
examined) at all municipal plants discharging directly to
these waters. Program to be carried out in accordance with
following time schedule:
a. Complete plant design no later than December
1, 1967;
b. Initiate construction no later than June 1,
1968;
c. Place in operation no later than June 1, 1970;
unless existing orders specify completion dates earlier than
the above, in which case the earlier dates must be met.
2. Industrial plants shall improve practices
for the segregation and treatment of wastes so as to effect
maximum reduction of the following:
a. Acids and alkalis;
b. Oil and tarry substances;
c. Phenolic and other compounds that contribute
to taste, odor and tainting of fin and shell-
fish meat.
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213
Paul DeFalco
d. Nutrient materials, Including nitrogenous
and phosphorous compounds;
e. Suspended material;
f. Toxic and highly colored wastes;
g. Oxygen requiring substances;
h. Heat;
1. Foam producing discharges
j. Bacteria;
k. Wastes which detract from optimum use and
enjoyment of receiving waters.
Industrial treatment facilities to accomplish
such reduction must provide removals at least the equivalent
of those required for municipal treatment plants. Such facili-
ties or reduction should be provided in accordance with the
following time schedule:
a. Completion of engineering studies and design
by December 1, 19&7;
b. Commence construction by June 1, 1968;
c. Place in operation by June 1, 1970;
unless existing orders specify compliance dates earlier than
the above, in which case the earlier dates must be met.
3. Qualified resident operators (licensed or
certified) be provided at each treatment plant.
4. Facilities and procedures be established at
each treatment facility to provide laboratory control.
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21*4
Paul DePalco
5. Automatic instrumentation and recorders be
required for flow and chlorination feed or residual control
to permit prompt and effective supervision by plant operators
and water, pollution control agencies.
6. Priority for construction grants be estab-
lished so affected communities may obtain funds to meet the
requirements outlined above.
7. Recognition be given to the problems which
will arise as a result of the continued population growth
in the area, which may lead to the necessity for tertiary or
other advanced wastes treatment techniques. All new facili-
ties should be planned with sufficient site space to permit
future expansion for such treatment.
8. State regulations be extended to require
wastes treatment facilities or holding tanks on all vessels
and recreational boats using the area. If holding tanks are
to be used, adequate dockslde facilities be required to ensure
proper disposal of wastes.
9. Conferees to meet every six months to review
and initiate progress on water quality improvements.
10. Conferees will investigate additional proposals
to safeguard water quality in the study area, to include but
not be limited to:
a. Possible relocation of the main shipping channel
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215
Paul Defalco
through Raritan Bay to Improve circulation
characteristics;
b. Selection of areas for dredging for construc-
tion materials;
c. Suitable outfall locations for waste
effluents to Include possible trunk systems
to divert effluents from the Arthur Kill.
INTRODUCTION
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended (33 USC 466 et seq) provides that pollution of
Interstate waters which endangers the health or welfare of
any person is subject to abatement under procedures described
in Section 10 (33 USC 466g) of the Act.
On the basis of reports, surveys and studies
the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, having
reason to believe that pollution of the Interstate waters
of Raritan Bay and adjacent waters was endangering the health
and welfare of persons in the State of New York and New
Jersey, called a conference on the pollution of these waters.
At the first session in August 1961, conferees requested a
study by the Public Health Service to obtain scientific
data for further control of pollution. Accordingly, the
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216
Paul DePalco
Baritan Bay Project was established to carry out such a
program. A second session of the conference was held in May
1963. At that time the Project reviewed its activities
through December 1962 and was requested by the conferees to
continue its studies to completion. On January 1, 1966,
Congress transferred water pollution control activities from
the Public Health Service to the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration. In May 1966, a Presidential
reorganization transferred the Administration to the Depart-
ment of the Interior, which has continued the Rarltan Bay
Project.
The Project study area, shown in Figures 1 and
2, includes Raritan, Lower and Sandy Hook Bays — collectively
referred to in this report as Raritan Bay, the Arthur Kill, and
the Raritan River from its mouth to the confluence of the
Millstone River in Manville, New Jersey. In addition, the
Project carried out investigations in Upper Bay since pollu-
tion of that water was found to be a contributing factor to
the water quality in the study area.
The 1965 population in the five counties
immediately adjacent to Raritan Bay was 2.2 million persons.
Projections indicate that by 1985 it will increase to 4.3
Million, plus an additional 1.0 million persons in western
Brooklyn, New York. Hence, more than 5.0 million people will
-------
UPPER BAY
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
RARITAN BAY STUDY AREA
STATEN ISLAND
LOWER BAY
\ RARITAN BAY ..-
SANDY HOOK
BAY
NEW JERSEY
101 34'-
GT»O 955-949
FIGURE I
-------
218
RARITAN RIVER
DRAINAGE BASIN
Ji
MILES
10
20
25
FIGURE 2
GPO 955-949
-------
219
Paul DeFalco
be conveniently located adjacent to, or In close proximity
to the study area.
Waters of the study area are presently utilized
for industrial water supply, navigation, commercial fin and
shellfishing, and a variety of recreational activities.
However, full utilization of these waters is presently
restricted by unsuitable water quality. The present estimated
annual value of water use is $2.0 million; 90 percent of
that is associated with recreation. With suitable quality,
future potential value of these waters could be at least $19
million annually.
Studies of water currents and dispersion patterns
indicate that Raritan Bay is affected by materials discharged
into waters outside the immediate limits of the Project study
area. Hence, any control program must consider the study area
as a part of a system which includes Upper Bay, Kill Van Kull
and Newark Bay.
WASTE DISCHARGES
RARITAN BAY
Municipal
Raritan Bay presently receives the discharge of
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220
Paul DeFalco
treated and untreated municipal wastes from more than 500,000
persons. Untreated wastes from 3,000 people are discharged
from Tottenville, Staten Island, New York. More than 80
percent of the remaining population is served only by primary
treatment plants. Adequate disinfection of these wastes is
not provided at all times due to inadequate maintenance and
operation. Sources of municipal and institutional wastes,
shown in Figure 3, are as follows:
No Treatment
Tottenville, Staten Island, New York
Primary Treatment
Highlands, N.J. (887) Middlese County Sewerage
Auth., Sayreville, N. J. (85*0
Atlantic Highlands, N.J. (88M)
Keansburg, N. J. (878) Perth Amboy, N.J. (842)
Keyport, N. J. (875) Mount Loretto Home,
Princess Bay, Staten
Matawan Borough, N.J. (869) Island, N. Y. (818)
Madison Township, N.J. (866) Richmond Memorial Hosp.
Princess Bay, Staten
Sayreville - Morgan, Island, N. Y. (812)
Sayreville, N.J. (863)
South Amboy, N.J. (860) Daytop Lodge, Princess Bay
Staten Island, N.Y. (880)
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221
Paul DePalco
Intermediate Treatment
St. Joseph's by the Sea, Huguenot, Staten Island, N. Y. (806)
Secondary Treatment
Matawan Township, N.J. (872)
Matawan Township #3, Cllffwood Beach, N.J. (877)
Junior High School #7, Huguenot., Staten Island, N. Y. (879)
Oakwood Beach, Staten Island, N.Y. (803)
These raw and treated sources represent an average
flow of 72 MGD and loadings of 182,000 Ibs/day of BOD and
40,000 Ibs/day of suspended solids to Raritan Bay. More than
90 percent of the BOD load is from one source — Middlesex
County Sewerage Authority.
Industrial
Industrial wastes emanate from three sources.
(See Figure 3.) International Flavors and Fragrances, Inc.,
Union Beach, New Jersey (960), discharges on an intermittent
basis 2,500 Ibs/day of BOD. The S. S. White Co., Princess
Bay, Staten Island, New York (961), discharges wastes
-------
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
WASTE SOURCE LOCATIONS
RARITAN BAY, ARTHUR KILL
8 UPPER BAY
WASTE SOURCE
• MUNIOML ««STE SOUftCC
>BLI»
IX)
INJ
r\j
CPO 913 M>
RGURE 3
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223
Paul DeFalco
containing 2.0 Ibs/day of chromium and less than 1.0 Ib/day
of cyanide. The South Amboy Power and Light Co., South
Amboy, New Jersey (962), uses 100 MGD of bay water, returning
it with an average temperature Increase of 10°P, which
represents a daily heat load of 80 billion BTU's.
Federal Installations
The only installation discharging is Leonardo
Naval Depot, Leonardo, New Jersey (881). This facility,
handling wastes from 75 people, is served by an intermediate
treatment plant. Loading is estimated at less than 1.0
Ib/day of BOD. At the dock loading area chemical toilets
have replaced privies serving crew members and laborers of
dockslde vessels.
Total Loadings
The waters receive 185,000 Ibs/day of BOD.
Although the tributary population is only 500,000, this
loading is equivalent to the discharge of raw sewage from
1,084,000 people. This loading is due to high volumes of
industrial wastes discharged to many of the municipal plants,
in particular, Middlesex County Sewerage Authority.
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224
Paul DePalco
ARTHUR KILL
Municipal
The Arthur Kill receives the discharge of
treated and untreated municipal wastes from more than 831,000
persons. Untreated wastes emanate from the Bayway and Singer
areas of Elizabeth, New Jersey. Sewage is provided primary
treatment only, with chlorination practiced at only two of
the five municipal plants in New Jersey.
Sources of municipal and institutional wastes
(See Figure 3) are as follows:
No Treatment
Elizabeth, N. J.
Primary Treatment.
Woodbridge - Sewaren, N. J. (839)
Carteret, N. J. (836
Rahway Valley, Rahway, N. J. (833)
Joint Meeting, Elizabeth, N. J. (82?)
Linden - Roselle, Linden, N. J. (830)
Willowbrook State School, Staten Island, N. Y. (824)
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225
Paul DePalco
These seven sources represent an average flow of
nearly 82 MOD, and discharge more than 138,000 Ibs/day of
BOD and 55,000 Ibs/day of suspended solids.
Industrial
Untreated or partially treated wastes from 21
industries and three power generating stations are discharged
to the kill (see Figure 3). The listing which follows identi-
fies sources and extent of treatment provided. Many industries
provide some treatment to at least a portion of their wastes,
or discharge at least partially to municipal systems; there-
fore, such industries are classified as providing partial
treatment.
No Treatment
American Agricultural Co., Carteret, N. J. (963)
PMC Corp., Carteret, N. J. (964)
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., Carteret, N. J. (965)
American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. J. (966)
Armour Agricultural Chemical Co., Carteret, N. J. (96?)
Sinclair - Koppers Company, Inc., Port Reading, N. J. (968)
U. S. Metals Refining Co., Carteret, N. J. (969)
Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corp., Elizabeth, N. J. (970)
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226
Paul DePalco
Procter and Gamble Manufacturing Co., Port Ivory, S. I.,
N. Y. (971)
Nassau Smelting and Re'fining Co., Inc., Tottenville, S. I.,
N. Y. (997)
Partial Treatment
Humble Oil and Refining Co., Linden, N. J. (972)
Chevron Oil Co., Perth Amboy, N. J. (973)
Hess Oil and Chemical Co., Port Reading, N. J. (974)
Citgo Oil Co., Linden, N. J. (975)
E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Grasselli, Linden, N. J. (976)
American Cyanamid Co., Woodbridge, N. J. (977)
General Aniline and Film Corp., Linden, N. J. (978)
American Smelting and Refining Co., Perth Amboy, N. J. (979)
Public Service Generating Station, Sewaren, N. J. (980)
Public Service Generating Station, Linden, N. J. (981)
Consolidated Edison Arthur Kill Generating Station, S. I.,
N. Y. (982)
General American Transportation Corp., Carteret, N. J. (983)
Archer Daniels Midland Co., Elizabeth, N. J. (984)
Koppers Company, Inc., Forest Products Division, Port
Reading, N. J. (985)
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227
Paul DeFalco
These Industries, exclusive of the power generat-
ing stations, discharge a total of 300 MOD of wastes, Imposing
daily loadings of 100,000 pounds of BOD, 187,000 pounds of
COD, 10 tons of oil and 5 tons of phenol. The three power
stations use a total of 1,660 MOD of Arthur Kill water for
cooling purposes and discharge daily 200 billion BTU's of
heat.
Total Loadings
On a BOD basis, municipal and industrial wastes
discharged are equivalent to the untreated sewage from more
than 1.4 million persons. The total loadings amount to more
than 210,000 Ibs/day of BOD and more than 440 MGD of wastes.
Since chlorination is not required at most of these facilities,
the discharge of human wastes without disinfection represents
a large bacteriological contamination of the waters.
RARITAN RIVER
Municipal
The waters downstream of its Juncture with the
Millstone receive the discharge of treated municipal wastes
from 20,000 persons. These sources, shown in Figure 4, are
as follows:
-------
.883
BOUND
BROOK,
RARITAN BAY PROJECT
WASTE SOURCE LOCATIONS
RARITAN RIVER
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
2349678
SCALE IN MILES
ro
ro
CD
GPO 955-9«
FIGURE 4
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229
Paul DePalco
Primary Treatment
Manville, N. J. (883)
Woodbridge - Keasby, Keasby, N. J. (8^5)
Sayreville - Melrose, Sayreville, N. J. (85?)
Secondary Treatment
Helmetta, N. J. (885)
Jamesburg, N. J. (886)
East Brunswick Turnpike, East Brunswick, N. J. (888)
Raritan Depot, Edison, N. J. (848)
These sources amount to a flow of 2.0 MGD and
impose loadings of 1,600 Ibs/day of BOD and 800 Ibs/day of
suspended solids.
Industrial
Wastes are discharged from 10 industries and one
power generating station. (See Figure 4). All provide some
form of treatment or discharge a portion of their wastes to
municipal systems. In a number of cases, wastes discharged
without treatment are reported to be cooling waters only;
however, analyses have shown contamination of these effluents
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230
Paul DePalco
Partial Treatment
Union Carbide Corp., Bound Brook, N. J. (986)
National Lead Co., South Amboy, N. J. (98?)
American Cyanamid Co., Bound Brook, N. J. (988)
Hatco Chemical Division, W. R. Grace and Co., Fords, N. J. (989)
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc., Heyden Division, Fords, N. J. (990)
E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Photo Products, Parlln,
N. J. (991)
E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Finishes Plant, Parlin,
N. J. (992)
Hercules Powder Co., Sayreville, N. J.-(993)
Johns-Manville Products. Corp., Manville, N. J. (991*)
Philip Carey Manufacturing Co., Perth Amboy, N. J. (995)
Jersey Central Power and Light Co., Sayreville, N. J. (996)
These processing industries discharge more than
76 MGD of wastes, and impose loadings of nearly 70,000 Ibs/day
of BOD and more than 45,000 Ibs/day of suspended solids. The
power generating station returns 300 MGD of cooling water to
the river, with a heat discharge of 250 billion BTU's.
Federal Installations
The only installation discharging is Camp Kilmer.
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231
Paul DePalco
(889). Presently the site of a Job Corps Training Center
operated for the Office of Economic Opportunity, it provides
secondary treatment for wastes from 1,000 people. Flow
averages 1.0 NGD and has a BOD loading of 25 Ibs/day.
Total Loadings
On a BOD basis, municipal and Industrial wastes
discharged to the Raritan River are equivalent to the untreated
sewage from 430,000 persons. Loadings from the 88 MGD flow
amount to 71,000 Ibs/day of BOD and 800 Ibs/day of suspended
solids. On both a flow and BOD basis, industry contributes
98 percent of the wastes discharged.
UPPER BAY
Municipal
The waters receive untreated wastes from an esti-
mated 1.6 million persons, and treated wastes from 2.2
million persons. Sources are as follows:
No Treatment
Manhattan, N. Y.
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232
Paul DePalco
Red Hook, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Staten Island (St.- George, Stapleton and West New Brighton),
N. Y.
Primary Treatment
Bayonne, N. J. (890)
Jersey City East, N. J. (891)
Passaic Valley Sewer Commission, N. J. (892)
^
Port Richmond,- Staten Island, N. Y. (893)
Intermediate Treatment
Owl's Head, Brooklyn, N. Y. (89H)
Wastes from these raw and treated sources total
more than 900 MGD and Impose a loading of more than 800,000
Ibs/day of BOD and 640,000 Ibs/day of suspended solids. Wastes
from the treated sources are not disinfected prior to discharge.
Federal Installations
Installations discharging are as follows:
0. S. Public Health Service Hospital, Staten Island, N. Y.
(895)
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Paul DePalco
U. S. Public Health Service Quarantine Station, Staten
Island, N. Y. (896)
Port Hamilton, Brooklyn, N. Y. (897)
Major portion of these wastes are discharged to
New York City's sewer system.
AREA-WIDE DISCHARGES.
Boating
Waters of the study area receive wastes from com-
mercial vessels and recreational boats. Pollution from com-
mercial vessels, generally concentrated in berthing areas,
was estimated equivalent to 600 persons. It is estimated
that recreational boats contribute 725 Ibs/day of BOD and a
bacterial loading equivalent to the raw discharge from nearly
6,000 persons.
Combined Sewers
Combined sewer systems with stormwater overflows
which discharge into Raritan Bay or immediately adjacent
waters include those of Perth Amboy, N. J.; Tottenville,
Staten Island, N. Y.; northeasterly Staten Island, N. Y.;
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234
Paul DePalco
and the Red Hook section of Brooklyn, N. Y.
Overflow from the Perth Amboy system during a
summer storm was estimated at 22 MGD, with a BOD loading
at 7,000 Ibs/day. Contamination by bacteria as a result of
such overflows constitutes a health hazard to users of these
waters.
No estimates were made for other systems, as
they presently discharge raw sewage under dry weather condi-
tions. Until such time as raw sewage discharges are abated,
no measurements can be made of the effect of such overflows
since they cannot be distinguished from normal dry weather
discharges.
EFFECTS ON WATER QUALITY
Raritan Bay
Discharge of wastes to Raritan Bay results in a
degradation of water quality. Movement of municipal wastes
from Upper Bay through the Narrows results in bacteria densi-
ties on the bathing areas of Staten Island, New York, in
excess of the established limits for bathing. Salmonella
organisms were isolated from swimming areas on Staten Island.
The presence of pathogenic bacteria directly implies a health
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235
Paul DePalco
hazard and attests to the degraded water quality.
Shellfish taken from the bay indicated high
bacterial counts and the presence of Salmonella organisms.
Hence, a health hazard exists when these shellfish are con-
stimed raw or inadequately cooked. Virtually all of the pro-
ductive shellfish harvest areas in the study waters have been
closed by action of the States of New York and New Jersey.
The discharge of Industrial wastes results in tainting of
shellfish meats by phenols and mineral oils, so as to render
them unsuitable for market.
Arthur Kill
As a result of the discharges previously described,
water quality in the Arthur Kill is degraded. The imposed
oxygen demand exceeds the assimilative capacity of the tidal
strait so that dissolved oxygen was absent. In the reach
from the Elizabeth River to Newark Bay dissolved oxygen was
often zero. At some stations the kill was found to be devoid
of benthic organisms due to the absence of adequate dissolved
oxygen levels, together with the presence of oil deposits and
toxic materials which created an environment unsuitable for
aquatic life.
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236
Paul DePalco
Raritan River
As a result of waste discharges these waters
undergo extreme degradation. At times, in the upper reaches,
dissolved oxygen was zero, resulting in septic conditions
and the formation of objectionable gases. In the past the
waterway was used for bathing and fishing; however, loads now
imposed prevent its utilization for recreational purposes.
In addition, these wastes are transported into the western
end of Raritan Bay, acting as an additional source of pollu-
tion to that water.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRESS
Abatement Orders
The New.Jersey State Department of Health has
issued formal abatement orders against the following sources
of pollution, requiring them to cease and desist pollution
and come forward with plans for abatement:
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237
Paul DePalco
Source
Hatco Chemical Dlv., W. R.
Grace and Co.
Union Carbide Corps.
Stabilized Pigments
General Aniline and Film Corp.
American Cyanamld Co., Linden
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.,
Elizabeth
Humble Oil and Refining Co.
Philip Carey Manufacturing Co.
Hess Oil and Chemical Co.
Borough of Highlands
Linden-Roselle Sewerage Dist.
Woodbridge-Sewaren
Rahway Valley Sewerage Auth.
Joint Meeting
Carteret
Date
Ordered
Dec. 21, 1962
July 14, 1942
Dec. 21, 1962
Jan. 22, 1963
Jan. 22, 1963
Jan. 23, 1963
Jan. 22, 1963
Sept. 1, 1961
Aug. 26, 1964
Dec. 11, 1964
Jan. 22, 1963
Jan. 22, 1963
Jan. 22, 1963
Required
Compliance
Date
Apr. 15, 1963
None
Apr. 15, 1963
Jan. 27, 1964
Jan. 27, 1964
Jan. 7, 1965
Jan. 27, 1964
Dec. 1, 1961
Dec. 15, 1964
April 1, 1965
Jan. 27, 1964
Jan. 27, 1964
Jan. 27, 1964
Consent Judgment to be issued
According to the Department of Health, by early
March 1967 the following corrective measures had been taken:
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238
Paul DeFalco
Source Action
Hatco Chemical Div., W. R. Connected to Middlesex County
Grace and Co. Sewerage Authority, Nov. 1966
Onion Carbide Corp. With exception of cooling
water, connected to Middlesex
County Sewerage Authority
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. Connected to municipal sewer,
January 1966
Humble Oil and Refining Co. Treatment facilities con-
structed for several areas of
plant
In early 1966, the New Jersey Department of Health
classified the waters of Rarltan Bay and Raritan River and
issued orders requiring construction of secondary treatment
facilities as follows:
Date Compliance
Agency Issued Date
American Cyanamid Co., Bound Brook 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Johns Manville Products Corp. 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Middlesex County Sewerage Auth. 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Borough of Manville 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Perth Amboy 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Borough of Sayreville 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
South Amboy 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
Woodbridge Township 2-18-1966 6-1-1966
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239
Paul DeFalco
Agency Date Compliance
Issued Date
Madison Township Sewerage Auth. 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Keyport 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Keansburg 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Atlantic Highlands 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Borough of Matawan 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
Matawan Twp. Mun. Ut. Authority
(2 plants) 4-7-1966 8-15-1966
According to the Health Department, as of early
1967 virtually all of the above were making satisfactory
progress, either in developing plans to upgrade existing
facilities or in conducting studies to develop regional
sewerage authorities or facilities. To date, these orders
have not met compliance.
The New York City Department of Health has issued
orders against the following pollution sources in Staten
Island:
-------
Mount Loretto Home
St. Josephs by the Sea
Richmond Memorial Hospital
Nassau 'Smelting and Refining
Co., Inc.
Procter and Gamble
Manufacturing Co,
S. S. White Co.
Date Ordered
March 27, 1962
March 27, 1962
March 15, 1962
March 27, 1962
April 5, 1963
Compliance Date Remarks
April 1964 Complied
Sept. 1964
May 1969
June 1968
March 15, 1962 April 1969
Complied
Complied
To connect to
city sewer by
May 1969
To connect to
city sewer by
June 1968
To connect to
city sewer by
April 1969
IVJ
.t
o
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Paul DePalco
In the case of the last three sources listed,
the compliance date is based upon completion of new inter-
ceptor sewers and/or construction of treatment facilities
by the city to handle these wastes.
The Interstate Sanitation Commission has one
abatement order outstanding against the City of Elizabeth,
New Jersey, requiring construction of interceptor sewers
to eliminate the raw discharge now emanating from the
Bayway and Singer areas. Plans are now under way for such
construction.
Construction and Planning Programs (1962 to date)
Construction Completed
New treatment facilities have been constructed,
or existing facilities enlarged at the following:
Keyport, N. J. Madison Township, N. J.
Keansburg, N. J. Newton Creek, N. Y.
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority, N. J
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242
Paul DeFalco
Construction Plans Under Way or Complete
Madison Township, N. J. (Secondary)
Port Richmond, N. Y. (Interceptors)
Oakwood Beach, N. Y. (Expansion and Interceptors)
Elizabeth, N. J. (Interceptors)
Preliminary Planning Under Way or Complete
Highlands, N. J. Monmouth,County, N. J.
Woodbridge-Sewaren," N. J. Keyport, N. J.
Atlantic Highlands, N. J. Keansburg, N. J.
Red Hook, N. Y. Tottenvllle, N. Y.
Fresh Kills, N. Y.
Pilot Plant Studies Under Way or Complete
The following have undertaken pilot plant
studies to determine methods for providing increased
treatment:
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority, N. J.
Linden-Roselie Sewerage District, N. J.
Rahway Valley Sewerage Authority, N. J.
Joint Meeting, N. J.
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243
Paul DePalco
Classification - Treatment Requirements
Waters under the Jurisdiction of the Interstate
Sanitation Commission and the State of New York Water
Resources Commission have been classified. In 1964, the
New Jersey State Department of Health adopted rules and
regulations for classification of waters in its Jurisdic-
tion. The Department classified the waters of Raritan Bay
and tidal portions of the Raritan River in 1965, and in
1966 issued a proposed classification for the Arthur Kill,
In 1962, the Interstate Sanitation Commission
issued requirements for secondary treatment of domestic and
industrial wastes discharged to the Arthur Kill. These
criteria called for at least an overall BOD reduction of
80 percent.
Both the States of New York and New Jersey have
issued requirements for seasonal chlorination, effective in
1967, of all wastes discharged within the area of the
Interstate Sanitation Commission.
In 1965, under the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
convened a conference on pollution of the Hudson River and
its tributaries, including Upper Bay. The conferees
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Paul DePalco
recommended secondary treatment and effective disinfection
of all wastes discharged to these waters, and established
a timetable calling for completion by January 1970.
-------
la 245
Paul DePalco
REPORT
for
THE CONFERENCE ON POLLUTION
RARITAN BAY AND ADJACENT
INTERSTATE WATERS
THIRD SESSION
VOLUME II-SOURCES OP POLLUTION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR
PEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHEAST REGION - RARITAN BAY PROJECT
METUCHEN, N.J.
MAY 1967
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246
Paul DeFalco
SOURCES OP POLLUTION
MUNICIPAL - INSTITUTIONAL
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
general
Major pollutional loads to the study waters
are presented In Table I. Examination of these data
Indicates the large demand placed upon the assimilative
capacity of these waters by the discharge of treated and
untreated municipal and industrial wastes. Rarltan Bay
and Arthur Kill receive directly more than 480 MOD
of wastes from a tributary population exceeding 1.3
million people. These discharges represent a BOD
loading of 430,000 Ibs/day.
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3a Paul DePalco
The discharge of additional wastes in adjacent
waters Increases the magnitude and Impact of the direct
loads. When discharges to Upper Bay and Rarltan River
are Included the total wastes volume .approaches 1,500
MOD, which represents a BOD loading of greater than
1*300,000 Ibs/day from a population exceeding 5.0 million
people.
Contamination by pollutants other than BOD from
these same sources is also a significant problem. Bac-
teriological pollution results from the discharge of more
than 900 MOD of unchlorinated and raw municipal wastes
emanating from a tributary population of 3.8 million persons,
Such pollution constitutes a definite hazard to the health
of persons having contact with these waters.
Nearly 75# of the total wastes volume is from
industry. This results In pollution of study waters by a
variety of contaminants in addition to oxygen consuming
material. Pollutants such as oil, phenol, phosphate and
nitrogen result in unsightly conditions, destruction of
desirable aquatic life, tainting of fish and shellfish and
eutrophlcatlon of the water.
Additional pollution results from the discharge
of more than 1.0 billion gallons per day of "hot" cooling
water from power generating plants adjacent to these waters.
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248
Paul DePalco
Further contamination occurs in localized areas due to the
discharge of wastes from recreational and commercial vessels.
The overflow of sewage from combined storm-sanitary sewer
systems also represents an important factor in pollution of
these waters.
MUNICIPAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
General
Treated and raw municipal and institutional
wastes discharged to Raritan Bay, Arthur Kill, Raritan River,
and that portion of Upper Bay to close proximity to the Narrows,
are summarized in Table II.
Raritan Bay receives the direct discharge of
treated and untreated wastes from more than 5H»000 persons.
A total of 20 wastewater treatment plants, serving 508,000
people, discharge 182,000 Ibs/day of BOD and 40,000 Ibs/day
of suspended solids. On a population basis, more than 99#
of the domestic wastes discharged receives treatment of some
form. The only major source of raw municipal wastes is the
Tottenville area of Staten Island, N. Y., with an estimated
population of 3,000 people.
Treated municipal wastes from nearly 830,000
-------
TABUS I
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE LOADINGS
249
Type Source
Plow
MGD
Loadings (Ibs/day)
Suspended
BOD Solids
Tributary
Population
Population
Equivalent
(BOD) Dis-
charged
DISCHARGES TO RARITAN BAY
Municipal
Industrial
Total
Municipal
Industrial
Total
Municipal
Industrial
Total
Municipal
Industrial
Total
Municipal
Industrial
Total
NOTES: 1.
2.
3.
72^2
81.8
367.3
449.1
85.7
87.7
155.9
453.1
609.0
182,500 40,560 507,800
x 2,500
& 185,000
DISCHARGES TO ARTHUR KILL
138,360 55,350 831,000
±f 104,640
2f 243,000
DISCHARGES TO RARITAN RIVER
1,605 845 20,365
Z, 70,100
=f 71,707
TOTAL DISCHARGES TO STUDY AREA
322,465 96-755 1,359,165
177,240
499,705
DISCHARGES TO UPPER BAY
915.9 808,510 645,100 3,815,100
N.D. I/ N,D. NSD« N.-.D.
915.9
808,510 645,100 3,815,100
1,069,200
14,700
1,083,900
812,750
615,000
1,427,750
9,430
421,000
430,430
1,891,380
1,050,700
2,942,080
4,758,400
4,758,400
Does not include additional wastes loadings from recreatioi
and con
•ercial vessels, or from stortnwater overflow.
Excludes flow from power generating industry.
No date
available.
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250
Paul DeFalco
persons, representing a BOD load of 137,000 ibs/day and
34,000 Ibs/day of suspended solids are discharged directly
to the Arthur Id 11. There is no significant discharge of
untreated municipal of institutional wastes to the Kill,
although some raw discharges do exist, notably in the City
Of Elizabeth, H.J.
That portion of the Raritan River within the
Project study area receives treated wastes from 20,400 people.
The seven wastewater treatment plants discharging to the
waterway and its tributaries contribute a load of 1,600 Ibs/day
of BOD and 800 Ibs/day of suspended solids.
Wastes discharged to Upper Bay have been Included
In Table II since the transfer of pollutants through the
Harrows has a significant effect on the easterly portion of
Raritan Bay. Upper Bay receives wastes from more than 3.8
aillion people, of which, that from 1.6 million is discharged
without treatment. Five wastewater treatment plants account
for 3*13 of the 915 MGD discharged. Raw wastes amounting to
572 MOD are discharged from Manhattan, Red Hook Section of
Brooklyn and easterly Staten Island. The total load is esti-
ttated at 808,000 Ibs/day of BOD and 645,000 Ibs/day of
suspended solids. It is important to note that all of the
Municipal plants do not practice chlorination.
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Paul DePalco
Sources^
Known sources of municipal and institutional
wastes discharged to study area waters are presented in Table
III. These data are based on Project sampling programs or
Information provided by the Interstate Sanitation Commission
and the New Jersey State Department of Health.
Major municipal wastewater treatment plants dis-
charging to Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill were sampled at
periodic Intervals by the Project. The sampling program in-
cluded 24-hour studies, which related Influent and effluent
so as to provide an indication of treatment efficiency; and
weekly samples — collected to provide a measure of the varia-
tion in wastes loads. Since September 1963 the Project has
conducted a surveillance program consisting of visual in-
spections and periodic sampling to provide Information on
major changes in plant operation.
Table IV presents the results of Project studies
of the major municipal wastewater treatment plants discharg-
ing to Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill. Plant operating per-
sonnel, records and laboratory control procedures were
observed and compared with the minimum recommendations of the
Conference of State Sanitary Engineers. Particular attention
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252
Paul DePalco
was directed to bacteriological effluent quality and suspended
solids removal, This permitted a comparison of Project data
with the standards of the Interstate Sanitation Commission,
which has Jurisdiction over all wastes discharged to the study
waters.
Information collected indicates that although the
treatment facilities were generally able to meet bacteriological
requirements, certain of the older plants were unable to
maintain satisfactory solids removal efficiencies. A number
of plants were staffed with improperly trained operators. In
all but seven of the facilities, laboratory control procedures
did not meet the minimum standards recommended by the Confer-
ence of State Sanitary Engineers.
Technical information, along with a history and
description of each of the treatment facilities discharging
to the study area waters is Included in this section.
-------
TABLE H
SUMMARY OF MUNICIPAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
/
HECEIVING
WATER AND
OBTOIN
Raritan Bay N.J.
N.Y.
TOTAL
Arthur Kill N.J.
N.Y.
TOTAL
ALL
Rari tan 'River NJ
Upper Harbor N.J,
N.Y,
TOTAL
TREATED WASTE
04
13
7
20
6
I
7
7
3
2
5
POPULATION
SERVED
415,175
89,625
504, 800
820,000
6,000
826,000
20,365
1,1*05,100
810,000
2,215,100
FLOW
MOD
60.6
11.2
71.8
80.6
0.7
81.3
2.0
238.4
104.5
342.9
LOADINGS Ibs/day
BOD
178,430
3,560
181,990
135,340
1,860
137,200
1,605
436,970
99,540
536,510
SUSP.
SOLIDS
36,760
3,140
39,900
53,990
600
54,590
845
255,820
37,28o
293,100
POP.
0?UIV.
(BOD)
1,045,250
20,950
1,066,200
795,000
10,900
805,900
9,430
2,572,200
586,200
3,158,400
UNTREATED WASTE
POPULATION
0
3,000
3,000
5,000
0
5,000
0
0
1,600,000
1,600,000
FLOW
MOD
0
0.3
0.3
0.5
0
0.5
0
0
573.0
573.0
LOADINGS Ibs/day
BOD
0
510
510
1,160
0
1,160
0
0
272,000
272,000
SUSP.
SOLIDS
0
660
660
760
0
760
0
0
352,000
352,000
POP.
EQTJIV.
(BOD)
0
3,000
3,000
6,850
0
6,850
0
0
1,600,000
1,600,000
TOTAL
POPULATION
415,175
92,625
507,800
825,000
6,000
831,000
20,365
1,405,100
2,410,000
3,815,100
FLOW
MOD
60.6
11.5
72.1
8l.l
0.7
81.8
2.0
238.4
677.5
915.9
LOADINGS Ibs/day
BOD
178,430
4,070
182,500
136,500
1,860
138,360
1,605
436,970
371,540
808,510
SUSP.
SOLIDS
36,760
3,800
40,560
54,750
600
55,350
845
255,820
389,280
645,100
POP.
EQUIV.
(BOD)
1,045,250
23,950
1,069,200
801,850
10,900
812,750
9,430
2,572,200
2,186,200
4,758,400
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TABLE IXX
MUNICIPAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES SOURCES I/
Source
State
Treatment
Year
Built/
Altered
Population
Served
Flow, MGD
L»e-
sign
Ave
Daily
Loadings, Ibs/day
BOD
Suspended
Solids
Pop. Equiv.
(BOD)
i/
RARITAN BAY
Highlands
Atlantic High-
lands
Leonardo Naval
Depot
Keansburg
Keyport
Mat aw an BorojS/
Mat a wan Twp."~
Madison Twp.
Sayreville -
Morgan £/
South Amboy
Middlesex
County 4/
Perth Amboy
Junior High
School #7 5/
Mt . Loretto
Home #L £/
Mt. Loretto
Home #2 j?/
Richmond M*em.
Hospital 5/
Daytop Lodge*
N.J.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.J.
.Y.
• Y.
.Y.
.Y.
.Y.
Primary
Primary
Intermediate
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Septic Tank
2
Sep££j Tank
£*
Sep^,c Tank
Septic Tank
1929
1929
1949
1950/1963
1929A962
1923A962
1953
1963
1952
1939
1959A965
1934
1965
1963
1963
1936A954
k
4
7
7
3
1
3
2
8
330
38
2
,200
,200
75
,500
,000
,600
,000
,500
,000
,400
,900
,000
,100
415
760
360
80
1.
0.
7
6
0.8 660 550
0.6 650 410
0.02 Small Small
3.
1.
0.
_
1.
0.
1.
52.
-10.
2
0
8
2
3
0
0
0
2.9 990 1.160
1.
0.
0.
0 670 440
4 430 320
08 Small Small
0.5 430 220
0.
0.
46.
6.
2 240 180
9 790 340
8 165,450 30,200
2 8,120 2,940
fc -V
3,880
3,820
Small
5,820
3,940
2,520
Small
2,520
1,400
4,650
974,000
42,700
s.
0.02 ^\ ^ \
_
_
_
-
0.
0.
0.
•»
/ J
04 | |
PX 1 F X 1
O 1 O \
f)Q H V H V
vJO pti / b f
HI H
04 H M
CO CO
fi J %
/
1
1 )
g
H
CO
Matawan Twsp #3 N.J. Secondary 1966
0.7
o.a
vji
Js-
-------
TABLE III (Cont'd)
MUNICIPAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTE SOURCES I/
Source
State
Treatment
Year
Built/
Altered
Population
Served
£15W, MOD
DeST
sign
Ave
Daily
Loadings, Ibs/daj
BOD
suspended
Solids
Fop* Equiv.
(BOD)
I/
RARITAN BAY (Cont'd)
St. Joseph's
School 5/ N.Y.
Oakwood Beach N.Y.
Tojttenvilley 5/ N.Y.
ARTHUR KILL
Intermediate 196k
Secondary 1956
None
Woodbridge-
Sewaren N.J.
Carteret N.J.
Rahway Valley N.J.
Linden-Roselle N.J.
Joint Meeting6/ N.J.
Elizabeth 7/ N.J.
Villowbrook
State SchoolS/ N.Y.
RARITAN RIVER
Helmet ta jj/ N.J.
Jamesburg 9/ N.J.
Manville 9? N.J.
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
None
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
195^
1953
1927
1952
1937
.
"t Oil. T
„
-
mm
Woodbridge-
Keasby 9/
910
85,000
3,000
30,000
15,000
180,000
120,000
^75,ooo
Unknown
6,000
665
1,500
8,600
0.02
15.0
mm
10.0
3.0
16.7
12.5
100.0
0.6
-
n.o
0.3
3.9
2.5
19.7
7.9
ol5
0.7
0.03
0.35
1.0
Small
3,560
510
^,350
2,790
30,200
22,000
76,000
1,160
1,860
Small
210
620
Small
3,1^0
660
2,700
1,670
12,950
7,170
29,500
760
600
Small
60
250
Small
20,950
5,000
25,600
177^500
129,500
Mf6,000
6,850
10,900
Small
1,230
3,650
N.J. Primary
8,000
0.5
655
10
ui
UT
-------
TABLE III (Cont'd)
MUNICIPAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES SOUBCES I/
Source
State
Treatment
Year
Built/
Altered
Population
Served
now, MOD
De-
sign
Ave
Daily
Loadings, Ibs/daj
BOD
Suspended
Solids
Pop. Equiv
(BOD)
&
RARITAN RIVER (Cont'd)
E. Brunswick
Turnpike 9/ N.J. Secondary
Sayreville-
Melrose 10/ N.J. Primary 1949
Raritan Depot N.J. Secondary 1917
UPPER NEW YOBK HARBOR
N.J. Primary 1954
N.J. Primary 1957
Bayonne 8/
Jersey City
East 8/
Passaic""
Valley 8/ ll/ N.J. Primary 1937
Owl's Head &Y N.Y. Intermediate 1952
Port Richmond &/ N.Y. Primary 1953
Manhattan %/
%/ 12/ N.Y. None
Brooklyn -Red
Hook J5/ J5/ N.Y. None
Staten Island
East 3/ 5/ 13/ N.Y. None
500
0.01
Small
Small
Small
1,000
100
75,000
180,100
1,150,000
750,000
60,000
1,000,000
500,000
100,000
0.1 0.03 120 90 700
0.06 Small Small Small
20.0 6.7
46.6 31-7
- 200.0
160.0 97.8
10.0 6.7
- 500.0
60.0
13.0
9,230
40,540
387,200
90,660
8,880
170,000
85,000
17,000
4,600
20,820
230,400
33,250
4,030
220,000
110,000
22,000
54,200
238,000
2,280,000
534,000
52,200
1,000,000
500,000
100,000
ro
Ul
-------
13a 257
Paul DePalco
NOTES:
1. Unless otherwise noted, data are based on
results of Project studies.
2. Calculated from BOD loading, using 1 PE =
0.17 Ibs/day BOD.
3. Loads calculated on basis of 0.17 IDS per
capita per day BOD and 0.22 Ibs per capita per day suspended
solids in raw sewage, with following treatment removed effi-
ciencies :
Primary: BOD 30$ Suspended solids
Secondary: BOD 85# Suspended solids
4. Population served from ISC; Loadings and
flow based on Project studies.
5. Population and flows estimated.
6. Population is 1950 tributary population.
7. Population served unknown. Flow data from ISC
indicates 300,000 gpd from Bayway area; 200,000 gpd from Singer
area. Loadings calculated using data for Elizabeth Joint
Meeting, removals as given in Note 3* and prorating on basis
of ratio of flows.
8. Data from ISC.
9. Data from New Jersey State Department of Health,
-------
258
Paul DePaico
10. Plow and population from ISC. Loads cal-
culated per Note 3.
11. In 1965, outfall line was broken. Plant
now discharges to Newark Bay.
12. Population Increases to estimated 3.5 million
during working day.
13. Includes St. George, Stapleton and West
Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.
-------
TABLE IT
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE OF MAJOR MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS
PLANT
Oakwood Beach
Joint Meeting
Linden-Bo selle
Bahway Valley
Carteret
Sewaren
Perth Amboy
Keasby
Baritan Depot
Middlesex County
Sayreville-Melrose
South Amboy
Sayrevi lie-Morgan
Madison Township
(Knollcroft)
Matawan Boro.
Matawan Township
Matawan Township #3
Keyport
Keansburg
Leonardo
Atlantic Highlands
highlands
CHLORINE
EEQD. 4
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
si's
. .g
60
10
10
10
10
10
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
24-HODR STUDIES
No.
k
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
-
if
_
k
I3
3
1
-
-
i*
3
1*
k
k
No. Mtg.
Bact.
4
-
-
-
0
1
4
1
-
3
_
k
1
3
1
-
-
it
2
1
1
3
No. Mtg.
S. S.
31
1
1
1
1
1
21
0
-
k
_
31
1
2
0
-
-
2
0
1
1
1
GRAB SAMPLE
COLIFOEM
No.
68
11
11
11
11
11
65
19
18
68
202
66
19
22
22
18
1
63
59
19
69
69
No.
>1.0/ML
22
-
-
-
5
6
35
2
1
23
1
8
3
2
^
3
0
13
30
2
4
16
SATISFACTORY
PERSONNEL
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
_
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
OPERATION^
LAB CONTROL
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
_
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
RECORDS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
_
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
KEY
1 - Only 3 studies with solids data
2 - ISC data
3 - 8-hour study
k - Requirements for effluent quality established by ISC classification of receiving water
5 - Satisfactory as compared with "Recommendations for Minimum Personnel and Laboratory Control"
Conference of State Sanitary Engineers
10
-------
260
Paul DePalco
HIGHLANDS
Background
The Highlands, N.J. plant, owned and operated by
the Borough was constructed in 1928-29 to serve a population
of approximately 15,000 people. Presently, the plant serves
an average population of *l,200 with a summer peak of 11,000
persons. The design flow Is reported to be 1.7 MOD.
The existing plant, which has never undergone
expansion of any type, provides primary treatment for domestic
and commercial wastes developed within the community.
The separate sewer system, constructed more than
three and one half decades ago, is provided with two pumping
stations — Waterwich Avenue and South Bay Avenue. Reportedly,
these stations cannot be bypassed. The quantity of flow
handled by these two facilities, in relation to the total
sewage flow, is not known since accurate flow records are not
available at the treatment plant nor at the lift stations.
The area served by the sewer system includes the Borough of
Highlands and the Monmouth Hills Development.
Treatment
-------
261
Paul DeFSlco
The plant consists of a bar screen, four single
story settling (septic) tanks, chlorine contact chamber and
glass covered sludge drying beds. The plant's 16-inch
diameter outfall line was designed to traverse the Shrewsbury
River and Sandy Hook and discharge into the Atlantic Ocean.
This line was broken in the early 1950's, and effluent pre-
sently discharges into the Shrewsbury approximately 300 feet
south of Buoy 13. This break was verified with dye by
Project personnel on October 11, 1962. There is no known1
bypass at the treatment plant. However, during severe rain
storms the settling tanks flood, with the overflow discharging
into Sandy Hook Bay via street gutters.
Findings
According to ISC records, there has been no method
of accurately determining flow at this installation for at
least the past eight years. To measure the flow, the Raritan
Bay Project on July 28-29, 1964, conducted a 24-hour compre-
hensive flow study. Results of this investigation indicated
that the plant's average flow approximates 0.85 MOD, and the
maximum 1.4 MOD. This hydraulic study indicated that infil-
tration is a major problem. It is estimated that the
-------
262
Paul DePalco
background level for seepage is 0.4 M6D.
Presently, under normal conditions, two of the
single story settling tanks are operated In parallel, while
the remaining two units are cleaned and drained. Operation
of the tanks are alternated approximately every six months.
Based on an average flow of 0.85 MOD the detention time is 3.9
hours, which is below that required as a minimum by the New
Jersey State Health Department design regulations. Accord-
ing to these rules the capacity of single story settling
tanks, without sludge digestion, "shall be at least eight
hours based on design flow." If detention time is calculated
on the actual 1.7 MOD design flow, the holding capacity of
the tanks would be approximately two hours.
-------
19a
Performance Summary
Date
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1 jtRem
BOD
Eff mg/1 #Rem
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
141
84
48
46
42
35
38
64
24 hour studies
8-9, 10-62
10-4, 5-62
12-6, 7-62
8-22,23-63
Grab samples
8-7-62 to 9-11-63
(50 samples)
10-6-64 to 12-21-65
(14 samples)
1-18-66 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
*Based on hydraulic study 7-28, 29-64
0.85
0.85
0.85
59
61
72
142
70
62
103
112
75
72
42
76
3
Collform %
over 1.0/tnl
70
33
25
37
24
21
20
eo
a\
LU
-------
264
Paul DeFalco
During three of the four 24-hour studies conducted, the
effluent failed to meet ISC requirements for solids removal.
Bacteriologically, the plant failed to meet the coliform
requirements during one of the day-long studies. Prom data
obtained, it is evident that chlorinatlon is relied upon
heavily to provide a reasonable degree of treatment. Control
of the application of chlorine at this point is poor, as
there is no continual residual chlorine indicator tied into
the feed rate. As a result, the dosage applied in many
instances is inadequate during high flow periods. For
example: During the 24-hour study of October 4-5, 1962, the
coliform counts during the morning high flow periods ranged
from 170 to 16,000 organisms per 100 ml.
Laboratory control procedures at Highlands do
not meet the minimum requirements of the Conference of State
Sanitary Engineers, which recommend daily tests for settieable
solids and chlorine residual; and occasionally pH of the raw
wastes. The only tests performed at Highlands are air and
effluent temperatures and chlorine residual every two hours.
No tabular record, as recommended, is kept of test results;
although an operating diary-type log is maintained.
-------
2 la 265
Paul DeFalco
ATLANTIC HIGHLANDS
Background
Atlantic Highlands, M.J., located on the southern
shore of Sandy Hook Bay approximately two miles west of the
Atlantic Ocean, is served by a 0.6 MGD primary treatment
plant. The installation, constructed in 1929, has never
been expanded or modernized.
Based on Information supplied by the Borough,
the present population of 4,200 people increases by approxi-
mately 100 during the summer months. The popularity of this
area as a summer resort, however, suggests a weekend popula-
tion considerably in excess of 4,300 persons. Based on
available data, the plant is presently handling an average
daily flow of 590,000 gallons, even though records indicate
flows as high as 1.09 MOD. The reason for this discrepancy
is that the propellar-type flow meter, located after the high
tide effluent pumps, Is indicating the pump discharge rate
which includes both sewage flow and tidal backup.
The separate sewage collection system, built in
1894, serves approximately 8(# of the Borough's population.
-------
266
Paul DeFalco
With the exception of one pumping station which serves approxi-
mately 100 homes, the system is gravity. No known by-
passes exist in the collection system. The plant bypass,
located in a manhole in the street adjacent to treatment
facility, has not been used in many years, as shown by the
fact that the manhole cover is sealed with several layers
of asphalt paving material.
Infiltration into the system is considered to be
insignificant by Borough officials. Project personnel, how-
ever, have observed flow increases during and after rain
storms. No reliable estimate of the magnitude of infiltration
can be made since the plant's flow measuring device is
either recording inaccurately or out of order completely.
Treatment
Primary treatment of sewage is provided by four
single story sedimentation (septic) tanks followed by
chlorination. No preliminary treatment — screening or grit
removal — has been provided. Sludge is dewatered on glass-
covered drying beds.
Effluent discharges directly into Sandy Hook
Bay at a point approximately 1,000 feet offshore. During
periods of low tide, effluent flows by gravity through the
-------
26?
Paul DePalco
outfall. During high tide, an automatic tide gate goes into
operation. When the sewage In the plant backs up, due to
the closed gate, float-controlled pumps In the chlorine
contact tank are actuated. These pumps bypass the tide gate
and provide the additional head needed to overcome the backup
In the outfall line.
Findings
New Jersey State Health Department's Rules and
Regulations for the Design of Sewerage Facilities (Section
11.3b) states that for single story settling tanks, without
sludge digestion, the capacity, exclusive of sludge capacity,
shall be such as to provide at least eight hours detention
time, based on design flow. Under normal conditions at
Atlantic Highlands, two of the four tanks are operated in
parallel for 30 to ^0 days while the remaining two tanks
are being cleaned. Based on an average daily flow of 590,000
gallons the detention period is slightly more than 6.6 hours.
-------
Performance Summary
Date
24 hour studies
8-23, 24-62
10-11, 12-62
8-15, 16-63
1-24, 25-63
Grab samples
8-7-62 to 9-H-63
(50 samples)
10-6-64 to 12-21-65
(14 samples)
1-18-66 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
0.9
1.1
0.9
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1 #Rem
BOD
Eff mg/1
72
95
33
34
-
0.7
0.8
53
64
60
28
41
59
60
91
84
98
58
125
90
56
23
30
36
44
Coliform %
over 1.0/tnl
96
17
21
0
8
0
0
o\
CO
-------
269
Paul DeFalco
Results of the comprehensive day-long investi-
gations show that the plant failed to meet, with the excep-
tion of one study which was Just borderline, the ISC require-
ment of 60# removal pf suspended solids. Bacteriologically,
the installation only failed to meet the ISC coliform re-
quirements during one of the 24-hour studies.
From data obtained, it is evident that the plant
relies heavily upon chlorlnation to provide the final stages
of treatment. The problem associated with this type of
operation is that since the control of the application of
chlorine is poor, dosages during certain high load or flow
periods may very well be insufficient to provide the
required kill. For example: During the 24-hour study in
October 1962, coliform counts as high as 160,000 per 1OO ml
were recorded during the high flow periods - (8 a.m. to
12 noon.)
The minimum standards for laboratory control, as
set by the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers, are not
met by this plant. Settleable solids, which should be run
daily, is performed only three times per week.
Operation of the facility is presently restricted
to one operator who spends approximately two hours per day at
the plant. This man also reportedly returns every hour during
the period of 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., to take a chlorine residual.
-------
270
Paul DePalco
The standards recommend a minimum of one full time operator
and one half time laborer.
Poor records of plant operation and tests
performed are maintained. The standards recommend keeping
an accurate daily-type log book and a tabular record of
tests performed.
IEONARDO U.S. NAVAL AMMUNITION DEPOT
Background
This 20 year old intermediate treatment plant,
located on the ammunition depot at Leonardo, N.J , serves 75
people. A separate sewer system, covering an area of
approximately 900,000 square feet, serves the plant.
Treatment
Treatment Includes screening, sedimentation
(Imhoff tank), sand filtration and pre and post-chlorination.
Effluent is discharged to a storm water chamber which, empties
into Wierd Creek, a small tributary to Raritan Bay.
-------
ro
•-J
09
Findings
Date
24 hour study
9-8, 9-64
Flow
mgd
.005E
Performance Summary
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1
BOD
Ef fmgTl
10.0
Coliform ft
over i.O/ml
Grab samples
10-6-64 to 12-21-65
(14 samples)
1-18-66 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
*Based on 13 samples
005E
005E
19
10
84
87
12
24
92
81
14
0
10
-------
272
Paul DeFalco
Data collected by the Project indicates that the
effluent meets both the suspended solids and bacteriological
standards of the Compact. The plant, as presently operated,
is underloaded. The dosing syphons for the sand filters trip
only once every 28 to 30 hours. Correspondingly, results
for BOD and suspended solids removal are high.
KEANSBURG
Background
The Borough of Keansburg, N. J., located on the
southern shore of Raritan Bay approximately seven miles
east of the Raritan River, provides primary treatment for
its domestic and commercial wastes. The plant handles
wastes from a winter tributary population of 7*500 people.
During the summer months, however, the weekday population is
approximately 16,000 and the weekend peaks at about 25,000
people.
The community's original treatment installation,
constructed in the early 1900's, was replaced by a new
2.0 MOD facility, providing chemical treatment and chlorina-
tlon, in 19^9-50. However, except for a short start-up
period, chemicals have never been used. In August
-------
29a 273
Paul DePalco
Keansburg was awarded a $90,000 FWPCA construction grant.
The Installation of two new flocculation-sedlmentatlon units
identical in size and shape to the two existing facilities,
chlorine contact tank, and a flash mixer was completed in
1965.
The new installation is designed for a 1970
maximum flow of 3.2 MGD; which includes an allowance of
0.7 MOD for Infiltration. Presently, the average flow
during the winter months is approximately 1.7 MOD. During
the weekday summer periods the Project has observed the
average flow to be 2.9 MGD, with peak hourly rates reaching
as high as 3.1 MGD.
The present plant site is subject to flooding
during heavy storm periods; therefore, emergency flood doors
have been provided in the main building to protect mechani-
cal equipment. In past years, the plant has been forced to
shut down several times due to flooding conditions.
Wastes are conveyed to the treatment plant by
gravity through a separate sewer system constructed in 1900.
Infiltration is estimated to be 0.5 to 0.7 MGD. With the
exception of the treatment plant, there are .no known bypasses
in the system. At the plant all flow must pass the chlori-
nation point before discharge.
-------
274
Paul DePalco
Treatment
Primary treatment consisting of screening, grit
removal, sedimentation and chlorinatlon, is provided at
Keansburg. Chemical feeding equipment for adding lime and
ferric chloride to the raw wastes have been provided,
however, it is presently not used. Sludge is digested in
a single tank and dewatered on a rotary vacuum drum-type
filter. Scum which accumulates on the settling tanks is
pumped to the digester. Effluent is discharged into Raritan
Bay through a 24-inch diameter line which terminates
approximately 2,200 feet offshore.
-------
3 la
Findings
Date
24 hour studies
8-30, 31-62
10-25, 26-62
1-17, 18-63
Grab Samples
8-7-62 to 9-11-63
(47 samples)
10-14-64 to 6-24-65
(7 samples)
1-18-66 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
Plow
mgd
2.9
1.7
1.4
-
1.3
1.3
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1
73
58
78
62
74
64
JBRem
55
24
Neg
--
--
--
f
BOD
Eff mg/1 ^Rem
63 22
56 28
56 22
85
42
31
Coliform <&
over 1.0/ml
92
36
42
58
29
20
ui
-------
276
Paul DePalco
During 1962 and 1963 the Project conducted
three 24-hour Investigations. The plant failed to meet
ISC solids removal requirements during all of these studies —
in one case a negative removal was recorded. ISC also
reported finding negative removals during their investigations,
Based on Project observations it is felt that a
contributing factor to the small solids removal is the
uncontrolled release of supernatant from the digester,
which causes overloading of the system. This condition
has been noticed as recently as August 1966.
Bacteriologically, only one of the three 24-hour
studies failed to meet the Compact coliform requirement.
However, for the grab samples collected during '62 and '63*
27 out of 47, or approximately 58$, had a coliform count of
greater than one per ml. This fact gives further proof to
Project observations that treatment at this plant improves
with the duration of the investigation, and that this higher
degree of treatment is not duplicated in unannounced grab
samples.
A review of plant operating records reveals that
the plant performs the following tests: Chlorine residual --
every two hours; settleable solids — three times per day.
Laboratory control procedures carried out at Keansburg are
below the minimum standards set by the Conference of State
-------
33a 277
Paul DePalco
Sanitary Engineers. The plant falls to meet the following
recommendations: BOD and suspended solids of raw and final
once per week; and pH and total solids of digested sludge -
when sludge is drawn.
KEYPORT
Background
Borough of Keyport, N.J., is located on the
southern shore of Rarltan Bay, approximately five miles east
of the mouth of the Rarltan River. The original wastewater
treatment facility was constructed in 1929, and expanded in
1936 to handle a design flow of 0.4 MGD. In 1961-62 the
facility underwent extensive reconstruction. This expansion
program included a new grit removal device, settling tank,
digester and vacuum filter. The old sedimentation tank,
digester and glass-covered drying beds are now on stand-by
status. The original chlorine contact tank was also rebuilt
during this period.
The treatment installation serves an area of
approximately one square mile, and the tributary population,
exclusive of seasonal fluctuations, is estimated at 7,000
people. The summer influx is estimated at 500 to 1,000
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278
Paul DePalco
persona. Plow from industries is considered negligible.
The sanitary sewer system is provided with three
pumping stations. Only one of the installations, South
Keyport, is designed for bypassing. Raw sewage discharges
from this lift station would empty into Chinkarora Creek.
Treatment
Primary treatment — pre-chlorination, screening,
grit removal, sedimentation, digestion, vacuum filtration,
post-chlorination — is provided for a design flow of 1.0
MGD. The maximum design flow is 4.0 MOD. Treated sewage is
discharged through a 24-inch diameter pipe extending approxi-
mately 140 feet into Raritan Bay.
Findings
A review of plant flow records for the past
several years reveals that the flow is gradually approaching
the design rate of 1.0 MGD. During the July 1964, 24-hour
study, the average flow was 0.99 MGD. During 12 out of 24
hours, the flow rate was equal to, or exceeded the design
value. If this flow increase continues in the same pattern
as in past years, it is estimated that the plant might very
well exceed its design capacity sometime during 1967.
-------
Date
24-hour studies
11-1, 2-62
12-13, 14-62
1-31, 2-1-63
7-13> 14-64
Qrab Samples
8-7-62 to 9-11-63
(44 samples)
10-14-64 to 12-21-65
(14 samples)
12-27-65 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.9
0.9
Performance Summary
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1
46
32
67
108
56
49
75
66
65
44
46
BOD
Effmg/1 #Retn
131
103
101
87
25
34
38
38
156
81
64
Coliform %
over 1.0/tnl
20
8
0
46
25
7
20
vo
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280
Paul DePalco
It Is evident that the plant, even though
constructed In 1962, is not complying completely with ISC
standards for solids removal. On two occasions it failed
to meet the minimum 6C# removal rate.
The effluent during all 24-hour studies met ISC
coliform standards. It is noteworthy to point out, that
although 13 out of 24 samples collected on July 13-^14, 1964
had a coliform count of less than one per ml, the geometric
mean for all 24 samples was 270 coliform organisms per 100
ml.
Laboratory control procedures at Keyport are
below the minimum standards set by the Conference of State
Sanitary Engineers. The plant performs the following
tests: pH of digested sludge - daily; chlorine residual —
four times per day. It is recommended that for this size
plant the following additional tests be performed:
settleaole solids -- daily; BOD and suspended solids of raw
and final effluent — once per week; total solids of
digested sludge -- when sludge is drawn.
It is further recommended that at least two
operators, one laborer, and six hours per week of adminis-
trative supervision be provided. Keyport presently has
only one operator; other personnel requirements are met.
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37a 281
Paul DePalco
MATAWAN BOROUGH
Background
The treatment facility serving Matawan Borough,
N.J., was originally constructed in 1923. During 1962 this
installation was replaced with a modern, 0.8 MOD primary
plant.
Municipal sewage is conveyed to the treatment
facility by a separate sewer system, constructed in 1923.
Infiltration appears to be a problem, since flow increases
significantly during storm periods. Pour pumping stations,
none of which are provided with a bypass, serve a portion of
the system.
Treatment
Treatment includes screening, grit removal,
sedimentation-digestion (clarigester) and pre and post
chlorination. Sludge is dried on two beds, one of which is
covered. Effluent is discharged through an 18-inch outfall
into Matawan Creek, a minor tributary to Raritan Bay. By-
passing of the plant, during emergency periods, is possible.
-------
Findings
Date
24 hour study
7-15-64
Grab Samples
8-13-63 to 8-28-63
(3 samples)
10-6-64 to 12-21-65
(14 samples)
1-18-66 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
Flow
mgd
0.8
Performance Summary
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1 #Rem
82
36
BOD
Eff mgTT
80
39
Collform %
over 1.0/ml
—
0.8
1.0
59
30
118
139
135
103
0
21
20
ro
CO
ro
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283
39a Paul DeFalco
Results of a 2*4-hour study conducted by the
Project, in July 1964, Indicated that the effluent did not
meet the Compact standards of 60# removal of suspended
solids. Bacteriologically, the effluent met the require-
ments. During the period August 1963 to May 1966, four of
the 22 grab samples collected of the effluent had a coliform
count of greater than one per ml.
The plant, as presently operated, meets the
minimum standards, as set by the Conference of State
Sanitary Engineers, for personnel and record keeping. It
falls short, however, on laboratory operations, since the
plant does not have facilities for analyzing for suspended
solids and BOD.
MATAWAN TOWNSHIP
Background
The Matawan Township, N.J., wastewater treatment
facility provides secondary treatment for approximately 1*°°
persons in the River Gardens section of the community. The
installation, constructed in 1953* handles an average daily
flow of 80,000 gallons.
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284
Paul DePalco
A separate sewer system constructed In 1953,
serves the area, One pumping station, serving approximately
80 homes -- 259 people — has been provided. This lift
station, equipped with screening devices, cannot be bypassed,
Treatment
Treatment includes primary settling, Deration,
secondary settling and chlorination. Sludge is digested in
unheated tanks and dewatered in open sand beds. Effluent is
discharged through an 8-inch outfall to Matawan Creek, a
minor tributary to Raritan Bay.
Findings
Although classified as a secondary plant, this
installation during most visits by Project personnel was
providing only primary treatmentf This condition, which
prevailed for almost two years (1964-1965), was usually
caused by an inoperable blower system.
-------
la
Date
10-1^-64 to 12-21-65
(13 samples)
1-18-66 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
Performance Summary
Plow Sus Solid's
mgd Eff mg/1 %Rem
0.05E 74 57
0.05E 106
BOD
Eff mg/1 #Retn
76
89
63
53
CoUform %
over 1.0/ml
23
?0
It appears, based on data obtained by the Raritan Bay Project, that this
plant is not meeting the Compact requirement of 60# removal of suspended solids.
ro
oo
Ul
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286
Paul DePalco
Bacteriologically, however, the effluent had
a count of greater than one coliform per ml in only four out
of 18 samples. Data collected Indicates that chlorination
is relied upon heavily to provide an adequate degree of
treatment. Since the plant is manned only two to three
hours per day, and because the control of the application
of chlorine is poor, the dosage applied during peak flow
periods might very well be inadequate. Case in point: All
samples with a coliform count of greater than one per ml
were taken between the hours of 9:00 and 10:30 a.m.
The plant, as presently operated, does not meet
the minimum requirements for laboratory control, as recom-
mended by the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers. No
determinations are made for sludge index or dissolved oxygen
of the mixed liquor. Minimum personnel requirements are
met; however, record keeping falls short of the desired
recommendations.
LAURENCE HARBOR (MADISON TOWNSHIP)
Background
The Laurence Harbor, N. J., wastewater treat-
ment installation, previously known as the Knollcroft Plant,
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28?
Paul DeFalco
"*3m was constructed In I960. The original 0.2 MGD installation
designed to serve a population of approximately 850 people,
provided primary treatment consisting of screening, settling
chlorination, digestion, and sludge drying in lagoons.
In 1963 the plant was replaced by a modern 1.2
MGD primary treatment installation. New facilities included
screening, grit removal, settling, pre- and post-chlorinatlon,
digestion and sludge dewatering by vacuum filter. The only
structure retained from the old plant was a digester which
was converted into a sludge storage tank. The new complex,
which is ultimately designed to serve approximately 3,500
homes, is presently handling wastes from 1,000 homes,
representing a tributary population of about 3,500 people
and a flow of about 0.5 MGD. Reportedly, there is no
change in the population during the summer months. By-
passing of raw sewage at the plant is possible; however,
wastes must pass the chlorine application point.
The separate sewer system, serving Laurence
Harbor and Cliffwood Beach, N. J., is essentially gravity
with the exception of two pumping stations which serve
small portions of each area. Township officials claim that
approximately 65 percent of the sewage comes from Laurence
Harbor and the remainder from Cliffwood Beach. These
automatically controlled pumping stations reportedly cannot
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288
Paul DePalco
be bypassed. Infiltractlon into the four-year-old sewer
system is claimed to be negligible.
Treatment
Facilities include a bar screen, grit chamber,
two mechanically cleaned sedimentation tanks, chlorine con-
tact tank, two digesters, sludge storage tank and a vacuum
filter. The chlorination features of the plant are above
average. In addition to practicing pre- and post-chlorination
the plant is equipped with a continual residual chlorine
indicator-recorder which is tied back to the feed rate.
Another feature of the plant is the digester gas mixing and
recirculation system.
Reportedly, the sludge dewatering equipment —
a rotary drum-type vacuum filter — has never been used due
to the lack of adequate quantities of sludge. Under normal
operations dewatered sludge would be trucked away.
Effluent from the plant discharges directly
into Raritan Bay through an outfall line which terminates
at a point approximately 1,000 feet offshore.
Findings
The Raritan Bay Project, since August. 29, 1963,
-------
Paul DePalco
45m
has conducted three complete 24-hour studies and collected
22 grab samples of the effluent. A summary of the results
of these investigations follows:
-------
Performance Summary
Date
24 hour studies
8-29,30-63
7-7,8-64
7-20,21-64
Grab Samples
8-3-63 to 8-28-63
(3 samples)
10-6-64 to 12-21-65
(14 samples)
1-18-66 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
Plow
mgd
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.6
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1 *Rem
81 62
52 64
89 40
42
101
99
BOL>
Eff mg/1 gRem
145 49
125 32
163 29
170
135
95
uoJLiiorHiA>
over l.O/i
21
0
13
0
14
0
ro
\Q
o
-------
29l
*»7m Paul DeFalco
The plant met ISC standards for solids removal
during two of three 24-hour studies. Bacteriologically
the effluent, during all studies — 24-hour and grab had
a count of less than one collform per ml in more than 50
percent of the samples. It would appear, based on these
data, that the plant is discharging an effluent of a quality
commensurate with the degree of treatment provided.
The only area where the plant falls short of
the recommendations of the Conference of State Sanitary
Engineers is in laboratory control. The standards suggest
that total solids of digested sludge be run Whenever sludge
is drawn. Since the plant does not have the proper equip-
ment, they are unable to perform this test.
SAYREVILLE-MORGAN
Background
The Sayrevllle sewer system is divided into three
separate sections, each discharging to a different wastewater
treatment plant — Sayrevilie-Morgan, Sayrevill-Melrose
and Middlesex County Sewerage Authority. The system as a
whole serves an area of 15 square miles and a population of
22,600 people.
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292
Paul DePalco
The Morgan installation, constructed in 1952,
is located in the Morgan Section of Sayreville, New Jersey.
It provides primary treatment for an average flow of 0.2
MGD and a population of 2,000. The facility is designed
for a tributary population of 3,000 people and a flow of
0.3 MGD. The plant can be bypassed, with the sewage being
discharged 500 feet west of the plant to a gully which flows
into Raritan Bay. During storm periods the installation
is subject to flooding, and as a result has at times been
forced to shut down.
The sanitary sewer system serving the plant was
constructed in 1920. Reportedly, infiltration is not a
problem.
Treatment
Treatment consists of screening, sedimentation and
chlorination — both pre and post. Sludge is digested in
unheated tanks and dewatered in glass-covered drying beds.
Effluent is discharged through an outfall line extending
approximately 1,000 feet into Raritan Bay.
Findings
Based on the present average dally flow detention
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293
J»9m Paul DePalco
time in the two sedimentation units approaches 6.0 hours.
During the summer months this long holding period causes
septic conditions; as a result, only one tank is operated
during the warmer periods. Thls^ type of operation, which
was suggested by the New Jersey State Health Department,
has reportedly eliminated the septicity problem.
During the period June to August 1964, a
representative of the Raritan Bay Project visited the
Morgan plant on three different occasions. During all
inspections the plant was found to be run-down and inade-
quately maintained. Such things as a major leak in the out-
fall line, leaking valves in the digester and a broken
concrete weir in the chlorine contact tank were observed
during all visits.
-------
Performance Summary
Date
8 hour study
7-27-64
Flow Sus Solids
mgd Eff mg/1 %Rem
0.2 88 77
BOD
Bff mg/1
212 28
Coliform %
over 1.0/ml
33
Grab Samples
10-6-64 to 12-21-65
(14 samples)
12-27-65 to 8-1-66
0.2
0.2
94
84
198
130
21
ro
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295
51m Paul DePalco
On July 27, 1964, an 8-hour study was conducted
at the plant by Project personnel. For this period the
solids removal averaged 77 percent and the BOD removal 28
percent. Bacteriologically, six out of the nine effluent
samples had a count of less than one caliform per ml.
During this investigation two different methods
— amperometric and colorimetrlc — were utilized for deter-
mining the chlorine residual. Results of this study follow:
Chlorine Residual (me/1) Collform
Time
8:05
9:05
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
Colorimetric
10.0+
10. 0+
5.0
0.0
2.0
3.75
5.0
10.0
10.0
Amperometric
Titration
20.64
17.98
11.79
2.30
5.41
6.75
9.23
12.82
15.02
/100 ml
10
30
10
560
260
520
30
20
10
It would appear based on this preliminary
study and past observations, that the plant relies heavily
upon chlorination to provide an adequate degree of treatment.
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296
Paul DePalco
Since the control of the application of chlorine is poor,
the dosage applied during periods of high flow is inadequate.
This condition is brought out in the data for the period
between 11:00 to 13:00. Also, it would seem, based on this
investigation, economically advantageous for the municipality
to adopt the more reliable amperometric method for determin-
ing chlorine residual.
SOUTH AMBOY
Background
The South Amboy wastewater treatment plant,
owned and operated by the City of South Amboy, New Jersey,
was constructed in 1939 to accommodate a design flow of
1.0 MGD. The primary installation is presently serving an
estimated population of 8,400 people, and treating approxi-
mately 0.85 to 0.9 MGD.
The separate-type sewer system, serving the
whole municipality with the exception of one block, has
five pumping stations — Raritan Street, Lower Pine Avenue,
Lower Broadway, South Amboy and Thomas Street. Reportedly
none of these lift stations, which handle wastes from a
tributary population of 800 — 1,000 people — are
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297
53m Paul DeFalco
provided by bypasses. The only known bypass is at the
treatment plant. Infiltration into the 25-year-old sewer
system is claimed to be a problem.
Treatment
Facilities include a bar screen, two circular
primary sedimentation tanks, chlorine contact tank, two
digesters and a vacuum filter. Effluent from the plant is
discharged offshore into Raritan Bay. Bypassed sewage is
discharged at the same location.
Findings
-------
Performance Summary
Date
24 hour studies
7-19, 20-62
9-6, 7-62
11-15,16-62
5-26, 27-64
Grab Samples
8-7-62 to 9-11-63
(47 samples)
9-28-64 to 12-27-65
(14 samples)
12-28-65 to 5-18-66
(5 samples)
Plow
mgd
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
1.3
0.8
Sus Solids
Eff mg/1 %Rem
42 76
56 64
41 81
59
75
115
BOD
Eff mg/1 %Rem
117 18
136 21
70 26
154
177
138
Coll form/8
over 1.0/ml
6
33
21
0
17
0
0
ro
MD
oo
-------
299
55m Paul DePalco
The South Amboy plant, as presently operated,
does not meet the minimum requirements for laboratory
control as recommended by the Conference of State Sanitary
Engineers. The only test performed at the plant is
chlorine residual. Recommended is the following: Settleable
solids — daily; pH of raw sewage — occasionally; total
solids, digested sludge — when sludge is drawn. The
Installation satisfies the minimum requirements for per-
sonnel and approaches the minimum standards for record
keeping.
It appears, based on observations by Project
personnel, that even though the plant's performance record
— solids and bacteriological — met ISC requirements
during all visitations, the installation is not operated
or maintained effectively. Improper operation of the
digesters — hung-up floating cover, bad seal, unrestricted
use of lime, insufficient laboratory analyses; and uneven
flow from the sedimentation basins — due to accumulation
of grease on the effluent weirs, has been noted.
MIDDLESEX COUNTY SEWERAGE AUTHORITY
Background
Middlesex County Sewerage Authority was
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300
Paul DePalco
created in 1950; by early 1966 the Authority included 18
municipal and eight industrial participants, representing an
area of 96 square miles and a tributary population of
331,000, exclusive of Industry. Construction of a central
chemical treatment plant was begun in 1955 and the facility
was placed in operation in January 1958• Design capacity
at that time was 52 MGD. In early 1966, the Authority
completed a million dollar expansion program which increased
the design capacity to an average flow of 78 MGD and a peak
flow of 115 MGD.
The sewerage system consists of the main trunk
sewer which runs parallel to the Raritan River, the South
River interceptor, and the Sayreville and Heyden pumping
stations and force mains. In addition, the system contains
the necessary connections to the various participants, a
small pumping station in Bound Brook, and metering facili-
ties for each participant. Many of the systems which dis-
charge to the Authority's sewers have overflow devices.
The sole overflow in the Authority's trunk sewer is at
Landing Lane and is presently locked to prevent discharging.
Raw sewage bypasses are provided at the Sayre-
ville and Bound Brook pumping stations and at the treatment
plant. The Sayreville bypass is designed to discharge
to Washington Canal; Bound Brook to the Raritan River.
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57m 301
Paul DePalco
Neither bypass has ever been used. At the treatment plant
the bypass runs from the grit chamber to the post-
chlorination facilities.
Treatment
Waste (43 MGD) are conveyed to the plant via
the Sayreville pumping station and an additional 2 MGD is
pumped to the plant from the Heyden station. The Bound
Brook station discharges 0.1 MGD to the main trunk sewer.
Both the main sewer and the South River interceptor connect
to the Sayreville station. All three pumping stations
provide screening; in addition, the Heyden and Bound Brook
stations are equipped with comminuting devices.
Treatment at the central plant consists of pre-
chlorination, grit removal, flocculation, sedimentation,
post-chlorination, and sludge thickening. There are no
digestion facilities; sludge and grit are loaded on barges
for ocean disposal. The plant effluent is discharged to a
point approximately 1.5 miles in Raritan Bay.
The plant has a capacity for feeding lime and
chlorinated copperas. However, except for a short period
during the initial start-up of the plant, chemicals have not
been used for treatment since Interstate Sanitation
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302
Paul DePalco
Commission standards for solids removal reportedly can be
met without chemical addition.
Findings
-------
59m
Date
24 hour studies
8-16, 17-62
9-20, 21-62
11-29, 30-62
5-20,21-64
Performance Summary
Sus Solids
BOD
Eff mg/1 jtRem Eff mg/1
40.8
40.0
48.0
48.5
74
86
110
57
80
77
72
80
560
558
402
458
17
15
10
16
Coliform %
over 1.0/ml
88
29
8
4
Grab Samples
8-7-62 to 9-11-63 45.5 89
(49 samples)
9-28-64 to 12-27-65 51.1 107
(14 samples)
12-28-65 to 5-18-66 51.5 127
(5 samples)
449
396
369
32
36
40
8
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Paul DeFalco
During all four 24-hour studies solids removal
exceeded the Interstate Sanitation Commission requirements.
With the exception of the August 1962 study, effluent coli-
form counts during the 24-hour investigations were less
than 1 per ml, 50 percent of the time.
A review of coliform counts and chlorine
residual data indicates that frequently good bacteria kills
were recorded with apparently little or no chlorine residual.
Due to the high color of the effluent, a study was under-
taken to determine the accuracy of the colorimetric method
for chlorine residual. A comparison of residual chlorine
by colorimetric and amperometric titration methods for the
24-hour study of May 1964 is as follows:
-------
305
Chlorine Rpsidual (Total - mg/1)
6lm
Time
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
Colorimetric
5.0
2.5
0.0
2.5
1.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.25
-
0.35
-
0.20
-
0.60
-
2.5
-
0.25
-
0.25
Titrator Coliform per 100 mi
7.9
5.4
2.1
6.6
6.6
5.7
5.2
5.0
2.0
4.0
4.5
3.8
2.6
4.4
4.7
3.6
3.8
4.7
4.8
5.8
3.0
2.5
4.9
3.6
10
10
10
10
200
10
40
10
10
10
10
10
30
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
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306
Paul DePalco
These data suggest the amperometric method would
be a more reliable technique.
As presently operated the plant more than
meets the minimum requirements for operating personnel,
laboratory procedures and records, as recommended by the
Conference of State Sanitary Engineers.
Project Investigations have shown that BOD
removals at this plant vary from 10 to 17 percent. This low
removal is attributed to high dissolved BOD which is present
in the industrial wastes handled. Even with the sophisticated
chlorination facilities available, effluent from this plant
results in a large BOD load on Raritan Bay. As shown in
Table III more than 90 percent of the BOD load to the bay
from municipal plants originates from the Middlesex County
Sewage Authority discharge.
PERTH AMBOY
Background
Perth Amboy, New Jersey, located at the Junction
of the Arthur Kill and Raritan River, provides primary
treatment for municipal and Industrial wastes. During the
summer bathing season chemicals are added for increased
-------
30?
63m Paul DePalco
removals. The 10 MOD plant, constructed in 1934, is designed
to serve a population of 50,000 people. The existing
tributary population is estimated at 38,000 people and the
present flow averages approximately 6.2 MGD. The only
addition to the plant since construction has been the
installation, in 1956, of sludge dewatering equipment.
The treatment facility, which can be bypassed,
discharges at a point 200 feet offshore of the plant site
into Raritan Bay. This location is approximately the center
of the former public bathing beach of the City of Perth
Araboy.
The combined sewer system, serving approximately
six square miles, was constructed in 1935 and improved in
195^. There are a total of 18 stormwater overflows in the
system — eight discharging to the Raritan River and 10 to
the Arthur Kill. These leaping weir devices are designed
to bypass all flows in excess of 1.6 times the average dry
weather flow.
Approximately 30 percent of the municipality's
wastes are pumped to the plant by two lift stations — State
Street and Front Street. Bypasses are provided at each
location with the discharge emptying into the Arthur Kill.
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308
Paul DeFalco
Treatment
Facilities at Perth Amboy include two hand-
cleaned bar screens, a pre-aeration mixing chamber, two
circular primary sedimentation basins equipped with upward-
flow magnetite filters, chlorine contact tank, and two
vacuum filters for sludge dewatering. Lime and ferric
chloride, used for conditioning the sludge prior to dewater-
ing, are also added to the raw sewage during the bathing
season — May 15 to September 15, during the hours of 7:00
a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
Findings
Magnetite filters at Perth Amboy were originally
designed to provide Increased removals of colloidal and
finely divided suspended solids normally present in the
primary effluent. The units had the capacity to handle up
to 7 MGD before bypassing to the effluent launder of the
settling tanks. However, in early I960, because of hydraulic
limitations and clogged conditions, a series of relief pipes
were installed to permit bypassing of primary effluent around
the filter beds. This bypassing of a treatment unit has
little significance since the. State of New Jersey "does not
-------
65. 309
Paul DeFalco
recognize magnetite filters as a treatment method."
(Chapter 6.1 - Rules and Regulations for the Design of
Sewerage, Water Treatment and Supply Facilities.)
-------
Performance Summary
Date Flow Sus Solids BOD Coliform %
"mgd Eff mg/1 ERem Eff mg/1 %Rem over 1.0/ml
24 hour studies
7-26, 27-62 , i°
9-13, 14-62 6.8 66 61 193 34 29
11-8, 9-62 5.7 84 56 188 0 8
9-12, 13-63 7.4 111 ^3 63
5-7, 8-64 4.9 27 72 143 7 21
Grab Samples
8-7-62 to 9-11-63 _ _,
(48 samples) 7.3 74 160 56
9-28-64 to 12-27-65 ,„
(12 samples) 6.7 117 202 ^
12-28-65 to 5-18-66
(5 samples) 6.8 119 166 60
U)
M
o
-------
311
67m Paul DePalco
Perth Amboy, during one of the three 24-hour
studies, where solids data were collected, failed to meet
the ISC standards of 60 percent removal. Bacteriologically,
compact requirements of less than one coliform per ml 50
percent of the time, were met during four out of five 24-
hour ptudies. It is noteworthy to point out that the
degree of treatment at this plant, which generally increases
with the duration of the test period, is not usually
duplicated when unannounced random samples are obtained.
Case in point: 56 percent of the 48 samples collected from
8-7-62 to 9-11-63 had a coliform count of greater than
one per ml.
Visits to the plant by Raritan Bay Project per-
sonnel have indicated that this Installation is presently
Inadequately maintained. During all visits massive grease
accumulations and scum mats were noticed on the surface of
the settling and pre-aeratlon tanks. As a result, odorous
conditions existed in and around the treatment facility.
Also noted were inoperable or clogged air headers in the
mixing basin.
The treatment facility, as presently operated,
does not meet all of the minimum requirements for laboratory
control, records, and personnel, as recommended by the
Conference of State Sanitary Engineers. BOD of the raw
-------
312
Paul DePalco
wastes and effluent are run only twice per week - recommended
is once daily. Laboratory data, while maintained in a
tabular form, were very spotty and gaps of several weeks,
where no data were recorded, were noted. For this size
plant a minimum of six operators is recommended. Perth
Amboy has three.
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NO. 7
Background
During the latter part of 1963, construction was
started by the New York City Board of Education on a Junior
high school, located on Hylan Boulevard and Huguenot Avenue,
Staten Island, New York. The facility, which opened in
September 1965, is served by a packaged extended aeration
plant and sub-surface sand filters.
The treatment Installation, designed for a
normal flow of 15,000 gpd (2,000 gph on a 7-1/2 hour basis),
can handle wastes from a contributing population of 2,128
people — 2,088 pupils, 66 teachers and 3^ maintenance
personnel. Plow during the summer months, due to the
school's playground and comfort station, is expected to
reach 3,000 gpd.
-------
69m 313
Paul DeFalco
Treatment
Sewage from the upper floors flows to the
pumping station by gravity. Wastes from the ground floor
and basement, however, flow to a sump in the basement where
it is pumped to a manhole in front of the school for
gravity flow to the pumping station. All sewage is
comminuted prior to entering the wet well, which reportedly
has sufficient storage capacity to handle peak flows.
Wastes are then pumped to the diversion box where flows in
excess of the design rate .are returned to the wet well.
After aeration for a period of 24 hours the
mixed liquor is settled. Settled sludge is continuously
returned by an air lift pump -to the aeration tank. Clari-
fied effluent flows to the froth pump wet well, which is a
source of water for the froth control spray system. Over-
flow from the well empties into a dosing tank where alternat-
ing siphons discharge sewage onto three sand filters, each
17 x 30 feet. Effluent from the beds is conveyed to the
chlorine contact tank prior to its discharge to a storm
sewer which empties into Raritan Bay. In the event of a
plant shutdown, wastes can bypass the activated sludge unit
but not the sand filters and chlorination facilities.
Sludge from the holding tank is trucked away and disposed of
at the Oakwood Beach Pollution Control Project.
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314
Paul DePalco
Findings^
During the period from October 19, 1966, to
August 1966, residuals averaged 2.0 mg/1, with the minimum
being 0.6 and the maximum 3.0. Performance data other than
seven chlorine residuals collected by the New York City
Health Department, are not available.
MOUNT LORETTO
Background
This home and school, owned and operated by the
Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, is located on Hylan
Boulevard between Richard and Sharrot Avenues, Staten Island,
New York. The facility, which covers an area of 895 acres,
is served by two separate sewage disposal systems — one
serving the girls' section on the south side of Hylan
Boulevard and the other the boys' section on the north side
of Hylan Boulevard.
The population served by these treatment facili-
ties is 1,179 people: 415 for the girls' section and 764 for
the boys' system. Since no flow indicating or recording
devices are available, it is estimated that the average
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71m
315
Paul DePalco
flow from the girls' system is 45,000 gpd and 81,000 gpd
from the boys' section.
In April 1962 an order to abate pollution was
issued by the New York City Health Department. In 1963
this was complied with by the installation of an automatic
hypochlorinator in the girls' section and the installation
of a chlorine contact tank and an automatic hypochlorinator
in the boys' system.
Treatment
Boys' Section: Facilities consist of one 81,000
gallon capacity septic tank and a 3,600 gallon chlorine
contact tank. Contact time is estimated at 35 minutes with
an additional 10 minutes in the outfall line, which terminates
on the shoreline of Rarltan Bay.
During periods of cleaning, which occurs once
every three to five years, the system bypasses raw sewage
to the bay.
Girls' Section: Facilities include two 22,500
gallon capacity septic tanks and one 2,000 gallon chlorine
contact tank. Contact time is estimated at 35 minutes.
Effluent is discharged through an 18-inch outfall line
which discharges at the shoreline of Raritan Bay.
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316
Paul DePalco
Findings
The following data were collected by the New
York City Health Department (1963-64) and ISC (1965-66):
Plant Date
Girls' 5-31-63
6-19-63
10-29-63
1-8-64
3-16-64
4-14-64
5-12-64
6-17-64
7-15-64
8-24-64
8-27-64
9-10-64
6-28-65
8-15-66
Coliform/ml Chlorine
240,000
160,000
92,000
/I
70
7l
2,400
2,400
920
23
/I
2,400
23
240
Resic
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0.5
1.0
3.5
0
3.0
3.0
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73* 317
Paul DePalco
Plant Date
Boys' 10-29-63
6-19-63
5-31-63
1-18-64
3-16-64
4-14-64
5-12-64
6-17-64
7-15-64
8-24-64
8-27-64
9-10-64
6-28-65
8-15-66
Coliform/ml Chlorine I
71
/I
92,000
78,000
/I
920
72,400
72,400
A
/I
71
71
/I
240
Residua
trace
1
0
0
-
0
0
0
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.2
3.0
0
It appears, based on these data, that both
plants are not meeting the coliform requirements of the
Compact. For the girls' system only 2 out of 14 samples,
or 14 percent, had less than one coliform per ml. Perform-
ance of the boys' plant was equally poor with only 5 out of
14 samples with a coliform count of less than one per ml.
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318
Paul DePalco
RICHMOND MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
Background
In 1927 a sewer system was installed to serve
the hospital located in Princess Bay, Staten Island, New
York, and several private homes in the immediate area. In
1936, a septic tank was placed in operation. Eighteen years
later, in 1954, a hypochlorinator and a prefabricated
chlorine contact tank were added.
A treatment facility, which is located at the
corner of Seguine Avenue and Johnston Terrace, is susceptible
to flooding during storm periods and unusually high tides.
At the present time, the treatment facility
handles wastes from an estimated population of 360 people
— 160 patients, 125 employees, 24 nurses and 16 men in
residence, and 12 one-family homes.
In March 1962 the New York City Health Department
Issued an order to abate pollution. This was complied with
in 1963 by improving the chlorination facilities.
Treatment
A 9,800 gallon capacity cylindrical steel
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75m 319
Paul DePalco
septic tank — 21 feet long and 9 feet in diameter —
followed by a 500 gallon baffled steel chlorine contact
tank provide treatment for the hospital's wastes. Effluent
is discharged to Rum Creek, a tributary of Lemon Creek,
which empties into Raritan Bay.
Liquid bleach, sodium hypochlorite, is presently
being used at the rate of 10 gpd for disinfection. It is
estimated that the contact time is approximately 16 minutes.
Findings
Results of investigation conducted by the
Interstate Sanitation Commission and the New York City
Department of Health follow:
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320
Paul DeFalco
Sampling Agency Date Coliform/ml Chlorine Residual (mg/1)
ISC
N.Y.C. Health
Dept.
ISC
8-16-61
5-16-62
8-14-62
10-24-62
5-11-64
1-8-64
3-16-64
4-14-64
7-15-64
8-24-64
9-9-64
9_17_64
9-17-64
9-17-64
9-17-64
6-28-65
6-6-66
8-16-66
71
71
71
71
/I
200
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
2,400
/I
/I
/I
/I
71
72,400
72.400
-
0
0
0
1.5
••«
0
0
-
0.2
10+
10+
35
35
0
0
0
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77m 321
Paul DePalco
It is evident that Richmond Memorial Hospital
is not meeting the coliform requirements of the Compact.
It is noteworthy to point out that the degree of treatment
increases with the duration of the test period, and that
this higher degree of treatment is usually not duplicated
by unannounced grab samples. Case in point is the New
York City Health Department eight-hour test on 9-17-64,
where all samples had less than one coliform per ml. All
grab samples collected with only one exception had a coli-
form count of greater than one per ml.
DAYTOP LODGE (MARIST NOVITIATE)
Background
This home of the Marist Novitiate on Bayview
Avenue, Princess Bay, Staten Island, New York, is served
by a septic tank system discharging into Lemon Creek. The
novitiate had a population of approximately 35 people.
In 1965 the property was sold to Daytop Village,
Inc., a group which established the property as a halfway
house for drug addicts. Present permanent population at
this location is estimated at 80 people. Daytime popula-
tion may run as high as 200 people.
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322
Paul DePalco
Findings
Observations by Project personnel, and dye
studies conducted by the New York City Health Department,
indicate that the discharge line from the septic tank system
is broken. Effluent, which is not chlorinated, is presently
being discharged through an open ditch into Lemon Creek.
MATAWAN TOWNSHIP: CLIFFWOOD BEACH PLANT #3
Background
The Matawan Township sewage treatment plant No.
3 serves part of the Cllffwood Beach area and a small
portion of Cllffwood across New Jersey State Highway 35.
This facility, which began operations in January of 1966,
provides secondary treatment for approximately 1,200 homes
in the area. Designed for a flow of 0.65 MOD, this
$500,000 plant is presently handling an average flow of
0.15 to 0.20 MGD. No seasonal fluctuations are expected at
this plant.
The collection system is a separate sanitary
system with no problems of infiltration reported. Approxi-
mately 65 percent of the influent to this plant is handled
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79m 323
Paul DeFalco
by five pumping stations, with the remaining Influent
gravity-fed to the plant.
Treatment
This plant is designed as a Rapid Block system,
to treat sewage by the activated sludge process. Treatment
includes a barmlnutor, an aerated de-gritter, three aerated
primary settling basins, three aerobic digestion tanks, and
a chlorine contact tank.
Grit is removed from the system and hauled
away for landfill. Spent sludge from the activated sludge
process will be pumped to four drying beds when sufficient
sludge is accumulated. This dried sludge will be used in
sanitary landfill operations.
The chlorinated effluent is discharged to an
unnamed tributary to Whole Creek, a minor tributary to
Raritan Bay.
Findings
Two operators, only one of which is licensed,
handle the plant. The licensed operator actually serves
all three Matawan Township Plants, while the one unlicensed
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324
Paul DePalco
person maintains the plant and performs laboratory tests.
The laboratory facilities are presently per-
forming analyses for BOD, suspended solids, settleable
solids, dissolved oxygen, chlorine residual, pH, and relative
stability.
Based on one grab sample the suspended solids
removal average 89 percent. The coliform count of the
effluent was 40 per 100 ml.
ST. JOSEPH'S BY THE SEA
Background
The Sisters of Charity, a Catholic order of
nuns, owns and operates this convent and school, located
at the southern end of Arbutus Avenue in Huguenot, Staten
Island, New York. In September 1964 construction of a high
school for girls was completed. The educational institution,
located adjacent to the convent, is designed to serve an
ultimate population of 910 people ~ 840 pupils, 40 nuns,
16 lay teachers, and 14 maintenance personnel.
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325
8 Ira
Paul DePalco
Treatment
Wastes from the high school and convent are
conveyed to the treatment facilities through a 6-inch sewer.
Effluent from the two parallel operated septic tanks, each
of which measures 15 x 7 x 7.5 feet deep, is discharged
into two sand filter beds. The subsurface beds each measure
60 x 155 x 3 feet deep. For disinfection, sodium hypochlorite
solution is fed into a chlorine contact tank with a volume
of 120 cubic feet. Based on the design flow of 900 gph
the contact time is one hour. Chlorinated-effluent flows
by gravity through a 1,100 foot long, 6-inch diameter outfall
line which terminates approximately 300 feet offshore in
Raritan Bay. .Reportedly, it is impossible to bypass the
treatment facilities.
Findings
Septic tank system serving old convent abandoned
in.1965, when new facilities started operation.
Sampling Agency Date Coliform/ml Chlorine Residual(mg/ll
ISC 6-18-65 7l 0
6-13-66 /I 3.0
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326
Paul DePalco
It would appear that this Installation, when It
maintains a sufficient residual, can meet the minimum coli-
form standards of the Compact.
OAKWOOD BEACH
Background
The Oakwood Beach pollution control project,
owned and operated by the New York City Department of Public
Works, is located on the eastern shore of Staten Island,
New York, approximately one mile northeast of Great Kills
Harbor. Wastes from the communities of New Dorp, Midland
Beach, Oakwood and portions of Dongan Hills, South Beach,
and Great Kills are conveyed to the treatment facility through
a separate sewer system. Reportedly, no significant amounts
of industrial wastes are handled.
The modified aeration plant, constructed in
1956, is designed to handle an average flow of 15 MGD.
Pour pumping stations, none of which can be bypassed, lift
a portion (approximately 60 percent) of the wastes to the
treatment facility. The remainder (40 percent) flows to
the plant by gravity. The estimated population served by
this installation is 85,000 people, and the average flow,
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327
83m Paul DePalco
based on 1963-64 monthly averages, is approximately 11.o
MGD.
Treatment
Modified aeration and chlorination are employed.
This aeration process is normally operated with a two-hour
detention time, based on a return sludge rate of 10 percent,
and a final settling tank overflow rate of approximately
1,000 gallons per square foot per day. The process is
operated satisfactorily without primary sedimentation;
however, the final tanks are equipped for removal of the
grease load which passes through the aerator.
Unit processes at the plant are screening, grit
removal, aeration, final settling, thickening, digestion and
chlorination. Digested sludge is disposed of at Marine
Park, an area near the plant which is being developed into
a recreational area by the Park Department. Treated
effluent is discharged directly into Raritan Bay approxi-
mately 2,000 feet offshore. The plant bypass is designed
to discharge to a drainage ditch which empties into Raritan
Bay.
In January 1964 the treatment plant changed
its disinfection arrangement so that 15 percent sodium
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328
Paul DePalco
hypochlorite would be used rather than liquid chlorine.
This modification was reportedly made for reasons of safety.
Based on plant records, hypochlorite consumption is 350
gpd. An automatic chlorine residual recorder has been
installed; however, it is not connected to the bleach feed
rate.
Findings
-------
00
Performance Summary
Date
24 hour studies
8-2,3-62
9-27,28-62
1-10,11-63
5-5,6-64
Flow
mgd
8.4
11.6
8.8
10.5
Sus-Solids
Eff
mg/1
37
47
-
26
2Rem
77
82
—
62
BOD
Eff
mg/1
81
-
20
-
#Rem
57
-
82
-
Coliform
% over 1
8
29
0
38
Grab Samples
8-7-62 - 9-10-63
(49 samples) 10.9
9-28-64 - 12-27-65
(14 samples) 8.2
12-28-65 - 5-20-66
(5 samples) 6.7
23
106
45
17
41
31
29
43
40
CO
/O
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330
Paul DeFalco
Project personnel have conducted four 24-hour
comprehensive studies and collected 68 grab samples of
the effluent. Suspended solids removal during extended
studies met the Compact requirements of 60 percent. During
all sampling prograus — 24-hour, grab — the coliform
requirements were met.
The plant, as presently operated, more than
adequately meets the minimum requirements for personnel,
record keeping and laboratory control as recommended by the
Conference of State Sanitary Engineers.
It would appear, based on preliminary investiga-
tions conducted by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, that infiltration into the sewer system is
quite significant, possibly reaching as high as 3.0 MGD.
Since chloride levels in the raw wastes do not fluctuate it
would appear that infiltration is due possibly to fresh
groundwater.
WOODBRIDGE-SEWAREN
Background
The Woodridge-Sewaren treatment plant serves a
3.4 square mile area of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey.
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331
8?m
Paul DePalco
The I960 population served was approximately 30,000 people.
The facility, constructed in 1951* to accommodate a maximum
design flow of 10.0 MGD, is presently handling 3-9 MOD.
Plows exceeding 10 MGD are bypassed to the Arthur Kill.
A separate sanitary sewer system, which is known
to have an infiltration problem, serves the area. Industri-
al connections to the system are few in number.
Effluent from this facility is discharged to the
Arthur Kill in Class B waters, where the ISC requirement is
10 percent removal of suspended solids and no reduction of
coliform organisms. At the request of ISC the Sewaren plant
installed chlorination facilities in 1962.
Treatment
Treatment facilities include two mechanically
cleaned grit chambers; two bar screens, two aerated floccula-
tion units; two sedimentation tanks; two sand filters;
chlorine contact tank; and two vacuum filters.
The sand filters have been out of operation for
several years and are not providing treatment.
Findings
-------
Performance Summary
Date
*5-25, 26-55
6-24-65
8-18-65
9-22-65
10-26-65
11-30-65
12-28-65
1-18-66
2-16-66
3-24-66
4-19-66
5-18-66
*24-hour study (25 samples)
New Jersey State Health Department has issued orders against
Sewaren to provide secondary treatment.
'low Sus Solids
mgd
3.9
2.1
2.5
1.5
2.3
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.8
8.5
2.4
Eff mg/1
83
55
59
60
83
89
77
158
30
73
59
41
#Rem
51
89
92
83
5
75
59
16
—
45
47
— —
BOD
Eff mg/1
134
111
76
130
123
124
59
134
11
38
80
56
COD Coliform % over
JSRem Eff mg/1 5&Rem
35 346 28
23
58
__
15
30
69
18
73
34
11
3
1 . 0/ml
4.0
100
0
100
100
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
OJ
U)
ru
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333
Paul DePalco
CARTERET
Background
The Carteret treatment plant, constructed in
1953 to handle an average flow of 3.0 MOD, serves the
Borough of Carteret, New Jersey. Present tributary popula-
tion is approximately 15,000 people.
A combined sewer system, covering an area of
approximately 4.5 square miles, serves the plant. Storm
water overflows are located at seven points in the system —
six discharge to the Arthur Kill and one to the Rahway River;
All regulators are reportedly controlled by float valves.
Effluent from this primary treatment facility
is discharged to the Arthur Kill approximately 4,000 feet
south of the mouth of the Rahway River. This section of the
Kill is Class "B" water. In 1962, however, at the request
of the ISC, chlorination facilities were provided.
Treatment
Treatment consists of screening, grit removal,
sedimentation and chlorination. Sludge is dewatered on
-------
334
Paul DePalco
vacuum filters and disposed of at a landfill site. Sand
filters were initially constructed; however, they are
presently out of operation.
Findings
-------
yim
Performance Summary
Date
*5-27,28-65
6-24-65
8-18-65
9-22-65
10-26-65
11-30-65
12-28-65
1-18-66
2-16-66
3-24-66
4-19-66
5-18-66
Sus Solids
BOD
COD
2.5
2.4
2.7
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.4
2.5
3.5
2.6
2.3
2.7
Eff mg/1
80
68
76
96
94
89
153
109
64
134
41
43
/SRem
68
79
65
45
66
57
5
72
86
62
45
37
Eff mg/1
134
84
102
100
130
76
86
69
18
82
31
12
%Eem
41
38
39
40
45
53
53
61
69
63
62
86
Eff mg/1 JSRem
384 24
Coliform %
over l.Q/ml
56
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
*24-hour study (25 samples)
UJ
u;
01
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336
Paul DeFalco
New Jersey State Health Department has
issued orders against Carteret to provide secondary treat-
ment. The facility as presently operated is not meeting
the coliform requirements of the Compact. During a 2M-hour
study conducted by the Project only 11 out of 25 samples
had a coliform count of less than one coliform per ml.
Five of 11 grab samples, collected during an 11-month
period, had greater than one coliform per ml.
RAHWAY VALLEY SEWERAGE AUTHORITY
Background
The Rahway Valley Sewerage Authority handles
wastes from the communities of Springfield, Kenilworth,
Cranford, Roselle Park, Westfield, Norwood, Clark, Woodbridge
and Rahway, New Jersey. Approximately 70 industrial plants
are tributary to the system, including Merck & Co., U. S.
Gypsum, and White Pharmaceutical Co.
The Authority serves an area of 45 square miles
which is limited by contract. The I960 sewered population
was estimated to be 180,000 people. There are reportedly
no significant seasonal population changes.
This primary treatment facility, constructed
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93m 337
Paul DePalco
In 1927, treats an average flow of 24 MGD, a minimum of 19
MOD, and a maximum of 31 MGD. The sewer system consists, of
both combined and separate sewers. There are six storm
water overflows. Infiltration during storms is a problem,
as flow increases 25 to 40 percent during these periods.
The outfall line, which is about three to four
miles long, discharges into the Arthur Kill in Class "B"
waters — about 2,500 feet south of the Rahway River outlet.
Treatment
Treatment consists of screening, grit removal,
pre-chlorination, sedimentation and digestion. Sludge —
both primary and digested — is pumped to the Linden-Roselle
plant for storage and consequent barging to sea.
Findings
-------
Performance Summary
Date
•6-9, 10-65
6-24-65
8-18-65
9-22-65
10-26-65
11-30-65
12-28-65
1-18-66
2-16-66
3-24-66
4-19-66
5-18-66
Flow
mgd
19.7
30.0
23.0
25.0
25.0
24.0
24.0
26.0
30.0
26.0
10.0
18.5
Sus Solids
Eff
79
93
42
80
77
71
92
73
53
111
152
56
mg/1 %Eem
55
72
60
72
74
67
58
69
52
61
—
81
BOD
Eff mg/1
184
124
142
155
121
169
179
220
144
173
232
237
COD Coliform %
%Rem
27
15
11
4
30
22
43
— —
_—
21
31
--
Eff mg/1 %Rem over 1.0/ml
436 21 No
11
ir
It
tt
ii
11
ii
it
ll
ll
ll
chlorlnation
it
n
M
it
»
n
"
»
it
n
it
req,
n
n
*24-hour study
U)
oo
00
-------
339
95m
Paul DeFalco
New Jersey State Health Department has issued
orders against the Authority to provide secondary treatment.
Pilot facilities are presently being operated to determine
method of treatment.
LINDEN-ROSELLE
Background
The Linden-Roselle plant handles wastes from
the communities of Linden and Roselle, New Jersey. About
one year prior to World War II, the Interstate Sanitation
Commission ordered these cities to stop polluting the tidal
waters of New Jersey~ Due to the emergency of the war a
number of extensions were granted to the two municipalities.
After the war, it was decided to construct a plant as a
Joint project. This primary treatment facility, designed to
handle an average flow of 12.5 MGD, was completed in 1952.
It presently serves a population of approximately 120,000
people.
The cities are each served by separate sanitary
sewer systems which reportedly have no infiltration problems
Each municipality has an ordinance requiring connection to
the sewer. Approximately 20 percent of the population
-------
340
Paul DePalco
equivalent load to the plant results from Industrial dis-
charges .
The 1964 hydraulic load was as follows:
Minimum day 7 MOD
Average day 10 MGD
Maximum day 18 MGD
Effluent discharges to the Arthur Kill. Raw
.ewage bypasses are located on the Kill near the Esso
Bayway Refinery and at Morses Creek.
Treatment
Treatment consists of screening, grit removal
and sedimentation. Raw sludge from this facility, as well
as digested and primary sludge from the Rahway Valley plant,
is stored in tanks prior to barging to sea.
Findings
-------
97m
Performance Summary
Date
*6-l4, 15-65
6-24-65
8-18-65
9-22-65
10-26-65
11-30-65
12-28-65
1-18-66
2-16-66
3-24-66
4-19-66
5-18-66
Plow Sus Solids
mgd Eff mg/1
BOD
Eff mg/1 gRem
7.9
12.0
12.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
8.0
11.0
15.0
10.0
10.0
10.5
109
156
71
155
58
136
70
77
171
192
156
107
68
58
56
48
82
51
39
73
50
— —
43
—
334
350
541
602
299
850
352
322
534
359
613
488
37
—
—
—
49
—
6
25
—
49
5
22
COD
Eff mg/1 ERem
625
Coliform % over
1.0/ml
No chlorination req.
ii ii "
ii
it
ii
ti
u
tt
it
H
II
II
It
tt
It
II
II
tl
tt
tt
tt
H
tt
II
It
II
II
*24-hour study
U)
-------
342
Paul DePalco
New Jersey State Health Department has issued
orders against Linden-Roselie to provide secondary treatment.
Plant presently operating pilot facilities to determine
system for handling their wastes.
JOINT MEETING
Background
The Joint Meeting Plant provides primary treat-
ment for wastes from the communities of East Orange, Hillside,
Irvington, Maplewood, Newark, Millburn, Roselle Park, South
Orange, Summit, Union, West Orange, and Elizabeth, New Jersey.
The facility, constructed during the period 1931-37, had a
1950 connected population of ^75,000 people.
The hydraulic loading during 196M was as follows:
Minimum day 38.0 MOD
Average day 53.5 MGD
Maximum day 114.0 MGD
Peak hour 178.0 MGD
All of the communities with the exception of
Elizabeth, which has a combined system, have separate
-------
99m
343
Paul DePalco
sewers. Storm waters from Elizabeth discharge to the
Arthur Kill. Infiltration, which is a problem In some
locations, is the responsibility of the individual areas.
All participants have ordinances that require
connection to the sewer system. Connection of industrial
facilities to the sewers is the responsibility of the par-
ticular municipality. It is estimated that half of the
present flow is of industrial origin.
Treatment
Treatment consists of screening — coarse and
fine; grit removal in four mechanically cleaned units; and
sedimentation in four rectangular tanks equipped with
mechanical sludge and scum collectors. Sludge from the
settling units is pumped to two 70-foot diameter by 28.5
foot deep storage units. Disposal of sludge — 25 trips
per year — is by barging.
Effluent from this facility, which is presently
not chlorinated, is discharged to the Arthur Kill at the
foot of Clifton Street in Elizabeth. The treatment facili-
ties cannot be bypassed.
Findings
-------
Performance Summary
Date Flow Sus Solids BOD COD Collform % over
mgd Eff mg/1 gRem Eff mg/1 /ERem Eff mg/1 gRem 1 . 0/ml
*6-l6 ,17-65 47. 4 78 64 191 23 356 34.2 No chlorinatlon req,
6-24-65 63.0 92 60 104 53 " " "
8-18-65 66.0 92 16 173 39 " " "
9-22-65 60.0 217 ~ 249 — " " "
10-26-65 26.0 127 2 93 28 " " "
11-30-65 25.0 46 60 115 7 " " "
12-28-65 - 51 40 137 0 " " "
1-18-66 29.0 48 69 124 12 " " "
2-16-66 81.0 154 26 158 17
3-24-66 38.0 58 46 81 2
4-19-66 55.0 121 31 244 38 " " "
5-18-66 65.0 91 65 108 50
*24-hour study
(JO
-Sr
-Cr
-------
101m Paul DePalco
New Jersey State Health Department has issued
orders against Joint Meeting to provide secondary treatment.
Plant is presently operating pilot facilities to determine
the most efficient treatment system.
KEASBY
Background
The Keasby wastewater treatment plant, constructel
in 19*10, serves a small portion of Woodbridge, New Jersey.
The facility handles municipal sewage, from a tributary
population of approximately 3,000 people, and wastes from
several petro-chemical industries. Designed to treat 1.25
MOD, the plant will automatically bypass flows in excess of
this amount.
The sewer system, constructed in 1900, reportedly
has no serious infiltration problems.
Treatment
Keasby was originally designed as an intermedi-
ate-type treatment plant utilizing magnetite filters.
Present operation is primary -- filters inoperative; also
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346
Paul DePalco
filters not recognized by the State as a treatment method.
Treatment at Keasby includes screening, grit
removal, sedimentation, chlorinatlon and digestion. Sludge
is dewatered on glass-covered sand beds.
Findings
During visitations by Project personnel, it was
learned that approximately 200 Ibs/day of lime are being
added to the raw sewage between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and
noon. Whether or not the addition of this chemical improves
treatment is questionable since no data were available.
-------
103m
Date
24-hour studies
5-14,15-64
Flow
mgd
0.8
Performance Summary
Sus Solids
Ef f mg/1 gRem
BOD
Ef f mg/1 /ERem
Coliform % over
1 . 0/ml
62
58
73
30
Grab samples
10-6-64 to
12-28-65 0.9
(14 samples)
1-18-66 to
5-18-66 1.0
(5 samples)
82
77
90
57
20
CO
•tr
-4
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348
Paul DePalco
During the 24-hour study conducted in May 1964,
solids removal was only 58 percent. Bacteriologically, all
2.4 samples during this study had a coliform count of less
than 1.0 ml. Of the 19 grab samples obtained between
October 1964 and May 1966, two had a count of greater than
1.0 coliforms per ml.
The plant, as presently operated, meets the
minimum standards as set by the Conference of State
Sanitary Engineers, for laboratory control, record keeping
and personnel.
SAYREVILLE-MELROSE
Background
The Melrose wastewater treatment plant, serving
the Melrose section of Sayreville, New Jersey, was constructed
in 1949 to accommodate a design flow of 0.1 MGD. Present
population served is approximately 1,000 people, with an
average flow of 0.05 MGD.
Treatment
Treatment includes screening, sedimentation,
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349
105m
Paul DePalco
chlorination and digestion. Sludge Is dewatered in glass-
covered drying beds. Effluent discharges to the Raritan
River, upstream of the Garden State Parkway Bridge.
Findings
-------
Performance Summary
Date Plow Sus Solids BOD Coliform %
Eff mg/1 gRem Eff mg/1 gRem over 1.0/ml
10-16-61 .0^*6 - - 0
3-5-62 .013 ^0 61 88 36 0
4-3-62 .015 40 59 93 40 0
5-9-62 .031 40 77 121 42 0
7-2-62 .036 79 63 184 35 0
8-21-62 .029 58 63 125 30 0
10-8-62 .034 62 40 130 8 0
11-29-62 .031 51 18 94 neg 0
2-6-63 .024 50 40 140 3 0
3-18-63 .031 36 38 101 17 0
3-16-64 .032 49 80 215 52 25
5-5-64 .025 36 63 154 41 0
6-17-64 .014 57 65 69 63 0
11-3-64 .030 72 58 162 31 0
2-16-65 .031 36 62 102 40 75
4-21-65 .040 101 34 157 22 0
8-9-65 - 61 48 118 38 0
11-3-65 .030 72 - 58 162 31 0
2-17-66 .040 40 61 98 15 0
5-4-66 0.06 27 69 107 21 0
U)
Ul
o
-------
351
107m Paul DePalco
Inspections by the Interstate Sanitation
Commission since October 1961 have shown that the plant
failed to meet the Compact requirements for suspended solids
removal on nine out of the 20 occasions. Bacteriologically,
the facility failed to meet the coliform requirements only
once.
RARITAN DEPOT
Background
Constructed originally in 1917, this secondary
treatment plant was expanded in 19^ by the U. S. Army
Engineers. In 1964, with the closing of the Raritan Arsenal,
the plant, along with a large portion of Arsenal property,
was turned over to Middlesex County, New Jersey, which now
operates the plant.
A separate sewer system, constructed in 1917,
serves the area. All flow is by gravity, and reportedly
infiltration is a problem.
Treatment
Treatment includes screening, sedimentation,
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352
Paul DePalco
biological treatment — fixed nozzle trickling filters,
chlorination and digestion. Sludge is dewatered on open
drying beds. Effluent from the plant discharges to a small
creek which is tributary to the Raritan River.
Findings
-------
109m
Date Flow Sus Solids BOD Coliform %
mgd Eff mg/1 gRem Eff mg/1 gRem over 1.0/ml
10-6-64 to
12-28-65
(13 samples) 0.05E 17 45 10 63 0
1-18-66 to
5-18-66
(5 samples) 0.06E 9 70 2 94 20
u>
ui
u>
-------
354
Paul DePalco
Eighteen grab samples were collected by the
Project during the period October 1964 to May 1966. Only one
out of 18 had a coliform count of greater than 1.0 per ml.
The plant, as presently operated, is under-
loaded. During 1961, when the Arsenal was in operation,
flow averaged 250,000 to 300,000 gpd. Due to the present low
flow the trickling filters are not biologically active.
Low BOD and solids in the effluent is attributed to dilution
with Infiltration and air-conditioning cooling waters. The
present daytime population served is estimated at 300 people;
during the evening hours this decreases to approximately 10
people.
Conditions at the plant most likely will change
as the county opened a junior college in September 1966
on the old arsenal property. Ultimate student population
is estimated to be 800 people.
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355
lllm
Paul DeFalco
SOURCES OP POLLUTION
STORMWATER OVERFLOWS
NAVIGATION & RECREATIONAL BOATING
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
STORMWATER OVERFLOWS
The major combined sewer system with stormwater
overflows discharging directly to Raritan Bay is Perth Amboy,
New Jersey. This combined sewer system has a total of 19
overflow outlets. During the summer of 1961, the New Jersey
State Department of Health conducted an extensive study which
indicated that significant overflow begins when the
registered plant flow rate is between 10 and 10.5 MOD. No
diversion occurred in any of the chambers when the plant
influent rate was 8.5 MGD or less.
An analysis of plant influent pumping charts
for the period August I960 to July 1961 indicated that the
influent flow at the plant was less than 8.5 MGD 90.2
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356
Paul DePalco
percent of the time. The influent flow rate was between
10.0 and 10.5 MOD only 0.3 percent of the time. Flows
greater than 10.5 MGD occurred for 12 hours during the year,
or about 0.1 percent of the time.
To estimate the order of magnitude of loadings
upon Raritan Bay from the overflow of the Perth Amboy system,
a storm was assumed which results in a total rainfall of
one inch over a 24-hour period. Weather Bureau records at
New Brunswick and Rahway, New Jersey, indicated that storms
with a daily rainfall of one inch or greater occurred 23
times during the 31-rmonth period May 1962 through November
1964, or nine percent of the time. More than half of these
storms occurred during the summer months, May through
September.
The Perth Amboy sewer system serves an area of
1.50 square miles. Assuming complete runoff and a normal
dry-weather sewage flow of 6.2 MGD, the assumed storm would
result in a total discharge of 32 MGD. With diversion of all
flows over 10 MGD, 22 MGD of combined sewage and stormwater
could be discharged to the Bay. With complete mixing, and
no added BOD loading from stormwater runoff, the BOD load
diverted would be approximately 7,000 Ibs/day. While it is
true that with the observed frequency of such storms the
total BOD load, on a yearly basis would amount to only
-------
357
113m Paul DePalco
170 Ibs/day — 25 percent of the normal load imposed by
the Perth Amboy plant discharge — such loads are imposed
over a short period of time and do constitute a problem.
Equally significant is the bacteriological degradation
which results from the discharge of unchlorinated raw
municipal sewage during the bathing season. Such contamina-
tion represents a hazard to those persons using these waters
for recreational activities following summer storms.
Combined sewers serving the Tottenville area
of Staten Island, New York, also discharge overflows into
Raritan Bay. Similar systems serving easterly Staten
Island and the Red Hook section of Brooklyn, New York, dis-
charge overflows to Upper Bay in the immediate vicinity of
the Narrows. Since sewage from this same area is discharged
without treatment, the effects of such overflows are not
significantly different from those resulting from the normal
discharge of raw sewage. However, once adequate treatment
and disinfection have been provided to normal sewage from
this area, the overflow of combined sewage will still present
a bacteriological hazard to users of these waters in the
same manner as described for Perth Amboy.
Hence, at present, the effects of stormwater
discharges on water quality in Raritan Bay are masked by the
large volume of raw sewage discharges. Separation of these
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358
Paul DePalco
two effects is not possible with present technology.
POLLUTION FROM NAVIGATION AND RECREATIONAL BOATING
Raritan Bay is widely used for both commercial
navigation and recreational boating. Both of these uses
result in pollution of the study area waters. The Project
reviewed existing information on commercial navigation
and conducted a survey of recreational boating to determine
the magnitudes of loads from these respective sources.
The major problem of fecal pollution from com-
mercial vessels was found to be concentrated in the berthing
areas where the equivalent population was estimated at 600
persons. Pollution from vessels in anchorage or in transit
was found to be equal to a population of less than 100
persons. These figures do not include pollutional loads
which occur as a result of discharge of oil and other bilge
wastes, discard of garbage, trash and other debris, and
spillages at dockside during cargo transfer.
The pollution loads associated with recreational
boating occur as a result of discharge of human wastes,
contamination from fuel and oil by spillage and engine
exhausts, discard of trash and garbage, and use of chumming
bait when boats are involved with fishing activities. It
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115m 359
Paul DePalco
was estimated that the pollution load to Rarltan Bay from
recreational boating is presently 725 Ibs/day of BOD. The
fecal bacterial loading was estimated as that associated with
the raw discharge from nearly 6,000 persons. The source of
pollution from recreational boating is spread uniformly
over Raritan Bay rather than being located at a particular
point, as would be the case for the discharge from a
municipal treatment plant. The magnitude of this pollution
load, however, is sufficient to warrant further study and
the development of adequate treatment facilities to insure
control of pollution from these sources.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
General
Sources and characteristics of industrial
wastes discharged to Raritan Bay, Arthur Kill and Raritan
River are described in this section. Table V summarizes the
total wastes flow with a breakdown by major industry type.
Table VI presents specific information on the various
industries throughout the study area. These data have been
compiled from a number of sources. All of the industries
listed were visited by the Project, and in a number of
-------
360
Paul DePalco
cases sampling and analyses of the wastes effluents were
performed. Much of the data presented were provided by the
industries as a result of their wastes monitoring programs,
or calculations of a material balance. Information was
obtained also from the Interstate Sanitation Commission,
New Jersey State Department of Health, and New York City
Department of Health.
Raritan Bay receives the direct discharge from
two industries. Wastes from International Flavors &
Fragrances, Inc., which amounts to 2,500 Ibs/day of BOD,
are discharged on an intermittent basis. The S. S. White
Co., discharges approximately 0.5 MGD of treated wastes.
Arthur Kill receives the wastes discharge from
21 industries and three power generating stations. The 21
industries discharge a total of 320 MGD, imposing a loading
of more than 100,000 Ibs/day of BOD and 187,000 Ibs/day
of COD upon the Kill. In addition to these oxygen demanding
wastes the Kill receives 10 tons per day of oil and 4.0 tons
per day of phenol from the sources shown in Table VI. The
three power generating stations, which use 1,660 MGD of
Kill water for cooling purposes, pollute the waters with
an estimated 200 billion BTU's per day of heat. The total
industrial wastes flow to the Arthur Kill from both process
industries and power generating stations amounts to nearly
-------
361
Paul DePalco
2,000 MOD.
As of January 1, 1967, 10 industries discharged
to the Raritan River and two power plants utilized it as
a source of cooling water. Of the 10 Industries, one —
Hatco Chemical, Division, W. R. Grace & Co. — is scheduled
for connection to the Middlesex County Sewerage Authority
trunk sewer early in 1967. Seven of the remaining industries
participate at least partially in the same trunk sewer
system. However, a number of these industries return con-
taminated cooling waters to the Raritan River, thus imposing
a pollutlonal load. The plants on the waterway, exclusive
of power stations, discharge 85 MGD of wastes with a BOD
loading of 70,000 Ibs/day. The power stations utilize MOO
MGD of cooling water, resulting in thermal pollution of 33
billion BTU's per day of heat.
Sources
Industries listed in Table VI were visited by
Project personnel during the period April 1965 through
February 1966. During these meetings with company officials
plant operations — processes, capacity, water consumption,
waste discharges, raw materials — were reviewed. Summary
reports of each visit are included in this section.
-------
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SUMMARY
{ No. of
Industry Type I Sources
Flow
MGD
3adings in Ibs per day
COD j Phenol j Oil 1 P
Total N
Pop. Equiv.
(BOD)
Other
Pollutants
ARTHUR KILL
Petroleum
Chemical
Metal
Power Generation
Miscellaneous
Total v Arthur Kill
Power Generation
Miscellaneous
Total v Raritan Bay
Chemical
Power Generation
4
9
4
3
4
2k
1
2
3
8
1
279.3
38.4
43.7
lv 659.0
5.9
2V026.3
(367.3)
100.0
0.1
100.1
(0,1)
71.9
300,0
51*930
40,370
—
12,3^0
104,640
2,500
2,500
67,825
128,100 6,780
58,290 3,990
~
1,280
187,670 10,770
RARITAN BAY
RARITAN RIVER
45,250 Ins
16,325
3 ,240
Ins
—
280
19 « 845
Miscellaneous 2
Total, Raritan River 11
13-8 2,275
385-7 70V100
(85.7)
45*250
350 5,175
3*000
3*350 5,175 615,000
149700
421,000
Trace Metals
and Oil
20 x 101U
BTU Heat
0.8 x 10
BTU Heat
,10
2.5 x 1010
BTU Heat
66
r\>
-------
TABLE VI - INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Name
Humble
Chevron
Hess
Citgo
American Agricultural
DuPont - Grasselli
FMC
Reichhold Chem. , Carteret
American Cyanamid, Linden
" " Woodbridge
General Aniline
Armour Agricultural
Sinclair -Koppers
Union Carbide
National Lead
Amer.Cyanamid B. Brook
Hat'co
Tenneco
DuPont -Photo Products
DuPont -finishing
Flow
~yB5
212.7
56,0
1.6
9*0
5.6
0.2
6,U
001
26.0
-
0.1
0.6
U3.0
22.5
to
1.3
1.2
-
-
BOD
U6,920
2,150
990
1,870
„
Uo
Neg.
7,970
Neg.
31,800
_
560
235
*3,600
28,000
36,830
600
1,000
360
Loadings (Ibs/
COD
102,600
13,100
U,ooo
8,UOO
Phenol
6,6UO
Uo
90
10
CHEMICAL
'day)
611
15,000
none
300
1,025
INDUSTRY
P
320
10
10
10
NH^-N
2,800
520*
6UO
UO
Total N
3,200
1,275
660
Receiving
Water
Arthur Kill
it it
it it
n n
500
2,500 (See specific report)
2,000
Neg.
57,500 1,U90
*• •»
790
1,700 20
U2,350
1,200
3,2UO
500
5000#
FeSO^ 3000#
Hercules Powder
3.3
800
Arthur Kin
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Raritan River
Raritan River
Raritan River
Raritan River
Raritan River
Raritan River
Raritan River
Raritan River
Remarks
l*includes 635
Ibs/day N02-N
2 Estimated P
2 Material Bal.
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,'3^U
2,3
•^seasonal variation
2,3,U
2,3,U
to
67
-------
METALS INDUSTRY
Name
Arcer. Smelting & Ref.
U.S. Metals
Phelps Dodge
Nassau Smelting
Name
Public Service,Sewaren
Public Service,Linden
Consolidated Edison
South Amboy Power & Light
Jersey Central,Sayreville
Name
International Flavors
& Fragrances
S.S. White
Procter & Gamble
General Amer.Transp.
Archer Daniels Midland
Koppers Wood Preserving
Johns-Manville
Philip Carey
Flow Loadings (Ibs/day)
IC5~ Cu Pb dl
7.7 55
35.8 165
.07 30
0.10 75
Flow Temp.
M3D Increase of
910 15
3U5 15
' UoU 13
100 10
300 10
nil
nil
20
60
POWER GENERATION
BTU
per day
11. li x 10*°
U,3 x loio
1U x 10
0.8 x 1010
2.5 x 1010
Nl Rece:
4rthi
200 Arthi
Arthi
Arthi
INDUSTRY
Receiving Water
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Raritan Bay
Raritan River
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES
Flow
M3D BOD COD
o.oU 2,500
0.05
5.ii 12,000
.01 Trace
fhh 200 1030
.005 1UO 250
13.3 2,100
0.50 175
Cnron-a
or Cr CN ABS
2 0.33
2UO
loadings only
.
.
Suspended
Solids Oil
U,600
2iiO
Uo*
2,100
U5
Remarks
1,2,5
1,2,5
2>5
1,5
Remarks
2
2
2
2
2
Receiving
Water
Raritan Bay
Raritan Bay
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Arthur Kill
Raritan River
Raritan River
Remarks
Intermittent
2
2,3
2,3
2
Negl.phenol ISC & NJ
2,3
*6#/day phenol
2,3
2,3
2,3
uo
68
-------
365
121m Paul DePalco
TABLE VI - INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES
REMARKS KEY
1. Based on sampling by Project.
2. Company supplied data.
3. Data supplied by either State Health
Department, ISC or MCSA.
4. Cooling water discharged; MCSA participant
5. Cooling water discharge.
Humble Oil & Refining Co., Bayway Refinery,
Linden, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Bayway Refinery is located at the eastern
edge of Linden, New Jersey, between U. S. Highway 1 and the
Arthur Kill. The refinery property consists of some 1,^00
acres which includes tank farm areas. The modernization
program and consolidation of equipment has left considerable
open space: in the process areas.
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366
Paul DePalco
This refinery dates back to 1908. It was
originally operated as Standard Oil of New Jersey. Through
the years the Bayway Refinery has been outstanding in the
petroleum refining industry.
The Clean Water and Air Effluent improvement
activity at Bayway is carried out by ten men who devote most
of their time to waste control. This unit includes one full-
time laboratory technician. Dr. W. H. Lang, Staff Consultant,
Esso Research and Engineering Company, Plorham Park, New
Jersey, represents the Bayway Refinery on the A.P.I. Wastes
Disposal Committee. Through Dr. Lang, the Bayway Refinery
personnel engaged in waste control are kept informed on new
developments in the petroleum industry pertaining to liquid
wastes control and treatment.
2. Products:
Humble Oil and Refining Company presently markets
some 2,000 different petroleum products. The trend at
Bayway Refinery is toward diversification, but most of the
products continue to be large volume production. Production
is geared to continuous flow rather than batch operations.
The principal products run at this refinery are:
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36?
123m
Paul DePalco
Fuel gas
Ethylene
Isobutylene
S.B.O.H.
M.E.K.
Acetone
MIBK-MIBC
Isophorone
Paratone & Vistanex
L.P.G.
Polymer chemicals
MO gas
Jet
Diesel
Heating oil
Clarified oil
Fuel oil
Asphalt
Lube additives
Turbo oil
White oil & trans, oil
Sulphonates
3. Raw Materials:
Crude oil is received by tankers from the Gulf
of Mexico and South America. These crudes vary considerably
but would be classified either mixed base or asphalt base.
These are essentially sweet crudes, the sulfur concentration
seldom exceeding 2.5 percent. Salt concentration in the
crude runs about five pounds per a thousand barrels of crude,
Raw materials vary with the end products and the
treatment processes employed. This is particularly true
in the Chemical Products Department. The refinery proper
will normally use significant quantities of sulfuric acid,
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368
Paul DePalco
caustic, lime, soda ash, ammonia, catalysts, dlethanolamine,
and others.
1. Capacity;
This refinery has a capacity for refining
172,000 barrels (42 gallon-barrel) of crude oil per day.
Crude intake does not completely reflect effluent
Characteristics because of the practice of processing inter-
mediate products received from affiliate refineries. Design
of much of this process equipment permits flexibility in
operation.
5. Operations;
The pipe stills, catalytic cracking unit and
auxiliary equipment operate continuously. The pipe stills
are distinctly segregated from catalytic cracking with
considerable intermediate storage for gas oil. A large
number of tanks are utilized to minimize the effect of demand
for seasonal products. Many of the secondary treatment
processes are continuous. Although there are certain
batch-type treatment processes with intermittent discharge,
refinery operations are essentially on a 24-hour day, seven-
day week basis.
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125m 369
Paul DePalco
6. Water Supply^
Three sources of water are available, namely,
Arthur Kill, surface reservoirs, and Elizabethtown public
water supply. The Elizabethtown water is used for drinking
and sanitary purposes.
The bulk of water for the refinery is pumped
from the Arthur Kill and is used for cooling purposes.
The relative quantity of salt water to fresh water was not
known, but Arthur Kill water was believed to represent
approximately 99 percent of the total water used. The only
treatment given Arthur Kill water is "slug chlorination,"
once each shift, winter and summer.
West Brook and Peach Orchard Creek are the source
of runoff water. Within the refinery, these streams are
impounded into a series of reservoirs upstream from No. 2
Dam. Some of this reservoir water is pumped to Public
Service Electric and Gas Company in exchange for steam
furnished the Bayway Refinery, and some is pumped to Esso's
water treating unit and to other limited use within the
refinery.
7. Sewerage:
There are four entirely separate sewer systems
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Paul DePalco
within the refinery. These are:
a. Sanitary wastes to Linden-Roselle.
b. Oil water sewers.
c. Cooling and condenser water sewers.
d. Tank field sewer system.
The total refinery effluent averages 18? million
gallons per day. Peak water pumpage occurs during the latter
part of August when total process water use and cooling may
reach 220 million gallons per day. These volumes are
s
exclusive of sanitary wastes.
The refinery effluent is the discharge over No.
1 Dam which is located in the lower reaches of Morses Creek.
This stream discharges to the Arthur Kill at the northeast
corner of refinery property and approximately 2,200 feet
north of the refinery intake.
8. Principal Processes;
The principal processes of the Bayway Refinery,
exclusive of the Chemical Products Department, are:
Atmospheric Distillation
Vacuum Distillation
Visbreaking
Catalytic Cracking
Reforming
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Paul DeFalco
Polymerization
Alkylation
Super fractional; ion
Gas oil hydrofining
General treating
Hvy. Cat. Naph. Hydrofining.
WASTES CHARACTERISTICS
The amount of non-hydrocarbon constituents in
the petroleum may be taken as a fairly good criterion of the
extent of treatment required to produce marketable products.
The principal impurities in petroleum include free sulfur,
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur compounds, nitrogen, and oxygen.
The asphaltic and resinous bodies which are present in
various amounts in most crude are considered to be formed,
in part, by the oxidation and polymerization of certain
hydrocarbons in the crude oil. Process wastes from a
petroleum refinery may be expected to contain various
chemicals used in treatment of petroleum products, combined
with the impurities referred to, together with oil in
various stages of process. Many of these wastes are rela-
tively small but their effects on the refinery effluent are
accumulative.
The most offensive constituents in petroleum
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Paul DePalco
refinery wastes, from the standpoint of pollution, are
believed to be phenols, mercaptans, nitrogen bases,
naphthenic acids, and oil. With the exception of oil, these
most offensive substances are normally concentrated in the
wastes resulting from chemical treatment. The overhead
receiver water from catalytic cracking units is a significant
source of phenol.
Light distillate oils may contain H S, low
molecular weight naphthenic acids, phenol compounds,
mercaptans, and other sulfur compounds. Organic nitrogen
compounds may be present in low concentrations. Heavy
naphtha and heating oils are now treated by the hydrofining
process. Hydrofining has replaced all acid treating, doctor
sweetening, and lead sulfide-sulfur sweetening.
Emulsions formed in refining operations are
predominantly oil-in-water emulsions or systems of oil
dispersed in water, the water constituting the external or
continuous phase. The barometric condensers on the two
vacuum pipe stills have been replaced by surface .condensers,
thereby eliminating two major emulsion sources.
WASTES TREATMENT PRACTICE
Humble Oil and Refining Company has taken
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Paul DeFalco
cognizance of the value of oil wasted through the sewers
and the damage resulting from oil pollution. Effort has been
made in recent years to minimize wasting of oil to the
sewers. Design of oil refinery equipment has made possible
retrieving valuable oil as near the source as possible.
Prevention of the comingling of various process wastes, con-
taining oil, aids materially in reducing the tendency for
troublesome emulsions to form.
9. Oil-Water Separators;
The Bayway Refinery has two master oil-water
separators, each serving different plant areas. In addition
there are three intermittent flow-type separators serving
the outlying tank field areas south of Morses Creek. One
fixed baffle has been installed at the No. 1 Dam on Morses
Creek to skim oil carried over in the separator effluents
or inadvertently discharged to the condenser water sewer
system.
The east oil-water separator is 300 feet long
by 100 feet wide with an eight-foot water depth. This
separator is divided into two channels, each with six com-
partments 50 feet square. Currently only half of this
separator is in service at one time. The present flow was
reported to be 9.9 MGD which gives a detention time of two
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Paul DePalco
hours and six minutes and an average velocity of 2.3 feet
per minute. The east separator serves the area in which it
is located, the principal sources including:
Atmospheric pipe stills;
Esso Research and Engineering Company;
Mechanical shops area;
White Oil Division;
Office buildings and laboratories of Bayway.
The west oil-water separator was placed in
operation in 19^0. It consists of a pre-separation flume
125 feet long and three settling channels each twenty feet
wide by 138.5 feet long with a 8.25-foot water depth. One
of these channels was out of service because of a damaged
flight scraper. The west separator presently receives 7
MGD flow. Considering three channels in service, the 7
MOD flow gives a detention time of one hour and 57 minutes
(including the pre-separator flume) and a velocity of flow
of 1.4 feet per minute.
The pre-separator flume in the west separator
is quite effective, removing up to 80 percent of the oil
entering this unit. Oil skimmers in each separator are
operated manually. Recovered oil is pumped to slop oil
tanks for decantation and heat treatment. Records indicate
water-free recovered oil varying between 400 and 600 barrels
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Paul DeFalco
per day.
10. Spent Chemicals:
Concerted effort is made to keep spent
chemicals out of the sewers and it was reported that spent
cresylics were sold and that shipments amounted to 100,000
gallons per month. Other spent caustics are shipped far
out to sea in transocean tankers. Spent acids are sold to
a local chemical firm. I^S gas is converted to sulfur by
the same chemical company.
11. Analytical Results:
A Honeywell Effluent Monitor is located at the
No. 1 Dam. This monitor continuously records dissolved
oxygen, conductivity, temperature, and pH.
Samples for oil determination are routinely
collected from the effluent at No. 1 Dam by refinery per-
sonnel. Oil results vary significantly from season to
season. In general, effluent oil results obtained by the
Bayway Refinery laboratory are higher than those reported
by the control agencies. There appears to be a threefold
variation in concentration of oil reported by the refinery
laboratory. Considering a net concentration of 17 parts
per million oil and a flow of 191 MOD, oil losses amount to
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Paul DePalco
3,400 gallons per day (1957 refinery data).
Net phenol concentrations In the refinery
effluent at No. 1 Dam likewise vary appreciably. Data from
a 1962 survey indicated that a net concentration of phenol
in the effluent was 2.5 parts per million, giving a daily
phenol loss of 4,000 pounds.
Considering that the effluents from the two
oil-water separators are diluted ten to one with condenser
water, it appears that oil concentrations in the A.P.I.
separators may be as high as 170 ppm.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Attention was invited to the fact .that salt
water used at the Bayway Refinery complicated both
analytical procedures and pollution abatement measures. It
was estimated that over 95 percent of the flow through the
oil-water separators originated in the Arthur Kill.
It was pointed out that from the design stand-
point, the salt water cooling system was fully loaded during
the peak summer periods. Accordingly, recent major incre-
ments of new cooling capacity have been provided as air fin
installations. Substitution of the air fin installations
avoids high capital cost of expanding the salt water pumping
and distribution facilities.
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Paul DePalco
The wastes control and water pollution abatemen
program at the Bayway Refinery is proceeding simultaneously
along three lines. These are:
a. Progressive reduction in liquid volume.
b. In-plant improvements which reduce wastes.
c. Study of possible methods for treating residual
wastes.
Decision as to treatment for residual wastes
is dependent upon established water uses in the Arthur Kill
and necessary protection of the bays into which the Kill
discharges.
The Cities Service Oil Company Linden Refinery
Linden, N.J.
1. Organization:
The Cities Service Refinery is located at the
eastern edge of Linden, New Jersey, between the New Jersey
Turnpike and the Arthur Kill. The refinery property consist
of some 240 acres, including a tank farm area located along
the westerly portion of the New Jersey Turnpike in Linden.
The installation, employing 150 people, was constructed
in 1917 and completely rebuilt in 1958.
Mr. Joseph S. Baum, located in East Chicago,
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Paul DePalco
Indiana, is Waste Disposal Coordinator for the refinery.
Mr. Robert G. Hand, Resident Chemist, along with two other
chemists, is in full attendance at the refinery.
2. Products:
The Cities Service Oil Company Refinery at
Linden is essentially an asphalt plant. Production is
geared to continuous flow rather than batch operations. The
principal products run at this plant are:
Asphalt - 70 percent of the crude;
300 end point gasoline;
1JOO end point mineral spirits or Stoddard solvents;
No. 2 fuel oil;
Light and heavy virgin gas oil — sold as cracker feed
stock.
3. Raw Materials:
Crude oil is received by tankers from Mexico
and Venezuela. Panoco crude is obtained from the Gulf and
Tia Juana crude is received from South America. The Gulf
crude, because of quality, will soon be phased out at this
plant. It is anticipated that only Venezuela crude will be
handled in the future. These are essentially sour crudes,
the sulfur concentration generally being in the range of
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Paul DePalco
5.0 to 5.25 percent (total sulfur by weight). Salt con-
centration in the crude runs from 10 Ibs. per thousand
barrels for Venezuela crude to 125 Ibs. per thousand barrels
for Mexican crude.
Because of the nature of the plant — asphalt
production — very few raw materials are used. The only
significant import is caustic which is used to reduce
sulfldes. Small quantities of ammonia and amine are pur-
chased for corrosion control.
4. Capacity;
This plant has the capacity for refining 14,000
barrels (42-gallon barrel) of crude oil per stream day.
Normal wintertime operation is approximately 9,000 barrels
per stream day. The peak rate is reached during the summer
months when the demand for paving asphalt is high.
5. Operations;
Since this plant is designed for asphalt produc-
tion, cracking of crudes and intermediates is avoided.
Essentially, the plant utilizes straight steam distillation
— one atmospheric and one vacuum column. Vacuum is created
on the vacuum still by Elliot Company type steam jets.
Operating temperatures are kept below 700°F in the
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Paul DePalco
atmospheric column and 800°P in the vacuum column so as to
prevent cracking. Steam is supplied at the rate of 2,000 Ibs.
per hour to the vacuum still and at 2,800 Ibs. per hour to
the atmospheric column.
The plant operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week,
11 months a year. The installation shuts down for one month
during the wintertime for maintenance. Industrial asphalts
for roofing are run year round and paving asphalts, used for
roads, are run during the warmer months.
The tank farm is supplied by the Colonial Trans-
continental Pipeline. This is a completely separate operation
from the asphalt plant.
6. Water Supply:
Two sources of water are available, namely,
Arthur Kill and the Elizabethtown Water Company. Elizabeth-
town water is used for drinking, sanitary purposes and steam
production. A Zeolite softener is used to condition boiler
feed water. The bulk of water for the refinery is pumped
from the Arthur Kill and is used for cooling purposes.
Approximately 0.36 million gallons per day of fresh water
and 7.2 million gallons per day of salt water are used by
the plant. The quality of the Arthur Kill water presently
satisfies the needs of the plant. No problems have been
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Paul DePalco
encountered with corrosion or clogging as a result of these
waters being used for cooling.
A chlorination system, which was originally
provided, has been discontinued since experience at the plant
has shown that this treatment is not necessary. Cooling
water from the Arthur Kill is handled by one electric-driven,
4,000-gallon-per-minute pump, and one 800-gallon-per-minute
unit tied in with the process blending equipment. A steam
operated ^,000-gallon-per-minute unit has been provided for
standby operation. This unit is used approximately once per
week while the screens of the electric driven unit are cleaned,
7. Sewerage;
All sanitary wastes from the facility are handled
in a septic tank and tile field system. All cooling waters
and process waters are handled in one sewer system. Storm
runoff from the tank fields in the immediate area of the
refinery also discharges to the same sewer system. To prevent
purging the tank fields are valved to permit bleeding of the
runoff into the sewer.
The total refinery effluent averages 5,000 to
6,000 gallons per minute, exclusive of the sanitary wastes
volume. It is discharged through three 12" diameter pipelines
located in the Arthur Kill bulkhead. These discharges are
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Paul DePalco
located at the northeast corner of the refinery property
and approximately 1,500 feet from the raw water intake.
8. Principal Processes:
Principal processes at the Cities Service Refinery
are:
Atmospheric distillation;
Vacuum distillation;
Treating (gasoline sweetening, Bender Process);
Oxidation;
Cutback blending.
WASTES CHARACTERISTICS
Generally speaking, the amount of non-hydrocarbon
constituents in the petroleum may be taken as a fairly good
criterion of the extent of treatment required to produce
marketable products. The principal impurities in petroleum
include free sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur compounds,
nitrogen, and oxygen. The asphaltic and resinous bodies
which are present in various amounts in most crude are con-
sidered to be formed in part, by the oxidation and
polymerization of certain hydrocarbons in crude oil. Process
wastes from a petroleum refinery may be expected to contain
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Paul DePalco
various chemicals used in treatment of petroleum products,
combined with the impurities referred to, together with oil
in various stages of process. Many of these wastes are
relatively small but their effects on the refinery effluent
are accumulative.
The most offensive constituents in refinery
wastes, from the standpoint of pollution, are believed to
be phenols, mercaptans, nitrogen bases, naphthenic acids
and oil. With the exception of oil, these most offensive
substances are normally concentrated in the wastes resulting
from chemical treatment. The overhead receiver water from
catalytic cracking units is a significant source of phenol.
However, the foregoing statements refer to
petroleum refineries processing full range crude oils and
employing cracking operations.
The operation of this asphalt plant and the
products formed during processing are contrary to the genera
ideas stated above. This refinery, being an asphalt plant,
is operated to reduce the low gravity crudes to a heavy tar
called asphalt. To do this, cracking conditions are avoided
As a result of this type of operation, there are no unusual
products formed during processing. That is, only minor
quantities of phenols and ammonia are formed in the refinery
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Paul DePalco
Although the crude process is high in sulfur content, the
sulfur remains in the asphalt and thus enhances the quality
of this product. Tests indicate that there is 5.2 percent
sulfur by weight in the finished product.
Emulsions formed in refining operations are
predominantly oil-in-water emulsions or systems of oil
dispersed in water, the water'constituting the external
or continuous phase. Emulson problems have reportedly been
reduced by keeping the caustic segregated from other waste
streams. Approximately M,000 gallons of waste caustic is
sold to a vendor every six weeks. This waste caustic is from
the Bender Treater, which sweetens gasolines by converting
mercaptans to disulfides, which are soluble in oil.
WASTE TREATMENT PRACTICE
Cities Service Oil Company has taken cognizance
of the value of oil wasted through the sewers and the damage
resulting from oil pollution. In 1958 a completely new
treatment system was installed and in I960 the oil seperator
was modified. Plans are now being prepared for installing
flow metering and sampling equipment.
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Paul DeFalco
9. Oil-Water Separators:
The Cities Service Oil Company has one A.P.I.
oil-water separator located above grade. It is divided
into three parallel sections, each approximately 20 feet
wide by 156 feet long and has an approximate water depth of
7 feet. Each section has three settling compartments —
22-foot long inlet chamber; 66-foot long primary basin;
68-foot long secondary basin. Every compartment contains
its own sludge collecting and skimming mechanism, sump, and
auger type sludge conveyor.
In I960 the oil-water separators were remodeled
Reaction Jets were installed on each of the five 12-inch
diameter inlet pipes in the primary and secondary basins of
all separators. Essentially, these jets consist of a curve
deflector plate, approximately one inch larger than the
diameter of the pipe, installed three inches away from the
inlet pipe. As wastes enter the tank through the pipes the
deflect off the plates and back on to the tank wall, thus
creating laminar flow at the tank inlet.
Skimmings from the separators are pumped to two
small circular settling tanks where further separation is
accomplished. The water from these settling tanks is
returned to the settling pit (old separator) for further
treatment and decanted oil is pumped to the slop tanks.
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Paul DePalco
Sludge from the separators (flights operated approximately
twice per 24-hour day, and solids removed once per week)
is pumped to the plant's settling pit (old separator),
which is now used only to provide additional settling time.
Skimmings from the settling pit (old separator) are pumped
to a slop tank. Approximately once every six weeks a con-
tractor is brought in to remove the settled sludge.
There is presently no flow indicating or record-
ing device at the plant. Plow records are based on raw
water pumpage. It is estimated that wastes flow is
approximately 5,000 gallons per minute. An additional 1,000
gallons per minute is added during wet weather flow.
10. Spent Chemicals:
Spent caustics are collected in a tank truck and
sold to a vendor.
11. Analytical Results:
Oil samples are routinely collected from all
three discharge pipes by refinery personnel. Oil results
vary slightly from season to season. Data for the past
four years indicate that the oil concentration averages
approximately 15 parts per million with peaks of 50 parts
per million. A noticeable increase in oil recovery from an
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Paul DePalco
average of 50 parts per million down to 15 parts per million
resulted after I960, when the reaction Jets were installed
in the separators. The present oil load to the Arthur Kill
is approximately 900 Ibs. per day.
During the past two years refinery results indi-
cate that the phenol concentration in the effluent is less
than 40 parts per billion, which is equivalent to 2.4 Ibs.
per day.
BOD's of the effluent are run routinely, once
or twice per month, on each of the separator effluents.
It appears, based on Cities Service data, that the plant
is contributing approximately 20 parts per million or 1,200
Ibs. of BOD per day to the Arthur Kill.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Attention was invited to the fact that salt
water, used at the Cities Service refinery, complicated
both analytical procedures and pollution abatement measures.
It is estimated that during dry weather over 95 percent of
the flow through the oil-water separators is brackish.
The waste control and water pollution abatement
program at the refinery presently calls for installing an
automatic effluent sampler, the combining of all three
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Paul DePalco
effluent discharges into one common line, and the installa-
tion of a Parshall flume.
Hess Oil & Chemical Company, Port Reading Refinery
Port Reading, N.J.
1. Organization;
The Hess Oil Refinery, located in Port Reading,
New Jersey, directly on the Arthur Kill, consists of approxi-
mately 65 acres Including tank farm area. The plant layout
is compact with little open space in the process area.
The refinery was constructed in 1958 and expanded
in 1961. The plant is automated to the maximum possible
and employs a figure well below the national average of 11
persons per 1,000 barrels of crude per day. Published
material describing this refinery can be found in the
annual Oil and Gas Journal Survey.
2. Products;
The Port Reading Refinery produces only
petroleum products. Petrochemical production by Hess Oil
Company is accomplished at the company's Corpus Christ!,
Texas, refinery. The products of the Port Reading Refinery
are:
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Paul DePalco
Pitch (residual);
Home heating oil #2;
Jet fuel;
Gasoline;
LPG.
The only plant by-product is sulfur from the
sulfur recovery process.
3. Raw Materials;
The refinery is designed to process sweet crude
only and efforts to utilize sour crude generally have been
unsuccessful. More than 60 percent of the raw materials are
U.S. coastal crudes with a sulfur content of 0.35 percent
or less. Additional sweet crude is obtained from Venezuela
fields.
Processing chemicals used are limited to caustic,
acid, and organic inhibitors.
4. Capacity;
The refinery has a design capacity of 65,000
barrels of crude oil per day. Under normal operations plant
capacity can be slightly higher than this figure. On the
date of the Public Health Service visit the plant was running
at capacity.
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Paul DePalco
5. Operations;
The major process operations are as follows:
Crude distillation;
Reforming (platinum catalyst);
Desulfurization (cobalt molybdenum catalyst);
Fluid catalytic cracking;
Gas recovery for LPG manufacture;
Alkylation (sulfuric acid catalyst in closed
system);
Caustic scrubbing (gasoline and #2 fuel oil).
Spent caustic is recovered and sold or dumped
at sea. Used sulfuric acid is recovered and returned to the
acid vendor for regeneration.
The plant operates continuously and has a 95
percent service factor based on a 24-hour day, 365-day year.
6.. Water Supply;
Water is obtained from two sources, the Middlesex
Water Company and the Arthur Kill.
Arthur Kill water is utilized only for fire
and wash-down processes; use is estimated at 50 to 100 gpm.
A 2,000 gpm pump operates approximately two to eight hours
per day to maintain pressure in the fire and wash-down lines.
The bulk of the water utilized in the refinery
is purchased from Middlesex Water Company. Approximately
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Paul DeFalco
60 gpra is utilized for drinking and sanitary purposes, and
an additional 80 to 120 gpm is used for process water. The
plant utilizes a closed cooling water circuit and requires
800 to 1,000 gpm of Middlesex water for make-up purposes.
The only treatment given water is in the cooling system.
The refinery has two towers operated by other companies,
one utilizing a mixed chromate-phosphate treatment, the
second a chromate. An additional 300 gpm is purchased from
Middlesex Water Company for use in the company's steam plant
Company records indicate an average of 1,3^5 gpm of water is
purchased from the Middlesex Water Company.
7. Sewerage;
There are three separate sewer systems within
the refinery as follows:
a. Sanitary wastes to the Sewaren Municipal Treatment
Plant;
b. Storm water drains;
c. Oily water sewers.
Oily water sewerage is passed through an API
separator to a holding pond; storm water drains discharge
directly to the holding pond. Prom the holding pond,
effluent is pumped to the Arthur Kill.
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Paul DePalco
8. Other Utilities;
Electricity is purchased from the Public Service
Sewaren Generating Plant adjacent to the refinery. The
Public Service Plant purchases "residual" fuel oil from the
refinery.
The refinery operates its own steam plant
equipped with M Titusville boilers and operating at about
260 Ibs. pressure head. Approximately 300 gallons per
minute of water is purchased from Middlesex Water Company
for make-up in the steam plant.
WASTES CHARACTERISTICS
The amount of non-hydrocarbon constituents in
petroleum may be taken as a fairly good criterion of the
treatment required to produce marketable products. The prin-
cipal impurities in petroleum include free sulfur, hydrogen
sulfide, other sulfur compounds, nitrogen and oxygen. The
asphaltic and resinous bodies which are present in various
amounts in most crude are formed in part by the oxidation
and polymerization of certain hydrogen compounds in the crude,
Petroleum refinery wastes may be expected to contain various
chemicals used in the treatment of petroleum products as well
as the impurities referred to above and oil in various
forms. Many of these wastes are relatively small but their
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Paul DePalco
effects on the refinery effluent characteristics are
accumulative.
The most offensive constituents in petroleum
refinery wastes, from the standpoint of water pollution,
are believed to be phenols, mercaptans, nitrogen bases,
naphthanic acids, and oil. With the exception of oil these
substances are normally concentrated in the wastes resulting
from chemical treatment. For example, the overhead receiver
water from catalytic cracking units is a significant source
of phenol.
Light distillate oils may contain hydrogen
sulfide, low molecular weight naphthenic acids, phenol
compounds, mercaptans, and other sulfur compounds. Organic
nitrogen compounds may be present in low concentrations.
Emulsions formed in refining operations are predominantly
oil and water with the water constituting the external or con-
tinuous phase.
WASTES TREATMENT PRACTICE
Hess Oil & Chemical Company in the design and
construction of the Port Reading Refinery has taken cog-
nizance of the value of oil which could be lost through
sewers as well ad possible water pollution from oil and
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Paul DePalco
other pollutants. In addition to incorporating necessary
treatment facilities for oil recovery and pollution abatement,
the company followed the most modern available design con-
siderations so as to prevent comlngling of various wastes
which might result in troublesome emulsions.
9. Waste Sources and Treatment;
The major source of phenol is the overhead
receiver water from the cat cracker which averages 100 mg/1
phenol and amounts to 25 to MO gpm in volume. On an experi-
mental basis the refinery has obtained 90 percent phenol
reduction from this source by utilizing the receiver water
in desalting processing. Before attempting the desalting
as a reduction means, the plant waste stream entering the
API separator averaged 1 to 10 mg/1 of phenol. No data are
available since the desalting experiment was begun.
The other major phenol source is draw-off from
the tank fields. This liquid waste is discharged directly
to the holding pond and would result in a peaking effect of
phenols when draw-off is accomplished.
Sulfide and hydrogen-sulfide removal is
accomplished by a UOP sulfide stripper using flue gas and
steam. This unit treats the overhead receiver water from
the cat cracker and caustic wash from the alkylation process.
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Paul DePalco
The stripper has shown good sulfide and hydrogen-sulfide
removal but has little effect on phenol concentrations.
An analysis by an outside firm of the overhead
receiver water which was sampled in November 1964 showed the
following results:
ITEM '
Phenol
COD
pH
Alk M.O.
Total Solids
H2S as S
Mercaptan as S
Color, APHA Pt-Co
Turbidity
Ammonia as NH3
Chloride as Cl
Sulfate as S0|j
Cyanide, ppm CN+CNS
Oil
CONG., mg/1
76
100
7.9
1900 as CaCO.
4
1210 (.121*)
10
45
Clear
7000 (0.70?)
13
8
4.3
Not run
The waste treatment system consists of an API
oil separator followed by a holding pond. The API separator
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Paul DePalco
consists of two parallel bays each 13' wide by 106' long
(effective settling length) and a mean liquid depth of 51.
Average flow to the separators is 250 gpm. Both bays are
equipped with flight scrapers, skimmers and baffled inlets.
The bays are utilized alternately rather than in parallel
so as to permit cleaning one bay while the second is in use.
Slop oil from the separators runs from 158 to 277 barrels
per day with 30 percent to 50 percent water. This is held
in slop tanks until sufficient volume is available at which
time it is pumped to the crude storage tanks. In addition
to a very small amount of slop oil from the plant, the
separator also receives pumpage from various customers and
occasional sludge from the tank farms when these are cleaned.
No routine check is made on the separator operating
efficiency. As sludge accumulates in the separator it is
pumped and trucked away under contract. A visual inspection
was made of the separator operation. A heavy passage of oil
through the separator was noted due to a build-up of sludge
in the separator tanks. From the separator, effluent flows
by gravity to a holding pond approximately 300' long by
200' wide. The holding pond effluent passes through four
pairs of hay-filled screens. These screens are generally
cleaned monthly depending upon the amount of head loss noted.
Prom the holding pond, plant effluent is pumped to a
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Paul DePalco
submerged discharge to the Arthur Kill. In addition to the
separator line the holding pond also receives other discharge
lines including storm water drains and tank farm drainage.
Inspection of the holding pond showed a considerable
amount of oil present with some signs of the formation of
sludge deposits in the pond, probably attributable to
excess oil from the separators.
Visual examination of the pump effluent discharge
from the holding pond indicated no readily apparent oil slick
on the Arthur Kill from the submerged outlet.
10. Analytical Results;
The refinery performs limited analyses of the
final effluent from the holding pond. Grab samples are taken
every few weeks and sent for analysis by an outside firm.
Hess Oil does check for sulflde and pH. Analytical results
Indicated the following ranges:
Phenol — 1 to 10 mg/1;
COD — several hundred;
sulfide — 0;
chrornate — 0;
chloroform extractables ~ 22 to 68 mg/1
(but one sample 121 mg/l).
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Paul DeFalco
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
The Hess Oil & Chemical Company refinery is con-
tinuing its efforts in waste control and water pollution
abatement. A pilot plant study is under consideration to
develop secondary treatment for phenols in drainage from the
tank farm. The company plans to continue its work in the
reduction of phenol from the cat cracker overhead receiver
water by the use of this water in the desalting process.
California Oil Company
Perth Amboy, New Jersey
1. Organization;
This refinery is operated by the California Oil
Company, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Standard
Oil Company of California. Pull ownership of the refinery
was acquired in 19^8. The California Oil Company serves
12 Eastern States from Maine to Virginia.
This refinery has been completely rebuilt in
recent years. Most of the old process equipment has been
dismantled. The refinery is located at the north edge of
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155m Paul DePalco 3"
Perth Amboy some 2 miles upstream from the point where the
Arthur Kill enters Raritan Bay.
The Standard Oil Company of California is
represented by Mr. John Easthagen on the American Petroleum
Institute Committee on Disposal of Refinery Wastes. Mr.
Easthagen serves as consultant to all refineries within the
company on matters pertaining to liquid waste disposal.
2. Products:
Principal products run at the refinery are:
a. Aviation gasoline;
b. motor gasoline;
c. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG);
d. solvents (hexanes, heptanes, etc.);
e. kerosene;
f. #2 fuel oil;
g. #4 fuel oil;
h. #6 fuel oil;
i. paving.asphalts;
J. asphalt cutbacks.
Refined products are shipped to various distribu-
tion points and to consumers via tank ship, pipeline, barge
and tank truck.
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156l» Paul DePalco
3. Raw Materials;
This refinery was originally intended to process
principally Arabian crude. Crude is presently received
principally from Arabia, Venezuela, and the Gulf Coast area.
Crude oil is received at the refinery exclusively via tank
ship.
The sulfur content of the crude oil averages
about 1 to 2 percent by weight. It was pointed out that
much of the sulfur in the crude oil ends up in asphalt
residual.
The salt content of the crude oil averages
about 15 pounds per 1,000 barrels. An electrostatic system
is employed in desalting.
Crude oil is the principal raw material. Other
raw materials include ammonia for corrosion control and
caustic for chemical treatment of certain products.
4. Capacity:
This refinery is running about 70,000 barrels
(JJ2-gallon barrels) of crude oil per calendar day. This
would approximate 75,000 barrels per stream day. The
Standard Oil Company of Kentucky, another subsidiary of the
Standard Oil Company of California, has recently built a
petroleum refinery in the State of Mississippi. There are
no plans for expanding the refinery at Perth Amboy.
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401
157m Paul DeFalco
A phthallc anhydride plant was built in 1962.
Phthalic anhydride is the only chemical manufactured. There
are no immediate plans for petro chemical expansion.
5. Operations:
The crude units, cracking unit, and auxiliary
equipment operate continuously. Other refining and treatment
processes are likewise continuous. The refinery operations
should be considered as being on a 24-hour day, 7-day week
basis.
6. Employees;
There is a total of 900 employees, including
office personnel and operating staff.
7. Water Supply;
There are three sources of water supply, namely,
Arthur Kill, two company wells, and the Perth Amboy public
water supply.
A pump station located on the Arthur Kill draws
salt water from this source at a rate of about 30,500
gallons per minute for circulation as cooling water to
various units. In order to" reduce salt water intake and
effluent volume, two salt water cooling towers are in
operation for cooling some 20,000 gallons per minute of salt
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Paul DeFalco
water for reuse as cooling water in various process units.
There is no chemical treatment of the Arthur Kill water.
Production of the two company wells is
restricted by the State Water Policy Board. These wells
were reported to average 325 gpm. City water averages 1.4
mgd. City water goes to boiler feed make-up and limited
process use. The attached diagram of process water system
depicts water use within the refinery. Arthur Kill water
was reported satisfactory for refinery use. Trouble was
reported recently from a large accumulation of plastic bags
on the screen at the river intake.
8. Sewerage:
There are four separate sewer systems designated
as:
a. Sanitary sewer;
b. storm sewer;
c. clean water sewer;
d. oily water sewer.
These systems are indicated on the attached
diagram which is designated "Effluent Water Treatment
Facilities, California Oil Company." Sanitary wastes are
discharged to the Perth Amboy sewerage system for treatment.
Treated refinery process waste waters and cooling waters are
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403
Paul DePalco
discharged to Woodbrldge Creek, which is tributary to the
Arthur Kill.
REFINERY PROCESSES
The principal refining processes are shown on the
attached flow diagram. The crude units Include two vacuum
pipe stills in which the vacuum is created by barometric
condensers. The catalytic cracking unit is a Houdriflow
type and makes use of a bead catalyst.
Light hydrocarbon gases are conveyed to the Anlin
Company, adjacent to the refinery, for removal and recovery
of sulfur. The desulfurized gas is returned to the refinery
for production of steam and power. Liquefied petroleum gas
is desulfurized by fractionation and caustic scrubbing and
is dried by an alumina absorbent. Gasoline is chemically
treated to convert mercaptans to disulfldes. Entrained
caustic containing water from certain intermediate gasoline
storage tanks is combined with spent caustic for disposal at
sea. Kerosene is desulfurized by the Perco process which
makes use of a solid bed of cupric chloride.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Concerted effort is made to keep spent chemicals
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404
Paul DeFalco
out of the refinery sewers. These concentrated wastes are
disposed of in the ocean, being transported by oil tankers
returning to Arabia for crude oil. California Oil Company,
in recent years, has spent over 1 million dollars on waste
treatment facilities at the Perth Amboy refinery.
9. Oil-Water Separators:
It will be apparent from the foregoing that the
principal liquid waste problem at this refinery is the
separation of oil products from water. Considerable thought
has been given to oil-water separation and a rather flexible
system has been devised. This system is shown diagrammatically
on the attached sketch designated "Effluent Water Treatment
Facilities."
These oil-water separators are described in
detail in material submitted by the New Jersey Department of
Health. This material provides information on sources of
wastes, equipment description, and operation. It was reported
that reduction in water use had reduced flow to #2 API
separator from 18,000 gpm to 12,000 gpm. Likewise, flow to
#3 separator is presently 4,000 gpm instead of 6,000 gpm
as shown on the diagram.
10. Operation of Separators;
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405
I6lm Paul DePalco
There were some irregularities in the operation
of these oil-water separators at the time of our visit.
Mention is made of these observations as a matter of record.
The north compartment of the west half of the #2 separator
was inoperative. It was estimated that 75 percent of the
flow reaching the #2 separator was being diverted through the
east half of the unit. There was very little oil reaching
the #2 separator and it would appear that one-half of the #2
separator might provide adequate capacity for this particular
flow.
T?he #3 oil-water separator appeared to be over-
loaded, both hydraulically and on the basis of accumulated
oil. Efficiency of the #3 separator was believed Influenced
by pumping water from the adjacent oil bin to the separator
Inlet by means of an ejector. Handling of oil recovered by
the #3 separator was complicated by the absence of an oil
pump which was out of service for maintenance. Each compart-
ment of the #3 separator contained a significant accumulation
of oil and there was evidence of oil in the effluent from
this unit.
There was substantial accumulation of oil float-
ing on the south half of the 13-acre settling basin (lagoon).
Plans are under way to provide a skimmer .for oil accumulating
in the first half of this settling basin. Oil accumulated
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Paul DePalco
on the surface of this settling basin drains to the surge pond
from which it is pumped to the #4 separator inlet. This
surge pond pump was operating at the time of our visit.
Based on observations at the time of our visit,
it appeared that the #2 separator was operating under capacity
and the #3 separator was overloaded. Short-time efficiency
studies of these separators will either confirm or disprove
this theory. It was reported that slop oil recovery averaged
200 barrels per day water-free oil. Sludge pumped from the
oil-water separators is disposed of in a pond on refinery
property. Malelc acid from phthalic anhydride production
is incinerated. See comment below by California Oil Company.
"Comment is made regarding irregularities in
the operation of No. 2 and 3 separators at the time
of your visit. It was noted that the north compart-
ment of the west half of No. 2 separator was
inoperative. This was due to a routine bin cleaning
operation. However, as was noted, effluent water
was clear, indicating that the separator had
sufficient capacity to absorb the cleaning opera-
tion without unduly reducing separating efficiency.
"It was also noted that effluent water from
No. 3 separator contained traces of oil. This was
due to mechanical failure of a pump which lifts
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407
163m Paul DePalco
"influent oily water from a collection bin to
the separator. An eductor was being used temporarily
for this service, which caused excessive agitation
of the oily influent water and made oil separation
in the separator less efficient than normal. How-
ever, effluent from this separator goes to a large
settling and oxidation basin before discharge to
Woodbridge Creek. The basin effluent was observed
to be visibly free .of oil during your visit, further
illustrating the efficiency and value of this
facility as a final clean-up for our oily water stream,
The pump in question on No. 3 separator is now back
in service and the separator is back to normal and
satisfactory operation."
11. Pollution Parameters:
Effluents from this refinery are routinely checked
for:
a. Oil - total and volatile;
b. biochemical oxygen demand;
c. phenols;
d. sulfides;
e. pH.
A pump has been installed for manual sample collec-
tion within the outlet from the settling basin to Woodbridge
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408
Paul DePalco
Creek. Samples are collected at this point dally and analyzed
for sulfldes and PH. Sulfides normally run less than 0.1 ppm.
All five determinations listed above are run at least once a
month.
Based on available data, it was estimated that oil
losses from this refinery approximated 270 gallons per day.
Likewise, it was estimated that phenol losses should average
25 pounds per day.
Progress in pollution abatement by this refinery
is evidenced by the reduction in BOD of the effluents. This
improvement is shown in the table designated "Biochemical
Oxygen Demand, Effluent Process -Water, California Oil
Company," dated May 19, 1965.
The American Agricultural Chemical Company
Carteret, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The American Agricultural Chemical Company is
solely owned by Continental Oil. It operates 35 plants
extending from the eastern seaboard into Kansas, with the
home office at 100 Church Street, New York, New York. The
fertilizer plant has operated at this location in Carteret
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I65m
Paul DePalco
since around 1890 and the American Agricultural Chemical
Company has been operating here from the turn of the century
As far as classifi'cation of chemical industry is concerned
there are two distinct operations on the premises. One set
of facilities is devoted to the manufacture of chemical fer-
tilizers and the other set of facilities is devoted to pro-
duction of chemical phosphates. The plant is located in the
northern part of Carteret, New Jersey, abutting the Arthur
Kill.
2. Products:
The chemical fertilizer facilities produce a
complete line of mixed chemical fertilizers and a by-product,
ammonia silicofluoride.
The chemical phosphate facilities produce
phosphorus pentasulfide and sesquisulfide, sodium tripoly-
phosphate, and tetrasodiumphyrophosphate, di- and trisodium
phosphate, and phosphoric acid.
3. Raw Materials:
The raw materials for the chemical fertilizer
operations are ammonia solutions, triple superphosphate,
potash, phosphate rock or phosphorite, anhydrous ammonia,
sulfur, and waste organic material such as hair, wool, fur
and leather scraps.
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410
Paul DePalco
The raw materials for the chemical phosphate
operations are elemental phosphorus, soda ash, and caustic.
4. Capacity;
The production of these facilities is highly
variable and the capacity is considered to be confidential
Information.
5. Operations:
The usual schedule of operations for the various
processes are indicated on the individual flow charts which
accompany this report.
6. Employees;
The employment at these facilities varies from
200 to 300 with a normal employment of 240.
7. Water Supflly;
Fresh water is purchased from the Middlesex
Water Company and sea water is pumped from the Arthur Kill.
The water use in the various processes is indicated on the
Individual flow charts.
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167m
Paul DePalco
8. Sewerage;
All sanitary sewage and some waste process water
as indicated on the individual flow charts is discharged to
the municipal sewer system. Other waste waters as indicated
on the individual flow charts are discharged to the Arthur
Kill. There are three main outlets to the Arthur Kill. One
of these, bearing all wastes from operations other than the
sulfuric acid plant, ia discharged to the Arthur Kill in the
vicinity of the south end of the dock. The waste waters
from the sulfuric acid plant are discharged to a natural
watercourse at the south edge of the property. A third line
bearing wastes from the power plant and runoff from the land
disposal area discharges to the Arthur Kill at the north
edge of the property. A storm sewer discharges to the Arthur
Kill underneath the dock and it is reported that there are
not any process wastes in this pipe.
9. Outline of Processes;
In the fertilizer production, sulfuric acid is
produced from the burning of "elemental sulfur in the chamber
process. This acid is used to produce superphosphate
fertilizer from phosphate rock. The organic raw material
is used in the agrlnite process to produce a material for the
mixed fertilizers. In the production of mixed fertilizers
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Paul DePalco
the base material Is mixed dry and charged to the TVA amraoni-
ator where it is mixed with water, ammonia solutions, and
sulfurie or phosphoric acid. This mixture is dried,
screened and cooled to produce various grades of mixed
fertilisers.
The by-product ammonia silicofluoride is produced
from anhydrous ammonia and waste hydrofluosilicic acid from
the production of superphosphate.
In the production of chemical phosphates, phos-
phoric acid is produced from the combustion of elemental
phosphorus. The phosphates are produced from phosphoric
acid, soda ash, and caustic soda, while the phosphorous
sulfides are produced from elemental phosphorus and elemental
sulfur, as indicated on the individual flow charts.
SOURCES OF WASTE
10. Ammonia Silicofluoride Process;
There are two sources of wastes in this process,
one liquid and one solid. A vacuum is pulled on the
evaporator in this process by means of a jet ejector and the
exhaust steam is cooled with approximately 300 gallons per
minute of salt water. There is a potential source of pollu-
tion in this operation that the ammonia silicofluoride solu-
tion may be entrained in the cooling water. Based on the
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413
169m Paul DeFalco
experience at other plants the local management does not
believe that they are adding fluoride to the cooling water,
but is unable to analyze for this material in the presence of
other halides which are already present in sea water. When
the fluosilicic acid is filtered; silica is removed as filter
cake and it is estimated that approximately 1/10 of 1 percent
of fluosilicic acid is lost with the cake. The cake is dis-
posed of on ground to the north of the plant property. There
undoubtedly is some surface runoff from this disposal area.
11. Phosphoric Acid Process;
In the existing phosphoric plant phosphoric acid
leaks from the equipment into the circulating cooling water.
This acid is neutralized with caustic in order to control the
pH in the circulating water system. The slime in the cooling
tower is controlled with chrome salts. The blowdown from the
cooling tower amounts to a flow of approximately 25 gallons
per minute and, of course, contains the concentrated chrome
salts and phosphates.
12. Phosphate Crystallizer:
In the production of the sodium phosphates the
crystallizer is operated under vacuum which is maintained
by a Jet ejector and the steam from the ejector is condensed
with salt water flowing at about 300 gallons per minute.
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Paul DePalco
There Is a potential water pollution here if there should
be entrainment from the crystallizer. Management reports
that they make spot checks on this effluent for phosphates and
entrainment have not been found.
13. Runoff:
The fertilizer operations at this facility are
essentially dry operations and there is a good deal of dust
about the premises, both on the roofs and ground surfaces.
Obviously, in case of rainfall some of this material can be
carried along with the surface runoff. The magnitude of this
source of pollution with nitrogen and phosphorus is not known,
14. Ship Unloading
Approximately six vessels per year are unloaded
at the plant docks. Such material as potash, phosphate rock,
and triple superphosphate are received by ship. The material
is unloaded from the ship by means of buckets and small cars.
Occasionally there is some spillage from the cars if they are
loaded too full, but this can be controlled. Wind at the
time of unloading blows some of the material onto the dock
and into the Arthur Kill. This may be on the order of six
tons per ship load of material. The quantity of the material
cannot be measured by difference in shipped and received
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ft 15
171m Paul DePalco
weights.
WASTE CONTROL
15. Superphosphate Process:
At the time of this survey the dust from the
grinding of rock was being settled and then scrubbed with
wastewater going to the Arthur Kill. During 1966, a bag
collector is to be installed and the wastewater will be
eliminated.
Hydrofluosili6ic acid is recovered from the
acidulation of the phosphate rock.
The off gas from the present scrubber for the
recovery of hydrofluosilicic acid is to be treated in a
Venturi scrubber and the water will be used in the present
scrubber.
16% Granular Mixed Fertilizer Process:
During 1966, several improvements for better
air pollution control are to be made in the fertilizer plant.
The vent gases from the dryer are to be discharge
to a cyclone instead of the dry bag dust collector and the
solids returned to the mixer. The vent gases from the
ammoniator and the new cyclone are to be discharged to a
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Paul DePalco
Venturi scrubber and the wash water returned to the
ammoniator.
The screens and the cooler are to be vented to a
dry bag dust collector, eliminating the cyclone for the
cooler.
17. Phosphoric Acid Process;
The existing acid plant leaks acid to the re-
circulating water system which bleeds to waste. The entire
phosphoric acid plant is being replaced.
18. Sodium Phosphates Process;
All of the recirculating water on the scrubber is
bled back to process.
19. Poly Phosphates Process:
The wastewater from the scrubber is fed to the
mixer.
The city water in the cooling screw is not
exposed to process material. (Flow diagrams of all processes
have been supplied by the company.)
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173m
417
Paul DeFalco
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Graselli Plant
Linden, New Jersey
1. Organization;
This industrial complex located on 100 acres
adjacent to the Arthur Kill in Linden, New Jersey, was ob-
tained by du Pont in 1928. The plant, which began operation
in 1884, was originally owned by Standard Chemical. Approxi
mately ^50 people are employed at this location.
2. Products:
List of Finished Products
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Sulfate, I.F.
Anisole Technical
Aqua Ammonia
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Methoxychlor
Nitric Acid
Reagent Ammonium Hydroxide
Reagent Nitric Acid
Reagent Sulfuric Acid
Salt Cake
Sodium Bisulfite Solution.
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Styrene Sulfonate
Sodium Thiosulfate
Strontium Nitrate
Sulfamic Acid
Weed & Brush Killer
Ammonium Sulfamate
Flame Retardants
Sulfuric Acid
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418
Paul DePalco
Sulfur Trioxide
Dimethyl Hydroxy Amlne
Dimethyl Sulfate
3. Raw Materials:
List of Raw Materials:
Acetic Acid
Aluminum Trichloride
Ammonia Anhydrous
Ammonium Phosphate Di-
Ammonium Sulfamate
Ammonium Sulfate
Boric Acid
Bromine
Carbon Bisulfide
Caustic Soda
Celestite Ore
Chloral
Chlorine Liquid
Dicyandiamide
Ethylene Dlamine
Heptane
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Lime Chemical
Methylene Chloride
Nitric Acid
Phenol
Salt (NaCl)
Sand
Soda Ash
Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium Thlosulfate
Strontium Carbonate
Styrene
Sulfamlc Acid
Sulfur
Sulfuric Acid
Urea
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175m Paul DeFalco
4. Capacity;
Plant outputs are considered confidential.
5. Operations:
The Grasselli complex is divided into ten
separate manufacturing areas:
1) Organic Area; Manufacture of miscellaneous organic
intermediates and agricultural products. Several
operations are seasonal and operate 8 to 12
weeks per year. All operations produce 24 hours
per day, 7 days per week, when on stream.
Products include the organics indicated on our
product list. This area contributes all the
miscellaneous organic waste listed including the
phenolics. It is a minor contributor (5 percent)
to the total acidity and nitrite-nitrate nitrogen;
a 10-15 percent contributor to the ammonia +
organic nitrogen.
2) Strontium Area: Manufacture of strontium nitrate
and strontium carbonate. Operations are 24
hours per day, 7 days per week. This area pro-
duces the largest portion of the nitrite-nitrate
nitrogen waste; however, the ratio of nitrate to
nitrite is 99 to 1, respectively.
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Paul DePalco
3) Hydrochloric Area; Manufacture of various grades
of hydrochloric acid and salt cake. Operations
are continuous. Acidic wastes are neutralized.
4) Araine Area: Do not manufacture amines; strictly
an area for the preparation of amine solutions
of various strengths by the dilution of anyhdrous
amines with water. Operations are 1 shift per
day, 5 days per week. A fair contributor (20%)
to the ammonia .+ organic nitrogen waste.
5) Central Area; Manufacture of sodium thiosulfate
which operates 24 hours per day, 5 days per week;
aluminum sulfate which operates 24 hours per day,
7 days per week; and aluminum chloride which
operates 16 hours per day, 5 days per week. The
former contributes the reducing inorganic salt
waste, while the latter two contribute a negligible
amount of acidic waste.
6) Sulfamic Area: Manufacture of sulfamic acid and its
associate products. The latter includes ammonium
sulfamate, the flame retardants, and the weed-
brush killer. The area is in operation 24 hours
per day, 7 days per week. It is a major contributor
to the total acidity and ammonia + organic nitrogen
categories.
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Paul DePalco
7X Silicate Area: Manufacture of glass and various
grades of sodium silicate solutions. Operations
are 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. A negligi-
ble contributor to the waste picture.
8) CP Reagent Area: Manufacture and package various
reagent grade commodities. These include reagent
grade ammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric
acid and hydrochloric acid. The area operations
section is producing 24 hours per day, 7 days
per week. The area is a very minor contributor
to the waste profile.
9) CSA - SO 3 Area: Manufacture of chlorosulfonic acid
and sulfur trioxlde. Operations are 24 hours per
day, 7 days per week. This area is a significant
contributor to the total acidity category.
10) Sulfuric Area; Manufacture of various strengths of
sulfuric acid. Operations are 24 hours per day,
7 days per week. This area contributes a very
minor quantity of acidic waste to the stream pollu-
tion picture.
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OPERATIONS
AREA
ORGANIC
STRONTIUM
HYDROCHLORIC
AMINE
CENTRAL
SULFAMIC
SILICATE
CP - REAGENT
CSA - So3
AREA PRODUCTS
Miscellaneous Organic
intermediates and agri-
cultural products.
Strontium Nitrate
Strontium Carbonate
Hydrochloric Acid and
Salt Cake
Amine Solutions
Sodium Thiosulfate
Aluminum Sulfate
Aluminum Chloride
Sulfamic Acid and Associate
Products
Glass and Sodium
Silicate Solutions
Reagent Grade Acid
and Ammonium Hydroxide
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Hours/Day
24 Hrs.
Days/Week
7 Days
Some seasonal
operations.
24 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
8 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
16 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
24 Hrs.
7 Days
7 Days
5 Days
5 Days
7 Days
5 Days
7 Days
7 Days
7 Days
7 Days
7 Days
TYPE OF WASTE
Miscellaneous organic
Phenolics
Total Acidity-Nitrogen
Nitrite - Nitrate
Nitrogen
Acidic-Neutralized
Ammonia + Organic N
Reducing Inorganic salts
Acidity
Acidity
Acidity as CaCo3
Ammonia + Organic N
Silicates
Acidity as CaCo3
Ammonia N
Acidity as CaCo3
QUANTITY
100*
100*
Minor (<5#)
Major portion
but 99 to 1
ratio N03~ to
N02-
Minor
20% Range
100*
Negligible
Negligible
Major (70#)
Major (8C#)
Negligible
Minor (*•$%)
Negligible
Major (3#)
SULFURIC
and
Sulfur Trioxide
Sulfuric Acids
24 Hrs.
7 Days
Acidity as CaCo3
Negligible
ro
ro
99
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Paul DePalco
179m
6. Water Supply:
Two sources of water are available, namely
the Arthur Kill and the Elizabethtown municipal supply.
Arthur Kill - Approximately 10 mgd of salt water is
used for cooling. More than 90 percent of this
volume is used on a "once-through" basis. This
water is chlorinated continuously for algae and
slime control.
Elizabethtown - Approximately ^00,000 gpd is purchased
from the municipal supply. Roughly 50 percent of
this total volume is used to produce steam.
7. Sewerage;
Domestic wastes are handled by twelve (12) septic
tanks which are cleaned out periodically by an outside con-
tractor.
8. Processes:
1) Organic Area: The processes for the manufacture
of miscellaneous organic intermediates and agri-
cultural products are rather complex and confiden-
tial.
2) Strontium Area; The methods for the manufacture of
strontium nitrate and strontium carbonate are
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Paul DePalco
given in Kirk-Othmer's Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology, Volume 13.
3) Hydrochloric Area; The process for the manufacture
of hydrochloric acid and its by-product— salt
cake -- is the well-known Mannheim furnace process.
4) Amine Area: Strictly a dilution with water process.
5) Central Area; The manufacture of sodium thiosulfate
is by a well known commercial process listed in
the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 14.
Basically the reactants include soda ash, sulfur
dioxide and sulfur.
Aluminum chloride solutions are prepared
from hydrochloric acid and hydrated alumina, similar
to the method in Encyclopedia of Chemical Tech-
nology, Volume 2, second edition.
Aluminum sulfate is manufactured from the
reaction of bauxite with sulfuric acid as basically
described in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
Volume 2, second edition.
6) Sulfamic Area: The manufacture of sulfamic acid
is by a process basically described in the
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 13.
The processes and formulations for the associate
products are confidential.
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Paul DePalco
7) Silicate Area; The processes for the production of
glass and various grades of sodium silicate solu-
tions are the common commercial ones with slight
modifications (sand and alkali salts).
8) CP Reagent Area; Purification processes where the
technical grade commodities are upgraded to
reagent grade quality.
9) CSA - 503 Area; The manufacture of chlorosulfonic acid
basically is the method described in the Encyclopedia
of Chemical Technology, Volume 5 (union of sulfur
trioxide and dry hydrogen chloride gas).
Sulfur trioxide is produced by the distilla-
tion or stripping of the excess sulfur trioxide in
oleum as mentioned in Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology, Volume 13.
10) Sulfuric Area; Various strengths of sulfuric acid are
produced by the Contact process described in detail
in the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 13.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
9. Waste Loadings;
Waste loadings, as supplied by the company, are
based on raw material yield evaluations — not flow. It was
felt that data presented in this manner were more representa-
tive since the product line at the Grasselli. plant changes
frequently, and because no accurate flow figures exist.
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426
Paul DePalco
Total Wastes (Ibs/day) - Jan 1-July 31. 1965
Acid NHij-N N02-N Red Mlsc
Days/210 days as CaC03 Org-N N03-N Salts Org Phenol
190
100-140
60-90
18-40
22,800
6,300
1,700
12,800
390 520
680 20
10
1330
2230
-
50
1720
2500
1770
10. Waste Treatment:
The majority of the acidic wastes are neutralized
either at their point source or in neutralizing pits or
boxes. A portable neutralization unit is utilized to handle
the acidic washings from tank cars, tank trucks or other
equipment.
Several settling ponds (40 to 50 feet in diameter
by 12 feet in depth) are located strategically on the plant.
These ponds are cleaned periodically by schedule. The organic
area also has a collecting tank (approximately 7 feet in
diameter and 6 feet in height) which acts as a settling basin
and catch tank for any slug of waste inadvertently discharged.
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183m
Paul DePalco
PMC Corporation, Inorganic Chemicals Division
Carteret, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The subject plant is located at 500 Roosevelt Road
Carteret, New Jersey, adjacent to the Arthur Kill. A manu-
facturing plant was established at this location in 1899 to
produce inorganic phosphates. About 1914, the production of
baking powders was added to the operations at this location.
In 19^2, the production of phosphoric acid by combustion of
phosphorus was started. Previously the acid had been produced
by the wet process.
Main offices for the Inorganic Chemicals Division
are in New York City.
2. Products:
The principal products are a full line of sodium
and potassium phosphates and phosphoric acid. A minor amount
of baking powder and barium nitrate Is also produced.
3. Raw Materials;
Principal raw materials are phosphorus, caustic
soda, soda ash and caustic potash. Some additives for dry
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Paul DePalco
mixing with baking powder are purchased. Small amounts of
nitric acid and barium carbonate are used to produce barium
nitrate,
4. Operations;
Major production units operate 168 hours per
week, while minor ones operate five days per week. Barium
nitrate production is on approximately a two-day-a-week basis.
5. Employees;
Present employment is 250 persons.
6. Water Supply:
Approximately 145 mgy (million gallons per year)
of fresh water are purchased from the Middlesex Water Company.
About 97 mgy of these are used in processing and are primarily
lost by vaporization while the balance of 48 mgy are used
for boiler feedwater. Approximately 4.4 mgy are recirculated
as condensate.
Cooling water is pumped from the Arthur Kill at
an annual rate of 660 mgy.
7. Sewerage;
All domestic wastes are discharged to the Carteret
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185m 429
Paul DePalco
sewer system.
Cooling water is returned to the Arthur Kill through
the North Outfall and the South Outfall.
WASTE CONTROL
8. Phosphoric Acid;
The phosphoric acid unit is cooled by vaporiza-
tion of fresh water to steam and with recirculatlng condensate.
The condensate is cooled with sea water in a liquid-liquid
heat exchange.
9. Inorganic Phosphate Reactions:
All reactions are heated to speed reaction rate
and maintain high concentrations in solution. Heating is
accomplished with steam coils.
10. Drying and Cooling;
In the south plant where the products are dried,
cooled and dry mixed, the outside of the product coolers
are cooled with sea water.
11. Closed Loop;
Prom the oxidation of phosphorus,- considerable
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430
Paul DePalco
excess heat is available for the evaporation of waste process
liquids so that the material may be returned to process.
12. Housekeeping;
Spilled materials and floor sweeping are
scavenged and disposed of off the premises.
SOURCES OF WASTE
13. Barometric Condenser:
There is one barometric condenser with an entrain-
ment separator in the barium nitrate production unit of a
patented design which prevents carryover into the salt water
side.
14. Yard Drainage;
Runoff from the ground surfa'ce and roofs dis-
charges to the Arthur Kill and is not normally sampled during
waste surveys.
15. Waste Survey.;
At the request of Interstate Sanitation Commis-
sion and the New Jersey State Department of Health, the waste
cooling water returning to Arthur Kill was sampled between
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187m Paul DePalco
May 18 and June 4, 1965. The total rate of pumping was
5.76 mgd. The vent flow (bypassed to the Arthur Kill at the
intake) was 0.14 mgd. Two of three discharges were sampled
and composited in proportion to daily rate of flow to form
the sample for the North Outfall. These two flows were from
the phosphoric acid unit and the potassium phosphate unit.
Wastewater discharges from barium nitrate production were
not included in this sampling program. The wastewater from
this operation is discharged as one of three outlets
comprising the North Outfall. The South Outfall at 0.29 mgd
consisted of waste cooling water from the drying operations.
The phosphorus was reported as Pj|. The results are tabulated
and summarized in Table I of this memorandum.
The intake and waste waters were also analyzed
for BOD and the results are presented in Table II of this
memorandum.
16. Future Monitoring;
Management reports that a discharge of 300 to
500 pounds per day of Pjj is good practice and the monitoring
of the two outfalls is being established as a continuing
practice.
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432
TABLE I
Sewer Losses
Date
5/18/65
5/19
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
5/27
5/28
6/2
6/3
6/4
Avg.
INTAKE
Flow
mgd
5.76
P cone.
PPM
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
Vent Flow
mgd
0.14
NORTH OUTFALL (Net)
Flow
mgd
5.33
P Cone.
PPM
75
29
57
33
35
107
22
51
32
41
20
22
47
13
42
P load
Ibs/day
3336
1290
2535
1468
1557
4760
978
2268
1423
1824
889
978
2090
578
1855
SOUTH OUTFALL (Net)
Flow
mgd
0.29
P Cone.
PPM
24
81
310
21
154
32
20
37
16
17
37
24
53
13
60
P load
Ibs/day
58
195
745
50
370
77
48
89
38
41
89
58
127
31
144
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433
TABLE II
BOD - Mg/liter
Date
5/18
5/19
5/20
5/21
5/22
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
5/27
5/28
6/2
6/3
6/4
In
16
16
17
18
14
18
17
11
10
12
17
9
9
8
North
16
15
10
14
14
11
16
42
11
9
13
17
12
7
South
15
14
10
15
10
10
7
8
8
6
5
5
6
4
Avg. 13.7 14.8 8.8
107
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Paul DePalco
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
Elizabeth, New Jersey
In October 1965, Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.,
connected the remainder of their waste discharges into the
sewer system of Elizabeth, New Jersey. Prior to this date,
approximately 500,000 gpd, or 50 percent of the plant's
wastes flow was discharged directly to the Arthur Kill.
These wastes were from the Phthalic Anhydride, and the
Maleic Anhydride processes.
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
Carteret, New Jersey
1. Organization;
This particular unit of Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.,
was established about I960 on *12 acres of land purchased from
U.S. Metals Refining Co. It is located at the end of
Middlesex Avenue in Carteret, past the U. S. Metals Refining
Co. Among the other Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., plants, is one
located in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
2. Products:
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Paul DeFalco
The Carteret plant produces phenolic moulding
compound and melamine.
3. Raw Materials;
The raw materials for the moulding compound are:
Phenolic resins (from other RCI plants) received
and processed as a solid material.
Wood flour.
Pigments, colorents and lubricants.
The raw materials for the melamlne are:
Dicyandiamide.
Anhydrous ammonia.
Alcohols.
1|. Operations;
Melamlne is produced 168 hours per week and
moulding compound is manufactured 120 to 144 hours per week.
5. Employees;
Employment is furnished for 80 persons.
6. Water Supply;
All water is supplied by the Middlesex Water
Company at a rate of approximately 3 million gallons per month.
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Paul DePal^o 436
7. Sewerage:
Domestic sewage is treated In septic tanks and
absorption fields.
Boiler blowdown (lOOg make-up) is discharged to a
ditch between the RCI plant and Koppers' Forest products
Division.
Waste water discharges to a ditch to the Arthur Kill,
8. Outline of Processes;
Phenolic resins and wood flour are ground and
blended with pigments, lubricants, etc., heated and granulated
to produce the phenolic moulding compound.
The raw materials for melamine are combined in a
direct reaction without any side reactions.
WASTE CONTROL
9 Phenolic Compounding;
There is an extensive vacuum cleaning system in
this area for recovery of partlculate matter which is returned
to process. The floor is swept and the dust collected by
the vacuum system. The floors may be occasionally washed
with a hose.
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Paul DePalco
10. Settling Tanks;
Waste waters from the phenolic compounding and
from the melamine production" are settled in underground catch
basins before discharge to the respective sewers.
SOURCES OP WASTE
11. Phenolics and Heat;
The extrusion presses for compounding the phenolic
moulding material are Jacketed and the temperature is control-
led by a single pass flow of water tempered with steam. This
amounts to about one-half of all water purchased for this
plant. There is also a small amount of floor washings.
These total wastes are discharged through an opening in a
manhole to an open ditch and drains to the Arthur Kill.
Some of it is absorbed in the land fill which is slag from
U. S. Metals Refining Company.
12. Cooling Tower;
It is reported that there is not any overflow
from the cooling tower associated with the production of
melamine.
13. Melamine Waste Water;
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5b Paul DePalco
There is a small flow of settled water front the
production of melamine which is normally absorbed by the slag
in the yard.
At the time of this meeting some Jackets were
being experimentally cooled with running water which, combined
with other waste water from this area, Joined the flow from
the phenolic compounding area and drained to the Arthur Kill.
If this cooling is beneficial, arrangements will be made to
reduce the volume of water discharged.
American Cyanamid Company, Warners Plant
Linden, New Jersey
1. Organization;
The Warners Plant of the Industrial Chemicals
Division, American Cyanamid Company, is, located at the
eastern edge of Linden, New Jersey, at Tremley Point.
Operations began in this area in 1916. At the present time
approximately 690 people are employed.
The Company's property - 30 acres at this location •
is bounded on the south by the Rahway River and on the east
by the Arthur Kill. Warehousing facilities are maintained
along the western portion of the Jersey Turnpike in Linden,
New Jersey - 32 acres. The company also maintains 115 acres
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Paul DePalco
of settling lagoons for alum sludges on the southern shore
of the Rahway River.
2. Products:
The following items are produced by this facility
Acid - H2SOi|
Alum
Mining chemicals - flotation promoters
Surface active agents
Pumlgants
Pesticides
Insecticides
Paper resin
Acrylamide
Rubber chemicals
Intermediates
Soil stabilizers
The products listed above are broad categories,
as the company produces over 200 different type products.
3. Raw Materials;
Raw materials used include:
Bauxite - production of alum
Sulfur - HgSOjj
Acrylonitrile - Acrylamide
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Paul DePalco
7b
Phosphorus pentasulfide - pesticides, insecticides
and mining chemicals
Organic alcohols
The above mentioned raw materials are those most
frequently used. Because of the number of end products there
are a variety of smaller quantities of raw materials.
4. Capacity and Operations;
The actual production capacity of the plant and
operating schedules are considered confidential information
by American Cyanamid.
Processing of two of the main products are described
below:
Acid Manufacturing
Molten sulfur is heated in a furnace and mixed
with air; S02 is produced; catalytic reaction
changes S02 to SO^j SO-^ is absorbed into HgO.
Amount of absorption depends upon acid concentra-
tion desired.
Alum
Bauxite is digested with I^SO^ to extract the
Al20o; liquor is decanted off; muds are washed
with HrjO to recover Al20o and then pumped to lagoon
area. Products are either sold as liquid or dry.
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8b
Paul DeFalco
5. Water Supply:
Two sources of water supply are available, namely,
Arthur Kill and -the municipal supply from Elizabethtown.
Fresh water , consumed at the rate of 800 gpm, or 1.15 mgd,
is used for sanitary purposes, equipment cleaning, boiler
feed and for manufacturing purposes.
Salt water froqi the Arthur Kill, consumed at a
rate of 28 mgd is used on a once through basis for cooling
only. All cooling systems are jacketed with the water
pressure higher than the product pressure.
6. Sewage :
All sanitary wastes from the facility are handled
by septic tank systems and leaching fields. These installa-
tions were approved by the Linden, New Jersey, Board of
Health.
WASTE TREATMENT
7. Industrial Wastes;
At the present time there are eight outfalls --
four cooling water and four combination cooling and process
water discharging directly into either the Arthur Kill or
Rahway River. The four cooling water lines .are not monitored
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Paul DeFalco
by the company. Barometric condensers are used, in the mining
chemicals, pesticide and Acrylamide production areas, and,
therefore, some carryover of the product line in the cooling
water can be expected.
The four combined outfalls, are sampled on a
composite basis for either an 8 or 24 hour period, once a
week. Results of this sampling for the period 5/14/64 to
2/11/65, are given below:
Average Loading
Outfall Type Wastes BOD Ib. per day Flow (mgd)
1 Pesticides 3,210 2 to 4
Surfactants
Insecticide
Rubber chemicals
Mining chemicals
5 Acrylamide 3,284 1.0
Misc. Production
Paper resin
6 Pesticides 176 0.4
8 Mining Chemicals 1,299 1.0
Xanthate
At the present time, with one exception - oxidation
of wastes from monomethylamine process - all wastes are
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Paul DePalco
10b discharged to the receiving waters without "end-of-sewer"
treatment.
Information on the temperature and DO levels of
the Arthur Kill in the vicinity of the discharges - from the
period 5/1V64 to 2/18/65 - have been supplied by the American
Cyanamid Company.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
At the present time, the Warners Plant of the
American Cyanamid Company is under formal orders from the
New Jersey State Department of Health to abate pollution and
discharge no more than 2,000 to 2,500 pounds per day of BOD.
Back in I960, the plant was discharging approximate-
ly 10,000 pounds of BOD per day. The plant since this time
has undergone appreciable growth, and if it were not for in-
plant process design changes which kept the figure at 10,000
pounds, it is estimated that the loading would have reached
as high as 16,000- pounds per day.
Within the past year, the company has Initiated
major process changes in its Acrylamide production. These
changes have resulted in the recovery of by-products for the
company and have also reduced the BOD loading from this opera-
tion. When modifications are completed it is anticipated that
the load from this operation will be approximately 500 pounds
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lib _ , _ _ , 444
Paul DeFalco
of BOD per day, where previously loads averaged 2,500 pounds
per day.
8. Future Pollution Program;
By the end of 1966, the company will have completed
a major program designed to reduce its BOD load from approximate-
ly 7,000 pounds, per day to 2,000 - 2,500 pounds. The program
provides for the barging of"aqueous effluents - high concentra-
tion low volume - to sea, 110 miles, for disposal. Permits
therefore have been obtained from the U. S. Corps of Engineers
which were granted after clearance by all Federal and State
agencies concerned.
On-shore collection and storage facilities will
be installed at the plant site. The effluent will be loaded
and barged to sea by a barging contractor under a contract of
affreightment which is currently being negotiated. The
effluents to be barged essentially fall into three classi-
fications:
1, Organic phosphate pesticides.
2. Mercaptans.
3. Other phosphorus - sulfur compounds.
The total aqueous effluents to be barged will be
8.2 million gallons per year. The percentage of organic
contaminants in these effluents follows:
ethyl mercaptan
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12b Paul DePalco
0.5$ 0,0-diethyl S-(ethylthiomethyl) phosphorodi-
thioate
0.5$ 0,0-dimethylphosphorodithioate of diethyl-
mercaptosuccinate
0.5$ 0,0-diethyl 0-p-nitrophenylphosphorothloate
0.05$ 0,0-dimethyl ^-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)
phos phorod ithioate
4.0^ toluene
0.05$ monomethylamlne
0.055^ benzene
0.5^ sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (surfactant)
0.5$ sodiutn 0,0-dimethylphosphorodithioate
American Cyanamid Company
Woodbridge, New Jersey
1. Products;
There are about 77 products made in this plant.
These are classified under one of the following categories:
Stearates )
Specialty chemicals ) Company officials consider quantity
Catalysts ) information con'fidential
Mining chemicals )
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Paul DePalco
I3b
2. Raw Materials;
There are approximately 130 raw materials. The
major ones are:
Petroleum waxes )
Vegetable & mineral base oils ) Company officials consider
Fatty acids ) quantity information
Acids & alkalis ) confidential
Acrylonitrile )
Oxides of iron )
Sodium chloride )
3. Capacity:
The plant is presently operating somewhat below
maximum capacity. The plant's future growth is expected
to be of such a nature that its effluent will remain approxi-
mately at its current level.
4. Operations;
This installation operates essentially 24 hours
per day, 7 days per week. About half of the employees are on
day shifts and the remainder cover night shifts.
5. Water Supply;
About ninety-five percent of the water used, or
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Paul DePalco
approximately 90,000 gpd, is obtained from a well on the
plant property. The remainder - approximately 5.000 gpd -
is purchased from the Middlesex Water Company.
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Ul
cr
SOURCES OF WASTES
Product Line
1. Sulfonated Oils
2. Wax Sizes
3. Chrome acetate
4. Drum dryer
5. Stearates
6. HI-3 catalyst
7. PM-2 catalyst
8. Lab
9. Aluminum acetate
10. Scrubber
11. Sanitary
12. Cooling water
13. Softener
Estimated
Flow (gpd)
Source
1,000 Process / cooling
250 Cooling / floor
washing
Floor washing
14,000 Floor washing
25,000 Filtrate
100 Floor washing
4,000
150
3,500
2,000
40,000
5,000
Constituents after treatment
400 ppm Total (Na2SO/j,
NaCl, glycerol)
Trace - wax, gum, Dowicides,
Dispersing Agent
Trace - chrome salt
40 ppm Total-polyacrylates,
1580 ppm Total - CaCl2,NaCl
Trace - (NJfy )2Cr2Oy,
Electrode cooling None
Trace -
500 ppm NHo
250 ppm NaCl
Al. acetate
95,000
BOD results mainly from glycerol, dispersing'agents, and acetates.
No barometric condensers are used.
TJ
o
CD
*=d
03
M
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42-
co
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